src/libcore/alloc/global.rs

use crate::alloc::Layout;
use crate::cmp;
use crate::ptr;

/// A memory allocator that can be registered as the standard library’s default
/// through the `#[global_allocator]` attribute.
///
/// Some of the methods require that a memory block be *currently
/// allocated* via an allocator. This means that:
///
/// * the starting address for that memory block was previously
///   returned by a previous call to an allocation method
///   such as `alloc`, and
///
/// * the memory block has not been subsequently deallocated, where
///   blocks are deallocated either by being passed to a deallocation
///   method such as `dealloc` or by being
///   passed to a reallocation method that returns a non-null pointer.
///
///
/// # Example
///
/// ```no_run
/// use std::alloc::{GlobalAlloc, Layout, alloc};
/// use std::ptr::null_mut;
///
/// struct MyAllocator;
///
/// unsafe impl GlobalAlloc for MyAllocator {
///     unsafe fn alloc(&self, _layout: Layout) -> *mut u8 { null_mut() }
///     unsafe fn dealloc(&self, _ptr: *mut u8, _layout: Layout) {}
/// }
///
/// #[global_allocator]
/// static A: MyAllocator = MyAllocator;
///
/// fn main() {
///     unsafe {
///         assert!(alloc(Layout::new::<u32>()).is_null())
///     }
/// }
/// ```
///
/// # Safety
///
/// The `GlobalAlloc` trait is an `unsafe` trait for a number of reasons, and
/// implementors must ensure that they adhere to these contracts:
///
/// * It's undefined behavior if global allocators unwind. This restriction may
///   be lifted in the future, but currently a panic from any of these
///   functions may lead to memory unsafety.
///
/// * `Layout` queries and calculations in general must be correct. Callers of
///   this trait are allowed to rely on the contracts defined on each method,
///   and implementors must ensure such contracts remain true.
#[stable(feature = "global_alloc", since = "1.28.0")]
pub unsafe trait GlobalAlloc {
    /// Allocate memory as described by the given `layout`.
    ///
    /// Returns a pointer to newly-allocated memory,
    /// or null to indicate allocation failure.
    ///
    /// # Safety
    ///
    /// This function is unsafe because undefined behavior can result
    /// if the caller does not ensure that `layout` has non-zero size.
    ///
    /// (Extension subtraits might provide more specific bounds on
    /// behavior, e.g., guarantee a sentinel address or a null pointer
    /// in response to a zero-size allocation request.)
    ///
    /// The allocated block of memory may or may not be initialized.
    ///
    /// # Errors
    ///
    /// Returning a null pointer indicates that either memory is exhausted
    /// or `layout` does not meet this allocator's size or alignment constraints.
    ///
    /// Implementations are encouraged to return null on memory
    /// exhaustion rather than aborting, but this is not
    /// a strict requirement. (Specifically: it is *legal* to
    /// implement this trait atop an underlying native allocation
    /// library that aborts on memory exhaustion.)
    ///
    /// Clients wishing to abort computation in response to an
    /// allocation error are encouraged to call the [`handle_alloc_error`] function,
    /// rather than directly invoking `panic!` or similar.
    ///
    /// [`handle_alloc_error`]: ../../alloc/alloc/fn.handle_alloc_error.html
    #[stable(feature = "global_alloc", since = "1.28.0")]
    unsafe fn alloc(&self, layout: Layout) -> *mut u8;

    /// Deallocate the block of memory at the given `ptr` pointer with the given `layout`.
    ///
    /// # Safety
    ///
    /// This function is unsafe because undefined behavior can result
    /// if the caller does not ensure all of the following:
    ///
    /// * `ptr` must denote a block of memory currently allocated via
    ///   this allocator,
    ///
    /// * `layout` must be the same layout that was used
    ///   to allocate that block of memory,
    #[stable(feature = "global_alloc", since = "1.28.0")]
    unsafe fn dealloc(&self, ptr: *mut u8, layout: Layout);

    /// Behaves like `alloc`, but also ensures that the contents
    /// are set to zero before being returned.
    ///
    /// # Safety
    ///
    /// This function is unsafe for the same reasons that `alloc` is.
    /// However the allocated block of memory is guaranteed to be initialized.
    ///
    /// # Errors
    ///
    /// Returning a null pointer indicates that either memory is exhausted
    /// or `layout` does not meet allocator's size or alignment constraints,
    /// just as in `alloc`.
    ///
    /// Clients wishing to abort computation in response to an
    /// allocation error are encouraged to call the [`handle_alloc_error`] function,
    /// rather than directly invoking `panic!` or similar.
    ///
    /// [`handle_alloc_error`]: ../../alloc/alloc/fn.handle_alloc_error.html
    #[stable(feature = "global_alloc", since = "1.28.0")]
    unsafe fn alloc_zeroed(&self, layout: Layout) -> *mut u8 {
        let size = layout.size();
        let ptr = self.alloc(layout);
        if !ptr.is_null() {
            ptr::write_bytes(ptr, 0, size);
        }
        ptr
    }

    /// Shrink or grow a block of memory to the given `new_size`.
    /// The block is described by the given `ptr` pointer and `layout`.
    ///
    /// If this returns a non-null pointer, then ownership of the memory block
    /// referenced by `ptr` has been transferred to this allocator.
    /// The memory may or may not have been deallocated,
    /// and should be considered unusable (unless of course it was
    /// transferred back to the caller again via the return value of
    /// this method). The new memory block is allocated with `layout`, but
    /// with the `size` updated to `new_size`.
    ///
    /// If this method returns null, then ownership of the memory
    /// block has not been transferred to this allocator, and the
    /// contents of the memory block are unaltered.
    ///
    /// # Safety
    ///
    /// This function is unsafe because undefined behavior can result
    /// if the caller does not ensure all of the following:
    ///
    /// * `ptr` must be currently allocated via this allocator,
    ///
    /// * `layout` must be the same layout that was used
    ///   to allocate that block of memory,
    ///
    /// * `new_size` must be greater than zero.
    ///
    /// * `new_size`, when rounded up to the nearest multiple of `layout.align()`,
    ///   must not overflow (i.e., the rounded value must be less than `usize::MAX`).
    ///
    /// (Extension subtraits might provide more specific bounds on
    /// behavior, e.g., guarantee a sentinel address or a null pointer
    /// in response to a zero-size allocation request.)
    ///
    /// # Errors
    ///
    /// Returns null if the new layout does not meet the size
    /// and alignment constraints of the allocator, or if reallocation
    /// otherwise fails.
    ///
    /// Implementations are encouraged to return null on memory
    /// exhaustion rather than panicking or aborting, but this is not
    /// a strict requirement. (Specifically: it is *legal* to
    /// implement this trait atop an underlying native allocation
    /// library that aborts on memory exhaustion.)
    ///
    /// Clients wishing to abort computation in response to a
    /// reallocation error are encouraged to call the [`handle_alloc_error`] function,
    /// rather than directly invoking `panic!` or similar.
    ///
    /// [`handle_alloc_error`]: ../../alloc/alloc/fn.handle_alloc_error.html
    #[stable(feature = "global_alloc", since = "1.28.0")]
    unsafe fn realloc(&self, ptr: *mut u8, layout: Layout, new_size: usize) -> *mut u8 {
        let new_layout = Layout::from_size_align_unchecked(new_size, layout.align());
        let new_ptr = self.alloc(new_layout);
        if !new_ptr.is_null() {
            ptr::copy_nonoverlapping(ptr, new_ptr, cmp::min(layout.size(), new_size));
            self.dealloc(ptr, layout);
        }
        new_ptr
    }
}