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<
HXCOMM See docs/devel/docs.rst for the format of this file.
HXCOMM
HXCOMM Use DEFHEADING() to define headings in both help text and rST.
HXCOMM Text between SRST and ERST is copied to the rST version and
HXCOMM discarded from C version.
HXCOMM DEF(option, HAS_ARG/0, opt_enum, opt_help, arch_mask) is used to
HXCOMM construct option structures, enums and help message for specified
HXCOMM architectures.
HXCOMM HXCOMM can be used for comments, discarded from both rST and C.
DEFHEADING(Standard options:)
DEF("help", 0, QEMU_OPTION_h,
"-h or -help display this help and exit\n", QEMU_ARCH_ALL)
SRST
``-h``
Display help and exit
ERST
DEF("version", 0, QEMU_OPTION_version,
"-version display version information and exit\n", QEMU_ARCH_ALL)
SRST
``-version``
Display version information and exit
ERST
DEF("machine", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_machine, \
"-machine [type=]name[,prop[=value][,...]]\n"
" selects emulated machine ('-machine help' for list)\n"
" property accel=accel1[:accel2[:...]] selects accelerator\n"
" supported accelerators are kvm, xen, hvf, nvmm, whpx or tcg (default: tcg)\n"
" vmport=on|off|auto controls emulation of vmport (default: auto)\n"
" dump-guest-core=on|off include guest memory in a core dump (default=on)\n"
" mem-merge=on|off controls memory merge support (default: on)\n"
" aes-key-wrap=on|off controls support for AES key wrapping (default=on)\n"
" dea-key-wrap=on|off controls support for DEA key wrapping (default=on)\n"
" suppress-vmdesc=on|off disables self-describing migration (default=off)\n"
" nvdimm=on|off controls NVDIMM support (default=off)\n"
" memory-encryption=@var{} memory encryption object to use (default=none)\n"
" hmat=on|off controls ACPI HMAT support (default=off)\n"
" memory-backend='backend-id' specifies explicitly provided backend for main RAM (default=none)\n"
" cxl-fmw.0.targets.0=firsttarget,cxl-fmw.0.targets.1=secondtarget,cxl-fmw.0.size=size[,cxl-fmw.0.interleave-granularity=granularity]\n",
QEMU_ARCH_ALL)
SRST
``-machine [type=]name[,prop=value[,...]]``
Select the emulated machine by name. Use ``-machine help`` to list
available machines.
For architectures which aim to support live migration compatibility
across releases, each release will introduce a new versioned machine
type. For example, the 2.8.0 release introduced machine types
"pc-i440fx-2.8" and "pc-q35-2.8" for the x86\_64/i686 architectures.
To allow live migration of guests from QEMU version 2.8.0, to QEMU
version 2.9.0, the 2.9.0 version must support the "pc-i440fx-2.8"
and "pc-q35-2.8" machines too. To allow users live migrating VMs to
skip multiple intermediate releases when upgrading, new releases of
QEMU will support machine types from many previous versions.
Supported machine properties are:
``accel=accels1[:accels2[:...]]``
This is used to enable an accelerator. Depending on the target
architecture, kvm, xen, hvf, nvmm, whpx or tcg can be available.
By default, tcg is used. If there is more than one accelerator
specified, the next one is used if the previous one fails to
initialize.
``vmport=on|off|auto``
Enables emulation of VMWare IO port, for vmmouse etc. auto says
to select the value based on accel and i8042. For accel=xen or
i8042=off the default is off otherwise the default is on.
``dump-guest-core=on|off``
Include guest memory in a core dump. The default is on.
``mem-merge=on|off``
Enables or disables memory merge support. This feature, when
supported by the host, de-duplicates identical memory pages
among VMs instances (enabled by default).
``aes-key-wrap=on|off``
Enables or disables AES key wrapping support on s390-ccw hosts.
This feature controls whether AES wrapping keys will be created
to allow execution of AES cryptographic functions. The default
is on.
``dea-key-wrap=on|off``
Enables or disables DEA key wrapping support on s390-ccw hosts.
This feature controls whether DEA wrapping keys will be created
to allow execution of DEA cryptographic functions. The default
is on.
``nvdimm=on|off``
Enables or disables NVDIMM support. The default is off.
``memory-encryption=``
Memory encryption object to use. The default is none.
``hmat=on|off``
Enables or disables ACPI Heterogeneous Memory Attribute Table
(HMAT) support. The default is off.
``memory-backend='id'``
An alternative to legacy ``-mem-path`` and ``mem-prealloc`` options.
Allows to use a memory backend as main RAM.
For example:
::
-object memory-backend-file,id=pc.ram,size=512M,mem-path=/hugetlbfs,prealloc=on,share=on
-machine memory-backend=pc.ram
-m 512M
Migration compatibility note:
* as backend id one shall use value of 'default-ram-id', advertised by
machine type (available via ``query-machines`` QMP command), if migration
to/from old QEMU (<5.0) is expected.
* for machine types 4.0 and older, user shall
use ``x-use-canonical-path-for-ramblock-id=off`` backend option
if migration to/from old QEMU (<5.0) is expected.
For example:
::
-object memory-backend-ram,id=pc.ram,size=512M,x-use-canonical-path-for-ramblock-id=off
-machine memory-backend=pc.ram
-m 512M
``cxl-fmw.0.targets.0=firsttarget,cxl-fmw.0.targets.1=secondtarget,cxl-fmw.0.size=size[,cxl-fmw.0.interleave-granularity=granularity]``
Define a CXL Fixed Memory Window (CFMW).
Described in the CXL 2.0 ECN: CEDT CFMWS & QTG _DSM.
They are regions of Host Physical Addresses (HPA) on a system which
may be interleaved across one or more CXL host bridges. The system
software will assign particular devices into these windows and
configure the downstream Host-managed Device Memory (HDM) decoders
in root ports, switch ports and devices appropriately to meet the
interleave requirements before enabling the memory devices.
``targets.X=target`` provides the mapping to CXL host bridges
which may be identified by the id provided in the -device entry.
Multiple entries are needed to specify all the targets when
the fixed memory window represents interleaved memory. X is the
target index from 0.
``size=size`` sets the size of the CFMW. This must be a multiple of
256MiB. The region will be aligned to 256MiB but the location is
platform and configuration dependent.
``interleave-granularity=granularity`` sets the granularity of
interleave. Default 256 (bytes). Only 256, 512, 1k, 2k,
4k, 8k and 16k granularities supported.
Example:
::
-machine cxl-fmw.0.targets.0=cxl.0,cxl-fmw.0.targets.1=cxl.1,cxl-fmw.0.size=128G,cxl-fmw.0.interleave-granularity=512
ERST
DEF("M", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_M,
" sgx-epc.0.memdev=memid,sgx-epc.0.node=numaid\n",
QEMU_ARCH_ALL)
SRST
``sgx-epc.0.memdev=@var{memid},sgx-epc.0.node=@var{numaid}``
Define an SGX EPC section.
ERST
DEF("cpu", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_cpu,
"-cpu cpu select CPU ('-cpu help' for list)\n", QEMU_ARCH_ALL)
SRST
``-cpu model``
Select CPU model (``-cpu help`` for list and additional feature
selection)
ERST
DEF("accel", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_accel,
"-accel [accel=]accelerator[,prop[=value][,...]]\n"
" select accelerator (kvm, xen, hvf, nvmm, whpx or tcg; use 'help' for a list)\n"
" igd-passthru=on|off (enable Xen integrated Intel graphics passthrough, default=off)\n"
" kernel-irqchip=on|off|split controls accelerated irqchip support (default=on)\n"
" kvm-shadow-mem=size of KVM shadow MMU in bytes\n"
" one-insn-per-tb=on|off (one guest instruction per TCG translation block)\n"
" split-wx=on|off (enable TCG split w^x mapping)\n"
" tb-size=n (TCG translation block cache size)\n"
" dirty-ring-size=n (KVM dirty ring GFN count, default 0)\n"
" eager-split-size=n (KVM Eager Page Split chunk size, default 0, disabled. ARM only)\n"
" notify-vmexit=run|internal-error|disable,notify-window=n (enable notify VM exit and set notify window, x86 only)\n"
" thread=single|multi (enable multi-threaded TCG)\n"
" device=path (KVM device path, default /dev/kvm)\n", QEMU_ARCH_ALL)
SRST
``-accel name[,prop=value[,...]]``
This is used to enable an accelerator. Depending on the target
architecture, kvm, xen, hvf, nvmm, whpx or tcg can be available. By
default, tcg is used. If there is more than one accelerator
specified, the next one is used if the previous one fails to
initialize.
``igd-passthru=on|off``
When Xen is in use, this option controls whether Intel
integrated graphics devices can be passed through to the guest
(default=off)
``kernel-irqchip=on|off|split``
Controls KVM in-kernel irqchip support. The default is full
acceleration of the interrupt controllers. On x86, split irqchip
reduces the kernel attack surface, at a performance cost for
non-MSI interrupts. Disabling the in-kernel irqchip completely
is not recommended except for debugging purposes.
``kvm-shadow-mem=size``
Defines the size of the KVM shadow MMU.
``one-insn-per-tb=on|off``
Makes the TCG accelerator put only one guest instruction into
each translation block. This slows down emulation a lot, but
can be useful in some situations, such as when trying to analyse
the logs produced by the ``-d`` option.
``split-wx=on|off``
Controls the use of split w^x mapping for the TCG code generation
buffer. Some operating systems require this to be enabled, and in
such a case this will default on. On other operating systems, this
will default off, but one may enable this for testing or debugging.
``tb-size=n``
Controls the size (in MiB) of the TCG translation block cache.
``thread=single|multi``
Controls number of TCG threads. When the TCG is multi-threaded
there will be one thread per vCPU therefore taking advantage of
additional host cores. The default is to enable multi-threading
where both the back-end and front-ends support it and no
incompatible TCG features have been enabled (e.g.
icount/replay).
``dirty-ring-size=n``
When the KVM accelerator is used, it controls the size of the per-vCPU
dirty page ring buffer (number of entries for each vCPU). It should
be a value that is power of two, and it should be 1024 or bigger (but
still less than the maximum value that the kernel supports). 4096
could be a good initial value if you have no idea which is the best.
Set this value to 0 to disable the feature. By default, this feature
is disabled (dirty-ring-size=0). When enabled, KVM will instead
record dirty pages in a bitmap.
``eager-split-size=n``
KVM implements dirty page logging at the PAGE_SIZE granularity and
enabling dirty-logging on a huge-page requires breaking it into
PAGE_SIZE pages in the first place. KVM on ARM does this splitting
lazily by default. There are performance benefits in doing huge-page
split eagerly, especially in situations where TLBI costs associated
with break-before-make sequences are considerable and also if guest
workloads are read intensive. The size here specifies how many pages
to break at a time and needs to be a valid block size which is
1GB/2MB/4KB, 32MB/16KB and 512MB/64KB for 4KB/16KB/64KB PAGE_SIZE
respectively. Be wary of specifying a higher size as it will have an
impact on the memory. By default, this feature is disabled
(eager-split-size=0).
``notify-vmexit=run|internal-error|disable,notify-window=n``
Enables or disables notify VM exit support on x86 host and specify
the corresponding notify window to trigger the VM exit if enabled.
``run`` option enables the feature. It does nothing and continue
if the exit happens. ``internal-error`` option enables the feature.
It raises a internal error. ``disable`` option doesn't enable the feature.
This feature can mitigate the CPU stuck issue due to event windows don't
open up for a specified of time (i.e. notify-window).
Default: notify-vmexit=run,notify-window=0.
``device=path``
Sets the path to the KVM device node. Defaults to ``/dev/kvm``. This
option can be used to pass the KVM device to use via a file descriptor
by setting the value to ``/dev/fdset/NN``.
ERST
DEF("smp", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_smp,
"-smp [[cpus=]n][,maxcpus=maxcpus][,drawers=drawers][,books=books][,sockets=sockets]\n"
" [,dies=dies][,clusters=clusters][,modules=modules][,cores=cores]\n"
" [,threads=threads]\n"
" set the number of initial CPUs to 'n' [default=1]\n"
" maxcpus= maximum number of total CPUs, including\n"
" offline CPUs for hotplug, etc\n"
" drawers= number of drawers on the machine board\n"
" books= number of books in one drawer\n"
" sockets= number of sockets in one book\n"
" dies= number of dies in one socket\n"
" clusters= number of clusters in one die\n"
" modules= number of modules in one cluster\n"
" cores= number of cores in one module\n"
" threads= number of threads in one core\n"
"Note: Different machines may have different subsets of the CPU topology\n"
" parameters supported, so the actual meaning of the supported parameters\n"
" will vary accordingly. For example, for a machine type that supports a\n"
" three-level CPU hierarchy of sockets/cores/threads, the parameters will\n"
" sequentially mean as below:\n"
" sockets means the number of sockets on the machine board\n"
" cores means the number of cores in one socket\n"
" threads means the number of threads in one core\n"
" For a particular machine type board, an expected CPU topology hierarchy\n"
" can be defined through the supported sub-option. Unsupported parameters\n"
" can also be provided in addition to the sub-option, but their values\n"
" must be set as 1 in the purpose of correct parsing.\n",
QEMU_ARCH_ALL)
SRST
``-smp [[cpus=]n][,maxcpus=maxcpus][,drawers=drawers][,books=books][,sockets=sockets][,dies=dies][,clusters=clusters][,modules=modules][,cores=cores][,threads=threads]``
Simulate a SMP system with '\ ``n``\ ' CPUs initially present on
the machine type board. On boards supporting CPU hotplug, the optional
'\ ``maxcpus``\ ' parameter can be set to enable further CPUs to be
added at runtime. When both parameters are omitted, the maximum number
of CPUs will be calculated from the provided topology members and the
initial CPU count will match the maximum number. When only one of them
is given then the omitted one will be set to its counterpart's value.
Both parameters may be specified, but the maximum number of CPUs must
be equal to or greater than the initial CPU count. Product of the
CPU topology hierarchy must be equal to the maximum number of CPUs.
Both parameters are subject to an upper limit that is determined by
the specific machine type chosen.
To control reporting of CPU topology information, values of the topology
parameters can be specified. Machines may only support a subset of the
parameters and different machines may have different subsets supported
which vary depending on capacity of the corresponding CPU targets. So
for a particular machine type board, an expected topology hierarchy can
be defined through the supported sub-option. Unsupported parameters can
also be provided in addition to the sub-option, but their values must be
set as 1 in the purpose of correct parsing.
Either the initial CPU count, or at least one of the topology parameters
must be specified. The specified parameters must be greater than zero,
explicit configuration like "cpus=0" is not allowed. Values for any
omitted parameters will be computed from those which are given.
For example, the following sub-option defines a CPU topology hierarchy
(2 sockets totally on the machine, 2 cores per socket, 2 threads per
core) for a machine that only supports sockets/cores/threads.
Some members of the option can be omitted but their values will be
automatically computed:
::
-smp 8,sockets=2,cores=2,threads=2,maxcpus=8
The following sub-option defines a CPU topology hierarchy (2 sockets
totally on the machine, 2 dies per socket, 2 modules per die, 2 cores per
module, 2 threads per core) for PC machines which support sockets/dies
/modules/cores/threads. Some members of the option can be omitted but
their values will be automatically computed:
::
-smp 32,sockets=2,dies=2,modules=2,cores=2,threads=2,maxcpus=32
The following sub-option defines a CPU topology hierarchy (2 sockets
totally on the machine, 2 clusters per socket, 2 cores per cluster,
2 threads per core) for ARM virt machines which support sockets/clusters
/cores/threads. Some members of the option can be omitted but their values
will be automatically computed:
::
-smp 16,sockets=2,clusters=2,cores=2,threads=2,maxcpus=16
Historically preference was given to the coarsest topology parameters
when computing missing values (ie sockets preferred over cores, which
were preferred over threads), however, this behaviour is considered
liable to change. Prior to 6.2 the preference was sockets over cores
over threads. Since 6.2 the preference is cores over sockets over threads.
For example, the following option defines a machine board with 2 sockets
of 1 core before 6.2 and 1 socket of 2 cores after 6.2:
::
-smp 2
Note: The cluster topology will only be generated in ACPI and exposed
to guest if it's explicitly specified in -smp.
ERST
DEF("numa", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_numa,
"-numa node[,mem=size][,cpus=firstcpu[-lastcpu]][,nodeid=node][,initiator=node]\n"
"-numa node[,memdev=id][,cpus=firstcpu[-lastcpu]][,nodeid=node][,initiator=node]\n"
"-numa dist,src=source,dst=destination,val=distance\n"
"-numa cpu,node-id=node[,socket-id=x][,core-id=y][,thread-id=z]\n"
"-numa hmat-lb,initiator=node,target=node,hierarchy=memory|first-level|second-level|third-level,data-type=access-latency|read-latency|write-latency[,latency=lat][,bandwidth=bw]\n"
"-numa hmat-cache,node-id=node,size=size,level=level[,associativity=none|direct|complex][,policy=none|write-back|write-through][,line=size]\n",
QEMU_ARCH_ALL)
SRST
``-numa node[,mem=size][,cpus=firstcpu[-lastcpu]][,nodeid=node][,initiator=initiator]``
\
``-numa node[,memdev=id][,cpus=firstcpu[-lastcpu]][,nodeid=node][,initiator=initiator]``
\
``-numa dist,src=source,dst=destination,val=distance``
\
``-numa cpu,node-id=node[,socket-id=x][,core-id=y][,thread-id=z]``
\
``-numa hmat-lb,initiator=node,target=node,hierarchy=hierarchy,data-type=type[,latency=lat][,bandwidth=bw]``
\
``-numa hmat-cache,node-id=node,size=size,level=level[,associativity=str][,policy=str][,line=size]``
Define a NUMA node and assign RAM and VCPUs to it. Set the NUMA
distance from a source node to a destination node. Set the ACPI
Heterogeneous Memory Attributes for the given nodes.
Legacy VCPU assignment uses '\ ``cpus``\ ' option where firstcpu and
lastcpu are CPU indexes. Each '\ ``cpus``\ ' option represent a
contiguous range of CPU indexes (or a single VCPU if lastcpu is
omitted). A non-contiguous set of VCPUs can be represented by
providing multiple '\ ``cpus``\ ' options. If '\ ``cpus``\ ' is
omitted on all nodes, VCPUs are automatically split between them.
For example, the following option assigns VCPUs 0, 1, 2 and 5 to a
NUMA node:
::
-numa node,cpus=0-2,cpus=5
'\ ``cpu``\ ' option is a new alternative to '\ ``cpus``\ ' option
which uses '\ ``socket-id|core-id|thread-id``\ ' properties to
assign CPU objects to a node using topology layout properties of
CPU. The set of properties is machine specific, and depends on used
machine type/'\ ``smp``\ ' options. It could be queried with
'\ ``hotpluggable-cpus``\ ' monitor command. '\ ``node-id``\ '
property specifies node to which CPU object will be assigned, it's
required for node to be declared with '\ ``node``\ ' option before
it's used with '\ ``cpu``\ ' option.
For example:
::
-M pc \
-smp 1,sockets=2,maxcpus=2 \
-numa node,nodeid=0 -numa node,nodeid=1 \
-numa cpu,node-id=0,socket-id=0 -numa cpu,node-id=1,socket-id=1
'\ ``memdev``\ ' option assigns RAM from a given memory backend
device to a node. It is recommended to use '\ ``memdev``\ ' option
over legacy '\ ``mem``\ ' option. This is because '\ ``memdev``\ '
option provides better performance and more control over the
backend's RAM (e.g. '\ ``prealloc``\ ' parameter of
'\ ``-memory-backend-ram``\ ' allows memory preallocation).
For compatibility reasons, legacy '\ ``mem``\ ' option is
supported in 5.0 and older machine types. Note that '\ ``mem``\ '
and '\ ``memdev``\ ' are mutually exclusive. If one node uses
'\ ``memdev``\ ', the rest nodes have to use '\ ``memdev``\ '
option, and vice versa.
Users must specify memory for all NUMA nodes by '\ ``memdev``\ '
(or legacy '\ ``mem``\ ' if available). In QEMU 5.2, the support
for '\ ``-numa node``\ ' without memory specified was removed.
'\ ``initiator``\ ' is an additional option that points to an
initiator NUMA node that has best performance (the lowest latency or
largest bandwidth) to this NUMA node. Note that this option can be
set only when the machine property 'hmat' is set to 'on'.
Following example creates a machine with 2 NUMA nodes, node 0 has
CPU. node 1 has only memory, and its initiator is node 0. Note that
because node 0 has CPU, by default the initiator of node 0 is itself
and must be itself.
::
-machine hmat=on \
-m 2G,slots=2,maxmem=4G \
-object memory-backend-ram,size=1G,id=m0 \
-object memory-backend-ram,size=1G,id=m1 \
-numa node,nodeid=0,memdev=m0 \
-numa node,nodeid=1,memdev=m1,initiator=0 \
-smp 2,sockets=2,maxcpus=2 \
-numa cpu,node-id=0,socket-id=0 \
-numa cpu,node-id=0,socket-id=1
source and destination are NUMA node IDs. distance is the NUMA
distance from source to destination. The distance from a node to
itself is always 10. If any pair of nodes is given a distance, then
all pairs must be given distances. Although, when distances are only
given in one direction for each pair of nodes, then the distances in
the opposite directions are assumed to be the same. If, however, an
asymmetrical pair of distances is given for even one node pair, then
all node pairs must be provided distance values for both directions,
even when they are symmetrical. When a node is unreachable from
another node, set the pair's distance to 255.
Note that the -``numa`` option doesn't allocate any of the specified
resources, it just assigns existing resources to NUMA nodes. This
means that one still has to use the ``-m``, ``-smp`` options to
allocate RAM and VCPUs respectively.
Use '\ ``hmat-lb``\ ' to set System Locality Latency and Bandwidth
Information between initiator and target NUMA nodes in ACPI
Heterogeneous Attribute Memory Table (HMAT). Initiator NUMA node can
create memory requests, usually it has one or more processors.
Target NUMA node contains addressable memory.
In '\ ``hmat-lb``\ ' option, node are NUMA node IDs. hierarchy is
the memory hierarchy of the target NUMA node: if hierarchy is
'memory', the structure represents the memory performance; if
hierarchy is 'first-level\|second-level\|third-level', this
structure represents aggregated performance of memory side caches
for each domain. type of 'data-type' is type of data represented by
this structure instance: if 'hierarchy' is 'memory', 'data-type' is
'access\|read\|write' latency or 'access\|read\|write' bandwidth of
the target memory; if 'hierarchy' is
'first-level\|second-level\|third-level', 'data-type' is
'access\|read\|write' hit latency or 'access\|read\|write' hit
bandwidth of the target memory side cache.
lat is latency value in nanoseconds. bw is bandwidth value, the
possible value and units are NUM[M\|G\|T], mean that the bandwidth
value are NUM byte per second (or MB/s, GB/s or TB/s depending on
used suffix). Note that if latency or bandwidth value is 0, means
the corresponding latency or bandwidth information is not provided.
In '\ ``hmat-cache``\ ' option, node-id is the NUMA-id of the memory
belongs. size is the size of memory side cache in bytes. level is
the cache level described in this structure, note that the cache
level 0 should not be used with '\ ``hmat-cache``\ ' option.
associativity is the cache associativity, the possible value is
'none/direct(direct-mapped)/complex(complex cache indexing)'. policy
is the write policy. line is the cache Line size in bytes.
For example, the following options describe 2 NUMA nodes. Node 0 has
2 cpus and a ram, node 1 has only a ram. The processors in node 0
access memory in node 0 with access-latency 5 nanoseconds,
access-bandwidth is 200 MB/s; The processors in NUMA node 0 access
memory in NUMA node 1 with access-latency 10 nanoseconds,
access-bandwidth is 100 MB/s. And for memory side cache information,
NUMA node 0 and 1 both have 1 level memory cache, size is 10KB,
policy is write-back, the cache Line size is 8 bytes:
::
-machine hmat=on \
-m 2G \
-object memory-backend-ram,size=1G,id=m0 \
-object memory-backend-ram,size=1G,id=m1 \
-smp 2,sockets=2,maxcpus=2 \
-numa node,nodeid=0,memdev=m0 \
-numa node,nodeid=1,memdev=m1,initiator=0 \
-numa cpu,node-id=0,socket-id=0 \
-numa cpu,node-id=0,socket-id=1 \
-numa hmat-lb,initiator=0,target=0,hierarchy=memory,data-type=access-latency,latency=5 \
-numa hmat-lb,initiator=0,target=0,hierarchy=memory,data-type=access-bandwidth,bandwidth=200M \
-numa hmat-lb,initiator=0,target=1,hierarchy=memory,data-type=access-latency,latency=10 \
-numa hmat-lb,initiator=0,target=1,hierarchy=memory,data-type=access-bandwidth,bandwidth=100M \
-numa hmat-cache,node-id=0,size=10K,level=1,associativity=direct,policy=write-back,line=8 \
-numa hmat-cache,node-id=1,size=10K,level=1,associativity=direct,policy=write-back,line=8
ERST
DEF("add-fd", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_add_fd,
"-add-fd fd=fd,set=set[,opaque=opaque]\n"
" Add 'fd' to fd 'set'\n", QEMU_ARCH_ALL)
SRST
``-add-fd fd=fd,set=set[,opaque=opaque]``
Add a file descriptor to an fd set. Valid options are:
``fd=fd``
This option defines the file descriptor of which a duplicate is
added to fd set. The file descriptor cannot be stdin, stdout, or
stderr.
``set=set``
This option defines the ID of the fd set to add the file
descriptor to.
``opaque=opaque``
This option defines a free-form string that can be used to
describe fd.
You can open an image using pre-opened file descriptors from an fd
set:
.. parsed-literal::
|qemu_system| \\
-add-fd fd=3,set=2,opaque="rdwr:/path/to/file" \\
-add-fd fd=4,set=2,opaque="rdonly:/path/to/file" \\
-drive file=/dev/fdset/2,index=0,media=disk
ERST
DEF("set", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_set,
"-set group.id.arg=value\n"
" set <arg> parameter for item <id> of type <group>\n"
" i.e. -set drive.$id.file=/path/to/image\n", QEMU_ARCH_ALL)
SRST
``-set group.id.arg=value``
Set parameter arg for item id of type group
ERST
DEF("global", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_global,
"-global driver.property=value\n"
"-global driver=driver,property=property,value=value\n"
" set a global default for a driver property\n",
QEMU_ARCH_ALL)
SRST
``-global driver.prop=value``
\
``-global driver=driver,property=property,value=value``
Set default value of driver's property prop to value, e.g.:
.. parsed-literal::
|qemu_system_x86| -global ide-hd.physical_block_size=4096 disk-image.img
In particular, you can use this to set driver properties for devices
which are created automatically by the machine model. To create a
device which is not created automatically and set properties on it,
use -``device``.
-global driver.prop=value is shorthand for -global
driver=driver,property=prop,value=value. The longhand syntax works
even when driver contains a dot.
ERST
DEF("boot", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_boot,
"-boot [order=drives][,once=drives][,menu=on|off]\n"
" [,splash=sp_name][,splash-time=sp_time][,reboot-timeout=rb_time][,strict=on|off]\n"
" 'drives': floppy (a), hard disk (c), CD-ROM (d), network (n)\n"
" 'sp_name': the file's name that would be passed to bios as logo picture, if menu=on\n"
" 'sp_time': the period that splash picture last if menu=on, unit is ms\n"
" 'rb_timeout': the timeout before guest reboot when boot failed, unit is ms\n",
QEMU_ARCH_ALL)
SRST
``-boot [order=drives][,once=drives][,menu=on|off][,splash=sp_name][,splash-time=sp_time][,reboot-timeout=rb_timeout][,strict=on|off]``
Specify boot order drives as a string of drive letters. Valid drive
letters depend on the target architecture. The x86 PC uses: a, b
(floppy 1 and 2), c (first hard disk), d (first CD-ROM), n-p
(Etherboot from network adapter 1-4), hard disk boot is the default.
To apply a particular boot order only on the first startup, specify
it via ``once``. Note that the ``order`` or ``once`` parameter
should not be used together with the ``bootindex`` property of
devices, since the firmware implementations normally do not support
both at the same time.
Interactive boot menus/prompts can be enabled via ``menu=on`` as far
as firmware/BIOS supports them. The default is non-interactive boot.
A splash picture could be passed to bios, enabling user to show it
as logo, when option splash=sp\_name is given and menu=on, If
firmware/BIOS supports them. Currently Seabios for X86 system
support it. limitation: The splash file could be a jpeg file or a
BMP file in 24 BPP format(true color). The resolution should be
supported by the SVGA mode, so the recommended is 320x240, 640x480,
800x640.
A timeout could be passed to bios, guest will pause for rb\_timeout
ms when boot failed, then reboot. If rb\_timeout is '-1', guest will
not reboot, qemu passes '-1' to bios by default. Currently Seabios
for X86 system support it.
Do strict boot via ``strict=on`` as far as firmware/BIOS supports
it. This only effects when boot priority is changed by bootindex
options. The default is non-strict boot.
.. parsed-literal::
# try to boot from network first, then from hard disk
|qemu_system_x86| -boot order=nc
# boot from CD-ROM first, switch back to default order after reboot
|qemu_system_x86| -boot once=d
# boot with a splash picture for 5 seconds.
|qemu_system_x86| -boot menu=on,splash=/root/boot.bmp,splash-time=5000
Note: The legacy format '-boot drives' is still supported but its
use is discouraged as it may be removed from future versions.
ERST
DEF("m", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_m,
"-m [size=]megs[,slots=n,maxmem=size]\n"
" configure guest RAM\n"
" size: initial amount of guest memory\n"
" slots: number of hotplug slots (default: none)\n"
" maxmem: maximum amount of guest memory (default: none)\n"
" Note: Some architectures might enforce a specific granularity\n",
QEMU_ARCH_ALL)
SRST
``-m [size=]megs[,slots=n,maxmem=size]``
Sets guest startup RAM size to megs megabytes. Default is 128 MiB.
Optionally, a suffix of "M" or "G" can be used to signify a value in
megabytes or gigabytes respectively. Optional pair slots, maxmem
could be used to set amount of hotpluggable memory slots and maximum
amount of memory. Note that maxmem must be aligned to the page size.
For example, the following command-line sets the guest startup RAM
size to 1GB, creates 3 slots to hotplug additional memory and sets
the maximum memory the guest can reach to 4GB:
.. parsed-literal::
|qemu_system| -m 1G,slots=3,maxmem=4G
If slots and maxmem are not specified, memory hotplug won't be
enabled and the guest startup RAM will never increase.
ERST
DEF("mem-path", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_mempath,
"-mem-path FILE provide backing storage for guest RAM\n", QEMU_ARCH_ALL)
SRST
``-mem-path path``
Allocate guest RAM from a temporarily created file in path.
ERST
DEF("mem-prealloc", 0, QEMU_OPTION_mem_prealloc,
"-mem-prealloc preallocate guest memory (use with -mem-path)\n",
QEMU_ARCH_ALL)
SRST
``-mem-prealloc``
Preallocate memory when using -mem-path.
ERST
DEF("k", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_k,
"-k language use keyboard layout (for example 'fr' for French)\n",
QEMU_ARCH_ALL)
SRST
``-k language``
Use keyboard layout language (for example ``fr`` for French). This
option is only needed where it is not easy to get raw PC keycodes
(e.g. on Macs, with some X11 servers or with a VNC or curses
display). You don't normally need to use it on PC/Linux or
PC/Windows hosts.
The available layouts are:
::
ar de-ch es fo fr-ca hu ja mk no pt-br sv
da en-gb et fr fr-ch is lt nl pl ru th
de en-us fi fr-be hr it lv nl-be pt sl tr
The default is ``en-us``.
ERST
DEF("audio", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_audio,
"-audio [driver=]driver[,prop[=value][,...]]\n"
" specifies default audio backend when `audiodev` is not\n"
" used to create a machine or sound device;"
" options are the same as for -audiodev\n"
"-audio [driver=]driver,model=value[,prop[=value][,...]]\n"
" specifies the audio backend and device to use;\n"
" apart from 'model', options are the same as for -audiodev.\n"
" use '-audio model=help' to show possible devices.\n",
QEMU_ARCH_ALL)
SRST
``-audio [driver=]driver[,model=value][,prop[=value][,...]]``
If the ``model`` option is specified, ``-audio`` is a shortcut
for configuring both the guest audio hardware and the host audio
backend in one go. The guest hardware model can be set with
``model=modelname``. Use ``model=help`` to list the available
device types.
The following two example do exactly the same, to show how ``-audio``
can be used to shorten the command line length:
.. parsed-literal::
|qemu_system| -audiodev pa,id=pa -device sb16,audiodev=pa
|qemu_system| -audio pa,model=sb16
If the ``model`` option is not specified, ``-audio`` is used to
configure a default audio backend that will be used whenever the
``audiodev`` property is not set on a device or machine. In
particular, ``-audio none`` ensures that no audio is produced even
for machines that have embedded sound hardware.
In both cases, the driver option is the same as with the corresponding
``-audiodev`` option below. Use ``driver=help`` to list the available
drivers.
ERST
DEF("audiodev", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_audiodev,
"-audiodev [driver=]driver,id=id[,prop[=value][,...]]\n"
" specifies the audio backend to use\n"
" Use ``-audiodev help`` to list the available drivers\n"
" id= identifier of the backend\n"
" timer-period= timer period in microseconds\n"
" in|out.mixing-engine= use mixing engine to mix streams inside QEMU\n"
" in|out.fixed-settings= use fixed settings for host audio\n"
" in|out.frequency= frequency to use with fixed settings\n"
" in|out.channels= number of channels to use with fixed settings\n"
" in|out.format= sample format to use with fixed settings\n"
" valid values: s8, s16, s32, u8, u16, u32, f32\n"
" in|out.voices= number of voices to use\n"
" in|out.buffer-length= length of buffer in microseconds\n"
"-audiodev none,id=id,[,prop[=value][,...]]\n"
" dummy driver that discards all output\n"
#ifdef CONFIG_AUDIO_ALSA
"-audiodev alsa,id=id[,prop[=value][,...]]\n"
" in|out.dev= name of the audio device to use\n"
" in|out.period-length= length of period in microseconds\n"
" in|out.try-poll= attempt to use poll mode\n"
" threshold= threshold (in microseconds) when playback starts\n"
#endif
#ifdef CONFIG_AUDIO_COREAUDIO
"-audiodev coreaudio,id=id[,prop[=value][,...]]\n"
" in|out.buffer-count= number of buffers\n"
#endif
#ifdef CONFIG_AUDIO_DSOUND
"-audiodev dsound,id=id[,prop[=value][,...]]\n"
" latency= add extra latency to playback in microseconds\n"
#endif
#ifdef CONFIG_AUDIO_OSS
"-audiodev oss,id=id[,prop[=value][,...]]\n"
" in|out.dev= path of the audio device to use\n"
" in|out.buffer-count= number of buffers\n"
" in|out.try-poll= attempt to use poll mode\n"
" try-mmap= try using memory mapped access\n"
" exclusive= open device in exclusive mode\n"
" dsp-policy= set timing policy (0..10), -1 to use fragment mode\n"
#endif
#ifdef CONFIG_AUDIO_PA
"-audiodev pa,id=id[,prop[=value][,...]]\n"
" server= PulseAudio server address\n"
" in|out.name= source/sink device name\n"
" in|out.latency= desired latency in microseconds\n"
#endif
#ifdef CONFIG_AUDIO_PIPEWIRE
"-audiodev pipewire,id=id[,prop[=value][,...]]\n"
" in|out.name= source/sink device name\n"
" in|out.stream-name= name of pipewire stream\n"
" in|out.latency= desired latency in microseconds\n"
#endif
#ifdef CONFIG_AUDIO_SDL
"-audiodev sdl,id=id[,prop[=value][,...]]\n"
" in|out.buffer-count= number of buffers\n"
#endif
#ifdef CONFIG_AUDIO_SNDIO
"-audiodev sndio,id=id[,prop[=value][,...]]\n"
#endif
#ifdef CONFIG_SPICE
"-audiodev spice,id=id[,prop[=value][,...]]\n"
#endif
#ifdef CONFIG_DBUS_DISPLAY
"-audiodev dbus,id=id[,prop[=value][,...]]\n"
#endif
"-audiodev wav,id=id[,prop[=value][,...]]\n"
" path= path of wav file to record\n",
QEMU_ARCH_ALL)
SRST
``-audiodev [driver=]driver,id=id[,prop[=value][,...]]``
Adds a new audio backend driver identified by id. There are global
and driver specific properties. Some values can be set differently
for input and output, they're marked with ``in|out.``. You can set
the input's property with ``in.prop`` and the output's property with
``out.prop``. For example:
::
-audiodev alsa,id=example,in.frequency=44110,out.frequency=8000
-audiodev alsa,id=example,out.channels=1 # leaves in.channels unspecified
NOTE: parameter validation is known to be incomplete, in many cases
specifying an invalid option causes QEMU to print an error message
and continue emulation without sound.
Valid global options are:
``id=identifier``
Identifies the audio backend.
``timer-period=period``
Sets the timer period used by the audio subsystem in
microseconds. Default is 10000 (10 ms).
``in|out.mixing-engine=on|off``
Use QEMU's mixing engine to mix all streams inside QEMU and
convert audio formats when not supported by the backend. When
off, fixed-settings must be off too. Note that disabling this
option means that the selected backend must support multiple
streams and the audio formats used by the virtual cards,
otherwise you'll get no sound. It's not recommended to disable
this option unless you want to use 5.1 or 7.1 audio, as mixing
engine only supports mono and stereo audio. Default is on.
``in|out.fixed-settings=on|off``
Use fixed settings for host audio. When off, it will change
based on how the guest opens the sound card. In this case you
must not specify frequency, channels or format. Default is on.
``in|out.frequency=frequency``
Specify the frequency to use when using fixed-settings. Default
is 44100Hz.
``in|out.channels=channels``
Specify the number of channels to use when using fixed-settings.
Default is 2 (stereo).
``in|out.format=format``
Specify the sample format to use when using fixed-settings.
Valid values are: ``s8``, ``s16``, ``s32``, ``u8``, ``u16``,
``u32``, ``f32``. Default is ``s16``.
``in|out.voices=voices``
Specify the number of voices to use. Default is 1.
``in|out.buffer-length=usecs``
Sets the size of the buffer in microseconds.
``-audiodev none,id=id[,prop[=value][,...]]``
Creates a dummy backend that discards all outputs. This backend has
no backend specific properties.
``-audiodev alsa,id=id[,prop[=value][,...]]``
Creates backend using the ALSA. This backend is only available on
Linux.
ALSA specific options are:
``in|out.dev=device``
Specify the ALSA device to use for input and/or output. Default
is ``default``.
``in|out.period-length=usecs``
Sets the period length in microseconds.
``in|out.try-poll=on|off``
Attempt to use poll mode with the device. Default is on.
``threshold=threshold``
Threshold (in microseconds) when playback starts. Default is 0.
``-audiodev coreaudio,id=id[,prop[=value][,...]]``
Creates a backend using Apple's Core Audio. This backend is only
available on Mac OS and only supports playback.
Core Audio specific options are:
``in|out.buffer-count=count``
Sets the count of the buffers.
``-audiodev dsound,id=id[,prop[=value][,...]]``
Creates a backend using Microsoft's DirectSound. This backend is
only available on Windows and only supports playback.
DirectSound specific options are:
``latency=usecs``
Add extra usecs microseconds latency to playback. Default is
10000 (10 ms).
``-audiodev oss,id=id[,prop[=value][,...]]``
Creates a backend using OSS. This backend is available on most
Unix-like systems.
OSS specific options are:
``in|out.dev=device``
Specify the file name of the OSS device to use. Default is
``/dev/dsp``.
``in|out.buffer-count=count``
Sets the count of the buffers.
``in|out.try-poll=on|of``
Attempt to use poll mode with the device. Default is on.
``try-mmap=on|off``
Try using memory mapped device access. Default is off.
``exclusive=on|off``
Open the device in exclusive mode (vmix won't work in this
case). Default is off.
``dsp-policy=policy``
Sets the timing policy (between 0 and 10, where smaller number
means smaller latency but higher CPU usage). Use -1 to use
buffer sizes specified by ``buffer`` and ``buffer-count``. This
option is ignored if you do not have OSS 4. Default is 5.
``-audiodev pa,id=id[,prop[=value][,...]]``
Creates a backend using PulseAudio. This backend is available on
most systems.
PulseAudio specific options are:
``server=server``
Sets the PulseAudio server to connect to.
``in|out.name=sink``
Use the specified source/sink for recording/playback.
``in|out.latency=usecs``
Desired latency in microseconds. The PulseAudio server will try
to honor this value but actual latencies may be lower or higher.
``-audiodev pipewire,id=id[,prop[=value][,...]]``
Creates a backend using PipeWire. This backend is available on
most systems.
PipeWire specific options are:
``in|out.latency=usecs``
Desired latency in microseconds.
``in|out.name=sink``
Use the specified source/sink for recording/playback.
``in|out.stream-name``
Specify the name of pipewire stream.
``-audiodev sdl,id=id[,prop[=value][,...]]``
Creates a backend using SDL. This backend is available on most
systems, but you should use your platform's native backend if
possible.
SDL specific options are:
``in|out.buffer-count=count``
Sets the count of the buffers.
``-audiodev sndio,id=id[,prop[=value][,...]]``
Creates a backend using SNDIO. This backend is available on
OpenBSD and most other Unix-like systems.
Sndio specific options are:
``in|out.dev=device``
Specify the sndio device to use for input and/or output. Default
is ``default``.
``in|out.latency=usecs``
Sets the desired period length in microseconds.
``-audiodev spice,id=id[,prop[=value][,...]]``
Creates a backend that sends audio through SPICE. This backend
requires ``-spice`` and automatically selected in that case, so
usually you can ignore this option. This backend has no backend
specific properties.
``-audiodev wav,id=id[,prop[=value][,...]]``
Creates a backend that writes audio to a WAV file.
Backend specific options are:
``path=path``
Write recorded audio into the specified file. Default is
``qemu.wav``.
ERST
DEF("device", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_device,
"-device driver[,prop[=value][,...]]\n"
" add device (based on driver)\n"
" prop=value,... sets driver properties\n"
" use '-device help' to print all possible drivers\n"
" use '-device driver,help' to print all possible properties\n",
QEMU_ARCH_ALL)
SRST
``-device driver[,prop[=value][,...]]``
Add device driver. prop=value sets driver properties. Valid
properties depend on the driver. To get help on possible drivers and
properties, use ``-device help`` and ``-device driver,help``.
Some drivers are:
``-device ipmi-bmc-sim,id=id[,prop[=value][,...]]``
Add an IPMI BMC. This is a simulation of a hardware management
interface processor that normally sits on a system. It provides a
watchdog and the ability to reset and power control the system. You
need to connect this to an IPMI interface to make it useful
The IPMI slave address to use for the BMC. The default is 0x20. This
address is the BMC's address on the I2C network of management
controllers. If you don't know what this means, it is safe to ignore
it.
``id=id``
The BMC id for interfaces to use this device.
``slave_addr=val``
Define slave address to use for the BMC. The default is 0x20.
``sdrfile=file``
file containing raw Sensor Data Records (SDR) data. The default
is none.
``fruareasize=val``
size of a Field Replaceable Unit (FRU) area. The default is
1024.
``frudatafile=file``
file containing raw Field Replaceable Unit (FRU) inventory data.
The default is none.
``guid=uuid``
value for the GUID for the BMC, in standard UUID format. If this
is set, get "Get GUID" command to the BMC will return it.
Otherwise "Get GUID" will return an error.
``-device ipmi-bmc-extern,id=id,chardev=id[,slave_addr=val]``
Add a connection to an external IPMI BMC simulator. Instead of
locally emulating the BMC like the above item, instead connect to an
external entity that provides the IPMI services.
A connection is made to an external BMC simulator. If you do this,
it is strongly recommended that you use the "reconnect-ms=" chardev
option to reconnect to the simulator if the connection is lost. Note
that if this is not used carefully, it can be a security issue, as
the interface has the ability to send resets, NMIs, and power off
the VM. It's best if QEMU makes a connection to an external
simulator running on a secure port on localhost, so neither the
simulator nor QEMU is exposed to any outside network.
See the "lanserv/README.vm" file in the OpenIPMI library for more
details on the external interface.
``-device isa-ipmi-kcs,bmc=id[,ioport=val][,irq=val]``
Add a KCS IPMI interface on the ISA bus. This also adds a
corresponding ACPI and SMBIOS entries, if appropriate.
``bmc=id``
The BMC to connect to, one of ipmi-bmc-sim or ipmi-bmc-extern
above.
``ioport=val``
Define the I/O address of the interface. The default is 0xca0
for KCS.
``irq=val``
Define the interrupt to use. The default is 5. To disable
interrupts, set this to 0.
``-device isa-ipmi-bt,bmc=id[,ioport=val][,irq=val]``
Like the KCS interface, but defines a BT interface. The default port
is 0xe4 and the default interrupt is 5.
``-device pci-ipmi-kcs,bmc=id``
Add a KCS IPMI interface on the PCI bus.
``bmc=id``
The BMC to connect to, one of ipmi-bmc-sim or ipmi-bmc-extern above.
``-device pci-ipmi-bt,bmc=id``
Like the KCS interface, but defines a BT interface on the PCI bus.
``-device intel-iommu[,option=...]``
This is only supported by ``-machine q35``, which will enable Intel VT-d
emulation within the guest. It supports below options:
``intremap=on|off`` (default: auto)
This enables interrupt remapping feature. It's required to enable
complete x2apic. Currently it only supports kvm kernel-irqchip modes
``off`` or ``split``, while full kernel-irqchip is not yet supported.
The default value is "auto", which will be decided by the mode of
kernel-irqchip.
``caching-mode=on|off`` (default: off)
This enables caching mode for the VT-d emulated device. When
caching-mode is enabled, each guest DMA buffer mapping will generate an
IOTLB invalidation from the guest IOMMU driver to the vIOMMU device in
a synchronous way. It is required for ``-device vfio-pci`` to work
with the VT-d device, because host assigned devices requires to setup
the DMA mapping on the host before guest DMA starts.
``device-iotlb=on|off`` (default: off)
This enables device-iotlb capability for the emulated VT-d device. So
far virtio/vhost should be the only real user for this parameter,
paired with ats=on configured for the device.
``aw-bits=39|48`` (default: 39)
This decides the address width of IOVA address space. The address
space has 39 bits width for 3-level IOMMU page tables, and 48 bits for
4-level IOMMU page tables.
Please also refer to the wiki page for general scenarios of VT-d
emulation in QEMU: https://wiki.qemu.org/Features/VT-d.
``-device virtio-iommu-pci[,option=...]``
This is only supported by ``-machine q35`` (x86_64) and ``-machine virt`` (ARM).
It supports below options:
``granule=val`` (possible values are 4k, 8k, 16k, 64k and host; default: host)
This decides the default granule to be be exposed by the
virtio-iommu. If host, the granule matches the host page size.
``aw-bits=val`` (val between 32 and 64, default depends on machine)
This decides the address width of the IOVA address space.
ERST
DEF("name", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_name,
"-name string1[,process=string2][,debug-threads=on|off]\n"
" set the name of the guest\n"
" string1 sets the window title and string2 the process name\n"
" When debug-threads is enabled, individual threads are given a separate name\n"
" NOTE: The thread names are for debugging and not a stable API.\n",
QEMU_ARCH_ALL)
SRST
``-name name``
Sets the name of the guest. This name will be displayed in the SDL
window caption. The name will also be used for the VNC server. Also
optionally set the top visible process name in Linux. Naming of
individual threads can also be enabled on Linux to aid debugging.
ERST
DEF("uuid", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_uuid,
"-uuid %08x-%04x-%04x-%04x-%012x\n"
" specify machine UUID\n", QEMU_ARCH_ALL)
SRST
``-uuid uuid``
Set system UUID.
ERST
DEFHEADING()
DEFHEADING(Block device options:)
SRST
The QEMU block device handling options have a long history and
have gone through several iterations as the feature set and complexity
of the block layer have grown. Many online guides to QEMU often
reference older and deprecated options, which can lead to confusion.
The most explicit way to describe disks is to use a combination of
``-device`` to specify the hardware device and ``-blockdev`` to
describe the backend. The device defines what the guest sees and the
backend describes how QEMU handles the data. It is the only guaranteed
stable interface for describing block devices and as such is
recommended for management tools and scripting.
The ``-drive`` option combines the device and backend into a single
command line option which is a more human friendly. There is however no
interface stability guarantee although some older board models still
need updating to work with the modern blockdev forms.
Older options like ``-hda`` are essentially macros which expand into
``-drive`` options for various drive interfaces. The original forms
bake in a lot of assumptions from the days when QEMU was emulating a
legacy PC, they are not recommended for modern configurations.
ERST
DEF("fda", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_fda,
"-fda/-fdb file use 'file' as floppy disk 0/1 image\n", QEMU_ARCH_ALL)
DEF("fdb", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_fdb, "", QEMU_ARCH_ALL)
SRST
``-fda file``
\
``-fdb file``
Use file as floppy disk 0/1 image (see the :ref:`disk images` chapter in
the System Emulation Users Guide).
ERST
DEF("hda", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_hda,
"-hda/-hdb file use 'file' as hard disk 0/1 image\n", QEMU_ARCH_ALL)
DEF("hdb", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_hdb, "", QEMU_ARCH_ALL)
DEF("hdc", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_hdc,
"-hdc/-hdd file use 'file' as hard disk 2/3 image\n", QEMU_ARCH_ALL)
DEF("hdd", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_hdd, "", QEMU_ARCH_ALL)
SRST
``-hda file``
\
``-hdb file``
\
``-hdc file``
\
``-hdd file``
Use file as hard disk 0, 1, 2 or 3 image on the default bus of the
emulated machine (this is for example the IDE bus on most x86 machines,
but it can also be SCSI, virtio or something else on other target
architectures). See also the :ref:`disk images` chapter in the System
Emulation Users Guide.
ERST
DEF("cdrom", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_cdrom,
"-cdrom file use 'file' as CD-ROM image\n",
QEMU_ARCH_ALL)
SRST
``-cdrom file``
Use file as CD-ROM image on the default bus of the emulated machine
(which is IDE1 master on x86, so you cannot use ``-hdc`` and ``-cdrom``
at the same time there). On systems that support it, you can use the
host CD-ROM by using ``/dev/cdrom`` as filename.
ERST
DEF("blockdev", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_blockdev,
"-blockdev [driver=]driver[,node-name=N][,discard=ignore|unmap]\n"
" [,cache.direct=on|off][,cache.no-flush=on|off]\n"
" [,read-only=on|off][,auto-read-only=on|off]\n"
" [,force-share=on|off][,detect-zeroes=on|off|unmap]\n"
" [,driver specific parameters...]\n"
" configure a block backend\n", QEMU_ARCH_ALL)
SRST
``-blockdev option[,option[,option[,...]]]``
Define a new block driver node. Some of the options apply to all
block drivers, other options are only accepted for a specific block
driver. See below for a list of generic options and options for the
most common block drivers.
Options that expect a reference to another node (e.g. ``file``) can
be given in two ways. Either you specify the node name of an already
existing node (file=node-name), or you define a new node inline,
adding options for the referenced node after a dot
(file.filename=path,file.aio=native).
A block driver node created with ``-blockdev`` can be used for a
guest device by specifying its node name for the ``drive`` property
in a ``-device`` argument that defines a block device.
``Valid options for any block driver node:``
``driver``
Specifies the block driver to use for the given node.
``node-name``
This defines the name of the block driver node by which it
will be referenced later. The name must be unique, i.e. it
must not match the name of a different block driver node, or
(if you use ``-drive`` as well) the ID of a drive.
If no node name is specified, it is automatically generated.
The generated node name is not intended to be predictable
and changes between QEMU invocations. For the top level, an
explicit node name must be specified.
``read-only``
Open the node read-only. Guest write attempts will fail.
Note that some block drivers support only read-only access,
either generally or in certain configurations. In this case,
the default value ``read-only=off`` does not work and the
option must be specified explicitly.
``auto-read-only``
If ``auto-read-only=on`` is set, QEMU may fall back to
read-only usage even when ``read-only=off`` is requested, or
even switch between modes as needed, e.g. depending on
whether the image file is writable or whether a writing user
is attached to the node.
``force-share``
Override the image locking system of QEMU by forcing the
node to utilize weaker shared access for permissions where
it would normally request exclusive access. When there is
the potential for multiple instances to have the same file
open (whether this invocation of QEMU is the first or the
second instance), both instances must permit shared access
for the second instance to succeed at opening the file.
Enabling ``force-share=on`` requires ``read-only=on``.
``cache.direct``
The host page cache can be avoided with ``cache.direct=on``.
This will attempt to do disk IO directly to the guest's
memory. QEMU may still perform an internal copy of the data.
``cache.no-flush``
In case you don't care about data integrity over host
failures, you can use ``cache.no-flush=on``. This option
tells QEMU that it never needs to write any data to the disk
but can instead keep things in cache. If anything goes
wrong, like your host losing power, the disk storage getting
disconnected accidentally, etc. your image will most
probably be rendered unusable.
``discard=discard``
discard is one of "ignore" (or "off") or "unmap" (or "on")
and controls whether ``discard`` (also known as ``trim`` or
``unmap``) requests are ignored or passed to the filesystem.
Some machine types may not support discard requests.
``detect-zeroes=detect-zeroes``
detect-zeroes is "off", "on" or "unmap" and enables the
automatic conversion of plain zero writes by the OS to
driver specific optimized zero write commands. You may even
choose "unmap" if discard is set to "unmap" to allow a zero
write to be converted to an ``unmap`` operation.
``Driver-specific options for file``
This is the protocol-level block driver for accessing regular
files.
``filename``
The path to the image file in the local filesystem
``aio``
Specifies the AIO backend (threads/native/io_uring,
default: threads)
``locking``
Specifies whether the image file is protected with Linux OFD
/ POSIX locks. The default is to use the Linux Open File
Descriptor API if available, otherwise no lock is applied.
(auto/on/off, default: auto)
Example:
::
-blockdev driver=file,node-name=disk,filename=disk.img
``Driver-specific options for raw``
This is the image format block driver for raw images. It is
usually stacked on top of a protocol level block driver such as
``file``.
``file``
Reference to or definition of the data source block driver
node (e.g. a ``file`` driver node)
Example 1:
::
-blockdev driver=file,node-name=disk_file,filename=disk.img
-blockdev driver=raw,node-name=disk,file=disk_file
Example 2:
::
-blockdev driver=raw,node-name=disk,file.driver=file,file.filename=disk.img
``Driver-specific options for qcow2``
This is the image format block driver for qcow2 images. It is
usually stacked on top of a protocol level block driver such as
``file``.
``file``
Reference to or definition of the data source block driver
node (e.g. a ``file`` driver node)
``backing``
Reference to or definition of the backing file block device
(default is taken from the image file). It is allowed to
pass ``null`` here in order to disable the default backing
file.
``lazy-refcounts``
Whether to enable the lazy refcounts feature (on/off;
default is taken from the image file)
``cache-size``
The maximum total size of the L2 table and refcount block
caches in bytes (default: the sum of l2-cache-size and
refcount-cache-size)
``l2-cache-size``
The maximum size of the L2 table cache in bytes (default: if
cache-size is not specified - 32M on Linux platforms, and 8M
on non-Linux platforms; otherwise, as large as possible
within the cache-size, while permitting the requested or the
minimal refcount cache size)
``refcount-cache-size``
The maximum size of the refcount block cache in bytes
(default: 4 times the cluster size; or if cache-size is
specified, the part of it which is not used for the L2
cache)
``cache-clean-interval``
Clean unused entries in the L2 and refcount caches. The
interval is in seconds. The default value is 600 on
supporting platforms, and 0 on other platforms. Setting it
to 0 disables this feature.
``pass-discard-request``
Whether discard requests to the qcow2 device should be
forwarded to the data source (on/off; default: on if
discard=unmap is specified, off otherwise)
``pass-discard-snapshot``
Whether discard requests for the data source should be
issued when a snapshot operation (e.g. deleting a snapshot)
frees clusters in the qcow2 file (on/off; default: on)
``pass-discard-other``
Whether discard requests for the data source should be
issued on other occasions where a cluster gets freed
(on/off; default: off)
``discard-no-unref``
When enabled, data clusters will remain preallocated when they are
no longer used, e.g. because they are discarded or converted to
zero clusters. As usual, whether the old data is discarded or kept
on the protocol level (i.e. in the image file) depends on the
setting of the pass-discard-request option. Keeping the clusters
preallocated prevents qcow2 fragmentation that would otherwise be
caused by freeing and re-allocating them later. Besides potential
performance degradation, such fragmentation can lead to increased
allocation of clusters past the end of the image file,
resulting in image files whose file length can grow much larger
than their guest disk size would suggest.
If image file length is of concern (e.g. when storing qcow2
images directly on block devices), you should consider enabling
this option.
``overlap-check``
Which overlap checks to perform for writes to the image
(none/constant/cached/all; default: cached). For details or
finer granularity control refer to the QAPI documentation of
``blockdev-add``.
Example 1:
::
-blockdev driver=file,node-name=my_file,filename=/tmp/disk.qcow2
-blockdev driver=qcow2,node-name=hda,file=my_file,overlap-check=none,cache-size=16777216
Example 2:
::
-blockdev driver=qcow2,node-name=disk,file.driver=http,file.filename=http://example.com/image.qcow2
``Driver-specific options for other drivers``
Please refer to the QAPI documentation of the ``blockdev-add``
QMP command.
ERST
DEF("drive", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_drive,
"-drive [file=file][,if=type][,bus=n][,unit=m][,media=d][,index=i]\n"
" [,cache=writethrough|writeback|none|directsync|unsafe][,format=f]\n"
" [,snapshot=on|off][,rerror=ignore|stop|report]\n"
" [,werror=ignore|stop|report|enospc][,id=name]\n"
" [,aio=threads|native|io_uring]\n"
" [,readonly=on|off][,copy-on-read=on|off]\n"
" [,discard=ignore|unmap][,detect-zeroes=on|off|unmap]\n"
" [[,bps=b]|[[,bps_rd=r][,bps_wr=w]]]\n"
" [[,iops=i]|[[,iops_rd=r][,iops_wr=w]]]\n"
" [[,bps_max=bm]|[[,bps_rd_max=rm][,bps_wr_max=wm]]]\n"
" [[,iops_max=im]|[[,iops_rd_max=irm][,iops_wr_max=iwm]]]\n"
" [[,iops_size=is]]\n"
" [[,group=g]]\n"
" use 'file' as a drive image\n", QEMU_ARCH_ALL)
SRST
``-drive option[,option[,option[,...]]]``
Define a new drive. This includes creating a block driver node (the
backend) as well as a guest device, and is mostly a shortcut for
defining the corresponding ``-blockdev`` and ``-device`` options.
``-drive`` accepts all options that are accepted by ``-blockdev``.
In addition, it knows the following options:
``file=file``
This option defines which disk image (see the :ref:`disk images`
chapter in the System Emulation Users Guide) to use with this drive.
If the filename contains comma, you must double it (for instance,
"file=my,,file" to use file "my,file").
Special files such as iSCSI devices can be specified using
protocol specific URLs. See the section for "Device URL Syntax"
for more information.
``if=interface``
This option defines on which type on interface the drive is
connected. Available types are: ide, scsi, sd, mtd, floppy,
pflash, virtio, none.
``bus=bus,unit=unit``
These options define where is connected the drive by defining
the bus number and the unit id.
``index=index``
This option defines where the drive is connected by using an
index in the list of available connectors of a given interface
type.
``media=media``
This option defines the type of the media: disk or cdrom.
``snapshot=snapshot``
snapshot is "on" or "off" and controls snapshot mode for the
given drive (see ``-snapshot``).
``cache=cache``
cache is "none", "writeback", "unsafe", "directsync" or
"writethrough" and controls how the host cache is used to access
block data. This is a shortcut that sets the ``cache.direct``
and ``cache.no-flush`` options (as in ``-blockdev``), and
additionally ``cache.writeback``, which provides a default for
the ``write-cache`` option of block guest devices (as in
``-device``). The modes correspond to the following settings:
============= =============== ============ ==============
\ cache.writeback cache.direct cache.no-flush
============= =============== ============ ==============
writeback on off off
none on on off
writethrough off off off
directsync off on off
unsafe on off on
============= =============== ============ ==============
The default mode is ``cache=writeback``.
``aio=aio``
aio is "threads", "native", or "io_uring" and selects between pthread
based disk I/O, native Linux AIO, or Linux io_uring API.
``format=format``
Specify which disk format will be used rather than detecting the
format. Can be used to specify format=raw to avoid interpreting
an untrusted format header.
``werror=action,rerror=action``
Specify which action to take on write and read errors. Valid
actions are: "ignore" (ignore the error and try to continue),
"stop" (pause QEMU), "report" (report the error to the guest),
"enospc" (pause QEMU only if the host disk is full; report the
error to the guest otherwise). The default setting is
``werror=enospc`` and ``rerror=report``.
``copy-on-read=copy-on-read``
copy-on-read is "on" or "off" and enables whether to copy read
backing file sectors into the image file.
``bps=b,bps_rd=r,bps_wr=w``
Specify bandwidth throttling limits in bytes per second, either
for all request types or for reads or writes only. Small values
can lead to timeouts or hangs inside the guest. A safe minimum
for disks is 2 MB/s.
``bps_max=bm,bps_rd_max=rm,bps_wr_max=wm``
Specify bursts in bytes per second, either for all request types
or for reads or writes only. Bursts allow the guest I/O to spike
above the limit temporarily.
``iops=i,iops_rd=r,iops_wr=w``
Specify request rate limits in requests per second, either for
all request types or for reads or writes only.
``iops_max=bm,iops_rd_max=rm,iops_wr_max=wm``
Specify bursts in requests per second, either for all request
types or for reads or writes only. Bursts allow the guest I/O to
spike above the limit temporarily.
``iops_size=is``
Let every is bytes of a request count as a new request for iops
throttling purposes. Use this option to prevent guests from
circumventing iops limits by sending fewer but larger requests.
``group=g``
Join a throttling quota group with given name g. All drives that
are members of the same group are accounted for together. Use
this option to prevent guests from circumventing throttling
limits by using many small disks instead of a single larger
disk.
By default, the ``cache.writeback=on`` mode is used. It will report
data writes as completed as soon as the data is present in the host
page cache. This is safe as long as your guest OS makes sure to
correctly flush disk caches where needed. If your guest OS does not
handle volatile disk write caches correctly and your host crashes or
loses power, then the guest may experience data corruption.
For such guests, you should consider using ``cache.writeback=off``.
This means that the host page cache will be used to read and write
data, but write notification will be sent to the guest only after
QEMU has made sure to flush each write to the disk. Be aware that
this has a major impact on performance.
When using the ``-snapshot`` option, unsafe caching is always used.
Copy-on-read avoids accessing the same backing file sectors
repeatedly and is useful when the backing file is over a slow
network. By default copy-on-read is off.
Instead of ``-cdrom`` you can use:
.. parsed-literal::
|qemu_system| -drive file=file,index=2,media=cdrom
Instead of ``-hda``, ``-hdb``, ``-hdc``, ``-hdd``, you can use:
.. parsed-literal::
|qemu_system| -drive file=file,index=0,media=disk
|qemu_system| -drive file=file,index=1,media=disk
|qemu_system| -drive file=file,index=2,media=disk
|qemu_system| -drive file=file,index=3,media=disk
You can open an image using pre-opened file descriptors from an fd
set:
.. parsed-literal::
|qemu_system| \\
-add-fd fd=3,set=2,opaque="rdwr:/path/to/file" \\
-add-fd fd=4,set=2,opaque="rdonly:/path/to/file" \\
-drive file=/dev/fdset/2,index=0,media=disk
You can connect a CDROM to the slave of ide0:
.. parsed-literal::
|qemu_system_x86| -drive file=file,if=ide,index=1,media=cdrom
If you don't specify the "file=" argument, you define an empty
drive:
.. parsed-literal::
|qemu_system_x86| -drive if=ide,index=1,media=cdrom
Instead of ``-fda``, ``-fdb``, you can use:
.. parsed-literal::
|qemu_system_x86| -drive file=file,index=0,if=floppy
|qemu_system_x86| -drive file=file,index=1,if=floppy
By default, interface is "ide" and index is automatically
incremented:
.. parsed-literal::
|qemu_system_x86| -drive file=a -drive file=b
is interpreted like:
.. parsed-literal::
|qemu_system_x86| -hda a -hdb b
ERST
DEF("mtdblock", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_mtdblock,
"-mtdblock file use 'file' as on-board Flash memory image\n",
QEMU_ARCH_ALL)
SRST
``-mtdblock file``
Use file as on-board Flash memory image.
ERST
DEF("sd", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_sd,
"-sd file use 'file' as SecureDigital card image\n", QEMU_ARCH_ALL)
SRST
``-sd file``
Use file as SecureDigital card image.
ERST
DEF("snapshot", 0, QEMU_OPTION_snapshot,
"-snapshot write to temporary files instead of disk image files\n",
QEMU_ARCH_ALL)
SRST
``-snapshot``
Write to temporary files instead of disk image files. In this case,
the raw disk image you use is not written back. You can however
force the write back by pressing C-a s (see the :ref:`disk images`
chapter in the System Emulation Users Guide).
.. warning::
snapshot is incompatible with ``-blockdev`` (instead use qemu-img
to manually create snapshot images to attach to your blockdev).
If you have mixed ``-blockdev`` and ``-drive`` declarations you
can use the 'snapshot' property on your drive declarations
instead of this global option.
ERST
DEF("fsdev", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_fsdev,
"-fsdev local,id=id,path=path,security_model=mapped-xattr|mapped-file|passthrough|none\n"
" [,writeout=immediate][,readonly=on][,fmode=fmode][,dmode=dmode]\n"
" [[,throttling.bps-total=b]|[[,throttling.bps-read=r][,throttling.bps-write=w]]]\n"
" [[,throttling.iops-total=i]|[[,throttling.iops-read=r][,throttling.iops-write=w]]]\n"
" [[,throttling.bps-total-max=bm]|[[,throttling.bps-read-max=rm][,throttling.bps-write-max=wm]]]\n"
" [[,throttling.iops-total-max=im]|[[,throttling.iops-read-max=irm][,throttling.iops-write-max=iwm]]]\n"
" [[,throttling.iops-size=is]]\n"
"-fsdev synth,id=id\n",
QEMU_ARCH_ALL)
SRST
``-fsdev local,id=id,path=path,security_model=security_model [,writeout=writeout][,readonly=on][,fmode=fmode][,dmode=dmode] [,throttling.option=value[,throttling.option=value[,...]]]``
\
``-fsdev synth,id=id[,readonly=on]``
Define a new file system device. Valid options are:
``local``
Accesses to the filesystem are done by QEMU.
``synth``
Synthetic filesystem, only used by QTests.
``id=id``
Specifies identifier for this device.
``path=path``
Specifies the export path for the file system device. Files
under this path will be available to the 9p client on the guest.
``security_model=security_model``
Specifies the security model to be used for this export path.
Supported security models are "passthrough", "mapped-xattr",
"mapped-file" and "none". In "passthrough" security model, files
are stored using the same credentials as they are created on the
guest. This requires QEMU to run as root. In "mapped-xattr"
security model, some of the file attributes like uid, gid, mode
bits and link target are stored as file attributes. For
"mapped-file" these attributes are stored in the hidden
.virtfs\_metadata directory. Directories exported by this
security model cannot interact with other unix tools. "none"
security model is same as passthrough except the sever won't
report failures if it fails to set file attributes like
ownership. Security model is mandatory only for local fsdriver.
``writeout=writeout``
This is an optional argument. The only supported value is
"immediate". This means that host page cache will be used to
read and write data but write notification will be sent to the
guest only when the data has been reported as written by the
storage subsystem.
``readonly=on``
Enables exporting 9p share as a readonly mount for guests. By
default read-write access is given.
``fmode=fmode``
Specifies the default mode for newly created files on the host.
Works only with security models "mapped-xattr" and
"mapped-file".
``dmode=dmode``
Specifies the default mode for newly created directories on the
host. Works only with security models "mapped-xattr" and
"mapped-file".
``throttling.bps-total=b,throttling.bps-read=r,throttling.bps-write=w``
Specify bandwidth throttling limits in bytes per second, either
for all request types or for reads or writes only.
``throttling.bps-total-max=bm,bps-read-max=rm,bps-write-max=wm``
Specify bursts in bytes per second, either for all request types
or for reads or writes only. Bursts allow the guest I/O to spike
above the limit temporarily.
``throttling.iops-total=i,throttling.iops-read=r, throttling.iops-write=w``
Specify request rate limits in requests per second, either for
all request types or for reads or writes only.
``throttling.iops-total-max=im,throttling.iops-read-max=irm, throttling.iops-write-max=iwm``
Specify bursts in requests per second, either for all request
types or for reads or writes only. Bursts allow the guest I/O to
spike above the limit temporarily.
``throttling.iops-size=is``
Let every is bytes of a request count as a new request for iops
throttling purposes.
-fsdev option is used along with -device driver "virtio-9p-...".
``-device virtio-9p-type,fsdev=id,mount_tag=mount_tag``
Options for virtio-9p-... driver are:
``type``
Specifies the variant to be used. Supported values are "pci",
"ccw" or "device", depending on the machine type.
``fsdev=id``
Specifies the id value specified along with -fsdev option.
``mount_tag=mount_tag``
Specifies the tag name to be used by the guest to mount this
export point.
ERST
DEF("virtfs", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_virtfs,
"-virtfs local,path=path,mount_tag=tag,security_model=mapped-xattr|mapped-file|passthrough|none\n"
" [,id=id][,writeout=immediate][,readonly=on][,fmode=fmode][,dmode=dmode][,multidevs=remap|forbid|warn]\n"
"-virtfs synth,mount_tag=tag[,id=id][,readonly=on]\n",
QEMU_ARCH_ALL)
SRST
``-virtfs local,path=path,mount_tag=mount_tag ,security_model=security_model[,writeout=writeout][,readonly=on] [,fmode=fmode][,dmode=dmode][,multidevs=multidevs]``
\
``-virtfs synth,mount_tag=mount_tag``
Define a new virtual filesystem device and expose it to the guest using
a virtio-9p-device (a.k.a. 9pfs), which essentially means that a certain
directory on host is made directly accessible by guest as a pass-through
file system by using the 9P network protocol for communication between
host and guests, if desired even accessible, shared by several guests
simultaneously.
Note that ``-virtfs`` is actually just a convenience shortcut for its
generalized form ``-fsdev -device virtio-9p-pci``.
The general form of pass-through file system options are:
``local``
Accesses to the filesystem are done by QEMU.
``synth``
Synthetic filesystem, only used by QTests.
``id=id``
Specifies identifier for the filesystem device
``path=path``
Specifies the export path for the file system device. Files
under this path will be available to the 9p client on the guest.
``security_model=security_model``
Specifies the security model to be used for this export path.
Supported security models are "passthrough", "mapped-xattr",
"mapped-file" and "none". In "passthrough" security model, files
are stored using the same credentials as they are created on the
guest. This requires QEMU to run as root. In "mapped-xattr"
security model, some of the file attributes like uid, gid, mode
bits and link target are stored as file attributes. For
"mapped-file" these attributes are stored in the hidden
.virtfs\_metadata directory. Directories exported by this
security model cannot interact with other unix tools. "none"
security model is same as passthrough except the sever won't
report failures if it fails to set file attributes like
ownership. Security model is mandatory only for local fsdriver.
``writeout=writeout``
This is an optional argument. The only supported value is
"immediate". This means that host page cache will be used to
read and write data but write notification will be sent to the
guest only when the data has been reported as written by the
storage subsystem.
``readonly=on``
Enables exporting 9p share as a readonly mount for guests. By
default read-write access is given.
``fmode=fmode``
Specifies the default mode for newly created files on the host.
Works only with security models "mapped-xattr" and
"mapped-file".
``dmode=dmode``
Specifies the default mode for newly created directories on the
host. Works only with security models "mapped-xattr" and
"mapped-file".
``mount_tag=mount_tag``
Specifies the tag name to be used by the guest to mount this
export point.
``multidevs=multidevs``
Specifies how to deal with multiple devices being shared with a
9p export. Supported behaviours are either "remap", "forbid" or
"warn". The latter is the default behaviour on which virtfs 9p
expects only one device to be shared with the same export, and
if more than one device is shared and accessed via the same 9p
export then only a warning message is logged (once) by qemu on
host side. In order to avoid file ID collisions on guest you
should either create a separate virtfs export for each device to
be shared with guests (recommended way) or you might use "remap"
instead which allows you to share multiple devices with only one
export instead, which is achieved by remapping the original
inode numbers from host to guest in a way that would prevent
such collisions. Remapping inodes in such use cases is required
because the original device IDs from host are never passed and
exposed on guest. Instead all files of an export shared with
virtfs always share the same device id on guest. So two files
with identical inode numbers but from actually different devices
on host would otherwise cause a file ID collision and hence
potential misbehaviours on guest. "forbid" on the other hand
assumes like "warn" that only one device is shared by the same
export, however it will not only log a warning message but also
deny access to additional devices on guest. Note though that
"forbid" does currently not block all possible file access
operations (e.g. readdir() would still return entries from other
devices).
ERST
DEF("iscsi", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_iscsi,
"-iscsi [user=user][,password=password][,password-secret=secret-id]\n"
" [,header-digest=CRC32C|CR32C-NONE|NONE-CRC32C|NONE]\n"
" [,initiator-name=initiator-iqn][,id=target-iqn]\n"
" [,timeout=timeout]\n"
" iSCSI session parameters\n", QEMU_ARCH_ALL)
SRST
``-iscsi``
Configure iSCSI session parameters.
ERST
DEFHEADING()
DEFHEADING(USB convenience options:)
DEF("usb", 0, QEMU_OPTION_usb,
"-usb enable on-board USB host controller (if not enabled by default)\n",
QEMU_ARCH_ALL)
SRST
``-usb``
Enable USB emulation on machine types with an on-board USB host
controller (if not enabled by default). Note that on-board USB host
controllers may not support USB 3.0. In this case
``-device qemu-xhci`` can be used instead on machines with PCI.
ERST
DEF("usbdevice", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_usbdevice,
"-usbdevice name add the host or guest USB device 'name'\n",
QEMU_ARCH_ALL)
SRST
``-usbdevice devname``
Add the USB device devname, and enable an on-board USB controller
if possible and necessary (just like it can be done via
``-machine usb=on``). Note that this option is mainly intended for
the user's convenience only. More fine-grained control can be
achieved by selecting a USB host controller (if necessary) and the
desired USB device via the ``-device`` option instead. For example,
instead of using ``-usbdevice mouse`` it is possible to use
``-device qemu-xhci -device usb-mouse`` to connect the USB mouse
to a USB 3.0 controller instead (at least on machines that support
PCI and do not have an USB controller enabled by default yet).
For more details, see the chapter about
:ref:`Connecting USB devices` in the System Emulation Users Guide.
Possible devices for devname are:
``braille``
Braille device. This will use BrlAPI to display the braille
output on a real or fake device (i.e. it also creates a
corresponding ``braille`` chardev automatically beside the
``usb-braille`` USB device).
``keyboard``
Standard USB keyboard. Will override the PS/2 keyboard (if present).
``mouse``
Virtual Mouse. This will override the PS/2 mouse emulation when
activated.
``tablet``
Pointer device that uses absolute coordinates (like a
touchscreen). This means QEMU is able to report the mouse
position without having to grab the mouse. Also overrides the
PS/2 mouse emulation when activated.
``wacom-tablet``
Wacom PenPartner USB tablet.
ERST
DEFHEADING()
DEFHEADING(Display options:)
DEF("display", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_display,
#if defined(CONFIG_SPICE)
"-display spice-app[,gl=on|off]\n"
#endif
#if defined(CONFIG_SDL)
"-display sdl[,gl=on|core|es|off][,grab-mod=<mod>][,show-cursor=on|off]\n"
" [,window-close=on|off]\n"
#endif
#if defined(CONFIG_GTK)
"-display gtk[,full-screen=on|off][,gl=on|off][,grab-on-hover=on|off]\n"
" [,show-tabs=on|off][,show-cursor=on|off][,window-close=on|off]\n"
" [,show-menubar=on|off][,zoom-to-fit=on|off]\n"
#endif
#if defined(CONFIG_VNC)
"-display vnc=<display>[,<optargs>]\n"
#endif
#if defined(CONFIG_CURSES)
"-display curses[,charset=<encoding>]\n"
#endif
#if defined(CONFIG_COCOA)
"-display cocoa[,full-grab=on|off][,swap-opt-cmd=on|off]\n"
" [,show-cursor=on|off][,left-command-key=on|off]\n"
" [,full-screen=on|off][,zoom-to-fit=on|off]\n"
#endif
#if defined(CONFIG_OPENGL)
"-display egl-headless[,rendernode=<file>]\n"
#endif
#if defined(CONFIG_DBUS_DISPLAY)
"-display dbus[,addr=<dbusaddr>]\n"
" [,gl=on|core|es|off][,rendernode=<file>]\n"
#endif
"-display none\n"
" select display backend type\n"
" The default display is equivalent to\n "
#if defined(CONFIG_GTK)
"\"-display gtk\"\n"
#elif defined(CONFIG_SDL)
"\"-display sdl\"\n"
#elif defined(CONFIG_COCOA)
"\"-display cocoa\"\n"
#elif defined(CONFIG_VNC)
"\"-vnc localhost:0,to=99,id=default\"\n"
#else
"\"-display none\"\n"
#endif
, QEMU_ARCH_ALL)
SRST
``-display type``
Select type of display to use. Use ``-display help`` to list the available
display types. Valid values for type are
``spice-app[,gl=on|off]``
Start QEMU as a Spice server and launch the default Spice client
application. The Spice server will redirect the serial consoles
and QEMU monitors. (Since 4.0)
``dbus``
Export the display over D-Bus interfaces. (Since 7.0)
The connection is registered with the "org.qemu" name (and queued when
already owned).
``addr=<dbusaddr>`` : D-Bus bus address to connect to.
``p2p=yes|no`` : Use peer-to-peer connection, accepted via QMP ``add_client``.
``gl=on|off|core|es`` : Use OpenGL for rendering (the D-Bus interface
will share framebuffers with DMABUF file descriptors).
``sdl``
Display video output via SDL (usually in a separate graphics
window; see the SDL documentation for other possibilities).
Valid parameters are:
``grab-mod=<mods>`` : Used to select the modifier keys for toggling
the mouse grabbing in conjunction with the "g" key. ``<mods>`` can be
either ``lshift-lctrl-lalt`` or ``rctrl``.
``gl=on|off|core|es`` : Use OpenGL for displaying
``show-cursor=on|off`` : Force showing the mouse cursor
``window-close=on|off`` : Allow to quit qemu with window close button
``gtk``
Display video output in a GTK window. This interface provides
drop-down menus and other UI elements to configure and control
the VM during runtime. Valid parameters are:
``full-screen=on|off`` : Start in fullscreen mode
``gl=on|off`` : Use OpenGL for displaying
``grab-on-hover=on|off`` : Grab keyboard input on mouse hover
``show-tabs=on|off`` : Display the tab bar for switching between the
various graphical interfaces (e.g. VGA and
virtual console character devices) by default.
``show-cursor=on|off`` : Force showing the mouse cursor
``window-close=on|off`` : Allow to quit qemu with window close button
``show-menubar=on|off`` : Display the main window menubar, defaults to "on"
``zoom-to-fit=on|off`` : Expand video output to the window size,
defaults to "off"
``curses[,charset=<encoding>]``
Display video output via curses. For graphics device models
which support a text mode, QEMU can display this output using a
curses/ncurses interface. Nothing is displayed when the graphics
device is in graphical mode or if the graphics device does not
support a text mode. Generally only the VGA device models
support text mode. The font charset used by the guest can be
specified with the ``charset`` option, for example
``charset=CP850`` for IBM CP850 encoding. The default is
``CP437``.
``cocoa``
Display video output in a Cocoa window. Mac only. This interface
provides drop-down menus and other UI elements to configure and
control the VM during runtime. Valid parameters are:
``full-grab=on|off`` : Capture all key presses, including system combos.
This requires accessibility permissions, since it
performs a global grab on key events.
(default: off) See
https://support.apple.com/en-in/guide/mac-help/mh32356/mac
``swap-opt-cmd=on|off`` : Swap the Option and Command keys so that their
key codes match their position on non-Mac
keyboards and you can use Meta/Super and Alt
where you expect them. (default: off)
``show-cursor=on|off`` : Force showing the mouse cursor
``left-command-key=on|off`` : Disable forwarding left command key to host
``full-screen=on|off`` : Start in fullscreen mode
``zoom-to-fit=on|off`` : Expand video output to the window size,
defaults to "off"
``egl-headless[,rendernode=<file>]``
Offload all OpenGL operations to a local DRI device. For any
graphical display, this display needs to be paired with either
VNC or SPICE displays.
``vnc=<display>``
Start a VNC server on display <display>
``none``
Do not display video output. The guest will still see an
emulated graphics card, but its output will not be displayed to
the QEMU user. This option differs from the -nographic option in
that it only affects what is done with video output; -nographic
also changes the destination of the serial and parallel port
data.
ERST
DEF("nographic", 0, QEMU_OPTION_nographic,
"-nographic disable graphical output and redirect serial I/Os to console\n",
QEMU_ARCH_ALL)
SRST
``-nographic``
Normally, if QEMU is compiled with graphical window support, it
displays output such as guest graphics, guest console, and the QEMU
monitor in a window. With this option, you can totally disable
graphical output so that QEMU is a simple command line application.
The emulated serial port is redirected on the console and muxed with
the monitor (unless redirected elsewhere explicitly). Therefore, you
can still use QEMU to debug a Linux kernel with a serial console.
Use C-a h for help on switching between the console and monitor.
ERST
#ifdef CONFIG_SPICE
DEF("spice", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_spice,
"-spice [port=port][,tls-port=secured-port][,x509-dir=<dir>]\n"
" [,x509-key-file=<file>][,x509-key-password=<file>]\n"
" [,x509-cert-file=<file>][,x509-cacert-file=<file>]\n"
" [,x509-dh-key-file=<file>][,addr=addr]\n"
" [,ipv4=on|off][,ipv6=on|off][,unix=on|off]\n"
" [,tls-ciphers=<list>]\n"
" [,tls-channel=[main|display|cursor|inputs|record|playback]]\n"
" [,plaintext-channel=[main|display|cursor|inputs|record|playback]]\n"
" [,sasl=on|off][,disable-ticketing=on|off]\n"
" [,password-secret=<secret-id>]\n"
" [,image-compression=[auto_glz|auto_lz|quic|glz|lz|off]]\n"
" [,jpeg-wan-compression=[auto|never|always]]\n"
" [,zlib-glz-wan-compression=[auto|never|always]]\n"
" [,streaming-video=[off|all|filter]][,disable-copy-paste=on|off]\n"
" [,disable-agent-file-xfer=on|off][,agent-mouse=[on|off]]\n"
" [,playback-compression=[on|off]][,seamless-migration=[on|off]]\n"
" [,gl=[on|off]][,rendernode=<file>]\n"
" enable spice\n"
" at least one of {port, tls-port} is mandatory\n",
QEMU_ARCH_ALL)
#endif
SRST
``-spice option[,option[,...]]``
Enable the spice remote desktop protocol. Valid options are
``port=<nr>``
Set the TCP port spice is listening on for plaintext channels.
``addr=<addr>``
Set the IP address spice is listening on. Default is any
address.
``ipv4=on|off``; \ ``ipv6=on|off``; \ ``unix=on|off``
Force using the specified IP version.
``password-secret=<secret-id>``
Set the ID of the ``secret`` object containing the password
you need to authenticate.
``sasl=on|off``
Require that the client use SASL to authenticate with the spice.
The exact choice of authentication method used is controlled
from the system / user's SASL configuration file for the 'qemu'
service. This is typically found in /etc/sasl2/qemu.conf. If
running QEMU as an unprivileged user, an environment variable
SASL\_CONF\_PATH can be used to make it search alternate
locations for the service config. While some SASL auth methods
can also provide data encryption (eg GSSAPI), it is recommended
that SASL always be combined with the 'tls' and 'x509' settings
to enable use of SSL and server certificates. This ensures a
data encryption preventing compromise of authentication
credentials.
``disable-ticketing=on|off``
Allow client connects without authentication.
``disable-copy-paste=on|off``
Disable copy paste between the client and the guest.
``disable-agent-file-xfer=on|off``
Disable spice-vdagent based file-xfer between the client and the
guest.
``tls-port=<nr>``
Set the TCP port spice is listening on for encrypted channels.
``x509-dir=<dir>``
Set the x509 file directory. Expects same filenames as -vnc
$display,x509=$dir
``x509-key-file=<file>``; \ ``x509-key-password=<file>``; \ ``x509-cert-file=<file>``; \ ``x509-cacert-file=<file>``; \ ``x509-dh-key-file=<file>``
The x509 file names can also be configured individually.
``tls-ciphers=<list>``
Specify which ciphers to use.
``tls-channel=[main|display|cursor|inputs|record|playback]``; \ ``plaintext-channel=[main|display|cursor|inputs|record|playback]``
Force specific channel to be used with or without TLS
encryption. The options can be specified multiple times to
configure multiple channels. The special name "default" can be
used to set the default mode. For channels which are not
explicitly forced into one mode the spice client is allowed to
pick tls/plaintext as he pleases.
``image-compression=[auto_glz|auto_lz|quic|glz|lz|off]``
Configure image compression (lossless). Default is auto\_glz.
``jpeg-wan-compression=[auto|never|always]``; \ ``zlib-glz-wan-compression=[auto|never|always]``
Configure wan image compression (lossy for slow links). Default
is auto.
``streaming-video=[off|all|filter]``
Configure video stream detection. Default is off.
``agent-mouse=[on|off]``
Enable/disable passing mouse events via vdagent. Default is on.
``playback-compression=[on|off]``
Enable/disable audio stream compression (using celt 0.5.1).
Default is on.
``seamless-migration=[on|off]``
Enable/disable spice seamless migration. Default is off.
``gl=[on|off]``
Enable/disable OpenGL context. Default is off.
``rendernode=<file>``
DRM render node for OpenGL rendering. If not specified, it will
pick the first available. (Since 2.9)
ERST
DEF("vga", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_vga,
"-vga [std|cirrus|vmware|qxl|xenfb|tcx|cg3|virtio|none]\n"
" select video card type\n", QEMU_ARCH_ALL)
SRST
``-vga type``
Select type of VGA card to emulate. Valid values for type are
``cirrus``
Cirrus Logic GD5446 Video card. All Windows versions starting
from Windows 95 should recognize and use this graphic card. For
optimal performances, use 16 bit color depth in the guest and
the host OS. (This card was the default before QEMU 2.2)
``std``
Standard VGA card with Bochs VBE extensions. If your guest OS
supports the VESA 2.0 VBE extensions (e.g. Windows XP) and if
you want to use high resolution modes (>= 1280x1024x16) then you
should use this option. (This card is the default since QEMU
2.2)
``vmware``
VMWare SVGA-II compatible adapter. Use it if you have
sufficiently recent XFree86/XOrg server or Windows guest with a
driver for this card.
``qxl``
QXL paravirtual graphic card. It is VGA compatible (including
VESA 2.0 VBE support). Works best with qxl guest drivers
installed though. Recommended choice when using the spice
protocol.
``tcx``
(sun4m only) Sun TCX framebuffer. This is the default
framebuffer for sun4m machines and offers both 8-bit and 24-bit
colour depths at a fixed resolution of 1024x768.
``cg3``
(sun4m only) Sun cgthree framebuffer. This is a simple 8-bit
framebuffer for sun4m machines available in both 1024x768
(OpenBIOS) and 1152x900 (OBP) resolutions aimed at people
wishing to run older Solaris versions.
``virtio``
Virtio VGA card.
``none``
Disable VGA card.
ERST
DEF("full-screen", 0, QEMU_OPTION_full_screen,
"-full-screen start in full screen\n", QEMU_ARCH_ALL)
SRST
``-full-screen``
Start in full screen.
ERST
DEF("g", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_g ,
"-g WxH[xDEPTH] Set the initial graphical resolution and depth\n",
QEMU_ARCH_PPC | QEMU_ARCH_SPARC | QEMU_ARCH_M68K)
SRST
``-g`` *width*\ ``x``\ *height*\ ``[x``\ *depth*\ ``]``
Set the initial graphical resolution and depth (PPC, SPARC only).
For PPC the default is 800x600x32.
For SPARC with the TCX graphics device, the default is 1024x768x8
with the option of 1024x768x24. For cgthree, the default is
1024x768x8 with the option of 1152x900x8 for people who wish to use
OBP.
ERST
#ifdef CONFIG_VNC
DEF("vnc", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_vnc ,
"-vnc <display> shorthand for -display vnc=<display>\n", QEMU_ARCH_ALL)
#endif
SRST
``-vnc display[,option[,option[,...]]]``
Normally, if QEMU is compiled with graphical window support, it
displays output such as guest graphics, guest console, and the QEMU
monitor in a window. With this option, you can have QEMU listen on
VNC display display and redirect the VGA display over the VNC
session. It is very useful to enable the usb tablet device when
using this option (option ``-device usb-tablet``). When using the
VNC display, you must use the ``-k`` parameter to set the keyboard
layout if you are not using en-us. Valid syntax for the display is
``to=L``
With this option, QEMU will try next available VNC displays,
until the number L, if the originally defined "-vnc display" is
not available, e.g. port 5900+display is already used by another
application. By default, to=0.
``host:d``
TCP connections will only be allowed from host on display d. By
convention the TCP port is 5900+d. Optionally, host can be
omitted in which case the server will accept connections from
any host.
``unix:path``
Connections will be allowed over UNIX domain sockets where path
is the location of a unix socket to listen for connections on.
``none``
VNC is initialized but not started. The monitor ``change``
command can be used to later start the VNC server.
Following the display value there may be one or more option flags
separated by commas. Valid options are
``reverse=on|off``
Connect to a listening VNC client via a "reverse" connection.
The client is specified by the display. For reverse network
connections (host:d,``reverse``), the d argument is a TCP port
number, not a display number.
``websocket=on|off``
Opens an additional TCP listening port dedicated to VNC
Websocket connections. If a bare websocket option is given, the
Websocket port is 5700+display. An alternative port can be
specified with the syntax ``websocket``\ =port.
If host is specified connections will only be allowed from this
host. It is possible to control the websocket listen address
independently, using the syntax ``websocket``\ =host:port.
Websocket could be allowed over UNIX domain socket, using the syntax
``websocket``\ =unix:path, where path is the location of a unix socket
to listen for connections on.
If no TLS credentials are provided, the websocket connection
runs in unencrypted mode. If TLS credentials are provided, the
websocket connection requires encrypted client connections.
``password=on|off``
Require that password based authentication is used for client
connections.
The password must be set separately using the ``set_password``
command in the :ref:`QEMU monitor`. The
syntax to change your password is:
``set_password <protocol> <password>`` where <protocol> could be
either "vnc" or "spice".
If you would like to change <protocol> password expiration, you
should use ``expire_password <protocol> <expiration-time>``
where expiration time could be one of the following options:
now, never, +seconds or UNIX time of expiration, e.g. +60 to
make password expire in 60 seconds, or 1335196800 to make
password expire on "Mon Apr 23 12:00:00 EDT 2012" (UNIX time for
this date and time).
You can also use keywords "now" or "never" for the expiration
time to allow <protocol> password to expire immediately or never
expire.
``password-secret=<secret-id>``
Require that password based authentication is used for client
connections, using the password provided by the ``secret``
object identified by ``secret-id``.
``tls-creds=ID``
Provides the ID of a set of TLS credentials to use to secure the
VNC server. They will apply to both the normal VNC server socket
and the websocket socket (if enabled). Setting TLS credentials
will cause the VNC server socket to enable the VeNCrypt auth
mechanism. The credentials should have been previously created
using the ``-object tls-creds`` argument.
``tls-authz=ID``
Provides the ID of the QAuthZ authorization object against which
the client's x509 distinguished name will validated. This object
is only resolved at time of use, so can be deleted and recreated
on the fly while the VNC server is active. If missing, it will
default to denying access.
``sasl=on|off``
Require that the client use SASL to authenticate with the VNC
server. The exact choice of authentication method used is
controlled from the system / user's SASL configuration file for
the 'qemu' service. This is typically found in
/etc/sasl2/qemu.conf. If running QEMU as an unprivileged user,
an environment variable SASL\_CONF\_PATH can be used to make it
search alternate locations for the service config. While some
SASL auth methods can also provide data encryption (eg GSSAPI),
it is recommended that SASL always be combined with the 'tls'
and 'x509' settings to enable use of SSL and server
certificates. This ensures a data encryption preventing
compromise of authentication credentials. See the
:ref:`VNC security` section in the System Emulation Users Guide
for details on using SASL authentication.
``sasl-authz=ID``
Provides the ID of the QAuthZ authorization object against which
the client's SASL username will validated. This object is only
resolved at time of use, so can be deleted and recreated on the
fly while the VNC server is active. If missing, it will default
to denying access.
``acl=on|off``
Legacy method for enabling authorization of clients against the
x509 distinguished name and SASL username. It results in the
creation of two ``authz-list`` objects with IDs of
``vnc.username`` and ``vnc.x509dname``. The rules for these
objects must be configured with the HMP ACL commands.
This option is deprecated and should no longer be used. The new
``sasl-authz`` and ``tls-authz`` options are a replacement.
``lossy=on|off``
Enable lossy compression methods (gradient, JPEG, ...). If this
option is set, VNC client may receive lossy framebuffer updates
depending on its encoding settings. Enabling this option can
save a lot of bandwidth at the expense of quality.
``non-adaptive=on|off``
Disable adaptive encodings. Adaptive encodings are enabled by
default. An adaptive encoding will try to detect frequently
updated screen regions, and send updates in these regions using
a lossy encoding (like JPEG). This can be really helpful to save
bandwidth when playing videos. Disabling adaptive encodings
restores the original static behavior of encodings like Tight.
``share=[allow-exclusive|force-shared|ignore]``
Set display sharing policy. 'allow-exclusive' allows clients to
ask for exclusive access. As suggested by the rfb spec this is
implemented by dropping other connections. Connecting multiple
clients in parallel requires all clients asking for a shared
session (vncviewer: -shared switch). This is the default.
'force-shared' disables exclusive client access. Useful for
shared desktop sessions, where you don't want someone forgetting
specify -shared disconnect everybody else. 'ignore' completely
ignores the shared flag and allows everybody connect
unconditionally. Doesn't conform to the rfb spec but is
traditional QEMU behavior.
``key-delay-ms``
Set keyboard delay, for key down and key up events, in
milliseconds. Default is 10. Keyboards are low-bandwidth
devices, so this slowdown can help the device and guest to keep
up and not lose events in case events are arriving in bulk.
Possible causes for the latter are flaky network connections, or
scripts for automated testing.
``audiodev=audiodev``
Use the specified audiodev when the VNC client requests audio
transmission. When not using an -audiodev argument, this option
must be omitted, otherwise is must be present and specify a
valid audiodev.
``power-control=on|off``
Permit the remote client to issue shutdown, reboot or reset power
control requests.
ERST
ARCHHEADING(, QEMU_ARCH_I386)
ARCHHEADING(i386 target only:, QEMU_ARCH_I386)
DEF("win2k-hack", 0, QEMU_OPTION_win2k_hack,
"-win2k-hack use it when installing Windows 2000 to avoid a disk full bug\n",
QEMU_ARCH_I386)
SRST
``-win2k-hack``
Use it when installing Windows 2000 to avoid a disk full bug. After
Windows 2000 is installed, you no longer need this option (this
option slows down the IDE transfers). Synonym of ``-global
ide-device.win2k-install-hack=on``.
ERST
DEF("no-fd-bootchk", 0, QEMU_OPTION_no_fd_bootchk,
"-no-fd-bootchk disable boot signature checking for floppy disks\n",
QEMU_ARCH_I386)
SRST
``-no-fd-bootchk``
Disable boot signature checking for floppy disks in BIOS. May be
needed to boot from old floppy disks. Synonym of ``-m fd-bootchk=off``.
ERST
DEF("acpitable", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_acpitable,
"-acpitable [sig=str][,rev=n][,oem_id=str][,oem_table_id=str][,oem_rev=n][,asl_compiler_id=str][,asl_compiler_rev=n][,{data|file}=file1[:file2]...]\n"
" ACPI table description\n", QEMU_ARCH_I386)
SRST
``-acpitable [sig=str][,rev=n][,oem_id=str][,oem_table_id=str][,oem_rev=n] [,asl_compiler_id=str][,asl_compiler_rev=n][,data=file1[:file2]...]``
Add ACPI table with specified header fields and context from
specified files. For file=, take whole ACPI table from the specified
files, including all ACPI headers (possible overridden by other
options). For data=, only data portion of the table is used, all
header information is specified in the command line. If a SLIC table
is supplied to QEMU, then the SLIC's oem\_id and oem\_table\_id
fields will override the same in the RSDT and the FADT (a.k.a.
FACP), in order to ensure the field matches required by the
Microsoft SLIC spec and the ACPI spec.
ERST
DEF("smbios", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_smbios,
"-smbios file=binary\n"
" load SMBIOS entry from binary file\n"
"-smbios type=0[,vendor=str][,version=str][,date=str][,release=%d.%d]\n"
" [,uefi=on|off]\n"
" specify SMBIOS type 0 fields\n"
"-smbios type=1[,manufacturer=str][,product=str][,version=str][,serial=str]\n"
" [,uuid=uuid][,sku=str][,family=str]\n"
" specify SMBIOS type 1 fields\n"
"-smbios type=2[,manufacturer=str][,product=str][,version=str][,serial=str]\n"
" [,asset=str][,location=str]\n"
" specify SMBIOS type 2 fields\n"
"-smbios type=3[,manufacturer=str][,version=str][,serial=str][,asset=str]\n"
" [,sku=str]\n"
" specify SMBIOS type 3 fields\n"
"-smbios type=4[,sock_pfx=str][,manufacturer=str][,version=str][,serial=str]\n"
" [,asset=str][,part=str][,max-speed=%d][,current-speed=%d]\n"
" [,processor-family=%d][,processor-id=%d]\n"
" specify SMBIOS type 4 fields\n"
"-smbios type=8[,external_reference=str][,internal_reference=str][,connector_type=%d][,port_type=%d]\n"
" specify SMBIOS type 8 fields\n"
"-smbios type=11[,value=str][,path=filename]\n"
" specify SMBIOS type 11 fields\n"
"-smbios type=17[,loc_pfx=str][,bank=str][,manufacturer=str][,serial=str]\n"
" [,asset=str][,part=str][,speed=%d]\n"
" specify SMBIOS type 17 fields\n"
"-smbios type=41[,designation=str][,kind=str][,instance=%d][,pcidev=str]\n"
" specify SMBIOS type 41 fields\n",
QEMU_ARCH_I386 | QEMU_ARCH_ARM | QEMU_ARCH_LOONGARCH | QEMU_ARCH_RISCV)
SRST
``-smbios file=binary``
Load SMBIOS entry from binary file.
``-smbios type=0[,vendor=str][,version=str][,date=str][,release=%d.%d][,uefi=on|off]``
Specify SMBIOS type 0 fields
``-smbios type=1[,manufacturer=str][,product=str][,version=str][,serial=str][,uuid=uuid][,sku=str][,family=str]``
Specify SMBIOS type 1 fields
``-smbios type=2[,manufacturer=str][,product=str][,version=str][,serial=str][,asset=str][,location=str]``
Specify SMBIOS type 2 fields
``-smbios type=3[,manufacturer=str][,version=str][,serial=str][,asset=str][,sku=str]``
Specify SMBIOS type 3 fields
``-smbios type=4[,sock_pfx=str][,manufacturer=str][,version=str][,serial=str][,asset=str][,part=str][,processor-family=%d][,processor-id=%d]``
Specify SMBIOS type 4 fields
``-smbios type=9[,slot_designation=str][,slot_type=%d][,slot_data_bus_width=%d][,current_usage=%d][,slot_length=%d][,slot_id=%d][,slot_characteristics1=%d][,slot_characteristics12=%d][,pci_device=str]``
Specify SMBIOS type 9 fields
``-smbios type=11[,value=str][,path=filename]``
Specify SMBIOS type 11 fields
This argument can be repeated multiple times, and values are added in the order they are parsed.
Applications intending to use OEM strings data are encouraged to use their application name as
a prefix for the value string. This facilitates passing information for multiple applications
concurrently.
The ``value=str`` syntax provides the string data inline, while the ``path=filename`` syntax
loads data from a file on disk. Note that the file is not permitted to contain any NUL bytes.
Both the ``value`` and ``path`` options can be repeated multiple times and will be added to
the SMBIOS table in the order in which they appear.
Note that on the x86 architecture, the total size of all SMBIOS tables is limited to 65535
bytes. Thus the OEM strings data is not suitable for passing large amounts of data into the
guest. Instead it should be used as a indicator to inform the guest where to locate the real
data set, for example, by specifying the serial ID of a block device.
An example passing three strings is
.. parsed-literal::
-smbios type=11,value=cloud-init:ds=nocloud-net;s=http://10.10.0.1:8000/,\\
value=anaconda:method=http://dl.fedoraproject.org/pub/fedora/linux/releases/25/x86_64/os,\\
path=/some/file/with/oemstringsdata.txt
In the guest OS this is visible with the ``dmidecode`` command
.. parsed-literal::
$ dmidecode -t 11
Handle 0x0E00, DMI type 11, 5 bytes
OEM Strings
String 1: cloud-init:ds=nocloud-net;s=http://10.10.0.1:8000/
String 2: anaconda:method=http://dl.fedoraproject.org/pub/fedora/linux/releases/25/x86_64/os
String 3: myapp:some extra data
``-smbios type=17[,loc_pfx=str][,bank=str][,manufacturer=str][,serial=str][,asset=str][,part=str][,speed=%d]``
Specify SMBIOS type 17 fields
``-smbios type=41[,designation=str][,kind=str][,instance=%d][,pcidev=str]``
Specify SMBIOS type 41 fields
This argument can be repeated multiple times. Its main use is to allow network interfaces be created
as ``enoX`` on Linux, with X being the instance number, instead of the name depending on the interface
position on the PCI bus.
Here is an example of use:
.. parsed-literal::
-netdev user,id=internet \\
-device virtio-net-pci,mac=50:54:00:00:00:42,netdev=internet,id=internet-dev \\
-smbios type=41,designation='Onboard LAN',instance=1,kind=ethernet,pcidev=internet-dev
In the guest OS, the device should then appear as ``eno1``:
..parsed-literal::
$ ip -brief l
lo UNKNOWN 00:00:00:00:00:00 <LOOPBACK,UP,LOWER_UP>
eno1 UP 50:54:00:00:00:42 <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP>
Currently, the PCI device has to be attached to the root bus.
ERST
DEFHEADING()
DEFHEADING(Network options:)
DEF("netdev", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_netdev,
#ifdef CONFIG_SLIRP
"-netdev user,id=str[,ipv4=on|off][,net=addr[/mask]][,host=addr]\n"
" [,ipv6=on|off][,ipv6-net=addr[/int]][,ipv6-host=addr]\n"
" [,restrict=on|off][,hostname=host][,dhcpstart=addr]\n"
" [,dns=addr][,ipv6-dns=addr][,dnssearch=domain][,domainname=domain]\n"
" [,tftp=dir][,tftp-server-name=name][,bootfile=f][,hostfwd=rule][,guestfwd=rule]"
#ifndef _WIN32
"[,smb=dir[,smbserver=addr]]\n"
#endif
" configure a user mode network backend with ID 'str',\n"
" its DHCP server and optional services\n"
#endif
#ifdef _WIN32
"-netdev tap,id=str,ifname=name\n"
" configure a host TAP network backend with ID 'str'\n"
#else
"-netdev tap,id=str[,fd=h][,fds=x:y:...:z][,ifname=name][,script=file][,downscript=dfile]\n"
" [,br=bridge][,helper=helper][,sndbuf=nbytes][,vnet_hdr=on|off][,vhost=on|off]\n"
" [,vhostfd=h][,vhostfds=x:y:...:z][,vhostforce=on|off][,queues=n]\n"
" [,poll-us=n]\n"
" configure a host TAP network backend with ID 'str'\n"
" connected to a bridge (default=" DEFAULT_BRIDGE_INTERFACE ")\n"
" use network scripts 'file' (default=" DEFAULT_NETWORK_SCRIPT ")\n"
" to configure it and 'dfile' (default=" DEFAULT_NETWORK_DOWN_SCRIPT ")\n"
" to deconfigure it\n"
" use '[down]script=no' to disable script execution\n"
" use network helper 'helper' (default=" DEFAULT_BRIDGE_HELPER ") to\n"
" configure it\n"
" use 'fd=h' to connect to an already opened TAP interface\n"
" use 'fds=x:y:...:z' to connect to already opened multiqueue capable TAP interfaces\n"
" use 'sndbuf=nbytes' to limit the size of the send buffer (the\n"
" default is disabled 'sndbuf=0' to enable flow control set 'sndbuf=1048576')\n"
" use vnet_hdr=off to avoid enabling the IFF_VNET_HDR tap flag\n"
" use vnet_hdr=on to make the lack of IFF_VNET_HDR support an error condition\n"
" use vhost=on to enable experimental in kernel accelerator\n"
" (only has effect for virtio guests which use MSIX)\n"
" use vhostforce=on to force vhost on for non-MSIX virtio guests\n"
" use 'vhostfd=h' to connect to an already opened vhost net device\n"
" use 'vhostfds=x:y:...:z to connect to multiple already opened vhost net devices\n"
" use 'queues=n' to specify the number of queues to be created for multiqueue TAP\n"
" use 'poll-us=n' to specify the maximum number of microseconds that could be\n"
" spent on busy polling for vhost net\n"
"-netdev bridge,id=str[,br=bridge][,helper=helper]\n"
" configure a host TAP network backend with ID 'str' that is\n"
" connected to a bridge (default=" DEFAULT_BRIDGE_INTERFACE ")\n"
" using the program 'helper (default=" DEFAULT_BRIDGE_HELPER ")\n"
#endif
#ifdef __linux__
"-netdev l2tpv3,id=str,src=srcaddr,dst=dstaddr[,srcport=srcport][,dstport=dstport]\n"
" [,rxsession=rxsession],txsession=txsession[,ipv6=on|off][,udp=on|off]\n"
" [,cookie64=on|off][,counter][,pincounter][,txcookie=txcookie]\n"
" [,rxcookie=rxcookie][,offset=offset]\n"
" configure a network backend with ID 'str' connected to\n"
" an Ethernet over L2TPv3 pseudowire.\n"
" Linux kernel 3.3+ as well as most routers can talk\n"
" L2TPv3. This transport allows connecting a VM to a VM,\n"
" VM to a router and even VM to Host. It is a nearly-universal\n"
" standard (RFC3931). Note - this implementation uses static\n"
" pre-configured tunnels (same as the Linux kernel).\n"
" use 'src=' to specify source address\n"
" use 'dst=' to specify destination address\n"
" use 'udp=on' to specify udp encapsulation\n"
" use 'srcport=' to specify source udp port\n"
" use 'dstport=' to specify destination udp port\n"
" use 'ipv6=on' to force v6\n"
" L2TPv3 uses cookies to prevent misconfiguration as\n"
" well as a weak security measure\n"
" use 'rxcookie=0x012345678' to specify a rxcookie\n"
" use 'txcookie=0x012345678' to specify a txcookie\n"
" use 'cookie64=on' to set cookie size to 64 bit, otherwise 32\n"
" use 'counter=off' to force a 'cut-down' L2TPv3 with no counter\n"
" use 'pincounter=on' to work around broken counter handling in peer\n"
" use 'offset=X' to add an extra offset between header and data\n"
#endif
"-netdev socket,id=str[,fd=h][,listen=[host]:port][,connect=host:port]\n"
" configure a network backend to connect to another network\n"
" using a socket connection\n"
"-netdev socket,id=str[,fd=h][,mcast=maddr:port[,localaddr=addr]]\n"
" configure a network backend to connect to a multicast maddr and port\n"
" use 'localaddr=addr' to specify the host address to send packets from\n"
"-netdev socket,id=str[,fd=h][,udp=host:port][,localaddr=host:port]\n"
" configure a network backend to connect to another network\n"
" using an UDP tunnel\n"
"-netdev stream,id=str[,server=on|off],addr.type=inet,addr.host=host,addr.port=port[,to=maxport][,numeric=on|off][,keep-alive=on|off][,mptcp=on|off][,addr.ipv4=on|off][,addr.ipv6=on|off][,reconnect-ms=milliseconds]\n"
"-netdev stream,id=str[,server=on|off],addr.type=unix,addr.path=path[,abstract=on|off][,tight=on|off][,reconnect-ms=milliseconds]\n"
"-netdev stream,id=str[,server=on|off],addr.type=fd,addr.str=file-descriptor[,reconnect-ms=milliseconds]\n"
" configure a network backend to connect to another network\n"
" using a socket connection in stream mode.\n"
"-netdev dgram,id=str,remote.type=inet,remote.host=maddr,remote.port=port[,local.type=inet,local.host=addr]\n"
"-netdev dgram,id=str,remote.type=inet,remote.host=maddr,remote.port=port[,local.type=fd,local.str=file-descriptor]\n"
" configure a network backend to connect to a multicast maddr and port\n"
" use ``local.host=addr`` to specify the host address to send packets from\n"
"-netdev dgram,id=str,local.type=inet,local.host=addr,local.port=port[,remote.type=inet,remote.host=addr,remote.port=port]\n"
"-netdev dgram,id=str,local.type=unix,local.path=path[,remote.type=unix,remote.path=path]\n"
"-netdev dgram,id=str,local.type=fd,local.str=file-descriptor\n"
" configure a network backend to connect to another network\n"
" using an UDP tunnel\n"
#ifdef CONFIG_VDE
"-netdev vde,id=str[,sock=socketpath][,port=n][,group=groupname][,mode=octalmode]\n"
" configure a network backend to connect to port 'n' of a vde switch\n"
" running on host and listening for incoming connections on 'socketpath'.\n"
" Use group 'groupname' and mode 'octalmode' to change default\n"
" ownership and permissions for communication port.\n"
#endif
#ifdef CONFIG_NETMAP
"-netdev netmap,id=str,ifname=name[,devname=nmname]\n"
" attach to the existing netmap-enabled network interface 'name', or to a\n"
" VALE port (created on the fly) called 'name' ('nmname' is name of the \n"
" netmap device, defaults to '/dev/netmap')\n"
#endif
#ifdef CONFIG_AF_XDP
"-netdev af-xdp,id=str,ifname=name[,mode=native|skb][,force-copy=on|off]\n"
" [,queues=n][,start-queue=m][,inhibit=on|off][,sock-fds=x:y:...:z]\n"
" attach to the existing network interface 'name' with AF_XDP socket\n"
" use 'mode=MODE' to specify an XDP program attach mode\n"
" use 'force-copy=on|off' to force XDP copy mode even if device supports zero-copy (default: off)\n"
" use 'inhibit=on|off' to inhibit loading of a default XDP program (default: off)\n"
" with inhibit=on,\n"
" use 'sock-fds' to provide file descriptors for already open AF_XDP sockets\n"
" added to a socket map in XDP program. One socket per queue.\n"
" use 'queues=n' to specify how many queues of a multiqueue interface should be used\n"
" use 'start-queue=m' to specify the first queue that should be used\n"
#endif
#ifdef CONFIG_POSIX
"-netdev vhost-user,id=str,chardev=dev[,vhostforce=on|off]\n"
" configure a vhost-user network, backed by a chardev 'dev'\n"
#endif
#ifdef __linux__
"-netdev vhost-vdpa,id=str[,vhostdev=/path/to/dev][,vhostfd=h]\n"
" configure a vhost-vdpa network,Establish a vhost-vdpa netdev\n"
" use 'vhostdev=/path/to/dev' to open a vhost vdpa device\n"
" use 'vhostfd=h' to connect to an already opened vhost vdpa device\n"
#endif
#ifdef CONFIG_VMNET
"-netdev vmnet-host,id=str[,isolated=on|off][,net-uuid=uuid]\n"
" [,start-address=addr,end-address=addr,subnet-mask=mask]\n"
" configure a vmnet network backend in host mode with ID 'str',\n"
" isolate this interface from others with 'isolated',\n"
" configure the address range and choose a subnet mask,\n"
" specify network UUID 'uuid' to disable DHCP and interact with\n"
" vmnet-host interfaces within this isolated network\n"
"-netdev vmnet-shared,id=str[,isolated=on|off][,nat66-prefix=addr]\n"
" [,start-address=addr,end-address=addr,subnet-mask=mask]\n"
" configure a vmnet network backend in shared mode with ID 'str',\n"
" configure the address range and choose a subnet mask,\n"
" set IPv6 ULA prefix (of length 64) to use for internal network,\n"
" isolate this interface from others with 'isolated'\n"
"-netdev vmnet-bridged,id=str,ifname=name[,isolated=on|off]\n"
" configure a vmnet network backend in bridged mode with ID 'str',\n"
" use 'ifname=name' to select a physical network interface to be bridged,\n"
" isolate this interface from others with 'isolated'\n"
#endif
"-netdev hubport,id=str,hubid=n[,netdev=nd]\n"
" configure a hub port on the hub with ID 'n'\n", QEMU_ARCH_ALL)
DEF("nic", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_nic,
"-nic [tap|bridge|"
#ifdef CONFIG_SLIRP
"user|"
#endif
#ifdef __linux__
"l2tpv3|"
#endif
#ifdef CONFIG_VDE
"vde|"
#endif
#ifdef CONFIG_NETMAP
"netmap|"
#endif
#ifdef CONFIG_AF_XDP
"af-xdp|"
#endif
#ifdef CONFIG_POSIX
"vhost-user|"
#endif
#ifdef CONFIG_VMNET
"vmnet-host|vmnet-shared|vmnet-bridged|"
#endif
"socket][,option][,...][mac=macaddr]\n"
" initialize an on-board / default host NIC (using MAC address\n"
" macaddr) and connect it to the given host network backend\n"
"-nic none use it alone to have zero network devices (the default is to\n"
" provided a 'user' network connection)\n",
QEMU_ARCH_ALL)
DEF("net", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_net,
"-net nic[,macaddr=mac][,model=type][,name=str][,addr=str][,vectors=v]\n"
" configure or create an on-board (or machine default) NIC and\n"
" connect it to hub 0 (please use -nic unless you need a hub)\n"
"-net ["
#ifdef CONFIG_SLIRP
"user|"
#endif
"tap|"
"bridge|"
#ifdef CONFIG_VDE
"vde|"
#endif
#ifdef CONFIG_NETMAP
"netmap|"
#endif
#ifdef CONFIG_AF_XDP
"af-xdp|"
#endif
#ifdef CONFIG_VMNET
"vmnet-host|vmnet-shared|vmnet-bridged|"
#endif
"socket][,option][,option][,...]\n"
" old way to initialize a host network interface\n"
" (use the -netdev option if possible instead)\n", QEMU_ARCH_ALL)
SRST
``-nic [tap|bridge|user|l2tpv3|vde|netmap|af-xdp|vhost-user|socket][,...][,mac=macaddr][,model=mn]``
This option is a shortcut for configuring both the on-board
(default) guest NIC hardware and the host network backend in one go.
The host backend options are the same as with the corresponding
``-netdev`` options below. The guest NIC model can be set with
``model=modelname``. Use ``model=help`` to list the available device
types. The hardware MAC address can be set with ``mac=macaddr``.
The following two example do exactly the same, to show how ``-nic``
can be used to shorten the command line length:
.. parsed-literal::
|qemu_system| -netdev user,id=n1,ipv6=off -device e1000,netdev=n1,mac=52:54:98:76:54:32
|qemu_system| -nic user,ipv6=off,model=e1000,mac=52:54:98:76:54:32
``-nic none``
Indicate that no network devices should be configured. It is used to
override the default configuration (default NIC with "user" host
network backend) which is activated if no other networking options
are provided.
``-netdev user,id=id[,option][,option][,...]``
Configure user mode host network backend which requires no
administrator privilege to run. Valid options are:
``id=id``
Assign symbolic name for use in monitor commands.
``ipv4=on|off and ipv6=on|off``
Specify that either IPv4 or IPv6 must be enabled. If neither is
specified both protocols are enabled.
``net=addr[/mask]``
Set IP network address the guest will see. Optionally specify
the netmask, either in the form a.b.c.d or as number of valid
top-most bits. Default is 10.0.2.0/24.
``host=addr``
Specify the guest-visible address of the host. Default is the
2nd IP in the guest network, i.e. x.x.x.2.
``ipv6-net=addr[/int]``
Set IPv6 network address the guest will see (default is
fec0::/64). The network prefix is given in the usual hexadecimal
IPv6 address notation. The prefix size is optional, and is given
as the number of valid top-most bits (default is 64).
``ipv6-host=addr``
Specify the guest-visible IPv6 address of the host. Default is
the 2nd IPv6 in the guest network, i.e. xxxx::2.
``restrict=on|off``
If this option is enabled, the guest will be isolated, i.e. it
will not be able to contact the host and no guest IP packets
will be routed over the host to the outside. This option does
not affect any explicitly set forwarding rules.
``hostname=name``
Specifies the client hostname reported by the built-in DHCP
server.
``dhcpstart=addr``
Specify the first of the 16 IPs the built-in DHCP server can
assign. Default is the 15th to 31st IP in the guest network,
i.e. x.x.x.15 to x.x.x.31.
``dns=addr``
Specify the guest-visible address of the virtual nameserver. The
address must be different from the host address. Default is the
3rd IP in the guest network, i.e. x.x.x.3.
``ipv6-dns=addr``
Specify the guest-visible address of the IPv6 virtual
nameserver. The address must be different from the host address.
Default is the 3rd IP in the guest network, i.e. xxxx::3.
``dnssearch=domain``
Provides an entry for the domain-search list sent by the
built-in DHCP server. More than one domain suffix can be
transmitted by specifying this option multiple times. If
supported, this will cause the guest to automatically try to
append the given domain suffix(es) in case a domain name can not
be resolved.
Example:
.. parsed-literal::
|qemu_system| -nic user,dnssearch=mgmt.example.org,dnssearch=example.org
``domainname=domain``
Specifies the client domain name reported by the built-in DHCP
server.
``tftp=dir``
When using the user mode network stack, activate a built-in TFTP
server. The files in dir will be exposed as the root of a TFTP
server. The TFTP client on the guest must be configured in
binary mode (use the command ``bin`` of the Unix TFTP client).
The built-in TFTP server is read-only; it does not implement any
command for writing files. QEMU will not write to this directory.
``tftp-server-name=name``
In BOOTP reply, broadcast name as the "TFTP server name"
(RFC2132 option 66). This can be used to advise the guest to
load boot files or configurations from a different server than
the host address.
``bootfile=file``
When using the user mode network stack, broadcast file as the
BOOTP filename. In conjunction with ``tftp``, this can be used
to network boot a guest from a local directory.
Example (using pxelinux):
.. parsed-literal::
|qemu_system| -hda linux.img -boot n -device e1000,netdev=n1 \\
-netdev user,id=n1,tftp=/path/to/tftp/files,bootfile=/pxelinux.0
``smb=dir[,smbserver=addr]``
When using the user mode network stack, activate a built-in SMB
server so that Windows OSes can access to the host files in
``dir`` transparently. The IP address of the SMB server can be
set to addr. By default the 4th IP in the guest network is used,
i.e. x.x.x.4.
In the guest Windows OS, the line:
::
10.0.2.4 smbserver
must be added in the file ``C:\WINDOWS\LMHOSTS`` (for windows
9x/Me) or ``C:\WINNT\SYSTEM32\DRIVERS\ETC\LMHOSTS`` (Windows
NT/2000).
Then ``dir`` can be accessed in ``\\smbserver\qemu``.
Note that a SAMBA server must be installed on the host OS.
``hostfwd=[tcp|udp]:[hostaddr]:hostport-[guestaddr]:guestport``
Redirect incoming TCP or UDP connections to the host port
hostport to the guest IP address guestaddr on guest port
guestport. If guestaddr is not specified, its value is x.x.x.15
(default first address given by the built-in DHCP server). By
specifying hostaddr, the rule can be bound to a specific host
interface. If no connection type is set, TCP is used. This
option can be given multiple times.
For example, to redirect host X11 connection from screen 1 to
guest screen 0, use the following:
.. parsed-literal::
# on the host
|qemu_system| -nic user,hostfwd=tcp:127.0.0.1:6001-:6000
# this host xterm should open in the guest X11 server
xterm -display :1
To redirect telnet connections from host port 5555 to telnet
port on the guest, use the following:
.. parsed-literal::
# on the host
|qemu_system| -nic user,hostfwd=tcp::5555-:23
telnet localhost 5555
Then when you use on the host ``telnet localhost 5555``, you
connect to the guest telnet server.
``guestfwd=[tcp]:server:port-dev``; \ ``guestfwd=[tcp]:server:port-cmd:command``
Forward guest TCP connections to the IP address server on port
port to the character device dev or to a program executed by
cmd:command which gets spawned for each connection. This option
can be given multiple times.
You can either use a chardev directly and have that one used
throughout QEMU's lifetime, like in the following example:
.. parsed-literal::
# open 10.10.1.1:4321 on bootup, connect 10.0.2.100:1234 to it whenever
# the guest accesses it
|qemu_system| -nic user,guestfwd=tcp:10.0.2.100:1234-tcp:10.10.1.1:4321
Or you can execute a command on every TCP connection established
by the guest, so that QEMU behaves similar to an inetd process
for that virtual server:
.. parsed-literal::
# call "netcat 10.10.1.1 4321" on every TCP connection to 10.0.2.100:1234
# and connect the TCP stream to its stdin/stdout
|qemu_system| -nic 'user,id=n1,guestfwd=tcp:10.0.2.100:1234-cmd:netcat 10.10.1.1 4321'
``-netdev tap,id=id[,fd=h][,ifname=name][,script=file][,downscript=dfile][,br=bridge][,helper=helper]``
Configure a host TAP network backend with ID id.
Use the network script file to configure it and the network script
dfile to deconfigure it. If name is not provided, the OS
automatically provides one. The default network configure script is
``/etc/qemu-ifup`` and the default network deconfigure script is
``/etc/qemu-ifdown``. Use ``script=no`` or ``downscript=no`` to
disable script execution.
If running QEMU as an unprivileged user, use the network helper
to configure the TAP interface and attach it to the bridge.
The default network helper executable is
``/path/to/qemu-bridge-helper`` and the default bridge device is
``br0``.
``fd``\ =h can be used to specify the handle of an already opened
host TAP interface.
Examples:
.. parsed-literal::
#launch a QEMU instance with the default network script
|qemu_system| linux.img -nic tap
.. parsed-literal::
#launch a QEMU instance with two NICs, each one connected
#to a TAP device
|qemu_system| linux.img \\
-netdev tap,id=nd0,ifname=tap0 -device e1000,netdev=nd0 \\
-netdev tap,id=nd1,ifname=tap1 -device rtl8139,netdev=nd1
.. parsed-literal::
#launch a QEMU instance with the default network helper to
#connect a TAP device to bridge br0
|qemu_system| linux.img -device virtio-net-pci,netdev=n1 \\
-netdev tap,id=n1,"helper=/path/to/qemu-bridge-helper"
``-netdev bridge,id=id[,br=bridge][,helper=helper]``
Connect a host TAP network interface to a host bridge device.
Use the network helper helper to configure the TAP interface and
attach it to the bridge. The default network helper executable is
``/path/to/qemu-bridge-helper`` and the default bridge device is
``br0``.
Examples:
.. parsed-literal::
#launch a QEMU instance with the default network helper to
#connect a TAP device to bridge br0
|qemu_system| linux.img -netdev bridge,id=n1 -device virtio-net,netdev=n1
.. parsed-literal::
#launch a QEMU instance with the default network helper to
#connect a TAP device to bridge qemubr0
|qemu_system| linux.img -netdev bridge,br=qemubr0,id=n1 -device virtio-net,netdev=n1
``-netdev socket,id=id[,fd=h][,listen=[host]:port][,connect=host:port]``
This host network backend can be used to connect the guest's network
to another QEMU virtual machine using a TCP socket connection. If
``listen`` is specified, QEMU waits for incoming connections on port
(host is optional). ``connect`` is used to connect to another QEMU
instance using the ``listen`` option. ``fd``\ =h specifies an
already opened TCP socket.
Example:
.. parsed-literal::
# launch a first QEMU instance
|qemu_system| linux.img \\
-device e1000,netdev=n1,mac=52:54:00:12:34:56 \\
-netdev socket,id=n1,listen=:1234
# connect the network of this instance to the network of the first instance
|qemu_system| linux.img \\
-device e1000,netdev=n2,mac=52:54:00:12:34:57 \\
-netdev socket,id=n2,connect=127.0.0.1:1234
``-netdev socket,id=id[,fd=h][,mcast=maddr:port[,localaddr=addr]]``
Configure a socket host network backend to share the guest's network
traffic with another QEMU virtual machines using a UDP multicast
socket, effectively making a bus for every QEMU with same multicast
address maddr and port. NOTES:
1. Several QEMU can be running on different hosts and share same bus
(assuming correct multicast setup for these hosts).
2. mcast support is compatible with User Mode Linux (argument
``ethN=mcast``), see http://user-mode-linux.sf.net.
3. Use ``fd=h`` to specify an already opened UDP multicast socket.
Example:
.. parsed-literal::
# launch one QEMU instance
|qemu_system| linux.img \\
-device e1000,netdev=n1,mac=52:54:00:12:34:56 \\
-netdev socket,id=n1,mcast=230.0.0.1:1234
# launch another QEMU instance on same "bus"
|qemu_system| linux.img \\
-device e1000,netdev=n2,mac=52:54:00:12:34:57 \\
-netdev socket,id=n2,mcast=230.0.0.1:1234
# launch yet another QEMU instance on same "bus"
|qemu_system| linux.img \\
-device e1000,netdev=n3,mac=52:54:00:12:34:58 \\
-netdev socket,id=n3,mcast=230.0.0.1:1234
Example (User Mode Linux compat.):
.. parsed-literal::
# launch QEMU instance (note mcast address selected is UML's default)
|qemu_system| linux.img \\
-device e1000,netdev=n1,mac=52:54:00:12:34:56 \\
-netdev socket,id=n1,mcast=239.192.168.1:1102
# launch UML
/path/to/linux ubd0=/path/to/root_fs eth0=mcast
Example (send packets from host's 1.2.3.4):
.. parsed-literal::
|qemu_system| linux.img \\
-device e1000,netdev=n1,mac=52:54:00:12:34:56 \\
-netdev socket,id=n1,mcast=239.192.168.1:1102,localaddr=1.2.3.4
``-netdev stream,id=str[,server=on|off],addr.type=inet,addr.host=host,addr.port=port[,to=maxport][,numeric=on|off][,keep-alive=on|off][,mptcp=on|off][,addr.ipv4=on|off][,addr.ipv6=on|off][,reconnect-ms=milliseconds]``
Configure a network backend to connect to another QEMU virtual machine or a proxy using a TCP/IP socket.
``server=on|off``
if ``on`` create a server socket
``addr.host=host,addr.port=port``
socket address to listen on (server=on) or connect to (server=off)
``to=maxport``
if present, this is range of possible addresses, with port between ``port`` and ``maxport``.
``numeric=on|off``
if ``on`` ``host`` and ``port`` are guaranteed to be numeric, otherwise a name resolution should be attempted (default: ``off``)
``keep-alive=on|off``
enable keep-alive when connecting to this socket. Not supported for passive sockets.
``mptcp=on|off``
enable multipath TCP
``ipv4=on|off``
whether to accept IPv4 addresses, default to try both IPv4 and IPv6
``ipv6=on|off``
whether to accept IPv6 addresses, default to try both IPv4 and IPv6
``reconnect-ms=milliseconds``
for a client socket, if a socket is disconnected, then attempt a reconnect after the given number of milliseconds.
Setting this to zero disables this function. (default: 0)
Example (two guests connected using a TCP/IP socket):
.. parsed-literal::
# first VM
|qemu_system| linux.img \\
-device virtio-net,netdev=net0,mac=52:54:00:12:34:56 \\
-netdev stream,id=net0,server=on,addr.type=inet,addr.host=localhost,addr.port=1234
# second VM
|qemu_system| linux.img \\
-device virtio-net,netdev=net0,mac=52:54:00:12:34:57 \\
-netdev stream,id=net0,server=off,addr.type=inet,addr.host=localhost,addr.port=1234,reconnect-ms=5000
``-netdev stream,id=str[,server=on|off],addr.type=unix,addr.path=path[,abstract=on|off][,tight=on|off][,reconnect-ms=milliseconds]``
Configure a network backend to connect to another QEMU virtual machine or a proxy using a stream oriented unix domain socket.
``server=on|off``
if ``on`` create a server socket
``addr.path=path``
filesystem path to use
``abstract=on|off``
if ``on``, this is a Linux abstract socket address.
``tight=on|off``
if false, pad an abstract socket address with enough null bytes to make it fill struct sockaddr_un member sun_path.
``reconnect-ms=milliseconds``
for a client socket, if a socket is disconnected, then attempt a reconnect after the given number of milliseconds.
Setting this to zero disables this function. (default: 0)
Example (using passt as a replacement of -netdev user):
.. parsed-literal::
# start passt server as a non privileged user
passt
UNIX domain socket bound at /tmp/passt_1.socket
# start QEMU to connect to passt
|qemu_system| linux.img \\
-device virtio-net,netdev=net0 \\
-netdev stream,id=net0,server=off,addr.type=unix,addr.path=/tmp/passt_1.socket
Example (two guests connected using a stream oriented unix domain socket):
.. parsed-literal::
# first VM
|qemu_system| linux.img \\
-device virtio-net,netdev=net0,mac=52:54:00:12:34:56 \\
netdev stream,id=net0,server=on,addr.type=unix,addr.path=/tmp/qemu0
# second VM
|qemu_system| linux.img \\
-device virtio-net,netdev=net0,mac=52:54:00:12:34:57 \\
-netdev stream,id=net0,server=off,addr.type=unix,addr.path=/tmp/qemu0,reconnect-ms=5000
``-netdev stream,id=str[,server=on|off],addr.type=fd,addr.str=file-descriptor[,reconnect-ms=milliseconds]``
Configure a network backend to connect to another QEMU virtual machine or a proxy using a stream oriented socket file descriptor.
``server=on|off``
if ``on`` create a server socket
``addr.str=file-descriptor``
file descriptor number to use as a socket
``reconnect-ms=milliseconds``
for a client socket, if a socket is disconnected, then attempt a reconnect after the given number of milliseconds.
Setting this to zero disables this function. (default: 0)
``-netdev dgram,id=str,remote.type=inet,remote.host=maddr,remote.port=port[,local.type=inet,local.host=addr]``
Configure a network backend to connect to a multicast address.
``remote.host=maddr,remote.port=port``
multicast address
``local.host=addr``
specify the host address to send packets from
Example:
.. parsed-literal::
# launch one QEMU instance
|qemu_system| linux.img \\
-device virtio-net,netdev=net0,mac=52:54:00:12:34:56 \\
-netdev dgram,id=net0,remote.type=inet,remote.host=224.0.0.1,remote.port=1234
# launch another QEMU instance on same "bus"
|qemu_system| linux.img \\
-device virtio-net,netdev=net0,mac=52:54:00:12:34:57 \\
-netdev dgram,id=net0,remote.type=inet,remote.host=224.0.0.1,remote.port=1234
# launch yet another QEMU instance on same "bus"
|qemu_system| linux.img \\
-device virtio-net,netdev=net0,mac=52:54:00:12:34:58 \\
-netdev dgram,id=net0,remote.type=inet,remote.host=224.0.0.1,remote.port=1234
``-netdev dgram,id=str,remote.type=inet,remote.host=maddr,remote.port=port[,local.type=fd,local.str=file-descriptor]``
Configure a network backend to connect to a multicast address using a UDP socket file descriptor.
``remote.host=maddr,remote.port=port``
multicast address
``local.str=file-descriptor``
File descriptor to use to send packets
``-netdev dgram,id=str,local.type=inet,local.host=addr,local.port=port[,remote.type=inet,remote.host=addr,remote.port=port]``
Configure a network backend to connect to another QEMU virtual
machine or a proxy using a datagram oriented unix domain socket.
``local.host=addr,local.port=port``
IP address to use to send the packets from
``remote.host=addr,remote.port=port``
Destination IP address
Example (two guests connected using an UDP/IP socket):
.. parsed-literal::
# first VM
|qemu_system| linux.img \\
-device virtio-net,netdev=net0,mac=52:54:00:12:34:56 \\
-netdev dgram,id=net0,local.type=inet,local.host=localhost,local.port=1234,remote.type=inet,remote.host=localhost,remote.port=1235
# second VM
|qemu_system| linux.img \\
-device virtio-net,netdev=net0,mac=52:54:00:12:34:56 \\
-netdev dgram,id=net0,local.type=inet,local.host=localhost,local.port=1235,remote.type=inet,remote.host=localhost,remote.port=1234
``-netdev dgram,id=str,local.type=unix,local.path=path[,remote.type=unix,remote.path=path]``
Configure a network backend to connect to another QEMU virtual
machine or a proxy using a datagram oriented unix socket.
``local.path=path``
filesystem path to use to bind the socket
``remote.path=path``
filesystem path to use as a destination (see sendto(2))
Example (two guests connected using an UDP/UNIX socket):
.. parsed-literal::
# first VM
|qemu_system| linux.img \\
-device virtio-net,netdev=net0,mac=52:54:00:12:34:56 \\
-netdev dgram,id=net0,local.type=unix,local.path=/tmp/qemu0,remote.type=unix,remote.path=/tmp/qemu1
# second VM
|qemu_system| linux.img \\
-device virtio-net,netdev=net0,mac=52:54:00:12:34:57 \\
-netdev dgram,id=net0,local.type=unix,local.path=/tmp/qemu1,remote.type=unix,remote.path=/tmp/qemu0
``-netdev dgram,id=str,local.type=fd,local.str=file-descriptor``
Configure a network backend to connect to another QEMU virtual
machine or a proxy using a datagram oriented socket file descriptor.
``local.str=file-descriptor``
File descriptor to use to send packets
``-netdev l2tpv3,id=id,src=srcaddr,dst=dstaddr[,srcport=srcport][,dstport=dstport],txsession=txsession[,rxsession=rxsession][,ipv6=on|off][,udp=on|off][,cookie64=on|off][,counter=on|off][,pincounter=on|off][,txcookie=txcookie][,rxcookie=rxcookie][,offset=offset]``
Configure a L2TPv3 pseudowire host network backend. L2TPv3 (RFC3931)
is a popular protocol to transport Ethernet (and other Layer 2) data
frames between two systems. It is present in routers, firewalls and
the Linux kernel (from version 3.3 onwards).
This transport allows a VM to communicate to another VM, router or
firewall directly.
``src=srcaddr``
source address (mandatory)
``dst=dstaddr``
destination address (mandatory)
``udp=on``
select udp encapsulation (default is ip).
``srcport=srcport``
source udp port.
``dstport=dstport``
destination udp port.
``ipv6=on``
force v6, otherwise defaults to v4.
``rxcookie=rxcookie``; \ ``txcookie=txcookie``
Cookies are a weak form of security in the l2tpv3 specification.
Their function is mostly to prevent misconfiguration. By default
they are 32 bit.
``cookie64=on``
Set cookie size to 64 bit instead of the default 32
``counter=off``
Force a 'cut-down' L2TPv3 with no counter as in
draft-mkonstan-l2tpext-keyed-ipv6-tunnel-00
``pincounter=on``
Work around broken counter handling in peer. This may also help
on networks which have packet reorder.
``offset=offset``
Add an extra offset between header and data
For example, to attach a VM running on host 4.3.2.1 via L2TPv3 to
the bridge br-lan on the remote Linux host 1.2.3.4:
.. parsed-literal::
# Setup tunnel on linux host using raw ip as encapsulation
# on 1.2.3.4
ip l2tp add tunnel remote 4.3.2.1 local 1.2.3.4 tunnel_id 1 peer_tunnel_id 1 \\
encap udp udp_sport 16384 udp_dport 16384
ip l2tp add session tunnel_id 1 name vmtunnel0 session_id \\
0xFFFFFFFF peer_session_id 0xFFFFFFFF
ifconfig vmtunnel0 mtu 1500
ifconfig vmtunnel0 up
brctl addif br-lan vmtunnel0
# on 4.3.2.1
# launch QEMU instance - if your network has reorder or is very lossy add ,pincounter
|qemu_system| linux.img -device e1000,netdev=n1 \\
-netdev l2tpv3,id=n1,src=4.2.3.1,dst=1.2.3.4,udp=on,srcport=16384,dstport=16384,rxsession=0xffffffff,txsession=0xffffffff,counter=on
``-netdev vde,id=id[,sock=socketpath][,port=n][,group=groupname][,mode=octalmode]``
Configure VDE backend to connect to PORT n of a vde switch running
on host and listening for incoming connections on socketpath. Use
GROUP groupname and MODE octalmode to change default ownership and
permissions for communication port. This option is only available if
QEMU has been compiled with vde support enabled.
Example:
.. parsed-literal::
# launch vde switch
vde_switch -F -sock /tmp/myswitch
# launch QEMU instance
|qemu_system| linux.img -nic vde,sock=/tmp/myswitch
``-netdev af-xdp,id=str,ifname=name[,mode=native|skb][,force-copy=on|off][,queues=n][,start-queue=m][,inhibit=on|off][,sock-fds=x:y:...:z]``
Configure AF_XDP backend to connect to a network interface 'name'
using AF_XDP socket. A specific program attach mode for a default
XDP program can be forced with 'mode', defaults to best-effort,
where the likely most performant mode will be in use. Number of queues
'n' should generally match the number or queues in the interface,
defaults to 1. Traffic arriving on non-configured device queues will
not be delivered to the network backend.
.. parsed-literal::
# set number of queues to 4
ethtool -L eth0 combined 4
# launch QEMU instance
|qemu_system| linux.img -device virtio-net-pci,netdev=n1 \\
-netdev af-xdp,id=n1,ifname=eth0,queues=4
'start-queue' option can be specified if a particular range of queues
[m, m + n] should be in use. For example, this is may be necessary in
order to use certain NICs in native mode. Kernel allows the driver to
create a separate set of XDP queues on top of regular ones, and only
these queues can be used for AF_XDP sockets. NICs that work this way
may also require an additional traffic redirection with ethtool to these
special queues.
.. parsed-literal::
# set number of queues to 1
ethtool -L eth0 combined 1
# redirect all the traffic to the second queue (id: 1)
# note: drivers may require non-empty key/mask pair.
ethtool -N eth0 flow-type ether \\
dst 00:00:00:00:00:00 m FF:FF:FF:FF:FF:FE action 1
ethtool -N eth0 flow-type ether \\
dst 00:00:00:00:00:01 m FF:FF:FF:FF:FF:FE action 1
# launch QEMU instance
|qemu_system| linux.img -device virtio-net-pci,netdev=n1 \\
-netdev af-xdp,id=n1,ifname=eth0,queues=1,start-queue=1
XDP program can also be loaded externally. In this case 'inhibit' option
should be set to 'on' and 'sock-fds' provided with file descriptors for
already open but not bound XDP sockets already added to a socket map for
corresponding queues. One socket per queue.
.. parsed-literal::
|qemu_system| linux.img -device virtio-net-pci,netdev=n1 \\
-netdev af-xdp,id=n1,ifname=eth0,queues=3,inhibit=on,sock-fds=15:16:17
``-netdev vhost-user,chardev=id[,vhostforce=on|off][,queues=n]``
Establish a vhost-user netdev, backed by a chardev id. The chardev
should be a unix domain socket backed one. The vhost-user uses a
specifically defined protocol to pass vhost ioctl replacement
messages to an application on the other end of the socket. On
non-MSIX guests, the feature can be forced with vhostforce. Use
'queues=n' to specify the number of queues to be created for
multiqueue vhost-user.
Example:
::
qemu -m 512 -object memory-backend-file,id=mem,size=512M,mem-path=/hugetlbfs,share=on \
-numa node,memdev=mem \
-chardev socket,id=chr0,path=/path/to/socket \
-netdev type=vhost-user,id=net0,chardev=chr0 \
-device virtio-net-pci,netdev=net0
``-netdev vhost-vdpa[,vhostdev=/path/to/dev][,vhostfd=h]``
Establish a vhost-vdpa netdev.
vDPA device is a device that uses a datapath which complies with
the virtio specifications with a vendor specific control path.
vDPA devices can be both physically located on the hardware or
emulated by software.
``-netdev hubport,id=id,hubid=hubid[,netdev=nd]``
Create a hub port on the emulated hub with ID hubid.
The hubport netdev lets you connect a NIC to a QEMU emulated hub
instead of a single netdev. Alternatively, you can also connect the
hubport to another netdev with ID nd by using the ``netdev=nd``
option.
``-net nic[,netdev=nd][,macaddr=mac][,model=type] [,name=name][,addr=addr][,vectors=v]``
Legacy option to configure or create an on-board (or machine
default) Network Interface Card(NIC) and connect it either to the
emulated hub with ID 0 (i.e. the default hub), or to the netdev nd.
If model is omitted, then the default NIC model associated with the
machine type is used. Note that the default NIC model may change in
future QEMU releases, so it is highly recommended to always specify
a model. Optionally, the MAC address can be changed to mac, the
device address set to addr (PCI cards only), and a name can be
assigned for use in monitor commands. Optionally, for PCI cards, you
can specify the number v of MSI-X vectors that the card should have;
this option currently only affects virtio cards; set v = 0 to
disable MSI-X. If no ``-net`` option is specified, a single NIC is
created. QEMU can emulate several different models of network card.
Use ``-net nic,model=help`` for a list of available devices for your
target.
``-net user|tap|bridge|socket|l2tpv3|vde[,...][,name=name]``
Configure a host network backend (with the options corresponding to
the same ``-netdev`` option) and connect it to the emulated hub 0
(the default hub). Use name to specify the name of the hub port.
ERST
DEFHEADING()
DEFHEADING(Character device options:)
DEF("chardev", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_chardev,
"-chardev help\n"
"-chardev null,id=id[,mux=on|off][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]\n"
"-chardev socket,id=id[,host=host],port=port[,to=to][,ipv4=on|off][,ipv6=on|off][,nodelay=on|off]\n"
" [,server=on|off][,wait=on|off][,telnet=on|off][,websocket=on|off][,reconnect-ms=milliseconds][,mux=on|off]\n"
" [,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off][,tls-creds=ID][,tls-authz=ID] (tcp)\n"
"-chardev socket,id=id,path=path[,server=on|off][,wait=on|off][,telnet=on|off][,websocket=on|off][,reconnect-ms=milliseconds]\n"
" [,mux=on|off][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off][,abstract=on|off][,tight=on|off] (unix)\n"
"-chardev udp,id=id[,host=host],port=port[,localaddr=localaddr]\n"
" [,localport=localport][,ipv4=on|off][,ipv6=on|off][,mux=on|off]\n"
" [,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]\n"
"-chardev msmouse,id=id[,mux=on|off][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]\n"
"-chardev vc,id=id[[,width=width][,height=height]][[,cols=cols][,rows=rows]]\n"
" [,mux=on|off][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]\n"
"-chardev ringbuf,id=id[,size=size][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]\n"
"-chardev file,id=id,path=path[,input-path=input-file][,mux=on|off][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]\n"
"-chardev pipe,id=id,path=path[,mux=on|off][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]\n"
#ifdef _WIN32
"-chardev console,id=id[,mux=on|off][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]\n"
"-chardev serial,id=id,path=path[,mux=on|off][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]\n"
#else
"-chardev pty,id=id[,path=path][,mux=on|off][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]\n"
"-chardev stdio,id=id[,mux=on|off][,signal=on|off][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]\n"
#endif
#ifdef CONFIG_BRLAPI
"-chardev braille,id=id[,mux=on|off][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]\n"
#endif
#if defined(__linux__) || defined(__sun__) || defined(__FreeBSD__) \
|| defined(__NetBSD__) || defined(__OpenBSD__) || defined(__DragonFly__)
"-chardev serial,id=id,path=path[,mux=on|off][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]\n"
#endif
#if defined(__linux__) || defined(__FreeBSD__) || defined(__DragonFly__)
"-chardev parallel,id=id,path=path[,mux=on|off][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]\n"
#endif
#if defined(CONFIG_SPICE)
"-chardev spicevmc,id=id,name=name[,debug=debug][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]\n"
"-chardev spiceport,id=id,name=name[,debug=debug][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]\n"
#endif
, QEMU_ARCH_ALL
)
SRST
The general form of a character device option is:
``-chardev backend,id=id[,mux=on|off][,options]``
Backend is one of: ``null``, ``socket``, ``udp``, ``msmouse``,
``vc``, ``ringbuf``, ``file``, ``pipe``, ``console``, ``serial``,
``pty``, ``stdio``, ``braille``, ``parallel``,
``spicevmc``, ``spiceport``. The specific backend will determine the
applicable options.
Use ``-chardev help`` to print all available chardev backend types.
All devices must have an id, which can be any string up to 127
characters long. It is used to uniquely identify this device in
other command line directives.
A character device may be used in multiplexing mode by multiple
front-ends. Specify ``mux=on`` to enable this mode. A multiplexer is
a "1:N" device, and here the "1" end is your specified chardev
backend, and the "N" end is the various parts of QEMU that can talk
to a chardev. If you create a chardev with ``id=myid`` and
``mux=on``, QEMU will create a multiplexer with your specified ID,
and you can then configure multiple front ends to use that chardev
ID for their input/output. Up to four different front ends can be
connected to a single multiplexed chardev. (Without multiplexing
enabled, a chardev can only be used by a single front end.) For
instance you could use this to allow a single stdio chardev to be
used by two serial ports and the QEMU monitor:
::
-chardev stdio,mux=on,id=char0 \
-mon chardev=char0,mode=readline \
-serial chardev:char0 \
-serial chardev:char0
You can have more than one multiplexer in a system configuration;
for instance you could have a TCP port multiplexed between UART 0
and UART 1, and stdio multiplexed between the QEMU monitor and a
parallel port:
::
-chardev stdio,mux=on,id=char0 \
-mon chardev=char0,mode=readline \
-parallel chardev:char0 \
-chardev tcp,...,mux=on,id=char1 \
-serial chardev:char1 \
-serial chardev:char1
When you're using a multiplexed character device, some escape
sequences are interpreted in the input. See the chapter about
:ref:`keys in the character backend multiplexer` in the
System Emulation Users Guide for more details.
Note that some other command line options may implicitly create
multiplexed character backends; for instance ``-serial mon:stdio``
creates a multiplexed stdio backend connected to the serial port and
the QEMU monitor, and ``-nographic`` also multiplexes the console
and the monitor to stdio.
There is currently no support for multiplexing in the other
direction (where a single QEMU front end takes input and output from
multiple chardevs).
Every backend supports the ``logfile`` option, which supplies the
path to a file to record all data transmitted via the backend. The
``logappend`` option controls whether the log file will be truncated
or appended to when opened.
The available backends are:
``-chardev null,id=id``
A void device. This device will not emit any data, and will drop any
data it receives. The null backend does not take any options.
``-chardev socket,id=id[,TCP options or unix options][,server=on|off][,wait=on|off][,telnet=on|off][,websocket=on|off][,reconnect-ms=milliseconds][,tls-creds=id][,tls-authz=id]``
Create a two-way stream socket, which can be either a TCP or a unix
socket. A unix socket will be created if ``path`` is specified.
Behaviour is undefined if TCP options are specified for a unix
socket.
``server=on|off`` specifies that the socket shall be a listening socket.
``wait=on|off`` specifies that QEMU should not block waiting for a client
to connect to a listening socket.
``telnet=on|off`` specifies that traffic on the socket should interpret
telnet escape sequences.
``websocket=on|off`` specifies that the socket uses WebSocket protocol for
communication.
``reconnect-ms`` sets the timeout for reconnecting on non-server
sockets when the remote end goes away. qemu will delay this many
milliseconds and then attempt to reconnect. Zero disables reconnecting,
and is the default.
``tls-creds`` requests enablement of the TLS protocol for
encryption, and specifies the id of the TLS credentials to use for
the handshake. The credentials must be previously created with the
``-object tls-creds`` argument.
``tls-auth`` provides the ID of the QAuthZ authorization object
against which the client's x509 distinguished name will be
validated. This object is only resolved at time of use, so can be
deleted and recreated on the fly while the chardev server is active.
If missing, it will default to denying access.
TCP and unix socket options are given below:
``TCP options: port=port[,host=host][,to=to][,ipv4=on|off][,ipv6=on|off][,nodelay=on|off]``
``host`` for a listening socket specifies the local address to
be bound. For a connecting socket species the remote host to
connect to. ``host`` is optional for listening sockets. If not
specified it defaults to ``0.0.0.0``.
``port`` for a listening socket specifies the local port to be
bound. For a connecting socket specifies the port on the remote
host to connect to. ``port`` can be given as either a port
number or a service name. ``port`` is required.
``to`` is only relevant to listening sockets. If it is
specified, and ``port`` cannot be bound, QEMU will attempt to
bind to subsequent ports up to and including ``to`` until it
succeeds. ``to`` must be specified as a port number.
``ipv4=on|off`` and ``ipv6=on|off`` specify that either IPv4
or IPv6 must be used. If neither is specified the socket may
use either protocol.
``nodelay=on|off`` disables the Nagle algorithm.
``unix options: path=path[,abstract=on|off][,tight=on|off]``
``path`` specifies the local path of the unix socket. ``path``
is required.
``abstract=on|off`` specifies the use of the abstract socket namespace,
rather than the filesystem. Optional, defaults to false.
``tight=on|off`` sets the socket length of abstract sockets to their minimum,
rather than the full sun_path length. Optional, defaults to true.
``-chardev udp,id=id[,host=host],port=port[,localaddr=localaddr][,localport=localport][,ipv4=on|off][,ipv6=on|off]``
Sends all traffic from the guest to a remote host over UDP.
``host`` specifies the remote host to connect to. If not specified
it defaults to ``localhost``.
``port`` specifies the port on the remote host to connect to.
``port`` is required.
``localaddr`` specifies the local address to bind to. If not
specified it defaults to ``0.0.0.0``.
``localport`` specifies the local port to bind to. If not specified
any available local port will be used.
``ipv4=on|off`` and ``ipv6=on|off`` specify that either IPv4 or IPv6 must be used.
If neither is specified the device may use either protocol.
``-chardev msmouse,id=id``
Forward QEMU's emulated msmouse events to the guest. ``msmouse``
does not take any options.
``-chardev vc,id=id[[,width=width][,height=height]][[,cols=cols][,rows=rows]]``
Connect to a QEMU text console. ``vc`` may optionally be given a
specific size.
``width`` and ``height`` specify the width and height respectively
of the console, in pixels.
``cols`` and ``rows`` specify that the console be sized to fit a
text console with the given dimensions.
``-chardev ringbuf,id=id[,size=size]``
Create a ring buffer with fixed size ``size``. size must be a power
of two and defaults to ``64K``.
``-chardev file,id=id,path=path[,input-path=input-path]``
Log all traffic received from the guest to a file.
``path`` specifies the path of the file to be opened. This file will
be created if it does not already exist, and overwritten if it does.
``path`` is required.
If ``input-path`` is specified, this is the path of a second file
which will be used for input. If ``input-path`` is not specified,
no input will be available from the chardev.
Note that ``input-path`` is not supported on Windows hosts.
``-chardev pipe,id=id,path=path``
Create a two-way connection to the guest. The behaviour differs
slightly between Windows hosts and other hosts:
On Windows, a single duplex pipe will be created at
``\\.pipe\path``.
On other hosts, 2 pipes will be created called ``path.in`` and
``path.out``. Data written to ``path.in`` will be received by the
guest. Data written by the guest can be read from ``path.out``. QEMU
will not create these fifos, and requires them to be present.
``path`` forms part of the pipe path as described above. ``path`` is
required.
``-chardev console,id=id``
Send traffic from the guest to QEMU's standard output. ``console``
does not take any options.
``console`` is only available on Windows hosts.
``-chardev serial,id=id,path=path``
Send traffic from the guest to a serial device on the host.
On Unix hosts serial will actually accept any tty device, not only
serial lines.
``path`` specifies the name of the serial device to open.
``-chardev pty,id=id[,path=path]``
Create a new pseudo-terminal on the host and connect to it.
``pty`` is not available on Windows hosts.
If ``path`` is specified, QEMU will create a symbolic link at
that location which points to the new PTY device.
This avoids having to make QMP or HMP monitor queries to find out
what the new PTY device path is.
Note that while QEMU will remove the symlink when it exits
gracefully, it will not do so in case of crashes or on certain
startup errors. It is recommended that the user checks and removes
the symlink after QEMU terminates to account for this.
``-chardev stdio,id=id[,signal=on|off]``
Connect to standard input and standard output of the QEMU process.
``signal`` controls if signals are enabled on the terminal, that
includes exiting QEMU with the key sequence Control-c. This option
is enabled by default, use ``signal=off`` to disable it.
``-chardev braille,id=id``
Connect to a local BrlAPI server. ``braille`` does not take any
options.
``-chardev parallel,id=id,path=path``
\
``parallel`` is only available on Linux, FreeBSD and DragonFlyBSD
hosts.
Connect to a local parallel port.
``path`` specifies the path to the parallel port device. ``path`` is
required.
``-chardev spicevmc,id=id,debug=debug,name=name``
``spicevmc`` is only available when spice support is built in.
``debug`` debug level for spicevmc
``name`` name of spice channel to connect to
Connect to a spice virtual machine channel, such as vdiport.
``-chardev spiceport,id=id,debug=debug,name=name``
``spiceport`` is only available when spice support is built in.
``debug`` debug level for spicevmc
``name`` name of spice port to connect to
Connect to a spice port, allowing a Spice client to handle the
traffic identified by a name (preferably a fqdn).
ERST
DEFHEADING()
#ifdef CONFIG_TPM
DEFHEADING(TPM device options:)
DEF("tpmdev", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_tpmdev, \
"-tpmdev passthrough,id=id[,path=path][,cancel-path=path]\n"
" use path to provide path to a character device; default is /dev/tpm0\n"
" use cancel-path to provide path to TPM's cancel sysfs entry; if\n"
" not provided it will be searched for in /sys/class/misc/tpm?/device\n"
"-tpmdev emulator,id=id,chardev=dev\n"
" configure the TPM device using chardev backend\n",
QEMU_ARCH_ALL)
SRST
The general form of a TPM device option is:
``-tpmdev backend,id=id[,options]``
The specific backend type will determine the applicable options. The
``-tpmdev`` option creates the TPM backend and requires a
``-device`` option that specifies the TPM frontend interface model.
Use ``-tpmdev help`` to print all available TPM backend types.
The available backends are:
``-tpmdev passthrough,id=id,path=path,cancel-path=cancel-path``
(Linux-host only) Enable access to the host's TPM using the
passthrough driver.
``path`` specifies the path to the host's TPM device, i.e., on a
Linux host this would be ``/dev/tpm0``. ``path`` is optional and by
default ``/dev/tpm0`` is used.
``cancel-path`` specifies the path to the host TPM device's sysfs
entry allowing for cancellation of an ongoing TPM command.
``cancel-path`` is optional and by default QEMU will search for the
sysfs entry to use.
Some notes about using the host's TPM with the passthrough driver:
The TPM device accessed by the passthrough driver must not be used
by any other application on the host.
Since the host's firmware (BIOS/UEFI) has already initialized the
TPM, the VM's firmware (BIOS/UEFI) will not be able to initialize
the TPM again and may therefore not show a TPM-specific menu that
would otherwise allow the user to configure the TPM, e.g., allow the
user to enable/disable or activate/deactivate the TPM. Further, if
TPM ownership is released from within a VM then the host's TPM will
get disabled and deactivated. To enable and activate the TPM again
afterwards, the host has to be rebooted and the user is required to
enter the firmware's menu to enable and activate the TPM. If the TPM
is left disabled and/or deactivated most TPM commands will fail.
To create a passthrough TPM use the following two options:
::
-tpmdev passthrough,id=tpm0 -device tpm-tis,tpmdev=tpm0
Note that the ``-tpmdev`` id is ``tpm0`` and is referenced by
``tpmdev=tpm0`` in the device option.
``-tpmdev emulator,id=id,chardev=dev``
(Linux-host only) Enable access to a TPM emulator using Unix domain
socket based chardev backend.
``chardev`` specifies the unique ID of a character device backend
that provides connection to the software TPM server.
To create a TPM emulator backend device with chardev socket backend:
::
-chardev socket,id=chrtpm,path=/tmp/swtpm-sock -tpmdev emulator,id=tpm0,chardev=chrtpm -device tpm-tis,tpmdev=tpm0
ERST
DEFHEADING()
#endif
DEFHEADING(Boot Image or Kernel specific:)
SRST
There are broadly 4 ways you can boot a system with QEMU.
- specify a firmware and let it control finding a kernel
- specify a firmware and pass a hint to the kernel to boot
- direct kernel image boot
- manually load files into the guest's address space
The third method is useful for quickly testing kernels but as there is
no firmware to pass configuration information to the kernel the
hardware must either be probeable, the kernel built for the exact
configuration or passed some configuration data (e.g. a DTB blob)
which tells the kernel what drivers it needs. This exact details are
often hardware specific.
The final method is the most generic way of loading images into the
guest address space and used mostly for ``bare metal`` type
development where the reset vectors of the processor are taken into
account.
ERST
SRST
For x86 machines and some other architectures ``-bios`` will generally
do the right thing with whatever it is given. For other machines the
more strict ``-pflash`` option needs an image that is sized for the
flash device for the given machine type.
Please see the :ref:`system-targets-ref` section of the manual for
more detailed documentation.
ERST
DEF("bios", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_bios, \
"-bios file set the filename for the BIOS\n", QEMU_ARCH_ALL)
SRST
``-bios file``
Set the filename for the BIOS.
ERST
DEF("pflash", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_pflash,
"-pflash file use 'file' as a parallel flash image\n", QEMU_ARCH_ALL)
SRST
``-pflash file``
Use file as a parallel flash image.
ERST