dart/lib/flat_buffers.dart

import 'dart:collection';
import 'dart:convert';
import 'dart:math';
import 'dart:typed_data';

const int _sizeofUint8 = 1;
const int _sizeofUint16 = 2;
const int _sizeofUint32 = 4;
const int _sizeofUint64 = 8;
const int _sizeofInt8 = 1;
const int _sizeofInt16 = 2;
const int _sizeofInt32 = 4;
const int _sizeofInt64 = 8;
const int _sizeofFloat32 = 4;
const int _sizeofFloat64 = 8;

/// Callback used to invoke a struct builder's finish method.
///
/// This callback is used by other struct's `finish` methods to write the nested
/// struct's fields inline.
typedef StructBuilder = void Function();

/// Buffer with data and some context about it.
class BufferContext {
  final ByteData _buffer;

  ByteData get buffer => _buffer;

  /// Create from a FlatBuffer represented by a list of bytes (uint8).
  factory BufferContext.fromBytes(List<int> byteList) =>
      BufferContext(byteList is Uint8List
          ? byteList.buffer.asByteData(byteList.offsetInBytes)
          : ByteData.view(Uint8List.fromList(byteList).buffer));

  /// Create from a FlatBuffer represented by ByteData.
  BufferContext(this._buffer);

  @pragma('vm:prefer-inline')
  int derefObject(int offset) => offset + _getUint32(offset);

  @pragma('vm:prefer-inline')
  Uint8List _asUint8List(int offset, int length) =>
      _buffer.buffer.asUint8List(_buffer.offsetInBytes + offset, length);

  @pragma('vm:prefer-inline')
  double _getFloat64(int offset) => _buffer.getFloat64(offset, Endian.little);

  @pragma('vm:prefer-inline')
  double _getFloat32(int offset) => _buffer.getFloat32(offset, Endian.little);

  @pragma('vm:prefer-inline')
  int _getInt64(int offset) => _buffer.getInt64(offset, Endian.little);

  @pragma('vm:prefer-inline')
  int _getInt32(int offset) => _buffer.getInt32(offset, Endian.little);

  @pragma('vm:prefer-inline')
  int _getInt16(int offset) => _buffer.getInt16(offset, Endian.little);

  @pragma('vm:prefer-inline')
  int _getInt8(int offset) => _buffer.getInt8(offset);

  @pragma('vm:prefer-inline')
  int _getUint64(int offset) => _buffer.getUint64(offset, Endian.little);

  @pragma('vm:prefer-inline')
  int _getUint32(int offset) => _buffer.getUint32(offset, Endian.little);

  @pragma('vm:prefer-inline')
  int _getUint16(int offset) => _buffer.getUint16(offset, Endian.little);

  @pragma('vm:prefer-inline')
  int _getUint8(int offset) => _buffer.getUint8(offset);
}

/// Interface implemented by the "object-api" classes (ending with "T").
abstract class Packable {
  /// Serialize the object using the given builder, returning the offset.
  int pack(Builder fbBuilder);
}

/// Class implemented by typed builders generated by flatc.
abstract class ObjectBuilder {
  int? _firstOffset;

  /// Can be used to write the data represented by this builder to the [Builder]
  /// and reuse the offset created in multiple tables.
  ///
  /// Note that this method assumes you call it using the same [Builder] instance
  /// every time. The returned offset is only good for the [Builder] used in the
  /// first call to this method.
  int getOrCreateOffset(Builder fbBuilder) {
    _firstOffset ??= finish(fbBuilder);
    return _firstOffset!;
  }

  /// Writes the data in this helper to the [Builder].
  int finish(Builder fbBuilder);

  /// Convenience method that will create a new [Builder], [finish]es the data,
  /// and returns the buffer as a [Uint8List] of bytes.
  Uint8List toBytes();
}

/// Class that helps building flat buffers.
class Builder {
  bool _finished = false;

  final int initialSize;

  /// The list of existing VTable(s).
  final List<int> _vTables;

  final bool deduplicateTables;

  ByteData _buf;

  final Allocator _allocator;

  /// The maximum alignment that has been seen so far.  If [_buf] has to be
  /// reallocated in the future (to insert room at its start for more bytes) the
  /// reallocation will need to be a multiple of this many bytes.
  int _maxAlign = 1;

  /// The number of bytes that have been written to the buffer so far.  The
  /// most recently written byte is this many bytes from the end of [_buf].
  int _tail = 0;

  /// The location of the end of the current table, measured in bytes from the
  /// end of [_buf].
  int _currentTableEndTail = 0;

  _VTable? _currentVTable;

  /// Map containing all strings that have been written so far.  This allows us
  /// to avoid duplicating strings.
  ///
  /// Allocated only if `internStrings` is set to true on the constructor.
  Map<String, int>? _strings;

  /// Creates a new FlatBuffers Builder.
  ///
  /// `initialSize` is the initial array size in bytes.  The [Builder] will
  /// automatically grow the array if/as needed.  `internStrings`, if set to
  /// true, will cause [writeString] to pool strings in the buffer so that
  /// identical strings will always use the same offset in tables.
  Builder({
    this.initialSize = 1024,
    bool internStrings = false,
    Allocator allocator = const DefaultAllocator(),
    this.deduplicateTables = true,
  })  : _allocator = allocator,
        _buf = allocator.allocate(initialSize),
        _vTables = deduplicateTables ? [] : const [] {
    if (internStrings) {
      _strings = <String, int>{};
    }
  }

  /// Calculate the finished buffer size (aligned).
  @pragma('vm:prefer-inline')
  int size() => _tail + ((-_tail) & (_maxAlign - 1));

  /// Add the [field] with the given boolean [value].  The field is not added if
  /// the [value] is equal to [def].  Booleans are stored as 8-bit fields with
  /// `0` for `false` and `1` for `true`.
  void addBool(int field, bool? value, [bool? def]) {
    assert(_inVTable);
    if (value != null && value != def) {
      _prepare(_sizeofUint8, 1);
      _trackField(field);
      _buf.setInt8(_buf.lengthInBytes - _tail, value ? 1 : 0);
    }
  }

  /// Add the [field] with the given 32-bit signed integer [value].  The field is
  /// not added if the [value] is equal to [def].
  void addInt32(int field, int? value, [int? def]) {
    assert(_inVTable);
    if (value != null && value != def) {
      _prepare(_sizeofInt32, 1);
      _trackField(field);
      _setInt32AtTail(_tail, value);
    }
  }

  /// Add the [field] with the given 32-bit signed integer [value].  The field is
  /// not added if the [value] is equal to [def].
  void addInt16(int field, int? value, [int? def]) {
    assert(_inVTable);
    if (value != null && value != def) {
      _prepare(_sizeofInt16, 1);
      _trackField(field);
      _setInt16AtTail(_tail, value);
    }
  }

  /// Add the [field] with the given 8-bit signed integer [value].  The field is
  /// not added if the [value] is equal to [def].
  void addInt8(int field, int? value, [int? def]) {
    assert(_inVTable);
    if (value != null && value != def) {
      _prepare(_sizeofInt8, 1);
      _trackField(field);
      _setInt8AtTail(_tail, value);
    }
  }

  void addStruct(int field, int offset) {
    assert(_inVTable);
    _trackField(field);
    _currentVTable!.addField(field, offset);
  }

  /// Add the [field] referencing an object with the given [offset].
  void addOffset(int field, int? offset) {
    assert(_inVTable);
    if (offset != null) {
      _prepare(_sizeofUint32, 1);
      _trackField(field);
      _setUint32AtTail(_tail, _tail - offset);
    }
  }

  /// Add the [field] with the given 32-bit unsigned integer [value].  The field
  /// is not added if the [value] is equal to [def].
  void addUint32(int field, int? value, [int? def]) {
    assert(_inVTable);
    if (value != null && value != def) {
      _prepare(_sizeofUint32, 1);
      _trackField(field);
      _setUint32AtTail(_tail, value);
    }
  }

  /// Add the [field] with the given 32-bit unsigned integer [value].  The field
  /// is not added if the [value] is equal to [def].
  void addUint16(int field, int? value, [int? def]) {
    assert(_inVTable);
    if (value != null && value != def) {
      _prepare(_sizeofUint16, 1);
      _trackField(field);
      _setUint16AtTail(_tail, value);
    }
  }

  /// Add the [field] with the given 8-bit unsigned integer [value].  The field
  /// is not added if the [value] is equal to [def].
  void addUint8(int field, int? value, [int? def]) {
    assert(_inVTable);
    if (value != null && value != def) {
      _prepare(_sizeofUint8, 1);
      _trackField(field);
      _setUint8AtTail(_tail, value);
    }
  }

  /// Add the [field] with the given 32-bit float [value].  The field
  /// is not added if the [value] is equal to [def].
  void addFloat32(int field, double? value, [double? def]) {
    assert(_inVTable);
    if (value != null && value != def) {
      _prepare(_sizeofFloat32, 1);
      _trackField(field);
      _setFloat32AtTail(_tail, value);
    }
  }

  /// Add the [field] with the given 64-bit double [value].  The field
  /// is not added if the [value] is equal to [def].
  void addFloat64(int field, double? value, [double? def]) {
    assert(_inVTable);
    if (value != null && value != def) {
      _prepare(_sizeofFloat64, 1);
      _trackField(field);
      _setFloat64AtTail(_tail, value);
    }
  }

  /// Add the [field] with the given 64-bit unsigned integer [value].  The field
  /// is not added if the [value] is equal to [def].
  void addUint64(int field, int? value, [double? def]) {
    assert(_inVTable);
    if (value != null && value != def) {
      _prepare(_sizeofUint64, 1);
      _trackField(field);
      _setUint64AtTail(_tail, value);
    }
  }

  /// Add the [field] with the given 64-bit unsigned integer [value].  The field
  /// is not added if the [value] is equal to [def].
  void addInt64(int field, int? value, [double? def]) {
    assert(_inVTable);
    if (value != null && value != def) {
      _prepare(_sizeofInt64, 1);
      _trackField(field);
      _setInt64AtTail(_tail, value);
    }
  }

  /// End the current table and return its offset.
  int endTable() {
    assert(_inVTable);
    // Prepare for writing the VTable.
    _prepare(_sizeofInt32, 1);
    var tableTail = _tail;
    // Prepare the size of the current table.
    final currentVTable = _currentVTable!;
    currentVTable.tableSize = tableTail - _currentTableEndTail;
    // Prepare the VTable to use for the current table.
    int? vTableTail;
    {
      currentVTable.computeFieldOffsets(tableTail);

      // Try to find an existing compatible VTable.
      if (deduplicateTables) {
        // Search backward - more likely to have recently used one
        for (var i = _vTables.length - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
          final vt2Offset = _vTables[i];
          final vt2Start = _buf.lengthInBytes - vt2Offset;
          final vt2Size = _buf.getUint16(vt2Start, Endian.little);

          if (currentVTable._vTableSize == vt2Size &&
              currentVTable._offsetsMatch(vt2Start, _buf)) {
            vTableTail = vt2Offset;
            break;
          }
        }
      }

      // Write a new VTable.
      if (vTableTail == null) {
        _prepare(_sizeofUint16, _currentVTable!.numOfUint16);
        vTableTail = _tail;
        currentVTable.tail = vTableTail;
        currentVTable.output(_buf, _buf.lengthInBytes - _tail);
        if (deduplicateTables) _vTables.add(currentVTable.tail);
      }
    }
    // Set the VTable offset.
    _setInt32AtTail(tableTail, vTableTail - tableTail);
    // Done with this table.
    _currentVTable = null;
    return tableTail;
  }

  /// Returns the finished buffer. You must call [finish] before accessing this.
  @pragma('vm:prefer-inline')
  Uint8List get buffer {
    assert(_finished);
    final finishedSize = size();
    return _buf.buffer
        .asUint8List(_buf.lengthInBytes - finishedSize, finishedSize);
  }

  /// Finish off the creation of the buffer.  The given [offset] is used as the
  /// root object offset, and usually references directly or indirectly every
  /// written object.  If [fileIdentifier] is specified (and not `null`), it is
  /// interpreted as a 4-byte Latin-1 encoded string that should be placed at
  /// bytes 4-7 of the file.
  void finish(int offset, [String? fileIdentifier]) {
    final sizeBeforePadding = size();
    final requiredBytes = _sizeofUint32 * (fileIdentifier == null ? 1 : 2);
    _prepare(max(requiredBytes, _maxAlign), 1);
    final finishedSize = size();
    _setUint32AtTail(finishedSize, finishedSize - offset);
    if (fileIdentifier != null) {
      for (var i = 0; i < 4; i++) {
        _setUint8AtTail(
            finishedSize - _sizeofUint32 - i, fileIdentifier.codeUnitAt(i));
      }
    }

    // zero out the added padding
    for (var i = sizeBeforePadding + 1;
        i <= finishedSize - requiredBytes;
        i++) {
      _setUint8AtTail(i, 0);
    }
    _finished = true;
  }

  /// Writes a Float64 to the tail of the buffer after preparing space for it.
  ///
  /// Updates the [offset] pointer.  This method is intended for use when writing structs to the buffer.
  void putFloat64(double value) {
    _prepare(_sizeofFloat64, 1);
    _setFloat32AtTail(_tail, value);
  }

  /// Writes a Float32 to the tail of the buffer after preparing space for it.
  ///
  /// Updates the [offset] pointer.  This method is intended for use when writing structs to the buffer.
  void putFloat32(double value) {
    _prepare(_sizeofFloat32, 1);
    _setFloat32AtTail(_tail, value);
  }

  /// Writes a bool to the tail of the buffer after preparing space for it.
  /// Bools are represented as a Uint8, with the value set to '1' for true, and '0' for false
  ///
  /// Updates the [offset] pointer.  This method is intended for use when writing structs to the buffer.
  void putBool(bool value) {
    _prepare(_sizeofUint8, 1);
    _buf.setInt8(_buf.lengthInBytes - _tail, value ? 1 : 0);
  }

  /// Writes a Int64 to the tail of the buffer after preparing space for it.
  ///
  /// Updates the [offset] pointer.  This method is intended for use when writing structs to the buffer.
  void putInt64(int value) {
    _prepare(_sizeofInt64, 1);
    _setInt64AtTail(_tail, value);
  }

  /// Writes a Uint32 to the tail of the buffer after preparing space for it.
  ///
  /// Updates the [offset] pointer.  This method is intended for use when writing structs to the buffer.
  void putInt32(int value) {
    _prepare(_sizeofInt32, 1);
    _setInt32AtTail(_tail, value);
  }

  /// Writes a Uint16 to the tail of the buffer after preparing space for it.
  ///
  /// Updates the [offset] pointer.  This method is intended for use when writing structs to the buffer.
  void putInt16(int value) {
    _prepare(_sizeofInt16, 1);
    _setInt16AtTail(_tail, value);
  }

  /// Writes a Uint8 to the tail of the buffer after preparing space for it.
  ///
  /// Updates the [offset] pointer.  This method is intended for use when writing structs to the buffer.
  void putInt8(int value) {
    _prepare(_sizeofInt8, 1);
    _buf.setInt8(_buf.lengthInBytes - _tail, value);
  }

  /// Writes a Uint64 to the tail of the buffer after preparing space for it.
  ///
  /// Updates the [offset] pointer.  This method is intended for use when writing structs to the buffer.
  void putUint64(int value) {
    _prepare(_sizeofUint64, 1);
    _setUint64AtTail(_tail, value);
  }

  /// Writes a Uint32 to the tail of the buffer after preparing space for it.
  ///
  /// Updates the [offset] pointer.  This method is intended for use when writing structs to the buffer.
  void putUint32(int value) {
    _prepare(_sizeofUint32, 1);
    _setUint32AtTail(_tail, value);
  }

  /// Writes a Uint16 to the tail of the buffer after preparing space for it.
  ///
  /// Updates the [offset] pointer.  This method is intended for use when writing structs to the buffer.
  void putUint16(int value) {
    _prepare(_sizeofUint16, 1);
    _setUint16AtTail(_tail, value);
  }

  /// Writes a Uint8 to the tail of the buffer after preparing space for it.
  ///
  /// Updates the [offset] pointer.  This method is intended for use when writing structs to the buffer.
  void putUint8(int value) {
    _prepare(_sizeofUint8, 1);
    _buf.setUint8(_buf.lengthInBytes - _tail, value);
  }

  /// Reset the builder and make it ready for filling a new buffer.
  void reset() {
    _finished = false;
    _maxAlign = 1;
    _tail = 0;
    _currentVTable = null;
    if (deduplicateTables) _vTables.clear();
    if (_strings != null) {
      _strings = <String, int>{};
    }
  }

  /// Start a new table. Must be finished with [endTable] invocation.
  void startTable(int numFields) {
    assert(!_inVTable); // Inline tables are not supported.
    _currentVTable = _VTable(numFields);
    _currentTableEndTail = _tail;
  }

  /// Finish a Struct vector.  Most callers should preferto use [writeListOfStructs].
  ///
  /// Most callers should prefer [writeListOfStructs].
  int endStructVector(int count) {
    putUint32(count);
    return _tail;
  }

  /// Writes a list of Structs to the buffer, returning the offset
  int writeListOfStructs(List<ObjectBuilder> structBuilders) {
    assert(!_inVTable);
    for (var i = structBuilders.length - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
      structBuilders[i].finish(this);
    }
    return endStructVector(structBuilders.length);
  }

  /// Write the given list of [values].
  int writeList(List<int> values) {
    assert(!_inVTable);
    _prepare(_sizeofUint32, 1 + values.length);
    final result = _tail;
    var tail = _tail;
    _setUint32AtTail(tail, values.length);
    tail -= _sizeofUint32;
    for (var value in values) {
      _setUint32AtTail(tail, tail - value);
      tail -= _sizeofUint32;
    }
    return result;
  }

  /// Write the given list of 64-bit float [values].
  int writeListFloat64(List<double> values) {
    assert(!_inVTable);
    _prepare(_sizeofFloat64, values.length, additionalBytes: _sizeofUint32);
    final result = _tail;
    var tail = _tail;
    _setUint32AtTail(tail, values.length);
    tail -= _sizeofUint32;
    for (var value in values) {
      _setFloat64AtTail(tail, value);
      tail -= _sizeofFloat64;
    }
    return result;
  }

  /// Write the given list of 32-bit float [values].
  int writeListFloat32(List<double> values) {
    assert(!_inVTable);
    _prepare(_sizeofFloat32, 1 + values.length);
    final result = _tail;
    var tail = _tail;
    _setUint32AtTail(tail, values.length);
    tail -= _sizeofUint32;
    for (var value in values) {
      _setFloat32AtTail(tail, value);
      tail -= _sizeofFloat32;
    }
    return result;
  }

  /// Write the given list of signed 64-bit integer [values].
  int writeListInt64(List<int> values) {
    assert(!_inVTable);
    _prepare(_sizeofInt64, values.length, additionalBytes: _sizeofUint32);
    final result = _tail;
    var tail = _tail;
    _setUint32AtTail(tail, values.length);
    tail -= _sizeofUint32;
    for (var value in values) {
      _setInt64AtTail(tail, value);
      tail -= _sizeofInt64;
    }
    return result;
  }

  /// Write the given list of signed 64-bit integer [values].
  int writeListUint64(List<int> values) {
    assert(!_inVTable);
    _prepare(_sizeofUint64, values.length, additionalBytes: _sizeofUint32);
    final result = _tail;
    var tail = _tail;
    _setUint32AtTail(tail, values.length);
    tail -= _sizeofUint32;
    for (var value in values) {
      _setUint64AtTail(tail, value);
      tail -= _sizeofUint64;
    }
    return result;
  }

  /// Write the given list of signed 32-bit integer [values].
  int writeListInt32(List<int> values) {
    assert(!_inVTable);
    _prepare(_sizeofUint32, 1 + values.length);
    final result = _tail;
    var tail = _tail;
    _setUint32AtTail(tail, values.length);
    tail -= _sizeofUint32;
    for (var value in values) {
      _setInt32AtTail(tail, value);
      tail -= _sizeofInt32;
    }
    return result;
  }

  /// Write the given list of unsigned 32-bit integer [values].
  int writeListUint32(List<int> values) {
    assert(!_inVTable);
    _prepare(_sizeofUint32, 1 + values.length);
    final result = _tail;
    var tail = _tail;
    _setUint32AtTail(tail, values.length);
    tail -= _sizeofUint32;
    for (var value in values) {
      _setUint32AtTail(tail, value);
      tail -= _sizeofUint32;
    }
    return result;
  }

  /// Write the given list of signed 16-bit integer [values].
  int writeListInt16(List<int> values) {
    assert(!_inVTable);
    _prepare(_sizeofUint32, 1, additionalBytes: 2 * values.length);
    final result = _tail;
    var tail = _tail;
    _setUint32AtTail(tail, values.length);
    tail -= _sizeofUint32;
    for (var value in values) {
      _setInt16AtTail(tail, value);
      tail -= _sizeofInt16;
    }
    return result;
  }

  /// Write the given list of unsigned 16-bit integer [values].
  int writeListUint16(List<int> values) {
    assert(!_inVTable);
    _prepare(_sizeofUint32, 1, additionalBytes: 2 * values.length);
    final result = _tail;
    var tail = _tail;
    _setUint32AtTail(tail, values.length);
    tail -= _sizeofUint32;
    for (var value in values) {
      _setUint16AtTail(tail, value);
      tail -= _sizeofUint16;
    }
    return result;
  }

  /// Write the given list of bools as unsigend 8-bit integer [values].
  int writeListBool(List<bool> values) {
    return writeListUint8(values.map((b) => b ? 1 : 0).toList());
  }

  /// Write the given list of signed 8-bit integer [values].
  int writeListInt8(List<int> values) {
    assert(!_inVTable);
    _prepare(_sizeofUint32, 1, additionalBytes: values.length);
    final result = _tail;
    var tail = _tail;
    _setUint32AtTail(tail, values.length);
    tail -= _sizeofUint32;
    for (var value in values) {
      _setInt8AtTail(tail, value);
      tail -= _sizeofUint8;
    }
    return result;
  }

  /// Write the given list of unsigned 8-bit integer [values].
  int writeListUint8(List<int> values) {
    assert(!_inVTable);
    _prepare(_sizeofUint32, 1, additionalBytes: values.length);
    final result = _tail;
    var tail = _tail;
    _setUint32AtTail(tail, values.length);
    tail -= _sizeofUint32;
    for (var value in values) {
      _setUint8AtTail(tail, value);
      tail -= _sizeofUint8;
    }
    return result;
  }

  /// Write the given string [value] and return its offset.
  ///
  /// Dart strings are UTF-16 but must be stored as UTF-8 in FlatBuffers.
  /// If the given string consists only of ASCII characters, you can indicate
  /// enable [asciiOptimization]. In this mode, [writeString()] first tries to
  /// copy the ASCII string directly to the output buffer and if that fails
  /// (because there are no-ASCII characters in the string) it falls back and to
  /// the default UTF-16 -> UTF-8 conversion (with slight performance penalty).
  int writeString(String value, {bool asciiOptimization = false}) {
    assert(!_inVTable);
    if (_strings != null) {
      return _strings!
          .putIfAbsent(value, () => _writeString(value, asciiOptimization));
    } else {
      return _writeString(value, asciiOptimization);
    }
  }

  int _writeString(String value, bool asciiOptimization) {
    if (asciiOptimization) {
      // [utf8.encode()] is slow (up to at least Dart SDK 2.13). If the given
      // string is ASCII we can just write it directly, without any conversion.
      final originalTail = _tail;
      if (_tryWriteASCIIString(value)) return _tail;
      // if non-ASCII: reset the output buffer position for [_writeUTFString()]
      _tail = originalTail;
    }
    _writeUTFString(value);
    return _tail;
  }

  // Try to write the string as ASCII, return false if there's a non-ascii char.
  @pragma('vm:prefer-inline')
  bool _tryWriteASCIIString(String value) {
    _prepare(4, 1, additionalBytes: value.length + 1);
    final length = value.length;
    var offset = _buf.lengthInBytes - _tail + 4;
    for (var i = 0; i < length; i++) {
      // utf16 code unit, e.g. for '†' it's [0x20 0x20], which is 8224 decimal.
      // ASCII characters go from 0x00 to 0x7F (which is 0 to 127 decimal).
      final char = value.codeUnitAt(i);
      if ((char & ~0x7F) != 0) {
        return false;
      }
      _buf.setUint8(offset++, char);
    }
    _buf.setUint8(offset, 0); // trailing zero
    _setUint32AtTail(_tail, value.length);
    return true;
  }

  @pragma('vm:prefer-inline')
  void _writeUTFString(String value) {
    final bytes = utf8.encode(value) as Uint8List;
    final length = bytes.length;
    _prepare(4, 1, additionalBytes: length + 1);
    _setUint32AtTail(_tail, length);
    var offset = _buf.lengthInBytes - _tail + 4;
    for (var i = 0; i < length; i++) {
      _buf.setUint8(offset++, bytes[i]);
    }
    _buf.setUint8(offset, 0); // trailing zero
  }

  /// Used to assert whether a "Table" is currently being built.
  ///
  /// If you hit `assert(!_inVTable())`, you're trying to add table fields
  /// without starting a table with [Builder.startTable()].
  ///
  /// If you hit `assert(_inVTable())`, you're trying to construct a
  /// Table/Vector/String during the construction of its parent table,
  /// between the MyTableBuilder and [Builder.endTable()].
  /// Move the creation of these sub-objects to before the MyTableBuilder to
  /// not get this assert.
  @pragma('vm:prefer-inline')
  bool get _inVTable => _currentVTable != null;

  /// The number of bytes that have been written to the buffer so far.  The
  /// most recently written byte is this many bytes from the end of the buffer.
  @pragma('vm:prefer-inline')
  int get offset => _tail;

  /// Zero-pads the buffer, which may be required for some struct layouts.
  @pragma('vm:prefer-inline')
  void pad(int howManyBytes) {
    for (var i = 0; i < howManyBytes; i++) {
      putUint8(0);
    }
  }

  /// Prepare for writing the given `count` of scalars of the given `size`.
  /// Additionally allocate the specified `additionalBytes`. Update the current
  /// tail pointer to point at the allocated space.
  @pragma('vm:prefer-inline')
  void _prepare(int size, int count, {int additionalBytes = 0}) {
    assert(!_finished);
    // Update the alignment.
    if (_maxAlign < size) {
      _maxAlign = size;
    }
    // Prepare amount of required space.
    var dataSize = size * count + additionalBytes;
    var alignDelta = (-(_tail + dataSize)) & (size - 1);
    var bufSize = alignDelta + dataSize;
    // Ensure that we have the required amount of space.
    {
      var oldCapacity = _buf.lengthInBytes;
      if (_tail + bufSize > oldCapacity) {
        var desiredNewCapacity = (oldCapacity + bufSize) * 2;
        var deltaCapacity = desiredNewCapacity - oldCapacity;
        deltaCapacity += (-deltaCapacity) & (_maxAlign - 1);
        var newCapacity = oldCapacity + deltaCapacity;
        _buf = _allocator.resize(_buf, newCapacity, _tail, 0);
      }
    }

    // zero out the added padding
    for (var i = _tail + 1; i <= _tail + alignDelta; i++) {
      _setUint8AtTail(i, 0);
    }

    // Update the tail pointer.
    _tail += bufSize;
  }

  /// Record the offset of the given [field].
  @pragma('vm:prefer-inline')
  void _trackField(int field) => _currentVTable!.addField(field, _tail);

  @pragma('vm:prefer-inline')
  void _setFloat64AtTail(int tail, double x) =>
      _buf.setFloat64(_buf.lengthInBytes - tail, x, Endian.little);

  @pragma('vm:prefer-inline')
  void _setFloat32AtTail(int tail, double x) =>
      _buf.setFloat32(_buf.lengthInBytes - tail, x, Endian.little);

  @pragma('vm:prefer-inline')
  void _setUint64AtTail(int tail, int x) =>
      _buf.setUint64(_buf.lengthInBytes - tail, x, Endian.little);

  @pragma('vm:prefer-inline')
  void _setInt64AtTail(int tail, int x) =>
      _buf.setInt64(_buf.lengthInBytes - tail, x, Endian.little);

  @pragma('vm:prefer-inline')
  void _setInt32AtTail(int tail, int x) =>
      _buf.setInt32(_buf.lengthInBytes - tail, x, Endian.little);

  @pragma('vm:prefer-inline')
  void _setUint32AtTail(int tail, int x) =>
      _buf.setUint32(_buf.lengthInBytes - tail, x, Endian.little);

  @pragma('vm:prefer-inline')
  void _setInt16AtTail(int tail, int x) =>
      _buf.setInt16(_buf.lengthInBytes - tail, x, Endian.little);

  @pragma('vm:prefer-inline')
  void _setUint16AtTail(int tail, int x) =>
      _buf.setUint16(_buf.lengthInBytes - tail, x, Endian.little);

  @pragma('vm:prefer-inline')
  void _setInt8AtTail(int tail, int x) =>
      _buf.setInt8(_buf.lengthInBytes - tail, x);

  @pragma('vm:prefer-inline')
  void _setUint8AtTail(int tail, int x) =>
      _buf.setUint8(_buf.lengthInBytes - tail, x);
}

/// Reader of lists of boolean values.
///
/// The returned unmodifiable lists lazily read values on access.
class BoolListReader extends Reader<List<bool>> {
  const BoolListReader();

  @override
  @pragma('vm:prefer-inline')
  int get size => _sizeofUint32;

  @override
  @pragma('vm:prefer-inline')
  List<bool> read(BufferContext bc, int offset) =>
      _FbBoolList(bc, bc.derefObject(offset));
}

/// The reader of booleans.
class BoolReader extends Reader<bool> {
  const BoolReader() : super();

  @override
  @pragma('vm:prefer-inline')
  int get size => _sizeofUint8;

  @override
  @pragma('vm:prefer-inline')
  bool read(BufferContext bc, int offset) => bc._getInt8(offset) != 0;
}

/// The reader of lists of 64-bit float values.
///
/// The returned unmodifiable lists lazily read values on access.
class Float64ListReader extends Reader<List<double>> {
  const Float64ListReader();

  @override
  @pragma('vm:prefer-inline')
  int get size => _sizeofFloat64;

  @override
  @pragma('vm:prefer-inline')
  List<double> read(BufferContext bc, int offset) =>
      _FbFloat64List(bc, bc.derefObject(offset));
}

class Float32ListReader extends Reader<List<double>> {
  const Float32ListReader();

  @override
  @pragma('vm:prefer-inline')
  int get size => _sizeofFloat32;

  @override
  @pragma('vm:prefer-inline')
  List<double> read(BufferContext bc, int offset) =>
      _FbFloat32List(bc, bc.derefObject(offset));
}

class Float64Reader extends Reader<double> {
  const Float64Reader();

  @override
  @pragma('vm:prefer-inline')
  int get size => _sizeofFloat64;

  @override
  @pragma('vm:prefer-inline')
  double read(BufferContext bc, int offset) => bc._getFloat64(offset);
}

class Float32Reader extends Reader<double> {
  const Float32Reader();

  @override
  @pragma('vm:prefer-inline')
  int get size => _sizeofFloat32;

  @override
  @pragma('vm:prefer-inline')
  double read(BufferContext bc, int offset) => bc._getFloat32(offset);
}

class Int64Reader extends Reader<int> {
  const Int64Reader() : super();

  @override
  @pragma('vm:prefer-inline')
  int get size => _sizeofInt64;

  @override
  @pragma('vm:prefer-inline')
  int read(BufferContext bc, int offset) => bc._getInt64(offset);
}

/// The reader of signed 32-bit integers.
class Int32Reader extends Reader<int> {
  const Int32Reader() : super();

  @override
  @pragma('vm:prefer-inline')
  int get size => _sizeofInt32;

  @override
  @pragma('vm:prefer-inline')
  int read(BufferContext bc, int offset) => bc._getInt32(offset);
}

/// The reader of signed 32-bit integers.
class Int16Reader extends Reader<int> {
  const Int16Reader() : super();

  @override
  @pragma('vm:prefer-inline')
  int get size => _sizeofInt16;

  @override
  @pragma('vm:prefer-inline')
  int read(BufferContext bc, int offset) => bc._getInt16(offset);
}

/// The reader of 8-bit signed integers.
class Int8Reader extends Reader<int> {
  const Int8Reader() : super();

  @override
  @pragma('vm:prefer-inline')
  int get size => _sizeofInt8;

  @override
  @pragma('vm:prefer-inline')
  int read(BufferContext bc, int offset) => bc._getInt8(offset);
}

/// The reader of lists of objects. Lazy by default - see [lazy].
class ListReader<E> extends Reader<List<E>> {
  final Reader<E> _elementReader;

  /// Enables lazy reading of the list
  ///
  /// If true, the returned unmodifiable list lazily reads objects on access.
  /// Therefore, the underlying buffer must not change while accessing the list.
  ///
  /// If false, reads the whole list immediately on access.
  final bool lazy;

  const ListReader(this._elementReader, {this.lazy = true});

  @override
  @pragma('vm:prefer-inline')
  int get size => _sizeofUint32;

  @override
  List<E> read(BufferContext bc, int offset) {
    final listOffset = bc.derefObject(offset);
    return lazy
        ? _FbGenericList<E>(_elementReader, bc, listOffset)
        : List<E>.generate(
            bc.buffer.getUint32(listOffset, Endian.little),
            (int index) => _elementReader.read(
                bc, listOffset + size + _elementReader.size * index),
            growable: true);
  }
}

/// Object that can read a value at a [BufferContext].
abstract class Reader<T> {
  const Reader();

  /// The size of the value in bytes.
  int get size;

  /// Read the value at the given [offset] in [bc].
  T read(BufferContext bc, int offset);

  /// Read the value of the given [field] in the given [object].
  @pragma('vm:prefer-inline')
  T vTableGet(BufferContext object, int offset, int field, T defaultValue) {
    var fieldOffset = _vTableFieldOffset(object, offset, field);
    return fieldOffset == 0 ? defaultValue : read(object, offset + fieldOffset);
  }

  /// Read the value of the given [field] in the given [object].
  @pragma('vm:prefer-inline')
  T? vTableGetNullable(BufferContext object, int offset, int field) {
    var fieldOffset = _vTableFieldOffset(object, offset, field);
    return fieldOffset == 0 ? null : read(object, offset + fieldOffset);
  }

  @pragma('vm:prefer-inline')
  int _vTableFieldOffset(BufferContext object, int offset, int field) {
    var vTableSOffset = object._getInt32(offset);
    var vTableOffset = offset - vTableSOffset;
    var vTableSize = object._getUint16(vTableOffset);
    if (field >= vTableSize) return 0;
    return object._getUint16(vTableOffset + field);
  }
}

/// The reader of string values.
class StringReader extends Reader<String> {
  final bool asciiOptimization;

  const StringReader({this.asciiOptimization = false}) : super();

  @override
  @pragma('vm:prefer-inline')
  int get size => _sizeofUint32;

  @override
  @pragma('vm:prefer-inline')
  String read(BufferContext bc, int offset) {
    var strOffset = bc.derefObject(offset);
    var length = bc._getUint32(strOffset);
    var bytes = bc._asUint8List(strOffset + _sizeofUint32, length);
    if (asciiOptimization && _isLatin(bytes)) {
      return String.fromCharCodes(bytes);
    }
    return utf8.decode(bytes);
  }

  @pragma('vm:prefer-inline')
  static bool _isLatin(Uint8List bytes) {
    var length = bytes.length;
    for (var i = 0; i < length; i++) {
      if (bytes[i] > 127) {
        return false;
      }
    }
    return true;
  }
}

/// An abstract reader for structs.
abstract class StructReader<T> extends Reader<T> {
  const StructReader();

  /// Return the object at `offset`.
  T createObject(BufferContext bc, int offset);

  @override
  T read(BufferContext bc, int offset) {
    return createObject(bc, offset);
  }
}

/// An abstract reader for tables.
abstract class TableReader<T> extends Reader<T> {
  const TableReader();

  @override
  @pragma('vm:prefer-inline')
  int get size => 4;

  /// Return the object at [offset].
  T createObject(BufferContext bc, int offset);

  @override
  T read(BufferContext bc, int offset) {
    var objectOffset = bc.derefObject(offset);
    return createObject(bc, objectOffset);
  }
}

/// Reader of lists of unsigned 32-bit integer values.
///
/// The returned unmodifiable lists lazily read values on access.
class Uint32ListReader extends Reader<List<int>> {
  const Uint32ListReader();

  @override
  @pragma('vm:prefer-inline')
  int get size => _sizeofUint32;

  @override
  @pragma('vm:prefer-inline')
  List<int> read(BufferContext bc, int offset) =>
      _FbUint32List(bc, bc.derefObject(offset));
}

/// The reader of unsigned 64-bit integers.
///
/// WARNING: May have compatibility issues with JavaScript
class Uint64Reader extends Reader<int> {
  const Uint64Reader() : super();

  @override
  @pragma('vm:prefer-inline')
  int get size => _sizeofUint64;

  @override
  @pragma('vm:prefer-inline')
  int read(BufferContext bc, int offset) => bc._getUint64(offset);
}

/// The reader of unsigned 32-bit integers.
class Uint32Reader extends Reader<int> {
  const Uint32Reader() : super();

  @override
  @pragma('vm:prefer-inline')
  int get size => _sizeofUint32;

  @override
  @pragma('vm:prefer-inline')
  int read(BufferContext bc, int offset) => bc._getUint32(offset);
}

/// Reader of lists of unsigned 32-bit integer values.
///
/// The returned unmodifiable lists lazily read values on access.
class Uint16ListReader extends Reader<List<int>> {
  const Uint16ListReader();

  @override
  @pragma('vm:prefer-inline')
  int get size => _sizeofUint32;

  @override
  @pragma('vm:prefer-inline')
  List<int> read(BufferContext bc, int offset) =>
      _FbUint16List(bc, bc.derefObject(offset));
}

/// The reader of unsigned 32-bit integers.
class Uint16Reader extends Reader<int> {
  const Uint16Reader() : super();

  @override
  @pragma('vm:prefer-inline')
  int get size => _sizeofUint16;

  @override
  @pragma('vm:prefer-inline')
  int read(BufferContext bc, int offset) => bc._getUint16(offset);
}

/// Reader of unmodifiable binary data (a list of unsigned 8-bit integers).
class Uint8ListReader extends Reader<List<int>> {
  /// Enables lazy reading of the list
  ///
  /// If true, the returned unmodifiable list lazily reads bytes on access.
  /// Therefore, the underlying buffer must not change while accessing the list.
  ///
  /// If false, reads the whole list immediately as an Uint8List.
  final bool lazy;

  const Uint8ListReader({this.lazy = true});

  @override
  @pragma('vm:prefer-inline')
  int get size => _sizeofUint32;

  @override
  @pragma('vm:prefer-inline')
  List<int> read(BufferContext bc, int offset) {
    final listOffset = bc.derefObject(offset);
    if (lazy) return _FbUint8List(bc, listOffset);

    final length = bc._getUint32(listOffset);
    final result = Uint8List(length);
    var pos = listOffset + _sizeofUint32;
    for (var i = 0; i < length; i++, pos++) {
      result[i] = bc._getUint8(pos);
    }
    return result;
  }
}

/// The reader of unsigned 8-bit integers.
class Uint8Reader extends Reader<int> {
  const Uint8Reader() : super();

  @override
  @pragma('vm:prefer-inline')
  int get size => _sizeofUint8;

  @override
  @pragma('vm:prefer-inline')
  int read(BufferContext bc, int offset) => bc._getUint8(offset);
}

/// Reader of unmodifiable binary data (a list of signed 8-bit integers).
class Int8ListReader extends Reader<List<int>> {
  /// Enables lazy reading of the list
  ///
  /// If true, the returned unmodifiable list lazily reads bytes on access.
  /// Therefore, the underlying buffer must not change while accessing the list.
  ///
  /// If false, reads the whole list immediately as an Uint8List.
  final bool lazy;

  const Int8ListReader({this.lazy = true});

  @override
  @pragma('vm:prefer-inline')
  int get size => _sizeofUint32;

  @override
  @pragma('vm:prefer-inline')
  List<int> read(BufferContext bc, int offset) {
    final listOffset = bc.derefObject(offset);
    if (lazy) return _FbUint8List(bc, listOffset);

    final length = bc._getUint32(listOffset);
    final result = Int8List(length);
    var pos = listOffset + _sizeofUint32;
    for (var i = 0; i < length; i++, pos++) {
      result[i] = bc._getInt8(pos);
    }
    return result;
  }
}

/// The list backed by 64-bit values - Uint64 length and Float64.
class _FbFloat64List extends _FbList<double> {
  _FbFloat64List(BufferContext bc, int offset) : super(bc, offset);

  @override
  @pragma('vm:prefer-inline')
  double operator [](int i) => bc._getFloat64(offset + 4 + 8 * i);
}

/// The list backed by 32-bit values - Float32.
class _FbFloat32List extends _FbList<double> {
  _FbFloat32List(BufferContext bc, int offset) : super(bc, offset);

  @override
  @pragma('vm:prefer-inline')
  double operator [](int i) => bc._getFloat32(offset + 4 + 4 * i);
}

/// List backed by a generic object which may have any size.
class _FbGenericList<E> extends _FbList<E> {
  final Reader<E> elementReader;

  List<E?>? _items;

  _FbGenericList(this.elementReader, BufferContext bp, int offset)
      : super(bp, offset);

  @override
  @pragma('vm:prefer-inline')
  E operator [](int i) {
    _items ??= List<E?>.filled(length, null);
    var item = _items![i];
    if (item == null) {
      item = elementReader.read(bc, offset + 4 + elementReader.size * i);
      _items![i] = item;
    }
    return item!;
  }
}

/// The base class for immutable lists read from flat buffers.
abstract class _FbList<E> extends Object with ListMixin<E> implements List<E> {
  final BufferContext bc;
  final int offset;
  int? _length;

  _FbList(this.bc, this.offset);

  @override
  @pragma('vm:prefer-inline')
  int get length => _length ??= bc._getUint32(offset);

  @override
  set length(int i) => throw StateError('Attempt to modify immutable list');

  @override
  void operator []=(int i, E e) =>
      throw StateError('Attempt to modify immutable list');
}

/// List backed by 32-bit unsigned integers.
class _FbUint32List extends _FbList<int> {
  _FbUint32List(BufferContext bc, int offset) : super(bc, offset);

  @override
  @pragma('vm:prefer-inline')
  int operator [](int i) => bc._getUint32(offset + 4 + 4 * i);
}

/// List backed by 16-bit unsigned integers.
class _FbUint16List extends _FbList<int> {
  _FbUint16List(BufferContext bc, int offset) : super(bc, offset);

  @override
  @pragma('vm:prefer-inline')
  int operator [](int i) => bc._getUint16(offset + 4 + 2 * i);
}

/// List backed by 8-bit unsigned integers.
class _FbUint8List extends _FbList<int> {
  _FbUint8List(BufferContext bc, int offset) : super(bc, offset);

  @override
  @pragma('vm:prefer-inline')
  int operator [](int i) => bc._getUint8(offset + 4 + i);
}

/// List backed by 8-bit signed integers.
class _FbInt8List extends _FbList<int> {
  _FbInt8List(BufferContext bc, int offset) : super(bc, offset);

  @override
  @pragma('vm:prefer-inline')
  int operator [](int i) => bc._getInt8(offset + 4 + i);
}

/// List backed by 8-bit unsigned integers.
class _FbBoolList extends _FbList<bool> {
  _FbBoolList(BufferContext bc, int offset) : super(bc, offset);

  @override
  @pragma('vm:prefer-inline')
  bool operator [](int i) => bc._getUint8(offset + 4 + i) == 1 ? true : false;
}

/// Class that describes the structure of a table.
class _VTable {
  static const int _metadataLength = 4;

  final int numFields;

  // Note: fieldOffsets start as "tail offsets" and are then transformed by
  // [computeFieldOffsets()] to actual offsets when a table is finished.
  final Uint32List fieldOffsets;
  bool offsetsComputed = false;

  _VTable(this.numFields) : fieldOffsets = Uint32List(numFields);

  /// The size of the table that uses this VTable.
  int tableSize = 0;

  /// The tail of this VTable. It is used to share the same VTable between
  /// multiple tables of identical structure.
  int tail = 0;

  int get _vTableSize => numOfUint16 * _sizeofUint16;

  int get numOfUint16 => 1 + 1 + numFields;

  @pragma('vm:prefer-inline')
  void addField(int field, int offset) {
    assert(!offsetsComputed);
    assert(offset > 0); // it's impossible for field to start at the buffer end
    assert(offset <= 4294967295); // uint32 max
    fieldOffsets[field] = offset;
  }

  @pragma('vm:prefer-inline')
  bool _offsetsMatch(int vt2Start, ByteData buf) {
    assert(offsetsComputed);
    for (var i = 0; i < numFields; i++) {
      if (fieldOffsets[i] !=
          buf.getUint16(vt2Start + _metadataLength + (2 * i), Endian.little)) {
        return false;
      }
    }
    return true;
  }

  /// Fill the [fieldOffsets] field.
  @pragma('vm:prefer-inline')
  void computeFieldOffsets(int tableTail) {
    assert(!offsetsComputed);
    offsetsComputed = true;
    for (var i = 0; i < numFields; i++) {
      if (fieldOffsets[i] != 0) {
        fieldOffsets[i] = tableTail - fieldOffsets[i];
      }
    }
  }

  /// Outputs this VTable to [buf], which is is expected to be aligned to 16-bit
  /// and have at least [numOfUint16] 16-bit words available.
  @pragma('vm:prefer-inline')
  void output(ByteData buf, int bufOffset) {
    assert(offsetsComputed);
    // VTable size.
    buf.setUint16(bufOffset, numOfUint16 * 2, Endian.little);
    bufOffset += 2;
    // Table size.
    buf.setUint16(bufOffset, tableSize, Endian.little);
    bufOffset += 2;
    // Field offsets.
    for (var i = 0; i < numFields; i++) {
      buf.setUint16(bufOffset, fieldOffsets[i], Endian.little);
      bufOffset += 2;
    }
  }
}

/// The interface that [Builder] uses to allocate buffers for encoding.
abstract class Allocator {
  const Allocator();

  /// Allocate a [ByteData] buffer of a given size.
  ByteData allocate(int size);

  /// Free the given [ByteData] buffer previously allocated by [allocate].
  void deallocate(ByteData data);

  /// Reallocate [newSize] bytes of memory, replacing the old [oldData]. This
  /// grows downwards, and is intended specifically for use with [Builder].
  /// Params [inUseBack] and [inUseFront] indicate how much of [oldData] is
  /// actually in use at each end, and needs to be copied.
  ByteData resize(
      ByteData oldData, int newSize, int inUseBack, int inUseFront) {
    final newData = allocate(newSize);
    _copyDownward(oldData, newData, inUseBack, inUseFront);
    deallocate(oldData);
    return newData;
  }

  /// Called by [resize] to copy memory from [oldData] to [newData]. Only
  /// memory of size [inUseFront] and [inUseBack] will be copied from the front
  /// and back of the old memory allocation.
  void _copyDownward(
      ByteData oldData, ByteData newData, int inUseBack, int inUseFront) {
    if (inUseBack != 0) {
      newData.buffer.asUint8List().setAll(
          newData.lengthInBytes - inUseBack,
          oldData.buffer.asUint8List().getRange(
              oldData.lengthInBytes - inUseBack, oldData.lengthInBytes));
    }
    if (inUseFront != 0) {
      newData.buffer
          .asUint8List()
          .setAll(0, oldData.buffer.asUint8List().getRange(0, inUseFront));
    }
  }
}

class DefaultAllocator extends Allocator {
  const DefaultAllocator();

  @override
  ByteData allocate(int size) => ByteData(size);

  @override
  void deallocate(ByteData data) {
    // nothing to do, it's garbage-collected
  }
}