Generate atomic Value wrappers automatically

Rather than hand-writing wrappers around atomic.Value, generate them
automatically from the same template. The generator is at
internal/gen-valuewrapper. The generator correctly handles generating
wrapper structs for nillable types.
diff --git a/.codecov.yml b/.codecov.yml
index 047c0cc..912be70 100644
--- a/.codecov.yml
+++ b/.codecov.yml
@@ -15,3 +15,4 @@
 
 ignore:
   - /internal/gen-atomicint/
+  - /internal/gen-valuewrapper/
diff --git a/Makefile b/Makefile
index 5e0ec1c..8d3127f 100644
--- a/Makefile
+++ b/Makefile
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@
 
 GOLINT = $(GOBIN)/golint
 GEN_ATOMICINT = $(GOBIN)/gen-atomicint
+GEN_VALUEWRAPPER = $(GOBIN)/gen-valuewrapper
 
 GO_FILES ?= $(shell find . '(' -path .git -o -path vendor ')' -prune -o -name '*.go' -print)
 
@@ -23,6 +24,9 @@
 $(GOLINT):
 	go install golang.org/x/lint/golint
 
+$(GEN_VALUEWRAPPER): $(wildcard ./internal/gen-valuewrapper/*)
+	go build -o $@ ./internal/gen-valuewrapper
+
 $(GEN_ATOMICINT): $(wildcard ./internal/gen-atomicint/*)
 	go build -o $@ ./internal/gen-atomicint
 
@@ -39,7 +43,7 @@
 	go tool cover -html=cover.out -o cover.html
 
 .PHONY: generate
-generate: $(GEN_ATOMICINT)
+generate: $(GEN_ATOMICINT) $(GEN_VALUEWRAPPER)
 	go generate ./...
 
 .PHONY: generatenodirty
diff --git a/error.go b/error.go
index 0489d19..fb66bd5 100644
--- a/error.go
+++ b/error.go
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright (c) 2016 Uber Technologies, Inc.
+// Copyright (c) 2020 Uber Technologies, Inc.
 //
 // Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
 // of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
@@ -20,36 +20,40 @@
 
 package atomic
 
-// Error is an atomic type-safe wrapper around Value for errors
+// Error is an atomic type-safe wrapper for error values.
 type Error struct{ v Value }
 
-// errorHolder is non-nil holder for error object.
-// atomic.Value panics on saving nil object, so err object needs to be
-// wrapped with valid object first.
-type errorHolder struct{ err error }
+type storedError struct{ Value error }
 
-// NewError creates new atomic error object
-func NewError(err error) *Error {
-	e := &Error{}
-	if err != nil {
-		e.Store(err)
-	}
-	return e
+func wrapError(v error) storedError {
+	return storedError{v}
 }
 
-// Load atomically loads the wrapped error
-func (e *Error) Load() error {
-	v := e.v.Load()
+func unwrapError(v storedError) error {
+	return v.Value
+}
+
+// NewError creates a new Error.
+func NewError(v error) *Error {
+	x := &Error{}
+	if v != nil {
+		x.Store(v)
+	}
+	return x
+}
+
+// Load atomically loads the wrapped error.
+func (x *Error) Load() error {
+	v := x.v.Load()
 	if v == nil {
 		return nil
 	}
-
-	eh := v.(errorHolder)
-	return eh.err
+	return unwrapError(v.(storedError))
 }
 
-// Store atomically stores error.
-// NOTE: a holder object is allocated on each Store call.
-func (e *Error) Store(err error) {
-	e.v.Store(errorHolder{err: err})
+// Store atomically stores the passed error.
+//
+// NOTE: This will cause an allocation.
+func (x *Error) Store(v error) {
+	x.v.Store(wrapError(v))
 }
diff --git a/gen.go b/gen.go
index 50d6b24..03c8ac9 100644
--- a/gen.go
+++ b/gen.go
@@ -24,3 +24,6 @@
 //go:generate bin/gen-atomicint -name=Int64 -wrapped=int64 -file=int64.go
 //go:generate bin/gen-atomicint -name=Uint32 -wrapped=uint32 -unsigned -file=uint32.go
 //go:generate bin/gen-atomicint -name=Uint64 -wrapped=uint64 -unsigned -file=uint64.go
+
+//go:generate bin/gen-valuewrapper -name=String -type=string -zero="" -file=string.go
+//go:generate bin/gen-valuewrapper -name=Error -type=error -zero=nil -file=error.go
diff --git a/internal/gen-valuewrapper/main.go b/internal/gen-valuewrapper/main.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..24a8f0f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/gen-valuewrapper/main.go
@@ -0,0 +1,171 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2020 Uber Technologies, Inc.
+//
+// Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+// of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+// in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+// to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+// copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+// furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+//
+// The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
+// all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+//
+// THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+// IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+// FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+// AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+// LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+// OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
+// THE SOFTWARE.
+
+package main
+
+import (
+	"bytes"
+	"errors"
+	"flag"
+	"fmt"
+	"go/format"
+	"io"
+	"log"
+	"os"
+	"text/template"
+)
+
+func main() {
+	log.SetFlags(0)
+	if err := run(os.Args[1:]); err != nil {
+		log.Fatalf("%+v", err)
+	}
+}
+
+func run(args []string) error {
+	var opts struct {
+		Name string
+		Type string
+		Zero string
+		File string
+	}
+
+	flag := flag.NewFlagSet("gen-atomicint", flag.ContinueOnError)
+
+	flag.StringVar(&opts.Name, "name", "", "name of the generated type (e.g. Int32)")
+	flag.StringVar(&opts.Type, "type", "", "name of the wrapped type (e.g. int32)")
+	flag.StringVar(&opts.Zero, "zero", "", "zero value of the wrapped type (e.g. nil)")
+	flag.StringVar(&opts.File, "file", "", "output file path (default: stdout)")
+
+	if err := flag.Parse(args); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	if len(opts.Name) == 0 || len(opts.Type) == 0 || len(opts.Zero) == 0 {
+		return errors.New("flags -name, -type, and -zero are required")
+	}
+
+	var w io.Writer = os.Stdout
+	if file := opts.File; len(file) > 0 {
+		f, err := os.Create(file)
+		if err != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("create %q: %v", file, err)
+		}
+		defer f.Close()
+
+		w = f
+	}
+
+	data := struct {
+		Name     string
+		Type     string
+		Zero     string
+		Nillable bool
+	}{
+		Name:     opts.Name,
+		Type:     opts.Type,
+		Zero:     opts.Zero,
+		Nillable: opts.Zero == "nil",
+	}
+
+	var buff bytes.Buffer
+	if err := _tmpl.Execute(&buff, data); err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("render template: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	bs, err := format.Source(buff.Bytes())
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("reformat source: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	_, err = w.Write(bs)
+	return err
+}
+
+var _tmpl = template.Must(template.New("int.go").Parse(`// Copyright (c) 2020 Uber Technologies, Inc.
+//
+// Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+// of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+// in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+// to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+// copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+// furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+//
+// The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
+// all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+//
+// THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+// IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+// FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+// AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+// LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+// OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
+// THE SOFTWARE.
+
+package atomic
+
+// {{ .Name }} is an atomic type-safe wrapper for {{ .Type }} values.
+type {{ .Name }} struct{ v Value }
+
+{{/* atomic.Value panics for nil values. Generate a wrapper for these types. */}}
+{{ $stored := .Type }}
+{{ $wrap := .Type }}
+{{ $unwrap := .Type }}
+{{ if .Nillable -}}
+	{{ $stored = printf "stored%s" .Name }}
+	{{ $wrap = printf "wrap%s" .Name }}
+	{{ $unwrap = printf "unwrap%s" .Name }}
+
+	type {{ $stored }} struct{ Value {{ .Type }} }
+
+	func {{ $wrap }}(v {{ .Type }}) {{ $stored }} {
+		return {{ $stored }}{v}
+	}
+
+	func {{ $unwrap }}(v {{ $stored }}) {{ .Type }} {
+		return v.Value
+	}
+{{- end }}
+
+// New{{ .Name }} creates a new {{ .Name }}.
+func New{{ .Name }}(v {{ .Type }}) *{{ .Name }} {
+	x := &{{ .Name }}{}
+	if v != {{ .Zero }} {
+		x.Store(v)
+	}
+	return x
+}
+
+// Load atomically loads the wrapped {{ .Type }}.
+func (x *{{ .Name }}) Load() {{ .Type }} {
+	v := x.v.Load()
+	if v == nil {
+		return {{ .Zero }}
+	}
+	return {{ $unwrap }}(v.({{ $stored }}))
+}
+
+// Store atomically stores the passed {{ .Type }}.
+//
+// NOTE: This will cause an allocation.
+func (x *{{ .Name }}) Store(v {{ .Type }}) {
+	x.v.Store({{ $wrap }}(v))
+}
+`))
diff --git a/string.go b/string.go
index fc95659..1b8c49c 100644
--- a/string.go
+++ b/string.go
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright (c) 2016-2020 Uber Technologies, Inc.
+// Copyright (c) 2020 Uber Technologies, Inc.
 //
 // Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
 // of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
@@ -20,45 +20,30 @@
 
 package atomic
 
-// String is an atomic type-safe wrapper around Value for strings.
+// String is an atomic type-safe wrapper for string values.
 type String struct{ v Value }
 
-// NewString creates a String.
-func NewString(str string) *String {
-	s := &String{}
-	if str != "" {
-		s.Store(str)
+// NewString creates a new String.
+func NewString(v string) *String {
+	x := &String{}
+	if v != "" {
+		x.Store(v)
 	}
-	return s
+	return x
 }
 
 // Load atomically loads the wrapped string.
-func (s *String) Load() string {
-	v := s.v.Load()
+func (x *String) Load() string {
+	v := x.v.Load()
 	if v == nil {
 		return ""
 	}
-	return v.(string)
-}
-
-// MarshalText encodes the wrapped string into a textual form.
-//
-// This makes it encodable as JSON, YAML, XML, and more.
-func (s *String) MarshalText() ([]byte, error) {
-	return []byte(s.Load()), nil
-}
-
-// UnmarshalText decodes text and replaces the wrapped string with it.
-//
-// This makes it decodable from JSON, YAML, XML, and more.
-func (s *String) UnmarshalText(b []byte) error {
-	s.Store(string(b))
-	return nil
+	return string(v.(string))
 }
 
 // Store atomically stores the passed string.
-// Note: Converting the string to an interface{} to store in the Value
-// requires an allocation.
-func (s *String) Store(str string) {
-	s.v.Store(str)
+//
+// NOTE: This will cause an allocation.
+func (x *String) Store(v string) {
+	x.v.Store(string(v))
 }
diff --git a/string_ext.go b/string_ext.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c0357e3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/string_ext.go
@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2020 Uber Technologies, Inc.
+//
+// Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+// of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+// in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+// to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+// copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+// furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+//
+// The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
+// all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+//
+// THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+// IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+// FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+// AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+// LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+// OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
+// THE SOFTWARE.
+
+package atomic
+
+// MarshalText encodes the wrapped string into a textual form.
+//
+// This makes it encodable as JSON, YAML, XML, and more.
+func (s *String) MarshalText() ([]byte, error) {
+	return []byte(s.Load()), nil
+}
+
+// UnmarshalText decodes text and replaces the wrapped string with it.
+//
+// This makes it decodable from JSON, YAML, XML, and more.
+func (s *String) UnmarshalText(b []byte) error {
+	s.Store(string(b))
+	return nil
+}