src/starnix/kernel/core/perf/mod.rs

// Copyright 2025 The Fuchsia Authors. All rights reserved.
// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style license that can be
// found in the LICENSE file.

use crate::task::dynamic_thread_spawner::SpawnRequestBuilder;
use anyhow::Context;
use fuchsia_component::client::connect_to_protocol;
use futures::StreamExt;
use futures::channel::mpsc as future_mpsc;
use regex::Regex;
use std::collections::HashMap;
use std::error::Error;
use std::sync::atomic::{AtomicPtr, AtomicU64, Ordering};
use std::sync::{Arc, mpsc as sync_mpsc};
use std::time::Duration;
use zerocopy::{Immutable, IntoBytes};
use zx::AsHandleRef;
use {fidl_fuchsia_cpu_profiler as profiler, fuchsia_async};

use futures::io::{AsyncReadExt, Cursor};
use fxt::TraceRecord;
use fxt::profiler::ProfilerRecord;
use fxt::session::SessionParser;
use seq_lock::SeqLock;
use starnix_logging::{log_info, log_warn, track_stub};
use starnix_sync::{FileOpsCore, Locked, Mutex, RwLock, Unlocked};
use starnix_syscalls::{SUCCESS, SyscallArg, SyscallResult};
use starnix_uapi::arch32::{
    PERF_EVENT_IOC_DISABLE, PERF_EVENT_IOC_ENABLE, PERF_EVENT_IOC_ID,
    PERF_EVENT_IOC_MODIFY_ATTRIBUTES, PERF_EVENT_IOC_PAUSE_OUTPUT, PERF_EVENT_IOC_PERIOD,
    PERF_EVENT_IOC_QUERY_BPF, PERF_EVENT_IOC_REFRESH, PERF_EVENT_IOC_RESET, PERF_EVENT_IOC_SET_BPF,
    PERF_EVENT_IOC_SET_FILTER, PERF_EVENT_IOC_SET_OUTPUT, PERF_RECORD_MISC_KERNEL,
    perf_event_sample_format_PERF_SAMPLE_CALLCHAIN, perf_event_sample_format_PERF_SAMPLE_ID,
    perf_event_sample_format_PERF_SAMPLE_IDENTIFIER, perf_event_sample_format_PERF_SAMPLE_IP,
    perf_event_sample_format_PERF_SAMPLE_PERIOD, perf_event_sample_format_PERF_SAMPLE_TID,
    perf_event_type_PERF_RECORD_SAMPLE,
};
use starnix_uapi::errors::Errno;
use starnix_uapi::open_flags::OpenFlags;
use starnix_uapi::user_address::UserRef;
use starnix_uapi::{
    error, perf_event_attr, perf_event_header, perf_event_mmap_page__bindgen_ty_1,
    perf_event_read_format_PERF_FORMAT_GROUP, perf_event_read_format_PERF_FORMAT_ID,
    perf_event_read_format_PERF_FORMAT_LOST, perf_event_read_format_PERF_FORMAT_TOTAL_TIME_ENABLED,
    perf_event_read_format_PERF_FORMAT_TOTAL_TIME_RUNNING, tid_t, uapi,
};

use crate::security::{self, TargetTaskType};
use crate::task::{Kernel, LockedAndTask};

static READ_FORMAT_ID_GENERATOR: AtomicU64 = AtomicU64::new(0);
// Default buffer size to read from socket (for sampling data).
const DEFAULT_CHUNK_SIZE: usize = 4096;
const ESTIMATED_MMAP_BUFFER_SIZE: u64 = 40960; // 4096 * 10, page size * 10.
// perf_event_header struct size: 32 + 16 + 16 = 8 bytes.
const PERF_EVENT_HEADER_SIZE: u16 = 8;
// FXT magic bytes (little endian).
const FXT_MAGIC_BYTES: [u8; 8] = [0x10, 0x00, 0x04, 0x46, 0x78, 0x54, 0x16, 0x00];

#[repr(C)]
#[derive(Copy, Clone, IntoBytes, Immutable)]
struct PerfMetadataHeader {
    version: u32,
    compat_version: u32,
}

#[repr(C, packed)]
#[derive(Copy, Clone, IntoBytes, Immutable)]
struct PerfMetadataValue {
    index: u32,
    offset: i64,
    time_enabled: u64,
    time_running: u64,
    __bindgen_anon_1: perf_event_mmap_page__bindgen_ty_1,
    pmc_width: u16,
    time_shift: u16,
    time_mult: u32,
    time_offset: u64,
    time_zero: u64,
    size: u32,
    __reserved_1: u32,
    time_cycles: u64,
    time_mask: u64,
    __reserved: [u8; 928usize],
    data_head: u64,
    data_tail: u64,
    data_offset: u64,
    data_size: u64,
    aux_head: u64,
    aux_tail: u64,
    aux_offset: u64,
    aux_size: u64,
}

struct PerfState {
    // This table maps a group leader's file object id to its unique u64 "format ID".
    //
    // When a sample is generated for any event in a group, we use this
    // "format ID" from the group leader as the value for *both* the
    // `PERF_SAMPLE_ID` and `PERF_SAMPLE_IDENTIFIER` fields.
    format_id_lookup_table: Mutex<HashMap<FileObjectId, u64>>,
}

impl Default for PerfState {
    fn default() -> Self {
        Self { format_id_lookup_table: Mutex::new(HashMap::new()) }
    }
}

fn get_perf_state(kernel: &Arc<Kernel>) -> Arc<PerfState> {
    kernel.expando.get_or_init(PerfState::default)
}

uapi::check_arch_independent_layout! {
    perf_event_attr {
        type_, // "type" is a reserved keyword so add a trailing underscore.
        size,
        config,
        __bindgen_anon_1,
        sample_type,
        read_format,
        _bitfield_1,
        __bindgen_anon_2,
        bp_type,
        __bindgen_anon_3,
        __bindgen_anon_4,
        branch_sample_type,
        sample_regs_user,
        sample_stack_user,
        clockid,
        sample_regs_intr,
        aux_watermark,
        sample_max_stack,
        __reserved_2,
        aux_sample_size,
        __reserved_3,
        sig_data,
        config3,
    }
}

#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, PartialEq)]
enum IoctlOp {
    Enable,
}

struct PerfEventFileState {
    attr: perf_event_attr,
    rf_value: u64, // "count" for the config we passed in for the event.
    // The most recent timestamp (ns) where we changed into an enabled state
    // i.e. the most recent time we got an ENABLE ioctl().
    most_recent_enabled_time: u64,
    // Sum of all previous enablement segment durations (ns). If we are
    // currently in an enabled state, explicitly does NOT include the current
    // segment.
    total_time_running: u64,
    rf_id: u64,
    sample_id: u64,
    _rf_lost: u64,
    disabled: u64,
    sample_type: u64,
    // Handle to blob that stores all the perf data that a user may want.
    // At the moment it only stores some metadata and backtraces (bts).
    perf_data_vmo: zx::Vmo,
    // Remember to increment this offset as the number of pages increases.
    // Currently we just have a bound of 1 page_size of information.
    vmo_write_offset: u64,
    // Channel used to send IoctlOps to start/stop sampling.
    ioctl_sender: future_mpsc::Sender<(IoctlOp, sync_mpsc::Sender<()>)>,
}

// Have an implementation for PerfEventFileState because VMO
// doesn't have Default so we can't derive it.
impl PerfEventFileState {
    fn new(
        attr: perf_event_attr,
        rf_value: u64,
        disabled: u64,
        sample_type: u64,
        perf_data_vmo: zx::Vmo,
        vmo_write_offset: u64,
        ioctl_sender: future_mpsc::Sender<(IoctlOp, sync_mpsc::Sender<()>)>,
    ) -> PerfEventFileState {
        PerfEventFileState {
            attr,
            rf_value,
            most_recent_enabled_time: 0,
            total_time_running: 0,
            rf_id: 0,
            sample_id: 0,
            _rf_lost: 0,
            disabled,
            sample_type,
            perf_data_vmo,
            vmo_write_offset,
            ioctl_sender,
        }
    }
}

pub struct PerfEventFile {
    _tid: tid_t,
    _cpu: i32,
    perf_event_file: RwLock<PerfEventFileState>,
    // The security state for this PerfEventFile.
    pub security_state: security::PerfEventState,
    // Pointer to the perf_event_mmap_page metadata's data_head.
    // TODO(https://fxbug.dev/460203776) Remove Arc after figuring out
    // "borrowed value does not live long enough" issue.
    data_head_pointer: Arc<AtomicPtr<u64>>,
}

// PerfEventFile object that implements FileOps.
// See https://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man2/perf_event_open.2.html for
// implementation details.
// This object can be saved as a FileDescriptor.
impl FileOps for PerfEventFile {
    // Don't need to implement seek or sync for PerfEventFile.
    fileops_impl_nonseekable!();
    fileops_impl_noop_sync!();

    fn close(
        self: Box<Self>,
        _locked: &mut Locked<FileOpsCore>,
        file: &FileObjectState,
        current_task: &CurrentTask,
    ) {
        let perf_state = get_perf_state(&current_task.kernel);
        let mut events = perf_state.format_id_lookup_table.lock();
        events.remove(&file.id);
    }

    // See "Reading results" section of https://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man2/perf_event_open.2.html.
    fn read(
        &self,
        _locked: &mut Locked<FileOpsCore>,
        _file: &FileObject,
        current_task: &CurrentTask,
        _offset: usize,
        data: &mut dyn OutputBuffer,
    ) -> Result<usize, Errno> {
        // Create/calculate and return the ReadFormatData object.
        // If we create it earlier we might want to change it and it's immutable once created.
        let read_format_data = {
            // Once we get the `value` or count from kernel, we can change this to a read()
            // call instead of write().
            let mut perf_event_file = self.perf_event_file.write();

            security::check_perf_event_read_access(current_task, &self)?;

            let mut total_time_running_including_curr = perf_event_file.total_time_running;

            // Only update values if enabled (either by perf_event_attr or ioctl ENABLE call).
            if perf_event_file.disabled == 0 {
                // Calculate the value or "count" of the config we're interested in.
                // This value should reflect the value we are counting (defined in the config).
                // E.g. for PERF_COUNT_SW_CPU_CLOCK it would return the value from the CPU clock.
                // For now we just return rf_value + 1.
                track_stub!(
                    TODO("https://fxbug.dev/402938671"),
                    "[perf_event_open] implement read_format value"
                );
                perf_event_file.rf_value += 1;

                // Update time duration.
                let curr_time = zx::MonotonicInstant::get().into_nanos() as u64;
                total_time_running_including_curr +=
                    curr_time - perf_event_file.most_recent_enabled_time;
            }

            let mut output = Vec::<u8>::new();
            let value = perf_event_file.rf_value.to_ne_bytes();
            output.extend(value);

            let read_format = perf_event_file.attr.read_format;

            if (read_format & perf_event_read_format_PERF_FORMAT_TOTAL_TIME_ENABLED as u64) != 0 {
                // Total time (ns) event was enabled and running (currently same as TIME_RUNNING).
                output.extend(total_time_running_including_curr.to_ne_bytes());
            }
            if (read_format & perf_event_read_format_PERF_FORMAT_TOTAL_TIME_RUNNING as u64) != 0 {
                // Total time (ns) event was enabled and running (currently same as TIME_ENABLED).
                output.extend(total_time_running_including_curr.to_ne_bytes());
            }
            if (read_format & perf_event_read_format_PERF_FORMAT_ID as u64) != 0 {
                // Adds a 64-bit unique value that corresponds to the event group.
                output.extend(perf_event_file.rf_id.to_ne_bytes());
            }

            output
        };

        // The regular read() call allows the case where the bytes-we-want-to-read-in won't
        // fit in the output buffer. However, for perf_event_open's read(), "If you attempt to read
        // into a buffer that is not big enough to hold the data, the error ENOSPC results."
        if data.available() < read_format_data.len() {
            return error!(ENOSPC);
        }
        track_stub!(
            TODO("https://fxbug.dev/402453955"),
            "[perf_event_open] implement remaining error handling"
        );

        data.write(&read_format_data)
    }

    fn ioctl(
        &self,
        _locked: &mut Locked<Unlocked>,
        _file: &FileObject,
        current_task: &CurrentTask,
        op: u32,
        _arg: SyscallArg,
    ) -> Result<SyscallResult, Errno> {
        track_stub!(
            TODO("https://fxbug.dev/405463320"),
            "[perf_event_open] implement PERF_IOC_FLAG_GROUP"
        );
        security::check_perf_event_write_access(current_task, &self)?;
        let mut perf_event_file = self.perf_event_file.write();
        match op {
            PERF_EVENT_IOC_ENABLE => {
                if perf_event_file.disabled != 0 {
                    perf_event_file.disabled = 0; // 0 = false.
                    perf_event_file.most_recent_enabled_time =
                        zx::MonotonicInstant::get().into_nanos() as u64;
                }

                // If we are sampling, invoke the profiler and collect a sample.
                // Currently this is an example sample collection.
                track_stub!(
                    TODO("https://fxbug.dev/398914921"),
                    "[perf_event_open] implement full sampling features"
                );
                if perf_event_file.attr.freq() == 0
                // SAFETY: sample_period is a u64 field in a union with u64 sample_freq.
                // This is always sound regardless of the union's tag.
                    && unsafe { perf_event_file.attr.__bindgen_anon_1.sample_period != 0 }
                {
                    ping_receiver(perf_event_file.ioctl_sender.clone(), IoctlOp::Enable);
                }
                return Ok(SUCCESS);
            }
            PERF_EVENT_IOC_DISABLE => {
                if perf_event_file.disabled == 0 {
                    perf_event_file.disabled = 1; // 1 = true.

                    // Update total_time_running now that the segment has ended.
                    let curr_time = zx::MonotonicInstant::get().into_nanos() as u64;
                    perf_event_file.total_time_running +=
                        curr_time - perf_event_file.most_recent_enabled_time;
                }
                track_stub!(
                    TODO("https://fxbug.dev/422502681"),
                    "[perf_event_open] implement Disable to not hardcode profiling"
                );
                return Ok(SUCCESS);
            }
            PERF_EVENT_IOC_RESET => {
                perf_event_file.rf_value = 0;
                return Ok(SUCCESS);
            }
            PERF_EVENT_IOC_REFRESH
            | PERF_EVENT_IOC_PERIOD
            | PERF_EVENT_IOC_SET_OUTPUT
            | PERF_EVENT_IOC_SET_FILTER
            | PERF_EVENT_IOC_ID
            | PERF_EVENT_IOC_SET_BPF
            | PERF_EVENT_IOC_PAUSE_OUTPUT
            | PERF_EVENT_IOC_MODIFY_ATTRIBUTES
            | PERF_EVENT_IOC_QUERY_BPF => {
                track_stub!(
                    TODO("https://fxbug.dev/404941053"),
                    "[perf_event_open] implement remaining ioctl() calls"
                );
                return error!(ENOSYS);
            }
            _ => error!(ENOTTY),
        }
    }

    // TODO(https://fxbug.dev/460245383) match behavior when mmap() is called multiple times.
    // Gets called when mmap() is called.
    // Immediately before sampling, this should get called by the user (e.g. the test
    // or Perfetto). We will then write the metadata to the VMO and return the pointer to it.
    fn get_memory(
        &self,
        _locked: &mut Locked<FileOpsCore>,
        _file: &FileObject,
        current_task: &CurrentTask,
        length: Option<usize>,
        _prot: ProtectionFlags,
    ) -> Result<Arc<MemoryObject>, Errno> {
        let buffer_size: u64 = length.unwrap_or(0) as u64;
        if buffer_size == 0 {
            return error!(EINVAL);
        }
        let page_size = zx::system_get_page_size() as u64;

        security::check_perf_event_read_access(current_task, &self)?;

        // TODO(https://fxbug.dev/460246292) confirm when to create metadata.
        // Create metadata structs. Currently we hardcode everything just to get
        // something E2E working.
        let metadata_header = PerfMetadataHeader { version: 1, compat_version: 2 };
        let metadata_value = PerfMetadataValue {
            index: 2,
            offset: 19337,
            time_enabled: 0,
            time_running: 0,
            __bindgen_anon_1: perf_event_mmap_page__bindgen_ty_1 { capabilities: 30 },
            pmc_width: 0,
            time_shift: 0,
            time_mult: 0,
            time_offset: 0,
            time_zero: 0,
            size: 0,
            __reserved_1: 0,
            time_cycles: 0,
            time_mask: 0,
            __reserved: [0; 928usize],
            data_head: page_size,
            // Start reading from 0; it is the user's responsibility to increment on their end.
            data_tail: 0,
            data_offset: page_size,
            data_size: (buffer_size - page_size) as u64,
            aux_head: 0,
            aux_tail: 0,
            aux_offset: 0,
            aux_size: 0,
        };

        // Then, wrap metadata in a SeqLock so that user can be made aware of updates.
        // SeqLock is formatted thusly:
        //   header_struct : any size, values should not change
        //   sequence_counter : u32
        //   value_struct : any size, needs locking because each value can change
        // We split our perf_event_mmap_page accordingly. The `version` and `compat_version`
        // should not change while the params below the `lock` may change.
        // Sequence counter for `lock` param gets inserted between these via
        // the `SeqLock` implementation.
        let perf_event_file = self.perf_event_file.read();
        // VMO does not implement Copy trait. We duplicate the VMO handle
        // so that we can pass it to the SeqLock and the MemoryObject.
        let vmo_handle_copy = match perf_event_file
            .perf_data_vmo
            .as_handle_ref()
            .duplicate(zx::Rights::SAME_RIGHTS)
        {
            Ok(h) => h,
            Err(_) => return error!(EINVAL),
        };

        // SAFETY: This is ok right now because we are the only reference to this memory.
        // Once there are multiple references we should update this comment to confirm that
        // there are only atomic accesses to this memory (see seq_lock lib.rs for details).
        let mut seq_lock = match unsafe {
            SeqLock::new_from_vmo(metadata_header, metadata_value, vmo_handle_copy.into())
        } {
            Ok(s) => s,
            Err(_) => return error!(EINVAL),
        };

        // Now, the perf_data_vmo contains the full metadata page enclosed in a SeqLock.
        // Save data_head pointer so that we can write atomically to it after profiling.
        let metadata_struct = seq_lock.get_map_address() as *mut PerfMetadataValue;
        // SAFETY: This is ok as we previously set the exact format (PerfMetadataValue).
        let data_head_pointer = unsafe { std::ptr::addr_of_mut!((*metadata_struct).data_head) };
        self.data_head_pointer.store(data_head_pointer, Ordering::Release);

        match perf_event_file.perf_data_vmo.as_handle_ref().duplicate(zx::Rights::SAME_RIGHTS) {
            Ok(vmo) => {
                let memory = MemoryObject::Vmo(vmo.into());
                return Ok(Arc::new(memory));
            }
            Err(_) => {
                track_stub!(
                    TODO("https://fxbug.dev/416323134"),
                    "[perf_event_open] handle get_memory() errors"
                );
                return error!(EINVAL);
            }
        };
    }

    fn write(
        &self,
        _locked: &mut Locked<FileOpsCore>,
        _file: &FileObject,
        _current_task: &CurrentTask,
        _offset: usize,
        _data: &mut dyn InputBuffer,
    ) -> Result<usize, Errno> {
        track_stub!(
            TODO("https://fxbug.dev/394960158"),
            "[perf_event_open] implement perf event functions"
        );
        error!(ENOSYS)
    }
}

// Given a PerfRecordSample struct, write it via the correct output format
// (per https://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man2/perf_event_open.2.html) to the VMO.
// We don't currently support all the sample_types listed in the docs.
// Input:
//    PerfRecordSample { pid: 5, tid: 10, nr: 3, ips[nr]: [111, 222, 333] }
// Human-understandable output:
//    9 1 40 111 5 10 3 111 222 333
// Actual output (no spaces or \n in real output, just making it more readable):
//    0x0000 0x0009                 <-- starts at `offset` bytes
//    0x0001
//    0x0040
//    0x0000 0x0000 0x0000 0x006F   <-- starts at `offset` + 8 bytes
//    0x0000 0x0000 0x0000 0x0005
//    0x0000 0x0000 0x0000 0x0010
//    0x0000 0x0000 0x0000 0x0003
//    0x0000 0x0000 0x0000 0x006F
//    0x0000 0x0000 0x0000 0x00DE
//    0x0000 0x0000 0x0000 0x014D
//
//    Returns the length of bytes written. In above case, 8 + 28 = 36.
//    This information is used to increment the global offset.
fn write_record_to_vmo(
    perf_record_sample: PerfRecordSample,
    perf_data_vmo: &zx::Vmo,
    _data_head_pointer: &AtomicPtr<u64>,
    sample_type: u64,
    sample_id: u64,
    sample_period: u64,
    offset: u64,
) -> u64 {
    // Write header.
    track_stub!(
        TODO("https://fxbug.dev/432501467"),
        "[perf_event_open] determines whether the record is KERNEL or USER"
    );
    let perf_event_header = perf_event_header {
        type_: perf_event_type_PERF_RECORD_SAMPLE,
        misc: PERF_RECORD_MISC_KERNEL as u16,
        size: PERF_EVENT_HEADER_SIZE,
    };

    match perf_data_vmo.write(&perf_event_header.as_bytes(), offset) {
        Ok(_) => (),
        Err(e) => log_warn!("Failed to write perf_event_header: {}", e),
    }

    // Write sample.
    let mut sample = Vec::<u8>::new();
    // sample_id
    if (sample_type & perf_event_sample_format_PERF_SAMPLE_IDENTIFIER as u64) != 0 {
        sample.extend(sample_id.to_ne_bytes());
    }
    // ip
    if (sample_type & perf_event_sample_format_PERF_SAMPLE_IP as u64) != 0 {
        sample.extend(perf_record_sample.ips[0].to_ne_bytes());
    }

    if (sample_type & perf_event_sample_format_PERF_SAMPLE_TID as u64) != 0 {
        // pid
        sample.extend(perf_record_sample.pid.expect("missing pid").to_ne_bytes());
        // tid
        sample.extend(perf_record_sample.tid.expect("missing tid").to_ne_bytes());
    }

    // id
    if (sample_type & perf_event_sample_format_PERF_SAMPLE_ID as u64) != 0 {
        sample.extend(sample_id.to_ne_bytes());
    }

    // sample period
    if (sample_type & perf_event_sample_format_PERF_SAMPLE_PERIOD as u64) != 0 {
        sample.extend(sample_period.to_ne_bytes());
    }

    if (sample_type & perf_event_sample_format_PERF_SAMPLE_CALLCHAIN as u64) != 0 {
        // nr
        sample.extend(perf_record_sample.ips.len().to_ne_bytes());

        // ips[nr] - list of ips, u64 per ip.
        for i in perf_record_sample.ips {
            sample.extend(i.to_ne_bytes());
        }
    }
    // The remaining data are not defined for now.

    match perf_data_vmo.write(&sample, offset + (std::mem::size_of::<perf_event_header>() as u64)) {
        Ok(_) => {
            let bytes_written: u64 =
                (std::mem::size_of::<perf_event_header>() + sample.len()) as u64;

            // TODO(http://fuchsia.dev/460203776) implement this better before enabling
            // any setting of data_head value.
            // Update data_head because we have now written to the VMO.
            // Ordering::Release pushes update that this (and, transitively, the sample
            // too) has updated.
            // data_head_pointer.fetch_add(bytes_written, Ordering::Release);

            // Return the total size we wrote (header + sample) so that we can
            // increment offset counter.
            return bytes_written;
        }
        Err(e) => {
            log_warn!("Failed to write PerfRecordSample to VMO due to: {}", e);
            // Failed to write. Don't increment offset counter.
            return 0;
        }
    }
}

#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
struct PerfRecordSample {
    pid: Option<u32>,
    tid: Option<u32>,
    // Instruction pointers (currently this is the address). First one is `ip` param.
    ips: Vec<u64>,
}

// Parses a backtrace (bt) to obtain the params for a PerfRecordSample. Example:
//
// 1234                     pid
// 5555                     tid
// {{{bt:0:0x1111:pc}}}    {{{bt:frame_number:address:type}}}
// {{{bt:1:0x2222:ra}}}
// {{{bt:2:0x3333:ra}}}
//
// Results in:
// PerfRecordSample { pid: 1234, tid: 5555, nr: 3, ips: [0x1111, 0x2222, 0x3333] }

fn parse_perf_record_sample_format(backtrace: &str) -> Option<PerfRecordSample> {
    let mut pid: Option<u32> = None;
    let mut tid: Option<u32> = None;
    let mut ips: Vec<u64> = Vec::new();
    let mut numbers_found = 0;
    track_stub!(TODO("https://fxbug.dev/437171287"), "[perf_event_open] handle regex nuances");
    let backtrace_regex =
        Regex::new(r"^\s*\{\{\{bt:\d+:((0x[0-9a-fA-F]+)):(?:pc|ra)\}\}\}\s*$").unwrap();

    for line in backtrace.lines() {
        let trimmed_line = line.trim();
        // Try to parse as a raw number (for PID/TID).
        if numbers_found < 2 {
            if let Ok(num) = trimmed_line.parse::<u32>() {
                if numbers_found == 0 {
                    pid = Some(num);
                } else {
                    tid = Some(num);
                }
                numbers_found += 1;
                continue;
            }
        }

        // Try to parse as a backtrace line.
        if let Some(parsed_bt) = backtrace_regex.captures(trimmed_line) {
            let address_str = parsed_bt.get(1).unwrap().as_str();
            if let Ok(ip_addr) = u64::from_str_radix(address_str.trim_start_matches("0x"), 16) {
                ips.push(ip_addr);
            }
        }
    }

    if pid == None || tid == None || ips.is_empty() {
        // This data chunk might've been an {{{mmap}}} chunk, and not a {{{bt}}}.
        log_info!("No ips while getting PerfRecordSample");
        None
    } else {
        Some(PerfRecordSample { pid: pid, tid: tid, ips: ips })
    }
}

async fn set_up_profiler(
    sample_period: zx::MonotonicDuration,
) -> Result<(profiler::SessionProxy, fidl::AsyncSocket), Errno> {
    // Configuration for how we want to sample.
    let sample = profiler::Sample {
        callgraph: Some(profiler::CallgraphConfig {
            strategy: Some(profiler::CallgraphStrategy::FramePointer),
            ..Default::default()
        }),
        ..Default::default()
    };

    let sampling_config = profiler::SamplingConfig {
        period: Some(sample_period.into_nanos() as u64),
        timebase: Some(profiler::Counter::PlatformIndependent(profiler::CounterId::Nanoseconds)),
        sample: Some(sample),
        ..Default::default()
    };

    let tasks = vec![
        // Should return ~300 samples for 100 millis.
        profiler::Task::SystemWide(profiler::SystemWide {}),
    ];
    let targets = profiler::TargetConfig::Tasks(tasks);
    let config = profiler::Config {
        configs: Some(vec![sampling_config]),
        target: Some(targets),
        ..Default::default()
    };
    let (client, server) = fidl::Socket::create_stream();
    let configure = profiler::SessionConfigureRequest {
        output: Some(server),
        config: Some(config),
        ..Default::default()
    };

    let proxy = connect_to_protocol::<profiler::SessionMarker>()
        .context("Error connecting to Profiler protocol");
    let session_proxy: profiler::SessionProxy = match proxy {
        Ok(p) => p.clone(),
        Err(e) => return error!(EINVAL, e),
    };

    // Must configure before sampling start().
    let config_request = session_proxy.configure(configure).await;
    match config_request {
        Ok(_) => Ok((session_proxy, fidl::AsyncSocket::from_socket(client))),
        Err(e) => return error!(EINVAL, e),
    }
}

// Collects samples and puts backtrace in VMO.
// - Starts and stops sampling for a duration.
// - Reads in the buffer from the socket for that duration in chunks.
// - Parses the buffer backtraces into PERF_RECORD_SAMPLE format.
// - Writes the PERF_RECORD_SAMPLE into VMO.
async fn collect_sample(
    session_proxy: profiler::SessionProxy,
    mut client: fidl::AsyncSocket,
    duration: Duration,
    perf_data_vmo: &zx::Vmo,
    data_head_pointer: &AtomicPtr<u64>,
    sample_type: u64,
    sample_id: u64,
    sample_period: u64,
    vmo_write_offset: u64,
) -> Result<(), Errno> {
    let start_request = profiler::SessionStartRequest {
        buffer_results: Some(true),
        buffer_size_mb: Some(8 as u64),
        ..Default::default()
    };
    let _ = session_proxy.start(&start_request).await.expect("Failed to start profiling");

    // Hardcode a duration so that samples can be collected. This is currently solely used to
    // demonstrate that an E2E implementation of sample collection works.
    track_stub!(
        TODO("https://fxbug.dev/428974888"),
        "[perf_event_open] don't hardcode sleep; test/user should decide sample duration"
    );
    let _ = fuchsia_async::Timer::new(duration).await;

    let stats = session_proxy.stop().await;
    let samples_collected = match stats {
        Ok(stats) => stats.samples_collected.unwrap(),
        Err(e) => return error!(EINVAL, e),
    };

    track_stub!(
        TODO("https://fxbug.dev/422502681"),
        "[perf_event_open] symbolize sample output and delete the below log_info"
    );
    log_info!("profiler samples_collected: {:?}", samples_collected);

    // Peek at the first 8 bytes to determine if it's FXT or text.
    let mut header = [0; 8];
    let mut bytes_read = 0;
    while bytes_read < 8 {
        match client.read(&mut header[bytes_read..]).await {
            Ok(0) => {
                // Peer closed the socket. This is the normal end of the stream.
                log_info!("[perf_event_open] Finished reading fxt record from socket.");
                break;
            }
            Ok(n) => bytes_read += n,
            Err(e) => {
                log_warn!("[perf_event_open] Error reading from socket: {:?}", e);
                break;
            }
        }
    }

    if bytes_read > 0 {
        if bytes_read == 8 && header == FXT_MAGIC_BYTES {
            // FXT format.
            let header_cursor = Cursor::new(header);
            let reader = header_cursor.chain(client);
            let (mut stream, _task) = SessionParser::new_async(reader);
            while let Some(record_result) = stream.next().await {
                match record_result {
                    Ok(TraceRecord::Profiler(ProfilerRecord::Backtrace(backtrace))) => {
                        let ips: Vec<u64> = backtrace.data;
                        let pid = Some(backtrace.process.0 as u32);
                        let tid = Some(backtrace.thread.0 as u32);
                        let perf_record_sample = PerfRecordSample { pid, tid, ips };
                        write_record_to_vmo(
                            perf_record_sample,
                            perf_data_vmo,
                            data_head_pointer,
                            sample_type,
                            sample_id,
                            sample_period,
                            vmo_write_offset,
                        );
                    }
                    Ok(_) => {
                        // Ignore other records.
                    }
                    Err(e) => {
                        log_warn!("[perf_event_open] Error parsing FXT: {:?}", e);
                        break;
                    }
                }
            }
        } else {
            // Text format.
            // Read chunks of sampling data from socket in this buffer temporarily. We will parse
            // the data and write it into the output VMO (the one mmap points to).
            let mut buffer = vec![0; DEFAULT_CHUNK_SIZE];

            loop {
                // Attempt to read data. This awaits until data is available, EOF, or error.
                // Ignore the first 8 bytes as it's the {{{reset}}} marker.
                let socket_data = client.read(&mut buffer).await;

                match socket_data {
                    Ok(0) => {
                        // Peer closed the socket. This is the normal end of the stream.
                        log_info!("[perf_event_open] Finished reading from socket.");
                        break;
                    }
                    Ok(bytes_read) => {
                        // Receive data in format {{{...}}}.
                        let received_data = match std::str::from_utf8(&buffer[..bytes_read]) {
                            Ok(data) => data,
                            Err(e) => return error!(EINVAL, e),
                        };
                        // Parse data to PerfRecordSample struct.
                        if let Some(perf_record_sample) =
                            parse_perf_record_sample_format(received_data)
                        {
                            write_record_to_vmo(
                                perf_record_sample,
                                perf_data_vmo,
                                data_head_pointer,
                                sample_type,
                                sample_id,
                                sample_period,
                                vmo_write_offset,
                            );
                        }
                    }
                    Err(e) => {
                        log_warn!("[perf_event_open] Error reading from socket: {:?}", e);
                        break;
                    }
                }
            }
        }
    }

    let reset_status = session_proxy.reset().await;
    return match reset_status {
        Ok(_) => Ok(()),
        Err(e) => error!(EINVAL, e),
    };
}

// Notifies other thread that we should start/stop sampling.
// Once sampling is complete, that profiler session is no longer needed.
// At that point, send back notification so that this is no longer blocking
// (e.g. so that other profiler sessions can start).
fn ping_receiver(
    mut ioctl_sender: future_mpsc::Sender<(IoctlOp, sync_mpsc::Sender<()>)>,
    command: IoctlOp,
) {
    log_info!("[perf_event_open] Received sampling command: {:?}", command);
    let (profiling_complete_sender, profiling_complete_receiver) = sync_mpsc::channel::<()>();
    match ioctl_sender.try_send((command, profiling_complete_sender)) {
        Ok(_) => (),
        Err(e) => {
            if e.is_full() {
                log_warn!("[perf_event_open] Failed to send {:?}: Channel full", command);
            } else if e.is_disconnected() {
                log_warn!("[perf_event_open] Failed to send {:?}: Receiver disconnected", command);
            } else {
                log_warn!("[perf_event_open] Failed to send {:?} due to {:?}", command, e.source());
            }
        }
    };
    // Block on / wait until profiling is complete before returning.
    // This notifies that the profiler is free to be used for another session.
    let _ = profiling_complete_receiver.recv().unwrap();
}

pub fn sys_perf_event_open(
    locked: &mut Locked<Unlocked>,
    current_task: &CurrentTask,
    attr: UserRef<perf_event_attr>,
    // Note that this is pid in Linux docs.
    tid: tid_t,
    cpu: i32,
    group_fd: FdNumber,
    _flags: u64,
) -> Result<SyscallResult, Errno> {
    // So far, the implementation only sets the read_data_format according to the "Reading results"
    // section of https://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man2/perf_event_open.2.html for a single event.
    // Other features will be added in the future (see below track_stubs).
    let perf_event_attrs: perf_event_attr = current_task.read_object(attr)?;

    if tid == -1 && cpu == -1 {
        return error!(EINVAL);
    }

    let target_task_type = match tid {
        -1 => TargetTaskType::AllTasks,
        0 => TargetTaskType::CurrentTask,
        _ => {
            track_stub!(TODO("https://fxbug.dev/409621963"), "[perf_event_open] implement tid > 0");
            return error!(ENOSYS);
        }
    };
    security::check_perf_event_open_access(
        current_task,
        target_task_type,
        &perf_event_attrs,
        perf_event_attrs.type_.try_into()?,
    )?;

    // Channel used to send info between notifier and spawned task thread.
    // We somewhat arbitrarily picked 8 for now in case we get a bunch of ioctls that are in
    // quick succession (instead of something lower).
    let (sender, mut receiver) = future_mpsc::channel(8);

    let page_size = zx::system_get_page_size() as u64;
    let mut perf_event_file = PerfEventFileState::new(
        perf_event_attrs,
        0,
        perf_event_attrs.disabled(),
        perf_event_attrs.sample_type,
        zx::Vmo::create(ESTIMATED_MMAP_BUFFER_SIZE).unwrap(),
        page_size, // Start with this amount of offset, we can increment as we write.
        sender,
    );

    let read_format = perf_event_attrs.read_format;

    if (read_format & perf_event_read_format_PERF_FORMAT_TOTAL_TIME_ENABLED as u64) != 0
        || (read_format & perf_event_read_format_PERF_FORMAT_TOTAL_TIME_RUNNING as u64) != 0
    {
        // Only keep track of most_recent_enabled_time if we are currently in ENABLED state,
        // as otherwise this param shouldn't be used for calculating anything.
        if perf_event_file.disabled == 0 {
            perf_event_file.most_recent_enabled_time =
                zx::MonotonicInstant::get().into_nanos() as u64;
        }
        // Initialize this to 0 as we will need to return a time duration later during read().
        perf_event_file.total_time_running = 0;
    }

    let event_id = READ_FORMAT_ID_GENERATOR.fetch_add(1, Ordering::Relaxed);
    perf_event_file.rf_id = event_id;

    if group_fd.raw() == -1 {
        perf_event_file.sample_id = event_id;
    } else {
        let group_file = current_task.files.get(group_fd)?;
        let group_file_object_id = group_file.id;
        let perf_state = get_perf_state(&current_task.kernel);
        let events = perf_state.format_id_lookup_table.lock();
        if let Some(rf_id) = events.get(&group_file_object_id) {
            perf_event_file.sample_id = *rf_id;
        } else {
            return error!(EINVAL);
        }
    }

    if (read_format & perf_event_read_format_PERF_FORMAT_GROUP as u64) != 0 {
        track_stub!(
            TODO("https://fxbug.dev/402238049"),
            "[perf_event_open] implement read_format group"
        );
        return error!(ENOSYS);
    }
    if (read_format & perf_event_read_format_PERF_FORMAT_LOST as u64) != 0 {
        track_stub!(
            TODO("https://fxbug.dev/402260383"),
            "[perf_event_open] implement read_format lost"
        );
    }

    // Set up notifier for handling ioctl calls to enable/disable sampling.
    let mut vmo_handle_copy =
        perf_event_file.perf_data_vmo.as_handle_ref().duplicate(zx::Rights::SAME_RIGHTS);

    // SAFETY: sample_period is a u64 field in a union with u64 sample_freq.
    // This is always sound regardless of the union's tag.
    let sample_period_in_ticks = unsafe { perf_event_file.attr.__bindgen_anon_1.sample_period };
    // The sample period from the PERF_COUNT_SW_CPU_CLOCK is
    // 1 nanosecond per tick. Convert this duration into zx::duration.
    let zx_sample_period = zx::MonotonicDuration::from_nanos(sample_period_in_ticks as i64);

    let data_head_pointer = Arc::new(AtomicPtr::new(std::ptr::null_mut::<u64>()));
    // Pass cloned into the thread.
    let cloned_data_head_pointer = Arc::clone(&data_head_pointer);

    let closure = async move |_: LockedAndTask<'_>| {
        // This loop will wait for messages from the sender.
        while let Some((command, profiling_complete_receiver)) = receiver.next().await {
            match command {
                IoctlOp::Enable => {
                    match set_up_profiler(zx_sample_period).await {
                        Ok((session_proxy, client)) => {
                            track_stub!(
                                TODO("https://fxbug.dev/422502681"),
                                "[perf_event_open] don't hardcode profiling duration"
                            );

                            let handle = vmo_handle_copy
                                .as_mut()
                                .expect("Failed to get VMO handle")
                                .as_handle_ref()
                                .duplicate(zx::Rights::SAME_RIGHTS)
                                .unwrap();

                            let _ = collect_sample(
                                session_proxy,
                                client,
                                Duration::from_millis(100),
                                &zx::Vmo::from(handle),
                                &*cloned_data_head_pointer,
                                perf_event_file.sample_type,
                                perf_event_file.sample_id,
                                sample_period_in_ticks,
                                perf_event_file.vmo_write_offset,
                            )
                            .await;
                            // Send notification that profiler session is over.
                            let _ = profiling_complete_receiver.send(());
                        }
                        Err(e) => {
                            log_warn!("Failed to profile: {}", e);
                        }
                    };
                }
            }
        }
        ()
    };
    let req = SpawnRequestBuilder::new()
        .with_debug_name("perf-event-sampler")
        .with_async_closure(closure)
        .build();
    current_task.kernel().kthreads.spawner().spawn_from_request(req);

    let file = Box::new(PerfEventFile {
        _tid: tid,
        _cpu: cpu,
        perf_event_file: RwLock::new(perf_event_file),
        security_state: security::perf_event_alloc(current_task),
        data_head_pointer: data_head_pointer,
    });
    // TODO: https://fxbug.dev/404739824 - Confirm whether to handle this as a "private" node.
    let file_handle =
        Anon::new_private_file(locked, current_task, file, OpenFlags::RDWR, "[perf_event]");
    let file_object_id = file_handle.id;
    let file_descriptor: Result<FdNumber, Errno> =
        current_task.add_file(locked, file_handle, FdFlags::empty());

    match file_descriptor {
        Ok(fd) => {
            if group_fd.raw() == -1 {
                let perf_state = get_perf_state(&current_task.kernel);
                let mut events = perf_state.format_id_lookup_table.lock();
                events.insert(file_object_id, event_id);
            }
            Ok(fd.into())
        }
        Err(_) => {
            track_stub!(
                TODO("https://fxbug.dev/402453955"),
                "[perf_event_open] implement remaining error handling"
            );
            error!(EMFILE)
        }
    }
}
// Syscalls for arch32 usage
#[cfg(target_arch = "aarch64")]
mod arch32 {
    pub use super::sys_perf_event_open as sys_arch32_perf_event_open;
}

#[cfg(target_arch = "aarch64")]
pub use arch32::*;

use crate::mm::memory::MemoryObject;
use crate::mm::{MemoryAccessorExt, ProtectionFlags};
use crate::task::CurrentTask;
use crate::vfs::{
    Anon, FdFlags, FdNumber, FileObject, FileObjectId, FileObjectState, FileOps, InputBuffer,
    OutputBuffer,
};
use crate::{fileops_impl_nonseekable, fileops_impl_noop_sync};