Auto merge of #117329 - RalfJung:offset-by-zero, r=oli-obk,scottmcm

offset: allow zero-byte offset on arbitrary pointers

As per prior `@rust-lang/opsem` [discussion](https://github.com/rust-lang/opsem-team/issues/10) and [FCP](https://github.com/rust-lang/unsafe-code-guidelines/issues/472#issuecomment-1793409130):

- Zero-sized reads and writes are allowed on all sufficiently aligned pointers, including the null pointer
- Inbounds-offset-by-zero is allowed on all pointers, including the null pointer
- `offset_from` on two pointers derived from the same allocation is always allowed when they have the same address

This removes surprising UB (in particular, even C++ allows "nullptr + 0", which we currently disallow), and it brings us one step closer to an important theoretical property for our semantics ("provenance monotonicity": if operations are valid on bytes without provenance, then adding provenance can't make them invalid).

The minimum LLVM we require (v17) includes https://reviews.llvm.org/D154051, so we can finally implement this.

The `offset_from` change is needed to maintain the equivalence with `offset`: if `let ptr2 = ptr1.offset(N)` is well-defined, then `ptr2.offset_from(ptr1)` should be well-defined and return N. Now consider the case where N is 0 and `ptr1` dangles: we want to still allow offset_from here.

I think we should change offset_from further, but that's a separate discussion.

Fixes https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/issues/65108
[Tracking issue](https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/issues/117945) | [T-lang summary](https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/pull/117329#issuecomment-1951981106)

Cc `@nikic`
tree: b1f63b68a2831b90a56fccdd9230f95f814106bd
  1. .github/
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  3. compiler/
  4. library/
  5. LICENSES/
  6. src/
  7. tests/
  8. .editorconfig
  9. .git-blame-ignore-revs
  10. .gitattributes
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  14. Cargo.lock
  15. Cargo.toml
  16. CODE_OF_CONDUCT.md
  17. config.example.toml
  18. configure
  19. CONTRIBUTING.md
  20. COPYRIGHT
  21. INSTALL.md
  22. LICENSE-APACHE
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  24. README.md
  25. RELEASES.md
  26. rust-bors.toml
  27. rustfmt.toml
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