kernel/kernel/thread.cpp

// Copyright 2016 The Fuchsia Authors
// Copyright (c) 2008-2015 Travis Geiselbrecht
//
// Use of this source code is governed by a MIT-style
// license that can be found in the LICENSE file or at
// https://opensource.org/licenses/MIT

/**
 * @file
 * @brief  Kernel threading
 *
 * This file is the core kernel threading interface.
 *
 * @defgroup thread Threads
 * @{
 */
#include <kernel/thread.h>

#include <arch/exception.h>
#include <assert.h>
#include <debug.h>
#include <err.h>
#include <inttypes.h>

#include <kernel/atomic.h>
#include <kernel/dpc.h>
#include <kernel/mp.h>
#include <kernel/percpu.h>
#include <kernel/sched.h>
#include <kernel/stats.h>
#include <kernel/thread.h>
#include <kernel/timer.h>

#include <lib/counters.h>
#include <lib/heap.h>
#include <lib/ktrace.h>

#include <list.h>
#include <malloc.h>
#include <object/c_user_thread.h>
#include <platform.h>
#include <printf.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <target.h>
#include <vm/vm.h>
#include <zircon/types.h>

// kernel counters. TODO(cpu): remove LK-era counters
// The counters below never decrease.
//
// counts the number of thread_t succesfully created.
KCOUNTER(thread_create_count, "kernel.thread.create");
// counts the number of thread_t joined. Never decreases.
KCOUNTER(thread_join_count, "kernel.thread.join");
// counts the number of calls to suspend() that succeeded.
KCOUNTER(thread_suspend_count, "kernel.thread.suspend");
// counts the number of calls to resume() that succeeded.
KCOUNTER(thread_resume_count, "kernel.thread.resume");

// global thread list
static struct list_node thread_list = LIST_INITIAL_VALUE(thread_list);

// master thread spinlock
spin_lock_t thread_lock __CPU_ALIGN_EXCLUSIVE = SPIN_LOCK_INITIAL_VALUE;

// local routines
static void thread_exit_locked(thread_t* current_thread, int retcode) __NO_RETURN;
static void thread_do_suspend(void);

static void init_thread_struct(thread_t* t, const char* name) {
    memset(t, 0, sizeof(thread_t));
    t->magic = THREAD_MAGIC;
    strlcpy(t->name, name, sizeof(t->name));
    wait_queue_init(&t->retcode_wait_queue);
}

static void initial_thread_func(void) TA_REQ(thread_lock) __NO_RETURN;
static void initial_thread_func(void) {
    int ret;

    // release the thread lock that was implicitly held across the reschedule
    spin_unlock(&thread_lock);
    arch_enable_ints();

    thread_t* ct = get_current_thread();
    ret = ct->entry(ct->arg);

    thread_exit(ret);
}

// Invoke |t|'s user_callback with |new_state|.
//
// Since user_callback may call into the scheduler it's crucial that the scheduler lock
// (thread_lock) is not held when calling this function.  Otherwise, we risk recursive deadlock.
static void invoke_user_callback(thread_t* t, enum thread_user_state_change new_state)
    TA_EXCL(thread_lock) {
    DEBUG_ASSERT(!arch_ints_disabled() || !spin_lock_held(&thread_lock));
    if (t->user_callback) {
        t->user_callback(new_state, t->user_thread);
    }
}

/**
 * @brief  Create a new thread
 *
 * This function creates a new thread.  The thread is initially suspended, so you
 * need to call thread_resume() to execute it.
 *
 * @param  name            Name of thread
 * @param  entry           Entry point of thread
 * @param  arg             Arbitrary argument passed to entry()
 * @param  priority        Execution priority for the thread.
 * @param  stack_size      Stack size for the thread.
 * @param  alt_trampoline  If not NULL, an alternate trampoline for the thread
 *                         to start on.
 *
 * Thread priority is an integer from 0 (lowest) to 31 (highest).  Some standard
 * prioritys are defined in <kernel/thread.h>:
 *
 *  HIGHEST_PRIORITY
 *  DPC_PRIORITY
 *  HIGH_PRIORITY
 *  DEFAULT_PRIORITY
 *  LOW_PRIORITY
 *  IDLE_PRIORITY
 *  LOWEST_PRIORITY
 *
 * Stack size is typically set to DEFAULT_STACK_SIZE
 *
 * @return  Pointer to thread object, or NULL on failure.
 */
thread_t* thread_create_etc(
    thread_t* t,
    const char* name,
    thread_start_routine entry, void* arg,
    int priority,
    void* stack, void* unsafe_stack, size_t stack_size,
    thread_trampoline_routine alt_trampoline) {
    unsigned int flags = 0;

    if (!t) {
        t = static_cast<thread_t*>(malloc(sizeof(thread_t)));
        if (!t)
            return NULL;
        flags |= THREAD_FLAG_FREE_STRUCT;
    }

    init_thread_struct(t, name);

    t->entry = entry;
    t->arg = arg;
    t->state = THREAD_INITIAL;
    t->signals = 0;
    t->blocking_wait_queue = NULL;
    t->blocked_status = ZX_OK;
    t->interruptable = false;
    t->curr_cpu = INVALID_CPU;
    t->last_cpu = INVALID_CPU;
    t->cpu_affinity = CPU_MASK_ALL;

    t->retcode = 0;
    wait_queue_init(&t->retcode_wait_queue);

    sched_init_thread(t, priority);

    // create the stack
    if (!stack) {
        if (THREAD_STACK_BOUNDS_CHECK) {
            stack_size += THREAD_STACK_PADDING_SIZE;
            flags |= THREAD_FLAG_DEBUG_STACK_BOUNDS_CHECK;
        }
        t->stack = malloc(stack_size);
        if (!t->stack) {
            if (flags & THREAD_FLAG_FREE_STRUCT)
                free(t);
            return NULL;
        }
        flags |= THREAD_FLAG_FREE_STACK;
        if (THREAD_STACK_BOUNDS_CHECK) {
            memset(t->stack, STACK_DEBUG_BYTE, THREAD_STACK_PADDING_SIZE);
        }
    } else {
        t->stack = stack;
    }

#if __has_feature(safe_stack)
    if (!unsafe_stack) {
        DEBUG_ASSERT(!stack);
        DEBUG_ASSERT(flags & THREAD_FLAG_FREE_STACK);
        t->unsafe_stack = malloc(stack_size);
        if (!t->unsafe_stack) {
            free(t->stack);
            if (flags & THREAD_FLAG_FREE_STRUCT)
                free(t);
            return NULL;
        }
        if (THREAD_STACK_BOUNDS_CHECK) {
            memset(t->unsafe_stack, STACK_DEBUG_BYTE, THREAD_STACK_PADDING_SIZE);
        }
    } else {
        DEBUG_ASSERT(stack);
        t->unsafe_stack = unsafe_stack;
    }
#else
    DEBUG_ASSERT(!unsafe_stack);
#endif

    t->stack_size = stack_size;

    // save whether or not we need to free the thread struct and/or stack
    t->flags = flags;

    if (likely(alt_trampoline == NULL)) {
        alt_trampoline = initial_thread_func;
    }

    // set up the initial stack frame
    arch_thread_initialize(t, (vaddr_t)alt_trampoline);

    // add it to the global thread list
    THREAD_LOCK(state);
    list_add_head(&thread_list, &t->thread_list_node);
    THREAD_UNLOCK(state);

    kcounter_add(thread_create_count, 1);
    return t;
}

thread_t* thread_create(const char* name, thread_start_routine entry, void* arg, int priority, size_t stack_size) {
    return thread_create_etc(NULL, name, entry, arg, priority,
                             NULL, NULL, stack_size, NULL);
}

static void free_thread_resources(thread_t* t) {
    // free its stack and the thread structure itself
    if (t->flags & THREAD_FLAG_FREE_STACK) {
        if (t->stack)
            free(t->stack);
#if __has_feature(safe_stack)
        if (t->unsafe_stack)
            free(t->unsafe_stack);
#endif
    }

    // call the tls callback for each slot as long there is one
    for (uint ix = 0; ix != THREAD_MAX_TLS_ENTRY; ++ix) {
        if (t->tls_callback[ix]) {
            t->tls_callback[ix](t->tls[ix]);
        }
    }

    t->magic = 0;
    if (t->flags & THREAD_FLAG_FREE_STRUCT)
        free(t);
}

/**
 * @brief Flag a thread as real time
 *
 * @param t Thread to flag
 *
 * @return ZX_OK on success
 */
zx_status_t thread_set_real_time(thread_t* t) {
    if (!t)
        return ZX_ERR_INVALID_ARGS;

    DEBUG_ASSERT(t->magic == THREAD_MAGIC);

    THREAD_LOCK(state);
    if (t == get_current_thread()) {
        // if we're currently running, cancel the preemption timer.
        timer_cancel(&percpu[arch_curr_cpu_num()].preempt_timer);
    }
    t->flags |= THREAD_FLAG_REAL_TIME;
    THREAD_UNLOCK(state);

    return ZX_OK;
}

/**
 * @brief  Make a suspended thread executable.
 *
 * This function is called to start a thread which has just been
 * created with thread_create() or which has been suspended with
 * thread_suspend(). It can not fail.
 *
 * @param t  Thread to resume
 */
void thread_resume(thread_t* t) {
    DEBUG_ASSERT(t->magic == THREAD_MAGIC);

    bool ints_disabled = arch_ints_disabled();
    bool resched = false;
    if (!ints_disabled) // HACK, don't resced into bootstrap thread before idle thread is set up
        resched = true;

    THREAD_LOCK(state);

    if (t->state == THREAD_DEATH) {
        THREAD_UNLOCK(state);
        // The thread is dead, resuming it is a no-op.
        return;
    }

    // Clear the suspend signal in case there is a pending suspend
    t->signals &= ~THREAD_SIGNAL_SUSPEND;

    if (t->state == THREAD_INITIAL || t->state == THREAD_SUSPENDED) {
        // wake up the new thread, putting it in a run queue on a cpu. reschedule if the local
        // cpu run queue was modified
        bool local_resched = sched_unblock(t);
        if (resched && local_resched)
            sched_reschedule();
    }

    THREAD_UNLOCK(state);

    kcounter_add(thread_resume_count, 1);
}

zx_status_t thread_detach_and_resume(thread_t* t) {
    zx_status_t err;
    err = thread_detach(t);
    if (err < 0)
        return err;
    thread_resume(t);
    return ZX_OK;
}

/**
 * @brief  Suspend a ready/running thread
 *
 * @param t  Thread to suspend
 *
 * @return ZX_OK on success.
 */
zx_status_t thread_suspend(thread_t* t) {
    DEBUG_ASSERT(t->magic == THREAD_MAGIC);
    DEBUG_ASSERT(!thread_is_idle(t));

    THREAD_LOCK(state);

    if (t->state == THREAD_INITIAL || t->state == THREAD_DEATH) {
        THREAD_UNLOCK(state);
        return ZX_ERR_BAD_STATE;
    }

    t->signals |= THREAD_SIGNAL_SUSPEND;

    bool local_resched = false;
    switch (t->state) {
    case THREAD_INITIAL:
    case THREAD_DEATH:
        // This should be unreachable because these two states were handled
        // above.
        panic("Unexpected thread state");
    case THREAD_READY:
        // thread is ready to run and not blocked or suspended.
        // will wake up and deal with the signal soon.
        break;
    case THREAD_RUNNING:
        // thread is running (on another cpu)
        // The following call is not essential.  It just makes the
        // thread suspension happen sooner rather than at the next
        // timer interrupt or syscall.
        mp_reschedule(cpu_num_to_mask(t->curr_cpu), 0);
        break;
    case THREAD_SUSPENDED:
        // thread is suspended already
        break;
    case THREAD_BLOCKED:
        // thread is blocked on something and marked interruptable
        if (t->interruptable)
            wait_queue_unblock_thread(t, ZX_ERR_INTERNAL_INTR_RETRY);
        break;
    case THREAD_SLEEPING:
        // thread is sleeping
        if (t->interruptable) {
            t->blocked_status = ZX_ERR_INTERNAL_INTR_RETRY;

            local_resched = sched_unblock(t);
        }
        break;
    }

    // reschedule if the local cpu run queue was modified
    if (local_resched)
        sched_reschedule();

    THREAD_UNLOCK(state);

    kcounter_add(thread_suspend_count, 1);
    return ZX_OK;
}

// Signal an exception on the current thread, to be handled when the
// current syscall exits.  Unlike other signals, this is synchronous, in
// the sense that a thread signals itself.  This exists primarily so that
// we can unwind the stack in order to get the state of userland's
// callee-saved registers at the point where userland invoked the
// syscall.
void thread_signal_policy_exception(void) {
    thread_t* t = get_current_thread();
    THREAD_LOCK(state);
    t->signals |= THREAD_SIGNAL_POLICY_EXCEPTION;
    THREAD_UNLOCK(state);
}

zx_status_t thread_join(thread_t* t, int* retcode, zx_time_t deadline) {
    DEBUG_ASSERT(t->magic == THREAD_MAGIC);

    THREAD_LOCK(state);

    if (t->flags & THREAD_FLAG_DETACHED) {
        // the thread is detached, go ahead and exit
        THREAD_UNLOCK(state);
        return ZX_ERR_BAD_STATE;
    }

    // wait for the thread to die
    if (t->state != THREAD_DEATH) {
        zx_status_t err = wait_queue_block(&t->retcode_wait_queue, deadline);
        if (err < 0) {
            THREAD_UNLOCK(state);
            return err;
        }
    }

    DEBUG_ASSERT(t->magic == THREAD_MAGIC);
    DEBUG_ASSERT(t->state == THREAD_DEATH);
    DEBUG_ASSERT(t->blocking_wait_queue == NULL);
    DEBUG_ASSERT(!list_in_list(&t->queue_node));

    // save the return code
    if (retcode)
        *retcode = t->retcode;

    // remove it from the master thread list
    list_delete(&t->thread_list_node);

    // clear the structure's magic
    t->magic = 0;

    THREAD_UNLOCK(state);

    free_thread_resources(t);

    kcounter_add(thread_join_count, 1);

    return ZX_OK;
}

zx_status_t thread_detach(thread_t* t) {
    DEBUG_ASSERT(t->magic == THREAD_MAGIC);

    THREAD_LOCK(state);

    // if another thread is blocked inside thread_join() on this thread,
    // wake them up with a specific return code
    wait_queue_wake_all(&t->retcode_wait_queue, false, ZX_ERR_BAD_STATE);

    // if it's already dead, then just do what join would have and exit
    if (t->state == THREAD_DEATH) {
        t->flags &= ~THREAD_FLAG_DETACHED; // makes sure thread_join continues
        THREAD_UNLOCK(state);
        return thread_join(t, NULL, 0);
    } else {
        t->flags |= THREAD_FLAG_DETACHED;
        THREAD_UNLOCK(state);
        return ZX_OK;
    }
}

// called back in the DPC worker thread to free the stack and/or the thread structure
// itself for a thread that is exiting on its own.
static void thread_free_dpc(struct dpc* dpc) {
    thread_t* t = (thread_t*)dpc->arg;

    DEBUG_ASSERT(t->magic == THREAD_MAGIC);
    DEBUG_ASSERT(t->state == THREAD_DEATH);

    // grab and release the thread lock, which effectively serializes us with
    // the thread that is queuing itself for destruction.
    THREAD_LOCK(state);
    atomic_signal_fence();
    THREAD_UNLOCK(state);

    free_thread_resources(t);
}

__NO_RETURN static void thread_exit_locked(thread_t* current_thread,
                                           int retcode) TA_REQ(thread_lock) {
    // create a dpc on the stack to queue up a free.
    // must be put at top scope in this function to force the compiler to keep it from
    // reusing the stack before the function exits
    dpc_t free_dpc;

    // enter the dead state
    current_thread->state = THREAD_DEATH;
    current_thread->retcode = retcode;

    // if we're detached, then do our teardown here
    if (current_thread->flags & THREAD_FLAG_DETACHED) {
        // remove it from the master thread list
        list_delete(&current_thread->thread_list_node);

        // if we have to do any freeing of either the stack or the thread structure, queue
        // a dpc to do the cleanup
        if ((current_thread->flags & THREAD_FLAG_FREE_STACK && current_thread->stack) ||
            current_thread->flags & THREAD_FLAG_FREE_STRUCT) {
            free_dpc.func = thread_free_dpc;
            free_dpc.arg = (void*)current_thread;
            dpc_queue_thread_locked(&free_dpc);
        }
    } else {
        // signal if anyone is waiting
        wait_queue_wake_all(&current_thread->retcode_wait_queue, false, 0);
    }

    // reschedule
    sched_resched_internal();

    panic("somehow fell through thread_exit()\n");
}

/**
 * @brief Remove this thread from the scheduler, discarding
 * its execution state.
 *
 * This is almost certainly not the function you want.  In the general case,
 * this is incredibly unsafe.
 *
 * This will free any resources allocated by thread_create.
 */
void thread_forget(thread_t* t) {
    THREAD_LOCK(state);

    __UNUSED thread_t* current_thread = get_current_thread();
    DEBUG_ASSERT(current_thread != t);

    list_delete(&t->thread_list_node);
    THREAD_UNLOCK(state);

    DEBUG_ASSERT(!list_in_list(&t->queue_node));

    free_thread_resources(t);
}

/**
 * @brief  Terminate the current thread
 *
 * Current thread exits with the specified return code.
 *
 * This function does not return.
 */
void thread_exit(int retcode) {
    thread_t* current_thread = get_current_thread();

    DEBUG_ASSERT(current_thread->magic == THREAD_MAGIC);
    DEBUG_ASSERT(current_thread->state == THREAD_RUNNING);
    DEBUG_ASSERT(!thread_is_idle(current_thread));

    invoke_user_callback(current_thread, THREAD_USER_STATE_EXIT);

    THREAD_LOCK(state);

    thread_exit_locked(current_thread, retcode);
}

// kill a thread
void thread_kill(thread_t* t) {
    DEBUG_ASSERT(t->magic == THREAD_MAGIC);

    THREAD_LOCK(state);

    // deliver a signal to the thread.
    // NOTE: it's not important to do this atomically, since we're inside
    // the thread lock, but go ahead and flush it out to memory to avoid the amount
    // of races if another thread is looking at this.
    t->signals |= THREAD_SIGNAL_KILL;
    smp_mb();

    bool local_resched = false;

    // we are killing ourself
    if (t == get_current_thread())
        goto done;

    // general logic is to wake up the thread so it notices it had a signal delivered to it

    switch (t->state) {
    case THREAD_INITIAL:
        // thread hasn't been started yet.
        // not really safe to wake it up, since it's only in this state because it's under
        // construction by the creator thread.
        break;
    case THREAD_READY:
        // thread is ready to run and not blocked or suspended.
        // will wake up and deal with the signal soon.
        // TODO: short circuit if it was blocked from user space
        break;
    case THREAD_RUNNING:
        // thread is running (on another cpu).
        // The following call is not essential.  It just makes the
        // thread termination happen sooner rather than at the next
        // timer interrupt or syscall.
        mp_reschedule(cpu_num_to_mask(t->curr_cpu), 0);
        break;
    case THREAD_SUSPENDED:
        // thread is suspended, resume it so it can get the kill signal
        local_resched = sched_unblock(t);
        break;
    case THREAD_BLOCKED:
        // thread is blocked on something and marked interruptable
        if (t->interruptable)
            wait_queue_unblock_thread(t, ZX_ERR_INTERNAL_INTR_KILLED);
        break;
    case THREAD_SLEEPING:
        // thread is sleeping
        if (t->interruptable) {
            t->blocked_status = ZX_ERR_INTERNAL_INTR_KILLED;

            local_resched = sched_unblock(t);
        }
        break;
    case THREAD_DEATH:
        // thread is already dead
        goto done;
    }

    if (local_resched) {
        // reschedule if the local cpu run queue was modified
        sched_reschedule();
    }

done:
    THREAD_UNLOCK(state);
}

// Sets the cpu affinity mask of a thread to the passed in mask and migrate
// the thread if active.
void thread_set_cpu_affinity(thread_t* t, cpu_mask_t affinity) {
    DEBUG_ASSERT(t->magic == THREAD_MAGIC);

    THREAD_LOCK(state);

    // make sure the passed in mask is valid and at least one cpu can run the thread
    if (affinity & mp_get_active_mask()) {
        // set the affinity mask
        t->cpu_affinity = affinity;

        // let the scheduler deal with it
        sched_migrate(t);
    }

    THREAD_UNLOCK(state);
}

void thread_migrate_to_cpu(const cpu_num_t target_cpu) {
    thread_set_cpu_affinity(get_current_thread(), cpu_num_to_mask(target_cpu));
}

// thread_lock must be held when calling this function.  This function will
// not return if it decides to kill the thread.
static void check_kill_signal(thread_t* current_thread,
                              spin_lock_saved_state_t state) TA_REQ(thread_lock) {
    DEBUG_ASSERT(arch_ints_disabled());
    DEBUG_ASSERT(spin_lock_held(&thread_lock));

    if (current_thread->signals & THREAD_SIGNAL_KILL) {
        // Ensure we don't recurse into thread_exit.
        DEBUG_ASSERT(current_thread->state != THREAD_DEATH);

        THREAD_UNLOCK(state);
        thread_exit(0);
        // Unreachable.
    }
}

// finish suspending the current thread
static void thread_do_suspend(void) {
    thread_t* current_thread = get_current_thread();
    // Note: After calling this callback, we must not return without
    // calling the callback with THREAD_USER_STATE_RESUME.  That is
    // because those callbacks act as barriers which control when it is
    // safe for the zx_thread_read_state()/zx_thread_write_state()
    // syscalls to access the userland register state kept by thread_t.
    invoke_user_callback(current_thread, THREAD_USER_STATE_SUSPEND);

    THREAD_LOCK(state);

    // make sure we haven't been killed while the lock was dropped for the user callback
    check_kill_signal(current_thread, state);

    // Make sure the suspend signal wasn't cleared while we were running the
    // callback.
    if (current_thread->signals & THREAD_SIGNAL_SUSPEND) {
        current_thread->state = THREAD_SUSPENDED;
        current_thread->signals &= ~THREAD_SIGNAL_SUSPEND;

        // directly invoke the context switch, since we've already manipulated this thread's state
        sched_resched_internal();

        // If the thread was killed, we should not allow it to resume.  We
        // shouldn't call user_callback() with THREAD_USER_STATE_RESUME in
        // this case, because there might not have been any request to
        // resume the thread.
        check_kill_signal(current_thread, state);
    }

    THREAD_UNLOCK(state);

    invoke_user_callback(current_thread, THREAD_USER_STATE_RESUME);
}

// check for any pending signals and handle them
void thread_process_pending_signals(void) {
    thread_t* current_thread = get_current_thread();
    if (likely(current_thread->signals == 0))
        return;

    // grab the thread lock so we can safely look at the signal mask
    THREAD_LOCK(state);

    check_kill_signal(current_thread, state);

    // Report exceptions raised by syscalls
    if (current_thread->signals & THREAD_SIGNAL_POLICY_EXCEPTION) {
        current_thread->signals &= ~THREAD_SIGNAL_POLICY_EXCEPTION;
        THREAD_UNLOCK(state);
        zx_status_t status = arch_dispatch_user_policy_exception();
        if (status != ZX_OK) {
            panic("arch_dispatch_user_policy_exception() failed: status=%d\n",
                  status);
        }
        return;
    }

    if (current_thread->signals & THREAD_SIGNAL_SUSPEND) {
        // transition the thread to the suspended state
        DEBUG_ASSERT(current_thread->state == THREAD_RUNNING);
        THREAD_UNLOCK(state);
        thread_do_suspend();
    } else {
        THREAD_UNLOCK(state);
    }
}

/**
 * @brief Yield the cpu to another thread
 *
 * This function places the current thread at the end of the run queue
 * and yields the cpu to another waiting thread (if any.)
 *
 * This function will return at some later time. Possibly immediately if
 * no other threads are waiting to execute.
 */
void thread_yield(void) {
    __UNUSED thread_t* current_thread = get_current_thread();

    DEBUG_ASSERT(current_thread->magic == THREAD_MAGIC);
    DEBUG_ASSERT(current_thread->state == THREAD_RUNNING);
    DEBUG_ASSERT(!arch_in_int_handler());

    THREAD_LOCK(state);

    CPU_STATS_INC(yields);

    sched_yield();

    THREAD_UNLOCK(state);
}

/**
 * @brief Preempt the current thread from an interrupt
 *
 * This function places the current thread at the head of the run
 * queue and then yields the cpu to another thread.
 */
void thread_preempt(void) {
    thread_t* current_thread = get_current_thread();

    DEBUG_ASSERT(current_thread->magic == THREAD_MAGIC);
    DEBUG_ASSERT(current_thread->state == THREAD_RUNNING);
    DEBUG_ASSERT(!arch_in_int_handler());

    if (!thread_is_idle(current_thread)) {
        // only track when a meaningful preempt happens
        CPU_STATS_INC(irq_preempts);
    }

    THREAD_LOCK(state);

    sched_preempt();

    THREAD_UNLOCK(state);
}

/**
 * @brief Reevaluate the run queue on the current cpu.
 *
 * This function places the current thread at the head of the run
 * queue and then yields the cpu to another thread. Similar to
 * thread_preempt, but intended to be used at non interrupt context.
 */
void thread_reschedule(void) {
    thread_t* current_thread = get_current_thread();

    DEBUG_ASSERT(current_thread->magic == THREAD_MAGIC);
    DEBUG_ASSERT(current_thread->state == THREAD_RUNNING);
    DEBUG_ASSERT(!arch_in_int_handler());

    THREAD_LOCK(state);

    sched_reschedule();

    THREAD_UNLOCK(state);
}

void thread_check_preempt_pending(void) {
    thread_t* current_thread = get_current_thread();

    // First check preempt_pending without the expense of taking the lock.
    // At this point, interrupts could be enabled, so an interrupt handler
    // might preempt us and set preempt_pending to false after we read it.
    if (unlikely(current_thread->preempt_pending)) {
        THREAD_LOCK(state);
        // Recheck preempt_pending just in case it got set to false after
        // our earlier check.  Its value now cannot change because
        // interrupts are now disabled.
        if (likely(current_thread->preempt_pending)) {
            // This will set preempt_pending = false for us.
            sched_reschedule();
        }
        THREAD_UNLOCK(state);
    }
}

// timer callback to wake up a sleeping thread
static void thread_sleep_handler(timer_t* timer, zx_time_t now, void* arg) {
    thread_t* t = (thread_t*)arg;

    DEBUG_ASSERT(t->magic == THREAD_MAGIC);

    // spin trylocking on the thread lock since the routine that set up the callback,
    // thread_sleep_etc, may be trying to simultaneously cancel this timer while holding the
    // thread_lock.
    if (timer_trylock_or_cancel(timer, &thread_lock))
        return;

    if (t->state != THREAD_SLEEPING) {
        spin_unlock(&thread_lock);
        return;
    }

    t->blocked_status = ZX_OK;

    // unblock the thread
    if (sched_unblock(t))
        sched_reschedule();

    spin_unlock(&thread_lock);
}

#define MIN_SLEEP_SLACK ZX_USEC(1)
#define MAX_SLEEP_SLACK ZX_SEC(1)
#define DIV_SLEEP_SLACK 10u

// computes the amount of slack the thread_sleep timer will use
static uint64_t sleep_slack(zx_time_t deadline, zx_time_t now) {
    if (deadline < now)
        return MIN_SLEEP_SLACK;
    zx_duration_t slack = (deadline - now) / DIV_SLEEP_SLACK;
    return MAX(MIN_SLEEP_SLACK, MIN(slack, MAX_SLEEP_SLACK));
}

/**
 * @brief  Put thread to sleep; deadline specified in ns
 *
 * This function puts the current thread to sleep until the specified
 * deadline has expired.
 *
 * Note that this function could continue to sleep after the specified deadline
 * if other threads are running.  When the deadline expires, this thread will
 * be placed at the head of the run queue.
 *
 * interruptable argument allows this routine to return early if the thread was signaled
 * for something.
 */
zx_status_t thread_sleep_etc(zx_time_t deadline, bool interruptable) {
    thread_t* current_thread = get_current_thread();
    zx_time_t now = current_time();
    zx_status_t blocked_status;

    DEBUG_ASSERT(current_thread->magic == THREAD_MAGIC);
    DEBUG_ASSERT(current_thread->state == THREAD_RUNNING);
    DEBUG_ASSERT(!thread_is_idle(current_thread));
    DEBUG_ASSERT(!arch_in_int_handler());

    // Skip all of the work if the deadline has already passed.
    if (deadline <= now) {
        return ZX_OK;
    }

    timer_t timer;
    timer_init(&timer);

    THREAD_LOCK(state);

    // if we've been killed and going in interruptable, abort here
    if (interruptable && unlikely((current_thread->signals))) {
        if (current_thread->signals & THREAD_SIGNAL_KILL) {
            blocked_status = ZX_ERR_INTERNAL_INTR_KILLED;
        } else {
            blocked_status = ZX_ERR_INTERNAL_INTR_RETRY;
        }
        goto out;
    }

    // set a one shot timer to wake us up and reschedule
    timer_set(&timer, deadline,
        TIMER_SLACK_LATE, sleep_slack(deadline, now), thread_sleep_handler, current_thread);

    current_thread->state = THREAD_SLEEPING;
    current_thread->blocked_status = ZX_OK;

    current_thread->interruptable = interruptable;
    sched_block();
    current_thread->interruptable = false;

    blocked_status = current_thread->blocked_status;

    // always cancel the timer, since we may be racing with the timer tick on other cpus
    timer_cancel(&timer);

out:
    THREAD_UNLOCK(state);

    return blocked_status;
}

zx_status_t thread_sleep_relative(zx_duration_t delay) {
    if (delay != ZX_TIME_INFINITE) {
        delay += current_time();
    }
    return thread_sleep(delay);
}

/**
 * @brief Return the number of nanoseconds a thread has been running for.
 *
 * This takes the thread_lock to ensure there are no races while calculating the
 * runtime of the thread.
 */
zx_duration_t thread_runtime(const thread_t* t) {
    THREAD_LOCK(state);

    zx_duration_t runtime = t->runtime_ns;
    if (t->state == THREAD_RUNNING) {
        runtime += current_time() - t->last_started_running;
    }

    THREAD_UNLOCK(state);

    return runtime;
}

/**
 * @brief Construct a thread t around the current running state
 *
 * This should be called once per CPU initialization.  It will create
 * a thread that is pinned to the current CPU and running at the
 * highest priority.
 */
void thread_construct_first(thread_t* t, const char* name) {
    DEBUG_ASSERT(arch_ints_disabled());

    cpu_num_t cpu = arch_curr_cpu_num();

    init_thread_struct(t, name);
    t->state = THREAD_RUNNING;
    t->flags = THREAD_FLAG_DETACHED;
    t->signals = 0;
    t->curr_cpu = cpu;
    t->last_cpu = cpu;
    t->cpu_affinity = cpu_num_to_mask(cpu);
    sched_init_thread(t, HIGHEST_PRIORITY);

    arch_thread_construct_first(t);
    set_current_thread(t);

    THREAD_LOCK(state);
    list_add_head(&thread_list, &t->thread_list_node);
    THREAD_UNLOCK(state);
}

/**
 * @brief  Initialize threading system
 *
 * This function is called once, from kmain()
 */
void thread_init_early(void) {
    DEBUG_ASSERT(arch_curr_cpu_num() == 0);

    // create a thread to cover the current running state
    thread_t* t = &percpu[0].idle_thread;
    thread_construct_first(t, "bootstrap");

    sched_init_early();
}

/**
 * @brief Complete thread initialization
 *
 * This function is called once at boot time
 */
void thread_init(void) {
    for (uint i = 0; i < SMP_MAX_CPUS; i++) {
        timer_init(&percpu[i].preempt_timer);
    }
}

/**
 * @brief Change name of current thread
 */
void thread_set_name(const char* name) {
    thread_t* current_thread = get_current_thread();
    strlcpy(current_thread->name, name, sizeof(current_thread->name));
}

/**
 * @brief Set the callback pointer to a function called on user thread state
 *        changes (e.g. exit, suspend, resume)
 */
void thread_set_user_callback(thread_t* t, thread_user_callback_t cb) {
    DEBUG_ASSERT(t->state == THREAD_INITIAL);
    t->user_callback = cb;
}

/**
 * @brief Change priority of current thread
 *
 * See thread_create() for a discussion of priority values.
 */
void thread_set_priority(thread_t* t, int priority) {
    DEBUG_ASSERT(t->magic == THREAD_MAGIC);

    THREAD_LOCK(state);

    if (priority <= IDLE_PRIORITY)
        priority = IDLE_PRIORITY + 1;
    if (priority > HIGHEST_PRIORITY)
        priority = HIGHEST_PRIORITY;

    sched_change_priority(t, priority);

    THREAD_UNLOCK(state);
}

/**
 * @brief  Become an idle thread
 *
 * This function marks the current thread as the idle thread -- the one which
 * executes when there is nothing else to do.  This function does not return.
 * This function is called once at boot time.
 */
void thread_become_idle(void) {
    DEBUG_ASSERT(arch_ints_disabled());

    thread_t* t = get_current_thread();

    char name[16];
    snprintf(name, sizeof(name), "idle %u", arch_curr_cpu_num());
    thread_set_name(name);

    // mark ourself as idle
    t->flags |= THREAD_FLAG_IDLE;
    cpu_num_t curr_cpu = arch_curr_cpu_num();
    t->last_cpu = curr_cpu;
    t->curr_cpu = curr_cpu;
    t->cpu_affinity = cpu_num_to_mask(curr_cpu);
    sched_init_thread(t, IDLE_PRIORITY);

    mp_set_curr_cpu_active(true);
    mp_set_cpu_idle(arch_curr_cpu_num());

    // enable interrupts and start the scheduler
    arch_enable_ints();
    thread_reschedule();

    arch_idle_thread_routine(NULL);
}

/**
 * @brief Create a thread around the current execution context
 */
void thread_secondary_cpu_init_early(thread_t* t) {
    DEBUG_ASSERT(arch_ints_disabled());
    char name[16];
    snprintf(name, sizeof(name), "cpu_init %u", arch_curr_cpu_num());
    thread_construct_first(t, name);
}

void thread_secondary_cpu_entry(void) {
    uint cpu = arch_curr_cpu_num();

    mp_set_curr_cpu_active(true);
    mp_set_cpu_idle(cpu);

    dpc_init_for_cpu();

    // Exit from our bootstrap thread, and enter the scheduler on this cpu
    thread_exit(0);
}

/**
 * @brief Create an idle thread for a secondary CPU
 */
thread_t* thread_create_idle_thread(cpu_num_t cpu_num) {
    DEBUG_ASSERT(cpu_num != 0 && cpu_num < SMP_MAX_CPUS);

    // Shouldn't be initialized yet
    DEBUG_ASSERT(percpu[cpu_num].idle_thread.magic != THREAD_MAGIC);

    char name[16];
    snprintf(name, sizeof(name), "idle %u", cpu_num);

    thread_t* t = thread_create_etc(
        &percpu[cpu_num].idle_thread, name,
        arch_idle_thread_routine, NULL,
        IDLE_PRIORITY,
        NULL, NULL, DEFAULT_STACK_SIZE,
        NULL);
    if (t == NULL) {
        return t;
    }
    t->flags |= THREAD_FLAG_IDLE | THREAD_FLAG_DETACHED;
    t->cpu_affinity = cpu_num_to_mask(cpu_num);

    THREAD_LOCK(state);
    sched_unblock_idle(t);
    THREAD_UNLOCK(state);

    return t;
}

/**
 * @brief Return the name of the "owner" of the thread.
 *
 * Returns "kernel" if there is no owner.
 */

void thread_owner_name(thread_t* t, char out_name[THREAD_NAME_LENGTH]) {
    if (t->user_thread) {
        get_user_thread_process_name(t->user_thread, out_name);
        return;
    }
    memcpy(out_name, "kernel", 7);
}

static const char* thread_state_to_str(enum thread_state state) {
    switch (state) {
    case THREAD_INITIAL:
        return "init";
    case THREAD_SUSPENDED:
        return "susp";
    case THREAD_READY:
        return "rdy";
    case THREAD_RUNNING:
        return "run";
    case THREAD_BLOCKED:
        return "blok";
    case THREAD_SLEEPING:
        return "slep";
    case THREAD_DEATH:
        return "deth";
    default:
        return "unkn";
    }
}

/**
 * @brief  Dump debugging info about the specified thread.
 */
void dump_thread(thread_t* t, bool full_dump) {
    if (t->magic != THREAD_MAGIC) {
        dprintf(INFO, "dump_thread WARNING: thread at %p has bad magic\n", t);
    }

    zx_duration_t runtime = t->runtime_ns;
    if (t->state == THREAD_RUNNING) {
        runtime += current_time() - t->last_started_running;
    }

    char oname[THREAD_NAME_LENGTH];
    thread_owner_name(t, oname);

    if (full_dump) {
        dprintf(INFO, "dump_thread: t %p (%s:%s)\n", t, oname, t->name);
        dprintf(INFO, "\tstate %s, curr/last cpu %d/%d, cpu_affinity %#x, priority %d [%d:%d,%d], "
                      "remaining time slice %" PRIu64 "\n",
                thread_state_to_str(t->state), (int)t->curr_cpu, (int)t->last_cpu, t->cpu_affinity,
                t->effec_priority, t->base_priority,
                t->priority_boost, t->inherited_priority, t->remaining_time_slice);
        dprintf(INFO, "\truntime_ns %" PRIu64 ", runtime_s %" PRIu64 "\n",
                runtime, runtime / 1000000000);
        dprintf(INFO, "\tstack %p, stack_size %zu\n", t->stack, t->stack_size);
        dprintf(INFO, "\tentry %p, arg %p, flags 0x%x %s%s%s%s%s%s\n", t->entry, t->arg, t->flags,
                (t->flags & THREAD_FLAG_DETACHED) ? "Dt" : "",
                (t->flags & THREAD_FLAG_FREE_STACK) ? "Fs" : "",
                (t->flags & THREAD_FLAG_FREE_STRUCT) ? "Ft" : "",
                (t->flags & THREAD_FLAG_REAL_TIME) ? "Rt" : "",
                (t->flags & THREAD_FLAG_IDLE) ? "Id" : "",
                (t->flags & THREAD_FLAG_DEBUG_STACK_BOUNDS_CHECK) ? "Sc" : "");
        dprintf(INFO, "\twait queue %p, blocked_status %d, interruptable %d, mutexes held %d\n",
                t->blocking_wait_queue, t->blocked_status, t->interruptable, t->mutexes_held);
        dprintf(INFO, "\taspace %p\n", t->aspace);
        dprintf(INFO, "\tuser_thread %p, pid %" PRIu64 ", tid %" PRIu64 "\n",
                t->user_thread, t->user_pid, t->user_tid);
        arch_dump_thread(t);
    } else {
        printf("thr %p st %4s m %d pri %2d [%d:%d,%d] pid %" PRIu64 " tid %" PRIu64 " (%s:%s)\n",
               t, thread_state_to_str(t->state), t->mutexes_held, t->effec_priority, t->base_priority,
               t->priority_boost, t->inherited_priority, t->user_pid,
               t->user_tid, oname, t->name);
    }
}

/**
 * @brief  Dump debugging info about all threads
 */
void dump_all_threads(bool full) {
    THREAD_LOCK(state);
    dump_all_threads_locked(full);
    THREAD_UNLOCK(state);
}

void dump_all_threads_locked(bool full) {
    thread_t* t;

    list_for_every_entry (&thread_list, t, thread_t, thread_list_node) {
        if (t->magic != THREAD_MAGIC) {
            dprintf(INFO, "bad magic on thread struct %p, aborting.\n", t);
            hexdump(t, sizeof(thread_t));
            break;
        }
        dump_thread(t, full);
    }
}

void dump_thread_user_tid(uint64_t tid, bool full) {
    THREAD_LOCK(state);
    dump_thread_user_tid_locked(tid, full);
    THREAD_UNLOCK(state);
}

void dump_thread_user_tid_locked(uint64_t tid, bool full) {
    thread_t* t;

    list_for_every_entry (&thread_list, t, thread_t, thread_list_node) {
        if (t->user_tid != tid) {
            continue;
        }

        if (t->magic != THREAD_MAGIC) {
            dprintf(INFO, "bad magic on thread struct %p, aborting.\n", t);
            hexdump(t, sizeof(thread_t));
            break;
        }
        dump_thread(t, full);
    }
}

thread_t* thread_id_to_thread_slow(uint64_t tid) {
    thread_t* t;
    list_for_every_entry (&thread_list, t, thread_t, thread_list_node) {
        if (t->user_tid == tid) {
            return t;
        }
    }

    return NULL;
}

/** @} */

#if WITH_LIB_KTRACE
// Used by ktrace at the start of a trace to ensure that all
// the running threads, processes, and their names are known
void ktrace_report_live_threads(void) {
    thread_t* t;

    THREAD_LOCK(state);
    list_for_every_entry (&thread_list, t, thread_t, thread_list_node) {
        DEBUG_ASSERT(t->magic == THREAD_MAGIC);
        if (t->user_tid) {
            ktrace_name(TAG_THREAD_NAME,
                static_cast<uint32_t>(t->user_tid), static_cast<uint32_t>(t->user_pid), t->name);
        } else {
            ktrace_name(TAG_KTHREAD_NAME,
                static_cast<uint32_t>(reinterpret_cast<uintptr_t>(t)), 0, t->name);
        }
    }
    THREAD_UNLOCK(state);
}
#endif

#define THREAD_BACKTRACE_DEPTH 16
typedef struct thread_backtrace {
    void* pc[THREAD_BACKTRACE_DEPTH];
} thread_backtrace_t;

static zx_status_t thread_read_stack(thread_t* t, void* ptr, void* out, size_t sz) {
    if (!is_kernel_address((uintptr_t)ptr) ||
        (ptr < t->stack) ||
        (ptr > (static_cast<char*>(t->stack) + t->stack_size - sizeof(void*)))) {
        return ZX_ERR_NOT_FOUND;
    }
    memcpy(out, ptr, sz);
    return ZX_OK;
}

static size_t thread_get_backtrace(thread_t* t, void* fp, thread_backtrace_t* tb) {
    // without frame pointers, dont even try
    // the compiler should optimize out the body of all the callers if it's not present
    if (!WITH_FRAME_POINTERS)
        return 0;

    void* pc;
    if (t == NULL) {
        return 0;
    }
    size_t n = 0;
    for (; n < THREAD_BACKTRACE_DEPTH; n++) {
        if (thread_read_stack(t, static_cast<char*>(fp) + 8, &pc, sizeof(void*))) {
            break;
        }
        tb->pc[n] = pc;
        if (thread_read_stack(t, fp, &fp, sizeof(void*))) {
            break;
        }
    }
    return n;
}

static zx_status_t _thread_print_backtrace(thread_t* t, void *fp) {
    if (!t || !fp) {
        return ZX_ERR_BAD_STATE;
    }

    thread_backtrace_t tb;
    size_t count = thread_get_backtrace(t, fp, &tb);
    if (count == 0) {
        return ZX_ERR_BAD_STATE;
    }

    for (size_t n = 0; n < count; n++) {
        printf("bt#%02zu: %p\n", n, tb.pc[n]);
    }
    printf("bt#%02zu: end\n", count);

    return ZX_OK;
}

// print the backtrace of the current thread, at the current spot
void thread_print_current_backtrace(void) {
    _thread_print_backtrace(get_current_thread(), __GET_FRAME(0));
}

// print the backtrace of a passed in thread, if possible
zx_status_t thread_print_backtrace(thread_t* t) {
    // get the starting point if it's in a usable state
    void *fp = NULL;
    switch (t->state) {
        case THREAD_BLOCKED:
        case THREAD_SLEEPING:
        case THREAD_SUSPENDED:
            // thread is blocked, so ask the arch code to get us a starting point
            fp = arch_thread_get_blocked_fp(t);
            break;
        // we can't deal with every other state
        default:
            return ZX_ERR_BAD_STATE;
    }

    return _thread_print_backtrace(t, fp);
}