blob: f4d090aac15001fef3bf5126065431c28e4dfc8d [file] [log] [blame]
//! Span and `Event` key-value data.
//!
//! Spans and events may be annotated with key-value data, referred to as known
//! as _fields_. These fields consist of a mapping from a key (corresponding to
//! a `&str` but represented internally as an array index) to a [`Value`].
//!
//! # `Value`s and `Subscriber`s
//!
//! `Subscriber`s consume `Value`s as fields attached to [span]s or [`Event`]s.
//! The set of field keys on a given span or is defined on its [`Metadata`].
//! When a span is created, it provides [`Attributes`] to the `Subscriber`'s
//! [`new_span`] method, containing any fields whose values were provided when
//! the span was created; and may call the `Subscriber`'s [`record`] method
//! with additional [`Record`]s if values are added for more of its fields.
//! Similarly, the [`Event`] type passed to the subscriber's [`event`] method
//! will contain any fields attached to each event.
//!
//! `tracing` represents values as either one of a set of Rust primitives
//! (`i64`, `u64`, `bool`, and `&str`) or using a `fmt::Display` or `fmt::Debug`
//! implementation. The [`record`] trait method on the `Subscriber` trait
//! allow `Subscriber` implementations to provide type-specific behaviour for
//! consuming values of each type.
//!
//! Instances of the [`Visit`] trait are provided by `Subscriber`s to record the
//! values attached to spans and `Event`. This trait represents the behavior
//! used to record values of various types. For example, we might record
//! integers by incrementing counters for their field names, rather than printing
//! them.
//!
//! [`Value`]: trait.Value.html
//! [span]: ../span/
//! [`Event`]: ../event/struct.Event.html
//! [`Metadata`]: ../metadata/struct.Metadata.html
//! [`Attributes`]: ../span/struct.Attributes.html
//! [`Record`]: ../span/struct.Record.html
//! [`new_span`]: ../subscriber/trait.Subscriber.html#method.new_span
//! [`record`]: ../subscriber/trait.Subscriber.html#method.record
//! [`event`]: ../subscriber/trait.Subscriber.html#method.record
//! [`Visit`]: trait.Visit.html
use crate::callsite;
use crate::stdlib::{
borrow::Borrow,
fmt,
hash::{Hash, Hasher},
ops::Range,
};
use self::private::ValidLen;
/// An opaque key allowing _O_(1) access to a field in a `Span`'s key-value
/// data.
///
/// As keys are defined by the _metadata_ of a span, rather than by an
/// individual instance of a span, a key may be used to access the same field
/// across all instances of a given span with the same metadata. Thus, when a
/// subscriber observes a new span, it need only access a field by name _once_,
/// and use the key for that name for all other accesses.
#[derive(Debug)]
pub struct Field {
i: usize,
fields: FieldSet,
}
/// Describes the fields present on a span.
pub struct FieldSet {
/// The names of each field on the described span.
names: &'static [&'static str],
/// The callsite where the described span originates.
callsite: callsite::Identifier,
}
/// A set of fields and values for a span.
pub struct ValueSet<'a> {
values: &'a [(&'a Field, Option<&'a (dyn Value + 'a)>)],
fields: &'a FieldSet,
}
/// An iterator over a set of fields.
#[derive(Debug)]
pub struct Iter {
idxs: Range<usize>,
fields: FieldSet,
}
/// Visits typed values.
///
/// An instance of `Visit` ("a visitor") represents the logic necessary to
/// record field values of various types. When an implementor of [`Value`] is
/// [recorded], it calls the appropriate method on the provided visitor to
/// indicate the type that value should be recorded as.
///
/// When a [`Subscriber`] implementation [records an `Event`] or a
/// [set of `Value`s added to a `Span`], it can pass an `&mut Visit` to the
/// `record` method on the provided [`ValueSet`] or [`Event`]. This visitor
/// will then be used to record all the field-value pairs present on that
/// `Event` or `ValueSet`.
///
/// # Examples
///
/// A simple visitor that writes to a string might be implemented like so:
/// ```
/// # extern crate tracing_core as tracing;
/// use std::fmt::{self, Write};
/// use tracing::field::{Value, Visit, Field};
/// # fn main() {
/// pub struct StringVisitor<'a> {
/// string: &'a mut String,
/// }
///
/// impl<'a> Visit for StringVisitor<'a> {
/// fn record_debug(&mut self, field: &Field, value: &fmt::Debug) {
/// write!(self.string, "{} = {:?}; ", field.name(), value).unwrap();
/// }
/// }
/// # }
/// ```
/// This visitor will format each recorded value using `fmt::Debug`, and
/// append the field name and formatted value to the provided string,
/// regardless of the type of the recorded value. When all the values have
/// been recorded, the `StringVisitor` may be dropped, allowing the string
/// to be printed or stored in some other data structure.
///
/// The `Visit` trait provides default implementations for `record_i64`,
/// `record_u64`, `record_bool`, `record_str`, and `record_error`, which simply
/// forward the recorded value to `record_debug`. Thus, `record_debug` is the
/// only method which a `Visit` implementation *must* implement. However,
/// visitors may override the default implementations of these functions in
/// order to implement type-specific behavior.
///
/// Additionally, when a visitor receives a value of a type it does not care
/// about, it is free to ignore those values completely. For example, a
/// visitor which only records numeric data might look like this:
///
/// ```
/// # extern crate tracing_core as tracing;
/// # use std::fmt::{self, Write};
/// # use tracing::field::{Value, Visit, Field};
/// # fn main() {
/// pub struct SumVisitor {
/// sum: i64,
/// }
///
/// impl Visit for SumVisitor {
/// fn record_i64(&mut self, _field: &Field, value: i64) {
/// self.sum += value;
/// }
///
/// fn record_u64(&mut self, _field: &Field, value: u64) {
/// self.sum += value as i64;
/// }
///
/// fn record_debug(&mut self, _field: &Field, _value: &fmt::Debug) {
/// // Do nothing
/// }
/// }
/// # }
/// ```
///
/// This visitor (which is probably not particularly useful) keeps a running
/// sum of all the numeric values it records, and ignores all other values. A
/// more practical example of recording typed values is presented in
/// `examples/counters.rs`, which demonstrates a very simple metrics system
/// implemented using `tracing`.
///
/// **Note:** the `record_error` trait method is only available when the Rust
/// standard library is present, as it requires the `std::error::Error` trait.
///
/// [`Value`]: trait.Value.html
/// [recorded]: trait.Value.html#method.record
/// [`Subscriber`]: ../subscriber/trait.Subscriber.html
/// [records an `Event`]: ../subscriber/trait.Subscriber.html#method.event
/// [set of `Value`s added to a `Span`]: ../subscriber/trait.Subscriber.html#method.record
/// [`Event`]: ../event/struct.Event.html
/// [`ValueSet`]: struct.ValueSet.html
pub trait Visit {
/// Visit a signed 64-bit integer value.
fn record_i64(&mut self, field: &Field, value: i64) {
self.record_debug(field, &value)
}
/// Visit an unsigned 64-bit integer value.
fn record_u64(&mut self, field: &Field, value: u64) {
self.record_debug(field, &value)
}
/// Visit a boolean value.
fn record_bool(&mut self, field: &Field, value: bool) {
self.record_debug(field, &value)
}
/// Visit a string value.
fn record_str(&mut self, field: &Field, value: &str) {
self.record_debug(field, &value)
}
/// Records a type implementing `Error`.
///
/// **Note**: this is only enabled when the Rust standard library is
/// present.
#[cfg(feature = "std")]
fn record_error(&mut self, field: &Field, value: &(dyn std::error::Error + 'static)) {
self.record_debug(field, &format_args!("{}", value))
}
/// Visit a value implementing `fmt::Debug`.
fn record_debug(&mut self, field: &Field, value: &dyn fmt::Debug);
}
/// A field value of an erased type.
///
/// Implementors of `Value` may call the appropriate typed recording methods on
/// the [visitor] passed to their `record` method in order to indicate how
/// their data should be recorded.
///
/// [visitor]: trait.Visit.html
pub trait Value: crate::sealed::Sealed {
/// Visits this value with the given `Visitor`.
fn record(&self, key: &Field, visitor: &mut dyn Visit);
}
/// A `Value` which serializes using `fmt::Display`.
///
/// Uses `record_debug` in the `Value` implementation to
/// avoid an unnecessary evaluation.
#[derive(Clone)]
pub struct DisplayValue<T: fmt::Display>(T);
/// A `Value` which serializes as a string using `fmt::Debug`.
#[derive(Clone)]
pub struct DebugValue<T: fmt::Debug>(T);
/// Wraps a type implementing `fmt::Display` as a `Value` that can be
/// recorded using its `Display` implementation.
pub fn display<T>(t: T) -> DisplayValue<T>
where
T: fmt::Display,
{
DisplayValue(t)
}
/// Wraps a type implementing `fmt::Debug` as a `Value` that can be
/// recorded using its `Debug` implementation.
pub fn debug<T>(t: T) -> DebugValue<T>
where
T: fmt::Debug,
{
DebugValue(t)
}
// ===== impl Visit =====
impl<'a, 'b> Visit for fmt::DebugStruct<'a, 'b> {
fn record_debug(&mut self, field: &Field, value: &dyn fmt::Debug) {
self.field(field.name(), value);
}
}
impl<'a, 'b> Visit for fmt::DebugMap<'a, 'b> {
fn record_debug(&mut self, field: &Field, value: &dyn fmt::Debug) {
self.entry(&format_args!("{}", field), value);
}
}
impl<F> Visit for F
where
F: FnMut(&Field, &dyn fmt::Debug),
{
fn record_debug(&mut self, field: &Field, value: &dyn fmt::Debug) {
(self)(field, value)
}
}
// ===== impl Value =====
macro_rules! impl_values {
( $( $record:ident( $( $whatever:tt)+ ) ),+ ) => {
$(
impl_value!{ $record( $( $whatever )+ ) }
)+
}
}
macro_rules! impl_value {
( $record:ident( $( $value_ty:ty ),+ ) ) => {
$(
impl $crate::sealed::Sealed for $value_ty {}
impl $crate::field::Value for $value_ty {
fn record(
&self,
key: &$crate::field::Field,
visitor: &mut dyn $crate::field::Visit,
) {
visitor.$record(key, *self)
}
}
)+
};
( $record:ident( $( $value_ty:ty ),+ as $as_ty:ty) ) => {
$(
impl $crate::sealed::Sealed for $value_ty {}
impl Value for $value_ty {
fn record(
&self,
key: &$crate::field::Field,
visitor: &mut dyn $crate::field::Visit,
) {
visitor.$record(key, *self as $as_ty)
}
}
)+
};
}
// ===== impl Value =====
impl_values! {
record_u64(u64),
record_u64(usize, u32, u16, u8 as u64),
record_i64(i64),
record_i64(isize, i32, i16, i8 as i64),
record_bool(bool)
}
impl crate::sealed::Sealed for str {}
impl Value for str {
fn record(&self, key: &Field, visitor: &mut dyn Visit) {
visitor.record_str(key, &self)
}
}
#[cfg(feature = "std")]
impl crate::sealed::Sealed for dyn std::error::Error + 'static {}
#[cfg(feature = "std")]
impl Value for dyn std::error::Error + 'static {
fn record(&self, key: &Field, visitor: &mut dyn Visit) {
visitor.record_error(key, self)
}
}
impl<'a, T: ?Sized> crate::sealed::Sealed for &'a T where T: Value + crate::sealed::Sealed + 'a {}
impl<'a, T: ?Sized> Value for &'a T
where
T: Value + 'a,
{
fn record(&self, key: &Field, visitor: &mut dyn Visit) {
(*self).record(key, visitor)
}
}
impl<'a> crate::sealed::Sealed for fmt::Arguments<'a> {}
impl<'a> Value for fmt::Arguments<'a> {
fn record(&self, key: &Field, visitor: &mut dyn Visit) {
visitor.record_debug(key, self)
}
}
// ===== impl DisplayValue =====
impl<T: fmt::Display> crate::sealed::Sealed for DisplayValue<T> {}
impl<T> Value for DisplayValue<T>
where
T: fmt::Display,
{
fn record(&self, key: &Field, visitor: &mut dyn Visit) {
visitor.record_debug(key, &format_args!("{}", self.0))
}
}
impl<T: fmt::Display> fmt::Debug for DisplayValue<T> {
fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
write!(f, "{}", self.0)
}
}
// ===== impl DebugValue =====
impl<T: fmt::Debug> crate::sealed::Sealed for DebugValue<T> {}
impl<T: fmt::Debug> Value for DebugValue<T>
where
T: fmt::Debug,
{
fn record(&self, key: &Field, visitor: &mut dyn Visit) {
visitor.record_debug(key, &self.0)
}
}
impl<T: fmt::Debug> fmt::Debug for DebugValue<T> {
fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
write!(f, "{:?}", self.0)
}
}
// ===== impl Field =====
impl Field {
/// Returns an [`Identifier`] that uniquely identifies the [`Callsite`]
/// which defines this field.
///
/// [`Identifier`]: ../callsite/struct.Identifier.html
/// [`Callsite`]: ../callsite/trait.Callsite.html
#[inline]
pub fn callsite(&self) -> callsite::Identifier {
self.fields.callsite()
}
/// Returns a string representing the name of the field.
pub fn name(&self) -> &'static str {
self.fields.names[self.i]
}
}
impl fmt::Display for Field {
fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
f.pad(self.name())
}
}
impl AsRef<str> for Field {
fn as_ref(&self) -> &str {
self.name()
}
}
impl PartialEq for Field {
fn eq(&self, other: &Self) -> bool {
self.callsite() == other.callsite() && self.i == other.i
}
}
impl Eq for Field {}
impl Hash for Field {
fn hash<H>(&self, state: &mut H)
where
H: Hasher,
{
self.callsite().hash(state);
self.i.hash(state);
}
}
impl Clone for Field {
fn clone(&self) -> Self {
Field {
i: self.i,
fields: FieldSet {
names: self.fields.names,
callsite: self.fields.callsite(),
},
}
}
}
// ===== impl FieldSet =====
impl FieldSet {
/// Constructs a new `FieldSet` with the given array of field names and callsite.
pub const fn new(names: &'static [&'static str], callsite: callsite::Identifier) -> Self {
Self { names, callsite }
}
/// Returns an [`Identifier`] that uniquely identifies the [`Callsite`]
/// which defines this set of fields..
///
/// [`Identifier`]: ../callsite/struct.Identifier.html
/// [`Callsite`]: ../callsite/trait.Callsite.html
pub(crate) fn callsite(&self) -> callsite::Identifier {
callsite::Identifier(self.callsite.0)
}
/// Returns the [`Field`] named `name`, or `None` if no such field exists.
///
/// [`Field`]: ../struct.Field.html
pub fn field<Q: ?Sized>(&self, name: &Q) -> Option<Field>
where
Q: Borrow<str>,
{
let name = &name.borrow();
self.names.iter().position(|f| f == name).map(|i| Field {
i,
fields: FieldSet {
names: self.names,
callsite: self.callsite(),
},
})
}
/// Returns `true` if `self` contains the given `field`.
///
/// **Note**: If `field` shares a name with a field in this `FieldSet`, but
/// was created by a `FieldSet` with a different callsite, this `FieldSet`
/// does _not_ contain it. This is so that if two separate span callsites
/// define a field named "foo", the `Field` corresponding to "foo" for each
/// of those callsites are not equivalent.
pub fn contains(&self, field: &Field) -> bool {
field.callsite() == self.callsite() && field.i <= self.len()
}
/// Returns an iterator over the `Field`s in this `FieldSet`.
pub fn iter(&self) -> Iter {
let idxs = 0..self.len();
Iter {
idxs,
fields: FieldSet {
names: self.names,
callsite: self.callsite(),
},
}
}
/// Returns a new `ValueSet` with entries for this `FieldSet`'s values.
///
/// Note that a `ValueSet` may not be constructed with arrays of over 32
/// elements.
#[doc(hidden)]
pub fn value_set<'v, V>(&'v self, values: &'v V) -> ValueSet<'v>
where
V: ValidLen<'v>,
{
ValueSet {
fields: self,
values: &values.borrow()[..],
}
}
/// Returns the number of fields in this `FieldSet`.
#[inline]
pub fn len(&self) -> usize {
self.names.len()
}
/// Returns whether or not this `FieldSet` has fields.
#[inline]
pub fn is_empty(&self) -> bool {
self.names.is_empty()
}
}
impl<'a> IntoIterator for &'a FieldSet {
type IntoIter = Iter;
type Item = Field;
#[inline]
fn into_iter(self) -> Self::IntoIter {
self.iter()
}
}
impl fmt::Debug for FieldSet {
fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
f.debug_struct("FieldSet")
.field("names", &self.names)
.field("callsite", &self.callsite)
.finish()
}
}
impl fmt::Display for FieldSet {
fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
f.debug_set()
.entries(self.names.iter().map(display))
.finish()
}
}
// ===== impl Iter =====
impl Iterator for Iter {
type Item = Field;
fn next(&mut self) -> Option<Field> {
let i = self.idxs.next()?;
Some(Field {
i,
fields: FieldSet {
names: self.fields.names,
callsite: self.fields.callsite(),
},
})
}
}
// ===== impl ValueSet =====
impl<'a> ValueSet<'a> {
/// Returns an [`Identifier`] that uniquely identifies the [`Callsite`]
/// defining the fields this `ValueSet` refers to.
///
/// [`Identifier`]: ../callsite/struct.Identifier.html
/// [`Callsite`]: ../callsite/trait.Callsite.html
#[inline]
pub fn callsite(&self) -> callsite::Identifier {
self.fields.callsite()
}
/// Visits all the fields in this `ValueSet` with the provided [visitor].
///
/// [visitor]: ../trait.Visit.html
pub(crate) fn record(&self, visitor: &mut dyn Visit) {
let my_callsite = self.callsite();
for (field, value) in self.values {
if field.callsite() != my_callsite {
continue;
}
if let Some(value) = value {
value.record(field, visitor);
}
}
}
/// Returns `true` if this `ValueSet` contains a value for the given `Field`.
pub(crate) fn contains(&self, field: &Field) -> bool {
field.callsite() == self.callsite()
&& self
.values
.iter()
.any(|(key, val)| *key == field && val.is_some())
}
/// Returns true if this `ValueSet` contains _no_ values.
pub(crate) fn is_empty(&self) -> bool {
let my_callsite = self.callsite();
self.values
.iter()
.all(|(key, val)| val.is_none() || key.callsite() != my_callsite)
}
pub(crate) fn field_set(&self) -> &FieldSet {
self.fields
}
}
impl<'a> fmt::Debug for ValueSet<'a> {
fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
self.values
.iter()
.fold(&mut f.debug_struct("ValueSet"), |dbg, (key, v)| {
if let Some(val) = v {
val.record(key, dbg);
}
dbg
})
.field("callsite", &self.callsite())
.finish()
}
}
impl<'a> fmt::Display for ValueSet<'a> {
fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
self.values
.iter()
.fold(&mut f.debug_map(), |dbg, (key, v)| {
if let Some(val) = v {
val.record(key, dbg);
}
dbg
})
.finish()
}
}
// ===== impl ValidLen =====
mod private {
use super::*;
/// Marker trait implemented by arrays which are of valid length to
/// construct a `ValueSet`.
///
/// `ValueSet`s may only be constructed from arrays containing 32 or fewer
/// elements, to ensure the array is small enough to always be allocated on the
/// stack. This trait is only implemented by arrays of an appropriate length,
/// ensuring that the correct size arrays are used at compile-time.
pub trait ValidLen<'a>: Borrow<[(&'a Field, Option<&'a (dyn Value + 'a)>)]> {}
}
macro_rules! impl_valid_len {
( $( $len:tt ),+ ) => {
$(
impl<'a> private::ValidLen<'a> for
[(&'a Field, Option<&'a (dyn Value + 'a)>); $len] {}
)+
}
}
impl_valid_len! {
0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20,
21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32
}
#[cfg(test)]
mod test {
use super::*;
use crate::metadata::{Kind, Level, Metadata};
use crate::stdlib::{borrow::ToOwned, string::String};
struct TestCallsite1;
static TEST_CALLSITE_1: TestCallsite1 = TestCallsite1;
static TEST_META_1: Metadata<'static> = metadata! {
name: "field_test1",
target: module_path!(),
level: Level::INFO,
fields: &["foo", "bar", "baz"],
callsite: &TEST_CALLSITE_1,
kind: Kind::SPAN,
};
impl crate::callsite::Callsite for TestCallsite1 {
fn set_interest(&self, _: crate::subscriber::Interest) {
unimplemented!()
}
fn metadata(&self) -> &Metadata<'_> {
&TEST_META_1
}
}
struct TestCallsite2;
static TEST_CALLSITE_2: TestCallsite2 = TestCallsite2;
static TEST_META_2: Metadata<'static> = metadata! {
name: "field_test2",
target: module_path!(),
level: Level::INFO,
fields: &["foo", "bar", "baz"],
callsite: &TEST_CALLSITE_2,
kind: Kind::SPAN,
};
impl crate::callsite::Callsite for TestCallsite2 {
fn set_interest(&self, _: crate::subscriber::Interest) {
unimplemented!()
}
fn metadata(&self) -> &Metadata<'_> {
&TEST_META_2
}
}
#[test]
fn value_set_with_no_values_is_empty() {
let fields = TEST_META_1.fields();
let values = &[
(&fields.field("foo").unwrap(), None),
(&fields.field("bar").unwrap(), None),
(&fields.field("baz").unwrap(), None),
];
let valueset = fields.value_set(values);
assert!(valueset.is_empty());
}
#[test]
fn empty_value_set_is_empty() {
let fields = TEST_META_1.fields();
let valueset = fields.value_set(&[]);
assert!(valueset.is_empty());
}
#[test]
fn value_sets_with_fields_from_other_callsites_are_empty() {
let fields = TEST_META_1.fields();
let values = &[
(&fields.field("foo").unwrap(), Some(&1 as &dyn Value)),
(&fields.field("bar").unwrap(), Some(&2 as &dyn Value)),
(&fields.field("baz").unwrap(), Some(&3 as &dyn Value)),
];
let valueset = TEST_META_2.fields().value_set(values);
assert!(valueset.is_empty())
}
#[test]
fn sparse_value_sets_are_not_empty() {
let fields = TEST_META_1.fields();
let values = &[
(&fields.field("foo").unwrap(), None),
(&fields.field("bar").unwrap(), Some(&57 as &dyn Value)),
(&fields.field("baz").unwrap(), None),
];
let valueset = fields.value_set(values);
assert!(!valueset.is_empty());
}
#[test]
fn fields_from_other_callsets_are_skipped() {
let fields = TEST_META_1.fields();
let values = &[
(&fields.field("foo").unwrap(), None),
(
&TEST_META_2.fields().field("bar").unwrap(),
Some(&57 as &dyn Value),
),
(&fields.field("baz").unwrap(), None),
];
struct MyVisitor;
impl Visit for MyVisitor {
fn record_debug(&mut self, field: &Field, _: &dyn (crate::stdlib::fmt::Debug)) {
assert_eq!(field.callsite(), TEST_META_1.callsite())
}
}
let valueset = fields.value_set(values);
valueset.record(&mut MyVisitor);
}
#[test]
fn record_debug_fn() {
let fields = TEST_META_1.fields();
let values = &[
(&fields.field("foo").unwrap(), Some(&1 as &dyn Value)),
(&fields.field("bar").unwrap(), Some(&2 as &dyn Value)),
(&fields.field("baz").unwrap(), Some(&3 as &dyn Value)),
];
let valueset = fields.value_set(values);
let mut result = String::new();
valueset.record(&mut |_: &Field, value: &dyn fmt::Debug| {
use crate::stdlib::fmt::Write;
write!(&mut result, "{:?}", value).unwrap();
});
assert_eq!(result, "123".to_owned());
}
}