credentials/sts/sts.go - third_party/github.com/grpc/grpc-go - Git at Google

 // +build go1.13

 /*
  *
  * Copyright 2020 gRPC authors.
  *
  * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
  * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
  * You may obtain a copy of the License at
  *
  *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
  *
  * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
  * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
  * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
  * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
  * limitations under the License.
  *
  */

 // Package sts implements call credentials using STS (Security Token Service) as
 // defined in https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc8693.
 //
 // Experimental
 //
 // Notice: All APIs in this package are experimental and may be changed or
 // removed in a later release.
 package sts

 import (
 	"bytes"
 	"context"
 	"crypto/tls"
 	"crypto/x509"
 	"encoding/json"
 	"errors"
 	"fmt"
 	"io/ioutil"
 	"net/http"
 	"net/url"
 	"sync"
 	"time"

 	"google.golang.org/grpc/credentials"
 	"google.golang.org/grpc/grpclog"
 )

 const (
 	// HTTP request timeout set on the http.Client used to make STS requests.
 	stsRequestTimeout = 5 * time.Second
 	// If lifetime left in a cached token is lesser than this value, we fetch a
 	// new one instead of returning the current one.
 	minCachedTokenLifetime = 300 * time.Second

 	tokenExchangeGrantType    = "urn:ietf:params:oauth:grant-type:token-exchange"
 	defaultCloudPlatformScope = "https://www.googleapis.com/auth/cloud-platform"
 )

 // For overriding in tests.
 var (
 	loadSystemCertPool   = x509.SystemCertPool
 	makeHTTPDoer         = makeHTTPClient
 	readSubjectTokenFrom = ioutil.ReadFile
 	readActorTokenFrom   = ioutil.ReadFile
 	logger               = grpclog.Component("credentials")
 )

 // Options configures the parameters used for an STS based token exchange.
 type Options struct {
 	// TokenExchangeServiceURI is the address of the server which implements STS
 	// token exchange functionality.
 	TokenExchangeServiceURI string // Required.

 	// Resource is a URI that indicates the target service or resource where the
 	// client intends to use the requested security token.
 	Resource string // Optional.

 	// Audience is the logical name of the target service where the client
 	// intends to use the requested security token
 	Audience string // Optional.

 	// Scope is a list of space-delimited, case-sensitive strings, that allow
 	// the client to specify the desired scope of the requested security token
 	// in the context of the service or resource where the token will be used.
 	// If this field is left unspecified, a default value of
 	// https://www.googleapis.com/auth/cloud-platform will be used.
 	Scope string // Optional.

 	// RequestedTokenType is an identifier, as described in
 	// https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc8693#section-3, that indicates the type of
 	// the requested security token.
 	RequestedTokenType string // Optional.

 	// SubjectTokenPath is a filesystem path which contains the security token
 	// that represents the identity of the party on behalf of whom the request
 	// is being made.
 	SubjectTokenPath string // Required.

 	// SubjectTokenType is an identifier, as described in
 	// https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc8693#section-3, that indicates the type of
 	// the security token in the "subject_token_path" parameter.
 	SubjectTokenType string // Required.

 	// ActorTokenPath is a  security token that represents the identity of the
 	// acting party.
 	ActorTokenPath string // Optional.

 	// ActorTokenType is an identifier, as described in
 	// https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc8693#section-3, that indicates the type of
 	// the the security token in the "actor_token_path" parameter.
 	ActorTokenType string // Optional.
 }

 func (o Options) String() string {
 	return fmt.Sprintf("%s:%s:%s:%s:%s:%s:%s:%s:%s", o.TokenExchangeServiceURI, o.Resource, o.Audience, o.Scope, o.RequestedTokenType, o.SubjectTokenPath, o.SubjectTokenType, o.ActorTokenPath, o.ActorTokenType)
 }

 // NewCredentials returns a new PerRPCCredentials implementation, configured
 // using opts, which performs token exchange using STS.
 func NewCredentials(opts Options) (credentials.PerRPCCredentials, error) {
 	if err := validateOptions(opts); err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}

 	// Load the system roots to validate the certificate presented by the STS
 	// endpoint during the TLS handshake.
 	roots, err := loadSystemCertPool()
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}

 	return &callCreds{
 		opts:   opts,
 		client: makeHTTPDoer(roots),
 	}, nil
 }

 // callCreds provides the implementation of call credentials based on an STS
 // token exchange.
 type callCreds struct {
 	opts   Options
 	client httpDoer

 	// Cached accessToken to avoid an STS token exchange for every call to
 	// GetRequestMetadata.
 	mu            sync.Mutex
 	tokenMetadata map[string]string
 	tokenExpiry   time.Time
 }

 // GetRequestMetadata returns the cached accessToken, if available and valid, or
 // fetches a new one by performing an STS token exchange.
 func (c *callCreds) GetRequestMetadata(ctx context.Context, _ ...string) (map[string]string, error) {
 	if err := credentials.CheckSecurityLevel(ctx, credentials.PrivacyAndIntegrity); err != nil {
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("unable to transfer STS PerRPCCredentials: %v", err)
 	}

 	// Holding the lock for the whole duration of the STS request and response
 	// processing ensures that concurrent RPCs don't end up in multiple
 	// requests being made.
 	c.mu.Lock()
 	defer c.mu.Unlock()

 	if md := c.cachedMetadata(); md != nil {
 		return md, nil
 	}
 	req, err := constructRequest(ctx, c.opts)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
 	respBody, err := sendRequest(c.client, req)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
 	ti, err := tokenInfoFromResponse(respBody)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
 	c.tokenMetadata = map[string]string{"Authorization": fmt.Sprintf("%s %s", ti.tokenType, ti.token)}
 	c.tokenExpiry = ti.expiryTime
 	return c.tokenMetadata, nil
 }

 // RequireTransportSecurity indicates whether the credentials requires
 // transport security.
 func (c *callCreds) RequireTransportSecurity() bool {
 	return true
 }

 // httpDoer wraps the single method on the http.Client type that we use. This
 // helps with overriding in unittests.
 type httpDoer interface {
 	Do(req *http.Request) (*http.Response, error)
 }

 func makeHTTPClient(roots *x509.CertPool) httpDoer {
 	return &http.Client{
 		Timeout: stsRequestTimeout,
 		Transport: &http.Transport{
 			TLSClientConfig: &tls.Config{
 				RootCAs: roots,
 			},
 		},
 	}
 }

 // validateOptions performs the following validation checks on opts:
 // - tokenExchangeServiceURI is not empty
 // - tokenExchangeServiceURI is a valid URI with a http(s) scheme
 // - subjectTokenPath and subjectTokenType are not empty.
 func validateOptions(opts Options) error {
 	if opts.TokenExchangeServiceURI == "" {
 		return errors.New("empty token_exchange_service_uri in options")
 	}
 	u, err := url.Parse(opts.TokenExchangeServiceURI)
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
 	if u.Scheme != "http" && u.Scheme != "https" {
 		return fmt.Errorf("scheme is not supported: %q. Only http(s) is supported", u.Scheme)
 	}

 	if opts.SubjectTokenPath == "" {
 		return errors.New("required field SubjectTokenPath is not specified")
 	}
 	if opts.SubjectTokenType == "" {
 		return errors.New("required field SubjectTokenType is not specified")
 	}
 	return nil
 }

 // cachedMetadata returns the cached metadata provided it is not going to
 // expire anytime soon.
 //
 // Caller must hold c.mu.
 func (c *callCreds) cachedMetadata() map[string]string {
 	now := time.Now()
 	// If the cached token has not expired and the lifetime remaining on that
 	// token is greater than the minimum value we are willing to accept, go
 	// ahead and use it.
 	if c.tokenExpiry.After(now) && c.tokenExpiry.Sub(now) > minCachedTokenLifetime {
 		return c.tokenMetadata
 	}
 	return nil
 }

 // constructRequest creates the STS request body in JSON based on the provided
 // options.
 // - Contents of the subjectToken are read from the file specified in
 //   options. If we encounter an error here, we bail out.
 // - Contents of the actorToken are read from the file specified in options.
 //   If we encounter an error here, we ignore this field because this is
 //   optional.
 // - Most of the other fields in the request come directly from options.
 //
 // A new HTTP request is created by calling http.NewRequestWithContext() and
 // passing the provided context, thereby enforcing any timeouts specified in
 // the latter.
 func constructRequest(ctx context.Context, opts Options) (*http.Request, error) {
 	subToken, err := readSubjectTokenFrom(opts.SubjectTokenPath)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
 	reqScope := opts.Scope
 	if reqScope == "" {
 		reqScope = defaultCloudPlatformScope
 	}
 	reqParams := &requestParameters{
 		GrantType:          tokenExchangeGrantType,
 		Resource:           opts.Resource,
 		Audience:           opts.Audience,
 		Scope:              reqScope,
 		RequestedTokenType: opts.RequestedTokenType,
 		SubjectToken:       string(subToken),
 		SubjectTokenType:   opts.SubjectTokenType,
 	}
 	if opts.ActorTokenPath != "" {
 		actorToken, err := readActorTokenFrom(opts.ActorTokenPath)
 		if err != nil {
 			return nil, err
 		}
 		reqParams.ActorToken = string(actorToken)
 		reqParams.ActorTokenType = opts.ActorTokenType
 	}
 	jsonBody, err := json.Marshal(reqParams)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
 	req, err := http.NewRequestWithContext(ctx, "POST", opts.TokenExchangeServiceURI, bytes.NewBuffer(jsonBody))
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to create http request: %v", err)
 	}
 	req.Header.Set("Content-Type", "application/json")
 	return req, nil
 }

 func sendRequest(client httpDoer, req *http.Request) ([]byte, error) {
 	// http.Client returns a non-nil error only if it encounters an error
 	// caused by client policy (such as CheckRedirect), or failure to speak
 	// HTTP (such as a network connectivity problem). A non-2xx status code
 	// doesn't cause an error.
 	resp, err := client.Do(req)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}

 	// When the http.Client returns a non-nil error, it is the
 	// responsibility of the caller to read the response body till an EOF is
 	// encountered and to close it.
 	body, err := ioutil.ReadAll(resp.Body)
 	resp.Body.Close()
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}

 	if resp.StatusCode == http.StatusOK {
 		return body, nil
 	}
 	logger.Warningf("http status %d, body: %s", resp.StatusCode, string(body))
 	return nil, fmt.Errorf("http status %d, body: %s", resp.StatusCode, string(body))
 }

 func tokenInfoFromResponse(respBody []byte) (*tokenInfo, error) {
 	respData := &responseParameters{}
 	if err := json.Unmarshal(respBody, respData); err != nil {
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("json.Unmarshal(%v): %v", respBody, err)
 	}
 	if respData.AccessToken == "" {
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("empty accessToken in response (%v)", string(respBody))
 	}
 	return &tokenInfo{
 		tokenType:  respData.TokenType,
 		token:      respData.AccessToken,
 		expiryTime: time.Now().Add(time.Duration(respData.ExpiresIn) * time.Second),
 	}, nil
 }

 // requestParameters stores all STS request attributes defined in
 // https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc8693#section-2.1.
 type requestParameters struct {
 	// REQUIRED. The value "urn:ietf:params:oauth:grant-type:token-exchange"
 	// indicates that a token exchange is being performed.
 	GrantType string `json:"grant_type"`
 	// OPTIONAL. Indicates the location of the target service or resource where
 	// the client intends to use the requested security token.
 	Resource string `json:"resource,omitempty"`
 	// OPTIONAL. The logical name of the target service where the client intends
 	// to use the requested security token.
 	Audience string `json:"audience,omitempty"`
 	// OPTIONAL. A list of space-delimited, case-sensitive strings, that allow
 	// the client to specify the desired scope of the requested security token
 	// in the context of the service or Resource where the token will be used.
 	Scope string `json:"scope,omitempty"`
 	// OPTIONAL. An identifier, for the type of the requested security token.
 	RequestedTokenType string `json:"requested_token_type,omitempty"`
 	// REQUIRED. A security token that represents the identity of the party on
 	// behalf of whom the request is being made.
 	SubjectToken string `json:"subject_token"`
 	// REQUIRED. An identifier, that indicates the type of the security token in
 	// the "subject_token" parameter.
 	SubjectTokenType string `json:"subject_token_type"`
 	// OPTIONAL. A security token that represents the identity of the acting
 	// party.
 	ActorToken string `json:"actor_token,omitempty"`
 	// An identifier, that indicates the type of the security token in the
 	// "actor_token" parameter.
 	ActorTokenType string `json:"actor_token_type,omitempty"`
 }

 // nesponseParameters stores all attributes sent as JSON in a successful STS
 // response. These attributes are defined in
 // https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc8693#section-2.2.1.
 type responseParameters struct {
 	// REQUIRED. The security token issued by the authorization server
 	// in response to the token exchange request.
 	AccessToken string `json:"access_token"`
 	// REQUIRED. An identifier, representation of the issued security token.
 	IssuedTokenType string `json:"issued_token_type"`
 	// REQUIRED. A case-insensitive value specifying the method of using the access
 	// token issued. It provides the client with information about how to utilize the
 	// access token to access protected resources.
 	TokenType string `json:"token_type"`
 	// RECOMMENDED. The validity lifetime, in seconds, of the token issued by the
 	// authorization server.
 	ExpiresIn int64 `json:"expires_in"`
 	// OPTIONAL, if the Scope of the issued security token is identical to the
 	// Scope requested by the client; otherwise, REQUIRED.
 	Scope string `json:"scope"`
 	// OPTIONAL. A refresh token will typically not be issued when the exchange is
 	// of one temporary credential (the subject_token) for a different temporary
 	// credential (the issued token) for use in some other context.
 	RefreshToken string `json:"refresh_token"`
 }

 // tokenInfo wraps the information received in a successful STS response.
 type tokenInfo struct {
 	tokenType  string
 	token      string
 	expiryTime time.Time
 }
	// +build go1.13

	/*
	*
	* Copyright 2020 gRPC authors.
	*
	* Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
	* you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
	* You may obtain a copy of the License at
	*
	* http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
	*
	* Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
	* distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
	* WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
	* See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
	* limitations under the License.
	*
	*/

	// Package sts implements call credentials using STS (Security Token Service) as
	// defined in https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc8693.
	//
	// Experimental
	//
	// Notice: All APIs in this package are experimental and may be changed or
	// removed in a later release.
	package sts

	import (
	"bytes"
	"context"
	"crypto/tls"
	"crypto/x509"
	"encoding/json"
	"errors"
	"fmt"
	"io/ioutil"
	"net/http"
	"net/url"
	"sync"
	"time"

	"google.golang.org/grpc/credentials"
	"google.golang.org/grpc/grpclog"
	)

	const (
	// HTTP request timeout set on the http.Client used to make STS requests.
	stsRequestTimeout = 5 * time.Second
	// If lifetime left in a cached token is lesser than this value, we fetch a
	// new one instead of returning the current one.
	minCachedTokenLifetime = 300 * time.Second

	tokenExchangeGrantType = "urn:ietf:params:oauth:grant-type:token-exchange"
	defaultCloudPlatformScope = "https://www.googleapis.com/auth/cloud-platform"
	)

	// For overriding in tests.
	var (
	loadSystemCertPool = x509.SystemCertPool
	makeHTTPDoer = makeHTTPClient
	readSubjectTokenFrom = ioutil.ReadFile
	readActorTokenFrom = ioutil.ReadFile
	logger = grpclog.Component("credentials")
	)

	// Options configures the parameters used for an STS based token exchange.
	type Options struct {
	// TokenExchangeServiceURI is the address of the server which implements STS
	// token exchange functionality.
	TokenExchangeServiceURI string // Required.

	// Resource is a URI that indicates the target service or resource where the
	// client intends to use the requested security token.
	Resource string // Optional.

	// Audience is the logical name of the target service where the client
	// intends to use the requested security token
	Audience string // Optional.

	// Scope is a list of space-delimited, case-sensitive strings, that allow
	// the client to specify the desired scope of the requested security token
	// in the context of the service or resource where the token will be used.
	// If this field is left unspecified, a default value of
	// https://www.googleapis.com/auth/cloud-platform will be used.
	Scope string // Optional.

	// RequestedTokenType is an identifier, as described in
	// https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc8693#section-3, that indicates the type of
	// the requested security token.
	RequestedTokenType string // Optional.

	// SubjectTokenPath is a filesystem path which contains the security token
	// that represents the identity of the party on behalf of whom the request
	// is being made.
	SubjectTokenPath string // Required.

	// SubjectTokenType is an identifier, as described in
	// https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc8693#section-3, that indicates the type of
	// the security token in the "subject_token_path" parameter.
	SubjectTokenType string // Required.

	// ActorTokenPath is a security token that represents the identity of the
	// acting party.
	ActorTokenPath string // Optional.

	// ActorTokenType is an identifier, as described in
	// https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc8693#section-3, that indicates the type of
	// the the security token in the "actor_token_path" parameter.
	ActorTokenType string // Optional.
	}

	func (o Options) String() string {
	return fmt.Sprintf("%s:%s:%s:%s:%s:%s:%s:%s:%s", o.TokenExchangeServiceURI, o.Resource, o.Audience, o.Scope, o.RequestedTokenType, o.SubjectTokenPath, o.SubjectTokenType, o.ActorTokenPath, o.ActorTokenType)
	}

	// NewCredentials returns a new PerRPCCredentials implementation, configured
	// using opts, which performs token exchange using STS.
	func NewCredentials(opts Options) (credentials.PerRPCCredentials, error) {
	if err := validateOptions(opts); err != nil {
	return nil, err
	}

	// Load the system roots to validate the certificate presented by the STS
	// endpoint during the TLS handshake.
	roots, err := loadSystemCertPool()
	if err != nil {
	return nil, err
	}

	return &callCreds{
	opts: opts,
	client: makeHTTPDoer(roots),
	}, nil
	}

	// callCreds provides the implementation of call credentials based on an STS
	// token exchange.
	type callCreds struct {
	opts Options
	client httpDoer

	// Cached accessToken to avoid an STS token exchange for every call to
	// GetRequestMetadata.
	mu sync.Mutex
	tokenMetadata map[string]string
	tokenExpiry time.Time
	}

	// GetRequestMetadata returns the cached accessToken, if available and valid, or
	// fetches a new one by performing an STS token exchange.
	func (c *callCreds) GetRequestMetadata(ctx context.Context, _ ...string) (map[string]string, error) {
	if err := credentials.CheckSecurityLevel(ctx, credentials.PrivacyAndIntegrity); err != nil {
	return nil, fmt.Errorf("unable to transfer STS PerRPCCredentials: %v", err)
	}

	// Holding the lock for the whole duration of the STS request and response
	// processing ensures that concurrent RPCs don't end up in multiple
	// requests being made.
	c.mu.Lock()
	defer c.mu.Unlock()

	if md := c.cachedMetadata(); md != nil {
	return md, nil
	}
	req, err := constructRequest(ctx, c.opts)
	if err != nil {
	return nil, err
	}
	respBody, err := sendRequest(c.client, req)
	if err != nil {
	return nil, err
	}
	ti, err := tokenInfoFromResponse(respBody)
	if err != nil {
	return nil, err
	}
	c.tokenMetadata = map[string]string{"Authorization": fmt.Sprintf("%s %s", ti.tokenType, ti.token)}
	c.tokenExpiry = ti.expiryTime
	return c.tokenMetadata, nil
	}

	// RequireTransportSecurity indicates whether the credentials requires
	// transport security.
	func (c *callCreds) RequireTransportSecurity() bool {
	return true
	}

	// httpDoer wraps the single method on the http.Client type that we use. This
	// helps with overriding in unittests.
	type httpDoer interface {
	Do(req http.Request) (http.Response, error)
	}

	func makeHTTPClient(roots *x509.CertPool) httpDoer {
	return &http.Client{
	Timeout: stsRequestTimeout,
	Transport: &http.Transport{
	TLSClientConfig: &tls.Config{
	RootCAs: roots,
	},
	},
	}
	}

	// validateOptions performs the following validation checks on opts:
	// - tokenExchangeServiceURI is not empty
	// - tokenExchangeServiceURI is a valid URI with a http(s) scheme
	// - subjectTokenPath and subjectTokenType are not empty.
	func validateOptions(opts Options) error {
	if opts.TokenExchangeServiceURI == "" {
	return errors.New("empty token_exchange_service_uri in options")
	}
	u, err := url.Parse(opts.TokenExchangeServiceURI)
	if err != nil {
	return err
	}
	if u.Scheme != "http" && u.Scheme != "https" {
	return fmt.Errorf("scheme is not supported: %q. Only http(s) is supported", u.Scheme)
	}

	if opts.SubjectTokenPath == "" {
	return errors.New("required field SubjectTokenPath is not specified")
	}
	if opts.SubjectTokenType == "" {
	return errors.New("required field SubjectTokenType is not specified")
	}
	return nil
	}

	// cachedMetadata returns the cached metadata provided it is not going to
	// expire anytime soon.
	//
	// Caller must hold c.mu.
	func (c *callCreds) cachedMetadata() map[string]string {
	now := time.Now()
	// If the cached token has not expired and the lifetime remaining on that
	// token is greater than the minimum value we are willing to accept, go
	// ahead and use it.
	if c.tokenExpiry.After(now) && c.tokenExpiry.Sub(now) > minCachedTokenLifetime {
	return c.tokenMetadata
	}
	return nil
	}

	// constructRequest creates the STS request body in JSON based on the provided
	// options.
	// - Contents of the subjectToken are read from the file specified in
	// options. If we encounter an error here, we bail out.
	// - Contents of the actorToken are read from the file specified in options.
	// If we encounter an error here, we ignore this field because this is
	// optional.
	// - Most of the other fields in the request come directly from options.
	//
	// A new HTTP request is created by calling http.NewRequestWithContext() and
	// passing the provided context, thereby enforcing any timeouts specified in
	// the latter.
	func constructRequest(ctx context.Context, opts Options) (*http.Request, error) {
	subToken, err := readSubjectTokenFrom(opts.SubjectTokenPath)
	if err != nil {
	return nil, err
	}
	reqScope := opts.Scope
	if reqScope == "" {
	reqScope = defaultCloudPlatformScope
	}
	reqParams := &requestParameters{
	GrantType: tokenExchangeGrantType,
	Resource: opts.Resource,
	Audience: opts.Audience,
	Scope: reqScope,
	RequestedTokenType: opts.RequestedTokenType,
	SubjectToken: string(subToken),
	SubjectTokenType: opts.SubjectTokenType,
	}
	if opts.ActorTokenPath != "" {
	actorToken, err := readActorTokenFrom(opts.ActorTokenPath)
	if err != nil {
	return nil, err
	}
	reqParams.ActorToken = string(actorToken)
	reqParams.ActorTokenType = opts.ActorTokenType
	}
	jsonBody, err := json.Marshal(reqParams)
	if err != nil {
	return nil, err
	}
	req, err := http.NewRequestWithContext(ctx, "POST", opts.TokenExchangeServiceURI, bytes.NewBuffer(jsonBody))
	if err != nil {
	return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to create http request: %v", err)
	}
	req.Header.Set("Content-Type", "application/json")
	return req, nil
	}

	func sendRequest(client httpDoer, req *http.Request) ([]byte, error) {
	// http.Client returns a non-nil error only if it encounters an error
	// caused by client policy (such as CheckRedirect), or failure to speak
	// HTTP (such as a network connectivity problem). A non-2xx status code
	// doesn't cause an error.
	resp, err := client.Do(req)
	if err != nil {
	return nil, err
	}

	// When the http.Client returns a non-nil error, it is the
	// responsibility of the caller to read the response body till an EOF is
	// encountered and to close it.
	body, err := ioutil.ReadAll(resp.Body)
	resp.Body.Close()
	if err != nil {
	return nil, err
	}

	if resp.StatusCode == http.StatusOK {
	return body, nil
	}
	logger.Warningf("http status %d, body: %s", resp.StatusCode, string(body))
	return nil, fmt.Errorf("http status %d, body: %s", resp.StatusCode, string(body))
	}

	func tokenInfoFromResponse(respBody []byte) (*tokenInfo, error) {
	respData := &responseParameters{}
	if err := json.Unmarshal(respBody, respData); err != nil {
	return nil, fmt.Errorf("json.Unmarshal(%v): %v", respBody, err)
	}
	if respData.AccessToken == "" {
	return nil, fmt.Errorf("empty accessToken in response (%v)", string(respBody))
	}
	return &tokenInfo{
	tokenType: respData.TokenType,
	token: respData.AccessToken,
	expiryTime: time.Now().Add(time.Duration(respData.ExpiresIn) * time.Second),
	}, nil
	}

	// requestParameters stores all STS request attributes defined in
	// https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc8693#section-2.1.
	type requestParameters struct {
	// REQUIRED. The value "urn:ietf:params:oauth:grant-type:token-exchange"
	// indicates that a token exchange is being performed.
	GrantType string `json:"grant_type"`
	// OPTIONAL. Indicates the location of the target service or resource where
	// the client intends to use the requested security token.
	Resource string `json:"resource,omitempty"`
	// OPTIONAL. The logical name of the target service where the client intends
	// to use the requested security token.
	Audience string `json:"audience,omitempty"`
	// OPTIONAL. A list of space-delimited, case-sensitive strings, that allow
	// the client to specify the desired scope of the requested security token
	// in the context of the service or Resource where the token will be used.
	Scope string `json:"scope,omitempty"`
	// OPTIONAL. An identifier, for the type of the requested security token.
	RequestedTokenType string `json:"requested_token_type,omitempty"`
	// REQUIRED. A security token that represents the identity of the party on
	// behalf of whom the request is being made.
	SubjectToken string `json:"subject_token"`
	// REQUIRED. An identifier, that indicates the type of the security token in
	// the "subject_token" parameter.
	SubjectTokenType string `json:"subject_token_type"`
	// OPTIONAL. A security token that represents the identity of the acting
	// party.
	ActorToken string `json:"actor_token,omitempty"`
	// An identifier, that indicates the type of the security token in the
	// "actor_token" parameter.
	ActorTokenType string `json:"actor_token_type,omitempty"`
	}

	// nesponseParameters stores all attributes sent as JSON in a successful STS
	// response. These attributes are defined in
	// https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc8693#section-2.2.1.
	type responseParameters struct {
	// REQUIRED. The security token issued by the authorization server
	// in response to the token exchange request.
	AccessToken string `json:"access_token"`
	// REQUIRED. An identifier, representation of the issued security token.
	IssuedTokenType string `json:"issued_token_type"`
	// REQUIRED. A case-insensitive value specifying the method of using the access
	// token issued. It provides the client with information about how to utilize the
	// access token to access protected resources.
	TokenType string `json:"token_type"`
	// RECOMMENDED. The validity lifetime, in seconds, of the token issued by the
	// authorization server.
	ExpiresIn int64 `json:"expires_in"`
	// OPTIONAL, if the Scope of the issued security token is identical to the
	// Scope requested by the client; otherwise, REQUIRED.
	Scope string `json:"scope"`
	// OPTIONAL. A refresh token will typically not be issued when the exchange is
	// of one temporary credential (the subject_token) for a different temporary
	// credential (the issued token) for use in some other context.
	RefreshToken string `json:"refresh_token"`
	}

	// tokenInfo wraps the information received in a successful STS response.
	type tokenInfo struct {
	tokenType string
	token string
	expiryTime time.Time
	}