| // Copyright 2013-2017 The Rust Project Developers. See the COPYRIGHT |
| // file at the top-level directory of this distribution and at |
| // https://rust-lang.org/COPYRIGHT. |
| // |
| // Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 <LICENSE-APACHE or |
| // https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0> or the MIT license |
| // <LICENSE-MIT or https://opensource.org/licenses/MIT>, at your |
| // option. This file may not be copied, modified, or distributed |
| // except according to those terms. |
| |
| //! Utilities for random number generation |
| //! |
| //! ## Example |
| //! |
| //! ```rust |
| //! // Rng is the main trait and needs to be imported: |
| //! use rand::{Rng, thread_rng}; |
| //! |
| //! // thread_rng is often the most convenient source of randomness: |
| //! let mut rng = rand::thread_rng(); |
| //! if rng.gen() { // random bool |
| //! let x: f64 = rng.gen(); // random number in range (0, 1) |
| //! println!("x is: {}", x); |
| //! println!("Number from 0 to 9: {}", rng.gen_range(0, 10)); |
| //! } |
| //! ``` |
| //! |
| //! The key function is [`Rng::gen()`]. It is polymorphic and so can be used to |
| //! generate many types; the [`Uniform`] distribution carries the |
| //! implementations. In some cases type annotation is required, e.g. |
| //! `rng.gen::<f64>()`. |
| //! |
| //! # Getting random values |
| //! |
| //! The most convenient source of randomness is likely [`thread_rng`], which |
| //! automatically initialises a fast algorithmic generator on first use per |
| //! thread with thread-local storage. |
| //! |
| //! If one wants to obtain random data directly from an external source it is |
| //! recommended to use [`EntropyRng`] which manages multiple available sources |
| //! or [`OsRng`] which retrieves random data directly from the OS. It should be |
| //! noted that this is significantly slower than using a local generator like |
| //! [`thread_rng`] and potentially much slower if [`EntropyRng`] must fall back to |
| //! [`JitterRng`] as a source. |
| //! |
| //! It is also common to use an algorithmic generator in local memory; this may |
| //! be faster than `thread_rng` and provides more control. In this case |
| //! [`StdRng`] — the generator behind [`thread_rng`] — and [`SmallRng`] — a |
| //! small, fast, weak generator — are good choices; more options can be found in |
| //! the [`prng`] module as well as in other crates. |
| //! |
| //! Local generators need to be seeded. It is recommended to use [`NewRng`] or |
| //! to seed from a strong parent generator with [`from_rng`]: |
| //! |
| //! ``` |
| //! // seed with fresh entropy: |
| //! use rand::{StdRng, NewRng}; |
| //! let mut rng = StdRng::new(); |
| //! |
| //! // seed from thread_rng: |
| //! use rand::{SmallRng, SeedableRng, thread_rng}; |
| //! let mut rng = SmallRng::from_rng(thread_rng()); |
| //! ``` |
| //! |
| //! In case you specifically want to have a reproducible stream of "random" |
| //! data (e.g. to procedurally generate a game world), select a named algorithm |
| //! (i.e. not [`StdRng`]/[`SmallRng`] which may be adjusted in the future), and |
| //! use [`SeedableRng::from_seed`] or a constructor specific to the generator |
| //! (e.g. [`IsaacRng::new_from_u64`]). |
| //! |
| //! # Applying / converting random data |
| //! |
| //! The [`RngCore`] trait allows generators to implement a common interface for |
| //! retrieving random data, but how should you use this? Typically users should |
| //! use the [`Rng`] trait not [`RngCore`]; this provides more flexible ways to |
| //! access the same data (e.g. `gen()` can output many more types than |
| //! `next_u32()` and `next_u64()`; Rust's optimiser should eliminate any |
| //! overhead). It also provides several useful algorithms, |
| //! e.g. `gen_bool(p)` to generate events with weighted probability and |
| //! `shuffle(&mut v[..])` to randomly-order a vector. |
| //! |
| //! The [`distributions`] module provides several more ways to convert random |
| //! data to useful values, e.g. time of decay is often modelled with an |
| //! exponential distribution, and the log-normal distribution provides a good |
| //! model of many natural phenomona. |
| //! |
| //! The [`seq`] module has a few tools applicable to sliceable or iterable data. |
| //! |
| //! # Cryptographic security |
| //! |
| //! Security analysis requires a threat model and expert review; we can provide |
| //! neither, but can provide some guidance. We assume that the goal is to |
| //! obtain secret random data and that some source of secrets ("entropy") is |
| //! available; that is, [`EntropyRng`] is functional. |
| //! |
| //! Potential threat: is the entropy source secure? The primary entropy source |
| //! is [`OsRng`] which is simply a wrapper around the platform's native "secure |
| //! entropy source"; usually this is available (outside of embedded platforms) |
| //! and usually you can trust this (some caveats may apply; see [`OsRng`] doc). |
| //! The fallback source used by [`EntropyRng`] is [`JitterRng`] which runs extensive |
| //! tests on the quality of the CPU timer and is conservative in its estimates |
| //! of the entropy harvested from each time sample; this makes it slow but very |
| //! strong. Using [`EntropyRng`] directly should therefore be secure; the main |
| //! reason not to is performance, which is why many applications use local |
| //! algorithmic generators. |
| //! |
| //! Potential threat: are algorithmic generators predictable? Certainly some |
| //! are; algorithmic generators fall broadly into two categories: those using a |
| //! small amount of state (e.g. one to four 32- or 64-bit words) designed for |
| //! non-security applications and those designed to be secure, typically with |
| //! much larger state space and complex initialisation. The former should not be |
| //! trusted to be secure, the latter may or may not have known weaknesses or |
| //! may even have been proven secure under a specified adversarial model. We |
| //! provide some notes on the security of the cryptographic algorithmic |
| //! generators provided by this crate, [`Hc128Rng`] and [`ChaChaRng`]. Note that |
| //! previously [`IsaacRng`] and [`Isaac64Rng`] were used as "reasonably strong |
| //! generators"; these have no known weaknesses but also have no proofs of |
| //! security, thus are not recommended for cryptographic uses. |
| //! |
| //! Potential threat: could the internal state of a cryptographic generator be |
| //! leaked? This falls under the topic of "side channel attacks", and multiple |
| //! variants are possible: the state of the generators being accidentally |
| //! printed in log files or some other application output, the process's memory |
| //! being copied somehow, the process being forked and both sub-processes |
| //! outputting the same random sequence but such that one of those can be read; |
| //! likely some other side-channel attacks are possible in some circumstances. |
| //! It is typically impossible to prove immunity to all side-channel attacks, |
| //! however some mitigation of known threats is usually possible, for example |
| //! all generators implemented in this crate have a custom `Debug` |
| //! implementation omitting all internal state, and [`ReseedingRng`] allows |
| //! periodic reseeding such that a long-running process with leaked generator |
| //! state should eventually recover to an unknown state. In the future we plan |
| //! to add further mitigations; see issue #314. |
| //! |
| //! We provide the [`CryptoRng`] marker trait as an indication of which random |
| //! generators/sources may be used for cryptographic applications; this should |
| //! be considered advisory only does not imply any protection against |
| //! side-channel attacks. |
| //! |
| //! # Examples |
| //! |
| //! For some inspiration, see the examples: |
| //! |
| //! * [Monte Carlo estimation of π]( |
| //! https://github.com/rust-lang-nursery/rand/blob/master/examples/monte-carlo.rs) |
| //! * [Monty Hall Problem]( |
| //! https://github.com/rust-lang-nursery/rand/blob/master/examples/monty-hall.rs) |
| //! |
| //! [`Rng`]: trait.Rng.html |
| //! [`Rng::gen()`]: trait.Rng.html#method.gen |
| //! [`RngCore`]: trait.RngCore.html |
| //! [`NewRng`]: trait.NewRng.html |
| //! [`SeedableRng::from_seed`]: trait.SeedableRng.html#tymethod.from_seed |
| //! [`from_rng`]: trait.SeedableRng.html#method.from_rng |
| //! [`CryptoRng`]: trait.CryptoRng.html |
| //! [`thread_rng`]: fn.thread_rng.html |
| //! [`EntropyRng`]: struct.EntropyRng.html |
| //! [`OsRng`]: os/struct.OsRng.html |
| //! [`JitterRng`]: jitter/struct.JitterRng.html |
| //! [`StdRng`]: struct.StdRng.html |
| //! [`SmallRng`]: struct.SmallRng.html |
| //! [`ReseedingRng`]: reseeding/struct.ReseedingRng.html |
| //! [`prng`]: prng/index.html |
| //! [`IsaacRng::new_from_u64`]: struct.IsaacRng.html#method.new_from_u64 |
| //! [`Hc128Rng`]: prng/hc128/struct.Hc128Rng.html |
| //! [`ChaChaRng`]: prng/chacha/struct.ChaChaRng.html |
| //! [`IsaacRng`]: prng/struct.IsaacRng.html |
| //! [`Isaac64Rng`]: prng/struct.Isaac64Rng.html |
| //! [`seq`]: seq/index.html |
| //! [`distributions`]: distributions/index.html |
| //! [`Uniform`]: distributions/struct.Uniform.html |
| |
| #![doc(html_logo_url = "https://www.rust-lang.org/logos/rust-logo-128x128-blk.png", |
| html_favicon_url = "https://www.rust-lang.org/favicon.ico", |
| html_root_url = "https://docs.rs/rand/0.5")] |
| |
| #![deny(missing_debug_implementations)] |
| |
| #![cfg_attr(not(feature="std"), no_std)] |
| #![cfg_attr(all(feature="alloc", not(feature="std")), feature(alloc))] |
| #![cfg_attr(feature = "i128_support", feature(i128_type, i128))] |
| #![cfg_attr(feature = "stdweb", recursion_limit="128")] |
| |
| #[cfg(feature="std")] extern crate std as core; |
| #[cfg(all(feature = "alloc", not(feature="std")))] extern crate alloc; |
| |
| #[cfg(test)] #[cfg(feature="serde-1")] extern crate bincode; |
| #[cfg(feature="serde-1")] extern crate serde; |
| #[cfg(feature="serde-1")] #[macro_use] extern crate serde_derive; |
| |
| #[cfg(feature = "stdweb")] |
| #[macro_use] |
| extern crate stdweb; |
| |
| extern crate rand_core; |
| |
| #[cfg(feature = "log")] #[macro_use] extern crate log; |
| #[cfg(not(feature = "log"))] macro_rules! trace { ($($x:tt)*) => () } |
| #[cfg(not(feature = "log"))] macro_rules! debug { ($($x:tt)*) => () } |
| #[cfg(all(feature="std", not(feature = "log")))] macro_rules! info { ($($x:tt)*) => () } |
| #[cfg(not(feature = "log"))] macro_rules! warn { ($($x:tt)*) => () } |
| #[cfg(all(feature="std", not(feature = "log")))] macro_rules! error { ($($x:tt)*) => () } |
| |
| |
| use core::{marker, mem, slice}; |
| |
| // re-exports from rand_core |
| pub use rand_core::{RngCore, BlockRngCore, CryptoRng, SeedableRng}; |
| pub use rand_core::{ErrorKind, Error}; |
| |
| // external rngs |
| pub use jitter::JitterRng; |
| #[cfg(feature="std")] pub use os::OsRng; |
| |
| // pseudo rngs |
| pub mod prng; |
| pub use isaac::{IsaacRng, Isaac64Rng}; |
| pub use chacha::ChaChaRng; |
| pub use prng::XorShiftRng; |
| pub use prng::Hc128Rng; |
| |
| // convenience and derived rngs |
| #[cfg(feature="std")] pub use entropy_rng::EntropyRng; |
| #[cfg(feature="std")] pub use thread_rng::{ThreadRng, thread_rng}; |
| #[cfg(feature="std")] #[allow(deprecated)] pub use thread_rng::random; |
| |
| use distributions::{Distribution, Uniform, Range}; |
| use distributions::range::SampleRange; |
| |
| // public modules |
| pub mod distributions; |
| pub mod jitter; |
| pub mod mock; |
| #[cfg(feature="std")] pub mod os; |
| #[cfg(feature="std")] pub mod read; |
| pub mod reseeding; |
| #[cfg(feature = "alloc")] pub mod seq; |
| |
| // These tiny modules are here to avoid API breakage, probably only temporarily |
| pub mod chacha { |
| //! The ChaCha random number generator. |
| pub use prng::ChaChaRng; |
| } |
| pub mod isaac { |
| //! The ISAAC random number generator. |
| pub use prng::{IsaacRng, Isaac64Rng}; |
| } |
| |
| // private modules |
| #[cfg(feature="std")] mod entropy_rng; |
| #[cfg(feature="std")] mod thread_rng; |
| |
| |
| /// A type that can be randomly generated using an `Rng`. |
| /// |
| /// This is merely an adaptor around the [`Uniform`] distribution for |
| /// convenience and backwards-compatibility. |
| /// |
| /// [`Uniform`]: distributions/struct.Uniform.html |
| #[deprecated(since="0.5.0", note="replaced by distributions::Uniform")] |
| pub trait Rand : Sized { |
| /// Generates a random instance of this type using the specified source of |
| /// randomness. |
| fn rand<R: Rng>(rng: &mut R) -> Self; |
| } |
| |
| /// An automatically-implemented extension trait on [`RngCore`] providing high-level |
| /// generic methods for sampling values and other convenience methods. |
| /// |
| /// This is the primary trait to use when generating random values. |
| /// |
| /// # Generic usage |
| /// |
| /// The basic pattern is `fn foo<R: Rng + ?Sized>(rng: &mut R)`. Some |
| /// things are worth noting here: |
| /// |
| /// - Since `Rng: RngCore` and every `RngCore` implements `Rng`, it makes no |
| /// difference whether we use `R: Rng` or `R: RngCore`. |
| /// - The `+ ?Sized` un-bounding allows functions to be called directly on |
| /// type-erased references; i.e. `foo(r)` where `r: &mut RngCore`. Without |
| /// this it would be necessary to write `foo(&mut r)`. |
| /// |
| /// An alternative pattern is possible: `fn foo<R: Rng>(rng: R)`. This has some |
| /// trade-offs. It allows the argument to be consumed directly without a `&mut` |
| /// (which is how `from_rng(thread_rng())` works); also it still works directly |
| /// on references (including type-erased references). Unfortunately within the |
| /// function `foo` it is not known whether `rng` is a reference type or not, |
| /// hence many uses of `rng` require an extra reference, either explicitly |
| /// (`distr.sample(&mut rng)`) or implicitly (`rng.gen()`); one may hope the |
| /// optimiser can remove redundant references later. |
| /// |
| /// Example: |
| /// |
| /// ```rust |
| /// use rand::Rng; |
| /// |
| /// fn foo<R: Rng + ?Sized>(rng: &mut R) -> f32 { |
| /// rng.gen() |
| /// } |
| /// ``` |
| /// |
| /// # Iteration |
| /// |
| /// Iteration over an `Rng` can be achieved using `iter::repeat` as follows: |
| /// |
| /// ```rust |
| /// use std::iter; |
| /// use rand::{Rng, thread_rng}; |
| /// use rand::distributions::{Alphanumeric, Range}; |
| /// |
| /// let mut rng = thread_rng(); |
| /// |
| /// // Vec of 16 x f32: |
| /// let v: Vec<f32> = iter::repeat(()).map(|()| rng.gen()).take(16).collect(); |
| /// |
| /// // String: |
| /// let s: String = iter::repeat(()) |
| /// .map(|()| rng.sample(Alphanumeric)) |
| /// .take(7).collect(); |
| /// |
| /// // Dice-rolling: |
| /// let die_range = Range::new_inclusive(1, 6); |
| /// let mut roll_die = iter::repeat(()).map(|()| rng.sample(die_range)); |
| /// while roll_die.next().unwrap() != 6 { |
| /// println!("Not a 6; rolling again!"); |
| /// } |
| /// ``` |
| /// |
| /// [`RngCore`]: https://docs.rs/rand_core/0.1/rand_core/trait.RngCore.html |
| pub trait Rng: RngCore { |
| /// Fill `dest` entirely with random bytes (uniform value distribution), |
| /// where `dest` is any type supporting [`AsByteSliceMut`], namely slices |
| /// and arrays over primitive integer types (`i8`, `i16`, `u32`, etc.). |
| /// |
| /// On big-endian platforms this performs byte-swapping to ensure |
| /// portability of results from reproducible generators. |
| /// |
| /// This uses [`fill_bytes`] internally which may handle some RNG errors |
| /// implicitly (e.g. waiting if the OS generator is not ready), but panics |
| /// on other errors. See also [`try_fill`] which returns errors. |
| /// |
| /// # Example |
| /// |
| /// ```rust |
| /// use rand::{thread_rng, Rng}; |
| /// |
| /// let mut arr = [0i8; 20]; |
| /// thread_rng().try_fill(&mut arr[..]); |
| /// ``` |
| /// |
| /// [`fill_bytes`]: https://docs.rs/rand_core/0.1/rand_core/trait.RngCore.html#method.fill_bytes |
| /// [`try_fill`]: trait.Rng.html#method.try_fill |
| /// [`AsByteSliceMut`]: trait.AsByteSliceMut.html |
| fn fill<T: AsByteSliceMut + ?Sized>(&mut self, dest: &mut T) { |
| self.fill_bytes(dest.as_byte_slice_mut()); |
| dest.to_le(); |
| } |
| |
| /// Fill `dest` entirely with random bytes (uniform value distribution), |
| /// where `dest` is any type supporting [`AsByteSliceMut`], namely slices |
| /// and arrays over primitive integer types (`i8`, `i16`, `u32`, etc.). |
| /// |
| /// On big-endian platforms this performs byte-swapping to ensure |
| /// portability of results from reproducible generators. |
| /// |
| /// This uses [`try_fill_bytes`] internally and forwards all RNG errors. In |
| /// some cases errors may be resolvable; see [`ErrorKind`] and |
| /// documentation for the RNG in use. If you do not plan to handle these |
| /// errors you may prefer to use [`fill`]. |
| /// |
| /// # Example |
| /// |
| /// ```rust |
| /// # use rand::Error; |
| /// use rand::{thread_rng, Rng}; |
| /// |
| /// # fn try_inner() -> Result<(), Error> { |
| /// let mut arr = [0u64; 4]; |
| /// thread_rng().try_fill(&mut arr[..])?; |
| /// # Ok(()) |
| /// # } |
| /// |
| /// # try_inner().unwrap() |
| /// ``` |
| /// |
| /// [`ErrorKind`]: https://docs.rs/rand_core/0.1/rand_core/enum.ErrorKind.html |
| /// [`try_fill_bytes`]: https://docs.rs/rand_core/0.1/rand_core/trait.RngCore.html#method.try_fill_bytes |
| /// [`fill`]: trait.Rng.html#method.fill |
| /// [`AsByteSliceMut`]: trait.AsByteSliceMut.html |
| fn try_fill<T: AsByteSliceMut + ?Sized>(&mut self, dest: &mut T) -> Result<(), Error> { |
| self.try_fill_bytes(dest.as_byte_slice_mut())?; |
| dest.to_le(); |
| Ok(()) |
| } |
| |
| /// Sample a new value, using the given distribution. |
| /// |
| /// ### Example |
| /// |
| /// ```rust |
| /// use rand::{thread_rng, Rng}; |
| /// use rand::distributions::Range; |
| /// |
| /// let mut rng = thread_rng(); |
| /// let x: i32 = rng.sample(Range::new(10, 15)); |
| /// ``` |
| fn sample<T, D: Distribution<T>>(&mut self, distr: D) -> T { |
| distr.sample(self) |
| } |
| |
| /// Return a random value supporting the [`Uniform`] distribution. |
| /// |
| /// [`Uniform`]: struct.Uniform.html |
| /// |
| /// # Example |
| /// |
| /// ```rust |
| /// use rand::{thread_rng, Rng}; |
| /// |
| /// let mut rng = thread_rng(); |
| /// let x: u32 = rng.gen(); |
| /// println!("{}", x); |
| /// println!("{:?}", rng.gen::<(f64, bool)>()); |
| /// ``` |
| #[inline(always)] |
| fn gen<T>(&mut self) -> T where Uniform: Distribution<T> { |
| Uniform.sample(self) |
| } |
| |
| /// Return an iterator that will yield an infinite number of randomly |
| /// generated items. |
| /// |
| /// # Example |
| /// |
| /// ``` |
| /// use rand::{thread_rng, Rng}; |
| /// |
| /// let mut rng = thread_rng(); |
| /// let x = rng.gen_iter::<u32>().take(10).collect::<Vec<u32>>(); |
| /// println!("{:?}", x); |
| /// println!("{:?}", rng.gen_iter::<(f64, bool)>().take(5) |
| /// .collect::<Vec<(f64, bool)>>()); |
| /// ``` |
| #[allow(deprecated)] |
| #[deprecated(since="0.5.0", note="use iter::repeat instead")] |
| fn gen_iter<T>(&mut self) -> Generator<T, &mut Self> where Uniform: Distribution<T> { |
| Generator { rng: self, _marker: marker::PhantomData } |
| } |
| |
| /// Generate a random value in the range [`low`, `high`), i.e. inclusive of |
| /// `low` and exclusive of `high`. |
| /// |
| /// This is a convenience wrapper around |
| /// `distributions::Range`. If this function will be called |
| /// repeatedly with the same arguments, one should use `Range`, as |
| /// that will amortize the computations that allow for perfect |
| /// uniformity, as they only happen when constructing the `Range`. |
| /// |
| /// # Panics |
| /// |
| /// Panics if `low >= high`. |
| /// |
| /// # Example |
| /// |
| /// ```rust |
| /// use rand::{thread_rng, Rng}; |
| /// |
| /// let mut rng = thread_rng(); |
| /// let n: u32 = rng.gen_range(0, 10); |
| /// println!("{}", n); |
| /// let m: f64 = rng.gen_range(-40.0f64, 1.3e5f64); |
| /// println!("{}", m); |
| /// ``` |
| fn gen_range<T: PartialOrd + SampleRange>(&mut self, low: T, high: T) -> T { |
| Range::sample_single(low, high, self) |
| } |
| |
| /// Return a bool with a 1 in n chance of true |
| /// |
| /// # Example |
| /// |
| /// ```rust |
| /// #[allow(deprecated)] |
| /// use rand::{thread_rng, Rng}; |
| /// |
| /// let mut rng = thread_rng(); |
| /// assert_eq!(rng.gen_weighted_bool(0), true); |
| /// assert_eq!(rng.gen_weighted_bool(1), true); |
| /// // Just like `rng.gen::<bool>()` a 50-50% chance, but using a slower |
| /// // method with different results. |
| /// println!("{}", rng.gen_weighted_bool(2)); |
| /// // First meaningful use of `gen_weighted_bool`. |
| /// println!("{}", rng.gen_weighted_bool(3)); |
| /// ``` |
| #[deprecated(since="0.5.0", note="use gen_bool instead")] |
| fn gen_weighted_bool(&mut self, n: u32) -> bool { |
| // Short-circuit after `n <= 1` to avoid panic in `gen_range` |
| n <= 1 || self.gen_range(0, n) == 0 |
| } |
| |
| /// Return a bool with a probability `p` of being true. |
| /// |
| /// # Example |
| /// |
| /// ```rust |
| /// use rand::{thread_rng, Rng}; |
| /// |
| /// let mut rng = thread_rng(); |
| /// println!("{}", rng.gen_bool(1.0 / 3.0)); |
| /// ``` |
| fn gen_bool(&mut self, p: f64) -> bool { |
| assert!(p >= 0.0 && p <= 1.0); |
| // If `p` is constant, this will be evaluated at compile-time. |
| let p_int = (p * core::u32::MAX as f64) as u32; |
| self.gen::<u32>() <= p_int |
| } |
| |
| /// Return an iterator of random characters from the set A-Z,a-z,0-9. |
| /// |
| /// # Example |
| /// |
| /// ```rust |
| /// #[allow(deprecated)] |
| /// use rand::{thread_rng, Rng}; |
| /// |
| /// let s: String = thread_rng().gen_ascii_chars().take(10).collect(); |
| /// println!("{}", s); |
| /// ``` |
| #[allow(deprecated)] |
| #[deprecated(since="0.5.0", note="use distributions::Alphanumeric instead")] |
| fn gen_ascii_chars(&mut self) -> AsciiGenerator<&mut Self> { |
| AsciiGenerator { rng: self } |
| } |
| |
| /// Return a random element from `values`. |
| /// |
| /// Return `None` if `values` is empty. |
| /// |
| /// # Example |
| /// |
| /// ``` |
| /// use rand::{thread_rng, Rng}; |
| /// |
| /// let choices = [1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32]; |
| /// let mut rng = thread_rng(); |
| /// println!("{:?}", rng.choose(&choices)); |
| /// assert_eq!(rng.choose(&choices[..0]), None); |
| /// ``` |
| fn choose<'a, T>(&mut self, values: &'a [T]) -> Option<&'a T> { |
| if values.is_empty() { |
| None |
| } else { |
| Some(&values[self.gen_range(0, values.len())]) |
| } |
| } |
| |
| /// Return a mutable pointer to a random element from `values`. |
| /// |
| /// Return `None` if `values` is empty. |
| fn choose_mut<'a, T>(&mut self, values: &'a mut [T]) -> Option<&'a mut T> { |
| if values.is_empty() { |
| None |
| } else { |
| let len = values.len(); |
| Some(&mut values[self.gen_range(0, len)]) |
| } |
| } |
| |
| /// Shuffle a mutable slice in place. |
| /// |
| /// This applies Durstenfeld's algorithm for the [Fisher–Yates shuffle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fisher%E2%80%93Yates_shuffle#The_modern_algorithm) |
| /// which produces an unbiased permutation. |
| /// |
| /// # Example |
| /// |
| /// ```rust |
| /// use rand::{thread_rng, Rng}; |
| /// |
| /// let mut rng = thread_rng(); |
| /// let mut y = [1, 2, 3]; |
| /// rng.shuffle(&mut y); |
| /// println!("{:?}", y); |
| /// rng.shuffle(&mut y); |
| /// println!("{:?}", y); |
| /// ``` |
| fn shuffle<T>(&mut self, values: &mut [T]) { |
| let mut i = values.len(); |
| while i >= 2 { |
| // invariant: elements with index >= i have been locked in place. |
| i -= 1; |
| // lock element i in place. |
| values.swap(i, self.gen_range(0, i + 1)); |
| } |
| } |
| } |
| |
| impl<R: RngCore + ?Sized> Rng for R {} |
| |
| /// Trait for casting types to byte slices |
| /// |
| /// This is used by the [`fill`] and [`try_fill`] methods. |
| /// |
| /// [`fill`]: trait.Rng.html#method.fill |
| /// [`try_fill`]: trait.Rng.html#method.try_fill |
| pub trait AsByteSliceMut { |
| /// Return a mutable reference to self as a byte slice |
| fn as_byte_slice_mut<'a>(&'a mut self) -> &'a mut [u8]; |
| |
| /// Call `to_le` on each element (i.e. byte-swap on Big Endian platforms). |
| fn to_le(&mut self); |
| } |
| |
| impl AsByteSliceMut for [u8] { |
| fn as_byte_slice_mut<'a>(&'a mut self) -> &'a mut [u8] { |
| self |
| } |
| |
| fn to_le(&mut self) {} |
| } |
| |
| macro_rules! impl_as_byte_slice { |
| ($t:ty) => { |
| impl AsByteSliceMut for [$t] { |
| fn as_byte_slice_mut<'a>(&'a mut self) -> &'a mut [u8] { |
| unsafe { |
| slice::from_raw_parts_mut(&mut self[0] |
| as *mut $t |
| as *mut u8, |
| self.len() * mem::size_of::<$t>() |
| ) |
| } |
| } |
| |
| fn to_le(&mut self) { |
| for x in self { |
| *x = x.to_le(); |
| } |
| } |
| } |
| } |
| } |
| |
| impl_as_byte_slice!(u16); |
| impl_as_byte_slice!(u32); |
| impl_as_byte_slice!(u64); |
| #[cfg(feature="i128_support")] impl_as_byte_slice!(u128); |
| impl_as_byte_slice!(usize); |
| impl_as_byte_slice!(i8); |
| impl_as_byte_slice!(i16); |
| impl_as_byte_slice!(i32); |
| impl_as_byte_slice!(i64); |
| #[cfg(feature="i128_support")] impl_as_byte_slice!(i128); |
| impl_as_byte_slice!(isize); |
| |
| macro_rules! impl_as_byte_slice_arrays { |
| ($n:expr,) => {}; |
| ($n:expr, $N:ident, $($NN:ident,)*) => { |
| impl_as_byte_slice_arrays!($n - 1, $($NN,)*); |
| |
| impl<T> AsByteSliceMut for [T; $n] where [T]: AsByteSliceMut { |
| fn as_byte_slice_mut<'a>(&'a mut self) -> &'a mut [u8] { |
| self[..].as_byte_slice_mut() |
| } |
| |
| fn to_le(&mut self) { |
| self[..].to_le() |
| } |
| } |
| }; |
| } |
| impl_as_byte_slice_arrays!(32, N,N,N,N,N,N,N,N,N,N,N,N,N,N,N,N,N,N,N,N,N,N,N,N,N,N,N,N,N,N,N,N,); |
| |
| /// Iterator which will generate a stream of random items. |
| /// |
| /// This iterator is created via the [`gen_iter`] method on [`Rng`]. |
| /// |
| /// [`gen_iter`]: trait.Rng.html#method.gen_iter |
| /// [`Rng`]: trait.Rng.html |
| #[derive(Debug)] |
| #[allow(deprecated)] |
| #[deprecated(since="0.5.0", note="use iter::repeat instead")] |
| pub struct Generator<T, R: RngCore> { |
| rng: R, |
| _marker: marker::PhantomData<fn() -> T>, |
| } |
| |
| #[allow(deprecated)] |
| impl<T, R: RngCore> Iterator for Generator<T, R> where Uniform: Distribution<T> { |
| type Item = T; |
| |
| fn next(&mut self) -> Option<T> { |
| Some(self.rng.gen()) |
| } |
| } |
| |
| /// Iterator which will continuously generate random ascii characters. |
| /// |
| /// This iterator is created via the [`gen_ascii_chars`] method on [`Rng`]. |
| /// |
| /// [`gen_ascii_chars`]: trait.Rng.html#method.gen_ascii_chars |
| /// [`Rng`]: trait.Rng.html |
| #[derive(Debug)] |
| #[allow(deprecated)] |
| #[deprecated(since="0.5.0", note="use distributions::Alphanumeric instead")] |
| pub struct AsciiGenerator<R: RngCore> { |
| rng: R, |
| } |
| |
| #[allow(deprecated)] |
| impl<R: RngCore> Iterator for AsciiGenerator<R> { |
| type Item = char; |
| |
| fn next(&mut self) -> Option<char> { |
| const GEN_ASCII_STR_CHARSET: &'static [u8] = |
| b"ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ\ |
| abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz\ |
| 0123456789"; |
| Some(*self.rng.choose(GEN_ASCII_STR_CHARSET).unwrap() as char) |
| } |
| } |
| |
| |
| /// A convenient way to seed new algorithmic generators with fresh entropy from |
| /// `EntropyRng`. |
| /// |
| /// This is the recommended way to create PRNGs, unless a deterministic seed is |
| /// desired (in which case [`SeedableRng::from_seed`] should be used). |
| /// |
| /// Note: this trait is automatically implemented for any PRNG implementing |
| /// [`SeedableRng`] and is not intended to be implemented by users. |
| /// |
| /// ## Example |
| /// |
| /// ``` |
| /// use rand::{StdRng, Rng, NewRng}; |
| /// |
| /// let mut rng = StdRng::new(); |
| /// println!("Random die roll: {}", rng.gen_range(1, 7)); |
| /// ``` |
| /// |
| /// [`SeedableRng`]: https://docs.rs/rand_core/0.1/rand_core/trait.SeedableRng.html |
| /// [`SeedableRng::from_seed`]: https://docs.rs/rand_core/0.1/rand_core/trait.SeedableRng.html#tymethod.from_seed |
| #[cfg(feature="std")] |
| pub trait NewRng: SeedableRng { |
| /// Creates a new instance, automatically seeded with fresh entropy. |
| /// |
| /// Normally this will use `OsRng`, but if that fails `JitterRng` will be |
| /// used instead. Both should be suitable for cryptography. It is possible |
| /// that both entropy sources will fail though unlikely; failures would |
| /// almost certainly be platform limitations or build issues, i.e. most |
| /// applications targetting PC/mobile platforms should not need to worry |
| /// about this failing. |
| /// |
| /// If all entropy sources fail this will panic. If you need to handle |
| /// errors, use the following code, equivalent aside from error handling: |
| /// |
| /// ```rust |
| /// use rand::{Rng, StdRng, EntropyRng, SeedableRng, Error}; |
| /// |
| /// fn foo() -> Result<(), Error> { |
| /// // This uses StdRng, but is valid for any R: SeedableRng |
| /// let mut rng = StdRng::from_rng(EntropyRng::new())?; |
| /// |
| /// println!("random number: {}", rng.gen_range(1, 10)); |
| /// Ok(()) |
| /// } |
| /// ``` |
| fn new() -> Self; |
| } |
| |
| #[cfg(feature="std")] |
| impl<R: SeedableRng> NewRng for R { |
| fn new() -> R { |
| R::from_rng(EntropyRng::new()).unwrap_or_else(|err| |
| panic!("NewRng::new() failed: {}", err)) |
| } |
| } |
| |
| /// The standard RNG. The PRNG algorithm in `StdRng` is chosen to be efficient |
| /// on the current platform, to be statistically strong and unpredictable |
| /// (meaning a cryptographically secure PRNG). |
| /// |
| /// The current algorithm used on all platforms is [HC-128]. |
| /// |
| /// Reproducibility of output from this generator is however not required, thus |
| /// future library versions may use a different internal generator with |
| /// different output. Further, this generator may not be portable and can |
| /// produce different output depending on the architecture. If you require |
| /// reproducible output, use a named RNG, for example `ChaChaRng`. |
| /// |
| /// [HC-128]: prng/hc128/struct.Hc128Rng.html |
| #[derive(Clone, Debug)] |
| pub struct StdRng(Hc128Rng); |
| |
| impl RngCore for StdRng { |
| #[inline(always)] |
| fn next_u32(&mut self) -> u32 { |
| self.0.next_u32() |
| } |
| |
| #[inline(always)] |
| fn next_u64(&mut self) -> u64 { |
| self.0.next_u64() |
| } |
| |
| fn fill_bytes(&mut self, dest: &mut [u8]) { |
| self.0.fill_bytes(dest); |
| } |
| |
| fn try_fill_bytes(&mut self, dest: &mut [u8]) -> Result<(), Error> { |
| self.0.try_fill_bytes(dest) |
| } |
| } |
| |
| impl SeedableRng for StdRng { |
| type Seed = <Hc128Rng as SeedableRng>::Seed; |
| |
| fn from_seed(seed: Self::Seed) -> Self { |
| StdRng(Hc128Rng::from_seed(seed)) |
| } |
| |
| fn from_rng<R: RngCore>(rng: R) -> Result<Self, Error> { |
| Hc128Rng::from_rng(rng).map(|result| StdRng(result)) |
| } |
| } |
| |
| impl CryptoRng for StdRng {} |
| |
| /// An RNG recommended when small state, cheap initialization and good |
| /// performance are required. The PRNG algorithm in `SmallRng` is chosen to be |
| /// efficient on the current platform, **without consideration for cryptography |
| /// or security**. The size of its state is much smaller than for `StdRng`. |
| /// |
| /// Reproducibility of output from this generator is however not required, thus |
| /// future library versions may use a different internal generator with |
| /// different output. Further, this generator may not be portable and can |
| /// produce different output depending on the architecture. If you require |
| /// reproducible output, use a named RNG, for example `XorShiftRng`. |
| /// |
| /// The current algorithm used on all platforms is [Xorshift]. |
| /// |
| /// # Examples |
| /// |
| /// Initializing `StdRng` with a random seed can be done using `NewRng`: |
| /// |
| /// ``` |
| /// use rand::{NewRng, SmallRng}; |
| /// |
| /// // Create small, cheap to initialize and fast RNG with a random seed. |
| /// // The randomness is supplied by the operating system. |
| /// let mut small_rng = SmallRng::new(); |
| /// ``` |
| /// |
| /// When initializing a lot of `SmallRng`, using `thread_rng` can be more |
| /// efficient: |
| /// |
| /// ``` |
| /// use std::iter; |
| /// use rand::{SeedableRng, SmallRng, thread_rng}; |
| /// |
| /// // Create a big, expensive to initialize and slower, but unpredictable RNG. |
| /// // This is cached and done only once per thread. |
| /// let mut thread_rng = thread_rng(); |
| /// // Create small, cheap to initialize and fast RNGs with random seeds. |
| /// // One can generally assume this won't fail. |
| /// let rngs: Vec<SmallRng> = iter::repeat(()) |
| /// .map(|()| SmallRng::from_rng(&mut thread_rng).unwrap()) |
| /// .take(10) |
| /// .collect(); |
| /// ``` |
| /// |
| /// [Xorshift]: struct.XorShiftRng.html |
| #[derive(Clone, Debug)] |
| pub struct SmallRng(XorShiftRng); |
| |
| impl RngCore for SmallRng { |
| #[inline(always)] |
| fn next_u32(&mut self) -> u32 { |
| self.0.next_u32() |
| } |
| |
| #[inline(always)] |
| fn next_u64(&mut self) -> u64 { |
| self.0.next_u64() |
| } |
| |
| fn fill_bytes(&mut self, dest: &mut [u8]) { |
| self.0.fill_bytes(dest); |
| } |
| |
| fn try_fill_bytes(&mut self, dest: &mut [u8]) -> Result<(), Error> { |
| self.0.try_fill_bytes(dest) |
| } |
| } |
| |
| impl SeedableRng for SmallRng { |
| type Seed = <XorShiftRng as SeedableRng>::Seed; |
| |
| fn from_seed(seed: Self::Seed) -> Self { |
| SmallRng(XorShiftRng::from_seed(seed)) |
| } |
| |
| fn from_rng<R: RngCore>(rng: R) -> Result<Self, Error> { |
| XorShiftRng::from_rng(rng).map(|result| SmallRng(result)) |
| } |
| } |
| |
| /// DEPRECATED: use `SmallRng` instead. |
| /// |
| /// Create a weak random number generator with a default algorithm and seed. |
| /// |
| /// It returns the fastest `Rng` algorithm currently available in Rust without |
| /// consideration for cryptography or security. If you require a specifically |
| /// seeded `Rng` for consistency over time you should pick one algorithm and |
| /// create the `Rng` yourself. |
| /// |
| /// This will seed the generator with randomness from thread_rng. |
| #[deprecated(since="0.5.0", note="removed in favor of SmallRng")] |
| #[cfg(feature="std")] |
| pub fn weak_rng() -> XorShiftRng { |
| XorShiftRng::from_rng(thread_rng()).unwrap_or_else(|err| |
| panic!("weak_rng failed: {:?}", err)) |
| } |
| |
| /// DEPRECATED: use `seq::sample_iter` instead. |
| /// |
| /// Randomly sample up to `amount` elements from a finite iterator. |
| /// The order of elements in the sample is not random. |
| /// |
| /// # Example |
| /// |
| /// ```rust |
| /// use rand::{thread_rng, sample}; |
| /// |
| /// let mut rng = thread_rng(); |
| /// let sample = sample(&mut rng, 1..100, 5); |
| /// println!("{:?}", sample); |
| /// ``` |
| #[cfg(feature="std")] |
| #[inline(always)] |
| #[deprecated(since="0.4.0", note="renamed to seq::sample_iter")] |
| pub fn sample<T, I, R>(rng: &mut R, iterable: I, amount: usize) -> Vec<T> |
| where I: IntoIterator<Item=T>, |
| R: Rng, |
| { |
| // the legacy sample didn't care whether amount was met |
| seq::sample_iter(rng, iterable, amount) |
| .unwrap_or_else(|e| e) |
| } |
| |
| #[cfg(test)] |
| mod test { |
| use mock::StepRng; |
| use super::*; |
| #[cfg(all(not(feature="std"), feature="alloc"))] use alloc::boxed::Box; |
| |
| pub struct TestRng<R> { inner: R } |
| |
| impl<R: RngCore> RngCore for TestRng<R> { |
| fn next_u32(&mut self) -> u32 { |
| self.inner.next_u32() |
| } |
| fn next_u64(&mut self) -> u64 { |
| self.inner.next_u64() |
| } |
| fn fill_bytes(&mut self, dest: &mut [u8]) { |
| self.inner.fill_bytes(dest) |
| } |
| fn try_fill_bytes(&mut self, dest: &mut [u8]) -> Result<(), Error> { |
| self.inner.try_fill_bytes(dest) |
| } |
| } |
| |
| pub fn rng(seed: u64) -> TestRng<StdRng> { |
| // TODO: use from_hashable |
| let mut state = seed; |
| let mut seed = <StdRng as SeedableRng>::Seed::default(); |
| for x in seed.iter_mut() { |
| // PCG algorithm |
| const MUL: u64 = 6364136223846793005; |
| const INC: u64 = 11634580027462260723; |
| let oldstate = state; |
| state = oldstate.wrapping_mul(MUL).wrapping_add(INC); |
| |
| let xorshifted = (((oldstate >> 18) ^ oldstate) >> 27) as u32; |
| let rot = (oldstate >> 59) as u32; |
| *x = xorshifted.rotate_right(rot) as u8; |
| } |
| TestRng { inner: StdRng::from_seed(seed) } |
| } |
| |
| #[test] |
| fn test_fill_bytes_default() { |
| let mut r = StepRng::new(0x11_22_33_44_55_66_77_88, 0); |
| |
| // check every remainder mod 8, both in small and big vectors. |
| let lengths = [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, |
| 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87]; |
| for &n in lengths.iter() { |
| let mut buffer = [0u8; 87]; |
| let v = &mut buffer[0..n]; |
| r.fill_bytes(v); |
| |
| // use this to get nicer error messages. |
| for (i, &byte) in v.iter().enumerate() { |
| if byte == 0 { |
| panic!("byte {} of {} is zero", i, n) |
| } |
| } |
| } |
| } |
| |
| #[test] |
| fn test_fill() { |
| let x = 9041086907909331047; // a random u64 |
| let mut rng = StepRng::new(x, 0); |
| |
| // Convert to byte sequence and back to u64; byte-swap twice if BE. |
| let mut array = [0u64; 2]; |
| rng.fill(&mut array[..]); |
| assert_eq!(array, [x, x]); |
| assert_eq!(rng.next_u64(), x); |
| |
| // Convert to bytes then u32 in LE order |
| let mut array = [0u32; 2]; |
| rng.fill(&mut array[..]); |
| assert_eq!(array, [x as u32, (x >> 32) as u32]); |
| assert_eq!(rng.next_u32(), x as u32); |
| } |
| |
| #[test] |
| fn test_gen_range() { |
| let mut r = rng(101); |
| for _ in 0..1000 { |
| let a = r.gen_range(-3, 42); |
| assert!(a >= -3 && a < 42); |
| assert_eq!(r.gen_range(0, 1), 0); |
| assert_eq!(r.gen_range(-12, -11), -12); |
| } |
| |
| for _ in 0..1000 { |
| let a = r.gen_range(10, 42); |
| assert!(a >= 10 && a < 42); |
| assert_eq!(r.gen_range(0, 1), 0); |
| assert_eq!(r.gen_range(3_000_000, 3_000_001), 3_000_000); |
| } |
| |
| } |
| |
| #[test] |
| #[should_panic] |
| fn test_gen_range_panic_int() { |
| let mut r = rng(102); |
| r.gen_range(5, -2); |
| } |
| |
| #[test] |
| #[should_panic] |
| fn test_gen_range_panic_usize() { |
| let mut r = rng(103); |
| r.gen_range(5, 2); |
| } |
| |
| #[test] |
| #[allow(deprecated)] |
| fn test_gen_weighted_bool() { |
| let mut r = rng(104); |
| assert_eq!(r.gen_weighted_bool(0), true); |
| assert_eq!(r.gen_weighted_bool(1), true); |
| } |
| |
| #[test] |
| fn test_gen_bool() { |
| let mut r = rng(105); |
| for _ in 0..5 { |
| assert_eq!(r.gen_bool(0.0), false); |
| assert_eq!(r.gen_bool(1.0), true); |
| } |
| } |
| |
| #[test] |
| fn test_choose() { |
| let mut r = rng(107); |
| assert_eq!(r.choose(&[1, 1, 1]).map(|&x|x), Some(1)); |
| |
| let v: &[isize] = &[]; |
| assert_eq!(r.choose(v), None); |
| } |
| |
| #[test] |
| fn test_shuffle() { |
| let mut r = rng(108); |
| let empty: &mut [isize] = &mut []; |
| r.shuffle(empty); |
| let mut one = [1]; |
| r.shuffle(&mut one); |
| let b: &[_] = &[1]; |
| assert_eq!(one, b); |
| |
| let mut two = [1, 2]; |
| r.shuffle(&mut two); |
| assert!(two == [1, 2] || two == [2, 1]); |
| |
| let mut x = [1, 1, 1]; |
| r.shuffle(&mut x); |
| let b: &[_] = &[1, 1, 1]; |
| assert_eq!(x, b); |
| } |
| |
| #[test] |
| fn test_rng_trait_object() { |
| use distributions::{Distribution, Uniform}; |
| let mut rng = rng(109); |
| let mut r = &mut rng as &mut RngCore; |
| r.next_u32(); |
| r.gen::<i32>(); |
| let mut v = [1, 1, 1]; |
| r.shuffle(&mut v); |
| let b: &[_] = &[1, 1, 1]; |
| assert_eq!(v, b); |
| assert_eq!(r.gen_range(0, 1), 0); |
| let _c: u8 = Uniform.sample(&mut r); |
| } |
| |
| #[test] |
| #[cfg(feature="alloc")] |
| fn test_rng_boxed_trait() { |
| use distributions::{Distribution, Uniform}; |
| let rng = rng(110); |
| let mut r = Box::new(rng) as Box<RngCore>; |
| r.next_u32(); |
| r.gen::<i32>(); |
| let mut v = [1, 1, 1]; |
| r.shuffle(&mut v); |
| let b: &[_] = &[1, 1, 1]; |
| assert_eq!(v, b); |
| assert_eq!(r.gen_range(0, 1), 0); |
| let _c: u8 = Uniform.sample(&mut r); |
| } |
| |
| #[test] |
| fn test_stdrng_construction() { |
| let seed = [1,0,0,0, 23,0,0,0, 200,1,0,0, 210,30,0,0, |
| 0,0,0,0, 0,0,0,0, 0,0,0,0, 0,0,0,0]; |
| let mut rng1 = StdRng::from_seed(seed); |
| assert_eq!(rng1.next_u64(), 15759097995037006553); |
| |
| let mut rng2 = StdRng::from_rng(rng1).unwrap(); |
| assert_eq!(rng2.next_u64(), 6766915756997287454); |
| } |
| } |