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<h1 id="flatbuffers_guide_use_c-sharp">Use in C#</h1>
<h2 id="before-you-get-started">Before you get started</h2>
<p>Before diving into the FlatBuffers usage in C#, it should be noted that
the <a href="../../tutorial/">Tutorial</a> page has a complete guide to
general FlatBuffers usage in all of the supported languages (including C#).
This page is designed to cover the nuances of FlatBuffers usage,
specific to C#.</p>
<p>You should also have read the <a href="../../building/">Building</a>
documentation to build <code>flatc</code> and should be familiar with
<a href="../../flatc/">Using the schema compiler</a> and
<a href="../../schema/">Writing a schema</a>.</p>
<h2 id="flatbuffers-c-code-location">FlatBuffers C# code location</h2>
<p>The code for the FlatBuffers C# library can be found at
<code>flatbuffers/net/FlatBuffers</code>. You can browse the library on the
<a href="https://github.com/google/flatbuffers/tree/master/net/
FlatBuffers">FlatBuffers GitHub page</a>.</p>
<h2 id="building-the-flatbuffers-c-library">Building the FlatBuffers C# library</h2>
<p>The <code>FlatBuffers.csproj</code> project contains multitargeting for .NET Standard 2.1,
.NET 6 and .NET 8.</p>
<p>You can build for a specific framework target when using the cross-platform
<a href="https://dotnet.microsoft.com/download">.NET Core SDK</a> by adding the <code>-f</code>
command line option:</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><span class="w"> </span>dotnet<span class="w"> </span>build<span class="w"> </span>-f<span class="w"> </span>netstandard2.1<span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">&quot;FlatBuffers.csproj&quot;</span>
</code></pre></div>
<p>The <code>FlatBuffers.csproj</code> project also provides support for defining various
conditional compilation symbols (see "Conditional compilation symbols" section
below) using the <code>-p</code> command line option:</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><span class="w"> </span>dotnet<span class="w"> </span>build<span class="w"> </span>-f<span class="w"> </span>netstandard2.1<span class="w"> </span>-p:ENABLE_SPAN_T<span class="o">=</span><span class="nb">true</span><span class="w"> </span>-p:UNSAFE_BYTEBUFFER<span class="o">=</span><span class="nb">true</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">&quot;FlatBuffers.csproj&quot;</span>
</code></pre></div>
<h2 id="testing-the-flatbuffers-c-library">Testing the FlatBuffers C# library</h2>
<p>The code to test the libraries can be found at <code>flatbuffers/tests</code>.</p>
<p>The test code for C# is located in the <a href="https://github.com/
google/flatbuffers/tree/master/tests/FlatBuffers.Test">FlatBuffers.Test</a> subfolder. To run the
tests, open <code>FlatBuffers.Test.csproj</code> in <a href="https://www.visualstudio.com">Visual Studio</a>, and compile/run the project.</p>
<p>Optionally, you can run this using <a href="http://www.mono-project.com/">Mono</a> instead.
Once you have installed Mono, you can run the tests from the command line
by running the following commands from inside the <code>FlatBuffers.Test</code> folder:</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><span class="w"> </span>mcs<span class="w"> </span>*.cs<span class="w"> </span>../MyGame/Example/*.cs<span class="w"> </span>../../net/FlatBuffers/*.cs
<span class="w"> </span>mono<span class="w"> </span>Assert.exe
</code></pre></div>
<h2 id="using-the-flatbuffers-c-library">Using the FlatBuffers C# library</h2>
<p><em>Note: See <a href="../../tutorial/">Tutorial</a> for a more in-depth
example of how to use FlatBuffers in C#.</em></p>
<p>FlatBuffers supports reading and writing binary FlatBuffers in C#.</p>
<p>To use FlatBuffers in your own code, first generate C# classes from your
schema with the <code>--csharp</code> option to <code>flatc</code>.
Then you can include both FlatBuffers and the generated code to read
or write a FlatBuffer.</p>
<p>For example, here is how you would read a FlatBuffer binary file in C#:
First, import the library and generated code. Then, you read a FlatBuffer binary
file into a <code>byte[]</code>. You then turn the <code>byte[]</code> into a <code>ByteBuffer</code>, which you
pass to the <code>GetRootAsMyRootType</code> function:</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">using</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nn">MyGame.Example</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="k">using</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nn">Google.FlatBuffers</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// This snippet ignores exceptions for brevity.</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">byte</span><span class="p">[]</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">data</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">File</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">ReadAllBytes</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;monsterdata_test.mon&quot;</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="n">ByteBuffer</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">bb</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">new</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">ByteBuffer</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">data</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Monster</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">monster</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Monster</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">GetRootAsMonster</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">bb</span><span class="p">);</span>
</code></pre></div>
<p>Now you can access the data from the <code>Monster monster</code>:</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">short</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">hp</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">monster</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">Hp</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Vec3</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">pos</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">monster</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">Pos</span><span class="p">;</span>
</code></pre></div>
<p>C# code naming follows standard C# style with PascalCasing identifiers,
e.g. <code>GetRootAsMyRootType</code>. Also, values (except vectors and unions) are
available as properties instead of parameterless accessor methods.
The performance-enhancing methods to which you can pass an already created
object are prefixed with <code>Get</code>, e.g.:</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// property</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">var</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">pos</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">monster</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">Pos</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// method filling a preconstructed object</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">var</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">preconstructedPos</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">new</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Vec3</span><span class="p">();</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="n">monster</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">GetPos</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">preconstructedPos</span><span class="p">);</span>
</code></pre></div>
<h2 id="storing-dictionaries-in-a-flatbuffer">Storing dictionaries in a FlatBuffer</h2>
<p>FlatBuffers doesn't support dictionaries natively, but there is support to
emulate their behavior with vectors and binary search, which means you
can have fast lookups directly from a FlatBuffer without having to unpack
your data into a <code>Dictionary</code> or similar.</p>
<p>To use it:
- Designate one of the fields in a table as the "key" field. You do this
by setting the <code>key</code> attribute on this field, e.g.
<code>name:string (key)</code>.
You may only have one key field, and it must be of string or scalar type.
- Write out tables of this type as usual, collect their offsets in an
array.
- Instead of calling standard generated method,
e.g.: <code>Monster.createTestarrayoftablesVector</code>,
call <code>CreateSortedVectorOfMonster</code> in C#
which will first sort all offsets such that the tables they refer to
are sorted by the key field, then serialize it.
- Now when you're accessing the FlatBuffer, you can use
the <code>ByKey</code> accessor to access elements of the vector, e.g.:
<code>monster.TestarrayoftablesByKey("Frodo")</code> in C#,
which returns an object of the corresponding table type,
or <code>null</code> if not found.
<code>ByKey</code> performs a binary search, so should have a similar
speed to <code>Dictionary</code>, though may be faster because of better caching.
<code>ByKey</code> only works if the vector has been sorted, it will
likely not find elements if it hasn't been sorted.</p>
<h2 id="buffer-verification">Buffer verification</h2>
<p>As mentioned in <a href="../cpp/">C++ Usage</a> buffer
accessor functions do not verify buffer offsets at run-time.
If it is necessary, you can optionally use a buffer verifier before you
access the data. This verifier will check all offsets, all sizes of
fields, and null termination of strings to ensure that when a buffer
is accessed, all reads will end up inside the buffer.</p>
<p>Each root type will have a verification function generated for it,
e.g. <code>Monster.VerifyMonster</code>. This can be called as shown:
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">var</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">ok</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Monster</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">VerifyMonster</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">buf</span><span class="p">);</span>
</code></pre></div>
if <code>ok</code> is true, the buffer is safe to read.</p>
<p>For a more detailed control of verification <code>MonsterVerify.Verify</code>
for <code>Monster</code> type can be used:
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><span class="w"> </span><span class="err">#</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Sequence</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">of</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">calls</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="n">FlatBuffers</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">Verifier</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">verifier</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">new</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">FlatBuffers</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">Verifier</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">buf</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">var</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">ok</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">verifier</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">VerifyBuffer</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;MONS&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">false</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">MonsterVerify</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">Verify</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="err">#</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Or</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">single</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">line</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">call</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">var</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">ok</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">new</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">FlatBuffers</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">Verifier</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">bb</span><span class="p">).</span><span class="n">setStringCheck</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="k">true</span><span class="p">).</span>\
<span class="w"> </span><span class="n">VerifyBuffer</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;MONS&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">false</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">MonsterVerify</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">Verify</span><span class="p">);</span>
</code></pre></div>
if <code>ok</code> is true, the buffer is safe to read.</p>
<p>A second parameter of <code>verifyBuffer</code> specifies whether buffer content is
size prefixed or not. In the example above, the buffer is assumed to not include
size prefix (<code>false</code>).</p>
<p>Verifier supports options that can be set using appropriate fluent methods:
* SetMaxDepth - limit the nesting depth. Default: 1000000
* SetMaxTables - total amount of tables the verifier may encounter. Default: 64
* SetAlignmentCheck - check content alignment. Default: True
* SetStringCheck - check if strings contain termination '0' character. Default: true</p>
<h2 id="text-parsing">Text parsing</h2>
<p>There currently is no support for parsing text (Schema's and JSON) directly
from C#, though you could use the C++ parser through native call
interfaces available to each language. Please see the
C++ documentation for more on text parsing.</p>
<h2 id="object-based-api">Object based API</h2>
<p>FlatBuffers is all about memory efficiency, which is why its base API is written
around using as little as possible of it. This does make the API clumsier
(requiring pre-order construction of all data, and making mutation harder).</p>
<p>For times when efficiency is less important a more convenient object based API
can be used (through <code>--gen-object-api</code>) that is able to unpack &amp; pack a
FlatBuffer into objects and standard <code>System.Collections.Generic</code> containers,
allowing for convenient construction, access and mutation.</p>
<p>To use:</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// Deserialize from buffer into object.</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="n">MonsterT</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">monsterobj</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">GetMonster</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">flatbuffer</span><span class="p">).</span><span class="n">UnPack</span><span class="p">();</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// Update object directly like a C# class instance.</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Console</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">WriteLine</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">monsterobj</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">Name</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="n">monsterobj</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">Name</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s">&quot;Bob&quot;</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// Change the name.</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// Serialize into new flatbuffer.</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="n">FlatBufferBuilder</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">fbb</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">new</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">FlatBufferBuilder</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="n">fbb</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">Finish</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Monster</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">Pack</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">fbb</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">monsterobj</span><span class="p">).</span><span class="n">Value</span><span class="p">);</span>
</code></pre></div>
<h3 id="json-serialization">Json Serialization</h3>
<p>An additional feature of the object API is the ability to allow you to
serialize &amp; deserialize a JSON text.
To use Json Serialization, add <code>--cs-gen-json-serializer</code> option to <code>flatc</code> and
add <code>Newtonsoft.Json</code> nuget package to csproj. This requires explicitly setting
the <code>--gen-object-api</code> option as well.</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// Deserialize MonsterT from json</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">string</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">jsonText</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">File</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">ReadAllText</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">@&quot;Resources/monsterdata_test.json&quot;</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="n">MonsterT</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">mon</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">MonsterT</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">DeserializeFromJson</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">jsonText</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// Serialize MonsterT to json</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">string</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">jsonText2</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">mon</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">SerializeToJson</span><span class="p">();</span>
</code></pre></div>
<ul>
<li>Limitation</li>
<li><code>hash</code> attribute currently not supported.</li>
<li>NuGet package Dependency</li>
<li><a href="https://github.com/JamesNK/Newtonsoft.Json">Newtonsoft.Json</a></li>
</ul>
<h2 id="conditional-compilation-symbols">Conditional compilation symbols</h2>
<p>There are three conditional compilation symbols that have an impact on
performance/features of the C# <code>ByteBuffer</code> implementation.</p>
<ul>
<li><code>UNSAFE_BYTEBUFFER</code></li>
</ul>
<p>This will use unsafe code to manipulate the underlying byte array. This can
yield a reasonable performance increase.</p>
<ul>
<li><code>BYTEBUFFER_NO_BOUNDS_CHECK</code></li>
</ul>
<p>This will disable the bounds check asserts to the byte array. This can yield a
small performance gain in normal code.</p>
<ul>
<li><code>ENABLE_SPAN_T</code></li>
</ul>
<p>This will enable reading and writing blocks of memory with a <code>Span&lt;T&gt;</code> instead
of just <code>T[]</code>. You can also enable writing directly to shared memory or other
types of memory by providing a custom implementation of <code>ByteBufferAllocator</code>.
<code>ENABLE_SPAN_T</code> also requires <code>UNSAFE_BYTEBUFFER</code> to be defined, or .NET
Standard 2.1.</p>
<p>Using <code>UNSAFE_BYTEBUFFER</code> and <code>BYTEBUFFER_NO_BOUNDS_CHECK</code> together can yield a
performance gain of ~15% for some operations, however doing so is potentially
dangerous. Do so at your own risk!</p>
<p><br></p>
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