Merge branch 'ew/http-alternates-as-redirects-warning'

Recent versions of Git treats http alternates (used in dumb http
transport) just like HTTP redirects and requires the client to
enable following it, due to security concerns.  But we forgot to
give a warning when we decide not to honor the alternates.

* ew/http-alternates-as-redirects-warning:
  http: release strbuf on disabled alternates
  http: inform about alternates-as-redirects behavior
diff --git a/.gitignore b/.gitignore
index b1020b8..833ef3b 100644
--- a/.gitignore
+++ b/.gitignore
@@ -114,6 +114,7 @@
 /git-read-tree
 /git-rebase
 /git-rebase--am
+/git-rebase--helper
 /git-rebase--interactive
 /git-rebase--merge
 /git-receive-pack
diff --git a/.mailmap b/.mailmap
index ab59b2f..e06526a 100644
--- a/.mailmap
+++ b/.mailmap
@@ -177,6 +177,7 @@
 Pascal Obry <pascal@obry.net> <pascal.obry@gmail.com>
 Pascal Obry <pascal@obry.net> <pascal.obry@wanadoo.fr>
 Pat Notz <patnotz@gmail.com> <pknotz@sandia.gov>
+Patrick Steinhardt <ps@pks.im> <patrick.steinhardt@elego.de>
 Paul Mackerras <paulus@samba.org> <paulus@dorrigo.(none)>
 Paul Mackerras <paulus@samba.org> <paulus@pogo.(none)>
 Peter Baumann <waste.manager@gmx.de> <Peter.B.Baumann@stud.informatik.uni-erlangen.de>
diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/2.13.0.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.13.0.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8d5e887
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.13.0.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,255 @@
+Git 2.13 Release Notes
+======================
+
+Backward compatibility notes.
+
+ * Use of an empty string as a pathspec element that is used for
+   'everything matches' is still warned and Git asks users to use a
+   more explicit '.' for that instead.  The hope is that existing
+   users will not mind this change, and eventually the warning can be
+   turned into a hard error, upgrading the deprecation into removal of
+   this (mis)feature.  That is not scheduled to happen in the upcoming
+   release (yet).
+
+ * The historical argument order "git merge <msg> HEAD <commit>..."
+   has been deprecated for quite some time, and will be removed in a
+   future release.
+
+
+Updates since v2.12
+-------------------
+
+UI, Workflows & Features
+
+ * "git describe" and "git name-rev" have been taught to take more
+   than one refname patterns to restrict the set of refs to base their
+   naming output on, and also learned to take negative patterns to
+   name refs not to be used for naming via their "--exclude" option.
+
+ * Deletion of a branch "foo/bar" could remove .git/refs/heads/foo
+   once there no longer is any other branch whose name begins with
+   "foo/", but we didn't do so so far.  Now we do.
+
+ * When "git merge" detects a path that is renamed in one history
+   while the other history deleted (or modified) it, it now reports
+   both paths to help the user understand what is going on in the two
+   histories being merged.
+
+ * The <url> part in "http.<url>.<variable>" configuration variable
+   can now be spelled with '*' that serves as wildcard.
+   E.g. "http.https://*.example.com.proxy" can be used to specify the
+   proxy used for https://a.example.com, https://b.example.com, etc.,
+   i.e. any host in the example.com domain.
+
+ * "git tag" did not leave useful message when adding a new entry to
+   reflog; this was left unnoticed for a long time because refs/tags/*
+   doesn't keep reflog by default.
+
+ * The "negative" pathspec feature was somewhat more cumbersome to use
+   than necessary in that its short-hand used "!" which needed to be
+   escaped from shells, and it required "exclude from what?" specified.
+
+ * The command line options for ssh invocation needs to be tweaked for
+   some implementations of SSH (e.g. PuTTY plink wants "-P <port>"
+   while OpenSSH wants "-p <port>" to specify port to connect to), and
+   the variant was guessed when GIT_SSH environment variable is used
+   to specify it.  The logic to guess now applies to the command
+   specified by the newer GIT_SSH_COMMAND and also core.sshcommand
+   configuration variable, and comes with an escape hatch for users to
+   deal with misdetected cases.
+
+ * The "--git-path", "--git-common-dir", and "--shared-index-path"
+   options of "git rev-parse" did not produce usable output.  They are
+   now updated to show the path to the correct file, relative to where
+   the caller is.
+
+ * "git diff -W" has been taught to handle the case where a new
+   function is added at the end of the file better.
+
+ * "git update-ref -d" and other operations to delete references did
+   not leave any entry in HEAD's reflog when the reference being
+   deleted was the current branch.  This is not a problem in practice
+   because you do not want to delete the branch you are currently on,
+   but caused renaming of the current branch to something else not to
+   be logged in a useful way.
+
+ * "Cc:" on the trailer part does not have to conform to RFC strictly,
+   unlike in the e-mail header.  "git send-email" has been updated to
+   ignore anything after '>' when picking addresses, to allow non-address
+   cruft like " # stable 4.4" after the address.
+   (merge 9d3343961b jh/send-email-one-cc later to maint).
+
+ * When "git submodule init" decides that the submodule in the working
+   tree is its upstream, it now gives a warning as it is not a very
+   common setup.
+   (merge d1b3b81aab sb/submodule-init-url-selection later to maint).
+
+ * "git stash save" takes a pathspec so that the local changes can be
+   stashed away only partially.
+   (merge 9e140909f6 tg/stash-push later to maint).
+
+ * Documentation for "git ls-files" did not refer to core.quotePath.
+
+
+Performance, Internal Implementation, Development Support etc.
+
+ * The code to list branches in "git branch" has been consolidated
+   with the more generic ref-filter API.
+
+ * Resource usage while enumerating refs from alternate object store
+   has been optimized to help receiving end of "push" that hosts a
+   repository with many "forks".
+
+ * The gitattributes machinery is being taught to work better in a
+   multi-threaded environment.
+
+ * "git rebase -i" starts using the recently updated "sequencer" code.
+
+ * Code and design clean-up for the refs API.
+
+ * The preload-index code has been taught not to bother with the index
+   entries that are paths that are not checked out by "sparse checkout".
+
+ * Some warning() messages from "git clean" were updated to show the
+   errno from failed system calls.
+
+ * The "parse_config_key()" API function has been cleaned up.
+   (merge ad8c7cdadd jk/parse-config-key-cleanup later to maint).
+
+ * A test that creates a confusing branch whose name is HEAD has been
+   corrected not to do so.
+   (merge f0252ca23c jk/t6300-cleanup later to maint).
+
+ * The code that parses header fields in the commit object has been
+   updated for (micro)performance and code hygiene.
+   (merge b072504ce1 rs/commit-parsing-optim later to maint).
+
+ * An helper function to make it easier to append the result from
+   real_path() to a strbuf has been added.
+   (merge 33ad9ddd0b rs/strbuf-add-real-path later to maint).
+
+ * Reduce authentication round-trip over HTTP when the server supports
+   just a single authentication method.  This also improves the
+   behaviour when Git is misconfigured to enable http.emptyAuth
+   against a server that does not authenticate without a username
+   (i.e. not using Kerberos etc., which makes http.emptyAuth
+   pointless).
+   (merge 40a18fc77c jk/http-auth later to maint).
+
+ * Windows port wants to use OpenSSL's implementation of SHA-1
+   routines, so let them.
+   (merge 2cfc70f0de jh/mingw-openssl-sha1 later to maint).
+
+
+Also contains various documentation updates and code clean-ups.
+
+
+Fixes since v2.12
+-----------------
+
+Unless otherwise noted, all the fixes since v2.9 in the maintenance
+track are contained in this release (see the maintenance releases'
+notes for details).
+
+ * "git repack --depth=<n>" for a long time busted the specified depth
+   when reusing delta from existing packs.  This has been corrected.
+   (merge 42b766d765 jk/delta-chain-limit later to maint).
+
+ * The code to parse the command line "git grep <patterns>... <rev>
+   [[--] <pathspec>...]" has been cleaned up, and a handful of bugs
+   have been fixed (e.g. we used to check "--" if it is a rev).
+   (merge 131f3c96d2 jk/grep-no-index-fix later to maint).
+
+ * "git ls-remote" and "git archive --remote" are designed to work
+   without being in a directory under Git's control.  However, recent
+   updates revealed that we randomly look into a directory called
+   .git/ without actually doing necessary set-up when working in a
+   repository.  Stop doing so.
+   (merge 4b0c3c7735 jn/remote-helpers-with-git-dir later to maint).
+
+ * "git show-branch" expected there were only very short branch names
+   in the repository and used a fixed-length buffer to hold them
+   without checking for overflow.
+   (merge d3cc5f4c44 jk/show-branch-lift-name-len-limit later to maint).
+
+ * A caller of tempfile API that uses stdio interface to write to
+   files may ignore errors while writing, which is detected when
+   tempfile is closed (with a call to ferror()).  By that time, the
+   original errno that may have told us what went wrong is likely to
+   be long gone and was overwritten by an irrelevant value.
+   close_tempfile() now resets errno to EIO to make errno at least
+   predictable.
+   (merge 7e8c9355b7 jk/tempfile-ferror-fclose-confusion later to maint).
+
+ * "git remote rm X", when a branch has remote X configured as the
+   value of its branch.*.remote, tried to remove branch.*.remote and
+   branch.*.merge and failed if either is unset.
+   (merge 20690b2139 rl/remote-allow-missing-branch-name-merge later to maint).
+
+ * A "gc.log" file left by a backgrounded "gc --auto" disables further
+   automatic gc; it has been taught to run at least once a day (by
+   default) by ignoring a stale "gc.log" file that is too old.
+   (merge a831c06a2b dt/gc-ignore-old-gc-logs later to maint).
+
+ * The code to parse "git -c VAR=VAL cmd" and set configuration
+   variable for the duration of cmd had two small bugs, which have
+   been fixed.
+   (merge 1274a155af jc/config-case-cmdline-take-2 later to maint).
+
+ * user.email that consists of only cruft chars should consistently
+   error out, but didn't.
+   (merge 94425552f3 jk/ident-empty later to maint).
+
+ * "git upload-pack", which is a counter-part of "git fetch", did not
+   report a request for a ref that was not advertised as invalid.
+   This is generally not a problem (because "git fetch" will stop
+   before making such a request), but is the right thing to do.
+   (merge bdb31eada7 jt/upload-pack-error-report later to maint).
+
+ * A leak in a codepath to read from a packed object in (rare) cases
+   has been plugged.
+   (merge 886ddf4777 rs/sha1-file-plug-fallback-base-leak later to maint).
+
+ * When a redirected http transport gets an error during the
+   redirected request, we ignored the error we got from the server,
+   and ended up giving a not-so-useful error message.
+   (merge 8e27391a5f jt/http-base-url-update-upon-redirect later to maint).
+
+ * The patch subcommand of "git add -i" was meant to have paths
+   selection prompt just like other subcommand, unlike "git add -p"
+   directly jumps to hunk selection.  Recently, this was broken and
+   "add -i" lost the paths selection dialog, but it now has been
+   fixed.
+   (merge c852bd54bd jk/add-i-patch-do-prompt later to maint).
+
+ * Git v2.12 was shipped with an embarrassing breakage where various
+   operations that verify paths given from the user stopped dying when
+   seeing an issue, and instead later triggering segfault.
+   (merge ce83eadd9a js/realpath-pathdup-fix later to maint).
+
+ * There is no need for Python only to give a few messages to the
+   standard error stream, but we somehow did.
+   (merge b8686c661d ss/remote-bzr-hg-placeholder-wo-python later to maint).
+
+ * The code to parse "git log -L..." command line was buggy when there
+   are many ranges specified with -L; overrun of the allocated buffer
+   has been fixed.
+   (merge aaae0bf787 ax/line-log-range-merge-fix later to maint).
+
+ * The command-line parsing of "git log -L" copied internal data
+   structures using incorrect size on ILP32 systems.
+   (merge 07f546cda5 vn/line-log-memcpy-size-fix later to maint).
+
+ * "git diff --quiet" relies on the size field in diff_filespec to be
+   correctly populated, but diff_populate_filespec() helper function
+   made an incorrect short-cut when asked only to populate the size
+   field for paths that need to go through convert_to_git() (e.g. CRLF
+   conversion).
+   (merge 12426e114b jc/diff-populate-filespec-size-only-fix later to maint).
+
+ * Other minor doc, test and build updates and code cleanups.
+   (merge 2cfa83574c mm/two-more-xstrfmt later to maint).
+   (merge b803ae4427 ps/docs-diffcore later to maint).
+   (merge bcd886d897 ew/markdown-url-in-readme later to maint).
+   (merge b2d593a779 rj/remove-unused-mktemp later to maint).
+   (merge 3255e512a8 jk/ewah-use-right-type-in-sizeof later to maint).
diff --git a/Documentation/config.txt b/Documentation/config.txt
index 015346c..5e5c2ae 100644
--- a/Documentation/config.txt
+++ b/Documentation/config.txt
@@ -350,16 +350,19 @@
 	all fields, including the sub-second part of mtime and ctime.
 
 core.quotePath::
-	The commands that output paths (e.g. 'ls-files',
-	'diff'), when not given the `-z` option, will quote
-	"unusual" characters in the pathname by enclosing the
-	pathname in a double-quote pair and with backslashes the
-	same way strings in C source code are quoted.  If this
-	variable is set to false, the bytes higher than 0x80 are
-	not quoted but output as verbatim.  Note that double
-	quote, backslash and control characters are always
-	quoted without `-z` regardless of the setting of this
-	variable.
+	Commands that output paths (e.g. 'ls-files', 'diff'), will
+	quote "unusual" characters in the pathname by enclosing the
+	pathname in double-quotes and escaping those characters with
+	backslashes in the same way C escapes control characters (e.g.
+	`\t` for TAB, `\n` for LF, `\\` for backslash) or bytes with
+	values larger than 0x80 (e.g. octal `\302\265` for "micro" in
+	UTF-8).  If this variable is set to false, bytes higher than
+	0x80 are not considered "unusual" any more. Double-quotes,
+	backslash and control characters are always escaped regardless
+	of the setting of this variable.  A simple space character is
+	not considered "unusual".  Many commands can output pathnames
+	completely verbatim using the `-z` option. The default value
+	is true.
 
 core.eol::
 	Sets the line ending type to use in the working directory for
@@ -1402,6 +1405,12 @@
 	Make `git gc --auto` return immediately and run in background
 	if the system supports it. Default is true.
 
+gc.logExpiry::
+	If the file gc.log exists, then `git gc --auto` won't run
+	unless that file is more than 'gc.logExpiry' old.  Default is
+	"1.day".  See `gc.pruneExpire` for more ways to specify its
+	value.
+
 gc.packRefs::
 	Running `git pack-refs` in a repository renders it
 	unclonable by Git versions prior to 1.5.1.2 over dumb
@@ -1919,7 +1928,10 @@
   must match exactly between the config key and the URL.
 
 . Host/domain name (e.g., `example.com` in `https://example.com/`).
-  This field must match exactly between the config key and the URL.
+  This field must match between the config key and the URL. It is
+  possible to specify a `*` as part of the host name to match all subdomains
+  at this level. `https://*.example.com/` for example would match
+  `https://foo.example.com/`, but not `https://foo.bar.example.com/`.
 
 . Port number (e.g., `8080` in `http://example.com:8080/`).
   This field must match exactly between the config key and the URL.
@@ -1954,6 +1966,17 @@
 matched against are those given directly to Git commands.  This means any URLs
 visited as a result of a redirection do not participate in matching.
 
+ssh.variant::
+	Depending on the value of the environment variables `GIT_SSH` or
+	`GIT_SSH_COMMAND`, or the config setting `core.sshCommand`, Git
+	auto-detects whether to adjust its command-line parameters for use
+	with plink or tortoiseplink, as opposed to the default (OpenSSH).
++
+The config variable `ssh.variant` can be set to override this auto-detection;
+valid values are `ssh`, `plink`, `putty` or `tortoiseplink`. Any other value
+will be treated as normal ssh. This setting can be overridden via the
+environment variable `GIT_SSH_VARIANT`.
+
 i18n.commitEncoding::
 	Character encoding the commit messages are stored in; Git itself
 	does not care per se, but this information is necessary e.g. when
diff --git a/Documentation/diff-format.txt b/Documentation/diff-format.txt
index cf52626..706916c 100644
--- a/Documentation/diff-format.txt
+++ b/Documentation/diff-format.txt
@@ -78,9 +78,10 @@
 :100644 100644 5be4a4...... 000000...... M file.c
 ------------------------------------------------
 
-When `-z` option is not used, TAB, LF, and backslash characters
-in pathnames are represented as `\t`, `\n`, and `\\`,
-respectively.
+Without the `-z` option, pathnames with "unusual" characters are
+quoted as explained for the configuration variable `core.quotePath`
+(see linkgit:git-config[1]).  Using `-z` the filename is output
+verbatim and the line is terminated by a NUL byte.
 
 diff format for merges
 ----------------------
diff --git a/Documentation/diff-generate-patch.txt b/Documentation/diff-generate-patch.txt
index d2a7ff5..231105c 100644
--- a/Documentation/diff-generate-patch.txt
+++ b/Documentation/diff-generate-patch.txt
@@ -53,10 +53,9 @@
 The <mode> is included if the file mode does not change; otherwise,
 separate lines indicate the old and the new mode.
 
-3.  TAB, LF, double quote and backslash characters in pathnames
-    are represented as `\t`, `\n`, `\"` and `\\`, respectively.
-    If there is need for such substitution then the whole
-    pathname is put in double quotes.
+3.  Pathnames with "unusual" characters are quoted as explained for
+    the configuration variable `core.quotePath` (see
+    linkgit:git-config[1]).
 
 4.  All the `file1` files in the output refer to files before the
     commit, and all the `file2` files refer to files after the commit.
diff --git a/Documentation/diff-options.txt b/Documentation/diff-options.txt
index d91ddbd..89cc0f4 100644
--- a/Documentation/diff-options.txt
+++ b/Documentation/diff-options.txt
@@ -192,10 +192,9 @@
 	given, do not munge pathnames and use NULs as output field terminators.
 endif::git-log[]
 +
-Without this option, each pathname output will have TAB, LF, double quotes,
-and backslash characters replaced with `\t`, `\n`, `\"`, and `\\`,
-respectively, and the pathname will be enclosed in double quotes if
-any of those replacements occurred.
+Without this option, pathnames with "unusual" characters are quoted as
+explained for the configuration variable `core.quotePath` (see
+linkgit:git-config[1]).
 
 --name-only::
 	Show only names of changed files.
diff --git a/Documentation/git-apply.txt b/Documentation/git-apply.txt
index 8ddb207..631cbd8 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-apply.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git-apply.txt
@@ -108,10 +108,9 @@
 	When `--numstat` has been given, do not munge pathnames,
 	but use a NUL-terminated machine-readable format.
 +
-Without this option, each pathname output will have TAB, LF, double quotes,
-and backslash characters replaced with `\t`, `\n`, `\"`, and `\\`,
-respectively, and the pathname will be enclosed in double quotes if
-any of those replacements occurred.
+Without this option, pathnames with "unusual" characters are quoted as
+explained for the configuration variable `core.quotePath` (see
+linkgit:git-config[1]).
 
 -p<n>::
 	Remove <n> leading slashes from traditional diff paths. The
diff --git a/Documentation/git-branch.txt b/Documentation/git-branch.txt
index 28d46cc..092f1bc 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-branch.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git-branch.txt
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@
 	[--list] [-v [--abbrev=<length> | --no-abbrev]]
 	[--column[=<options>] | --no-column]
 	[(--merged | --no-merged | --contains) [<commit>]] [--sort=<key>]
-	[--points-at <object>] [<pattern>...]
+	[--points-at <object>] [--format=<format>] [<pattern>...]
 'git branch' [--set-upstream | --track | --no-track] [-l] [-f] <branchname> [<start-point>]
 'git branch' (--set-upstream-to=<upstream> | -u <upstream>) [<branchname>]
 'git branch' --unset-upstream [<branchname>]
@@ -253,6 +253,11 @@
 --points-at <object>::
 	Only list branches of the given object.
 
+--format <format>::
+	A string that interpolates `%(fieldname)` from the object
+	pointed at by a ref being shown.  The format is the same as
+	that of linkgit:git-for-each-ref[1].
+
 Examples
 --------
 
diff --git a/Documentation/git-commit.txt b/Documentation/git-commit.txt
index 4f8f20a..25dcdcc 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-commit.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git-commit.txt
@@ -117,9 +117,12 @@
 
 -z::
 --null::
-	When showing `short` or `porcelain` status output, terminate
-	entries in the status output with NUL, instead of LF. If no
-	format is given, implies the `--porcelain` output format.
+	When showing `short` or `porcelain` status output, print the
+	filename verbatim and terminate the entries with NUL, instead of LF.
+	If no format is given, implies the `--porcelain` output format.
+	Without the `-z` option, filenames with "unusual" characters are
+	quoted as explained for the configuration variable `core.quotePath`
+	(see linkgit:git-config[1]).
 
 -F <file>::
 --file=<file>::
diff --git a/Documentation/git-describe.txt b/Documentation/git-describe.txt
index e4ac448..8755f3a 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-describe.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git-describe.txt
@@ -83,7 +83,20 @@
 --match <pattern>::
 	Only consider tags matching the given `glob(7)` pattern,
 	excluding the "refs/tags/" prefix.  This can be used to avoid
-	leaking private tags from the repository.
+	leaking private tags from the repository. If given multiple times, a
+	list of patterns will be accumulated, and tags matching any of the
+	patterns will be considered. Use `--no-match` to clear and reset the
+	list of patterns.
+
+--exclude <pattern>::
+	Do not consider tags matching the given `glob(7)` pattern, excluding
+	the "refs/tags/" prefix. This can be used to narrow the tag space and
+	find only tags matching some meaningful criteria. If given multiple
+	times, a list of patterns will be accumulated and tags matching any
+	of the patterns will be excluded. When combined with --match a tag will
+	be considered when it matches at least one --match pattern and does not
+	match any of the --exclude patterns. Use `--no-exclude` to clear and
+	reset the list of patterns.
 
 --always::
 	Show uniquely abbreviated commit object as fallback.
diff --git a/Documentation/git-filter-branch.txt b/Documentation/git-filter-branch.txt
index 0a09698..6e4bb02 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-filter-branch.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git-filter-branch.txt
@@ -167,14 +167,12 @@
 	project root. Implies <<Remap_to_ancestor>>.
 
 --prune-empty::
-	Some kind of filters will generate empty commits, that left the tree
-	untouched.  This switch allow git-filter-branch to ignore such
-	commits.  Though, this switch only applies for commits that have one
-	and only one parent, it will hence keep merges points. Also, this
-	option is not compatible with the use of `--commit-filter`. Though you
-	just need to use the function 'git_commit_non_empty_tree "$@"' instead
-	of the `git commit-tree "$@"` idiom in your commit filter to make that
-	happen.
+	Some filters will generate empty commits that leave the tree untouched.
+	This option instructs git-filter-branch to remove such commits if they
+	have exactly one or zero non-pruned parents; merge commits will
+	therefore remain intact.  This option cannot be used together with
+	`--commit-filter`, though the same effect can be achieved by using the
+	provided `git_commit_non_empty_tree` function in a commit filter.
 
 --original <namespace>::
 	Use this option to set the namespace where the original commits
diff --git a/Documentation/git-for-each-ref.txt b/Documentation/git-for-each-ref.txt
index abe13f3..111e1be 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-for-each-ref.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git-for-each-ref.txt
@@ -95,11 +95,20 @@
 	The name of the ref (the part after $GIT_DIR/).
 	For a non-ambiguous short name of the ref append `:short`.
 	The option core.warnAmbiguousRefs is used to select the strict
-	abbreviation mode. If `strip=<N>` is appended, strips `<N>`
-	slash-separated path components from the front of the refname
-	(e.g., `%(refname:strip=2)` turns `refs/tags/foo` into `foo`.
-	`<N>` must be a positive integer.  If a displayed ref has fewer
-	components than `<N>`, the command aborts with an error.
+	abbreviation mode. If `lstrip=<N>` (`rstrip=<N>`) is appended, strips `<N>`
+	slash-separated path components from the front (back) of the refname
+	(e.g. `%(refname:lstrip=2)` turns `refs/tags/foo` into `foo` and
+	`%(refname:rstrip=2)` turns `refs/tags/foo` into `refs`).
+	If `<N>` is a negative number, strip as many path components as
+	necessary from the specified end to leave `-<N>` path components
+	(e.g. `%(refname:lstrip=-2)` turns
+	`refs/tags/foo` into `tags/foo` and `%(refname:rstrip=-1)`
+	turns `refs/tags/foo` into `refs`). When the ref does not have
+	enough components, the result becomes an empty string if
+	stripping with positive <N>, or it becomes the full refname if
+	stripping with negative <N>.  Neither is an error.
++
+`strip` can be used as a synomym to `lstrip`.
 
 objecttype::
 	The type of the object (`blob`, `tree`, `commit`, `tag`).
@@ -110,21 +119,31 @@
 objectname::
 	The object name (aka SHA-1).
 	For a non-ambiguous abbreviation of the object name append `:short`.
+	For an abbreviation of the object name with desired length append
+	`:short=<length>`, where the minimum length is MINIMUM_ABBREV. The
+	length may be exceeded to ensure unique object names.
 
 upstream::
 	The name of a local ref which can be considered ``upstream''
-	from the displayed ref. Respects `:short` in the same way as
-	`refname` above.  Additionally respects `:track` to show
-	"[ahead N, behind M]" and `:trackshort` to show the terse
-	version: ">" (ahead), "<" (behind), "<>" (ahead and behind),
-	or "=" (in sync).  Has no effect if the ref does not have
-	tracking information associated with it.
+	from the displayed ref. Respects `:short`, `:lstrip` and
+	`:rstrip` in the same way as `refname` above.  Additionally
+	respects `:track` to show "[ahead N, behind M]" and
+	`:trackshort` to show the terse version: ">" (ahead), "<"
+	(behind), "<>" (ahead and behind), or "=" (in sync). `:track`
+	also prints "[gone]" whenever unknown upstream ref is
+	encountered. Append `:track,nobracket` to show tracking
+	information without brackets (i.e "ahead N, behind M").  Has
+	no effect if the ref does not have tracking information
+	associated with it.  All the options apart from `nobracket`
+	are mutually exclusive, but if used together the last option
+	is selected.
 
 push::
-	The name of a local ref which represents the `@{push}` location
-	for the displayed ref. Respects `:short`, `:track`, and
-	`:trackshort` options as `upstream` does. Produces an empty
-	string if no `@{push}` ref is configured.
+	The name of a local ref which represents the `@{push}`
+	location for the displayed ref. Respects `:short`, `:lstrip`,
+	`:rstrip`, `:track`, and `:trackshort` options as `upstream`
+	does. Produces an empty string if no `@{push}` ref is
+	configured.
 
 HEAD::
 	'*' if HEAD matches current ref (the checked out branch), ' '
@@ -149,6 +168,25 @@
 	quoted, but if nested then only the topmost level performs
 	quoting.
 
+if::
+	Used as %(if)...%(then)...%(end) or
+	%(if)...%(then)...%(else)...%(end).  If there is an atom with
+	value or string literal after the %(if) then everything after
+	the %(then) is printed, else if the %(else) atom is used, then
+	everything after %(else) is printed. We ignore space when
+	evaluating the string before %(then), this is useful when we
+	use the %(HEAD) atom which prints either "*" or " " and we
+	want to apply the 'if' condition only on the 'HEAD' ref.
+	Append ":equals=<string>" or ":notequals=<string>" to compare
+	the value between the %(if:...) and %(then) atoms with the
+	given string.
+
+symref::
+	The ref which the given symbolic ref refers to. If not a
+	symbolic ref, nothing is printed. Respects the `:short`,
+	`:lstrip` and `:rstrip` options in the same way as `refname`
+	above.
+
 In addition to the above, for commit and tag objects, the header
 field names (`tree`, `parent`, `object`, `type`, and `tag`) can
 be used to specify the value in the header field.
@@ -186,6 +224,14 @@
 the date by adding `:` followed by date format name (see the
 values the `--date` option to linkgit:git-rev-list[1] takes).
 
+Some atoms like %(align) and %(if) always require a matching %(end).
+We call them "opening atoms" and sometimes denote them as %($open).
+
+When a scripting language specific quoting is in effect, everything
+between a top-level opening atom and its matching %(end) is evaluated
+according to the semantics of the opening atom and only its result
+from the top-level is quoted.
+
 
 EXAMPLES
 --------
@@ -273,6 +319,22 @@
 eval "$eval"
 ------------
 
+
+An example to show the usage of %(if)...%(then)...%(else)...%(end).
+This prefixes the current branch with a star.
+
+------------
+git for-each-ref --format="%(if)%(HEAD)%(then)* %(else)  %(end)%(refname:short)" refs/heads/
+------------
+
+
+An example to show the usage of %(if)...%(then)...%(end).
+This prints the authorname, if present.
+
+------------
+git for-each-ref --format="%(refname)%(if)%(authorname)%(then) Authored by: %(authorname)%(end)"
+------------
+
 SEE ALSO
 --------
 linkgit:git-show-ref[1]
diff --git a/Documentation/git-ls-files.txt b/Documentation/git-ls-files.txt
index 446209e..1cab703 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-ls-files.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git-ls-files.txt
@@ -77,7 +77,8 @@
 	succeed.
 
 -z::
-	\0 line termination on output.
+	\0 line termination on output and do not quote filenames.
+	See OUTPUT below for more information.
 
 -x <pattern>::
 --exclude=<pattern>::
@@ -196,9 +197,10 @@
 the user (or the porcelain) to see what should eventually be recorded at the
 path. (see linkgit:git-read-tree[1] for more information on state)
 
-When `-z` option is not used, TAB, LF, and backslash characters
-in pathnames are represented as `\t`, `\n`, and `\\`,
-respectively.
+Without the `-z` option, pathnames with "unusual" characters are
+quoted as explained for the configuration variable `core.quotePath`
+(see linkgit:git-config[1]).  Using `-z` the filename is output
+verbatim and the line is terminated by a NUL byte.
 
 
 Exclude Patterns
diff --git a/Documentation/git-ls-tree.txt b/Documentation/git-ls-tree.txt
index dbc91f9..9dee7be 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-ls-tree.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git-ls-tree.txt
@@ -53,7 +53,8 @@
 	Show object size of blob (file) entries.
 
 -z::
-	\0 line termination on output.
+	\0 line termination on output and do not quote filenames.
+	See OUTPUT FORMAT below for more information.
 
 --name-only::
 --name-status::
@@ -82,8 +83,6 @@
 -------------
         <mode> SP <type> SP <object> TAB <file>
 
-Unless the `-z` option is used, TAB, LF, and backslash characters
-in pathnames are represented as `\t`, `\n`, and `\\`, respectively.
 This output format is compatible with what `--index-info --stdin` of
 'git update-index' expects.
 
@@ -95,6 +94,11 @@
 with minimum width of 7 characters.  Object size is given only for blobs
 (file) entries; for other entries `-` character is used in place of size.
 
+Without the `-z` option, pathnames with "unusual" characters are
+quoted as explained for the configuration variable `core.quotePath`
+(see linkgit:git-config[1]).  Using `-z` the filename is output
+verbatim and the line is terminated by a NUL byte.
+
 GIT
 ---
 Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite
diff --git a/Documentation/git-name-rev.txt b/Documentation/git-name-rev.txt
index ca28fb8..e8e68f5 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-name-rev.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git-name-rev.txt
@@ -26,7 +26,18 @@
 
 --refs=<pattern>::
 	Only use refs whose names match a given shell pattern.  The pattern
-	can be one of branch name, tag name or fully qualified ref name.
+	can be one of branch name, tag name or fully qualified ref name. If
+	given multiple times, use refs whose names match any of the given shell
+	patterns. Use `--no-refs` to clear any previous ref patterns given.
+
+--exclude=<pattern>::
+	Do not use any ref whose name matches a given shell pattern. The
+	pattern can be one of branch name, tag name or fully qualified ref
+	name. If given multiple times, a ref will be excluded when it matches
+	any of the given patterns. When used together with --refs, a ref will
+	be used as a match only when it matches at least one --refs pattern and
+	does not match any --exclude patterns. Use `--no-exclude` to clear the
+	list of exclude patterns.
 
 --all::
 	List all commits reachable from all refs
diff --git a/Documentation/git-rev-parse.txt b/Documentation/git-rev-parse.txt
index 7241e96..91c02b8 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-rev-parse.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git-rev-parse.txt
@@ -217,6 +217,10 @@
 is not detected to lie in a Git repository or work tree
 print a message to stderr and exit with nonzero status.
 
+--absolute-git-dir::
+	Like `--git-dir`, but its output is always the canonicalized
+	absolute path.
+
 --git-common-dir::
 	Show `$GIT_COMMON_DIR` if defined, else `$GIT_DIR`.
 
diff --git a/Documentation/git-stash.txt b/Documentation/git-stash.txt
index 2e9e344..70191d0 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-stash.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git-stash.txt
@@ -13,8 +13,11 @@
 'git stash' drop [-q|--quiet] [<stash>]
 'git stash' ( pop | apply ) [--index] [-q|--quiet] [<stash>]
 'git stash' branch <branchname> [<stash>]
-'git stash' [save [-p|--patch] [-k|--[no-]keep-index] [-q|--quiet]
-	     [-u|--include-untracked] [-a|--all] [<message>]]
+'git stash' save [-p|--patch] [-k|--[no-]keep-index] [-q|--quiet]
+	     [-u|--include-untracked] [-a|--all] [<message>]
+'git stash' [push [-p|--patch] [-k|--[no-]keep-index] [-q|--quiet]
+	     [-u|--include-untracked] [-a|--all] [-m|--message <message>]]
+	     [--] [<pathspec>...]]
 'git stash' clear
 'git stash' create [<message>]
 'git stash' store [-m|--message <message>] [-q|--quiet] <commit>
@@ -46,14 +49,24 @@
 -------
 
 save [-p|--patch] [-k|--[no-]keep-index] [-u|--include-untracked] [-a|--all] [-q|--quiet] [<message>]::
+push [-p|--patch] [-k|--[no-]keep-index] [-u|--include-untracked] [-a|--all] [-q|--quiet] [-m|--message <message>] [--] [<pathspec>...]::
 
 	Save your local modifications to a new 'stash' and roll them
 	back to HEAD (in the working tree and in the index).
 	The <message> part is optional and gives
-	the description along with the stashed state.  For quickly making
-	a snapshot, you can omit _both_ "save" and <message>, but giving
-	only <message> does not trigger this action to prevent a misspelled
-	subcommand from making an unwanted stash.
+	the description along with the stashed state.
++
+For quickly making a snapshot, you can omit "push".  In this mode,
+non-option arguments are not allowed to prevent a misspelled
+subcommand from making an unwanted stash.  The two exceptions to this
+are `stash -p` which acts as alias for `stash push -p` and pathspecs,
+which are allowed after a double hyphen `--` for disambiguation.
++
+When pathspec is given to 'git stash push', the new stash records the
+modified states only for the files that match the pathspec.  The index
+entries and working tree files are then rolled back to the state in
+HEAD only for these files, too, leaving files that do not match the
+pathspec intact.
 +
 If the `--keep-index` option is used, all changes already added to the
 index are left intact.
diff --git a/Documentation/git-status.txt b/Documentation/git-status.txt
index 725065e..ba87365 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-status.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git-status.txt
@@ -322,10 +322,9 @@
 without any quoting and lines are terminated with a NUL (ASCII 0x00)
 byte.
 
-Otherwise, all pathnames will be "C-quoted" if they contain any tab,
-linefeed, double quote, or backslash characters. In C-quoting, these
-characters will be replaced with the corresponding C-style escape
-sequences and the resulting pathname will be double quoted.
+Without the `-z` option, pathnames with "unusual" characters are
+quoted as explained for the configuration variable `core.quotePath`
+(see linkgit:git-config[1]).
 
 
 CONFIGURATION
diff --git a/Documentation/git-submodule.txt b/Documentation/git-submodule.txt
index 8acc72e..e05d0cd 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-submodule.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git-submodule.txt
@@ -73,13 +73,17 @@
 +
 <repository> is the URL of the new submodule's origin repository.
 This may be either an absolute URL, or (if it begins with ./
-or ../), the location relative to the superproject's origin
+or ../), the location relative to the superproject's default remote
 repository (Please note that to specify a repository 'foo.git'
 which is located right next to a superproject 'bar.git', you'll
 have to use '../foo.git' instead of './foo.git' - as one might expect
 when following the rules for relative URLs - because the evaluation
 of relative URLs in Git is identical to that of relative directories).
-If the superproject doesn't have an origin configured
++
+The default remote is the remote of the remote tracking branch
+of the current branch. If no such remote tracking branch exists or
+the HEAD is detached, "origin" is assumed to be the default remote.
+If the superproject doesn't have a default remote configured
 the superproject is its own authoritative upstream and the current
 working directory is used instead.
 +
@@ -118,18 +122,24 @@
 
 init [--] [<path>...]::
 	Initialize the submodules recorded in the index (which were
-	added and committed elsewhere) by copying submodule
-	names and urls from .gitmodules to .git/config.
-	Optional <path> arguments limit which submodules will be initialized.
-	It will also copy the value of `submodule.$name.update` into
-	.git/config.
-	The key used in .git/config is `submodule.$name.url`.
-	This command does not alter existing information in .git/config.
-	You can then customize the submodule clone URLs in .git/config
-	for your local setup and proceed to `git submodule update`;
-	you can also just use `git submodule update --init` without
-	the explicit 'init' step if you do not intend to customize
-	any submodule locations.
+	added and committed elsewhere) by setting `submodule.$name.url`
+	in .git/config. It uses the same setting from .gitmodules as
+	a template. If the URL is relative, it will be resolved using
+	the default remote. If there is no default remote, the current
+	repository will be assumed to be upstream.
++
+Optional <path> arguments limit which submodules will be initialized.
+If no path is specified, all submodules are initialized.
++
+When present, it will also copy the value of `submodule.$name.update`.
+This command does not alter existing information in .git/config.
+You can then customize the submodule clone URLs in .git/config
+for your local setup and proceed to `git submodule update`;
+you can also just use `git submodule update --init` without
+the explicit 'init' step if you do not intend to customize
+any submodule locations.
++
+See the add subcommand for the defintion of default remote.
 
 deinit [-f|--force] (--all|[--] <path>...)::
 	Unregister the given submodules, i.e. remove the whole
diff --git a/Documentation/git.txt b/Documentation/git.txt
index aa895da..df0941d 100644
--- a/Documentation/git.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git.txt
@@ -1025,6 +1025,12 @@
 personal `.ssh/config` file.  Please consult your ssh documentation
 for further details.
 
+`GIT_SSH_VARIANT`::
+	If this environment variable is set, it overrides Git's autodetection
+	whether `GIT_SSH`/`GIT_SSH_COMMAND`/`core.sshCommand` refer to OpenSSH,
+	plink or tortoiseplink. This variable overrides the config setting
+	`ssh.variant` that serves the same purpose.
+
 `GIT_ASKPASS`::
 	If this environment variable is set, then Git commands which need to
 	acquire passwords or passphrases (e.g. for HTTP or IMAP authentication)
diff --git a/Documentation/gitattributes.txt b/Documentation/gitattributes.txt
index e0b66c1..a53d093 100644
--- a/Documentation/gitattributes.txt
+++ b/Documentation/gitattributes.txt
@@ -21,9 +21,11 @@
 	pattern	attr1 attr2 ...
 
 That is, a pattern followed by an attributes list,
-separated by whitespaces.  When the pattern matches the
-path in question, the attributes listed on the line are given to
-the path.
+separated by whitespaces. Leading and trailing whitespaces are
+ignored. Lines that begin with '#' are ignored. Patterns
+that begin with a double quote are quoted in C style.
+When the pattern matches the path in question, the attributes
+listed on the line are given to the path.
 
 Each attribute can be in one of these states for a given path:
 
@@ -86,7 +88,7 @@
 Attributes for all users on a system should be placed in the
 `$(prefix)/etc/gitattributes` file.
 
-Sometimes you would need to override an setting of an attribute
+Sometimes you would need to override a setting of an attribute
 for a path to `Unspecified` state.  This can be done by listing
 the name of the attribute prefixed with an exclamation point `!`.
 
diff --git a/Documentation/gitdiffcore.txt b/Documentation/gitdiffcore.txt
index 46bc6d0..c0a60f3 100644
--- a/Documentation/gitdiffcore.txt
+++ b/Documentation/gitdiffcore.txt
@@ -84,8 +84,8 @@
 diff-patch format.
 
 
-diffcore-break: For Splitting Up "Complete Rewrites"
-----------------------------------------------------
+diffcore-break: For Splitting Up Complete Rewrites
+--------------------------------------------------
 
 The second transformation in the chain is diffcore-break, and is
 controlled by the -B option to the 'git diff-{asterisk}' commands.  This is
@@ -119,7 +119,7 @@
 after "-B" option (e.g. "-B75" to tell it to use 75%).
 
 
-diffcore-rename: For Detection Renames and Copies
+diffcore-rename: For Detecting Renames and Copies
 -------------------------------------------------
 
 This transformation is used to detect renames and copies, and is
@@ -177,8 +177,8 @@
 copied happened to have been modified in the same changeset.
 
 
-diffcore-merge-broken: For Putting "Complete Rewrites" Back Together
---------------------------------------------------------------------
+diffcore-merge-broken: For Putting Complete Rewrites Back Together
+------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 This transformation is used to merge filepairs broken by
 diffcore-break, and not transformed into rename/copy by
diff --git a/Documentation/glossary-content.txt b/Documentation/glossary-content.txt
index 8ad29e6..fc9320e 100644
--- a/Documentation/glossary-content.txt
+++ b/Documentation/glossary-content.txt
@@ -386,8 +386,10 @@
 
 exclude;;
 	After a path matches any non-exclude pathspec, it will be run
-	through all exclude pathspec (magic signature: `!`). If it
-	matches, the path is ignored.
+	through all exclude pathspec (magic signature: `!` or its
+	synonym `^`). If it matches, the path is ignored.  When there
+	is no non-exclude pathspec, the exclusion is applied to the
+	result set as if invoked without any pathspec.
 --
 
 [[def_parent]]parent::
diff --git a/Documentation/technical/api-gitattributes.txt b/Documentation/technical/api-gitattributes.txt
index 2602668..e7cbb7c 100644
--- a/Documentation/technical/api-gitattributes.txt
+++ b/Documentation/technical/api-gitattributes.txt
@@ -16,10 +16,15 @@
 	of no interest to the calling programs.  The name of the
 	attribute can be retrieved by calling `git_attr_name()`.
 
-`struct git_attr_check`::
+`struct attr_check_item`::
 
-	This structure represents a set of attributes to check in a call
-	to `git_check_attr()` function, and receives the results.
+	This structure represents one attribute and its value.
+
+`struct attr_check`::
+
+	This structure represents a collection of `attr_check_item`.
+	It is passed to `git_check_attr()` function, specifying the
+	attributes to check, and receives their values.
 
 
 Attribute Values
@@ -27,7 +32,7 @@
 
 An attribute for a path can be in one of four states: Set, Unset,
 Unspecified or set to a string, and `.value` member of `struct
-git_attr_check` records it.  There are three macros to check these:
+attr_check_item` records it.  There are three macros to check these:
 
 `ATTR_TRUE()`::
 
@@ -48,49 +53,51 @@
 Querying Specific Attributes
 ----------------------------
 
-* Prepare an array of `struct git_attr_check` to define the list of
-  attributes you would want to check.  To populate this array, you would
-  need to define necessary attributes by calling `git_attr()` function.
+* Prepare `struct attr_check` using attr_check_initl()
+  function, enumerating the names of attributes whose values you are
+  interested in, terminated with a NULL pointer.  Alternatively, an
+  empty `struct attr_check` can be prepared by calling
+  `attr_check_alloc()` function and then attributes you want to
+  ask about can be added to it with `attr_check_append()`
+  function.
 
 * Call `git_check_attr()` to check the attributes for the path.
 
-* Inspect `git_attr_check` structure to see how each of the attribute in
-  the array is defined for the path.
+* Inspect `attr_check` structure to see how each of the
+  attribute in the array is defined for the path.
 
 
 Example
 -------
 
-To see how attributes "crlf" and "indent" are set for different paths.
+To see how attributes "crlf" and "ident" are set for different paths.
 
-. Prepare an array of `struct git_attr_check` with two elements (because
-  we are checking two attributes).  Initialize their `attr` member with
-  pointers to `struct git_attr` obtained by calling `git_attr()`:
+. Prepare a `struct attr_check` with two elements (because
+  we are checking two attributes):
 
 ------------
-static struct git_attr_check check[2];
+static struct attr_check *check;
 static void setup_check(void)
 {
-	if (check[0].attr)
+	if (check)
 		return; /* already done */
-	check[0].attr = git_attr("crlf");
-	check[1].attr = git_attr("ident");
+	check = attr_check_initl("crlf", "ident", NULL);
 }
 ------------
 
-. Call `git_check_attr()` with the prepared array of `struct git_attr_check`:
+. Call `git_check_attr()` with the prepared `struct attr_check`:
 
 ------------
 	const char *path;
 
 	setup_check();
-	git_check_attr(path, ARRAY_SIZE(check), check);
+	git_check_attr(path, check);
 ------------
 
-. Act on `.value` member of the result, left in `check[]`:
+. Act on `.value` member of the result, left in `check->items[]`:
 
 ------------
-	const char *value = check[0].value;
+	const char *value = check->items[0].value;
 
 	if (ATTR_TRUE(value)) {
 		The attribute is Set, by listing only the name of the
@@ -109,20 +116,39 @@
 	}
 ------------
 
+To see how attributes in argv[] are set for different paths, only
+the first step in the above would be different.
+
+------------
+static struct attr_check *check;
+static void setup_check(const char **argv)
+{
+	check = attr_check_alloc();
+	while (*argv) {
+		struct git_attr *attr = git_attr(*argv);
+		attr_check_append(check, attr);
+		argv++;
+	}
+}
+------------
+
 
 Querying All Attributes
 -----------------------
 
 To get the values of all attributes associated with a file:
 
-* Call `git_all_attrs()`, which returns an array of `git_attr_check`
-  structures.
+* Prepare an empty `attr_check` structure by calling
+  `attr_check_alloc()`.
 
-* Iterate over the `git_attr_check` array to examine the attribute
-  names and values.  The name of the attribute described by a
-  `git_attr_check` object can be retrieved via
-  `git_attr_name(check[i].attr)`.  (Please note that no items will be
-  returned for unset attributes, so `ATTR_UNSET()` will return false
-  for all returned `git_array_check` objects.)
+* Call `git_all_attrs()`, which populates the `attr_check`
+  with the attributes attached to the path.
 
-* Free the `git_array_check` array.
+* Iterate over the `attr_check.items[]` array to examine
+  the attribute names and values.  The name of the attribute
+  described by a  `attr_check.items[]` object can be retrieved via
+  `git_attr_name(check->items[i].attr)`.  (Please note that no items
+  will be returned for unset attributes, so `ATTR_UNSET()` will return
+  false for all returned `attr_check.items[]` objects.)
+
+* Free the `attr_check` struct by calling `attr_check_free()`.
diff --git a/Documentation/technical/api-parse-options.txt b/Documentation/technical/api-parse-options.txt
index 27bd701..36768b4 100644
--- a/Documentation/technical/api-parse-options.txt
+++ b/Documentation/technical/api-parse-options.txt
@@ -168,6 +168,11 @@
 	Introduce an option with string argument.
 	The string argument is put into `str_var`.
 
+`OPT_STRING_LIST(short, long, &struct string_list, arg_str, description)`::
+	Introduce an option with string argument.
+	The string argument is stored as an element in `string_list`.
+	Use of `--no-option` will clear the list of preceding values.
+
 `OPT_INTEGER(short, long, &int_var, description)`::
 	Introduce an option with integer argument.
 	The integer is put into `int_var`.
diff --git a/GIT-VERSION-GEN b/GIT-VERSION-GEN
index 6a208e9..817d1cf 100755
--- a/GIT-VERSION-GEN
+++ b/GIT-VERSION-GEN
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 #!/bin/sh
 
 GVF=GIT-VERSION-FILE
-DEF_VER=v2.12.0
+DEF_VER=v2.12.GIT
 
 LF='
 '
diff --git a/Makefile b/Makefile
index 8e4081e..ed68700 100644
--- a/Makefile
+++ b/Makefile
@@ -102,8 +102,6 @@
 #
 # Define MKDIR_WO_TRAILING_SLASH if your mkdir() can't deal with trailing slash.
 #
-# Define NO_MKSTEMPS if you don't have mkstemps in the C library.
-#
 # Define NO_GECOS_IN_PWENT if you don't have pw_gecos in struct passwd
 # in the C library.
 #
@@ -781,6 +779,7 @@
 LIB_OBJS += notes-merge.o
 LIB_OBJS += notes-utils.o
 LIB_OBJS += object.o
+LIB_OBJS += oidset.o
 LIB_OBJS += pack-bitmap.o
 LIB_OBJS += pack-bitmap-write.o
 LIB_OBJS += pack-check.o
@@ -932,6 +931,7 @@
 BUILTIN_OBJS += builtin/pull.o
 BUILTIN_OBJS += builtin/push.o
 BUILTIN_OBJS += builtin/read-tree.o
+BUILTIN_OBJS += builtin/rebase--helper.o
 BUILTIN_OBJS += builtin/receive-pack.o
 BUILTIN_OBJS += builtin/reflog.o
 BUILTIN_OBJS += builtin/remote.o
@@ -1280,9 +1280,6 @@
 	COMPAT_CFLAGS += -DMKDIR_WO_TRAILING_SLASH
 	COMPAT_OBJS += compat/mkdir.o
 endif
-ifdef NO_MKSTEMPS
-	COMPAT_CFLAGS += -DNO_MKSTEMPS
-endif
 ifdef NO_UNSETENV
 	COMPAT_CFLAGS += -DNO_UNSETENV
 	COMPAT_OBJS += compat/unsetenv.o
diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index c0cd558..f17af66 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@
 
 Please read the file [INSTALL][] for installation instructions.
 
-Many Git online resources are accessible from http://git-scm.com/
+Many Git online resources are accessible from <https://git-scm.com/>
 including full documentation and Git related tools.
 
 See [Documentation/gittutorial.txt][] to get started, then see
@@ -33,8 +33,8 @@
 [Documentation/SubmittingPatches][] for instructions on patch submission).
 To subscribe to the list, send an email with just "subscribe git" in
 the body to majordomo@vger.kernel.org. The mailing list archives are
-available at https://public-inbox.org/git,
-http://marc.info/?l=git and other archival sites.
+available at <https://public-inbox.org/git/>,
+<http://marc.info/?l=git> and other archival sites.
 
 The maintainer frequently sends the "What's cooking" reports that
 list the current status of various development topics to the mailing
diff --git a/RelNotes b/RelNotes
index d09c3d5..125bf78 120000
--- a/RelNotes
+++ b/RelNotes
@@ -1 +1 @@
-Documentation/RelNotes/2.12.0.txt
\ No newline at end of file
+Documentation/RelNotes/2.13.0.txt
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/abspath.c b/abspath.c
index 2f0c26e..b02e068 100644
--- a/abspath.c
+++ b/abspath.c
@@ -214,12 +214,12 @@
 	return strbuf_realpath(&realpath, path, 0);
 }
 
-char *real_pathdup(const char *path)
+char *real_pathdup(const char *path, int die_on_error)
 {
 	struct strbuf realpath = STRBUF_INIT;
 	char *retval = NULL;
 
-	if (strbuf_realpath(&realpath, path, 0))
+	if (strbuf_realpath(&realpath, path, die_on_error))
 		retval = strbuf_detach(&realpath, NULL);
 
 	strbuf_release(&realpath);
diff --git a/archive.c b/archive.c
index 01751e5..60b8891 100644
--- a/archive.c
+++ b/archive.c
@@ -87,19 +87,6 @@
 	return buffer;
 }
 
-static void setup_archive_check(struct git_attr_check *check)
-{
-	static struct git_attr *attr_export_ignore;
-	static struct git_attr *attr_export_subst;
-
-	if (!attr_export_ignore) {
-		attr_export_ignore = git_attr("export-ignore");
-		attr_export_subst = git_attr("export-subst");
-	}
-	check[0].attr = attr_export_ignore;
-	check[1].attr = attr_export_subst;
-}
-
 struct directory {
 	struct directory *up;
 	struct object_id oid;
@@ -120,10 +107,10 @@
 		void *context)
 {
 	static struct strbuf path = STRBUF_INIT;
+	static struct attr_check *check;
 	struct archiver_context *c = context;
 	struct archiver_args *args = c->args;
 	write_archive_entry_fn_t write_entry = c->write_entry;
-	struct git_attr_check check[2];
 	const char *path_without_prefix;
 	int err;
 
@@ -137,11 +124,12 @@
 		strbuf_addch(&path, '/');
 	path_without_prefix = path.buf + args->baselen;
 
-	setup_archive_check(check);
-	if (!git_check_attr(path_without_prefix, ARRAY_SIZE(check), check)) {
-		if (ATTR_TRUE(check[0].value))
+	if (!check)
+		check = attr_check_initl("export-ignore", "export-subst", NULL);
+	if (!git_check_attr(path_without_prefix, check)) {
+		if (ATTR_TRUE(check->items[0].value))
 			return 0;
-		args->convert = ATTR_TRUE(check[1].value);
+		args->convert = ATTR_TRUE(check->items[1].value);
 	}
 
 	if (S_ISDIR(mode) || S_ISGITLINK(mode)) {
diff --git a/attr.c b/attr.c
index 1fcf042..5493bff 100644
--- a/attr.c
+++ b/attr.c
@@ -13,6 +13,8 @@
 #include "attr.h"
 #include "dir.h"
 #include "utf8.h"
+#include "quote.h"
+#include "thread-utils.h"
 
 const char git_attr__true[] = "(builtin)true";
 const char git_attr__false[] = "\0(builtin)false";
@@ -22,99 +24,234 @@
 #define ATTR__UNSET NULL
 #define ATTR__UNKNOWN git_attr__unknown
 
-/* This is a randomly chosen prime. */
-#define HASHSIZE 257
-
 #ifndef DEBUG_ATTR
 #define DEBUG_ATTR 0
 #endif
 
 struct git_attr {
-	struct git_attr *next;
-	unsigned h;
-	int attr_nr;
-	int maybe_macro;
-	int maybe_real;
-	char name[FLEX_ARRAY];
+	int attr_nr; /* unique attribute number */
+	char name[FLEX_ARRAY]; /* attribute name */
 };
-static int attr_nr;
-static int cannot_trust_maybe_real;
 
-static struct git_attr_check *check_all_attr;
-static struct git_attr *(git_attr_hash[HASHSIZE]);
-
-char *git_attr_name(struct git_attr *attr)
+const char *git_attr_name(const struct git_attr *attr)
 {
 	return attr->name;
 }
 
-static unsigned hash_name(const char *name, int namelen)
-{
-	unsigned val = 0, c;
+struct attr_hashmap {
+	struct hashmap map;
+#ifndef NO_PTHREADS
+	pthread_mutex_t mutex;
+#endif
+};
 
-	while (namelen--) {
-		c = *name++;
-		val = ((val << 7) | (val >> 22)) ^ c;
-	}
-	return val;
+static inline void hashmap_lock(struct attr_hashmap *map)
+{
+#ifndef NO_PTHREADS
+	pthread_mutex_lock(&map->mutex);
+#endif
 }
 
-static int invalid_attr_name(const char *name, int namelen)
+static inline void hashmap_unlock(struct attr_hashmap *map)
+{
+#ifndef NO_PTHREADS
+	pthread_mutex_unlock(&map->mutex);
+#endif
+}
+
+/*
+ * The global dictionary of all interned attributes.  This
+ * is a singleton object which is shared between threads.
+ * Access to this dictionary must be surrounded with a mutex.
+ */
+static struct attr_hashmap g_attr_hashmap;
+
+/* The container for objects stored in "struct attr_hashmap" */
+struct attr_hash_entry {
+	struct hashmap_entry ent; /* must be the first member! */
+	const char *key; /* the key; memory should be owned by value */
+	size_t keylen; /* length of the key */
+	void *value; /* the stored value */
+};
+
+/* attr_hashmap comparison function */
+static int attr_hash_entry_cmp(const struct attr_hash_entry *a,
+			       const struct attr_hash_entry *b,
+			       void *unused)
+{
+	return (a->keylen != b->keylen) || strncmp(a->key, b->key, a->keylen);
+}
+
+/* Initialize an 'attr_hashmap' object */
+static void attr_hashmap_init(struct attr_hashmap *map)
+{
+	hashmap_init(&map->map, (hashmap_cmp_fn) attr_hash_entry_cmp, 0);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Retrieve the 'value' stored in a hashmap given the provided 'key'.
+ * If there is no matching entry, return NULL.
+ */
+static void *attr_hashmap_get(struct attr_hashmap *map,
+			      const char *key, size_t keylen)
+{
+	struct attr_hash_entry k;
+	struct attr_hash_entry *e;
+
+	if (!map->map.tablesize)
+		attr_hashmap_init(map);
+
+	hashmap_entry_init(&k, memhash(key, keylen));
+	k.key = key;
+	k.keylen = keylen;
+	e = hashmap_get(&map->map, &k, NULL);
+
+	return e ? e->value : NULL;
+}
+
+/* Add 'value' to a hashmap based on the provided 'key'. */
+static void attr_hashmap_add(struct attr_hashmap *map,
+			     const char *key, size_t keylen,
+			     void *value)
+{
+	struct attr_hash_entry *e;
+
+	if (!map->map.tablesize)
+		attr_hashmap_init(map);
+
+	e = xmalloc(sizeof(struct attr_hash_entry));
+	hashmap_entry_init(e, memhash(key, keylen));
+	e->key = key;
+	e->keylen = keylen;
+	e->value = value;
+
+	hashmap_add(&map->map, e);
+}
+
+struct all_attrs_item {
+	const struct git_attr *attr;
+	const char *value;
+	/*
+	 * If 'macro' is non-NULL, indicates that 'attr' is a macro based on
+	 * the current attribute stack and contains a pointer to the match_attr
+	 * definition of the macro
+	 */
+	const struct match_attr *macro;
+};
+
+/*
+ * Reallocate and reinitialize the array of all attributes (which is used in
+ * the attribute collection process) in 'check' based on the global dictionary
+ * of attributes.
+ */
+static void all_attrs_init(struct attr_hashmap *map, struct attr_check *check)
+{
+	int i;
+
+	hashmap_lock(map);
+
+	if (map->map.size < check->all_attrs_nr)
+		die("BUG: interned attributes shouldn't be deleted");
+
+	/*
+	 * If the number of attributes in the global dictionary has increased
+	 * (or this attr_check instance doesn't have an initialized all_attrs
+	 * field), reallocate the provided attr_check instance's all_attrs
+	 * field and fill each entry with its corresponding git_attr.
+	 */
+	if (map->map.size != check->all_attrs_nr) {
+		struct attr_hash_entry *e;
+		struct hashmap_iter iter;
+		hashmap_iter_init(&map->map, &iter);
+
+		REALLOC_ARRAY(check->all_attrs, map->map.size);
+		check->all_attrs_nr = map->map.size;
+
+		while ((e = hashmap_iter_next(&iter))) {
+			const struct git_attr *a = e->value;
+			check->all_attrs[a->attr_nr].attr = a;
+		}
+	}
+
+	hashmap_unlock(map);
+
+	/*
+	 * Re-initialize every entry in check->all_attrs.
+	 * This re-initialization can live outside of the locked region since
+	 * the attribute dictionary is no longer being accessed.
+	 */
+	for (i = 0; i < check->all_attrs_nr; i++) {
+		check->all_attrs[i].value = ATTR__UNKNOWN;
+		check->all_attrs[i].macro = NULL;
+	}
+}
+
+static int attr_name_valid(const char *name, size_t namelen)
 {
 	/*
 	 * Attribute name cannot begin with '-' and must consist of
 	 * characters from [-A-Za-z0-9_.].
 	 */
 	if (namelen <= 0 || *name == '-')
-		return -1;
+		return 0;
 	while (namelen--) {
 		char ch = *name++;
 		if (! (ch == '-' || ch == '.' || ch == '_' ||
 		       ('0' <= ch && ch <= '9') ||
 		       ('a' <= ch && ch <= 'z') ||
 		       ('A' <= ch && ch <= 'Z')) )
-			return -1;
+			return 0;
 	}
-	return 0;
+	return 1;
 }
 
-static struct git_attr *git_attr_internal(const char *name, int len)
+static void report_invalid_attr(const char *name, size_t len,
+				const char *src, int lineno)
 {
-	unsigned hval = hash_name(name, len);
-	unsigned pos = hval % HASHSIZE;
+	struct strbuf err = STRBUF_INIT;
+	strbuf_addf(&err, _("%.*s is not a valid attribute name"),
+		    (int) len, name);
+	fprintf(stderr, "%s: %s:%d\n", err.buf, src, lineno);
+	strbuf_release(&err);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Given a 'name', lookup and return the corresponding attribute in the global
+ * dictionary.  If no entry is found, create a new attribute and store it in
+ * the dictionary.
+ */
+static const struct git_attr *git_attr_internal(const char *name, int namelen)
+{
 	struct git_attr *a;
 
-	for (a = git_attr_hash[pos]; a; a = a->next) {
-		if (a->h == hval &&
-		    !memcmp(a->name, name, len) && !a->name[len])
-			return a;
-	}
-
-	if (invalid_attr_name(name, len))
+	if (!attr_name_valid(name, namelen))
 		return NULL;
 
-	FLEX_ALLOC_MEM(a, name, name, len);
-	a->h = hval;
-	a->next = git_attr_hash[pos];
-	a->attr_nr = attr_nr++;
-	a->maybe_macro = 0;
-	a->maybe_real = 0;
-	git_attr_hash[pos] = a;
+	hashmap_lock(&g_attr_hashmap);
 
-	REALLOC_ARRAY(check_all_attr, attr_nr);
-	check_all_attr[a->attr_nr].attr = a;
-	check_all_attr[a->attr_nr].value = ATTR__UNKNOWN;
+	a = attr_hashmap_get(&g_attr_hashmap, name, namelen);
+
+	if (!a) {
+		FLEX_ALLOC_MEM(a, name, name, namelen);
+		a->attr_nr = g_attr_hashmap.map.size;
+
+		attr_hashmap_add(&g_attr_hashmap, a->name, namelen, a);
+		assert(a->attr_nr == (g_attr_hashmap.map.size - 1));
+	}
+
+	hashmap_unlock(&g_attr_hashmap);
+
 	return a;
 }
 
-struct git_attr *git_attr(const char *name)
+const struct git_attr *git_attr(const char *name)
 {
 	return git_attr_internal(name, strlen(name));
 }
 
 /* What does a matched pattern decide? */
 struct attr_state {
-	struct git_attr *attr;
+	const struct git_attr *attr;
 	const char *setto;
 };
 
@@ -131,9 +268,8 @@
  * If is_macro is true, then u.attr is a pointer to the git_attr being
  * defined.
  *
- * If is_macro is false, then u.pattern points at the filename pattern
- * to which the rule applies.  (The memory pointed to is part of the
- * memory block allocated for the match_attr instance.)
+ * If is_macro is false, then u.pat is the filename pattern to which the
+ * rule applies.
  *
  * In either case, num_attr is the number of attributes affected by
  * this rule, and state is an array listing them.  The attributes are
@@ -142,7 +278,7 @@
 struct match_attr {
 	union {
 		struct pattern pat;
-		struct git_attr *attr;
+		const struct git_attr *attr;
 	} u;
 	char is_macro;
 	unsigned num_attr;
@@ -177,13 +313,17 @@
 			cp++;
 			len--;
 		}
-		if (invalid_attr_name(cp, len)) {
-			fprintf(stderr,
-				"%.*s is not a valid attribute name: %s:%d\n",
-				len, cp, src, lineno);
+		if (!attr_name_valid(cp, len)) {
+			report_invalid_attr(cp, len, src, lineno);
 			return NULL;
 		}
 	} else {
+		/*
+		 * As this function is always called twice, once with
+		 * e == NULL in the first pass and then e != NULL in
+		 * the second pass, no need for attr_name_valid()
+		 * check here.
+		 */
 		if (*cp == '-' || *cp == '!') {
 			e->setto = (*cp == '-') ? ATTR__FALSE : ATTR__UNSET;
 			cp++;
@@ -207,41 +347,47 @@
 	const char *cp, *name, *states;
 	struct match_attr *res = NULL;
 	int is_macro;
+	struct strbuf pattern = STRBUF_INIT;
 
 	cp = line + strspn(line, blank);
 	if (!*cp || *cp == '#')
 		return NULL;
 	name = cp;
-	namelen = strcspn(name, blank);
+
+	if (*cp == '"' && !unquote_c_style(&pattern, name, &states)) {
+		name = pattern.buf;
+		namelen = pattern.len;
+	} else {
+		namelen = strcspn(name, blank);
+		states = name + namelen;
+	}
+
 	if (strlen(ATTRIBUTE_MACRO_PREFIX) < namelen &&
 	    starts_with(name, ATTRIBUTE_MACRO_PREFIX)) {
 		if (!macro_ok) {
 			fprintf(stderr, "%s not allowed: %s:%d\n",
 				name, src, lineno);
-			return NULL;
+			goto fail_return;
 		}
 		is_macro = 1;
 		name += strlen(ATTRIBUTE_MACRO_PREFIX);
 		name += strspn(name, blank);
 		namelen = strcspn(name, blank);
-		if (invalid_attr_name(name, namelen)) {
-			fprintf(stderr,
-				"%.*s is not a valid attribute name: %s:%d\n",
-				namelen, name, src, lineno);
-			return NULL;
+		if (!attr_name_valid(name, namelen)) {
+			report_invalid_attr(name, namelen, src, lineno);
+			goto fail_return;
 		}
 	}
 	else
 		is_macro = 0;
 
-	states = name + namelen;
 	states += strspn(states, blank);
 
 	/* First pass to count the attr_states */
 	for (cp = states, num_attr = 0; *cp; num_attr++) {
 		cp = parse_attr(src, lineno, cp, NULL);
 		if (!cp)
-			return NULL;
+			goto fail_return;
 	}
 
 	res = xcalloc(1,
@@ -250,7 +396,6 @@
 		      (is_macro ? 0 : namelen + 1));
 	if (is_macro) {
 		res->u.attr = git_attr_internal(name, namelen);
-		res->u.attr->maybe_macro = 1;
 	} else {
 		char *p = (char *)&(res->state[num_attr]);
 		memcpy(p, name, namelen);
@@ -262,7 +407,7 @@
 		if (res->u.pat.flags & EXC_FLAG_NEGATIVE) {
 			warning(_("Negative patterns are ignored in git attributes\n"
 				  "Use '\\!' for literal leading exclamation."));
-			return NULL;
+			goto fail_return;
 		}
 	}
 	res->is_macro = is_macro;
@@ -271,13 +416,15 @@
 	/* Second pass to fill the attr_states */
 	for (cp = states, i = 0; *cp; i++) {
 		cp = parse_attr(src, lineno, cp, &(res->state[i]));
-		if (!is_macro)
-			res->state[i].attr->maybe_real = 1;
-		if (res->state[i].attr->maybe_macro)
-			cannot_trust_maybe_real = 1;
 	}
 
+	strbuf_release(&pattern);
 	return res;
+
+fail_return:
+	strbuf_release(&pattern);
+	free(res);
+	return NULL;
 }
 
 /*
@@ -295,19 +442,19 @@
  * directory (again, reading the file from top to bottom) down to the
  * current directory, and then scan the list backwards to find the first match.
  * This is exactly the same as what is_excluded() does in dir.c to deal with
- * .gitignore
+ * .gitignore file and info/excludes file as a fallback.
  */
 
-static struct attr_stack {
+struct attr_stack {
 	struct attr_stack *prev;
 	char *origin;
 	size_t originlen;
 	unsigned num_matches;
 	unsigned alloc;
 	struct match_attr **attrs;
-} *attr_stack;
+};
 
-static void free_attr_elem(struct attr_stack *e)
+static void attr_stack_free(struct attr_stack *e)
 {
 	int i;
 	free(e->origin);
@@ -330,6 +477,173 @@
 	free(e);
 }
 
+static void drop_attr_stack(struct attr_stack **stack)
+{
+	while (*stack) {
+		struct attr_stack *elem = *stack;
+		*stack = elem->prev;
+		attr_stack_free(elem);
+	}
+}
+
+/* List of all attr_check structs; access should be surrounded by mutex */
+static struct check_vector {
+	size_t nr;
+	size_t alloc;
+	struct attr_check **checks;
+#ifndef NO_PTHREADS
+	pthread_mutex_t mutex;
+#endif
+} check_vector;
+
+static inline void vector_lock(void)
+{
+#ifndef NO_PTHREADS
+	pthread_mutex_lock(&check_vector.mutex);
+#endif
+}
+
+static inline void vector_unlock(void)
+{
+#ifndef NO_PTHREADS
+	pthread_mutex_unlock(&check_vector.mutex);
+#endif
+}
+
+static void check_vector_add(struct attr_check *c)
+{
+	vector_lock();
+
+	ALLOC_GROW(check_vector.checks,
+		   check_vector.nr + 1,
+		   check_vector.alloc);
+	check_vector.checks[check_vector.nr++] = c;
+
+	vector_unlock();
+}
+
+static void check_vector_remove(struct attr_check *check)
+{
+	int i;
+
+	vector_lock();
+
+	/* Find entry */
+	for (i = 0; i < check_vector.nr; i++)
+		if (check_vector.checks[i] == check)
+			break;
+
+	if (i >= check_vector.nr)
+		die("BUG: no entry found");
+
+	/* shift entries over */
+	for (; i < check_vector.nr - 1; i++)
+		check_vector.checks[i] = check_vector.checks[i + 1];
+
+	check_vector.nr--;
+
+	vector_unlock();
+}
+
+/* Iterate through all attr_check instances and drop their stacks */
+static void drop_all_attr_stacks(void)
+{
+	int i;
+
+	vector_lock();
+
+	for (i = 0; i < check_vector.nr; i++) {
+		drop_attr_stack(&check_vector.checks[i]->stack);
+	}
+
+	vector_unlock();
+}
+
+struct attr_check *attr_check_alloc(void)
+{
+	struct attr_check *c = xcalloc(1, sizeof(struct attr_check));
+
+	/* save pointer to the check struct */
+	check_vector_add(c);
+
+	return c;
+}
+
+struct attr_check *attr_check_initl(const char *one, ...)
+{
+	struct attr_check *check;
+	int cnt;
+	va_list params;
+	const char *param;
+
+	va_start(params, one);
+	for (cnt = 1; (param = va_arg(params, const char *)) != NULL; cnt++)
+		;
+	va_end(params);
+
+	check = attr_check_alloc();
+	check->nr = cnt;
+	check->alloc = cnt;
+	check->items = xcalloc(cnt, sizeof(struct attr_check_item));
+
+	check->items[0].attr = git_attr(one);
+	va_start(params, one);
+	for (cnt = 1; cnt < check->nr; cnt++) {
+		const struct git_attr *attr;
+		param = va_arg(params, const char *);
+		if (!param)
+			die("BUG: counted %d != ended at %d",
+			    check->nr, cnt);
+		attr = git_attr(param);
+		if (!attr)
+			die("BUG: %s: not a valid attribute name", param);
+		check->items[cnt].attr = attr;
+	}
+	va_end(params);
+	return check;
+}
+
+struct attr_check_item *attr_check_append(struct attr_check *check,
+					  const struct git_attr *attr)
+{
+	struct attr_check_item *item;
+
+	ALLOC_GROW(check->items, check->nr + 1, check->alloc);
+	item = &check->items[check->nr++];
+	item->attr = attr;
+	return item;
+}
+
+void attr_check_reset(struct attr_check *check)
+{
+	check->nr = 0;
+}
+
+void attr_check_clear(struct attr_check *check)
+{
+	free(check->items);
+	check->items = NULL;
+	check->alloc = 0;
+	check->nr = 0;
+
+	free(check->all_attrs);
+	check->all_attrs = NULL;
+	check->all_attrs_nr = 0;
+
+	drop_attr_stack(&check->stack);
+}
+
+void attr_check_free(struct attr_check *check)
+{
+	if (check) {
+		/* Remove check from the check vector */
+		check_vector_remove(check);
+
+		attr_check_clear(check);
+		free(check);
+	}
+}
+
 static const char *builtin_attr[] = {
 	"[attr]binary -diff -merge -text",
 	NULL,
@@ -362,9 +676,31 @@
 	return res;
 }
 
+/*
+ * Callers into the attribute system assume there is a single, system-wide
+ * global state where attributes are read from and when the state is flipped by
+ * calling git_attr_set_direction(), the stack frames that have been
+ * constructed need to be discarded so so that subsequent calls into the
+ * attribute system will lazily read from the right place.  Since changing
+ * direction causes a global paradigm shift, it should not ever be called while
+ * another thread could potentially be calling into the attribute system.
+ */
 static enum git_attr_direction direction;
 static struct index_state *use_index;
 
+void git_attr_set_direction(enum git_attr_direction new_direction,
+			    struct index_state *istate)
+{
+	if (is_bare_repository() && new_direction != GIT_ATTR_INDEX)
+		die("BUG: non-INDEX attr direction in a bare repo");
+
+	if (new_direction != direction)
+		drop_all_attr_stacks();
+
+	direction = new_direction;
+	use_index = istate;
+}
+
 static struct attr_stack *read_attr_from_file(const char *path, int macro_ok)
 {
 	FILE *fp = fopen(path, "r");
@@ -402,8 +738,8 @@
 	for (sp = buf; *sp; ) {
 		char *ep;
 		int more;
-		for (ep = sp; *ep && *ep != '\n'; ep++)
-			;
+
+		ep = strchrnul(sp, '\n');
 		more = (*ep == '\n');
 		*ep = '\0';
 		handle_attr_line(res, sp, path, ++lineno, macro_ok);
@@ -415,25 +751,28 @@
 
 static struct attr_stack *read_attr(const char *path, int macro_ok)
 {
-	struct attr_stack *res;
+	struct attr_stack *res = NULL;
 
-	if (direction == GIT_ATTR_CHECKOUT) {
+	if (direction == GIT_ATTR_INDEX) {
 		res = read_attr_from_index(path, macro_ok);
-		if (!res)
-			res = read_attr_from_file(path, macro_ok);
-	}
-	else if (direction == GIT_ATTR_CHECKIN) {
-		res = read_attr_from_file(path, macro_ok);
-		if (!res)
-			/*
-			 * There is no checked out .gitattributes file there, but
-			 * we might have it in the index.  We allow operation in a
-			 * sparsely checked out work tree, so read from it.
-			 */
+	} else if (!is_bare_repository()) {
+		if (direction == GIT_ATTR_CHECKOUT) {
 			res = read_attr_from_index(path, macro_ok);
+			if (!res)
+				res = read_attr_from_file(path, macro_ok);
+		} else if (direction == GIT_ATTR_CHECKIN) {
+			res = read_attr_from_file(path, macro_ok);
+			if (!res)
+				/*
+				 * There is no checked out .gitattributes file
+				 * there, but we might have it in the index.
+				 * We allow operation in a sparsely checked out
+				 * work tree, so read from it.
+				 */
+				res = read_attr_from_index(path, macro_ok);
+		}
 	}
-	else
-		res = read_attr_from_index(path, macro_ok);
+
 	if (!res)
 		res = xcalloc(1, sizeof(*res));
 	return res;
@@ -464,16 +803,7 @@
 #define debug_push(a) do { ; } while (0)
 #define debug_pop(a) do { ; } while (0)
 #define debug_set(a,b,c,d) do { ; } while (0)
-#endif
-
-static void drop_attr_stack(void)
-{
-	while (attr_stack) {
-		struct attr_stack *elem = attr_stack;
-		attr_stack = elem->prev;
-		free_attr_elem(elem);
-	}
-}
+#endif /* DEBUG_ATTR */
 
 static const char *git_etc_gitattributes(void)
 {
@@ -483,6 +813,14 @@
 	return system_wide;
 }
 
+static const char *get_home_gitattributes(void)
+{
+	if (!git_attributes_file)
+		git_attributes_file = xdg_config_home("attributes");
+
+	return git_attributes_file;
+}
+
 static int git_attr_system(void)
 {
 	return !git_env_bool("GIT_ATTR_NOSYSTEM", 0);
@@ -490,64 +828,60 @@
 
 static GIT_PATH_FUNC(git_path_info_attributes, INFOATTRIBUTES_FILE)
 
-static void bootstrap_attr_stack(void)
+static void push_stack(struct attr_stack **attr_stack_p,
+		       struct attr_stack *elem, char *origin, size_t originlen)
 {
-	struct attr_stack *elem;
-
-	if (attr_stack)
-		return;
-
-	elem = read_attr_from_array(builtin_attr);
-	elem->origin = NULL;
-	elem->prev = attr_stack;
-	attr_stack = elem;
-
-	if (git_attr_system()) {
-		elem = read_attr_from_file(git_etc_gitattributes(), 1);
-		if (elem) {
-			elem->origin = NULL;
-			elem->prev = attr_stack;
-			attr_stack = elem;
-		}
+	if (elem) {
+		elem->origin = origin;
+		if (origin)
+			elem->originlen = originlen;
+		elem->prev = *attr_stack_p;
+		*attr_stack_p = elem;
 	}
-
-	if (!git_attributes_file)
-		git_attributes_file = xdg_config_home("attributes");
-	if (git_attributes_file) {
-		elem = read_attr_from_file(git_attributes_file, 1);
-		if (elem) {
-			elem->origin = NULL;
-			elem->prev = attr_stack;
-			attr_stack = elem;
-		}
-	}
-
-	if (!is_bare_repository() || direction == GIT_ATTR_INDEX) {
-		elem = read_attr(GITATTRIBUTES_FILE, 1);
-		elem->origin = xstrdup("");
-		elem->originlen = 0;
-		elem->prev = attr_stack;
-		attr_stack = elem;
-		debug_push(elem);
-	}
-
-	if (startup_info->have_repository)
-		elem = read_attr_from_file(git_path_info_attributes(), 1);
-	else
-		elem = NULL;
-
-	if (!elem)
-		elem = xcalloc(1, sizeof(*elem));
-	elem->origin = NULL;
-	elem->prev = attr_stack;
-	attr_stack = elem;
 }
 
-static void prepare_attr_stack(const char *path, int dirlen)
+static void bootstrap_attr_stack(struct attr_stack **stack)
 {
-	struct attr_stack *elem, *info;
-	int len;
-	const char *cp;
+	struct attr_stack *e;
+
+	if (*stack)
+		return;
+
+	/* builtin frame */
+	e = read_attr_from_array(builtin_attr);
+	push_stack(stack, e, NULL, 0);
+
+	/* system-wide frame */
+	if (git_attr_system()) {
+		e = read_attr_from_file(git_etc_gitattributes(), 1);
+		push_stack(stack, e, NULL, 0);
+	}
+
+	/* home directory */
+	if (get_home_gitattributes()) {
+		e = read_attr_from_file(get_home_gitattributes(), 1);
+		push_stack(stack, e, NULL, 0);
+	}
+
+	/* root directory */
+	e = read_attr(GITATTRIBUTES_FILE, 1);
+	push_stack(stack, e, xstrdup(""), 0);
+
+	/* info frame */
+	if (startup_info->have_repository)
+		e = read_attr_from_file(git_path_info_attributes(), 1);
+	else
+		e = NULL;
+	if (!e)
+		e = xcalloc(1, sizeof(struct attr_stack));
+	push_stack(stack, e, NULL, 0);
+}
+
+static void prepare_attr_stack(const char *path, int dirlen,
+			       struct attr_stack **stack)
+{
+	struct attr_stack *info;
+	struct strbuf pathbuf = STRBUF_INIT;
 
 	/*
 	 * At the bottom of the attribute stack is the built-in
@@ -564,13 +898,13 @@
 	 * .gitattributes in deeper directories to shallower ones,
 	 * and finally use the built-in set as the default.
 	 */
-	bootstrap_attr_stack();
+	bootstrap_attr_stack(stack);
 
 	/*
 	 * Pop the "info" one that is always at the top of the stack.
 	 */
-	info = attr_stack;
-	attr_stack = info->prev;
+	info = *stack;
+	*stack = info->prev;
 
 	/*
 	 * Pop the ones from directories that are not the prefix of
@@ -578,59 +912,63 @@
 	 * the root one (whose origin is an empty string "") or the builtin
 	 * one (whose origin is NULL) without popping it.
 	 */
-	while (attr_stack->origin) {
-		int namelen = strlen(attr_stack->origin);
+	while ((*stack)->origin) {
+		int namelen = (*stack)->originlen;
+		struct attr_stack *elem;
 
-		elem = attr_stack;
+		elem = *stack;
 		if (namelen <= dirlen &&
 		    !strncmp(elem->origin, path, namelen) &&
 		    (!namelen || path[namelen] == '/'))
 			break;
 
 		debug_pop(elem);
-		attr_stack = elem->prev;
-		free_attr_elem(elem);
+		*stack = elem->prev;
+		attr_stack_free(elem);
 	}
 
 	/*
-	 * Read from parent directories and push them down
+	 * bootstrap_attr_stack() should have added, and the
+	 * above loop should have stopped before popping, the
+	 * root element whose attr_stack->origin is set to an
+	 * empty string.
 	 */
-	if (!is_bare_repository() || direction == GIT_ATTR_INDEX) {
-		/*
-		 * bootstrap_attr_stack() should have added, and the
-		 * above loop should have stopped before popping, the
-		 * root element whose attr_stack->origin is set to an
-		 * empty string.
-		 */
-		struct strbuf pathbuf = STRBUF_INIT;
+	assert((*stack)->origin);
 
-		assert(attr_stack->origin);
-		while (1) {
-			len = strlen(attr_stack->origin);
-			if (dirlen <= len)
-				break;
-			cp = memchr(path + len + 1, '/', dirlen - len - 1);
-			if (!cp)
-				cp = path + dirlen;
-			strbuf_add(&pathbuf, path, cp - path);
+	strbuf_addstr(&pathbuf, (*stack)->origin);
+	/* Build up to the directory 'path' is in */
+	while (pathbuf.len < dirlen) {
+		size_t len = pathbuf.len;
+		struct attr_stack *next;
+		char *origin;
+
+		/* Skip path-separator */
+		if (len < dirlen && is_dir_sep(path[len]))
+			len++;
+		/* Find the end of the next component */
+		while (len < dirlen && !is_dir_sep(path[len]))
+			len++;
+
+		if (pathbuf.len > 0)
 			strbuf_addch(&pathbuf, '/');
-			strbuf_addstr(&pathbuf, GITATTRIBUTES_FILE);
-			elem = read_attr(pathbuf.buf, 0);
-			strbuf_setlen(&pathbuf, cp - path);
-			elem->origin = strbuf_detach(&pathbuf, &elem->originlen);
-			elem->prev = attr_stack;
-			attr_stack = elem;
-			debug_push(elem);
-		}
+		strbuf_add(&pathbuf, path + pathbuf.len, (len - pathbuf.len));
+		strbuf_addf(&pathbuf, "/%s", GITATTRIBUTES_FILE);
 
-		strbuf_release(&pathbuf);
+		next = read_attr(pathbuf.buf, 0);
+
+		/* reset the pathbuf to not include "/.gitattributes" */
+		strbuf_setlen(&pathbuf, len);
+
+		origin = xstrdup(pathbuf.buf);
+		push_stack(stack, next, origin, len);
 	}
 
 	/*
 	 * Finally push the "info" one at the top of the stack.
 	 */
-	info->prev = attr_stack;
-	attr_stack = info;
+	push_stack(stack, info, NULL, 0);
+
+	strbuf_release(&pathbuf);
 }
 
 static int path_matches(const char *pathname, int pathlen,
@@ -656,16 +994,16 @@
 			      pattern, prefix, pat->patternlen, pat->flags);
 }
 
-static int macroexpand_one(int attr_nr, int rem);
+static int macroexpand_one(struct all_attrs_item *all_attrs, int nr, int rem);
 
-static int fill_one(const char *what, struct match_attr *a, int rem)
+static int fill_one(const char *what, struct all_attrs_item *all_attrs,
+		    const struct match_attr *a, int rem)
 {
-	struct git_attr_check *check = check_all_attr;
 	int i;
 
-	for (i = a->num_attr - 1; 0 < rem && 0 <= i; i--) {
-		struct git_attr *attr = a->state[i].attr;
-		const char **n = &(check[attr->attr_nr].value);
+	for (i = a->num_attr - 1; rem > 0 && i >= 0; i--) {
+		const struct git_attr *attr = a->state[i].attr;
+		const char **n = &(all_attrs[attr->attr_nr].value);
 		const char *v = a->state[i].setto;
 
 		if (*n == ATTR__UNKNOWN) {
@@ -674,64 +1012,72 @@
 				  attr, v);
 			*n = v;
 			rem--;
-			rem = macroexpand_one(attr->attr_nr, rem);
+			rem = macroexpand_one(all_attrs, attr->attr_nr, rem);
 		}
 	}
 	return rem;
 }
 
 static int fill(const char *path, int pathlen, int basename_offset,
-		struct attr_stack *stk, int rem)
+		const struct attr_stack *stack,
+		struct all_attrs_item *all_attrs, int rem)
 {
-	int i;
-	const char *base = stk->origin ? stk->origin : "";
+	for (; rem > 0 && stack; stack = stack->prev) {
+		int i;
+		const char *base = stack->origin ? stack->origin : "";
 
-	for (i = stk->num_matches - 1; 0 < rem && 0 <= i; i--) {
-		struct match_attr *a = stk->attrs[i];
-		if (a->is_macro)
-			continue;
-		if (path_matches(path, pathlen, basename_offset,
-				 &a->u.pat, base, stk->originlen))
-			rem = fill_one("fill", a, rem);
+		for (i = stack->num_matches - 1; 0 < rem && 0 <= i; i--) {
+			const struct match_attr *a = stack->attrs[i];
+			if (a->is_macro)
+				continue;
+			if (path_matches(path, pathlen, basename_offset,
+					 &a->u.pat, base, stack->originlen))
+				rem = fill_one("fill", all_attrs, a, rem);
+		}
 	}
+
 	return rem;
 }
 
-static int macroexpand_one(int nr, int rem)
+static int macroexpand_one(struct all_attrs_item *all_attrs, int nr, int rem)
 {
-	struct attr_stack *stk;
-	struct match_attr *a = NULL;
-	int i;
+	const struct all_attrs_item *item = &all_attrs[nr];
 
-	if (check_all_attr[nr].value != ATTR__TRUE ||
-	    !check_all_attr[nr].attr->maybe_macro)
+	if (item->macro && item->value == ATTR__TRUE)
+		return fill_one("expand", all_attrs, item->macro, rem);
+	else
 		return rem;
-
-	for (stk = attr_stack; !a && stk; stk = stk->prev)
-		for (i = stk->num_matches - 1; !a && 0 <= i; i--) {
-			struct match_attr *ma = stk->attrs[i];
-			if (!ma->is_macro)
-				continue;
-			if (ma->u.attr->attr_nr == nr)
-				a = ma;
-		}
-
-	if (a)
-		rem = fill_one("expand", a, rem);
-
-	return rem;
 }
 
 /*
- * Collect attributes for path into the array pointed to by
- * check_all_attr. If num is non-zero, only attributes in check[] are
- * collected. Otherwise all attributes are collected.
+ * Marks the attributes which are macros based on the attribute stack.
+ * This prevents having to search through the attribute stack each time
+ * a macro needs to be expanded during the fill stage.
  */
-static void collect_some_attrs(const char *path, int num,
-			       struct git_attr_check *check)
-
+static void determine_macros(struct all_attrs_item *all_attrs,
+			     const struct attr_stack *stack)
 {
-	struct attr_stack *stk;
+	for (; stack; stack = stack->prev) {
+		int i;
+		for (i = stack->num_matches - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
+			const struct match_attr *ma = stack->attrs[i];
+			if (ma->is_macro) {
+				int n = ma->u.attr->attr_nr;
+				if (!all_attrs[n].macro) {
+					all_attrs[n].macro = ma;
+				}
+			}
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+/*
+ * Collect attributes for path into the array pointed to by check->all_attrs.
+ * If check->check_nr is non-zero, only attributes in check[] are collected.
+ * Otherwise all attributes are collected.
+ */
+static void collect_some_attrs(const char *path, struct attr_check *check)
+{
 	int i, pathlen, rem, dirlen;
 	const char *cp, *last_slash = NULL;
 	int basename_offset;
@@ -749,81 +1095,67 @@
 		dirlen = 0;
 	}
 
-	prepare_attr_stack(path, dirlen);
-	for (i = 0; i < attr_nr; i++)
-		check_all_attr[i].value = ATTR__UNKNOWN;
-	if (num && !cannot_trust_maybe_real) {
+	prepare_attr_stack(path, dirlen, &check->stack);
+	all_attrs_init(&g_attr_hashmap, check);
+	determine_macros(check->all_attrs, check->stack);
+
+	if (check->nr) {
 		rem = 0;
-		for (i = 0; i < num; i++) {
-			if (!check[i].attr->maybe_real) {
-				struct git_attr_check *c;
-				c = check_all_attr + check[i].attr->attr_nr;
-				c->value = ATTR__UNSET;
+		for (i = 0; i < check->nr; i++) {
+			int n = check->items[i].attr->attr_nr;
+			struct all_attrs_item *item = &check->all_attrs[n];
+			if (item->macro) {
+				item->value = ATTR__UNSET;
 				rem++;
 			}
 		}
-		if (rem == num)
+		if (rem == check->nr)
 			return;
 	}
 
-	rem = attr_nr;
-	for (stk = attr_stack; 0 < rem && stk; stk = stk->prev)
-		rem = fill(path, pathlen, basename_offset, stk, rem);
+	rem = check->all_attrs_nr;
+	fill(path, pathlen, basename_offset, check->stack, check->all_attrs, rem);
 }
 
-int git_check_attr(const char *path, int num, struct git_attr_check *check)
+int git_check_attr(const char *path, struct attr_check *check)
 {
 	int i;
 
-	collect_some_attrs(path, num, check);
+	collect_some_attrs(path, check);
 
-	for (i = 0; i < num; i++) {
-		const char *value = check_all_attr[check[i].attr->attr_nr].value;
+	for (i = 0; i < check->nr; i++) {
+		size_t n = check->items[i].attr->attr_nr;
+		const char *value = check->all_attrs[n].value;
 		if (value == ATTR__UNKNOWN)
 			value = ATTR__UNSET;
-		check[i].value = value;
+		check->items[i].value = value;
 	}
 
 	return 0;
 }
 
-int git_all_attrs(const char *path, int *num, struct git_attr_check **check)
+void git_all_attrs(const char *path, struct attr_check *check)
 {
-	int i, count, j;
+	int i;
 
-	collect_some_attrs(path, 0, NULL);
+	attr_check_reset(check);
+	collect_some_attrs(path, check);
 
-	/* Count the number of attributes that are set. */
-	count = 0;
-	for (i = 0; i < attr_nr; i++) {
-		const char *value = check_all_attr[i].value;
-		if (value != ATTR__UNSET && value != ATTR__UNKNOWN)
-			++count;
+	for (i = 0; i < check->all_attrs_nr; i++) {
+		const char *name = check->all_attrs[i].attr->name;
+		const char *value = check->all_attrs[i].value;
+		struct attr_check_item *item;
+		if (value == ATTR__UNSET || value == ATTR__UNKNOWN)
+			continue;
+		item = attr_check_append(check, git_attr(name));
+		item->value = value;
 	}
-	*num = count;
-	ALLOC_ARRAY(*check, count);
-	j = 0;
-	for (i = 0; i < attr_nr; i++) {
-		const char *value = check_all_attr[i].value;
-		if (value != ATTR__UNSET && value != ATTR__UNKNOWN) {
-			(*check)[j].attr = check_all_attr[i].attr;
-			(*check)[j].value = value;
-			++j;
-		}
-	}
-
-	return 0;
 }
 
-void git_attr_set_direction(enum git_attr_direction new, struct index_state *istate)
+void attr_start(void)
 {
-	enum git_attr_direction old = direction;
-
-	if (is_bare_repository() && new != GIT_ATTR_INDEX)
-		die("BUG: non-INDEX attr direction in a bare repo");
-
-	direction = new;
-	if (new != old)
-		drop_attr_stack();
-	use_index = istate;
+#ifndef NO_PTHREADS
+	pthread_mutex_init(&g_attr_hashmap.mutex, NULL);
+	pthread_mutex_init(&check_vector.mutex, NULL);
+#endif
 }
diff --git a/attr.h b/attr.h
index 8b08d33..48ab3e1 100644
--- a/attr.h
+++ b/attr.h
@@ -4,11 +4,15 @@
 /* An attribute is a pointer to this opaque structure */
 struct git_attr;
 
+/* opaque structures used internally for attribute collection */
+struct all_attrs_item;
+struct attr_stack;
+
 /*
  * Given a string, return the gitattribute object that
  * corresponds to it.
  */
-struct git_attr *git_attr(const char *);
+const struct git_attr *git_attr(const char *);
 
 /* Internal use */
 extern const char git_attr__true[];
@@ -20,38 +24,57 @@
 #define ATTR_UNSET(v) ((v) == NULL)
 
 /*
- * Send one or more git_attr_check to git_check_attr(), and
+ * Send one or more git_attr_check to git_check_attrs(), and
  * each 'value' member tells what its value is.
  * Unset one is returned as NULL.
  */
-struct git_attr_check {
-	struct git_attr *attr;
+struct attr_check_item {
+	const struct git_attr *attr;
 	const char *value;
 };
 
+struct attr_check {
+	int nr;
+	int alloc;
+	struct attr_check_item *items;
+	int all_attrs_nr;
+	struct all_attrs_item *all_attrs;
+	struct attr_stack *stack;
+};
+
+extern struct attr_check *attr_check_alloc(void);
+extern struct attr_check *attr_check_initl(const char *, ...);
+
+extern struct attr_check_item *attr_check_append(struct attr_check *check,
+						 const struct git_attr *attr);
+
+extern void attr_check_reset(struct attr_check *check);
+extern void attr_check_clear(struct attr_check *check);
+extern void attr_check_free(struct attr_check *check);
+
 /*
  * Return the name of the attribute represented by the argument.  The
  * return value is a pointer to a null-delimited string that is part
  * of the internal data structure; it should not be modified or freed.
  */
-char *git_attr_name(struct git_attr *);
+extern const char *git_attr_name(const struct git_attr *);
 
-int git_check_attr(const char *path, int, struct git_attr_check *);
+extern int git_check_attr(const char *path, struct attr_check *check);
 
 /*
- * Retrieve all attributes that apply to the specified path.  *num
- * will be set to the number of attributes on the path; **check will
- * be set to point at a newly-allocated array of git_attr_check
- * objects describing the attributes and their values.  *check must be
- * free()ed by the caller.
+ * Retrieve all attributes that apply to the specified path.
+ * check holds the attributes and their values.
  */
-int git_all_attrs(const char *path, int *num, struct git_attr_check **check);
+extern void git_all_attrs(const char *path, struct attr_check *check);
 
 enum git_attr_direction {
 	GIT_ATTR_CHECKIN,
 	GIT_ATTR_CHECKOUT,
 	GIT_ATTR_INDEX
 };
-void git_attr_set_direction(enum git_attr_direction, struct index_state *);
+void git_attr_set_direction(enum git_attr_direction new_direction,
+			    struct index_state *istate);
+
+extern void attr_start(void);
 
 #endif /* ATTR_H */
diff --git a/bisect.c b/bisect.c
index 8e63c40..30808ca 100644
--- a/bisect.c
+++ b/bisect.c
@@ -940,7 +940,7 @@
 	struct commit_list *tried;
 	int reaches = 0, all = 0, nr, steps;
 	const unsigned char *bisect_rev;
-	char steps_msg[32];
+	char *steps_msg;
 
 	read_bisect_terms(&term_bad, &term_good);
 	if (read_bisect_refs())
@@ -990,14 +990,15 @@
 
 	nr = all - reaches - 1;
 	steps = estimate_bisect_steps(all);
-	xsnprintf(steps_msg, sizeof(steps_msg),
-		  Q_("(roughly %d step)", "(roughly %d steps)", steps),
-		  steps);
+
+	steps_msg = xstrfmt(Q_("(roughly %d step)", "(roughly %d steps)",
+		  steps), steps);
 	/* TRANSLATORS: the last %s will be replaced with
 	   "(roughly %d steps)" translation */
 	printf(Q_("Bisecting: %d revision left to test after this %s\n",
 		  "Bisecting: %d revisions left to test after this %s\n",
 		  nr), nr, steps_msg);
+	free(steps_msg);
 
 	return bisect_checkout(bisect_rev, no_checkout);
 }
diff --git a/branch.c b/branch.c
index b955d4f..5c12036 100644
--- a/branch.c
+++ b/branch.c
@@ -345,7 +345,8 @@
 	    branch, wt->path);
 }
 
-int replace_each_worktree_head_symref(const char *oldref, const char *newref)
+int replace_each_worktree_head_symref(const char *oldref, const char *newref,
+				      const char *logmsg)
 {
 	int ret = 0;
 	struct worktree **worktrees = get_worktrees(0);
@@ -358,7 +359,7 @@
 			continue;
 
 		if (set_worktree_head_symref(get_worktree_git_dir(worktrees[i]),
-					     newref)) {
+					     newref, logmsg)) {
 			ret = -1;
 			error(_("HEAD of working tree %s is not updated"),
 			      worktrees[i]->path);
diff --git a/branch.h b/branch.h
index 3103eb9..b077885 100644
--- a/branch.h
+++ b/branch.h
@@ -71,6 +71,7 @@
  * This will be used when renaming a branch. Returns 0 if successful, non-zero
  * otherwise.
  */
-extern int replace_each_worktree_head_symref(const char *oldref, const char *newref);
+extern int replace_each_worktree_head_symref(const char *oldref, const char *newref,
+					     const char *logmsg);
 
 #endif
diff --git a/builtin.h b/builtin.h
index 67f8051..9e4a898 100644
--- a/builtin.h
+++ b/builtin.h
@@ -103,6 +103,7 @@
 extern int cmd_pull(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix);
 extern int cmd_push(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix);
 extern int cmd_read_tree(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix);
+extern int cmd_rebase__helper(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix);
 extern int cmd_receive_pack(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix);
 extern int cmd_reflog(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix);
 extern int cmd_remote(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix);
diff --git a/builtin/am.c b/builtin/am.c
index 31fb605..f7a7a97 100644
--- a/builtin/am.c
+++ b/builtin/am.c
@@ -1049,7 +1049,7 @@
 	} else {
 		write_state_text(state, "abort-safety", "");
 		if (!state->rebasing)
-			delete_ref("ORIG_HEAD", NULL, 0);
+			delete_ref(NULL, "ORIG_HEAD", NULL, 0);
 	}
 
 	/*
@@ -2172,7 +2172,7 @@
 				has_curr_head ? &curr_head : NULL, 0,
 				UPDATE_REFS_DIE_ON_ERR);
 	else if (curr_branch)
-		delete_ref(curr_branch, NULL, REF_NODEREF);
+		delete_ref(NULL, curr_branch, NULL, REF_NODEREF);
 
 	free(curr_branch);
 	am_destroy(state);
diff --git a/builtin/branch.c b/builtin/branch.c
index 9d30f55..291fe90 100644
--- a/builtin/branch.c
+++ b/builtin/branch.c
@@ -28,6 +28,7 @@
 	N_("git branch [<options>] [-r] (-d | -D) <branch-name>..."),
 	N_("git branch [<options>] (-m | -M) [<old-branch>] <new-branch>"),
 	N_("git branch [<options>] [-r | -a] [--points-at]"),
+	N_("git branch [<options>] [-r | -a] [--format]"),
 	NULL
 };
 
@@ -37,11 +38,11 @@
 static int branch_use_color = -1;
 static char branch_colors[][COLOR_MAXLEN] = {
 	GIT_COLOR_RESET,
-	GIT_COLOR_NORMAL,	/* PLAIN */
-	GIT_COLOR_RED,		/* REMOTE */
-	GIT_COLOR_NORMAL,	/* LOCAL */
-	GIT_COLOR_GREEN,	/* CURRENT */
-	GIT_COLOR_BLUE,		/* UPSTREAM */
+	GIT_COLOR_NORMAL,       /* PLAIN */
+	GIT_COLOR_RED,          /* REMOTE */
+	GIT_COLOR_NORMAL,       /* LOCAL */
+	GIT_COLOR_GREEN,        /* CURRENT */
+	GIT_COLOR_BLUE,         /* UPSTREAM */
 };
 enum color_branch {
 	BRANCH_COLOR_RESET = 0,
@@ -190,17 +191,20 @@
 	int ret = 0;
 	int remote_branch = 0;
 	struct strbuf bname = STRBUF_INIT;
+	unsigned allowed_interpret;
 
 	switch (kinds) {
 	case FILTER_REFS_REMOTES:
 		fmt = "refs/remotes/%s";
 		/* For subsequent UI messages */
 		remote_branch = 1;
+		allowed_interpret = INTERPRET_BRANCH_REMOTE;
 
 		force = 1;
 		break;
 	case FILTER_REFS_BRANCHES:
 		fmt = "refs/heads/%s";
+		allowed_interpret = INTERPRET_BRANCH_LOCAL;
 		break;
 	default:
 		die(_("cannot use -a with -d"));
@@ -215,7 +219,7 @@
 		char *target = NULL;
 		int flags = 0;
 
-		strbuf_branchname(&bname, argv[i]);
+		strbuf_branchname(&bname, argv[i], allowed_interpret);
 		free(name);
 		name = mkpathdup(fmt, bname.buf);
 
@@ -251,7 +255,7 @@
 			goto next;
 		}
 
-		if (delete_ref(name, is_null_sha1(sha1) ? NULL : sha1,
+		if (delete_ref(NULL, name, is_null_sha1(sha1) ? NULL : sha1,
 			       REF_NODEREF)) {
 			error(remote_branch
 			      ? _("Error deleting remote-tracking branch '%s'")
@@ -280,195 +284,6 @@
 	return(ret);
 }
 
-static void fill_tracking_info(struct strbuf *stat, const char *branch_name,
-		int show_upstream_ref)
-{
-	int ours, theirs;
-	char *ref = NULL;
-	struct branch *branch = branch_get(branch_name);
-	const char *upstream;
-	struct strbuf fancy = STRBUF_INIT;
-	int upstream_is_gone = 0;
-	int added_decoration = 1;
-
-	if (stat_tracking_info(branch, &ours, &theirs, &upstream) < 0) {
-		if (!upstream)
-			return;
-		upstream_is_gone = 1;
-	}
-
-	if (show_upstream_ref) {
-		ref = shorten_unambiguous_ref(upstream, 0);
-		if (want_color(branch_use_color))
-			strbuf_addf(&fancy, "%s%s%s",
-					branch_get_color(BRANCH_COLOR_UPSTREAM),
-					ref, branch_get_color(BRANCH_COLOR_RESET));
-		else
-			strbuf_addstr(&fancy, ref);
-	}
-
-	if (upstream_is_gone) {
-		if (show_upstream_ref)
-			strbuf_addf(stat, _("[%s: gone]"), fancy.buf);
-		else
-			added_decoration = 0;
-	} else if (!ours && !theirs) {
-		if (show_upstream_ref)
-			strbuf_addf(stat, _("[%s]"), fancy.buf);
-		else
-			added_decoration = 0;
-	} else if (!ours) {
-		if (show_upstream_ref)
-			strbuf_addf(stat, _("[%s: behind %d]"), fancy.buf, theirs);
-		else
-			strbuf_addf(stat, _("[behind %d]"), theirs);
-
-	} else if (!theirs) {
-		if (show_upstream_ref)
-			strbuf_addf(stat, _("[%s: ahead %d]"), fancy.buf, ours);
-		else
-			strbuf_addf(stat, _("[ahead %d]"), ours);
-	} else {
-		if (show_upstream_ref)
-			strbuf_addf(stat, _("[%s: ahead %d, behind %d]"),
-				    fancy.buf, ours, theirs);
-		else
-			strbuf_addf(stat, _("[ahead %d, behind %d]"),
-				    ours, theirs);
-	}
-	strbuf_release(&fancy);
-	if (added_decoration)
-		strbuf_addch(stat, ' ');
-	free(ref);
-}
-
-static void add_verbose_info(struct strbuf *out, struct ref_array_item *item,
-			     struct ref_filter *filter, const char *refname)
-{
-	struct strbuf subject = STRBUF_INIT, stat = STRBUF_INIT;
-	const char *sub = _(" **** invalid ref ****");
-	struct commit *commit = item->commit;
-
-	if (!parse_commit(commit)) {
-		pp_commit_easy(CMIT_FMT_ONELINE, commit, &subject);
-		sub = subject.buf;
-	}
-
-	if (item->kind == FILTER_REFS_BRANCHES)
-		fill_tracking_info(&stat, refname, filter->verbose > 1);
-
-	strbuf_addf(out, " %s %s%s",
-		find_unique_abbrev(item->commit->object.oid.hash, filter->abbrev),
-		stat.buf, sub);
-	strbuf_release(&stat);
-	strbuf_release(&subject);
-}
-
-static char *get_head_description(void)
-{
-	struct strbuf desc = STRBUF_INIT;
-	struct wt_status_state state;
-	memset(&state, 0, sizeof(state));
-	wt_status_get_state(&state, 1);
-	if (state.rebase_in_progress ||
-	    state.rebase_interactive_in_progress)
-		strbuf_addf(&desc, _("(no branch, rebasing %s)"),
-			    state.branch);
-	else if (state.bisect_in_progress)
-		strbuf_addf(&desc, _("(no branch, bisect started on %s)"),
-			    state.branch);
-	else if (state.detached_from) {
-		if (state.detached_at)
-			/* TRANSLATORS: make sure this matches
-			   "HEAD detached at " in wt-status.c */
-			strbuf_addf(&desc, _("(HEAD detached at %s)"),
-				state.detached_from);
-		else
-			/* TRANSLATORS: make sure this matches
-			   "HEAD detached from " in wt-status.c */
-			strbuf_addf(&desc, _("(HEAD detached from %s)"),
-				state.detached_from);
-	}
-	else
-		strbuf_addstr(&desc, _("(no branch)"));
-	free(state.branch);
-	free(state.onto);
-	free(state.detached_from);
-	return strbuf_detach(&desc, NULL);
-}
-
-static void format_and_print_ref_item(struct ref_array_item *item, int maxwidth,
-				      struct ref_filter *filter, const char *remote_prefix)
-{
-	char c;
-	int current = 0;
-	int color;
-	struct strbuf out = STRBUF_INIT, name = STRBUF_INIT;
-	const char *prefix_to_show = "";
-	const char *prefix_to_skip = NULL;
-	const char *desc = item->refname;
-	char *to_free = NULL;
-
-	switch (item->kind) {
-	case FILTER_REFS_BRANCHES:
-		prefix_to_skip = "refs/heads/";
-		skip_prefix(desc, prefix_to_skip, &desc);
-		if (!filter->detached && !strcmp(desc, head))
-			current = 1;
-		else
-			color = BRANCH_COLOR_LOCAL;
-		break;
-	case FILTER_REFS_REMOTES:
-		prefix_to_skip = "refs/remotes/";
-		skip_prefix(desc, prefix_to_skip, &desc);
-		color = BRANCH_COLOR_REMOTE;
-		prefix_to_show = remote_prefix;
-		break;
-	case FILTER_REFS_DETACHED_HEAD:
-		desc = to_free = get_head_description();
-		current = 1;
-		break;
-	default:
-		color = BRANCH_COLOR_PLAIN;
-		break;
-	}
-
-	c = ' ';
-	if (current) {
-		c = '*';
-		color = BRANCH_COLOR_CURRENT;
-	}
-
-	strbuf_addf(&name, "%s%s", prefix_to_show, desc);
-	if (filter->verbose) {
-		int utf8_compensation = strlen(name.buf) - utf8_strwidth(name.buf);
-		strbuf_addf(&out, "%c %s%-*s%s", c, branch_get_color(color),
-			    maxwidth + utf8_compensation, name.buf,
-			    branch_get_color(BRANCH_COLOR_RESET));
-	} else
-		strbuf_addf(&out, "%c %s%s%s", c, branch_get_color(color),
-			    name.buf, branch_get_color(BRANCH_COLOR_RESET));
-
-	if (item->symref) {
-		const char *symref = item->symref;
-		if (prefix_to_skip)
-			skip_prefix(symref, prefix_to_skip, &symref);
-		strbuf_addf(&out, " -> %s", symref);
-	}
-	else if (filter->verbose)
-		/* " f7c0c00 [ahead 58, behind 197] vcs-svn: drop obj_pool.h" */
-		add_verbose_info(&out, item, filter, desc);
-	if (column_active(colopts)) {
-		assert(!filter->verbose && "--column and --verbose are incompatible");
-		string_list_append(&output, out.buf);
-	} else {
-		printf("%s\n", out.buf);
-	}
-	strbuf_release(&name);
-	strbuf_release(&out);
-	free(to_free);
-}
-
 static int calc_maxwidth(struct ref_array *refs, int remote_bonus)
 {
 	int i, max = 0;
@@ -479,7 +294,12 @@
 
 		skip_prefix(it->refname, "refs/heads/", &desc);
 		skip_prefix(it->refname, "refs/remotes/", &desc);
-		w = utf8_strwidth(desc);
+		if (it->kind == FILTER_REFS_DETACHED_HEAD) {
+			char *head_desc = get_head_description();
+			w = utf8_strwidth(head_desc);
+			free(head_desc);
+		} else
+			w = utf8_strwidth(desc);
 
 		if (it->kind == FILTER_REFS_REMOTES)
 			w += remote_bonus;
@@ -489,12 +309,73 @@
 	return max;
 }
 
-static void print_ref_list(struct ref_filter *filter, struct ref_sorting *sorting)
+static const char *quote_literal_for_format(const char *s)
+{
+	static struct strbuf buf = STRBUF_INIT;
+
+	strbuf_reset(&buf);
+	while (*s) {
+		const char *ep = strchrnul(s, '%');
+		if (s < ep)
+			strbuf_add(&buf, s, ep - s);
+		if (*ep == '%') {
+			strbuf_addstr(&buf, "%%");
+			s = ep + 1;
+		} else {
+			s = ep;
+		}
+	}
+	return buf.buf;
+}
+
+static char *build_format(struct ref_filter *filter, int maxwidth, const char *remote_prefix)
+{
+	struct strbuf fmt = STRBUF_INIT;
+	struct strbuf local = STRBUF_INIT;
+	struct strbuf remote = STRBUF_INIT;
+
+	strbuf_addf(&fmt, "%%(if)%%(HEAD)%%(then)* %s%%(else)  %%(end)",
+		    branch_get_color(BRANCH_COLOR_CURRENT));
+
+	if (filter->verbose) {
+		strbuf_addf(&local, "%%(align:%d,left)%%(refname:lstrip=2)%%(end)", maxwidth);
+		strbuf_addf(&local, "%s", branch_get_color(BRANCH_COLOR_RESET));
+		strbuf_addf(&local, " %%(objectname:short=7) ");
+
+		if (filter->verbose > 1)
+			strbuf_addf(&local, "%%(if)%%(upstream)%%(then)[%s%%(upstream:short)%s%%(if)%%(upstream:track)"
+				    "%%(then): %%(upstream:track,nobracket)%%(end)] %%(end)%%(contents:subject)",
+				    branch_get_color(BRANCH_COLOR_UPSTREAM), branch_get_color(BRANCH_COLOR_RESET));
+		else
+			strbuf_addf(&local, "%%(if)%%(upstream:track)%%(then)%%(upstream:track) %%(end)%%(contents:subject)");
+
+		strbuf_addf(&remote, "%s%%(align:%d,left)%s%%(refname:lstrip=2)%%(end)%s%%(if)%%(symref)%%(then) -> %%(symref:short)"
+			    "%%(else) %%(objectname:short=7) %%(contents:subject)%%(end)",
+			    branch_get_color(BRANCH_COLOR_REMOTE), maxwidth, quote_literal_for_format(remote_prefix),
+			    branch_get_color(BRANCH_COLOR_RESET));
+	} else {
+		strbuf_addf(&local, "%%(refname:lstrip=2)%s%%(if)%%(symref)%%(then) -> %%(symref:short)%%(end)",
+			    branch_get_color(BRANCH_COLOR_RESET));
+		strbuf_addf(&remote, "%s%s%%(refname:lstrip=2)%s%%(if)%%(symref)%%(then) -> %%(symref:short)%%(end)",
+			    branch_get_color(BRANCH_COLOR_REMOTE), quote_literal_for_format(remote_prefix),
+			    branch_get_color(BRANCH_COLOR_RESET));
+	}
+
+	strbuf_addf(&fmt, "%%(if:notequals=refs/remotes)%%(refname:rstrip=-2)%%(then)%s%%(else)%s%%(end)", local.buf, remote.buf);
+
+	strbuf_release(&local);
+	strbuf_release(&remote);
+	return strbuf_detach(&fmt, NULL);
+}
+
+static void print_ref_list(struct ref_filter *filter, struct ref_sorting *sorting, const char *format)
 {
 	int i;
 	struct ref_array array;
 	int maxwidth = 0;
 	const char *remote_prefix = "";
+	struct strbuf out = STRBUF_INIT;
+	char *to_free = NULL;
 
 	/*
 	 * If we are listing more than just remote branches,
@@ -506,18 +387,32 @@
 
 	memset(&array, 0, sizeof(array));
 
-	verify_ref_format("%(refname)%(symref)");
 	filter_refs(&array, filter, filter->kind | FILTER_REFS_INCLUDE_BROKEN);
 
 	if (filter->verbose)
 		maxwidth = calc_maxwidth(&array, strlen(remote_prefix));
 
+	if (!format)
+		format = to_free = build_format(filter, maxwidth, remote_prefix);
+	verify_ref_format(format);
+
 	ref_array_sort(sorting, &array);
 
-	for (i = 0; i < array.nr; i++)
-		format_and_print_ref_item(array.items[i], maxwidth, filter, remote_prefix);
+	for (i = 0; i < array.nr; i++) {
+		format_ref_array_item(array.items[i], format, 0, &out);
+		if (column_active(colopts)) {
+			assert(!filter->verbose && "--column and --verbose are incompatible");
+			 /* format to a string_list to let print_columns() do its job */
+			string_list_append(&output, out.buf);
+		} else {
+			fwrite(out.buf, 1, out.len, stdout);
+			putchar('\n');
+		}
+		strbuf_release(&out);
+	}
 
 	ref_array_clear(&array);
+	free(to_free);
 }
 
 static void reject_rebase_or_bisect_branch(const char *target)
@@ -579,14 +474,15 @@
 
 	if (rename_ref(oldref.buf, newref.buf, logmsg.buf))
 		die(_("Branch rename failed"));
-	strbuf_release(&logmsg);
 
 	if (recovery)
 		warning(_("Renamed a misnamed branch '%s' away"), oldref.buf + 11);
 
-	if (replace_each_worktree_head_symref(oldref.buf, newref.buf))
+	if (replace_each_worktree_head_symref(oldref.buf, newref.buf, logmsg.buf))
 		die(_("Branch renamed to %s, but HEAD is not updated!"), newname);
 
+	strbuf_release(&logmsg);
+
 	strbuf_addf(&oldsection, "branch.%s", oldref.buf + 11);
 	strbuf_release(&oldref);
 	strbuf_addf(&newsection, "branch.%s", newref.buf + 11);
@@ -638,6 +534,7 @@
 	struct ref_filter filter;
 	int icase = 0;
 	static struct ref_sorting *sorting = NULL, **sorting_tail = &sorting;
+	const char *format = NULL;
 
 	struct option options[] = {
 		OPT_GROUP(N_("Generic options")),
@@ -679,9 +576,12 @@
 			N_("print only branches of the object"), 0, parse_opt_object_name
 		},
 		OPT_BOOL('i', "ignore-case", &icase, N_("sorting and filtering are case insensitive")),
+		OPT_STRING(  0 , "format", &format, N_("format"), N_("format to use for the output")),
 		OPT_END(),
 	};
 
+	setup_ref_filter_porcelain_msg();
+
 	memset(&filter, 0, sizeof(filter));
 	filter.kind = FILTER_REFS_BRANCHES;
 	filter.abbrev = -1;
@@ -749,7 +649,7 @@
 		if (!sorting)
 			sorting = ref_default_sorting();
 		sorting->ignore_case = icase;
-		print_ref_list(&filter, sorting);
+		print_ref_list(&filter, sorting, format);
 		print_columns(&output, colopts, NULL);
 		string_list_clear(&output, 0);
 		return 0;
diff --git a/builtin/check-attr.c b/builtin/check-attr.c
index 53a5a18..4d01ca0 100644
--- a/builtin/check-attr.c
+++ b/builtin/check-attr.c
@@ -24,12 +24,13 @@
 	OPT_END()
 };
 
-static void output_attr(int cnt, struct git_attr_check *check,
-	const char *file)
+static void output_attr(struct attr_check *check, const char *file)
 {
 	int j;
+	int cnt = check->nr;
+
 	for (j = 0; j < cnt; j++) {
-		const char *value = check[j].value;
+		const char *value = check->items[j].value;
 
 		if (ATTR_TRUE(value))
 			value = "set";
@@ -42,35 +43,38 @@
 			printf("%s%c" /* path */
 			       "%s%c" /* attrname */
 			       "%s%c" /* attrvalue */,
-			       file, 0, git_attr_name(check[j].attr), 0, value, 0);
+			       file, 0,
+			       git_attr_name(check->items[j].attr), 0, value, 0);
 		} else {
 			quote_c_style(file, NULL, stdout, 0);
-			printf(": %s: %s\n", git_attr_name(check[j].attr), value);
+			printf(": %s: %s\n",
+			       git_attr_name(check->items[j].attr), value);
 		}
-
 	}
 }
 
-static void check_attr(const char *prefix, int cnt,
-	struct git_attr_check *check, const char *file)
+static void check_attr(const char *prefix,
+		       struct attr_check *check,
+		       int collect_all,
+		       const char *file)
 {
 	char *full_path =
 		prefix_path(prefix, prefix ? strlen(prefix) : 0, file);
-	if (check != NULL) {
-		if (git_check_attr(full_path, cnt, check))
-			die("git_check_attr died");
-		output_attr(cnt, check, file);
+
+	if (collect_all) {
+		git_all_attrs(full_path, check);
 	} else {
-		if (git_all_attrs(full_path, &cnt, &check))
-			die("git_all_attrs died");
-		output_attr(cnt, check, file);
-		free(check);
+		if (git_check_attr(full_path, check))
+			die("git_check_attr died");
 	}
+	output_attr(check, file);
+
 	free(full_path);
 }
 
-static void check_attr_stdin_paths(const char *prefix, int cnt,
-	struct git_attr_check *check)
+static void check_attr_stdin_paths(const char *prefix,
+				   struct attr_check *check,
+				   int collect_all)
 {
 	struct strbuf buf = STRBUF_INIT;
 	struct strbuf unquoted = STRBUF_INIT;
@@ -84,7 +88,7 @@
 				die("line is badly quoted");
 			strbuf_swap(&buf, &unquoted);
 		}
-		check_attr(prefix, cnt, check, buf.buf);
+		check_attr(prefix, check, collect_all, buf.buf);
 		maybe_flush_or_die(stdout, "attribute to stdout");
 	}
 	strbuf_release(&buf);
@@ -99,7 +103,7 @@
 
 int cmd_check_attr(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix)
 {
-	struct git_attr_check *check;
+	struct attr_check *check;
 	int cnt, i, doubledash, filei;
 
 	if (!is_bare_repository())
@@ -159,28 +163,26 @@
 			error_with_usage("No file specified");
 	}
 
-	if (all_attrs) {
-		check = NULL;
-	} else {
-		check = xcalloc(cnt, sizeof(*check));
+	check = attr_check_alloc();
+	if (!all_attrs) {
 		for (i = 0; i < cnt; i++) {
-			const char *name;
-			struct git_attr *a;
-			name = argv[i];
-			a = git_attr(name);
+			const struct git_attr *a = git_attr(argv[i]);
+
 			if (!a)
 				return error("%s: not a valid attribute name",
-					name);
-			check[i].attr = a;
+					     argv[i]);
+			attr_check_append(check, a);
 		}
 	}
 
 	if (stdin_paths)
-		check_attr_stdin_paths(prefix, cnt, check);
+		check_attr_stdin_paths(prefix, check, all_attrs);
 	else {
 		for (i = filei; i < argc; i++)
-			check_attr(prefix, cnt, check, argv[i]);
+			check_attr(prefix, check, all_attrs, argv[i]);
 		maybe_flush_or_die(stdout, "attribute to stdout");
 	}
+
+	attr_check_free(check);
 	return 0;
 }
diff --git a/builtin/checkout.c b/builtin/checkout.c
index f174f50..81f07c3 100644
--- a/builtin/checkout.c
+++ b/builtin/checkout.c
@@ -452,7 +452,7 @@
 {
 	struct strbuf buf = STRBUF_INIT;
 
-	strbuf_branchname(&buf, branch->name);
+	strbuf_branchname(&buf, branch->name, INTERPRET_BRANCH_LOCAL);
 	if (strcmp(buf.buf, branch->name))
 		branch->name = xstrdup(buf.buf);
 	strbuf_splice(&buf, 0, 0, "refs/heads/", 11);
diff --git a/builtin/clean.c b/builtin/clean.c
index d6bc3aa..d861f83 100644
--- a/builtin/clean.c
+++ b/builtin/clean.c
@@ -174,8 +174,10 @@
 		/* an empty dir could be removed even if it is unreadble */
 		res = dry_run ? 0 : rmdir(path->buf);
 		if (res) {
+			int saved_errno = errno;
 			quote_path_relative(path->buf, prefix, &quoted);
-			warning(_(msg_warn_remove_failed), quoted.buf);
+			errno = saved_errno;
+			warning_errno(_(msg_warn_remove_failed), quoted.buf);
 			*dir_gone = 0;
 		}
 		return res;
@@ -208,8 +210,10 @@
 				quote_path_relative(path->buf, prefix, &quoted);
 				string_list_append(&dels, quoted.buf);
 			} else {
+				int saved_errno = errno;
 				quote_path_relative(path->buf, prefix, &quoted);
-				warning(_(msg_warn_remove_failed), quoted.buf);
+				errno = saved_errno;
+				warning_errno(_(msg_warn_remove_failed), quoted.buf);
 				*dir_gone = 0;
 				ret = 1;
 			}
@@ -230,8 +234,10 @@
 		if (!res)
 			*dir_gone = 1;
 		else {
+			int saved_errno = errno;
 			quote_path_relative(path->buf, prefix, &quoted);
-			warning(_(msg_warn_remove_failed), quoted.buf);
+			errno = saved_errno;
+			warning_errno(_(msg_warn_remove_failed), quoted.buf);
 			*dir_gone = 0;
 			ret = 1;
 		}
@@ -981,8 +987,10 @@
 		} else {
 			res = dry_run ? 0 : unlink(abs_path.buf);
 			if (res) {
+				int saved_errno = errno;
 				qname = quote_path_relative(item->string, NULL, &buf);
-				warning(_(msg_warn_remove_failed), qname);
+				errno = saved_errno;
+				warning_errno(_(msg_warn_remove_failed), qname);
 				errors++;
 			} else if (!quiet) {
 				qname = quote_path_relative(item->string, NULL, &buf);
diff --git a/builtin/describe.c b/builtin/describe.c
index 01490a1..6769446 100644
--- a/builtin/describe.c
+++ b/builtin/describe.c
@@ -28,7 +28,8 @@
 static int max_candidates = 10;
 static struct hashmap names;
 static int have_util;
-static const char *pattern;
+static struct string_list patterns = STRING_LIST_INIT_NODUP;
+static struct string_list exclude_patterns = STRING_LIST_INIT_NODUP;
 static int always;
 static const char *dirty;
 
@@ -129,9 +130,40 @@
 	if (!all && !is_tag)
 		return 0;
 
-	/* Accept only tags that match the pattern, if given */
-	if (pattern && (!is_tag || wildmatch(pattern, path + 10, 0, NULL)))
-		return 0;
+	/*
+	 * If we're given exclude patterns, first exclude any tag which match
+	 * any of the exclude pattern.
+	 */
+	if (exclude_patterns.nr) {
+		struct string_list_item *item;
+
+		if (!is_tag)
+			return 0;
+
+		for_each_string_list_item(item, &exclude_patterns) {
+			if (!wildmatch(item->string, path + 10, 0, NULL))
+				return 0;
+		}
+	}
+
+	/*
+	 * If we're given patterns, accept only tags which match at least one
+	 * pattern.
+	 */
+	if (patterns.nr) {
+		struct string_list_item *item;
+
+		if (!is_tag)
+			return 0;
+
+		for_each_string_list_item(item, &patterns) {
+			if (!wildmatch(item->string, path + 10, 0, NULL))
+				break;
+
+			/* If we get here, no pattern matched. */
+			return 0;
+		}
+	}
 
 	/* Is it annotated? */
 	if (!peel_ref(path, peeled.hash)) {
@@ -404,8 +436,10 @@
 			    N_("only output exact matches"), 0),
 		OPT_INTEGER(0, "candidates", &max_candidates,
 			    N_("consider <n> most recent tags (default: 10)")),
-		OPT_STRING(0, "match",       &pattern, N_("pattern"),
+		OPT_STRING_LIST(0, "match", &patterns, N_("pattern"),
 			   N_("only consider tags matching <pattern>")),
+		OPT_STRING_LIST(0, "exclude", &exclude_patterns, N_("pattern"),
+			   N_("do not consider tags matching <pattern>")),
 		OPT_BOOL(0, "always",        &always,
 			N_("show abbreviated commit object as fallback")),
 		{OPTION_STRING, 0, "dirty",  &dirty, N_("mark"),
@@ -430,6 +464,7 @@
 		die(_("--long is incompatible with --abbrev=0"));
 
 	if (contains) {
+		struct string_list_item *item;
 		struct argv_array args;
 
 		argv_array_init(&args);
@@ -440,8 +475,10 @@
 			argv_array_push(&args, "--always");
 		if (!all) {
 			argv_array_push(&args, "--tags");
-			if (pattern)
-				argv_array_pushf(&args, "--refs=refs/tags/%s", pattern);
+			for_each_string_list_item(item, &patterns)
+				argv_array_pushf(&args, "--refs=refs/tags/%s", item->string);
+			for_each_string_list_item(item, &exclude_patterns)
+				argv_array_pushf(&args, "--exclude=refs/tags/%s", item->string);
 		}
 		if (argc)
 			argv_array_pushv(&args, argv);
diff --git a/builtin/fetch-pack.c b/builtin/fetch-pack.c
index cfe9e44..2a1c1c2 100644
--- a/builtin/fetch-pack.c
+++ b/builtin/fetch-pack.c
@@ -219,12 +219,7 @@
 	 * remote no-such-ref' would silently succeed without issuing
 	 * an error.
 	 */
-	for (i = 0; i < nr_sought; i++) {
-		if (!sought[i] || sought[i]->matched)
-			continue;
-		error("no such remote ref %s", sought[i]->name);
-		ret = 1;
-	}
+	ret |= report_unmatched_refs(sought, nr_sought);
 
 	while (ref) {
 		printf("%s %s\n",
diff --git a/builtin/gc.c b/builtin/gc.c
index 331f219..a2b9e89 100644
--- a/builtin/gc.c
+++ b/builtin/gc.c
@@ -33,6 +33,8 @@
 static int gc_auto_threshold = 6700;
 static int gc_auto_pack_limit = 50;
 static int detach_auto = 1;
+static unsigned long gc_log_expire_time;
+static const char *gc_log_expire = "1.day.ago";
 static const char *prune_expire = "2.weeks.ago";
 static const char *prune_worktrees_expire = "3.months.ago";
 
@@ -76,10 +78,28 @@
 static void process_log_file(void)
 {
 	struct stat st;
-	if (!fstat(get_lock_file_fd(&log_lock), &st) && st.st_size)
+	if (fstat(get_lock_file_fd(&log_lock), &st)) {
+		/*
+		 * Perhaps there was an i/o error or another
+		 * unlikely situation.  Try to make a note of
+		 * this in gc.log along with any existing
+		 * messages.
+		 */
+		int saved_errno = errno;
+		fprintf(stderr, _("Failed to fstat %s: %s"),
+			get_tempfile_path(&log_lock.tempfile),
+			strerror(saved_errno));
+		fflush(stderr);
 		commit_lock_file(&log_lock);
-	else
+		errno = saved_errno;
+	} else if (st.st_size) {
+		/* There was some error recorded in the lock file */
+		commit_lock_file(&log_lock);
+	} else {
+		/* No error, clean up any old gc.log */
+		unlink(git_path("gc.log"));
 		rollback_lock_file(&log_lock);
+	}
 }
 
 static void process_log_file_at_exit(void)
@@ -113,6 +133,8 @@
 	git_config_get_bool("gc.autodetach", &detach_auto);
 	git_config_date_string("gc.pruneexpire", &prune_expire);
 	git_config_date_string("gc.worktreepruneexpire", &prune_worktrees_expire);
+	git_config_date_string("gc.logexpiry", &gc_log_expire);
+
 	git_config(git_default_config, NULL);
 }
 
@@ -290,19 +312,34 @@
 static int report_last_gc_error(void)
 {
 	struct strbuf sb = STRBUF_INIT;
-	int ret;
+	int ret = 0;
+	struct stat st;
+	char *gc_log_path = git_pathdup("gc.log");
 
-	ret = strbuf_read_file(&sb, git_path("gc.log"), 0);
+	if (stat(gc_log_path, &st)) {
+		if (errno == ENOENT)
+			goto done;
+
+		ret = error_errno(_("Can't stat %s"), gc_log_path);
+		goto done;
+	}
+
+	if (st.st_mtime < gc_log_expire_time)
+		goto done;
+
+	ret = strbuf_read_file(&sb, gc_log_path, 0);
 	if (ret > 0)
-		return error(_("The last gc run reported the following. "
+		ret = error(_("The last gc run reported the following. "
 			       "Please correct the root cause\n"
 			       "and remove %s.\n"
 			       "Automatic cleanup will not be performed "
 			       "until the file is removed.\n\n"
 			       "%s"),
-			     git_path("gc.log"), sb.buf);
+			    gc_log_path, sb.buf);
 	strbuf_release(&sb);
-	return 0;
+done:
+	free(gc_log_path);
+	return ret;
 }
 
 static int gc_before_repack(void)
@@ -349,7 +386,10 @@
 	argv_array_pushl(&prune_worktrees, "worktree", "prune", "--expire", NULL);
 	argv_array_pushl(&rerere, "rerere", "gc", NULL);
 
+	/* default expiry time, overwritten in gc_config */
 	gc_config();
+	if (parse_expiry_date(gc_log_expire, &gc_log_expire_time))
+		die(_("Failed to parse gc.logexpiry value %s"), gc_log_expire);
 
 	if (pack_refs < 0)
 		pack_refs = !is_bare_repository();
@@ -448,5 +488,8 @@
 		warning(_("There are too many unreachable loose objects; "
 			"run 'git prune' to remove them."));
 
+	if (!daemonized)
+		unlink(git_path("gc.log"));
+
 	return 0;
 }
diff --git a/builtin/grep.c b/builtin/grep.c
index 2c727ef..9304c33 100644
--- a/builtin/grep.c
+++ b/builtin/grep.c
@@ -967,6 +967,7 @@
 	int dummy;
 	int use_index = 1;
 	int pattern_type_arg = GREP_PATTERN_TYPE_UNSPECIFIED;
+	int allow_revs;
 
 	struct option options[] = {
 		OPT_BOOL(0, "cached", &cached,
@@ -1149,26 +1150,69 @@
 
 	compile_grep_patterns(&opt);
 
-	/* Check revs and then paths */
+	/*
+	 * We have to find "--" in a separate pass, because its presence
+	 * influences how we will parse arguments that come before it.
+	 */
+	for (i = 0; i < argc; i++) {
+		if (!strcmp(argv[i], "--")) {
+			seen_dashdash = 1;
+			break;
+		}
+	}
+
+	/*
+	 * Resolve any rev arguments. If we have a dashdash, then everything up
+	 * to it must resolve as a rev. If not, then we stop at the first
+	 * non-rev and assume everything else is a path.
+	 */
+	allow_revs = use_index && !untracked;
 	for (i = 0; i < argc; i++) {
 		const char *arg = argv[i];
 		unsigned char sha1[20];
 		struct object_context oc;
-		/* Is it a rev? */
-		if (!get_sha1_with_context(arg, 0, sha1, &oc)) {
-			struct object *object = parse_object_or_die(sha1, arg);
-			if (!seen_dashdash)
-				verify_non_filename(prefix, arg);
-			add_object_array_with_path(object, arg, &list, oc.mode, oc.path);
-			continue;
-		}
+		struct object *object;
+
 		if (!strcmp(arg, "--")) {
 			i++;
-			seen_dashdash = 1;
+			break;
 		}
-		break;
+
+		if (!allow_revs) {
+			if (seen_dashdash)
+				die(_("--no-index or --untracked cannot be used with revs"));
+			break;
+		}
+
+		if (get_sha1_with_context(arg, 0, sha1, &oc)) {
+			if (seen_dashdash)
+				die(_("unable to resolve revision: %s"), arg);
+			break;
+		}
+
+		object = parse_object_or_die(sha1, arg);
+		if (!seen_dashdash)
+			verify_non_filename(prefix, arg);
+		add_object_array_with_path(object, arg, &list, oc.mode, oc.path);
 	}
 
+	/*
+	 * Anything left over is presumed to be a path. But in the non-dashdash
+	 * "do what I mean" case, we verify and complain when that isn't true.
+	 */
+	if (!seen_dashdash) {
+		int j;
+		for (j = i; j < argc; j++)
+			verify_filename(prefix, argv[j], j == i && allow_revs);
+	}
+
+	parse_pathspec(&pathspec, 0,
+		       PATHSPEC_PREFER_CWD |
+		       (opt.max_depth != -1 ? PATHSPEC_MAXDEPTH_VALID : 0),
+		       prefix, argv + i);
+	pathspec.max_depth = opt.max_depth;
+	pathspec.recursive = 1;
+
 #ifndef NO_PTHREADS
 	if (list.nr || cached || show_in_pager)
 		num_threads = 0;
@@ -1190,20 +1234,6 @@
 	}
 #endif
 
-	/* The rest are paths */
-	if (!seen_dashdash) {
-		int j;
-		for (j = i; j < argc; j++)
-			verify_filename(prefix, argv[j], j == i);
-	}
-
-	parse_pathspec(&pathspec, 0,
-		       PATHSPEC_PREFER_CWD |
-		       (opt.max_depth != -1 ? PATHSPEC_MAXDEPTH_VALID : 0),
-		       prefix, argv + i);
-	pathspec.max_depth = opt.max_depth;
-	pathspec.recursive = 1;
-
 	if (recurse_submodules) {
 		gitmodules_config();
 		compile_submodule_options(&opt, &pathspec, cached, untracked,
@@ -1245,8 +1275,6 @@
 
 	if (!use_index || untracked) {
 		int use_exclude = (opt_exclude < 0) ? use_index : !!opt_exclude;
-		if (list.nr)
-			die(_("--no-index or --untracked cannot be used with revs."));
 		hit = grep_directory(&opt, &pathspec, use_exclude, use_index);
 	} else if (0 <= opt_exclude) {
 		die(_("--[no-]exclude-standard cannot be used for tracked contents."));
diff --git a/builtin/init-db.c b/builtin/init-db.c
index 1d4d6a0..8a6acb0 100644
--- a/builtin/init-db.c
+++ b/builtin/init-db.c
@@ -338,7 +338,7 @@
 {
 	int reinit;
 	int exist_ok = flags & INIT_DB_EXIST_OK;
-	char *original_git_dir = real_pathdup(git_dir);
+	char *original_git_dir = real_pathdup(git_dir, 1);
 
 	if (real_git_dir) {
 		struct stat st;
@@ -489,7 +489,7 @@
 	argc = parse_options(argc, argv, prefix, init_db_options, init_db_usage, 0);
 
 	if (real_git_dir && !is_absolute_path(real_git_dir))
-		real_git_dir = real_pathdup(real_git_dir);
+		real_git_dir = real_pathdup(real_git_dir, 1);
 
 	if (argc == 1) {
 		int mkdir_tried = 0;
@@ -560,7 +560,7 @@
 		const char *git_dir_parent = strrchr(git_dir, '/');
 		if (git_dir_parent) {
 			char *rel = xstrndup(git_dir, git_dir_parent - git_dir);
-			git_work_tree_cfg = real_pathdup(rel);
+			git_work_tree_cfg = real_pathdup(rel, 1);
 			free(rel);
 		}
 		if (!git_work_tree_cfg)
diff --git a/builtin/log.c b/builtin/log.c
index 55d20cc..281af8c 100644
--- a/builtin/log.c
+++ b/builtin/log.c
@@ -989,8 +989,7 @@
 	    open_next_file(NULL, rev->numbered_files ? NULL : "cover-letter", rev, quiet))
 		return;
 
-	log_write_email_headers(rev, head, &pp.subject, &pp.after_subject,
-				&need_8bit_cte);
+	log_write_email_headers(rev, head, &pp.after_subject, &need_8bit_cte);
 
 	for (i = 0; !need_8bit_cte && i < nr; i++) {
 		const char *buf = get_commit_buffer(list[i], NULL);
@@ -1005,6 +1004,8 @@
 	msg = body;
 	pp.fmt = CMIT_FMT_EMAIL;
 	pp.date_mode.type = DATE_RFC2822;
+	pp.rev = rev;
+	pp.print_email_subject = 1;
 	pp_user_info(&pp, NULL, &sb, committer, encoding);
 	pp_title_line(&pp, &msg, &sb, encoding, need_8bit_cte);
 	pp_remainder(&pp, &msg, &sb, 0);
diff --git a/builtin/merge.c b/builtin/merge.c
index a96d4fb..848a298 100644
--- a/builtin/merge.c
+++ b/builtin/merge.c
@@ -438,7 +438,7 @@
 	char *found_ref;
 	int len, early;
 
-	strbuf_branchname(&bname, remote);
+	strbuf_branchname(&bname, remote, 0);
 	remote = bname.buf;
 
 	memset(branch_head, 0, sizeof(branch_head));
diff --git a/builtin/name-rev.c b/builtin/name-rev.c
index cd89d48..8bdc3ea 100644
--- a/builtin/name-rev.c
+++ b/builtin/name-rev.c
@@ -108,7 +108,8 @@
 struct name_ref_data {
 	int tags_only;
 	int name_only;
-	const char *ref_filter;
+	struct string_list ref_filters;
+	struct string_list exclude_filters;
 };
 
 static struct tip_table {
@@ -150,18 +151,49 @@
 	if (data->tags_only && !starts_with(path, "refs/tags/"))
 		return 0;
 
-	if (data->ref_filter) {
-		switch (subpath_matches(path, data->ref_filter)) {
-		case -1: /* did not match */
-			return 0;
-		case 0:  /* matched fully */
-			break;
-		default: /* matched subpath */
-			can_abbreviate_output = 1;
-			break;
+	if (data->exclude_filters.nr) {
+		struct string_list_item *item;
+
+		for_each_string_list_item(item, &data->exclude_filters) {
+			if (subpath_matches(path, item->string) >= 0)
+				return 0;
 		}
 	}
 
+	if (data->ref_filters.nr) {
+		struct string_list_item *item;
+		int matched = 0;
+
+		/* See if any of the patterns match. */
+		for_each_string_list_item(item, &data->ref_filters) {
+			/*
+			 * Check all patterns even after finding a match, so
+			 * that we can see if a match with a subpath exists.
+			 * When a user asked for 'refs/tags/v*' and 'v1.*',
+			 * both of which match, the user is showing her
+			 * willingness to accept a shortened output by having
+			 * the 'v1.*' in the acceptable refnames, so we
+			 * shouldn't stop when seeing 'refs/tags/v1.4' matches
+			 * 'refs/tags/v*'.  We should show it as 'v1.4'.
+			 */
+			switch (subpath_matches(path, item->string)) {
+			case -1: /* did not match */
+				break;
+			case 0: /* matched fully */
+				matched = 1;
+				break;
+			default: /* matched subpath */
+				matched = 1;
+				can_abbreviate_output = 1;
+				break;
+			}
+		}
+
+		/* If none of the patterns matched, stop now */
+		if (!matched)
+			return 0;
+	}
+
 	add_to_tip_table(oid->hash, path, can_abbreviate_output);
 
 	while (o && o->type == OBJ_TAG) {
@@ -306,12 +338,14 @@
 {
 	struct object_array revs = OBJECT_ARRAY_INIT;
 	int all = 0, transform_stdin = 0, allow_undefined = 1, always = 0, peel_tag = 0;
-	struct name_ref_data data = { 0, 0, NULL };
+	struct name_ref_data data = { 0, 0, STRING_LIST_INIT_NODUP, STRING_LIST_INIT_NODUP };
 	struct option opts[] = {
 		OPT_BOOL(0, "name-only", &data.name_only, N_("print only names (no SHA-1)")),
 		OPT_BOOL(0, "tags", &data.tags_only, N_("only use tags to name the commits")),
-		OPT_STRING(0, "refs", &data.ref_filter, N_("pattern"),
+		OPT_STRING_LIST(0, "refs", &data.ref_filters, N_("pattern"),
 				   N_("only use refs matching <pattern>")),
+		OPT_STRING_LIST(0, "exclude", &data.exclude_filters, N_("pattern"),
+				   N_("ignore refs matching <pattern>")),
 		OPT_GROUP(""),
 		OPT_BOOL(0, "all", &all, N_("list all commits reachable from all refs")),
 		OPT_BOOL(0, "stdin", &transform_stdin, N_("read from stdin")),
diff --git a/builtin/notes.c b/builtin/notes.c
index 5248a9b..4b492ab 100644
--- a/builtin/notes.c
+++ b/builtin/notes.c
@@ -681,9 +681,9 @@
 	 * notes_merge_abort() to remove .git/NOTES_MERGE_WORKTREE.
 	 */
 
-	if (delete_ref("NOTES_MERGE_PARTIAL", NULL, 0))
+	if (delete_ref(NULL, "NOTES_MERGE_PARTIAL", NULL, 0))
 		ret += error(_("failed to delete ref NOTES_MERGE_PARTIAL"));
-	if (delete_ref("NOTES_MERGE_REF", NULL, REF_NODEREF))
+	if (delete_ref(NULL, "NOTES_MERGE_REF", NULL, REF_NODEREF))
 		ret += error(_("failed to delete ref NOTES_MERGE_REF"));
 	if (notes_merge_abort(o))
 		ret += error(_("failed to remove 'git notes merge' worktree"));
diff --git a/builtin/pack-objects.c b/builtin/pack-objects.c
index 8841f8b..f294dcf 100644
--- a/builtin/pack-objects.c
+++ b/builtin/pack-objects.c
@@ -894,24 +894,15 @@
 			written, nr_result);
 }
 
-static void setup_delta_attr_check(struct git_attr_check *check)
-{
-	static struct git_attr *attr_delta;
-
-	if (!attr_delta)
-		attr_delta = git_attr("delta");
-
-	check[0].attr = attr_delta;
-}
-
 static int no_try_delta(const char *path)
 {
-	struct git_attr_check check[1];
+	static struct attr_check *check;
 
-	setup_delta_attr_check(check);
-	if (git_check_attr(path, ARRAY_SIZE(check), check))
+	if (!check)
+		check = attr_check_initl("delta", NULL);
+	if (git_check_attr(path, check))
 		return 0;
-	if (ATTR_FALSE(check->value))
+	if (ATTR_FALSE(check->items[0].value))
 		return 1;
 	return 0;
 }
@@ -1539,6 +1530,8 @@
  *   2. Updating our size/type to the non-delta representation. These were
  *      either not recorded initially (size) or overwritten with the delta type
  *      (type) when check_object() decided to reuse the delta.
+ *
+ *   3. Resetting our delta depth, as we are now a base object.
  */
 static void drop_reused_delta(struct object_entry *entry)
 {
@@ -1552,6 +1545,7 @@
 			p = &(*p)->delta_sibling;
 	}
 	entry->delta = NULL;
+	entry->depth = 0;
 
 	oi.sizep = &entry->size;
 	oi.typep = &entry->type;
@@ -1570,39 +1564,123 @@
  * Follow the chain of deltas from this entry onward, throwing away any links
  * that cause us to hit a cycle (as determined by the DFS state flags in
  * the entries).
+ *
+ * We also detect too-long reused chains that would violate our --depth
+ * limit.
  */
 static void break_delta_chains(struct object_entry *entry)
 {
-	/* If it's not a delta, it can't be part of a cycle. */
-	if (!entry->delta) {
-		entry->dfs_state = DFS_DONE;
-		return;
+	/*
+	 * The actual depth of each object we will write is stored as an int,
+	 * as it cannot exceed our int "depth" limit. But before we break
+	 * changes based no that limit, we may potentially go as deep as the
+	 * number of objects, which is elsewhere bounded to a uint32_t.
+	 */
+	uint32_t total_depth;
+	struct object_entry *cur, *next;
+
+	for (cur = entry, total_depth = 0;
+	     cur;
+	     cur = cur->delta, total_depth++) {
+		if (cur->dfs_state == DFS_DONE) {
+			/*
+			 * We've already seen this object and know it isn't
+			 * part of a cycle. We do need to append its depth
+			 * to our count.
+			 */
+			total_depth += cur->depth;
+			break;
+		}
+
+		/*
+		 * We break cycles before looping, so an ACTIVE state (or any
+		 * other cruft which made its way into the state variable)
+		 * is a bug.
+		 */
+		if (cur->dfs_state != DFS_NONE)
+			die("BUG: confusing delta dfs state in first pass: %d",
+			    cur->dfs_state);
+
+		/*
+		 * Now we know this is the first time we've seen the object. If
+		 * it's not a delta, we're done traversing, but we'll mark it
+		 * done to save time on future traversals.
+		 */
+		if (!cur->delta) {
+			cur->dfs_state = DFS_DONE;
+			break;
+		}
+
+		/*
+		 * Mark ourselves as active and see if the next step causes
+		 * us to cycle to another active object. It's important to do
+		 * this _before_ we loop, because it impacts where we make the
+		 * cut, and thus how our total_depth counter works.
+		 * E.g., We may see a partial loop like:
+		 *
+		 *   A -> B -> C -> D -> B
+		 *
+		 * Cutting B->C breaks the cycle. But now the depth of A is
+		 * only 1, and our total_depth counter is at 3. The size of the
+		 * error is always one less than the size of the cycle we
+		 * broke. Commits C and D were "lost" from A's chain.
+		 *
+		 * If we instead cut D->B, then the depth of A is correct at 3.
+		 * We keep all commits in the chain that we examined.
+		 */
+		cur->dfs_state = DFS_ACTIVE;
+		if (cur->delta->dfs_state == DFS_ACTIVE) {
+			drop_reused_delta(cur);
+			cur->dfs_state = DFS_DONE;
+			break;
+		}
 	}
 
-	switch (entry->dfs_state) {
-	case DFS_NONE:
-		/*
-		 * This is the first time we've seen the object. We mark it as
-		 * part of the active potential cycle and recurse.
-		 */
-		entry->dfs_state = DFS_ACTIVE;
-		break_delta_chains(entry->delta);
-		entry->dfs_state = DFS_DONE;
-		break;
+	/*
+	 * And now that we've gone all the way to the bottom of the chain, we
+	 * need to clear the active flags and set the depth fields as
+	 * appropriate. Unlike the loop above, which can quit when it drops a
+	 * delta, we need to keep going to look for more depth cuts. So we need
+	 * an extra "next" pointer to keep going after we reset cur->delta.
+	 */
+	for (cur = entry; cur; cur = next) {
+		next = cur->delta;
 
-	case DFS_DONE:
-		/* object already examined, and not part of a cycle */
-		break;
-
-	case DFS_ACTIVE:
 		/*
-		 * We found a cycle that needs broken. It would be correct to
-		 * break any link in the chain, but it's convenient to
-		 * break this one.
+		 * We should have a chain of zero or more ACTIVE states down to
+		 * a final DONE. We can quit after the DONE, because either it
+		 * has no bases, or we've already handled them in a previous
+		 * call.
 		 */
-		drop_reused_delta(entry);
-		entry->dfs_state = DFS_DONE;
-		break;
+		if (cur->dfs_state == DFS_DONE)
+			break;
+		else if (cur->dfs_state != DFS_ACTIVE)
+			die("BUG: confusing delta dfs state in second pass: %d",
+			    cur->dfs_state);
+
+		/*
+		 * If the total_depth is more than depth, then we need to snip
+		 * the chain into two or more smaller chains that don't exceed
+		 * the maximum depth. Most of the resulting chains will contain
+		 * (depth + 1) entries (i.e., depth deltas plus one base), and
+		 * the last chain (i.e., the one containing entry) will contain
+		 * whatever entries are left over, namely
+		 * (total_depth % (depth + 1)) of them.
+		 *
+		 * Since we are iterating towards decreasing depth, we need to
+		 * decrement total_depth as we go, and we need to write to the
+		 * entry what its final depth will be after all of the
+		 * snipping. Since we're snipping into chains of length (depth
+		 * + 1) entries, the final depth of an entry will be its
+		 * original depth modulo (depth + 1). Any time we encounter an
+		 * entry whose final depth is supposed to be zero, we snip it
+		 * from its delta base, thereby making it so.
+		 */
+		cur->depth = (total_depth--) % (depth + 1);
+		if (!cur->depth)
+			drop_reused_delta(cur);
+
+		cur->dfs_state = DFS_DONE;
 	}
 }
 
diff --git a/builtin/rebase--helper.c b/builtin/rebase--helper.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ca1ebb2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/builtin/rebase--helper.c
@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+#include "builtin.h"
+#include "cache.h"
+#include "parse-options.h"
+#include "sequencer.h"
+
+static const char * const builtin_rebase_helper_usage[] = {
+	N_("git rebase--helper [<options>]"),
+	NULL
+};
+
+int cmd_rebase__helper(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix)
+{
+	struct replay_opts opts = REPLAY_OPTS_INIT;
+	enum {
+		CONTINUE = 1, ABORT
+	} command = 0;
+	struct option options[] = {
+		OPT_BOOL(0, "ff", &opts.allow_ff, N_("allow fast-forward")),
+		OPT_CMDMODE(0, "continue", &command, N_("continue rebase"),
+				CONTINUE),
+		OPT_CMDMODE(0, "abort", &command, N_("abort rebase"),
+				ABORT),
+		OPT_END()
+	};
+
+	git_config(git_default_config, NULL);
+
+	opts.action = REPLAY_INTERACTIVE_REBASE;
+	opts.allow_ff = 1;
+	opts.allow_empty = 1;
+
+	argc = parse_options(argc, argv, NULL, options,
+			builtin_rebase_helper_usage, PARSE_OPT_KEEP_ARGV0);
+
+	if (command == CONTINUE && argc == 1)
+		return !!sequencer_continue(&opts);
+	if (command == ABORT && argc == 1)
+		return !!sequencer_remove_state(&opts);
+	usage_with_options(builtin_rebase_helper_usage, options);
+}
diff --git a/builtin/receive-pack.c b/builtin/receive-pack.c
index 1dbb8a0..9ed8fbb 100644
--- a/builtin/receive-pack.c
+++ b/builtin/receive-pack.c
@@ -21,6 +21,7 @@
 #include "sigchain.h"
 #include "fsck.h"
 #include "tmp-objdir.h"
+#include "oidset.h"
 
 static const char * const receive_pack_usage[] = {
 	N_("git receive-pack <git-dir>"),
@@ -250,8 +251,9 @@
 }
 
 static int show_ref_cb(const char *path_full, const struct object_id *oid,
-		       int flag, void *unused)
+		       int flag, void *data)
 {
+	struct oidset *seen = data;
 	const char *path = strip_namespace(path_full);
 
 	if (ref_is_hidden(path, path_full))
@@ -260,37 +262,38 @@
 	/*
 	 * Advertise refs outside our current namespace as ".have"
 	 * refs, so that the client can use them to minimize data
-	 * transfer but will otherwise ignore them. This happens to
-	 * cover ".have" that are thrown in by add_one_alternate_ref()
-	 * to mark histories that are complete in our alternates as
-	 * well.
+	 * transfer but will otherwise ignore them.
 	 */
-	if (!path)
+	if (!path) {
+		if (oidset_insert(seen, oid))
+			return 0;
 		path = ".have";
+	} else {
+		oidset_insert(seen, oid);
+	}
 	show_ref(path, oid->hash);
 	return 0;
 }
 
-static int show_one_alternate_sha1(const unsigned char sha1[20], void *unused)
+static void show_one_alternate_ref(const char *refname,
+				   const struct object_id *oid,
+				   void *data)
 {
-	show_ref(".have", sha1);
-	return 0;
-}
+	struct oidset *seen = data;
 
-static void collect_one_alternate_ref(const struct ref *ref, void *data)
-{
-	struct sha1_array *sa = data;
-	sha1_array_append(sa, ref->old_oid.hash);
+	if (oidset_insert(seen, oid))
+		return;
+
+	show_ref(".have", oid->hash);
 }
 
 static void write_head_info(void)
 {
-	struct sha1_array sa = SHA1_ARRAY_INIT;
+	static struct oidset seen = OIDSET_INIT;
 
-	for_each_alternate_ref(collect_one_alternate_ref, &sa);
-	sha1_array_for_each_unique(&sa, show_one_alternate_sha1, NULL);
-	sha1_array_clear(&sa);
-	for_each_ref(show_ref_cb, NULL);
+	for_each_ref(show_ref_cb, &seen);
+	for_each_alternate_ref(show_one_alternate_ref, &seen);
+	oidset_clear(&seen);
 	if (!sent_capabilities)
 		show_ref("capabilities^{}", null_sha1);
 
diff --git a/builtin/remote.c b/builtin/remote.c
index 5339ed6..addf97a 100644
--- a/builtin/remote.c
+++ b/builtin/remote.c
@@ -691,7 +691,7 @@
 		read_ref_full(item->string, RESOLVE_REF_READING, oid.hash, &flag);
 		if (!(flag & REF_ISSYMREF))
 			continue;
-		if (delete_ref(item->string, NULL, REF_NODEREF))
+		if (delete_ref(NULL, item->string, NULL, REF_NODEREF))
 			die(_("deleting '%s' failed"), item->string);
 	}
 	for (i = 0; i < remote_branches.nr; i++) {
@@ -769,7 +769,9 @@
 				strbuf_reset(&buf);
 				strbuf_addf(&buf, "branch.%s.%s",
 						item->string, *k);
-				git_config_set(buf.buf, NULL);
+				result = git_config_set_gently(buf.buf, NULL);
+				if (result && result != CONFIG_NOTHING_SET)
+					die(_("could not unset '%s'"), buf.buf);
 			}
 		}
 	}
@@ -1248,7 +1250,7 @@
 			head_name = xstrdup(states.heads.items[0].string);
 		free_remote_ref_states(&states);
 	} else if (opt_d && !opt_a && argc == 1) {
-		if (delete_ref(buf.buf, NULL, REF_NODEREF))
+		if (delete_ref(NULL, buf.buf, NULL, REF_NODEREF))
 			result |= error(_("Could not delete %s"), buf.buf);
 	} else
 		usage_with_options(builtin_remote_sethead_usage, options);
diff --git a/builtin/replace.c b/builtin/replace.c
index b58c714..226d0f9 100644
--- a/builtin/replace.c
+++ b/builtin/replace.c
@@ -121,7 +121,7 @@
 static int delete_replace_ref(const char *name, const char *ref,
 			      const unsigned char *sha1)
 {
-	if (delete_ref(ref, sha1, 0))
+	if (delete_ref(NULL, ref, sha1, 0))
 		return 1;
 	printf("Deleted replace ref '%s'\n", name);
 	return 0;
diff --git a/builtin/reset.c b/builtin/reset.c
index 8ab915b..fc3b906 100644
--- a/builtin/reset.c
+++ b/builtin/reset.c
@@ -256,7 +256,7 @@
 		update_ref_oid(msg.buf, "ORIG_HEAD", orig, old_orig, 0,
 			   UPDATE_REFS_MSG_ON_ERR);
 	} else if (old_orig)
-		delete_ref("ORIG_HEAD", old_orig->hash, 0);
+		delete_ref(NULL, "ORIG_HEAD", old_orig->hash, 0);
 	set_reflog_message(&msg, "updating HEAD", rev);
 	update_ref_status = update_ref_oid(msg.buf, "HEAD", oid, orig, 0,
 				       UPDATE_REFS_MSG_ON_ERR);
diff --git a/builtin/rev-parse.c b/builtin/rev-parse.c
index ff13e59..e08677e 100644
--- a/builtin/rev-parse.c
+++ b/builtin/rev-parse.c
@@ -545,6 +545,7 @@
 	unsigned int flags = 0;
 	const char *name = NULL;
 	struct object_context unused;
+	struct strbuf buf = STRBUF_INIT;
 
 	if (argc > 1 && !strcmp("--parseopt", argv[1]))
 		return cmd_parseopt(argc - 1, argv + 1, prefix);
@@ -599,7 +600,9 @@
 		if (!strcmp(arg, "--git-path")) {
 			if (!argv[i + 1])
 				die("--git-path requires an argument");
-			puts(git_path("%s", argv[i + 1]));
+			strbuf_reset(&buf);
+			puts(relative_path(git_path("%s", argv[i + 1]),
+					   prefix, &buf));
 			i++;
 			continue;
 		}
@@ -802,17 +805,27 @@
 				putchar('\n');
 				continue;
 			}
-			if (!strcmp(arg, "--git-dir")) {
+			if (!strcmp(arg, "--git-dir") ||
+			    !strcmp(arg, "--absolute-git-dir")) {
 				const char *gitdir = getenv(GIT_DIR_ENVIRONMENT);
 				char *cwd;
 				int len;
-				if (gitdir) {
-					puts(gitdir);
-					continue;
-				}
-				if (!prefix) {
-					puts(".git");
-					continue;
+				if (arg[2] == 'g') {	/* --git-dir */
+					if (gitdir) {
+						puts(gitdir);
+						continue;
+					}
+					if (!prefix) {
+						puts(".git");
+						continue;
+					}
+				} else {		/* --absolute-git-dir */
+					if (!gitdir && !prefix)
+						gitdir = ".git";
+					if (gitdir) {
+						puts(real_path(gitdir));
+						continue;
+					}
 				}
 				cwd = xgetcwd();
 				len = strlen(cwd);
@@ -821,8 +834,9 @@
 				continue;
 			}
 			if (!strcmp(arg, "--git-common-dir")) {
-				const char *pfx = prefix ? prefix : "";
-				puts(prefix_filename(pfx, strlen(pfx), get_git_common_dir()));
+				strbuf_reset(&buf);
+				puts(relative_path(get_git_common_dir(),
+						   prefix, &buf));
 				continue;
 			}
 			if (!strcmp(arg, "--is-inside-git-dir")) {
@@ -845,7 +859,9 @@
 					die(_("Could not read the index"));
 				if (the_index.split_index) {
 					const unsigned char *sha1 = the_index.split_index->base_sha1;
-					puts(git_path("sharedindex.%s", sha1_to_hex(sha1)));
+					const char *path = git_path("sharedindex.%s", sha1_to_hex(sha1));
+					strbuf_reset(&buf);
+					puts(relative_path(path, prefix, &buf));
 				}
 				continue;
 			}
@@ -897,6 +913,7 @@
 			continue;
 		verify_filename(prefix, arg, 1);
 	}
+	strbuf_release(&buf);
 	if (verify) {
 		if (revs_count == 1) {
 			show_rev(type, sha1, name);
diff --git a/builtin/shortlog.c b/builtin/shortlog.c
index c9585d4..f78bb48 100644
--- a/builtin/shortlog.c
+++ b/builtin/shortlog.c
@@ -148,7 +148,7 @@
 
 	ctx.fmt = CMIT_FMT_USERFORMAT;
 	ctx.abbrev = log->abbrev;
-	ctx.subject = "";
+	ctx.print_email_subject = 1;
 	ctx.after_subject = "";
 	ctx.date_mode.type = DATE_NORMAL;
 	ctx.output_encoding = get_log_output_encoding();
diff --git a/builtin/show-branch.c b/builtin/show-branch.c
index 974f340..1975659 100644
--- a/builtin/show-branch.c
+++ b/builtin/show-branch.c
@@ -275,8 +275,7 @@
 		pp_commit_easy(CMIT_FMT_ONELINE, commit, &pretty);
 		pretty_str = pretty.buf;
 	}
-	if (starts_with(pretty_str, "[PATCH] "))
-		pretty_str += 8;
+	skip_prefix(pretty_str, "[PATCH] ", &pretty_str);
 
 	if (!no_name) {
 		if (name && name->head_name) {
@@ -470,18 +469,14 @@
 	}
 }
 
-static int rev_is_head(char *head, int headlen, char *name,
+static int rev_is_head(const char *head, const char *name,
 		       unsigned char *head_sha1, unsigned char *sha1)
 {
-	if ((!head[0]) ||
-	    (head_sha1 && sha1 && hashcmp(head_sha1, sha1)))
+	if (!head || (head_sha1 && sha1 && hashcmp(head_sha1, sha1)))
 		return 0;
-	if (starts_with(head, "refs/heads/"))
-		head += 11;
-	if (starts_with(name, "refs/heads/"))
-		name += 11;
-	else if (starts_with(name, "heads/"))
-		name += 6;
+	skip_prefix(head, "refs/heads/", &head);
+	if (!skip_prefix(name, "refs/heads/", &name))
+		skip_prefix(name, "heads/", &name);
 	return !strcmp(head, name);
 }
 
@@ -620,9 +615,7 @@
 	int all_heads = 0, all_remotes = 0;
 	int all_mask, all_revs;
 	enum rev_sort_order sort_order = REV_SORT_IN_GRAPH_ORDER;
-	char head[128];
-	const char *head_p;
-	int head_len;
+	char *head;
 	struct object_id head_oid;
 	int merge_base = 0;
 	int independent = 0;
@@ -787,32 +780,24 @@
 			snarf_refs(all_heads, all_remotes);
 	}
 
-	head_p = resolve_ref_unsafe("HEAD", RESOLVE_REF_READING,
-				    head_oid.hash, NULL);
-	if (head_p) {
-		head_len = strlen(head_p);
-		memcpy(head, head_p, head_len + 1);
-	}
-	else {
-		head_len = 0;
-		head[0] = 0;
-	}
+	head = resolve_refdup("HEAD", RESOLVE_REF_READING,
+			      head_oid.hash, NULL);
 
-	if (with_current_branch && head_p) {
+	if (with_current_branch && head) {
 		int has_head = 0;
 		for (i = 0; !has_head && i < ref_name_cnt; i++) {
 			/* We are only interested in adding the branch
 			 * HEAD points at.
 			 */
 			if (rev_is_head(head,
-					head_len,
 					ref_name[i],
 					head_oid.hash, NULL))
 				has_head++;
 		}
 		if (!has_head) {
-			int offset = starts_with(head, "refs/heads/") ? 11 : 0;
-			append_one_rev(head + offset);
+			const char *name = head;
+			skip_prefix(name, "refs/heads/", &name);
+			append_one_rev(name);
 		}
 	}
 
@@ -866,7 +851,6 @@
 		for (i = 0; i < num_rev; i++) {
 			int j;
 			int is_head = rev_is_head(head,
-						  head_len,
 						  ref_name[i],
 						  head_oid.hash,
 						  rev[i]->object.oid.hash);
diff --git a/builtin/submodule--helper.c b/builtin/submodule--helper.c
index 899dc33..15a5430 100644
--- a/builtin/submodule--helper.c
+++ b/builtin/submodule--helper.c
@@ -356,12 +356,10 @@
 			strbuf_addf(&remotesb, "remote.%s.url", remote);
 			free(remote);
 
-			if (git_config_get_string(remotesb.buf, &remoteurl))
-				/*
-				 * The repository is its own
-				 * authoritative upstream
-				 */
+			if (git_config_get_string(remotesb.buf, &remoteurl)) {
+				warning(_("could not lookup configuration '%s'. Assuming this repository is its own authoritative upstream."), remotesb.buf);
 				remoteurl = xgetcwd();
+			}
 			relurl = relative_url(remoteurl, url, NULL);
 			strbuf_release(&remotesb);
 			free(remoteurl);
diff --git a/builtin/symbolic-ref.c b/builtin/symbolic-ref.c
index 96eed94..70addef 100644
--- a/builtin/symbolic-ref.c
+++ b/builtin/symbolic-ref.c
@@ -58,7 +58,7 @@
 			die("Cannot delete %s, not a symbolic ref", argv[0]);
 		if (!strcmp(argv[0], "HEAD"))
 			die("deleting '%s' is not allowed", argv[0]);
-		return delete_ref(argv[0], NULL, REF_NODEREF);
+		return delete_ref(NULL, argv[0], NULL, REF_NODEREF);
 	}
 
 	switch (argc) {
diff --git a/builtin/tag.c b/builtin/tag.c
index e40c4a9..ad29be6 100644
--- a/builtin/tag.c
+++ b/builtin/tag.c
@@ -45,11 +45,11 @@
 	if (!format) {
 		if (filter->lines) {
 			to_free = xstrfmt("%s %%(contents:lines=%d)",
-					  "%(align:15)%(refname:strip=2)%(end)",
+					  "%(align:15)%(refname:lstrip=2)%(end)",
 					  filter->lines);
 			format = to_free;
 		} else
-			format = "%(refname:strip=2)";
+			format = "%(refname:lstrip=2)";
 	}
 
 	verify_ref_format(format);
@@ -97,7 +97,7 @@
 static int delete_tag(const char *name, const char *ref,
 		      const unsigned char *sha1, const void *cb_data)
 {
-	if (delete_ref(ref, sha1, 0))
+	if (delete_ref(NULL, ref, sha1, 0))
 		return 1;
 	printf(_("Deleted tag '%s' (was %s)\n"), name, find_unique_abbrev(sha1, DEFAULT_ABBREV));
 	return 0;
@@ -302,6 +302,54 @@
 	}
 }
 
+static void create_reflog_msg(const unsigned char *sha1, struct strbuf *sb)
+{
+	enum object_type type;
+	struct commit *c;
+	char *buf;
+	unsigned long size;
+	int subject_len = 0;
+	const char *subject_start;
+
+	char *rla = getenv("GIT_REFLOG_ACTION");
+	if (rla) {
+		strbuf_addstr(sb, rla);
+	} else {
+		strbuf_addstr(sb, _("tag: tagging "));
+		strbuf_add_unique_abbrev(sb, sha1, DEFAULT_ABBREV);
+	}
+
+	strbuf_addstr(sb, " (");
+	type = sha1_object_info(sha1, NULL);
+	switch (type) {
+	default:
+		strbuf_addstr(sb, _("object of unknown type"));
+		break;
+	case OBJ_COMMIT:
+		if ((buf = read_sha1_file(sha1, &type, &size)) != NULL) {
+			subject_len = find_commit_subject(buf, &subject_start);
+			strbuf_insert(sb, sb->len, subject_start, subject_len);
+		} else {
+			strbuf_addstr(sb, _("commit object"));
+		}
+		free(buf);
+
+		if ((c = lookup_commit_reference(sha1)) != NULL)
+			strbuf_addf(sb, ", %s", show_date(c->date, 0, DATE_MODE(SHORT)));
+		break;
+	case OBJ_TREE:
+		strbuf_addstr(sb, _("tree object"));
+		break;
+	case OBJ_BLOB:
+		strbuf_addstr(sb, _("blob object"));
+		break;
+	case OBJ_TAG:
+		strbuf_addstr(sb, _("other tag object"));
+		break;
+	}
+	strbuf_addch(sb, ')');
+}
+
 struct msg_arg {
 	int given;
 	struct strbuf buf;
@@ -335,6 +383,7 @@
 {
 	struct strbuf buf = STRBUF_INIT;
 	struct strbuf ref = STRBUF_INIT;
+	struct strbuf reflog_msg = STRBUF_INIT;
 	unsigned char object[20], prev[20];
 	const char *object_ref, *tag;
 	struct create_tag_options opt;
@@ -389,6 +438,8 @@
 		OPT_END()
 	};
 
+	setup_ref_filter_porcelain_msg();
+
 	git_config(git_tag_config, sorting_tail);
 
 	memset(&opt, 0, sizeof(opt));
@@ -494,6 +545,8 @@
 	else
 		die(_("Invalid cleanup mode %s"), cleanup_arg);
 
+	create_reflog_msg(object, &reflog_msg);
+
 	if (create_tag_object) {
 		if (force_sign_annotate && !annotate)
 			opt.sign = 1;
@@ -504,7 +557,7 @@
 	if (!transaction ||
 	    ref_transaction_update(transaction, ref.buf, object, prev,
 				   create_reflog ? REF_FORCE_CREATE_REFLOG : 0,
-				   NULL, &err) ||
+				   reflog_msg.buf, &err) ||
 	    ref_transaction_commit(transaction, &err))
 		die("%s", err.buf);
 	ref_transaction_free(transaction);
@@ -514,5 +567,6 @@
 	strbuf_release(&err);
 	strbuf_release(&buf);
 	strbuf_release(&ref);
+	strbuf_release(&reflog_msg);
 	return 0;
 }
diff --git a/builtin/update-ref.c b/builtin/update-ref.c
index 7f30d3a..0b2ecf4 100644
--- a/builtin/update-ref.c
+++ b/builtin/update-ref.c
@@ -433,7 +433,7 @@
 		 * For purposes of backwards compatibility, we treat
 		 * NULL_SHA1 as "don't care" here:
 		 */
-		return delete_ref(refname,
+		return delete_ref(msg, refname,
 				  (oldval && !is_null_sha1(oldsha1)) ? oldsha1 : NULL,
 				  flags);
 	else
diff --git a/cache.h b/cache.h
index 61fc86e..c958269 100644
--- a/cache.h
+++ b/cache.h
@@ -1045,9 +1045,6 @@
 	return !hashcmp(oid->hash, EMPTY_TREE_SHA1_BIN);
 }
 
-
-int git_mkstemp(char *path, size_t n, const char *template);
-
 /* set default permissions by passing mode arguments to open(2) */
 int git_mkstemps_mode(char *pattern, int suffix_len, int mode);
 int git_mkstemp_mode(char *pattern, int mode);
@@ -1072,8 +1069,9 @@
 
 /*
  * Create the directory containing the named path, using care to be
- * somewhat safe against races.  Return one of the scld_error values
- * to indicate success/failure.
+ * somewhat safe against races. Return one of the scld_error values to
+ * indicate success/failure. On error, set errno to describe the
+ * problem.
  *
  * SCLD_VANISHED indicates that one of the ancestor directories of the
  * path existed at one point during the function call and then
@@ -1097,6 +1095,49 @@
 enum scld_error safe_create_leading_directories(char *path);
 enum scld_error safe_create_leading_directories_const(const char *path);
 
+/*
+ * Callback function for raceproof_create_file(). This function is
+ * expected to do something that makes dirname(path) permanent despite
+ * the fact that other processes might be cleaning up empty
+ * directories at the same time. Usually it will create a file named
+ * path, but alternatively it could create another file in that
+ * directory, or even chdir() into that directory. The function should
+ * return 0 if the action was completed successfully. On error, it
+ * should return a nonzero result and set errno.
+ * raceproof_create_file() treats two errno values specially:
+ *
+ * - ENOENT -- dirname(path) does not exist. In this case,
+ *             raceproof_create_file() tries creating dirname(path)
+ *             (and any parent directories, if necessary) and calls
+ *             the function again.
+ *
+ * - EISDIR -- the file already exists and is a directory. In this
+ *             case, raceproof_create_file() removes the directory if
+ *             it is empty (and recursively any empty directories that
+ *             it contains) and calls the function again.
+ *
+ * Any other errno causes raceproof_create_file() to fail with the
+ * callback's return value and errno.
+ *
+ * Obviously, this function should be OK with being called again if it
+ * fails with ENOENT or EISDIR. In other scenarios it will not be
+ * called again.
+ */
+typedef int create_file_fn(const char *path, void *cb);
+
+/*
+ * Create a file in dirname(path) by calling fn, creating leading
+ * directories if necessary. Retry a few times in case we are racing
+ * with another process that is trying to clean up the directory that
+ * contains path. See the documentation for create_file_fn for more
+ * details.
+ *
+ * Return the value and set the errno that resulted from the most
+ * recent call of fn. fn is always called at least once, and will be
+ * called more than once if it returns ENOENT or EISDIR.
+ */
+int raceproof_create_file(const char *path, create_file_fn fn, void *cb);
+
 int mkdir_in_gitdir(const char *path);
 extern char *expand_user_path(const char *path);
 const char *enter_repo(const char *path, int strict);
@@ -1109,7 +1150,7 @@
 		      int die_on_error);
 const char *real_path(const char *path);
 const char *real_path_if_valid(const char *path);
-char *real_pathdup(const char *path);
+char *real_pathdup(const char *path, int die_on_error);
 const char *absolute_path(const char *path);
 char *absolute_pathdup(const char *path);
 const char *remove_leading_path(const char *in, const char *prefix);
@@ -1319,7 +1360,37 @@
 extern char *sha1_to_hex(const unsigned char *sha1);	/* static buffer result! */
 extern char *oid_to_hex(const struct object_id *oid);	/* same static buffer as sha1_to_hex */
 
-extern int interpret_branch_name(const char *str, int len, struct strbuf *);
+/*
+ * This reads short-hand syntax that not only evaluates to a commit
+ * object name, but also can act as if the end user spelled the name
+ * of the branch from the command line.
+ *
+ * - "@{-N}" finds the name of the Nth previous branch we were on, and
+ *   places the name of the branch in the given buf and returns the
+ *   number of characters parsed if successful.
+ *
+ * - "<branch>@{upstream}" finds the name of the other ref that
+ *   <branch> is configured to merge with (missing <branch> defaults
+ *   to the current branch), and places the name of the branch in the
+ *   given buf and returns the number of characters parsed if
+ *   successful.
+ *
+ * If the input is not of the accepted format, it returns a negative
+ * number to signal an error.
+ *
+ * If the input was ok but there are not N branch switches in the
+ * reflog, it returns 0.
+ *
+ * If "allowed" is non-zero, it is a treated as a bitfield of allowable
+ * expansions: local branches ("refs/heads/"), remote branches
+ * ("refs/remotes/"), or "HEAD". If no "allowed" bits are set, any expansion is
+ * allowed, even ones to refs outside of those namespaces.
+ */
+#define INTERPRET_BRANCH_LOCAL (1<<0)
+#define INTERPRET_BRANCH_REMOTE (1<<1)
+#define INTERPRET_BRANCH_HEAD (1<<2)
+extern int interpret_branch_name(const char *str, int len, struct strbuf *,
+				 unsigned allowed);
 extern int get_oid_mb(const char *str, struct object_id *oid);
 
 extern int validate_headref(const char *ref);
@@ -1819,8 +1890,11 @@
  *
  * (i.e., what gets handed to a config_fn_t). The caller provides the section;
  * we return -1 if it does not match, 0 otherwise. The subsection and key
- * out-parameters are filled by the function (and subsection is NULL if it is
+ * out-parameters are filled by the function (and *subsection is NULL if it is
  * missing).
+ *
+ * If the subsection pointer-to-pointer passed in is NULL, returns 0 only if
+ * there is no subsection at all.
  */
 extern int parse_config_key(const char *var,
 			    const char *section,
diff --git a/commit.c b/commit.c
index 2cf8515..73c78c2 100644
--- a/commit.c
+++ b/commit.c
@@ -415,8 +415,7 @@
 		p++;
 	if (*p) {
 		p = skip_blank_lines(p + 2);
-		for (eol = p; *eol && *eol != '\n'; eol++)
-			; /* do nothing */
+		eol = strchrnul(p, '\n');
 	} else
 		eol = p;
 
@@ -1308,11 +1307,11 @@
 
 static inline int standard_header_field(const char *field, size_t len)
 {
-	return ((len == 4 && !memcmp(field, "tree ", 5)) ||
-		(len == 6 && !memcmp(field, "parent ", 7)) ||
-		(len == 6 && !memcmp(field, "author ", 7)) ||
-		(len == 9 && !memcmp(field, "committer ", 10)) ||
-		(len == 8 && !memcmp(field, "encoding ", 9)));
+	return ((len == 4 && !memcmp(field, "tree", 4)) ||
+		(len == 6 && !memcmp(field, "parent", 6)) ||
+		(len == 6 && !memcmp(field, "author", 6)) ||
+		(len == 9 && !memcmp(field, "committer", 9)) ||
+		(len == 8 && !memcmp(field, "encoding", 8)));
 }
 
 static int excluded_header_field(const char *field, size_t len, const char **exclude)
@@ -1322,8 +1321,7 @@
 
 	while (*exclude) {
 		size_t xlen = strlen(*exclude);
-		if (len == xlen &&
-		    !memcmp(field, *exclude, xlen) && field[xlen] == ' ')
+		if (len == xlen && !memcmp(field, *exclude, xlen))
 			return 1;
 		exclude++;
 	}
@@ -1354,12 +1352,11 @@
 		strbuf_reset(&buf);
 		it = NULL;
 
-		eof = strchr(line, ' ');
-		if (next <= eof)
+		eof = memchr(line, ' ', next - line);
+		if (!eof)
 			eof = next;
-
-		if (standard_header_field(line, eof - line) ||
-		    excluded_header_field(line, eof - line, exclude))
+		else if (standard_header_field(line, eof - line) ||
+			 excluded_header_field(line, eof - line, exclude))
 			continue;
 
 		it = xcalloc(1, sizeof(*it));
diff --git a/commit.h b/commit.h
index 9c12abb..528272a 100644
--- a/commit.h
+++ b/commit.h
@@ -142,21 +142,24 @@
 	return (fmt == CMIT_FMT_EMAIL || fmt == CMIT_FMT_MBOXRD);
 }
 
+struct rev_info; /* in revision.h, it circularly uses enum cmit_fmt */
+
 struct pretty_print_context {
 	/*
 	 * Callers should tweak these to change the behavior of pp_* functions.
 	 */
 	enum cmit_fmt fmt;
 	int abbrev;
-	const char *subject;
 	const char *after_subject;
 	int preserve_subject;
 	struct date_mode date_mode;
 	unsigned date_mode_explicit:1;
+	int print_email_subject;
 	int expand_tabs_in_log;
 	int need_8bit_cte;
 	char *notes_message;
 	struct reflog_walk_info *reflog_info;
+	struct rev_info *rev;
 	const char *output_encoding;
 	struct string_list *mailmap;
 	int color;
@@ -175,7 +178,6 @@
 };
 
 extern int has_non_ascii(const char *text);
-struct rev_info; /* in revision.h, it circularly uses enum cmit_fmt */
 extern const char *logmsg_reencode(const struct commit *commit,
 				   char **commit_encoding,
 				   const char *output_encoding);
diff --git a/common-main.c b/common-main.c
index c654f95..6a68900 100644
--- a/common-main.c
+++ b/common-main.c
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 #include "cache.h"
 #include "exec_cmd.h"
+#include "attr.h"
 
 /*
  * Many parts of Git have subprograms communicate via pipe, expect the
@@ -33,6 +34,8 @@
 
 	git_setup_gettext();
 
+	attr_start();
+
 	git_extract_argv0_path(argv[0]);
 
 	restore_sigpipe_to_default();
diff --git a/config.c b/config.c
index c6b874a..0e9e1eb 100644
--- a/config.c
+++ b/config.c
@@ -201,11 +201,105 @@
 	strbuf_release(&env);
 }
 
+static inline int iskeychar(int c)
+{
+	return isalnum(c) || c == '-';
+}
+
+/*
+ * Auxiliary function to sanity-check and split the key into the section
+ * identifier and variable name.
+ *
+ * Returns 0 on success, -1 when there is an invalid character in the key and
+ * -2 if there is no section name in the key.
+ *
+ * store_key - pointer to char* which will hold a copy of the key with
+ *             lowercase section and variable name
+ * baselen - pointer to int which will hold the length of the
+ *           section + subsection part, can be NULL
+ */
+static int git_config_parse_key_1(const char *key, char **store_key, int *baselen_, int quiet)
+{
+	int i, dot, baselen;
+	const char *last_dot = strrchr(key, '.');
+
+	/*
+	 * Since "key" actually contains the section name and the real
+	 * key name separated by a dot, we have to know where the dot is.
+	 */
+
+	if (last_dot == NULL || last_dot == key) {
+		if (!quiet)
+			error("key does not contain a section: %s", key);
+		return -CONFIG_NO_SECTION_OR_NAME;
+	}
+
+	if (!last_dot[1]) {
+		if (!quiet)
+			error("key does not contain variable name: %s", key);
+		return -CONFIG_NO_SECTION_OR_NAME;
+	}
+
+	baselen = last_dot - key;
+	if (baselen_)
+		*baselen_ = baselen;
+
+	/*
+	 * Validate the key and while at it, lower case it for matching.
+	 */
+	if (store_key)
+		*store_key = xmallocz(strlen(key));
+
+	dot = 0;
+	for (i = 0; key[i]; i++) {
+		unsigned char c = key[i];
+		if (c == '.')
+			dot = 1;
+		/* Leave the extended basename untouched.. */
+		if (!dot || i > baselen) {
+			if (!iskeychar(c) ||
+			    (i == baselen + 1 && !isalpha(c))) {
+				if (!quiet)
+					error("invalid key: %s", key);
+				goto out_free_ret_1;
+			}
+			c = tolower(c);
+		} else if (c == '\n') {
+			if (!quiet)
+				error("invalid key (newline): %s", key);
+			goto out_free_ret_1;
+		}
+		if (store_key)
+			(*store_key)[i] = c;
+	}
+
+	return 0;
+
+out_free_ret_1:
+	if (store_key) {
+		free(*store_key);
+		*store_key = NULL;
+	}
+	return -CONFIG_INVALID_KEY;
+}
+
+int git_config_parse_key(const char *key, char **store_key, int *baselen)
+{
+	return git_config_parse_key_1(key, store_key, baselen, 0);
+}
+
+int git_config_key_is_valid(const char *key)
+{
+	return !git_config_parse_key_1(key, NULL, NULL, 1);
+}
+
 int git_config_parse_parameter(const char *text,
 			       config_fn_t fn, void *data)
 {
 	const char *value;
+	char *canonical_name;
 	struct strbuf **pair;
+	int ret;
 
 	pair = strbuf_split_str(text, '=', 2);
 	if (!pair[0])
@@ -223,13 +317,15 @@
 		strbuf_list_free(pair);
 		return error("bogus config parameter: %s", text);
 	}
-	strbuf_tolower(pair[0]);
-	if (fn(pair[0]->buf, value, data) < 0) {
-		strbuf_list_free(pair);
-		return -1;
+
+	if (git_config_parse_key(pair[0]->buf, &canonical_name, NULL)) {
+		ret = -1;
+	} else {
+		ret = (fn(canonical_name, value, data) < 0) ? -1 : 0;
+		free(canonical_name);
 	}
 	strbuf_list_free(pair);
-	return 0;
+	return ret;
 }
 
 int git_config_from_parameters(config_fn_t fn, void *data)
@@ -356,11 +452,6 @@
 	}
 }
 
-static inline int iskeychar(int c)
-{
-	return isalnum(c) || c == '-';
-}
-
 static int get_value(config_fn_t fn, void *data, struct strbuf *name)
 {
 	int c;
@@ -1990,93 +2081,6 @@
 }
 
 /*
- * Auxiliary function to sanity-check and split the key into the section
- * identifier and variable name.
- *
- * Returns 0 on success, -1 when there is an invalid character in the key and
- * -2 if there is no section name in the key.
- *
- * store_key - pointer to char* which will hold a copy of the key with
- *             lowercase section and variable name
- * baselen - pointer to int which will hold the length of the
- *           section + subsection part, can be NULL
- */
-static int git_config_parse_key_1(const char *key, char **store_key, int *baselen_, int quiet)
-{
-	int i, dot, baselen;
-	const char *last_dot = strrchr(key, '.');
-
-	/*
-	 * Since "key" actually contains the section name and the real
-	 * key name separated by a dot, we have to know where the dot is.
-	 */
-
-	if (last_dot == NULL || last_dot == key) {
-		if (!quiet)
-			error("key does not contain a section: %s", key);
-		return -CONFIG_NO_SECTION_OR_NAME;
-	}
-
-	if (!last_dot[1]) {
-		if (!quiet)
-			error("key does not contain variable name: %s", key);
-		return -CONFIG_NO_SECTION_OR_NAME;
-	}
-
-	baselen = last_dot - key;
-	if (baselen_)
-		*baselen_ = baselen;
-
-	/*
-	 * Validate the key and while at it, lower case it for matching.
-	 */
-	if (store_key)
-		*store_key = xmallocz(strlen(key));
-
-	dot = 0;
-	for (i = 0; key[i]; i++) {
-		unsigned char c = key[i];
-		if (c == '.')
-			dot = 1;
-		/* Leave the extended basename untouched.. */
-		if (!dot || i > baselen) {
-			if (!iskeychar(c) ||
-			    (i == baselen + 1 && !isalpha(c))) {
-				if (!quiet)
-					error("invalid key: %s", key);
-				goto out_free_ret_1;
-			}
-			c = tolower(c);
-		} else if (c == '\n') {
-			if (!quiet)
-				error("invalid key (newline): %s", key);
-			goto out_free_ret_1;
-		}
-		if (store_key)
-			(*store_key)[i] = c;
-	}
-
-	return 0;
-
-out_free_ret_1:
-	if (store_key) {
-		free(*store_key);
-		*store_key = NULL;
-	}
-	return -CONFIG_INVALID_KEY;
-}
-
-int git_config_parse_key(const char *key, char **store_key, int *baselen)
-{
-	return git_config_parse_key_1(key, store_key, baselen, 0);
-}
-
-int git_config_key_is_valid(const char *key)
-{
-	return !git_config_parse_key_1(key, NULL, NULL, 1);
-}
-
-/*
  * If value==NULL, unset in (remove from) config,
  * if value_regex!=NULL, disregard key/value pairs where value does not match.
  * if value_regex==CONFIG_REGEX_NONE, do not match any existing values
@@ -2536,11 +2540,10 @@
 		     const char **subsection, int *subsection_len,
 		     const char **key)
 {
-	int section_len = strlen(section);
 	const char *dot;
 
 	/* Does it start with "section." ? */
-	if (!starts_with(var, section) || var[section_len] != '.')
+	if (!skip_prefix(var, section, &var) || *var != '.')
 		return -1;
 
 	/*
@@ -2552,12 +2555,16 @@
 	*key = dot + 1;
 
 	/* Did we have a subsection at all? */
-	if (dot == var + section_len) {
-		*subsection = NULL;
-		*subsection_len = 0;
+	if (dot == var) {
+		if (subsection) {
+			*subsection = NULL;
+			*subsection_len = 0;
+		}
 	}
 	else {
-		*subsection = var + section_len + 1;
+		if (!subsection)
+			return -1;
+		*subsection = var + 1;
 		*subsection_len = dot - *subsection;
 	}
 
diff --git a/config.mak.uname b/config.mak.uname
index 447f36a..399fe19 100644
--- a/config.mak.uname
+++ b/config.mak.uname
@@ -27,7 +27,6 @@
 ifeq ($(uname_S),Linux)
 	HAVE_ALLOCA_H = YesPlease
 	NO_STRLCPY = YesPlease
-	NO_MKSTEMPS = YesPlease
 	HAVE_PATHS_H = YesPlease
 	LIBC_CONTAINS_LIBINTL = YesPlease
 	HAVE_DEV_TTY = YesPlease
@@ -41,7 +40,6 @@
 ifeq ($(uname_S),GNU/kFreeBSD)
 	HAVE_ALLOCA_H = YesPlease
 	NO_STRLCPY = YesPlease
-	NO_MKSTEMPS = YesPlease
 	HAVE_PATHS_H = YesPlease
 	DIR_HAS_BSD_GROUP_SEMANTICS = YesPlease
 	LIBC_CONTAINS_LIBINTL = YesPlease
@@ -55,7 +53,6 @@
 	SHELL_PATH = /usr/local/bin/bash
 	NO_IPV6 = YesPlease
 	NO_HSTRERROR = YesPlease
-	NO_MKSTEMPS = YesPlease
 	BASIC_CFLAGS += -Kthread
 	BASIC_CFLAGS += -I/usr/local/include
 	BASIC_LDFLAGS += -L/usr/local/lib
@@ -79,7 +76,6 @@
 	SHELL_PATH = /usr/bin/bash
 	NO_IPV6 = YesPlease
 	NO_HSTRERROR = YesPlease
-	NO_MKSTEMPS = YesPlease
 	BASIC_CFLAGS += -I/usr/local/include
 	BASIC_LDFLAGS += -L/usr/local/lib
 	NO_STRCASESTR = YesPlease
@@ -122,7 +118,6 @@
 	NO_STRCASESTR = YesPlease
 	NO_MEMMEM = YesPlease
 	NO_MKDTEMP = YesPlease
-	NO_MKSTEMPS = YesPlease
 	NO_REGEX = YesPlease
 	NO_MSGFMT_EXTENDED_OPTIONS = YesPlease
 	HAVE_DEV_TTY = YesPlease
@@ -168,7 +163,6 @@
 		NO_D_TYPE_IN_DIRENT = YesPlease
 		NO_STRCASESTR = YesPlease
 		NO_MEMMEM = YesPlease
-		NO_MKSTEMPS = YesPlease
 		NO_SYMLINK_HEAD = YesPlease
 		NO_IPV6 = YesPlease
 		OLD_ICONV = UnfortunatelyYes
@@ -233,7 +227,6 @@
 	BASIC_CFLAGS += -I/usr/pkg/include
 	BASIC_LDFLAGS += -L/usr/pkg/lib $(CC_LD_DYNPATH)/usr/pkg/lib
 	USE_ST_TIMESPEC = YesPlease
-	NO_MKSTEMPS = YesPlease
 	HAVE_PATHS_H = YesPlease
 	HAVE_BSD_SYSCTL = YesPlease
 endif
@@ -242,7 +235,6 @@
 	NO_STRCASESTR = YesPlease
 	NO_MEMMEM = YesPlease
 	NO_MKDTEMP = YesPlease
-	NO_MKSTEMPS = YesPlease
 	NO_STRLCPY = YesPlease
 	NO_NSEC = YesPlease
 	FREAD_READS_DIRECTORIES = UnfortunatelyYes
@@ -263,7 +255,6 @@
 	# GNU/Hurd
 	HAVE_ALLOCA_H = YesPlease
 	NO_STRLCPY = YesPlease
-	NO_MKSTEMPS = YesPlease
 	HAVE_PATHS_H = YesPlease
 	LIBC_CONTAINS_LIBINTL = YesPlease
 endif
@@ -272,7 +263,6 @@
 	NO_UNSETENV = YesPlease
 	NO_STRCASESTR = YesPlease
 	NO_MEMMEM = YesPlease
-	NO_MKSTEMPS = YesPlease
 	NO_MKDTEMP = YesPlease
 	# When compiled with the MIPSpro 7.4.4m compiler, and without pthreads
 	# (i.e. NO_PTHREADS is set), and _with_ MMAP (i.e. NO_MMAP is not set),
@@ -291,7 +281,6 @@
 	NO_UNSETENV = YesPlease
 	NO_STRCASESTR = YesPlease
 	NO_MEMMEM = YesPlease
-	NO_MKSTEMPS = YesPlease
 	NO_MKDTEMP = YesPlease
 	# When compiled with the MIPSpro 7.4.4m compiler, and without pthreads
 	# (i.e. NO_PTHREADS is set), and _with_ MMAP (i.e. NO_MMAP is not set),
@@ -311,7 +300,6 @@
 	NO_SETENV = YesPlease
 	NO_STRCASESTR = YesPlease
 	NO_MEMMEM = YesPlease
-	NO_MKSTEMPS = YesPlease
 	NO_STRLCPY = YesPlease
 	NO_MKDTEMP = YesPlease
 	NO_UNSETENV = YesPlease
@@ -352,7 +340,6 @@
 	NO_ICONV = YesPlease
 	NO_STRTOUMAX = YesPlease
 	NO_MKDTEMP = YesPlease
-	NO_MKSTEMPS = YesPlease
 	SNPRINTF_RETURNS_BOGUS = YesPlease
 	NO_SVN_TESTS = YesPlease
 	RUNTIME_PREFIX = YesPlease
@@ -402,7 +389,6 @@
 	NO_MKDTEMP = YesPlease
 	NO_STRTOUMAX = YesPlease
 	NO_NSEC = YesPlease
-	NO_MKSTEMPS = YesPlease
 	ifeq ($(uname_R),3.5)
 		NO_INET_NTOP = YesPlease
 		NO_INET_PTON = YesPlease
@@ -461,7 +447,6 @@
 	NO_SETENV = YesPlease
 	NO_UNSETENV = YesPlease
 	NO_MKDTEMP = YesPlease
-	NO_MKSTEMPS = YesPlease
 	# Currently libiconv-1.9.1.
 	OLD_ICONV = UnfortunatelyYes
 	NO_REGEX = YesPlease
@@ -503,7 +488,6 @@
 	NEEDS_LIBICONV = YesPlease
 	NO_STRTOUMAX = YesPlease
 	NO_MKDTEMP = YesPlease
-	NO_MKSTEMPS = YesPlease
 	NO_SVN_TESTS = YesPlease
 	NO_PERL_MAKEMAKER = YesPlease
 	RUNTIME_PREFIX = YesPlease
@@ -515,7 +499,6 @@
 	OBJECT_CREATION_USES_RENAMES = UnfortunatelyNeedsTo
 	NO_REGEX = YesPlease
 	NO_PYTHON = YesPlease
-	BLK_SHA1 = YesPlease
 	ETAGS_TARGET = ETAGS
 	NO_INET_PTON = YesPlease
 	NO_INET_NTOP = YesPlease
@@ -584,7 +567,6 @@
 	NO_ICONV = YesPlease
 	NO_MEMMEM = YesPlease
 	NO_MKDTEMP = YesPlease
-	NO_MKSTEMPS = YesPlease
 	NO_NSEC = YesPlease
 	NO_PTHREADS = YesPlease
 	NO_R_TO_GCC_LINKER = YesPlease
diff --git a/configure.ac b/configure.ac
index 0b15f04..1281655 100644
--- a/configure.ac
+++ b/configure.ac
@@ -1050,12 +1050,6 @@
 [NO_MKDTEMP=YesPlease])
 GIT_CONF_SUBST([NO_MKDTEMP])
 #
-# Define NO_MKSTEMPS if you don't have mkstemps in the C library.
-GIT_CHECK_FUNC(mkstemps,
-[NO_MKSTEMPS=],
-[NO_MKSTEMPS=YesPlease])
-GIT_CONF_SUBST([NO_MKSTEMPS])
-#
 # Define NO_INITGROUPS if you don't have initgroups in the C library.
 GIT_CHECK_FUNC(initgroups,
 [NO_INITGROUPS=],
diff --git a/connect.c b/connect.c
index 8cb93b0..7d65c1c 100644
--- a/connect.c
+++ b/connect.c
@@ -691,6 +691,68 @@
 	return NULL;
 }
 
+static int override_ssh_variant(int *port_option, int *needs_batch)
+{
+	char *variant;
+
+	variant = xstrdup_or_null(getenv("GIT_SSH_VARIANT"));
+	if (!variant &&
+	    git_config_get_string("ssh.variant", &variant))
+		return 0;
+
+	if (!strcmp(variant, "plink") || !strcmp(variant, "putty")) {
+		*port_option = 'P';
+		*needs_batch = 0;
+	} else if (!strcmp(variant, "tortoiseplink")) {
+		*port_option = 'P';
+		*needs_batch = 1;
+	} else {
+		*port_option = 'p';
+		*needs_batch = 0;
+	}
+	free(variant);
+	return 1;
+}
+
+static void handle_ssh_variant(const char *ssh_command, int is_cmdline,
+			       int *port_option, int *needs_batch)
+{
+	const char *variant;
+	char *p = NULL;
+
+	if (override_ssh_variant(port_option, needs_batch))
+		return;
+
+	if (!is_cmdline) {
+		p = xstrdup(ssh_command);
+		variant = basename(p);
+	} else {
+		const char **ssh_argv;
+
+		p = xstrdup(ssh_command);
+		if (split_cmdline(p, &ssh_argv)) {
+			variant = basename((char *)ssh_argv[0]);
+			/*
+			 * At this point, variant points into the buffer
+			 * referenced by p, hence we do not need ssh_argv
+			 * any longer.
+			 */
+			free(ssh_argv);
+		} else
+			return;
+	}
+
+	if (!strcasecmp(variant, "plink") ||
+	    !strcasecmp(variant, "plink.exe"))
+		*port_option = 'P';
+	else if (!strcasecmp(variant, "tortoiseplink") ||
+		 !strcasecmp(variant, "tortoiseplink.exe")) {
+		*port_option = 'P';
+		*needs_batch = 1;
+	}
+	free(p);
+}
+
 /*
  * This returns a dummy child_process if the transport protocol does not
  * need fork(2), or a struct child_process object if it does.  Once done,
@@ -769,7 +831,8 @@
 		conn->in = conn->out = -1;
 		if (protocol == PROTO_SSH) {
 			const char *ssh;
-			int putty = 0, tortoiseplink = 0;
+			int needs_batch = 0;
+			int port_option = 'p';
 			char *ssh_host = hostandport;
 			const char *port = NULL;
 			transport_check_allowed("ssh");
@@ -792,10 +855,10 @@
 			}
 
 			ssh = get_ssh_command();
-			if (!ssh) {
-				const char *base;
-				char *ssh_dup;
-
+			if (ssh)
+				handle_ssh_variant(ssh, 1, &port_option,
+						   &needs_batch);
+			else {
 				/*
 				 * GIT_SSH is the no-shell version of
 				 * GIT_SSH_COMMAND (and must remain so for
@@ -806,17 +869,10 @@
 				ssh = getenv("GIT_SSH");
 				if (!ssh)
 					ssh = "ssh";
-
-				ssh_dup = xstrdup(ssh);
-				base = basename(ssh_dup);
-
-				tortoiseplink = !strcasecmp(base, "tortoiseplink") ||
-					!strcasecmp(base, "tortoiseplink.exe");
-				putty = tortoiseplink ||
-					!strcasecmp(base, "plink") ||
-					!strcasecmp(base, "plink.exe");
-
-				free(ssh_dup);
+				else
+					handle_ssh_variant(ssh, 0,
+							   &port_option,
+							   &needs_batch);
 			}
 
 			argv_array_push(&conn->args, ssh);
@@ -824,11 +880,11 @@
 				argv_array_push(&conn->args, "-4");
 			else if (flags & CONNECT_IPV6)
 				argv_array_push(&conn->args, "-6");
-			if (tortoiseplink)
+			if (needs_batch)
 				argv_array_push(&conn->args, "-batch");
 			if (port) {
-				/* P is for PuTTY, p is for OpenSSH */
-				argv_array_push(&conn->args, putty ? "-P" : "-p");
+				argv_array_pushf(&conn->args,
+						 "-%c", port_option);
 				argv_array_push(&conn->args, port);
 			}
 			argv_array_push(&conn->args, ssh_host);
diff --git a/contrib/coccinelle/array.cocci b/contrib/coccinelle/array.cocci
index 2d7f25d..4ba98b7 100644
--- a/contrib/coccinelle/array.cocci
+++ b/contrib/coccinelle/array.cocci
@@ -24,3 +24,19 @@
 @@
 - memcpy(dst, src, n * sizeof(T));
 + COPY_ARRAY(dst, src, n);
+
+@@
+type T;
+T *ptr;
+expression n;
+@@
+- ptr = xmalloc(n * sizeof(*ptr));
++ ALLOC_ARRAY(ptr, n);
+
+@@
+type T;
+T *ptr;
+expression n;
+@@
+- ptr = xmalloc(n * sizeof(T));
++ ALLOC_ARRAY(ptr, n);
diff --git a/contrib/coccinelle/strbuf.cocci b/contrib/coccinelle/strbuf.cocci
index 63995f2..1d580e4 100644
--- a/contrib/coccinelle/strbuf.cocci
+++ b/contrib/coccinelle/strbuf.cocci
@@ -38,3 +38,9 @@
 @@
 - strbuf_addstr(E1, find_unique_abbrev(E2, E3));
 + strbuf_add_unique_abbrev(E1, E2, E3);
+
+@@
+expression E1, E2;
+@@
+- strbuf_addstr(E1, real_path(E2));
++ strbuf_add_real_path(E1, E2);
diff --git a/contrib/completion/git-completion.bash b/contrib/completion/git-completion.bash
index 41ee529..fc32286 100644
--- a/contrib/completion/git-completion.bash
+++ b/contrib/completion/git-completion.bash
@@ -34,21 +34,41 @@
 *)   COMP_WORDBREAKS="$COMP_WORDBREAKS:"
 esac
 
+# Discovers the path to the git repository taking any '--git-dir=<path>' and
+# '-C <path>' options into account and stores it in the $__git_repo_path
+# variable.
+__git_find_repo_path ()
+{
+	if [ -n "$__git_repo_path" ]; then
+		# we already know where it is
+		return
+	fi
+
+	if [ -n "${__git_C_args-}" ]; then
+		__git_repo_path="$(git "${__git_C_args[@]}" \
+			${__git_dir:+--git-dir="$__git_dir"} \
+			rev-parse --absolute-git-dir 2>/dev/null)"
+	elif [ -n "${__git_dir-}" ]; then
+		test -d "$__git_dir" &&
+		__git_repo_path="$__git_dir"
+	elif [ -n "${GIT_DIR-}" ]; then
+		test -d "${GIT_DIR-}" &&
+		__git_repo_path="$GIT_DIR"
+	elif [ -d .git ]; then
+		__git_repo_path=.git
+	else
+		__git_repo_path="$(git rev-parse --git-dir 2>/dev/null)"
+	fi
+}
+
+# Deprecated: use __git_find_repo_path() and $__git_repo_path instead
 # __gitdir accepts 0 or 1 arguments (i.e., location)
 # returns location of .git repo
 __gitdir ()
 {
 	if [ -z "${1-}" ]; then
-		if [ -n "${__git_dir-}" ]; then
-			echo "$__git_dir"
-		elif [ -n "${GIT_DIR-}" ]; then
-			test -d "${GIT_DIR-}" || return 1
-			echo "$GIT_DIR"
-		elif [ -d .git ]; then
-			echo .git
-		else
-			git rev-parse --git-dir 2>/dev/null
-		fi
+		__git_find_repo_path || return 1
+		echo "$__git_repo_path"
 	elif [ -d "$1/.git" ]; then
 		echo "$1/.git"
 	else
@@ -56,6 +76,14 @@
 	fi
 }
 
+# Runs git with all the options given as argument, respecting any
+# '--git-dir=<path>' and '-C <path>' options present on the command line
+__git ()
+{
+	git ${__git_C_args:+"${__git_C_args[@]}"} \
+		${__git_dir:+--git-dir="$__git_dir"} "$@" 2>/dev/null
+}
+
 # The following function is based on code from:
 #
 #   bash_completion - programmable completion functions for bash 3.2+
@@ -283,11 +311,11 @@
 __git_ls_files_helper ()
 {
 	if [ "$2" == "--committable" ]; then
-		git -C "$1" diff-index --name-only --relative HEAD
+		__git -C "$1" diff-index --name-only --relative HEAD
 	else
 		# NOTE: $2 is not quoted in order to support multiple options
-		git -C "$1" ls-files --exclude-standard $2
-	fi 2>/dev/null
+		__git -C "$1" ls-files --exclude-standard $2
+	fi
 }
 
 
@@ -299,47 +327,61 @@
 #    slash.
 __git_index_files ()
 {
-	local dir="$(__gitdir)" root="${2-.}" file
+	local root="${2-.}" file
 
-	if [ -d "$dir" ]; then
-		__git_ls_files_helper "$root" "$1" |
-		while read -r file; do
-			case "$file" in
-			?*/*) echo "${file%%/*}" ;;
-			*) echo "$file" ;;
-			esac
-		done | sort | uniq
-	fi
+	__git_ls_files_helper "$root" "$1" |
+	while read -r file; do
+		case "$file" in
+		?*/*) echo "${file%%/*}" ;;
+		*) echo "$file" ;;
+		esac
+	done | sort | uniq
 }
 
 __git_heads ()
 {
-	local dir="$(__gitdir)"
-	if [ -d "$dir" ]; then
-		git --git-dir="$dir" for-each-ref --format='%(refname:short)' \
-			refs/heads
-		return
-	fi
+	__git for-each-ref --format='%(refname:short)' refs/heads
 }
 
 __git_tags ()
 {
-	local dir="$(__gitdir)"
-	if [ -d "$dir" ]; then
-		git --git-dir="$dir" for-each-ref --format='%(refname:short)' \
-			refs/tags
-		return
-	fi
+	__git for-each-ref --format='%(refname:short)' refs/tags
 }
 
-# __git_refs accepts 0, 1 (to pass to __gitdir), or 2 arguments
-# presence of 2nd argument means use the guess heuristic employed
-# by checkout for tracking branches
+# Lists refs from the local (by default) or from a remote repository.
+# It accepts 0, 1 or 2 arguments:
+# 1: The remote to list refs from (optional; ignored, if set but empty).
+#    Can be the name of a configured remote, a path, or a URL.
+# 2: In addition to local refs, list unique branches from refs/remotes/ for
+#    'git checkout's tracking DWIMery (optional; ignored, if set but empty).
 __git_refs ()
 {
-	local i hash dir="$(__gitdir "${1-}")" track="${2-}"
+	local i hash dir track="${2-}"
+	local list_refs_from=path remote="${1-}"
 	local format refs pfx
-	if [ -d "$dir" ]; then
+
+	__git_find_repo_path
+	dir="$__git_repo_path"
+
+	if [ -z "$remote" ]; then
+		if [ -z "$dir" ]; then
+			return
+		fi
+	else
+		if __git_is_configured_remote "$remote"; then
+			# configured remote takes precedence over a
+			# local directory with the same name
+			list_refs_from=remote
+		elif [ -d "$remote/.git" ]; then
+			dir="$remote/.git"
+		elif [ -d "$remote" ]; then
+			dir="$remote"
+		else
+			list_refs_from=url
+		fi
+	fi
+
+	if [ "$list_refs_from" = path ]; then
 		case "$cur" in
 		refs|refs/*)
 			format="refname"
@@ -355,14 +397,14 @@
 			refs="refs/tags refs/heads refs/remotes"
 			;;
 		esac
-		git --git-dir="$dir" for-each-ref --format="$pfx%($format)" \
+		__git_dir="$dir" __git for-each-ref --format="$pfx%($format)" \
 			$refs
 		if [ -n "$track" ]; then
 			# employ the heuristic used by git checkout
 			# Try to find a remote branch that matches the completion word
 			# but only output if the branch name is unique
 			local ref entry
-			git --git-dir="$dir" for-each-ref --shell --format="ref=%(refname:short)" \
+			__git for-each-ref --shell --format="ref=%(refname:short)" \
 				"refs/remotes/" | \
 			while read -r entry; do
 				eval "$entry"
@@ -376,7 +418,7 @@
 	fi
 	case "$cur" in
 	refs|refs/*)
-		git ls-remote "$dir" "$cur*" 2>/dev/null | \
+		__git ls-remote "$remote" "$cur*" | \
 		while read -r hash i; do
 			case "$i" in
 			*^{}) ;;
@@ -385,9 +427,21 @@
 		done
 		;;
 	*)
-		echo "HEAD"
-		git for-each-ref --format="%(refname:short)" -- \
-			"refs/remotes/$dir/" 2>/dev/null | sed -e "s#^$dir/##"
+		if [ "$list_refs_from" = remote ]; then
+			echo "HEAD"
+			__git for-each-ref --format="%(refname:short)" \
+				"refs/remotes/$remote/" | sed -e "s#^$remote/##"
+		else
+			__git ls-remote "$remote" HEAD \
+				"refs/tags/*" "refs/heads/*" "refs/remotes/*" |
+			while read -r hash i; do
+				case "$i" in
+				*^{})	;;
+				refs/*)	echo "${i#refs/*/}" ;;
+				*)	echo "$i" ;;  # symbolic refs
+				esac
+			done
+		fi
 		;;
 	esac
 }
@@ -405,7 +459,7 @@
 __git_refs_remotes ()
 {
 	local i hash
-	git ls-remote "$1" 'refs/heads/*' 2>/dev/null | \
+	__git ls-remote "$1" 'refs/heads/*' | \
 	while read -r hash i; do
 		echo "$i:refs/remotes/$1/${i#refs/heads/}"
 	done
@@ -413,9 +467,21 @@
 
 __git_remotes ()
 {
-	local d="$(__gitdir)"
-	test -d "$d/remotes" && ls -1 "$d/remotes"
-	git --git-dir="$d" remote
+	__git_find_repo_path
+	test -d "$__git_repo_path/remotes" && ls -1 "$__git_repo_path/remotes"
+	__git remote
+}
+
+# Returns true if $1 matches the name of a configured remote, false otherwise.
+__git_is_configured_remote ()
+{
+	local remote
+	for remote in $(__git_remotes); do
+		if [ "$remote" = "$1" ]; then
+			return 0
+		fi
+	done
+	return 1
 }
 
 __git_list_merge_strategies ()
@@ -469,7 +535,7 @@
 		*)   pfx="$ref:$pfx" ;;
 		esac
 
-		__gitcomp_nl "$(git --git-dir="$(__gitdir)" ls-tree "$ls" 2>/dev/null \
+		__gitcomp_nl "$(__git ls-tree "$ls" \
 				| sed '/^100... blob /{
 				           s,^.*	,,
 				           s,$, ,
@@ -747,7 +813,7 @@
 __git_get_config_variables ()
 {
 	local section="$1" i IFS=$'\n'
-	for i in $(git --git-dir="$(__gitdir)" config --name-only --get-regexp "^$section\..*" 2>/dev/null); do
+	for i in $(__git config --name-only --get-regexp "^$section\..*"); do
 		echo "${i#$section.}"
 	done
 }
@@ -765,8 +831,7 @@
 # __git_aliased_command requires 1 argument
 __git_aliased_command ()
 {
-	local word cmdline=$(git --git-dir="$(__gitdir)" \
-		config --get "alias.$1")
+	local word cmdline=$(__git config --get "alias.$1")
 	for word in $cmdline; do
 		case "$word" in
 		\!gitk|gitk)
@@ -842,7 +907,7 @@
 	done
 
 	if [ -n "$config_key" ] && [ -z "$result" ]; then
-		result="$(git --git-dir="$(__gitdir)" config "$config_key")"
+		result="$(__git config "$config_key")"
 	fi
 
 	echo "$result"
@@ -901,8 +966,8 @@
 
 _git_am ()
 {
-	local dir="$(__gitdir)"
-	if [ -d "$dir"/rebase-apply ]; then
+	__git_find_repo_path
+	if [ -d "$__git_repo_path"/rebase-apply ]; then
 		__gitcomp "--skip --continue --resolved --abort"
 		return
 	fi
@@ -990,7 +1055,8 @@
 	local subcommands="start bad good skip reset visualize replay log run"
 	local subcommand="$(__git_find_on_cmdline "$subcommands")"
 	if [ -z "$subcommand" ]; then
-		if [ -f "$(__gitdir)"/BISECT_START ]; then
+		__git_find_repo_path
+		if [ -f "$__git_repo_path"/BISECT_START ]; then
 			__gitcomp "$subcommands"
 		else
 			__gitcomp "replay start"
@@ -1096,8 +1162,8 @@
 
 _git_cherry_pick ()
 {
-	local dir="$(__gitdir)"
-	if [ -f "$dir"/CHERRY_PICK_HEAD ]; then
+	__git_find_repo_path
+	if [ -f "$__git_repo_path"/CHERRY_PICK_HEAD ]; then
 		__gitcomp "--continue --quit --abort"
 		return
 	fi
@@ -1192,7 +1258,7 @@
 		return
 	esac
 
-	if git rev-parse --verify --quiet HEAD >/dev/null; then
+	if __git rev-parse --verify --quiet HEAD >/dev/null; then
 		__git_complete_index_file "--committable"
 	else
 		# This is the first commit
@@ -1207,6 +1273,7 @@
 		__gitcomp "
 			--all --tags --contains --abbrev= --candidates=
 			--exact-match --debug --long --match --always --first-parent
+			--exclude
 			"
 		return
 	esac
@@ -1500,10 +1567,10 @@
 _git_log ()
 {
 	__git_has_doubledash && return
+	__git_find_repo_path
 
-	local g="$(git rev-parse --git-dir 2>/dev/null)"
 	local merge=""
-	if [ -f "$g/MERGE_HEAD" ]; then
+	if [ -f "$__git_repo_path/MERGE_HEAD" ]; then
 		merge="--merge"
 	fi
 	case "$cur" in
@@ -1750,11 +1817,12 @@
 
 _git_rebase ()
 {
-	local dir="$(__gitdir)"
-	if [ -f "$dir"/rebase-merge/interactive ]; then
+	__git_find_repo_path
+	if [ -f "$__git_repo_path"/rebase-merge/interactive ]; then
 		__gitcomp "--continue --skip --abort --quit --edit-todo"
 		return
-	elif [ -d "$dir"/rebase-apply ] || [ -d "$dir"/rebase-merge ]; then
+	elif [ -d "$__git_repo_path"/rebase-apply ] || \
+	     [ -d "$__git_repo_path"/rebase-merge ]; then
 		__gitcomp "--continue --skip --abort --quit"
 		return
 	fi
@@ -1802,9 +1870,7 @@
 {
 	case "$prev" in
 	--to|--cc|--bcc|--from)
-		__gitcomp "
-		$(git --git-dir="$(__gitdir)" send-email --dump-aliases 2>/dev/null)
-		"
+		__gitcomp "$(__git send-email --dump-aliases)"
 		return
 		;;
 	esac
@@ -1834,9 +1900,7 @@
 		return
 		;;
 	--to=*|--cc=*|--bcc=*|--from=*)
-		__gitcomp "
-		$(git --git-dir="$(__gitdir)" send-email --dump-aliases 2>/dev/null)
-		" "" "${cur#--*=}"
+		__gitcomp "$(__git send-email --dump-aliases)" "" "${cur#--*=}"
 		return
 		;;
 	--*)
@@ -1930,7 +1994,7 @@
 		c=$((--c))
 	done
 
-	git --git-dir="$(__gitdir)" config $config_file --name-only --list 2>/dev/null
+	__git config $config_file --name-only --list
 }
 
 _git_config ()
@@ -1965,9 +2029,8 @@
 	remote.*.push)
 		local remote="${prev#remote.}"
 		remote="${remote%.push}"
-		__gitcomp_nl "$(git --git-dir="$(__gitdir)" \
-			for-each-ref --format='%(refname):%(refname)' \
-			refs/heads)"
+		__gitcomp_nl "$(__git for-each-ref \
+			--format='%(refname):%(refname)' refs/heads)"
 		return
 		;;
 	pull.twohead|pull.octopus)
@@ -2482,8 +2545,8 @@
 
 _git_revert ()
 {
-	local dir="$(__gitdir)"
-	if [ -f "$dir"/REVERT_HEAD ]; then
+	__git_find_repo_path
+	if [ -f "$__git_repo_path"/REVERT_HEAD ]; then
 		__gitcomp "--continue --quit --abort"
 		return
 	fi
@@ -2606,12 +2669,12 @@
 			if [ $cword -eq 3 ]; then
 				__gitcomp_nl "$(__git_refs)";
 			else
-				__gitcomp_nl "$(git --git-dir="$(__gitdir)" stash list \
+				__gitcomp_nl "$(__git stash list \
 						| sed -n -e 's/:.*//p')"
 			fi
 			;;
 		show,*|apply,*|drop,*|pop,*)
-			__gitcomp_nl "$(git --git-dir="$(__gitdir)" stash list \
+			__gitcomp_nl "$(__git stash list \
 					| sed -n -e 's/:.*//p')"
 			;;
 		*)
@@ -2838,7 +2901,8 @@
 
 __git_main ()
 {
-	local i c=1 command __git_dir
+	local i c=1 command __git_dir __git_repo_path
+	local __git_C_args C_args_count=0
 
 	while [ $c -lt $cword ]; do
 		i="${words[c]}"
@@ -2848,6 +2912,10 @@
 		--bare)      __git_dir="." ;;
 		--help) command="help"; break ;;
 		-c|--work-tree|--namespace) ((c++)) ;;
+		-C)	__git_C_args[C_args_count++]=-C
+			((c++))
+			__git_C_args[C_args_count++]="${words[c]}"
+			;;
 		-*) ;;
 		*) command="$i"; break ;;
 		esac
@@ -2855,6 +2923,17 @@
 	done
 
 	if [ -z "$command" ]; then
+		case "$prev" in
+		--git-dir|-C|--work-tree)
+			# these need a path argument, let's fall back to
+			# Bash filename completion
+			return
+			;;
+		-c|--namespace)
+			# we don't support completing these options' arguments
+			return
+			;;
+		esac
 		case "$cur" in
 		--*)   __gitcomp "
 			--paginate
@@ -2880,13 +2959,13 @@
 	fi
 
 	local completion_func="_git_${command//-/_}"
-	declare -f $completion_func >/dev/null && $completion_func && return
+	declare -f $completion_func >/dev/null 2>/dev/null && $completion_func && return
 
 	local expansion=$(__git_aliased_command "$command")
 	if [ -n "$expansion" ]; then
 		words[1]=$expansion
 		completion_func="_git_${expansion//-/_}"
-		declare -f $completion_func >/dev/null && $completion_func
+		declare -f $completion_func >/dev/null 2>/dev/null && $completion_func
 	fi
 }
 
@@ -2894,9 +2973,11 @@
 {
 	__git_has_doubledash && return
 
-	local g="$(__gitdir)"
+	local __git_repo_path
+	__git_find_repo_path
+
 	local merge=""
-	if [ -f "$g/MERGE_HEAD" ]; then
+	if [ -f "$__git_repo_path/MERGE_HEAD" ]; then
 		merge="--merge"
 	fi
 	case "$cur" in
diff --git a/contrib/remote-helpers/git-remote-bzr b/contrib/remote-helpers/git-remote-bzr
index 712a137..1c3d87f 100755
--- a/contrib/remote-helpers/git-remote-bzr
+++ b/contrib/remote-helpers/git-remote-bzr
@@ -1,13 +1,11 @@
-#!/usr/bin/env python
+#!/bin/sh
 
-import sys
-
-sys.stderr.write('WARNING: git-remote-bzr is now maintained independently.\n')
-sys.stderr.write('WARNING: For more information visit https://github.com/felipec/git-remote-bzr\n')
-
-sys.stderr.write('''WARNING:
+cat >&2 <<'EOT'
+WARNING: git-remote-bzr is now maintained independently.
+WARNING: For more information visit https://github.com/felipec/git-remote-bzr
+WARNING:
 WARNING: You can pick a directory on your $PATH and download it, e.g.:
-WARNING:   $ wget -O $HOME/bin/git-remote-bzr \\
+WARNING:   $ wget -O $HOME/bin/git-remote-bzr \
 WARNING:     https://raw.github.com/felipec/git-remote-bzr/master/git-remote-bzr
 WARNING:   $ chmod +x $HOME/bin/git-remote-bzr
-''')
+EOT
diff --git a/contrib/remote-helpers/git-remote-hg b/contrib/remote-helpers/git-remote-hg
index 4255ad6..8e91883 100755
--- a/contrib/remote-helpers/git-remote-hg
+++ b/contrib/remote-helpers/git-remote-hg
@@ -1,13 +1,11 @@
-#!/usr/bin/env python
+#!/bin/sh
 
-import sys
-
-sys.stderr.write('WARNING: git-remote-hg is now maintained independently.\n')
-sys.stderr.write('WARNING: For more information visit https://github.com/felipec/git-remote-hg\n')
-
-sys.stderr.write('''WARNING:
+cat >&2 <<'EOT'
+WARNING: git-remote-hg is now maintained independently.
+WARNING: For more information visit https://github.com/felipec/git-remote-hg
+WARNING:
 WARNING: You can pick a directory on your $PATH and download it, e.g.:
-WARNING:   $ wget -O $HOME/bin/git-remote-hg \\
+WARNING:   $ wget -O $HOME/bin/git-remote-hg \
 WARNING:     https://raw.github.com/felipec/git-remote-hg/master/git-remote-hg
 WARNING:   $ chmod +x $HOME/bin/git-remote-hg
-''')
+EOT
diff --git a/convert.c b/convert.c
index 4e17e45..8d652bf 100644
--- a/convert.c
+++ b/convert.c
@@ -1028,7 +1028,7 @@
 	return 1;
 }
 
-static enum crlf_action git_path_check_crlf(struct git_attr_check *check)
+static enum crlf_action git_path_check_crlf(struct attr_check_item *check)
 {
 	const char *value = check->value;
 
@@ -1045,7 +1045,7 @@
 	return CRLF_UNDEFINED;
 }
 
-static enum eol git_path_check_eol(struct git_attr_check *check)
+static enum eol git_path_check_eol(struct attr_check_item *check)
 {
 	const char *value = check->value;
 
@@ -1058,7 +1058,7 @@
 	return EOL_UNSET;
 }
 
-static struct convert_driver *git_path_check_convert(struct git_attr_check *check)
+static struct convert_driver *git_path_check_convert(struct attr_check_item *check)
 {
 	const char *value = check->value;
 	struct convert_driver *drv;
@@ -1071,7 +1071,7 @@
 	return NULL;
 }
 
-static int git_path_check_ident(struct git_attr_check *check)
+static int git_path_check_ident(struct attr_check_item *check)
 {
 	const char *value = check->value;
 
@@ -1085,24 +1085,19 @@
 	int ident;
 };
 
-static const char *conv_attr_name[] = {
-	"crlf", "ident", "filter", "eol", "text",
-};
-#define NUM_CONV_ATTRS ARRAY_SIZE(conv_attr_name)
-
 static void convert_attrs(struct conv_attrs *ca, const char *path)
 {
-	int i;
-	static struct git_attr_check ccheck[NUM_CONV_ATTRS];
+	static struct attr_check *check;
 
-	if (!ccheck[0].attr) {
-		for (i = 0; i < NUM_CONV_ATTRS; i++)
-			ccheck[i].attr = git_attr(conv_attr_name[i]);
+	if (!check) {
+		check = attr_check_initl("crlf", "ident", "filter",
+					 "eol", "text", NULL);
 		user_convert_tail = &user_convert;
 		git_config(read_convert_config, NULL);
 	}
 
-	if (!git_check_attr(path, NUM_CONV_ATTRS, ccheck)) {
+	if (!git_check_attr(path, check)) {
+		struct attr_check_item *ccheck = check->items;
 		ca->crlf_action = git_path_check_crlf(ccheck + 4);
 		if (ca->crlf_action == CRLF_UNDEFINED)
 			ca->crlf_action = git_path_check_crlf(ccheck + 0);
diff --git a/diff.c b/diff.c
index 051761b..a628ac3 100644
--- a/diff.c
+++ b/diff.c
@@ -2870,8 +2870,25 @@
 			s->should_free = 1;
 			return 0;
 		}
-		if (size_only)
+
+		/*
+		 * Even if the caller would be happy with getting
+		 * only the size, we cannot return early at this
+		 * point if the path requires us to run the content
+		 * conversion.
+		 */
+		if (size_only && !would_convert_to_git(s->path))
 			return 0;
+
+		/*
+		 * Note: this check uses xsize_t(st.st_size) that may
+		 * not be the true size of the blob after it goes
+		 * through convert_to_git().  This may not strictly be
+		 * correct, but the whole point of big_file_threshold
+		 * and is_binary check being that we want to avoid
+		 * opening the file and inspecting the contents, this
+		 * is probably fine.
+		 */
 		if ((flags & CHECK_BINARY) &&
 		    s->size > big_file_threshold && s->is_binary == -1) {
 			s->is_binary = 1;
diff --git a/dir.c b/dir.c
index 4541f9e..aeeb5ce 100644
--- a/dir.c
+++ b/dir.c
@@ -2730,8 +2730,8 @@
 {
 	struct strbuf file_name = STRBUF_INIT;
 	struct strbuf rel_path = STRBUF_INIT;
-	char *git_dir = real_pathdup(git_dir_);
-	char *work_tree = real_pathdup(work_tree_);
+	char *git_dir = real_pathdup(git_dir_, 1);
+	char *work_tree = real_pathdup(work_tree_, 1);
 
 	/* Update gitfile */
 	strbuf_addf(&file_name, "%s/.git", work_tree);
diff --git a/environment.c b/environment.c
index c07fb17..42dc310 100644
--- a/environment.c
+++ b/environment.c
@@ -259,7 +259,7 @@
 		return;
 	}
 	git_work_tree_initialized = 1;
-	work_tree = real_pathdup(new_work_tree);
+	work_tree = real_pathdup(new_work_tree, 1);
 }
 
 const char *get_git_work_tree(void)
diff --git a/ewah/ewah_io.c b/ewah/ewah_io.c
index 61f6a43..f732109 100644
--- a/ewah/ewah_io.c
+++ b/ewah/ewah_io.c
@@ -142,8 +142,8 @@
 	 * the endianness conversion in a separate pass to ensure
 	 * we're loading 8-byte aligned words.
 	 */
-	memcpy(self->buffer, ptr, self->buffer_size * sizeof(uint64_t));
-	ptr += self->buffer_size * sizeof(uint64_t);
+	memcpy(self->buffer, ptr, self->buffer_size * sizeof(eword_t));
+	ptr += self->buffer_size * sizeof(eword_t);
 
 	for (i = 0; i < self->buffer_size; ++i)
 		self->buffer[i] = ntohll(self->buffer[i]);
diff --git a/fast-import.c b/fast-import.c
index 64fe602..6c13472 100644
--- a/fast-import.c
+++ b/fast-import.c
@@ -1752,7 +1752,7 @@
 
 	if (is_null_sha1(b->sha1)) {
 		if (b->delete)
-			delete_ref(b->name, NULL, 0);
+			delete_ref(NULL, b->name, NULL, 0);
 		return 0;
 	}
 	if (read_ref(b->name, old_sha1))
diff --git a/fetch-pack.c b/fetch-pack.c
index 601f077..d07d85c 100644
--- a/fetch-pack.c
+++ b/fetch-pack.c
@@ -35,6 +35,7 @@
 #define COMMON_REF	(1U << 2)
 #define SEEN		(1U << 3)
 #define POPPED		(1U << 4)
+#define ALTERNATE	(1U << 5)
 
 static int marked;
 
@@ -67,6 +68,41 @@
 	fputc('\n', stderr);
 }
 
+struct alternate_object_cache {
+	struct object **items;
+	size_t nr, alloc;
+};
+
+static void cache_one_alternate(const char *refname,
+				const struct object_id *oid,
+				void *vcache)
+{
+	struct alternate_object_cache *cache = vcache;
+	struct object *obj = parse_object(oid->hash);
+
+	if (!obj || (obj->flags & ALTERNATE))
+		return;
+
+	obj->flags |= ALTERNATE;
+	ALLOC_GROW(cache->items, cache->nr + 1, cache->alloc);
+	cache->items[cache->nr++] = obj;
+}
+
+static void for_each_cached_alternate(void (*cb)(struct object *))
+{
+	static int initialized;
+	static struct alternate_object_cache cache;
+	size_t i;
+
+	if (!initialized) {
+		for_each_alternate_ref(cache_one_alternate, &cache);
+		initialized = 1;
+	}
+
+	for (i = 0; i < cache.nr; i++)
+		cb(cache.items[i]);
+}
+
 static void rev_list_push(struct commit *commit, int mark)
 {
 	if (!(commit->object.flags & mark)) {
@@ -253,9 +289,9 @@
 		write_or_die(fd, buf->buf, buf->len);
 }
 
-static void insert_one_alternate_ref(const struct ref *ref, void *unused)
+static void insert_one_alternate_object(struct object *obj)
 {
-	rev_list_insert_ref(NULL, ref->old_oid.hash);
+	rev_list_insert_ref(NULL, obj->oid.hash);
 }
 
 #define INITIAL_FLUSH 16
@@ -298,7 +334,7 @@
 	marked = 1;
 
 	for_each_ref(rev_list_insert_ref_oid, NULL);
-	for_each_alternate_ref(insert_one_alternate_ref, NULL);
+	for_each_cached_alternate(insert_one_alternate_object);
 
 	fetching = 0;
 	for ( ; refs ; refs = refs->next) {
@@ -578,7 +614,7 @@
 					break; /* definitely do not have it */
 				else if (cmp == 0) {
 					keep = 1; /* definitely have it */
-					sought[i]->matched = 1;
+					sought[i]->match_status = REF_MATCHED;
 				}
 				i++;
 			}
@@ -598,30 +634,32 @@
 	}
 
 	/* Append unmatched requests to the list */
-	if ((allow_unadvertised_object_request &
-	    (ALLOW_TIP_SHA1 | ALLOW_REACHABLE_SHA1))) {
-		for (i = 0; i < nr_sought; i++) {
-			unsigned char sha1[20];
+	for (i = 0; i < nr_sought; i++) {
+		unsigned char sha1[20];
 
-			ref = sought[i];
-			if (ref->matched)
-				continue;
-			if (get_sha1_hex(ref->name, sha1) ||
-			    ref->name[40] != '\0' ||
-			    hashcmp(sha1, ref->old_oid.hash))
-				continue;
+		ref = sought[i];
+		if (ref->match_status != REF_NOT_MATCHED)
+			continue;
+		if (get_sha1_hex(ref->name, sha1) ||
+		    ref->name[40] != '\0' ||
+		    hashcmp(sha1, ref->old_oid.hash))
+			continue;
 
-			ref->matched = 1;
+		if ((allow_unadvertised_object_request &
+		    (ALLOW_TIP_SHA1 | ALLOW_REACHABLE_SHA1))) {
+			ref->match_status = REF_MATCHED;
 			*newtail = copy_ref(ref);
 			newtail = &(*newtail)->next;
+		} else {
+			ref->match_status = REF_UNADVERTISED_NOT_ALLOWED;
 		}
 	}
 	*refs = newlist;
 }
 
-static void mark_alternate_complete(const struct ref *ref, void *unused)
+static void mark_alternate_complete(struct object *obj)
 {
-	mark_complete(ref->old_oid.hash);
+	mark_complete(obj->oid.hash);
 }
 
 static int everything_local(struct fetch_pack_args *args,
@@ -657,7 +695,7 @@
 
 	if (!args->deepen) {
 		for_each_ref(mark_complete_oid, NULL);
-		for_each_alternate_ref(mark_alternate_complete, NULL);
+		for_each_cached_alternate(mark_alternate_complete);
 		commit_list_sort_by_date(&complete);
 		if (cutoff)
 			mark_recent_complete_commits(args, cutoff);
@@ -1094,3 +1132,26 @@
 	clear_shallow_info(&si);
 	return ref_cpy;
 }
+
+int report_unmatched_refs(struct ref **sought, int nr_sought)
+{
+	int i, ret = 0;
+
+	for (i = 0; i < nr_sought; i++) {
+		if (!sought[i])
+			continue;
+		switch (sought[i]->match_status) {
+		case REF_MATCHED:
+			continue;
+		case REF_NOT_MATCHED:
+			error(_("no such remote ref %s"), sought[i]->name);
+			break;
+		case REF_UNADVERTISED_NOT_ALLOWED:
+			error(_("Server does not allow request for unadvertised object %s"),
+			      sought[i]->name);
+			break;
+		}
+		ret = 1;
+	}
+	return ret;
+}
diff --git a/fetch-pack.h b/fetch-pack.h
index c912e3d..a2d46e6 100644
--- a/fetch-pack.h
+++ b/fetch-pack.h
@@ -45,4 +45,10 @@
 		       struct sha1_array *shallow,
 		       char **pack_lockfile);
 
+/*
+ * Print an appropriate error message for each sought ref that wasn't
+ * matched.  Return 0 if all sought refs were matched, otherwise 1.
+ */
+int report_unmatched_refs(struct ref **sought, int nr_sought);
+
 #endif
diff --git a/git-add--interactive.perl b/git-add--interactive.perl
index 982593c..f5c816e 100755
--- a/git-add--interactive.perl
+++ b/git-add--interactive.perl
@@ -92,7 +92,7 @@
 }
 
 # command line options
-my $cmd;
+my $patch_mode_only;
 my $patch_mode;
 my $patch_mode_revision;
 
@@ -1299,7 +1299,7 @@
 		}
 		return 0;
 	}
-	if ($patch_mode) {
+	if ($patch_mode_only) {
 		@them = @mods;
 	}
 	else {
@@ -1721,7 +1721,7 @@
 		die sprintf(__("invalid argument %s, expecting --"),
 			       $arg) unless $arg eq "--";
 		%patch_mode_flavour = %{$patch_modes{$patch_mode}};
-		$cmd = 1;
+		$patch_mode_only = 1;
 	}
 	elsif ($arg ne "--") {
 		die sprintf(__("invalid argument %s, expecting --"), $arg);
@@ -1758,7 +1758,7 @@
 
 process_args();
 refresh();
-if ($cmd) {
+if ($patch_mode_only) {
 	patch_update_cmd();
 }
 else {
diff --git a/git-compat-util.h b/git-compat-util.h
index ef6d560..e626851 100644
--- a/git-compat-util.h
+++ b/git-compat-util.h
@@ -639,11 +639,6 @@
 extern char *gitmkdtemp(char *);
 #endif
 
-#ifdef NO_MKSTEMPS
-#define mkstemps gitmkstemps
-extern int gitmkstemps(char *, int);
-#endif
-
 #ifdef NO_UNSETENV
 #define unsetenv gitunsetenv
 extern void gitunsetenv(const char *);
diff --git a/git-filter-branch.sh b/git-filter-branch.sh
index 86b2ff1..2b8cdba 100755
--- a/git-filter-branch.sh
+++ b/git-filter-branch.sh
@@ -46,6 +46,8 @@
 {
 	if test $# = 3 && test "$1" = $(git rev-parse "$3^{tree}"); then
 		map "$3"
+	elif test $# = 1 && test "$1" = 4b825dc642cb6eb9a060e54bf8d69288fbee4904; then
+		:
 	else
 		git commit-tree "$@"
 	fi
diff --git a/git-rebase--interactive.sh b/git-rebase--interactive.sh
index 4734094..2c9c016 100644
--- a/git-rebase--interactive.sh
+++ b/git-rebase--interactive.sh
@@ -1069,6 +1069,10 @@
 
 case "$action" in
 continue)
+	if test ! -d "$rewritten"
+	then
+		exec git rebase--helper ${force_rebase:+--no-ff} --continue
+	fi
 	# do we have anything to commit?
 	if git diff-index --cached --quiet HEAD --
 	then
@@ -1128,6 +1132,10 @@
 skip)
 	git rerere clear
 
+	if test ! -d "$rewritten"
+	then
+		exec git rebase--helper ${force_rebase:+--no-ff} --continue
+	fi
 	do_rest
 	return 0
 	;;
@@ -1314,6 +1322,11 @@
 test -d "$rewritten" || test -n "$force_rebase" || skip_unnecessary_picks
 
 checkout_onto
+if test -z "$rebase_root" && test ! -d "$rewritten"
+then
+	require_clean_work_tree "rebase"
+	exec git rebase--helper ${force_rebase:+--no-ff} --continue
+fi
 do_rest
 
 }
diff --git a/git-send-email.perl b/git-send-email.perl
index 068d60b..eea0a51 100755
--- a/git-send-email.perl
+++ b/git-send-email.perl
@@ -1563,7 +1563,7 @@
 	# Now parse the message body
 	while(<$fh>) {
 		$message .=  $_;
-		if (/^(Signed-off-by|Cc): (.*)$/i) {
+		if (/^(Signed-off-by|Cc): ([^>]*>?)/i) {
 			chomp;
 			my ($what, $c) = ($1, $2);
 			chomp $c;
diff --git a/git-stash.sh b/git-stash.sh
index 10c284d..9c70662 100755
--- a/git-stash.sh
+++ b/git-stash.sh
@@ -7,8 +7,11 @@
    or: $dashless drop [-q|--quiet] [<stash>]
    or: $dashless ( pop | apply ) [--index] [-q|--quiet] [<stash>]
    or: $dashless branch <branchname> [<stash>]
-   or: $dashless [save [--patch] [-k|--[no-]keep-index] [-q|--quiet]
-		       [-u|--include-untracked] [-a|--all] [<message>]]
+   or: $dashless save [--patch] [-k|--[no-]keep-index] [-q|--quiet]
+		      [-u|--include-untracked] [-a|--all] [<message>]
+   or: $dashless [push [--patch] [-k|--[no-]keep-index] [-q|--quiet]
+		       [-u|--include-untracked] [-a|--all] [-m <message>]
+		       [-- <pathspec>...]]
    or: $dashless clear"
 
 SUBDIRECTORY_OK=Yes
@@ -33,15 +36,15 @@
 fi
 
 no_changes () {
-	git diff-index --quiet --cached HEAD --ignore-submodules -- &&
-	git diff-files --quiet --ignore-submodules &&
+	git diff-index --quiet --cached HEAD --ignore-submodules -- "$@" &&
+	git diff-files --quiet --ignore-submodules -- "$@" &&
 	(test -z "$untracked" || test -z "$(untracked_files)")
 }
 
 untracked_files () {
 	excl_opt=--exclude-standard
 	test "$untracked" = "all" && excl_opt=
-	git ls-files -o -z $excl_opt
+	git ls-files -o -z $excl_opt -- "$@"
 }
 
 clear_stash () {
@@ -56,11 +59,29 @@
 }
 
 create_stash () {
-	stash_msg="$1"
-	untracked="$2"
+	stash_msg=
+	untracked=
+	while test $# != 0
+	do
+		case "$1" in
+		-m|--message)
+			shift
+			stash_msg=${1?"BUG: create_stash () -m requires an argument"}
+			;;
+		-u|--include-untracked)
+			shift
+			untracked=${1?"BUG: create_stash () -u requires an argument"}
+			;;
+		--)
+			shift
+			break
+			;;
+		esac
+		shift
+	done
 
 	git update-index -q --refresh
-	if no_changes
+	if no_changes "$@"
 	then
 		exit 0
 	fi
@@ -92,7 +113,7 @@
 		# Untracked files are stored by themselves in a parentless commit, for
 		# ease of unpacking later.
 		u_commit=$(
-			untracked_files | (
+			untracked_files "$@" | (
 				GIT_INDEX_FILE="$TMPindex" &&
 				export GIT_INDEX_FILE &&
 				rm -f "$TMPindex" &&
@@ -115,7 +136,7 @@
 			git read-tree --index-output="$TMPindex" -m $i_tree &&
 			GIT_INDEX_FILE="$TMPindex" &&
 			export GIT_INDEX_FILE &&
-			git diff-index --name-only -z HEAD -- >"$TMP-stagenames" &&
+			git diff-index --name-only -z HEAD -- "$@" >"$TMP-stagenames" &&
 			git update-index -z --add --remove --stdin <"$TMP-stagenames" &&
 			git write-tree &&
 			rm -f "$TMPindex"
@@ -129,7 +150,7 @@
 
 		# find out what the user wants
 		GIT_INDEX_FILE="$TMP-index" \
-			git add--interactive --patch=stash -- &&
+			git add--interactive --patch=stash -- "$@" &&
 
 		# state of the working tree
 		w_tree=$(GIT_INDEX_FILE="$TMP-index" git write-tree) ||
@@ -189,10 +210,11 @@
 	return $ret
 }
 
-save_stash () {
+push_stash () {
 	keep_index=
 	patch_mode=
 	untracked=
+	stash_msg=
 	while test $# != 0
 	do
 		case "$1" in
@@ -216,6 +238,11 @@
 		-a|--all)
 			untracked=all
 			;;
+		-m|--message)
+			shift
+			test -z ${1+x} && usage
+			stash_msg=$1
+			;;
 		--help)
 			show_help
 			;;
@@ -251,29 +278,38 @@
 		die "$(gettext "Can't use --patch and --include-untracked or --all at the same time")"
 	fi
 
-	stash_msg="$*"
+	test -n "$untracked" || git ls-files --error-unmatch -- "$@" >/dev/null || exit 1
 
 	git update-index -q --refresh
-	if no_changes
+	if no_changes "$@"
 	then
 		say "$(gettext "No local changes to save")"
 		exit 0
 	fi
+
 	git reflog exists $ref_stash ||
 		clear_stash || die "$(gettext "Cannot initialize stash")"
 
-	create_stash "$stash_msg" $untracked
+	create_stash -m "$stash_msg" -u "$untracked" -- "$@"
 	store_stash -m "$stash_msg" -q $w_commit ||
 	die "$(gettext "Cannot save the current status")"
 	say "$(eval_gettext "Saved working directory and index state \$stash_msg")"
 
 	if test -z "$patch_mode"
 	then
-		git reset --hard ${GIT_QUIET:+-q}
+		if test $# != 0
+		then
+			git reset ${GIT_QUIET:+-q} -- "$@"
+			git ls-files -z --modified -- "$@" |
+			git checkout-index -z --force --stdin
+			git clean --force ${GIT_QUIET:+-q} -d -- "$@"
+		else
+			git reset --hard ${GIT_QUIET:+-q}
+		fi
 		test "$untracked" = "all" && CLEAN_X_OPTION=-x || CLEAN_X_OPTION=
 		if test -n "$untracked"
 		then
-			git clean --force --quiet -d $CLEAN_X_OPTION
+			git clean --force --quiet -d $CLEAN_X_OPTION -- "$@"
 		fi
 
 		if test "$keep_index" = "t" && test -n "$i_tree"
@@ -291,6 +327,36 @@
 	fi
 }
 
+save_stash () {
+	push_options=
+	while test $# != 0
+	do
+		case "$1" in
+		--)
+			shift
+			break
+			;;
+		-*)
+			# pass all options through to push_stash
+			push_options="$push_options $1"
+			;;
+		*)
+			break
+			;;
+		esac
+		shift
+	done
+
+	stash_msg="$*"
+
+	if test -z "$stash_msg"
+	then
+		push_stash $push_options
+	else
+		push_stash $push_options -m "$stash_msg"
+	fi
+}
+
 have_stash () {
 	git rev-parse --verify --quiet $ref_stash >/dev/null
 }
@@ -590,18 +656,21 @@
 	}
 }
 
+test "$1" = "-p" && set "push" "$@"
+
 PARSE_CACHE='--not-parsed'
-# The default command is "save" if nothing but options are given
+# The default command is "push" if nothing but options are given
 seen_non_option=
 for opt
 do
 	case "$opt" in
+	--) break ;;
 	-*) ;;
 	*) seen_non_option=t; break ;;
 	esac
 done
 
-test -n "$seen_non_option" || set "save" "$@"
+test -n "$seen_non_option" || set "push" "$@"
 
 # Main command set
 case "$1" in
@@ -617,6 +686,10 @@
 	shift
 	save_stash "$@"
 	;;
+push)
+	shift
+	push_stash "$@"
+	;;
 apply)
 	shift
 	apply_stash "$@"
@@ -627,7 +700,7 @@
 	;;
 create)
 	shift
-	create_stash "$*" && echo "$w_commit"
+	create_stash -m "$*" && echo "$w_commit"
 	;;
 store)
 	shift
@@ -648,7 +721,7 @@
 *)
 	case $# in
 	0)
-		save_stash &&
+		push_stash &&
 		say "$(gettext "(To restore them type \"git stash apply\")")"
 		;;
 	*)
diff --git a/git-svn.perl b/git-svn.perl
index fa42364..d240418 100755
--- a/git-svn.perl
+++ b/git-svn.perl
@@ -1175,10 +1175,10 @@
 	::_req_svn();
 	require SVN::Client;
 
+	my ($config, $baton, undef) = Git::SVN::Ra::prepare_config_once();
 	my $ctx = SVN::Client->new(
-		config => SVN::Core::config_get_config(
-			$Git::SVN::Ra::config_dir
-		),
+		auth => $baton,
+		config => $config,
 		log_msg => sub {
 			${ $_[0] } = defined $_message
 				? $_message
diff --git a/git.c b/git.c
index c887272..33f52ac 100644
--- a/git.c
+++ b/git.c
@@ -473,6 +473,7 @@
 	{ "pull", cmd_pull, RUN_SETUP | NEED_WORK_TREE },
 	{ "push", cmd_push, RUN_SETUP },
 	{ "read-tree", cmd_read_tree, RUN_SETUP | SUPPORT_SUPER_PREFIX},
+	{ "rebase--helper", cmd_rebase__helper, RUN_SETUP | NEED_WORK_TREE },
 	{ "receive-pack", cmd_receive_pack },
 	{ "reflog", cmd_reflog, RUN_SETUP },
 	{ "remote", cmd_remote, RUN_SETUP },
diff --git a/http.c b/http.c
index 90a1c0f..96d84bb 100644
--- a/http.c
+++ b/http.c
@@ -109,7 +109,7 @@
 struct credential http_auth = CREDENTIAL_INIT;
 static int http_proactive_auth;
 static const char *user_agent;
-static int curl_empty_auth;
+static int curl_empty_auth = -1;
 
 enum http_follow_config http_follow_config = HTTP_FOLLOW_INITIAL;
 
@@ -125,6 +125,14 @@
 static int ssl_cert_password_required;
 #ifdef LIBCURL_CAN_HANDLE_AUTH_ANY
 static unsigned long http_auth_methods = CURLAUTH_ANY;
+static int http_auth_methods_restricted;
+/* Modes for which empty_auth cannot actually help us. */
+static unsigned long empty_auth_useless =
+	CURLAUTH_BASIC
+#ifdef CURLAUTH_DIGEST_IE
+	| CURLAUTH_DIGEST_IE
+#endif
+	| CURLAUTH_DIGEST;
 #endif
 
 static struct curl_slist *pragma_header;
@@ -333,7 +341,10 @@
 		return git_config_string(&user_agent, var, value);
 
 	if (!strcmp("http.emptyauth", var)) {
-		curl_empty_auth = git_config_bool(var, value);
+		if (value && !strcmp("auto", value))
+			curl_empty_auth = -1;
+		else
+			curl_empty_auth = git_config_bool(var, value);
 		return 0;
 	}
 
@@ -382,10 +393,37 @@
 	return git_default_config(var, value, cb);
 }
 
+static int curl_empty_auth_enabled(void)
+{
+	if (curl_empty_auth >= 0)
+		return curl_empty_auth;
+
+#ifndef LIBCURL_CAN_HANDLE_AUTH_ANY
+	/*
+	 * Our libcurl is too old to do AUTH_ANY in the first place;
+	 * just default to turning the feature off.
+	 */
+#else
+	/*
+	 * In the automatic case, kick in the empty-auth
+	 * hack as long as we would potentially try some
+	 * method more exotic than "Basic" or "Digest".
+	 *
+	 * But only do this when this is our second or
+	 * subsequent request, as by then we know what
+	 * methods are available.
+	 */
+	if (http_auth_methods_restricted &&
+	    (http_auth_methods & ~empty_auth_useless))
+		return 1;
+#endif
+	return 0;
+}
+
 static void init_curl_http_auth(CURL *result)
 {
 	if (!http_auth.username || !*http_auth.username) {
-		if (curl_empty_auth)
+		if (curl_empty_auth_enabled())
 			curl_easy_setopt(result, CURLOPT_USERPWD, ":");
 		return;
 	}
@@ -1079,7 +1117,7 @@
 #ifdef LIBCURL_CAN_HANDLE_AUTH_ANY
 	curl_easy_setopt(slot->curl, CURLOPT_HTTPAUTH, http_auth_methods);
 #endif
-	if (http_auth.password || curl_empty_auth)
+	if (http_auth.password || curl_empty_auth_enabled())
 		init_curl_http_auth(slot->curl);
 
 	return slot;
@@ -1347,6 +1385,10 @@
 		} else {
 #ifdef LIBCURL_CAN_HANDLE_AUTH_ANY
 			http_auth_methods &= ~CURLAUTH_GSSNEGOTIATE;
+			if (results->auth_avail) {
+				http_auth_methods &= results->auth_avail;
+				http_auth_methods_restricted = 1;
+			}
 #endif
 			return HTTP_REAUTH;
 		}
@@ -1727,6 +1769,9 @@
 {
 	int ret = http_request(url, result, target, options);
 
+	if (ret != HTTP_OK && ret != HTTP_REAUTH)
+		return ret;
+
 	if (options && options->effective_url && options->base_url) {
 		if (update_url_from_redirect(options->base_url,
 					     url, options->effective_url)) {
diff --git a/ident.c b/ident.c
index ac4ae02..c0364fe 100644
--- a/ident.c
+++ b/ident.c
@@ -153,7 +153,7 @@
 
 const char *ident_default_name(void)
 {
-	if (!git_default_name.len) {
+	if (!(ident_config_given & IDENT_NAME_GIVEN) && !git_default_name.len) {
 		copy_gecos(xgetpwuid_self(&default_name_is_bogus), &git_default_name);
 		strbuf_trim(&git_default_name);
 	}
@@ -162,7 +162,7 @@
 
 const char *ident_default_email(void)
 {
-	if (!git_default_email.len) {
+	if (!(ident_config_given & IDENT_MAIL_GIVEN) && !git_default_email.len) {
 		const char *email = getenv("EMAIL");
 
 		if (email && email[0]) {
@@ -203,6 +203,15 @@
 		c == '\'';
 }
 
+static int has_non_crud(const char *str)
+{
+	for (; *str; str++) {
+		if (!crud(*str))
+			return 1;
+	}
+	return 0;
+}
+
 /*
  * Copy over a string to the destination, but avoid special
  * characters ('\n', '<' and '>') and remove crud at the end
@@ -351,19 +360,32 @@
 	int want_date = !(flag & IDENT_NO_DATE);
 	int want_name = !(flag & IDENT_NO_NAME);
 
+	if (!email) {
+		if (strict && ident_use_config_only
+		    && !(ident_config_given & IDENT_MAIL_GIVEN)) {
+			fputs(_(env_hint), stderr);
+			die(_("no email was given and auto-detection is disabled"));
+		}
+		email = ident_default_email();
+		if (strict && default_email_is_bogus) {
+			fputs(_(env_hint), stderr);
+			die(_("unable to auto-detect email address (got '%s')"), email);
+		}
+	}
+
 	if (want_name) {
 		int using_default = 0;
 		if (!name) {
 			if (strict && ident_use_config_only
 			    && !(ident_config_given & IDENT_NAME_GIVEN)) {
 				fputs(_(env_hint), stderr);
-				die("no name was given and auto-detection is disabled");
+				die(_("no name was given and auto-detection is disabled"));
 			}
 			name = ident_default_name();
 			using_default = 1;
 			if (strict && default_name_is_bogus) {
 				fputs(_(env_hint), stderr);
-				die("unable to auto-detect name (got '%s')", name);
+				die(_("unable to auto-detect name (got '%s')"), name);
 			}
 		}
 		if (!*name) {
@@ -371,24 +393,13 @@
 			if (strict) {
 				if (using_default)
 					fputs(_(env_hint), stderr);
-				die("empty ident name (for <%s>) not allowed", email);
+				die(_("empty ident name (for <%s>) not allowed"), email);
 			}
 			pw = xgetpwuid_self(NULL);
 			name = pw->pw_name;
 		}
-	}
-
-	if (!email) {
-		if (strict && ident_use_config_only
-		    && !(ident_config_given & IDENT_MAIL_GIVEN)) {
-			fputs(_(env_hint), stderr);
-			die("no email was given and auto-detection is disabled");
-		}
-		email = ident_default_email();
-		if (strict && default_email_is_bogus) {
-			fputs(_(env_hint), stderr);
-			die("unable to auto-detect email address (got '%s')", email);
-		}
+		if (strict && !has_non_crud(name))
+			die(_("name consists only of disallowed characters: %s"), name);
 	}
 
 	strbuf_reset(&ident);
@@ -403,7 +414,7 @@
 		strbuf_addch(&ident, ' ');
 		if (date_str && date_str[0]) {
 			if (parse_date(date_str, &ident) < 0)
-				die("invalid date format: %s", date_str);
+				die(_("invalid date format: %s"), date_str);
 		}
 		else
 			strbuf_addstr(&ident, ident_default_date());
diff --git a/line-log.c b/line-log.c
index 65f3558..a23b910 100644
--- a/line-log.c
+++ b/line-log.c
@@ -43,9 +43,10 @@
 static void range_set_copy(struct range_set *dst, struct range_set *src)
 {
 	range_set_init(dst, src->nr);
-	memcpy(dst->ranges, src->ranges, src->nr*sizeof(struct range_set));
+	COPY_ARRAY(dst->ranges, src->ranges, src->nr);
 	dst->nr = src->nr;
 }
+
 static void range_set_move(struct range_set *dst, struct range_set *src)
 {
 	range_set_release(dst);
@@ -144,7 +145,7 @@
 static void range_set_union(struct range_set *out,
 			     struct range_set *a, struct range_set *b)
 {
-	int i = 0, j = 0, o = 0;
+	int i = 0, j = 0;
 	struct range *ra = a->ranges;
 	struct range *rb = b->ranges;
 	/* cannot make an alias of out->ranges: it may change during grow */
@@ -167,16 +168,15 @@
 			new = &rb[j++];
 		if (new->start == new->end)
 			; /* empty range */
-		else if (!o || out->ranges[o-1].end < new->start) {
+		else if (!out->nr || out->ranges[out->nr-1].end < new->start) {
 			range_set_grow(out, 1);
-			out->ranges[o].start = new->start;
-			out->ranges[o].end = new->end;
-			o++;
-		} else if (out->ranges[o-1].end < new->end) {
-			out->ranges[o-1].end = new->end;
+			out->ranges[out->nr].start = new->start;
+			out->ranges[out->nr].end = new->end;
+			out->nr++;
+		} else if (out->ranges[out->nr-1].end < new->end) {
+			out->ranges[out->nr-1].end = new->end;
 		}
 	}
-	out->nr = o;
 }
 
 /*
diff --git a/ll-merge.c b/ll-merge.c
index ad8be42..ac0d4a5 100644
--- a/ll-merge.c
+++ b/ll-merge.c
@@ -336,15 +336,6 @@
 	return &ll_merge_drv[LL_TEXT_MERGE];
 }
 
-static int git_path_check_merge(const char *path, struct git_attr_check check[2])
-{
-	if (!check[0].attr) {
-		check[0].attr = git_attr("merge");
-		check[1].attr = git_attr("conflict-marker-size");
-	}
-	return git_check_attr(path, 2, check);
-}
-
 static void normalize_file(mmfile_t *mm, const char *path)
 {
 	struct strbuf strbuf = STRBUF_INIT;
@@ -362,7 +353,7 @@
 	     mmfile_t *theirs, const char *their_label,
 	     const struct ll_merge_options *opts)
 {
-	static struct git_attr_check check[2];
+	static struct attr_check *check;
 	static const struct ll_merge_options default_opts;
 	const char *ll_driver_name = NULL;
 	int marker_size = DEFAULT_CONFLICT_MARKER_SIZE;
@@ -376,10 +367,14 @@
 		normalize_file(ours, path);
 		normalize_file(theirs, path);
 	}
-	if (!git_path_check_merge(path, check)) {
-		ll_driver_name = check[0].value;
-		if (check[1].value) {
-			marker_size = atoi(check[1].value);
+
+	if (!check)
+		check = attr_check_initl("merge", "conflict-marker-size", NULL);
+
+	if (!git_check_attr(path, check)) {
+		ll_driver_name = check->items[0].value;
+		if (check->items[1].value) {
+			marker_size = atoi(check->items[1].value);
 			if (marker_size <= 0)
 				marker_size = DEFAULT_CONFLICT_MARKER_SIZE;
 		}
@@ -398,13 +393,13 @@
 
 int ll_merge_marker_size(const char *path)
 {
-	static struct git_attr_check check;
+	static struct attr_check *check;
 	int marker_size = DEFAULT_CONFLICT_MARKER_SIZE;
 
-	if (!check.attr)
-		check.attr = git_attr("conflict-marker-size");
-	if (!git_check_attr(path, 1, &check) && check.value) {
-		marker_size = atoi(check.value);
+	if (!check)
+		check = attr_check_initl("conflict-marker-size", NULL);
+	if (!git_check_attr(path, check) && check->items[0].value) {
+		marker_size = atoi(check->items[0].value);
 		if (marker_size <= 0)
 			marker_size = DEFAULT_CONFLICT_MARKER_SIZE;
 	}
diff --git a/log-tree.c b/log-tree.c
index 8c24157..4618dd0 100644
--- a/log-tree.c
+++ b/log-tree.c
@@ -332,35 +332,31 @@
 	strbuf_release(&subject);
 }
 
+void fmt_output_email_subject(struct strbuf *sb, struct rev_info *opt)
+{
+	if (opt->total > 0) {
+		strbuf_addf(sb, "Subject: [%s%s%0*d/%d] ",
+			    opt->subject_prefix,
+			    *opt->subject_prefix ? " " : "",
+			    digits_in_number(opt->total),
+			    opt->nr, opt->total);
+	} else if (opt->total == 0 && opt->subject_prefix && *opt->subject_prefix) {
+		strbuf_addf(sb, "Subject: [%s] ",
+			    opt->subject_prefix);
+	} else {
+		strbuf_addstr(sb, "Subject: ");
+	}
+}
+
 void log_write_email_headers(struct rev_info *opt, struct commit *commit,
-			     const char **subject_p,
 			     const char **extra_headers_p,
 			     int *need_8bit_cte_p)
 {
-	const char *subject = NULL;
 	const char *extra_headers = opt->extra_headers;
 	const char *name = oid_to_hex(opt->zero_commit ?
 				      &null_oid : &commit->object.oid);
 
 	*need_8bit_cte_p = 0; /* unknown */
-	if (opt->total > 0) {
-		static char buffer[64];
-		snprintf(buffer, sizeof(buffer),
-			 "Subject: [%s%s%0*d/%d] ",
-			 opt->subject_prefix,
-			 *opt->subject_prefix ? " " : "",
-			 digits_in_number(opt->total),
-			 opt->nr, opt->total);
-		subject = buffer;
-	} else if (opt->total == 0 && opt->subject_prefix && *opt->subject_prefix) {
-		static char buffer[256];
-		snprintf(buffer, sizeof(buffer),
-			 "Subject: [%s] ",
-			 opt->subject_prefix);
-		subject = buffer;
-	} else {
-		subject = "Subject: ";
-	}
 
 	fprintf(opt->diffopt.file, "From %s Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001\n", name);
 	graph_show_oneline(opt->graph);
@@ -417,7 +413,6 @@
 		opt->diffopt.stat_sep = buffer;
 		strbuf_release(&filename);
 	}
-	*subject_p = subject;
 	*extra_headers_p = extra_headers;
 }
 
@@ -602,8 +597,10 @@
 	 */
 
 	if (cmit_fmt_is_mail(opt->commit_format)) {
-		log_write_email_headers(opt, commit, &ctx.subject, &extra_headers,
+		log_write_email_headers(opt, commit, &extra_headers,
 					&ctx.need_8bit_cte);
+		ctx.rev = opt;
+		ctx.print_email_subject = 1;
 	} else if (opt->commit_format != CMIT_FMT_USERFORMAT) {
 		fputs(diff_get_color_opt(&opt->diffopt, DIFF_COMMIT), opt->diffopt.file);
 		if (opt->commit_format != CMIT_FMT_ONELINE)
diff --git a/log-tree.h b/log-tree.h
index c8116e6..48f11fb 100644
--- a/log-tree.h
+++ b/log-tree.h
@@ -22,7 +22,6 @@
 			     format_decorations_extended((strbuf), (commit), (color), " (", ", ", ")")
 void show_decorations(struct rev_info *opt, struct commit *commit);
 void log_write_email_headers(struct rev_info *opt, struct commit *commit,
-			     const char **subject_p,
 			     const char **extra_headers_p,
 			     int *need_8bit_cte_p);
 void load_ref_decorations(int flags);
@@ -30,5 +29,6 @@
 #define FORMAT_PATCH_NAME_MAX 64
 void fmt_output_commit(struct strbuf *, struct commit *, struct rev_info *);
 void fmt_output_subject(struct strbuf *, const char *subject, struct rev_info *);
+void fmt_output_email_subject(struct strbuf *, struct rev_info *);
 
 #endif
diff --git a/merge-recursive.c b/merge-recursive.c
index b7ff1ad..62decd5 100644
--- a/merge-recursive.c
+++ b/merge-recursive.c
@@ -1061,16 +1061,20 @@
 }
 
 static int handle_change_delete(struct merge_options *o,
-				 const char *path,
+				 const char *path, const char *old_path,
 				 const struct object_id *o_oid, int o_mode,
-				 const struct object_id *a_oid, int a_mode,
-				 const struct object_id *b_oid, int b_mode,
+				 const struct object_id *changed_oid,
+				 int changed_mode,
+				 const char *change_branch,
+				 const char *delete_branch,
 				 const char *change, const char *change_past)
 {
-	char *renamed = NULL;
+	char *alt_path = NULL;
+	const char *update_path = path;
 	int ret = 0;
+
 	if (dir_in_way(path, !o->call_depth, 0)) {
-		renamed = unique_path(o, path, a_oid ? o->branch1 : o->branch2);
+		update_path = alt_path = unique_path(o, path, change_branch);
 	}
 
 	if (o->call_depth) {
@@ -1081,43 +1085,43 @@
 		 */
 		ret = remove_file_from_cache(path);
 		if (!ret)
-			ret = update_file(o, 0, o_oid, o_mode,
-					  renamed ? renamed : path);
-	} else if (!a_oid) {
-		if (!renamed) {
-			output(o, 1, _("CONFLICT (%s/delete): %s deleted in %s "
-			       "and %s in %s. Version %s of %s left in tree."),
-			       change, path, o->branch1, change_past,
-			       o->branch2, o->branch2, path);
-			ret = update_file(o, 0, b_oid, b_mode, path);
-		} else {
-			output(o, 1, _("CONFLICT (%s/delete): %s deleted in %s "
-			       "and %s in %s. Version %s of %s left in tree at %s."),
-			       change, path, o->branch1, change_past,
-			       o->branch2, o->branch2, path, renamed);
-			ret = update_file(o, 0, b_oid, b_mode, renamed);
-		}
+			ret = update_file(o, 0, o_oid, o_mode, update_path);
 	} else {
-		if (!renamed) {
-			output(o, 1, _("CONFLICT (%s/delete): %s deleted in %s "
-			       "and %s in %s. Version %s of %s left in tree."),
-			       change, path, o->branch2, change_past,
-			       o->branch1, o->branch1, path);
+		if (!alt_path) {
+			if (!old_path) {
+				output(o, 1, _("CONFLICT (%s/delete): %s deleted in %s "
+				       "and %s in %s. Version %s of %s left in tree."),
+				       change, path, delete_branch, change_past,
+				       change_branch, change_branch, path);
+			} else {
+				output(o, 1, _("CONFLICT (%s/delete): %s deleted in %s "
+				       "and %s to %s in %s. Version %s of %s left in tree."),
+				       change, old_path, delete_branch, change_past, path,
+				       change_branch, change_branch, path);
+			}
 		} else {
-			output(o, 1, _("CONFLICT (%s/delete): %s deleted in %s "
-			       "and %s in %s. Version %s of %s left in tree at %s."),
-			       change, path, o->branch2, change_past,
-			       o->branch1, o->branch1, path, renamed);
-			ret = update_file(o, 0, a_oid, a_mode, renamed);
+			if (!old_path) {
+				output(o, 1, _("CONFLICT (%s/delete): %s deleted in %s "
+				       "and %s in %s. Version %s of %s left in tree at %s."),
+				       change, path, delete_branch, change_past,
+				       change_branch, change_branch, path, alt_path);
+			} else {
+				output(o, 1, _("CONFLICT (%s/delete): %s deleted in %s "
+				       "and %s to %s in %s. Version %s of %s left in tree at %s."),
+				       change, old_path, delete_branch, change_past, path,
+				       change_branch, change_branch, path, alt_path);
+			}
 		}
 		/*
-		 * No need to call update_file() on path when !renamed, since
-		 * that would needlessly touch path.  We could call
-		 * update_file_flags() with update_cache=0 and update_wd=0,
-		 * but that's a no-op.
+		 * No need to call update_file() on path when change_branch ==
+		 * o->branch1 && !alt_path, since that would needlessly touch
+		 * path.  We could call update_file_flags() with update_cache=0
+		 * and update_wd=0, but that's a no-op.
 		 */
+		if (change_branch != o->branch1 || alt_path)
+			ret = update_file(o, 0, changed_oid, changed_mode, update_path);
 	}
-	free(renamed);
+	free(alt_path);
 
 	return ret;
 }
@@ -1125,28 +1129,17 @@
 static int conflict_rename_delete(struct merge_options *o,
 				   struct diff_filepair *pair,
 				   const char *rename_branch,
-				   const char *other_branch)
+				   const char *delete_branch)
 {
 	const struct diff_filespec *orig = pair->one;
 	const struct diff_filespec *dest = pair->two;
-	const struct object_id *a_oid = NULL;
-	const struct object_id *b_oid = NULL;
-	int a_mode = 0;
-	int b_mode = 0;
-
-	if (rename_branch == o->branch1) {
-		a_oid = &dest->oid;
-		a_mode = dest->mode;
-	} else {
-		b_oid = &dest->oid;
-		b_mode = dest->mode;
-	}
 
 	if (handle_change_delete(o,
 				 o->call_depth ? orig->path : dest->path,
+				 o->call_depth ? NULL : orig->path,
 				 &orig->oid, orig->mode,
-				 a_oid, a_mode,
-				 b_oid, b_mode,
+				 &dest->oid, dest->mode,
+				 rename_branch, delete_branch,
 				 _("rename"), _("renamed")))
 		return -1;
 
@@ -1662,11 +1655,27 @@
 				 struct object_id *a_oid, int a_mode,
 				 struct object_id *b_oid, int b_mode)
 {
+	const char *modify_branch, *delete_branch;
+	struct object_id *changed_oid;
+	int changed_mode;
+
+	if (a_oid) {
+		modify_branch = o->branch1;
+		delete_branch = o->branch2;
+		changed_oid = a_oid;
+		changed_mode = a_mode;
+	} else {
+		modify_branch = o->branch2;
+		delete_branch = o->branch1;
+		changed_oid = b_oid;
+		changed_mode = b_mode;
+	}
+
 	return handle_change_delete(o,
-				    path,
+				    path, NULL,
 				    o_oid, o_mode,
-				    a_oid, a_mode,
-				    b_oid, b_mode,
+				    changed_oid, changed_mode,
+				    modify_branch, delete_branch,
 				    _("modify"), _("modified"));
 }
 
diff --git a/object.h b/object.h
index 614a006..f52957d 100644
--- a/object.h
+++ b/object.h
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@
 /*
  * object flag allocation:
  * revision.h:      0---------10                                26
- * fetch-pack.c:    0---4
+ * fetch-pack.c:    0---5
  * walker.c:        0-2
  * upload-pack.c:       4       11----------------19
  * builtin/blame.c:               12-13
diff --git a/oidset.c b/oidset.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ac169f0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/oidset.c
@@ -0,0 +1,49 @@
+#include "cache.h"
+#include "oidset.h"
+
+struct oidset_entry {
+	struct hashmap_entry hash;
+	struct object_id oid;
+};
+
+static int oidset_hashcmp(const void *va, const void *vb,
+			  const void *vkey)
+{
+	const struct oidset_entry *a = va, *b = vb;
+	const struct object_id *key = vkey;
+	return oidcmp(&a->oid, key ? key : &b->oid);
+}
+
+int oidset_contains(const struct oidset *set, const struct object_id *oid)
+{
+	struct hashmap_entry key;
+
+	if (!set->map.cmpfn)
+		return 0;
+
+	hashmap_entry_init(&key, sha1hash(oid->hash));
+	return !!hashmap_get(&set->map, &key, oid);
+}
+
+int oidset_insert(struct oidset *set, const struct object_id *oid)
+{
+	struct oidset_entry *entry;
+
+	if (!set->map.cmpfn)
+		hashmap_init(&set->map, oidset_hashcmp, 0);
+
+	if (oidset_contains(set, oid))
+		return 1;
+
+	entry = xmalloc(sizeof(*entry));
+	hashmap_entry_init(&entry->hash, sha1hash(oid->hash));
+	oidcpy(&entry->oid, oid);
+
+	hashmap_add(&set->map, entry);
+	return 0;
+}
+
+void oidset_clear(struct oidset *set)
+{
+	hashmap_free(&set->map, 1);
+}
diff --git a/oidset.h b/oidset.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b7eaab5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/oidset.h
@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+#ifndef OIDSET_H
+#define OIDSET_H
+
+/**
+ * This API is similar to sha1-array, in that it maintains a set of object ids
+ * in a memory-efficient way. The major differences are:
+ *
+ *   1. It uses a hash, so we can do online duplicate removal, rather than
+ *      sort-and-uniq at the end. This can reduce memory footprint if you have
+ *      a large list of oids with many duplicates.
+ *
+ *   2. The per-unique-oid memory footprint is slightly higher due to hash
+ *      table overhead.
+ */
+
+/**
+ * A single oidset; should be zero-initialized (or use OIDSET_INIT).
+ */
+struct oidset {
+	struct hashmap map;
+};
+
+#define OIDSET_INIT { { NULL } }
+
+/**
+ * Returns true iff `set` contains `oid`.
+ */
+int oidset_contains(const struct oidset *set, const struct object_id *oid);
+
+/**
+ * Insert the oid into the set; a copy is made, so "oid" does not need
+ * to persist after this function is called.
+ *
+ * Returns 1 if the oid was already in the set, 0 otherwise. This can be used
+ * to perform an efficient check-and-add.
+ */
+int oidset_insert(struct oidset *set, const struct object_id *oid);
+
+/**
+ * Remove all entries from the oidset, freeing any resources associated with
+ * it.
+ */
+void oidset_clear(struct oidset *set);
+
+#endif /* OIDSET_H */
diff --git a/pack-objects.h b/pack-objects.h
index cc9b9a9..03f1191 100644
--- a/pack-objects.h
+++ b/pack-objects.h
@@ -30,12 +30,16 @@
 
 	/*
 	 * State flags for depth-first search used for analyzing delta cycles.
+	 *
+	 * The depth is measured in delta-links to the base (so if A is a delta
+	 * against B, then A has a depth of 1, and B a depth of 0).
 	 */
 	enum {
 		DFS_NONE = 0,
 		DFS_ACTIVE,
 		DFS_DONE
 	} dfs_state;
+	int depth;
 };
 
 struct packing_data {
diff --git a/pathspec.c b/pathspec.c
index 7ababb3..b961f00 100644
--- a/pathspec.c
+++ b/pathspec.c
@@ -224,6 +224,12 @@
 		char ch = *pos;
 		int i;
 
+		/* Special case alias for '!' */
+		if (ch == '^') {
+			*magic |= PATHSPEC_EXCLUDE;
+			continue;
+		}
+
 		if (!is_pathspec_magic(ch))
 			break;
 
@@ -516,7 +522,7 @@
 	}
 
 	pathspec->nr = n;
-	ALLOC_ARRAY(pathspec->items, n);
+	ALLOC_ARRAY(pathspec->items, n + 1);
 	item = pathspec->items;
 	prefixlen = prefix ? strlen(prefix) : 0;
 
@@ -540,10 +546,15 @@
 		pathspec->magic |= item[i].magic;
 	}
 
-	if (nr_exclude == n)
-		die(_("There is nothing to exclude from by :(exclude) patterns.\n"
-		      "Perhaps you forgot to add either ':/' or '.' ?"));
-
+	/*
+	 * If everything is an exclude pattern, add one positive pattern
+	 * that matches everyting. We allocated an extra one for this.
+	 */
+	if (nr_exclude == n) {
+		int plen = (!(flags & PATHSPEC_PREFER_CWD)) ? 0 : prefixlen;
+		init_pathspec_item(item + n, 0, prefix, plen, "");
+		pathspec->nr++;
+	}
 
 	if (pathspec->magic & PATHSPEC_MAXDEPTH) {
 		if (flags & PATHSPEC_KEEP_ORDER)
diff --git a/preload-index.c b/preload-index.c
index c1fe3a3..70a4c80 100644
--- a/preload-index.c
+++ b/preload-index.c
@@ -53,6 +53,8 @@
 			continue;
 		if (ce_uptodate(ce))
 			continue;
+		if (ce_skip_worktree(ce))
+			continue;
 		if (!ce_path_match(ce, &p->pathspec, NULL))
 			continue;
 		if (threaded_has_symlink_leading_path(&cache, ce->name, ce_namelen(ce)))
diff --git a/pretty.c b/pretty.c
index 5e68383..d0f86f5 100644
--- a/pretty.c
+++ b/pretty.c
@@ -1607,8 +1607,9 @@
 				pp->preserve_subject ? "\n" : " ");
 
 	strbuf_grow(sb, title.len + 1024);
-	if (pp->subject) {
-		strbuf_addstr(sb, pp->subject);
+	if (pp->print_email_subject) {
+		if (pp->rev)
+			fmt_output_email_subject(sb, pp->rev);
 		if (needs_rfc2047_encoding(title.buf, title.len, RFC2047_SUBJECT))
 			add_rfc2047(sb, title.buf, title.len,
 						encoding, RFC2047_SUBJECT);
@@ -1818,7 +1819,7 @@
 	}
 
 	pp_header(pp, encoding, commit, &msg, sb);
-	if (pp->fmt != CMIT_FMT_ONELINE && !pp->subject) {
+	if (pp->fmt != CMIT_FMT_ONELINE && !pp->print_email_subject) {
 		strbuf_addch(sb, '\n');
 	}
 
diff --git a/progress.c b/progress.c
index 76a88c5..29378ca 100644
--- a/progress.c
+++ b/progress.c
@@ -243,21 +243,18 @@
 	*p_progress = NULL;
 	if (progress->last_value != -1) {
 		/* Force the last update */
-		char buf[128], *bufp;
-		size_t len = strlen(msg) + 5;
+		char *buf;
 		struct throughput *tp = progress->throughput;
 
-		bufp = (len < sizeof(buf)) ? buf : xmallocz(len);
 		if (tp) {
 			unsigned int rate = !tp->avg_misecs ? 0 :
 					tp->avg_bytes / tp->avg_misecs;
 			throughput_string(&tp->display, tp->curr_total, rate);
 		}
 		progress_update = 1;
-		xsnprintf(bufp, len + 1, ", %s.\n", msg);
-		display(progress, progress->last_value, bufp);
-		if (buf != bufp)
-			free(bufp);
+		buf = xstrfmt(", %s.\n", msg);
+		display(progress, progress->last_value, buf);
+		free(buf);
 	}
 	clear_progress_signal();
 	if (progress->throughput)
diff --git a/ref-filter.c b/ref-filter.c
index 3820b21..1ec0fb8 100644
--- a/ref-filter.c
+++ b/ref-filter.c
@@ -14,14 +14,50 @@
 #include "git-compat-util.h"
 #include "version.h"
 #include "trailer.h"
+#include "wt-status.h"
+
+static struct ref_msg {
+	const char *gone;
+	const char *ahead;
+	const char *behind;
+	const char *ahead_behind;
+} msgs = {
+	 /* Untranslated plumbing messages: */
+	"gone",
+	"ahead %d",
+	"behind %d",
+	"ahead %d, behind %d"
+};
+
+void setup_ref_filter_porcelain_msg(void)
+{
+	msgs.gone = _("gone");
+	msgs.ahead = _("ahead %d");
+	msgs.behind = _("behind %d");
+	msgs.ahead_behind = _("ahead %d, behind %d");
+}
 
 typedef enum { FIELD_STR, FIELD_ULONG, FIELD_TIME } cmp_type;
+typedef enum { COMPARE_EQUAL, COMPARE_UNEQUAL, COMPARE_NONE } cmp_status;
 
 struct align {
 	align_type position;
 	unsigned int width;
 };
 
+struct if_then_else {
+	cmp_status cmp_status;
+	const char *str;
+	unsigned int then_atom_seen : 1,
+		else_atom_seen : 1,
+		condition_satisfied : 1;
+};
+
+struct refname_atom {
+	enum { R_NORMAL, R_SHORT, R_LSTRIP, R_RSTRIP } option;
+	int lstrip, rstrip;
+};
+
 /*
  * An atom is a valid field atom listed below, possibly prefixed with
  * a "*" to denote deref_tag().
@@ -38,13 +74,24 @@
 	union {
 		char color[COLOR_MAXLEN];
 		struct align align;
-		enum { RR_NORMAL, RR_SHORTEN, RR_TRACK, RR_TRACKSHORT }
-			remote_ref;
+		struct {
+			enum { RR_REF, RR_TRACK, RR_TRACKSHORT } option;
+			struct refname_atom refname;
+			unsigned int nobracket : 1;
+		} remote_ref;
 		struct {
 			enum { C_BARE, C_BODY, C_BODY_DEP, C_LINES, C_SIG, C_SUB, C_TRAILERS } option;
 			unsigned int nlines;
 		} contents;
-		enum { O_FULL, O_SHORT } objectname;
+		struct {
+			cmp_status cmp_status;
+			const char *str;
+		} if_then_else;
+		struct {
+			enum { O_FULL, O_LENGTH, O_SHORT } option;
+			unsigned int length;
+		} objectname;
+		struct refname_atom refname;
 	} u;
 } *used_atom;
 static int used_atom_cnt, need_tagged, need_symref;
@@ -58,18 +105,58 @@
 		die(_("unrecognized color: %%(color:%s)"), color_value);
 }
 
-static void remote_ref_atom_parser(struct used_atom *atom, const char *arg)
+static void refname_atom_parser_internal(struct refname_atom *atom,
+					 const char *arg, const char *name)
 {
 	if (!arg)
-		atom->u.remote_ref = RR_NORMAL;
+		atom->option = R_NORMAL;
 	else if (!strcmp(arg, "short"))
-		atom->u.remote_ref = RR_SHORTEN;
-	else if (!strcmp(arg, "track"))
-		atom->u.remote_ref = RR_TRACK;
-	else if (!strcmp(arg, "trackshort"))
-		atom->u.remote_ref = RR_TRACKSHORT;
-	else
-		die(_("unrecognized format: %%(%s)"), atom->name);
+		atom->option = R_SHORT;
+	else if (skip_prefix(arg, "lstrip=", &arg) ||
+		 skip_prefix(arg, "strip=", &arg)) {
+		atom->option = R_LSTRIP;
+		if (strtol_i(arg, 10, &atom->lstrip))
+			die(_("Integer value expected refname:lstrip=%s"), arg);
+	} else if (skip_prefix(arg, "rstrip=", &arg)) {
+		atom->option = R_RSTRIP;
+		if (strtol_i(arg, 10, &atom->rstrip))
+			die(_("Integer value expected refname:rstrip=%s"), arg);
+	} else
+		die(_("unrecognized %%(%s) argument: %s"), name, arg);
+}
+
+static void remote_ref_atom_parser(struct used_atom *atom, const char *arg)
+{
+	struct string_list params = STRING_LIST_INIT_DUP;
+	int i;
+
+	if (!arg) {
+		atom->u.remote_ref.option = RR_REF;
+		refname_atom_parser_internal(&atom->u.remote_ref.refname,
+					     arg, atom->name);
+		return;
+	}
+
+	atom->u.remote_ref.nobracket = 0;
+	string_list_split(&params, arg, ',', -1);
+
+	for (i = 0; i < params.nr; i++) {
+		const char *s = params.items[i].string;
+
+		if (!strcmp(s, "track"))
+			atom->u.remote_ref.option = RR_TRACK;
+		else if (!strcmp(s, "trackshort"))
+			atom->u.remote_ref.option = RR_TRACKSHORT;
+		else if (!strcmp(s, "nobracket"))
+			atom->u.remote_ref.nobracket = 1;
+		else {
+			atom->u.remote_ref.option = RR_REF;
+			refname_atom_parser_internal(&atom->u.remote_ref.refname,
+						     arg, atom->name);
+		}
+	}
+
+	string_list_clear(&params, 0);
 }
 
 static void body_atom_parser(struct used_atom *atom, const char *arg)
@@ -116,13 +203,25 @@
 static void objectname_atom_parser(struct used_atom *atom, const char *arg)
 {
 	if (!arg)
-		atom->u.objectname = O_FULL;
+		atom->u.objectname.option = O_FULL;
 	else if (!strcmp(arg, "short"))
-		atom->u.objectname = O_SHORT;
-	else
+		atom->u.objectname.option = O_SHORT;
+	else if (skip_prefix(arg, "short=", &arg)) {
+		atom->u.objectname.option = O_LENGTH;
+		if (strtoul_ui(arg, 10, &atom->u.objectname.length) ||
+		    atom->u.objectname.length == 0)
+			die(_("positive value expected objectname:short=%s"), arg);
+		if (atom->u.objectname.length < MINIMUM_ABBREV)
+			atom->u.objectname.length = MINIMUM_ABBREV;
+	} else
 		die(_("unrecognized %%(objectname) argument: %s"), arg);
 }
 
+static void refname_atom_parser(struct used_atom *atom, const char *arg)
+{
+	return refname_atom_parser_internal(&atom->u.refname, arg, atom->name);
+}
+
 static align_type parse_align_position(const char *s)
 {
 	if (!strcmp(s, "right"))
@@ -173,12 +272,27 @@
 	string_list_clear(&params, 0);
 }
 
+static void if_atom_parser(struct used_atom *atom, const char *arg)
+{
+	if (!arg) {
+		atom->u.if_then_else.cmp_status = COMPARE_NONE;
+		return;
+	} else if (skip_prefix(arg, "equals=", &atom->u.if_then_else.str)) {
+		atom->u.if_then_else.cmp_status = COMPARE_EQUAL;
+	} else if (skip_prefix(arg, "notequals=", &atom->u.if_then_else.str)) {
+		atom->u.if_then_else.cmp_status = COMPARE_UNEQUAL;
+	} else {
+		die(_("unrecognized %%(if) argument: %s"), arg);
+	}
+}
+
+
 static struct {
 	const char *name;
 	cmp_type cmp_type;
 	void (*parser)(struct used_atom *atom, const char *arg);
 } valid_atom[] = {
-	{ "refname" },
+	{ "refname" , FIELD_STR, refname_atom_parser },
 	{ "objecttype" },
 	{ "objectsize", FIELD_ULONG },
 	{ "objectname", FIELD_STR, objectname_atom_parser },
@@ -208,12 +322,15 @@
 	{ "contents", FIELD_STR, contents_atom_parser },
 	{ "upstream", FIELD_STR, remote_ref_atom_parser },
 	{ "push", FIELD_STR, remote_ref_atom_parser },
-	{ "symref" },
+	{ "symref", FIELD_STR, refname_atom_parser },
 	{ "flag" },
 	{ "HEAD" },
 	{ "color", FIELD_STR, color_atom_parser },
 	{ "align", FIELD_STR, align_atom_parser },
 	{ "end" },
+	{ "if", FIELD_STR, if_atom_parser },
+	{ "then" },
+	{ "else" },
 };
 
 #define REF_FORMATTING_STATE_INIT  { 0, NULL }
@@ -221,7 +338,7 @@
 struct ref_formatting_stack {
 	struct ref_formatting_stack *prev;
 	struct strbuf output;
-	void (*at_end)(struct ref_formatting_stack *stack);
+	void (*at_end)(struct ref_formatting_stack **stack);
 	void *at_end_data;
 };
 
@@ -232,11 +349,9 @@
 
 struct atom_value {
 	const char *s;
-	union {
-		struct align align;
-	} u;
 	void (*handler)(struct atom_value *atomv, struct ref_formatting_state *state);
 	unsigned long ul; /* used for sorting when not FIELD_STR */
+	struct used_atom *atom;
 };
 
 /*
@@ -293,7 +408,7 @@
 		valid_atom[i].parser(&used_atom[at], arg);
 	if (*atom == '*')
 		need_tagged = 1;
-	if (!strcmp(used_atom[at].name, "symref"))
+	if (!strcmp(valid_atom[i].name, "symref"))
 		need_symref = 1;
 	return at;
 }
@@ -354,13 +469,14 @@
 	*stack = prev;
 }
 
-static void end_align_handler(struct ref_formatting_stack *stack)
+static void end_align_handler(struct ref_formatting_stack **stack)
 {
-	struct align *align = (struct align *)stack->at_end_data;
+	struct ref_formatting_stack *cur = *stack;
+	struct align *align = (struct align *)cur->at_end_data;
 	struct strbuf s = STRBUF_INIT;
 
-	strbuf_utf8_align(&s, align->position, align->width, stack->output.buf);
-	strbuf_swap(&stack->output, &s);
+	strbuf_utf8_align(&s, align->position, align->width, cur->output.buf);
+	strbuf_swap(&cur->output, &s);
 	strbuf_release(&s);
 }
 
@@ -371,7 +487,115 @@
 	push_stack_element(&state->stack);
 	new = state->stack;
 	new->at_end = end_align_handler;
-	new->at_end_data = &atomv->u.align;
+	new->at_end_data = &atomv->atom->u.align;
+}
+
+static void if_then_else_handler(struct ref_formatting_stack **stack)
+{
+	struct ref_formatting_stack *cur = *stack;
+	struct ref_formatting_stack *prev = cur->prev;
+	struct if_then_else *if_then_else = (struct if_then_else *)cur->at_end_data;
+
+	if (!if_then_else->then_atom_seen)
+		die(_("format: %%(if) atom used without a %%(then) atom"));
+
+	if (if_then_else->else_atom_seen) {
+		/*
+		 * There is an %(else) atom: we need to drop one state from the
+		 * stack, either the %(else) branch if the condition is satisfied, or
+		 * the %(then) branch if it isn't.
+		 */
+		if (if_then_else->condition_satisfied) {
+			strbuf_reset(&cur->output);
+			pop_stack_element(&cur);
+		} else {
+			strbuf_swap(&cur->output, &prev->output);
+			strbuf_reset(&cur->output);
+			pop_stack_element(&cur);
+		}
+	} else if (!if_then_else->condition_satisfied) {
+		/*
+		 * No %(else) atom: just drop the %(then) branch if the
+		 * condition is not satisfied.
+		 */
+		strbuf_reset(&cur->output);
+	}
+
+	*stack = cur;
+	free(if_then_else);
+}
+
+static void if_atom_handler(struct atom_value *atomv, struct ref_formatting_state *state)
+{
+	struct ref_formatting_stack *new;
+	struct if_then_else *if_then_else = xcalloc(sizeof(struct if_then_else), 1);
+
+	if_then_else->str = atomv->atom->u.if_then_else.str;
+	if_then_else->cmp_status = atomv->atom->u.if_then_else.cmp_status;
+
+	push_stack_element(&state->stack);
+	new = state->stack;
+	new->at_end = if_then_else_handler;
+	new->at_end_data = if_then_else;
+}
+
+static int is_empty(const char *s)
+{
+	while (*s != '\0') {
+		if (!isspace(*s))
+			return 0;
+		s++;
+	}
+	return 1;
+}
+
+static void then_atom_handler(struct atom_value *atomv, struct ref_formatting_state *state)
+{
+	struct ref_formatting_stack *cur = state->stack;
+	struct if_then_else *if_then_else = NULL;
+
+	if (cur->at_end == if_then_else_handler)
+		if_then_else = (struct if_then_else *)cur->at_end_data;
+	if (!if_then_else)
+		die(_("format: %%(then) atom used without an %%(if) atom"));
+	if (if_then_else->then_atom_seen)
+		die(_("format: %%(then) atom used more than once"));
+	if (if_then_else->else_atom_seen)
+		die(_("format: %%(then) atom used after %%(else)"));
+	if_then_else->then_atom_seen = 1;
+	/*
+	 * If the 'equals' or 'notequals' attribute is used then
+	 * perform the required comparison. If not, only non-empty
+	 * strings satisfy the 'if' condition.
+	 */
+	if (if_then_else->cmp_status == COMPARE_EQUAL) {
+		if (!strcmp(if_then_else->str, cur->output.buf))
+			if_then_else->condition_satisfied = 1;
+	} else if (if_then_else->cmp_status == COMPARE_UNEQUAL) {
+		if (strcmp(if_then_else->str, cur->output.buf))
+			if_then_else->condition_satisfied = 1;
+	} else if (cur->output.len && !is_empty(cur->output.buf))
+		if_then_else->condition_satisfied = 1;
+	strbuf_reset(&cur->output);
+}
+
+static void else_atom_handler(struct atom_value *atomv, struct ref_formatting_state *state)
+{
+	struct ref_formatting_stack *prev = state->stack;
+	struct if_then_else *if_then_else = NULL;
+
+	if (prev->at_end == if_then_else_handler)
+		if_then_else = (struct if_then_else *)prev->at_end_data;
+	if (!if_then_else)
+		die(_("format: %%(else) atom used without an %%(if) atom"));
+	if (!if_then_else->then_atom_seen)
+		die(_("format: %%(else) atom used without a %%(then) atom"));
+	if (if_then_else->else_atom_seen)
+		die(_("format: %%(else) atom used more than once"));
+	if_then_else->else_atom_seen = 1;
+	push_stack_element(&state->stack);
+	state->stack->at_end_data = prev->at_end_data;
+	state->stack->at_end = prev->at_end;
 }
 
 static void end_atom_handler(struct atom_value *atomv, struct ref_formatting_state *state)
@@ -381,14 +605,17 @@
 
 	if (!current->at_end)
 		die(_("format: %%(end) atom used without corresponding atom"));
-	current->at_end(current);
+	current->at_end(&state->stack);
+
+	/*  Stack may have been popped within at_end(), hence reset the current pointer */
+	current = state->stack;
 
 	/*
 	 * Perform quote formatting when the stack element is that of
 	 * a supporting atom. If nested then perform quote formatting
 	 * only on the topmost supporting atom.
 	 */
-	if (!state->stack->prev->prev) {
+	if (!current->prev->prev) {
 		quote_formatting(&s, current->output.buf, state->quote_style);
 		strbuf_swap(&current->output, &s);
 	}
@@ -465,12 +692,15 @@
 			   struct atom_value *v, struct used_atom *atom)
 {
 	if (starts_with(name, "objectname")) {
-		if (atom->u.objectname == O_SHORT) {
+		if (atom->u.objectname.option == O_SHORT) {
 			v->s = xstrdup(find_unique_abbrev(sha1, DEFAULT_ABBREV));
 			return 1;
-		} else if (atom->u.objectname == O_FULL) {
+		} else if (atom->u.objectname.option == O_FULL) {
 			v->s = xstrdup(sha1_to_hex(sha1));
 			return 1;
+		} else if (atom->u.objectname.option == O_LENGTH) {
+			v->s = xstrdup(find_unique_abbrev(sha1, atom->u.objectname.length));
+			return 1;
 		} else
 			die("BUG: unknown %%(objectname) option");
 	}
@@ -887,50 +1117,108 @@
 	return dst;
 }
 
-static const char *strip_ref_components(const char *refname, const char *nr_arg)
+static const char *lstrip_ref_components(const char *refname, int len)
 {
-	char *end;
-	long nr = strtol(nr_arg, &end, 10);
-	long remaining = nr;
+	long remaining = len;
 	const char *start = refname;
 
-	if (nr < 1 || *end != '\0')
-		die(_(":strip= requires a positive integer argument"));
+	if (len < 0) {
+		int i;
+		const char *p = refname;
 
-	while (remaining) {
+		/* Find total no of '/' separated path-components */
+		for (i = 0; p[i]; p[i] == '/' ? i++ : *p++)
+			;
+		/*
+		 * The number of components we need to strip is now
+		 * the total minus the components to be left (Plus one
+		 * because we count the number of '/', but the number
+		 * of components is one more than the no of '/').
+		 */
+		remaining = i + len + 1;
+	}
+
+	while (remaining > 0) {
 		switch (*start++) {
 		case '\0':
-			die(_("ref '%s' does not have %ld components to :strip"),
-			    refname, nr);
+			return "";
 		case '/':
 			remaining--;
 			break;
 		}
 	}
+
 	return start;
 }
 
+static const char *rstrip_ref_components(const char *refname, int len)
+{
+	long remaining = len;
+	char *start = xstrdup(refname);
+
+	if (len < 0) {
+		int i;
+		const char *p = refname;
+
+		/* Find total no of '/' separated path-components */
+		for (i = 0; p[i]; p[i] == '/' ? i++ : *p++)
+			;
+		/*
+		 * The number of components we need to strip is now
+		 * the total minus the components to be left (Plus one
+		 * because we count the number of '/', but the number
+		 * of components is one more than the no of '/').
+		 */
+		remaining = i + len + 1;
+	}
+
+	while (remaining-- > 0) {
+		char *p = strrchr(start, '/');
+		if (p == NULL)
+			return "";
+		else
+			p[0] = '\0';
+	}
+	return start;
+}
+
+static const char *show_ref(struct refname_atom *atom, const char *refname)
+{
+	if (atom->option == R_SHORT)
+		return shorten_unambiguous_ref(refname, warn_ambiguous_refs);
+	else if (atom->option == R_LSTRIP)
+		return lstrip_ref_components(refname, atom->lstrip);
+	else if (atom->option == R_RSTRIP)
+		return rstrip_ref_components(refname, atom->rstrip);
+	else
+		return refname;
+}
+
 static void fill_remote_ref_details(struct used_atom *atom, const char *refname,
 				    struct branch *branch, const char **s)
 {
 	int num_ours, num_theirs;
-	if (atom->u.remote_ref == RR_SHORTEN)
-		*s = shorten_unambiguous_ref(refname, warn_ambiguous_refs);
-	else if (atom->u.remote_ref == RR_TRACK) {
+	if (atom->u.remote_ref.option == RR_REF)
+		*s = show_ref(&atom->u.remote_ref.refname, refname);
+	else if (atom->u.remote_ref.option == RR_TRACK) {
 		if (stat_tracking_info(branch, &num_ours,
-				       &num_theirs, NULL))
-			return;
-
-		if (!num_ours && !num_theirs)
+				       &num_theirs, NULL)) {
+			*s = xstrdup(msgs.gone);
+		} else if (!num_ours && !num_theirs)
 			*s = "";
 		else if (!num_ours)
-			*s = xstrfmt("[behind %d]", num_theirs);
+			*s = xstrfmt(msgs.behind, num_theirs);
 		else if (!num_theirs)
-			*s = xstrfmt("[ahead %d]", num_ours);
+			*s = xstrfmt(msgs.ahead, num_ours);
 		else
-			*s = xstrfmt("[ahead %d, behind %d]",
+			*s = xstrfmt(msgs.ahead_behind,
 				     num_ours, num_theirs);
-	} else if (atom->u.remote_ref == RR_TRACKSHORT) {
+		if (!atom->u.remote_ref.nobracket && *s[0]) {
+			const char *to_free = *s;
+			*s = xstrfmt("[%s]", *s);
+			free((void *)to_free);
+		}
+	} else if (atom->u.remote_ref.option == RR_TRACKSHORT) {
 		if (stat_tracking_info(branch, &num_ours,
 				       &num_theirs, NULL))
 			return;
@@ -943,8 +1231,56 @@
 			*s = ">";
 		else
 			*s = "<>";
-	} else /* RR_NORMAL */
-		*s = refname;
+	} else
+		die("BUG: unhandled RR_* enum");
+}
+
+char *get_head_description(void)
+{
+	struct strbuf desc = STRBUF_INIT;
+	struct wt_status_state state;
+	memset(&state, 0, sizeof(state));
+	wt_status_get_state(&state, 1);
+	if (state.rebase_in_progress ||
+	    state.rebase_interactive_in_progress)
+		strbuf_addf(&desc, _("(no branch, rebasing %s)"),
+			    state.branch);
+	else if (state.bisect_in_progress)
+		strbuf_addf(&desc, _("(no branch, bisect started on %s)"),
+			    state.branch);
+	else if (state.detached_from) {
+		if (state.detached_at)
+			/* TRANSLATORS: make sure this matches
+			   "HEAD detached at " in wt-status.c */
+			strbuf_addf(&desc, _("(HEAD detached at %s)"),
+				state.detached_from);
+		else
+			/* TRANSLATORS: make sure this matches
+			   "HEAD detached from " in wt-status.c */
+			strbuf_addf(&desc, _("(HEAD detached from %s)"),
+				state.detached_from);
+	}
+	else
+		strbuf_addstr(&desc, _("(no branch)"));
+	free(state.branch);
+	free(state.onto);
+	free(state.detached_from);
+	return strbuf_detach(&desc, NULL);
+}
+
+static const char *get_symref(struct used_atom *atom, struct ref_array_item *ref)
+{
+	if (!ref->symref)
+		return "";
+	else
+		return show_ref(&atom->u.refname, ref->symref);
+}
+
+static const char *get_refname(struct used_atom *atom, struct ref_array_item *ref)
+{
+	if (ref->kind & FILTER_REFS_DETACHED_HEAD)
+		return get_head_description();
+	return show_ref(&atom->u.refname, ref->refname);
 }
 
 /*
@@ -975,10 +1311,10 @@
 		struct atom_value *v = &ref->value[i];
 		int deref = 0;
 		const char *refname;
-		const char *formatp;
 		struct branch *branch = NULL;
 
 		v->handler = append_atom;
+		v->atom = atom;
 
 		if (*name == '*') {
 			deref = 1;
@@ -986,9 +1322,9 @@
 		}
 
 		if (starts_with(name, "refname"))
-			refname = ref->refname;
+			refname = get_refname(atom, ref);
 		else if (starts_with(name, "symref"))
-			refname = ref->symref ? ref->symref : "";
+			refname = get_symref(atom, ref);
 		else if (starts_with(name, "upstream")) {
 			const char *branch_name;
 			/* only local branches may have an upstream */
@@ -1043,30 +1379,27 @@
 				v->s = " ";
 			continue;
 		} else if (starts_with(name, "align")) {
-			v->u.align = atom->u.align;
 			v->handler = align_atom_handler;
 			continue;
 		} else if (!strcmp(name, "end")) {
 			v->handler = end_atom_handler;
 			continue;
+		} else if (starts_with(name, "if")) {
+			const char *s;
+
+			if (skip_prefix(name, "if:", &s))
+				v->s = xstrdup(s);
+			v->handler = if_atom_handler;
+			continue;
+		} else if (!strcmp(name, "then")) {
+			v->handler = then_atom_handler;
+			continue;
+		} else if (!strcmp(name, "else")) {
+			v->handler = else_atom_handler;
+			continue;
 		} else
 			continue;
 
-		formatp = strchr(name, ':');
-		if (formatp) {
-			const char *arg;
-
-			formatp++;
-			if (!strcmp(formatp, "short"))
-				refname = shorten_unambiguous_ref(refname,
-						      warn_ambiguous_refs);
-			else if (skip_prefix(formatp, "strip=", &arg))
-				refname = strip_ref_components(refname, arg);
-			else
-				die(_("unknown %.*s format %s"),
-				    (int)(formatp - name), name, formatp);
-		}
-
 		if (!deref)
 			v->s = refname;
 		else
@@ -1635,10 +1968,10 @@
 	}
 }
 
-void show_ref_array_item(struct ref_array_item *info, const char *format, int quote_style)
+void format_ref_array_item(struct ref_array_item *info, const char *format,
+			   int quote_style, struct strbuf *final_buf)
 {
 	const char *cp, *sp, *ep;
-	struct strbuf *final_buf;
 	struct ref_formatting_state state = REF_FORMATTING_STATE_INIT;
 
 	state.quote_style = quote_style;
@@ -1668,9 +2001,17 @@
 	}
 	if (state.stack->prev)
 		die(_("format: %%(end) atom missing"));
-	final_buf = &state.stack->output;
-	fwrite(final_buf->buf, 1, final_buf->len, stdout);
+	strbuf_addbuf(final_buf, &state.stack->output);
 	pop_stack_element(&state.stack);
+}
+
+void show_ref_array_item(struct ref_array_item *info, const char *format, int quote_style)
+{
+	struct strbuf final_buf = STRBUF_INIT;
+
+	format_ref_array_item(info, format, quote_style, &final_buf);
+	fwrite(final_buf.buf, 1, final_buf.len, stdout);
+	strbuf_release(&final_buf);
 	putchar('\n');
 }
 
diff --git a/ref-filter.h b/ref-filter.h
index 7b05592..154e24c 100644
--- a/ref-filter.h
+++ b/ref-filter.h
@@ -100,6 +100,9 @@
 int verify_ref_format(const char *format);
 /*  Sort the given ref_array as per the ref_sorting provided */
 void ref_array_sort(struct ref_sorting *sort, struct ref_array *array);
+/*  Based on the given format and quote_style, fill the strbuf */
+void format_ref_array_item(struct ref_array_item *info, const char *format,
+			   int quote_style, struct strbuf *final_buf);
 /*  Print the ref using the given format and quote_style */
 void show_ref_array_item(struct ref_array_item *info, const char *format, int quote_style);
 /*  Callback function for parsing the sort option */
@@ -108,6 +111,10 @@
 struct ref_sorting *ref_default_sorting(void);
 /*  Function to parse --merged and --no-merged options */
 int parse_opt_merge_filter(const struct option *opt, const char *arg, int unset);
+/*  Get the current HEAD's description */
+char *get_head_description(void);
+/*  Set up translated strings in the output. */
+void setup_ref_filter_porcelain_msg(void);
 
 /*
  * Print a single ref, outside of any ref-filter. Note that the
diff --git a/refs.c b/refs.c
index cd36b64..b0d5894 100644
--- a/refs.c
+++ b/refs.c
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@
  */
 
 #include "cache.h"
+#include "hashmap.h"
 #include "lockfile.h"
 #include "refs.h"
 #include "refs/refs-internal.h"
@@ -404,7 +405,7 @@
 static char *substitute_branch_name(const char **string, int *len)
 {
 	struct strbuf buf = STRBUF_INIT;
-	int ret = interpret_branch_name(*string, *len, &buf);
+	int ret = interpret_branch_name(*string, *len, &buf, 0);
 
 	if (ret == *len) {
 		size_t size;
@@ -591,8 +592,8 @@
 	return 0;
 }
 
-int delete_ref(const char *refname, const unsigned char *old_sha1,
-	       unsigned int flags)
+int delete_ref(const char *msg, const char *refname,
+	       const unsigned char *old_sha1, unsigned int flags)
 {
 	struct ref_transaction *transaction;
 	struct strbuf err = STRBUF_INIT;
@@ -603,7 +604,7 @@
 	transaction = ref_transaction_begin(&err);
 	if (!transaction ||
 	    ref_transaction_delete(transaction, refname, old_sha1,
-				   flags, NULL, &err) ||
+				   flags, msg, &err) ||
 	    ref_transaction_commit(transaction, &err)) {
 		error("%s", err.buf);
 		ref_transaction_free(transaction);
@@ -1034,10 +1035,10 @@
 
 int parse_hide_refs_config(const char *var, const char *value, const char *section)
 {
+	const char *key;
 	if (!strcmp("transfer.hiderefs", var) ||
-	    /* NEEDSWORK: use parse_config_key() once both are merged */
-	    (starts_with(var, section) && var[strlen(section)] == '.' &&
-	     !strcmp(var + strlen(section), ".hiderefs"))) {
+	    (!parse_config_key(var, section, NULL, NULL, &key) &&
+	     !strcmp(key, "hiderefs"))) {
 		char *ref;
 		int len;
 
@@ -1234,10 +1235,10 @@
 }
 
 /* This function needs to return a meaningful errno on failure */
-static const char *resolve_ref_recursively(struct ref_store *refs,
-					   const char *refname,
-					   int resolve_flags,
-					   unsigned char *sha1, int *flags)
+const char *resolve_ref_recursively(struct ref_store *refs,
+				    const char *refname,
+				    int resolve_flags,
+				    unsigned char *sha1, int *flags)
 {
 	static struct strbuf sb_refname = STRBUF_INIT;
 	int unused_flags;
@@ -1357,62 +1358,102 @@
 	return 0;
 }
 
+struct submodule_hash_entry
+{
+	struct hashmap_entry ent; /* must be the first member! */
+
+	struct ref_store *refs;
+
+	/* NUL-terminated name of submodule: */
+	char submodule[FLEX_ARRAY];
+};
+
+static int submodule_hash_cmp(const void *entry, const void *entry_or_key,
+			      const void *keydata)
+{
+	const struct submodule_hash_entry *e1 = entry, *e2 = entry_or_key;
+	const char *submodule = keydata ? keydata : e2->submodule;
+
+	return strcmp(e1->submodule, submodule);
+}
+
+static struct submodule_hash_entry *alloc_submodule_hash_entry(
+		const char *submodule, struct ref_store *refs)
+{
+	struct submodule_hash_entry *entry;
+
+	FLEX_ALLOC_STR(entry, submodule, submodule);
+	hashmap_entry_init(entry, strhash(submodule));
+	entry->refs = refs;
+	return entry;
+}
+
 /* A pointer to the ref_store for the main repository: */
 static struct ref_store *main_ref_store;
 
-/* A linked list of ref_stores for submodules: */
-static struct ref_store *submodule_ref_stores;
+/* A hashmap of ref_stores, stored by submodule name: */
+static struct hashmap submodule_ref_stores;
 
-void base_ref_store_init(struct ref_store *refs,
-			 const struct ref_storage_be *be,
-			 const char *submodule)
+/*
+ * Return the ref_store instance for the specified submodule (or the
+ * main repository if submodule is NULL). If that ref_store hasn't
+ * been initialized yet, return NULL.
+ */
+static struct ref_store *lookup_ref_store(const char *submodule)
 {
-	refs->be = be;
+	struct submodule_hash_entry *entry;
+
+	if (!submodule)
+		return main_ref_store;
+
+	if (!submodule_ref_stores.tablesize)
+		/* It's initialized on demand in register_ref_store(). */
+		return NULL;
+
+	entry = hashmap_get_from_hash(&submodule_ref_stores,
+				      strhash(submodule), submodule);
+	return entry ? entry->refs : NULL;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Register the specified ref_store to be the one that should be used
+ * for submodule (or the main repository if submodule is NULL). It is
+ * a fatal error to call this function twice for the same submodule.
+ */
+static void register_ref_store(struct ref_store *refs, const char *submodule)
+{
 	if (!submodule) {
 		if (main_ref_store)
 			die("BUG: main_ref_store initialized twice");
 
-		refs->submodule = "";
-		refs->next = NULL;
 		main_ref_store = refs;
 	} else {
-		if (lookup_ref_store(submodule))
+		if (!submodule_ref_stores.tablesize)
+			hashmap_init(&submodule_ref_stores, submodule_hash_cmp, 0);
+
+		if (hashmap_put(&submodule_ref_stores,
+				alloc_submodule_hash_entry(submodule, refs)))
 			die("BUG: ref_store for submodule '%s' initialized twice",
 			    submodule);
-
-		refs->submodule = xstrdup(submodule);
-		refs->next = submodule_ref_stores;
-		submodule_ref_stores = refs;
 	}
 }
 
-struct ref_store *ref_store_init(const char *submodule)
+/*
+ * Create, record, and return a ref_store instance for the specified
+ * submodule (or the main repository if submodule is NULL).
+ */
+static struct ref_store *ref_store_init(const char *submodule)
 {
 	const char *be_name = "files";
 	struct ref_storage_be *be = find_ref_storage_backend(be_name);
+	struct ref_store *refs;
 
 	if (!be)
 		die("BUG: reference backend %s is unknown", be_name);
 
-	if (!submodule || !*submodule)
-		return be->init(NULL);
-	else
-		return be->init(submodule);
-}
-
-struct ref_store *lookup_ref_store(const char *submodule)
-{
-	struct ref_store *refs;
-
-	if (!submodule || !*submodule)
-		return main_ref_store;
-
-	for (refs = submodule_ref_stores; refs; refs = refs->next) {
-		if (!strcmp(submodule, refs->submodule))
-			return refs;
-	}
-
-	return NULL;
+	refs = be->init(submodule);
+	register_ref_store(refs, submodule);
+	return refs;
 }
 
 struct ref_store *get_ref_store(const char *submodule)
@@ -1440,10 +1481,10 @@
 	return refs;
 }
 
-void assert_main_repository(struct ref_store *refs, const char *caller)
+void base_ref_store_init(struct ref_store *refs,
+			 const struct ref_storage_be *be)
 {
-	if (*refs->submodule)
-		die("BUG: %s called for a submodule", caller);
+	refs->be = be;
 }
 
 /* backend functions */
diff --git a/refs.h b/refs.h
index 9fbff90..e529f4c 100644
--- a/refs.h
+++ b/refs.h
@@ -276,8 +276,8 @@
  * exists, regardless of its old value. It is an error for old_sha1 to
  * be NULL_SHA1. flags is passed through to ref_transaction_delete().
  */
-int delete_ref(const char *refname, const unsigned char *old_sha1,
-	       unsigned int flags);
+int delete_ref(const char *msg, const char *refname,
+	       const unsigned char *old_sha1, unsigned int flags);
 
 /*
  * Delete the specified references. If there are any problems, emit
@@ -334,7 +334,8 @@
  * $GIT_DIR points to.
  * Return 0 if successful, non-zero otherwise.
  * */
-int set_worktree_head_symref(const char *gitdir, const char *target);
+int set_worktree_head_symref(const char *gitdir, const char *target,
+			     const char *logmsg);
 
 enum action_on_err {
 	UPDATE_REFS_MSG_ON_ERR,
diff --git a/refs/files-backend.c b/refs/files-backend.c
index c041d4b..b42df14 100644
--- a/refs/files-backend.c
+++ b/refs/files-backend.c
@@ -912,6 +912,14 @@
  */
 struct files_ref_store {
 	struct ref_store base;
+
+	/*
+	 * The name of the submodule represented by this object, or
+	 * NULL if it represents the main repository's reference
+	 * store:
+	 */
+	const char *submodule;
+
 	struct ref_entry *loose;
 	struct packed_ref_cache *packed;
 };
@@ -972,12 +980,25 @@
 	struct files_ref_store *refs = xcalloc(1, sizeof(*refs));
 	struct ref_store *ref_store = (struct ref_store *)refs;
 
-	base_ref_store_init(ref_store, &refs_be_files, submodule);
+	base_ref_store_init(ref_store, &refs_be_files);
+
+	refs->submodule = xstrdup_or_null(submodule);
 
 	return ref_store;
 }
 
 /*
+ * Die if refs is for a submodule (i.e., not for the main repository).
+ * caller is used in any necessary error messages.
+ */
+static void files_assert_main_repository(struct files_ref_store *refs,
+					 const char *caller)
+{
+	if (refs->submodule)
+		die("BUG: %s called for a submodule", caller);
+}
+
+/*
  * Downcast ref_store to files_ref_store. Die if ref_store is not a
  * files_ref_store. If submodule_allowed is not true, then also die if
  * files_ref_store is for a submodule (i.e., not for the main
@@ -987,14 +1008,18 @@
 		struct ref_store *ref_store, int submodule_allowed,
 		const char *caller)
 {
+	struct files_ref_store *refs;
+
 	if (ref_store->be != &refs_be_files)
 		die("BUG: ref_store is type \"%s\" not \"files\" in %s",
 		    ref_store->be->name, caller);
 
-	if (!submodule_allowed)
-		assert_main_repository(ref_store, caller);
+	refs = (struct files_ref_store *)ref_store;
 
-	return (struct files_ref_store *)ref_store;
+	if (!submodule_allowed)
+		files_assert_main_repository(refs, caller);
+
+	return refs;
 }
 
 /* The length of a peeled reference line in packed-refs, including EOL: */
@@ -1133,8 +1158,8 @@
 {
 	char *packed_refs_file;
 
-	if (*refs->base.submodule)
-		packed_refs_file = git_pathdup_submodule(refs->base.submodule,
+	if (refs->submodule)
+		packed_refs_file = git_pathdup_submodule(refs->submodule,
 							 "packed-refs");
 	else
 		packed_refs_file = git_pathdup("packed-refs");
@@ -1203,8 +1228,8 @@
 	size_t path_baselen;
 	int err = 0;
 
-	if (*refs->base.submodule)
-		err = strbuf_git_path_submodule(&path, refs->base.submodule, "%s", dirname);
+	if (refs->submodule)
+		err = strbuf_git_path_submodule(&path, refs->submodule, "%s", dirname);
 	else
 		strbuf_git_path(&path, "%s", dirname);
 	path_baselen = path.len;
@@ -1242,20 +1267,10 @@
 					 create_dir_entry(refs, refname.buf,
 							  refname.len, 1));
 		} else {
-			int read_ok;
-
-			if (*refs->base.submodule) {
-				hashclr(sha1);
-				flag = 0;
-				read_ok = !resolve_gitlink_ref(refs->base.submodule,
-							       refname.buf, sha1);
-			} else {
-				read_ok = !read_ref_full(refname.buf,
-							 RESOLVE_REF_READING,
-							 sha1, &flag);
-			}
-
-			if (!read_ok) {
+			if (!resolve_ref_recursively(&refs->base,
+						     refname.buf,
+						     RESOLVE_REF_READING,
+						     sha1, &flag)) {
 				hashclr(sha1);
 				flag |= REF_ISBROKEN;
 			} else if (is_null_sha1(sha1)) {
@@ -1358,8 +1373,8 @@
 	*type = 0;
 	strbuf_reset(&sb_path);
 
-	if (*refs->base.submodule)
-		strbuf_git_path_submodule(&sb_path, refs->base.submodule, "%s", refname);
+	if (refs->submodule)
+		strbuf_git_path_submodule(&sb_path, refs->submodule, "%s", refname);
 	else
 		strbuf_git_path(&sb_path, "%s", refname);
 
@@ -1540,7 +1555,7 @@
 	int ret = TRANSACTION_GENERIC_ERROR;
 
 	assert(err);
-	assert_main_repository(&refs->base, "lock_raw_ref");
+	files_assert_main_repository(refs, "lock_raw_ref");
 
 	*type = 0;
 
@@ -1985,6 +2000,13 @@
 	return remove_dir_recursively(path, REMOVE_DIR_EMPTY_ONLY);
 }
 
+static int create_reflock(const char *path, void *cb)
+{
+	struct lock_file *lk = cb;
+
+	return hold_lock_file_for_update(lk, path, LOCK_NO_DEREF) < 0 ? -1 : 0;
+}
+
 /*
  * Locks a ref returning the lock on success and NULL on failure.
  * On failure errno is set to something meaningful.
@@ -2000,13 +2022,11 @@
 	struct strbuf ref_file = STRBUF_INIT;
 	struct ref_lock *lock;
 	int last_errno = 0;
-	int lflags = LOCK_NO_DEREF;
 	int mustexist = (old_sha1 && !is_null_sha1(old_sha1));
 	int resolve_flags = RESOLVE_REF_NO_RECURSE;
-	int attempts_remaining = 3;
 	int resolved;
 
-	assert_main_repository(&refs->base, "lock_ref_sha1_basic");
+	files_assert_main_repository(refs, "lock_ref_sha1_basic");
 	assert(err);
 
 	lock = xcalloc(1, sizeof(struct ref_lock));
@@ -2068,35 +2088,12 @@
 
 	lock->ref_name = xstrdup(refname);
 
- retry:
-	switch (safe_create_leading_directories_const(ref_file.buf)) {
-	case SCLD_OK:
-		break; /* success */
-	case SCLD_VANISHED:
-		if (--attempts_remaining > 0)
-			goto retry;
-		/* fall through */
-	default:
+	if (raceproof_create_file(ref_file.buf, create_reflock, lock->lk)) {
 		last_errno = errno;
-		strbuf_addf(err, "unable to create directory for '%s'",
-			    ref_file.buf);
+		unable_to_lock_message(ref_file.buf, errno, err);
 		goto error_return;
 	}
 
-	if (hold_lock_file_for_update(lock->lk, ref_file.buf, lflags) < 0) {
-		last_errno = errno;
-		if (errno == ENOENT && --attempts_remaining > 0)
-			/*
-			 * Maybe somebody just deleted one of the
-			 * directories leading to ref_file.  Try
-			 * again:
-			 */
-			goto retry;
-		else {
-			unable_to_lock_message(ref_file.buf, errno, err);
-			goto error_return;
-		}
-	}
 	if (verify_lock(lock, old_sha1, mustexist, err)) {
 		last_errno = errno;
 		goto error_return;
@@ -2152,7 +2149,7 @@
 	static int timeout_value = 1000;
 	struct packed_ref_cache *packed_ref_cache;
 
-	assert_main_repository(&refs->base, "lock_packed_refs");
+	files_assert_main_repository(refs, "lock_packed_refs");
 
 	if (!timeout_configured) {
 		git_config_get_int("core.packedrefstimeout", &timeout_value);
@@ -2190,7 +2187,7 @@
 	int save_errno = 0;
 	FILE *out;
 
-	assert_main_repository(&refs->base, "commit_packed_refs");
+	files_assert_main_repository(refs, "commit_packed_refs");
 
 	if (!packed_ref_cache->lock)
 		die("internal error: packed-refs not locked");
@@ -2223,7 +2220,7 @@
 	struct packed_ref_cache *packed_ref_cache =
 		get_packed_ref_cache(refs);
 
-	assert_main_repository(&refs->base, "rollback_packed_refs");
+	files_assert_main_repository(refs, "rollback_packed_refs");
 
 	if (!packed_ref_cache->lock)
 		die("internal error: packed-refs not locked");
@@ -2298,15 +2295,25 @@
 	return 0;
 }
 
+enum {
+	REMOVE_EMPTY_PARENTS_REF = 0x01,
+	REMOVE_EMPTY_PARENTS_REFLOG = 0x02
+};
+
 /*
- * Remove empty parents, but spare refs/ and immediate subdirs.
- * Note: munges *name.
+ * Remove empty parent directories associated with the specified
+ * reference and/or its reflog, but spare [logs/]refs/ and immediate
+ * subdirs. flags is a combination of REMOVE_EMPTY_PARENTS_REF and/or
+ * REMOVE_EMPTY_PARENTS_REFLOG.
  */
-static void try_remove_empty_parents(char *name)
+static void try_remove_empty_parents(const char *refname, unsigned int flags)
 {
+	struct strbuf buf = STRBUF_INIT;
 	char *p, *q;
 	int i;
-	p = name;
+
+	strbuf_addstr(&buf, refname);
+	p = buf.buf;
 	for (i = 0; i < 2; i++) { /* refs/{heads,tags,...}/ */
 		while (*p && *p != '/')
 			p++;
@@ -2314,19 +2321,23 @@
 		while (*p == '/')
 			p++;
 	}
-	for (q = p; *q; q++)
-		;
-	while (1) {
+	q = buf.buf + buf.len;
+	while (flags & (REMOVE_EMPTY_PARENTS_REF | REMOVE_EMPTY_PARENTS_REFLOG)) {
 		while (q > p && *q != '/')
 			q--;
 		while (q > p && *(q-1) == '/')
 			q--;
 		if (q == p)
 			break;
-		*q = '\0';
-		if (rmdir(git_path("%s", name)))
-			break;
+		strbuf_setlen(&buf, q - buf.buf);
+		if ((flags & REMOVE_EMPTY_PARENTS_REF) &&
+		    rmdir(git_path("%s", buf.buf)))
+			flags &= ~REMOVE_EMPTY_PARENTS_REF;
+		if ((flags & REMOVE_EMPTY_PARENTS_REFLOG) &&
+		    rmdir(git_path("logs/%s", buf.buf)))
+			flags &= ~REMOVE_EMPTY_PARENTS_REFLOG;
 	}
+	strbuf_release(&buf);
 }
 
 /* make sure nobody touched the ref, and unlink */
@@ -2350,7 +2361,6 @@
 	}
 	ref_transaction_free(transaction);
 	strbuf_release(&err);
-	try_remove_empty_parents(r->name);
 }
 
 static void prune_refs(struct ref_to_prune *r)
@@ -2397,7 +2407,7 @@
 	struct string_list_item *refname;
 	int ret, needs_repacking = 0, removed = 0;
 
-	assert_main_repository(&refs->base, "repack_without_refs");
+	files_assert_main_repository(refs, "repack_without_refs");
 	assert(err);
 
 	/* Look for a packed ref */
@@ -2439,24 +2449,6 @@
 	return ret;
 }
 
-static int delete_ref_loose(struct ref_lock *lock, int flag, struct strbuf *err)
-{
-	assert(err);
-
-	if (!(flag & REF_ISPACKED) || flag & REF_ISSYMREF) {
-		/*
-		 * loose.  The loose file name is the same as the
-		 * lockfile name, minus ".lock":
-		 */
-		char *loose_filename = get_locked_file_path(lock->lk);
-		int res = unlink_or_msg(loose_filename, err);
-		free(loose_filename);
-		if (res)
-			return 1;
-	}
-	return 0;
-}
-
 static int files_delete_refs(struct ref_store *ref_store,
 			     struct string_list *refnames, unsigned int flags)
 {
@@ -2489,7 +2481,7 @@
 	for (i = 0; i < refnames->nr; i++) {
 		const char *refname = refnames->items[i].string;
 
-		if (delete_ref(refname, NULL, flags))
+		if (delete_ref(NULL, refname, NULL, flags))
 			result |= error(_("could not remove reference %s"), refname);
 	}
 
@@ -2507,55 +2499,43 @@
  */
 #define TMP_RENAMED_LOG  "logs/refs/.tmp-renamed-log"
 
+static int rename_tmp_log_callback(const char *path, void *cb)
+{
+	int *true_errno = cb;
+
+	if (rename(git_path(TMP_RENAMED_LOG), path)) {
+		/*
+		 * rename(a, b) when b is an existing directory ought
+		 * to result in ISDIR, but Solaris 5.8 gives ENOTDIR.
+		 * Sheesh. Record the true errno for error reporting,
+		 * but report EISDIR to raceproof_create_file() so
+		 * that it knows to retry.
+		 */
+		*true_errno = errno;
+		if (errno == ENOTDIR)
+			errno = EISDIR;
+		return -1;
+	} else {
+		return 0;
+	}
+}
+
 static int rename_tmp_log(const char *newrefname)
 {
-	int attempts_remaining = 4;
-	struct strbuf path = STRBUF_INIT;
-	int ret = -1;
+	char *path = git_pathdup("logs/%s", newrefname);
+	int ret, true_errno;
 
- retry:
-	strbuf_reset(&path);
-	strbuf_git_path(&path, "logs/%s", newrefname);
-	switch (safe_create_leading_directories_const(path.buf)) {
-	case SCLD_OK:
-		break; /* success */
-	case SCLD_VANISHED:
-		if (--attempts_remaining > 0)
-			goto retry;
-		/* fall through */
-	default:
-		error("unable to create directory for %s", newrefname);
-		goto out;
+	ret = raceproof_create_file(path, rename_tmp_log_callback, &true_errno);
+	if (ret) {
+		if (errno == EISDIR)
+			error("directory not empty: %s", path);
+		else
+			error("unable to move logfile %s to %s: %s",
+			      git_path(TMP_RENAMED_LOG), path,
+			      strerror(true_errno));
 	}
 
-	if (rename(git_path(TMP_RENAMED_LOG), path.buf)) {
-		if ((errno==EISDIR || errno==ENOTDIR) && --attempts_remaining > 0) {
-			/*
-			 * rename(a, b) when b is an existing
-			 * directory ought to result in ISDIR, but
-			 * Solaris 5.8 gives ENOTDIR.  Sheesh.
-			 */
-			if (remove_empty_directories(&path)) {
-				error("Directory not empty: logs/%s", newrefname);
-				goto out;
-			}
-			goto retry;
-		} else if (errno == ENOENT && --attempts_remaining > 0) {
-			/*
-			 * Maybe another process just deleted one of
-			 * the directories in the path to newrefname.
-			 * Try again from the beginning.
-			 */
-			goto retry;
-		} else {
-			error("unable to move logfile "TMP_RENAMED_LOG" to logs/%s: %s",
-				newrefname, strerror(errno));
-			goto out;
-		}
-	}
-	ret = 0;
-out:
-	strbuf_release(&path);
+	free(path);
 	return ret;
 }
 
@@ -2616,7 +2596,7 @@
 		return error("unable to move logfile logs/%s to "TMP_RENAMED_LOG": %s",
 			oldrefname, strerror(errno));
 
-	if (delete_ref(oldrefname, orig_sha1, REF_NODEREF)) {
+	if (delete_ref(logmsg, oldrefname, orig_sha1, REF_NODEREF)) {
 		error("unable to delete old %s", oldrefname);
 		goto rollback;
 	}
@@ -2630,8 +2610,8 @@
 	 */
 	if (!read_ref_full(newrefname, RESOLVE_REF_READING | RESOLVE_REF_NO_RECURSE,
 			   sha1, NULL) &&
-	    delete_ref(newrefname, NULL, REF_NODEREF)) {
-		if (errno==EISDIR) {
+	    delete_ref(NULL, newrefname, NULL, REF_NODEREF)) {
+		if (errno == EISDIR) {
 			struct strbuf path = STRBUF_INIT;
 			int result;
 
@@ -2740,66 +2720,89 @@
 	return 0;
 }
 
-/*
- * Create a reflog for a ref.  If force_create = 0, the reflog will
- * only be created for certain refs (those for which
- * should_autocreate_reflog returns non-zero.  Otherwise, create it
- * regardless of the ref name.  Fill in *err and return -1 on failure.
- */
-static int log_ref_setup(const char *refname, struct strbuf *logfile, struct strbuf *err, int force_create)
+static int open_or_create_logfile(const char *path, void *cb)
 {
-	int logfd, oflags = O_APPEND | O_WRONLY;
+	int *fd = cb;
 
-	strbuf_git_path(logfile, "logs/%s", refname);
-	if (force_create || should_autocreate_reflog(refname)) {
-		if (safe_create_leading_directories(logfile->buf) < 0) {
-			strbuf_addf(err, "unable to create directory for '%s': "
-				    "%s", logfile->buf, strerror(errno));
-			return -1;
-		}
-		oflags |= O_CREAT;
-	}
-
-	logfd = open(logfile->buf, oflags, 0666);
-	if (logfd < 0) {
-		if (!(oflags & O_CREAT) && (errno == ENOENT || errno == EISDIR))
-			return 0;
-
-		if (errno == EISDIR) {
-			if (remove_empty_directories(logfile)) {
-				strbuf_addf(err, "there are still logs under "
-					    "'%s'", logfile->buf);
-				return -1;
-			}
-			logfd = open(logfile->buf, oflags, 0666);
-		}
-
-		if (logfd < 0) {
-			strbuf_addf(err, "unable to append to '%s': %s",
-				    logfile->buf, strerror(errno));
-			return -1;
-		}
-	}
-
-	adjust_shared_perm(logfile->buf);
-	close(logfd);
-	return 0;
+	*fd = open(path, O_APPEND | O_WRONLY | O_CREAT, 0666);
+	return (*fd < 0) ? -1 : 0;
 }
 
+/*
+ * Create a reflog for a ref. If force_create = 0, only create the
+ * reflog for certain refs (those for which should_autocreate_reflog
+ * returns non-zero). Otherwise, create it regardless of the reference
+ * name. If the logfile already existed or was created, return 0 and
+ * set *logfd to the file descriptor opened for appending to the file.
+ * If no logfile exists and we decided not to create one, return 0 and
+ * set *logfd to -1. On failure, fill in *err, set *logfd to -1, and
+ * return -1.
+ */
+static int log_ref_setup(const char *refname, int force_create,
+			 int *logfd, struct strbuf *err)
+{
+	char *logfile = git_pathdup("logs/%s", refname);
+
+	if (force_create || should_autocreate_reflog(refname)) {
+		if (raceproof_create_file(logfile, open_or_create_logfile, logfd)) {
+			if (errno == ENOENT)
+				strbuf_addf(err, "unable to create directory for '%s': "
+					    "%s", logfile, strerror(errno));
+			else if (errno == EISDIR)
+				strbuf_addf(err, "there are still logs under '%s'",
+					    logfile);
+			else
+				strbuf_addf(err, "unable to append to '%s': %s",
+					    logfile, strerror(errno));
+
+			goto error;
+		}
+	} else {
+		*logfd = open(logfile, O_APPEND | O_WRONLY, 0666);
+		if (*logfd < 0) {
+			if (errno == ENOENT || errno == EISDIR) {
+				/*
+				 * The logfile doesn't already exist,
+				 * but that is not an error; it only
+				 * means that we won't write log
+				 * entries to it.
+				 */
+				;
+			} else {
+				strbuf_addf(err, "unable to append to '%s': %s",
+					    logfile, strerror(errno));
+				goto error;
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	if (*logfd >= 0)
+		adjust_shared_perm(logfile);
+
+	free(logfile);
+	return 0;
+
+error:
+	free(logfile);
+	return -1;
+}
 
 static int files_create_reflog(struct ref_store *ref_store,
 			       const char *refname, int force_create,
 			       struct strbuf *err)
 {
-	int ret;
-	struct strbuf sb = STRBUF_INIT;
+	int fd;
 
 	/* Check validity (but we don't need the result): */
 	files_downcast(ref_store, 0, "create_reflog");
 
-	ret = log_ref_setup(refname, &sb, err, force_create);
-	strbuf_release(&sb);
-	return ret;
+	if (log_ref_setup(refname, force_create, &fd, err))
+		return -1;
+
+	if (fd >= 0)
+		close(fd);
+
+	return 0;
 }
 
 static int log_ref_write_fd(int fd, const unsigned char *old_sha1,
@@ -2828,59 +2831,43 @@
 	return 0;
 }
 
-static int log_ref_write_1(const char *refname, const unsigned char *old_sha1,
-			   const unsigned char *new_sha1, const char *msg,
-			   struct strbuf *logfile, int flags,
-			   struct strbuf *err)
+int files_log_ref_write(const char *refname, const unsigned char *old_sha1,
+			const unsigned char *new_sha1, const char *msg,
+			int flags, struct strbuf *err)
 {
-	int logfd, result, oflags = O_APPEND | O_WRONLY;
+	int logfd, result;
 
 	if (log_all_ref_updates == LOG_REFS_UNSET)
 		log_all_ref_updates = is_bare_repository() ? LOG_REFS_NONE : LOG_REFS_NORMAL;
 
-	result = log_ref_setup(refname, logfile, err, flags & REF_FORCE_CREATE_REFLOG);
+	result = log_ref_setup(refname, flags & REF_FORCE_CREATE_REFLOG,
+			       &logfd, err);
 
 	if (result)
 		return result;
 
-	logfd = open(logfile->buf, oflags);
 	if (logfd < 0)
 		return 0;
 	result = log_ref_write_fd(logfd, old_sha1, new_sha1,
 				  git_committer_info(0), msg);
 	if (result) {
-		strbuf_addf(err, "unable to append to '%s': %s", logfile->buf,
-			    strerror(errno));
+		int save_errno = errno;
+
+		strbuf_addf(err, "unable to append to '%s': %s",
+			    git_path("logs/%s", refname), strerror(save_errno));
 		close(logfd);
 		return -1;
 	}
 	if (close(logfd)) {
-		strbuf_addf(err, "unable to append to '%s': %s", logfile->buf,
-			    strerror(errno));
+		int save_errno = errno;
+
+		strbuf_addf(err, "unable to append to '%s': %s",
+			    git_path("logs/%s", refname), strerror(save_errno));
 		return -1;
 	}
 	return 0;
 }
 
-static int log_ref_write(const char *refname, const unsigned char *old_sha1,
-			 const unsigned char *new_sha1, const char *msg,
-			 int flags, struct strbuf *err)
-{
-	return files_log_ref_write(refname, old_sha1, new_sha1, msg, flags,
-				   err);
-}
-
-int files_log_ref_write(const char *refname, const unsigned char *old_sha1,
-			const unsigned char *new_sha1, const char *msg,
-			int flags, struct strbuf *err)
-{
-	struct strbuf sb = STRBUF_INIT;
-	int ret = log_ref_write_1(refname, old_sha1, new_sha1, msg, &sb, flags,
-				  err);
-	strbuf_release(&sb);
-	return ret;
-}
-
 /*
  * Write sha1 into the open lockfile, then close the lockfile. On
  * errors, rollback the lockfile, fill in *err and
@@ -2930,10 +2917,11 @@
 			     const unsigned char *sha1, const char *logmsg,
 			     struct strbuf *err)
 {
-	assert_main_repository(&refs->base, "commit_ref_update");
+	files_assert_main_repository(refs, "commit_ref_update");
 
 	clear_loose_ref_cache(refs);
-	if (log_ref_write(lock->ref_name, lock->old_oid.hash, sha1, logmsg, 0, err)) {
+	if (files_log_ref_write(lock->ref_name, lock->old_oid.hash, sha1,
+				logmsg, 0, err)) {
 		char *old_msg = strbuf_detach(err, NULL);
 		strbuf_addf(err, "cannot update the ref '%s': %s",
 			    lock->ref_name, old_msg);
@@ -2964,7 +2952,7 @@
 		if (head_ref && (head_flag & REF_ISSYMREF) &&
 		    !strcmp(head_ref, lock->ref_name)) {
 			struct strbuf log_err = STRBUF_INIT;
-			if (log_ref_write("HEAD", lock->old_oid.hash, sha1,
+			if (files_log_ref_write("HEAD", lock->old_oid.hash, sha1,
 					  logmsg, 0, &log_err)) {
 				error("%s", log_err.buf);
 				strbuf_release(&log_err);
@@ -3003,7 +2991,8 @@
 	struct strbuf err = STRBUF_INIT;
 	unsigned char new_sha1[20];
 	if (logmsg && !read_ref(target, new_sha1) &&
-	    log_ref_write(refname, lock->old_oid.hash, new_sha1, logmsg, 0, &err)) {
+	    files_log_ref_write(refname, lock->old_oid.hash, new_sha1,
+				logmsg, 0, &err)) {
 		error("%s", err.buf);
 		strbuf_release(&err);
 	}
@@ -3055,7 +3044,7 @@
 	return ret;
 }
 
-int set_worktree_head_symref(const char *gitdir, const char *target)
+int set_worktree_head_symref(const char *gitdir, const char *target, const char *logmsg)
 {
 	static struct lock_file head_lock;
 	struct ref_lock *lock;
@@ -3083,7 +3072,7 @@
 	lock->lk = &head_lock;
 	lock->ref_name = xstrdup(head_rel);
 
-	ret = create_symref_locked(lock, head_rel, target, NULL);
+	ret = create_symref_locked(lock, head_rel, target, logmsg);
 
 	unlock_ref(lock); /* will free lock */
 	strbuf_release(&head_path);
@@ -3560,7 +3549,7 @@
 	int ret;
 	struct ref_lock *lock;
 
-	assert_main_repository(&refs->base, "lock_ref_for_update");
+	files_assert_main_repository(refs, "lock_ref_for_update");
 
 	if ((update->flags & REF_HAVE_NEW) && is_null_sha1(update->new_sha1))
 		update->flags |= REF_DELETING;
@@ -3778,9 +3767,11 @@
 
 		if (update->flags & REF_NEEDS_COMMIT ||
 		    update->flags & REF_LOG_ONLY) {
-			if (log_ref_write(lock->ref_name, lock->old_oid.hash,
-					  update->new_sha1,
-					  update->msg, update->flags, err)) {
+			if (files_log_ref_write(lock->ref_name,
+						lock->old_oid.hash,
+						update->new_sha1,
+						update->msg, update->flags,
+						err)) {
 				char *old_msg = strbuf_detach(err, NULL);
 
 				strbuf_addf(err, "cannot update the ref '%s': %s",
@@ -3810,9 +3801,14 @@
 
 		if (update->flags & REF_DELETING &&
 		    !(update->flags & REF_LOG_ONLY)) {
-			if (delete_ref_loose(lock, update->type, err)) {
-				ret = TRANSACTION_GENERIC_ERROR;
-				goto cleanup;
+			if (!(update->type & REF_ISPACKED) ||
+			    update->type & REF_ISSYMREF) {
+				/* It is a loose reference. */
+				if (unlink_or_msg(git_path("%s", lock->ref_name), err)) {
+					ret = TRANSACTION_GENERIC_ERROR;
+					goto cleanup;
+				}
+				update->flags |= REF_DELETED_LOOSE;
 			}
 
 			if (!(update->flags & REF_ISPRUNING))
@@ -3825,16 +3821,38 @@
 		ret = TRANSACTION_GENERIC_ERROR;
 		goto cleanup;
 	}
-	for_each_string_list_item(ref_to_delete, &refs_to_delete)
-		unlink_or_warn(git_path("logs/%s", ref_to_delete->string));
+
+	/* Delete the reflogs of any references that were deleted: */
+	for_each_string_list_item(ref_to_delete, &refs_to_delete) {
+		if (!unlink_or_warn(git_path("logs/%s", ref_to_delete->string)))
+			try_remove_empty_parents(ref_to_delete->string,
+						 REMOVE_EMPTY_PARENTS_REFLOG);
+	}
+
 	clear_loose_ref_cache(refs);
 
 cleanup:
 	transaction->state = REF_TRANSACTION_CLOSED;
 
-	for (i = 0; i < transaction->nr; i++)
-		if (transaction->updates[i]->backend_data)
-			unlock_ref(transaction->updates[i]->backend_data);
+	for (i = 0; i < transaction->nr; i++) {
+		struct ref_update *update = transaction->updates[i];
+		struct ref_lock *lock = update->backend_data;
+
+		if (lock)
+			unlock_ref(lock);
+
+		if (update->flags & REF_DELETED_LOOSE) {
+			/*
+			 * The loose reference was deleted. Delete any
+			 * empty parent directories. (Note that this
+			 * can only work because we have already
+			 * removed the lockfile.)
+			 */
+			try_remove_empty_parents(update->refname,
+						 REMOVE_EMPTY_PARENTS_REF);
+		}
+	}
+
 	string_list_clear(&refs_to_delete, 0);
 	free(head_ref);
 	string_list_clear(&affected_refnames, 0);
diff --git a/refs/refs-internal.h b/refs/refs-internal.h
index 25444cf..fa93c9a 100644
--- a/refs/refs-internal.h
+++ b/refs/refs-internal.h
@@ -56,17 +56,24 @@
 #define REF_UPDATE_VIA_HEAD 0x100
 
 /*
+ * Used as a flag in ref_update::flags when the loose reference has
+ * been deleted.
+ */
+#define REF_DELETED_LOOSE 0x200
+
+/*
  * Return true iff refname is minimally safe. "Safe" here means that
  * deleting a loose reference by this name will not do any damage, for
  * example by causing a file that is not a reference to be deleted.
  * This function does not check that the reference name is legal; for
  * that, use check_refname_format().
  *
- * We consider a refname that starts with "refs/" to be safe as long
- * as any ".." components that it might contain do not escape "refs/".
- * Names that do not start with "refs/" are considered safe iff they
- * consist entirely of upper case characters and '_' (like "HEAD" and
- * "MERGE_HEAD" but not "config" or "FOO/BAR").
+ * A refname that starts with "refs/" is considered safe iff it
+ * doesn't contain any "." or ".." components or consecutive '/'
+ * characters, end with '/', or (on Windows) contain any '\'
+ * characters. Names that do not start with "refs/" are considered
+ * safe iff they consist entirely of upper case characters and '_'
+ * (like "HEAD" and "MERGE_HEAD" but not "config" or "FOO/BAR").
  */
 int refname_is_safe(const char *refname);
 
@@ -155,8 +162,9 @@
 
 	/*
 	 * One or more of REF_HAVE_NEW, REF_HAVE_OLD, REF_NODEREF,
-	 * REF_DELETING, REF_ISPRUNING, REF_LOG_ONLY, and
-	 * REF_UPDATE_VIA_HEAD:
+	 * REF_DELETING, REF_ISPRUNING, REF_LOG_ONLY,
+	 * REF_UPDATE_VIA_HEAD, REF_NEEDS_COMMIT, and
+	 * REF_DELETED_LOOSE:
 	 */
 	unsigned int flags;
 
@@ -627,47 +635,14 @@
 struct ref_store {
 	/* The backend describing this ref_store's storage scheme: */
 	const struct ref_storage_be *be;
-
-	/*
-	 * The name of the submodule represented by this object, or
-	 * the empty string if it represents the main repository's
-	 * reference store:
-	 */
-	const char *submodule;
-
-	/*
-	 * Submodule reference store instances are stored in a linked
-	 * list using this pointer.
-	 */
-	struct ref_store *next;
 };
 
 /*
- * Fill in the generic part of refs for the specified submodule and
- * add it to our collection of reference stores.
+ * Fill in the generic part of refs and add it to our collection of
+ * reference stores.
  */
 void base_ref_store_init(struct ref_store *refs,
-			 const struct ref_storage_be *be,
-			 const char *submodule);
-
-/*
- * Create, record, and return a ref_store instance for the specified
- * submodule (or the main repository if submodule is NULL).
- *
- * For backwards compatibility, submodule=="" is treated the same as
- * submodule==NULL.
- */
-struct ref_store *ref_store_init(const char *submodule);
-
-/*
- * Return the ref_store instance for the specified submodule (or the
- * main repository if submodule is NULL). If that ref_store hasn't
- * been initialized yet, return NULL.
- *
- * For backwards compatibility, submodule=="" is treated the same as
- * submodule==NULL.
- */
-struct ref_store *lookup_ref_store(const char *submodule);
+			 const struct ref_storage_be *be);
 
 /*
  * Return the ref_store instance for the specified submodule. For the
@@ -681,10 +656,9 @@
  */
 struct ref_store *get_ref_store(const char *submodule);
 
-/*
- * Die if refs is for a submodule (i.e., not for the main repository).
- * caller is used in any necessary error messages.
- */
-void assert_main_repository(struct ref_store *refs, const char *caller);
+const char *resolve_ref_recursively(struct ref_store *refs,
+				    const char *refname,
+				    int resolve_flags,
+				    unsigned char *sha1, int *flags);
 
 #endif /* REFS_REFS_INTERNAL_H */
diff --git a/remote.c b/remote.c
index bf1bf23..9f83fe2 100644
--- a/remote.c
+++ b/remote.c
@@ -693,7 +693,7 @@
 		name = get_default(current_branch, &name_given);
 
 	ret = make_remote(name, 0);
-	if (valid_remote_nick(name)) {
+	if (valid_remote_nick(name) && have_git_dir()) {
 		if (!valid_remote(ret))
 			read_remotes_file(ret);
 		if (!valid_remote(ret))
diff --git a/remote.h b/remote.h
index a5bbbe0..dd8c517 100644
--- a/remote.h
+++ b/remote.h
@@ -89,8 +89,13 @@
 		force:1,
 		forced_update:1,
 		expect_old_sha1:1,
-		deletion:1,
-		matched:1;
+		deletion:1;
+
+	enum {
+		REF_NOT_MATCHED = 0, /* initial value */
+		REF_MATCHED,
+		REF_UNADVERTISED_NOT_ALLOWED
+	} match_status;
 
 	/*
 	 * Order is important here, as we write to FETCH_HEAD
diff --git a/revision.c b/revision.c
index b37dbec..771d079 100644
--- a/revision.c
+++ b/revision.c
@@ -147,7 +147,7 @@
 		revs->no_walk = 0;
 	if (revs->reflog_info && obj->type == OBJ_COMMIT) {
 		struct strbuf buf = STRBUF_INIT;
-		int len = interpret_branch_name(name, 0, &buf);
+		int len = interpret_branch_name(name, 0, &buf, 0);
 		int st;
 
 		if (0 < len && name[len] && buf.len)
diff --git a/setup.c b/setup.c
index 967f289..8f64fbd 100644
--- a/setup.c
+++ b/setup.c
@@ -254,7 +254,7 @@
 		if (!is_absolute_path(data.buf))
 			strbuf_addf(&path, "%s/", gitdir);
 		strbuf_addbuf(&path, &data);
-		strbuf_addstr(sb, real_path(path.buf));
+		strbuf_add_real_path(sb, path.buf);
 		ret = 1;
 	} else {
 		strbuf_addstr(sb, gitdir);
@@ -698,7 +698,7 @@
 	/* --work-tree is set without --git-dir; use discovered one */
 	if (getenv(GIT_WORK_TREE_ENVIRONMENT) || git_work_tree_cfg) {
 		if (offset != cwd->len && !is_absolute_path(gitdir))
-			gitdir = real_pathdup(gitdir);
+			gitdir = real_pathdup(gitdir, 1);
 		if (chdir(cwd->buf))
 			die_errno("Could not come back to cwd");
 		return setup_explicit_git_dir(gitdir, cwd, nongit_ok);
@@ -806,7 +806,7 @@
 		/* Keep entry but do not canonicalize it */
 		return 1;
 	} else {
-		char *real_path = real_pathdup(ceil);
+		char *real_path = real_pathdup(ceil, 0);
 		if (!real_path) {
 			return 0;
 		}
diff --git a/sha1_file.c b/sha1_file.c
index ec957db..2ee3c61 100644
--- a/sha1_file.c
+++ b/sha1_file.c
@@ -129,8 +129,10 @@
 		*slash = '\0';
 		if (!stat(path, &st)) {
 			/* path exists */
-			if (!S_ISDIR(st.st_mode))
+			if (!S_ISDIR(st.st_mode)) {
+				errno = ENOTDIR;
 				ret = SCLD_EXISTS;
+			}
 		} else if (mkdir(path, 0777)) {
 			if (errno == EEXIST &&
 			    !stat(path, &st) && S_ISDIR(st.st_mode))
@@ -158,13 +160,85 @@
 
 enum scld_error safe_create_leading_directories_const(const char *path)
 {
+	int save_errno;
 	/* path points to cache entries, so xstrdup before messing with it */
 	char *buf = xstrdup(path);
 	enum scld_error result = safe_create_leading_directories(buf);
+
+	save_errno = errno;
 	free(buf);
+	errno = save_errno;
 	return result;
 }
 
+int raceproof_create_file(const char *path, create_file_fn fn, void *cb)
+{
+	/*
+	 * The number of times we will try to remove empty directories
+	 * in the way of path. This is only 1 because if another
+	 * process is racily creating directories that conflict with
+	 * us, we don't want to fight against them.
+	 */
+	int remove_directories_remaining = 1;
+
+	/*
+	 * The number of times that we will try to create the
+	 * directories containing path. We are willing to attempt this
+	 * more than once, because another process could be trying to
+	 * clean up empty directories at the same time as we are
+	 * trying to create them.
+	 */
+	int create_directories_remaining = 3;
+
+	/* A scratch copy of path, filled lazily if we need it: */
+	struct strbuf path_copy = STRBUF_INIT;
+
+	int ret, save_errno;
+
+	/* Sanity check: */
+	assert(*path);
+
+retry_fn:
+	ret = fn(path, cb);
+	save_errno = errno;
+	if (!ret)
+		goto out;
+
+	if (errno == EISDIR && remove_directories_remaining-- > 0) {
+		/*
+		 * A directory is in the way. Maybe it is empty; try
+		 * to remove it:
+		 */
+		if (!path_copy.len)
+			strbuf_addstr(&path_copy, path);
+
+		if (!remove_dir_recursively(&path_copy, REMOVE_DIR_EMPTY_ONLY))
+			goto retry_fn;
+	} else if (errno == ENOENT && create_directories_remaining-- > 0) {
+		/*
+		 * Maybe the containing directory didn't exist, or
+		 * maybe it was just deleted by a process that is
+		 * racing with us to clean up empty directories. Try
+		 * to create it:
+		 */
+		enum scld_error scld_result;
+
+		if (!path_copy.len)
+			strbuf_addstr(&path_copy, path);
+
+		do {
+			scld_result = safe_create_leading_directories(path_copy.buf);
+			if (scld_result == SCLD_OK)
+				goto retry_fn;
+		} while (scld_result == SCLD_VANISHED && create_directories_remaining-- > 0);
+	}
+
+out:
+	strbuf_release(&path_copy);
+	errno = save_errno;
+	return ret;
+}
+
 static void fill_sha1_path(struct strbuf *buf, const unsigned char *sha1)
 {
 	int i;
@@ -2532,6 +2606,7 @@
 	while (delta_stack_nr) {
 		void *delta_data;
 		void *base = data;
+		void *external_base = NULL;
 		unsigned long delta_size, base_size = size;
 		int i;
 
@@ -2558,6 +2633,7 @@
 				      p->pack_name);
 				mark_bad_packed_object(p, base_sha1);
 				base = read_object(base_sha1, &type, &base_size);
+				external_base = base;
 			}
 		}
 
@@ -2576,6 +2652,7 @@
 			      "at offset %"PRIuMAX" from %s",
 			      (uintmax_t)curpos, p->pack_name);
 			data = NULL;
+			free(external_base);
 			continue;
 		}
 
@@ -2595,6 +2672,7 @@
 			error("failed to apply delta");
 
 		free(delta_data);
+		free(external_base);
 	}
 
 	*final_type = type;
diff --git a/sha1_name.c b/sha1_name.c
index 73a915f..26ceec1 100644
--- a/sha1_name.c
+++ b/sha1_name.c
@@ -1176,7 +1176,8 @@
 	return 1;
 }
 
-static int reinterpret(const char *name, int namelen, int len, struct strbuf *buf)
+static int reinterpret(const char *name, int namelen, int len,
+		       struct strbuf *buf, unsigned allowed)
 {
 	/* we have extra data, which might need further processing */
 	struct strbuf tmp = STRBUF_INIT;
@@ -1184,7 +1185,7 @@
 	int ret;
 
 	strbuf_add(buf, name + len, namelen - len);
-	ret = interpret_branch_name(buf->buf, buf->len, &tmp);
+	ret = interpret_branch_name(buf->buf, buf->len, &tmp, allowed);
 	/* that data was not interpreted, remove our cruft */
 	if (ret < 0) {
 		strbuf_setlen(buf, used);
@@ -1205,11 +1206,27 @@
 	free(s);
 }
 
+static int branch_interpret_allowed(const char *refname, unsigned allowed)
+{
+	if (!allowed)
+		return 1;
+
+	if ((allowed & INTERPRET_BRANCH_LOCAL) &&
+	    starts_with(refname, "refs/heads/"))
+		return 1;
+	if ((allowed & INTERPRET_BRANCH_REMOTE) &&
+	    starts_with(refname, "refs/remotes/"))
+		return 1;
+
+	return 0;
+}
+
 static int interpret_branch_mark(const char *name, int namelen,
 				 int at, struct strbuf *buf,
 				 int (*get_mark)(const char *, int),
 				 const char *(*get_data)(struct branch *,
-							 struct strbuf *))
+							 struct strbuf *),
+				 unsigned allowed)
 {
 	int len;
 	struct branch *branch;
@@ -1234,64 +1251,55 @@
 	if (!value)
 		die("%s", err.buf);
 
+	if (!branch_interpret_allowed(value, allowed))
+		return -1;
+
 	set_shortened_ref(buf, value);
 	return len + at;
 }
 
-/*
- * This reads short-hand syntax that not only evaluates to a commit
- * object name, but also can act as if the end user spelled the name
- * of the branch from the command line.
- *
- * - "@{-N}" finds the name of the Nth previous branch we were on, and
- *   places the name of the branch in the given buf and returns the
- *   number of characters parsed if successful.
- *
- * - "<branch>@{upstream}" finds the name of the other ref that
- *   <branch> is configured to merge with (missing <branch> defaults
- *   to the current branch), and places the name of the branch in the
- *   given buf and returns the number of characters parsed if
- *   successful.
- *
- * If the input is not of the accepted format, it returns a negative
- * number to signal an error.
- *
- * If the input was ok but there are not N branch switches in the
- * reflog, it returns 0.
- */
-int interpret_branch_name(const char *name, int namelen, struct strbuf *buf)
+int interpret_branch_name(const char *name, int namelen, struct strbuf *buf,
+			  unsigned allowed)
 {
 	char *at;
 	const char *start;
-	int len = interpret_nth_prior_checkout(name, namelen, buf);
+	int len;
 
 	if (!namelen)
 		namelen = strlen(name);
 
-	if (!len) {
-		return len; /* syntax Ok, not enough switches */
-	} else if (len > 0) {
-		if (len == namelen)
-			return len; /* consumed all */
-		else
-			return reinterpret(name, namelen, len, buf);
+	if (!allowed || (allowed & INTERPRET_BRANCH_LOCAL)) {
+		len = interpret_nth_prior_checkout(name, namelen, buf);
+		if (!len) {
+			return len; /* syntax Ok, not enough switches */
+		} else if (len > 0) {
+			if (len == namelen)
+				return len; /* consumed all */
+			else
+				return reinterpret(name, namelen, len, buf, allowed);
+		}
 	}
 
 	for (start = name;
 	     (at = memchr(start, '@', namelen - (start - name)));
 	     start = at + 1) {
 
-		len = interpret_empty_at(name, namelen, at - name, buf);
-		if (len > 0)
-			return reinterpret(name, namelen, len, buf);
+		if (!allowed || (allowed & INTERPRET_BRANCH_HEAD)) {
+			len = interpret_empty_at(name, namelen, at - name, buf);
+			if (len > 0)
+				return reinterpret(name, namelen, len, buf,
+						   allowed);
+		}
 
 		len = interpret_branch_mark(name, namelen, at - name, buf,
-					    upstream_mark, branch_get_upstream);
+					    upstream_mark, branch_get_upstream,
+					    allowed);
 		if (len > 0)
 			return len;
 
 		len = interpret_branch_mark(name, namelen, at - name, buf,
-					    push_mark, branch_get_push);
+					    push_mark, branch_get_push,
+					    allowed);
 		if (len > 0)
 			return len;
 	}
@@ -1299,22 +1307,19 @@
 	return -1;
 }
 
-int strbuf_branchname(struct strbuf *sb, const char *name)
+void strbuf_branchname(struct strbuf *sb, const char *name, unsigned allowed)
 {
 	int len = strlen(name);
-	int used = interpret_branch_name(name, len, sb);
+	int used = interpret_branch_name(name, len, sb, allowed);
 
-	if (used == len)
-		return 0;
 	if (used < 0)
 		used = 0;
 	strbuf_add(sb, name + used, len - used);
-	return len;
 }
 
 int strbuf_check_branch_ref(struct strbuf *sb, const char *name)
 {
-	strbuf_branchname(sb, name);
+	strbuf_branchname(sb, name, INTERPRET_BRANCH_LOCAL);
 	if (name[0] == '-')
 		return -1;
 	strbuf_splice(sb, 0, 0, "refs/heads/", 11);
diff --git a/strbuf.c b/strbuf.c
index 8fec657..ace58e7 100644
--- a/strbuf.c
+++ b/strbuf.c
@@ -707,6 +707,17 @@
 	strbuf_addstr(sb, path);
 }
 
+void strbuf_add_real_path(struct strbuf *sb, const char *path)
+{
+	if (sb->len) {
+		struct strbuf resolved = STRBUF_INIT;
+		strbuf_realpath(&resolved, path, 1);
+		strbuf_addbuf(sb, &resolved);
+		strbuf_release(&resolved);
+	} else
+		strbuf_realpath(sb, path, 1);
+}
+
 int printf_ln(const char *fmt, ...)
 {
 	int ret;
diff --git a/strbuf.h b/strbuf.h
index cf1b540..80047b1 100644
--- a/strbuf.h
+++ b/strbuf.h
@@ -441,6 +441,20 @@
  */
 extern void strbuf_add_absolute_path(struct strbuf *sb, const char *path);
 
+/**
+ * Canonize `path` (make it absolute, resolve symlinks, remove extra
+ * slashes) and append it to `sb`.  Die with an informative error
+ * message if there is a problem.
+ *
+ * The directory part of `path` (i.e., everything up to the last
+ * dir_sep) must denote a valid, existing directory, but the last
+ * component need not exist.
+ *
+ * Callers that don't mind links should use the more lightweight
+ * strbuf_add_absolute_path() instead.
+ */
+extern void strbuf_add_real_path(struct strbuf *sb, const char *path);
+
 
 /**
  * Normalize in-place the path contained in the strbuf. See
@@ -560,7 +574,26 @@
 	strbuf_complete(sb, '\n');
 }
 
-extern int strbuf_branchname(struct strbuf *sb, const char *name);
+/*
+ * Copy "name" to "sb", expanding any special @-marks as handled by
+ * interpret_branch_name(). The result is a non-qualified branch name
+ * (so "foo" or "origin/master" instead of "refs/heads/foo" or
+ * "refs/remotes/origin/master").
+ *
+ * Note that the resulting name may not be a syntactically valid refname.
+ *
+ * If "allowed" is non-zero, restrict the set of allowed expansions. See
+ * interpret_branch_name() for details.
+ */
+extern void strbuf_branchname(struct strbuf *sb, const char *name,
+			      unsigned allowed);
+
+/*
+ * Like strbuf_branchname() above, but confirm that the result is
+ * syntactically valid to be used as a local branch name in refs/heads/.
+ *
+ * The return value is "0" if the result is valid, and "-1" otherwise.
+ */
 extern int strbuf_check_branch_ref(struct strbuf *sb, const char *name);
 
 extern void strbuf_addstr_urlencode(struct strbuf *, const char *,
diff --git a/submodule.c b/submodule.c
index 3b98766..0a2831d 100644
--- a/submodule.c
+++ b/submodule.c
@@ -1403,7 +1403,7 @@
 		/* If it is an actual gitfile, it doesn't need migration. */
 		return;
 
-	real_old_git_dir = real_pathdup(old_git_dir);
+	real_old_git_dir = real_pathdup(old_git_dir, 1);
 
 	sub = submodule_from_path(null_sha1, path);
 	if (!sub)
@@ -1412,7 +1412,7 @@
 	new_git_dir = git_path("modules/%s", sub->name);
 	if (safe_create_leading_directories_const(new_git_dir) < 0)
 		die(_("could not create directory '%s'"), new_git_dir);
-	real_new_git_dir = real_pathdup(new_git_dir);
+	real_new_git_dir = real_pathdup(new_git_dir, 1);
 
 	if (!prefix)
 		prefix = get_super_prefix();
@@ -1472,14 +1472,14 @@
 		new_git_dir = git_path("modules/%s", sub->name);
 		if (safe_create_leading_directories_const(new_git_dir) < 0)
 			die(_("could not create directory '%s'"), new_git_dir);
-		real_new_git_dir = real_pathdup(new_git_dir);
+		real_new_git_dir = real_pathdup(new_git_dir, 1);
 		connect_work_tree_and_git_dir(path, real_new_git_dir);
 
 		free(real_new_git_dir);
 	} else {
 		/* Is it already absorbed into the superprojects git dir? */
-		char *real_sub_git_dir = real_pathdup(sub_git_dir);
-		char *real_common_git_dir = real_pathdup(get_git_common_dir());
+		char *real_sub_git_dir = real_pathdup(sub_git_dir, 1);
+		char *real_common_git_dir = real_pathdup(get_git_common_dir(), 1);
 
 		if (!starts_with(real_sub_git_dir, real_common_git_dir))
 			relocate_single_git_dir_into_superproject(prefix, path);
diff --git a/t/gitweb-lib.sh b/t/gitweb-lib.sh
index d5dab5a..006d2a8 100644
--- a/t/gitweb-lib.sh
+++ b/t/gitweb-lib.sh
@@ -110,7 +110,12 @@
 }
 
 perl -MCGI -MCGI::Util -MCGI::Carp -e 0 >/dev/null 2>&1 || {
-	skip_all='skipping gitweb tests, CGI module unusable'
+	skip_all='skipping gitweb tests, CGI & CGI::Util & CGI::Carp modules not available'
+	test_done
+}
+
+perl -mTime::HiRes -e 0 >/dev/null 2>&1 || {
+	skip_all='skipping gitweb tests, Time::HiRes module not available'
 	test_done
 }
 
diff --git a/t/lib-httpd/apache.conf b/t/lib-httpd/apache.conf
index 69174c6..0642ae7 100644
--- a/t/lib-httpd/apache.conf
+++ b/t/lib-httpd/apache.conf
@@ -133,6 +133,15 @@
 RewriteRule ^/loop-redir/x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-(.*) /$1 [R=302]
 RewriteRule ^/loop-redir/(.*)$ /loop-redir/x-$1 [R=302]
 
+# redir-to/502/x?y -> really-redir-to?path=502/x&qs=y which returns 502
+# redir-to/x?y -> really-redir-to?path=x&qs=y -> x?y
+RewriteCond %{QUERY_STRING} ^(.*)$
+RewriteRule ^/redir-to/(.*)$ /really-redir-to?path=$1&qs=%1 [R=302]
+RewriteCond %{QUERY_STRING} ^path=502/(.*)&qs=(.*)$
+RewriteRule ^/really-redir-to$ - [R=502,L]
+RewriteCond %{QUERY_STRING} ^path=(.*)&qs=(.*)$
+RewriteRule ^/really-redir-to$ /%1?%2 [R=302]
+
 # The first rule issues a client-side redirect to something
 # that _doesn't_ look like a git repo. The second rule is a
 # server-side rewrite, so that it turns out the odd-looking
diff --git a/t/perf/p0001-rev-list.sh b/t/perf/p0001-rev-list.sh
index 16359d5..ebf1724 100755
--- a/t/perf/p0001-rev-list.sh
+++ b/t/perf/p0001-rev-list.sh
@@ -15,7 +15,8 @@
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'create new unreferenced commit' '
-	commit=$(git commit-tree HEAD^{tree} -p HEAD)
+	commit=$(git commit-tree HEAD^{tree} -p HEAD) &&
+	test_export commit
 '
 
 test_perf 'rev-list $commit --not --all' '
diff --git a/t/perf/p7000-filter-branch.sh b/t/perf/p7000-filter-branch.sh
index 15ee5d1..b029586 100755
--- a/t/perf/p7000-filter-branch.sh
+++ b/t/perf/p7000-filter-branch.sh
@@ -16,4 +16,9 @@
 	git filter-branch -f base..HEAD
 '
 
+test_perf 'noop prune-empty' '
+	git checkout --detach tip &&
+	git filter-branch -f --prune-empty base..HEAD
+'
+
 test_done
diff --git a/t/perf/perf-lib.sh b/t/perf/perf-lib.sh
index 46f08ee..ab4b8b0 100644
--- a/t/perf/perf-lib.sh
+++ b/t/perf/perf-lib.sh
@@ -83,7 +83,7 @@
 	error "bug in the test script: not 2 parameters to test-create-repo"
 	repo="$1"
 	source="$2"
-	source_git="$(git -C "$source" rev-parse --git-dir)"
+	source_git="$("$MODERN_GIT" -C "$source" rev-parse --git-dir)"
 	objects_dir="$("$MODERN_GIT" -C "$source" rev-parse --git-path objects)"
 	mkdir -p "$repo/.git"
 	(
@@ -102,7 +102,7 @@
 	) &&
 	(
 		cd "$repo" &&
-		git init -q && {
+		"$MODERN_GIT" init -q && {
 			test_have_prereq SYMLINKS ||
 			git config core.symlinks false
 		} &&
diff --git a/t/perf/run b/t/perf/run
index e8adeda..c788d71 100755
--- a/t/perf/run
+++ b/t/perf/run
@@ -63,6 +63,9 @@
 		unset GIT_TEST_INSTALLED
 	else
 		GIT_TEST_INSTALLED="$mydir/bin-wrappers"
+		# Older versions of git lacked bin-wrappers; fallback to the
+		# files in the root.
+		test -d "$GIT_TEST_INSTALLED" || GIT_TEST_INSTALLED=$mydir
 		export GIT_TEST_INSTALLED
 	fi
 	run_one_dir "$@"
diff --git a/t/t0003-attributes.sh b/t/t0003-attributes.sh
index f0fbb42..f19ae4f 100755
--- a/t/t0003-attributes.sh
+++ b/t/t0003-attributes.sh
@@ -13,10 +13,31 @@
 	test_line_count = 0 err
 }
 
+attr_check_quote () {
+
+	path="$1"
+	quoted_path="$2"
+	expect="$3"
+
+	git check-attr test -- "$path" >actual &&
+	echo "\"$quoted_path\": test: $expect" >expect &&
+	test_cmp expect actual
+
+}
+
+test_expect_success 'open-quoted pathname' '
+	echo "\"a test=a" >.gitattributes &&
+	test_must_fail attr_check a a
+'
+
+
 test_expect_success 'setup' '
 	mkdir -p a/b/d a/c b &&
 	(
 		echo "[attr]notest !test"
+		echo "\" d \"	test=d"
+		echo " e	test=e"
+		echo " e\"	test=e"
 		echo "f	test=f"
 		echo "a/i test=a/i"
 		echo "onoff test -test"
@@ -69,6 +90,11 @@
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'attribute test' '
+
+	attr_check " d " d &&
+	attr_check e e &&
+	attr_check_quote e\" e\\\" e &&
+
 	attr_check f f &&
 	attr_check a/f f &&
 	attr_check a/c/f f &&
diff --git a/t/t0100-previous.sh b/t/t0100-previous.sh
index e0a6940..58c0b7e 100755
--- a/t/t0100-previous.sh
+++ b/t/t0100-previous.sh
@@ -56,5 +56,13 @@
 	test_must_fail git merge @{-100}
 '
 
+test_expect_success 'log -g @{-1}' '
+	git checkout -b last_branch &&
+	git checkout -b new_branch &&
+	echo "last_branch@{0}" >expect &&
+	git log -g --format=%gd @{-1} >actual &&
+	test_cmp expect actual
+'
+
 test_done
 
diff --git a/t/t1300-repo-config.sh b/t/t1300-repo-config.sh
index 923bfc5..afcca0d 100755
--- a/t/t1300-repo-config.sh
+++ b/t/t1300-repo-config.sh
@@ -1097,6 +1097,68 @@
 	test_cmp expect actual
 '
 
+test_expect_success 'last one wins: two level vars' '
+
+	# sec.var and sec.VAR are the same variable, as the first
+	# and the last level of a configuration variable name is
+	# case insensitive.
+
+	echo VAL >expect &&
+
+	git -c sec.var=val -c sec.VAR=VAL config --get sec.var >actual &&
+	test_cmp expect actual &&
+	git -c SEC.var=val -c sec.var=VAL config --get sec.var >actual &&
+	test_cmp expect actual &&
+
+	git -c sec.var=val -c sec.VAR=VAL config --get SEC.var >actual &&
+	test_cmp expect actual &&
+	git -c SEC.var=val -c sec.var=VAL config --get sec.VAR >actual &&
+	test_cmp expect actual
+'
+
+test_expect_success 'last one wins: three level vars' '
+
+	# v.a.r and v.A.r are not the same variable, as the middle
+	# level of a three-level configuration variable name is
+	# case sensitive.
+
+	echo val >expect &&
+	git -c v.a.r=val -c v.A.r=VAL config --get v.a.r >actual &&
+	test_cmp expect actual &&
+	git -c v.a.r=val -c v.A.r=VAL config --get V.a.R >actual &&
+	test_cmp expect actual &&
+
+	# v.a.r and V.a.R are the same variable, as the first
+	# and the last level of a configuration variable name is
+	# case insensitive.
+
+	echo VAL >expect &&
+	git -c v.a.r=val -c v.a.R=VAL config --get v.a.r >actual &&
+	test_cmp expect actual &&
+	git -c v.a.r=val -c V.a.r=VAL config --get v.a.r >actual &&
+	test_cmp expect actual &&
+	git -c v.a.r=val -c v.a.R=VAL config --get V.a.R >actual &&
+	test_cmp expect actual &&
+	git -c v.a.r=val -c V.a.r=VAL config --get V.a.R >actual &&
+	test_cmp expect actual
+'
+
+for VAR in a .a a. a.0b a."b c". a."b c".0d
+do
+	test_expect_success "git -c $VAR=VAL rejects invalid '$VAR'" '
+		test_must_fail git -c "$VAR=VAL" config -l
+	'
+done
+
+for VAR in a.b a."b c".d
+do
+	test_expect_success "git -c $VAR=VAL works with valid '$VAR'" '
+		echo VAL >expect &&
+		git -c "$VAR=VAL" config --get "$VAR" >actual &&
+		test_cmp expect actual
+	'
+done
+
 test_expect_success 'git -c is not confused by empty environment' '
 	GIT_CONFIG_PARAMETERS="" git -c x.one=1 config --list
 '
@@ -1177,6 +1239,111 @@
 	test_cmp expect actual
 '
 
+test_expect_success 'urlmatch favors more specific URLs' '
+	cat >.git/config <<-\EOF &&
+	[http "https://example.com/"]
+		cookieFile = /tmp/root.txt
+	[http "https://example.com/subdirectory"]
+		cookieFile = /tmp/subdirectory.txt
+	[http "https://user@example.com/"]
+		cookieFile = /tmp/user.txt
+	[http "https://averylonguser@example.com/"]
+		cookieFile = /tmp/averylonguser.txt
+	[http "https://preceding.example.com"]
+		cookieFile = /tmp/preceding.txt
+	[http "https://*.example.com"]
+		cookieFile = /tmp/wildcard.txt
+	[http "https://*.example.com/wildcardwithsubdomain"]
+		cookieFile = /tmp/wildcardwithsubdomain.txt
+	[http "https://trailing.example.com"]
+		cookieFile = /tmp/trailing.txt
+	[http "https://user@*.example.com/"]
+		cookieFile = /tmp/wildcardwithuser.txt
+	[http "https://sub.example.com/"]
+		cookieFile = /tmp/sub.txt
+	EOF
+
+	echo http.cookiefile /tmp/root.txt >expect &&
+	git config --get-urlmatch HTTP https://example.com >actual &&
+	test_cmp expect actual &&
+
+	echo http.cookiefile /tmp/subdirectory.txt >expect &&
+	git config --get-urlmatch HTTP https://example.com/subdirectory >actual &&
+	test_cmp expect actual &&
+
+	echo http.cookiefile /tmp/subdirectory.txt >expect &&
+	git config --get-urlmatch HTTP https://example.com/subdirectory/nested >actual &&
+	test_cmp expect actual &&
+
+	echo http.cookiefile /tmp/user.txt >expect &&
+	git config --get-urlmatch HTTP https://user@example.com/ >actual &&
+	test_cmp expect actual &&
+
+	echo http.cookiefile /tmp/subdirectory.txt >expect &&
+	git config --get-urlmatch HTTP https://averylonguser@example.com/subdirectory >actual &&
+	test_cmp expect actual &&
+
+	echo http.cookiefile /tmp/preceding.txt >expect &&
+	git config --get-urlmatch HTTP https://preceding.example.com >actual &&
+	test_cmp expect actual &&
+
+	echo http.cookiefile /tmp/wildcard.txt >expect &&
+	git config --get-urlmatch HTTP https://wildcard.example.com >actual &&
+	test_cmp expect actual &&
+
+	echo http.cookiefile /tmp/sub.txt >expect &&
+	git config --get-urlmatch HTTP https://sub.example.com/wildcardwithsubdomain >actual &&
+	test_cmp expect actual &&
+
+	echo http.cookiefile /tmp/trailing.txt >expect &&
+	git config --get-urlmatch HTTP https://trailing.example.com >actual &&
+	test_cmp expect actual &&
+
+	echo http.cookiefile /tmp/sub.txt >expect &&
+	git config --get-urlmatch HTTP https://user@sub.example.com >actual &&
+	test_cmp expect actual
+'
+
+test_expect_success 'urlmatch with wildcard' '
+	cat >.git/config <<-\EOF &&
+	[http]
+		sslVerify
+	[http "https://*.example.com"]
+		sslVerify = false
+		cookieFile = /tmp/cookie.txt
+	EOF
+
+	test_expect_code 1 git config --bool --get-urlmatch doesnt.exist https://good.example.com >actual &&
+	test_must_be_empty actual &&
+
+	echo true >expect &&
+	git config --bool --get-urlmatch http.SSLverify https://example.com >actual &&
+	test_cmp expect actual &&
+
+	echo true >expect &&
+	git config --bool --get-urlmatch http.SSLverify https://good-example.com >actual &&
+	test_cmp expect actual &&
+
+	echo true >expect &&
+	git config --bool --get-urlmatch http.sslverify https://deep.nested.example.com >actual &&
+	test_cmp expect actual &&
+
+	echo false >expect &&
+	git config --bool --get-urlmatch http.sslverify https://good.example.com >actual &&
+	test_cmp expect actual &&
+
+	{
+		echo http.cookiefile /tmp/cookie.txt &&
+		echo http.sslverify false
+	} >expect &&
+	git config --get-urlmatch HTTP https://good.example.com >actual &&
+	test_cmp expect actual &&
+
+	echo http.sslverify >expect &&
+	git config --get-urlmatch HTTP https://more.example.com.au >actual &&
+	test_cmp expect actual
+'
+
 # good section hygiene
 test_expect_failure 'unsetting the last key in a section removes header' '
 	cat >.git/config <<-\EOF &&
diff --git a/t/t1400-update-ref.sh b/t/t1400-update-ref.sh
index b0ffc0b..8254223 100755
--- a/t/t1400-update-ref.sh
+++ b/t/t1400-update-ref.sh
@@ -85,6 +85,24 @@
 '
 rm -f .git/$m
 
+test_expect_success "deleting current branch adds message to HEAD's log" '
+	git update-ref $m $A &&
+	git symbolic-ref HEAD $m &&
+	git update-ref -m delete-$m -d $m &&
+	! test -f .git/$m &&
+	grep "delete-$m$" .git/logs/HEAD
+'
+rm -f .git/$m
+
+test_expect_success "deleting by HEAD adds message to HEAD's log" '
+	git update-ref $m $A &&
+	git symbolic-ref HEAD $m &&
+	git update-ref -m delete-by-head -d HEAD &&
+	! test -f .git/$m &&
+	grep "delete-by-head$" .git/logs/HEAD
+'
+rm -f .git/$m
+
 test_expect_success 'update-ref does not create reflogs by default' '
 	test_when_finished "git update-ref -d $outside" &&
 	git update-ref $outside $A &&
@@ -256,6 +274,33 @@
 	 git update-ref HEAD'" $A &&
 	 test $A"' = $(cat .git/'"$m"')'
 
+test_expect_success "empty directory removal" '
+	git branch d1/d2/r1 HEAD &&
+	git branch d1/r2 HEAD &&
+	test -f .git/refs/heads/d1/d2/r1 &&
+	test -f .git/logs/refs/heads/d1/d2/r1 &&
+	git branch -d d1/d2/r1 &&
+	! test -e .git/refs/heads/d1/d2 &&
+	! test -e .git/logs/refs/heads/d1/d2 &&
+	test -f .git/refs/heads/d1/r2 &&
+	test -f .git/logs/refs/heads/d1/r2
+'
+
+test_expect_success "symref empty directory removal" '
+	git branch e1/e2/r1 HEAD &&
+	git branch e1/r2 HEAD &&
+	git checkout e1/e2/r1 &&
+	test_when_finished "git checkout master" &&
+	test -f .git/refs/heads/e1/e2/r1 &&
+	test -f .git/logs/refs/heads/e1/e2/r1 &&
+	git update-ref -d HEAD &&
+	! test -e .git/refs/heads/e1/e2 &&
+	! test -e .git/logs/refs/heads/e1/e2 &&
+	test -f .git/refs/heads/e1/r2 &&
+	test -f .git/logs/refs/heads/e1/r2 &&
+	test -f .git/logs/HEAD
+'
+
 cat >expect <<EOF
 $Z $A $GIT_COMMITTER_NAME <$GIT_COMMITTER_EMAIL> 1117150200 +0000	Initial Creation
 $A $B $GIT_COMMITTER_NAME <$GIT_COMMITTER_EMAIL> 1117150260 +0000	Switch
diff --git a/t/t1500-rev-parse.sh b/t/t1500-rev-parse.sh
index 038e24c..9ed8b8c 100755
--- a/t/t1500-rev-parse.sh
+++ b/t/t1500-rev-parse.sh
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 test_description='test git rev-parse'
 . ./test-lib.sh
 
-# usage: [options] label is-bare is-inside-git is-inside-work prefix git-dir
+# usage: [options] label is-bare is-inside-git is-inside-work prefix git-dir absolute-git-dir
 test_rev_parse () {
 	d=
 	bare=
@@ -29,7 +29,8 @@
 		 --is-inside-git-dir \
 		 --is-inside-work-tree \
 		 --show-prefix \
-		 --git-dir
+		 --git-dir \
+		 --absolute-git-dir
 	do
 		test $# -eq 0 && break
 		expect="$1"
@@ -62,29 +63,57 @@
 	cp -R .git repo.git
 '
 
-test_rev_parse toplevel false false true '' .git
+test_rev_parse toplevel false false true '' .git "$ROOT/.git"
 
-test_rev_parse -C .git .git/ false true false '' .
-test_rev_parse -C .git/objects .git/objects/ false true false '' "$ROOT/.git"
+test_rev_parse -C .git .git/ false true false '' . "$ROOT/.git"
+test_rev_parse -C .git/objects .git/objects/ false true false '' "$ROOT/.git" "$ROOT/.git"
 
-test_rev_parse -C sub/dir subdirectory false false true sub/dir/ "$ROOT/.git"
+test_rev_parse -C sub/dir subdirectory false false true sub/dir/ "$ROOT/.git" "$ROOT/.git"
 
 test_rev_parse -b t 'core.bare = true' true false false
 
 test_rev_parse -b u 'core.bare undefined' false false true
 
 
-test_rev_parse -C work -g ../.git -b f 'GIT_DIR=../.git, core.bare = false' false false true ''
+test_rev_parse -C work -g ../.git -b f 'GIT_DIR=../.git, core.bare = false' false false true '' "../.git" "$ROOT/.git"
 
 test_rev_parse -C work -g ../.git -b t 'GIT_DIR=../.git, core.bare = true' true false false ''
 
 test_rev_parse -C work -g ../.git -b u 'GIT_DIR=../.git, core.bare undefined' false false true ''
 
 
-test_rev_parse -C work -g ../repo.git -b f 'GIT_DIR=../repo.git, core.bare = false' false false true ''
+test_rev_parse -C work -g ../repo.git -b f 'GIT_DIR=../repo.git, core.bare = false' false false true '' "../repo.git" "$ROOT/repo.git"
 
 test_rev_parse -C work -g ../repo.git -b t 'GIT_DIR=../repo.git, core.bare = true' true false false ''
 
 test_rev_parse -C work -g ../repo.git -b u 'GIT_DIR=../repo.git, core.bare undefined' false false true ''
 
+test_expect_success 'git-common-dir from worktree root' '
+	echo .git >expect &&
+	git rev-parse --git-common-dir >actual &&
+	test_cmp expect actual
+'
+
+test_expect_success 'git-common-dir inside sub-dir' '
+	mkdir -p path/to/child &&
+	test_when_finished "rm -rf path" &&
+	echo "$(git -C path/to/child rev-parse --show-cdup).git" >expect &&
+	git -C path/to/child rev-parse --git-common-dir >actual &&
+	test_cmp expect actual
+'
+
+test_expect_success 'git-path from worktree root' '
+	echo .git/objects >expect &&
+	git rev-parse --git-path objects >actual &&
+	test_cmp expect actual
+'
+
+test_expect_success 'git-path inside sub-dir' '
+	mkdir -p path/to/child &&
+	test_when_finished "rm -rf path" &&
+	echo "$(git -C path/to/child rev-parse --show-cdup).git/objects" >expect &&
+	git -C path/to/child rev-parse --git-path objects >actual &&
+	test_cmp expect actual
+'
+
 test_done
diff --git a/t/t1501-work-tree.sh b/t/t1501-work-tree.sh
index cc5b870..b06210e 100755
--- a/t/t1501-work-tree.sh
+++ b/t/t1501-work-tree.sh
@@ -423,4 +423,12 @@
 	)
 '
 
+test_expect_success 'error out gracefully on invalid $GIT_WORK_TREE' '
+	(
+		GIT_WORK_TREE=/.invalid/work/tree &&
+		export GIT_WORK_TREE &&
+		test_expect_code 128 git rev-parse
+	)
+'
+
 test_done
diff --git a/t/t1700-split-index.sh b/t/t1700-split-index.sh
index 292a072..6096f2c 100755
--- a/t/t1700-split-index.sh
+++ b/t/t1700-split-index.sh
@@ -200,4 +200,20 @@
 	test_cmp expect actual
 '
 
+test_expect_success 'rev-parse --shared-index-path' '
+	test_create_repo split-index &&
+	(
+		cd split-index &&
+		git update-index --split-index &&
+		echo .git/sharedindex* >expect &&
+		git rev-parse --shared-index-path >actual &&
+		test_cmp expect actual &&
+		mkdir subdirectory &&
+		cd subdirectory &&
+		echo ../.git/sharedindex* >expect &&
+		git rev-parse --shared-index-path >actual &&
+		test_cmp expect actual
+	)
+'
+
 test_done
diff --git a/t/t2027-worktree-list.sh b/t/t2027-worktree-list.sh
index 465eeea..848da5f 100755
--- a/t/t2027-worktree-list.sh
+++ b/t/t2027-worktree-list.sh
@@ -14,10 +14,18 @@
 	test_cmp expected actual &&
 	mkdir sub &&
 	git -C sub rev-parse --git-common-dir >actual2 &&
-	echo sub/.git >expected2 &&
+	echo ../.git >expected2 &&
 	test_cmp expected2 actual2
 '
 
+test_expect_success 'rev-parse --git-path objects linked worktree' '
+	echo "$(git rev-parse --show-toplevel)/.git/objects" >expect &&
+	test_when_finished "rm -rf linked-tree && git worktree prune" &&
+	git worktree add --detach linked-tree master &&
+	git -C linked-tree rev-parse --git-path objects >actual &&
+	test_cmp expect actual
+'
+
 test_expect_success '"list" all worktrees from main' '
 	echo "$(git rev-parse --show-toplevel) $(git rev-parse --short HEAD) [$(git symbolic-ref --short HEAD)]" >expect &&
 	test_when_finished "rm -rf here && git worktree prune" &&
diff --git a/t/t3200-branch.sh b/t/t3200-branch.sh
index 8a833f3..e36ed3b 100755
--- a/t/t3200-branch.sh
+++ b/t/t3200-branch.sh
@@ -139,6 +139,12 @@
 	test $(git rev-parse --abbrev-ref HEAD) = bam
 '
 
+test_expect_success 'git branch -M baz bam should add entries to .git/logs/HEAD' '
+	msg="Branch: renamed refs/heads/baz to refs/heads/bam" &&
+	grep " 0\{40\}.*$msg$" .git/logs/HEAD &&
+	grep "^0\{40\}.*$msg$" .git/logs/HEAD
+'
+
 test_expect_success 'git branch -M baz bam should succeed when baz is checked out as linked working tree' '
 	git checkout master &&
 	git worktree add -b baz bazdir &&
diff --git a/t/t3203-branch-output.sh b/t/t3203-branch-output.sh
index 52283df..5778c0a 100755
--- a/t/t3203-branch-output.sh
+++ b/t/t3203-branch-output.sh
@@ -194,7 +194,7 @@
 	git symbolic-ref refs/heads/ref-to-remote refs/remotes/origin/branch-one &&
 	cat >expect <<-\EOF &&
 	  ref-to-branch -> branch-one
-	  ref-to-remote -> refs/remotes/origin/branch-one
+	  ref-to-remote -> origin/branch-one
 	EOF
 	git branch >actual.raw &&
 	grep ref-to <actual.raw >actual &&
@@ -225,4 +225,18 @@
 	)
 '
 
+test_expect_success 'git branch --format option' '
+	cat >expect <<-\EOF &&
+	Refname is (HEAD detached from fromtag)
+	Refname is refs/heads/ambiguous
+	Refname is refs/heads/branch-one
+	Refname is refs/heads/branch-two
+	Refname is refs/heads/master
+	Refname is refs/heads/ref-to-branch
+	Refname is refs/heads/ref-to-remote
+	EOF
+	git branch --format="Refname is %(refname)" >actual &&
+	test_cmp expect actual
+'
+
 test_done
diff --git a/t/t3204-branch-name-interpretation.sh b/t/t3204-branch-name-interpretation.sh
new file mode 100755
index 0000000..698d9cc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/t/t3204-branch-name-interpretation.sh
@@ -0,0 +1,133 @@
+#!/bin/sh
+
+test_description='interpreting exotic branch name arguments
+
+Branch name arguments are usually names which are taken to be inside of
+refs/heads/, but we interpret some magic syntax like @{-1}, @{upstream}, etc.
+This script aims to check the behavior of those corner cases.
+'
+. ./test-lib.sh
+
+expect_branch() {
+	git log -1 --format=%s "$1" >actual &&
+	echo "$2" >expect &&
+	test_cmp expect actual
+}
+
+expect_deleted() {
+	test_must_fail git rev-parse --verify "$1"
+}
+
+test_expect_success 'set up repo' '
+	test_commit one &&
+	test_commit two &&
+	git remote add origin foo.git
+'
+
+test_expect_success 'update branch via @{-1}' '
+	git branch previous one &&
+
+	git checkout previous &&
+	git checkout master &&
+
+	git branch -f @{-1} two &&
+	expect_branch previous two
+'
+
+test_expect_success 'update branch via local @{upstream}' '
+	git branch local one &&
+	git branch --set-upstream-to=local &&
+
+	git branch -f @{upstream} two &&
+	expect_branch local two
+'
+
+test_expect_success 'disallow updating branch via remote @{upstream}' '
+	git update-ref refs/remotes/origin/remote one &&
+	git branch --set-upstream-to=origin/remote &&
+
+	test_must_fail git branch -f @{upstream} two
+'
+
+test_expect_success 'create branch with pseudo-qualified name' '
+	git branch refs/heads/qualified two &&
+	expect_branch refs/heads/refs/heads/qualified two
+'
+
+test_expect_success 'delete branch via @{-1}' '
+	git branch previous-del &&
+
+	git checkout previous-del &&
+	git checkout master &&
+
+	git branch -D @{-1} &&
+	expect_deleted previous-del
+'
+
+test_expect_success 'delete branch via local @{upstream}' '
+	git branch local-del &&
+	git branch --set-upstream-to=local-del &&
+
+	git branch -D @{upstream} &&
+	expect_deleted local-del
+'
+
+test_expect_success 'delete branch via remote @{upstream}' '
+	git update-ref refs/remotes/origin/remote-del two &&
+	git branch --set-upstream-to=origin/remote-del &&
+
+	git branch -r -D @{upstream} &&
+	expect_deleted origin/remote-del
+'
+
+# Note that we create two oddly named local branches here. We want to make
+# sure that we do not accidentally delete either of them, even if
+# shorten_unambiguous_ref() tweaks the name to avoid ambiguity.
+test_expect_success 'delete @{upstream} expansion matches -r option' '
+	git update-ref refs/remotes/origin/remote-del two &&
+	git branch --set-upstream-to=origin/remote-del &&
+	git update-ref refs/heads/origin/remote-del two &&
+	git update-ref refs/heads/remotes/origin/remote-del two &&
+
+	test_must_fail git branch -D @{upstream} &&
+	expect_branch refs/heads/origin/remote-del two &&
+	expect_branch refs/heads/remotes/origin/remote-del two
+'
+
+test_expect_success 'disallow deleting remote branch via @{-1}' '
+	git update-ref refs/remotes/origin/previous one &&
+
+	git checkout -b origin/previous two &&
+	git checkout master &&
+
+	test_must_fail git branch -r -D @{-1} &&
+	expect_branch refs/remotes/origin/previous one &&
+	expect_branch refs/heads/origin/previous two
+'
+
+# The thing we are testing here is that "@" is the real branch refs/heads/@,
+# and not refs/heads/HEAD. These tests should not imply that refs/heads/@ is a
+# sane thing, but it _is_ technically allowed for now. If we disallow it, these
+# can be switched to test_must_fail.
+test_expect_success 'create branch named "@"' '
+	git branch -f @ one &&
+	expect_branch refs/heads/@ one
+'
+
+test_expect_success 'delete branch named "@"' '
+	git update-ref refs/heads/@ two &&
+	git branch -D @ &&
+	expect_deleted refs/heads/@
+'
+
+test_expect_success 'checkout does not treat remote @{upstream} as a branch' '
+	git update-ref refs/remotes/origin/checkout one &&
+	git branch --set-upstream-to=origin/checkout &&
+	git update-ref refs/heads/origin/checkout two &&
+	git update-ref refs/heads/remotes/origin/checkout two &&
+
+	git checkout @{upstream} &&
+	expect_branch HEAD one
+'
+
+test_done
diff --git a/t/t3404-rebase-interactive.sh b/t/t3404-rebase-interactive.sh
index e2f18d1..33d392b 100755
--- a/t/t3404-rebase-interactive.sh
+++ b/t/t3404-rebase-interactive.sh
@@ -556,7 +556,7 @@
 	echo "edited again" > file7 &&
 	git add file7 &&
 	test_must_fail git rebase --continue 2>error &&
-	test_i18ngrep "You have staged changes in your working tree." error
+	test_i18ngrep "you have staged changes in your working tree" error
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'rebase a detached HEAD' '
diff --git a/t/t3701-add-interactive.sh b/t/t3701-add-interactive.sh
index 5ffe78e..aaa258d 100755
--- a/t/t3701-add-interactive.sh
+++ b/t/t3701-add-interactive.sh
@@ -394,4 +394,22 @@
 	grep "$(printf "\\033")" output
 '
 
+test_expect_success 'patch-mode via -i prompts for files' '
+	git reset --hard &&
+
+	echo one >file &&
+	echo two >test &&
+	git add -i <<-\EOF &&
+	patch
+	test
+
+	y
+	quit
+	EOF
+
+	echo test >expect &&
+	git diff --cached --name-only >actual &&
+	test_cmp expect actual
+'
+
 test_done
diff --git a/t/t3903-stash.sh b/t/t3903-stash.sh
index 2de3e18..89877e4 100755
--- a/t/t3903-stash.sh
+++ b/t/t3903-stash.sh
@@ -274,9 +274,7 @@
 	git add file2 &&
 	test_must_fail git stash --invalid-option &&
 	test_must_fail git stash save --invalid-option &&
-	test bar5,bar6 = $(cat file),$(cat file2) &&
-	git stash -- -message-starting-with-dash &&
-	test bar,bar2 = $(cat file),$(cat file2)
+	test bar5,bar6 = $(cat file),$(cat file2)
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'stash an added file' '
@@ -775,4 +773,138 @@
 	test_path_is_missing file
 '
 
+test_expect_success 'push -m shows right message' '
+	>foo &&
+	git add foo &&
+	git stash push -m "test message" &&
+	echo "stash@{0}: On master: test message" >expect &&
+	git stash list -1 >actual &&
+	test_cmp expect actual
+'
+
+test_expect_success 'create stores correct message' '
+	>foo &&
+	git add foo &&
+	STASH_ID=$(git stash create "create test message") &&
+	echo "On master: create test message" >expect &&
+	git show --pretty=%s -s ${STASH_ID} >actual &&
+	test_cmp expect actual
+'
+
+test_expect_success 'create with multiple arguments for the message' '
+	>foo &&
+	git add foo &&
+	STASH_ID=$(git stash create test untracked) &&
+	echo "On master: test untracked" >expect &&
+	git show --pretty=%s -s ${STASH_ID} >actual &&
+	test_cmp expect actual
+'
+
+test_expect_success 'stash -- <pathspec> stashes and restores the file' '
+	>foo &&
+	>bar &&
+	git add foo bar &&
+	git stash push -- foo &&
+	test_path_is_file bar &&
+	test_path_is_missing foo &&
+	git stash pop &&
+	test_path_is_file foo &&
+	test_path_is_file bar
+'
+
+test_expect_success 'stash with multiple pathspec arguments' '
+	>foo &&
+	>bar &&
+	>extra &&
+	git add foo bar extra &&
+	git stash push -- foo bar &&
+	test_path_is_missing bar &&
+	test_path_is_missing foo &&
+	test_path_is_file extra &&
+	git stash pop &&
+	test_path_is_file foo &&
+	test_path_is_file bar &&
+	test_path_is_file extra
+'
+
+test_expect_success 'stash with file including $IFS character' '
+	>"foo bar" &&
+	>foo &&
+	>bar &&
+	git add foo* &&
+	git stash push -- "foo b*" &&
+	test_path_is_missing "foo bar" &&
+	test_path_is_file foo &&
+	test_path_is_file bar &&
+	git stash pop &&
+	test_path_is_file "foo bar" &&
+	test_path_is_file foo &&
+	test_path_is_file bar
+'
+
+test_expect_success 'stash with pathspec matching multiple paths' '
+       echo original >file &&
+       echo original >other-file &&
+       git commit -m "two" file other-file &&
+       echo modified >file &&
+       echo modified >other-file &&
+       git stash push -- "*file" &&
+       echo original >expect &&
+       test_cmp expect file &&
+       test_cmp expect other-file &&
+       git stash pop &&
+       echo modified >expect &&
+       test_cmp expect file &&
+       test_cmp expect other-file
+'
+
+test_expect_success 'stash push -p with pathspec shows no changes only once' '
+	>foo &&
+	git add foo &&
+	git commit -m "tmp" &&
+	git stash push -p foo >actual &&
+	echo "No local changes to save" >expect &&
+	git reset --hard HEAD~ &&
+	test_cmp expect actual
+'
+
+test_expect_success 'stash push with pathspec shows no changes when there are none' '
+	>foo &&
+	git add foo &&
+	git commit -m "tmp" &&
+	git stash push foo >actual &&
+	echo "No local changes to save" >expect &&
+	git reset --hard HEAD~ &&
+	test_cmp expect actual
+'
+
+test_expect_success 'stash push with pathspec not in the repository errors out' '
+	>untracked &&
+	test_must_fail git stash push untracked &&
+	test_path_is_file untracked
+'
+
+test_expect_success 'untracked files are left in place when -u is not given' '
+	>file &&
+	git add file &&
+	>untracked &&
+	git stash push file &&
+	test_path_is_file untracked
+'
+
+test_expect_success 'stash without verb with pathspec' '
+	>"foo bar" &&
+	>foo &&
+	>bar &&
+	git add foo* &&
+	git stash -- "foo b*" &&
+	test_path_is_missing "foo bar" &&
+	test_path_is_file foo &&
+	test_path_is_file bar &&
+	git stash pop &&
+	test_path_is_file "foo bar" &&
+	test_path_is_file foo &&
+	test_path_is_file bar
+'
+
 test_done
diff --git a/t/t3905-stash-include-untracked.sh b/t/t3905-stash-include-untracked.sh
index f372fc8..193adc7 100755
--- a/t/t3905-stash-include-untracked.sh
+++ b/t/t3905-stash-include-untracked.sh
@@ -185,4 +185,30 @@
 	test -s .gitignore
 '
 
+test_expect_success 'stash push --include-untracked with pathspec' '
+	>foo &&
+	>bar &&
+	git stash push --include-untracked -- foo &&
+	test_path_is_file bar &&
+	test_path_is_missing foo &&
+	git stash pop &&
+	test_path_is_file bar &&
+	test_path_is_file foo
+'
+
+test_expect_success 'stash push with $IFS character' '
+	>"foo bar" &&
+	>foo &&
+	>bar &&
+	git add foo* &&
+	git stash push --include-untracked -- "foo b*" &&
+	test_path_is_missing "foo bar" &&
+	test_path_is_file foo &&
+	test_path_is_file bar &&
+	git stash pop &&
+	test_path_is_file "foo bar" &&
+	test_path_is_file foo &&
+	test_path_is_file bar
+'
+
 test_done
diff --git a/t/t4035-diff-quiet.sh b/t/t4035-diff-quiet.sh
index 461f4bb..2f1737f 100755
--- a/t/t4035-diff-quiet.sh
+++ b/t/t4035-diff-quiet.sh
@@ -152,4 +152,13 @@
 	test_expect_code 1 git diff --quiet
 '
 
+test_expect_success 'git diff --quiet on a path that need conversion' '
+	echo "crlf.txt text=auto" >.gitattributes &&
+	printf "Hello\r\nWorld\r\n" >crlf.txt &&
+	git add .gitattributes crlf.txt &&
+
+	printf "Hello\r\nWorld\n" >crlf.txt &&
+	git diff --quiet crlf.txt
+'
+
 test_done
diff --git a/t/t4211-line-log.sh b/t/t4211-line-log.sh
index 9d87777..d0377fa 100755
--- a/t/t4211-line-log.sh
+++ b/t/t4211-line-log.sh
@@ -106,4 +106,14 @@
 	test_line_count = 70 log
 '
 
+test_expect_success 'range_set_union' '
+	test_seq 500 > c.c &&
+	git add c.c &&
+	git commit -m "many lines" &&
+	test_seq 1000 > c.c &&
+	git add c.c &&
+	git commit -m "modify many lines" &&
+	git log $(for x in $(test_seq 200); do echo -L $((2*x)),+1:c.c; done)
+'
+
 test_done
diff --git a/t/t5316-pack-delta-depth.sh b/t/t5316-pack-delta-depth.sh
new file mode 100755
index 0000000..37143ea
--- /dev/null
+++ b/t/t5316-pack-delta-depth.sh
@@ -0,0 +1,93 @@
+#!/bin/sh
+
+test_description='pack-objects breaks long cross-pack delta chains'
+. ./test-lib.sh
+
+# This mirrors a repeated push setup:
+#
+# 1. A client repeatedly modifies some files, makes a
+#      commit, and pushes the result. It does this N times
+#      before we get around to repacking.
+#
+# 2. Each push generates a thin pack with the new version of
+#    various objects. Let's consider some file in the root tree
+#    which is updated in each commit.
+#
+#    When generating push number X, we feed commit X-1 (and
+#    thus blob X-1) as a preferred base. The resulting pack has
+#    blob X as a thin delta against blob X-1.
+#
+#    On the receiving end, "index-pack --fix-thin" will
+#    complete the pack with a base copy of blob X-1.
+#
+# 3. In older versions of git, if we used the delta from
+#    pack X, then we'd always find blob X-1 as a base in the
+#    same pack (and generate a fresh delta).
+#
+#    But with the pack mru, we jump from delta to delta
+#    following the traversal order:
+#
+#      a. We grab blob X from pack X as a delta, putting it at
+#         the tip of our mru list.
+#
+#      b. Eventually we move onto commit X-1. We need other
+#         objects which are only in pack X-1 (in the test code
+#         below, it's the containing tree). That puts pack X-1
+#         at the tip of our mru list.
+#
+#      c. Eventually we look for blob X-1, and we find the
+#         version in pack X-1 (because it's the mru tip).
+#
+# Now we have blob X as a delta against X-1, which is a delta
+# against X-2, and so forth.
+#
+# In the real world, these small pushes would get exploded by
+# unpack-objects rather than "index-pack --fix-thin", but the
+# same principle applies to larger pushes (they only need one
+# repeatedly-modified file to generate the delta chain).
+
+test_expect_success 'create series of packs' '
+	test-genrandom foo 4096 >content &&
+	prev= &&
+	for i in $(test_seq 1 10)
+	do
+		cat content >file &&
+		echo $i >>file &&
+		git add file &&
+		git commit -m $i &&
+		cur=$(git rev-parse HEAD^{tree}) &&
+		{
+			test -n "$prev" && echo "-$prev"
+			echo $cur
+			echo "$(git rev-parse :file) file"
+		} | git pack-objects --stdout >tmp &&
+		git index-pack --stdin --fix-thin <tmp || return 1
+		prev=$cur
+	done
+'
+
+max_chain() {
+	git index-pack --verify-stat-only "$1" >output &&
+	perl -lne '
+	  /chain length = (\d+)/ and $len = $1;
+	  END { print $len }
+	' output
+}
+
+# Note that this whole setup is pretty reliant on the current
+# packing heuristics. We double-check that our test case
+# actually produces a long chain. If it doesn't, it should be
+# adjusted (or scrapped if the heuristics have become too unreliable)
+test_expect_success 'packing produces a long delta' '
+	# Use --window=0 to make sure we are seeing reused deltas,
+	# not computing a new long chain.
+	pack=$(git pack-objects --all --window=0 </dev/null pack) &&
+	test 9 = "$(max_chain pack-$pack.pack)"
+'
+
+test_expect_success '--depth limits depth' '
+	pack=$(git pack-objects --all --depth=5 </dev/null pack) &&
+	test 5 = "$(max_chain pack-$pack.pack)"
+'
+
+test_done
diff --git a/t/t5400-send-pack.sh b/t/t5400-send-pack.sh
index 305ca7a..3331e0f 100755
--- a/t/t5400-send-pack.sh
+++ b/t/t5400-send-pack.sh
@@ -255,4 +255,42 @@
 	)
 '
 
+extract_ref_advertisement () {
+	perl -lne '
+		# \\ is there to skip capabilities after \0
+		/push< ([^\\]+)/ or next;
+		exit 0 if $1 eq "0000";
+		print $1;
+	'
+}
+
+test_expect_success 'receive-pack de-dupes .have lines' '
+	git init shared &&
+	git -C shared commit --allow-empty -m both &&
+	git clone -s shared fork &&
+	(
+		cd shared &&
+		git checkout -b only-shared &&
+		git commit --allow-empty -m only-shared &&
+		git update-ref refs/heads/foo HEAD
+	) &&
+
+	# Notable things in this expectation:
+	#  - local refs are not de-duped
+	#  - .have does not duplicate locals
+	#  - .have does not duplicate itself
+	local=$(git -C fork rev-parse HEAD) &&
+	shared=$(git -C shared rev-parse only-shared) &&
+	cat >expect <<-EOF &&
+	$local refs/heads/master
+	$local refs/remotes/origin/HEAD
+	$local refs/remotes/origin/master
+	$shared .have
+	EOF
+
+	GIT_TRACE_PACKET=$(pwd)/trace git push fork HEAD:foo &&
+	extract_ref_advertisement <trace >refs &&
+	test_cmp expect refs
+'
+
 test_done
diff --git a/t/t5500-fetch-pack.sh b/t/t5500-fetch-pack.sh
index 505e1b4..b5865b3 100755
--- a/t/t5500-fetch-pack.sh
+++ b/t/t5500-fetch-pack.sh
@@ -484,7 +484,7 @@
 		cd client &&
 		test_must_fail git fetch-pack --no-progress .. refs/heads/xyzzy
 	) >/dev/null 2>error-m &&
-	test_cmp expect-error error-m
+	test_i18ncmp expect-error error-m
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'test missing ref after existing' '
@@ -492,7 +492,7 @@
 		cd client &&
 		test_must_fail git fetch-pack --no-progress .. refs/heads/A refs/heads/xyzzy
 	) >/dev/null 2>error-em &&
-	test_cmp expect-error error-em
+	test_i18ncmp expect-error error-em
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'test missing ref before existing' '
@@ -500,7 +500,7 @@
 		cd client &&
 		test_must_fail git fetch-pack --no-progress .. refs/heads/xyzzy refs/heads/A
 	) >/dev/null 2>error-me &&
-	test_cmp expect-error error-me
+	test_i18ncmp expect-error error-me
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'test --all, --depth, and explicit head' '
diff --git a/t/t5505-remote.sh b/t/t5505-remote.sh
index ba46e86..a6c0178 100755
--- a/t/t5505-remote.sh
+++ b/t/t5505-remote.sh
@@ -153,6 +153,25 @@
 	)
 '
 
+test_expect_success 'remove remote with a branch without configured merge' '
+	test_when_finished "(
+		git -C test checkout master;
+		git -C test branch -D two;
+		git -C test config --remove-section remote.two;
+		git -C test config --remove-section branch.second;
+		true
+	)" &&
+	(
+		cd test &&
+		git remote add two ../two &&
+		git fetch two &&
+		git checkout -b second two/master^0 &&
+		git config branch.second.remote two &&
+		git checkout master &&
+		git remote rm two
+	)
+'
+
 test_expect_success 'rename errors out early when deleting non-existent branch' '
 	(
 		cd test &&
@@ -725,7 +744,7 @@
 	(
 		cd four &&
 		git remote rename origin upstream &&
-		rmdir .git/refs/remotes/origin &&
+		test -z "$(git for-each-ref refs/remotes/origin)" &&
 		test "$(git symbolic-ref refs/remotes/upstream/HEAD)" = "refs/remotes/upstream/master" &&
 		test "$(git rev-parse upstream/master)" = "$(git rev-parse master)" &&
 		test "$(git config remote.upstream.fetch)" = "+refs/heads/*:refs/remotes/upstream/*" &&
diff --git a/t/t5512-ls-remote.sh b/t/t5512-ls-remote.sh
index 55fc83f..94fc9be 100755
--- a/t/t5512-ls-remote.sh
+++ b/t/t5512-ls-remote.sh
@@ -248,4 +248,13 @@
 	test_expect_code 2 git ls-remote --exit-code git://localhost:$JGIT_DAEMON_PORT/empty.git
 '
 
+test_expect_success 'ls-remote works outside repository' '
+	# It is important for this repo to be inside the nongit
+	# area, as we want a repo name that does not include
+	# slashes (because those inhibit some of our configuration
+	# lookups).
+	nongit git init --bare dst.git &&
+	nongit git ls-remote dst.git
+'
+
 test_done
diff --git a/t/t5516-fetch-push.sh b/t/t5516-fetch-push.sh
index 0fc5a7c..177897e 100755
--- a/t/t5516-fetch-push.sh
+++ b/t/t5516-fetch-push.sh
@@ -1098,7 +1098,8 @@
 		test_must_fail git cat-file -t $the_commit &&
 
 		# fetching the hidden object should fail by default
-		test_must_fail git fetch -v ../testrepo $the_commit:refs/heads/copy &&
+		test_must_fail git fetch -v ../testrepo $the_commit:refs/heads/copy 2>err &&
+		test_i18ngrep "Server does not allow request for unadvertised object" err &&
 		test_must_fail git rev-parse --verify refs/heads/copy &&
 
 		# the server side can allow it to succeed
diff --git a/t/t5550-http-fetch-dumb.sh b/t/t5550-http-fetch-dumb.sh
index aeb3a63..87308cd 100755
--- a/t/t5550-http-fetch-dumb.sh
+++ b/t/t5550-http-fetch-dumb.sh
@@ -34,6 +34,15 @@
 	test_cmp file clone/file
 '
 
+test_expect_success 'list refs from outside any repository' '
+	cat >expect <<-EOF &&
+	$(git rev-parse master)	HEAD
+	$(git rev-parse master)	refs/heads/master
+	EOF
+	nongit git ls-remote "$HTTPD_URL/dumb/repo.git" >actual &&
+	test_cmp expect actual
+'
+
 test_expect_success 'create password-protected repository' '
 	mkdir -p "$HTTPD_DOCUMENT_ROOT_PATH/auth/dumb/" &&
 	cp -Rf "$HTTPD_DOCUMENT_ROOT_PATH/repo.git" \
@@ -378,5 +387,14 @@
 		clone $HTTPD_URL/dumb/evil.git evil-user
 '
 
+test_expect_success 'can redirect through non-"info/refs?service=git-upload-pack" URL' '
+	git clone "$HTTPD_URL/redir-to/dumb/repo.git"
+'
+
+test_expect_success 'print HTTP error when any intermediate redirect throws error' '
+	test_must_fail git clone "$HTTPD_URL/redir-to/502" 2> stderr &&
+	test_i18ngrep "unable to access.*/redir-to/502" stderr
+'
+
 stop_httpd
 test_done
diff --git a/t/t5601-clone.sh b/t/t5601-clone.sh
index 4241ea5..b52b8ac 100755
--- a/t/t5601-clone.sh
+++ b/t/t5601-clone.sh
@@ -386,6 +386,47 @@
 	expect_ssh "-batch -P 123" myhost src
 '
 
+test_expect_success 'double quoted plink.exe in GIT_SSH_COMMAND' '
+	copy_ssh_wrapper_as "$TRASH_DIRECTORY/plink.exe" &&
+	GIT_SSH_COMMAND="\"$TRASH_DIRECTORY/plink.exe\" -v" \
+		git clone "[myhost:123]:src" ssh-bracket-clone-plink-3 &&
+	expect_ssh "-v -P 123" myhost src
+'
+
+SQ="'"
+test_expect_success 'single quoted plink.exe in GIT_SSH_COMMAND' '
+	copy_ssh_wrapper_as "$TRASH_DIRECTORY/plink.exe" &&
+	GIT_SSH_COMMAND="$SQ$TRASH_DIRECTORY/plink.exe$SQ -v" \
+		git clone "[myhost:123]:src" ssh-bracket-clone-plink-4 &&
+	expect_ssh "-v -P 123" myhost src
+'
+
+test_expect_success 'GIT_SSH_VARIANT overrides plink detection' '
+	copy_ssh_wrapper_as "$TRASH_DIRECTORY/plink" &&
+	GIT_SSH_VARIANT=ssh \
+	git clone "[myhost:123]:src" ssh-bracket-clone-variant-1 &&
+	expect_ssh "-p 123" myhost src
+'
+
+test_expect_success 'ssh.variant overrides plink detection' '
+	copy_ssh_wrapper_as "$TRASH_DIRECTORY/plink" &&
+	git -c ssh.variant=ssh \
+		clone "[myhost:123]:src" ssh-bracket-clone-variant-2 &&
+	expect_ssh "-p 123" myhost src
+'
+
+test_expect_success 'GIT_SSH_VARIANT overrides plink detection to plink' '
+	GIT_SSH_VARIANT=plink \
+	git clone "[myhost:123]:src" ssh-bracket-clone-variant-3 &&
+	expect_ssh "-P 123" myhost src
+'
+
+test_expect_success 'GIT_SSH_VARIANT overrides plink to tortoiseplink' '
+	GIT_SSH_VARIANT=tortoiseplink \
+	git clone "[myhost:123]:src" ssh-bracket-clone-variant-4 &&
+	expect_ssh "-batch -P 123" myhost src
+'
+
 # Reset the GIT_SSH environment variable for clone tests.
 setup_ssh_wrapper
 
diff --git a/t/t6007-rev-list-cherry-pick-file.sh b/t/t6007-rev-list-cherry-pick-file.sh
index 1408b60..2959745 100755
--- a/t/t6007-rev-list-cherry-pick-file.sh
+++ b/t/t6007-rev-list-cherry-pick-file.sh
@@ -99,6 +99,44 @@
 	test_cmp actual.named expect
 '
 
+test_expect_success 'name-rev multiple --refs combine inclusive' '
+	git rev-list --left-right --cherry-pick F...E -- bar >actual &&
+	git name-rev --stdin --name-only --refs="*tags/F" --refs="*tags/E" \
+		<actual >actual.named &&
+	test_cmp actual.named expect
+'
+
+cat >expect <<EOF
+<tags/F
+EOF
+
+test_expect_success 'name-rev --refs excludes non-matched patterns' '
+	git rev-list --left-right --right-only --cherry-pick F...E -- bar >>expect &&
+	git rev-list --left-right --cherry-pick F...E -- bar >actual &&
+	git name-rev --stdin --name-only --refs="*tags/F" \
+		<actual >actual.named &&
+	test_cmp actual.named expect
+'
+
+cat >expect <<EOF
+<tags/F
+EOF
+
+test_expect_success 'name-rev --exclude excludes matched patterns' '
+	git rev-list --left-right --right-only --cherry-pick F...E -- bar >>expect &&
+	git rev-list --left-right --cherry-pick F...E -- bar >actual &&
+	git name-rev --stdin --name-only --refs="*tags/*" --exclude="*E" \
+		<actual >actual.named &&
+	test_cmp actual.named expect
+'
+
+test_expect_success 'name-rev --no-refs clears the refs list' '
+	git rev-list --left-right --cherry-pick F...E -- bar >expect &&
+	git name-rev --stdin --name-only --refs="*tags/F" --refs="*tags/E" --no-refs --refs="*tags/G" \
+		<expect >actual &&
+	test_cmp actual expect
+'
+
 cat >expect <<EOF
 +tags/F
 =tags/D
diff --git a/t/t6040-tracking-info.sh b/t/t6040-tracking-info.sh
index 3d5c238..97a0765 100755
--- a/t/t6040-tracking-info.sh
+++ b/t/t6040-tracking-info.sh
@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@
 b2 [ahead 1, behind 1] d
 b3 [behind 1] b
 b4 [ahead 2] f
-b5 g
+b5 [gone] g
 b6 c
 EOF
 
diff --git a/t/t6045-merge-rename-delete.sh b/t/t6045-merge-rename-delete.sh
new file mode 100755
index 0000000..5d33577
--- /dev/null
+++ b/t/t6045-merge-rename-delete.sh
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+#!/bin/sh
+
+test_description='Merge-recursive rename/delete conflict message'
+. ./test-lib.sh
+
+test_expect_success 'rename/delete' '
+	echo foo >A &&
+	git add A &&
+	git commit -m "initial" &&
+
+	git checkout -b rename &&
+	git mv A B &&
+	git commit -m "rename" &&
+
+	git checkout master &&
+	git rm A &&
+	git commit -m "delete" &&
+
+	test_must_fail git merge --strategy=recursive rename >output &&
+	test_i18ngrep "CONFLICT (rename/delete): A deleted in HEAD and renamed to B in rename. Version rename of B left in tree." output
+'
+
+test_done
diff --git a/t/t6120-describe.sh b/t/t6120-describe.sh
index 85f2694..167491f 100755
--- a/t/t6120-describe.sh
+++ b/t/t6120-describe.sh
@@ -182,6 +182,10 @@
 
 check_describe "test2-lightweight-*" --long --tags --match="test2-*" HEAD^
 
+check_describe "test1-lightweight-*" --long --tags --match="test1-*" --match="test2-*" HEAD^
+
+check_describe "test2-lightweight-*" --long --tags --match="test1-*" --no-match --match="test2-*" HEAD^
+
 test_expect_success 'name-rev with exact tags' '
 	echo A >expect &&
 	tag_object=$(git rev-parse refs/tags/A) &&
@@ -206,4 +210,27 @@
 	test_cmp expect actual
 '
 
+test_expect_success 'describe --contains and --match' '
+	echo "A^0" >expect &&
+	tagged_commit=$(git rev-parse "refs/tags/A^0") &&
+	test_must_fail git describe --contains --match="B" $tagged_commit &&
+	git describe --contains --match="B" --match="A" $tagged_commit >actual &&
+	test_cmp expect actual
+'
+
+test_expect_success 'describe --exclude' '
+	echo "c~1" >expect &&
+	tagged_commit=$(git rev-parse "refs/tags/A^0") &&
+	test_must_fail git describe --contains --match="B" $tagged_commit &&
+	git describe --contains --match="?" --exclude="A" $tagged_commit >actual &&
+	test_cmp expect actual
+'
+
+test_expect_success 'describe --contains and --no-match' '
+	echo "A^0" >expect &&
+	tagged_commit=$(git rev-parse "refs/tags/A^0") &&
+	git describe --contains --match="B" --no-match $tagged_commit >actual &&
+	test_cmp expect actual
+'
+
 test_done
diff --git a/t/t6132-pathspec-exclude.sh b/t/t6132-pathspec-exclude.sh
index d51595c..9dd5cde 100755
--- a/t/t6132-pathspec-exclude.sh
+++ b/t/t6132-pathspec-exclude.sh
@@ -25,8 +25,10 @@
 	test_cmp expect actual
 '
 
-test_expect_success 'exclude only should error out' '
-	test_must_fail git log --oneline --format=%s -- ":(exclude)sub"
+test_expect_success 'exclude only no longer errors out' '
+	git log --oneline --format=%s -- . ":(exclude)sub" >expect &&
+	git log --oneline --format=%s -- ":(exclude)sub" >actual &&
+	test_cmp expect actual
 '
 
 test_expect_success 't_e_i() exclude sub' '
diff --git a/t/t6300-for-each-ref.sh b/t/t6300-for-each-ref.sh
index aea1dfc..834a9ed 100755
--- a/t/t6300-for-each-ref.sh
+++ b/t/t6300-for-each-ref.sh
@@ -38,6 +38,7 @@
 	case "$1" in
 		head) ref=refs/heads/master ;;
 		 tag) ref=refs/tags/testtag ;;
+		 sym) ref=refs/heads/sym ;;
 		   *) ref=$1 ;;
 	esac
 	printf '%s\n' "$3" >expected
@@ -50,16 +51,40 @@
 
 test_atom head refname refs/heads/master
 test_atom head refname:short master
+test_atom head refname:lstrip=1 heads/master
+test_atom head refname:lstrip=2 master
+test_atom head refname:lstrip=-1 master
+test_atom head refname:lstrip=-2 heads/master
+test_atom head refname:rstrip=1 refs/heads
+test_atom head refname:rstrip=2 refs
+test_atom head refname:rstrip=-1 refs
+test_atom head refname:rstrip=-2 refs/heads
 test_atom head refname:strip=1 heads/master
 test_atom head refname:strip=2 master
+test_atom head refname:strip=-1 master
+test_atom head refname:strip=-2 heads/master
 test_atom head upstream refs/remotes/origin/master
 test_atom head upstream:short origin/master
+test_atom head upstream:lstrip=2 origin/master
+test_atom head upstream:lstrip=-2 origin/master
+test_atom head upstream:rstrip=2 refs/remotes
+test_atom head upstream:rstrip=-2 refs/remotes
+test_atom head upstream:strip=2 origin/master
+test_atom head upstream:strip=-2 origin/master
 test_atom head push refs/remotes/myfork/master
 test_atom head push:short myfork/master
+test_atom head push:lstrip=1 remotes/myfork/master
+test_atom head push:lstrip=-1 master
+test_atom head push:rstrip=1 refs/remotes/myfork
+test_atom head push:rstrip=-1 refs
+test_atom head push:strip=1 remotes/myfork/master
+test_atom head push:strip=-1 master
 test_atom head objecttype commit
 test_atom head objectsize 171
 test_atom head objectname $(git rev-parse refs/heads/master)
 test_atom head objectname:short $(git rev-parse --short refs/heads/master)
+test_atom head objectname:short=1 $(git rev-parse --short=1 refs/heads/master)
+test_atom head objectname:short=10 $(git rev-parse --short=10 refs/heads/master)
 test_atom head tree $(git rev-parse refs/heads/master^{tree})
 test_atom head parent ''
 test_atom head numparent 0
@@ -99,6 +124,8 @@
 test_atom tag objectsize 154
 test_atom tag objectname $(git rev-parse refs/tags/testtag)
 test_atom tag objectname:short $(git rev-parse --short refs/tags/testtag)
+test_atom head objectname:short=1 $(git rev-parse --short=1 refs/heads/master)
+test_atom head objectname:short=10 $(git rev-parse --short=10 refs/heads/master)
 test_atom tag tree ''
 test_atom tag parent ''
 test_atom tag numparent ''
@@ -134,16 +161,6 @@
 	test_must_fail git for-each-ref --format="%(INVALID)" refs/heads
 '
 
-test_expect_success 'arguments to :strip must be positive integers' '
-	test_must_fail git for-each-ref --format="%(refname:strip=0)" &&
-	test_must_fail git for-each-ref --format="%(refname:strip=-1)" &&
-	test_must_fail git for-each-ref --format="%(refname:strip=foo)"
-'
-
-test_expect_success 'stripping refnames too far gives an error' '
-	test_must_fail git for-each-ref --format="%(refname:strip=3)"
-'
-
 test_expect_success 'Check format specifiers are ignored in naming date atoms' '
 	git for-each-ref --format="%(authordate)" refs/heads &&
 	git for-each-ref --format="%(authordate:default) %(authordate)" refs/heads &&
@@ -164,6 +181,12 @@
 	test_must_fail git for-each-ref --format="%(authordate:INVALID)" refs/heads
 '
 
+test_expect_success 'arguments to %(objectname:short=) must be positive integers' '
+	test_must_fail git for-each-ref --format="%(objectname:short=0)" &&
+	test_must_fail git for-each-ref --format="%(objectname:short=-1)" &&
+	test_must_fail git for-each-ref --format="%(objectname:short=foo)"
+'
+
 test_date () {
 	f=$1 &&
 	committer_date=$2 &&
@@ -362,6 +385,8 @@
 
 test_atom head upstream:track '[ahead 1]'
 test_atom head upstream:trackshort '>'
+test_atom head upstream:track,nobracket 'ahead 1'
+test_atom head upstream:nobracket,track 'ahead 1'
 test_atom head push:track '[ahead 1]'
 test_atom head push:trackshort '>'
 
@@ -372,7 +397,7 @@
 
 test_expect_success 'Check that :track[short] works when upstream is invalid' '
 	cat >expected <<-\EOF &&
-
+	[gone]
 
 	EOF
 	test_when_finished "git config branch.master.merge refs/heads/master" &&
@@ -554,11 +579,12 @@
 	test_cmp expected actual
 '
 
+
 test_expect_success 'do not dereference NULL upon %(HEAD) on unborn branch' '
 	test_when_finished "git checkout master" &&
 	git for-each-ref --format="%(HEAD) %(refname:short)" refs/heads/ >actual &&
 	sed -e "s/^\* /  /" actual >expect &&
-	git checkout --orphan HEAD &&
+	git checkout --orphan orphaned-branch &&
 	git for-each-ref --format="%(HEAD) %(refname:short)" refs/heads/ >actual &&
 	test_cmp expect actual
 '
@@ -588,4 +614,52 @@
 	test_cmp expect actual.clean
 '
 
+test_expect_success 'Add symbolic ref for the following tests' '
+	git symbolic-ref refs/heads/sym refs/heads/master
+'
+
+cat >expected <<EOF
+refs/heads/master
+EOF
+
+test_expect_success 'Verify usage of %(symref) atom' '
+	git for-each-ref --format="%(symref)" refs/heads/sym >actual &&
+	test_cmp expected actual
+'
+
+cat >expected <<EOF
+heads/master
+EOF
+
+test_expect_success 'Verify usage of %(symref:short) atom' '
+	git for-each-ref --format="%(symref:short)" refs/heads/sym >actual &&
+	test_cmp expected actual
+'
+
+cat >expected <<EOF
+master
+heads/master
+EOF
+
+test_expect_success 'Verify usage of %(symref:lstrip) atom' '
+	git for-each-ref --format="%(symref:lstrip=2)" refs/heads/sym > actual &&
+	git for-each-ref --format="%(symref:lstrip=-2)" refs/heads/sym >> actual &&
+	test_cmp expected actual &&
+
+	git for-each-ref --format="%(symref:strip=2)" refs/heads/sym > actual &&
+	git for-each-ref --format="%(symref:strip=-2)" refs/heads/sym >> actual &&
+	test_cmp expected actual
+'
+
+cat >expected <<EOF
+refs
+refs/heads
+EOF
+
+test_expect_success 'Verify usage of %(symref:rstrip) atom' '
+	git for-each-ref --format="%(symref:rstrip=2)" refs/heads/sym > actual &&
+	git for-each-ref --format="%(symref:rstrip=-2)" refs/heads/sym >> actual &&
+	test_cmp expected actual
+'
+
 test_done
diff --git a/t/t6302-for-each-ref-filter.sh b/t/t6302-for-each-ref-filter.sh
index d0ab09f..a09a1a4 100755
--- a/t/t6302-for-each-ref-filter.sh
+++ b/t/t6302-for-each-ref-filter.sh
@@ -327,4 +327,98 @@
 	test_cmp expect actual
 '
 
+test_expect_success 'improper usage of %(if), %(then), %(else) and %(end) atoms' '
+	test_must_fail git for-each-ref --format="%(if)" &&
+	test_must_fail git for-each-ref --format="%(then) %(end)" &&
+	test_must_fail git for-each-ref --format="%(else) %(end)" &&
+	test_must_fail git for-each-ref --format="%(if) %(else) %(end)" &&
+	test_must_fail git for-each-ref --format="%(if) %(then) %(then) %(end)" &&
+	test_must_fail git for-each-ref --format="%(then) %(else) %(end)" &&
+	test_must_fail git for-each-ref --format="%(if) %(else) %(end)" &&
+	test_must_fail git for-each-ref --format="%(if) %(then) %(else)" &&
+	test_must_fail git for-each-ref --format="%(if) %(else) %(then) %(end)" &&
+	test_must_fail git for-each-ref --format="%(if) %(then) %(else) %(else) %(end)" &&
+	test_must_fail git for-each-ref --format="%(if) %(end)"
+'
+
+test_expect_success 'check %(if)...%(then)...%(end) atoms' '
+	git for-each-ref --format="%(refname)%(if)%(authorname)%(then) Author: %(authorname)%(end)" >actual &&
+	cat >expect <<-\EOF &&
+	refs/heads/master Author: A U Thor
+	refs/heads/side Author: A U Thor
+	refs/odd/spot Author: A U Thor
+	refs/tags/annotated-tag
+	refs/tags/doubly-annotated-tag
+	refs/tags/doubly-signed-tag
+	refs/tags/foo1.10 Author: A U Thor
+	refs/tags/foo1.3 Author: A U Thor
+	refs/tags/foo1.6 Author: A U Thor
+	refs/tags/four Author: A U Thor
+	refs/tags/one Author: A U Thor
+	refs/tags/signed-tag
+	refs/tags/three Author: A U Thor
+	refs/tags/two Author: A U Thor
+	EOF
+	test_cmp expect actual
+'
+
+test_expect_success 'check %(if)...%(then)...%(else)...%(end) atoms' '
+	git for-each-ref --format="%(if)%(authorname)%(then)%(authorname)%(else)No author%(end): %(refname)" >actual &&
+	cat >expect <<-\EOF &&
+	A U Thor: refs/heads/master
+	A U Thor: refs/heads/side
+	A U Thor: refs/odd/spot
+	No author: refs/tags/annotated-tag
+	No author: refs/tags/doubly-annotated-tag
+	No author: refs/tags/doubly-signed-tag
+	A U Thor: refs/tags/foo1.10
+	A U Thor: refs/tags/foo1.3
+	A U Thor: refs/tags/foo1.6
+	A U Thor: refs/tags/four
+	A U Thor: refs/tags/one
+	No author: refs/tags/signed-tag
+	A U Thor: refs/tags/three
+	A U Thor: refs/tags/two
+	EOF
+	test_cmp expect actual
+'
+test_expect_success 'ignore spaces in %(if) atom usage' '
+	git for-each-ref --format="%(refname:short): %(if)%(HEAD)%(then)Head ref%(else)Not Head ref%(end)" >actual &&
+	cat >expect <<-\EOF &&
+	master: Head ref
+	side: Not Head ref
+	odd/spot: Not Head ref
+	annotated-tag: Not Head ref
+	doubly-annotated-tag: Not Head ref
+	doubly-signed-tag: Not Head ref
+	foo1.10: Not Head ref
+	foo1.3: Not Head ref
+	foo1.6: Not Head ref
+	four: Not Head ref
+	one: Not Head ref
+	signed-tag: Not Head ref
+	three: Not Head ref
+	two: Not Head ref
+	EOF
+	test_cmp expect actual
+'
+
+test_expect_success 'check %(if:equals=<string>)' '
+	git for-each-ref --format="%(if:equals=master)%(refname:short)%(then)Found master%(else)Not master%(end)" refs/heads/ >actual &&
+	cat >expect <<-\EOF &&
+	Found master
+	Not master
+	EOF
+	test_cmp expect actual
+'
+
+test_expect_success 'check %(if:notequals=<string>)' '
+	git for-each-ref --format="%(if:notequals=master)%(refname:short)%(then)Not master%(else)Found master%(end)" refs/heads/ >actual &&
+	cat >expect <<-\EOF &&
+	Found master
+	Not master
+	EOF
+	test_cmp expect actual
+'
+
 test_done
diff --git a/t/t6500-gc.sh b/t/t6500-gc.sh
index 1762dfa..08de2e8 100755
--- a/t/t6500-gc.sh
+++ b/t/t6500-gc.sh
@@ -67,5 +67,20 @@
 	test_line_count = 2 new # There is one new pack and its .idx
 '
 
+test_expect_success 'background auto gc does not run if gc.log is present and recent but does if it is old' '
+	test_commit foo &&
+	test_commit bar &&
+	git repack &&
+	test_config gc.autopacklimit 1 &&
+	test_config gc.autodetach true &&
+	echo fleem >.git/gc.log &&
+	test_must_fail git gc --auto 2>err &&
+	test_i18ngrep "^error:" err &&
+	test_config gc.logexpiry 5.days &&
+	test-chmtime =-345600 .git/gc.log &&
+	test_must_fail git gc --auto &&
+	test_config gc.logexpiry 2.days &&
+	git gc --auto
+'
 
 test_done
diff --git a/t/t7003-filter-branch.sh b/t/t7003-filter-branch.sh
index cb8fbd8..7cb6079 100755
--- a/t/t7003-filter-branch.sh
+++ b/t/t7003-filter-branch.sh
@@ -313,6 +313,27 @@
 	git cat-file tag X/2 > actual &&
 	test_cmp expect actual
 '
+test_expect_success 'setup --prune-empty comparisons' '
+	git checkout --orphan master-no-a &&
+	git rm -rf . &&
+	unset test_tick &&
+	test_tick &&
+	GIT_COMMITTER_DATE="@0 +0000" GIT_AUTHOR_DATE="@0 +0000" &&
+	test_commit --notick B B.t B Bx &&
+	git checkout -b branch-no-a Bx &&
+	test_commit D D.t D Dx &&
+	mkdir dir &&
+	test_commit dir/D dir/D.t dir/D dir/Dx &&
+	test_commit E E.t E Ex &&
+	git checkout master-no-a &&
+	test_commit C C.t C Cx &&
+	git checkout branch-no-a &&
+	git merge Cx -m "Merge tag '\''C'\'' into branch" &&
+	git tag Fx &&
+	test_commit G G.t G Gx &&
+	test_commit H H.t H Hx &&
+	git checkout branch
+'
 
 test_expect_success 'Prune empty commits' '
 	git rev-list HEAD > expect &&
@@ -341,6 +362,22 @@
 	test_cmp expect actual
 '
 
+test_expect_success '--prune-empty is able to prune root commit' '
+	git rev-list branch-no-a >expect &&
+	git branch testing H &&
+	git filter-branch -f --prune-empty --index-filter "git update-index --remove A.t" testing &&
+	git rev-list testing >actual &&
+	git branch -D testing &&
+	test_cmp expect actual
+'
+
+test_expect_success '--prune-empty is able to prune entire branch' '
+	git branch prune-entire B &&
+	git filter-branch -f --prune-empty --index-filter "git update-index --remove A.t B.t" prune-entire &&
+	test_path_is_missing .git/refs/heads/prune-entire &&
+	test_must_fail git reflog exists refs/heads/prune-entire
+'
+
 test_expect_success '--remap-to-ancestor with filename filters' '
 	git checkout master &&
 	git reset --hard A &&
diff --git a/t/t7004-tag.sh b/t/t7004-tag.sh
index 072e6c6..b4698ab 100755
--- a/t/t7004-tag.sh
+++ b/t/t7004-tag.sh
@@ -81,9 +81,25 @@
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'creating a tag with --create-reflog should create reflog' '
+	git log -1 \
+		--format="format:tag: tagging %h (%s, %cd)%n" \
+		--date=format:%Y-%m-%d >expected &&
 	test_when_finished "git tag -d tag_with_reflog" &&
 	git tag --create-reflog tag_with_reflog &&
-	git reflog exists refs/tags/tag_with_reflog
+	git reflog exists refs/tags/tag_with_reflog &&
+	sed -e "s/^.*	//" .git/logs/refs/tags/tag_with_reflog >actual &&
+	test_cmp expected actual
+'
+
+test_expect_success 'annotated tag with --create-reflog has correct message' '
+	git log -1 \
+		--format="format:tag: tagging %h (%s, %cd)%n" \
+		--date=format:%Y-%m-%d >expected &&
+	test_when_finished "git tag -d tag_with_reflog" &&
+	git tag -m "annotated tag" --create-reflog tag_with_reflog &&
+	git reflog exists refs/tags/tag_with_reflog &&
+	sed -e "s/^.*	//" .git/logs/refs/tags/tag_with_reflog >actual &&
+	test_cmp expected actual
 '
 
 test_expect_success '--create-reflog does not create reflog on failure' '
diff --git a/t/t7518-ident-corner-cases.sh b/t/t7518-ident-corner-cases.sh
new file mode 100755
index 0000000..b22f631
--- /dev/null
+++ b/t/t7518-ident-corner-cases.sh
@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+#!/bin/sh
+
+test_description='corner cases in ident strings'
+. ./test-lib.sh
+
+# confirm that we do not segfault _and_ that we do not say "(null)", as
+# glibc systems will quietly handle our NULL pointer
+#
+# Note also that we can't use "env" here because we need to unset a variable,
+# and "-u" is not portable.
+test_expect_success 'empty name and missing email' '
+	(
+		sane_unset GIT_AUTHOR_EMAIL &&
+		GIT_AUTHOR_NAME= &&
+		test_must_fail git commit --allow-empty -m foo 2>err &&
+		test_i18ngrep ! null err
+	)
+'
+
+test_expect_success 'commit rejects all-crud name' '
+	test_must_fail env GIT_AUTHOR_NAME=" .;<>" \
+		git commit --allow-empty -m foo
+'
+
+# We must test the actual error message here, as an unwanted
+# auto-detection could fail for other reasons.
+test_expect_success 'empty configured name does not auto-detect' '
+	(
+		sane_unset GIT_AUTHOR_NAME &&
+		test_must_fail \
+			git -c user.name= commit --allow-empty -m foo 2>err &&
+		test_i18ngrep "empty ident name" err
+	)
+'
+
+test_done
diff --git a/t/t7810-grep.sh b/t/t7810-grep.sh
index 19f0108..cee4209 100755
--- a/t/t7810-grep.sh
+++ b/t/t7810-grep.sh
@@ -982,6 +982,72 @@
 	test_cmp expected actual
 '
 
+test_expect_success 'dashdash disambiguates rev as rev' '
+	test_when_finished "rm -f master" &&
+	echo content >master &&
+	echo master:hello.c >expect &&
+	git grep -l o master -- hello.c >actual &&
+	test_cmp expect actual
+'
+
+test_expect_success 'dashdash disambiguates pathspec as pathspec' '
+	test_when_finished "git rm -f master" &&
+	echo content >master &&
+	git add master &&
+	echo master:content >expect &&
+	git grep o -- master >actual &&
+	test_cmp expect actual
+'
+
+test_expect_success 'report bogus arg without dashdash' '
+	test_must_fail git grep o does-not-exist
+'
+
+test_expect_success 'report bogus rev with dashdash' '
+	test_must_fail git grep o hello.c --
+'
+
+test_expect_success 'allow non-existent path with dashdash' '
+	# We need a real match so grep exits with success.
+	tree=$(git ls-tree HEAD |
+	       sed s/hello.c/not-in-working-tree/ |
+	       git mktree) &&
+	git grep o "$tree" -- not-in-working-tree
+'
+
+test_expect_success 'grep --no-index pattern -- path' '
+	rm -fr non &&
+	mkdir -p non/git &&
+	(
+		GIT_CEILING_DIRECTORIES="$(pwd)/non" &&
+		export GIT_CEILING_DIRECTORIES &&
+		cd non/git &&
+		echo hello >hello &&
+		echo goodbye >goodbye &&
+		echo hello:hello >expect &&
+		git grep --no-index o -- hello >actual &&
+		test_cmp expect actual
+	)
+'
+
+test_expect_success 'grep --no-index complains of revs' '
+	test_must_fail git grep --no-index o master -- 2>err &&
+	test_i18ngrep "cannot be used with revs" err
+'
+
+test_expect_success 'grep --no-index prefers paths to revs' '
+	test_when_finished "rm -f master" &&
+	echo content >master &&
+	echo master:content >expect &&
+	git grep --no-index o master >actual &&
+	test_cmp expect actual
+'
+
+test_expect_success 'grep --no-index does not "diagnose" revs' '
+	test_must_fail git grep --no-index o :1:hello.c 2>err &&
+	test_i18ngrep ! -i "did you mean" err
+'
+
 cat >expected <<EOF
 hello.c:int main(int argc, const char **argv)
 hello.c:	printf("Hello world.\n");
diff --git a/t/t9001-send-email.sh b/t/t9001-send-email.sh
index 0f398dd..60a80f6 100755
--- a/t/t9001-send-email.sh
+++ b/t/t9001-send-email.sh
@@ -148,7 +148,6 @@
 !two@example.com!
 !three@example.com!
 !four@example.com!
-!five@example.com!
 EOF
 "
 
@@ -159,9 +158,9 @@
 	Test Cc: trailers.
 
 	Cc: one@example.com
-	Cc: <two@example.com> # this is part of the name
-	Cc: <three@example.com>, <four@example.com> # not.five@example.com
-	Cc: "Some # Body" <five@example.com> [part.of.name.too]
+	Cc: <two@example.com> # trailing comments are ignored
+	Cc: <three@example.com>, <not.four@example.com> one address per line
+	Cc: "Some # Body" <four@example.com> [ <also.a.comment> ]
 	EOF
 	clean_fake_sendmail &&
 	git send-email -1 --to=recipient@example.com \
diff --git a/t/t9200-git-cvsexportcommit.sh b/t/t9200-git-cvsexportcommit.sh
index bb879a5..1319415 100755
--- a/t/t9200-git-cvsexportcommit.sh
+++ b/t/t9200-git-cvsexportcommit.sh
@@ -18,6 +18,11 @@
     test_done
 fi
 
+if ! test_have_prereq NOT_ROOT; then
+	skip_all='When cvs is compiled with CVS_BADROOT commits as root fail'
+	test_done
+fi
+
 CVSROOT=$PWD/tmpcvsroot
 CVSWORK=$PWD/cvswork
 GIT_DIR=$PWD/.git
diff --git a/t/t9600-cvsimport.sh b/t/t9600-cvsimport.sh
index 4c384ff..804ce38 100755
--- a/t/t9600-cvsimport.sh
+++ b/t/t9600-cvsimport.sh
@@ -3,6 +3,11 @@
 test_description='git cvsimport basic tests'
 . ./lib-cvs.sh
 
+if ! test_have_prereq NOT_ROOT; then
+	skip_all='When cvs is compiled with CVS_BADROOT commits as root fail'
+	test_done
+fi
+
 test_expect_success PERL 'setup cvsroot environment' '
 	CVSROOT=$(pwd)/cvsroot &&
 	export CVSROOT
diff --git a/t/t9902-completion.sh b/t/t9902-completion.sh
index a34e55f..d711bef 100755
--- a/t/t9902-completion.sh
+++ b/t/t9902-completion.sh
@@ -98,7 +98,7 @@
 {
 	local -a COMPREPLY &&
 	sed -e 's/Z$//' >expected &&
-	cur="$1" &&
+	local cur="$1" &&
 	shift &&
 	__gitcomp "$@" &&
 	print_comp &&
@@ -113,7 +113,7 @@
 {
 	local -a COMPREPLY &&
 	sed -e 's/Z$//' >expected &&
-	cur="$1" &&
+	local cur="$1" &&
 	shift &&
 	__gitcomp_nl "$@" &&
 	print_comp &&
@@ -124,140 +124,280 @@
 
 actual="$TRASH_DIRECTORY/actual"
 
-test_expect_success 'setup for __gitdir tests' '
+if test_have_prereq MINGW
+then
+	ROOT="$(pwd -W)"
+else
+	ROOT="$(pwd)"
+fi
+
+test_expect_success 'setup for __git_find_repo_path/__gitdir tests' '
 	mkdir -p subdir/subsubdir &&
+	mkdir -p non-repo &&
 	git init otherrepo
 '
 
-test_expect_success '__gitdir - from command line (through $__git_dir)' '
-	echo "$TRASH_DIRECTORY/otherrepo/.git" >expected &&
+test_expect_success '__git_find_repo_path - from command line (through $__git_dir)' '
+	echo "$ROOT/otherrepo/.git" >expected &&
 	(
-		__git_dir="$TRASH_DIRECTORY/otherrepo/.git" &&
-		__gitdir >"$actual"
+		__git_dir="$ROOT/otherrepo/.git" &&
+		__git_find_repo_path &&
+		echo "$__git_repo_path" >"$actual"
 	) &&
 	test_cmp expected "$actual"
 '
 
-test_expect_success '__gitdir - repo as argument' '
-	echo "otherrepo/.git" >expected &&
-	__gitdir "otherrepo" >"$actual" &&
-	test_cmp expected "$actual"
-'
-
-test_expect_success '__gitdir - remote as argument' '
-	echo "remote" >expected &&
-	__gitdir "remote" >"$actual" &&
-	test_cmp expected "$actual"
-'
-
-test_expect_success '__gitdir - .git directory in cwd' '
+test_expect_success '__git_find_repo_path - .git directory in cwd' '
 	echo ".git" >expected &&
-	__gitdir >"$actual" &&
+	(
+		__git_find_repo_path &&
+		echo "$__git_repo_path" >"$actual"
+	) &&
 	test_cmp expected "$actual"
 '
 
-test_expect_success '__gitdir - .git directory in parent' '
-	echo "$(pwd -P)/.git" >expected &&
+test_expect_success '__git_find_repo_path - .git directory in parent' '
+	echo "$ROOT/.git" >expected &&
 	(
 		cd subdir/subsubdir &&
-		__gitdir >"$actual"
+		__git_find_repo_path &&
+		echo "$__git_repo_path" >"$actual"
 	) &&
 	test_cmp expected "$actual"
 '
 
-test_expect_success '__gitdir - cwd is a .git directory' '
+test_expect_success '__git_find_repo_path - cwd is a .git directory' '
 	echo "." >expected &&
 	(
 		cd .git &&
-		__gitdir >"$actual"
+		__git_find_repo_path &&
+		echo "$__git_repo_path" >"$actual"
 	) &&
 	test_cmp expected "$actual"
 '
 
-test_expect_success '__gitdir - parent is a .git directory' '
-	echo "$(pwd -P)/.git" >expected &&
+test_expect_success '__git_find_repo_path - parent is a .git directory' '
+	echo "$ROOT/.git" >expected &&
 	(
 		cd .git/refs/heads &&
-		__gitdir >"$actual"
+		__git_find_repo_path &&
+		echo "$__git_repo_path" >"$actual"
 	) &&
 	test_cmp expected "$actual"
 '
 
-test_expect_success '__gitdir - $GIT_DIR set while .git directory in cwd' '
-	echo "$TRASH_DIRECTORY/otherrepo/.git" >expected &&
+test_expect_success '__git_find_repo_path - $GIT_DIR set while .git directory in cwd' '
+	echo "$ROOT/otherrepo/.git" >expected &&
 	(
-		GIT_DIR="$TRASH_DIRECTORY/otherrepo/.git" &&
+		GIT_DIR="$ROOT/otherrepo/.git" &&
 		export GIT_DIR &&
-		__gitdir >"$actual"
+		__git_find_repo_path &&
+		echo "$__git_repo_path" >"$actual"
 	) &&
 	test_cmp expected "$actual"
 '
 
-test_expect_success '__gitdir - $GIT_DIR set while .git directory in parent' '
-	echo "$TRASH_DIRECTORY/otherrepo/.git" >expected &&
+test_expect_success '__git_find_repo_path - $GIT_DIR set while .git directory in parent' '
+	echo "$ROOT/otherrepo/.git" >expected &&
 	(
-		GIT_DIR="$TRASH_DIRECTORY/otherrepo/.git" &&
+		GIT_DIR="$ROOT/otherrepo/.git" &&
 		export GIT_DIR &&
 		cd subdir &&
-		__gitdir >"$actual"
+		__git_find_repo_path &&
+		echo "$__git_repo_path" >"$actual"
 	) &&
 	test_cmp expected "$actual"
 '
 
-test_expect_success '__gitdir - non-existing $GIT_DIR' '
+test_expect_success '__git_find_repo_path - from command line while "git -C"' '
+	echo "$ROOT/.git" >expected &&
 	(
-		GIT_DIR="$TRASH_DIRECTORY/non-existing" &&
-		export GIT_DIR &&
-		test_must_fail __gitdir
-	)
+		__git_dir="$ROOT/.git" &&
+		__git_C_args=(-C otherrepo) &&
+		__git_find_repo_path &&
+		echo "$__git_repo_path" >"$actual"
+	) &&
+	test_cmp expected "$actual"
 '
 
-function pwd_P_W () {
-	if test_have_prereq MINGW
-	then
-		pwd -W
-	else
-		pwd -P
-	fi
-}
+test_expect_success '__git_find_repo_path - relative dir from command line and "git -C"' '
+	echo "$ROOT/otherrepo/.git" >expected &&
+	(
+		cd subdir &&
+		__git_dir="otherrepo/.git" &&
+		__git_C_args=(-C ..) &&
+		__git_find_repo_path &&
+		echo "$__git_repo_path" >"$actual"
+	) &&
+	test_cmp expected "$actual"
+'
 
-test_expect_success '__gitdir - gitfile in cwd' '
-	echo "$(pwd_P_W)/otherrepo/.git" >expected &&
-	echo "gitdir: $(pwd_P_W)/otherrepo/.git" >subdir/.git &&
+test_expect_success '__git_find_repo_path - $GIT_DIR set while "git -C"' '
+	echo "$ROOT/.git" >expected &&
+	(
+		GIT_DIR="$ROOT/.git" &&
+		export GIT_DIR &&
+		__git_C_args=(-C otherrepo) &&
+		__git_find_repo_path &&
+		echo "$__git_repo_path" >"$actual"
+	) &&
+	test_cmp expected "$actual"
+'
+
+test_expect_success '__git_find_repo_path - relative dir in $GIT_DIR and "git -C"' '
+	echo "$ROOT/otherrepo/.git" >expected &&
+	(
+		cd subdir &&
+		GIT_DIR="otherrepo/.git" &&
+		export GIT_DIR &&
+		__git_C_args=(-C ..) &&
+		__git_find_repo_path &&
+		echo "$__git_repo_path" >"$actual"
+	) &&
+	test_cmp expected "$actual"
+'
+
+test_expect_success '__git_find_repo_path - "git -C" while .git directory in cwd' '
+	echo "$ROOT/otherrepo/.git" >expected &&
+	(
+		__git_C_args=(-C otherrepo) &&
+		__git_find_repo_path &&
+		echo "$__git_repo_path" >"$actual"
+	) &&
+	test_cmp expected "$actual"
+'
+
+test_expect_success '__git_find_repo_path - "git -C" while cwd is a .git directory' '
+	echo "$ROOT/otherrepo/.git" >expected &&
+	(
+		cd .git &&
+		__git_C_args=(-C .. -C otherrepo) &&
+		__git_find_repo_path &&
+		echo "$__git_repo_path" >"$actual"
+	) &&
+	test_cmp expected "$actual"
+'
+
+test_expect_success '__git_find_repo_path - "git -C" while .git directory in parent' '
+	echo "$ROOT/otherrepo/.git" >expected &&
+	(
+		cd subdir &&
+		__git_C_args=(-C .. -C otherrepo) &&
+		__git_find_repo_path &&
+		echo "$__git_repo_path" >"$actual"
+	) &&
+	test_cmp expected "$actual"
+'
+
+test_expect_success '__git_find_repo_path - non-existing path in "git -C"' '
+	(
+		__git_C_args=(-C non-existing) &&
+		test_must_fail __git_find_repo_path &&
+		printf "$__git_repo_path" >"$actual"
+	) &&
+	test_must_be_empty "$actual"
+'
+
+test_expect_success '__git_find_repo_path - non-existing path in $__git_dir' '
+	(
+		__git_dir="non-existing" &&
+		test_must_fail __git_find_repo_path &&
+		printf "$__git_repo_path" >"$actual"
+	) &&
+	test_must_be_empty "$actual"
+'
+
+test_expect_success '__git_find_repo_path - non-existing $GIT_DIR' '
+	(
+		GIT_DIR="$ROOT/non-existing" &&
+		export GIT_DIR &&
+		test_must_fail __git_find_repo_path &&
+		printf "$__git_repo_path" >"$actual"
+	) &&
+	test_must_be_empty "$actual"
+'
+
+test_expect_success '__git_find_repo_path - gitfile in cwd' '
+	echo "$ROOT/otherrepo/.git" >expected &&
+	echo "gitdir: $ROOT/otherrepo/.git" >subdir/.git &&
 	test_when_finished "rm -f subdir/.git" &&
 	(
 		cd subdir &&
-		__gitdir >"$actual"
+		__git_find_repo_path &&
+		echo "$__git_repo_path" >"$actual"
 	) &&
 	test_cmp expected "$actual"
 '
 
-test_expect_success '__gitdir - gitfile in parent' '
-	echo "$(pwd_P_W)/otherrepo/.git" >expected &&
-	echo "gitdir: $(pwd_P_W)/otherrepo/.git" >subdir/.git &&
+test_expect_success '__git_find_repo_path - gitfile in parent' '
+	echo "$ROOT/otherrepo/.git" >expected &&
+	echo "gitdir: $ROOT/otherrepo/.git" >subdir/.git &&
 	test_when_finished "rm -f subdir/.git" &&
 	(
 		cd subdir/subsubdir &&
-		__gitdir >"$actual"
+		__git_find_repo_path &&
+		echo "$__git_repo_path" >"$actual"
 	) &&
 	test_cmp expected "$actual"
 '
 
-test_expect_success SYMLINKS '__gitdir - resulting path avoids symlinks' '
-	echo "$(pwd -P)/otherrepo/.git" >expected &&
+test_expect_success SYMLINKS '__git_find_repo_path - resulting path avoids symlinks' '
+	echo "$ROOT/otherrepo/.git" >expected &&
 	mkdir otherrepo/dir &&
 	test_when_finished "rm -rf otherrepo/dir" &&
 	ln -s otherrepo/dir link &&
 	test_when_finished "rm -f link" &&
 	(
 		cd link &&
+		__git_find_repo_path &&
+		echo "$__git_repo_path" >"$actual"
+	) &&
+	test_cmp expected "$actual"
+'
+
+test_expect_success '__git_find_repo_path - not a git repository' '
+	(
+		cd non-repo &&
+		GIT_CEILING_DIRECTORIES="$ROOT" &&
+		export GIT_CEILING_DIRECTORIES &&
+		test_must_fail __git_find_repo_path &&
+		printf "$__git_repo_path" >"$actual"
+	) &&
+	test_must_be_empty "$actual"
+'
+
+test_expect_success '__gitdir - finds repo' '
+	echo "$ROOT/.git" >expected &&
+	(
+		cd subdir/subsubdir &&
 		__gitdir >"$actual"
 	) &&
 	test_cmp expected "$actual"
 '
 
-test_expect_success '__gitdir - not a git repository' '
-	nongit test_must_fail __gitdir
+
+test_expect_success '__gitdir - returns error when cant find repo' '
+	(
+		__git_dir="non-existing" &&
+		test_must_fail __gitdir >"$actual"
+	) &&
+	test_must_be_empty "$actual"
+'
+
+test_expect_success '__gitdir - repo as argument' '
+	echo "otherrepo/.git" >expected &&
+	(
+		__gitdir "otherrepo" >"$actual"
+	) &&
+	test_cmp expected "$actual"
+'
+
+test_expect_success '__gitdir - remote as argument' '
+	echo "remote" >expected &&
+	(
+		__gitdir "remote" >"$actual"
+	) &&
+	test_cmp expected "$actual"
 '
 
 test_expect_success '__gitcomp - trailing space - options' '
@@ -361,10 +501,286 @@
 	git remote add remote_in_config_1 git://remote_1 &&
 	test_when_finished "git remote remove remote_in_config_2" &&
 	git remote add remote_in_config_2 git://remote_2 &&
-	__git_remotes >actual &&
+	(
+		__git_remotes >actual
+	) &&
 	test_cmp expect actual
 '
 
+test_expect_success '__git_is_configured_remote' '
+	test_when_finished "git remote remove remote_1" &&
+	git remote add remote_1 git://remote_1 &&
+	test_when_finished "git remote remove remote_2" &&
+	git remote add remote_2 git://remote_2 &&
+	(
+		verbose __git_is_configured_remote remote_2 &&
+		test_must_fail __git_is_configured_remote non-existent
+	)
+'
+
+test_expect_success 'setup for ref completion' '
+	git commit --allow-empty -m initial &&
+	git branch matching-branch &&
+	git tag matching-tag &&
+	(
+		cd otherrepo &&
+		git commit --allow-empty -m initial &&
+		git branch -m master master-in-other &&
+		git branch branch-in-other &&
+		git tag tag-in-other
+	) &&
+	git remote add other "$ROOT/otherrepo/.git" &&
+	git fetch --no-tags other &&
+	rm -f .git/FETCH_HEAD &&
+	git init thirdrepo
+'
+
+test_expect_success '__git_refs - simple' '
+	cat >expected <<-EOF &&
+	HEAD
+	master
+	matching-branch
+	other/branch-in-other
+	other/master-in-other
+	matching-tag
+	EOF
+	(
+		cur= &&
+		__git_refs >"$actual"
+	) &&
+	test_cmp expected "$actual"
+'
+
+test_expect_success '__git_refs - full refs' '
+	cat >expected <<-EOF &&
+	refs/heads/master
+	refs/heads/matching-branch
+	EOF
+	(
+		cur=refs/heads/ &&
+		__git_refs >"$actual"
+	) &&
+	test_cmp expected "$actual"
+'
+
+test_expect_success '__git_refs - repo given on the command line' '
+	cat >expected <<-EOF &&
+	HEAD
+	branch-in-other
+	master-in-other
+	tag-in-other
+	EOF
+	(
+		__git_dir="$ROOT/otherrepo/.git" &&
+		cur= &&
+		__git_refs >"$actual"
+	) &&
+	test_cmp expected "$actual"
+'
+
+test_expect_success '__git_refs - remote on local file system' '
+	cat >expected <<-EOF &&
+	HEAD
+	branch-in-other
+	master-in-other
+	tag-in-other
+	EOF
+	(
+		cur= &&
+		__git_refs otherrepo >"$actual"
+	) &&
+	test_cmp expected "$actual"
+'
+
+test_expect_success '__git_refs - remote on local file system - full refs' '
+	cat >expected <<-EOF &&
+	refs/heads/branch-in-other
+	refs/heads/master-in-other
+	refs/tags/tag-in-other
+	EOF
+	(
+		cur=refs/ &&
+		__git_refs otherrepo >"$actual"
+	) &&
+	test_cmp expected "$actual"
+'
+
+test_expect_success '__git_refs - configured remote' '
+	cat >expected <<-EOF &&
+	HEAD
+	branch-in-other
+	master-in-other
+	EOF
+	(
+		cur= &&
+		__git_refs other >"$actual"
+	) &&
+	test_cmp expected "$actual"
+'
+
+test_expect_success '__git_refs - configured remote - full refs' '
+	cat >expected <<-EOF &&
+	refs/heads/branch-in-other
+	refs/heads/master-in-other
+	refs/tags/tag-in-other
+	EOF
+	(
+		cur=refs/ &&
+		__git_refs other >"$actual"
+	) &&
+	test_cmp expected "$actual"
+'
+
+test_expect_success '__git_refs - configured remote - repo given on the command line' '
+	cat >expected <<-EOF &&
+	HEAD
+	branch-in-other
+	master-in-other
+	EOF
+	(
+		cd thirdrepo &&
+		__git_dir="$ROOT/.git" &&
+		cur= &&
+		__git_refs other >"$actual"
+	) &&
+	test_cmp expected "$actual"
+'
+
+test_expect_success '__git_refs - configured remote - full refs - repo given on the command line' '
+	cat >expected <<-EOF &&
+	refs/heads/branch-in-other
+	refs/heads/master-in-other
+	refs/tags/tag-in-other
+	EOF
+	(
+		cd thirdrepo &&
+		__git_dir="$ROOT/.git" &&
+		cur=refs/ &&
+		__git_refs other >"$actual"
+	) &&
+	test_cmp expected "$actual"
+'
+
+test_expect_success '__git_refs - configured remote - remote name matches a directory' '
+	cat >expected <<-EOF &&
+	HEAD
+	branch-in-other
+	master-in-other
+	EOF
+	mkdir other &&
+	test_when_finished "rm -rf other" &&
+	(
+		cur= &&
+		__git_refs other >"$actual"
+	) &&
+	test_cmp expected "$actual"
+'
+
+test_expect_success '__git_refs - URL remote' '
+	cat >expected <<-EOF &&
+	HEAD
+	branch-in-other
+	master-in-other
+	tag-in-other
+	EOF
+	(
+		cur= &&
+		__git_refs "file://$ROOT/otherrepo/.git" >"$actual"
+	) &&
+	test_cmp expected "$actual"
+'
+
+test_expect_success '__git_refs - URL remote - full refs' '
+	cat >expected <<-EOF &&
+	refs/heads/branch-in-other
+	refs/heads/master-in-other
+	refs/tags/tag-in-other
+	EOF
+	(
+		cur=refs/ &&
+		__git_refs "file://$ROOT/otherrepo/.git" >"$actual"
+	) &&
+	test_cmp expected "$actual"
+'
+
+test_expect_success '__git_refs - non-existing remote' '
+	(
+		cur= &&
+		__git_refs non-existing >"$actual"
+	) &&
+	test_must_be_empty "$actual"
+'
+
+test_expect_success '__git_refs - non-existing remote - full refs' '
+	(
+		cur=refs/ &&
+		__git_refs non-existing >"$actual"
+	) &&
+	test_must_be_empty "$actual"
+'
+
+test_expect_success '__git_refs - non-existing URL remote' '
+	(
+		cur= &&
+		__git_refs "file://$ROOT/non-existing" >"$actual"
+	) &&
+	test_must_be_empty "$actual"
+'
+
+test_expect_success '__git_refs - non-existing URL remote - full refs' '
+	(
+		cur=refs/ &&
+		__git_refs "file://$ROOT/non-existing" >"$actual"
+	) &&
+	test_must_be_empty "$actual"
+'
+
+test_expect_success '__git_refs - not in a git repository' '
+	(
+		GIT_CEILING_DIRECTORIES="$ROOT" &&
+		export GIT_CEILING_DIRECTORIES &&
+		cd subdir &&
+		cur= &&
+		__git_refs >"$actual"
+	) &&
+	test_must_be_empty "$actual"
+'
+
+test_expect_success '__git_refs - unique remote branches for git checkout DWIMery' '
+	cat >expected <<-EOF &&
+	HEAD
+	master
+	matching-branch
+	other/ambiguous
+	other/branch-in-other
+	other/master-in-other
+	remote/ambiguous
+	remote/branch-in-remote
+	matching-tag
+	branch-in-other
+	branch-in-remote
+	master-in-other
+	EOF
+	for remote_ref in refs/remotes/other/ambiguous \
+		refs/remotes/remote/ambiguous \
+		refs/remotes/remote/branch-in-remote
+	do
+		git update-ref $remote_ref master &&
+		test_when_finished "git update-ref -d $remote_ref"
+	done &&
+	(
+		cur= &&
+		__git_refs "" 1 >"$actual"
+	) &&
+	test_cmp expected "$actual"
+'
+
+test_expect_success 'teardown after ref completion' '
+	git branch -d matching-branch &&
+	git tag -d matching-tag &&
+	git remote remove other
+'
+
 test_expect_success '__git_get_config_variables' '
 	cat >expect <<-EOF &&
 	name-1
@@ -475,7 +891,12 @@
 	test_completion "git --namespace=foo check" "checkout " &&
 	test_completion "git --paginate check" "checkout " &&
 	test_completion "git --info-path check" "checkout " &&
-	test_completion "git --no-replace-objects check" "checkout "
+	test_completion "git --no-replace-objects check" "checkout " &&
+	test_completion "git --git-dir some/path check" "checkout " &&
+	test_completion "git -c conf.var=value check" "checkout " &&
+	test_completion "git -C some/path check" "checkout " &&
+	test_completion "git --work-tree some/path check" "checkout " &&
+	test_completion "git --namespace name/space check" "checkout "
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'git --help completion' '
@@ -483,10 +904,10 @@
 	test_completion "git --help core" "core-tutorial "
 '
 
-test_expect_success 'setup for ref completion' '
+test_expect_success 'setup for integration tests' '
 	echo content >file1 &&
 	echo more >file2 &&
-	git add . &&
+	git add file1 file2 &&
 	git commit -m one &&
 	git branch mybranch &&
 	git tag mytag
@@ -500,6 +921,12 @@
 	EOF
 '
 
+test_expect_success 'git -C <path> checkout uses the right repo' '
+	test_completion "git -C subdir -C subsubdir -C .. -C ../otherrepo checkout b" <<-\EOF
+	branch-in-other Z
+	EOF
+'
+
 test_expect_success 'show completes all refs' '
 	test_completion "git show m" <<-\EOF
 	master Z
@@ -517,7 +944,7 @@
 
 test_expect_success 'complete tree filename with spaces' '
 	echo content >"name with spaces" &&
-	git add . &&
+	git add "name with spaces" &&
 	git commit -m spaces &&
 	test_completion "git show HEAD:nam" <<-\EOF
 	name with spaces Z
@@ -526,7 +953,7 @@
 
 test_expect_success 'complete tree filename with metacharacters' '
 	echo content >"name with \${meta}" &&
-	git add . &&
+	git add "name with \${meta}" &&
 	git commit -m meta &&
 	test_completion "git show HEAD:nam" <<-\EOF
 	name with ${meta} Z
diff --git a/tempfile.c b/tempfile.c
index ffcc272..6843710 100644
--- a/tempfile.c
+++ b/tempfile.c
@@ -247,8 +247,13 @@
 	tempfile->fd = -1;
 	if (fp) {
 		tempfile->fp = NULL;
-		err = ferror(fp);
-		err |= fclose(fp);
+		if (ferror(fp)) {
+			err = -1;
+			if (!fclose(fp))
+				errno = EIO;
+		} else {
+			err = fclose(fp);
+		}
 	} else {
 		err = close(fd);
 	}
diff --git a/transport-helper.c b/transport-helper.c
index 1258d6a..dc90a1f 100644
--- a/transport-helper.c
+++ b/transport-helper.c
@@ -124,8 +124,9 @@
 	helper->git_cmd = 0;
 	helper->silent_exec_failure = 1;
 
-	argv_array_pushf(&helper->env_array, "%s=%s", GIT_DIR_ENVIRONMENT,
-			 get_git_dir());
+	if (have_git_dir())
+		argv_array_pushf(&helper->env_array, "%s=%s",
+				 GIT_DIR_ENVIRONMENT, get_git_dir());
 
 	code = start_command(helper);
 	if (code < 0 && errno == ENOENT)
diff --git a/transport.c b/transport.c
index d72e089..ea1feac 100644
--- a/transport.c
+++ b/transport.c
@@ -204,6 +204,7 @@
 static int fetch_refs_via_pack(struct transport *transport,
 			       int nr_heads, struct ref **to_fetch)
 {
+	int ret = 0;
 	struct git_transport_data *data = transport->data;
 	struct ref *refs;
 	char *dest = xstrdup(transport->url);
@@ -241,19 +242,22 @@
 			  &transport->pack_lockfile);
 	close(data->fd[0]);
 	close(data->fd[1]);
-	if (finish_connect(data->conn)) {
-		free_refs(refs);
-		refs = NULL;
-	}
+	if (finish_connect(data->conn))
+		ret = -1;
 	data->conn = NULL;
 	data->got_remote_heads = 0;
 	data->options.self_contained_and_connected =
 		args.self_contained_and_connected;
 
+	if (refs == NULL)
+		ret = -1;
+	if (report_unmatched_refs(to_fetch, nr_heads))
+		ret = -1;
+
 	free_refs(refs_tmp);
 	free_refs(refs);
 	free(dest);
-	return (refs ? 0 : -1);
+	return ret;
 }
 
 static int push_had_errors(struct ref *ref)
@@ -299,7 +303,7 @@
 		if (verbose)
 			fprintf(stderr, "updating local tracking ref '%s'\n", rs.dst);
 		if (ref->deletion) {
-			delete_ref(rs.dst, NULL, 0);
+			delete_ref(NULL, rs.dst, NULL, 0);
 		} else
 			update_ref("update by push", rs.dst,
 					ref->new_oid.hash, NULL, 0, 0);
@@ -1206,6 +1210,42 @@
 	return xstrdup(url);
 }
 
+static void read_alternate_refs(const char *path,
+				alternate_ref_fn *cb,
+				void *data)
+{
+	struct child_process cmd = CHILD_PROCESS_INIT;
+	struct strbuf line = STRBUF_INIT;
+	FILE *fh;
+
+	cmd.git_cmd = 1;
+	argv_array_pushf(&cmd.args, "--git-dir=%s", path);
+	argv_array_push(&cmd.args, "for-each-ref");
+	argv_array_push(&cmd.args, "--format=%(objectname) %(refname)");
+	cmd.env = local_repo_env;
+	cmd.out = -1;
+
+	if (start_command(&cmd))
+		return;
+
+	fh = xfdopen(cmd.out, "r");
+	while (strbuf_getline_lf(&line, fh) != EOF) {
+		struct object_id oid;
+
+		if (get_oid_hex(line.buf, &oid) ||
+		    line.buf[GIT_SHA1_HEXSZ] != ' ') {
+			warning("invalid line while parsing alternate refs: %s",
+				line.buf);
+			break;
+		}
+
+		cb(line.buf + GIT_SHA1_HEXSZ + 1, &oid, data);
+	}
+
+	fclose(fh);
+	finish_command(&cmd);
+}
+
 struct alternate_refs_data {
 	alternate_ref_fn *fn;
 	void *data;
@@ -1214,34 +1254,26 @@
 static int refs_from_alternate_cb(struct alternate_object_database *e,
 				  void *data)
 {
-	char *other;
-	size_t len;
-	struct remote *remote;
-	struct transport *transport;
-	const struct ref *extra;
+	struct strbuf path = STRBUF_INIT;
+	size_t base_len;
 	struct alternate_refs_data *cb = data;
 
-	other = real_pathdup(e->path);
-	len = strlen(other);
+	if (!strbuf_realpath(&path, e->path, 0))
+		goto out;
+	if (!strbuf_strip_suffix(&path, "/objects"))
+		goto out;
+	base_len = path.len;
 
-	while (other[len-1] == '/')
-		other[--len] = '\0';
-	if (len < 8 || memcmp(other + len - 8, "/objects", 8))
-		goto out;
 	/* Is this a git repository with refs? */
-	memcpy(other + len - 8, "/refs", 6);
-	if (!is_directory(other))
+	strbuf_addstr(&path, "/refs");
+	if (!is_directory(path.buf))
 		goto out;
-	other[len - 8] = '\0';
-	remote = remote_get(other);
-	transport = transport_get(remote, other);
-	for (extra = transport_get_remote_refs(transport);
-	     extra;
-	     extra = extra->next)
-		cb->fn(extra, cb->data);
-	transport_disconnect(transport);
+	strbuf_setlen(&path, base_len);
+
+	read_alternate_refs(path.buf, cb->fn, cb->data);
+
 out:
-	free(other);
+	strbuf_release(&path);
 	return 0;
 }
 
diff --git a/transport.h b/transport.h
index e597b31..bc55715 100644
--- a/transport.h
+++ b/transport.h
@@ -255,6 +255,6 @@
 void transport_print_push_status(const char *dest, struct ref *refs,
 		  int verbose, int porcelain, unsigned int *reject_reasons);
 
-typedef void alternate_ref_fn(const struct ref *, void *);
+typedef void alternate_ref_fn(const char *refname, const struct object_id *oid, void *);
 extern void for_each_alternate_ref(alternate_ref_fn, void *);
 #endif
diff --git a/upload-pack.c b/upload-pack.c
index 7597ba3..ffb028d 100644
--- a/upload-pack.c
+++ b/upload-pack.c
@@ -822,9 +822,13 @@
 			use_include_tag = 1;
 
 		o = parse_object(sha1_buf);
-		if (!o)
+		if (!o) {
+			packet_write_fmt(1,
+					 "ERR upload-pack: not our ref %s",
+					 sha1_to_hex(sha1_buf));
 			die("git upload-pack: not our ref %s",
 			    sha1_to_hex(sha1_buf));
+		}
 		if (!(o->flags & WANTED)) {
 			o->flags |= WANTED;
 			if (!((allow_unadvertised_object_request & ALLOW_ANY_SHA1) == ALLOW_ANY_SHA1
diff --git a/urlmatch.c b/urlmatch.c
index 132d342..4bbde92 100644
--- a/urlmatch.c
+++ b/urlmatch.c
@@ -63,7 +63,50 @@
 	return 1;
 }
 
-char *url_normalize(const char *url, struct url_info *out_info)
+static const char *end_of_token(const char *s, int c, size_t n)
+{
+	const char *next = memchr(s, c, n);
+	if (!next)
+		next = s + n;
+	return next;
+}
+
+static int match_host(const struct url_info *url_info,
+		      const struct url_info *pattern_info)
+{
+	const char *url = url_info->url + url_info->host_off;
+	const char *pat = pattern_info->url + pattern_info->host_off;
+	int url_len = url_info->host_len;
+	int pat_len = pattern_info->host_len;
+
+	while (url_len && pat_len) {
+		const char *url_next = end_of_token(url, '.', url_len);
+		const char *pat_next = end_of_token(pat, '.', pat_len);
+
+		if (pat_next == pat + 1 && pat[0] == '*')
+			/* wildcard matches anything */
+			;
+		else if ((pat_next - pat) == (url_next - url) &&
+			 !memcmp(url, pat, url_next - url))
+			/* the components are the same */
+			;
+		else
+			return 0; /* found an unmatch */
+
+		if (url_next < url + url_len)
+			url_next++;
+		url_len -= url_next - url;
+		url = url_next;
+		if (pat_next < pat + pat_len)
+			pat_next++;
+		pat_len -= pat_next - pat;
+		pat = pat_next;
+	}
+
+	return (!url_len && !pat_len);
+}
+
+static char *url_normalize_1(const char *url, struct url_info *out_info, char allow_globs)
 {
 	/*
 	 * Normalize NUL-terminated url using the following rules:
@@ -104,7 +147,7 @@
 	struct strbuf norm;
 	size_t spanned;
 	size_t scheme_len, user_off=0, user_len=0, passwd_off=0, passwd_len=0;
-	size_t host_off=0, host_len=0, port_len=0, path_off, path_len, result_len;
+	size_t host_off=0, host_len=0, port_off=0, port_len=0, path_off, path_len, result_len;
 	const char *slash_ptr, *at_ptr, *colon_ptr, *path_start;
 	char *result;
 
@@ -191,7 +234,12 @@
 		strbuf_release(&norm);
 		return NULL;
 	}
-	spanned = strspn(url, URL_HOST_CHARS);
+
+	if (allow_globs)
+		spanned = strspn(url, URL_HOST_CHARS "*");
+	else
+		spanned = strspn(url, URL_HOST_CHARS);
+
 	if (spanned < colon_ptr - url) {
 		/* Host name has invalid characters */
 		if (out_info) {
@@ -258,6 +306,7 @@
 				return NULL;
 			}
 			strbuf_addch(&norm, ':');
+			port_off = norm.len;
 			strbuf_add(&norm, url, slash_ptr - url);
 			port_len = slash_ptr - url;
 		}
@@ -265,7 +314,7 @@
 		url = slash_ptr;
 	}
 	if (host_off)
-		host_len = norm.len - host_off;
+		host_len = norm.len - host_off - (port_len ? port_len + 1 : 0);
 
 
 	/*
@@ -373,6 +422,7 @@
 		out_info->passwd_len = passwd_len;
 		out_info->host_off = host_off;
 		out_info->host_len = host_len;
+		out_info->port_off = port_off;
 		out_info->port_len = port_len;
 		out_info->path_off = path_off;
 		out_info->path_len = path_len;
@@ -380,6 +430,11 @@
 	return result;
 }
 
+char *url_normalize(const char *url, struct url_info *out_info)
+{
+	return url_normalize_1(url, out_info, 0);
+}
+
 static size_t url_match_prefix(const char *url,
 			       const char *url_prefix,
 			       size_t url_prefix_len)
@@ -414,7 +469,7 @@
 
 static int match_urls(const struct url_info *url,
 		      const struct url_info *url_prefix,
-		      int *exactusermatch)
+		      struct urlmatch_item *match)
 {
 	/*
 	 * url_prefix matches url if the scheme, host and port of url_prefix
@@ -433,8 +488,8 @@
 	 * contained a user name or false if url_prefix did not have a
 	 * user name.  If there is no match *exactusermatch is left untouched.
 	 */
-	int usermatched = 0;
-	int pathmatchlen;
+	char usermatched = 0;
+	size_t pathmatchlen;
 
 	if (!url || !url_prefix || !url->url || !url_prefix->url)
 		return 0;
@@ -454,33 +509,53 @@
 		usermatched = 1;
 	}
 
-	/* check the host and port */
-	if (url_prefix->host_len != url->host_len ||
-	    strncmp(url->url + url->host_off,
-		    url_prefix->url + url_prefix->host_off, url->host_len))
-		return 0; /* host names and/or ports do not match */
+	/* check the host */
+	if (!match_host(url, url_prefix))
+		return 0; /* host names do not match */
+
+	/* check the port */
+	if (url_prefix->port_len != url->port_len ||
+	    strncmp(url->url + url->port_off,
+		    url_prefix->url + url_prefix->port_off, url->port_len))
+		return 0; /* ports do not match */
 
 	/* check the path */
 	pathmatchlen = url_match_prefix(
 		url->url + url->path_off,
 		url_prefix->url + url_prefix->path_off,
 		url_prefix->url_len - url_prefix->path_off);
+	if (!pathmatchlen)
+		return 0; /* paths do not match */
 
-	if (pathmatchlen && exactusermatch)
-		*exactusermatch = usermatched;
-	return pathmatchlen;
+	if (match) {
+		match->hostmatch_len = url_prefix->host_len;
+		match->pathmatch_len = pathmatchlen;
+		match->user_matched = usermatched;
+	}
+
+	return 1;
+}
+
+static int cmp_matches(const struct urlmatch_item *a,
+		       const struct urlmatch_item *b)
+{
+	if (a->hostmatch_len != b->hostmatch_len)
+		return a->hostmatch_len < b->hostmatch_len ? -1 : 1;
+	if (a->pathmatch_len != b->pathmatch_len)
+		return a->pathmatch_len < b->pathmatch_len ? -1 : 1;
+	if (a->user_matched != b->user_matched)
+		return b->user_matched ? -1 : 1;
+	return 0;
 }
 
 int urlmatch_config_entry(const char *var, const char *value, void *cb)
 {
 	struct string_list_item *item;
 	struct urlmatch_config *collect = cb;
-	struct urlmatch_item *matched;
+	struct urlmatch_item matched = {0};
 	struct url_info *url = &collect->url;
 	const char *key, *dot;
 	struct strbuf synthkey = STRBUF_INIT;
-	size_t matched_len = 0;
-	int user_matched = 0;
 	int retval;
 
 	if (!skip_prefix(var, collect->section, &key) || *(key++) != '.') {
@@ -494,13 +569,13 @@
 		struct url_info norm_info;
 
 		config_url = xmemdupz(key, dot - key);
-		norm_url = url_normalize(config_url, &norm_info);
+		norm_url = url_normalize_1(config_url, &norm_info, 1);
 		free(config_url);
 		if (!norm_url)
 			return 0;
-		matched_len = match_urls(url, &norm_info, &user_matched);
+		retval = match_urls(url, &norm_info, &matched);
 		free(norm_url);
-		if (!matched_len)
+		if (!retval)
 			return 0;
 		key = dot + 1;
 	}
@@ -510,24 +585,18 @@
 
 	item = string_list_insert(&collect->vars, key);
 	if (!item->util) {
-		matched = xcalloc(1, sizeof(*matched));
-		item->util = matched;
+		item->util = xcalloc(1, sizeof(matched));
 	} else {
-		matched = item->util;
-		/*
-		 * Is our match shorter?  Is our match the same
-		 * length, and without user while the current
-		 * candidate is with user?  Then we cannot use it.
-		 */
-		if (matched_len < matched->matched_len ||
-		    ((matched_len == matched->matched_len) &&
-		     (!user_matched && matched->user_matched)))
+		if (cmp_matches(&matched, item->util) < 0)
+			 /*
+			  * Our match is worse than the old one,
+			  * we cannot use it.
+			  */
 			return 0;
 		/* Otherwise, replace it with this one. */
 	}
 
-	matched->matched_len = matched_len;
-	matched->user_matched = user_matched;
+	memcpy(item->util, &matched, sizeof(matched));
 	strbuf_addstr(&synthkey, collect->section);
 	strbuf_addch(&synthkey, '.');
 	strbuf_addstr(&synthkey, key);
diff --git a/urlmatch.h b/urlmatch.h
index 528862a..37ee5da 100644
--- a/urlmatch.h
+++ b/urlmatch.h
@@ -18,11 +18,12 @@
 	size_t passwd_len;	/* length of passwd; if passwd_off != 0 but
 				   passwd_len == 0, an empty passwd was given */
 	size_t host_off;	/* offset into url to start of host name (0 => none) */
-	size_t host_len;	/* length of host name; this INCLUDES any ':portnum';
+	size_t host_len;	/* length of host name;
 				 * file urls may have host_len == 0 */
-	size_t port_len;	/* if a portnum is present (port_len != 0), it has
-				 * this length (excluding the leading ':') at the
-				 * end of the host name (always 0 for file urls) */
+	size_t port_off;	/* offset into url to start of port number (0 => none) */
+	size_t port_len;	/* if a portnum is present (port_off != 0), it has
+				 * this length (excluding the leading ':') starting
+				 * from port_off (always 0 for file urls) */
 	size_t path_off;	/* offset into url to the start of the url path;
 				 * this will always point to a '/' character
 				 * after the url has been normalized */
@@ -33,7 +34,8 @@
 extern char *url_normalize(const char *, struct url_info *);
 
 struct urlmatch_item {
-	size_t matched_len;
+	size_t hostmatch_len;
+	size_t pathmatch_len;
 	char user_matched;
 };
 
diff --git a/userdiff.c b/userdiff.c
index 2125d6d..8b732e4 100644
--- a/userdiff.c
+++ b/userdiff.c
@@ -262,25 +262,22 @@
 
 struct userdiff_driver *userdiff_find_by_path(const char *path)
 {
-	static struct git_attr *attr;
-	struct git_attr_check check;
+	static struct attr_check *check;
 
-	if (!attr)
-		attr = git_attr("diff");
-	check.attr = attr;
-
+	if (!check)
+		check = attr_check_initl("diff", NULL);
 	if (!path)
 		return NULL;
-	if (git_check_attr(path, 1, &check))
+	if (git_check_attr(path, check))
 		return NULL;
 
-	if (ATTR_TRUE(check.value))
+	if (ATTR_TRUE(check->items[0].value))
 		return &driver_true;
-	if (ATTR_FALSE(check.value))
+	if (ATTR_FALSE(check->items[0].value))
 		return &driver_false;
-	if (ATTR_UNSET(check.value))
+	if (ATTR_UNSET(check->items[0].value))
 		return NULL;
-	return userdiff_find_by_name(check.value);
+	return userdiff_find_by_name(check->items[0].value);
 }
 
 struct userdiff_driver *userdiff_get_textconv(struct userdiff_driver *driver)
diff --git a/worktree.c b/worktree.c
index d633761..fa7bc67 100644
--- a/worktree.c
+++ b/worktree.c
@@ -175,7 +175,7 @@
 	struct dirent *d;
 	int counter = 0, alloc = 2;
 
-	list = xmalloc(alloc * sizeof(struct worktree *));
+	ALLOC_ARRAY(list, alloc);
 
 	list[counter++] = get_main_worktree();
 
@@ -255,7 +255,7 @@
 		return wt;
 
 	arg = prefix_filename(prefix, strlen(prefix), arg);
-	path = real_pathdup(arg);
+	path = real_pathdup(arg, 1);
 	for (; *list; list++)
 		if (!fspathcmp(path, real_path((*list)->path)))
 			break;
diff --git a/wrapper.c b/wrapper.c
index e7f1979..0542fc7 100644
--- a/wrapper.c
+++ b/wrapper.c
@@ -440,23 +440,6 @@
 	return fd;
 }
 
-/* git_mkstemp() - create tmp file honoring TMPDIR variable */
-int git_mkstemp(char *path, size_t len, const char *template)
-{
-	const char *tmp;
-	size_t n;
-
-	tmp = getenv("TMPDIR");
-	if (!tmp)
-		tmp = "/tmp";
-	n = snprintf(path, len, "%s/%s", tmp, template);
-	if (len <= n) {
-		errno = ENAMETOOLONG;
-		return -1;
-	}
-	return mkstemp(path);
-}
-
 /* Adapted from libiberty's mkstemp.c. */
 
 #undef TMP_MAX
@@ -531,13 +514,6 @@
 	return git_mkstemps_mode(pattern, 0, mode);
 }
 
-#ifdef NO_MKSTEMPS
-int gitmkstemps(char *pattern, int suffix_len)
-{
-	return git_mkstemps_mode(pattern, suffix_len, 0600);
-}
-#endif
-
 int xmkstemp_mode(char *template, int mode)
 {
 	int fd;
diff --git a/ws.c b/ws.c
index ea4b2b1..a07caed 100644
--- a/ws.c
+++ b/ws.c
@@ -71,24 +71,17 @@
 	return rule;
 }
 
-static void setup_whitespace_attr_check(struct git_attr_check *check)
-{
-	static struct git_attr *attr_whitespace;
-
-	if (!attr_whitespace)
-		attr_whitespace = git_attr("whitespace");
-	check[0].attr = attr_whitespace;
-}
-
 unsigned whitespace_rule(const char *pathname)
 {
-	struct git_attr_check attr_whitespace_rule;
+	static struct attr_check *attr_whitespace_rule;
 
-	setup_whitespace_attr_check(&attr_whitespace_rule);
-	if (!git_check_attr(pathname, 1, &attr_whitespace_rule)) {
+	if (!attr_whitespace_rule)
+		attr_whitespace_rule = attr_check_initl("whitespace", NULL);
+
+	if (!git_check_attr(pathname, attr_whitespace_rule)) {
 		const char *value;
 
-		value = attr_whitespace_rule.value;
+		value = attr_whitespace_rule->items[0].value;
 		if (ATTR_TRUE(value)) {
 			/* true (whitespace) */
 			unsigned all_rule = ws_tab_width(whitespace_rule_cfg);
diff --git a/xdiff/xemit.c b/xdiff/xemit.c
index 7389ce4..8c88dbd 100644
--- a/xdiff/xemit.c
+++ b/xdiff/xemit.c
@@ -183,16 +183,14 @@
 
 				/*
 				 * We don't need additional context if
-				 * a whole function was added, possibly
-				 * starting with empty lines.
+				 * a whole function was added.
 				 */
-				while (i2 < xe->xdf2.nrec &&
-				       is_empty_rec(&xe->xdf2, i2))
+				while (i2 < xe->xdf2.nrec) {
+					if (match_func_rec(&xe->xdf2, xecfg, i2,
+						dummy, sizeof(dummy)) >= 0)
+						goto post_context_calculation;
 					i2++;
-				if (i2 < xe->xdf2.nrec &&
-				    match_func_rec(&xe->xdf2, xecfg, i2,
-						   dummy, sizeof(dummy)) >= 0)
-					goto post_context_calculation;
+				}
 
 				/*
 				 * Otherwise get more context from the