Rollup merge of #139010 - madsmtm:parse-xcrun-better, r=wesleywiser

Improve `xcrun` error handling

The compiler invokes `xcrun` on macOS when linking Apple targets, to find the Xcode SDK which contain all the necessary linker stubs. The error messages that `xcrun` outputs aren't always that great though, so this PR tries to improve that by providing extra context when an error occurs.

Fixes https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/issues/56829.
Fixes https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/issues/84534.
Part of https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/issues/129432.
See also the alternative https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/pull/131433.

Tested on:
- `x86_64-apple-darwin`, MacBook Pro running Mac OS X 10.12.6
    - With no tooling installed
    - With Xcode 9.2
    - With Xcode 9.2 Commandline Tools
- `aarch64-apple-darwin`, MacBook M2 Pro running macOS 14.7.4
    - With Xcode 13.4.1
    - With Xcode 16.2
    - Inside `nix-shell -p xcbuild` (nixpkgs' `xcrun` shim)
- `aarch64-apple-darwin`, VM running macOS 15.3.1
    - With no tooling installed
    - With Xcode 16.2 Commandline Tools

``@rustbot`` label O-apple
r? compiler
CC ``@BlackHoleFox`` ``@thomcc``
tree: 9fbaa9721d5128cc5df85c9351c3bec2ec0d2507
  1. .github/
  2. compiler/
  3. library/
  4. LICENSES/
  5. src/
  6. tests/
  7. .clang-format
  8. .editorconfig
  9. .git-blame-ignore-revs
  10. .gitattributes
  11. .gitignore
  12. .gitmodules
  13. .ignore
  14. .mailmap
  15. bootstrap.example.toml
  16. Cargo.lock
  17. Cargo.toml
  18. CODE_OF_CONDUCT.md
  19. configure
  20. CONTRIBUTING.md
  21. COPYRIGHT
  22. INSTALL.md
  23. LICENSE-APACHE
  24. license-metadata.json
  25. LICENSE-MIT
  26. README.md
  27. RELEASES.md
  28. REUSE.toml
  29. rust-bors.toml
  30. rustfmt.toml
  31. triagebot.toml
  32. x
  33. x.ps1
  34. x.py
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