Merge topic 'support_CMAKE_CUDA_RESOLVE_DEVICE_SYMBOLS'

8f1d22c2d9 CUDA: Support CMAKE_CUDA_RESOLVE_DEVICE_SYMBOLS global variable

Acked-by: Kitware Robot <kwrobot@kitware.com>
Merge-request: !3636
diff --git a/.clang-tidy b/.clang-tidy
index bfcb67c..2b7c9ae 100644
--- a/.clang-tidy
+++ b/.clang-tidy
@@ -3,29 +3,36 @@
 bugprone-*,\
 -bugprone-macro-parentheses,\
 -bugprone-misplaced-widening-cast,\
+-bugprone-narrowing-conversions,\
+-bugprone-too-small-loop-variable,\
 google-readability-casting,\
 misc-*,\
 -misc-incorrect-roundings,\
 -misc-macro-parentheses,\
 -misc-misplaced-widening-cast,\
+-misc-non-private-member-variables-in-classes,\
 -misc-static-assert,\
 modernize-*,\
+-modernize-avoid-c-arrays,\
 -modernize-deprecated-headers,\
 -modernize-return-braced-init-list,\
 -modernize-use-auto,\
+-modernize-use-nodiscard,\
 -modernize-use-noexcept,\
 -modernize-use-transparent-functors,\
 -modernize-use-using,\
 performance-*,\
--performance-inefficient-string-concatenation,\
 readability-*,\
 -readability-function-size,\
 -readability-identifier-naming,\
 -readability-implicit-bool-cast,\
 -readability-implicit-bool-conversion,\
 -readability-inconsistent-declaration-parameter-name,\
+-readability-isolate-declaration,\
+-readability-magic-numbers,\
 -readability-named-parameter,\
 -readability-redundant-declaration,\
+-readability-uppercase-literal-suffix,\
 "
 HeaderFilterRegex: 'Source/cm[^/]*\.(h|hxx|cxx)$'
 CheckOptions:
diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes
index 24fd9c2..3854b73 100644
--- a/.gitattributes
+++ b/.gitattributes
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-.gitattributes   export-ignore
+.git*            export-ignore
 .hooks*          export-ignore
 
 # Custom attribute to mark sources as using our C code style.
diff --git a/CMakeLists.txt b/CMakeLists.txt
index 5efa077..75ac8bf 100644
--- a/CMakeLists.txt
+++ b/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -626,8 +626,7 @@
 # The main section of the CMakeLists file
 #
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------
-# Compute CMake_VERSION, etc.
-include(Source/CMakeVersionCompute.cmake)
+include(Source/CMakeVersion.cmake)
 
 # Include the standard Dart testing module
 enable_testing()
diff --git a/Help/command/if.rst b/Help/command/if.rst
index d8e3a45..be992df 100644
--- a/Help/command/if.rst
+++ b/Help/command/if.rst
@@ -29,6 +29,8 @@
 repeat of the argument of the opening
 ``if`` command.
 
+.. _`Condition Syntax`:
+
 Condition Syntax
 ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
 
diff --git a/Help/dev/maint.rst b/Help/dev/maint.rst
index 75a1d68..37a1d3a 100644
--- a/Help/dev/maint.rst
+++ b/Help/dev/maint.rst
@@ -92,6 +92,45 @@
 .. _`CMake Review Process`: review.rst
 .. _`CMake CDash Page`: https://open.cdash.org/index.php?project=CMake
 
+Create Release Version
+======================
+
+When the ``release`` branch is ready to create a new release, follow the
+steps in the above `Maintain Current Release`_ section to checkout a local
+``release-$ver`` branch, where ``$ver`` is the version number of the
+current release in the form ``$major.$minor``.
+
+Edit ``Source/CMakeVersion.cmake`` to set the full version:
+
+.. code-block:: cmake
+
+  # CMake version number components.
+  set(CMake_VERSION_MAJOR $major)
+  set(CMake_VERSION_MINOR $minor)
+  set(CMake_VERSION_PATCH $patch)
+  #set(CMake_VERSION_RC $rc) # uncomment for release candidates
+
+In the following we use the placeholder ``$fullver`` for the full version
+number of the new release with the form ``$major.$minor.$patch[-rc$rc]``.
+If the version is not a release candidate, comment out the RC version
+component above and leave off the ``-rc$rc`` suffix from ``$fullver``.
+
+Commit the release version with the **exact** message ``CMake $fullver``:
+
+.. code-block:: shell
+
+  git commit -m "CMake $fullver"
+
+Tag the release using an annotated tag with the same message as the
+commit and named with the **exact** form ``v$fullver``:
+
+.. code-block:: shell
+
+  git tag -s -m "CMake $fullver" "v$fullver"
+
+Follow the steps in the above `Maintain Current Release`_ section to
+merge the ``release-$ver`` branch into ``master`` and publish both.
+
 Branch a New Release
 ====================
 
diff --git a/Help/guide/tutorial/Complete/CMakeLists.txt b/Help/guide/tutorial/Complete/CMakeLists.txt
index bea611c..4541392 100644
--- a/Help/guide/tutorial/Complete/CMakeLists.txt
+++ b/Help/guide/tutorial/Complete/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -1,8 +1,17 @@
-cmake_minimum_required(VERSION 3.3)
+cmake_minimum_required(VERSION 3.15)
 project(Tutorial)
 
-set(CMAKE_CXX_STANDARD 11)
-set(CMAKE_CXX_STANDARD_REQUIRED True)
+add_library(tutorial_compiler_flags INTERFACE)
+target_compile_features(tutorial_compiler_flags INTERFACE cxx_std_11)
+
+# add compiler warning flags just when building this project via
+# the BUILD_INTERFACE genex
+set(gcc_like_cxx "$<COMPILE_LANG_AND_ID:CXX,ARMClang,AppleClang,Clang,GNU>")
+set(msvc_cxx "$<COMPILE_LANG_AND_ID:CXX,MSVC>")
+target_compile_options(tutorial_compiler_flags INTERFACE
+  "$<${gcc_like_cxx}:$<BUILD_INTERFACE:-Wall;-Wextra;-Wshadow;-Wformat=2;-Wunused>>"
+  "$<${msvc_cxx}:$<BUILD_INTERFACE:-W3>>"
+)
 
 # set the version number
 set(Tutorial_VERSION_MAJOR 1)
diff --git a/Help/guide/tutorial/Complete/MathFunctions/CMakeLists.txt b/Help/guide/tutorial/Complete/MathFunctions/CMakeLists.txt
index 63c0f5f..c12955d 100644
--- a/Help/guide/tutorial/Complete/MathFunctions/CMakeLists.txt
+++ b/Help/guide/tutorial/Complete/MathFunctions/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -21,6 +21,7 @@
 
   # first we add the executable that generates the table
   add_executable(MakeTable MakeTable.cxx)
+  target_link_libraries(MakeTable tutorial_compiler_flags)
 
   # add the command to generate the source code
   add_custom_command(
@@ -44,14 +45,18 @@
                         POSITION_INDEPENDENT_CODE ${BUILD_SHARED_LIBS}
                         )
 
-  target_compile_definitions(SqrtLibrary PRIVATE
-                             "$<$<BOOL:${HAVE_LOG}>:HAVE_LOG>"
-                             "$<$<BOOL:${HAVE_EXP}>:HAVE_EXP>"
-                             )
+  target_link_libraries(SqrtLibrary PUBLIC tutorial_compiler_flags)
+
+
+  target_compile_definitions(MathFunctions PRIVATE "USE_MYMATH")
+  if(HAVE_LOG AND HAVE_EXP)
+    target_compile_definitions(SqrtLibrary
+                               PRIVATE "HAVE_LOG" "HAVE_EXP")
+  endif()
   target_link_libraries(MathFunctions PRIVATE SqrtLibrary)
 endif()
 
-target_compile_definitions(MathFunctions PRIVATE "$<$<BOOL:${USE_MYMATH}>:USE_MYMATH>")
+target_link_libraries(MathFunctions PUBLIC tutorial_compiler_flags)
 
 # define the symbol stating we are using the declspec(dllexport) when
 # building on windows
@@ -62,7 +67,7 @@
 set_property(TARGET MathFunctions PROPERTY SOVERSION "1")
 
 # install rules
-install(TARGETS MathFunctions
+install(TARGETS MathFunctions tutorial_compiler_flags
         DESTINATION lib
         EXPORT MathFunctionsTargets)
 install(FILES MathFunctions.h DESTINATION include)
diff --git a/Help/guide/tutorial/MultiPackage/CMakeLists.txt b/Help/guide/tutorial/MultiPackage/CMakeLists.txt
index 067e807..bea611c 100644
--- a/Help/guide/tutorial/MultiPackage/CMakeLists.txt
+++ b/Help/guide/tutorial/MultiPackage/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -1,19 +1,26 @@
 cmake_minimum_required(VERSION 3.3)
 project(Tutorial)
 
-# control how we mark up Debug libraries compared to Release libraries
-set(CMAKE_DEBUG_POSTFIX "-d")
+set(CMAKE_CXX_STANDARD 11)
+set(CMAKE_CXX_STANDARD_REQUIRED True)
+
+# set the version number
+set(Tutorial_VERSION_MAJOR 1)
+set(Tutorial_VERSION_MINOR 0)
 
 # control where the static and shared libraries are built so that on windows
 # we don't need to tinker with the path to run the executable
 set(CMAKE_ARCHIVE_OUTPUT_DIRECTORY "${PROJECT_BINARY_DIR}")
 set(CMAKE_LIBRARY_OUTPUT_DIRECTORY "${PROJECT_BINARY_DIR}")
+set(CMAKE_RUNTIME_OUTPUT_DIRECTORY "${PROJECT_BINARY_DIR}")
 
 option(BUILD_SHARED_LIBS "Build using shared libraries" ON)
 
-# the version number.
-set(Tutorial_VERSION_MAJOR 1)
-set(Tutorial_VERSION_MINOR 0)
+if(APPLE)
+  set(CMAKE_INSTALL_RPATH "@executable_path/../lib")
+elseif(UNIX)
+  set(CMAKE_INSTALL_RPATH "$ORIGIN/../lib")
+endif()
 
 # configure a header file to pass the version number only
 configure_file(
diff --git a/Help/guide/tutorial/MultiPackage/MathFunctions/CMakeLists.txt b/Help/guide/tutorial/MultiPackage/MathFunctions/CMakeLists.txt
index 161ad64..63c0f5f 100644
--- a/Help/guide/tutorial/MultiPackage/MathFunctions/CMakeLists.txt
+++ b/Help/guide/tutorial/MultiPackage/MathFunctions/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-
 # add the library that runs
 add_library(MathFunctions MathFunctions.cxx)
 
@@ -62,6 +61,7 @@
 set_property(TARGET MathFunctions PROPERTY VERSION "1.0.0")
 set_property(TARGET MathFunctions PROPERTY SOVERSION "1")
 
+# install rules
 install(TARGETS MathFunctions
         DESTINATION lib
         EXPORT MathFunctionsTargets)
diff --git a/Help/guide/tutorial/Step11/CMakeLists.txt b/Help/guide/tutorial/Step11/CMakeLists.txt
index 8f29fe2..e54bdde 100644
--- a/Help/guide/tutorial/Step11/CMakeLists.txt
+++ b/Help/guide/tutorial/Step11/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -1,8 +1,17 @@
-cmake_minimum_required(VERSION 3.3)
+cmake_minimum_required(VERSION 3.15)
 project(Tutorial)
 
-set(CMAKE_CXX_STANDARD 11)
-set(CMAKE_CXX_STANDARD_REQUIRED True)
+add_library(tutorial_compiler_flags INTERFACE)
+target_compile_features(tutorial_compiler_flags INTERFACE cxx_std_11)
+
+# add compiler warning flags just when building this project via
+# the BUILD_INTERFACE genex
+set(gcc_like_cxx "$<COMPILE_LANG_AND_ID:CXX,ARMClang,AppleClang,Clang,GNU>")
+set(msvc_cxx "$<COMPILE_LANG_AND_ID:CXX,MSVC>")
+target_compile_options(tutorial_compiler_flags INTERFACE
+  "$<${gcc_like_cxx}:$<BUILD_INTERFACE:-Wall;-Wextra;-Wshadow;-Wformat=2;-Wunused>>"
+  "$<${msvc_cxx}:$<BUILD_INTERFACE:-W3>>"
+)
 
 # set the version number
 set(Tutorial_VERSION_MAJOR 1)
diff --git a/Help/guide/tutorial/Step11/MathFunctions/CMakeLists.txt b/Help/guide/tutorial/Step11/MathFunctions/CMakeLists.txt
index ea42770..daaaa55 100644
--- a/Help/guide/tutorial/Step11/MathFunctions/CMakeLists.txt
+++ b/Help/guide/tutorial/Step11/MathFunctions/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -19,6 +19,7 @@
 
   # first we add the executable that generates the table
   add_executable(MakeTable MakeTable.cxx)
+  target_link_libraries(MakeTable tutorial_compiler_flags)
 
   # add the command to generate the source code
   add_custom_command(
@@ -42,14 +43,17 @@
                         POSITION_INDEPENDENT_CODE ${BUILD_SHARED_LIBS}
                         )
 
-  target_compile_definitions(SqrtLibrary PRIVATE
-                             "$<$<BOOL:${HAVE_LOG}>:HAVE_LOG>"
-                             "$<$<BOOL:${HAVE_EXP}>:HAVE_EXP>"
-                             )
+  target_link_libraries(SqrtLibrary PUBLIC tutorial_compiler_flags)
+
+  target_compile_definitions(MathFunctions PRIVATE "USE_MYMATH")
+  if(HAVE_LOG AND HAVE_EXP)
+    target_compile_definitions(SqrtLibrary
+                               PRIVATE "HAVE_LOG" "HAVE_EXP")
+  endif()
   target_link_libraries(MathFunctions PRIVATE SqrtLibrary)
 endif()
 
-target_compile_definitions(MathFunctions PRIVATE "$<$<BOOL:${USE_MYMATH}>:USE_MYMATH>")
+target_link_libraries(MathFunctions PUBLIC tutorial_compiler_flags)
 
 # define the symbol stating we are using the declspec(dllexport) when
 #building on windows
diff --git a/Help/guide/tutorial/index.rst b/Help/guide/tutorial/index.rst
index 41ed0c4..068499e 100644
--- a/Help/guide/tutorial/index.rst
+++ b/Help/guide/tutorial/index.rst
@@ -598,27 +598,47 @@
 string, and ``<1:...>`` results in the content of "...".  They can also be
 nested.
 
-For example:
+A common usage of generator expressions is to conditionally add compiler
+flags, such as those as language levels or warnings. A nice pattern is
+to associate this information to an ``INTERFACE`` target allowing this
+information to propagate. Lets start by constructing an ``INTERFACE``
+target and specifying the required C++ standard level of ``11`` instead
+of using ``CMAKE_CXX_STANDARD``.
 
-.. code-block:: cmake
+So the following code:
 
-  if(HAVE_LOG AND HAVE_EXP)
-    target_compile_definitions(SqrtLibrary
-                               PRIVATE "HAVE_LOG" "HAVE_EXP")
-  endif()
+.. literalinclude:: Step10/CMakeLists.txt
+  :language: cmake
+  :start-after: project(Tutorial)
+  :end-before: # Set the version number
 
-Can be rewritten with generator expressions:
+Would be replaced with:
 
-.. code-block:: cmake
+.. literalinclude:: Step11/CMakeLists.txt
+  :language: cmake
+  :start-after: project(Tutorial)
+  :end-before: # add compiler warning flags just when building this project via
 
-  target_compile_definitions(SqrtLibrary PRIVATE
-                             "$<$<BOOL:${HAVE_LOG}>:HAVE_LOG>"
-                             "$<$<BOOL:${HAVE_EXP}>:HAVE_EXP>"
-                            )
 
-Note that ``${HAVE_LOG}`` is evaluated at CMake configure time while
-``$<$<BOOL:${HAVE_LOG}>:HAVE_LOG>`` is evaluated at build system generation
-time.
+Next we add the desired compiler warning flags that we want for our
+project. As warning flags vary based on the compiler we use
+the ``COMPILE_LANG_AND_ID`` generator expression to control which
+flags to apply given a language and a set of compiler ids as seen
+below:
+
+.. literalinclude:: Step11/CMakeLists.txt
+  :language: cmake
+  :start-after: # the BUILD_INTERFACE genex
+  :end-before: # set the version number
+
+Looking at this we see that the warning flags are encapsulated inside a
+``BUILD_INTERFACE`` condition. This is done so that consumers of our installed
+project will not inherit our warning flags.
+
+
+**Exercise**: Modify ``MathFunctions/CMakeLists.txt`` so that
+all targets have a ``target_link_libraries()`` call to ``tutorial_compiler_flags``.
+
 
 Adding Export Configuration (Step 11)
 =====================================
diff --git a/Help/manual/cmake-toolchains.7.rst b/Help/manual/cmake-toolchains.7.rst
index 7435d9a..f233d08 100644
--- a/Help/manual/cmake-toolchains.7.rst
+++ b/Help/manual/cmake-toolchains.7.rst
@@ -399,8 +399,10 @@
   be false unless using a NDK that does not provide unified headers.
 
 :variable:`CMAKE_ANDROID_NDK_TOOLCHAIN_VERSION`
-  Set to the version of the NDK toolchain to be selected as the compiler.
-  If not specified, the default will be the latest available GCC toolchain.
+  On NDK r19 or above, this variable must be unset or set to ``clang``.
+  On NDK r18 or below, set this to the version of the NDK toolchain to
+  be selected as the compiler.  If not specified, the default will be
+  the latest available GCC toolchain.
 
 :variable:`CMAKE_ANDROID_STL_TYPE`
   Set to specify which C++ standard library to use.  If not specified,
diff --git a/Help/prop_tgt/CUDA_RESOLVE_DEVICE_SYMBOLS.rst b/Help/prop_tgt/CUDA_RESOLVE_DEVICE_SYMBOLS.rst
index ef74ae2..dae960f 100644
--- a/Help/prop_tgt/CUDA_RESOLVE_DEVICE_SYMBOLS.rst
+++ b/Help/prop_tgt/CUDA_RESOLVE_DEVICE_SYMBOLS.rst
@@ -1,12 +1,16 @@
 CUDA_RESOLVE_DEVICE_SYMBOLS
 ---------------------------
 
-CUDA only: Enables device linking for the specific library target
+CUDA only: Enables device linking for the specific library target where
+required.
 
-If set this will enable device linking on the library target. Normally
-device linking is deferred until a shared library or executable is generated,
-allowing for multiple static libraries to resolve device symbols at the same
-time when they are used by a shared library or executable.
+If set, this will tell the required compilers to enable device linking
+on the library target. Device linking is an additional link step
+required by some CUDA compilers when :prop_tgt:`CUDA_SEPARABLE_COMPILATION` is
+enabled. Normally device linking is deferred until a shared library or
+executable is generated, allowing for multiple static libraries to resolve
+device symbols at the same time when they are used by a shared library or
+executable.
 
 By default static library targets have this property is disabled,
 while shared, module, and executable targets have this property enabled.
diff --git a/Help/release/3.15.rst b/Help/release/3.15.rst
index 4f53466..b0365ba 100644
--- a/Help/release/3.15.rst
+++ b/Help/release/3.15.rst
@@ -362,3 +362,10 @@
   always runs in a mode aware of C++14.
 
 * Preliminary Swift support added in 3.15.0 has been updated.
+
+3.15.2
+------
+
+* In CMake 3.15.0 and 3.15.1 the :variable:`CMAKE_FIND_PACKAGE_PREFER_CONFIG`
+  variable caused the :command:`find_package` command to fail on a missing
+  package even without the ``REQUIRED`` option.  This has been fixed.
diff --git a/Help/variable/CMAKE_ANDROID_NDK_TOOLCHAIN_VERSION.rst b/Help/variable/CMAKE_ANDROID_NDK_TOOLCHAIN_VERSION.rst
index 5ae55d1..22808e3 100644
--- a/Help/variable/CMAKE_ANDROID_NDK_TOOLCHAIN_VERSION.rst
+++ b/Help/variable/CMAKE_ANDROID_NDK_TOOLCHAIN_VERSION.rst
@@ -3,7 +3,11 @@
 
 When :ref:`Cross Compiling for Android with the NDK`, this variable
 may be set to specify the version of the toolchain to be used
-as the compiler.  The variable must be set to one of these forms:
+as the compiler.
+
+On NDK r19 or above, this variable must be unset or set to ``clang``.
+
+On NDK r18 or below, this variable must be set to one of these forms:
 
 * ``<major>.<minor>``: GCC of specified version
 * ``clang<major>.<minor>``: Clang of specified version
diff --git a/Help/variable/CMAKE_MESSAGE_INDENT.rst b/Help/variable/CMAKE_MESSAGE_INDENT.rst
index f7975ab..7e44a4c 100644
--- a/Help/variable/CMAKE_MESSAGE_INDENT.rst
+++ b/Help/variable/CMAKE_MESSAGE_INDENT.rst
@@ -23,8 +23,10 @@
 
 Which results in the following output:
 
+.. code-block:: none
+
   -- Collected items in the "listVar":
   --   one
   --   two
-  --   tree
+  --   three
   -- No more indent
diff --git a/Modules/CMakeCUDAInformation.cmake b/Modules/CMakeCUDAInformation.cmake
index 43ae989..b0d80d1 100644
--- a/Modules/CMakeCUDAInformation.cmake
+++ b/Modules/CMakeCUDAInformation.cmake
@@ -171,7 +171,8 @@
     "<CMAKE_CUDA_HOST_LINK_LAUNCHER> <LINK_FLAGS> <OBJECTS> -o <TARGET> <LINK_LIBRARIES>${__IMPLICT_LINKS}")
 endif()
 
-if(CMAKE_CUDA_COMPILER_VERSION VERSION_GREATER_EQUAL "8.0.0")
+if( CMAKE_CUDA_COMPILER_ID STREQUAL "NVIDIA" AND
+    CMAKE_CUDA_COMPILER_VERSION VERSION_GREATER_EQUAL "8.0.0")
   set(_CMAKE_CUDA_EXTRA_DEVICE_LINK_FLAGS "-Wno-deprecated-gpu-targets")
 else()
   set(_CMAKE_CUDA_EXTRA_DEVICE_LINK_FLAGS "")
diff --git a/Modules/CMakeDependentOption.cmake b/Modules/CMakeDependentOption.cmake
index 6046d85..99d5070 100644
--- a/Modules/CMakeDependentOption.cmake
+++ b/Modules/CMakeDependentOption.cmake
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@
 is used, but any value set by the user is preserved for when the
 option is presented again.  Example invocation:
 
-::
+.. code-block:: cmake
 
   CMAKE_DEPENDENT_OPTION(USE_FOO "Use Foo" ON
                          "USE_BAR;NOT USE_ZOT" OFF)
@@ -21,7 +21,8 @@
 called USE_FOO that defaults to ON.  Otherwise, it sets USE_FOO to
 OFF.  If the status of USE_BAR or USE_ZOT ever changes, any value for
 the USE_FOO option is saved so that when the option is re-enabled it
-retains its old value.
+retains its old value.  Each element in the fourth parameter is
+evaluated as an if-condition, so :ref:`Condition Syntax` can be used.
 #]=======================================================================]
 
 macro(CMAKE_DEPENDENT_OPTION option doc default depends force)
diff --git a/Modules/CMakeDetermineCCompiler.cmake b/Modules/CMakeDetermineCCompiler.cmake
index 8be781a..037c33b 100644
--- a/Modules/CMakeDetermineCCompiler.cmake
+++ b/Modules/CMakeDetermineCCompiler.cmake
@@ -124,6 +124,22 @@
   elseif(CMAKE_C_PLATFORM_ID MATCHES "Cygwin")
     set(CMAKE_COMPILER_IS_CYGWIN 1)
   endif()
+else()
+  if(NOT DEFINED CMAKE_C_COMPILER_FRONTEND_VARIANT)
+    # Some toolchain files set our internal CMAKE_C_COMPILER_ID_RUN
+    # variable but are not aware of CMAKE_C_COMPILER_FRONTEND_VARIANT.
+    # They pre-date our support for the GNU-like variant targeting the
+    # MSVC ABI so we do not consider that here.
+    if(CMAKE_C_COMPILER_ID STREQUAL "Clang")
+      if("x${CMAKE_C_SIMULATE_ID}" STREQUAL "xMSVC")
+        set(CMAKE_C_COMPILER_FRONTEND_VARIANT "MSVC")
+      else()
+        set(CMAKE_C_COMPILER_FRONTEND_VARIANT "GNU")
+      endif()
+    else()
+      set(CMAKE_C_COMPILER_FRONTEND_VARIANT "")
+    endif()
+  endif()
 endif()
 
 if (NOT _CMAKE_TOOLCHAIN_LOCATION)
diff --git a/Modules/CMakeDetermineCXXCompiler.cmake b/Modules/CMakeDetermineCXXCompiler.cmake
index 00ef5b9..7274eec 100644
--- a/Modules/CMakeDetermineCXXCompiler.cmake
+++ b/Modules/CMakeDetermineCXXCompiler.cmake
@@ -119,6 +119,22 @@
   elseif(CMAKE_CXX_PLATFORM_ID MATCHES "Cygwin")
     set(CMAKE_COMPILER_IS_CYGWIN 1)
   endif()
+else()
+  if(NOT DEFINED CMAKE_CXX_COMPILER_FRONTEND_VARIANT)
+    # Some toolchain files set our internal CMAKE_CXX_COMPILER_ID_RUN
+    # variable but are not aware of CMAKE_CXX_COMPILER_FRONTEND_VARIANT.
+    # They pre-date our support for the GNU-like variant targeting the
+    # MSVC ABI so we do not consider that here.
+    if(CMAKE_CXX_COMPILER_ID STREQUAL "Clang")
+      if("x${CMAKE_CXX_SIMULATE_ID}" STREQUAL "xMSVC")
+        set(CMAKE_CXX_COMPILER_FRONTEND_VARIANT "MSVC")
+      else()
+        set(CMAKE_CXX_COMPILER_FRONTEND_VARIANT "GNU")
+      endif()
+    else()
+      set(CMAKE_CXX_COMPILER_FRONTEND_VARIANT "")
+    endif()
+  endif()
 endif()
 
 if (NOT _CMAKE_TOOLCHAIN_LOCATION)
diff --git a/Modules/CMakeDetermineCompilerId.cmake b/Modules/CMakeDetermineCompilerId.cmake
index 1914f52..0fcbbb7 100644
--- a/Modules/CMakeDetermineCompilerId.cmake
+++ b/Modules/CMakeDetermineCompilerId.cmake
@@ -138,7 +138,7 @@
 
   set(_variant "")
   if("x${CMAKE_${lang}_COMPILER_ID}" STREQUAL "xClang")
-    if(CMAKE_HOST_WIN32 AND "x${CMAKE_${lang}_SIMULATE_ID}" STREQUAL "xMSVC")
+    if("x${CMAKE_${lang}_SIMULATE_ID}" STREQUAL "xMSVC")
       if(CMAKE_GENERATOR MATCHES "Visual Studio")
         set(CMAKE_${lang}_COMPILER_FRONTEND_VARIANT "MSVC")
       else()
diff --git a/Modules/CMakeFindBinUtils.cmake b/Modules/CMakeFindBinUtils.cmake
index 0e84116..773ee53 100644
--- a/Modules/CMakeFindBinUtils.cmake
+++ b/Modules/CMakeFindBinUtils.cmake
@@ -72,7 +72,7 @@
   find_program(CMAKE_LINKER NAMES link HINTS ${_CMAKE_TOOLCHAIN_LOCATION})
   find_program(CMAKE_MT     NAMES mt   HINTS ${_CMAKE_TOOLCHAIN_LOCATION})
 
-  list(APPEND _CMAKE_TOOL_VARS CMAKE_LINKER CMAKE_MT)
+  list(APPEND _CMAKE_TOOL_VARS LINKER MT)
 
 # in all other cases search for ar, ranlib, etc.
 else()
@@ -84,27 +84,36 @@
   endif()
 
   if("${CMAKE_${_CMAKE_PROCESSING_LANGUAGE}_COMPILER_ID}" STREQUAL Clang)
-    set(LLVM_OBJDUMP "llvm-objdump")
-    set(LLVM_LLD "ld.lld")
-    set(LLVM_RANLIB "llvm-ranlib")
-    set(LLVM_AR "llvm-ar")
+    set(_CMAKE_ADDITIONAL_AR_NAMES "llvm-ar")
+    set(_CMAKE_ADDITIONAL_RANLIB_NAMES "llvm-ranlib")
+    set(_CMAKE_ADDITIONAL_STRIP_NAMES "llvm-strip")
+    set(_CMAKE_ADDITIONAL_LINKER_NAMES "ld.lld")
+    set(_CMAKE_ADDITIONAL_NM_NAMES "llvm-nm")
+    set(_CMAKE_ADDITIONAL_OBJDUMP_NAMES "llvm-objdump")
+    set(_CMAKE_ADDITIONAL_OBJCOPY_NAMES "llvm-objcopy")
+    set(_CMAKE_ADDITIONAL_READELF_NAMES "llvm-readelf")
+    set(_CMAKE_ADDITIONAL_DLLTOOL_NAMES "llvm-dlltool")
+    set(_CMAKE_ADDITIONAL_ADDR2LINE_NAMES "llvm-addr2line")
   endif()
 
-  find_program(CMAKE_AR NAMES ${_CMAKE_TOOLCHAIN_PREFIX}ar${_CMAKE_TOOLCHAIN_SUFFIX} ${LLVM_AR} HINTS ${_CMAKE_TOOLCHAIN_LOCATION})
+  find_program(CMAKE_AR NAMES ${_CMAKE_TOOLCHAIN_PREFIX}ar${_CMAKE_TOOLCHAIN_SUFFIX} ${_CMAKE_ADDITIONAL_AR_NAMES} HINTS ${_CMAKE_TOOLCHAIN_LOCATION})
 
-  find_program(CMAKE_RANLIB NAMES ${_CMAKE_TOOLCHAIN_PREFIX}ranlib ${LLVM_RANLIB} HINTS ${_CMAKE_TOOLCHAIN_LOCATION})
+  find_program(CMAKE_RANLIB NAMES ${_CMAKE_TOOLCHAIN_PREFIX}ranlib ${_CMAKE_ADDITIONAL_RANLIB_NAMES} HINTS ${_CMAKE_TOOLCHAIN_LOCATION})
   if(NOT CMAKE_RANLIB)
     set(CMAKE_RANLIB : CACHE INTERNAL "noop for ranlib")
   endif()
 
 
-  find_program(CMAKE_STRIP NAMES ${_CMAKE_TOOLCHAIN_PREFIX}strip${_CMAKE_TOOLCHAIN_SUFFIX} HINTS ${_CMAKE_TOOLCHAIN_LOCATION})
-  find_program(CMAKE_LINKER NAMES ${_CMAKE_TOOLCHAIN_PREFIX}ld ${LLVM_LLD} HINTS ${_CMAKE_TOOLCHAIN_LOCATION})
-  find_program(CMAKE_NM NAMES ${_CMAKE_TOOLCHAIN_PREFIX}nm HINTS ${_CMAKE_TOOLCHAIN_LOCATION})
-  find_program(CMAKE_OBJDUMP NAMES ${_CMAKE_TOOLCHAIN_PREFIX}objdump ${LLVM_OBJDUMP} HINTS ${_CMAKE_TOOLCHAIN_LOCATION})
-  find_program(CMAKE_OBJCOPY NAMES ${_CMAKE_TOOLCHAIN_PREFIX}objcopy HINTS ${_CMAKE_TOOLCHAIN_LOCATION})
+  find_program(CMAKE_STRIP NAMES ${_CMAKE_TOOLCHAIN_PREFIX}strip${_CMAKE_TOOLCHAIN_SUFFIX} ${_CMAKE_ADDITIONAL_STRIP_NAMES} HINTS ${_CMAKE_TOOLCHAIN_LOCATION})
+  find_program(CMAKE_LINKER NAMES ${_CMAKE_TOOLCHAIN_PREFIX}ld ${_CMAKE_ADDITIONAL_LINKER_NAMES} HINTS ${_CMAKE_TOOLCHAIN_LOCATION})
+  find_program(CMAKE_NM NAMES ${_CMAKE_TOOLCHAIN_PREFIX}nm ${_CMAKE_ADDITIONAL_NM_NAMES} HINTS ${_CMAKE_TOOLCHAIN_LOCATION})
+  find_program(CMAKE_OBJDUMP NAMES ${_CMAKE_TOOLCHAIN_PREFIX}objdump ${_CMAKE_ADDITIONAL_OBJDUMP_NAMES} HINTS ${_CMAKE_TOOLCHAIN_LOCATION})
+  find_program(CMAKE_OBJCOPY NAMES ${_CMAKE_TOOLCHAIN_PREFIX}objcopy ${_CMAKE_ADDITIONAL_OBJCOPY_NAMES} HINTS ${_CMAKE_TOOLCHAIN_LOCATION})
+  find_program(CMAKE_READELF NAMES ${_CMAKE_TOOLCHAIN_PREFIX}readelf ${_CMAKE_ADDITIONAL_READELF_NAMES} HINTS ${_CMAKE_TOOLCHAIN_LOCATION})
+  find_program(CMAKE_DLLTOOL NAMES ${_CMAKE_TOOLCHAIN_PREFIX}dlltool ${_CMAKE_ADDITIONAL_DLLTOOL_NAMES} HINTS ${_CMAKE_TOOLCHAIN_LOCATION})
+  find_program(CMAKE_ADDR2LINE NAMES ${_CMAKE_TOOLCHAIN_PREFIX}addr2line ${_CMAKE_ADDITIONAL_ADDR2LINE_NAMES} HINTS ${_CMAKE_TOOLCHAIN_LOCATION})
 
-  list(APPEND _CMAKE_TOOL_VARS CMAKE_AR CMAKE_RANLIB CMAKE_STRIP CMAKE_LINKER CMAKE_NM CMAKE_OBJDUMP CMAKE_OBJCOPY)
+  list(APPEND _CMAKE_TOOL_VARS AR RANLIB STRIP LINKER NM OBJDUMP OBJCOPY READELF DLLTOOL ADDR2LINE)
 
 endif()
 
@@ -115,15 +124,16 @@
     message(FATAL_ERROR "Could not find install_name_tool, please check your installation.")
   endif()
 
-  list(APPEND _CMAKE_TOOL_VARS CMAKE_INSTALL_NAME_TOOL)
+  list(APPEND _CMAKE_TOOL_VARS INSTALL_NAME_TOOL)
 endif()
 
 # Mark any tool cache entries as advanced.
 foreach(var IN LISTS _CMAKE_TOOL_VARS)
-  get_property(_CMAKE_TOOL_CACHED CACHE ${var} PROPERTY TYPE)
+  get_property(_CMAKE_TOOL_CACHED CACHE CMAKE_${var} PROPERTY TYPE)
   if(_CMAKE_TOOL_CACHED)
-    mark_as_advanced(${var})
+    mark_as_advanced(CMAKE_${var})
   endif()
+  unset(_CMAKE_ADDITIONAL_${var}_NAMES)
 endforeach()
 unset(_CMAKE_TOOL_VARS)
 unset(_CMAKE_TOOL_CACHED)
diff --git a/Modules/CMakeSwiftInformation.cmake b/Modules/CMakeSwiftInformation.cmake
index 58b0813..54e441c 100644
--- a/Modules/CMakeSwiftInformation.cmake
+++ b/Modules/CMakeSwiftInformation.cmake
@@ -18,7 +18,9 @@
 endif()
 
 set(CMAKE_INCLUDE_FLAG_Swift "-I ")
-if(NOT CMAKE_SYSTEM_NAME STREQUAL Windows AND NOT CMAKE_SYSTEM_NAME STREQUAL Darwin)
+if(CMAKE_SYSTEM_NAME STREQUAL Darwin)
+  set(CMAKE_SHARED_LIBRARY_SONAME_Swift_FLAG "-Xlinker -install_name -Xlinker ")
+elseif(NOT CMAKE_SYSTEM_NAME STREQUAL Windows)
   set(CMAKE_SHARED_LIBRARY_SONAME_Swift_FLAG "-Xlinker -soname -Xlinker ")
 endif()
 
diff --git a/Modules/CheckCXXSymbolExists.cmake b/Modules/CheckCXXSymbolExists.cmake
index b112094..5c9079d 100644
--- a/Modules/CheckCXXSymbolExists.cmake
+++ b/Modules/CheckCXXSymbolExists.cmake
@@ -27,6 +27,17 @@
   not be recognized: consider using the :module:`CheckTypeSize`
   or :module:`CheckCXXSourceCompiles` module instead.
 
+.. note::
+
+  This command is unreliable when ``<symbol>`` is (potentially) an overloaded
+  function. Since there is no reliable way to predict whether a given function
+  in the system environment may be defined as an overloaded function or may be
+  an overloaded function on other systems or will become so in the future, it
+  is generally advised to use the :module:`CheckCXXSourceCompiles` module for
+  checking any function symbol (unless somehow you surely know the checked
+  function is not overloaded on other systems or will not be so in the
+  future).
+
 The following variables may be set before calling this macro to modify
 the way the check is run:
 
diff --git a/Modules/CheckSymbolExists.cmake b/Modules/CheckSymbolExists.cmake
index c2f488a..1053383 100644
--- a/Modules/CheckSymbolExists.cmake
+++ b/Modules/CheckSymbolExists.cmake
@@ -99,8 +99,28 @@
       string(APPEND CMAKE_CONFIGURABLE_FILE_CONTENT
         "#include <${FILE}>\n")
     endforeach()
-    string(APPEND CMAKE_CONFIGURABLE_FILE_CONTENT
-      "\nint main(int argc, char** argv)\n{\n  (void)argv;\n#ifndef ${SYMBOL}\n  return ((int*)(&${SYMBOL}))[argc];\n#else\n  (void)argc;\n  return 0;\n#endif\n}\n")
+    string(APPEND CMAKE_CONFIGURABLE_FILE_CONTENT "
+int main(int argc, char** argv)
+{
+  (void)argv;")
+    set(_CSE_CHECK_NON_MACRO "return ((int*)(&${SYMBOL}))[argc];")
+    if("${SYMBOL}" MATCHES "^[a-zA-Z_][a-zA-Z0-9_]*$")
+      # The SYMBOL has a legal macro name.  Test whether it exists as a macro.
+      string(APPEND CMAKE_CONFIGURABLE_FILE_CONTENT "
+#ifndef ${SYMBOL}
+  ${_CSE_CHECK_NON_MACRO}
+#else
+  (void)argc;
+  return 0;
+#endif")
+    else()
+      # The SYMBOL cannot be a macro (e.g., a template function).
+      string(APPEND CMAKE_CONFIGURABLE_FILE_CONTENT "
+  ${_CSE_CHECK_NON_MACRO}")
+    endif()
+    string(APPEND CMAKE_CONFIGURABLE_FILE_CONTENT "
+}")
+    unset(_CSE_CHECK_NON_MACRO)
 
     configure_file("${CMAKE_ROOT}/Modules/CMakeConfigurableFile.in"
       "${SOURCEFILE}" @ONLY)
@@ -139,6 +159,7 @@
         "${OUTPUT}\nFile ${SOURCEFILE}:\n"
         "${CMAKE_CONFIGURABLE_FILE_CONTENT}\n")
     endif()
+    unset(CMAKE_CONFIGURABLE_FILE_CONTENT)
   endif()
 endmacro()
 
diff --git a/Modules/Compiler/NVIDIA-CUDA.cmake b/Modules/Compiler/NVIDIA-CUDA.cmake
index c0ccb71..b59deda 100644
--- a/Modules/Compiler/NVIDIA-CUDA.cmake
+++ b/Modules/Compiler/NVIDIA-CUDA.cmake
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+set(CMAKE_CUDA_COMPILER_HAS_DEVICE_LINK_PHASE True)
 set(CMAKE_CUDA_VERBOSE_FLAG "-v")
 set(CMAKE_CUDA_VERBOSE_COMPILE_FLAG "-Xcompiler=-v")
 
diff --git a/Modules/ExternalProject.cmake b/Modules/ExternalProject.cmake
index 14fc231..e55ed46 100644
--- a/Modules/ExternalProject.cmake
+++ b/Modules/ExternalProject.cmake
@@ -1079,7 +1079,7 @@
     message(FATAL_ERROR "Tag for git checkout should not be empty.")
   endif()
 
-  set(git_clone_options)
+  set(git_clone_options "--no-checkout")
   if(git_shallow)
     if(NOT GIT_VERSION_STRING VERSION_LESS 1.7.10)
       list(APPEND git_clone_options "--depth 1 --no-single-branch")
diff --git a/Modules/FindGLEW.cmake b/Modules/FindGLEW.cmake
index 2e9a052..bd69819 100644
--- a/Modules/FindGLEW.cmake
+++ b/Modules/FindGLEW.cmake
@@ -70,11 +70,27 @@
   message(STATUS "FindGLEW: did not find GLEW CMake config file. Searching for libraries.")
 endif()
 
+if(APPLE)
+  find_package(OpenGL QUIET)
+
+  if(OpenGL_FOUND)
+    if(GLEW_VERBOSE)
+      message(STATUS "FindGLEW: Found OpenGL Framework.")
+      message(STATUS "FindGLEW: OPENGL_LIBRARIES: ${OPENGL_LIBRARIES}")
+    endif()
+  else()
+    if(GLEW_VERBOSE)
+      message(STATUS "FindGLEW: could not find GLEW library.")
+    endif()
+    return()
+  endif()
+endif()
+
 
 function(__glew_set_find_library_suffix shared_or_static)
-  if(UNIX AND "${shared_or_static}" MATCHES "SHARED")
+  if((UNIX AND NOT APPLE) AND "${shared_or_static}" MATCHES "SHARED")
     set(CMAKE_FIND_LIBRARY_SUFFIXES ".so" PARENT_SCOPE)
-  elseif(UNIX AND "${shared_or_static}" MATCHES "STATIC")
+  elseif((UNIX AND NOT APPLE) AND "${shared_or_static}" MATCHES "STATIC")
     set(CMAKE_FIND_LIBRARY_SUFFIXES ".a" PARENT_SCOPE)
   elseif(APPLE AND "${shared_or_static}" MATCHES "SHARED")
     set(CMAKE_FIND_LIBRARY_SUFFIXES ".dylib;.so" PARENT_SCOPE)
@@ -194,7 +210,7 @@
 
 if(NOT GLEW_FOUND)
   if(GLEW_VERBOSE)
-    message(STATUS "FindGLEW: could not found GLEW library.")
+    message(STATUS "FindGLEW: could not find GLEW library.")
   endif()
   return()
 endif()
@@ -210,6 +226,11 @@
   set_target_properties(GLEW::glew
                         PROPERTIES INTERFACE_INCLUDE_DIRECTORIES "${GLEW_INCLUDE_DIRS}")
 
+  if(APPLE)
+    set_target_properties(GLEW::glew
+                          PROPERTIES INTERFACE_LINK_LIBRARIES OpenGL::GL)
+  endif()
+
   if(GLEW_SHARED_LIBRARY_RELEASE)
     set_property(TARGET GLEW::glew
                  APPEND
@@ -238,6 +259,11 @@
   set_target_properties(GLEW::glew_s
                         PROPERTIES INTERFACE_INCLUDE_DIRECTORIES "${GLEW_INCLUDE_DIRS}")
 
+  if(APPLE)
+    set_target_properties(GLEW::glew_s
+                          PROPERTIES INTERFACE_LINK_LIBRARIES OpenGL::GL)
+  endif()
+
   if(GLEW_STATIC_LIBRARY_RELEASE)
     set_property(TARGET GLEW::glew_s
                  APPEND
@@ -267,6 +293,11 @@
   set_target_properties(GLEW::GLEW
                         PROPERTIES INTERFACE_INCLUDE_DIRECTORIES "${GLEW_INCLUDE_DIRS}")
 
+  if(APPLE)
+    set_target_properties(GLEW::GLEW
+                          PROPERTIES INTERFACE_LINK_LIBRARIES OpenGL::GL)
+  endif()
+
   if(TARGET GLEW::glew)
     if(GLEW_SHARED_LIBRARY_RELEASE)
       set_property(TARGET GLEW::GLEW
diff --git a/Modules/FindPackageHandleStandardArgs.cmake b/Modules/FindPackageHandleStandardArgs.cmake
index 1722d6a..a2999fc 100644
--- a/Modules/FindPackageHandleStandardArgs.cmake
+++ b/Modules/FindPackageHandleStandardArgs.cmake
@@ -264,14 +264,14 @@
       if(${_NAME}_${comp}_FOUND)
 
         if(NOT DEFINED FOUND_COMPONENTS_MSG)
-          set(FOUND_COMPONENTS_MSG "found components: ")
+          set(FOUND_COMPONENTS_MSG "found components:")
         endif()
         string(APPEND FOUND_COMPONENTS_MSG " ${comp}")
 
       else()
 
         if(NOT DEFINED MISSING_COMPONENTS_MSG)
-          set(MISSING_COMPONENTS_MSG "missing components: ")
+          set(MISSING_COMPONENTS_MSG "missing components:")
         endif()
         string(APPEND MISSING_COMPONENTS_MSG " ${comp}")
 
diff --git a/Modules/FindPython.cmake b/Modules/FindPython.cmake
index 6a9decb..2056e93 100644
--- a/Modules/FindPython.cmake
+++ b/Modules/FindPython.cmake
@@ -237,6 +237,12 @@
     ``NEVER`` to select preferably the interpreter from the virtual
     environment.
 
+  .. note::
+
+    If the component ``Development`` is requested, it is **strongly**
+    recommended to also include the component ``Interpreter`` to get expected
+    result.
+
 Commands
 ^^^^^^^^
 
diff --git a/Modules/FindPython/Support.cmake b/Modules/FindPython/Support.cmake
index 8faec03..90a8264 100644
--- a/Modules/FindPython/Support.cmake
+++ b/Modules/FindPython/Support.cmake
@@ -241,6 +241,85 @@
   set (${_PYTHON_PGN_NAMES} ${names} PARENT_SCOPE)
 endfunction()
 
+function (_PYTHON_GET_CONFIG_VAR _PYTHON_PGCV_VALUE NAME)
+  unset (${_PYTHON_PGCV_VALUE} PARENT_SCOPE)
+
+  if (NOT NAME MATCHES "^(PREFIX|ABIFLAGS|CONFIGDIR|INCLUDES|LIBS)$")
+    return()
+  endif()
+
+  if (_${_PYTHON_PREFIX}_CONFIG)
+    set (config_flag "--${NAME}")
+    string (TOLOWER "${config_flag}" config_flag)
+    execute_process (COMMAND "${_${_PYTHON_PREFIX}_CONFIG}" ${config_flag}
+                     RESULT_VARIABLE _result
+                     OUTPUT_VARIABLE _values
+                     ERROR_QUIET
+                     OUTPUT_STRIP_TRAILING_WHITESPACE)
+    if (_result)
+      unset (_values)
+    else()
+      if (NAME STREQUAL "INCLUDES")
+        # do some clean-up
+        string (REGEX MATCHALL "-I[^ ]+" _values "${_values}")
+        string (REPLACE "-I" "" _values "${_values}")
+        list (REMOVE_DUPLICATES _values)
+      endif()
+    endif()
+  endif()
+
+  if (${_PYTHON_PREFIX}_EXECUTABLE AND NOT CMAKE_CROSSCOMPILING)
+    if (NAME STREQUAL "PREFIX")
+      execute_process (COMMAND "${${_PYTHON_PREFIX}_EXECUTABLE}" -c "import sys; from distutils import sysconfig; sys.stdout.write(';'.join([sysconfig.PREFIX,sysconfig.EXEC_PREFIX,sysconfig.BASE_EXEC_PREFIX]))"
+                       RESULT_VARIABLE _result
+                       OUTPUT_VARIABLE _values
+                       ERROR_QUIET
+                       OUTPUT_STRIP_TRAILING_WHITESPACE)
+      if (_result)
+        unset (_values)
+      else()
+        list (REMOVE_DUPLICATES _values)
+      endif()
+    elseif (NAME STREQUAL "INCLUDES")
+      execute_process (COMMAND "${${_PYTHON_PREFIX}_EXECUTABLE}" -c "import sys; from distutils import sysconfig; sys.stdout.write(';'.join([sysconfig.get_python_inc(plat_specific=True),sysconfig.get_python_inc(plat_specific=False)]))"
+                       RESULT_VARIABLE _result
+                       OUTPUT_VARIABLE _values
+                       ERROR_QUIET
+                       OUTPUT_STRIP_TRAILING_WHITESPACE)
+      if (_result)
+        unset (_values)
+      endif()
+    else()
+      set (config_flag "${NAME}")
+      if (NAME STREQUAL "CONFIGDIR")
+        set (config_flag "LIBPL")
+      endif()
+      execute_process (COMMAND "${${_PYTHON_PREFIX}_EXECUTABLE}" -c "import sys; from distutils import sysconfig; sys.stdout.write(sysconfig.get_config_var('${config_flag}'))"
+                       RESULT_VARIABLE _result
+                       OUTPUT_VARIABLE _values
+                       ERROR_QUIET
+                       OUTPUT_STRIP_TRAILING_WHITESPACE)
+      if (_result)
+        unset (_values)
+      endif()
+    endif()
+  endif()
+
+  if (NOT _values OR _values STREQUAL "None")
+    return()
+  endif()
+
+  if (NAME STREQUAL "LIBS")
+    # do some clean-up
+    string (REGEX MATCHALL "-[l][^ ]+" _values "${_values}")
+    # remove elements relative to python library itself
+    list (FILTER _values EXCLUDE REGEX "-lpython")
+    list (REMOVE_DUPLICATES _values)
+  endif()
+
+  set (${_PYTHON_PGCV_VALUE} "${_values}" PARENT_SCOPE)
+endfunction()
+
 
 function (_PYTHON_VALIDATE_INTERPRETER)
   if (NOT ${_PYTHON_PREFIX}_EXECUTABLE)
@@ -1147,114 +1226,90 @@
     endif()
   endif()
 
-  # if python interpreter is found, use its location and version to ensure consistency
-  # between interpreter and development environment
-  unset (_${_PYTHON_PREFIX}_PREFIX)
-  unset (_${_PYTHON_PREFIX}_EXEC_PREFIX)
-  unset (_${_PYTHON_PREFIX}_BASE_EXEC_PREFIX)
-  if (${_PYTHON_PREFIX}_Interpreter_FOUND)
-    execute_process (COMMAND "${${_PYTHON_PREFIX}_EXECUTABLE}" -c
-                             "import sys; from distutils import sysconfig; sys.stdout.write(sysconfig.EXEC_PREFIX)"
-                     RESULT_VARIABLE _${_PYTHON_PREFIX}_RESULT
-                     OUTPUT_VARIABLE _${_PYTHON_PREFIX}_EXEC_PREFIX
-                     ERROR_QUIET
-                     OUTPUT_STRIP_TRAILING_WHITESPACE)
-    if (_${_PYTHON_PREFIX}_RESULT)
-      unset (_${_PYTHON_PREFIX}_EXEC_PREFIX)
+  # if python interpreter is found, use it to ensure consistency
+  # between interpreter and development environment.
+  # If not, try to locate a compatible config tool
+  if (NOT ${_PYTHON_PREFIX}_Interpreter_FOUND OR CMAKE_CROSSCOMPILING)
+    set (_${_PYTHON_PREFIX}_HINTS "${${_PYTHON_PREFIX}_ROOT_DIR}" ENV ${_PYTHON_PREFIX}_ROOT_DIR)
+    unset (_${_PYTHON_PREFIX}_VIRTUALENV_PATHS)
+    if (_${_PYTHON_PREFIX}_FIND_VIRTUALENV MATCHES "^(FIRST|ONLY)$")
+      set (_${_PYTHON_PREFIX}_VIRTUALENV_PATHS ENV VIRTUAL_ENV)
     endif()
+    unset (_${_PYTHON_PREFIX}_FRAMEWORK_PATHS)
 
-    if (NOT ${_PYTHON_PREFIX}_FIND_VIRTUALENV STREQUAL "STANDARD")
-      execute_process (COMMAND "${${_PYTHON_PREFIX}_EXECUTABLE}" -c
-                               "import sys; from distutils import sysconfig; sys.stdout.write(sysconfig.BASE_EXEC_PREFIX)"
-                       RESULT_VARIABLE _${_PYTHON_PREFIX}_RESULT
-                       OUTPUT_VARIABLE _${_PYTHON_PREFIX}_BASE_EXEC_PREFIX
-                       ERROR_QUIET
-                       OUTPUT_STRIP_TRAILING_WHITESPACE)
-      if (_${_PYTHON_PREFIX}_RESULT)
-        unset (_${_PYTHON_PREFIX}_BASE_EXEC_PREFIX)
+    if (_${_PYTHON_PREFIX}_FIND_STRATEGY STREQUAL "LOCATION")
+      set (_${_PYTHON_PREFIX}_CONFIG_NAMES)
+
+      foreach (_${_PYTHON_PREFIX}_VERSION IN LISTS _${_PYTHON_PREFIX}_FIND_VERSIONS)
+        _python_get_names (_${_PYTHON_PREFIX}_VERSION_NAMES VERSION ${_${_PYTHON_PREFIX}_VERSION} POSIX CONFIG)
+        list (APPEND _${_PYTHON_PREFIX}_CONFIG_NAMES ${_${_PYTHON_PREFIX}_VERSION_NAMES})
+
+        # Framework Paths
+        _python_get_frameworks (_${_PYTHON_PREFIX}_VERSION_PATHS ${_${_PYTHON_PREFIX}_VERSION})
+        list (APPEND _${_PYTHON_PREFIX}_FRAMEWORK_PATHS ${_${_PYTHON_PREFIX}_VERSION_PATHS})
+      endforeach()
+
+      # Apple frameworks handling
+      if (CMAKE_HOST_APPLE AND _${_PYTHON_PREFIX}_FIND_FRAMEWORK STREQUAL "FIRST")
+        find_program (${_PYTHON_PREFIX}_CONFIG
+                      NAMES ${_${_PYTHON_PREFIX}_CONFIG_NAMES}
+                      NAMES_PER_DIR
+                      HINTS ${_${_PYTHON_PREFIX}_HINTS}
+                      PATHS ${_${_PYTHON_PREFIX}_VIRTUALENV_PATHS}
+                            ${_${_PYTHON_PREFIX}_FRAMEWORK_PATHS}
+                      PATH_SUFFIXES bin
+                      NO_CMAKE_PATH
+                      NO_CMAKE_ENVIRONMENT_PATH
+                      NO_SYSTEM_ENVIRONMENT_PATH
+                      NO_CMAKE_SYSTEM_PATH)
       endif()
-    endif()
-  endif()
-  set (_${_PYTHON_PREFIX}_BASE_HINTS "${_${_PYTHON_PREFIX}_EXEC_PREFIX}" "${_${_PYTHON_PREFIX}_BASE_EXEC_PREFIX}" "${${_PYTHON_PREFIX}_ROOT_DIR}" ENV ${_PYTHON_PREFIX}_ROOT_DIR)
-  set (_${_PYTHON_PREFIX}_HINTS ${_${_PYTHON_PREFIX}_BASE_HINTS})
 
-  if (_${_PYTHON_PREFIX}_FIND_STRATEGY STREQUAL "LOCATION")
-    set (_${_PYTHON_PREFIX}_CONFIG_NAMES)
-
-    foreach (_${_PYTHON_PREFIX}_VERSION IN LISTS _${_PYTHON_PREFIX}_FIND_VERSIONS)
-      _python_get_names (_${_PYTHON_PREFIX}_VERSION_NAMES VERSION ${_${_PYTHON_PREFIX}_VERSION} POSIX CONFIG)
-      list (APPEND _${_PYTHON_PREFIX}_CONFIG_NAMES ${_${_PYTHON_PREFIX}_VERSION_NAMES})
-    endforeach()
-
-    find_program (_${_PYTHON_PREFIX}_CONFIG
-                  NAMES ${_${_PYTHON_PREFIX}_CONFIG_NAMES}
-                  NAMES_PER_DIR
-                  HINTS ${_${_PYTHON_PREFIX}_HINTS}
-                  PATH_SUFFIXES bin)
-
-    if (_${_PYTHON_PREFIX}_CONFIG)
-      execute_process (COMMAND "${_${_PYTHON_PREFIX}_CONFIG}" --abiflags
-                       RESULT_VARIABLE _${_PYTHON_PREFIX}_RESULT
-                       OUTPUT_VARIABLE __${_PYTHON_PREFIX}_ABIFLAGS
-                       ERROR_QUIET
-                       OUTPUT_STRIP_TRAILING_WHITESPACE)
-      if (_${_PYTHON_PREFIX}_RESULT)
-        # assume ABI is not supported
-        set (__${_PYTHON_PREFIX}_ABIFLAGS "")
-      endif()
-      if (DEFINED _${_PYTHON_PREFIX}_FIND_ABI AND NOT __${_PYTHON_PREFIX}_ABIFLAGS IN_LIST _${_PYTHON_PREFIX}_ABIFLAGS)
-        # Wrong ABI
-        unset (_${_PYTHON_PREFIX}_CONFIG CACHE)
-      endif()
-    endif()
-
-    if (_${_PYTHON_PREFIX}_CONFIG AND DEFINED CMAKE_LIBRARY_ARCHITECTURE)
-      # check that config tool match library architecture
-      execute_process (COMMAND "${_${_PYTHON_PREFIX}_CONFIG}" --configdir
-                       RESULT_VARIABLE _${_PYTHON_PREFIX}_RESULT
-                       OUTPUT_VARIABLE _${_PYTHON_PREFIX}_CONFIGDIR
-                       ERROR_QUIET
-                       OUTPUT_STRIP_TRAILING_WHITESPACE)
-      if (_${_PYTHON_PREFIX}_RESULT)
-        unset (_${_PYTHON_PREFIX}_CONFIG CACHE)
-      else()
-        string(FIND "${_${_PYTHON_PREFIX}_CONFIGDIR}" "${CMAKE_LIBRARY_ARCHITECTURE}" _${_PYTHON_PREFIX}_RESULT)
-        if (_${_PYTHON_PREFIX}_RESULT EQUAL -1)
-          unset (_${_PYTHON_PREFIX}_CONFIG CACHE)
-        endif()
-      endif()
-    endif()
-  else()
-    foreach (_${_PYTHON_PREFIX}_VERSION IN LISTS _${_PYTHON_PREFIX}_FIND_VERSIONS)
-      # try to use pythonX.Y-config tool
-      _python_get_names (_${_PYTHON_PREFIX}_CONFIG_NAMES VERSION ${_${_PYTHON_PREFIX}_VERSION} POSIX CONFIG)
       find_program (_${_PYTHON_PREFIX}_CONFIG
                     NAMES ${_${_PYTHON_PREFIX}_CONFIG_NAMES}
                     NAMES_PER_DIR
                     HINTS ${_${_PYTHON_PREFIX}_HINTS}
+                    PATHS ${_${_PYTHON_PREFIX}_VIRTUALENV_PATHS}
                     PATH_SUFFIXES bin)
-      unset (_${_PYTHON_PREFIX}_CONFIG_NAMES)
 
-      if (NOT _${_PYTHON_PREFIX}_CONFIG)
-        continue()
+      # Apple frameworks handling
+      if (CMAKE_HOST_APPLE AND _${_PYTHON_PREFIX}_FIND_FRAMEWORK STREQUAL "LAST")
+        find_program (_${_PYTHON_PREFIX}_CONFIG
+                      NAMES ${_${_PYTHON_PREFIX}_CONFIG_NAMES}
+                      NAMES_PER_DIR
+                      PATHS ${_${_PYTHON_PREFIX}_FRAMEWORK_PATHS}
+                      PATH_SUFFIXES bin
+                      NO_DEFAULT_PATH)
       endif()
 
-      execute_process (COMMAND "${_${_PYTHON_PREFIX}_CONFIG}" --abiflags
-                       RESULT_VARIABLE _${_PYTHON_PREFIX}_RESULT
-                       OUTPUT_VARIABLE __${_PYTHON_PREFIX}_ABIFLAGS
-                       ERROR_QUIET
-                       OUTPUT_STRIP_TRAILING_WHITESPACE)
-      if (_${_PYTHON_PREFIX}_RESULT)
-        # assume ABI is not supported
-        set (__${_PYTHON_PREFIX}_ABIFLAGS "")
-      endif()
-      if (DEFINED _${_PYTHON_PREFIX}_FIND_ABI AND NOT __${_PYTHON_PREFIX}_ABIFLAGS IN_LIST _${_PYTHON_PREFIX}_ABIFLAGS)
-        # Wrong ABI
-        unset (_${_PYTHON_PREFIX}_CONFIG CACHE)
-        continue()
+      if (_${_PYTHON_PREFIX}_CONFIG)
+        execute_process (COMMAND "${_${_PYTHON_PREFIX}_CONFIG}" --help
+                         RESULT_VARIABLE _${_PYTHON_PREFIX}_RESULT
+                         OUTPUT_VARIABLE __${_PYTHON_PREFIX}_HELP
+                         ERROR_QUIET
+                         OUTPUT_STRIP_TRAILING_WHITESPACE)
+        if (_${_PYTHON_PREFIX}_RESULT)
+          # assume config tool is not usable
+          unset (_${_PYTHON_PREFIX}_CONFIG CACHE)
+        endif()
       endif()
 
-      if (DEFINED CMAKE_LIBRARY_ARCHITECTURE)
+      if (_${_PYTHON_PREFIX}_CONFIG)
+        execute_process (COMMAND "${_${_PYTHON_PREFIX}_CONFIG}" --abiflags
+                         RESULT_VARIABLE _${_PYTHON_PREFIX}_RESULT
+                         OUTPUT_VARIABLE __${_PYTHON_PREFIX}_ABIFLAGS
+                         ERROR_QUIET
+                         OUTPUT_STRIP_TRAILING_WHITESPACE)
+        if (_${_PYTHON_PREFIX}_RESULT)
+          # assume ABI is not supported
+          set (__${_PYTHON_PREFIX}_ABIFLAGS "")
+        endif()
+        if (DEFINED _${_PYTHON_PREFIX}_FIND_ABI AND NOT __${_PYTHON_PREFIX}_ABIFLAGS IN_LIST _${_PYTHON_PREFIX}_ABIFLAGS)
+          # Wrong ABI
+          unset (_${_PYTHON_PREFIX}_CONFIG CACHE)
+        endif()
+      endif()
+
+      if (_${_PYTHON_PREFIX}_CONFIG AND DEFINED CMAKE_LIBRARY_ARCHITECTURE)
         # check that config tool match library architecture
         execute_process (COMMAND "${_${_PYTHON_PREFIX}_CONFIG}" --configdir
                          RESULT_VARIABLE _${_PYTHON_PREFIX}_RESULT
@@ -1263,62 +1318,132 @@
                          OUTPUT_STRIP_TRAILING_WHITESPACE)
         if (_${_PYTHON_PREFIX}_RESULT)
           unset (_${_PYTHON_PREFIX}_CONFIG CACHE)
+        else()
+          string(FIND "${_${_PYTHON_PREFIX}_CONFIGDIR}" "${CMAKE_LIBRARY_ARCHITECTURE}" _${_PYTHON_PREFIX}_RESULT)
+          if (_${_PYTHON_PREFIX}_RESULT EQUAL -1)
+            unset (_${_PYTHON_PREFIX}_CONFIG CACHE)
+          endif()
+        endif()
+      endif()
+    else()
+      foreach (_${_PYTHON_PREFIX}_VERSION IN LISTS _${_PYTHON_PREFIX}_FIND_VERSIONS)
+        # try to use pythonX.Y-config tool
+        _python_get_names (_${_PYTHON_PREFIX}_CONFIG_NAMES VERSION ${_${_PYTHON_PREFIX}_VERSION} POSIX CONFIG)
+
+        # Framework Paths
+        _python_get_frameworks (_${_PYTHON_PREFIX}_FRAMEWORK_PATHS ${_${_PYTHON_PREFIX}_VERSION})
+
+        # Apple frameworks handling
+        if (CMAKE_HOST_APPLE AND _${_PYTHON_PREFIX}_FIND_FRAMEWORK STREQUAL "FIRST")
+          find_program (${_PYTHON_PREFIX}_CONFIG
+                        NAMES ${_${_PYTHON_PREFIX}_CONFIG_NAMES}
+                        NAMES_PER_DIR
+                        HINTS ${_${_PYTHON_PREFIX}_HINTS}
+                        PATHS ${_${_PYTHON_PREFIX}_VIRTUALENV_PATHS}
+                              ${_${_PYTHON_PREFIX}_FRAMEWORK_PATHS}
+                        PATH_SUFFIXES bin
+                        NO_CMAKE_PATH
+                        NO_CMAKE_ENVIRONMENT_PATH
+                        NO_SYSTEM_ENVIRONMENT_PATH
+                        NO_CMAKE_SYSTEM_PATH)
+        endif()
+
+        find_program (_${_PYTHON_PREFIX}_CONFIG
+                      NAMES ${_${_PYTHON_PREFIX}_CONFIG_NAMES}
+                      NAMES_PER_DIR
+                      HINTS ${_${_PYTHON_PREFIX}_HINTS}
+                      PATHS ${_${_PYTHON_PREFIX}_VIRTUALENV_PATHS}
+                      PATH_SUFFIXES bin)
+
+        # Apple frameworks handling
+        if (CMAKE_HOST_APPLE AND _${_PYTHON_PREFIX}_FIND_FRAMEWORK STREQUAL "LAST")
+          find_program (_${_PYTHON_PREFIX}_CONFIG
+                        NAMES ${_${_PYTHON_PREFIX}_CONFIG_NAMES}
+                        NAMES_PER_DIR
+                        PATHS ${_${_PYTHON_PREFIX}_FRAMEWORK_PATHS}
+                        PATH_SUFFIXES bin
+                        NO_DEFAULT_PATH)
+        endif()
+
+        unset (_${_PYTHON_PREFIX}_CONFIG_NAMES)
+
+        if (_${_PYTHON_PREFIX}_CONFIG)
+          execute_process (COMMAND "${_${_PYTHON_PREFIX}_CONFIG}" --help
+                           RESULT_VARIABLE _${_PYTHON_PREFIX}_RESULT
+                           OUTPUT_VARIABLE __${_PYTHON_PREFIX}_HELP
+                           ERROR_QUIET
+                           OUTPUT_STRIP_TRAILING_WHITESPACE)
+          if (_${_PYTHON_PREFIX}_RESULT)
+            # assume config tool is not usable
+            unset (_${_PYTHON_PREFIX}_CONFIG CACHE)
+          endif()
+        endif()
+
+        if (NOT _${_PYTHON_PREFIX}_CONFIG)
           continue()
         endif()
-        string(FIND "${_${_PYTHON_PREFIX}_CONFIGDIR}" "${CMAKE_LIBRARY_ARCHITECTURE}" _${_PYTHON_PREFIX}_RESULT)
-        if (_${_PYTHON_PREFIX}_RESULT EQUAL -1)
+
+        execute_process (COMMAND "${_${_PYTHON_PREFIX}_CONFIG}" --abiflags
+                         RESULT_VARIABLE _${_PYTHON_PREFIX}_RESULT
+                         OUTPUT_VARIABLE __${_PYTHON_PREFIX}_ABIFLAGS
+                         ERROR_QUIET
+                         OUTPUT_STRIP_TRAILING_WHITESPACE)
+        if (_${_PYTHON_PREFIX}_RESULT)
+          # assume ABI is not supported
+          set (__${_PYTHON_PREFIX}_ABIFLAGS "")
+        endif()
+        if (DEFINED _${_PYTHON_PREFIX}_FIND_ABI AND NOT __${_PYTHON_PREFIX}_ABIFLAGS IN_LIST _${_PYTHON_PREFIX}_ABIFLAGS)
+          # Wrong ABI
           unset (_${_PYTHON_PREFIX}_CONFIG CACHE)
           continue()
         endif()
-      endif()
 
-      if (_${_PYTHON_PREFIX}_CONFIG)
-        break()
-      endif()
-    endforeach()
+        if (_${_PYTHON_PREFIX}_CONFIG AND DEFINED CMAKE_LIBRARY_ARCHITECTURE)
+          # check that config tool match library architecture
+          execute_process (COMMAND "${_${_PYTHON_PREFIX}_CONFIG}" --configdir
+                           RESULT_VARIABLE _${_PYTHON_PREFIX}_RESULT
+                           OUTPUT_VARIABLE _${_PYTHON_PREFIX}_CONFIGDIR
+                           ERROR_QUIET
+                           OUTPUT_STRIP_TRAILING_WHITESPACE)
+          if (_${_PYTHON_PREFIX}_RESULT)
+            unset (_${_PYTHON_PREFIX}_CONFIG CACHE)
+            continue()
+          endif()
+          string(FIND "${_${_PYTHON_PREFIX}_CONFIGDIR}" "${CMAKE_LIBRARY_ARCHITECTURE}" _${_PYTHON_PREFIX}_RESULT)
+          if (_${_PYTHON_PREFIX}_RESULT EQUAL -1)
+            unset (_${_PYTHON_PREFIX}_CONFIG CACHE)
+            continue()
+          endif()
+        endif()
+
+        if (_${_PYTHON_PREFIX}_CONFIG)
+          break()
+        endif()
+      endforeach()
+    endif()
   endif()
 
-  if (_${_PYTHON_PREFIX}_CONFIG)
+  if ((${_PYTHON_PREFIX}_Interpreter_FOUND AND NOT CMAKE_CROSSCOMPILING) OR _${_PYTHON_PREFIX}_CONFIG)
     # retrieve root install directory
-    execute_process (COMMAND "${_${_PYTHON_PREFIX}_CONFIG}" --prefix
-                     RESULT_VARIABLE _${_PYTHON_PREFIX}_RESULT
-                     OUTPUT_VARIABLE _${_PYTHON_PREFIX}_PREFIX
-                     ERROR_QUIET
-                     OUTPUT_STRIP_TRAILING_WHITESPACE)
-    if (_${_PYTHON_PREFIX}_RESULT)
-      # python-config is not usable
-      unset (_${_PYTHON_PREFIX}_CONFIG CACHE)
-    endif()
-  endif()
+    _python_get_config_var (_${_PYTHON_PREFIX}_PREFIX PREFIX)
 
-  if (_${_PYTHON_PREFIX}_CONFIG)
     # enforce current ABI
-    execute_process (COMMAND "${_${_PYTHON_PREFIX}_CONFIG}" --abiflags
-                     RESULT_VARIABLE _${_PYTHON_PREFIX}_RESULT
-                     OUTPUT_VARIABLE _${_PYTHON_PREFIX}_ABIFLAGS
-                     ERROR_QUIET
-                     OUTPUT_STRIP_TRAILING_WHITESPACE)
-    if (_${_PYTHON_PREFIX}_RESULT)
-      # assume ABI is not supported
-      set (_${_PYTHON_PREFIX}_ABIFLAGS "")
-    endif()
+    _python_get_config_var (_${_PYTHON_PREFIX}_ABIFLAGS ABIFLAGS)
 
     set (_${_PYTHON_PREFIX}_HINTS "${_${_PYTHON_PREFIX}_PREFIX}")
 
     # retrieve library
     ## compute some paths and artifact names
-    string (REGEX REPLACE "^.+python([0-9.]+)[a-z]*-config" "\\1" _${_PYTHON_PREFIX}_CONFIG_VERSION "${_${_PYTHON_PREFIX}_CONFIG}")
-    _python_get_path_suffixes (_${_PYTHON_PREFIX}_PATH_SUFFIXES VERSION ${_${_PYTHON_PREFIX}_CONFIG_VERSION} LIBRARY)
-    _python_get_names (_${_PYTHON_PREFIX}_LIB_NAMES VERSION ${_${_PYTHON_PREFIX}_CONFIG_VERSION} POSIX LIBRARY)
-
-    execute_process (COMMAND "${_${_PYTHON_PREFIX}_CONFIG}" --configdir
-                     RESULT_VARIABLE _${_PYTHON_PREFIX}_RESULT
-                     OUTPUT_VARIABLE _${_PYTHON_PREFIX}_CONFIGDIR
-                     ERROR_QUIET
-                     OUTPUT_STRIP_TRAILING_WHITESPACE)
-    if (NOT _${_PYTHON_PREFIX}_RESULT)
-      list (APPEND _${_PYTHON_PREFIX}_HINTS "${_${_PYTHON_PREFIX}_CONFIGDIR}")
+    if (_${_PYTHON_PREFIX}_CONFIG)
+      string (REGEX REPLACE "^.+python([0-9.]+)[a-z]*-config" "\\1" _${_PYTHON_PREFIX}_LIB_VERSION "${_${_PYTHON_PREFIX}_CONFIG}")
+    else()
+      set (_${_PYTHON_PREFIX}_LIB_VERSION "${${_PYTHON_PREFIX}_VERSION_MAJOR}.${${_PYTHON_PREFIX}_VERSION_MINOR}")
     endif()
+    _python_get_path_suffixes (_${_PYTHON_PREFIX}_PATH_SUFFIXES VERSION ${_${_PYTHON_PREFIX}_LIB_VERSION} LIBRARY)
+    _python_get_names (_${_PYTHON_PREFIX}_LIB_NAMES VERSION ${_${_PYTHON_PREFIX}_LIB_VERSION} POSIX LIBRARY)
+
+    _python_get_config_var (_${_PYTHON_PREFIX}_CONFIGDIR CONFIGDIR)
+    list (APPEND _${_PYTHON_PREFIX}_HINTS "${_${_PYTHON_PREFIX}_CONFIGDIR}")
 
     list (APPEND _${_PYTHON_PREFIX}_HINTS "${${_PYTHON_PREFIX}_ROOT_DIR}" ENV ${_PYTHON_PREFIX}_ROOT_DIR)
 
@@ -1344,28 +1469,23 @@
     endif()
 
     # retrieve include directory
-    execute_process (COMMAND "${_${_PYTHON_PREFIX}_CONFIG}" --includes
-                     RESULT_VARIABLE _${_PYTHON_PREFIX}_RESULT
-                     OUTPUT_VARIABLE _${_PYTHON_PREFIX}_FLAGS
-                     ERROR_QUIET
-                     OUTPUT_STRIP_TRAILING_WHITESPACE)
-    if (NOT _${_PYTHON_PREFIX}_RESULT)
-      # retrieve include directory
-      string (REGEX MATCHALL "-I[^ ]+" _${_PYTHON_PREFIX}_INCLUDE_DIRS "${_${_PYTHON_PREFIX}_FLAGS}")
-      string (REPLACE "-I" "" _${_PYTHON_PREFIX}_INCLUDE_DIRS "${_${_PYTHON_PREFIX}_INCLUDE_DIRS}")
-      list (REMOVE_DUPLICATES _${_PYTHON_PREFIX}_INCLUDE_DIRS)
+    _python_get_config_var (_${_PYTHON_PREFIX}_INCLUDE_DIRS INCLUDES)
 
-      find_path (${_PYTHON_PREFIX}_INCLUDE_DIR
-                 NAMES Python.h
-                 HINTS ${_${_PYTHON_PREFIX}_INCLUDE_DIRS}
-                 NO_SYSTEM_ENVIRONMENT_PATH
-                 NO_CMAKE_SYSTEM_PATH)
-    endif()
+    find_path (${_PYTHON_PREFIX}_INCLUDE_DIR
+               NAMES Python.h
+               HINTS ${_${_PYTHON_PREFIX}_INCLUDE_DIRS}
+               NO_SYSTEM_ENVIRONMENT_PATH
+               NO_CMAKE_SYSTEM_PATH)
   endif()
 
-  # Rely on HINTS and standard paths if config tool failed to locate artifacts
+  # Rely on HINTS and standard paths if interpreter or config tool failed to locate artifacts
   if (NOT ${_PYTHON_PREFIX}_LIBRARY_RELEASE OR NOT ${_PYTHON_PREFIX}_INCLUDE_DIR)
-    set (_${_PYTHON_PREFIX}_HINTS ${_${_PYTHON_PREFIX}_BASE_HINTS})
+    set (_${_PYTHON_PREFIX}_HINTS "${${_PYTHON_PREFIX}_ROOT_DIR}" ENV ${_PYTHON_PREFIX}_ROOT_DIR)
+
+    unset (_${_PYTHON_PREFIX}_VIRTUALENV_PATHS)
+    if (_${_PYTHON_PREFIX}_FIND_VIRTUALENV MATCHES "^(FIRST|ONLY)$")
+      set (_${_PYTHON_PREFIX}_VIRTUALENV_PATHS ENV VIRTUAL_ENV)
+    endif()
 
     if (_${_PYTHON_PREFIX}_FIND_STRATEGY STREQUAL "LOCATION")
       unset (_${_PYTHON_PREFIX}_LIB_NAMES)
@@ -1399,7 +1519,8 @@
                       NAMES ${_${_PYTHON_PREFIX}_LIB_NAMES}
                       NAMES_PER_DIR
                       HINTS ${_${_PYTHON_PREFIX}_HINTS}
-                      PATHS ${_${_PYTHON_PREFIX}_FRAMEWORK_PATHS}
+                      PATHS ${_${_PYTHON_PREFIX}_VIRTUALENV_PATHS}
+                            ${_${_PYTHON_PREFIX}_FRAMEWORK_PATHS}
                       PATH_SUFFIXES ${_${_PYTHON_PREFIX}_PATH_SUFFIXES}
                       NO_CMAKE_PATH
                       NO_CMAKE_ENVIRONMENT_PATH
@@ -1412,7 +1533,8 @@
                       NAMES ${_${_PYTHON_PREFIX}_LIB_NAMES}
                       NAMES_PER_DIR
                       HINTS ${_${_PYTHON_PREFIX}_HINTS}
-                      PATHS ${_${_PYTHON_PREFIX}_REGISTRY_PATHS}
+                      PATHS ${_${_PYTHON_PREFIX}_VIRTUALENV_PATHS}
+                            ${_${_PYTHON_PREFIX}_REGISTRY_PATHS}
                       PATH_SUFFIXES ${_${_PYTHON_PREFIX}_PATH_SUFFIXES}
                       NO_SYSTEM_ENVIRONMENT_PATH
                       NO_CMAKE_SYSTEM_PATH)
@@ -1423,6 +1545,7 @@
                     NAMES ${_${_PYTHON_PREFIX}_LIB_NAMES}
                     NAMES_PER_DIR
                     HINTS ${_${_PYTHON_PREFIX}_HINTS}
+                    PATHS ${_${_PYTHON_PREFIX}_VIRTUALENV_PATHS}
                     PATH_SUFFIXES ${_${_PYTHON_PREFIX}_PATH_SUFFIXES}
                     NO_SYSTEM_ENVIRONMENT_PATH
                     NO_CMAKE_SYSTEM_PATH)
@@ -1474,7 +1597,8 @@
                           NAMES ${_${_PYTHON_PREFIX}_LIB_NAMES_DEBUG}
                           NAMES_PER_DIR
                           HINTS ${_${_PYTHON_PREFIX}_HINTS}
-                          PATHS ${_${_PYTHON_PREFIX}_REGISTRY_PATHS}
+                          PATHS ${_${_PYTHON_PREFIX}_VIRTUALENV_PATHS}
+                                ${_${_PYTHON_PREFIX}_REGISTRY_PATHS}
                           PATH_SUFFIXES lib libs
                           NO_SYSTEM_ENVIRONMENT_PATH
                           NO_CMAKE_SYSTEM_PATH)
@@ -1484,7 +1608,8 @@
                         NAMES ${_${_PYTHON_PREFIX}_LIB_NAMES_DEBUG}
                         NAMES_PER_DIR
                         HINTS ${_${_PYTHON_PREFIX}_HINTS}
-                        PATHS ${__${_PYTHON_PREFIX}_REGISTRY_PATHS}
+                        PATHS ${_${_PYTHON_PREFIX}_VIRTUALENV_PATHS}
+                              ${__${_PYTHON_PREFIX}_REGISTRY_PATHS}
                         PATH_SUFFIXES lib libs)
 
           # extract version from library name
@@ -1510,7 +1635,8 @@
                         NAMES ${_${_PYTHON_PREFIX}_LIB_NAMES}
                         NAMES_PER_DIR
                         HINTS ${_${_PYTHON_PREFIX}_HINTS}
-                        PATHS ${_${_PYTHON_PREFIX}_FRAMEWORK_PATHS}
+                        PATHS ${_${_PYTHON_PREFIX}_VIRTUALENV_PATHS}
+                              ${_${_PYTHON_PREFIX}_FRAMEWORK_PATHS}
                         PATH_SUFFIXES ${_${_PYTHON_PREFIX}_PATH_SUFFIXES}
                         NO_CMAKE_PATH
                         NO_CMAKE_ENVIRONMENT_PATH
@@ -1523,7 +1649,8 @@
                         NAMES ${_${_PYTHON_PREFIX}_LIB_NAMES}
                         NAMES_PER_DIR
                         HINTS ${_${_PYTHON_PREFIX}_HINTS}
-                        PATHS ${_${_PYTHON_PREFIX}_REGISTRY_PATHS}
+                        PATHS ${_${_PYTHON_PREFIX}_VIRTUALENV_PATHS}
+                              ${_${_PYTHON_PREFIX}_REGISTRY_PATHS}
                         PATH_SUFFIXES ${_${_PYTHON_PREFIX}_PATH_SUFFIXES}
                         NO_SYSTEM_ENVIRONMENT_PATH
                         NO_CMAKE_SYSTEM_PATH)
@@ -1534,6 +1661,7 @@
                       NAMES ${_${_PYTHON_PREFIX}_LIB_NAMES}
                       NAMES_PER_DIR
                       HINTS ${_${_PYTHON_PREFIX}_HINTS}
+                      PATHS ${_${_PYTHON_PREFIX}_VIRTUALENV_PATHS}
                       PATH_SUFFIXES ${_${_PYTHON_PREFIX}_PATH_SUFFIXES}
                       NO_SYSTEM_ENVIRONMENT_PATH
                       NO_CMAKE_SYSTEM_PATH)
@@ -1575,7 +1703,8 @@
                             NAMES ${_${_PYTHON_PREFIX}_LIB_NAMES_DEBUG}
                             NAMES_PER_DIR
                             HINTS ${_${_PYTHON_PREFIX}_HINTS}
-                            PATHS ${_${_PYTHON_PREFIX}_REGISTRY_PATHS}
+                            PATHS ${_${_PYTHON_PREFIX}_VIRTUALENV_PATHS}
+                                  ${_${_PYTHON_PREFIX}_REGISTRY_PATHS}
                             PATH_SUFFIXES lib libs
                             NO_SYSTEM_ENVIRONMENT_PATH
                             NO_CMAKE_SYSTEM_PATH)
@@ -1585,7 +1714,8 @@
                           NAMES ${_${_PYTHON_PREFIX}_LIB_NAMES_DEBUG}
                           NAMES_PER_DIR
                           HINTS ${_${_PYTHON_PREFIX}_HINTS}
-                          PATHS ${__${_PYTHON_PREFIX}_REGISTRY_PATHS}
+                          PATHS ${_${_PYTHON_PREFIX}_VIRTUALENV_PATHS}
+                                ${__${_PYTHON_PREFIX}_REGISTRY_PATHS}
                           PATH_SUFFIXES lib libs)
           endif()
         endif()
@@ -1623,20 +1753,6 @@
     if (${_PYTHON_PREFIX}_LIBRARY_RELEASE OR ${_PYTHON_PREFIX}_LIBRARY_DEBUG)
       unset (_${_PYTHON_PREFIX}_INCLUDE_HINTS)
 
-      if (${_PYTHON_PREFIX}_EXECUTABLE)
-        # pick up include directory from configuration
-        execute_process (COMMAND "${${_PYTHON_PREFIX}_EXECUTABLE}" -c
-                                 "import sys; import sysconfig; sys.stdout.write(sysconfig.get_path('include'))"
-                         RESULT_VARIABLE _${_PYTHON_PREFIX}_RESULT
-                         OUTPUT_VARIABLE _${_PYTHON_PREFIX}_PATH
-                         ERROR_QUIET
-                         OUTPUT_STRIP_TRAILING_WHITESPACE)
-        if (NOT _${_PYTHON_PREFIX}_RESULT)
-          file (TO_CMAKE_PATH "${_${_PYTHON_PREFIX}_PATH}" _${_PYTHON_PREFIX}_PATH)
-          list (APPEND _${_PYTHON_PREFIX}_INCLUDE_HINTS "${_${_PYTHON_PREFIX}_PATH}")
-        endif()
-      endif()
-
       foreach (_${_PYTHON_PREFIX}_LIB IN ITEMS ${_PYTHON_PREFIX}_LIBRARY_RELEASE ${_PYTHON_PREFIX}_LIBRARY_DEBUG)
         if (${_${_PYTHON_PREFIX}_LIB})
           # Use the library's install prefix as a hint
@@ -1664,7 +1780,8 @@
         find_path (${_PYTHON_PREFIX}_INCLUDE_DIR
                    NAMES Python.h
                    HINTS ${_${_PYTHON_PREFIX}_INCLUDE_HINTS} ${_${_PYTHON_PREFIX}_HINTS}
-                   PATHS ${_${_PYTHON_PREFIX}_FRAMEWORK_PATHS}
+                   PATHS ${_${_PYTHON_PREFIX}_VIRTUALENV_PATHS}
+                         ${_${_PYTHON_PREFIX}_FRAMEWORK_PATHS}
                    PATH_SUFFIXES ${_${_PYTHON_PREFIX}_PATH_SUFFIXES}
                    NO_CMAKE_PATH
                    NO_CMAKE_ENVIRONMENT_PATH
@@ -1676,7 +1793,8 @@
         find_path (${_PYTHON_PREFIX}_INCLUDE_DIR
                    NAMES Python.h
                    HINTS ${_${_PYTHON_PREFIX}_INCLUDE_HINTS} ${_${_PYTHON_PREFIX}_HINTS}
-                   PATHS ${_${_PYTHON_PREFIX}_REGISTRY_PATHS}
+                   PATHS ${_${_PYTHON_PREFIX}_VIRTUALENV_PATHS}
+                         ${_${_PYTHON_PREFIX}_REGISTRY_PATHS}
                    PATH_SUFFIXES ${_${_PYTHON_PREFIX}_PATH_SUFFIXES}
                    NO_SYSTEM_ENVIRONMENT_PATH
                    NO_CMAKE_SYSTEM_PATH)
@@ -1697,7 +1815,8 @@
       find_path (${_PYTHON_PREFIX}_INCLUDE_DIR
                  NAMES Python.h
                  HINTS ${_${_PYTHON_PREFIX}_INCLUDE_HINTS} ${_${_PYTHON_PREFIX}_HINTS}
-                 PATHS ${__${_PYTHON_PREFIX}_FRAMEWORK_PATHS}
+                 PATHS ${_${_PYTHON_PREFIX}_VIRTUALENV_PATHS}
+                       ${__${_PYTHON_PREFIX}_FRAMEWORK_PATHS}
                        ${__${_PYTHON_PREFIX}_REGISTRY_PATHS}
                  PATH_SUFFIXES ${_${_PYTHON_PREFIX}_PATH_SUFFIXES}
                  NO_SYSTEM_ENVIRONMENT_PATH
@@ -1896,20 +2015,10 @@
         endif()
       endif()
 
-      if (_${_PYTHON_PREFIX}_CONFIG AND _${_PYTHON_PREFIX}_LIBRARY_TYPE STREQUAL "STATIC")
+      if (_${_PYTHON_PREFIX}_LIBRARY_TYPE STREQUAL "STATIC")
         # extend link information with dependent libraries
-        execute_process (COMMAND "${_${_PYTHON_PREFIX}_CONFIG}" --ldflags
-                         RESULT_VARIABLE _${_PYTHON_PREFIX}_RESULT
-                         OUTPUT_VARIABLE _${_PYTHON_PREFIX}_FLAGS
-                         ERROR_QUIET
-                         OUTPUT_STRIP_TRAILING_WHITESPACE)
-        if (NOT _${_PYTHON_PREFIX}_RESULT)
-          string (REGEX MATCHALL "-[Ll][^ ]+" _${_PYTHON_PREFIX}_LINK_LIBRARIES "${_${_PYTHON_PREFIX}_FLAGS}")
-          # remove elements relative to python library itself
-          list (FILTER _${_PYTHON_PREFIX}_LINK_LIBRARIES EXCLUDE REGEX "-lpython")
-          foreach (_${_PYTHON_PREFIX}_DIR IN LISTS ${_PYTHON_PREFIX}_LIBRARY_DIRS)
-            list (FILTER _${_PYTHON_PREFIX}_LINK_LIBRARIES EXCLUDE REGEX "-L${${_PYTHON_PREFIX}_DIR}")
-          endforeach()
+        _python_get_config_var (_${_PYTHON_PREFIX}_LINK_LIBRARIES LIBS)
+        if (_${_PYTHON_PREFIX}_LINK_LIBRARIES)
           set_property (TARGET ${__name}
                         PROPERTY INTERFACE_LINK_LIBRARIES ${_${_PYTHON_PREFIX}_LINK_LIBRARIES})
         endif()
diff --git a/Modules/FindPython2.cmake b/Modules/FindPython2.cmake
index 8372ce7..82878ea 100644
--- a/Modules/FindPython2.cmake
+++ b/Modules/FindPython2.cmake
@@ -193,6 +193,12 @@
     ``NEVER`` to select preferably the interpreter from the virtual
     environment.
 
+  .. note::
+
+    If the component ``Development`` is requested, it is **strongly**
+    recommended to also include the component ``Interpreter`` to get expected
+    result.
+
 Commands
 ^^^^^^^^
 
diff --git a/Modules/FindPython3.cmake b/Modules/FindPython3.cmake
index c8d9f24..417a789 100644
--- a/Modules/FindPython3.cmake
+++ b/Modules/FindPython3.cmake
@@ -234,6 +234,12 @@
     ``NEVER`` to select preferably the interpreter from the virtual
     environment.
 
+  .. note::
+
+    If the component ``Development`` is requested, it is **strongly**
+    recommended to also include the component ``Interpreter`` to get expected
+    result.
+
 Commands
 ^^^^^^^^
 
diff --git a/Modules/FindPythonInterp.cmake b/Modules/FindPythonInterp.cmake
index da33301..ccc7d5b 100644
--- a/Modules/FindPythonInterp.cmake
+++ b/Modules/FindPythonInterp.cmake
@@ -39,6 +39,15 @@
 ``find_package(PythonLibs)``, call ``find_package(PythonInterp)`` first to
 get the currently active Python version by default with a consistent version
 of PYTHON_LIBRARIES.
+
+.. note::
+
+  A call to ``find_package(PythonInterp ${V})`` for python version ``V``
+  may find a ``python`` executable with no version suffix.  In this case
+  no attempt is made to avoid python executables from other versions.
+  Use :module:`FindPython3`, :module:`FindPython2` or :module:`FindPython`
+  instead.
+
 #]=======================================================================]
 
 unset(_Python_NAMES)
diff --git a/Modules/Platform/Android-Clang.cmake b/Modules/Platform/Android-Clang.cmake
index 9ed1e01..847178f 100644
--- a/Modules/Platform/Android-Clang.cmake
+++ b/Modules/Platform/Android-Clang.cmake
@@ -40,6 +40,9 @@
   endif()
   if(NOT CMAKE_${lang}_COMPILER_TARGET)
     set(CMAKE_${lang}_COMPILER_TARGET "${_ANDROID_ABI_CLANG_TARGET}")
+    if(CMAKE_ANDROID_NDK_TOOLCHAIN_UNIFIED)
+      string(APPEND CMAKE_${lang}_COMPILER_TARGET "${CMAKE_SYSTEM_VERSION}")
+    endif()
     list(APPEND CMAKE_${lang}_COMPILER_PREDEFINES_COMMAND "--target=${CMAKE_${lang}_COMPILER_TARGET}")
   endif()
 endmacro()
diff --git a/Modules/Platform/Android-Common.cmake b/Modules/Platform/Android-Common.cmake
index f8b9346..1affcd0 100644
--- a/Modules/Platform/Android-Common.cmake
+++ b/Modules/Platform/Android-Common.cmake
@@ -47,7 +47,41 @@
 endif()
 
 if(CMAKE_ANDROID_STL_TYPE)
-  if(CMAKE_ANDROID_NDK)
+  if(CMAKE_ANDROID_NDK_TOOLCHAIN_UNIFIED)
+    if(CMAKE_ANDROID_STL_TYPE STREQUAL "system")
+      set(_ANDROID_STL_EXCEPTIONS 0)
+      set(_ANDROID_STL_RTTI 0)
+      macro(__android_stl lang)
+        string(APPEND CMAKE_${lang}_FLAGS_INIT " -stdlib=libstdc++")
+      endmacro()
+    elseif(CMAKE_ANDROID_STL_TYPE STREQUAL "c++_static")
+      set(_ANDROID_STL_EXCEPTIONS 1)
+      set(_ANDROID_STL_RTTI 1)
+      macro(__android_stl lang)
+        string(APPEND CMAKE_${lang}_FLAGS_INIT " -stdlib=libc++")
+        string(APPEND CMAKE_${lang}_STANDARD_LIBRARIES " -static-libstdc++")
+      endmacro()
+    elseif(CMAKE_ANDROID_STL_TYPE STREQUAL "c++_shared")
+      set(_ANDROID_STL_EXCEPTIONS 1)
+      set(_ANDROID_STL_RTTI 1)
+      macro(__android_stl lang)
+        string(APPEND CMAKE_${lang}_FLAGS_INIT " -stdlib=libc++")
+      endmacro()
+    elseif(CMAKE_ANDROID_STL_TYPE STREQUAL "none")
+      set(_ANDROID_STL_RTTI 0)
+      set(_ANDROID_STL_EXCEPTIONS 0)
+      macro(__android_stl lang)
+        # FIXME: Add a way to add project-wide language-specific compile-only flags.
+        set(CMAKE_CXX_COMPILE_OBJECT
+          "<CMAKE_CXX_COMPILER>  <DEFINES> <INCLUDES> <FLAGS> -o <OBJECT> -c <SOURCE> -nostdinc++")
+        string(APPEND CMAKE_${lang}_STANDARD_LIBRARIES " -nostdlib++")
+      endmacro()
+    else()
+      message(FATAL_ERROR
+        "Android: STL '${CMAKE_ANDROID_STL_TYPE}' not supported by this NDK."
+        )
+    endif()
+  elseif(CMAKE_ANDROID_NDK)
 
     macro(__android_stl_inc lang dir req)
       if(EXISTS "${dir}")
@@ -152,6 +186,10 @@
     __android_stl(CXX)
   endif()
 
+  if(CMAKE_ANDROID_NDK_TOOLCHAIN_UNIFIED)
+    string(APPEND CMAKE_${lang}_STANDARD_LIBRARIES " -latomic -lm")
+  endif()
+
   # <ndk>/build/core/definitions.mk appends the sysroot's include directory
   # explicitly at the end of the command-line include path so that it
   # precedes the toolchain's builtin include directories.  This is
@@ -161,7 +199,7 @@
   #
   # Do not do this for a standalone toolchain because it is already
   # tied to a specific API version.
-  if(CMAKE_ANDROID_NDK)
+  if(CMAKE_ANDROID_NDK AND NOT CMAKE_ANDROID_NDK_TOOLCHAIN_UNIFIED)
     if(CMAKE_SYSROOT_COMPILE)
       set(_cmake_sysroot_compile "${CMAKE_SYSROOT_COMPILE}")
     else()
@@ -170,7 +208,7 @@
     if(NOT CMAKE_ANDROID_NDK_DEPRECATED_HEADERS)
       list(APPEND CMAKE_${lang}_STANDARD_INCLUDE_DIRECTORIES
         "${_cmake_sysroot_compile}/usr/include"
-        "${_cmake_sysroot_compile}/usr/include/${CMAKE_ANDROID_ARCH_HEADER_TRIPLE}"
+        "${_cmake_sysroot_compile}/usr/include/${CMAKE_ANDROID_ARCH_TRIPLE}"
         )
     else()
       list(APPEND CMAKE_${lang}_STANDARD_INCLUDE_DIRECTORIES "${_cmake_sysroot_compile}/usr/include")
diff --git a/Modules/Platform/Android-Determine.cmake b/Modules/Platform/Android-Determine.cmake
index bb42eed..e7c1b48 100644
--- a/Modules/Platform/Android-Determine.cmake
+++ b/Modules/Platform/Android-Determine.cmake
@@ -198,32 +198,66 @@
   message(FATAL_ERROR "Android: The API specified by CMAKE_SYSTEM_VERSION='${CMAKE_SYSTEM_VERSION}' is not an integer.")
 endif()
 
+if(CMAKE_ANDROID_NDK)
+  # Identify the host platform.
+  if(CMAKE_HOST_SYSTEM_NAME STREQUAL "Darwin")
+    if(CMAKE_HOST_SYSTEM_PROCESSOR STREQUAL "x86_64")
+      set(CMAKE_ANDROID_NDK_TOOLCHAIN_HOST_TAG "darwin-x86_64")
+    else()
+      set(CMAKE_ANDROID_NDK_TOOLCHAIN_HOST_TAG "darwin-x86")
+    endif()
+  elseif(CMAKE_HOST_SYSTEM_NAME STREQUAL "Linux")
+    if(CMAKE_HOST_SYSTEM_PROCESSOR STREQUAL "x86_64")
+      set(CMAKE_ANDROID_NDK_TOOLCHAIN_HOST_TAG "linux-x86_64")
+    else()
+      set(CMAKE_ANDROID_NDK_TOOLCHAIN_HOST_TAG "linux-x86")
+    endif()
+  elseif(CMAKE_HOST_SYSTEM_NAME STREQUAL "Windows")
+    if(CMAKE_HOST_SYSTEM_PROCESSOR STREQUAL "AMD64")
+      set(CMAKE_ANDROID_NDK_TOOLCHAIN_HOST_TAG "windows-x86_64")
+    else()
+      set(CMAKE_ANDROID_NDK_TOOLCHAIN_HOST_TAG "windows")
+    endif()
+  else()
+    message(FATAL_ERROR "Android: Builds hosted on '${CMAKE_HOST_SYSTEM_NAME}' not supported.")
+  endif()
+
+  # Look for a unified toolchain/sysroot provided with the NDK.
+  set(CMAKE_ANDROID_NDK_TOOLCHAIN_UNIFIED "${CMAKE_ANDROID_NDK}/toolchains/llvm/prebuilt/${CMAKE_ANDROID_NDK_TOOLCHAIN_HOST_TAG}")
+  if(NOT IS_DIRECTORY "${CMAKE_ANDROID_NDK_TOOLCHAIN_UNIFIED}/sysroot")
+    set(CMAKE_ANDROID_NDK_TOOLCHAIN_UNIFIED "")
+  endif()
+else()
+  set(CMAKE_ANDROID_NDK_TOOLCHAIN_HOST_TAG "")
+  set(CMAKE_ANDROID_NDK_TOOLCHAIN_UNIFIED "")
+endif()
+
 # https://developer.android.com/ndk/guides/abis.html
 
 set(_ANDROID_ABI_arm64-v8a_PROC     "aarch64")
 set(_ANDROID_ABI_arm64-v8a_ARCH     "arm64")
-set(_ANDROID_ABI_arm64-v8a_HEADER   "aarch64-linux-android")
+set(_ANDROID_ABI_arm64-v8a_TRIPLE   "aarch64-linux-android")
 set(_ANDROID_ABI_armeabi-v7a_PROC   "armv7-a")
 set(_ANDROID_ABI_armeabi-v7a_ARCH   "arm")
-set(_ANDROID_ABI_armeabi-v7a_HEADER "arm-linux-androideabi")
+set(_ANDROID_ABI_armeabi-v7a_TRIPLE "arm-linux-androideabi")
 set(_ANDROID_ABI_armeabi-v6_PROC    "armv6")
 set(_ANDROID_ABI_armeabi-v6_ARCH    "arm")
-set(_ANDROID_ABI_armeabi-v6_HEADER  "arm-linux-androideabi")
+set(_ANDROID_ABI_armeabi-v6_TRIPLE  "arm-linux-androideabi")
 set(_ANDROID_ABI_armeabi_PROC       "armv5te")
 set(_ANDROID_ABI_armeabi_ARCH       "arm")
-set(_ANDROID_ABI_armeabi_HEADER     "arm-linux-androideabi")
+set(_ANDROID_ABI_armeabi_TRIPLE     "arm-linux-androideabi")
 set(_ANDROID_ABI_mips_PROC          "mips")
 set(_ANDROID_ABI_mips_ARCH          "mips")
-set(_ANDROID_ABI_mips_HEADER        "mipsel-linux-android")
+set(_ANDROID_ABI_mips_TRIPLE        "mipsel-linux-android")
 set(_ANDROID_ABI_mips64_PROC        "mips64")
 set(_ANDROID_ABI_mips64_ARCH        "mips64")
-set(_ANDROID_ABI_mips64_HEADER      "mips64el-linux-android")
+set(_ANDROID_ABI_mips64_TRIPLE      "mips64el-linux-android")
 set(_ANDROID_ABI_x86_PROC           "i686")
 set(_ANDROID_ABI_x86_ARCH           "x86")
-set(_ANDROID_ABI_x86_HEADER         "i686-linux-android")
+set(_ANDROID_ABI_x86_TRIPLE         "i686-linux-android")
 set(_ANDROID_ABI_x86_64_PROC        "x86_64")
 set(_ANDROID_ABI_x86_64_ARCH        "x86_64")
-set(_ANDROID_ABI_x86_64_HEADER      "x86_64-linux-android")
+set(_ANDROID_ABI_x86_64_TRIPLE      "x86_64-linux-android")
 
 set(_ANDROID_PROC_aarch64_ARCH_ABI "arm64-v8a")
 set(_ANDROID_PROC_armv7-a_ARCH_ABI "armeabi-v7a")
@@ -308,7 +342,7 @@
     "does not match architecture '${CMAKE_ANDROID_ARCH}' for the ABI '${CMAKE_ANDROID_ARCH_ABI}'."
     )
 endif()
-set(CMAKE_ANDROID_ARCH_HEADER_TRIPLE "${_ANDROID_ABI_${CMAKE_ANDROID_ARCH_ABI}_HEADER}")
+set(CMAKE_ANDROID_ARCH_TRIPLE "${_ANDROID_ABI_${CMAKE_ANDROID_ARCH_ABI}_TRIPLE}")
 
 # Select a processor.
 if(NOT CMAKE_SYSTEM_PROCESSOR)
@@ -321,7 +355,7 @@
 endif()
 
 if(CMAKE_ANDROID_NDK AND NOT DEFINED CMAKE_ANDROID_NDK_DEPRECATED_HEADERS)
-  if(IS_DIRECTORY "${CMAKE_ANDROID_NDK}/sysroot/usr/include/${CMAKE_ANDROID_ARCH_HEADER_TRIPLE}")
+  if(IS_DIRECTORY "${CMAKE_ANDROID_NDK}/sysroot/usr/include/${CMAKE_ANDROID_ARCH_TRIPLE}")
     # Unified headers exist so we use them by default.
     set(CMAKE_ANDROID_NDK_DEPRECATED_HEADERS 0)
   else()
@@ -340,8 +374,10 @@
 
 if(CMAKE_ANDROID_NDK)
   string(APPEND CMAKE_SYSTEM_CUSTOM_CODE
-    "set(CMAKE_ANDROID_ARCH_HEADER_TRIPLE \"${CMAKE_ANDROID_ARCH_HEADER_TRIPLE}\")\n"
+    "set(CMAKE_ANDROID_ARCH_TRIPLE \"${CMAKE_ANDROID_ARCH_TRIPLE}\")\n"
     "set(CMAKE_ANDROID_NDK_DEPRECATED_HEADERS \"${CMAKE_ANDROID_NDK_DEPRECATED_HEADERS}\")\n"
+    "set(CMAKE_ANDROID_NDK_TOOLCHAIN_HOST_TAG \"${CMAKE_ANDROID_NDK_TOOLCHAIN_HOST_TAG}\")\n"
+    "set(CMAKE_ANDROID_NDK_TOOLCHAIN_UNIFIED \"${CMAKE_ANDROID_NDK_TOOLCHAIN_UNIFIED}\")\n"
     )
 endif()
 
diff --git a/Modules/Platform/Android-Initialize.cmake b/Modules/Platform/Android-Initialize.cmake
index a434f90..a5d2820 100644
--- a/Modules/Platform/Android-Initialize.cmake
+++ b/Modules/Platform/Android-Initialize.cmake
@@ -17,6 +17,13 @@
   return()
 endif()
 
+set(CMAKE_BUILD_TYPE_INIT Debug)
+
+# Skip sysroot selection if the NDK has a unified toolchain.
+if(CMAKE_ANDROID_NDK_TOOLCHAIN_UNIFIED)
+  return()
+endif()
+
 if(NOT CMAKE_SYSROOT)
   if(CMAKE_ANDROID_NDK)
     set(CMAKE_SYSROOT "${CMAKE_ANDROID_NDK}/platforms/android-${CMAKE_SYSTEM_VERSION}/arch-${CMAKE_ANDROID_ARCH}")
@@ -40,5 +47,3 @@
     "Android: No CMAKE_SYSROOT was selected."
     )
 endif()
-
-set(CMAKE_BUILD_TYPE_INIT Debug)
diff --git a/Modules/Platform/Android/Determine-Compiler-NDK.cmake b/Modules/Platform/Android/Determine-Compiler-NDK.cmake
index 5f2cc52..e009c10 100644
--- a/Modules/Platform/Android/Determine-Compiler-NDK.cmake
+++ b/Modules/Platform/Android/Determine-Compiler-NDK.cmake
@@ -1,6 +1,31 @@
 # Distributed under the OSI-approved BSD 3-Clause License.  See accompanying
 # file Copyright.txt or https://cmake.org/licensing for details.
 
+# In Android NDK r19 and above there is a single clang toolchain.
+if(CMAKE_ANDROID_NDK_TOOLCHAIN_UNIFIED)
+  if(CMAKE_ANDROID_NDK_TOOLCHAIN_VERSION AND NOT CMAKE_ANDROID_NDK_TOOLCHAIN_VERSION STREQUAL "clang")
+    message(FATAL_ERROR
+      "Android: The CMAKE_ANDROID_NDK_TOOLCHAIN_VERSION value '${CMAKE_ANDROID_NDK_TOOLCHAIN_VERSION}' "
+      "is not supported by this NDK.  It must be 'clang' or not set at all."
+      )
+  endif()
+  message(STATUS "Android: Selected unified Clang toolchain")
+  set(_ANDROID_TOOL_NDK_TOOLCHAIN_VERSION "clang")
+  set(_ANDROID_TOOL_C_COMPILER "${CMAKE_ANDROID_NDK_TOOLCHAIN_UNIFIED}/bin/clang${_ANDROID_HOST_EXT}")
+  set(_ANDROID_TOOL_C_TOOLCHAIN_MACHINE "${CMAKE_ANDROID_ARCH_TRIPLE}")
+  set(_ANDROID_TOOL_C_TOOLCHAIN_VERSION "")
+  set(_ANDROID_TOOL_C_COMPILER_EXTERNAL_TOOLCHAIN "")
+  set(_ANDROID_TOOL_C_TOOLCHAIN_PREFIX "${CMAKE_ANDROID_NDK_TOOLCHAIN_UNIFIED}/bin/${CMAKE_ANDROID_ARCH_TRIPLE}-")
+  set(_ANDROID_TOOL_C_TOOLCHAIN_SUFFIX "${_ANDROID_HOST_EXT}")
+  set(_ANDROID_TOOL_CXX_COMPILER "${CMAKE_ANDROID_NDK_TOOLCHAIN_UNIFIED}/bin/clang++${_ANDROID_HOST_EXT}")
+  set(_ANDROID_TOOL_CXX_TOOLCHAIN_MACHINE "${CMAKE_ANDROID_ARCH_TRIPLE}")
+  set(_ANDROID_TOOL_CXX_TOOLCHAIN_VERSION "")
+  set(_ANDROID_TOOL_CXX_COMPILER_EXTERNAL_TOOLCHAIN "")
+  set(_ANDROID_TOOL_CXX_TOOLCHAIN_PREFIX "${CMAKE_ANDROID_NDK_TOOLCHAIN_UNIFIED}/bin/${CMAKE_ANDROID_ARCH_TRIPLE}-")
+  set(_ANDROID_TOOL_CXX_TOOLCHAIN_SUFFIX "${_ANDROID_HOST_EXT}")
+  return()
+endif()
+
 # In Android NDK releases there is build system toolchain selection logic in
 # these files:
 #
@@ -195,40 +220,16 @@
   set(_ANDROID_TOOL_PREFIX "${CMAKE_MATCH_1}")
 endif()
 
-# Identify the host platform.
-if(CMAKE_HOST_SYSTEM_NAME STREQUAL "Darwin")
-  if(CMAKE_HOST_SYSTEM_PROCESSOR STREQUAL "x86_64")
-    set(_ANDROID_HOST_DIR "darwin-x86_64")
-  else()
-    set(_ANDROID_HOST_DIR "darwin-x86")
-  endif()
-elseif(CMAKE_HOST_SYSTEM_NAME STREQUAL "Linux")
-  if(CMAKE_HOST_SYSTEM_PROCESSOR STREQUAL "x86_64")
-    set(_ANDROID_HOST_DIR "linux-x86_64")
-  else()
-    set(_ANDROID_HOST_DIR "linux-x86")
-  endif()
-elseif(CMAKE_HOST_SYSTEM_NAME STREQUAL "Windows")
-  if(CMAKE_HOST_SYSTEM_PROCESSOR STREQUAL "AMD64")
-    set(_ANDROID_HOST_DIR "windows-x86_64")
-  else()
-    set(_ANDROID_HOST_DIR "windows")
-  endif()
-else()
-  message(FATAL_ERROR "Android: Builds hosted on '${CMAKE_HOST_SYSTEM_NAME}' not supported.")
-endif()
-
 # Help CMakeFindBinUtils locate things.
 set(_CMAKE_TOOLCHAIN_PREFIX "${_ANDROID_TOOL_PREFIX}")
 
-set(_ANDROID_TOOL_NDK_TOOLCHAIN_HOST_TAG "${_ANDROID_HOST_DIR}")
 set(_ANDROID_TOOL_NDK_TOOLCHAIN_VERSION "${_ANDROID_TOOL_VERS_NDK}")
 
 # _ANDROID_TOOL_PREFIX should now match `gcc -dumpmachine`.
 string(REGEX REPLACE "-$" "" _ANDROID_TOOL_C_TOOLCHAIN_MACHINE "${_ANDROID_TOOL_PREFIX}")
 
 set(_ANDROID_TOOL_C_TOOLCHAIN_VERSION "${_ANDROID_TOOL_VERS}")
-set(_ANDROID_TOOL_C_TOOLCHAIN_PREFIX "${CMAKE_ANDROID_NDK}/toolchains/${_ANDROID_TOOL_NAME}/prebuilt/${_ANDROID_HOST_DIR}/bin/${_ANDROID_TOOL_PREFIX}")
+set(_ANDROID_TOOL_C_TOOLCHAIN_PREFIX "${CMAKE_ANDROID_NDK}/toolchains/${_ANDROID_TOOL_NAME}/prebuilt/${CMAKE_ANDROID_NDK_TOOLCHAIN_HOST_TAG}/bin/${_ANDROID_TOOL_PREFIX}")
 set(_ANDROID_TOOL_C_TOOLCHAIN_SUFFIX "${_ANDROID_HOST_EXT}")
 
 set(_ANDROID_TOOL_CXX_TOOLCHAIN_MACHINE "${_ANDROID_TOOL_C_TOOLCHAIN_MACHINE}")
@@ -238,9 +239,9 @@
 
 if(_ANDROID_TOOL_CLANG_NAME)
   message(STATUS "Android: Selected Clang toolchain '${_ANDROID_TOOL_CLANG_NAME}' with GCC toolchain '${_ANDROID_TOOL_NAME}'")
-  set(_ANDROID_TOOL_C_COMPILER "${CMAKE_ANDROID_NDK}/toolchains/${_ANDROID_TOOL_LLVM_NAME}/prebuilt/${_ANDROID_HOST_DIR}/bin/clang${_ANDROID_HOST_EXT}")
-  set(_ANDROID_TOOL_C_COMPILER_EXTERNAL_TOOLCHAIN ${CMAKE_ANDROID_NDK}/toolchains/${_ANDROID_TOOL_NAME}/prebuilt/${_ANDROID_HOST_DIR})
-  set(_ANDROID_TOOL_CXX_COMPILER "${CMAKE_ANDROID_NDK}/toolchains/${_ANDROID_TOOL_LLVM_NAME}/prebuilt/${_ANDROID_HOST_DIR}/bin/clang++${_ANDROID_HOST_EXT}")
+  set(_ANDROID_TOOL_C_COMPILER "${CMAKE_ANDROID_NDK}/toolchains/${_ANDROID_TOOL_LLVM_NAME}/prebuilt/${CMAKE_ANDROID_NDK_TOOLCHAIN_HOST_TAG}/bin/clang${_ANDROID_HOST_EXT}")
+  set(_ANDROID_TOOL_C_COMPILER_EXTERNAL_TOOLCHAIN ${CMAKE_ANDROID_NDK}/toolchains/${_ANDROID_TOOL_NAME}/prebuilt/${CMAKE_ANDROID_NDK_TOOLCHAIN_HOST_TAG})
+  set(_ANDROID_TOOL_CXX_COMPILER "${CMAKE_ANDROID_NDK}/toolchains/${_ANDROID_TOOL_LLVM_NAME}/prebuilt/${CMAKE_ANDROID_NDK_TOOLCHAIN_HOST_TAG}/bin/clang++${_ANDROID_HOST_EXT}")
   set(_ANDROID_TOOL_CXX_COMPILER_EXTERNAL_TOOLCHAIN "${_ANDROID_TOOL_C_COMPILER_EXTERNAL_TOOLCHAIN}")
 else()
   message(STATUS "Android: Selected GCC toolchain '${_ANDROID_TOOL_NAME}'")
@@ -267,4 +268,3 @@
 unset(_ANDROID_TOOL_CLANG_NAME)
 unset(_ANDROID_TOOL_CLANG_VERS)
 unset(_ANDROID_TOOL_LLVM_NAME)
-unset(_ANDROID_HOST_DIR)
diff --git a/Modules/Platform/Android/Determine-Compiler-Standalone.cmake b/Modules/Platform/Android/Determine-Compiler-Standalone.cmake
index 4c1ac1f..5095aff 100644
--- a/Modules/Platform/Android/Determine-Compiler-Standalone.cmake
+++ b/Modules/Platform/Android/Determine-Compiler-Standalone.cmake
@@ -62,5 +62,4 @@
   set(_ANDROID_TOOL_CXX_COMPILER_EXTERNAL_TOOLCHAIN "")
 endif()
 
-set(_ANDROID_TOOL_NDK_TOOLCHAIN_HOST_TAG "")
 set(_ANDROID_TOOL_NDK_TOOLCHAIN_VERSION "")
diff --git a/Modules/Platform/Android/Determine-Compiler.cmake b/Modules/Platform/Android/Determine-Compiler.cmake
index a03ebcc..5c6b97b 100644
--- a/Modules/Platform/Android/Determine-Compiler.cmake
+++ b/Modules/Platform/Android/Determine-Compiler.cmake
@@ -40,7 +40,6 @@
 elseif(CMAKE_ANDROID_STANDALONE_TOOLCHAIN)
   include(Platform/Android/Determine-Compiler-Standalone)
 else()
-  set(_ANDROID_TOOL_NDK_TOOLCHAIN_HOST_TAG "")
   set(_ANDROID_TOOL_NDK_TOOLCHAIN_VERSION "")
   set(_ANDROID_TOOL_C_COMPILER "")
   set(_ANDROID_TOOL_C_TOOLCHAIN_MACHINE "")
@@ -65,7 +64,6 @@
 
     # Save the Android-specific information in CMake${lang}Compiler.cmake.
     set(CMAKE_${lang}_COMPILER_CUSTOM_CODE "
-set(CMAKE_ANDROID_NDK_TOOLCHAIN_HOST_TAG \"${_ANDROID_TOOL_NDK_TOOLCHAIN_HOST_TAG}\")
 set(CMAKE_ANDROID_NDK_TOOLCHAIN_VERSION \"${_ANDROID_TOOL_NDK_TOOLCHAIN_VERSION}\")
 set(CMAKE_${lang}_ANDROID_TOOLCHAIN_MACHINE \"${_ANDROID_TOOL_${lang}_TOOLCHAIN_MACHINE}\")
 set(CMAKE_${lang}_ANDROID_TOOLCHAIN_VERSION \"${_ANDROID_TOOL_${lang}_TOOLCHAIN_VERSION}\")
diff --git a/Modules/Platform/Android/abi-common.cmake b/Modules/Platform/Android/abi-common.cmake
index 6bce3c7..b01ef61 100644
--- a/Modules/Platform/Android/abi-common.cmake
+++ b/Modules/Platform/Android/abi-common.cmake
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
   " -no-canonical-prefixes"
   )
 
-if(CMAKE_ANDROID_NDK AND NOT CMAKE_ANDROID_NDK_DEPRECATED_HEADERS)
+if(CMAKE_ANDROID_NDK AND NOT CMAKE_ANDROID_NDK_TOOLCHAIN_UNIFIED AND NOT CMAKE_ANDROID_NDK_DEPRECATED_HEADERS)
   string(APPEND _ANDROID_ABI_INIT_CFLAGS " -D__ANDROID_API__=${CMAKE_SYSTEM_VERSION}")
 endif()
 
diff --git a/Modules/Platform/Windows-OpenWatcom.cmake b/Modules/Platform/Windows-OpenWatcom.cmake
index d38d616..76cd28b 100644
--- a/Modules/Platform/Windows-OpenWatcom.cmake
+++ b/Modules/Platform/Windows-OpenWatcom.cmake
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@
 
 set(CMAKE_LIBRARY_PATH_FLAG "libpath ")
 set(CMAKE_LINK_LIBRARY_FLAG "library ")
-set(CMAKE_LINK_LIBRARY_FILE_FLAG "library")
+set(CMAKE_LINK_LIBRARY_FILE_FLAG "library ")
 
 if(CMAKE_VERBOSE_MAKEFILE)
   set(CMAKE_WCL_QUIET)
diff --git a/Source/.gitattributes b/Source/.gitattributes
index 7c160cc..d0aedc2 100644
--- a/Source/.gitattributes
+++ b/Source/.gitattributes
@@ -1,2 +1,4 @@
+CMakeVersion.cmake    export-subst
+
 # Do not format third-party sources.
 /kwsys/**                                  -format.clang-format-6.0
diff --git a/Source/CMakeLists.txt b/Source/CMakeLists.txt
index 8117916..7cd07a8 100644
--- a/Source/CMakeLists.txt
+++ b/Source/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -95,9 +95,6 @@
   ${CMake_HAIKU_INCLUDE_DIRS}
   )
 
-# let cmake know it is supposed to use it
-add_definitions(-DCMAKE_BUILD_WITH_CMAKE)
-
 # Check if we can build the ELF parser.
 if(CMAKE_USE_ELF_PARSER)
   set(ELF_SRCS cmELF.h cmELF.cxx)
@@ -142,6 +139,7 @@
 
   cmAffinity.cxx
   cmAffinity.h
+  cmAlgorithms.h
   cmArchiveWrite.cxx
   cmArgumentParser.cxx
   cmArgumentParser.h
@@ -403,6 +401,8 @@
   cmStateSnapshot.cxx
   cmStateSnapshot.h
   cmStateTypes.h
+  cmStringAlgorithms.cxx
+  cmStringAlgorithms.h
   cmSystemTools.cxx
   cmSystemTools.h
   cmTarget.cxx
@@ -529,6 +529,8 @@
   cmFindProgramCommand.h
   cmForEachCommand.cxx
   cmForEachCommand.h
+  cmFunctionBlocker.cxx
+  cmFunctionBlocker.h
   cmFunctionCommand.cxx
   cmFunctionCommand.h
   cmGetCMakePropertyCommand.cxx
@@ -634,6 +636,8 @@
   cmStringReplaceHelper.cxx
   cmStringCommand.cxx
   cmStringCommand.h
+  cmSubcommandTable.cxx
+  cmSubcommandTable.h
   cmSubdirCommand.cxx
   cmSubdirCommand.h
   cmSubdirDependsCommand.cxx
@@ -1159,6 +1163,21 @@
 include (${CMake_SOURCE_DIR}/Source/LocalUserOptions.cmake OPTIONAL)
 
 if(WIN32)
+  # Compute the binary version that appears in the RC file. Version
+  # components in the RC file are 16-bit integers so we may have to
+  # split the patch component.
+  if(CMake_VERSION_PATCH MATCHES "^([0-9]+)([0-9][0-9][0-9][0-9])$")
+    set(CMake_RCVERSION_YEAR "${CMAKE_MATCH_1}")
+    set(CMake_RCVERSION_MONTH_DAY "${CMAKE_MATCH_2}")
+    string(REGEX REPLACE "^0+" "" CMake_RCVERSION_MONTH_DAY "${CMake_RCVERSION_MONTH_DAY}")
+    set(CMake_RCVERSION ${CMake_VERSION_MAJOR},${CMake_VERSION_MINOR},${CMake_RCVERSION_YEAR},${CMake_RCVERSION_MONTH_DAY})
+    unset(CMake_RCVERSION_MONTH_DAY)
+    unset(CMake_RCVERSION_YEAR)
+  else()
+    set(CMake_RCVERSION ${CMake_VERSION_MAJOR},${CMake_VERSION_MINOR},${CMake_VERSION_PATCH})
+  endif()
+  set(CMake_RCVERSION_STR ${CMake_VERSION})
+
   # Add Windows executable version information.
   configure_file("CMakeVersion.rc.in" "CMakeVersion.rc" @ONLY)
 
diff --git a/Source/CMakeVersion.cmake b/Source/CMakeVersion.cmake
index ea3b43a..40a4ee6 100644
--- a/Source/CMakeVersion.cmake
+++ b/Source/CMakeVersion.cmake
@@ -1,5 +1,82 @@
 # CMake version number components.
 set(CMake_VERSION_MAJOR 3)
 set(CMake_VERSION_MINOR 15)
-set(CMake_VERSION_PATCH 20190726)
+set(CMake_VERSION_PATCH 20190813)
 #set(CMake_VERSION_RC 0)
+set(CMake_VERSION_IS_DIRTY 0)
+
+# Start with the full version number used in tags.  It has no dev info.
+set(CMake_VERSION
+  "${CMake_VERSION_MAJOR}.${CMake_VERSION_MINOR}.${CMake_VERSION_PATCH}")
+if(DEFINED CMake_VERSION_RC)
+  set(CMake_VERSION "${CMake_VERSION}-rc${CMake_VERSION_RC}")
+endif()
+
+# Releases define a small patch level.
+if("${CMake_VERSION_PATCH}" VERSION_LESS 20000000)
+  set(CMake_VERSION_IS_RELEASE 1)
+else()
+  set(CMake_VERSION_IS_RELEASE 0)
+endif()
+
+if(EXISTS ${CMake_SOURCE_DIR}/.git)
+  find_package(Git QUIET)
+  if(GIT_FOUND)
+    macro(_git)
+      execute_process(
+        COMMAND ${GIT_EXECUTABLE} ${ARGN}
+        WORKING_DIRECTORY ${CMake_SOURCE_DIR}
+        RESULT_VARIABLE _git_res
+        OUTPUT_VARIABLE _git_out OUTPUT_STRIP_TRAILING_WHITESPACE
+        ERROR_VARIABLE _git_err ERROR_STRIP_TRAILING_WHITESPACE
+        )
+    endmacro()
+  endif()
+endif()
+
+# Try to identify the current development source version.
+if(COMMAND _git)
+  # Get the commit checked out in this work tree.
+  _git(log -n 1 HEAD "--pretty=format:%h %s" --)
+  set(git_info "${_git_out}")
+else()
+  # Get the commit exported by 'git archive'.
+  set(git_info [==[$Format:%h %s$]==])
+endif()
+
+# Extract commit information if available.
+if(git_info MATCHES "^([0-9a-f][0-9a-f][0-9a-f][0-9a-f][0-9a-f][0-9a-f]?[0-9a-f]?)[0-9a-f]* (.*)$")
+  # Have commit information.
+  set(git_hash "${CMAKE_MATCH_1}")
+  set(git_subject "${CMAKE_MATCH_2}")
+
+  # If this is not the exact commit of a release, add dev info.
+  if(NOT "${git_subject}" MATCHES "^[Cc][Mm]ake ${CMake_VERSION}$")
+    set(CMake_VERSION "${CMake_VERSION}-g${git_hash}")
+  endif()
+
+  # If this is a work tree, check whether it is dirty.
+  if(COMMAND _git)
+    _git(update-index -q --refresh)
+    _git(diff-index --name-only HEAD --)
+    if(_git_out)
+      set(CMake_VERSION_IS_DIRTY 1)
+    endif()
+  endif()
+else()
+  # No commit information.
+  if(NOT CMake_VERSION_IS_RELEASE)
+    # Generic development version.
+    set(CMake_VERSION "${CMake_VERSION}-git")
+  endif()
+endif()
+
+# Extract the version suffix component.
+if(CMake_VERSION MATCHES "-(.*)$")
+  set(CMake_VERSION_SUFFIX "${CMAKE_MATCH_1}")
+else()
+  set(CMake_VERSION_SUFFIX "")
+endif()
+if(CMake_VERSION_IS_DIRTY)
+  set(CMake_VERSION ${CMake_VERSION}-dirty)
+endif()
diff --git a/Source/CMakeVersionCompute.cmake b/Source/CMakeVersionCompute.cmake
deleted file mode 100644
index 160f470..0000000
--- a/Source/CMakeVersionCompute.cmake
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,44 +0,0 @@
-# Load version number components.
-include(${CMake_SOURCE_DIR}/Source/CMakeVersion.cmake)
-
-# Releases define a small patch level.
-if("${CMake_VERSION_PATCH}" VERSION_LESS 20000000)
-  set(CMake_VERSION_IS_DIRTY 0)
-  set(CMake_VERSION_IS_RELEASE 1)
-  set(CMake_VERSION_SOURCE "")
-else()
-  set(CMake_VERSION_IS_DIRTY 0) # may be set to 1 by CMakeVersionSource
-  set(CMake_VERSION_IS_RELEASE 0)
-  include(${CMake_SOURCE_DIR}/Source/CMakeVersionSource.cmake)
-endif()
-
-# Compute the full version string.
-set(CMake_VERSION ${CMake_VERSION_MAJOR}.${CMake_VERSION_MINOR}.${CMake_VERSION_PATCH})
-if(CMake_VERSION_SOURCE)
-  set(CMake_VERSION_SUFFIX "${CMake_VERSION_SOURCE}")
-elseif(DEFINED CMake_VERSION_RC)
-  set(CMake_VERSION_SUFFIX "rc${CMake_VERSION_RC}")
-else()
-  set(CMake_VERSION_SUFFIX "")
-endif()
-if(CMake_VERSION_SUFFIX)
-  set(CMake_VERSION ${CMake_VERSION}-${CMake_VERSION_SUFFIX})
-endif()
-if(CMake_VERSION_IS_DIRTY)
-  set(CMake_VERSION ${CMake_VERSION}-dirty)
-endif()
-
-# Compute the binary version that appears in the RC file. Version
-# components in the RC file are 16-bit integers so we may have to
-# split the patch component.
-if(CMake_VERSION_PATCH MATCHES "^([0-9]+)([0-9][0-9][0-9][0-9])$")
-  set(CMake_RCVERSION_YEAR "${CMAKE_MATCH_1}")
-  set(CMake_RCVERSION_MONTH_DAY "${CMAKE_MATCH_2}")
-  string(REGEX REPLACE "^0+" "" CMake_RCVERSION_MONTH_DAY "${CMake_RCVERSION_MONTH_DAY}")
-  set(CMake_RCVERSION ${CMake_VERSION_MAJOR},${CMake_VERSION_MINOR},${CMake_RCVERSION_YEAR},${CMake_RCVERSION_MONTH_DAY})
-  unset(CMake_RCVERSION_MONTH_DAY)
-  unset(CMake_RCVERSION_YEAR)
-else()
-  set(CMake_RCVERSION ${CMake_VERSION_MAJOR},${CMake_VERSION_MINOR},${CMake_VERSION_PATCH})
-endif()
-set(CMake_RCVERSION_STR ${CMake_VERSION})
diff --git a/Source/CMakeVersionSource.cmake b/Source/CMakeVersionSource.cmake
deleted file mode 100644
index 5ea1de3..0000000
--- a/Source/CMakeVersionSource.cmake
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,30 +0,0 @@
-# Try to identify the current development source version.
-set(CMake_VERSION_SOURCE "")
-if(EXISTS ${CMake_SOURCE_DIR}/.git/HEAD)
-  find_program(GIT_EXECUTABLE NAMES git git.cmd)
-  mark_as_advanced(GIT_EXECUTABLE)
-  if(GIT_EXECUTABLE)
-    execute_process(
-      COMMAND ${GIT_EXECUTABLE} rev-parse --verify -q --short=4 HEAD
-      OUTPUT_VARIABLE head
-      OUTPUT_STRIP_TRAILING_WHITESPACE
-      WORKING_DIRECTORY ${CMake_SOURCE_DIR}
-      )
-    if(head)
-      set(CMake_VERSION_SOURCE "g${head}")
-      execute_process(
-        COMMAND ${GIT_EXECUTABLE} update-index -q --refresh
-        WORKING_DIRECTORY ${CMake_SOURCE_DIR}
-        )
-      execute_process(
-        COMMAND ${GIT_EXECUTABLE} diff-index --name-only HEAD --
-        OUTPUT_VARIABLE dirty
-        OUTPUT_STRIP_TRAILING_WHITESPACE
-        WORKING_DIRECTORY ${CMake_SOURCE_DIR}
-        )
-      if(dirty)
-        set(CMake_VERSION_IS_DIRTY 1)
-      endif()
-    endif()
-  endif()
-endif()
diff --git a/Source/CPack/IFW/cmCPackIFWInstaller.cxx b/Source/CPack/IFW/cmCPackIFWInstaller.cxx
index a075a17..f130e05 100644
--- a/Source/CPack/IFW/cmCPackIFWInstaller.cxx
+++ b/Source/CPack/IFW/cmCPackIFWInstaller.cxx
@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@
 #include "cmCPackIFWRepository.h"
 #include "cmCPackLog.h" // IWYU pragma: keep
 #include "cmGeneratedFileStream.h"
+#include "cmStringAlgorithms.h"
 #include "cmSystemTools.h"
 #include "cmXMLParser.h"
 #include "cmXMLWriter.h"
@@ -292,7 +293,7 @@
   {
     if (this->file) {
       std::string content(data, data + length);
-      content = cmSystemTools::TrimWhitespace(content);
+      content = cmTrimWhitespace(content);
       std::string source = this->basePath + "/" + content;
       std::string destination = this->path + "/" + content;
       if (!cmSystemTools::CopyFileIfDifferent(source, destination)) {
diff --git a/Source/CPack/WiX/cmCMakeToWixPath.cxx b/Source/CPack/WiX/cmCMakeToWixPath.cxx
index b3889cf..630a8f8 100644
--- a/Source/CPack/WiX/cmCMakeToWixPath.cxx
+++ b/Source/CPack/WiX/cmCMakeToWixPath.cxx
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
    file Copyright.txt or https://cmake.org/licensing for details.  */
 #include "cmCMakeToWixPath.h"
 
-#include "cmSystemTools.h"
+#include "cmStringAlgorithms.h"
 
 #include <string>
 #include <vector>
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@
     return cygpath;
   }
 
-  return cmSystemTools::TrimWhitespace(winpath_chars.data());
+  return cmTrimWhitespace(winpath_chars.data());
 }
 #else
 std::string CMakeToWixPath(const std::string& path)
diff --git a/Source/CPack/WiX/cmWIXAccessControlList.cxx b/Source/CPack/WiX/cmWIXAccessControlList.cxx
index 563de02..b5e287d 100644
--- a/Source/CPack/WiX/cmWIXAccessControlList.cxx
+++ b/Source/CPack/WiX/cmWIXAccessControlList.cxx
@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@
 
 #include "cmCPackGenerator.h"
 
+#include "cmStringAlgorithms.h"
 #include "cmSystemTools.h"
 
 cmWIXAccessControlList::cmWIXAccessControlList(
@@ -48,8 +49,7 @@
     user = user_and_domain;
   }
 
-  std::vector<std::string> permissions =
-    cmSystemTools::tokenize(permission_string, ",");
+  std::vector<std::string> permissions = cmTokenize(permission_string, ",");
 
   this->SourceWriter.BeginElement("Permission");
   this->SourceWriter.AddAttribute("User", user);
@@ -57,8 +57,7 @@
     this->SourceWriter.AddAttribute("Domain", domain);
   }
   for (std::string const& permission : permissions) {
-    this->EmitBooleanAttribute(entry,
-                               cmSystemTools::TrimWhitespace(permission));
+    this->EmitBooleanAttribute(entry, cmTrimWhitespace(permission));
   }
   this->SourceWriter.EndElement("Permission");
 }
diff --git a/Source/CPack/cmCPackGenerator.cxx b/Source/CPack/cmCPackGenerator.cxx
index 512ac7a..3fd124b 100644
--- a/Source/CPack/cmCPackGenerator.cxx
+++ b/Source/CPack/cmCPackGenerator.cxx
@@ -21,6 +21,7 @@
 #include "cmMakefile.h"
 #include "cmState.h"
 #include "cmStateSnapshot.h"
+#include "cmStringAlgorithms.h"
 #include "cmVersion.h"
 #include "cmWorkingDirectory.h"
 #include "cmXMLSafe.h"
@@ -772,7 +773,7 @@
     // Make sure that DESTDIR + CPACK_INSTALL_PREFIX directory
     // exists:
     //
-    if (cmSystemTools::StringStartsWith(dir.c_str(), "/")) {
+    if (cmHasLiteralPrefix(dir, "/")) {
       dir = tempInstallDirectory + dir;
     } else {
       dir = tempInstallDirectory + "/" + dir;
diff --git a/Source/CPack/cmCPackNuGetGenerator.cxx b/Source/CPack/cmCPackNuGetGenerator.cxx
index 76f0699..19a3a0a 100644
--- a/Source/CPack/cmCPackNuGetGenerator.cxx
+++ b/Source/CPack/cmCPackNuGetGenerator.cxx
@@ -2,9 +2,9 @@
    file Copyright.txt or https://cmake.org/licensing for details.  */
 #include "cmCPackNuGetGenerator.h"
 
-#include "cmAlgorithms.h"
 #include "cmCPackComponentGroup.h"
 #include "cmCPackLog.h"
+#include "cmStringAlgorithms.h"
 #include "cmSystemTools.h"
 
 #include <algorithm>
diff --git a/Source/CPack/cpack.cxx b/Source/CPack/cpack.cxx
index 89c3b1c..ae56adb 100644
--- a/Source/CPack/cpack.cxx
+++ b/Source/CPack/cpack.cxx
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@
 #include <utility>
 #include <vector>
 
-#if defined(_WIN32) && defined(CMAKE_BUILD_WITH_CMAKE)
+#if defined(_WIN32) && !defined(CMAKE_BOOTSTRAP)
 #  include "cmsys/ConsoleBuf.hxx"
 #endif
 
@@ -100,7 +100,7 @@
 int main(int argc, char const* const* argv)
 {
   cmSystemTools::EnsureStdPipes();
-#if defined(_WIN32) && defined(CMAKE_BUILD_WITH_CMAKE)
+#if defined(_WIN32) && !defined(CMAKE_BOOTSTRAP)
   // Replace streambuf so we can output Unicode to console
   cmsys::ConsoleBuf::Manager consoleOut(std::cout);
   consoleOut.SetUTF8Pipes();
diff --git a/Source/CTest/cmCTestBuildHandler.cxx b/Source/CTest/cmCTestBuildHandler.cxx
index c8e4fa1..b98a4e3 100644
--- a/Source/CTest/cmCTestBuildHandler.cxx
+++ b/Source/CTest/cmCTestBuildHandler.cxx
@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@
 #include "cmGeneratedFileStream.h"
 #include "cmMakefile.h"
 #include "cmProcessOutput.h"
+#include "cmStringAlgorithms.h"
 #include "cmSystemTools.h"
 #include "cmXMLWriter.h"
 
@@ -384,11 +385,8 @@
   if (this->CTest->GetCTestConfiguration("SourceDirectory").size() > 20) {
     std::string srcdir =
       this->CTest->GetCTestConfiguration("SourceDirectory") + "/";
-    std::string srcdirrep;
     for (cc = srcdir.size() - 2; cc > 0; cc--) {
       if (srcdir[cc] == '/') {
-        srcdirrep = srcdir.substr(cc);
-        srcdirrep = "/..." + srcdirrep;
         srcdir = srcdir.substr(0, cc + 1);
         break;
       }
@@ -398,11 +396,8 @@
   if (this->CTest->GetCTestConfiguration("BuildDirectory").size() > 20) {
     std::string bindir =
       this->CTest->GetCTestConfiguration("BuildDirectory") + "/";
-    std::string bindirrep;
     for (cc = bindir.size() - 2; cc > 0; cc--) {
       if (bindir[cc] == '/') {
-        bindirrep = bindir.substr(cc);
-        bindirrep = "/..." + bindirrep;
         bindir = bindir.substr(0, cc + 1);
         break;
       }
diff --git a/Source/CTest/cmCTestCoverageHandler.cxx b/Source/CTest/cmCTestCoverageHandler.cxx
index f6028c4..54fe612 100644
--- a/Source/CTest/cmCTestCoverageHandler.cxx
+++ b/Source/CTest/cmCTestCoverageHandler.cxx
@@ -13,6 +13,7 @@
 #include "cmParseGTMCoverage.h"
 #include "cmParseJacocoCoverage.h"
 #include "cmParsePHPCoverage.h"
+#include "cmStringAlgorithms.h"
 #include "cmSystemTools.h"
 #include "cmWorkingDirectory.h"
 #include "cmXMLWriter.h"
@@ -1181,7 +1182,7 @@
         // gcov 4.7 can have output lines saying "No executable lines" and
         // "Removing 'filename.gcov'"... Don't log those as "errors."
         if (line != "No executable lines" &&
-            !cmSystemTools::StringStartsWith(line.c_str(), "Removing ")) {
+            !cmHasLiteralPrefix(line, "Removing ")) {
           cmCTestLog(this->CTest, ERROR_MESSAGE,
                      "Unknown gcov output line: [" << line << "]"
                                                    << std::endl);
diff --git a/Source/CTest/cmCTestGIT.cxx b/Source/CTest/cmCTestGIT.cxx
index 9d9761c..093017c 100644
--- a/Source/CTest/cmCTestGIT.cxx
+++ b/Source/CTest/cmCTestGIT.cxx
@@ -10,11 +10,11 @@
 #include <time.h>
 #include <vector>
 
-#include "cmAlgorithms.h"
 #include "cmCTest.h"
 #include "cmCTestVC.h"
 #include "cmProcessOutput.h"
 #include "cmProcessTools.h"
+#include "cmStringAlgorithms.h"
 #include "cmSystemTools.h"
 
 static unsigned int cmCTestGITVersion(unsigned int epic, unsigned int major,
diff --git a/Source/CTest/cmCTestLaunch.cxx b/Source/CTest/cmCTestLaunch.cxx
index 237ca82..739cc58 100644
--- a/Source/CTest/cmCTestLaunch.cxx
+++ b/Source/CTest/cmCTestLaunch.cxx
@@ -16,6 +16,7 @@
 #include "cmProcessOutput.h"
 #include "cmState.h"
 #include "cmStateSnapshot.h"
+#include "cmStringAlgorithms.h"
 #include "cmSystemTools.h"
 #include "cmXMLWriter.h"
 #include "cmake.h"
@@ -493,9 +494,9 @@
       continue;
     }
     if (this->Match(line, this->RegexWarningSuppress)) {
-      line = "[CTest: warning suppressed] " + line;
+      line = cmStrCat("[CTest: warning suppressed] ", line);
     } else if (this->Match(line, this->RegexWarning)) {
-      line = "[CTest: warning matched] " + line;
+      line = cmStrCat("[CTest: warning matched] ", line);
     }
     e4.Content(sep);
     e4.Content(line);
@@ -594,7 +595,7 @@
 bool cmCTestLaunch::MatchesFilterPrefix(std::string const& line) const
 {
   return !this->OptionFilterPrefix.empty() &&
-    cmSystemTools::StringStartsWith(line, this->OptionFilterPrefix.c_str());
+    cmHasPrefix(line, this->OptionFilterPrefix);
 }
 
 int cmCTestLaunch::Main(int argc, const char* const argv[])
diff --git a/Source/CTest/cmCTestRunTest.cxx b/Source/CTest/cmCTestRunTest.cxx
index 65cf646..fb91322 100644
--- a/Source/CTest/cmCTestRunTest.cxx
+++ b/Source/CTest/cmCTestRunTest.cxx
@@ -689,7 +689,7 @@
 
   this->TestProcess->SetTimeout(timeout);
 
-#ifdef CMAKE_BUILD_WITH_CMAKE
+#ifndef CMAKE_BOOTSTRAP
   cmSystemTools::SaveRestoreEnvironment sre;
 #endif
 
diff --git a/Source/CTest/cmCTestScriptHandler.cxx b/Source/CTest/cmCTestScriptHandler.cxx
index 7a5b8d1..58f88be 100644
--- a/Source/CTest/cmCTestScriptHandler.cxx
+++ b/Source/CTest/cmCTestScriptHandler.cxx
@@ -24,13 +24,13 @@
 #include "cmCTestUploadCommand.h"
 #include "cmCommand.h"
 #include "cmDuration.h"
-#include "cmFunctionBlocker.h"
 #include "cmGeneratedFileStream.h"
 #include "cmGlobalGenerator.h"
 #include "cmMakefile.h"
 #include "cmState.h"
 #include "cmStateDirectory.h"
 #include "cmStateSnapshot.h"
+#include "cmStringAlgorithms.h"
 #include "cmSystemTools.h"
 #include "cmake.h"
 
@@ -49,32 +49,8 @@
 #  include <unistd.h>
 #endif
 
-class cmExecutionStatus;
-struct cmListFileFunction;
-
 #define CTEST_INITIAL_CMAKE_OUTPUT_FILE_NAME "CTestInitialCMakeOutput.log"
 
-// used to keep elapsed time up to date
-class cmCTestScriptFunctionBlocker : public cmFunctionBlocker
-{
-public:
-  bool IsFunctionBlocked(const cmListFileFunction& lff, cmMakefile& mf,
-                         cmExecutionStatus& /*status*/) override;
-  // virtual bool ShouldRemove(const cmListFileFunction& lff, cmMakefile &mf);
-  // virtual void ScopeEnded(cmMakefile &mf);
-
-  cmCTestScriptHandler* CTestScriptHandler;
-};
-
-// simply update the time and don't block anything
-bool cmCTestScriptFunctionBlocker::IsFunctionBlocked(
-  const cmListFileFunction& /*lff*/, cmMakefile& /*mf*/,
-  cmExecutionStatus& /*status*/)
-{
-  this->CTestScriptHandler->UpdateElapsedTime();
-  return false;
-}
-
 cmCTestScriptHandler::cmCTestScriptHandler()
 {
   this->Backup = false;
@@ -373,12 +349,8 @@
   this->Makefile->AddDefinition("CMAKE_LEGACY_CYGWIN_WIN32", "0");
 #endif
 
-  // always add a function blocker to update the elapsed time
-  {
-    auto fb = cm::make_unique<cmCTestScriptFunctionBlocker>();
-    fb->CTestScriptHandler = this;
-    this->Makefile->AddFunctionBlocker(std::move(fb));
-  }
+  // set a callback function to update the elapsed time
+  this->Makefile->OnExecuteCommand([this] { this->UpdateElapsedTime(); });
 
   /* Execute CTestScriptMode.cmake, which loads CMakeDetermineSystem and
   CMakeSystemSpecificInformation, so
@@ -523,7 +495,7 @@
 int cmCTestScriptHandler::RunConfigurationScript(
   const std::string& total_script_arg, bool pscope)
 {
-#ifdef CMAKE_BUILD_WITH_CMAKE
+#ifndef CMAKE_BOOTSTRAP
   cmSystemTools::SaveRestoreEnvironment sre;
 #endif
 
@@ -692,8 +664,8 @@
         fullCommand, &output, &output, &retVal, cvsArgs[0].c_str(),
         this->HandlerVerbose, cmDuration::zero() /*this->TimeOut*/);
       if (!res || retVal != 0) {
-        cmSystemTools::Error("Unable to perform extra updates:\n" + eu +
-                             "\nWith output:\n" + output);
+        cmSystemTools::Error(cmStrCat("Unable to perform extra updates:\n", eu,
+                                      "\nWith output:\n", output));
         return 0;
       }
     }
@@ -963,7 +935,7 @@
       continue;
     }
 
-    std::string fullPath = directoryPath + std::string("/") + path;
+    std::string fullPath = cmStrCat(directoryPath, "/", path);
 
     bool isDirectory = cmSystemTools::FileIsDirectory(fullPath) &&
       !cmSystemTools::FileIsSymlink(fullPath);
diff --git a/Source/CTest/cmCTestSubmitHandler.cxx b/Source/CTest/cmCTestSubmitHandler.cxx
index 54c4bae..17ef350 100644
--- a/Source/CTest/cmCTestSubmitHandler.cxx
+++ b/Source/CTest/cmCTestSubmitHandler.cxx
@@ -19,6 +19,7 @@
 #include "cmDuration.h"
 #include "cmGeneratedFileStream.h"
 #include "cmState.h"
+#include "cmStringAlgorithms.h"
 #include "cmSystemTools.h"
 #include "cmXMLParser.h"
 #include "cmake.h"
@@ -224,7 +225,7 @@
       std::string local_file = file;
       bool initialize_cdash_buildid = false;
       if (!cmSystemTools::FileExists(local_file)) {
-        local_file = localprefix + "/" + file;
+        local_file = cmStrCat(localprefix, "/", file);
         // If this file exists within the local Testing directory we assume
         // that it will be associated with the current build in CDash.
         initialize_cdash_buildid = true;
@@ -236,9 +237,9 @@
                      << remote_file << std::endl;
 
       std::string ofile = cmSystemTools::EncodeURL(remote_file);
-      std::string upload_as = url +
-        ((url.find('?') == std::string::npos) ? '?' : '&') +
-        "FileName=" + ofile;
+      std::string upload_as =
+        cmStrCat(url, ((url.find('?') == std::string::npos) ? '?' : '&'),
+                 "FileName=", ofile);
 
       if (initialize_cdash_buildid) {
         // Provide extra arguments to CDash so that it can initialize and
diff --git a/Source/CTest/cmCTestTestHandler.cxx b/Source/CTest/cmCTestTestHandler.cxx
index 5134407..67c24ca 100644
--- a/Source/CTest/cmCTestTestHandler.cxx
+++ b/Source/CTest/cmCTestTestHandler.cxx
@@ -20,7 +20,6 @@
 
 #include "cm_memory.hxx"
 
-#include "cmAlgorithms.h"
 #include "cmCTest.h"
 #include "cmCTestMultiProcessHandler.h"
 #include "cmCommand.h"
@@ -30,6 +29,7 @@
 #include "cmMakefile.h"
 #include "cmState.h"
 #include "cmStateSnapshot.h"
+#include "cmStringAlgorithms.h"
 #include "cmSystemTools.h"
 #include "cmWorkingDirectory.h"
 #include "cmXMLWriter.h"
diff --git a/Source/CTest/cmParseBlanketJSCoverage.cxx b/Source/CTest/cmParseBlanketJSCoverage.cxx
index 63d6a15..b74decb 100644
--- a/Source/CTest/cmParseBlanketJSCoverage.cxx
+++ b/Source/CTest/cmParseBlanketJSCoverage.cxx
@@ -110,7 +110,8 @@
 {
 }
 
-bool cmParseBlanketJSCoverage::LoadCoverageData(std::vector<std::string> files)
+bool cmParseBlanketJSCoverage::LoadCoverageData(
+  std::vector<std::string> const& files)
 {
   cmCTestOptionalLog(this->CTest, HANDLER_VERBOSE_OUTPUT,
                      "Found " << files.size() << " Files" << std::endl,
diff --git a/Source/CTest/cmParseBlanketJSCoverage.h b/Source/CTest/cmParseBlanketJSCoverage.h
index 696121f..cd1b225 100644
--- a/Source/CTest/cmParseBlanketJSCoverage.h
+++ b/Source/CTest/cmParseBlanketJSCoverage.h
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@
 public:
   cmParseBlanketJSCoverage(cmCTestCoverageHandlerContainer& cont,
                            cmCTest* ctest);
-  bool LoadCoverageData(std::vector<std::string> files);
+  bool LoadCoverageData(std::vector<std::string> const& files);
   //  Read the JSON output
   bool ReadJSONFile(std::string const& file);
 
diff --git a/Source/CTest/cmParseCoberturaCoverage.cxx b/Source/CTest/cmParseCoberturaCoverage.cxx
index 848a034..e0186c9 100644
--- a/Source/CTest/cmParseCoberturaCoverage.cxx
+++ b/Source/CTest/cmParseCoberturaCoverage.cxx
@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@
 
 #include "cmCTest.h"
 #include "cmCTestCoverageHandler.h"
+#include "cmStringAlgorithms.h"
 #include "cmSystemTools.h"
 #include "cmXMLParser.h"
 
@@ -75,7 +76,7 @@
             // Check if this is a path that is relative to our source or
             // binary directories.
             for (std::string const& filePath : FilePaths) {
-              finalpath = filePath + "/" + filename;
+              finalpath = cmStrCat(filePath, "/", filename);
               if (cmSystemTools::FileExists(finalpath)) {
                 this->CurFileName = finalpath;
                 break;
@@ -86,7 +87,7 @@
           cmsys::ifstream fin(this->CurFileName.c_str());
           if (this->CurFileName.empty() || !fin) {
             this->CurFileName =
-              this->Coverage.BinaryDir + "/" + atts[tagCount + 1];
+              cmStrCat(this->Coverage.BinaryDir, "/", atts[tagCount + 1]);
             fin.open(this->CurFileName.c_str());
             if (!fin) {
               cmCTestOptionalLog(this->CTest, HANDLER_VERBOSE_OUTPUT,
diff --git a/Source/CTest/cmParseGTMCoverage.cxx b/Source/CTest/cmParseGTMCoverage.cxx
index 0722753..881bf2d 100644
--- a/Source/CTest/cmParseGTMCoverage.cxx
+++ b/Source/CTest/cmParseGTMCoverage.cxx
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
 #include "cmParseGTMCoverage.h"
 
-#include "cmAlgorithms.h"
 #include "cmCTest.h"
 #include "cmCTestCoverageHandler.h"
+#include "cmStringAlgorithms.h"
 #include "cmSystemTools.h"
 
 #include "cmsys/Directory.hxx"
diff --git a/Source/CTest/cmParseJacocoCoverage.cxx b/Source/CTest/cmParseJacocoCoverage.cxx
index b78142a..5f1e712 100644
--- a/Source/CTest/cmParseJacocoCoverage.cxx
+++ b/Source/CTest/cmParseJacocoCoverage.cxx
@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@
 
 #include "cmCTest.h"
 #include "cmCTestCoverageHandler.h"
+#include "cmStringAlgorithms.h"
 #include "cmSystemTools.h"
 #include "cmXMLParser.h"
 
@@ -118,7 +119,7 @@
     // Check if any of the locations found match our package.
     for (std::string const& f : files) {
       std::string dir = cmsys::SystemTools::GetParentDirectory(f);
-      if (cmsys::SystemTools::StringEndsWith(dir, this->PackageName.c_str())) {
+      if (cmHasSuffix(dir, this->PackageName)) {
         cmCTestOptionalLog(this->CTest, HANDLER_VERBOSE_OUTPUT,
                            "Found package directory for " << fileName << ": "
                                                           << dir << std::endl,
diff --git a/Source/QtDialog/CMakeSetup.cxx b/Source/QtDialog/CMakeSetup.cxx
index c9ebba8..287a482 100644
--- a/Source/QtDialog/CMakeSetup.cxx
+++ b/Source/QtDialog/CMakeSetup.cxx
@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@
 #include "cmAlgorithms.h"
 #include "cmDocumentation.h"
 #include "cmDocumentationEntry.h"
+#include "cmStringAlgorithms.h"
 #include "cmVersion.h"
 #include "cmake.h"
 #include "cmsys/CommandLineArguments.hxx"
diff --git a/Source/cmAddCompileDefinitionsCommand.cxx b/Source/cmAddCompileDefinitionsCommand.cxx
index 0474819..b00a4a7 100644
--- a/Source/cmAddCompileDefinitionsCommand.cxx
+++ b/Source/cmAddCompileDefinitionsCommand.cxx
@@ -2,19 +2,15 @@
    file Copyright.txt or https://cmake.org/licensing for details.  */
 #include "cmAddCompileDefinitionsCommand.h"
 
+#include "cmExecutionStatus.h"
 #include "cmMakefile.h"
 
-class cmExecutionStatus;
-
-bool cmAddCompileDefinitionsCommand::InitialPass(
-  std::vector<std::string> const& args, cmExecutionStatus&)
+bool cmAddCompileDefinitionsCommand(std::vector<std::string> const& args,
+                                    cmExecutionStatus& status)
 {
-  if (args.empty()) {
-    return true;
-  }
-
+  cmMakefile& mf = status.GetMakefile();
   for (std::string const& i : args) {
-    this->Makefile->AddCompileDefinition(i);
+    mf.AddCompileDefinition(i);
   }
   return true;
 }
diff --git a/Source/cmAddCompileDefinitionsCommand.h b/Source/cmAddCompileDefinitionsCommand.h
index 5f90ed9..4bd621c 100644
--- a/Source/cmAddCompileDefinitionsCommand.h
+++ b/Source/cmAddCompileDefinitionsCommand.h
@@ -8,29 +8,9 @@
 #include <string>
 #include <vector>
 
-#include "cm_memory.hxx"
-
-#include "cmCommand.h"
-
 class cmExecutionStatus;
 
-class cmAddCompileDefinitionsCommand : public cmCommand
-{
-public:
-  /**
-   * This is a virtual constructor for the command.
-   */
-  std::unique_ptr<cmCommand> Clone() override
-  {
-    return cm::make_unique<cmAddCompileDefinitionsCommand>();
-  }
-
-  /**
-   * This is called when the command is first encountered in
-   * the CMakeLists.txt file.
-   */
-  bool InitialPass(std::vector<std::string> const& args,
-                   cmExecutionStatus& status) override;
-};
+bool cmAddCompileDefinitionsCommand(std::vector<std::string> const& args,
+                                    cmExecutionStatus& status);
 
 #endif
diff --git a/Source/cmAddCompileOptionsCommand.cxx b/Source/cmAddCompileOptionsCommand.cxx
index 412fb38..8ccb512 100644
--- a/Source/cmAddCompileOptionsCommand.cxx
+++ b/Source/cmAddCompileOptionsCommand.cxx
@@ -2,19 +2,15 @@
    file Copyright.txt or https://cmake.org/licensing for details.  */
 #include "cmAddCompileOptionsCommand.h"
 
+#include "cmExecutionStatus.h"
 #include "cmMakefile.h"
 
-class cmExecutionStatus;
-
-bool cmAddCompileOptionsCommand::InitialPass(
-  std::vector<std::string> const& args, cmExecutionStatus&)
+bool cmAddCompileOptionsCommand(std::vector<std::string> const& args,
+                                cmExecutionStatus& status)
 {
-  if (args.empty()) {
-    return true;
-  }
-
+  cmMakefile& mf = status.GetMakefile();
   for (std::string const& i : args) {
-    this->Makefile->AddCompileOption(i);
+    mf.AddCompileOption(i);
   }
   return true;
 }
diff --git a/Source/cmAddCompileOptionsCommand.h b/Source/cmAddCompileOptionsCommand.h
index b34b7fc..b172412 100644
--- a/Source/cmAddCompileOptionsCommand.h
+++ b/Source/cmAddCompileOptionsCommand.h
@@ -8,29 +8,9 @@
 #include <string>
 #include <vector>
 
-#include "cm_memory.hxx"
-
-#include "cmCommand.h"
-
 class cmExecutionStatus;
 
-class cmAddCompileOptionsCommand : public cmCommand
-{
-public:
-  /**
-   * This is a virtual constructor for the command.
-   */
-  std::unique_ptr<cmCommand> Clone() override
-  {
-    return cm::make_unique<cmAddCompileOptionsCommand>();
-  }
-
-  /**
-   * This is called when the command is first encountered in
-   * the CMakeLists.txt file.
-   */
-  bool InitialPass(std::vector<std::string> const& args,
-                   cmExecutionStatus& status) override;
-};
+bool cmAddCompileOptionsCommand(std::vector<std::string> const& args,
+                                cmExecutionStatus& status);
 
 #endif
diff --git a/Source/cmAddCustomCommandCommand.cxx b/Source/cmAddCustomCommandCommand.cxx
index 6eb38bd..e502a64 100644
--- a/Source/cmAddCustomCommandCommand.cxx
+++ b/Source/cmAddCustomCommandCommand.cxx
@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@
 
 #include "cmCustomCommand.h"
 #include "cmCustomCommandLines.h"
+#include "cmExecutionStatus.h"
 #include "cmGlobalGenerator.h"
 #include "cmMakefile.h"
 #include "cmMessageType.h"
@@ -16,21 +17,22 @@
 #include "cmSystemTools.h"
 #include "cmTarget.h"
 
-class cmExecutionStatus;
+static bool cmAddCustomCommandCommandCheckOutputs(
+  const std::vector<std::string>& outputs, cmExecutionStatus& status);
 
-// cmAddCustomCommandCommand
-bool cmAddCustomCommandCommand::InitialPass(
-  std::vector<std::string> const& args, cmExecutionStatus&)
+bool cmAddCustomCommandCommand(std::vector<std::string> const& args,
+                               cmExecutionStatus& status)
 {
   /* Let's complain at the end of this function about the lack of a particular
      arg. For the moment, let's say that COMMAND, and either TARGET or SOURCE
      are required.
   */
   if (args.size() < 4) {
-    this->SetError("called with wrong number of arguments.");
+    status.SetError("called with wrong number of arguments.");
     return false;
   }
 
+  cmMakefile& mf = status.GetMakefile();
   std::string source, target, main_dependency, working, depfile, job_pool;
   std::string comment_buffer;
   const char* comment = nullptr;
@@ -167,9 +169,9 @@
         doing = doing_comment;
       } else if (copy == keyDEPFILE) {
         doing = doing_depfile;
-        if (this->Makefile->GetGlobalGenerator()->GetName() != "Ninja") {
-          this->SetError("Option DEPFILE not supported by " +
-                         this->Makefile->GetGlobalGenerator()->GetName());
+        if (mf.GetGlobalGenerator()->GetName() != "Ninja") {
+          status.SetError("Option DEPFILE not supported by " +
+                          mf.GetGlobalGenerator()->GetName());
           return false;
         }
       } else if (copy == keyJOB_POOL) {
@@ -192,7 +194,7 @@
             // and later references "${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/out.txt".
             // This is fairly obscure so we can wait for someone to
             // complain.
-            filename = this->Makefile->GetCurrentBinaryDirectory();
+            filename = mf.GetCurrentBinaryDirectory();
             filename += "/";
           }
           filename += copy;
@@ -269,7 +271,7 @@
           comment = comment_buffer.c_str();
           break;
         default:
-          this->SetError("Wrong syntax. Unknown type of argument.");
+          status.SetError("Wrong syntax. Unknown type of argument.");
           return false;
       }
     }
@@ -284,31 +286,31 @@
   // At this point we could complain about the lack of arguments.  For
   // the moment, let's say that COMMAND, TARGET are always required.
   if (output.empty() && target.empty()) {
-    this->SetError("Wrong syntax. A TARGET or OUTPUT must be specified.");
+    status.SetError("Wrong syntax. A TARGET or OUTPUT must be specified.");
     return false;
   }
 
   if (source.empty() && !target.empty() && !output.empty()) {
-    this->SetError(
+    status.SetError(
       "Wrong syntax. A TARGET and OUTPUT can not both be specified.");
     return false;
   }
   if (append && output.empty()) {
-    this->SetError("given APPEND option with no OUTPUT.");
+    status.SetError("given APPEND option with no OUTPUT.");
     return false;
   }
 
   // Make sure the output names and locations are safe.
-  if (!this->CheckOutputs(output) || !this->CheckOutputs(outputs) ||
-      !this->CheckOutputs(byproducts)) {
+  if (!cmAddCustomCommandCommandCheckOutputs(output, status) ||
+      !cmAddCustomCommandCommandCheckOutputs(outputs, status) ||
+      !cmAddCustomCommandCommandCheckOutputs(byproducts, status)) {
     return false;
   }
 
   // Check for an append request.
   if (append) {
     // Lookup an existing command.
-    if (cmSourceFile* sf =
-          this->Makefile->GetSourceFileWithOutput(output[0])) {
+    if (cmSourceFile* sf = mf.GetSourceFileWithOutput(output[0])) {
       if (cmCustomCommand* cc = sf->GetCustomCommand()) {
         cc->AppendCommands(commandLines);
         cc->AppendDepends(depends);
@@ -321,12 +323,12 @@
     std::ostringstream e;
     e << "given APPEND option with output\n\"" << output[0]
       << "\"\nwhich is not already a custom command output.";
-    this->SetError(e.str());
+    status.SetError(e.str());
     return false;
   }
 
   if (uses_terminal && !job_pool.empty()) {
-    this->SetError("JOB_POOL is shadowed by USES_TERMINAL.");
+    status.SetError("JOB_POOL is shadowed by USES_TERMINAL.");
     return false;
   }
 
@@ -335,22 +337,21 @@
   if (source.empty() && output.empty()) {
     // Source is empty, use the target.
     std::vector<std::string> no_depends;
-    this->Makefile->AddCustomCommandToTarget(
-      target, byproducts, no_depends, commandLines, cctype, comment,
-      working.c_str(), escapeOldStyle, uses_terminal, depfile, job_pool,
-      command_expand_lists);
+    mf.AddCustomCommandToTarget(target, byproducts, no_depends, commandLines,
+                                cctype, comment, working.c_str(),
+                                escapeOldStyle, uses_terminal, depfile,
+                                job_pool, command_expand_lists);
   } else if (target.empty()) {
     // Target is empty, use the output.
-    this->Makefile->AddCustomCommandToOutput(
-      output, byproducts, depends, main_dependency, commandLines, comment,
-      working.c_str(), false, escapeOldStyle, uses_terminal,
-      command_expand_lists, depfile, job_pool);
+    mf.AddCustomCommandToOutput(output, byproducts, depends, main_dependency,
+                                commandLines, comment, working.c_str(), false,
+                                escapeOldStyle, uses_terminal,
+                                command_expand_lists, depfile, job_pool);
 
     // Add implicit dependency scanning requests if any were given.
     if (!implicit_depends.empty()) {
       bool okay = false;
-      if (cmSourceFile* sf =
-            this->Makefile->GetSourceFileWithOutput(output[0])) {
+      if (cmSourceFile* sf = mf.GetSourceFileWithOutput(output[0])) {
         if (cmCustomCommand* cc = sf->GetCustomCommand()) {
           okay = true;
           cc->SetImplicitDepends(implicit_depends);
@@ -360,21 +361,21 @@
         std::ostringstream e;
         e << "could not locate source file with a custom command producing \""
           << output[0] << "\" even though this command tried to create it!";
-        this->SetError(e.str());
+        status.SetError(e.str());
         return false;
       }
     }
   } else if (!byproducts.empty()) {
-    this->SetError("BYPRODUCTS may not be specified with SOURCE signatures");
+    status.SetError("BYPRODUCTS may not be specified with SOURCE signatures");
     return false;
   } else if (uses_terminal) {
-    this->SetError("USES_TERMINAL may not be used with SOURCE signatures");
+    status.SetError("USES_TERMINAL may not be used with SOURCE signatures");
     return false;
   } else {
     bool issueMessage = true;
     std::ostringstream e;
     MessageType messageType = MessageType::AUTHOR_WARNING;
-    switch (this->Makefile->GetPolicyStatus(cmPolicies::CMP0050)) {
+    switch (mf.GetPolicyStatus(cmPolicies::CMP0050)) {
       case cmPolicies::WARN:
         e << cmPolicies::GetPolicyWarning(cmPolicies::CMP0050) << "\n";
         break;
@@ -391,30 +392,31 @@
     if (issueMessage) {
       e << "The SOURCE signatures of add_custom_command are no longer "
            "supported.";
-      this->Makefile->IssueMessage(messageType, e.str());
+      mf.IssueMessage(messageType, e.str());
       if (messageType == MessageType::FATAL_ERROR) {
         return false;
       }
     }
 
     // Use the old-style mode for backward compatibility.
-    this->Makefile->AddCustomCommandOldStyle(target, outputs, depends, source,
-                                             commandLines, comment);
+    mf.AddCustomCommandOldStyle(target, outputs, depends, source, commandLines,
+                                comment);
   }
 
   return true;
 }
 
-bool cmAddCustomCommandCommand::CheckOutputs(
-  const std::vector<std::string>& outputs)
+bool cmAddCustomCommandCommandCheckOutputs(
+  const std::vector<std::string>& outputs, cmExecutionStatus& status)
 {
+  cmMakefile& mf = status.GetMakefile();
   for (std::string const& o : outputs) {
     // Make sure the file will not be generated into the source
     // directory during an out of source build.
-    if (!this->Makefile->CanIWriteThisFile(o)) {
+    if (!mf.CanIWriteThisFile(o)) {
       std::string e = "attempted to have a file \"" + o +
         "\" in a source directory as an output of custom command.";
-      this->SetError(e);
+      status.SetError(e);
       cmSystemTools::SetFatalErrorOccured();
       return false;
     }
@@ -425,7 +427,7 @@
       std::ostringstream msg;
       msg << "called with OUTPUT containing a \"" << o[pos]
           << "\".  This character is not allowed.";
-      this->SetError(msg.str());
+      status.SetError(msg.str());
       return false;
     }
   }
diff --git a/Source/cmAddCustomCommandCommand.h b/Source/cmAddCustomCommandCommand.h
index 931aeab..4f8c58f 100644
--- a/Source/cmAddCustomCommandCommand.h
+++ b/Source/cmAddCustomCommandCommand.h
@@ -8,38 +8,9 @@
 #include <string>
 #include <vector>
 
-#include "cm_memory.hxx"
-
-#include "cmCommand.h"
-
 class cmExecutionStatus;
 
-/** \class cmAddCustomCommandCommand
- * \brief cmAddCustomCommandCommand defines a new command (rule) that can
- *  be executed within the build process
- *
- */
-
-class cmAddCustomCommandCommand : public cmCommand
-{
-public:
-  /**
-   * This is a virtual constructor for the command.
-   */
-  std::unique_ptr<cmCommand> Clone() override
-  {
-    return cm::make_unique<cmAddCustomCommandCommand>();
-  }
-
-  /**
-   * This is called when the command is first encountered in
-   * the CMakeLists.txt file.
-   */
-  bool InitialPass(std::vector<std::string> const& args,
-                   cmExecutionStatus& status) override;
-
-protected:
-  bool CheckOutputs(const std::vector<std::string>& outputs);
-};
+bool cmAddCustomCommandCommand(std::vector<std::string> const& args,
+                               cmExecutionStatus& status);
 
 #endif
diff --git a/Source/cmAddCustomTargetCommand.cxx b/Source/cmAddCustomTargetCommand.cxx
index 0ecd5f5..f812ab5 100644
--- a/Source/cmAddCustomTargetCommand.cxx
+++ b/Source/cmAddCustomTargetCommand.cxx
@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@
 #include <utility>
 
 #include "cmCustomCommandLines.h"
+#include "cmExecutionStatus.h"
 #include "cmGeneratorExpression.h"
 #include "cmGlobalGenerator.h"
 #include "cmMakefile.h"
@@ -14,17 +15,15 @@
 #include "cmSystemTools.h"
 #include "cmTarget.h"
 
-class cmExecutionStatus;
-
-// cmAddCustomTargetCommand
-bool cmAddCustomTargetCommand::InitialPass(
-  std::vector<std::string> const& args, cmExecutionStatus&)
+bool cmAddCustomTargetCommand(std::vector<std::string> const& args,
+                              cmExecutionStatus& status)
 {
   if (args.empty()) {
-    this->SetError("called with incorrect number of arguments");
+    status.SetError("called with incorrect number of arguments");
     return false;
   }
 
+  cmMakefile& mf = status.GetMakefile();
   std::string const& targetName = args[0];
 
   // Check the target name.
@@ -33,7 +32,7 @@
     e << "called with invalid target name \"" << targetName
       << "\".  Target names may not contain a slash.  "
       << "Use ADD_CUSTOM_COMMAND to generate files.";
-    this->SetError(e.str());
+    status.SetError(e.str());
     return false;
   }
 
@@ -122,7 +121,7 @@
         case doing_byproducts: {
           std::string filename;
           if (!cmSystemTools::FileIsFullPath(copy)) {
-            filename = this->Makefile->GetCurrentBinaryDirectory();
+            filename = mf.GetCurrentBinaryDirectory();
             filename += "/";
           }
           filename += copy;
@@ -145,7 +144,7 @@
           job_pool = copy;
           break;
         default:
-          this->SetError("Wrong syntax. Unknown type of argument.");
+          status.SetError("Wrong syntax. Unknown type of argument.");
           return false;
       }
     }
@@ -156,7 +155,7 @@
     std::ostringstream msg;
     msg << "called with target name containing a \"" << targetName[pos]
         << "\".  This character is not allowed.";
-    this->SetError(msg.str());
+    status.SetError(msg.str());
     return false;
   }
 
@@ -168,8 +167,7 @@
   if (nameOk) {
     nameOk = targetName.find(':') == std::string::npos;
   }
-  if (!nameOk &&
-      !this->Makefile->CheckCMP0037(targetName, cmStateEnums::UTILITY)) {
+  if (!nameOk && !mf.CheckCMP0037(targetName, cmStateEnums::UTILITY)) {
     return false;
   }
 
@@ -182,39 +180,37 @@
   // Enforce name uniqueness.
   {
     std::string msg;
-    if (!this->Makefile->EnforceUniqueName(targetName, msg, true)) {
-      this->SetError(msg);
+    if (!mf.EnforceUniqueName(targetName, msg, true)) {
+      status.SetError(msg);
       return false;
     }
   }
 
   if (commandLines.empty() && !byproducts.empty()) {
-    this->Makefile->IssueMessage(
-      MessageType::FATAL_ERROR,
-      "BYPRODUCTS may not be specified without any COMMAND");
+    mf.IssueMessage(MessageType::FATAL_ERROR,
+                    "BYPRODUCTS may not be specified without any COMMAND");
     return true;
   }
   if (commandLines.empty() && uses_terminal) {
-    this->Makefile->IssueMessage(
-      MessageType::FATAL_ERROR,
-      "USES_TERMINAL may not be specified without any COMMAND");
+    mf.IssueMessage(MessageType::FATAL_ERROR,
+                    "USES_TERMINAL may not be specified without any COMMAND");
     return true;
   }
   if (commandLines.empty() && command_expand_lists) {
-    this->Makefile->IssueMessage(
+    mf.IssueMessage(
       MessageType::FATAL_ERROR,
       "COMMAND_EXPAND_LISTS may not be specified without any COMMAND");
     return true;
   }
 
   if (uses_terminal && !job_pool.empty()) {
-    this->SetError("JOB_POOL is shadowed by USES_TERMINAL.");
+    status.SetError("JOB_POOL is shadowed by USES_TERMINAL.");
     return false;
   }
 
   // Add the utility target to the makefile.
   bool escapeOldStyle = !verbatim;
-  cmTarget* target = this->Makefile->AddUtilityCommand(
+  cmTarget* target = mf.AddUtilityCommand(
     targetName, cmMakefile::TargetOrigin::Project, excludeFromAll,
     working_directory.c_str(), byproducts, depends, commandLines,
     escapeOldStyle, comment, uses_terminal, command_expand_lists, job_pool);
diff --git a/Source/cmAddCustomTargetCommand.h b/Source/cmAddCustomTargetCommand.h
index db577bc..e23ef9f 100644
--- a/Source/cmAddCustomTargetCommand.h
+++ b/Source/cmAddCustomTargetCommand.h
@@ -8,36 +8,9 @@
 #include <string>
 #include <vector>
 
-#include "cm_memory.hxx"
-
-#include "cmCommand.h"
-
 class cmExecutionStatus;
 
-/** \class cmAddCustomTargetCommand
- * \brief Command that adds a target to the build system.
- *
- * cmAddCustomTargetCommand adds an extra target to the build system.
- * This is useful when you would like to add special
- * targets like "install,", "clean," and so on.
- */
-class cmAddCustomTargetCommand : public cmCommand
-{
-public:
-  /**
-   * This is a virtual constructor for the command.
-   */
-  std::unique_ptr<cmCommand> Clone() override
-  {
-    return cm::make_unique<cmAddCustomTargetCommand>();
-  }
-
-  /**
-   * This is called when the command is first encountered in
-   * the CMakeLists.txt file.
-   */
-  bool InitialPass(std::vector<std::string> const& args,
-                   cmExecutionStatus& status) override;
-};
+bool cmAddCustomTargetCommand(std::vector<std::string> const& args,
+                              cmExecutionStatus& status);
 
 #endif
diff --git a/Source/cmAddDefinitionsCommand.cxx b/Source/cmAddDefinitionsCommand.cxx
index 62e57a3..0b10aee 100644
--- a/Source/cmAddDefinitionsCommand.cxx
+++ b/Source/cmAddDefinitionsCommand.cxx
@@ -2,21 +2,15 @@
    file Copyright.txt or https://cmake.org/licensing for details.  */
 #include "cmAddDefinitionsCommand.h"
 
+#include "cmExecutionStatus.h"
 #include "cmMakefile.h"
 
-class cmExecutionStatus;
-
-// cmAddDefinitionsCommand
-bool cmAddDefinitionsCommand::InitialPass(std::vector<std::string> const& args,
-                                          cmExecutionStatus&)
+bool cmAddDefinitionsCommand(std::vector<std::string> const& args,
+                             cmExecutionStatus& status)
 {
-  // it is OK to have no arguments
-  if (args.empty()) {
-    return true;
-  }
-
+  cmMakefile& mf = status.GetMakefile();
   for (std::string const& i : args) {
-    this->Makefile->AddDefineFlag(i);
+    mf.AddDefineFlag(i);
   }
   return true;
 }
diff --git a/Source/cmAddDefinitionsCommand.h b/Source/cmAddDefinitionsCommand.h
index 0e32c83..a67f095 100644
--- a/Source/cmAddDefinitionsCommand.h
+++ b/Source/cmAddDefinitionsCommand.h
@@ -8,35 +8,9 @@
 #include <string>
 #include <vector>
 
-#include "cm_memory.hxx"
-
-#include "cmCommand.h"
-
 class cmExecutionStatus;
 
-/** \class cmAddDefinitionsCommand
- * \brief Specify a list of compiler defines
- *
- * cmAddDefinitionsCommand specifies a list of compiler defines. These defines
- * will be added to the compile command.
- */
-class cmAddDefinitionsCommand : public cmCommand
-{
-public:
-  /**
-   * This is a virtual constructor for the command.
-   */
-  std::unique_ptr<cmCommand> Clone() override
-  {
-    return cm::make_unique<cmAddDefinitionsCommand>();
-  }
-
-  /**
-   * This is called when the command is first encountered in
-   * the CMakeLists.txt file.
-   */
-  bool InitialPass(std::vector<std::string> const& args,
-                   cmExecutionStatus& status) override;
-};
+bool cmAddDefinitionsCommand(std::vector<std::string> const& args,
+                             cmExecutionStatus& status);
 
 #endif
diff --git a/Source/cmAddDependenciesCommand.cxx b/Source/cmAddDependenciesCommand.cxx
index 4956a47..0ddbda8 100644
--- a/Source/cmAddDependenciesCommand.cxx
+++ b/Source/cmAddDependenciesCommand.cxx
@@ -4,34 +4,33 @@
 
 #include <sstream>
 
+#include "cmExecutionStatus.h"
 #include "cmMakefile.h"
 #include "cmMessageType.h"
 #include "cmRange.h"
 #include "cmTarget.h"
 
-class cmExecutionStatus;
-
-// cmDependenciesCommand
-bool cmAddDependenciesCommand::InitialPass(
-  std::vector<std::string> const& args, cmExecutionStatus&)
+bool cmAddDependenciesCommand(std::vector<std::string> const& args,
+                              cmExecutionStatus& status)
 {
   if (args.size() < 2) {
-    this->SetError("called with incorrect number of arguments");
+    status.SetError("called with incorrect number of arguments");
     return false;
   }
 
+  cmMakefile& mf = status.GetMakefile();
   std::string const& target_name = args[0];
-  if (this->Makefile->IsAlias(target_name)) {
+  if (mf.IsAlias(target_name)) {
     std::ostringstream e;
     e << "Cannot add target-level dependencies to alias target \""
       << target_name << "\".\n";
-    this->Makefile->IssueMessage(MessageType::FATAL_ERROR, e.str());
+    mf.IssueMessage(MessageType::FATAL_ERROR, e.str());
   }
-  if (cmTarget* target = this->Makefile->FindTargetToUse(target_name)) {
+  if (cmTarget* target = mf.FindTargetToUse(target_name)) {
 
     // skip over target_name
     for (std::string const& arg : cmMakeRange(args).advance(1)) {
-      target->AddUtility(arg, this->Makefile);
+      target->AddUtility(arg, &mf);
     }
   } else {
     std::ostringstream e;
@@ -41,7 +40,7 @@
       << "by the add_executable, add_library, or add_custom_target commands.  "
       << "If you want to add file-level dependencies see the DEPENDS option "
       << "of the add_custom_target and add_custom_command commands.";
-    this->Makefile->IssueMessage(MessageType::FATAL_ERROR, e.str());
+    mf.IssueMessage(MessageType::FATAL_ERROR, e.str());
   }
 
   return true;
diff --git a/Source/cmAddDependenciesCommand.h b/Source/cmAddDependenciesCommand.h
index ce912d3..0c60e3a 100644
--- a/Source/cmAddDependenciesCommand.h
+++ b/Source/cmAddDependenciesCommand.h
@@ -8,34 +8,9 @@
 #include <string>
 #include <vector>
 
-#include "cm_memory.hxx"
-
-#include "cmCommand.h"
-
 class cmExecutionStatus;
 
-/** \class cmAddDependenciesCommand
- * \brief Add a dependency to a target
- *
- * cmAddDependenciesCommand adds a dependency to a target
- */
-class cmAddDependenciesCommand : public cmCommand
-{
-public:
-  /**
-   * This is a virtual constructor for the command.
-   */
-  std::unique_ptr<cmCommand> Clone() override
-  {
-    return cm::make_unique<cmAddDependenciesCommand>();
-  }
-
-  /**
-   * This is called when the command is first encountered in
-   * the CMakeLists.txt file.
-   */
-  bool InitialPass(std::vector<std::string> const& args,
-                   cmExecutionStatus& status) override;
-};
+bool cmAddDependenciesCommand(std::vector<std::string> const& args,
+                              cmExecutionStatus& status);
 
 #endif
diff --git a/Source/cmAddExecutableCommand.cxx b/Source/cmAddExecutableCommand.cxx
index 5685fdf..59d6be3 100644
--- a/Source/cmAddExecutableCommand.cxx
+++ b/Source/cmAddExecutableCommand.cxx
@@ -4,22 +4,22 @@
 
 #include <sstream>
 
+#include "cmExecutionStatus.h"
 #include "cmGeneratorExpression.h"
 #include "cmGlobalGenerator.h"
 #include "cmMakefile.h"
 #include "cmStateTypes.h"
 #include "cmTarget.h"
 
-class cmExecutionStatus;
-
-// cmExecutableCommand
-bool cmAddExecutableCommand::InitialPass(std::vector<std::string> const& args,
-                                         cmExecutionStatus&)
+bool cmAddExecutableCommand(std::vector<std::string> const& args,
+                            cmExecutionStatus& status)
 {
   if (args.empty()) {
-    this->SetError("called with incorrect number of arguments");
+    status.SetError("called with incorrect number of arguments");
     return false;
   }
+
+  cmMakefile& mf = status.GetMakefile();
   std::vector<std::string>::const_iterator s = args.begin();
 
   std::string const& exename = *s;
@@ -61,59 +61,58 @@
   if (nameOk && !importTarget && !isAlias) {
     nameOk = exename.find(':') == std::string::npos;
   }
-  if (!nameOk &&
-      !this->Makefile->CheckCMP0037(exename, cmStateEnums::EXECUTABLE)) {
+  if (!nameOk && !mf.CheckCMP0037(exename, cmStateEnums::EXECUTABLE)) {
     return false;
   }
 
   // Special modifiers are not allowed with IMPORTED signature.
   if (importTarget && (use_win32 || use_macbundle || excludeFromAll)) {
     if (use_win32) {
-      this->SetError("may not be given WIN32 for an IMPORTED target.");
+      status.SetError("may not be given WIN32 for an IMPORTED target.");
     } else if (use_macbundle) {
-      this->SetError("may not be given MACOSX_BUNDLE for an IMPORTED target.");
+      status.SetError(
+        "may not be given MACOSX_BUNDLE for an IMPORTED target.");
     } else // if(excludeFromAll)
     {
-      this->SetError(
+      status.SetError(
         "may not be given EXCLUDE_FROM_ALL for an IMPORTED target.");
     }
     return false;
   }
   if (isAlias) {
     if (!cmGeneratorExpression::IsValidTargetName(exename)) {
-      this->SetError("Invalid name for ALIAS: " + exename);
+      status.SetError("Invalid name for ALIAS: " + exename);
       return false;
     }
     if (excludeFromAll) {
-      this->SetError("EXCLUDE_FROM_ALL with ALIAS makes no sense.");
+      status.SetError("EXCLUDE_FROM_ALL with ALIAS makes no sense.");
       return false;
     }
     if (importTarget || importGlobal) {
-      this->SetError("IMPORTED with ALIAS is not allowed.");
+      status.SetError("IMPORTED with ALIAS is not allowed.");
       return false;
     }
     if (args.size() != 3) {
       std::ostringstream e;
       e << "ALIAS requires exactly one target argument.";
-      this->SetError(e.str());
+      status.SetError(e.str());
       return false;
     }
 
     std::string const& aliasedName = *s;
-    if (this->Makefile->IsAlias(aliasedName)) {
+    if (mf.IsAlias(aliasedName)) {
       std::ostringstream e;
       e << "cannot create ALIAS target \"" << exename << "\" because target \""
         << aliasedName << "\" is itself an ALIAS.";
-      this->SetError(e.str());
+      status.SetError(e.str());
       return false;
     }
-    cmTarget* aliasedTarget =
-      this->Makefile->FindTargetToUse(aliasedName, true);
+    cmTarget* aliasedTarget = mf.FindTargetToUse(aliasedName, true);
     if (!aliasedTarget) {
       std::ostringstream e;
       e << "cannot create ALIAS target \"" << exename << "\" because target \""
         << aliasedName << "\" does not already exist.";
-      this->SetError(e.str());
+      status.SetError(e.str());
       return false;
     }
     cmStateEnums::TargetType type = aliasedTarget->GetType();
@@ -121,7 +120,7 @@
       std::ostringstream e;
       e << "cannot create ALIAS target \"" << exename << "\" because target \""
         << aliasedName << "\" is not an executable.";
-      this->SetError(e.str());
+      status.SetError(e.str());
       return false;
     }
     if (aliasedTarget->IsImported() &&
@@ -129,42 +128,40 @@
       std::ostringstream e;
       e << "cannot create ALIAS target \"" << exename << "\" because target \""
         << aliasedName << "\" is imported but not globally visible.";
-      this->SetError(e.str());
+      status.SetError(e.str());
       return false;
     }
-    this->Makefile->AddAlias(exename, aliasedName);
+    mf.AddAlias(exename, aliasedName);
     return true;
   }
 
   // Handle imported target creation.
   if (importTarget) {
     // Make sure the target does not already exist.
-    if (this->Makefile->FindTargetToUse(exename)) {
+    if (mf.FindTargetToUse(exename)) {
       std::ostringstream e;
       e << "cannot create imported target \"" << exename
         << "\" because another target with the same name already exists.";
-      this->SetError(e.str());
+      status.SetError(e.str());
       return false;
     }
 
     // Create the imported target.
-    this->Makefile->AddImportedTarget(exename, cmStateEnums::EXECUTABLE,
-                                      importGlobal);
+    mf.AddImportedTarget(exename, cmStateEnums::EXECUTABLE, importGlobal);
     return true;
   }
 
   // Enforce name uniqueness.
   {
     std::string msg;
-    if (!this->Makefile->EnforceUniqueName(exename, msg)) {
-      this->SetError(msg);
+    if (!mf.EnforceUniqueName(exename, msg)) {
+      status.SetError(msg);
       return false;
     }
   }
 
   std::vector<std::string> srclists(s, args.end());
-  cmTarget* tgt =
-    this->Makefile->AddExecutable(exename, srclists, excludeFromAll);
+  cmTarget* tgt = mf.AddExecutable(exename, srclists, excludeFromAll);
   if (use_win32) {
     tgt->SetProperty("WIN32_EXECUTABLE", "ON");
   }
diff --git a/Source/cmAddExecutableCommand.h b/Source/cmAddExecutableCommand.h
index ec57c3f..f7bc273 100644
--- a/Source/cmAddExecutableCommand.h
+++ b/Source/cmAddExecutableCommand.h
@@ -8,35 +8,9 @@
 #include <string>
 #include <vector>
 
-#include "cm_memory.hxx"
-
-#include "cmCommand.h"
-
 class cmExecutionStatus;
 
-/** \class cmExecutablesCommand
- * \brief Defines a list of executables to build.
- *
- * cmExecutablesCommand defines a list of executable (i.e., test)
- * programs to create.
- */
-class cmAddExecutableCommand : public cmCommand
-{
-public:
-  /**
-   * This is a virtual constructor for the command.
-   */
-  std::unique_ptr<cmCommand> Clone() override
-  {
-    return cm::make_unique<cmAddExecutableCommand>();
-  }
-
-  /**
-   * This is called when the command is first encountered in
-   * the CMakeLists.txt file.
-   */
-  bool InitialPass(std::vector<std::string> const& args,
-                   cmExecutionStatus& status) override;
-};
+bool cmAddExecutableCommand(std::vector<std::string> const& args,
+                            cmExecutionStatus& status);
 
 #endif
diff --git a/Source/cmAddLibraryCommand.cxx b/Source/cmAddLibraryCommand.cxx
index ad12e89..626b7c9 100644
--- a/Source/cmAddLibraryCommand.cxx
+++ b/Source/cmAddLibraryCommand.cxx
@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@
 #include <sstream>
 
 #include "cmAlgorithms.h"
+#include "cmExecutionStatus.h"
 #include "cmGeneratorExpression.h"
 #include "cmGlobalGenerator.h"
 #include "cmMakefile.h"
@@ -14,21 +15,19 @@
 #include "cmSystemTools.h"
 #include "cmTarget.h"
 
-class cmExecutionStatus;
-
-// cmLibraryCommand
-bool cmAddLibraryCommand::InitialPass(std::vector<std::string> const& args,
-                                      cmExecutionStatus&)
+bool cmAddLibraryCommand(std::vector<std::string> const& args,
+                         cmExecutionStatus& status)
 {
   if (args.empty()) {
-    this->SetError("called with incorrect number of arguments");
+    status.SetError("called with incorrect number of arguments");
     return false;
   }
+
+  cmMakefile& mf = status.GetMakefile();
   // Library type defaults to value of BUILD_SHARED_LIBS, if it exists,
   // otherwise it defaults to static library.
   cmStateEnums::TargetType type = cmStateEnums::SHARED_LIBRARY;
-  if (cmSystemTools::IsOff(
-        this->Makefile->GetDefinition("BUILD_SHARED_LIBS"))) {
+  if (cmSystemTools::IsOff(mf.GetDefinition("BUILD_SHARED_LIBS"))) {
     type = cmStateEnums::STATIC_LIBRARY;
   }
   bool excludeFromAll = false;
@@ -52,7 +51,7 @@
       if (type == cmStateEnums::INTERFACE_LIBRARY) {
         std::ostringstream e;
         e << "INTERFACE library specified with conflicting STATIC type.";
-        this->SetError(e.str());
+        status.SetError(e.str());
         return false;
       }
       ++s;
@@ -62,7 +61,7 @@
       if (type == cmStateEnums::INTERFACE_LIBRARY) {
         std::ostringstream e;
         e << "INTERFACE library specified with conflicting SHARED type.";
-        this->SetError(e.str());
+        status.SetError(e.str());
         return false;
       }
       ++s;
@@ -72,7 +71,7 @@
       if (type == cmStateEnums::INTERFACE_LIBRARY) {
         std::ostringstream e;
         e << "INTERFACE library specified with conflicting MODULE type.";
-        this->SetError(e.str());
+        status.SetError(e.str());
         return false;
       }
       ++s;
@@ -82,7 +81,7 @@
       if (type == cmStateEnums::INTERFACE_LIBRARY) {
         std::ostringstream e;
         e << "INTERFACE library specified with conflicting OBJECT type.";
-        this->SetError(e.str());
+        status.SetError(e.str());
         return false;
       }
       ++s;
@@ -92,7 +91,7 @@
       if (type == cmStateEnums::INTERFACE_LIBRARY) {
         std::ostringstream e;
         e << "INTERFACE library specified with conflicting UNKNOWN type.";
-        this->SetError(e.str());
+        status.SetError(e.str());
         return false;
       }
       ++s;
@@ -102,7 +101,7 @@
       if (type == cmStateEnums::INTERFACE_LIBRARY) {
         std::ostringstream e;
         e << "INTERFACE library specified with conflicting ALIAS type.";
-        this->SetError(e.str());
+        status.SetError(e.str());
         return false;
       }
       ++s;
@@ -111,19 +110,19 @@
       if (haveSpecifiedType) {
         std::ostringstream e;
         e << "INTERFACE library specified with conflicting/multiple types.";
-        this->SetError(e.str());
+        status.SetError(e.str());
         return false;
       }
       if (isAlias) {
         std::ostringstream e;
         e << "INTERFACE library specified with conflicting ALIAS type.";
-        this->SetError(e.str());
+        status.SetError(e.str());
         return false;
       }
       if (excludeFromAll) {
         std::ostringstream e;
         e << "INTERFACE library may not be used with EXCLUDE_FROM_ALL.";
-        this->SetError(e.str());
+        status.SetError(e.str());
         return false;
       }
       ++s;
@@ -133,7 +132,7 @@
       if (type == cmStateEnums::INTERFACE_LIBRARY) {
         std::ostringstream e;
         e << "INTERFACE library may not be used with EXCLUDE_FROM_ALL.";
-        this->SetError(e.str());
+        status.SetError(e.str());
         return false;
       }
       ++s;
@@ -147,7 +146,7 @@
     } else if (type == cmStateEnums::INTERFACE_LIBRARY && *s == "GLOBAL") {
       std::ostringstream e;
       e << "GLOBAL option may only be used with IMPORTED libraries.";
-      this->SetError(e.str());
+      status.SetError(e.str());
       return false;
     } else {
       break;
@@ -158,13 +157,13 @@
     if (s != args.end()) {
       std::ostringstream e;
       e << "INTERFACE library requires no source arguments.";
-      this->SetError(e.str());
+      status.SetError(e.str());
       return false;
     }
     if (importGlobal && !importTarget) {
       std::ostringstream e;
       e << "INTERFACE library specified as GLOBAL, but not as IMPORTED.";
-      this->SetError(e.str());
+      status.SetError(e.str());
       return false;
     }
   }
@@ -175,47 +174,46 @@
   if (nameOk && !importTarget && !isAlias) {
     nameOk = libName.find(':') == std::string::npos;
   }
-  if (!nameOk && !this->Makefile->CheckCMP0037(libName, type)) {
+  if (!nameOk && !mf.CheckCMP0037(libName, type)) {
     return false;
   }
 
   if (isAlias) {
     if (!cmGeneratorExpression::IsValidTargetName(libName)) {
-      this->SetError("Invalid name for ALIAS: " + libName);
+      status.SetError("Invalid name for ALIAS: " + libName);
       return false;
     }
     if (excludeFromAll) {
-      this->SetError("EXCLUDE_FROM_ALL with ALIAS makes no sense.");
+      status.SetError("EXCLUDE_FROM_ALL with ALIAS makes no sense.");
       return false;
     }
     if (importTarget || importGlobal) {
-      this->SetError("IMPORTED with ALIAS is not allowed.");
+      status.SetError("IMPORTED with ALIAS is not allowed.");
       return false;
     }
     if (args.size() != 3) {
       std::ostringstream e;
       e << "ALIAS requires exactly one target argument.";
-      this->SetError(e.str());
+      status.SetError(e.str());
       return false;
     }
 
     std::string const& aliasedName = *s;
-    if (this->Makefile->IsAlias(aliasedName)) {
+    if (mf.IsAlias(aliasedName)) {
       std::ostringstream e;
       e << "cannot create ALIAS target \"" << libName << "\" because target \""
         << aliasedName << "\" is itself an ALIAS.";
-      this->SetError(e.str());
+      status.SetError(e.str());
       return false;
     }
-    cmTarget* aliasedTarget =
-      this->Makefile->FindTargetToUse(aliasedName, true);
+    cmTarget* aliasedTarget = mf.FindTargetToUse(aliasedName, true);
     if (!aliasedTarget) {
       std::ostringstream e;
       e << "cannot create ALIAS target \"" << libName << "\" because target \""
         << aliasedName
         << "\" does not already "
            "exist.";
-      this->SetError(e.str());
+      status.SetError(e.str());
       return false;
     }
     cmStateEnums::TargetType aliasedType = aliasedTarget->GetType();
@@ -229,7 +227,7 @@
       std::ostringstream e;
       e << "cannot create ALIAS target \"" << libName << "\" because target \""
         << aliasedName << "\" is not a library.";
-      this->SetError(e.str());
+      status.SetError(e.str());
       return false;
     }
     if (aliasedTarget->IsImported() &&
@@ -237,15 +235,15 @@
       std::ostringstream e;
       e << "cannot create ALIAS target \"" << libName << "\" because target \""
         << aliasedName << "\" is imported but not globally visible.";
-      this->SetError(e.str());
+      status.SetError(e.str());
       return false;
     }
-    this->Makefile->AddAlias(libName, aliasedName);
+    mf.AddAlias(libName, aliasedName);
     return true;
   }
 
   if (importTarget && excludeFromAll) {
-    this->SetError("excludeFromAll with IMPORTED target makes no sense.");
+    status.SetError("excludeFromAll with IMPORTED target makes no sense.");
     return false;
   }
 
@@ -255,14 +253,13 @@
     yet its linker language. */
   if ((type == cmStateEnums::SHARED_LIBRARY ||
        type == cmStateEnums::MODULE_LIBRARY) &&
-      !this->Makefile->GetState()->GetGlobalPropertyAsBool(
-        "TARGET_SUPPORTS_SHARED_LIBS")) {
+      !mf.GetState()->GetGlobalPropertyAsBool("TARGET_SUPPORTS_SHARED_LIBS")) {
     std::ostringstream w;
     w << "ADD_LIBRARY called with "
       << (type == cmStateEnums::SHARED_LIBRARY ? "SHARED" : "MODULE")
       << " option but the target platform does not support dynamic linking. "
          "Building a STATIC library instead. This may lead to problems.";
-    this->Makefile->IssueMessage(MessageType::AUTHOR_WARNING, w.str());
+    mf.IssueMessage(MessageType::AUTHOR_WARNING, w.str());
     type = cmStateEnums::STATIC_LIBRARY;
   }
 
@@ -270,14 +267,13 @@
   if (importTarget) {
     // The IMPORTED signature requires a type to be specified explicitly.
     if (!haveSpecifiedType) {
-      this->SetError("called with IMPORTED argument but no library type.");
+      status.SetError("called with IMPORTED argument but no library type.");
       return false;
     }
     if (type == cmStateEnums::OBJECT_LIBRARY) {
       std::string reason;
-      if (!this->Makefile->GetGlobalGenerator()->HasKnownObjectFileLocation(
-            &reason)) {
-        this->Makefile->IssueMessage(
+      if (!mf.GetGlobalGenerator()->HasKnownObjectFileLocation(&reason)) {
+        mf.IssueMessage(
           MessageType::FATAL_ERROR,
           "The OBJECT library type may not be used for IMPORTED libraries" +
             reason + ".");
@@ -288,28 +284,28 @@
       if (!cmGeneratorExpression::IsValidTargetName(libName)) {
         std::ostringstream e;
         e << "Invalid name for IMPORTED INTERFACE library target: " << libName;
-        this->SetError(e.str());
+        status.SetError(e.str());
         return false;
       }
     }
 
     // Make sure the target does not already exist.
-    if (this->Makefile->FindTargetToUse(libName)) {
+    if (mf.FindTargetToUse(libName)) {
       std::ostringstream e;
       e << "cannot create imported target \"" << libName
         << "\" because another target with the same name already exists.";
-      this->SetError(e.str());
+      status.SetError(e.str());
       return false;
     }
 
     // Create the imported target.
-    this->Makefile->AddImportedTarget(libName, type, importGlobal);
+    mf.AddImportedTarget(libName, type, importGlobal);
     return true;
   }
 
   // A non-imported target may not have UNKNOWN type.
   if (type == cmStateEnums::UNKNOWN_LIBRARY) {
-    this->Makefile->IssueMessage(
+    mf.IssueMessage(
       MessageType::FATAL_ERROR,
       "The UNKNOWN library type may be used only for IMPORTED libraries.");
     return true;
@@ -318,8 +314,8 @@
   // Enforce name uniqueness.
   {
     std::string msg;
-    if (!this->Makefile->EnforceUniqueName(libName, msg)) {
-      this->SetError(msg);
+    if (!mf.EnforceUniqueName(libName, msg)) {
+      status.SetError(msg);
       return false;
     }
   }
@@ -331,17 +327,17 @@
         libName.find("::") != std::string::npos) {
       std::ostringstream e;
       e << "Invalid name for INTERFACE library target: " << libName;
-      this->SetError(e.str());
+      status.SetError(e.str());
       return false;
     }
 
-    this->Makefile->AddLibrary(libName, type, srclists, excludeFromAll);
+    mf.AddLibrary(libName, type, srclists, excludeFromAll);
     return true;
   }
 
   cmAppend(srclists, s, args.end());
 
-  this->Makefile->AddLibrary(libName, type, srclists, excludeFromAll);
+  mf.AddLibrary(libName, type, srclists, excludeFromAll);
 
   return true;
 }
diff --git a/Source/cmAddLibraryCommand.h b/Source/cmAddLibraryCommand.h
index 56dab41..609449c 100644
--- a/Source/cmAddLibraryCommand.h
+++ b/Source/cmAddLibraryCommand.h
@@ -8,35 +8,9 @@
 #include <string>
 #include <vector>
 
-#include "cm_memory.hxx"
-
-#include "cmCommand.h"
-
 class cmExecutionStatus;
 
-/** \class cmLibrarysCommand
- * \brief Defines a list of executables to build.
- *
- * cmLibrarysCommand defines a list of executable (i.e., test)
- * programs to create.
- */
-class cmAddLibraryCommand : public cmCommand
-{
-public:
-  /**
-   * This is a virtual constructor for the command.
-   */
-  std::unique_ptr<cmCommand> Clone() override
-  {
-    return cm::make_unique<cmAddLibraryCommand>();
-  }
-
-  /**
-   * This is called when the command is first encountered in
-   * the CMakeLists.txt file.
-   */
-  bool InitialPass(std::vector<std::string> const& args,
-                   cmExecutionStatus& status) override;
-};
+bool cmAddLibraryCommand(std::vector<std::string> const& args,
+                         cmExecutionStatus& status);
 
 #endif
diff --git a/Source/cmAddLinkOptionsCommand.cxx b/Source/cmAddLinkOptionsCommand.cxx
index 10ebd12..7ed31bd 100644
--- a/Source/cmAddLinkOptionsCommand.cxx
+++ b/Source/cmAddLinkOptionsCommand.cxx
@@ -2,19 +2,15 @@
    file Copyright.txt or https://cmake.org/licensing for details.  */
 #include "cmAddLinkOptionsCommand.h"
 
+#include "cmExecutionStatus.h"
 #include "cmMakefile.h"
 
-class cmExecutionStatus;
-
-bool cmAddLinkOptionsCommand::InitialPass(std::vector<std::string> const& args,
-                                          cmExecutionStatus&)
+bool cmAddLinkOptionsCommand(std::vector<std::string> const& args,
+                             cmExecutionStatus& status)
 {
-  if (args.empty()) {
-    return true;
-  }
-
+  cmMakefile& mf = status.GetMakefile();
   for (std::string const& i : args) {
-    this->Makefile->AddLinkOption(i);
+    mf.AddLinkOption(i);
   }
   return true;
 }
diff --git a/Source/cmAddLinkOptionsCommand.h b/Source/cmAddLinkOptionsCommand.h
index 8e46be6..466fc32 100644
--- a/Source/cmAddLinkOptionsCommand.h
+++ b/Source/cmAddLinkOptionsCommand.h
@@ -8,29 +8,9 @@
 #include <string>
 #include <vector>
 
-#include "cm_memory.hxx"
-
-#include "cmCommand.h"
-
 class cmExecutionStatus;
 
-class cmAddLinkOptionsCommand : public cmCommand
-{
-public:
-  /**
-   * This is a virtual constructor for the command.
-   */
-  std::unique_ptr<cmCommand> Clone() override
-  {
-    return cm::make_unique<cmAddLinkOptionsCommand>();
-  }
-
-  /**
-   * This is called when the command is first encountered in
-   * the CMakeLists.txt file.
-   */
-  bool InitialPass(std::vector<std::string> const& args,
-                   cmExecutionStatus& status) override;
-};
+bool cmAddLinkOptionsCommand(std::vector<std::string> const& args,
+                             cmExecutionStatus& status);
 
 #endif
diff --git a/Source/cmAddSubDirectoryCommand.cxx b/Source/cmAddSubDirectoryCommand.cxx
index 7947188..50c682f 100644
--- a/Source/cmAddSubDirectoryCommand.cxx
+++ b/Source/cmAddSubDirectoryCommand.cxx
@@ -5,21 +5,20 @@
 #include <sstream>
 #include <string.h>
 
+#include "cmExecutionStatus.h"
 #include "cmMakefile.h"
 #include "cmRange.h"
 #include "cmSystemTools.h"
 
-class cmExecutionStatus;
-
-// cmAddSubDirectoryCommand
-bool cmAddSubDirectoryCommand::InitialPass(
-  std::vector<std::string> const& args, cmExecutionStatus&)
+bool cmAddSubDirectoryCommand(std::vector<std::string> const& args,
+                              cmExecutionStatus& status)
 {
   if (args.empty()) {
-    this->SetError("called with incorrect number of arguments");
+    status.SetError("called with incorrect number of arguments");
     return false;
   }
 
+  cmMakefile& mf = status.GetMakefile();
   // store the binpath
   std::string const& srcArg = args.front();
   std::string binArg;
@@ -35,7 +34,7 @@
     if (binArg.empty()) {
       binArg = arg;
     } else {
-      this->SetError("called with incorrect number of arguments");
+      status.SetError("called with incorrect number of arguments");
       return false;
     }
   }
@@ -46,7 +45,7 @@
   if (cmSystemTools::FileIsFullPath(srcArg)) {
     srcPath = srcArg;
   } else {
-    srcPath = this->Makefile->GetCurrentSourceDirectory();
+    srcPath = mf.GetCurrentSourceDirectory();
     srcPath += "/";
     srcPath += srcArg;
   }
@@ -54,7 +53,7 @@
     std::string error = "given source \"";
     error += srcArg;
     error += "\" which is not an existing directory.";
-    this->SetError(error);
+    status.SetError(error);
     return false;
   }
   srcPath = cmSystemTools::CollapseFullPath(srcPath);
@@ -65,22 +64,22 @@
     // No binary directory was specified.  If the source directory is
     // not a subdirectory of the current directory then it is an
     // error.
-    if (!cmSystemTools::IsSubDirectory(
-          srcPath, this->Makefile->GetCurrentSourceDirectory())) {
+    if (!cmSystemTools::IsSubDirectory(srcPath,
+                                       mf.GetCurrentSourceDirectory())) {
       std::ostringstream e;
       e << "not given a binary directory but the given source directory "
         << "\"" << srcPath << "\" is not a subdirectory of \""
-        << this->Makefile->GetCurrentSourceDirectory() << "\".  "
+        << mf.GetCurrentSourceDirectory() << "\".  "
         << "When specifying an out-of-tree source a binary directory "
         << "must be explicitly specified.";
-      this->SetError(e.str());
+      status.SetError(e.str());
       return false;
     }
 
     // Remove the CurrentDirectory from the srcPath and replace it
     // with the CurrentOutputDirectory.
-    const std::string& src = this->Makefile->GetCurrentSourceDirectory();
-    const std::string& bin = this->Makefile->GetCurrentBinaryDirectory();
+    const std::string& src = mf.GetCurrentSourceDirectory();
+    const std::string& bin = mf.GetCurrentBinaryDirectory();
     size_t srcLen = src.length();
     size_t binLen = bin.length();
     if (srcLen > 0 && src.back() == '/') {
@@ -96,7 +95,7 @@
     if (cmSystemTools::FileIsFullPath(binArg)) {
       binPath = binArg;
     } else {
-      binPath = this->Makefile->GetCurrentBinaryDirectory();
+      binPath = mf.GetCurrentBinaryDirectory();
       binPath += "/";
       binPath += binArg;
     }
@@ -104,7 +103,7 @@
   binPath = cmSystemTools::CollapseFullPath(binPath);
 
   // Add the subdirectory using the computed full paths.
-  this->Makefile->AddSubDirectory(srcPath, binPath, excludeFromAll, true);
+  mf.AddSubDirectory(srcPath, binPath, excludeFromAll, true);
 
   return true;
 }
diff --git a/Source/cmAddSubDirectoryCommand.h b/Source/cmAddSubDirectoryCommand.h
index 664334e..87da840 100644
--- a/Source/cmAddSubDirectoryCommand.h
+++ b/Source/cmAddSubDirectoryCommand.h
@@ -8,36 +8,9 @@
 #include <string>
 #include <vector>
 
-#include "cm_memory.hxx"
-
-#include "cmCommand.h"
-
 class cmExecutionStatus;
 
-/** \class cmAddSubDirectoryCommand
- * \brief Specify a subdirectory to build
- *
- * cmAddSubDirectoryCommand specifies a subdirectory to process
- * by CMake. CMake will descend
- * into the specified source directory and process any CMakeLists.txt found.
- */
-class cmAddSubDirectoryCommand : public cmCommand
-{
-public:
-  /**
-   * This is a virtual constructor for the command.
-   */
-  std::unique_ptr<cmCommand> Clone() override
-  {
-    return cm::make_unique<cmAddSubDirectoryCommand>();
-  }
-
-  /**
-   * This is called when the command is first encountered in
-   * the CMakeLists.txt file.
-   */
-  bool InitialPass(std::vector<std::string> const& args,
-                   cmExecutionStatus& status) override;
-};
+bool cmAddSubDirectoryCommand(std::vector<std::string> const& args,
+                              cmExecutionStatus& status);
 
 #endif
diff --git a/Source/cmAddTestCommand.cxx b/Source/cmAddTestCommand.cxx
index b0c462b..7904bf5 100644
--- a/Source/cmAddTestCommand.cxx
+++ b/Source/cmAddTestCommand.cxx
@@ -4,34 +4,36 @@
 
 #include <sstream>
 
+#include "cmExecutionStatus.h"
 #include "cmMakefile.h"
 #include "cmTest.h"
 #include "cmTestGenerator.h"
 
-class cmExecutionStatus;
+static bool cmAddTestCommandHandleNameMode(
+  std::vector<std::string> const& args, cmExecutionStatus& status);
 
-// cmExecutableCommand
-bool cmAddTestCommand::InitialPass(std::vector<std::string> const& args,
-                                   cmExecutionStatus&)
+bool cmAddTestCommand(std::vector<std::string> const& args,
+                      cmExecutionStatus& status)
 {
   if (!args.empty() && args[0] == "NAME") {
-    return this->HandleNameMode(args);
+    return cmAddTestCommandHandleNameMode(args, status);
   }
 
   // First argument is the name of the test Second argument is the name of
   // the executable to run (a target or external program) Remaining arguments
   // are the arguments to pass to the executable
   if (args.size() < 2) {
-    this->SetError("called with incorrect number of arguments");
+    status.SetError("called with incorrect number of arguments");
     return false;
   }
 
+  cmMakefile& mf = status.GetMakefile();
   // Collect the command with arguments.
   std::vector<std::string> command(args.begin() + 1, args.end());
 
   // Create the test but add a generator only the first time it is
   // seen.  This preserves behavior from before test generators.
-  cmTest* test = this->Makefile->GetTest(args[0]);
+  cmTest* test = mf.GetTest(args[0]);
   if (test) {
     // If the test was already added by a new-style signature do not
     // allow it to be duplicated.
@@ -39,20 +41,21 @@
       std::ostringstream e;
       e << " given test name \"" << args[0]
         << "\" which already exists in this directory.";
-      this->SetError(e.str());
+      status.SetError(e.str());
       return false;
     }
   } else {
-    test = this->Makefile->CreateTest(args[0]);
+    test = mf.CreateTest(args[0]);
     test->SetOldStyle(true);
-    this->Makefile->AddTestGenerator(new cmTestGenerator(test));
+    mf.AddTestGenerator(new cmTestGenerator(test));
   }
   test->SetCommand(command);
 
   return true;
 }
 
-bool cmAddTestCommand::HandleNameMode(std::vector<std::string> const& args)
+bool cmAddTestCommandHandleNameMode(std::vector<std::string> const& args,
+                                    cmExecutionStatus& status)
 {
   std::string name;
   std::vector<std::string> configurations;
@@ -73,25 +76,25 @@
   for (unsigned int i = 1; i < args.size(); ++i) {
     if (args[i] == "COMMAND") {
       if (!command.empty()) {
-        this->SetError(" may be given at most one COMMAND.");
+        status.SetError(" may be given at most one COMMAND.");
         return false;
       }
       doing = DoingCommand;
     } else if (args[i] == "CONFIGURATIONS") {
       if (!configurations.empty()) {
-        this->SetError(" may be given at most one set of CONFIGURATIONS.");
+        status.SetError(" may be given at most one set of CONFIGURATIONS.");
         return false;
       }
       doing = DoingConfigs;
     } else if (args[i] == "WORKING_DIRECTORY") {
       if (!working_directory.empty()) {
-        this->SetError(" may be given at most one WORKING_DIRECTORY.");
+        status.SetError(" may be given at most one WORKING_DIRECTORY.");
         return false;
       }
       doing = DoingWorkingDirectory;
     } else if (args[i] == "COMMAND_EXPAND_LISTS") {
       if (command_expand_lists) {
-        this->SetError(" may be given at most one COMMAND_EXPAND_LISTS.");
+        status.SetError(" may be given at most one COMMAND_EXPAND_LISTS.");
         return false;
       }
       command_expand_lists = true;
@@ -109,41 +112,43 @@
     } else {
       std::ostringstream e;
       e << " given unknown argument:\n  " << args[i] << "\n";
-      this->SetError(e.str());
+      status.SetError(e.str());
       return false;
     }
   }
 
   // Require a test name.
   if (name.empty()) {
-    this->SetError(" must be given non-empty NAME.");
+    status.SetError(" must be given non-empty NAME.");
     return false;
   }
 
   // Require a command.
   if (command.empty()) {
-    this->SetError(" must be given non-empty COMMAND.");
+    status.SetError(" must be given non-empty COMMAND.");
     return false;
   }
 
+  cmMakefile& mf = status.GetMakefile();
+
   // Require a unique test name within the directory.
-  if (this->Makefile->GetTest(name)) {
+  if (mf.GetTest(name)) {
     std::ostringstream e;
     e << " given test NAME \"" << name
       << "\" which already exists in this directory.";
-    this->SetError(e.str());
+    status.SetError(e.str());
     return false;
   }
 
   // Add the test.
-  cmTest* test = this->Makefile->CreateTest(name);
+  cmTest* test = mf.CreateTest(name);
   test->SetOldStyle(false);
   test->SetCommand(command);
   if (!working_directory.empty()) {
     test->SetProperty("WORKING_DIRECTORY", working_directory.c_str());
   }
   test->SetCommandExpandLists(command_expand_lists);
-  this->Makefile->AddTestGenerator(new cmTestGenerator(test, configurations));
+  mf.AddTestGenerator(new cmTestGenerator(test, configurations));
 
   return true;
 }
diff --git a/Source/cmAddTestCommand.h b/Source/cmAddTestCommand.h
index 3d37d2b..5877547 100644
--- a/Source/cmAddTestCommand.h
+++ b/Source/cmAddTestCommand.h
@@ -8,37 +8,9 @@
 #include <string>
 #include <vector>
 
-#include "cm_memory.hxx"
-
-#include "cmCommand.h"
-
 class cmExecutionStatus;
 
-/** \class cmAddTestCommand
- * \brief Add a test to the lists of tests to run.
- *
- * cmAddTestCommand adds a test to the list of tests to run .
- */
-class cmAddTestCommand : public cmCommand
-{
-public:
-  /**
-   * This is a virtual constructor for the command.
-   */
-  std::unique_ptr<cmCommand> Clone() override
-  {
-    return cm::make_unique<cmAddTestCommand>();
-  }
-
-  /**
-   * This is called when the command is first encountered in
-   * the CMakeLists.txt file.
-   */
-  bool InitialPass(std::vector<std::string> const& args,
-                   cmExecutionStatus& status) override;
-
-private:
-  bool HandleNameMode(std::vector<std::string> const& args);
-};
+bool cmAddTestCommand(std::vector<std::string> const& args,
+                      cmExecutionStatus& status);
 
 #endif
diff --git a/Source/cmAlgorithms.h b/Source/cmAlgorithms.h
index cf71052..d7ea483 100644
--- a/Source/cmAlgorithms.h
+++ b/Source/cmAlgorithms.h
@@ -6,41 +6,14 @@
 #include "cmConfigure.h" // IWYU pragma: keep
 
 #include "cmRange.h"
-
 #include "cm_kwiml.h"
-#include "cm_string_view.hxx"
 #include <algorithm>
 #include <functional>
 #include <iterator>
-#include <sstream>
-#include <string.h>
-#include <string>
 #include <unordered_set>
 #include <utility>
 #include <vector>
 
-struct cmStrCmp
-{
-  cmStrCmp(const char* test)
-    : m_test(test)
-  {
-  }
-  cmStrCmp(std::string test)
-    : m_test(std::move(test))
-  {
-  }
-
-  bool operator()(const std::string& input) const { return m_test == input; }
-
-  bool operator()(const char* input) const
-  {
-    return strcmp(input, m_test.c_str()) == 0;
-  }
-
-private:
-  const std::string m_test;
-};
-
 template <typename FwdIt>
 FwdIt cmRotate(FwdIt first, FwdIt middle, FwdIt last)
 {
@@ -120,8 +93,6 @@
 };
 }
 
-typedef cmRange<std::vector<std::string>::const_iterator> cmStringRange;
-
 class cmListFileBacktrace;
 typedef cmRange<std::vector<cmListFileBacktrace>::const_iterator>
   cmBacktraceRange;
@@ -146,31 +117,6 @@
 }
 
 template <typename Range>
-std::string cmJoin(Range const& r, const char* delimiter)
-{
-  if (r.empty()) {
-    return std::string();
-  }
-  std::ostringstream os;
-  typedef typename Range::value_type ValueType;
-  typedef typename Range::const_iterator InputIt;
-  const InputIt first = r.begin();
-  InputIt last = r.end();
-  --last;
-  std::copy(first, last, std::ostream_iterator<ValueType>(os, delimiter));
-
-  os << *last;
-
-  return os.str();
-}
-
-template <typename Range>
-std::string cmJoin(Range const& r, std::string const& delimiter)
-{
-  return cmJoin(r, delimiter.c_str());
-}
-
-template <typename Range>
 typename Range::const_iterator cmRemoveN(Range& r, size_t n)
 {
   return ContainerAlgorithms::RemoveN(r.begin(), r.end(), n);
@@ -248,23 +194,6 @@
   return cmRemoveDuplicates(r.begin(), r.end());
 }
 
-template <typename Range>
-std::string cmWrap(std::string const& prefix, Range const& r,
-                   std::string const& suffix, std::string const& sep)
-{
-  if (r.empty()) {
-    return std::string();
-  }
-  return prefix + cmJoin(r, suffix + sep + prefix) + suffix;
-}
-
-template <typename Range>
-std::string cmWrap(char prefix, Range const& r, char suffix,
-                   std::string const& sep)
-{
-  return cmWrap(std::string(1, prefix), r, std::string(1, suffix), sep);
-}
-
 template <typename Range, typename T>
 typename Range::const_iterator cmFindNot(Range const& r, T const& t)
 {
@@ -277,61 +206,6 @@
   return std::reverse_iterator<Iter>(it);
 }
 
-/** Returns true if string @a str starts with the character @a prefix.  **/
-inline bool cmHasPrefix(cm::string_view str, char prefix)
-{
-  return !str.empty() && (str.front() == prefix);
-}
-
-/** Returns true if string @a str starts with string @a prefix.  **/
-inline bool cmHasPrefix(cm::string_view str, cm::string_view prefix)
-{
-  return str.compare(0, prefix.size(), prefix) == 0;
-}
-
-/** Returns true if string @a str starts with string @a prefix.  **/
-template <size_t N>
-inline bool cmHasLiteralPrefix(cm::string_view str, const char (&prefix)[N])
-{
-  return cmHasPrefix(str, cm::string_view(prefix, N - 1));
-}
-
-/** Returns true if string @a str ends with the character @a suffix.  **/
-inline bool cmHasSuffix(cm::string_view str, char suffix)
-{
-  return !str.empty() && (str.back() == suffix);
-}
-
-/** Returns true if string @a str ends with string @a suffix.  **/
-inline bool cmHasSuffix(cm::string_view str, cm::string_view suffix)
-{
-  return str.size() >= suffix.size() &&
-    str.compare(str.size() - suffix.size(), suffix.size(), suffix) == 0;
-}
-
-/** Returns true if string @a str ends with string @a suffix.  **/
-template <size_t N>
-inline bool cmHasLiteralSuffix(cm::string_view str, const char (&suffix)[N])
-{
-  return cmHasSuffix(str, cm::string_view(suffix, N - 1));
-}
-
-/** Removes an existing suffix character of from the string @a str.  **/
-inline void cmStripSuffixIfExists(std::string& str, char suffix)
-{
-  if (cmHasSuffix(str, suffix)) {
-    str.pop_back();
-  }
-}
-
-/** Removes an existing suffix string of from the string @a str.  **/
-inline void cmStripSuffixIfExists(std::string& str, cm::string_view suffix)
-{
-  if (cmHasSuffix(str, suffix)) {
-    str.resize(str.size() - suffix.size());
-  }
-}
-
 namespace cm {
 
 #if __cplusplus >= 201703L || defined(_MSVC_LANG) && _MSVC_LANG >= 201703L
diff --git a/Source/cmArchiveWrite.h b/Source/cmArchiveWrite.h
index 9ea88d3..e90a603 100644
--- a/Source/cmArchiveWrite.h
+++ b/Source/cmArchiveWrite.h
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@
 #include <stddef.h>
 #include <string>
 
-#if !defined(CMAKE_BUILD_WITH_CMAKE)
+#if defined(CMAKE_BOOTSTRAP)
 #  error "cmArchiveWrite not allowed during bootstrap build!"
 #endif
 
diff --git a/Source/cmAuxSourceDirectoryCommand.cxx b/Source/cmAuxSourceDirectoryCommand.cxx
index c1a6e7f..83199b4 100644
--- a/Source/cmAuxSourceDirectoryCommand.cxx
+++ b/Source/cmAuxSourceDirectoryCommand.cxx
@@ -7,28 +7,27 @@
 #include <stddef.h>
 #include <utility>
 
-#include "cmAlgorithms.h"
+#include "cmExecutionStatus.h"
 #include "cmMakefile.h"
 #include "cmSourceFile.h"
+#include "cmStringAlgorithms.h"
 #include "cmSystemTools.h"
 #include "cmake.h"
 
-class cmExecutionStatus;
-
-// cmAuxSourceDirectoryCommand
-bool cmAuxSourceDirectoryCommand::InitialPass(
-  std::vector<std::string> const& args, cmExecutionStatus&)
+bool cmAuxSourceDirectoryCommand(std::vector<std::string> const& args,
+                                 cmExecutionStatus& status)
 {
   if (args.size() != 2) {
-    this->SetError("called with incorrect number of arguments");
+    status.SetError("called with incorrect number of arguments");
     return false;
   }
 
+  cmMakefile& mf = status.GetMakefile();
   std::string sourceListValue;
   std::string const& templateDirectory = args[0];
   std::string tdir;
   if (!cmSystemTools::FileIsFullPath(templateDirectory)) {
-    tdir = this->Makefile->GetCurrentSourceDirectory();
+    tdir = mf.GetCurrentSourceDirectory();
     tdir += "/";
     tdir += templateDirectory;
   } else {
@@ -36,7 +35,7 @@
   }
 
   // was the list already populated
-  const char* def = this->Makefile->GetDefinition(args[1]);
+  const char* def = mf.GetDefinition(args[1]);
   if (def) {
     sourceListValue = def;
   }
@@ -55,14 +54,14 @@
         std::string ext = file.substr(dotpos + 1);
         std::string base = file.substr(0, dotpos);
         // Process only source files
-        auto cm = this->Makefile->GetCMakeInstance();
+        auto cm = mf.GetCMakeInstance();
         if (!base.empty() && cm->IsSourceExtension(ext)) {
           std::string fullname = templateDirectory;
           fullname += "/";
           fullname += file;
           // add the file as a class file so
           // depends can be done
-          cmSourceFile* sf = this->Makefile->GetOrCreateSource(fullname);
+          cmSourceFile* sf = mf.GetOrCreateSource(fullname);
           sf->SetProperty("ABSTRACT", "0");
           files.push_back(std::move(fullname));
         }
@@ -74,6 +73,6 @@
     sourceListValue += ";";
   }
   sourceListValue += cmJoin(files, ";");
-  this->Makefile->AddDefinition(args[1], sourceListValue);
+  mf.AddDefinition(args[1], sourceListValue);
   return true;
 }
diff --git a/Source/cmAuxSourceDirectoryCommand.h b/Source/cmAuxSourceDirectoryCommand.h
index 973a464..ae26092 100644
--- a/Source/cmAuxSourceDirectoryCommand.h
+++ b/Source/cmAuxSourceDirectoryCommand.h
@@ -8,38 +8,9 @@
 #include <string>
 #include <vector>
 
-#include "cm_memory.hxx"
-
-#include "cmCommand.h"
-
 class cmExecutionStatus;
 
-/** \class cmAuxSourceDirectoryCommand
- * \brief Specify auxiliary source code directories.
- *
- * cmAuxSourceDirectoryCommand specifies source code directories
- * that must be built as part of this build process. This directories
- * are not recursively processed like the SUBDIR command (cmSubdirCommand).
- * A side effect of this command is to create a subdirectory in the build
- * directory structure.
- */
-class cmAuxSourceDirectoryCommand : public cmCommand
-{
-public:
-  /**
-   * This is a virtual constructor for the command.
-   */
-  std::unique_ptr<cmCommand> Clone() override
-  {
-    return cm::make_unique<cmAuxSourceDirectoryCommand>();
-  }
-
-  /**
-   * This is called when the command is first encountered in
-   * the CMakeLists.txt file.
-   */
-  bool InitialPass(std::vector<std::string> const& args,
-                   cmExecutionStatus& status) override;
-};
+bool cmAuxSourceDirectoryCommand(std::vector<std::string> const& args,
+                                 cmExecutionStatus& status);
 
 #endif
diff --git a/Source/cmBinUtilsLinuxELFLinker.cxx b/Source/cmBinUtilsLinuxELFLinker.cxx
index 86846cb..6316a29 100644
--- a/Source/cmBinUtilsLinuxELFLinker.cxx
+++ b/Source/cmBinUtilsLinuxELFLinker.cxx
@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@
 #include "cmMakefile.h"
 #include "cmMessageType.h"
 #include "cmRuntimeDependencyArchive.h"
+#include "cmStringAlgorithms.h"
 #include "cmSystemTools.h"
 
 #include <cmsys/RegularExpression.hxx>
@@ -151,7 +152,7 @@
   std::string& path, bool& resolved)
 {
   for (auto const& searchPath : searchPaths) {
-    path = searchPath + '/' + name;
+    path = cmStrCat(searchPath, '/', name);
     if (cmSystemTools::PathExists(path)) {
       resolved = true;
       return true;
@@ -159,7 +160,7 @@
   }
 
   for (auto const& searchPath : this->Archive->GetSearchDirectories()) {
-    path = searchPath + '/' + name;
+    path = cmStrCat(searchPath, '/', name);
     if (cmSystemTools::PathExists(path)) {
       std::ostringstream warning;
       warning << "Dependency " << name << " found in search directory:\n  "
diff --git a/Source/cmBinUtilsMacOSMachOLinker.cxx b/Source/cmBinUtilsMacOSMachOLinker.cxx
index ac93155..0c73ac8 100644
--- a/Source/cmBinUtilsMacOSMachOLinker.cxx
+++ b/Source/cmBinUtilsMacOSMachOLinker.cxx
@@ -3,9 +3,9 @@
 
 #include "cmBinUtilsMacOSMachOLinker.h"
 
-#include "cmAlgorithms.h"
 #include "cmBinUtilsMacOSMachOOToolGetRuntimeDependenciesTool.h"
 #include "cmRuntimeDependencyArchive.h"
+#include "cmStringAlgorithms.h"
 #include "cmSystemTools.h"
 
 #include <sstream>
diff --git a/Source/cmBinUtilsWindowsPELinker.cxx b/Source/cmBinUtilsWindowsPELinker.cxx
index 31602c4..5a9ad66 100644
--- a/Source/cmBinUtilsWindowsPELinker.cxx
+++ b/Source/cmBinUtilsWindowsPELinker.cxx
@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@
 #include "cmBinUtilsWindowsPEDumpbinGetRuntimeDependenciesTool.h"
 #include "cmBinUtilsWindowsPEObjdumpGetRuntimeDependenciesTool.h"
 #include "cmRuntimeDependencyArchive.h"
+#include "cmStringAlgorithms.h"
 #include "cmSystemTools.h"
 
 #include <sstream>
@@ -110,7 +111,7 @@
   dirs.insert(dirs.begin(), origin);
 
   for (auto const& searchPath : dirs) {
-    path = searchPath + '/' + name;
+    path = cmStrCat(searchPath, '/', name);
     if (cmSystemTools::PathExists(path)) {
       resolved = true;
       return true;
diff --git a/Source/cmCTest.cxx b/Source/cmCTest.cxx
index 83e3eff..c0ca73b 100644
--- a/Source/cmCTest.cxx
+++ b/Source/cmCTest.cxx
@@ -52,6 +52,7 @@
 #include "cmState.h"
 #include "cmStateSnapshot.h"
 #include "cmStateTypes.h"
+#include "cmStringAlgorithms.h"
 #include "cmSystemTools.h"
 #include "cmVersion.h"
 #include "cmVersionConfig.h"
@@ -1964,7 +1965,7 @@
   if (this->CheckArgument(arg, "-N", "--show-only")) {
     this->Impl->ShowOnly = true;
   }
-  if (cmSystemTools::StringStartsWith(arg.c_str(), "--show-only=")) {
+  if (cmHasLiteralPrefix(arg, "--show-only=")) {
     this->Impl->ShowOnly = true;
 
     // Check if a specific format is requested. Defaults to human readable
@@ -2226,7 +2227,7 @@
     // attempts are simply ignored since previous ctest versions ignore
     // this too. (As well as many other unknown command line args.)
     //
-    if (arg != "-D" && cmSystemTools::StringStartsWith(arg.c_str(), "-D")) {
+    if (arg != "-D" && cmHasLiteralPrefix(arg, "-D")) {
       std::string input = arg.substr(2);
       this->AddVariableDefinition(input);
     }
@@ -2422,7 +2423,7 @@
   cmCTestBuildAndTestHandler* handler = this->GetBuildAndTestHandler();
   int retv = handler->ProcessHandler();
   *output = handler->GetOutput();
-#ifdef CMAKE_BUILD_WITH_CMAKE
+#ifndef CMAKE_BOOTSTRAP
   cmDynamicLoader::FlushCache();
 #endif
   if (retv != 0) {
diff --git a/Source/cmCallVisualStudioMacro.cxx b/Source/cmCallVisualStudioMacro.cxx
index f7a2244..9e152ff 100644
--- a/Source/cmCallVisualStudioMacro.cxx
+++ b/Source/cmCallVisualStudioMacro.cxx
@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@
 
 #include <sstream>
 
+#include "cmStringAlgorithms.h"
 #include "cmSystemTools.h"
 
 #if defined(_MSC_VER)
@@ -328,8 +329,7 @@
   if (SUCCEEDED(hr)) {
     std::map<std::string, IUnknownPtr>::iterator it;
     for (it = mrot.begin(); it != mrot.end(); ++it) {
-      if (cmSystemTools::StringStartsWith(it->first.c_str(),
-                                          "!VisualStudio.DTE.")) {
+      if (cmHasLiteralPrefix(it->first, "!VisualStudio.DTE.")) {
         IDispatchPtr disp(it->second);
         if (disp != (IDispatch*)0) {
           std::string slnName;
diff --git a/Source/cmCommandArgumentParserHelper.cxx b/Source/cmCommandArgumentParserHelper.cxx
index ca29967..5583520 100644
--- a/Source/cmCommandArgumentParserHelper.cxx
+++ b/Source/cmCommandArgumentParserHelper.cxx
@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@
 #include "cmCommandArgumentLexer.h"
 #include "cmMakefile.h"
 #include "cmState.h"
+#include "cmStringAlgorithms.h"
 #include "cmSystemTools.h"
 
 #include <iostream>
@@ -58,7 +59,7 @@
     std::string str;
     if (cmSystemTools::GetEnv(var, str)) {
       if (this->EscapeQuotes) {
-        return this->AddString(cmSystemTools::EscapeQuotes(str));
+        return this->AddString(cmEscapeQuotes(str));
       }
       return this->AddString(str);
     }
@@ -68,7 +69,7 @@
     if (const std::string* c =
           this->Makefile->GetState()->GetInitializedCacheValue(var)) {
       if (this->EscapeQuotes) {
-        return this->AddString(cmSystemTools::EscapeQuotes(*c));
+        return this->AddString(cmEscapeQuotes(*c));
       }
       return this->AddString(*c);
     }
@@ -99,7 +100,7 @@
     }
   }
   if (this->EscapeQuotes && value) {
-    return this->AddString(cmSystemTools::EscapeQuotes(value));
+    return this->AddString(cmEscapeQuotes(value));
   }
   return this->AddString(value ? value : "");
 }
diff --git a/Source/cmCommands.cxx b/Source/cmCommands.cxx
index f351ff8..8565e1c 100644
--- a/Source/cmCommands.cxx
+++ b/Source/cmCommands.cxx
@@ -84,7 +84,7 @@
 #include "cmUnsetCommand.h"
 #include "cmWhileCommand.h"
 
-#if defined(CMAKE_BUILD_WITH_CMAKE)
+#if !defined(CMAKE_BOOTSTRAP)
 #  include "cmAddCompileOptionsCommand.h"
 #  include "cmAddLinkOptionsCommand.h"
 #  include "cmAuxSourceDirectoryCommand.h"
@@ -128,7 +128,7 @@
                            cm::make_unique<cmExecProgramCommand>());
   state->AddBuiltinCommand("execute_process",
                            cm::make_unique<cmExecuteProcessCommand>());
-  state->AddBuiltinCommand("file", cm::make_unique<cmFileCommand>());
+  state->AddBuiltinCommand("file", cmFileCommand);
   state->AddBuiltinCommand("find_file", cm::make_unique<cmFindFileCommand>());
   state->AddBuiltinCommand("find_library",
                            cm::make_unique<cmFindLibraryCommand>());
@@ -210,7 +210,7 @@
     "WHILE ENDWHILE structure. Or its arguments did not "
     "match the opening WHILE command.");
 
-#if defined(CMAKE_BUILD_WITH_CMAKE)
+#if !defined(CMAKE_BOOTSTRAP)
   state->AddBuiltinCommand(
     "cmake_host_system_information",
     cm::make_unique<cmCMakeHostSystemInformationCommand>());
@@ -233,21 +233,14 @@
 
 void GetProjectCommands(cmState* state)
 {
-  state->AddBuiltinCommand("add_custom_command",
-                           cm::make_unique<cmAddCustomCommandCommand>());
-  state->AddBuiltinCommand("add_custom_target",
-                           cm::make_unique<cmAddCustomTargetCommand>());
-  state->AddBuiltinCommand("add_definitions",
-                           cm::make_unique<cmAddDefinitionsCommand>());
-  state->AddBuiltinCommand("add_dependencies",
-                           cm::make_unique<cmAddDependenciesCommand>());
-  state->AddBuiltinCommand("add_executable",
-                           cm::make_unique<cmAddExecutableCommand>());
-  state->AddBuiltinCommand("add_library",
-                           cm::make_unique<cmAddLibraryCommand>());
-  state->AddBuiltinCommand("add_subdirectory",
-                           cm::make_unique<cmAddSubDirectoryCommand>());
-  state->AddBuiltinCommand("add_test", cm::make_unique<cmAddTestCommand>());
+  state->AddBuiltinCommand("add_custom_command", cmAddCustomCommandCommand);
+  state->AddBuiltinCommand("add_custom_target", cmAddCustomTargetCommand);
+  state->AddBuiltinCommand("add_definitions", cmAddDefinitionsCommand);
+  state->AddBuiltinCommand("add_dependencies", cmAddDependenciesCommand);
+  state->AddBuiltinCommand("add_executable", cmAddExecutableCommand);
+  state->AddBuiltinCommand("add_library", cmAddLibraryCommand);
+  state->AddBuiltinCommand("add_subdirectory", cmAddSubDirectoryCommand);
+  state->AddBuiltinCommand("add_test", cmAddTestCommand);
   state->AddBuiltinCommand("build_command", cm::make_unique<cmBuildCommand>());
   state->AddBuiltinCommand("create_test_sourcelist",
                            cm::make_unique<cmCreateTestSourceList>());
@@ -301,13 +294,12 @@
                            cm::make_unique<cmTryCompileCommand>());
   state->AddBuiltinCommand("try_run", cm::make_unique<cmTryRunCommand>());
 
-#if defined(CMAKE_BUILD_WITH_CMAKE)
+#if !defined(CMAKE_BOOTSTRAP)
   state->AddBuiltinCommand("add_compile_definitions",
-                           cm::make_unique<cmAddCompileDefinitionsCommand>());
-  state->AddBuiltinCommand("add_compile_options",
-                           cm::make_unique<cmAddCompileOptionsCommand>());
+                           cmAddCompileDefinitionsCommand);
+  state->AddBuiltinCommand("add_compile_options", cmAddCompileOptionsCommand);
   state->AddBuiltinCommand("aux_source_directory",
-                           cm::make_unique<cmAuxSourceDirectoryCommand>());
+                           cmAuxSourceDirectoryCommand);
   state->AddBuiltinCommand("export", cm::make_unique<cmExportCommand>());
   state->AddBuiltinCommand("fltk_wrap_ui",
                            cm::make_unique<cmFLTKWrapUICommand>());
@@ -316,8 +308,7 @@
     cm::make_unique<cmIncludeExternalMSProjectCommand>());
   state->AddBuiltinCommand("install_programs",
                            cm::make_unique<cmInstallProgramsCommand>());
-  state->AddBuiltinCommand("add_link_options",
-                           cm::make_unique<cmAddLinkOptionsCommand>());
+  state->AddBuiltinCommand("add_link_options", cmAddLinkOptionsCommand);
   state->AddBuiltinCommand("link_libraries",
                            cm::make_unique<cmLinkLibrariesCommand>());
   state->AddBuiltinCommand("target_link_options",
diff --git a/Source/cmCommonTargetGenerator.cxx b/Source/cmCommonTargetGenerator.cxx
index 66250f3..61880c2 100644
--- a/Source/cmCommonTargetGenerator.cxx
+++ b/Source/cmCommonTargetGenerator.cxx
@@ -6,7 +6,6 @@
 #include <sstream>
 #include <utility>
 
-#include "cmAlgorithms.h"
 #include "cmComputeLinkInformation.h"
 #include "cmGeneratorTarget.h"
 #include "cmGlobalCommonGenerator.h"
@@ -17,6 +16,7 @@
 #include "cmOutputConverter.h"
 #include "cmSourceFile.h"
 #include "cmStateTypes.h"
+#include "cmStringAlgorithms.h"
 
 cmCommonTargetGenerator::cmCommonTargetGenerator(cmGeneratorTarget* gt)
   : GeneratorTarget(gt)
diff --git a/Source/cmComputeLinkDepends.cxx b/Source/cmComputeLinkDepends.cxx
index 54fc54c..f8b78b4 100644
--- a/Source/cmComputeLinkDepends.cxx
+++ b/Source/cmComputeLinkDepends.cxx
@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@
 #include "cmMakefile.h"
 #include "cmRange.h"
 #include "cmStateTypes.h"
+#include "cmStringAlgorithms.h"
 #include "cmSystemTools.h"
 #include "cmTarget.h"
 #include "cmake.h"
diff --git a/Source/cmComputeLinkInformation.cxx b/Source/cmComputeLinkInformation.cxx
index f696f28..4aa18f2 100644
--- a/Source/cmComputeLinkInformation.cxx
+++ b/Source/cmComputeLinkInformation.cxx
@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@
    file Copyright.txt or https://cmake.org/licensing for details.  */
 #include "cmComputeLinkInformation.h"
 
-#include "cmAlgorithms.h"
 #include "cmComputeLinkDepends.h"
 #include "cmGeneratorTarget.h"
 #include "cmGlobalGenerator.h"
@@ -14,6 +13,7 @@
 #include "cmPolicies.h"
 #include "cmState.h"
 #include "cmStateTypes.h"
+#include "cmStringAlgorithms.h"
 #include "cmSystemTools.h"
 #include "cmTarget.h"
 #include "cmake.h"
@@ -990,11 +990,6 @@
     return;
   }
 
-  // If this platform wants a flag before the full path, add it.
-  if (!this->LibLinkFileFlag.empty()) {
-    this->Items.emplace_back(this->LibLinkFileFlag, false);
-  }
-
   // For compatibility with CMake 2.4 include the item's directory in
   // the linker search path.
   if (this->OldLinkDirMode && !target->IsFrameworkOnApple() &&
@@ -1057,11 +1052,6 @@
     this->OldLinkDirItems.push_back(item);
   }
 
-  // If this platform wants a flag before the full path, add it.
-  if (!this->LibLinkFileFlag.empty()) {
-    this->Items.emplace_back(this->LibLinkFileFlag, false);
-  }
-
   // Now add the full path to the library.
   this->Items.emplace_back(item, true);
 }
@@ -1764,7 +1754,7 @@
               cmSystemTools::IsSubDirectory(d, topBinaryDir)) {
             d = cmSystemTools::RelativePath(targetOutputDir, d);
             if (!d.empty()) {
-              d = originToken + "/" + d;
+              d = cmStrCat(originToken, "/", d);
             } else {
               d = originToken;
             }
diff --git a/Source/cmComputeLinkInformation.h b/Source/cmComputeLinkInformation.h
index 3be2c7f..784d3fa 100644
--- a/Source/cmComputeLinkInformation.h
+++ b/Source/cmComputeLinkInformation.h
@@ -56,6 +56,11 @@
   std::string GetChrpathString() const;
   std::set<cmGeneratorTarget const*> const& GetSharedLibrariesLinked() const;
 
+  std::string const& GetLibLinkFileFlag() const
+  {
+    return this->LibLinkFileFlag;
+  }
+
   std::string const& GetRPathLinkFlag() const { return this->RPathLinkFlag; }
   std::string GetRPathLinkString() const;
 
diff --git a/Source/cmConditionEvaluator.cxx b/Source/cmConditionEvaluator.cxx
index 2907f4a..5b88807 100644
--- a/Source/cmConditionEvaluator.cxx
+++ b/Source/cmConditionEvaluator.cxx
@@ -15,6 +15,7 @@
 #include "cmMakefile.h"
 #include "cmMessageType.h"
 #include "cmState.h"
+#include "cmStringAlgorithms.h"
 #include "cmSystemTools.h"
 #include "cmake.h"
 
diff --git a/Source/cmCoreTryCompile.cxx b/Source/cmCoreTryCompile.cxx
index d780af6..85ff0a6 100644
--- a/Source/cmCoreTryCompile.cxx
+++ b/Source/cmCoreTryCompile.cxx
@@ -9,7 +9,6 @@
 #include <string.h>
 #include <utility>
 
-#include "cmAlgorithms.h"
 #include "cmExportTryCompileFileGenerator.h"
 #include "cmGlobalGenerator.h"
 #include "cmMakefile.h"
@@ -17,6 +16,7 @@
 #include "cmOutputConverter.h"
 #include "cmPolicies.h"
 #include "cmState.h"
+#include "cmStringAlgorithms.h"
 #include "cmSystemTools.h"
 #include "cmTarget.h"
 #include "cmVersion.h"
@@ -238,7 +238,7 @@
     } else if (doing == DoingLinkOptions) {
       linkOptions.push_back(argv[i]);
     } else if (doing == DoingLinkLibraries) {
-      libsToLink += "\"" + cmSystemTools::TrimWhitespace(argv[i]) + "\" ";
+      libsToLink += "\"" + cmTrimWhitespace(argv[i]) + "\" ";
       if (cmTarget* tgt = this->Makefile->FindTargetToUse(argv[i])) {
         switch (tgt->GetType()) {
           case cmStateEnums::SHARED_LIBRARY:
@@ -514,7 +514,7 @@
     for (std::string const& li : testLangs) {
       projectLangs += " " + li;
       std::string rulesOverrideBase = "CMAKE_USER_MAKE_RULES_OVERRIDE";
-      std::string rulesOverrideLang = rulesOverrideBase + "_" + li;
+      std::string rulesOverrideLang = cmStrCat(rulesOverrideBase, "_", li);
       if (const char* rulesOverridePath =
             this->Makefile->GetDefinition(rulesOverrideLang)) {
         fprintf(fout, "set(%s \"%s\")\n", rulesOverrideLang.c_str(),
@@ -574,7 +574,8 @@
         std::string const cfg =
           !tcConfig.empty() ? cmSystemTools::UpperCase(tcConfig) : cfgDefault;
         for (std::string const& li : testLangs) {
-          std::string const langFlagsCfg = "CMAKE_" + li + "_FLAGS_" + cfg;
+          std::string const langFlagsCfg =
+            cmStrCat("CMAKE_", li, "_FLAGS_", cfg);
           const char* flagsCfg = this->Makefile->GetDefinition(langFlagsCfg);
           fprintf(fout, "set(%s %s)\n", langFlagsCfg.c_str(),
                   cmOutputConverter::EscapeForCMake(flagsCfg ? flagsCfg : "")
diff --git a/Source/cmDefinitions.cxx b/Source/cmDefinitions.cxx
index 42e70d6..cc38d84 100644
--- a/Source/cmDefinitions.cxx
+++ b/Source/cmDefinitions.cxx
@@ -2,8 +2,11 @@
    file Copyright.txt or https://cmake.org/licensing for details.  */
 #include "cmDefinitions.h"
 
+#include "cm_string_view.hxx"
+
 #include <assert.h>
-#include <set>
+#include <functional>
+#include <unordered_set>
 #include <utility>
 
 cmDefinitions::Def cmDefinitions::NoDef;
@@ -14,7 +17,7 @@
 {
   assert(begin != end);
   {
-    MapType::iterator it = begin->Map.find(key);
+    auto it = begin->Map.find(key);
     if (it != begin->Map.end()) {
       it->second.Used = true;
       return it->second;
@@ -56,6 +59,46 @@
   return false;
 }
 
+cmDefinitions cmDefinitions::MakeClosure(StackIter begin, StackIter end)
+{
+  cmDefinitions closure;
+  std::unordered_set<cm::string_view> undefined;
+  for (StackIter it = begin; it != end; ++it) {
+    // Consider local definitions.
+    for (auto const& mi : it->Map) {
+      // Use this key if it is not already set or unset.
+      if (closure.Map.find(mi.first) == closure.Map.end() &&
+          undefined.find(mi.first) == undefined.end()) {
+        if (mi.second.Exists) {
+          closure.Map.insert(mi);
+        } else {
+          undefined.emplace(mi.first);
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  return closure;
+}
+
+std::vector<std::string> cmDefinitions::ClosureKeys(StackIter begin,
+                                                    StackIter end)
+{
+  std::vector<std::string> defined;
+  std::unordered_set<cm::string_view> bound;
+
+  for (StackIter it = begin; it != end; ++it) {
+    defined.reserve(defined.size() + it->Map.size());
+    for (auto const& mi : it->Map) {
+      // Use this key if it is not already set or unset.
+      if (bound.emplace(mi.first).second && mi.second.Exists) {
+        defined.push_back(mi.first);
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  return defined;
+}
+
 void cmDefinitions::Set(const std::string& key, cm::string_view value)
 {
   this->Map[key] = Def(value);
@@ -78,43 +121,3 @@
   }
   return keys;
 }
-
-cmDefinitions cmDefinitions::MakeClosure(StackIter begin, StackIter end)
-{
-  cmDefinitions closure;
-  std::set<std::string> undefined;
-  for (StackIter it = begin; it != end; ++it) {
-    // Consider local definitions.
-    for (auto const& mi : it->Map) {
-      // Use this key if it is not already set or unset.
-      if (closure.Map.find(mi.first) == closure.Map.end() &&
-          undefined.find(mi.first) == undefined.end()) {
-        if (mi.second.Exists) {
-          closure.Map.insert(mi);
-        } else {
-          undefined.insert(mi.first);
-        }
-      }
-    }
-  }
-  return closure;
-}
-
-std::vector<std::string> cmDefinitions::ClosureKeys(StackIter begin,
-                                                    StackIter end)
-{
-  std::vector<std::string> defined;
-  std::set<std::string> bound;
-
-  for (StackIter it = begin; it != end; ++it) {
-    defined.reserve(defined.size() + it->Map.size());
-    for (auto const& mi : it->Map) {
-      // Use this key if it is not already set or unset.
-      if (bound.insert(mi.first).second && mi.second.Exists) {
-        defined.push_back(mi.first);
-      }
-    }
-  }
-
-  return defined;
-}
diff --git a/Source/cmDefinitions.h b/Source/cmDefinitions.h
index 4d8810a..787471a 100644
--- a/Source/cmDefinitions.h
+++ b/Source/cmDefinitions.h
@@ -25,6 +25,8 @@
   typedef cmLinkedTree<cmDefinitions>::iterator StackIter;
 
 public:
+  // -- Static member functions
+
   static const std::string* Get(const std::string& key, StackIter begin,
                                 StackIter end);
 
@@ -32,18 +34,21 @@
 
   static bool HasKey(const std::string& key, StackIter begin, StackIter end);
 
+  static std::vector<std::string> ClosureKeys(StackIter begin, StackIter end);
+
+  static cmDefinitions MakeClosure(StackIter begin, StackIter end);
+
+  // -- Member functions
+
   /** Set a value associated with a key.  */
   void Set(const std::string& key, cm::string_view value);
 
   /** Unset a definition.  */
   void Unset(const std::string& key);
 
+  /** List of unused keys.  */
   std::vector<std::string> UnusedKeys() const;
 
-  static std::vector<std::string> ClosureKeys(StackIter begin, StackIter end);
-
-  static cmDefinitions MakeClosure(StackIter begin, StackIter end);
-
 private:
   /** String with existence boolean.  */
   struct Def
@@ -61,8 +66,7 @@
   };
   static Def NoDef;
 
-  typedef std::unordered_map<std::string, Def> MapType;
-  MapType Map;
+  std::unordered_map<std::string, Def> Map;
 
   static Def const& GetInternal(const std::string& key, StackIter begin,
                                 StackIter end, bool raise);
diff --git a/Source/cmDependsFortran.cxx b/Source/cmDependsFortran.cxx
index 178e18b..764ba30 100644
--- a/Source/cmDependsFortran.cxx
+++ b/Source/cmDependsFortran.cxx
@@ -9,7 +9,6 @@
 #include <stdlib.h>
 #include <utility>
 
-#include "cmAlgorithms.h"
 #include "cmFortranParser.h" /* Interface to parser object.  */
 #include "cmGeneratedFileStream.h"
 #include "cmLocalGenerator.h"
@@ -17,6 +16,7 @@
 #include "cmOutputConverter.h"
 #include "cmStateDirectory.h"
 #include "cmStateSnapshot.h"
+#include "cmStringAlgorithms.h"
 #include "cmSystemTools.h"
 
 // TODO: Test compiler for the case of the mod file.  Some always
diff --git a/Source/cmExecuteProcessCommand.cxx b/Source/cmExecuteProcessCommand.cxx
index 8d91f43..465f4b3 100644
--- a/Source/cmExecuteProcessCommand.cxx
+++ b/Source/cmExecuteProcessCommand.cxx
@@ -16,6 +16,7 @@
 #include "cmMakefile.h"
 #include "cmMessageType.h"
 #include "cmProcessOutput.h"
+#include "cmStringAlgorithms.h"
 #include "cmSystemTools.h"
 
 class cmExecutionStatus;
diff --git a/Source/cmExecutionStatus.h b/Source/cmExecutionStatus.h
index bcacc2f..654922c 100644
--- a/Source/cmExecutionStatus.h
+++ b/Source/cmExecutionStatus.h
@@ -22,15 +22,6 @@
   {
   }
 
-  void Clear()
-  {
-    this->Error = "unknown error.";
-    this->ReturnInvoked = false;
-    this->BreakInvoked = false;
-    this->ContinueInvoked = false;
-    this->NestedError = false;
-  }
-
   cmMakefile& GetMakefile() { return this->Makefile; }
 
   void SetError(std::string const& e) { this->Error = e; }
diff --git a/Source/cmExportBuildAndroidMKGenerator.cxx b/Source/cmExportBuildAndroidMKGenerator.cxx
index e693155..5edf7ca 100644
--- a/Source/cmExportBuildAndroidMKGenerator.cxx
+++ b/Source/cmExportBuildAndroidMKGenerator.cxx
@@ -6,13 +6,13 @@
 #include <sstream>
 #include <utility>
 
-#include "cmAlgorithms.h"
 #include "cmGeneratorTarget.h"
 #include "cmLinkItem.h"
 #include "cmMakefile.h"
 #include "cmMessageType.h"
 #include "cmPolicies.h"
 #include "cmStateTypes.h"
+#include "cmStringAlgorithms.h"
 #include "cmSystemTools.h"
 #include "cmTarget.h"
 
diff --git a/Source/cmExportBuildFileGenerator.cxx b/Source/cmExportBuildFileGenerator.cxx
index de3e0e2..33806f2 100644
--- a/Source/cmExportBuildFileGenerator.cxx
+++ b/Source/cmExportBuildFileGenerator.cxx
@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@
    file Copyright.txt or https://cmake.org/licensing for details.  */
 #include "cmExportBuildFileGenerator.h"
 
-#include "cmAlgorithms.h"
 #include "cmExportSet.h"
 #include "cmGeneratorExpression.h"
 #include "cmGeneratorTarget.h"
@@ -12,6 +11,7 @@
 #include "cmMessageType.h"
 #include "cmPolicies.h"
 #include "cmStateTypes.h"
+#include "cmStringAlgorithms.h"
 #include "cmTarget.h"
 #include "cmTargetExport.h"
 #include "cmake.h"
diff --git a/Source/cmExportFileGenerator.cxx b/Source/cmExportFileGenerator.cxx
index 29afc9f..87f9b4c 100644
--- a/Source/cmExportFileGenerator.cxx
+++ b/Source/cmExportFileGenerator.cxx
@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@
    file Copyright.txt or https://cmake.org/licensing for details.  */
 #include "cmExportFileGenerator.h"
 
-#include "cmAlgorithms.h"
 #include "cmComputeLinkInformation.h"
 #include "cmGeneratedFileStream.h"
 #include "cmGeneratorTarget.h"
@@ -14,6 +13,7 @@
 #include "cmPolicies.h"
 #include "cmPropertyMap.h"
 #include "cmStateTypes.h"
+#include "cmStringAlgorithms.h"
 #include "cmSystemTools.h"
 #include "cmTarget.h"
 #include "cmTargetExport.h"
@@ -1209,8 +1209,8 @@
         targetProperties.GetPropertyValue("EXPORT_PROPERTIES")) {
     for (auto& prop : cmSystemTools::ExpandedListArgument(exportProperties)) {
       /* Black list reserved properties */
-      if (cmSystemTools::StringStartsWith(prop, "IMPORTED_") ||
-          cmSystemTools::StringStartsWith(prop, "INTERFACE_")) {
+      if (cmHasLiteralPrefix(prop, "IMPORTED_") ||
+          cmHasLiteralPrefix(prop, "INTERFACE_")) {
         std::ostringstream e;
         e << "Target \"" << gte->Target->GetName() << "\" contains property \""
           << prop << "\" in EXPORT_PROPERTIES but IMPORTED_* and INTERFACE_* "
diff --git a/Source/cmExportInstallFileGenerator.cxx b/Source/cmExportInstallFileGenerator.cxx
index f8bc0ab..4bc2d1b 100644
--- a/Source/cmExportInstallFileGenerator.cxx
+++ b/Source/cmExportInstallFileGenerator.cxx
@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@
    file Copyright.txt or https://cmake.org/licensing for details.  */
 #include "cmExportInstallFileGenerator.h"
 
-#include "cmAlgorithms.h"
 #include "cmExportSet.h"
 #include "cmExportSetMap.h"
 #include "cmGeneratedFileStream.h"
@@ -15,6 +14,7 @@
 #include "cmMakefile.h"
 #include "cmPolicies.h"
 #include "cmStateTypes.h"
+#include "cmStringAlgorithms.h"
 #include "cmSystemTools.h"
 #include "cmTarget.h"
 #include "cmTargetExport.h"
@@ -412,7 +412,7 @@
     std::vector<std::string> objects;
     itgen->GetInstallObjectNames(config, objects);
     for (std::string& obj : objects) {
-      obj = value + obj;
+      obj = cmStrCat(value, obj);
     }
 
     // Store the property.
diff --git a/Source/cmExtraCodeBlocksGenerator.cxx b/Source/cmExtraCodeBlocksGenerator.cxx
index f47744b..4146db8 100644
--- a/Source/cmExtraCodeBlocksGenerator.cxx
+++ b/Source/cmExtraCodeBlocksGenerator.cxx
@@ -16,6 +16,7 @@
 #include "cmRange.h"
 #include "cmSourceFile.h"
 #include "cmStateTypes.h"
+#include "cmStringAlgorithms.h"
 #include "cmSystemTools.h"
 #include "cmXMLWriter.h"
 #include "cmake.h"
@@ -178,18 +179,18 @@
 {
   for (std::string const& f : files) {
     xml.StartElement("Unit");
-    xml.Attribute("filename", fsPath + path + "/" + f);
+    xml.Attribute("filename", cmStrCat(fsPath, path, "/", f));
 
     xml.StartElement("Option");
     xml.Attribute("virtualFolder",
-                  "CMake Files\\" + virtualFolderPath + path + "\\");
+                  cmStrCat("CMake Files\\", virtualFolderPath, path, "\\"));
     xml.EndElement();
 
     xml.EndElement();
   }
   for (Tree const& folder : folders) {
-    folder.BuildUnitImpl(xml, virtualFolderPath + path + "\\",
-                         fsPath + path + "/");
+    folder.BuildUnitImpl(xml, cmStrCat(virtualFolderPath, path, "\\"),
+                         cmStrCat(fsPath, path, "/"));
   }
 }
 
diff --git a/Source/cmExtraCodeLiteGenerator.cxx b/Source/cmExtraCodeLiteGenerator.cxx
index 30b3f0d..70e9a36 100644
--- a/Source/cmExtraCodeLiteGenerator.cxx
+++ b/Source/cmExtraCodeLiteGenerator.cxx
@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@
 #include "cmMakefile.h"
 #include "cmSourceFile.h"
 #include "cmStateTypes.h"
+#include "cmStringAlgorithms.h"
 #include "cmSystemTools.h"
 #include "cmXMLWriter.h"
 #include "cmake.h"
@@ -121,7 +122,7 @@
       cmStateEnums::TargetType type = lt->GetType();
       std::string const& outputDir = lg->GetCurrentBinaryDirectory();
       std::string targetName = lt->GetName();
-      std::string filename = outputDir + "/" + targetName + ".project";
+      std::string filename = cmStrCat(outputDir, "/", targetName, ".project");
       retval.push_back(targetName);
       // Make the project file relative to the workspace
       std::string relafilename =
@@ -131,7 +132,7 @@
         case cmStateEnums::SHARED_LIBRARY:
         case cmStateEnums::STATIC_LIBRARY:
         case cmStateEnums::MODULE_LIBRARY:
-          visualname = "lib" + visualname;
+          visualname = cmStrCat("lib", visualname);
           CM_FALLTHROUGH;
         case cmStateEnums::EXECUTABLE:
           xml->StartElement("Project");
@@ -161,7 +162,7 @@
     std::string const& outputDir = it.second[0]->GetCurrentBinaryDirectory();
     std::string projectName = it.second[0]->GetProjectName();
     retval.push_back(projectName);
-    std::string filename = outputDir + "/" + projectName + ".project";
+    std::string filename = cmStrCat(outputDir, "/", projectName, ".project");
 
     // Make the project file relative to the workspace
     filename = cmSystemTools::RelativePath(this->WorkspacePath, filename);
diff --git a/Source/cmExtraSublimeTextGenerator.cxx b/Source/cmExtraSublimeTextGenerator.cxx
index 71c8fcd..67773e0 100644
--- a/Source/cmExtraSublimeTextGenerator.cxx
+++ b/Source/cmExtraSublimeTextGenerator.cxx
@@ -17,6 +17,7 @@
 #include "cmMessageType.h"
 #include "cmSourceFile.h"
 #include "cmStateTypes.h"
+#include "cmStringAlgorithms.h"
 #include "cmSystemTools.h"
 #include "cmake.h"
 
@@ -266,7 +267,7 @@
         R"((^|[ ])-[DIOUWfgs][^= ]+(=\"[^"]+\"|=[^"][^ ]+)?)";
       flagRegex.compile(regexString);
       std::string workString =
-        flagsString + " " + definesString + " " + includesString;
+        cmStrCat(flagsString, " ", definesString, " ", includesString);
       while (flagRegex.find(workString)) {
         std::string::size_type start = flagRegex.start();
         if (workString[start] == ' ') {
diff --git a/Source/cmFLTKWrapUICommand.cxx b/Source/cmFLTKWrapUICommand.cxx
index b7a2b27..ccd6be9 100644
--- a/Source/cmFLTKWrapUICommand.cxx
+++ b/Source/cmFLTKWrapUICommand.cxx
@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@
 #include "cmMakefile.h"
 #include "cmRange.h"
 #include "cmSourceFile.h"
+#include "cmStringAlgorithms.h"
 #include "cmSystemTools.h"
 
 class cmExecutionStatus;
@@ -66,18 +67,15 @@
     // if we should use the source GUI
     // to generate .cxx and .h files
     if (!curr || !curr->GetPropertyAsBool("WRAP_EXCLUDE")) {
-      std::string outName = outputDirectory;
-      outName += "/";
-      outName += cmSystemTools::GetFilenameWithoutExtension(arg);
-      std::string hname = outName;
-      hname += ".h";
-      std::string origname = cdir + "/" + arg;
+      std::string outName = cmStrCat(
+        outputDirectory, "/", cmSystemTools::GetFilenameWithoutExtension(arg));
+      std::string hname = cmStrCat(outName, ".h");
+      std::string origname = cmStrCat(cdir, "/", arg);
       // add starting depends
       std::vector<std::string> depends;
       depends.push_back(origname);
       depends.push_back(fluid_exe);
-      std::string cxxres = outName;
-      cxxres += ".cxx";
+      std::string cxxres = cmStrCat(outName, ".cxx");
 
       cmCustomCommandLine commandLine;
       commandLine.push_back(fluid_exe);
diff --git a/Source/cmFileAPI.cxx b/Source/cmFileAPI.cxx
index ba42669..aee42d7 100644
--- a/Source/cmFileAPI.cxx
+++ b/Source/cmFileAPI.cxx
@@ -2,12 +2,12 @@
    file Copyright.txt or https://cmake.org/licensing for details.  */
 #include "cmFileAPI.h"
 
-#include "cmAlgorithms.h"
 #include "cmCryptoHash.h"
 #include "cmFileAPICMakeFiles.h"
 #include "cmFileAPICache.h"
 #include "cmFileAPICodemodel.h"
 #include "cmGlobalGenerator.h"
+#include "cmStringAlgorithms.h"
 #include "cmSystemTools.h"
 #include "cmTimestamp.h"
 #include "cmake.h"
@@ -94,7 +94,7 @@
   std::vector<std::string> files = this->LoadDir(reply_dir);
   for (std::string const& f : files) {
     if (this->ReplyFiles.find(f) == this->ReplyFiles.end()) {
-      std::string file = reply_dir + "/" + f;
+      std::string file = cmStrCat(reply_dir, "/", f);
       cmSystemTools::RemoveFile(file);
     }
   }
@@ -684,7 +684,6 @@
 
 Json::Value cmFileAPI::BuildCodeModel(Object const& object)
 {
-  using namespace std::placeholders;
   Json::Value codemodel = cmFileAPICodemodelDump(*this, object.Version);
   codemodel["kind"] = this->ObjectKindName(object.Kind);
 
@@ -719,7 +718,6 @@
 
 Json::Value cmFileAPI::BuildCache(Object const& object)
 {
-  using namespace std::placeholders;
   Json::Value cache = cmFileAPICacheDump(*this, object.Version);
   cache["kind"] = this->ObjectKindName(object.Kind);
 
@@ -754,7 +752,6 @@
 
 Json::Value cmFileAPI::BuildCMakeFiles(Object const& object)
 {
-  using namespace std::placeholders;
   Json::Value cmakeFiles = cmFileAPICMakeFilesDump(*this, object.Version);
   cmakeFiles["kind"] = this->ObjectKindName(object.Kind);
 
diff --git a/Source/cmFileAPICodemodel.cxx b/Source/cmFileAPICodemodel.cxx
index 7b916cd..e4b7670 100644
--- a/Source/cmFileAPICodemodel.cxx
+++ b/Source/cmFileAPICodemodel.cxx
@@ -21,6 +21,7 @@
 #include "cmStateDirectory.h"
 #include "cmStateSnapshot.h"
 #include "cmStateTypes.h"
+#include "cmStringAlgorithms.h"
 #include "cmSystemTools.h"
 #include "cmTarget.h"
 #include "cmTargetDepend.h"
@@ -30,6 +31,9 @@
 
 #include <algorithm>
 #include <cassert>
+#include <cstddef>
+#include <functional>
+#include <limits>
 #include <map>
 #include <memory>
 #include <set>
@@ -135,6 +139,40 @@
   return gt->GetName() + CMAKE_DIRECTORY_ID_SEP + hash;
 }
 
+class JBTIndex
+{
+public:
+  JBTIndex() = default;
+  explicit operator bool() const { return Index != None; }
+  Json::ArrayIndex Index = None;
+  static Json::ArrayIndex const None = static_cast<Json::ArrayIndex>(-1);
+};
+
+template <typename T>
+class JBT
+{
+public:
+  JBT(T v = T(), JBTIndex bt = JBTIndex())
+    : Value(std::move(v))
+    , Backtrace(bt)
+  {
+  }
+  T Value;
+  JBTIndex Backtrace;
+  friend bool operator==(JBT<T> const& l, JBT<T> const& r)
+  {
+    return l.Value == r.Value && l.Backtrace.Index == r.Backtrace.Index;
+  }
+  static bool ValueEq(JBT<T> const& l, JBT<T> const& r)
+  {
+    return l.Value == r.Value;
+  }
+  static bool ValueLess(JBT<T> const& l, JBT<T> const& r)
+  {
+    return l.Value < r.Value;
+  }
+};
+
 class BacktraceData
 {
   std::string TopSource;
@@ -169,7 +207,7 @@
 
 public:
   BacktraceData(std::string topSource);
-  bool Add(cmListFileBacktrace const& bt, Json::ArrayIndex& index);
+  JBTIndex Add(cmListFileBacktrace const& bt);
   Json::Value Dump();
 };
 
@@ -178,16 +216,17 @@
 {
 }
 
-bool BacktraceData::Add(cmListFileBacktrace const& bt, Json::ArrayIndex& index)
+JBTIndex BacktraceData::Add(cmListFileBacktrace const& bt)
 {
+  JBTIndex index;
   if (bt.Empty()) {
-    return false;
+    return index;
   }
   cmListFileContext const* top = &bt.Top();
   auto found = this->NodeMap.find(top);
   if (found != this->NodeMap.end()) {
-    index = found->second;
-    return true;
+    index.Index = found->second;
+    return index;
   }
   Json::Value entry = Json::objectValue;
   entry["file"] = this->AddFile(top->FilePath);
@@ -197,13 +236,12 @@
   if (!top->Name.empty()) {
     entry["command"] = this->AddCommand(top->Name);
   }
-  Json::ArrayIndex parent;
-  if (this->Add(bt.Pop(), parent)) {
-    entry["parent"] = parent;
+  if (JBTIndex parent = this->Add(bt.Pop())) {
+    entry["parent"] = parent.Index;
   }
-  index = this->NodeMap[top] = this->Nodes.size();
+  index.Index = this->NodeMap[top] = this->Nodes.size();
   this->Nodes.append(std::move(entry)); // NOLINT(*)
-  return true;
+  return index;
 }
 
 Json::Value BacktraceData::Dump()
@@ -222,32 +260,65 @@
 {
   struct IncludeEntry
   {
-    BT<std::string> Path;
+    JBT<std::string> Path;
     bool IsSystem = false;
-    IncludeEntry(BT<std::string> path, bool isSystem)
+    IncludeEntry(JBT<std::string> path, bool isSystem)
       : Path(std::move(path))
       , IsSystem(isSystem)
     {
     }
+    friend bool operator==(IncludeEntry const& l, IncludeEntry const& r)
+    {
+      return l.Path == r.Path && l.IsSystem == r.IsSystem;
+    }
   };
 
-  void SetDefines(std::set<BT<std::string>> const& defines);
-
   std::string Language;
   std::string Sysroot;
-  std::vector<BT<std::string>> Flags;
-  std::vector<BT<std::string>> Defines;
+  std::vector<JBT<std::string>> Flags;
+  std::vector<JBT<std::string>> Defines;
   std::vector<IncludeEntry> Includes;
-};
 
-void CompileData::SetDefines(std::set<BT<std::string>> const& defines)
-{
-  this->Defines.reserve(defines.size());
-  for (BT<std::string> const& d : defines) {
-    this->Defines.push_back(d);
+  friend bool operator==(CompileData const& l, CompileData const& r)
+  {
+    return (l.Language == r.Language && l.Sysroot == r.Sysroot &&
+            l.Flags == r.Flags && l.Defines == r.Defines &&
+            l.Includes == r.Includes);
   }
+};
 }
 
+namespace std {
+
+template <>
+struct hash<CompileData>
+{
+  std::size_t operator()(CompileData const& in) const
+  {
+    using std::hash;
+    size_t result =
+      hash<std::string>()(in.Language) ^ hash<std::string>()(in.Sysroot);
+    for (auto const& i : in.Includes) {
+      result = result ^
+        (hash<std::string>()(i.Path.Value) ^
+         hash<Json::ArrayIndex>()(i.Path.Backtrace.Index) ^
+         (i.IsSystem ? std::numeric_limits<size_t>::max() : 0));
+    }
+    for (auto const& i : in.Flags) {
+      result = result ^ hash<std::string>()(i.Value) ^
+        hash<Json::ArrayIndex>()(i.Backtrace.Index);
+    }
+    for (auto const& i : in.Defines) {
+      result = result ^ hash<std::string>()(i.Value) ^
+        hash<Json::ArrayIndex>()(i.Backtrace.Index);
+    }
+    return result;
+  }
+};
+
+} // namespace std
+
+namespace {
 class Target
 {
   cmGeneratorTarget* GT;
@@ -272,24 +343,32 @@
 
   struct CompileGroup
   {
-    std::map<Json::Value, Json::ArrayIndex>::iterator Entry;
+    std::unordered_map<CompileData, Json::ArrayIndex>::iterator Entry;
     Json::Value SourceIndexes = Json::arrayValue;
   };
-  std::map<Json::Value, Json::ArrayIndex> CompileGroupMap;
+  std::unordered_map<CompileData, Json::ArrayIndex> CompileGroupMap;
   std::vector<CompileGroup> CompileGroups;
 
+  template <typename T>
+  JBT<T> ToJBT(BT<T> const& bt)
+  {
+    return JBT<T>(bt.Value, this->Backtraces.Add(bt.Backtrace));
+  }
+
   void ProcessLanguages();
   void ProcessLanguage(std::string const& lang);
 
   Json::ArrayIndex AddSourceGroup(cmSourceGroup* sg, Json::ArrayIndex si);
   CompileData BuildCompileData(cmSourceFile* sf);
+  CompileData MergeCompileData(CompileData const& fd);
   Json::ArrayIndex AddSourceCompileGroup(cmSourceFile* sf,
                                          Json::ArrayIndex si);
   void AddBacktrace(Json::Value& object, cmListFileBacktrace const& bt);
+  void AddBacktrace(Json::Value& object, JBTIndex bt);
   Json::Value DumpPaths();
-  Json::Value DumpCompileData(CompileData cd);
+  Json::Value DumpCompileData(CompileData const& cd);
   Json::Value DumpInclude(CompileData::IncludeEntry const& inc);
-  Json::Value DumpDefine(BT<std::string> const& def);
+  Json::Value DumpDefine(JBT<std::string> const& def);
   Json::Value DumpSources();
   Json::Value DumpSource(cmGeneratorTarget::SourceAndKind const& sk,
                          Json::ArrayIndex si);
@@ -306,8 +385,8 @@
   Json::Value DumpLink();
   Json::Value DumpArchive();
   Json::Value DumpLinkCommandFragments();
-  Json::Value DumpCommandFragments(std::vector<BT<std::string>> const& frags);
-  Json::Value DumpCommandFragment(BT<std::string> const& frag,
+  Json::Value DumpCommandFragments(std::vector<JBT<std::string>> const& frags);
+  Json::Value DumpCommandFragment(JBT<std::string> const& frag,
                                   std::string const& role = std::string());
   Json::Value DumpDependencies();
   Json::Value DumpDependency(cmTargetDepend const& td);
@@ -722,16 +801,20 @@
     // which may need to be factored out.
     std::string flags;
     lg->GetTargetCompileFlags(this->GT, this->Config, lang, flags);
-    cd.Flags.emplace_back(std::move(flags), cmListFileBacktrace());
+    cd.Flags.emplace_back(std::move(flags), JBTIndex());
   }
   std::set<BT<std::string>> defines =
     lg->GetTargetDefines(this->GT, this->Config, lang);
-  cd.SetDefines(defines);
+  cd.Defines.reserve(defines.size());
+  for (BT<std::string> const& d : defines) {
+    cd.Defines.emplace_back(this->ToJBT(d));
+  }
   std::vector<BT<std::string>> includePathList =
     lg->GetIncludeDirectories(this->GT, lang, this->Config);
   for (BT<std::string> const& i : includePathList) {
     cd.Includes.emplace_back(
-      i, this->GT->IsSystemIncludeDirectory(i.Value, this->Config, lang));
+      this->ToJBT(i),
+      this->GT->IsSystemIncludeDirectory(i.Value, this->Config, lang));
   }
 }
 
@@ -758,26 +841,22 @@
   if (fd.Language.empty()) {
     return fd;
   }
-  CompileData const& cd = this->CompileDataMap.at(fd.Language);
-
-  fd.Sysroot = cd.Sysroot;
 
   cmLocalGenerator* lg = this->GT->GetLocalGenerator();
   cmGeneratorExpressionInterpreter genexInterpreter(lg, this->Config, this->GT,
                                                     fd.Language);
 
-  fd.Flags = cd.Flags;
   const std::string COMPILE_FLAGS("COMPILE_FLAGS");
   if (const char* cflags = sf->GetProperty(COMPILE_FLAGS)) {
     std::string flags = genexInterpreter.Evaluate(cflags, COMPILE_FLAGS);
-    fd.Flags.emplace_back(std::move(flags), cmListFileBacktrace());
+    fd.Flags.emplace_back(std::move(flags), JBTIndex());
   }
   const std::string COMPILE_OPTIONS("COMPILE_OPTIONS");
   if (const char* coptions = sf->GetProperty(COMPILE_OPTIONS)) {
     std::string flags;
     lg->AppendCompileOptions(
       flags, genexInterpreter.Evaluate(coptions, COMPILE_OPTIONS));
-    fd.Flags.emplace_back(std::move(flags), cmListFileBacktrace());
+    fd.Flags.emplace_back(std::move(flags), JBTIndex());
   }
 
   // Add include directories from source file properties.
@@ -796,8 +875,6 @@
       }
     }
   }
-  fd.Includes.insert(fd.Includes.end(), cd.Includes.begin(),
-                     cd.Includes.end());
 
   const std::string COMPILE_DEFINITIONS("COMPILE_DEFINITIONS");
   std::set<std::string> fileDefines;
@@ -814,27 +891,62 @@
       genexInterpreter.Evaluate(config_defs, COMPILE_DEFINITIONS));
   }
 
-  std::set<BT<std::string>> defines;
-  defines.insert(fileDefines.begin(), fileDefines.end());
-  defines.insert(cd.Defines.begin(), cd.Defines.end());
-
-  fd.SetDefines(defines);
+  fd.Defines.reserve(fileDefines.size());
+  for (std::string const& d : fileDefines) {
+    fd.Defines.emplace_back(d, JBTIndex());
+  }
 
   return fd;
 }
 
+CompileData Target::MergeCompileData(CompileData const& fd)
+{
+  CompileData cd;
+  cd.Language = fd.Language;
+  if (cd.Language.empty()) {
+    return cd;
+  }
+  CompileData const& td = this->CompileDataMap.at(cd.Language);
+
+  // All compile groups share the sysroot of the target.
+  cd.Sysroot = td.Sysroot;
+
+  // Use target-wide flags followed by source-specific flags.
+  cd.Flags.reserve(td.Flags.size() + fd.Flags.size());
+  cd.Flags.insert(cd.Flags.end(), td.Flags.begin(), td.Flags.end());
+  cd.Flags.insert(cd.Flags.end(), fd.Flags.begin(), fd.Flags.end());
+
+  // Use source-specific includes followed by target-wide includes.
+  cd.Includes.reserve(fd.Includes.size() + td.Includes.size());
+  cd.Includes.insert(cd.Includes.end(), fd.Includes.begin(),
+                     fd.Includes.end());
+  cd.Includes.insert(cd.Includes.end(), td.Includes.begin(),
+                     td.Includes.end());
+
+  // Use target-wide defines followed by source-specific defines.
+  cd.Defines.reserve(td.Defines.size() + fd.Defines.size());
+  cd.Defines.insert(cd.Defines.end(), td.Defines.begin(), td.Defines.end());
+  cd.Defines.insert(cd.Defines.end(), fd.Defines.begin(), fd.Defines.end());
+
+  // De-duplicate defines.
+  std::stable_sort(cd.Defines.begin(), cd.Defines.end(),
+                   JBT<std::string>::ValueLess);
+  auto end = std::unique(cd.Defines.begin(), cd.Defines.end(),
+                         JBT<std::string>::ValueEq);
+  cd.Defines.erase(end, cd.Defines.end());
+
+  return cd;
+}
+
 Json::ArrayIndex Target::AddSourceCompileGroup(cmSourceFile* sf,
                                                Json::ArrayIndex si)
 {
-  Json::Value compileDataJson =
-    this->DumpCompileData(this->BuildCompileData(sf));
-  std::map<Json::Value, Json::ArrayIndex>::iterator i =
-    this->CompileGroupMap.find(compileDataJson);
+  CompileData compileData = this->BuildCompileData(sf);
+  auto i = this->CompileGroupMap.find(compileData);
   if (i == this->CompileGroupMap.end()) {
     Json::ArrayIndex cgIndex =
       static_cast<Json::ArrayIndex>(this->CompileGroups.size());
-    i =
-      this->CompileGroupMap.emplace(std::move(compileDataJson), cgIndex).first;
+    i = this->CompileGroupMap.emplace(std::move(compileData), cgIndex).first;
     CompileGroup g;
     g.Entry = i;
     this->CompileGroups.push_back(std::move(g));
@@ -845,9 +957,15 @@
 
 void Target::AddBacktrace(Json::Value& object, cmListFileBacktrace const& bt)
 {
-  Json::ArrayIndex backtrace;
-  if (this->Backtraces.Add(bt, backtrace)) {
-    object["backtrace"] = backtrace;
+  if (JBTIndex backtrace = this->Backtraces.Add(bt)) {
+    object["backtrace"] = backtrace.Index;
+  }
+}
+
+void Target::AddBacktrace(Json::Value& object, JBTIndex bt)
+{
+  if (bt) {
+    object["backtrace"] = bt.Index;
   }
 }
 
@@ -915,7 +1033,7 @@
   return source;
 }
 
-Json::Value Target::DumpCompileData(CompileData cd)
+Json::Value Target::DumpCompileData(CompileData const& cd)
 {
   Json::Value result = Json::objectValue;
 
@@ -937,7 +1055,7 @@
   }
   if (!cd.Defines.empty()) {
     Json::Value defines = Json::arrayValue;
-    for (BT<std::string> const& d : cd.Defines) {
+    for (JBT<std::string> const& d : cd.Defines) {
       defines.append(this->DumpDefine(d));
     }
     result["defines"] = std::move(defines);
@@ -957,7 +1075,7 @@
   return include;
 }
 
-Json::Value Target::DumpDefine(BT<std::string> const& def)
+Json::Value Target::DumpDefine(JBT<std::string> const& def)
 {
   Json::Value define = Json::objectValue;
   define["define"] = def.Value;
@@ -993,7 +1111,8 @@
 
 Json::Value Target::DumpCompileGroup(CompileGroup& cg)
 {
-  Json::Value group = cg.Entry->first;
+  Json::Value group =
+    this->DumpCompileData(this->MergeCompileData(cg.Entry->first));
   group["sourceIndexes"] = std::move(cg.SourceIndexes);
   return group;
 }
@@ -1026,12 +1145,9 @@
 Json::Value Target::DumpInstallDestinations()
 {
   Json::Value destinations = Json::arrayValue;
-  auto installGens = this->GT->Makefile->GetInstallGenerators();
-  for (auto iGen : installGens) {
-    auto itGen = dynamic_cast<cmInstallTargetGenerator*>(iGen);
-    if (itGen != nullptr && itGen->GetTarget() == this->GT) {
-      destinations.append(this->DumpInstallDestination(itGen));
-    }
+  auto installGens = this->GT->Target->GetInstallGenerators();
+  for (auto itGen : installGens) {
+    destinations.append(this->DumpInstallDestination(itGen));
   }
   return destinations;
 }
@@ -1155,11 +1271,11 @@
   lg->GetTargetFlags(&linkLineComputer, this->Config, linkLibs,
                      linkLanguageFlags, linkFlags, frameworkPath, linkPath,
                      this->GT);
-  linkLanguageFlags = cmSystemTools::TrimWhitespace(linkLanguageFlags);
-  linkFlags = cmSystemTools::TrimWhitespace(linkFlags);
-  frameworkPath = cmSystemTools::TrimWhitespace(frameworkPath);
-  linkPath = cmSystemTools::TrimWhitespace(linkPath);
-  linkLibs = cmSystemTools::TrimWhitespace(linkLibs);
+  linkLanguageFlags = cmTrimWhitespace(linkLanguageFlags);
+  linkFlags = cmTrimWhitespace(linkFlags);
+  frameworkPath = cmTrimWhitespace(frameworkPath);
+  linkPath = cmTrimWhitespace(linkPath);
+  linkLibs = cmTrimWhitespace(linkLibs);
 
   if (!linkLanguageFlags.empty()) {
     linkFragments.append(
@@ -1190,16 +1306,16 @@
 }
 
 Json::Value Target::DumpCommandFragments(
-  std::vector<BT<std::string>> const& frags)
+  std::vector<JBT<std::string>> const& frags)
 {
   Json::Value commandFragments = Json::arrayValue;
-  for (BT<std::string> const& f : frags) {
+  for (JBT<std::string> const& f : frags) {
     commandFragments.append(this->DumpCommandFragment(f));
   }
   return commandFragments;
 }
 
-Json::Value Target::DumpCommandFragment(BT<std::string> const& frag,
+Json::Value Target::DumpCommandFragment(JBT<std::string> const& frag,
                                         std::string const& role)
 {
   Json::Value fragment = Json::objectValue;
diff --git a/Source/cmFileCommand.cxx b/Source/cmFileCommand.cxx
index a8ee6a8..fd319f6 100644
--- a/Source/cmFileCommand.cxx
+++ b/Source/cmFileCommand.cxx
@@ -25,6 +25,7 @@
 #include "cmAlgorithms.h"
 #include "cmArgumentParser.h"
 #include "cmCryptoHash.h"
+#include "cmExecutionStatus.h"
 #include "cmFileCopier.h"
 #include "cmFileInstaller.h"
 #include "cmFileLockPool.h"
@@ -39,12 +40,14 @@
 #include "cmRange.h"
 #include "cmRuntimeDependencyArchive.h"
 #include "cmState.h"
+#include "cmStringAlgorithms.h"
+#include "cmSubcommandTable.h"
 #include "cmSystemTools.h"
 #include "cmTimestamp.h"
 #include "cm_sys_stat.h"
 #include "cmake.h"
 
-#if defined(CMAKE_BUILD_WITH_CMAKE)
+#if !defined(CMAKE_BOOTSTRAP)
 #  include "cmCurl.h"
 #  include "cmFileLockResult.h"
 #  include "cm_curl.h"
@@ -58,10 +61,12 @@
 #  include <windows.h>
 #endif
 
+namespace {
+
 #if defined(_WIN32)
 // libcurl doesn't support file:// urls for unicode filenames on Windows.
 // Convert string from UTF-8 to ACP if this is a file:// URL.
-static std::string fix_file_url_windows(const std::string& url)
+std::string fix_file_url_windows(const std::string& url)
 {
   std::string ret = url;
   if (strncmp(url.c_str(), "file://", 7) == 0) {
@@ -83,123 +88,8 @@
 }
 #endif
 
-// cmLibraryCommand
-bool cmFileCommand::InitialPass(std::vector<std::string> const& args,
-                                cmExecutionStatus&)
-{
-  if (args.size() < 2) {
-    this->SetError("must be called with at least two arguments.");
-    return false;
-  }
-  std::string const& subCommand = args[0];
-  if (subCommand == "WRITE") {
-    return this->HandleWriteCommand(args, false);
-  }
-  if (subCommand == "APPEND") {
-    return this->HandleWriteCommand(args, true);
-  }
-  if (subCommand == "DOWNLOAD") {
-    return this->HandleDownloadCommand(args);
-  }
-  if (subCommand == "UPLOAD") {
-    return this->HandleUploadCommand(args);
-  }
-  if (subCommand == "READ") {
-    return this->HandleReadCommand(args);
-  }
-  if (subCommand == "MD5" || subCommand == "SHA1" || subCommand == "SHA224" ||
-      subCommand == "SHA256" || subCommand == "SHA384" ||
-      subCommand == "SHA512" || subCommand == "SHA3_224" ||
-      subCommand == "SHA3_256" || subCommand == "SHA3_384" ||
-      subCommand == "SHA3_512") {
-    return this->HandleHashCommand(args);
-  }
-  if (subCommand == "STRINGS") {
-    return this->HandleStringsCommand(args);
-  }
-  if (subCommand == "GLOB") {
-    return this->HandleGlobCommand(args, false);
-  }
-  if (subCommand == "GLOB_RECURSE") {
-    return this->HandleGlobCommand(args, true);
-  }
-  if (subCommand == "MAKE_DIRECTORY") {
-    return this->HandleMakeDirectoryCommand(args);
-  }
-  if (subCommand == "RENAME") {
-    return this->HandleRename(args);
-  }
-  if (subCommand == "REMOVE") {
-    return this->HandleRemove(args, false);
-  }
-  if (subCommand == "REMOVE_RECURSE") {
-    return this->HandleRemove(args, true);
-  }
-  if (subCommand == "COPY") {
-    return this->HandleCopyCommand(args);
-  }
-  if (subCommand == "INSTALL") {
-    return this->HandleInstallCommand(args);
-  }
-  if (subCommand == "DIFFERENT") {
-    return this->HandleDifferentCommand(args);
-  }
-  if (subCommand == "RPATH_CHANGE" || subCommand == "CHRPATH") {
-    return this->HandleRPathChangeCommand(args);
-  }
-  if (subCommand == "RPATH_CHECK") {
-    return this->HandleRPathCheckCommand(args);
-  }
-  if (subCommand == "RPATH_REMOVE") {
-    return this->HandleRPathRemoveCommand(args);
-  }
-  if (subCommand == "READ_ELF") {
-    return this->HandleReadElfCommand(args);
-  }
-  if (subCommand == "RELATIVE_PATH") {
-    return this->HandleRelativePathCommand(args);
-  }
-  if (subCommand == "TO_CMAKE_PATH") {
-    return this->HandleCMakePathCommand(args, false);
-  }
-  if (subCommand == "TO_NATIVE_PATH") {
-    return this->HandleCMakePathCommand(args, true);
-  }
-  if (subCommand == "TOUCH") {
-    return this->HandleTouchCommand(args, true);
-  }
-  if (subCommand == "TOUCH_NOCREATE") {
-    return this->HandleTouchCommand(args, false);
-  }
-  if (subCommand == "TIMESTAMP") {
-    return this->HandleTimestampCommand(args);
-  }
-  if (subCommand == "GENERATE") {
-    return this->HandleGenerateCommand(args);
-  }
-  if (subCommand == "LOCK") {
-    return this->HandleLockCommand(args);
-  }
-  if (subCommand == "SIZE") {
-    return this->HandleSizeCommand(args);
-  }
-  if (subCommand == "READ_SYMLINK") {
-    return this->HandleReadSymlinkCommand(args);
-  }
-  if (subCommand == "CREATE_LINK") {
-    return this->HandleCreateLinkCommand(args);
-  }
-  if (subCommand == "GET_RUNTIME_DEPENDENCIES") {
-    return this->HandleGetRuntimeDependenciesCommand(args);
-  }
-
-  std::string e = "does not recognize sub-command " + subCommand;
-  this->SetError(e);
-  return false;
-}
-
-bool cmFileCommand::HandleWriteCommand(std::vector<std::string> const& args,
-                                       bool append)
+bool HandleWriteImpl(std::vector<std::string> const& args, bool append,
+                     cmExecutionStatus& status)
 {
   std::vector<std::string>::const_iterator i = args.begin();
 
@@ -207,16 +97,16 @@
 
   std::string fileName = *i;
   if (!cmsys::SystemTools::FileIsFullPath(*i)) {
-    fileName = this->Makefile->GetCurrentSourceDirectory();
+    fileName = status.GetMakefile().GetCurrentSourceDirectory();
     fileName += "/" + *i;
   }
 
   i++;
 
-  if (!this->Makefile->CanIWriteThisFile(fileName)) {
+  if (!status.GetMakefile().CanIWriteThisFile(fileName)) {
     std::string e =
       "attempted to write a file: " + fileName + " into a source directory.";
-    this->SetError(e);
+    status.SetError(e);
     cmSystemTools::SetFatalErrorOccured();
     return false;
   }
@@ -248,7 +138,7 @@
     error += cmSystemTools::GetLastSystemError();
     error += "):\n  ";
     error += fileName;
-    this->SetError(error);
+    status.SetError(error);
     return false;
   }
   std::string message = cmJoin(cmMakeRange(i, args.end()), std::string());
@@ -258,7 +148,7 @@
     error += cmSystemTools::GetLastSystemError();
     error += "):\n  ";
     error += fileName;
-    this->SetError(error);
+    status.SetError(error);
     return false;
   }
   file.close();
@@ -268,11 +158,24 @@
   return true;
 }
 
-bool cmFileCommand::HandleReadCommand(std::vector<std::string> const& args)
+bool HandleWriteCommand(std::vector<std::string> const& args,
+                        cmExecutionStatus& status)
+{
+  return HandleWriteImpl(args, false, status);
+}
+
+bool HandleAppendCommand(std::vector<std::string> const& args,
+                         cmExecutionStatus& status)
+{
+  return HandleWriteImpl(args, true, status);
+}
+
+bool HandleReadCommand(std::vector<std::string> const& args,
+                       cmExecutionStatus& status)
 {
   if (args.size() < 3) {
-    this->SetError("READ must be called with at least two additional "
-                   "arguments");
+    status.SetError("READ must be called with at least two additional "
+                    "arguments");
     return false;
   }
 
@@ -295,7 +198,7 @@
 
   std::string fileName = fileNameArg;
   if (!cmsys::SystemTools::FileIsFullPath(fileName)) {
-    fileName = this->Makefile->GetCurrentSourceDirectory();
+    fileName = status.GetMakefile().GetCurrentSourceDirectory();
     fileName += "/" + fileNameArg;
   }
 
@@ -313,7 +216,7 @@
     error += cmSystemTools::GetLastSystemError();
     error += "):\n  ";
     error += fileName;
-    this->SetError(error);
+    status.SetError(error);
     return false;
   }
 
@@ -365,17 +268,18 @@
       }
     }
   }
-  this->Makefile->AddDefinition(variable, output);
+  status.GetMakefile().AddDefinition(variable, output);
   return true;
 }
 
-bool cmFileCommand::HandleHashCommand(std::vector<std::string> const& args)
+bool HandleHashCommand(std::vector<std::string> const& args,
+                       cmExecutionStatus& status)
 {
-#if defined(CMAKE_BUILD_WITH_CMAKE)
+#if !defined(CMAKE_BOOTSTRAP)
   if (args.size() != 3) {
     std::ostringstream e;
     e << args[0] << " requires a file name and output variable";
-    this->SetError(e.str());
+    status.SetError(e.str());
     return false;
   }
 
@@ -383,34 +287,35 @@
   if (hash) {
     std::string out = hash->HashFile(args[1]);
     if (!out.empty()) {
-      this->Makefile->AddDefinition(args[2], out);
+      status.GetMakefile().AddDefinition(args[2], out);
       return true;
     }
     std::ostringstream e;
     e << args[0] << " failed to read file \"" << args[1]
       << "\": " << cmSystemTools::GetLastSystemError();
-    this->SetError(e.str());
+    status.SetError(e.str());
   }
   return false;
 #else
   std::ostringstream e;
   e << args[0] << " not available during bootstrap";
-  this->SetError(e.str());
+  status.SetError(e.str());
   return false;
 #endif
 }
 
-bool cmFileCommand::HandleStringsCommand(std::vector<std::string> const& args)
+bool HandleStringsCommand(std::vector<std::string> const& args,
+                          cmExecutionStatus& status)
 {
   if (args.size() < 3) {
-    this->SetError("STRINGS requires a file name and output variable");
+    status.SetError("STRINGS requires a file name and output variable");
     return false;
   }
 
   // Get the file to read.
   std::string fileName = args[1];
   if (!cmsys::SystemTools::FileIsFullPath(fileName)) {
-    fileName = this->Makefile->GetCurrentSourceDirectory();
+    fileName = status.GetMakefile().GetCurrentSourceDirectory();
     fileName += "/" + args[1];
   }
 
@@ -477,7 +382,7 @@
         std::ostringstream e;
         e << "STRINGS option LIMIT_INPUT value \"" << args[i]
           << "\" is not an unsigned integer.";
-        this->SetError(e.str());
+        status.SetError(e.str());
         return false;
       }
       arg_mode = arg_none;
@@ -487,7 +392,7 @@
         std::ostringstream e;
         e << "STRINGS option LIMIT_OUTPUT value \"" << args[i]
           << "\" is not an unsigned integer.";
-        this->SetError(e.str());
+        status.SetError(e.str());
         return false;
       }
       arg_mode = arg_none;
@@ -497,7 +402,7 @@
         std::ostringstream e;
         e << "STRINGS option LIMIT_COUNT value \"" << args[i]
           << "\" is not an unsigned integer.";
-        this->SetError(e.str());
+        status.SetError(e.str());
         return false;
       }
       limit_count = count;
@@ -508,7 +413,7 @@
         std::ostringstream e;
         e << "STRINGS option LENGTH_MINIMUM value \"" << args[i]
           << "\" is not an unsigned integer.";
-        this->SetError(e.str());
+        status.SetError(e.str());
         return false;
       }
       minlen = len;
@@ -519,7 +424,7 @@
         std::ostringstream e;
         e << "STRINGS option LENGTH_MAXIMUM value \"" << args[i]
           << "\" is not an unsigned integer.";
-        this->SetError(e.str());
+        status.SetError(e.str());
         return false;
       }
       maxlen = len;
@@ -529,7 +434,7 @@
         std::ostringstream e;
         e << "STRINGS option REGEX value \"" << args[i]
           << "\" could not be compiled.";
-        this->SetError(e.str());
+        status.SetError(e.str());
         return false;
       }
       have_regex = true;
@@ -548,21 +453,22 @@
       } else {
         std::ostringstream e;
         e << "STRINGS option ENCODING \"" << args[i] << "\" not recognized.";
-        this->SetError(e.str());
+        status.SetError(e.str());
         return false;
       }
       arg_mode = arg_none;
     } else {
       std::ostringstream e;
       e << "STRINGS given unknown argument \"" << args[i] << "\"";
-      this->SetError(e.str());
+      status.SetError(e.str());
       return false;
     }
   }
 
   if (hex_conversion_enabled) {
     // TODO: should work without temp file, but just on a memory buffer
-    std::string binaryFileName = this->Makefile->GetCurrentBinaryDirectory();
+    std::string binaryFileName =
+      status.GetMakefile().GetCurrentBinaryDirectory();
     binaryFileName += "/CMakeFiles";
     binaryFileName += "/FileCommandStringsBinaryFile";
     if (cmHexFileConverter::TryConvert(fileName, binaryFileName)) {
@@ -579,7 +485,7 @@
   if (!fin) {
     std::ostringstream e;
     e << "STRINGS file \"" << fileName << "\" cannot be read.";
-    this->SetError(e.str());
+    status.SetError(e.str());
     return false;
   }
 
@@ -751,12 +657,12 @@
   }
 
   // Save the output in a makefile variable.
-  this->Makefile->AddDefinition(outVar, output);
+  status.GetMakefile().AddDefinition(outVar, output);
   return true;
 }
 
-bool cmFileCommand::HandleGlobCommand(std::vector<std::string> const& args,
-                                      bool recurse)
+bool HandleGlobImpl(std::vector<std::string> const& args, bool recurse,
+                    cmExecutionStatus& status)
 {
   // File commands has at least one argument
   assert(args.size() > 1);
@@ -771,10 +677,10 @@
   g.SetRecurse(recurse);
 
   bool explicitFollowSymlinks = false;
-  cmPolicies::PolicyStatus status =
-    this->Makefile->GetPolicyStatus(cmPolicies::CMP0009);
+  cmPolicies::PolicyStatus policyStatus =
+    status.GetMakefile().GetPolicyStatus(cmPolicies::CMP0009);
   if (recurse) {
-    switch (status) {
+    switch (policyStatus) {
       case cmPolicies::REQUIRED_IF_USED:
       case cmPolicies::REQUIRED_ALWAYS:
       case cmPolicies::NEW:
@@ -792,7 +698,7 @@
   bool warnConfigureLate = false;
   bool warnFollowedSymlinks = false;
   const cmake::WorkingMode workingMode =
-    this->Makefile->GetCMakeInstance()->GetWorkingMode();
+    status.GetMakefile().GetCMakeInstance()->GetWorkingMode();
   while (i != args.end()) {
     if (*i == "LIST_DIRECTORIES") {
       ++i; // skip LIST_DIRECTORIES
@@ -804,12 +710,12 @@
           g.SetListDirs(false);
           g.SetRecurseListDirs(false);
         } else {
-          this->SetError("LIST_DIRECTORIES missing bool value.");
+          status.SetError("LIST_DIRECTORIES missing bool value.");
           return false;
         }
         ++i;
       } else {
-        this->SetError("LIST_DIRECTORIES missing bool value.");
+        status.SetError("LIST_DIRECTORIES missing bool value.");
         return false;
       }
     } else if (*i == "FOLLOW_SYMLINKS") {
@@ -818,7 +724,7 @@
         explicitFollowSymlinks = true;
         g.RecurseThroughSymlinksOn();
         if (i == args.end()) {
-          this->SetError(
+          status.SetError(
             "GLOB_RECURSE requires a glob expression after FOLLOW_SYMLINKS.");
           return false;
         }
@@ -826,25 +732,26 @@
     } else if (*i == "RELATIVE") {
       ++i; // skip RELATIVE
       if (i == args.end()) {
-        this->SetError("GLOB requires a directory after the RELATIVE tag.");
+        status.SetError("GLOB requires a directory after the RELATIVE tag.");
         return false;
       }
       g.SetRelative(i->c_str());
       ++i;
       if (i == args.end()) {
-        this->SetError("GLOB requires a glob expression after the directory.");
+        status.SetError(
+          "GLOB requires a glob expression after the directory.");
         return false;
       }
     } else if (*i == "CONFIGURE_DEPENDS") {
       // Generated build system depends on glob results
       if (!configureDepends && warnConfigureLate) {
-        this->Makefile->IssueMessage(
+        status.GetMakefile().IssueMessage(
           MessageType::AUTHOR_WARNING,
           "CONFIGURE_DEPENDS flag was given after a glob expression was "
           "already evaluated.");
       }
       if (workingMode != cmake::NORMAL_MODE) {
-        this->Makefile->IssueMessage(
+        status.GetMakefile().IssueMessage(
           MessageType::FATAL_ERROR,
           "CONFIGURE_DEPENDS is invalid for script and find package modes.");
         return false;
@@ -852,14 +759,14 @@
       configureDepends = true;
       ++i;
       if (i == args.end()) {
-        this->SetError(
+        status.SetError(
           "GLOB requires a glob expression after CONFIGURE_DEPENDS.");
         return false;
       }
     } else {
       std::string expr = *i;
       if (!cmsys::SystemTools::FileIsFullPath(*i)) {
-        expr = this->Makefile->GetCurrentSourceDirectory();
+        expr = status.GetMakefile().GetCurrentSourceDirectory();
         // Handle script mode
         if (!expr.empty()) {
           expr += "/" + *i;
@@ -875,12 +782,12 @@
         bool shouldExit = false;
         for (cmsys::Glob::Message const& globMessage : globMessages) {
           if (globMessage.type == cmsys::Glob::cyclicRecursion) {
-            this->Makefile->IssueMessage(
+            status.GetMakefile().IssueMessage(
               MessageType::AUTHOR_WARNING,
               "Cyclic recursion detected while globbing for '" + *i + "':\n" +
                 globMessage.content);
           } else {
-            this->Makefile->IssueMessage(
+            status.GetMakefile().IssueMessage(
               MessageType::FATAL_ERROR,
               "Error has occurred while globbing for '" + *i + "' - " +
                 globMessage.content);
@@ -904,11 +811,11 @@
         std::sort(foundFiles.begin(), foundFiles.end());
         foundFiles.erase(std::unique(foundFiles.begin(), foundFiles.end()),
                          foundFiles.end());
-        this->Makefile->GetCMakeInstance()->AddGlobCacheEntry(
+        status.GetMakefile().GetCMakeInstance()->AddGlobCacheEntry(
           recurse, (recurse ? g.GetRecurseListDirs() : g.GetListDirs()),
           (recurse ? g.GetRecurseThroughSymlinks() : false),
           (g.GetRelative() ? g.GetRelative() : ""), expr, foundFiles, variable,
-          this->Makefile->GetBacktrace());
+          status.GetMakefile().GetBacktrace());
       } else {
         warnConfigureLate = true;
       }
@@ -916,7 +823,7 @@
     }
   }
 
-  switch (status) {
+  switch (policyStatus) {
     case cmPolicies::REQUIRED_IF_USED:
     case cmPolicies::REQUIRED_ALWAYS:
     case cmPolicies::NEW:
@@ -929,7 +836,7 @@
       // Possibly unexpected old behavior *and* we actually traversed
       // symlinks without being explicitly asked to: warn the author.
       if (warnFollowedSymlinks) {
-        this->Makefile->IssueMessage(
+        status.GetMakefile().IssueMessage(
           MessageType::AUTHOR_WARNING,
           cmPolicies::GetPolicyWarning(cmPolicies::CMP0009));
       }
@@ -938,12 +845,24 @@
 
   std::sort(files.begin(), files.end());
   files.erase(std::unique(files.begin(), files.end()), files.end());
-  this->Makefile->AddDefinition(variable, cmJoin(files, ";"));
+  status.GetMakefile().AddDefinition(variable, cmJoin(files, ";"));
   return true;
 }
 
-bool cmFileCommand::HandleMakeDirectoryCommand(
-  std::vector<std::string> const& args)
+bool HandleGlobCommand(std::vector<std::string> const& args,
+                       cmExecutionStatus& status)
+{
+  return HandleGlobImpl(args, false, status);
+}
+
+bool HandleGlobRecurseCommand(std::vector<std::string> const& args,
+                              cmExecutionStatus& status)
+{
+  return HandleGlobImpl(args, true, status);
+}
+
+bool HandleMakeDirectoryCommand(std::vector<std::string> const& args,
+                                cmExecutionStatus& status)
 {
   // File command has at least one argument
   assert(args.size() > 1);
@@ -954,28 +873,28 @@
   {
     const std::string* cdir = &arg;
     if (!cmsys::SystemTools::FileIsFullPath(arg)) {
-      expr = this->Makefile->GetCurrentSourceDirectory();
+      expr = status.GetMakefile().GetCurrentSourceDirectory();
       expr += "/" + arg;
       cdir = &expr;
     }
-    if (!this->Makefile->CanIWriteThisFile(*cdir)) {
+    if (!status.GetMakefile().CanIWriteThisFile(*cdir)) {
       std::string e = "attempted to create a directory: " + *cdir +
         " into a source directory.";
-      this->SetError(e);
+      status.SetError(e);
       cmSystemTools::SetFatalErrorOccured();
       return false;
     }
     if (!cmSystemTools::MakeDirectory(*cdir)) {
       std::string error = "problem creating directory: " + *cdir;
-      this->SetError(error);
+      status.SetError(error);
       return false;
     }
   }
   return true;
 }
 
-bool cmFileCommand::HandleTouchCommand(std::vector<std::string> const& args,
-                                       bool create)
+bool HandleTouchImpl(std::vector<std::string> const& args, bool create,
+                     cmExecutionStatus& status)
 {
   // File command has at least one argument
   assert(args.size() > 1);
@@ -985,27 +904,39 @@
   {
     std::string tfile = arg;
     if (!cmsys::SystemTools::FileIsFullPath(tfile)) {
-      tfile = this->Makefile->GetCurrentSourceDirectory();
+      tfile = status.GetMakefile().GetCurrentSourceDirectory();
       tfile += "/" + arg;
     }
-    if (!this->Makefile->CanIWriteThisFile(tfile)) {
+    if (!status.GetMakefile().CanIWriteThisFile(tfile)) {
       std::string e =
         "attempted to touch a file: " + tfile + " in a source directory.";
-      this->SetError(e);
+      status.SetError(e);
       cmSystemTools::SetFatalErrorOccured();
       return false;
     }
     if (!cmSystemTools::Touch(tfile, create)) {
       std::string error = "problem touching file: " + tfile;
-      this->SetError(error);
+      status.SetError(error);
       return false;
     }
   }
   return true;
 }
 
-bool cmFileCommand::HandleDifferentCommand(
-  std::vector<std::string> const& args)
+bool HandleTouchCommand(std::vector<std::string> const& args,
+                        cmExecutionStatus& status)
+{
+  return HandleTouchImpl(args, true, status);
+}
+
+bool HandleTouchNocreateCommand(std::vector<std::string> const& args,
+                                cmExecutionStatus& status)
+{
+  return HandleTouchImpl(args, false, status);
+}
+
+bool HandleDifferentCommand(std::vector<std::string> const& args,
+                            cmExecutionStatus& status)
 {
   /*
     FILE(DIFFERENT <variable> FILES <lhs> <rhs>)
@@ -1038,34 +969,35 @@
     } else {
       std::ostringstream e;
       e << "DIFFERENT given unknown argument " << args[i];
-      this->SetError(e.str());
+      status.SetError(e.str());
       return false;
     }
   }
   if (!var) {
-    this->SetError("DIFFERENT not given result variable name.");
+    status.SetError("DIFFERENT not given result variable name.");
     return false;
   }
   if (!file_lhs || !file_rhs) {
-    this->SetError("DIFFERENT not given FILES option with two file names.");
+    status.SetError("DIFFERENT not given FILES option with two file names.");
     return false;
   }
 
   // Compare the files.
   const char* result =
     cmSystemTools::FilesDiffer(file_lhs, file_rhs) ? "1" : "0";
-  this->Makefile->AddDefinition(var, result);
+  status.GetMakefile().AddDefinition(var, result);
   return true;
 }
 
-bool cmFileCommand::HandleCopyCommand(std::vector<std::string> const& args)
+bool HandleCopyCommand(std::vector<std::string> const& args,
+                       cmExecutionStatus& status)
 {
-  cmFileCopier copier(this);
+  cmFileCopier copier(status);
   return copier.Run(args);
 }
 
-bool cmFileCommand::HandleRPathChangeCommand(
-  std::vector<std::string> const& args)
+bool HandleRPathChangeCommand(std::vector<std::string> const& args,
+                              cmExecutionStatus& status)
 {
   // Evaluate arguments.
   std::string file;
@@ -1101,26 +1033,26 @@
     } else {
       std::ostringstream e;
       e << "RPATH_CHANGE given unknown argument " << args[i];
-      this->SetError(e.str());
+      status.SetError(e.str());
       return false;
     }
   }
   if (file.empty()) {
-    this->SetError("RPATH_CHANGE not given FILE option.");
+    status.SetError("RPATH_CHANGE not given FILE option.");
     return false;
   }
   if (!oldRPath) {
-    this->SetError("RPATH_CHANGE not given OLD_RPATH option.");
+    status.SetError("RPATH_CHANGE not given OLD_RPATH option.");
     return false;
   }
   if (!newRPath) {
-    this->SetError("RPATH_CHANGE not given NEW_RPATH option.");
+    status.SetError("RPATH_CHANGE not given NEW_RPATH option.");
     return false;
   }
   if (!cmSystemTools::FileExists(file, true)) {
     std::ostringstream e;
     e << "RPATH_CHANGE given FILE \"" << file << "\" that does not exist.";
-    this->SetError(e.str());
+    status.SetError(e.str());
     return false;
   }
   bool success = true;
@@ -1138,7 +1070,7 @@
       << "  " << file << "\n"
       << emsg;
     /* clang-format on */
-    this->SetError(e.str());
+    status.SetError(e.str());
     success = false;
   }
   if (success) {
@@ -1148,15 +1080,15 @@
       message += "\" to \"";
       message += newRPath;
       message += "\"";
-      this->Makefile->DisplayStatus(message, -1);
+      status.GetMakefile().DisplayStatus(message, -1);
     }
     ft.Store(file);
   }
   return success;
 }
 
-bool cmFileCommand::HandleRPathRemoveCommand(
-  std::vector<std::string> const& args)
+bool HandleRPathRemoveCommand(std::vector<std::string> const& args,
+                              cmExecutionStatus& status)
 {
   // Evaluate arguments.
   std::string file;
@@ -1175,18 +1107,18 @@
     } else {
       std::ostringstream e;
       e << "RPATH_REMOVE given unknown argument " << args[i];
-      this->SetError(e.str());
+      status.SetError(e.str());
       return false;
     }
   }
   if (file.empty()) {
-    this->SetError("RPATH_REMOVE not given FILE option.");
+    status.SetError("RPATH_REMOVE not given FILE option.");
     return false;
   }
   if (!cmSystemTools::FileExists(file, true)) {
     std::ostringstream e;
     e << "RPATH_REMOVE given FILE \"" << file << "\" that does not exist.";
-    this->SetError(e.str());
+    status.SetError(e.str());
     return false;
   }
   bool success = true;
@@ -1200,7 +1132,7 @@
       << "  " << file << "\n"
       << emsg;
     /* clang-format on */
-    this->SetError(e.str());
+    status.SetError(e.str());
     success = false;
   }
   if (success) {
@@ -1208,15 +1140,15 @@
       std::string message = "Removed runtime path from \"";
       message += file;
       message += "\"";
-      this->Makefile->DisplayStatus(message, -1);
+      status.GetMakefile().DisplayStatus(message, -1);
     }
     ft.Store(file);
   }
   return success;
 }
 
-bool cmFileCommand::HandleRPathCheckCommand(
-  std::vector<std::string> const& args)
+bool HandleRPathCheckCommand(std::vector<std::string> const& args,
+                             cmExecutionStatus& status)
 {
   // Evaluate arguments.
   std::string file;
@@ -1242,16 +1174,16 @@
     } else {
       std::ostringstream e;
       e << "RPATH_CHECK given unknown argument " << args[i];
-      this->SetError(e.str());
+      status.SetError(e.str());
       return false;
     }
   }
   if (file.empty()) {
-    this->SetError("RPATH_CHECK not given FILE option.");
+    status.SetError("RPATH_CHECK not given FILE option.");
     return false;
   }
   if (!rpath) {
-    this->SetError("RPATH_CHECK not given RPATH option.");
+    status.SetError("RPATH_CHECK not given RPATH option.");
     return false;
   }
 
@@ -1266,11 +1198,12 @@
   return true;
 }
 
-bool cmFileCommand::HandleReadElfCommand(std::vector<std::string> const& args)
+bool HandleReadElfCommand(std::vector<std::string> const& args,
+                          cmExecutionStatus& status)
 {
   if (args.size() < 4) {
-    this->SetError("READ_ELF must be called with at least three additional "
-                   "arguments.");
+    status.SetError("READ_ELF must be called with at least three additional "
+                    "arguments.");
     return false;
   }
 
@@ -1292,7 +1225,7 @@
   if (!cmSystemTools::FileExists(fileNameArg, true)) {
     std::ostringstream e;
     e << "READ_ELF given FILE \"" << fileNameArg << "\" that does not exist.";
-    this->SetError(e.str());
+    status.SetError(e.str());
     return false;
   }
 
@@ -1303,14 +1236,14 @@
     if (cmELF::StringEntry const* se_rpath = elf.GetRPath()) {
       std::string rpath(se_rpath->Value);
       std::replace(rpath.begin(), rpath.end(), ':', ';');
-      this->Makefile->AddDefinition(arguments.RPath, rpath);
+      status.GetMakefile().AddDefinition(arguments.RPath, rpath);
     }
   }
   if (!arguments.RunPath.empty()) {
     if (cmELF::StringEntry const* se_runpath = elf.GetRunPath()) {
       std::string runpath(se_runpath->Value);
       std::replace(runpath.begin(), runpath.end(), ':', ';');
-      this->Makefile->AddDefinition(arguments.RunPath, runpath);
+      status.GetMakefile().AddDefinition(arguments.RunPath, runpath);
     }
   }
 
@@ -1318,25 +1251,26 @@
 #else
   std::string error = "ELF parser not available on this platform.";
   if (arguments.Error.empty()) {
-    this->SetError(error);
+    status.SetError(error);
     return false;
   }
-  this->Makefile->AddDefinition(arguments.Error, error);
+  status.GetMakefile().AddDefinition(arguments.Error, error);
   return true;
 #endif
 }
 
-bool cmFileCommand::HandleInstallCommand(std::vector<std::string> const& args)
+bool HandleInstallCommand(std::vector<std::string> const& args,
+                          cmExecutionStatus& status)
 {
-  cmFileInstaller installer(this);
+  cmFileInstaller installer(status);
   return installer.Run(args);
 }
 
-bool cmFileCommand::HandleRelativePathCommand(
-  std::vector<std::string> const& args)
+bool HandleRelativePathCommand(std::vector<std::string> const& args,
+                               cmExecutionStatus& status)
 {
   if (args.size() != 4) {
-    this->SetError("RELATIVE_PATH called with incorrect number of arguments");
+    status.SetError("RELATIVE_PATH called with incorrect number of arguments");
     return false;
   }
 
@@ -1348,37 +1282,38 @@
     std::string errstring =
       "RELATIVE_PATH must be passed a full path to the directory: " +
       directoryName;
-    this->SetError(errstring);
+    status.SetError(errstring);
     return false;
   }
   if (!cmSystemTools::FileIsFullPath(fileName)) {
     std::string errstring =
       "RELATIVE_PATH must be passed a full path to the file: " + fileName;
-    this->SetError(errstring);
+    status.SetError(errstring);
     return false;
   }
 
   std::string res = cmSystemTools::RelativePath(directoryName, fileName);
-  this->Makefile->AddDefinition(outVar, res);
+  status.GetMakefile().AddDefinition(outVar, res);
   return true;
 }
 
-bool cmFileCommand::HandleRename(std::vector<std::string> const& args)
+bool HandleRename(std::vector<std::string> const& args,
+                  cmExecutionStatus& status)
 {
   if (args.size() != 3) {
-    this->SetError("RENAME given incorrect number of arguments.");
+    status.SetError("RENAME given incorrect number of arguments.");
     return false;
   }
 
   // Compute full path for old and new names.
   std::string oldname = args[1];
   if (!cmsys::SystemTools::FileIsFullPath(oldname)) {
-    oldname = this->Makefile->GetCurrentSourceDirectory();
+    oldname = status.GetMakefile().GetCurrentSourceDirectory();
     oldname += "/" + args[1];
   }
   std::string newname = args[2];
   if (!cmsys::SystemTools::FileIsFullPath(newname)) {
-    newname = this->Makefile->GetCurrentSourceDirectory();
+    newname = status.GetMakefile().GetCurrentSourceDirectory();
     newname += "/" + args[2];
   }
 
@@ -1392,14 +1327,14 @@
       << "  " << newname << "\n"
       << "because: " << err << "\n";
     /* clang-format on */
-    this->SetError(e.str());
+    status.SetError(e.str());
     return false;
   }
   return true;
 }
 
-bool cmFileCommand::HandleRemove(std::vector<std::string> const& args,
-                                 bool recurse)
+bool HandleRemoveImpl(std::vector<std::string> const& args, bool recurse,
+                      cmExecutionStatus& status)
 {
 
   std::string message;
@@ -1410,12 +1345,12 @@
     std::string fileName = arg;
     if (fileName.empty()) {
       std::string const r = recurse ? "REMOVE_RECURSE" : "REMOVE";
-      this->Makefile->IssueMessage(MessageType::AUTHOR_WARNING,
-                                   "Ignoring empty file name in " + r + ".");
+      status.GetMakefile().IssueMessage(
+        MessageType::AUTHOR_WARNING, "Ignoring empty file name in " + r + ".");
       continue;
     }
     if (!cmsys::SystemTools::FileIsFullPath(fileName)) {
-      fileName = this->Makefile->GetCurrentSourceDirectory();
+      fileName = status.GetMakefile().GetCurrentSourceDirectory();
       fileName += "/" + arg;
     }
 
@@ -1429,7 +1364,18 @@
   return true;
 }
 
-namespace {
+bool HandleRemove(std::vector<std::string> const& args,
+                  cmExecutionStatus& status)
+{
+  return HandleRemoveImpl(args, false, status);
+}
+
+bool HandleRemoveRecurse(std::vector<std::string> const& args,
+                         cmExecutionStatus& status)
+{
+  return HandleRemoveImpl(args, true, status);
+}
+
 std::string ToNativePath(const std::string& path)
 {
   const auto& outPath = cmSystemTools::ConvertToOutputPath(path);
@@ -1446,14 +1392,14 @@
   cmSystemTools::ConvertToUnixSlashes(temp);
   return temp;
 }
-}
 
-bool cmFileCommand::HandleCMakePathCommand(
-  std::vector<std::string> const& args, bool nativePath)
+bool HandlePathCommand(std::vector<std::string> const& args,
+                       std::string (*convert)(std::string const&),
+                       cmExecutionStatus& status)
 {
   if (args.size() != 3) {
-    this->SetError("FILE([TO_CMAKE_PATH|TO_NATIVE_PATH] path result) must be "
-                   "called with exactly three arguments.");
+    status.SetError("FILE([TO_CMAKE_PATH|TO_NATIVE_PATH] path result) must be "
+                    "called with exactly three arguments.");
     return false;
   }
 #if defined(_WIN32) && !defined(__CYGWIN__)
@@ -1463,19 +1409,28 @@
 #endif
   std::vector<std::string> path = cmSystemTools::SplitString(args[1], pathSep);
 
-  std::string value = cmJoin(
-    cmMakeRange(path).transform(nativePath ? ToNativePath : ToCMakePath), ";");
-  this->Makefile->AddDefinition(args[2], value);
+  std::string value = cmJoin(cmMakeRange(path).transform(convert), ";");
+  status.GetMakefile().AddDefinition(args[2], value);
   return true;
 }
 
-#if defined(CMAKE_BUILD_WITH_CMAKE)
+bool HandleCMakePathCommand(std::vector<std::string> const& args,
+                            cmExecutionStatus& status)
+{
+  return HandlePathCommand(args, ToCMakePath, status);
+}
+
+bool HandleNativePathCommand(std::vector<std::string> const& args,
+                             cmExecutionStatus& status)
+{
+  return HandlePathCommand(args, ToNativePath, status);
+}
+
+#if !defined(CMAKE_BOOTSTRAP)
 
 // Stuff for curl download/upload
 typedef std::vector<char> cmFileCommandVectorOfChar;
 
-namespace {
-
 size_t cmWriteToFileCallback(void* ptr, size_t size, size_t nmemb, void* data)
 {
   int realsize = static_cast<int>(size * nmemb);
@@ -1526,11 +1481,10 @@
 class cURLProgressHelper
 {
 public:
-  cURLProgressHelper(cmFileCommand* fc, const char* text)
+  cURLProgressHelper(cmMakefile* mf, const char* text)
+    : Makefile(mf)
+    , Text(text)
   {
-    this->CurrentPercentage = -1;
-    this->FileCommand = fc;
-    this->Text = text;
   }
 
   bool UpdatePercentage(double value, double total, std::string& status)
@@ -1557,11 +1511,11 @@
     return updated;
   }
 
-  cmFileCommand* GetFileCommand() { return this->FileCommand; }
+  cmMakefile* GetMakefile() { return this->Makefile; }
 
 private:
-  long CurrentPercentage;
-  cmFileCommand* FileCommand;
+  long CurrentPercentage = -1;
+  cmMakefile* Makefile;
   std::string Text;
 };
 
@@ -1575,8 +1529,7 @@
 
   std::string status;
   if (helper->UpdatePercentage(dlnow, dltotal, status)) {
-    cmFileCommand* fc = helper->GetFileCommand();
-    cmMakefile* mf = fc->GetMakefile();
+    cmMakefile* mf = helper->GetMakefile();
     mf->DisplayStatus(status, -1);
   }
 
@@ -1593,16 +1546,12 @@
 
   std::string status;
   if (helper->UpdatePercentage(ulnow, ultotal, status)) {
-    cmFileCommand* fc = helper->GetFileCommand();
-    cmMakefile* mf = fc->GetMakefile();
+    cmMakefile* mf = helper->GetMakefile();
     mf->DisplayStatus(status, -1);
   }
 
   return 0;
 }
-}
-
-namespace {
 
 class cURLEasyGuard
 {
@@ -1627,7 +1576,7 @@
 private:
   ::CURL* Easy;
 };
-}
+
 #endif
 
 #define check_curl_result(result, errstr)                                     \
@@ -1635,17 +1584,18 @@
     if (result != CURLE_OK) {                                                 \
       std::string e(errstr);                                                  \
       e += ::curl_easy_strerror(result);                                      \
-      this->SetError(e);                                                      \
+      status.SetError(e);                                                     \
       return false;                                                           \
     }                                                                         \
   } while (false)
 
-bool cmFileCommand::HandleDownloadCommand(std::vector<std::string> const& args)
+bool HandleDownloadCommand(std::vector<std::string> const& args,
+                           cmExecutionStatus& status)
 {
-#if defined(CMAKE_BUILD_WITH_CMAKE)
+#if !defined(CMAKE_BOOTSTRAP)
   std::vector<std::string>::const_iterator i = args.begin();
   if (args.size() < 3) {
-    this->SetError("DOWNLOAD must be called with at least three arguments.");
+    status.SetError("DOWNLOAD must be called with at least three arguments.");
     return false;
   }
   ++i; // Get rid of subcommand
@@ -1658,11 +1608,12 @@
   long inactivity_timeout = 0;
   std::string logVar;
   std::string statusVar;
-  bool tls_verify = this->Makefile->IsOn("CMAKE_TLS_VERIFY");
-  const char* cainfo = this->Makefile->GetDefinition("CMAKE_TLS_CAINFO");
-  std::string netrc_level = this->Makefile->GetSafeDefinition("CMAKE_NETRC");
+  bool tls_verify = status.GetMakefile().IsOn("CMAKE_TLS_VERIFY");
+  const char* cainfo = status.GetMakefile().GetDefinition("CMAKE_TLS_CAINFO");
+  std::string netrc_level =
+    status.GetMakefile().GetSafeDefinition("CMAKE_NETRC");
   std::string netrc_file =
-    this->Makefile->GetSafeDefinition("CMAKE_NETRC_FILE");
+    status.GetMakefile().GetSafeDefinition("CMAKE_NETRC_FILE");
   std::string expectedHash;
   std::string hashMatchMSG;
   std::unique_ptr<cmCryptoHash> hash;
@@ -1677,7 +1628,7 @@
       if (i != args.end()) {
         timeout = atol(i->c_str());
       } else {
-        this->SetError("DOWNLOAD missing time for TIMEOUT.");
+        status.SetError("DOWNLOAD missing time for TIMEOUT.");
         return false;
       }
     } else if (*i == "INACTIVITY_TIMEOUT") {
@@ -1685,20 +1636,20 @@
       if (i != args.end()) {
         inactivity_timeout = atol(i->c_str());
       } else {
-        this->SetError("DOWNLOAD missing time for INACTIVITY_TIMEOUT.");
+        status.SetError("DOWNLOAD missing time for INACTIVITY_TIMEOUT.");
         return false;
       }
     } else if (*i == "LOG") {
       ++i;
       if (i == args.end()) {
-        this->SetError("DOWNLOAD missing VAR for LOG.");
+        status.SetError("DOWNLOAD missing VAR for LOG.");
         return false;
       }
       logVar = *i;
     } else if (*i == "STATUS") {
       ++i;
       if (i == args.end()) {
-        this->SetError("DOWNLOAD missing VAR for STATUS.");
+        status.SetError("DOWNLOAD missing VAR for STATUS.");
         return false;
       }
       statusVar = *i;
@@ -1707,7 +1658,7 @@
       if (i != args.end()) {
         tls_verify = cmSystemTools::IsOn(*i);
       } else {
-        this->SetError("TLS_VERIFY missing bool value.");
+        status.SetError("TLS_VERIFY missing bool value.");
         return false;
       }
     } else if (*i == "TLS_CAINFO") {
@@ -1715,7 +1666,7 @@
       if (i != args.end()) {
         cainfo = i->c_str();
       } else {
-        this->SetError("TLS_CAFILE missing file value.");
+        status.SetError("TLS_CAFILE missing file value.");
         return false;
       }
     } else if (*i == "NETRC_FILE") {
@@ -1723,7 +1674,7 @@
       if (i != args.end()) {
         netrc_file = *i;
       } else {
-        this->SetError("DOWNLOAD missing file value for NETRC_FILE.");
+        status.SetError("DOWNLOAD missing file value for NETRC_FILE.");
         return false;
       }
     } else if (*i == "NETRC") {
@@ -1731,13 +1682,13 @@
       if (i != args.end()) {
         netrc_level = *i;
       } else {
-        this->SetError("DOWNLOAD missing level value for NETRC.");
+        status.SetError("DOWNLOAD missing level value for NETRC.");
         return false;
       }
     } else if (*i == "EXPECTED_MD5") {
       ++i;
       if (i == args.end()) {
-        this->SetError("DOWNLOAD missing sum value for EXPECTED_MD5.");
+        status.SetError("DOWNLOAD missing sum value for EXPECTED_MD5.");
         return false;
       }
       hash = cm::make_unique<cmCryptoHash>(cmCryptoHash::AlgoMD5);
@@ -1748,7 +1699,7 @@
     } else if (*i == "EXPECTED_HASH") {
       ++i;
       if (i == args.end()) {
-        this->SetError("DOWNLOAD missing ALGO=value for EXPECTED_HASH.");
+        status.SetError("DOWNLOAD missing ALGO=value for EXPECTED_HASH.");
         return false;
       }
       std::string::size_type pos = i->find("=");
@@ -1756,7 +1707,7 @@
         std::string err =
           "DOWNLOAD EXPECTED_HASH expects ALGO=value but got: ";
         err += *i;
-        this->SetError(err);
+        status.SetError(err);
         return false;
       }
       std::string algo = i->substr(0, pos);
@@ -1765,21 +1716,21 @@
       if (!hash) {
         std::string err = "DOWNLOAD EXPECTED_HASH given unknown ALGO: ";
         err += algo;
-        this->SetError(err);
+        status.SetError(err);
         return false;
       }
       hashMatchMSG = algo + " hash";
     } else if (*i == "USERPWD") {
       ++i;
       if (i == args.end()) {
-        this->SetError("DOWNLOAD missing string for USERPWD.");
+        status.SetError("DOWNLOAD missing string for USERPWD.");
         return false;
       }
       userpwd = *i;
     } else if (*i == "HTTPHEADER") {
       ++i;
       if (i == args.end()) {
-        this->SetError("DOWNLOAD missing string for HTTPHEADER.");
+        status.SetError("DOWNLOAD missing string for HTTPHEADER.");
         return false;
       }
       curl_headers.push_back(*i);
@@ -1787,7 +1738,7 @@
       // Do not return error for compatibility reason.
       std::string err = "Unexpected argument: ";
       err += *i;
-      this->Makefile->IssueMessage(MessageType::AUTHOR_WARNING, err);
+      status.GetMakefile().IssueMessage(MessageType::AUTHOR_WARNING, err);
     }
     ++i;
   }
@@ -1805,7 +1756,7 @@
       if (!statusVar.empty()) {
         std::ostringstream result;
         result << 0 << ";\"" << msg;
-        this->Makefile->AddDefinition(statusVar, result.str());
+        status.GetMakefile().AddDefinition(statusVar, result.str());
       }
       return true;
     }
@@ -1818,13 +1769,13 @@
     std::string errstring = "DOWNLOAD error: cannot create directory '" + dir +
       "' - Specify file by full path name and verify that you "
       "have directory creation and file write privileges.";
-    this->SetError(errstring);
+    status.SetError(errstring);
     return false;
   }
 
   cmsys::ofstream fout(file.c_str(), std::ios::binary);
   if (!fout) {
-    this->SetError("DOWNLOAD cannot open file for write.");
+    status.SetError("DOWNLOAD cannot open file for write.");
     return false;
   }
 
@@ -1836,7 +1787,7 @@
   ::curl_global_init(CURL_GLOBAL_DEFAULT);
   curl = ::curl_easy_init();
   if (!curl) {
-    this->SetError("DOWNLOAD error initializing curl.");
+    status.SetError("DOWNLOAD error initializing curl.");
     return false;
   }
 
@@ -1870,7 +1821,7 @@
   // command arg comes first
   std::string const& cainfo_err = cmCurlSetCAInfo(curl, cainfo);
   if (!cainfo_err.empty()) {
-    this->SetError(cainfo_err);
+    status.SetError(cainfo_err);
     return false;
   }
 
@@ -1880,7 +1831,7 @@
   std::string const& netrc_option_err =
     cmCurlSetNETRCOption(curl, netrc_level, netrc_file);
   if (!netrc_option_err.empty()) {
-    this->SetError(netrc_option_err);
+    status.SetError(netrc_option_err);
     return false;
   }
 
@@ -1916,7 +1867,7 @@
   // scope intentionally, rather than inside the "if(showProgress)"
   // block...
   //
-  cURLProgressHelper helper(this, "download");
+  cURLProgressHelper helper(&status.GetMakefile(), "download");
 
   if (showProgress) {
     res = ::curl_easy_setopt(curl, CURLOPT_NOPROGRESS, 0);
@@ -1954,7 +1905,7 @@
     std::ostringstream result;
     result << static_cast<int>(res) << ";\"" << ::curl_easy_strerror(res)
            << "\"";
-    this->Makefile->AddDefinition(statusVar, result.str());
+    status.GetMakefile().AddDefinition(statusVar, result.str());
   }
 
   ::curl_global_cleanup();
@@ -1969,7 +1920,7 @@
   if (hash) {
     std::string actualHash = hash->HashFile(file);
     if (actualHash.empty()) {
-      this->SetError("DOWNLOAD cannot compute hash on downloaded file");
+      status.SetError("DOWNLOAD cannot compute hash on downloaded file");
       return false;
     }
 
@@ -1983,34 +1934,36 @@
           << ::curl_easy_strerror(res) << "\"]" << std::endl;
 
       if (!statusVar.empty() && res == 0) {
-        std::string status = "1;HASH mismatch: "
-                             "expected: " +
-          expectedHash + " actual: " + actualHash;
-        this->Makefile->AddDefinition(statusVar, status);
+        status.GetMakefile().AddDefinition(statusVar,
+                                           "1;HASH mismatch: "
+                                           "expected: " +
+                                             expectedHash +
+                                             " actual: " + actualHash);
       }
 
-      this->SetError(oss.str());
+      status.SetError(oss.str());
       return false;
     }
   }
 
   if (!logVar.empty()) {
     chunkDebug.push_back(0);
-    this->Makefile->AddDefinition(logVar, chunkDebug.data());
+    status.GetMakefile().AddDefinition(logVar, chunkDebug.data());
   }
 
   return true;
 #else
-  this->SetError("DOWNLOAD not supported by bootstrap cmake.");
+  status.SetError("DOWNLOAD not supported by bootstrap cmake.");
   return false;
 #endif
 }
 
-bool cmFileCommand::HandleUploadCommand(std::vector<std::string> const& args)
+bool HandleUploadCommand(std::vector<std::string> const& args,
+                         cmExecutionStatus& status)
 {
-#if defined(CMAKE_BUILD_WITH_CMAKE)
+#if !defined(CMAKE_BOOTSTRAP)
   if (args.size() < 3) {
-    this->SetError("UPLOAD must be called with at least three arguments.");
+    status.SetError("UPLOAD must be called with at least three arguments.");
     return false;
   }
   std::vector<std::string>::const_iterator i = args.begin();
@@ -2026,9 +1979,10 @@
   std::string statusVar;
   bool showProgress = false;
   std::string userpwd;
-  std::string netrc_level = this->Makefile->GetSafeDefinition("CMAKE_NETRC");
+  std::string netrc_level =
+    status.GetMakefile().GetSafeDefinition("CMAKE_NETRC");
   std::string netrc_file =
-    this->Makefile->GetSafeDefinition("CMAKE_NETRC_FILE");
+    status.GetMakefile().GetSafeDefinition("CMAKE_NETRC_FILE");
 
   std::vector<std::string> curl_headers;
 
@@ -2038,7 +1992,7 @@
       if (i != args.end()) {
         timeout = atol(i->c_str());
       } else {
-        this->SetError("UPLOAD missing time for TIMEOUT.");
+        status.SetError("UPLOAD missing time for TIMEOUT.");
         return false;
       }
     } else if (*i == "INACTIVITY_TIMEOUT") {
@@ -2046,20 +2000,20 @@
       if (i != args.end()) {
         inactivity_timeout = atol(i->c_str());
       } else {
-        this->SetError("UPLOAD missing time for INACTIVITY_TIMEOUT.");
+        status.SetError("UPLOAD missing time for INACTIVITY_TIMEOUT.");
         return false;
       }
     } else if (*i == "LOG") {
       ++i;
       if (i == args.end()) {
-        this->SetError("UPLOAD missing VAR for LOG.");
+        status.SetError("UPLOAD missing VAR for LOG.");
         return false;
       }
       logVar = *i;
     } else if (*i == "STATUS") {
       ++i;
       if (i == args.end()) {
-        this->SetError("UPLOAD missing VAR for STATUS.");
+        status.SetError("UPLOAD missing VAR for STATUS.");
         return false;
       }
       statusVar = *i;
@@ -2070,7 +2024,7 @@
       if (i != args.end()) {
         netrc_file = *i;
       } else {
-        this->SetError("UPLOAD missing file value for NETRC_FILE.");
+        status.SetError("UPLOAD missing file value for NETRC_FILE.");
         return false;
       }
     } else if (*i == "NETRC") {
@@ -2078,20 +2032,20 @@
       if (i != args.end()) {
         netrc_level = *i;
       } else {
-        this->SetError("UPLOAD missing level value for NETRC.");
+        status.SetError("UPLOAD missing level value for NETRC.");
         return false;
       }
     } else if (*i == "USERPWD") {
       ++i;
       if (i == args.end()) {
-        this->SetError("UPLOAD missing string for USERPWD.");
+        status.SetError("UPLOAD missing string for USERPWD.");
         return false;
       }
       userpwd = *i;
     } else if (*i == "HTTPHEADER") {
       ++i;
       if (i == args.end()) {
-        this->SetError("UPLOAD missing string for HTTPHEADER.");
+        status.SetError("UPLOAD missing string for HTTPHEADER.");
         return false;
       }
       curl_headers.push_back(*i);
@@ -2099,7 +2053,7 @@
       // Do not return error for compatibility reason.
       std::string err = "Unexpected argument: ";
       err += *i;
-      this->Makefile->IssueMessage(MessageType::AUTHOR_WARNING, err);
+      status.GetMakefile().IssueMessage(MessageType::AUTHOR_WARNING, err);
     }
 
     ++i;
@@ -2111,7 +2065,7 @@
   if (!fin) {
     std::string errStr = "UPLOAD cannot open file '";
     errStr += filename + "' for reading.";
-    this->SetError(errStr);
+    status.SetError(errStr);
     return false;
   }
 
@@ -2125,7 +2079,7 @@
   ::curl_global_init(CURL_GLOBAL_DEFAULT);
   curl = ::curl_easy_init();
   if (!curl) {
-    this->SetError("UPLOAD error initializing curl.");
+    status.SetError("UPLOAD error initializing curl.");
     fclose(fin);
     return false;
   }
@@ -2184,7 +2138,7 @@
   // scope intentionally, rather than inside the "if(showProgress)"
   // block...
   //
-  cURLProgressHelper helper(this, "upload");
+  cURLProgressHelper helper(&status.GetMakefile(), "upload");
 
   if (showProgress) {
     res = ::curl_easy_setopt(curl, CURLOPT_NOPROGRESS, 0);
@@ -2219,7 +2173,7 @@
   std::string const& netrc_option_err =
     cmCurlSetNETRCOption(curl, netrc_level, netrc_file);
   if (!netrc_option_err.empty()) {
-    this->SetError(netrc_option_err);
+    status.SetError(netrc_option_err);
     return false;
   }
 
@@ -2241,7 +2195,7 @@
     std::ostringstream result;
     result << static_cast<int>(res) << ";\"" << ::curl_easy_strerror(res)
            << "\"";
-    this->Makefile->AddDefinition(statusVar, result.str());
+    status.GetMakefile().AddDefinition(statusVar, result.str());
   }
 
   ::curl_global_cleanup();
@@ -2266,22 +2220,22 @@
       log += "\n";
     }
 
-    this->Makefile->AddDefinition(logVar, log);
+    status.GetMakefile().AddDefinition(logVar, log);
   }
 
   return true;
 #else
-  this->SetError("UPLOAD not supported by bootstrap cmake.");
+  status.SetError("UPLOAD not supported by bootstrap cmake.");
   return false;
 #endif
 }
 
-void cmFileCommand::AddEvaluationFile(const std::string& inputName,
-                                      const std::string& outputExpr,
-                                      const std::string& condition,
-                                      bool inputIsContent)
+void AddEvaluationFile(const std::string& inputName,
+                       const std::string& outputExpr,
+                       const std::string& condition, bool inputIsContent,
+                       cmExecutionStatus& status)
 {
-  cmListFileBacktrace lfbt = this->Makefile->GetBacktrace();
+  cmListFileBacktrace lfbt = status.GetMakefile().GetBacktrace();
 
   cmGeneratorExpression outputGe(lfbt);
   std::unique_ptr<cmCompiledGeneratorExpression> outputCge =
@@ -2291,52 +2245,54 @@
   std::unique_ptr<cmCompiledGeneratorExpression> conditionCge =
     conditionGe.Parse(condition);
 
-  this->Makefile->AddEvaluationFile(inputName, std::move(outputCge),
-                                    std::move(conditionCge), inputIsContent);
+  status.GetMakefile().AddEvaluationFile(
+    inputName, std::move(outputCge), std::move(conditionCge), inputIsContent);
 }
 
-bool cmFileCommand::HandleGenerateCommand(std::vector<std::string> const& args)
+bool HandleGenerateCommand(std::vector<std::string> const& args,
+                           cmExecutionStatus& status)
 {
   if (args.size() < 5) {
-    this->SetError("Incorrect arguments to GENERATE subcommand.");
+    status.SetError("Incorrect arguments to GENERATE subcommand.");
     return false;
   }
   if (args[1] != "OUTPUT") {
-    this->SetError("Incorrect arguments to GENERATE subcommand.");
+    status.SetError("Incorrect arguments to GENERATE subcommand.");
     return false;
   }
   std::string condition;
   if (args.size() > 5) {
     if (args[5] != "CONDITION") {
-      this->SetError("Incorrect arguments to GENERATE subcommand.");
+      status.SetError("Incorrect arguments to GENERATE subcommand.");
       return false;
     }
     if (args.size() != 7) {
-      this->SetError("Incorrect arguments to GENERATE subcommand.");
+      status.SetError("Incorrect arguments to GENERATE subcommand.");
       return false;
     }
     condition = args[6];
     if (condition.empty()) {
-      this->SetError("CONDITION of sub-command GENERATE must not be empty if "
-                     "specified.");
+      status.SetError("CONDITION of sub-command GENERATE must not be empty if "
+                      "specified.");
       return false;
     }
   }
   std::string output = args[2];
   const bool inputIsContent = args[3] != "INPUT";
   if (inputIsContent && args[3] != "CONTENT") {
-    this->SetError("Incorrect arguments to GENERATE subcommand.");
+    status.SetError("Incorrect arguments to GENERATE subcommand.");
     return false;
   }
   std::string input = args[4];
 
-  this->AddEvaluationFile(input, output, condition, inputIsContent);
+  AddEvaluationFile(input, output, condition, inputIsContent, status);
   return true;
 }
 
-bool cmFileCommand::HandleLockCommand(std::vector<std::string> const& args)
+bool HandleLockCommand(std::vector<std::string> const& args,
+                       cmExecutionStatus& status)
 {
-#if defined(CMAKE_BUILD_WITH_CMAKE)
+#if !defined(CMAKE_BOOTSTRAP)
   // Default values
   bool directory = false;
   bool release = false;
@@ -2352,7 +2308,7 @@
 
   // Parse arguments
   if (args.size() < 2) {
-    this->Makefile->IssueMessage(
+    status.GetMakefile().IssueMessage(
       MessageType::FATAL_ERROR,
       "sub-command LOCK requires at least two arguments.");
     return false;
@@ -2368,7 +2324,7 @@
       ++i;
       const char* merr = "expected FUNCTION, FILE or PROCESS after GUARD";
       if (i >= args.size()) {
-        this->Makefile->IssueMessage(MessageType::FATAL_ERROR, merr);
+        status.GetMakefile().IssueMessage(MessageType::FATAL_ERROR, merr);
         return false;
       }
       if (args[i] == "FUNCTION") {
@@ -2380,14 +2336,14 @@
       } else {
         std::ostringstream e;
         e << merr << ", but got:\n  \"" << args[i] << "\".";
-        this->Makefile->IssueMessage(MessageType::FATAL_ERROR, e.str());
+        status.GetMakefile().IssueMessage(MessageType::FATAL_ERROR, e.str());
         return false;
       }
 
     } else if (args[i] == "RESULT_VARIABLE") {
       ++i;
       if (i >= args.size()) {
-        this->Makefile->IssueMessage(
+        status.GetMakefile().IssueMessage(
           MessageType::FATAL_ERROR,
           "expected variable name after RESULT_VARIABLE");
         return false;
@@ -2396,8 +2352,8 @@
     } else if (args[i] == "TIMEOUT") {
       ++i;
       if (i >= args.size()) {
-        this->Makefile->IssueMessage(MessageType::FATAL_ERROR,
-                                     "expected timeout value after TIMEOUT");
+        status.GetMakefile().IssueMessage(
+          MessageType::FATAL_ERROR, "expected timeout value after TIMEOUT");
         return false;
       }
       long scanned;
@@ -2405,7 +2361,7 @@
           scanned < 0) {
         std::ostringstream e;
         e << "TIMEOUT value \"" << args[i] << "\" is not an unsigned integer.";
-        this->Makefile->IssueMessage(MessageType::FATAL_ERROR, e.str());
+        status.GetMakefile().IssueMessage(MessageType::FATAL_ERROR, e.str());
         return false;
       }
       timeout = static_cast<unsigned long>(scanned);
@@ -2413,7 +2369,7 @@
       std::ostringstream e;
       e << "expected DIRECTORY, RELEASE, GUARD, RESULT_VARIABLE or TIMEOUT\n";
       e << "but got: \"" << args[i] << "\".";
-      this->Makefile->IssueMessage(MessageType::FATAL_ERROR, e.str());
+      status.GetMakefile().IssueMessage(MessageType::FATAL_ERROR, e.str());
       return false;
     }
   }
@@ -2423,7 +2379,7 @@
   }
 
   if (!cmsys::SystemTools::FileIsFullPath(path)) {
-    path = this->Makefile->GetCurrentSourceDirectory() + "/" + path;
+    path = status.GetMakefile().GetCurrentSourceDirectory() + "/" + path;
   }
 
   // Unify path (remove '//', '/../', ...)
@@ -2435,7 +2391,7 @@
     std::ostringstream e;
     e << "directory\n  \"" << parentDir << "\"\ncreation failed ";
     e << "(check permissions).";
-    this->Makefile->IssueMessage(MessageType::FATAL_ERROR, e.str());
+    status.GetMakefile().IssueMessage(MessageType::FATAL_ERROR, e.str());
     cmSystemTools::SetFatalErrorOccured();
     return false;
   }
@@ -2443,7 +2399,7 @@
   if (!file) {
     std::ostringstream e;
     e << "file\n  \"" << path << "\"\ncreation failed (check permissions).";
-    this->Makefile->IssueMessage(MessageType::FATAL_ERROR, e.str());
+    status.GetMakefile().IssueMessage(MessageType::FATAL_ERROR, e.str());
     cmSystemTools::SetFatalErrorOccured();
     return false;
   }
@@ -2451,7 +2407,7 @@
 
   // Actual lock/unlock
   cmFileLockPool& lockPool =
-    this->Makefile->GetGlobalGenerator()->GetFileLockPool();
+    status.GetMakefile().GetGlobalGenerator()->GetFileLockPool();
 
   cmFileLockResult fileLockResult(cmFileLockResult::MakeOk());
   if (release) {
@@ -2478,32 +2434,32 @@
   if (resultVariable.empty() && !fileLockResult.IsOk()) {
     std::ostringstream e;
     e << "error locking file\n  \"" << path << "\"\n" << result << ".";
-    this->Makefile->IssueMessage(MessageType::FATAL_ERROR, e.str());
+    status.GetMakefile().IssueMessage(MessageType::FATAL_ERROR, e.str());
     cmSystemTools::SetFatalErrorOccured();
     return false;
   }
 
   if (!resultVariable.empty()) {
-    this->Makefile->AddDefinition(resultVariable, result);
+    status.GetMakefile().AddDefinition(resultVariable, result);
   }
 
   return true;
 #else
   static_cast<void>(args);
-  this->SetError("sub-command LOCK not implemented in bootstrap cmake");
+  status.SetError("sub-command LOCK not implemented in bootstrap cmake");
   return false;
 #endif
 }
 
-bool cmFileCommand::HandleTimestampCommand(
-  std::vector<std::string> const& args)
+bool HandleTimestampCommand(std::vector<std::string> const& args,
+                            cmExecutionStatus& status)
 {
   if (args.size() < 3) {
-    this->SetError("sub-command TIMESTAMP requires at least two arguments.");
+    status.SetError("sub-command TIMESTAMP requires at least two arguments.");
     return false;
   }
   if (args.size() > 5) {
-    this->SetError("sub-command TIMESTAMP takes at most four arguments.");
+    status.SetError("sub-command TIMESTAMP takes at most four arguments.");
     return false;
   }
 
@@ -2525,7 +2481,7 @@
     } else {
       std::string e = " TIMESTAMP sub-command does not recognize option " +
         args[argsIndex] + ".";
-      this->SetError(e);
+      status.SetError(e);
       return false;
     }
   }
@@ -2533,17 +2489,18 @@
   cmTimestamp timestamp;
   std::string result =
     timestamp.FileModificationTime(filename.c_str(), formatString, utcFlag);
-  this->Makefile->AddDefinition(outputVariable, result);
+  status.GetMakefile().AddDefinition(outputVariable, result);
 
   return true;
 }
 
-bool cmFileCommand::HandleSizeCommand(std::vector<std::string> const& args)
+bool HandleSizeCommand(std::vector<std::string> const& args,
+                       cmExecutionStatus& status)
 {
   if (args.size() != 3) {
     std::ostringstream e;
     e << args[0] << " requires a file name and output variable";
-    this->SetError(e.str());
+    status.SetError(e.str());
     return false;
   }
 
@@ -2556,23 +2513,23 @@
   if (!cmSystemTools::FileExists(filename, true)) {
     std::ostringstream e;
     e << "SIZE requested of path that is not readable:\n  " << filename;
-    this->SetError(e.str());
+    status.SetError(e.str());
     return false;
   }
 
-  this->Makefile->AddDefinition(
+  status.GetMakefile().AddDefinition(
     outputVariable, std::to_string(cmSystemTools::FileLength(filename)));
 
   return true;
 }
 
-bool cmFileCommand::HandleReadSymlinkCommand(
-  std::vector<std::string> const& args)
+bool HandleReadSymlinkCommand(std::vector<std::string> const& args,
+                              cmExecutionStatus& status)
 {
   if (args.size() != 3) {
     std::ostringstream e;
     e << args[0] << " requires a file name and output variable";
-    this->SetError(e.str());
+    status.SetError(e.str());
     return false;
   }
 
@@ -2584,21 +2541,21 @@
     std::ostringstream e;
     e << "READ_SYMLINK requested of path that is not a symlink:\n  "
       << filename;
-    this->SetError(e.str());
+    status.SetError(e.str());
     return false;
   }
 
-  this->Makefile->AddDefinition(outputVariable, result);
+  status.GetMakefile().AddDefinition(outputVariable, result);
 
   return true;
 }
 
-bool cmFileCommand::HandleCreateLinkCommand(
-  std::vector<std::string> const& args)
+bool HandleCreateLinkCommand(std::vector<std::string> const& args,
+                             cmExecutionStatus& status)
 {
   if (args.size() < 3) {
-    this->SetError("CREATE_LINK must be called with at least two additional "
-                   "arguments");
+    status.SetError("CREATE_LINK must be called with at least two additional "
+                    "arguments");
     return false;
   }
 
@@ -2623,7 +2580,7 @@
     parser.Parse(cmMakeRange(args).advance(3), &unconsumedArgs);
 
   if (!unconsumedArgs.empty()) {
-    this->SetError("unknown argument: \"" + unconsumedArgs.front() + '\"');
+    status.SetError("unknown argument: \"" + unconsumedArgs.front() + '\"');
     return false;
   }
 
@@ -2634,10 +2591,10 @@
   if (fileName == newFileName) {
     result = "CREATE_LINK cannot use same file and newfile";
     if (!arguments.Result.empty()) {
-      this->Makefile->AddDefinition(arguments.Result, result);
+      status.GetMakefile().AddDefinition(arguments.Result, result);
       return true;
     }
-    this->SetError(result);
+    status.SetError(result);
     return false;
   }
 
@@ -2645,10 +2602,10 @@
   if (!arguments.Symbolic && !cmSystemTools::FileExists(fileName)) {
     result = "Cannot hard link \'" + fileName + "\' as it does not exist.";
     if (!arguments.Result.empty()) {
-      this->Makefile->AddDefinition(arguments.Result, result);
+      status.GetMakefile().AddDefinition(arguments.Result, result);
       return true;
     }
-    this->SetError(result);
+    status.SetError(result);
     return false;
   }
 
@@ -2662,10 +2619,10 @@
       << cmSystemTools::GetLastSystemError() << "\n";
 
     if (!arguments.Result.empty()) {
-      this->Makefile->AddDefinition(arguments.Result, e.str());
+      status.GetMakefile().AddDefinition(arguments.Result, e.str());
       return true;
     }
-    this->SetError(e.str());
+    status.SetError(e.str());
     return false;
   }
 
@@ -2692,45 +2649,46 @@
     result = "0";
   } else if (arguments.Result.empty()) {
     // The operation failed and the result is not reported in a variable.
-    this->SetError(result);
+    status.SetError(result);
     return false;
   }
 
   if (!arguments.Result.empty()) {
-    this->Makefile->AddDefinition(arguments.Result, result);
+    status.GetMakefile().AddDefinition(arguments.Result, result);
   }
 
   return true;
 }
 
-bool cmFileCommand::HandleGetRuntimeDependenciesCommand(
-  std::vector<std::string> const& args)
+bool HandleGetRuntimeDependenciesCommand(std::vector<std::string> const& args,
+                                         cmExecutionStatus& status)
 {
   static const std::set<std::string> supportedPlatforms = { "Windows", "Linux",
                                                             "Darwin" };
   std::string platform =
-    this->Makefile->GetSafeDefinition("CMAKE_HOST_SYSTEM_NAME");
+    status.GetMakefile().GetSafeDefinition("CMAKE_HOST_SYSTEM_NAME");
   if (!supportedPlatforms.count(platform)) {
     std::ostringstream e;
     e << "GET_RUNTIME_DEPENDENCIES is not supported on system \"" << platform
       << "\"";
-    this->SetError(e.str());
+    status.SetError(e.str());
     cmSystemTools::SetFatalErrorOccured();
     return false;
   }
 
-  if (this->Makefile->GetState()->GetMode() == cmState::Project) {
-    this->Makefile->IssueMessage(MessageType::AUTHOR_WARNING,
-                                 "You have used file(GET_RUNTIME_DEPENDENCIES)"
-                                 " in project mode. This is probably not what "
-                                 "you intended to do. Instead, please consider"
-                                 " using it in an install(CODE) or "
-                                 "install(SCRIPT) command. For example:"
-                                 "\n  install(CODE [["
-                                 "\n    file(GET_RUNTIME_DEPENDENCIES"
-                                 "\n      # ..."
-                                 "\n      )"
-                                 "\n    ]])");
+  if (status.GetMakefile().GetState()->GetMode() == cmState::Project) {
+    status.GetMakefile().IssueMessage(
+      MessageType::AUTHOR_WARNING,
+      "You have used file(GET_RUNTIME_DEPENDENCIES)"
+      " in project mode. This is probably not what "
+      "you intended to do. Instead, please consider"
+      " using it in an install(CODE) or "
+      "install(SCRIPT) command. For example:"
+      "\n  install(CODE [["
+      "\n    file(GET_RUNTIME_DEPENDENCIES"
+      "\n      # ..."
+      "\n      )"
+      "\n    ]])");
   }
 
   struct Arguments
@@ -2775,7 +2733,7 @@
   if (argIt != unrecognizedArguments.end()) {
     std::ostringstream e;
     e << "Unrecognized argument: \"" << *argIt << "\"";
-    this->SetError(e.str());
+    status.SetError(e.str());
     cmSystemTools::SetFatalErrorOccured();
     return false;
   }
@@ -2783,13 +2741,13 @@
   if (argIt != keywordsMissingValues.end()) {
     std::ostringstream e;
     e << "Keyword missing value: " << *argIt;
-    this->SetError(e.str());
+    status.SetError(e.str());
     cmSystemTools::SetFatalErrorOccured();
     return false;
   }
 
   cmRuntimeDependencyArchive archive(
-    this, parsedArgs.Directories, parsedArgs.BundleExecutable,
+    status, parsedArgs.Directories, parsedArgs.BundleExecutable,
     parsedArgs.PreIncludeRegexes, parsedArgs.PreExcludeRegexes,
     parsedArgs.PostIncludeRegexes, parsedArgs.PostExcludeRegexes);
   if (!archive.Prepare()) {
@@ -2825,14 +2783,14 @@
       std::string varName =
         parsedArgs.ConflictingDependenciesPrefix + "_" + val.first;
       std::string pathsStr = cmJoin(paths, ";");
-      this->Makefile->AddDefinition(varName, pathsStr);
+      status.GetMakefile().AddDefinition(varName, pathsStr);
     } else {
       std::ostringstream e;
       e << "Multiple conflicting paths found for " << val.first << ":";
       for (auto const& path : val.second) {
         e << "\n  " << path;
       }
-      this->SetError(e.str());
+      status.SetError(e.str());
       cmSystemTools::SetFatalErrorOccured();
       return false;
     }
@@ -2847,7 +2805,7 @@
       assert(it != archive.GetUnresolvedPaths().end());
       std::ostringstream e;
       e << "Could not resolve file " << *it;
-      this->SetError(e.str());
+      status.SetError(e.str());
       cmSystemTools::SetFatalErrorOccured();
       return false;
     }
@@ -2855,16 +2813,76 @@
 
   if (!parsedArgs.ResolvedDependenciesVar.empty()) {
     std::string val = cmJoin(deps, ";");
-    this->Makefile->AddDefinition(parsedArgs.ResolvedDependenciesVar, val);
+    status.GetMakefile().AddDefinition(parsedArgs.ResolvedDependenciesVar,
+                                       val);
   }
   if (!parsedArgs.UnresolvedDependenciesVar.empty()) {
     std::string val = cmJoin(unresolvedDeps, ";");
-    this->Makefile->AddDefinition(parsedArgs.UnresolvedDependenciesVar, val);
+    status.GetMakefile().AddDefinition(parsedArgs.UnresolvedDependenciesVar,
+                                       val);
   }
   if (!parsedArgs.ConflictingDependenciesPrefix.empty()) {
     std::string val = cmJoin(conflictingDeps, ";");
-    this->Makefile->AddDefinition(
+    status.GetMakefile().AddDefinition(
       parsedArgs.ConflictingDependenciesPrefix + "_FILENAMES", val);
   }
   return true;
 }
+
+} // namespace
+
+bool cmFileCommand(std::vector<std::string> const& args,
+                   cmExecutionStatus& status)
+{
+  if (args.size() < 2) {
+    status.SetError("must be called with at least two arguments.");
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  static cmSubcommandTable const subcommand{
+    { "WRITE"_s, HandleWriteCommand },
+    { "APPEND"_s, HandleAppendCommand },
+    { "DOWNLOAD"_s, HandleDownloadCommand },
+    { "UPLOAD"_s, HandleUploadCommand },
+    { "READ"_s, HandleReadCommand },
+    { "MD5"_s, HandleHashCommand },
+    { "SHA1"_s, HandleHashCommand },
+    { "SHA224"_s, HandleHashCommand },
+    { "SHA256"_s, HandleHashCommand },
+    { "SHA384"_s, HandleHashCommand },
+    { "SHA512"_s, HandleHashCommand },
+    { "SHA3_224"_s, HandleHashCommand },
+    { "SHA3_256"_s, HandleHashCommand },
+    { "SHA3_384"_s, HandleHashCommand },
+    { "SHA3_512"_s, HandleHashCommand },
+    { "STRINGS"_s, HandleStringsCommand },
+    { "GLOB"_s, HandleGlobCommand },
+    { "GLOB_RECURSE"_s, HandleGlobRecurseCommand },
+    { "MAKE_DIRECTORY"_s, HandleMakeDirectoryCommand },
+    { "RENAME"_s, HandleRename },
+    { "REMOVE"_s, HandleRemove },
+    { "REMOVE_RECURSE"_s, HandleRemoveRecurse },
+    { "COPY"_s, HandleCopyCommand },
+    { "INSTALL"_s, HandleInstallCommand },
+    { "DIFFERENT"_s, HandleDifferentCommand },
+    { "RPATH_CHANGE"_s, HandleRPathChangeCommand },
+    { "CHRPATH"_s, HandleRPathChangeCommand },
+    { "RPATH_CHECK"_s, HandleRPathCheckCommand },
+    { "RPATH_REMOVE"_s, HandleRPathRemoveCommand },
+    { "READ_ELF"_s, HandleReadElfCommand },
+    { "RELATIVE_PATH"_s, HandleRelativePathCommand },
+    { "TO_CMAKE_PATH"_s, HandleCMakePathCommand },
+    { "TO_NATIVE_PATH"_s, HandleNativePathCommand },
+    { "TOUCH"_s, HandleTouchCommand },
+    { "TOUCH_NOCREATE"_s, HandleTouchNocreateCommand },
+    { "TIMESTAMP"_s, HandleTimestampCommand },
+    { "GENERATE"_s, HandleGenerateCommand },
+    { "LOCK"_s, HandleLockCommand },
+    { "SIZE"_s, HandleSizeCommand },
+    { "READ_SYMLINK"_s, HandleReadSymlinkCommand },
+    { "CREATE_LINK"_s, HandleCreateLinkCommand },
+    { "GET_RUNTIME_DEPENDENCIES"_s, HandleGetRuntimeDependenciesCommand },
+  };
+
+  return subcommand(args[0], args, status);
+}
diff --git a/Source/cmFileCommand.h b/Source/cmFileCommand.h
index d4b980e..8c9b219 100644
--- a/Source/cmFileCommand.h
+++ b/Source/cmFileCommand.h
@@ -8,72 +8,9 @@
 #include <string>
 #include <vector>
 
-#include "cm_memory.hxx"
-
-#include "cmCommand.h"
-
 class cmExecutionStatus;
 
-/** \class cmFileCommand
- * \brief Command for manipulation of files
- *
- */
-class cmFileCommand : public cmCommand
-{
-public:
-  /**
-   * This is a virtual constructor for the command.
-   */
-  std::unique_ptr<cmCommand> Clone() override
-  {
-    return cm::make_unique<cmFileCommand>();
-  }
-
-  /**
-   * This is called when the command is first encountered in
-   * the CMakeLists.txt file.
-   */
-  bool InitialPass(std::vector<std::string> const& args,
-                   cmExecutionStatus& status) override;
-
-protected:
-  bool HandleRename(std::vector<std::string> const& args);
-  bool HandleRemove(std::vector<std::string> const& args, bool recurse);
-  bool HandleWriteCommand(std::vector<std::string> const& args, bool append);
-  bool HandleReadCommand(std::vector<std::string> const& args);
-  bool HandleHashCommand(std::vector<std::string> const& args);
-  bool HandleStringsCommand(std::vector<std::string> const& args);
-  bool HandleGlobCommand(std::vector<std::string> const& args, bool recurse);
-  bool HandleTouchCommand(std::vector<std::string> const& args, bool create);
-  bool HandleMakeDirectoryCommand(std::vector<std::string> const& args);
-
-  bool HandleRelativePathCommand(std::vector<std::string> const& args);
-  bool HandleCMakePathCommand(std::vector<std::string> const& args,
-                              bool nativePath);
-  bool HandleReadElfCommand(std::vector<std::string> const& args);
-  bool HandleRPathChangeCommand(std::vector<std::string> const& args);
-  bool HandleRPathCheckCommand(std::vector<std::string> const& args);
-  bool HandleRPathRemoveCommand(std::vector<std::string> const& args);
-  bool HandleDifferentCommand(std::vector<std::string> const& args);
-
-  bool HandleCopyCommand(std::vector<std::string> const& args);
-  bool HandleInstallCommand(std::vector<std::string> const& args);
-  bool HandleDownloadCommand(std::vector<std::string> const& args);
-  bool HandleUploadCommand(std::vector<std::string> const& args);
-
-  bool HandleTimestampCommand(std::vector<std::string> const& args);
-  bool HandleGenerateCommand(std::vector<std::string> const& args);
-  bool HandleLockCommand(std::vector<std::string> const& args);
-  bool HandleSizeCommand(std::vector<std::string> const& args);
-  bool HandleReadSymlinkCommand(std::vector<std::string> const& args);
-  bool HandleCreateLinkCommand(std::vector<std::string> const& args);
-  bool HandleGetRuntimeDependenciesCommand(
-    std::vector<std::string> const& args);
-
-private:
-  void AddEvaluationFile(const std::string& inputName,
-                         const std::string& outputExpr,
-                         const std::string& condition, bool inputIsContent);
-};
+bool cmFileCommand(std::vector<std::string> const& args,
+                   cmExecutionStatus& status);
 
 #endif
diff --git a/Source/cmFileCopier.cxx b/Source/cmFileCopier.cxx
index 4f1a158..62f132d 100644
--- a/Source/cmFileCopier.cxx
+++ b/Source/cmFileCopier.cxx
@@ -3,10 +3,11 @@
 
 #include "cmFileCopier.h"
 
+#include "cmExecutionStatus.h"
 #include "cmFSPermissions.h"
-#include "cmFileCommand.h"
 #include "cmFileTimes.h"
 #include "cmMakefile.h"
+#include "cmStringAlgorithms.h"
 #include "cmSystemTools.h"
 #include "cmsys/Directory.hxx"
 #include "cmsys/Glob.hxx"
@@ -20,9 +21,9 @@
 
 using namespace cmFSPermissions;
 
-cmFileCopier::cmFileCopier(cmFileCommand* command, const char* name)
-  : FileCommand(command)
-  , Makefile(command->GetMakefile())
+cmFileCopier::cmFileCopier(cmExecutionStatus& status, const char* name)
+  : Status(status)
+  , Makefile(&status.GetMakefile())
   , Name(name)
   , Always(false)
   , MatchlessFiles(true)
@@ -91,7 +92,7 @@
     if (!cmSystemTools::SetPermissions(toFile, permissions)) {
       std::ostringstream e;
       e << this->Name << " cannot set permissions on \"" << toFile << "\"";
-      this->FileCommand->SetError(e.str());
+      this->Status.SetError(e.str());
       return false;
     }
   }
@@ -105,7 +106,7 @@
   if (!cmFSPermissions::stringToModeT(arg, permissions)) {
     std::ostringstream e;
     e << this->Name << " given invalid permission \"" << arg << "\".";
-    this->FileCommand->SetError(e.str());
+    this->Status.SetError(e.str());
     return false;
   }
   return true;
@@ -121,7 +122,7 @@
   // The input file does not exist and installation is not optional.
   std::ostringstream e;
   e << this->Name << " cannot find \"" << fromFile << "\".";
-  this->FileCommand->SetError(e.str());
+  this->Status.SetError(e.str());
   return false;
 }
 
@@ -129,7 +130,7 @@
 {
   std::ostringstream e;
   e << "option " << arg << " may not appear before PATTERN or REGEX.";
-  this->FileCommand->SetError(e.str());
+  this->Status.SetError(e.str());
   this->Doing = DoingError;
 }
 
@@ -137,7 +138,7 @@
 {
   std::ostringstream e;
   e << "option " << arg << " may not appear after PATTERN or REGEX.";
-  this->FileCommand->SetError(e.str());
+  this->Status.SetError(e.str());
   this->Doing = DoingError;
 }
 
@@ -174,7 +175,7 @@
     cmSystemTools::ExpandListArgument(default_dir_install_permissions, items);
     for (const auto& arg : items) {
       if (!this->CheckPermissions(arg, **mode)) {
-        this->FileCommand->SetError(
+        this->Status.SetError(
           " Set with CMAKE_INSTALL_DEFAULT_DIRECTORY_PERMISSIONS variable.");
         return false;
       }
@@ -194,7 +195,7 @@
     if (!this->CheckKeyword(args[i]) && !this->CheckValue(args[i])) {
       std::ostringstream e;
       e << "called with unknown argument \"" << args[i] << "\".";
-      this->FileCommand->SetError(e.str());
+      this->Status.SetError(e.str());
       return false;
     }
 
@@ -208,7 +209,7 @@
   if (this->Destination.empty()) {
     std::ostringstream e;
     e << this->Name << " given no DESTINATION";
-    this->FileCommand->SetError(e.str());
+    this->Status.SetError(e.str());
     return false;
   }
 
@@ -341,7 +342,7 @@
       } else {
         std::ostringstream e;
         e << "could not compile PATTERN \"" << arg << "\".";
-        this->FileCommand->SetError(e.str());
+        this->Status.SetError(e.str());
         this->Doing = DoingError;
       }
     } break;
@@ -353,7 +354,7 @@
       } else {
         std::ostringstream e;
         e << "could not compile REGEX \"" << arg << "\".";
-        this->FileCommand->SetError(e.str());
+        this->Status.SetError(e.str());
         this->Doing = DoingError;
       }
       break;
@@ -396,8 +397,8 @@
       file += "/";
       file += f;
     } else if (!this->FilesFromDir.empty()) {
-      this->FileCommand->SetError("option FILES_FROM_DIR requires all files "
-                                  "to be specified as relative paths.");
+      this->Status.SetError("option FILES_FROM_DIR requires all files "
+                            "to be specified as relative paths.");
       return false;
     } else {
       file = f;
@@ -446,7 +447,7 @@
   if (fromFile.empty()) {
     std::ostringstream e;
     e << "INSTALL encountered an empty string input file name.";
-    this->FileCommand->SetError(e.str());
+    this->Status.SetError(e.str());
     return false;
   }
 
@@ -490,7 +491,7 @@
   while (cmSystemTools::ReadSymlink(fromFile, newFromFile)) {
     if (!cmSystemTools::FileIsFullPath(newFromFile)) {
       std::string fromFilePath = cmSystemTools::GetFilenamePath(fromFile);
-      newFromFile = fromFilePath + "/" + newFromFile;
+      newFromFile = cmStrCat(fromFilePath, "/", newFromFile);
     }
 
     std::string symlinkTarget = cmSystemTools::GetFilenameName(newFromFile);
@@ -514,13 +515,13 @@
       if (!cmSystemTools::CreateSymlink(symlinkTarget, toFile)) {
         std::ostringstream e;
         e << this->Name << " cannot create symlink \"" << toFile << "\".";
-        this->FileCommand->SetError(e.str());
+        this->Status.SetError(e.str());
         return false;
       }
     }
 
     fromFile = newFromFile;
-    toFile = toFilePath + "/" + symlinkTarget;
+    toFile = cmStrCat(toFilePath, "/", symlinkTarget);
   }
 
   return true;
@@ -535,7 +536,7 @@
     std::ostringstream e;
     e << this->Name << " cannot read symlink \"" << fromFile
       << "\" to duplicate at \"" << toFile << "\".";
-    this->FileCommand->SetError(e.str());
+    this->Status.SetError(e.str());
     return false;
   }
 
@@ -566,7 +567,7 @@
       std::ostringstream e;
       e << this->Name << " cannot duplicate symlink \"" << fromFile
         << "\" at \"" << toFile << "\".";
-      this->FileCommand->SetError(e.str());
+      this->Status.SetError(e.str());
       return false;
     }
   }
@@ -595,7 +596,7 @@
     std::ostringstream e;
     e << this->Name << " cannot copy file \"" << fromFile << "\" to \""
       << toFile << "\".";
-    this->FileCommand->SetError(e.str());
+    this->Status.SetError(e.str());
     return false;
   }
 
@@ -611,7 +612,7 @@
       std::ostringstream e;
       e << this->Name << " cannot set modification time on \"" << toFile
         << "\"";
-      this->FileCommand->SetError(e.str());
+      this->Status.SetError(e.str());
       return false;
     }
   }
@@ -648,7 +649,7 @@
     std::ostringstream e;
     e << this->Name << " cannot make directory \"" << destination
       << "\": " << cmSystemTools::GetLastSystemError();
-    this->FileCommand->SetError(e.str());
+    this->Status.SetError(e.str());
     return false;
   }
 
diff --git a/Source/cmFileCopier.h b/Source/cmFileCopier.h
index a79a60b..263a365 100644
--- a/Source/cmFileCopier.h
+++ b/Source/cmFileCopier.h
@@ -12,19 +12,19 @@
 #include <string>
 #include <vector>
 
-class cmFileCommand;
+class cmExecutionStatus;
 class cmMakefile;
 
 // File installation helper class.
 struct cmFileCopier
 {
-  cmFileCopier(cmFileCommand* command, const char* name = "COPY");
+  cmFileCopier(cmExecutionStatus& status, const char* name = "COPY");
   virtual ~cmFileCopier();
 
   bool Run(std::vector<std::string> const& args);
 
 protected:
-  cmFileCommand* FileCommand;
+  cmExecutionStatus& Status;
   cmMakefile* Makefile;
   const char* Name;
   bool Always;
diff --git a/Source/cmFileInstaller.cxx b/Source/cmFileInstaller.cxx
index 9378439..d28ef41 100644
--- a/Source/cmFileInstaller.cxx
+++ b/Source/cmFileInstaller.cxx
@@ -3,8 +3,8 @@
 
 #include "cmFileInstaller.h"
 
+#include "cmExecutionStatus.h"
 #include "cmFSPermissions.h"
-#include "cmFileCommand.h"
 #include "cmMakefile.h"
 #include "cmSystemTools.h"
 
@@ -14,8 +14,8 @@
 
 using namespace cmFSPermissions;
 
-cmFileInstaller::cmFileInstaller(cmFileCommand* command)
-  : cmFileCopier(command, "INSTALL")
+cmFileInstaller::cmFileInstaller(cmExecutionStatus& status)
+  : cmFileCopier(status, "INSTALL")
   , InstallType(cmInstallType_FILES)
   , Optional(false)
   , MessageAlways(false)
@@ -111,19 +111,19 @@
 
   if (!this->Rename.empty()) {
     if (!this->FilesFromDir.empty()) {
-      this->FileCommand->SetError("INSTALL option RENAME may not be "
-                                  "combined with FILES_FROM_DIR.");
+      this->Status.SetError("INSTALL option RENAME may not be "
+                            "combined with FILES_FROM_DIR.");
       return false;
     }
     if (this->InstallType != cmInstallType_FILES &&
         this->InstallType != cmInstallType_PROGRAMS) {
-      this->FileCommand->SetError("INSTALL option RENAME may be used "
-                                  "only with FILES or PROGRAMS.");
+      this->Status.SetError("INSTALL option RENAME may be used "
+                            "only with FILES or PROGRAMS.");
       return false;
     }
     if (this->Files.size() > 1) {
-      this->FileCommand->SetError("INSTALL option RENAME may be used "
-                                  "only with one file.");
+      this->Status.SetError("INSTALL option RENAME may be used "
+                            "only with one file.");
       return false;
     }
   }
@@ -134,9 +134,9 @@
 
   if (((this->MessageAlways ? 1 : 0) + (this->MessageLazy ? 1 : 0) +
        (this->MessageNever ? 1 : 0)) > 1) {
-    this->FileCommand->SetError("INSTALL options MESSAGE_ALWAYS, "
-                                "MESSAGE_LAZY, and MESSAGE_NEVER "
-                                "are mutually exclusive.");
+    this->Status.SetError("INSTALL options MESSAGE_ALWAYS, "
+                          "MESSAGE_LAZY, and MESSAGE_NEVER "
+                          "are mutually exclusive.");
     return false;
   }
 
@@ -213,7 +213,7 @@
     e << "INSTALL called with old-style " << arg << " argument.  "
       << "This script was generated with an older version of CMake.  "
       << "Re-run this cmake version on your build tree.";
-    this->FileCommand->SetError(e.str());
+    this->Status.SetError(e.str());
     this->Doing = DoingError;
   } else {
     return this->cmFileCopier::CheckKeyword(arg);
@@ -257,7 +257,7 @@
   } else {
     std::ostringstream e;
     e << "Option TYPE given unknown value \"" << stype << "\".";
-    this->FileCommand->SetError(e.str());
+    this->Status.SetError(e.str());
     return false;
   }
   return true;
@@ -269,8 +269,8 @@
 
   // allow for / to be a valid destination
   if (destination.size() < 2 && destination != "/") {
-    this->FileCommand->SetError("called with inappropriate arguments. "
-                                "No DESTINATION provided or .");
+    this->Status.SetError("called with inappropriate arguments. "
+                          "No DESTINATION provided or .");
     return false;
   }
 
@@ -300,7 +300,7 @@
       if (relative) {
         // This is relative path on unix or windows. Since we are doing
         // destdir, this case does not make sense.
-        this->FileCommand->SetError(
+        this->Status.SetError(
           "called with relative DESTINATION. This "
           "does not make sense when using DESTDIR. Specify "
           "absolute path or remove DESTDIR environment variable.");
@@ -315,7 +315,7 @@
           "absolute path or remove DESTDIR environment variable."
           "\nDESTINATION=\n";
         message += destination;
-        this->FileCommand->SetError(message);
+        this->Status.SetError(message);
         return false;
       }
     }
@@ -335,14 +335,14 @@
       if (!cmSystemTools::MakeDirectory(destination, default_dir_mode)) {
         std::string errstring = "cannot create directory: " + destination +
           ". Maybe need administrative privileges.";
-        this->FileCommand->SetError(errstring);
+        this->Status.SetError(errstring);
         return false;
       }
     }
     if (!cmSystemTools::FileIsDirectory(destination)) {
       std::string errstring =
         "INSTALL destination: " + destination + " is not a directory.";
-      this->FileCommand->SetError(errstring);
+      this->Status.SetError(errstring);
       return false;
     }
   }
diff --git a/Source/cmFileInstaller.h b/Source/cmFileInstaller.h
index 312529a..fd883ea 100644
--- a/Source/cmFileInstaller.h
+++ b/Source/cmFileInstaller.h
@@ -12,11 +12,11 @@
 #include <string>
 #include <vector>
 
-class cmFileCommand;
+class cmExecutionStatus;
 
 struct cmFileInstaller : public cmFileCopier
 {
-  cmFileInstaller(cmFileCommand* command);
+  cmFileInstaller(cmExecutionStatus& status);
   ~cmFileInstaller() override;
 
 protected:
diff --git a/Source/cmFindBase.cxx b/Source/cmFindBase.cxx
index be7964a..b1ccc83 100644
--- a/Source/cmFindBase.cxx
+++ b/Source/cmFindBase.cxx
@@ -13,6 +13,7 @@
 #include "cmSearchPath.h"
 #include "cmState.h"
 #include "cmStateTypes.h"
+#include "cmStringAlgorithms.h"
 #include "cmSystemTools.h"
 
 cmFindBase::cmFindBase()
diff --git a/Source/cmFindPackageCommand.cxx b/Source/cmFindPackageCommand.cxx
index db3f4ef..0159ca5 100644
--- a/Source/cmFindPackageCommand.cxx
+++ b/Source/cmFindPackageCommand.cxx
@@ -28,6 +28,7 @@
 #include "cmSearchPath.h"
 #include "cmState.h"
 #include "cmStateTypes.h"
+#include "cmStringAlgorithms.h"
 #include "cmVersion.h"
 
 #if defined(__HAIKU__)
@@ -516,7 +517,9 @@
         loadedPackage = true;
       } else {
         // The package was not loaded. Report errors.
-        HandlePackageMode(HandlePackageModeType::Module);
+        if (HandlePackageMode(HandlePackageModeType::Module)) {
+          loadedPackage = true;
+        }
       }
     }
   } else {
diff --git a/Source/cmFindProgramCommand.cxx b/Source/cmFindProgramCommand.cxx
index 782f746..8fcf1ac 100644
--- a/Source/cmFindProgramCommand.cxx
+++ b/Source/cmFindProgramCommand.cxx
@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@
 
 #include "cmMakefile.h"
 #include "cmStateTypes.h"
+#include "cmStringAlgorithms.h"
 #include "cmSystemTools.h"
 
 class cmExecutionStatus;
@@ -71,7 +72,7 @@
   bool CheckDirectoryForName(std::string const& path, std::string const& name)
   {
     for (std::string const& ext : this->Extensions) {
-      if (!ext.empty() && cmSystemTools::StringEndsWith(name, ext.c_str())) {
+      if (!ext.empty() && cmHasSuffix(name, ext)) {
         continue;
       }
       this->TestNameExt = name;
diff --git a/Source/cmForEachCommand.cxx b/Source/cmForEachCommand.cxx
index 06dce2c..a565786 100644
--- a/Source/cmForEachCommand.cxx
+++ b/Source/cmForEachCommand.cxx
@@ -8,16 +8,40 @@
 #include <utility>
 
 #include "cm_memory.hxx"
+#include "cm_static_string_view.hxx"
+#include "cm_string_view.hxx"
 
 #include "cmExecutionStatus.h"
+#include "cmFunctionBlocker.h"
+#include "cmListFileCache.h"
 #include "cmMakefile.h"
 #include "cmMessageType.h"
 #include "cmRange.h"
 #include "cmSystemTools.h"
 
+class cmForEachFunctionBlocker : public cmFunctionBlocker
+{
+public:
+  cmForEachFunctionBlocker(cmMakefile* mf);
+  ~cmForEachFunctionBlocker() override;
+
+  cm::string_view StartCommandName() const override { return "foreach"_s; }
+  cm::string_view EndCommandName() const override { return "endforeach"_s; }
+
+  bool ArgumentsMatch(cmListFileFunction const& lff,
+                      cmMakefile& mf) const override;
+
+  bool Replay(std::vector<cmListFileFunction> functions,
+              cmExecutionStatus& inStatus) override;
+
+  std::vector<std::string> Args;
+
+private:
+  cmMakefile* Makefile;
+};
+
 cmForEachFunctionBlocker::cmForEachFunctionBlocker(cmMakefile* mf)
   : Makefile(mf)
-  , Depth(0)
 {
   this->Makefile->PushLoopBlock();
 }
@@ -27,87 +51,55 @@
   this->Makefile->PopLoopBlock();
 }
 
-bool cmForEachFunctionBlocker::IsFunctionBlocked(const cmListFileFunction& lff,
-                                                 cmMakefile& mf,
-                                                 cmExecutionStatus& inStatus)
+bool cmForEachFunctionBlocker::ArgumentsMatch(cmListFileFunction const& lff,
+                                              cmMakefile& mf) const
 {
-  if (lff.Name.Lower == "foreach") {
-    // record the number of nested foreach commands
-    this->Depth++;
-  } else if (lff.Name.Lower == "endforeach") {
-    // if this is the endofreach for this statement
-    if (!this->Depth) {
-      // Remove the function blocker for this scope or bail.
-      std::unique_ptr<cmFunctionBlocker> fb(
-        mf.RemoveFunctionBlocker(this, lff));
-      if (!fb) {
-        return false;
-      }
-
-      // at end of for each execute recorded commands
-      // store the old value
-      std::string oldDef;
-      if (mf.GetDefinition(this->Args[0])) {
-        oldDef = mf.GetDefinition(this->Args[0]);
-      }
-
-      for (std::string const& arg : cmMakeRange(this->Args).advance(1)) {
-        // set the variable to the loop value
-        mf.AddDefinition(this->Args[0], arg);
-        // Invoke all the functions that were collected in the block.
-        cmExecutionStatus status(mf);
-        for (cmListFileFunction const& func : this->Functions) {
-          status.Clear();
-          mf.ExecuteCommand(func, status);
-          if (status.GetReturnInvoked()) {
-            inStatus.SetReturnInvoked();
-            // restore the variable to its prior value
-            mf.AddDefinition(this->Args[0], oldDef);
-            return true;
-          }
-          if (status.GetBreakInvoked()) {
-            // restore the variable to its prior value
-            mf.AddDefinition(this->Args[0], oldDef);
-            return true;
-          }
-          if (status.GetContinueInvoked()) {
-            break;
-          }
-          if (cmSystemTools::GetFatalErrorOccured()) {
-            return true;
-          }
-        }
-      }
-
-      // restore the variable to its prior value
-      mf.AddDefinition(this->Args[0], oldDef);
-      return true;
-    }
-    // close out a nested foreach
-    this->Depth--;
-  }
-
-  // record the command
-  this->Functions.push_back(lff);
-
-  // always return true
-  return true;
+  std::vector<std::string> expandedArguments;
+  mf.ExpandArguments(lff.Arguments, expandedArguments);
+  return expandedArguments.empty() || expandedArguments[0] == this->Args[0];
 }
 
-bool cmForEachFunctionBlocker::ShouldRemove(const cmListFileFunction& lff,
-                                            cmMakefile& mf)
+bool cmForEachFunctionBlocker::Replay(
+  std::vector<cmListFileFunction> functions, cmExecutionStatus& inStatus)
 {
-  if (lff.Name.Lower == "endforeach") {
-    std::vector<std::string> expandedArguments;
-    mf.ExpandArguments(lff.Arguments, expandedArguments);
-    // if the endforeach has arguments then make sure
-    // they match the begin foreach arguments
-    if ((expandedArguments.empty() ||
-         (expandedArguments[0] == this->Args[0]))) {
-      return true;
+  cmMakefile& mf = inStatus.GetMakefile();
+  // at end of for each execute recorded commands
+  // store the old value
+  std::string oldDef;
+  if (mf.GetDefinition(this->Args[0])) {
+    oldDef = mf.GetDefinition(this->Args[0]);
+  }
+
+  for (std::string const& arg : cmMakeRange(this->Args).advance(1)) {
+    // set the variable to the loop value
+    mf.AddDefinition(this->Args[0], arg);
+    // Invoke all the functions that were collected in the block.
+    for (cmListFileFunction const& func : functions) {
+      cmExecutionStatus status(mf);
+      mf.ExecuteCommand(func, status);
+      if (status.GetReturnInvoked()) {
+        inStatus.SetReturnInvoked();
+        // restore the variable to its prior value
+        mf.AddDefinition(this->Args[0], oldDef);
+        return true;
+      }
+      if (status.GetBreakInvoked()) {
+        // restore the variable to its prior value
+        mf.AddDefinition(this->Args[0], oldDef);
+        return true;
+      }
+      if (status.GetContinueInvoked()) {
+        break;
+      }
+      if (cmSystemTools::GetFatalErrorOccured()) {
+        return true;
+      }
     }
   }
-  return false;
+
+  // restore the variable to its prior value
+  mf.AddDefinition(this->Args[0], oldDef);
+  return true;
 }
 
 bool cmForEachCommand::InitialPass(std::vector<std::string> const& args,
diff --git a/Source/cmForEachCommand.h b/Source/cmForEachCommand.h
index cd112b8..135abf0 100644
--- a/Source/cmForEachCommand.h
+++ b/Source/cmForEachCommand.h
@@ -11,28 +11,8 @@
 #include "cm_memory.hxx"
 
 #include "cmCommand.h"
-#include "cmFunctionBlocker.h"
-#include "cmListFileCache.h"
 
 class cmExecutionStatus;
-class cmMakefile;
-
-class cmForEachFunctionBlocker : public cmFunctionBlocker
-{
-public:
-  cmForEachFunctionBlocker(cmMakefile* mf);
-  ~cmForEachFunctionBlocker() override;
-  bool IsFunctionBlocked(const cmListFileFunction& lff, cmMakefile& mf,
-                         cmExecutionStatus&) override;
-  bool ShouldRemove(const cmListFileFunction& lff, cmMakefile& mf) override;
-
-  std::vector<std::string> Args;
-  std::vector<cmListFileFunction> Functions;
-
-private:
-  cmMakefile* Makefile;
-  int Depth;
-};
 
 /// Starts foreach() ... endforeach() block
 class cmForEachCommand : public cmCommand
diff --git a/Source/cmFunctionBlocker.cxx b/Source/cmFunctionBlocker.cxx
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5778a71
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Source/cmFunctionBlocker.cxx
@@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
+/* Distributed under the OSI-approved BSD 3-Clause License.  See accompanying
+   file Copyright.txt or https://cmake.org/licensing for details.  */
+#include "cmFunctionBlocker.h"
+
+#include <cassert>
+#include <sstream>
+#include <utility>
+
+#include "cmExecutionStatus.h"
+#include "cmMakefile.h"
+#include "cmMessageType.h"
+
+bool cmFunctionBlocker::IsFunctionBlocked(const cmListFileFunction& lff,
+                                          cmExecutionStatus& status)
+{
+  if (lff.Name.Lower == this->StartCommandName()) {
+    this->ScopeDepth++;
+  } else if (lff.Name.Lower == this->EndCommandName()) {
+    this->ScopeDepth--;
+    if (this->ScopeDepth == 0U) {
+      cmMakefile& mf = status.GetMakefile();
+      auto self = mf.RemoveFunctionBlocker();
+      assert(self.get() == this);
+
+      if (!this->ArgumentsMatch(lff, mf)) {
+        cmListFileContext const& lfc = this->GetStartingContext();
+        cmListFileContext closingContext =
+          cmListFileContext::FromCommandContext(lff, lfc.FilePath);
+        std::ostringstream e;
+        /* clang-format off */
+        e << "A logical block opening on the line\n"
+          << "  " << lfc << "\n"
+          << "closes on the line\n"
+          << "  " << closingContext << "\n"
+          << "with mis-matching arguments.";
+        /* clang-format on */
+        mf.IssueMessage(MessageType::AUTHOR_WARNING, e.str());
+      }
+
+      return this->Replay(std::move(this->Functions), status);
+    }
+  }
+
+  this->Functions.push_back(lff);
+  return true;
+}
diff --git a/Source/cmFunctionBlocker.h b/Source/cmFunctionBlocker.h
index cd6b05d..87bdccd 100644
--- a/Source/cmFunctionBlocker.h
+++ b/Source/cmFunctionBlocker.h
@@ -3,6 +3,12 @@
 #ifndef cmFunctionBlocker_h
 #define cmFunctionBlocker_h
 
+#include "cmConfigure.h" // IWYU pragma: keep
+
+#include <vector>
+
+#include "cm_string_view.hxx"
+
 #include "cmListFileCache.h"
 
 class cmExecutionStatus;
@@ -14,17 +20,8 @@
   /**
    * should a function be blocked
    */
-  virtual bool IsFunctionBlocked(const cmListFileFunction& lff, cmMakefile& mf,
-                                 cmExecutionStatus& status) = 0;
-
-  /**
-   * should this function blocker be removed, useful when one function adds a
-   * blocker and another must remove it
-   */
-  virtual bool ShouldRemove(const cmListFileFunction&, cmMakefile&)
-  {
-    return false;
-  }
+  bool IsFunctionBlocked(cmListFileFunction const& lff,
+                         cmExecutionStatus& status);
 
   virtual ~cmFunctionBlocker() = default;
 
@@ -39,7 +36,19 @@
   }
 
 private:
+  virtual cm::string_view StartCommandName() const = 0;
+  virtual cm::string_view EndCommandName() const = 0;
+
+  virtual bool ArgumentsMatch(cmListFileFunction const& lff,
+                              cmMakefile& mf) const = 0;
+
+  virtual bool Replay(std::vector<cmListFileFunction> functions,
+                      cmExecutionStatus& status) = 0;
+
+private:
   cmListFileContext StartingContext;
+  std::vector<cmListFileFunction> Functions;
+  unsigned int ScopeDepth = 1;
 };
 
 #endif
diff --git a/Source/cmFunctionCommand.cxx b/Source/cmFunctionCommand.cxx
index 6afd31a..610f516 100644
--- a/Source/cmFunctionCommand.cxx
+++ b/Source/cmFunctionCommand.cxx
@@ -5,12 +5,18 @@
 #include <sstream>
 #include <utility>
 
+#include "cm_static_string_view.hxx"
+#include "cm_string_view.hxx"
+
 #include "cmAlgorithms.h"
 #include "cmExecutionStatus.h"
+#include "cmFunctionBlocker.h"
+#include "cmListFileCache.h"
 #include "cmMakefile.h"
 #include "cmPolicies.h"
 #include "cmRange.h"
 #include "cmState.h"
+#include "cmStringAlgorithms.h"
 
 // define the class for function commands
 class cmFunctionHelperCommand
@@ -101,53 +107,42 @@
   return true;
 }
 
-bool cmFunctionFunctionBlocker::IsFunctionBlocked(
-  const cmListFileFunction& lff, cmMakefile& mf, cmExecutionStatus&)
+class cmFunctionFunctionBlocker : public cmFunctionBlocker
 {
-  // record commands until we hit the ENDFUNCTION
-  // at the ENDFUNCTION call we shift gears and start looking for invocations
-  if (lff.Name.Lower == "function") {
-    this->Depth++;
-  } else if (lff.Name.Lower == "endfunction") {
-    // if this is the endfunction for this function then execute
-    if (!this->Depth) {
-      // create a new command and add it to cmake
-      cmFunctionHelperCommand f;
-      f.Args = this->Args;
-      f.Functions = this->Functions;
-      f.FilePath = this->GetStartingContext().FilePath;
-      mf.RecordPolicies(f.Policies);
-      mf.GetState()->AddScriptedCommand(this->Args[0], std::move(f));
-      // remove the function blocker now that the function is defined
-      mf.RemoveFunctionBlocker(this, lff);
-      return true;
-    }
-    // decrement for each nested function that ends
-    this->Depth--;
-  }
+public:
+  cm::string_view StartCommandName() const override { return "function"_s; }
+  cm::string_view EndCommandName() const override { return "endfunction"_s; }
 
-  // if it wasn't an endfunction and we are not executing then we must be
-  // recording
-  this->Functions.push_back(lff);
-  return true;
+  bool ArgumentsMatch(cmListFileFunction const&,
+                      cmMakefile& mf) const override;
+
+  bool Replay(std::vector<cmListFileFunction> functions,
+              cmExecutionStatus& status) override;
+
+  std::vector<std::string> Args;
+};
+
+bool cmFunctionFunctionBlocker::ArgumentsMatch(cmListFileFunction const& lff,
+                                               cmMakefile& mf) const
+{
+  std::vector<std::string> expandedArguments;
+  mf.ExpandArguments(lff.Arguments, expandedArguments,
+                     this->GetStartingContext().FilePath.c_str());
+  return expandedArguments.empty() || expandedArguments[0] == this->Args[0];
 }
 
-bool cmFunctionFunctionBlocker::ShouldRemove(const cmListFileFunction& lff,
-                                             cmMakefile& mf)
+bool cmFunctionFunctionBlocker::Replay(
+  std::vector<cmListFileFunction> functions, cmExecutionStatus& status)
 {
-  if (lff.Name.Lower == "endfunction") {
-    std::vector<std::string> expandedArguments;
-    mf.ExpandArguments(lff.Arguments, expandedArguments,
-                       this->GetStartingContext().FilePath.c_str());
-    // if the endfunction has arguments then make sure
-    // they match the ones in the opening function command
-    if ((expandedArguments.empty() ||
-         (expandedArguments[0] == this->Args[0]))) {
-      return true;
-    }
-  }
-
-  return false;
+  cmMakefile& mf = status.GetMakefile();
+  // create a new command and add it to cmake
+  cmFunctionHelperCommand f;
+  f.Args = this->Args;
+  f.Functions = std::move(functions);
+  f.FilePath = this->GetStartingContext().FilePath;
+  mf.RecordPolicies(f.Policies);
+  mf.GetState()->AddScriptedCommand(this->Args[0], std::move(f));
+  return true;
 }
 
 bool cmFunctionCommand::InitialPass(std::vector<std::string> const& args,
diff --git a/Source/cmFunctionCommand.h b/Source/cmFunctionCommand.h
index 449a180..b334525 100644
--- a/Source/cmFunctionCommand.h
+++ b/Source/cmFunctionCommand.h
@@ -11,23 +11,8 @@
 #include "cm_memory.hxx"
 
 #include "cmCommand.h"
-#include "cmFunctionBlocker.h"
-#include "cmListFileCache.h"
 
 class cmExecutionStatus;
-class cmMakefile;
-
-class cmFunctionFunctionBlocker : public cmFunctionBlocker
-{
-public:
-  bool IsFunctionBlocked(const cmListFileFunction&, cmMakefile& mf,
-                         cmExecutionStatus&) override;
-  bool ShouldRemove(const cmListFileFunction&, cmMakefile& mf) override;
-
-  std::vector<std::string> Args;
-  std::vector<cmListFileFunction> Functions;
-  int Depth = 0;
-};
 
 /// Starts function() ... endfunction() block
 class cmFunctionCommand : public cmCommand
diff --git a/Source/cmGeneratedFileStream.cxx b/Source/cmGeneratedFileStream.cxx
index 2f47788..7475e9f 100644
--- a/Source/cmGeneratedFileStream.cxx
+++ b/Source/cmGeneratedFileStream.cxx
@@ -6,14 +6,14 @@
 
 #include "cmSystemTools.h"
 
-#if defined(CMAKE_BUILD_WITH_CMAKE)
+#if !defined(CMAKE_BOOTSTRAP)
 #  include "cm_codecvt.hxx"
 #  include "cm_zlib.h"
 #endif
 
 cmGeneratedFileStream::cmGeneratedFileStream(Encoding encoding)
 {
-#ifdef CMAKE_BUILD_WITH_CMAKE
+#ifndef CMAKE_BOOTSTRAP
   if (encoding != codecvt::None) {
     imbue(std::locale(getloc(), new codecvt(encoding)));
   }
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@
     cmSystemTools::Error("Cannot open file for write: " + this->TempName);
     cmSystemTools::ReportLastSystemError("");
   }
-#ifdef CMAKE_BUILD_WITH_CMAKE
+#ifndef CMAKE_BOOTSTRAP
   if (encoding != codecvt::None) {
     imbue(std::locale(getloc(), new codecvt(encoding)));
   }
@@ -169,7 +169,7 @@
   return replaced;
 }
 
-#ifdef CMAKE_BUILD_WITH_CMAKE
+#ifndef CMAKE_BOOTSTRAP
 int cmGeneratedFileStreamBase::CompressFile(std::string const& oldname,
                                             std::string const& newname)
 {
diff --git a/Source/cmGeneratorExpressionDAGChecker.cxx b/Source/cmGeneratorExpressionDAGChecker.cxx
index 817f41e..df2227f 100644
--- a/Source/cmGeneratorExpressionDAGChecker.cxx
+++ b/Source/cmGeneratorExpressionDAGChecker.cxx
@@ -2,12 +2,12 @@
    file Copyright.txt or https://cmake.org/licensing for details.  */
 #include "cmGeneratorExpressionDAGChecker.h"
 
-#include "cmAlgorithms.h"
 #include "cmGeneratorExpressionContext.h"
 #include "cmGeneratorExpressionEvaluator.h"
 #include "cmGeneratorTarget.h"
 #include "cmLocalGenerator.h"
 #include "cmMessageType.h"
+#include "cmStringAlgorithms.h"
 #include "cmake.h"
 
 #include <sstream>
diff --git a/Source/cmGeneratorExpressionNode.cxx b/Source/cmGeneratorExpressionNode.cxx
index 49d0c47..f78c72e 100644
--- a/Source/cmGeneratorExpressionNode.cxx
+++ b/Source/cmGeneratorExpressionNode.cxx
@@ -19,6 +19,7 @@
 #include "cmState.h"
 #include "cmStateSnapshot.h"
 #include "cmStateTypes.h"
+#include "cmStringAlgorithms.h"
 #include "cmSystemTools.h"
 #include "cmTarget.h"
 #include "cm_static_string_view.hxx"
@@ -1440,7 +1441,7 @@
       }
 
       for (std::string& o : objects) {
-        o = obj_dir + o;
+        o = cmStrCat(obj_dir, o);
       }
     }
 
diff --git a/Source/cmGeneratorTarget.cxx b/Source/cmGeneratorTarget.cxx
index 7c41045..c07d7af 100644
--- a/Source/cmGeneratorTarget.cxx
+++ b/Source/cmGeneratorTarget.cxx
@@ -34,6 +34,7 @@
 #include "cmSourceFile.h"
 #include "cmSourceFileLocation.h"
 #include "cmState.h"
+#include "cmStringAlgorithms.h"
 #include "cmSystemTools.h"
 #include "cmTarget.h"
 #include "cmTargetLinkLibraryType.h"
@@ -2525,7 +2526,7 @@
   info.WindowsExportAllSymbols =
     this->Makefile->IsOn("CMAKE_SUPPORT_WINDOWS_EXPORT_ALL_SYMBOLS") &&
     this->GetPropertyAsBool("WINDOWS_EXPORT_ALL_SYMBOLS");
-#if defined(_WIN32) && defined(CMAKE_BUILD_WITH_CMAKE)
+#if defined(_WIN32) && !defined(CMAKE_BOOTSTRAP)
   info.DefFileGenerated =
     info.WindowsExportAllSymbols || info.Sources.size() > 1;
 #else
@@ -3409,8 +3410,7 @@
       cmSystemTools::ParseUnixCommandLine(
         value.c_str() + LINKER_SHELL.length(), linkerOptions);
     } else {
-      linkerOptions =
-        cmSystemTools::tokenize(value.substr(LINKER.length()), ",");
+      linkerOptions = cmTokenize(value.substr(LINKER.length()), ",");
     }
 
     if (linkerOptions.empty() ||
@@ -4191,7 +4191,7 @@
         if (stripResources) {
           flags.MacFolder = "";
         }
-      } else if (cmSystemTools::StringStartsWith(location, "Resources/")) {
+      } else if (cmHasLiteralPrefix(location, "Resources/")) {
         flags.Type = cmGeneratorTarget::SourceFileTypeDeepResource;
         if (stripResources) {
           flags.MacFolder += strlen("Resources/");
@@ -5218,7 +5218,7 @@
   const std::string& config, cmOptionalLinkInterface& iface,
   cmGeneratorTarget const* headTarget) const
 {
-  if (iface.ExplicitLibraries) {
+  if (iface.Explicit) {
     if (this->GetType() == cmStateEnums::SHARED_LIBRARY ||
         this->GetType() == cmStateEnums::STATIC_LIBRARY ||
         this->GetType() == cmStateEnums::INTERFACE_LIBRARY) {
@@ -5602,8 +5602,9 @@
   // libraries and executables that export symbols.
   const char* explicitLibraries = nullptr;
   std::string linkIfaceProp;
-  if (this->GetPolicyStatusCMP0022() != cmPolicies::OLD &&
-      this->GetPolicyStatusCMP0022() != cmPolicies::WARN) {
+  bool const cmp0022NEW = (this->GetPolicyStatusCMP0022() != cmPolicies::OLD &&
+                           this->GetPolicyStatusCMP0022() != cmPolicies::WARN);
+  if (cmp0022NEW) {
     // CMP0022 NEW behavior is to use INTERFACE_LINK_LIBRARIES.
     linkIfaceProp = "INTERFACE_LINK_LIBRARIES";
     explicitLibraries = this->GetProperty(linkIfaceProp);
@@ -5658,15 +5659,14 @@
     return;
   }
   iface.Exists = true;
-  iface.ExplicitLibraries = explicitLibraries;
+  iface.Explicit = cmp0022NEW || explicitLibraries != nullptr;
 
   if (explicitLibraries) {
     // The interface libraries have been explicitly set.
     this->ExpandLinkItems(linkIfaceProp, explicitLibraries, config, headTarget,
                           usage_requirements_only, iface.Libraries,
                           iface.HadHeadSensitiveCondition);
-  } else if (this->GetPolicyStatusCMP0022() == cmPolicies::WARN ||
-             this->GetPolicyStatusCMP0022() == cmPolicies::OLD)
+  } else if (!cmp0022NEW)
   // If CMP0022 is NEW then the plain tll signature sets the
   // INTERFACE_LINK_LIBRARIES, so if we get here then the project
   // cleared the property explicitly and we should not fall back
diff --git a/Source/cmGetCMakePropertyCommand.cxx b/Source/cmGetCMakePropertyCommand.cxx
index 8538944..38fee28 100644
--- a/Source/cmGetCMakePropertyCommand.cxx
+++ b/Source/cmGetCMakePropertyCommand.cxx
@@ -4,10 +4,10 @@
 
 #include <set>
 
-#include "cmAlgorithms.h"
 #include "cmGlobalGenerator.h"
 #include "cmMakefile.h"
 #include "cmState.h"
+#include "cmStringAlgorithms.h"
 
 class cmExecutionStatus;
 
diff --git a/Source/cmGetFilenameComponentCommand.cxx b/Source/cmGetFilenameComponentCommand.cxx
index fc82535..c948b2a 100644
--- a/Source/cmGetFilenameComponentCommand.cxx
+++ b/Source/cmGetFilenameComponentCommand.cxx
@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@
 
 #include "cmMakefile.h"
 #include "cmStateTypes.h"
+#include "cmStringAlgorithms.h"
 #include "cmSystemTools.h"
 
 class cmExecutionStatus;
@@ -64,7 +65,7 @@
     // First assume the path to the program was specified with no
     // arguments and with no quoting or escaping for spaces.
     // Only bother doing this if there is non-whitespace.
-    if (!cmSystemTools::TrimWhitespace(filename).empty()) {
+    if (!cmTrimWhitespace(filename).empty()) {
       result = cmSystemTools::FindProgram(filename);
     }
 
diff --git a/Source/cmGhsMultiTargetGenerator.cxx b/Source/cmGhsMultiTargetGenerator.cxx
index 997595b..00ebbb5 100644
--- a/Source/cmGhsMultiTargetGenerator.cxx
+++ b/Source/cmGhsMultiTargetGenerator.cxx
@@ -18,6 +18,7 @@
 #include "cmStateDirectory.h"
 #include "cmStateSnapshot.h"
 #include "cmStateTypes.h"
+#include "cmStringAlgorithms.h"
 #include "cmSystemTools.h"
 #include "cmTarget.h"
 
@@ -442,12 +443,12 @@
         // This command was specified as a path to a file in the
         // current directory.  Add a leading "./" so it can run
         // without the current directory being in the search path.
-        cmd = "./" + cmd;
+        cmd = cmStrCat("./", cmd);
       }
       cmd = this->LocalGenerator->ConvertToOutputFormat(
         cmd, cmOutputConverter::SHELL);
       if (useCall) {
-        cmd = "call " + cmd;
+        cmd = cmStrCat("call ", cmd);
       }
       ccg.AppendArguments(c, cmd);
       cmdLines.push_back(std::move(cmd));
diff --git a/Source/cmGlobalGenerator.cxx b/Source/cmGlobalGenerator.cxx
index 7b8ffc5..4db5ca8 100644
--- a/Source/cmGlobalGenerator.cxx
+++ b/Source/cmGlobalGenerator.cxx
@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@
 #include "cmWorkingDirectory.h"
 #include "cmake.h"
 
-#if defined(CMAKE_BUILD_WITH_CMAKE)
+#if !defined(CMAKE_BOOTSTRAP)
 #  include "cmCryptoHash.h"
 #  include "cmQtAutoGenGlobalInitializer.h"
 #  include "cm_jsoncpp_value.h"
@@ -114,7 +114,7 @@
   this->ClearGeneratorMembers();
 }
 
-#if defined(CMAKE_BUILD_WITH_CMAKE)
+#if !defined(CMAKE_BOOTSTRAP)
 Json::Value cmGlobalGenerator::GetJson() const
 {
   Json::Value generator = Json::objectValue;
@@ -337,15 +337,16 @@
   bool failed = false;
   for (cmLocalGenerator* generator : this->LocalGenerators) {
     for (cmGeneratorTarget* target : generator->GetGeneratorTargets()) {
-      std::vector<std::string> configs;
-      target->Makefile->GetConfigurations(configs);
-      if (configs.empty()) {
-        configs.emplace_back();
-      }
+      if (target->GetType() == cmStateEnums::EXECUTABLE &&
+          target->GetPropertyAsBool("WIN32_EXECUTABLE")) {
+        std::vector<std::string> configs;
+        target->Makefile->GetConfigurations(configs);
+        if (configs.empty()) {
+          configs.emplace_back();
+        }
 
-      for (std::string const& config : configs) {
-        if (target->GetLinkerLanguage(config) == "Swift") {
-          if (target->GetPropertyAsBool("WIN32_EXECUTABLE")) {
+        for (std::string const& config : configs) {
+          if (target->GetLinkerLanguage(config) == "Swift") {
             this->GetCMakeInstance()->IssueMessage(
               MessageType::FATAL_ERROR,
               "WIN32_EXECUTABLE property is not supported on Swift "
@@ -1546,7 +1547,7 @@
 
 bool cmGlobalGenerator::QtAutoGen()
 {
-#ifdef CMAKE_BUILD_WITH_CMAKE
+#ifndef CMAKE_BOOTSTRAP
   cmQtAutoGenGlobalInitializer initializer(this->LocalGenerators);
   return initializer.generate();
 #else
@@ -2269,14 +2270,6 @@
   return false;
 }
 
-inline std::string removeQuotes(const std::string& s)
-{
-  if (s.front() == '\"' && s.back() == '\"') {
-    return s.substr(1, s.size() - 2);
-  }
-  return s;
-}
-
 bool cmGlobalGenerator::CheckCMP0037(std::string const& targetName,
                                      std::string const& reason) const
 {
@@ -2828,7 +2821,7 @@
 void cmGlobalGenerator::AddRuleHash(const std::vector<std::string>& outputs,
                                     std::string const& content)
 {
-#if defined(CMAKE_BUILD_WITH_CMAKE)
+#if !defined(CMAKE_BOOTSTRAP)
   // Ignore if there are no outputs.
   if (outputs.empty()) {
     return;
@@ -2858,7 +2851,7 @@
 
 void cmGlobalGenerator::CheckRuleHashes()
 {
-#if defined(CMAKE_BUILD_WITH_CMAKE)
+#if !defined(CMAKE_BOOTSTRAP)
   std::string home = this->GetCMakeInstance()->GetHomeOutputDirectory();
   std::string pfile = home;
   pfile += "/CMakeFiles";
@@ -2962,7 +2955,7 @@
   file += "/Labels.txt";
   std::string json_file = dir + "/Labels.json";
 
-#ifdef CMAKE_BUILD_WITH_CMAKE
+#ifndef CMAKE_BOOTSTRAP
   // Check whether labels are enabled for this target.
   const char* targetLabels = target->GetProperty("LABELS");
   const char* directoryLabels =
diff --git a/Source/cmGlobalGenerator.h b/Source/cmGlobalGenerator.h
index e36825c..830974d 100644
--- a/Source/cmGlobalGenerator.h
+++ b/Source/cmGlobalGenerator.h
@@ -19,12 +19,13 @@
 #include "cmDuration.h"
 #include "cmExportSetMap.h"
 #include "cmStateSnapshot.h"
+#include "cmStringAlgorithms.h"
 #include "cmSystemTools.h"
 #include "cmTarget.h"
 #include "cmTargetDepend.h"
 #include "cm_codecvt.hxx"
 
-#if defined(CMAKE_BUILD_WITH_CMAKE)
+#if !defined(CMAKE_BOOTSTRAP)
 #  include "cmFileLockPool.h"
 #  include "cm_jsoncpp_value.h"
 #endif
@@ -108,7 +109,7 @@
     return codecvt::None;
   }
 
-#if defined(CMAKE_BUILD_WITH_CMAKE)
+#if !defined(CMAKE_BOOTSTRAP)
   /** Get a JSON object describing the generator.  */
   virtual Json::Value GetJson() const;
 #endif
@@ -461,7 +462,7 @@
   const std::set<const cmGeneratorTarget*>& GetFilenameTargetDepends(
     cmSourceFile* sf) const;
 
-#if defined(CMAKE_BUILD_WITH_CMAKE)
+#if !defined(CMAKE_BOOTSTRAP)
   cmFileLockPool& GetFileLockPool() { return FileLockPool; }
 #endif
 
@@ -664,7 +665,7 @@
   mutable std::map<cmSourceFile*, std::set<cmGeneratorTarget const*>>
     FilenameTargetDepends;
 
-#if defined(CMAKE_BUILD_WITH_CMAKE)
+#if !defined(CMAKE_BOOTSTRAP)
   // Pool of file locks
   cmFileLockPool FileLockPool;
 #endif
diff --git a/Source/cmGlobalGhsMultiGenerator.cxx b/Source/cmGlobalGhsMultiGenerator.cxx
index 7cfbea6..9f3dab7 100644
--- a/Source/cmGlobalGhsMultiGenerator.cxx
+++ b/Source/cmGlobalGhsMultiGenerator.cxx
@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@
 #include "cmMakefile.h"
 #include "cmState.h"
 #include "cmStateTypes.h"
+#include "cmStringAlgorithms.h"
 #include "cmSystemTools.h"
 #include "cmVersion.h"
 #include "cmake.h"
@@ -418,17 +419,17 @@
     }
 
     // create target build file
-    std::string name = target->GetName() + ".tgt" + FILE_EXTENSION;
-    std::string fname = rootBinaryDir + "/" + name;
+    std::string name = cmStrCat(target->GetName(), ".tgt", FILE_EXTENSION);
+    std::string fname = cmStrCat(rootBinaryDir, "/", name);
     cmGeneratedFileStream fbld(fname);
     fbld.SetCopyIfDifferent(true);
     this->WriteFileHeader(fbld);
     GhsMultiGpj::WriteGpjTag(GhsMultiGpj::PROJECT, fbld);
     std::vector<cmGeneratorTarget const*> build;
     if (ComputeTargetBuildOrder(target, build)) {
-      std::string message = "The inter-target dependency graph for target [" +
-        target->GetName() + "] had a cycle.\n";
-      cmSystemTools::Error(message);
+      cmSystemTools::Error(
+        cmStrCat("The inter-target dependency graph for target [",
+                 target->GetName(), "] had a cycle.\n"));
     } else {
       for (auto& tgt : build) {
         WriteProjectLine(fbld, tgt, root, rootBinaryDir);
diff --git a/Source/cmGlobalNinjaGenerator.cxx b/Source/cmGlobalNinjaGenerator.cxx
index 7e81a54..addb0c7 100644
--- a/Source/cmGlobalNinjaGenerator.cxx
+++ b/Source/cmGlobalNinjaGenerator.cxx
@@ -32,6 +32,7 @@
 #include "cmStateDirectory.h"
 #include "cmStateSnapshot.h"
 #include "cmStateTypes.h"
+#include "cmStringAlgorithms.h"
 #include "cmSystemTools.h"
 #include "cmTarget.h"
 #include "cmTargetDepend.h"
@@ -382,7 +383,7 @@
   }
 
   // Do not add a variable if the value is empty.
-  std::string val = cmSystemTools::TrimWhitespace(value);
+  std::string val = cmTrimWhitespace(value);
   if (val.empty()) {
     return;
   }
@@ -414,14 +415,6 @@
 
 cmGlobalNinjaGenerator::cmGlobalNinjaGenerator(cmake* cm)
   : cmGlobalCommonGenerator(cm)
-  , UsingGCCOnWindows(false)
-  , ComputingUnknownDependencies(false)
-  , PolicyCMP0058(cmPolicies::WARN)
-  , NinjaSupportsConsolePool(false)
-  , NinjaSupportsImplicitOuts(false)
-  , NinjaSupportsManifestRestat(false)
-  , NinjaSupportsMultilineDepfile(false)
-  , NinjaSupportsDyndeps(0)
 {
 #ifdef _WIN32
   cm->GetState()->SetWindowsShell(true);
@@ -535,7 +528,7 @@
       cmSystemTools::SetFatalErrorOccured();
       return false;
     }
-    this->NinjaVersion = cmSystemTools::TrimWhitespace(version);
+    this->NinjaVersion = cmTrimWhitespace(version);
     this->CheckNinjaFeatures();
   }
   return true;
@@ -555,14 +548,22 @@
   this->NinjaSupportsMultilineDepfile = !cmSystemTools::VersionCompare(
     cmSystemTools::OP_LESS, this->NinjaVersion.c_str(),
     RequiredNinjaVersionForMultilineDepfile().c_str());
-  {
+  this->NinjaSupportsDyndeps = !cmSystemTools::VersionCompare(
+    cmSystemTools::OP_LESS, this->NinjaVersion.c_str(),
+    RequiredNinjaVersionForDyndeps().c_str());
+  if (!this->NinjaSupportsDyndeps) {
+    // The ninja version number is not new enough to have upstream support.
     // Our ninja branch adds ".dyndep-#" to its version number,
     // where '#' is a feature-specific version number.  Extract it.
     static std::string const k_DYNDEP_ = ".dyndep-";
     std::string::size_type pos = this->NinjaVersion.find(k_DYNDEP_);
     if (pos != std::string::npos) {
       const char* fv = &this->NinjaVersion[pos + k_DYNDEP_.size()];
-      cmSystemTools::StringToULong(fv, &this->NinjaSupportsDyndeps);
+      unsigned long dyndep = 0;
+      cmSystemTools::StringToULong(fv, &dyndep);
+      if (dyndep == 1) {
+        this->NinjaSupportsDyndeps = true;
+      }
     }
   }
 }
@@ -579,37 +580,25 @@
 
 bool cmGlobalNinjaGenerator::CheckFortran(cmMakefile* mf) const
 {
-  if (this->NinjaSupportsDyndeps == 1) {
+  if (this->NinjaSupportsDyndeps) {
     return true;
   }
 
   std::ostringstream e;
-  if (this->NinjaSupportsDyndeps == 0) {
-    /* clang-format off */
-    e <<
-      "The Ninja generator does not support Fortran using Ninja version\n"
-      "  " + this->NinjaVersion + "\n"
-      "due to lack of required features.  "
-      "Kitware has implemented the required features but as of this version "
-      "of CMake they have not been integrated to upstream ninja.  "
-      "Pending integration, Kitware maintains a branch at:\n"
-      "  https://github.com/Kitware/ninja/tree/features-for-fortran#readme\n"
-      "with the required features.  "
-      "One may build ninja from that branch to get support for Fortran."
-      ;
-    /* clang-format on */
-  } else {
-    /* clang-format off */
-    e <<
-      "The Ninja generator in this version of CMake does not support Fortran "
-      "using Ninja version\n"
-      "  " + this->NinjaVersion + "\n"
-      "because its 'dyndep' feature version is " <<
-      this->NinjaSupportsDyndeps << ".  "
-      "This version of CMake is aware only of 'dyndep' feature version 1."
-      ;
-    /* clang-format on */
-  }
+  /* clang-format off */
+  e <<
+    "The Ninja generator does not support Fortran using Ninja version\n"
+    "  " + this->NinjaVersion + "\n"
+    "due to lack of required features.  "
+    "Kitware has implemented the required features and they have been "
+    "merged to upstream ninja for inclusion in Ninja 1.10 and higher.  "
+    "As of this version of CMake, Ninja 1.10 has not been released.  "
+    "Meanwhile, Kitware maintains a branch of Ninja at:\n"
+    "  https://github.com/Kitware/ninja/tree/features-for-fortran#readme\n"
+    "with the required features.  "
+    "One may build ninja from that branch to get support for Fortran."
+    ;
+  /* clang-format on */
   mf->IssueMessage(MessageType::FATAL_ERROR, e.str());
   cmSystemTools::SetFatalErrorOccured();
   return false;
@@ -1742,8 +1731,9 @@
   if (arg_lang == "Fortran") {
     info = cmcmd_cmake_ninja_depends_fortran(arg_tdi, arg_pp);
   } else {
-    cmSystemTools::Error("-E cmake_ninja_depends does not understand the " +
-                         arg_lang + " language");
+    cmSystemTools::Error(
+      cmStrCat("-E cmake_ninja_depends does not understand the ", arg_lang,
+               " language"));
     return 1;
   }
 
@@ -1797,8 +1787,9 @@
       cmsys::ifstream tdif(arg_tdi.c_str(), std::ios::in | std::ios::binary);
       Json::Reader reader;
       if (!reader.parse(tdif, tdio, false)) {
-        cmSystemTools::Error("-E cmake_ninja_depends failed to parse " +
-                             arg_tdi + reader.getFormattedErrorMessages());
+        cmSystemTools::Error(
+          cmStrCat("-E cmake_ninja_depends failed to parse ", arg_tdi,
+                   reader.getFormattedErrorMessages()));
         return nullptr;
       }
     }
@@ -1877,8 +1868,9 @@
     cmsys::ifstream ddif(arg_ddi.c_str(), std::ios::in | std::ios::binary);
     Json::Reader reader;
     if (!reader.parse(ddif, ddio, false)) {
-      cmSystemTools::Error("-E cmake_ninja_dyndep failed to parse " + arg_ddi +
-                           reader.getFormattedErrorMessages());
+      cmSystemTools::Error(cmStrCat("-E cmake_ninja_dyndep failed to parse ",
+                                    arg_ddi,
+                                    reader.getFormattedErrorMessages()));
       return false;
     }
 
@@ -1905,14 +1897,14 @@
   // Populate the module map with those provided by linked targets first.
   for (std::string const& linked_target_dir : linked_target_dirs) {
     std::string const ltmn =
-      linked_target_dir + "/" + arg_lang + "Modules.json";
+      cmStrCat(linked_target_dir, "/", arg_lang, "Modules.json");
     Json::Value ltm;
     cmsys::ifstream ltmf(ltmn.c_str(), std::ios::in | std::ios::binary);
     Json::Reader reader;
     if (ltmf && !reader.parse(ltmf, ltm, false)) {
-      cmSystemTools::Error("-E cmake_ninja_dyndep failed to parse " +
-                           linked_target_dir +
-                           reader.getFormattedErrorMessages());
+      cmSystemTools::Error(cmStrCat("-E cmake_ninja_dyndep failed to parse ",
+                                    linked_target_dir,
+                                    reader.getFormattedErrorMessages()));
       return false;
     }
     if (ltm.isObject()) {
@@ -2016,8 +2008,9 @@
     cmsys::ifstream tdif(arg_tdi.c_str(), std::ios::in | std::ios::binary);
     Json::Reader reader;
     if (!reader.parse(tdif, tdio, false)) {
-      cmSystemTools::Error("-E cmake_ninja_dyndep failed to parse " + arg_tdi +
-                           reader.getFormattedErrorMessages());
+      cmSystemTools::Error(cmStrCat("-E cmake_ninja_dyndep failed to parse ",
+                                    arg_tdi,
+                                    reader.getFormattedErrorMessages()));
       return 1;
     }
   }
diff --git a/Source/cmGlobalNinjaGenerator.h b/Source/cmGlobalNinjaGenerator.h
index 99afc1d..db64031 100644
--- a/Source/cmGlobalNinjaGenerator.h
+++ b/Source/cmGlobalNinjaGenerator.h
@@ -322,6 +322,7 @@
   {
     return "1.9";
   }
+  static std::string RequiredNinjaVersionForDyndeps() { return "1.10"; }
   bool SupportsConsolePool() const;
   bool SupportsImplicitOuts() const;
   bool SupportsManifestRestat() const;
@@ -402,7 +403,7 @@
   /// The set of dependencies to add to the "all" target.
   cmNinjaDeps AllDependencies;
 
-  bool UsingGCCOnWindows;
+  bool UsingGCCOnWindows = false;
 
   /// The set of custom commands we have seen.
   std::set<cmCustomCommand const*> CustomCommands;
@@ -412,8 +413,8 @@
 
   /// Whether we are collecting known build outputs and needed
   /// dependencies to determine unknown dependencies.
-  bool ComputingUnknownDependencies;
-  cmPolicies::PolicyStatus PolicyCMP0058;
+  bool ComputingUnknownDependencies = false;
+  cmPolicies::PolicyStatus PolicyCMP0058 = cmPolicies::WARN;
 
   /// The combined explicit dependencies of custom build commands
   std::set<std::string> CombinedCustomCommandExplicitDependencies;
@@ -435,11 +436,11 @@
 
   std::string NinjaCommand;
   std::string NinjaVersion;
-  bool NinjaSupportsConsolePool;
-  bool NinjaSupportsImplicitOuts;
-  bool NinjaSupportsManifestRestat;
-  bool NinjaSupportsMultilineDepfile;
-  unsigned long NinjaSupportsDyndeps;
+  bool NinjaSupportsConsolePool = false;
+  bool NinjaSupportsImplicitOuts = false;
+  bool NinjaSupportsManifestRestat = false;
+  bool NinjaSupportsMultilineDepfile = false;
+  bool NinjaSupportsDyndeps = false;
 
 private:
   void InitOutputPathPrefix();
diff --git a/Source/cmGlobalVisualStudio10Generator.cxx b/Source/cmGlobalVisualStudio10Generator.cxx
index 4a3cadd..720b6c5 100644
--- a/Source/cmGlobalVisualStudio10Generator.cxx
+++ b/Source/cmGlobalVisualStudio10Generator.cxx
@@ -325,7 +325,7 @@
 bool cmGlobalVisualStudio10Generator::ParseGeneratorToolset(
   std::string const& ts, cmMakefile* mf)
 {
-  std::vector<std::string> const fields = cmSystemTools::tokenize(ts, ",");
+  std::vector<std::string> const fields = cmTokenize(ts, ",");
   std::vector<std::string>::const_iterator fi = fields.begin();
   if (fi == fields.end()) {
     return true;
diff --git a/Source/cmGlobalVisualStudio7Generator.cxx b/Source/cmGlobalVisualStudio7Generator.cxx
index 8401efb..cd1ff61 100644
--- a/Source/cmGlobalVisualStudio7Generator.cxx
+++ b/Source/cmGlobalVisualStudio7Generator.cxx
@@ -8,7 +8,9 @@
 #include "cmMakefile.h"
 #include "cmMessageType.h"
 #include "cmState.h"
+#include "cmStringAlgorithms.h"
 #include "cmUuid.h"
+#include "cm_string_view.hxx"
 #include "cmake.h"
 #include "cmsys/Encoding.hxx"
 
@@ -254,7 +256,7 @@
   return lg;
 }
 
-#if defined(CMAKE_BUILD_WITH_CMAKE)
+#if !defined(CMAKE_BOOTSTRAP)
 Json::Value cmGlobalVisualStudio7Generator::GetJson() const
 {
   Json::Value generator = this->cmGlobalVisualStudioGenerator::GetJson();
@@ -432,16 +434,15 @@
 
 void cmGlobalVisualStudio7Generator::WriteFolders(std::ostream& fout)
 {
-  const char* prefix = "CMAKE_FOLDER_GUID_";
-  const std::string::size_type skip_prefix = strlen(prefix);
+  cm::string_view const prefix = "CMAKE_FOLDER_GUID_";
   std::string guidProjectTypeFolder = "2150E333-8FDC-42A3-9474-1A3956D46DE8";
   for (auto const& iter : VisualStudioFolders) {
     std::string fullName = iter.first;
     std::string guid = this->GetGUID(fullName);
 
     std::replace(fullName.begin(), fullName.end(), '/', '\\');
-    if (cmSystemTools::StringStartsWith(fullName.c_str(), prefix)) {
-      fullName = fullName.substr(skip_prefix);
+    if (cmHasPrefix(fullName, prefix)) {
+      fullName = fullName.substr(prefix.size());
     }
 
     std::string nameOnly = cmSystemTools::GetFilenameName(fullName);
@@ -517,9 +518,9 @@
           const std::string::size_type posEqual = itPair.find('=');
           if (posEqual != std::string::npos) {
             const std::string key =
-              cmSystemTools::TrimWhitespace(itPair.substr(0, posEqual));
+              cmTrimWhitespace(itPair.substr(0, posEqual));
             const std::string value =
-              cmSystemTools::TrimWhitespace(itPair.substr(posEqual + 1));
+              cmTrimWhitespace(itPair.substr(posEqual + 1));
             fout << "\t\t" << key << " = " << value << "\n";
             if (key == "SolutionGuid") {
               addGuid = false;
diff --git a/Source/cmGlobalVisualStudio7Generator.h b/Source/cmGlobalVisualStudio7Generator.h
index f004afb..9b84732 100644
--- a/Source/cmGlobalVisualStudio7Generator.h
+++ b/Source/cmGlobalVisualStudio7Generator.h
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@
   //! Create a local generator appropriate to this Global Generator
   cmLocalGenerator* CreateLocalGenerator(cmMakefile* mf) override;
 
-#if defined(CMAKE_BUILD_WITH_CMAKE)
+#if !defined(CMAKE_BOOTSTRAP)
   Json::Value GetJson() const override;
 #endif
 
diff --git a/Source/cmGlobalXCodeGenerator.cxx b/Source/cmGlobalXCodeGenerator.cxx
index 8f4ae62..e3cafe3 100644
--- a/Source/cmGlobalXCodeGenerator.cxx
+++ b/Source/cmGlobalXCodeGenerator.cxx
@@ -38,12 +38,12 @@
 
 struct cmLinkImplementation;
 
-#if defined(CMAKE_BUILD_WITH_CMAKE) && defined(__APPLE__)
+#if !defined(CMAKE_BOOTSTRAP) && defined(__APPLE__)
 #  define HAVE_APPLICATION_SERVICES
 #  include <ApplicationServices/ApplicationServices.h>
 #endif
 
-#if defined(CMAKE_BUILD_WITH_CMAKE)
+#if !defined(CMAKE_BOOTSTRAP)
 #  include "cmXMLParser.h"
 
 // parse the xml file storing the installed version of Xcode on
@@ -188,7 +188,7 @@
   if (name != GetActualName()) {
     return nullptr;
   }
-#if defined(CMAKE_BUILD_WITH_CMAKE)
+#if !defined(CMAKE_BOOTSTRAP)
   cmXcodeVersionParser parser;
   std::string versionFile;
   {
@@ -2945,8 +2945,7 @@
   if (it != this->TargetGroup.end()) {
     tgroup = it->second;
   } else {
-    std::vector<std::string> tgt_folders =
-      cmSystemTools::tokenize(target, "/");
+    std::vector<std::string> tgt_folders = cmTokenize(target, "/");
     std::string curr_tgt_folder;
     for (std::vector<std::string>::size_type i = 0; i < tgt_folders.size();
          i++) {
@@ -2980,8 +2979,7 @@
   if (sg->GetFullName() != sg->GetName()) {
     std::string curr_folder = target;
     curr_folder += "/";
-    for (auto const& folder :
-         cmSystemTools::tokenize(sg->GetFullName(), "\\")) {
+    for (auto const& folder : cmTokenize(sg->GetFullName(), "\\")) {
       curr_folder += folder;
       std::map<std::string, cmXCodeObject*>::iterator i_folder =
         this->GroupNameMap.find(curr_folder);
@@ -2993,7 +2991,7 @@
       } else {
         tgroup = i_folder->second;
       }
-      curr_folder = curr_folder + "\\";
+      curr_folder += "\\";
     }
     return tgroup;
   }
diff --git a/Source/cmIfCommand.cxx b/Source/cmIfCommand.cxx
index 385022c..7b49ae7 100644
--- a/Source/cmIfCommand.cxx
+++ b/Source/cmIfCommand.cxx
@@ -3,10 +3,14 @@
 #include "cmIfCommand.h"
 
 #include "cm_memory.hxx"
+#include "cm_static_string_view.hxx"
+#include "cm_string_view.hxx"
 
 #include "cmConditionEvaluator.h"
 #include "cmExecutionStatus.h"
 #include "cmExpandedCommandArgument.h"
+#include "cmFunctionBlocker.h"
+#include "cmListFileCache.h"
 #include "cmMakefile.h"
 #include "cmMessageType.h"
 #include "cmOutputConverter.h"
@@ -28,152 +32,137 @@
   return err;
 }
 
-//=========================================================================
-bool cmIfFunctionBlocker::IsFunctionBlocked(const cmListFileFunction& lff,
-                                            cmMakefile& mf,
-                                            cmExecutionStatus& inStatus)
+class cmIfFunctionBlocker : public cmFunctionBlocker
 {
-  // we start by recording all the functions
-  if (lff.Name.Lower == "if") {
-    this->ScopeDepth++;
-  } else if (lff.Name.Lower == "endif") {
-    this->ScopeDepth--;
-    // if this is the endif for this if statement, then start executing
-    if (!this->ScopeDepth) {
-      // Remove the function blocker for this scope or bail.
-      std::unique_ptr<cmFunctionBlocker> fb(
-        mf.RemoveFunctionBlocker(this, lff));
-      if (!fb) {
-        return false;
-      }
+public:
+  cm::string_view StartCommandName() const override { return "if"_s; }
+  cm::string_view EndCommandName() const override { return "endif"_s; }
 
-      // execute the functions for the true parts of the if statement
-      cmExecutionStatus status(mf);
-      int scopeDepth = 0;
-      for (cmListFileFunction const& func : this->Functions) {
-        // keep track of scope depth
-        if (func.Name.Lower == "if") {
-          scopeDepth++;
-        }
-        if (func.Name.Lower == "endif") {
-          scopeDepth--;
-        }
-        // watch for our state change
-        if (scopeDepth == 0 && func.Name.Lower == "else") {
+  bool ArgumentsMatch(cmListFileFunction const& lff,
+                      cmMakefile&) const override;
 
-          if (this->ElseSeen) {
-            cmListFileBacktrace bt = mf.GetBacktrace(func);
-            mf.GetCMakeInstance()->IssueMessage(
-              MessageType::FATAL_ERROR,
-              "A duplicate ELSE command was found inside an IF block.", bt);
-            cmSystemTools::SetFatalErrorOccured();
-            return true;
-          }
+  bool Replay(std::vector<cmListFileFunction> functions,
+              cmExecutionStatus& inStatus) override;
 
-          this->IsBlocking = this->HasRun;
-          this->HasRun = true;
-          this->ElseSeen = true;
+  std::vector<cmListFileArgument> Args;
+  bool IsBlocking;
+  bool HasRun = false;
+  bool ElseSeen = false;
+};
 
-          // if trace is enabled, print a (trivially) evaluated "else"
-          // statement
-          if (!this->IsBlocking && mf.GetCMakeInstance()->GetTrace()) {
-            mf.PrintCommandTrace(func);
-          }
-        } else if (scopeDepth == 0 && func.Name.Lower == "elseif") {
-          if (this->ElseSeen) {
-            cmListFileBacktrace bt = mf.GetBacktrace(func);
-            mf.GetCMakeInstance()->IssueMessage(
-              MessageType::FATAL_ERROR,
-              "An ELSEIF command was found after an ELSE command.", bt);
-            cmSystemTools::SetFatalErrorOccured();
-            return true;
-          }
-
-          if (this->HasRun) {
-            this->IsBlocking = true;
-          } else {
-            // if trace is enabled, print the evaluated "elseif" statement
-            if (mf.GetCMakeInstance()->GetTrace()) {
-              mf.PrintCommandTrace(func);
-            }
-
-            std::string errorString;
-
-            std::vector<cmExpandedCommandArgument> expandedArguments;
-            mf.ExpandArguments(func.Arguments, expandedArguments);
-
-            MessageType messType;
-
-            cmListFileContext conditionContext =
-              cmListFileContext::FromCommandContext(
-                func, this->GetStartingContext().FilePath);
-
-            cmConditionEvaluator conditionEvaluator(mf, conditionContext,
-                                                    mf.GetBacktrace(func));
-
-            bool isTrue = conditionEvaluator.IsTrue(expandedArguments,
-                                                    errorString, messType);
-
-            if (!errorString.empty()) {
-              std::string err = cmIfCommandError(expandedArguments);
-              err += errorString;
-              cmListFileBacktrace bt = mf.GetBacktrace(func);
-              mf.GetCMakeInstance()->IssueMessage(messType, err, bt);
-              if (messType == MessageType::FATAL_ERROR) {
-                cmSystemTools::SetFatalErrorOccured();
-                return true;
-              }
-            }
-
-            if (isTrue) {
-              this->IsBlocking = false;
-              this->HasRun = true;
-            }
-          }
-        }
-
-        // should we execute?
-        else if (!this->IsBlocking) {
-          status.Clear();
-          mf.ExecuteCommand(func, status);
-          if (status.GetReturnInvoked()) {
-            inStatus.SetReturnInvoked();
-            return true;
-          }
-          if (status.GetBreakInvoked()) {
-            inStatus.SetBreakInvoked();
-            return true;
-          }
-          if (status.GetContinueInvoked()) {
-            inStatus.SetContinueInvoked();
-            return true;
-          }
-        }
-      }
-      return true;
-    }
-  }
-
-  // record the command
-  this->Functions.push_back(lff);
-
-  // always return true
-  return true;
+bool cmIfFunctionBlocker::ArgumentsMatch(cmListFileFunction const& lff,
+                                         cmMakefile&) const
+{
+  return lff.Arguments.empty() || lff.Arguments == this->Args;
 }
 
-//=========================================================================
-bool cmIfFunctionBlocker::ShouldRemove(const cmListFileFunction& lff,
-                                       cmMakefile&)
+bool cmIfFunctionBlocker::Replay(std::vector<cmListFileFunction> functions,
+                                 cmExecutionStatus& inStatus)
 {
-  if (lff.Name.Lower == "endif") {
-    // if the endif has arguments, then make sure
-    // they match the arguments of the matching if
-    if (lff.Arguments.empty() || lff.Arguments == this->Args) {
-      return true;
+  cmMakefile& mf = inStatus.GetMakefile();
+  // execute the functions for the true parts of the if statement
+  int scopeDepth = 0;
+  for (cmListFileFunction const& func : functions) {
+    // keep track of scope depth
+    if (func.Name.Lower == "if") {
+      scopeDepth++;
+    }
+    if (func.Name.Lower == "endif") {
+      scopeDepth--;
+    }
+    // watch for our state change
+    if (scopeDepth == 0 && func.Name.Lower == "else") {
+
+      if (this->ElseSeen) {
+        cmListFileBacktrace bt = mf.GetBacktrace(func);
+        mf.GetCMakeInstance()->IssueMessage(
+          MessageType::FATAL_ERROR,
+          "A duplicate ELSE command was found inside an IF block.", bt);
+        cmSystemTools::SetFatalErrorOccured();
+        return true;
+      }
+
+      this->IsBlocking = this->HasRun;
+      this->HasRun = true;
+      this->ElseSeen = true;
+
+      // if trace is enabled, print a (trivially) evaluated "else"
+      // statement
+      if (!this->IsBlocking && mf.GetCMakeInstance()->GetTrace()) {
+        mf.PrintCommandTrace(func);
+      }
+    } else if (scopeDepth == 0 && func.Name.Lower == "elseif") {
+      if (this->ElseSeen) {
+        cmListFileBacktrace bt = mf.GetBacktrace(func);
+        mf.GetCMakeInstance()->IssueMessage(
+          MessageType::FATAL_ERROR,
+          "An ELSEIF command was found after an ELSE command.", bt);
+        cmSystemTools::SetFatalErrorOccured();
+        return true;
+      }
+
+      if (this->HasRun) {
+        this->IsBlocking = true;
+      } else {
+        // if trace is enabled, print the evaluated "elseif" statement
+        if (mf.GetCMakeInstance()->GetTrace()) {
+          mf.PrintCommandTrace(func);
+        }
+
+        std::string errorString;
+
+        std::vector<cmExpandedCommandArgument> expandedArguments;
+        mf.ExpandArguments(func.Arguments, expandedArguments);
+
+        MessageType messType;
+
+        cmListFileContext conditionContext =
+          cmListFileContext::FromCommandContext(
+            func, this->GetStartingContext().FilePath);
+
+        cmConditionEvaluator conditionEvaluator(mf, conditionContext,
+                                                mf.GetBacktrace(func));
+
+        bool isTrue =
+          conditionEvaluator.IsTrue(expandedArguments, errorString, messType);
+
+        if (!errorString.empty()) {
+          std::string err = cmIfCommandError(expandedArguments);
+          err += errorString;
+          cmListFileBacktrace bt = mf.GetBacktrace(func);
+          mf.GetCMakeInstance()->IssueMessage(messType, err, bt);
+          if (messType == MessageType::FATAL_ERROR) {
+            cmSystemTools::SetFatalErrorOccured();
+            return true;
+          }
+        }
+
+        if (isTrue) {
+          this->IsBlocking = false;
+          this->HasRun = true;
+        }
+      }
+    }
+
+    // should we execute?
+    else if (!this->IsBlocking) {
+      cmExecutionStatus status(mf);
+      mf.ExecuteCommand(func, status);
+      if (status.GetReturnInvoked()) {
+        inStatus.SetReturnInvoked();
+        return true;
+      }
+      if (status.GetBreakInvoked()) {
+        inStatus.SetBreakInvoked();
+        return true;
+      }
+      if (status.GetContinueInvoked()) {
+        inStatus.SetContinueInvoked();
+        return true;
+      }
     }
   }
-
-  return false;
+  return true;
 }
 
 //=========================================================================
@@ -208,7 +197,6 @@
   {
     auto fb = cm::make_unique<cmIfFunctionBlocker>();
     // if is isn't true block the commands
-    fb->ScopeDepth = 1;
     fb->IsBlocking = !isTrue;
     if (isTrue) {
       fb->HasRun = true;
diff --git a/Source/cmIfCommand.h b/Source/cmIfCommand.h
index 775e609..820ffa4 100644
--- a/Source/cmIfCommand.h
+++ b/Source/cmIfCommand.h
@@ -7,26 +7,8 @@
 
 #include <vector>
 
-#include "cmFunctionBlocker.h"
-#include "cmListFileCache.h"
-
 class cmExecutionStatus;
-class cmMakefile;
-
-class cmIfFunctionBlocker : public cmFunctionBlocker
-{
-public:
-  bool IsFunctionBlocked(const cmListFileFunction& lff, cmMakefile& mf,
-                         cmExecutionStatus&) override;
-  bool ShouldRemove(const cmListFileFunction& lff, cmMakefile& mf) override;
-
-  std::vector<cmListFileArgument> Args;
-  std::vector<cmListFileFunction> Functions;
-  bool IsBlocking;
-  bool HasRun = false;
-  bool ElseSeen = false;
-  unsigned int ScopeDepth = 0;
-};
+struct cmListFileArgument;
 
 /// Starts an if block
 bool cmIfCommand(std::vector<cmListFileArgument> const& args,
diff --git a/Source/cmIncludeGuardCommand.cxx b/Source/cmIncludeGuardCommand.cxx
index 3b126b0..e560910 100644
--- a/Source/cmIncludeGuardCommand.cxx
+++ b/Source/cmIncludeGuardCommand.cxx
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@
 std::string GetIncludeGuardVariableName(std::string const& filePath)
 {
   std::string result = "__INCGUARD_";
-#ifdef CMAKE_BUILD_WITH_CMAKE
+#ifndef CMAKE_BOOTSTRAP
   result += cmSystemTools::ComputeStringMD5(filePath);
 #else
   result += cmSystemTools::MakeCidentifier(filePath);
diff --git a/Source/cmInstallCommand.cxx b/Source/cmInstallCommand.cxx
index 3b0659c..76dafd9 100644
--- a/Source/cmInstallCommand.cxx
+++ b/Source/cmInstallCommand.cxx
@@ -9,7 +9,6 @@
 #include <stddef.h>
 #include <utility>
 
-#include "cmAlgorithms.h"
 #include "cmArgumentParser.h"
 #include "cmExportSet.h"
 #include "cmExportSetMap.h"
@@ -27,6 +26,7 @@
 #include "cmMessageType.h"
 #include "cmPolicies.h"
 #include "cmStateTypes.h"
+#include "cmStringAlgorithms.h"
 #include "cmSystemTools.h"
 #include "cmTarget.h"
 #include "cmTargetExport.h"
@@ -43,11 +43,13 @@
   target.SetHaveInstallRule(true);
   const char* component = namelink ? args.GetNamelinkComponent().c_str()
                                    : args.GetComponent().c_str();
-  return new cmInstallTargetGenerator(
+  auto g = new cmInstallTargetGenerator(
     target.GetName(), destination.c_str(), impLib,
     args.GetPermissions().c_str(), args.GetConfigurations(), component,
     message, args.GetExcludeFromAll(), args.GetOptional() || forceOpt,
     backtrace);
+  target.AddInstallGenerator(g);
+  return g;
 }
 
 static cmInstallTargetGenerator* CreateInstallTargetGenerator(
@@ -1266,7 +1268,7 @@
 bool cmInstallCommand::HandleExportAndroidMKMode(
   std::vector<std::string> const& args)
 {
-#ifdef CMAKE_BUILD_WITH_CMAKE
+#ifndef CMAKE_BOOTSTRAP
   // This is the EXPORT mode.
   cmInstallCommandArguments ica(this->DefaultComponentName);
 
diff --git a/Source/cmInstallDirectoryGenerator.cxx b/Source/cmInstallDirectoryGenerator.cxx
index c8ebc8c..9357a5c 100644
--- a/Source/cmInstallDirectoryGenerator.cxx
+++ b/Source/cmInstallDirectoryGenerator.cxx
@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@
 #include "cmInstallType.h"
 #include "cmLocalGenerator.h"
 #include "cmMakefile.h"
+#include "cmStringAlgorithms.h"
 #include "cmSystemTools.h"
 
 #include <memory>
@@ -74,7 +75,7 @@
   cmMakefile const& mf = *this->LocalGenerator->GetMakefile();
   for (std::string& d : dirs) {
     if (!cmSystemTools::FileIsFullPath(d)) {
-      d = mf.GetCurrentSourceDirectory() + "/" + d;
+      d = cmStrCat(mf.GetCurrentSourceDirectory(), "/", d);
     }
   }
 
diff --git a/Source/cmInstallExportGenerator.cxx b/Source/cmInstallExportGenerator.cxx
index f5bedab..af06b9d 100644
--- a/Source/cmInstallExportGenerator.cxx
+++ b/Source/cmInstallExportGenerator.cxx
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@
 #include <sstream>
 #include <utility>
 
-#ifdef CMAKE_BUILD_WITH_CMAKE
+#ifndef CMAKE_BOOTSTRAP
 #  include "cmExportInstallAndroidMKGenerator.h"
 #endif
 #include "cmExportInstallFileGenerator.h"
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@
   , LocalGenerator(nullptr)
 {
   if (android) {
-#ifdef CMAKE_BUILD_WITH_CMAKE
+#ifndef CMAKE_BOOTSTRAP
     this->EFGen = new cmExportInstallAndroidMKGenerator(this);
 #endif
   } else {
diff --git a/Source/cmInstallTargetGenerator.cxx b/Source/cmInstallTargetGenerator.cxx
index a61239e..4e0be5e 100644
--- a/Source/cmInstallTargetGenerator.cxx
+++ b/Source/cmInstallTargetGenerator.cxx
@@ -20,6 +20,7 @@
 #include "cmOutputConverter.h"
 #include "cmPolicies.h"
 #include "cmStateTypes.h"
+#include "cmStringAlgorithms.h"
 #include "cmSystemTools.h"
 #include "cmTarget.h"
 #include "cmake.h"
@@ -369,7 +370,7 @@
 {
   this->Target->GetTargetObjectNames(config, objects);
   for (std::string& o : objects) {
-    o = computeInstallObjectDir(this->Target, config) + "/" + o;
+    o = cmStrCat(computeInstallObjectDir(this->Target, config), "/", o);
   }
 }
 
diff --git a/Source/cmJsonObjects.cxx b/Source/cmJsonObjects.cxx
index 2423faf..b8eed13 100644
--- a/Source/cmJsonObjects.cxx
+++ b/Source/cmJsonObjects.cxx
@@ -20,6 +20,7 @@
 #include "cmStateDirectory.h"
 #include "cmStateSnapshot.h"
 #include "cmStateTypes.h"
+#include "cmStringAlgorithms.h"
 #include "cmSystemTools.h"
 #include "cmTarget.h"
 #include "cmTest.h"
@@ -500,9 +501,9 @@
         if (!dest.empty() && cmSystemTools::FileIsFullPath(dest)) {
           installPath = dest;
         } else {
-          std::string installPrefix =
-            target->Makefile->GetSafeDefinition("CMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX");
-          installPath = installPrefix + '/' + dest;
+          installPath = cmStrCat(
+            target->Makefile->GetSafeDefinition("CMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX"), '/',
+            dest);
         }
 
         installPaths.append(installPath);
@@ -541,19 +542,19 @@
     lg->GetTargetFlags(&linkLineComputer, config, linkLibs, linkLanguageFlags,
                        linkFlags, frameworkPath, linkPath, target);
 
-    linkLibs = cmSystemTools::TrimWhitespace(linkLibs);
-    linkFlags = cmSystemTools::TrimWhitespace(linkFlags);
-    linkLanguageFlags = cmSystemTools::TrimWhitespace(linkLanguageFlags);
-    frameworkPath = cmSystemTools::TrimWhitespace(frameworkPath);
-    linkPath = cmSystemTools::TrimWhitespace(linkPath);
+    linkLibs = cmTrimWhitespace(linkLibs);
+    linkFlags = cmTrimWhitespace(linkFlags);
+    linkLanguageFlags = cmTrimWhitespace(linkLanguageFlags);
+    frameworkPath = cmTrimWhitespace(frameworkPath);
+    linkPath = cmTrimWhitespace(linkPath);
 
-    if (!cmSystemTools::TrimWhitespace(linkLibs).empty()) {
+    if (!cmTrimWhitespace(linkLibs).empty()) {
       result[kLINK_LIBRARIES_KEY] = linkLibs;
     }
-    if (!cmSystemTools::TrimWhitespace(linkFlags).empty()) {
+    if (!cmTrimWhitespace(linkFlags).empty()) {
       result[kLINK_FLAGS_KEY] = linkFlags;
     }
-    if (!cmSystemTools::TrimWhitespace(linkLanguageFlags).empty()) {
+    if (!cmTrimWhitespace(linkLanguageFlags).empty()) {
       result[kLINK_LANGUAGE_FLAGS_KEY] = linkLanguageFlags;
     }
     if (!frameworkPath.empty()) {
diff --git a/Source/cmLinkDirectoriesCommand.cxx b/Source/cmLinkDirectoriesCommand.cxx
index 7850977..a278925 100644
--- a/Source/cmLinkDirectoriesCommand.cxx
+++ b/Source/cmLinkDirectoriesCommand.cxx
@@ -4,11 +4,11 @@
 
 #include <sstream>
 
-#include "cmAlgorithms.h"
 #include "cmGeneratorExpression.h"
 #include "cmMakefile.h"
 #include "cmMessageType.h"
 #include "cmPolicies.h"
+#include "cmStringAlgorithms.h"
 #include "cmSystemTools.h"
 
 class cmExecutionStatus;
diff --git a/Source/cmLinkItem.h b/Source/cmLinkItem.h
index 6450c62..d71ff49 100644
--- a/Source/cmLinkItem.h
+++ b/Source/cmLinkItem.h
@@ -87,7 +87,7 @@
   bool LibrariesDone = false;
   bool AllDone = false;
   bool Exists = false;
-  const char* ExplicitLibraries = nullptr;
+  bool Explicit = false;
 };
 
 struct cmHeadToLinkInterfaceMap
diff --git a/Source/cmLinkLineComputer.cxx b/Source/cmLinkLineComputer.cxx
index 8746b35..5e3c790 100644
--- a/Source/cmLinkLineComputer.cxx
+++ b/Source/cmLinkLineComputer.cxx
@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@
 #include "cmOutputConverter.h"
 #include "cmStateDirectory.h"
 #include "cmStateTypes.h"
+#include "cmStringAlgorithms.h"
 #include "cmSystemTools.h"
 
 cmLinkLineComputer::cmLinkLineComputer(cmOutputConverter* outputConverter,
@@ -63,6 +64,7 @@
       continue;
     }
     if (item.IsPath) {
+      linkLibs += cli.GetLibLinkFileFlag();
       linkLibs +=
         this->ConvertToOutputFormat(this->ConvertToLinkReference(item.Value));
     } else {
@@ -114,16 +116,17 @@
           type = cmStateEnums::ImportLibraryArtifact;
         }
 
-        linkPath += " " + libPathFlag +
-          item.Target->GetDirectory(cli.GetConfig(), type) +
-          libPathTerminator + " ";
+        linkPath += cmStrCat(" ", libPathFlag,
+                             item.Target->GetDirectory(cli.GetConfig(), type),
+                             libPathTerminator, " ");
       }
     }
   }
 
   for (std::string const& libDir : cli.GetDirectories()) {
-    linkPath += " " + libPathFlag + this->ConvertToOutputForExisting(libDir) +
-      libPathTerminator + " ";
+    linkPath +=
+      cmStrCat(" ", libPathFlag, this->ConvertToOutputForExisting(libDir),
+               libPathTerminator, " ");
   }
 
   return linkPath;
diff --git a/Source/cmLinkLineDeviceComputer.cxx b/Source/cmLinkLineDeviceComputer.cxx
index 8d2add6..7cacb24 100644
--- a/Source/cmLinkLineDeviceComputer.cxx
+++ b/Source/cmLinkLineDeviceComputer.cxx
@@ -9,14 +9,15 @@
 #include <utility>
 #include <vector>
 
-#include "cmAlgorithms.h"
 #include "cmComputeLinkInformation.h"
 #include "cmGeneratorTarget.h"
 #include "cmGlobalGenerator.h"
 #include "cmLocalGenerator.h"
+#include "cmMakefile.h"
 #include "cmStateDirectory.h"
 #include "cmStateSnapshot.h"
 #include "cmStateTypes.h"
+#include "cmStringAlgorithms.h"
 #include "cmSystemTools.h"
 
 class cmOutputConverter;
@@ -156,6 +157,10 @@
     return false;
   }
 
+  if (!lg.GetMakefile()->IsOn("CMAKE_CUDA_COMPILER_HAS_DEVICE_LINK_PHASE")) {
+    return false;
+  }
+
   if (const char* resolveDeviceSymbols =
         target.GetProperty("CUDA_RESOLVE_DEVICE_SYMBOLS")) {
     // If CUDA_RESOLVE_DEVICE_SYMBOLS has been explicitly set we need
diff --git a/Source/cmListCommand.cxx b/Source/cmListCommand.cxx
index d024256..868f564 100644
--- a/Source/cmListCommand.cxx
+++ b/Source/cmListCommand.cxx
@@ -23,6 +23,7 @@
 #include "cmMessageType.h"
 #include "cmPolicies.h"
 #include "cmRange.h"
+#include "cmStringAlgorithms.h"
 #include "cmStringReplaceHelper.h"
 #include "cmSystemTools.h"
 
@@ -854,7 +855,7 @@
                   { "STRIP", 0,
                     [&command](const std::string& s) -> std::string {
                       if (command.Selector->InSelection(s)) {
-                        return cmSystemTools::TrimWhitespace(s);
+                        return cmTrimWhitespace(s);
                       }
 
                       return s;
@@ -1188,8 +1189,8 @@
     const std::string option = args[argumentIndex++];
     if (option == "COMPARE") {
       if (sortCompare != cmStringSorter::Compare::UNINITIALIZED) {
-        std::string error = messageHint + "option \"" + option +
-          "\" has been specified multiple times.";
+        std::string error = cmStrCat(messageHint, "option \"", option,
+                                     "\" has been specified multiple times.");
         this->SetError(error);
         return false;
       }
@@ -1200,23 +1201,22 @@
         } else if (argument == "FILE_BASENAME") {
           sortCompare = cmStringSorter::Compare::FILE_BASENAME;
         } else {
-          std::string error = messageHint + "value \"" + argument +
-            "\" for option \"" + option + "\" is invalid.";
+          std::string error =
+            cmStrCat(messageHint, "value \"", argument, "\" for option \"",
+                     option, "\" is invalid.");
           this->SetError(error);
           return false;
         }
       } else {
-        std::string error =
-          messageHint + "missing argument for option \"" + option + "\".";
-        this->SetError(error);
+        this->SetError(cmStrCat(messageHint, "missing argument for option \"",
+                                option, "\"."));
         return false;
       }
     } else if (option == "CASE") {
       if (sortCaseSensitivity !=
           cmStringSorter::CaseSensitivity::UNINITIALIZED) {
-        std::string error = messageHint + "option \"" + option +
-          "\" has been specified multiple times.";
-        this->SetError(error);
+        this->SetError(cmStrCat(messageHint, "option \"", option,
+                                "\" has been specified multiple times."));
         return false;
       }
       if (argumentIndex < args.size()) {
@@ -1226,23 +1226,21 @@
         } else if (argument == "INSENSITIVE") {
           sortCaseSensitivity = cmStringSorter::CaseSensitivity::INSENSITIVE;
         } else {
-          std::string error = messageHint + "value \"" + argument +
-            "\" for option \"" + option + "\" is invalid.";
-          this->SetError(error);
+          this->SetError(cmStrCat(messageHint, "value \"", argument,
+                                  "\" for option \"", option,
+                                  "\" is invalid."));
           return false;
         }
       } else {
-        std::string error =
-          messageHint + "missing argument for option \"" + option + "\".";
-        this->SetError(error);
+        this->SetError(cmStrCat(messageHint, "missing argument for option \"",
+                                option, "\"."));
         return false;
       }
     } else if (option == "ORDER") {
 
       if (sortOrder != cmStringSorter::Order::UNINITIALIZED) {
-        std::string error = messageHint + "option \"" + option +
-          "\" has been specified multiple times.";
-        this->SetError(error);
+        this->SetError(cmStrCat(messageHint, "option \"", option,
+                                "\" has been specified multiple times."));
         return false;
       }
       if (argumentIndex < args.size()) {
@@ -1252,21 +1250,19 @@
         } else if (argument == "DESCENDING") {
           sortOrder = cmStringSorter::Order::DESCENDING;
         } else {
-          std::string error = messageHint + "value \"" + argument +
-            "\" for option \"" + option + "\" is invalid.";
-          this->SetError(error);
+          this->SetError(cmStrCat(messageHint, "value \"", argument,
+                                  "\" for option \"", option,
+                                  "\" is invalid."));
           return false;
         }
       } else {
-        std::string error =
-          messageHint + "missing argument for option \"" + option + "\".";
-        this->SetError(error);
+        this->SetError(cmStrCat(messageHint, "missing argument for option \"",
+                                option, "\"."));
         return false;
       }
     } else {
-      std::string error =
-        messageHint + "option \"" + option + "\" is unknown.";
-      this->SetError(error);
+      this->SetError(
+        cmStrCat(messageHint, "option \"", option, "\" is unknown."));
       return false;
     }
   }
diff --git a/Source/cmLocalGenerator.cxx b/Source/cmLocalGenerator.cxx
index 242ffe3..228495b 100644
--- a/Source/cmLocalGenerator.cxx
+++ b/Source/cmLocalGenerator.cxx
@@ -21,6 +21,7 @@
 #include "cmState.h"
 #include "cmStateDirectory.h"
 #include "cmStateTypes.h"
+#include "cmStringAlgorithms.h"
 #include "cmSystemTools.h"
 #include "cmTarget.h"
 #include "cmTestGenerator.h"
@@ -28,7 +29,7 @@
 #include "cmake.h"
 #include "cmsys/RegularExpression.hxx"
 
-#if defined(CMAKE_BUILD_WITH_CMAKE)
+#if !defined(CMAKE_BOOTSTRAP)
 #  define CM_LG_ENCODE_OBJECT_NAMES
 #  include "cmCryptoHash.h"
 #endif
@@ -744,12 +745,10 @@
   OutputFormat shellFormat = forResponseFile ? RESPONSE : SHELL;
   std::ostringstream includeFlags;
 
-  std::string flagVar = "CMAKE_INCLUDE_FLAG_";
-  flagVar += lang;
-  std::string const& includeFlag = this->Makefile->GetSafeDefinition(flagVar);
-  flagVar = "CMAKE_INCLUDE_FLAG_SEP_";
-  flagVar += lang;
-  const char* sep = this->Makefile->GetDefinition(flagVar);
+  std::string const& includeFlag =
+    this->Makefile->GetSafeDefinition(cmStrCat("CMAKE_INCLUDE_FLAG_", lang));
+  const char* sep =
+    this->Makefile->GetDefinition(cmStrCat("CMAKE_INCLUDE_FLAG_SEP_", lang));
   bool quotePaths = false;
   if (this->Makefile->GetDefinition("CMAKE_QUOTE_INCLUDE_PATHS")) {
     quotePaths = true;
@@ -766,23 +765,16 @@
 
   // Support special system include flag if it is available and the
   // normal flag is repeated for each directory.
-  std::string sysFlagVar = "CMAKE_INCLUDE_SYSTEM_FLAG_";
-  sysFlagVar += lang;
   const char* sysIncludeFlag = nullptr;
   if (repeatFlag) {
-    sysIncludeFlag = this->Makefile->GetDefinition(sysFlagVar);
+    sysIncludeFlag = this->Makefile->GetDefinition(
+      cmStrCat("CMAKE_INCLUDE_SYSTEM_FLAG_", lang));
   }
 
-  std::string fwSearchFlagVar = "CMAKE_";
-  fwSearchFlagVar += lang;
-  fwSearchFlagVar += "_FRAMEWORK_SEARCH_FLAG";
-  const char* fwSearchFlag = this->Makefile->GetDefinition(fwSearchFlagVar);
-
-  std::string sysFwSearchFlagVar = "CMAKE_";
-  sysFwSearchFlagVar += lang;
-  sysFwSearchFlagVar += "_SYSTEM_FRAMEWORK_SEARCH_FLAG";
-  const char* sysFwSearchFlag =
-    this->Makefile->GetDefinition(sysFwSearchFlagVar);
+  const char* fwSearchFlag = this->Makefile->GetDefinition(
+    cmStrCat("CMAKE_", lang, "_FRAMEWORK_SEARCH_FLAG"));
+  const char* sysFwSearchFlag = this->Makefile->GetDefinition(
+    cmStrCat("CMAKE_", lang, "_SYSTEM_FRAMEWORK_SEARCH_FLAG"));
 
   bool flagUsed = false;
   std::set<std::string> emitted;
@@ -792,9 +784,8 @@
   for (std::string const& i : includes) {
     if (fwSearchFlag && *fwSearchFlag && this->Makefile->IsOn("APPLE") &&
         cmSystemTools::IsPathToFramework(i)) {
-      std::string frameworkDir = i;
-      frameworkDir += "/../";
-      frameworkDir = cmSystemTools::CollapseFullPath(frameworkDir);
+      std::string const frameworkDir =
+        cmSystemTools::CollapseFullPath(cmStrCat(i, "/../"));
       if (emitted.insert(frameworkDir).second) {
         if (sysFwSearchFlag && target &&
             target->IsSystemIncludeDirectory(i, config, lang)) {
@@ -962,10 +953,8 @@
   // These are intended to simulate additional implicit include directories.
   std::vector<std::string> userStandardDirs;
   {
-    std::string key = "CMAKE_";
-    key += lang;
-    key += "_STANDARD_INCLUDE_DIRECTORIES";
-    std::string const value = this->Makefile->GetSafeDefinition(key);
+    std::string const value = this->Makefile->GetSafeDefinition(
+      cmStrCat("CMAKE_", lang, "_STANDARD_INCLUDE_DIRECTORIES"));
     cmSystemTools::ExpandListArgument(value, userStandardDirs);
     for (std::string& usd : userStandardDirs) {
       cmSystemTools::ConvertToUnixSlashes(usd);
@@ -988,10 +977,9 @@
     // * Compilers like gfortran do not search their own implicit include
     //   directories for modules ('.mod' files).
     if (lang != "Fortran") {
-      std::string key = "CMAKE_";
-      key += lang;
-      key += "_IMPLICIT_INCLUDE_DIRECTORIES";
-      if (const char* value = this->Makefile->GetDefinition(key)) {
+      const char* value = this->Makefile->GetDefinition(
+        cmStrCat("CMAKE_", lang, "_IMPLICIT_INCLUDE_DIRECTORIES"));
+      if (value != nullptr) {
         size_t const impDirVecOldSize = impDirVec.size();
         cmSystemTools::ExpandListArgument(value, impDirVec);
         // FIXME: Use cmRange with 'advance()' when it supports non-const.
@@ -1209,9 +1197,8 @@
         linkFlags += " ";
       }
       if (!buildType.empty()) {
-        std::string configLinkFlags = "LINK_FLAGS_";
-        configLinkFlags += buildType;
-        targetLinkFlags = target->GetProperty(configLinkFlags);
+        targetLinkFlags =
+          target->GetProperty(cmStrCat("LINK_FLAGS_", buildType));
         if (targetLinkFlags) {
           linkFlags += targetLinkFlags;
           linkFlags += " ";
@@ -1233,9 +1220,8 @@
           this->Makefile->GetSafeDefinition("CMAKE_EXE_LINKER_FLAGS");
         linkFlags += " ";
         if (!buildType.empty()) {
-          std::string build = "CMAKE_EXE_LINKER_FLAGS_";
-          build += buildType;
-          linkFlags += this->Makefile->GetSafeDefinition(build);
+          linkFlags += this->Makefile->GetSafeDefinition(
+            cmStrCat("CMAKE_EXE_LINKER_FLAGS_", buildType));
           linkFlags += " ";
         }
         if (linkLanguage.empty()) {
@@ -1256,11 +1242,8 @@
         }
 
         if (target->IsExecutableWithExports()) {
-          std::string exportFlagVar = "CMAKE_EXE_EXPORTS_";
-          exportFlagVar += linkLanguage;
-          exportFlagVar += "_FLAG";
-
-          linkFlags += this->Makefile->GetSafeDefinition(exportFlagVar);
+          linkFlags += this->Makefile->GetSafeDefinition(
+            cmStrCat("CMAKE_EXE_EXPORTS_", linkLanguage, "_FLAG"));
           linkFlags += " ";
         }
       }
@@ -1292,9 +1275,8 @@
         linkFlags += " ";
       }
       if (!buildType.empty()) {
-        std::string configLinkFlags = "LINK_FLAGS_";
-        configLinkFlags += buildType;
-        targetLinkFlags = target->GetProperty(configLinkFlags);
+        targetLinkFlags =
+          target->GetProperty(cmStrCat("LINK_FLAGS_", buildType));
         if (targetLinkFlags) {
           linkFlags += targetLinkFlags;
           linkFlags += " ";
@@ -1469,20 +1451,12 @@
   }
 
   // Add standard libraries for this language.
-  std::string standardLibsVar = "CMAKE_";
-  standardLibsVar += cli.GetLinkLanguage();
-  standardLibsVar += "_STANDARD_LIBRARIES";
-  std::string stdLibString;
-  if (const char* stdLibs = this->Makefile->GetDefinition(standardLibsVar)) {
-    stdLibString = stdLibs;
-  }
+  std::string stdLibString = this->Makefile->GetSafeDefinition(
+    cmStrCat("CMAKE_", cli.GetLinkLanguage(), "_STANDARD_LIBRARIES"));
 
   // Append the framework search path flags.
-  std::string fwSearchFlagVar = "CMAKE_";
-  fwSearchFlagVar += linkLanguage;
-  fwSearchFlagVar += "_FRAMEWORK_SEARCH_FLAG";
-  std::string fwSearchFlag =
-    this->Makefile->GetSafeDefinition(fwSearchFlagVar);
+  std::string fwSearchFlag = this->Makefile->GetSafeDefinition(
+    cmStrCat("CMAKE_", linkLanguage, "_FRAMEWORK_SEARCH_FLAG"));
 
   frameworkPath = linkLineComputer->ComputeFrameworkPath(cli, fwSearchFlag);
   linkPath =
@@ -1537,10 +1511,8 @@
     }
 
     if (add_shlib_flags) {
-      std::string linkFlagsVar = "CMAKE_SHARED_LIBRARY_LINK_";
-      linkFlagsVar += linkLanguage;
-      linkFlagsVar += "_FLAGS";
-      linkFlags = this->Makefile->GetSafeDefinition(linkFlagsVar);
+      linkFlags = this->Makefile->GetSafeDefinition(
+        cmStrCat("CMAKE_SHARED_LIBRARY_LINK_", linkLanguage, "_FLAGS"));
     }
   }
   return linkFlags;
@@ -1598,10 +1570,8 @@
                                         const std::string& config)
 {
   // Add language-specific flags.
-  std::string flagsVar = "CMAKE_";
-  flagsVar += lang;
-  flagsVar += "_FLAGS";
-  this->AddConfigVariableFlags(flags, flagsVar, config);
+  this->AddConfigVariableFlags(flags, cmStrCat("CMAKE_", lang, "_FLAGS"),
+                               config);
 
   // Add MSVC runtime library flags.  This is activated by the presence
   // of a default selection whether or not it is overridden by a property.
@@ -1772,10 +1742,9 @@
 
   // Add flags for dealing with shared libraries for this language.
   if (shared) {
-    flagsVar = "CMAKE_SHARED_LIBRARY_";
-    flagsVar += lang;
-    flagsVar += "_FLAGS";
-    this->AppendFlags(flags, this->Makefile->GetDefinition(flagsVar));
+    this->AppendFlags(flags,
+                      this->Makefile->GetDefinition(
+                        cmStrCat("CMAKE_SHARED_LIBRARY_", lang, "_FLAGS")));
   }
 }
 
@@ -1911,7 +1880,7 @@
   // for which a flag is defined.
   for (; stdIt < defaultStdIt; ++stdIt) {
     std::string option_flag =
-      "CMAKE_" + lang + *stdIt + "_" + type + "_COMPILE_OPTION";
+      cmStrCat("CMAKE_", lang, *stdIt, "_", type, "_COMPILE_OPTION");
 
     if (const char* opt =
           target->Target->GetMakefile()->GetDefinition(option_flag)) {
@@ -2064,9 +2033,7 @@
   std::string originalFlags =
     this->GlobalGenerator->GetSharedLibFlagsForLanguage(lang);
   if (shared) {
-    std::string flagsVar = "CMAKE_SHARED_LIBRARY_";
-    flagsVar += lang;
-    flagsVar += "_FLAGS";
+    std::string flagsVar = cmStrCat("CMAKE_SHARED_LIBRARY_", lang, "_FLAGS");
     std::string const& flags = this->Makefile->GetSafeDefinition(flagsVar);
 
     if (flags != originalFlags) {
@@ -2105,16 +2072,12 @@
   std::string picFlags;
 
   if (targetType == cmStateEnums::EXECUTABLE) {
-    std::string flagsVar = "CMAKE_";
-    flagsVar += lang;
-    flagsVar += "_COMPILE_OPTIONS_PIE";
-    picFlags = this->Makefile->GetSafeDefinition(flagsVar);
+    picFlags = this->Makefile->GetSafeDefinition(
+      cmStrCat("CMAKE_", lang, "_COMPILE_OPTIONS_PIE"));
   }
   if (picFlags.empty()) {
-    std::string flagsVar = "CMAKE_";
-    flagsVar += lang;
-    flagsVar += "_COMPILE_OPTIONS_PIC";
-    picFlags = this->Makefile->GetSafeDefinition(flagsVar);
+    picFlags = this->Makefile->GetSafeDefinition(
+      cmStrCat("CMAKE_", lang, "_COMPILE_OPTIONS_PIC"));
   }
   if (!picFlags.empty()) {
     std::vector<std::string> options;
@@ -2355,10 +2318,8 @@
   // Lookup the define flag for the current language.
   std::string dflag = "-D";
   if (!lang.empty()) {
-    std::string defineFlagVar = "CMAKE_";
-    defineFlagVar += lang;
-    defineFlagVar += "_DEFINE_FLAG";
-    const char* df = this->Makefile->GetDefinition(defineFlagVar);
+    const char* df =
+      this->Makefile->GetDefinition(cmStrCat("CMAKE_", lang, "_DEFINE_FLAG"));
     if (df && *df) {
       dflag = df;
     }
@@ -2404,11 +2365,9 @@
                                             const std::string& lang,
                                             const char* feature)
 {
-  std::string optVar = "CMAKE_";
-  optVar += lang;
-  optVar += "_COMPILE_OPTIONS_";
-  optVar += feature;
-  if (const char* optionList = this->Makefile->GetDefinition(optVar)) {
+  const char* optionList = this->Makefile->GetDefinition(
+    cmStrCat("CMAKE_", lang, "_COMPILE_OPTIONS_", feature));
+  if (optionList != nullptr) {
     std::vector<std::string> options;
     cmSystemTools::ExpandListArgument(optionList, options);
     for (std::string const& o : options) {
@@ -2761,10 +2720,8 @@
     if (!replaceExt) {
       std::string lang = source.GetLanguage();
       if (!lang.empty()) {
-        std::string repVar = "CMAKE_";
-        repVar += lang;
-        repVar += "_OUTPUT_EXTENSION_REPLACE";
-        replaceExt = this->Makefile->IsOn(repVar);
+        replaceExt = this->Makefile->IsOn(
+          cmStrCat("CMAKE_", lang, "_OUTPUT_EXTENSION_REPLACE"));
       }
     }
 
diff --git a/Source/cmLocalGenerator.h b/Source/cmLocalGenerator.h
index f0c6806..455e491 100644
--- a/Source/cmLocalGenerator.h
+++ b/Source/cmLocalGenerator.h
@@ -461,7 +461,7 @@
   void ComputeObjectMaxPath();
 };
 
-#if defined(CMAKE_BUILD_WITH_CMAKE)
+#if !defined(CMAKE_BOOTSTRAP)
 bool cmLocalGeneratorCheckObjectName(std::string& objName,
                                      std::string::size_type dir_len,
                                      std::string::size_type max_total_len);
diff --git a/Source/cmLocalUnixMakefileGenerator3.cxx b/Source/cmLocalUnixMakefileGenerator3.cxx
index 1ec1fd9..cfad31a 100644
--- a/Source/cmLocalUnixMakefileGenerator3.cxx
+++ b/Source/cmLocalUnixMakefileGenerator3.cxx
@@ -32,6 +32,7 @@
 #include "cmStateDirectory.h"
 #include "cmStateSnapshot.h"
 #include "cmStateTypes.h"
+#include "cmStringAlgorithms.h"
 #include "cmSystemTools.h"
 #include "cmVersion.h"
 #include "cmake.h"
@@ -39,7 +40,7 @@
 // Include dependency scanners for supported languages.  Only the
 // C/C++ scanner is needed for bootstrapping CMake.
 #include "cmDependsC.h"
-#ifdef CMAKE_BUILD_WITH_CMAKE
+#ifndef CMAKE_BOOTSTRAP
 #  include "cmDependsFortran.h"
 #  include "cmDependsJava.h"
 #endif
@@ -962,7 +963,7 @@
         // This command was specified as a path to a file in the
         // current directory.  Add a leading "./" so it can run
         // without the current directory being in the search path.
-        cmd = "./" + cmd;
+        cmd = cmStrCat("./", cmd);
       }
 
       std::string launcher;
@@ -1016,18 +1017,16 @@
           std::string::size_type rcurly = cmd.find('}');
           if (rcurly == std::string::npos || rcurly > lcurly) {
             // The first curly is a left curly.  Use the hack.
-            std::string hack_cmd = cmd.substr(0, lcurly);
-            hack_cmd += "{{}";
-            hack_cmd += cmd.substr(lcurly + 1);
-            cmd = hack_cmd;
+            cmd =
+              cmStrCat(cmd.substr(0, lcurly), "{{}", cmd.substr(lcurly + 1));
           }
         }
       }
       if (launcher.empty()) {
         if (useCall) {
-          cmd = "call " + cmd;
+          cmd = cmStrCat("call ", cmd);
         } else if (this->IsNMake() && cmd[0] == '"') {
-          cmd = "echo >nul && " + cmd;
+          cmd = cmStrCat("echo >nul && ", cmd);
         }
       }
       commands1.push_back(std::move(cmd));
@@ -1478,7 +1477,7 @@
       // TODO: Handle RC (resource files) dependencies correctly.
       scanner = cm::make_unique<cmDependsC>(this, targetDir, lang, &validDeps);
     }
-#ifdef CMAKE_BUILD_WITH_CMAKE
+#ifndef CMAKE_BOOTSTRAP
     else if (lang == "Fortran") {
       ruleFileStream << "# Note that incremental build could trigger "
                      << "a call to cmake_copy_f90_mod on each re-build\n";
diff --git a/Source/cmMacroCommand.cxx b/Source/cmMacroCommand.cxx
index 22748b4..8689c8f 100644
--- a/Source/cmMacroCommand.cxx
+++ b/Source/cmMacroCommand.cxx
@@ -7,13 +7,18 @@
 #include <utility>
 
 #include "cm_memory.hxx"
+#include "cm_static_string_view.hxx"
+#include "cm_string_view.hxx"
 
 #include "cmAlgorithms.h"
 #include "cmExecutionStatus.h"
+#include "cmFunctionBlocker.h"
+#include "cmListFileCache.h"
 #include "cmMakefile.h"
 #include "cmPolicies.h"
 #include "cmRange.h"
 #include "cmState.h"
+#include "cmStringAlgorithms.h"
 #include "cmSystemTools.h"
 
 // define the class for macro commands
@@ -135,55 +140,43 @@
   return true;
 }
 
-bool cmMacroFunctionBlocker::IsFunctionBlocked(const cmListFileFunction& lff,
-                                               cmMakefile& mf,
-                                               cmExecutionStatus&)
+class cmMacroFunctionBlocker : public cmFunctionBlocker
 {
-  // record commands until we hit the ENDMACRO
-  // at the ENDMACRO call we shift gears and start looking for invocations
-  if (lff.Name.Lower == "macro") {
-    this->Depth++;
-  } else if (lff.Name.Lower == "endmacro") {
-    // if this is the endmacro for this macro then execute
-    if (!this->Depth) {
-      mf.AppendProperty("MACROS", this->Args[0].c_str());
-      // create a new command and add it to cmake
-      cmMacroHelperCommand f;
-      f.Args = this->Args;
-      f.Functions = this->Functions;
-      f.FilePath = this->GetStartingContext().FilePath;
-      mf.RecordPolicies(f.Policies);
-      mf.GetState()->AddScriptedCommand(this->Args[0], std::move(f));
-      // remove the function blocker now that the macro is defined
-      mf.RemoveFunctionBlocker(this, lff);
-      return true;
-    }
-    // decrement for each nested macro that ends
-    this->Depth--;
-  }
+public:
+  cm::string_view StartCommandName() const override { return "macro"_s; }
+  cm::string_view EndCommandName() const override { return "endmacro"_s; }
 
-  // if it wasn't an endmacro and we are not executing then we must be
-  // recording
-  this->Functions.push_back(lff);
-  return true;
+  bool ArgumentsMatch(cmListFileFunction const&,
+                      cmMakefile& mf) const override;
+
+  bool Replay(std::vector<cmListFileFunction> functions,
+              cmExecutionStatus& status) override;
+
+  std::vector<std::string> Args;
+};
+
+bool cmMacroFunctionBlocker::ArgumentsMatch(cmListFileFunction const& lff,
+                                            cmMakefile& mf) const
+{
+  std::vector<std::string> expandedArguments;
+  mf.ExpandArguments(lff.Arguments, expandedArguments,
+                     this->GetStartingContext().FilePath.c_str());
+  return expandedArguments.empty() || expandedArguments[0] == this->Args[0];
 }
 
-bool cmMacroFunctionBlocker::ShouldRemove(const cmListFileFunction& lff,
-                                          cmMakefile& mf)
+bool cmMacroFunctionBlocker::Replay(std::vector<cmListFileFunction> functions,
+                                    cmExecutionStatus& status)
 {
-  if (lff.Name.Lower == "endmacro") {
-    std::vector<std::string> expandedArguments;
-    mf.ExpandArguments(lff.Arguments, expandedArguments,
-                       this->GetStartingContext().FilePath.c_str());
-    // if the endmacro has arguments make sure they
-    // match the arguments of the macro
-    if ((expandedArguments.empty() ||
-         (expandedArguments[0] == this->Args[0]))) {
-      return true;
-    }
-  }
-
-  return false;
+  cmMakefile& mf = status.GetMakefile();
+  mf.AppendProperty("MACROS", this->Args[0].c_str());
+  // create a new command and add it to cmake
+  cmMacroHelperCommand f;
+  f.Args = this->Args;
+  f.Functions = std::move(functions);
+  f.FilePath = this->GetStartingContext().FilePath;
+  mf.RecordPolicies(f.Policies);
+  mf.GetState()->AddScriptedCommand(this->Args[0], std::move(f));
+  return true;
 }
 
 bool cmMacroCommand::InitialPass(std::vector<std::string> const& args,
diff --git a/Source/cmMacroCommand.h b/Source/cmMacroCommand.h
index 3ebd959..0d7083a 100644
--- a/Source/cmMacroCommand.h
+++ b/Source/cmMacroCommand.h
@@ -11,23 +11,8 @@
 #include "cm_memory.hxx"
 
 #include "cmCommand.h"
-#include "cmFunctionBlocker.h"
-#include "cmListFileCache.h"
 
 class cmExecutionStatus;
-class cmMakefile;
-
-class cmMacroFunctionBlocker : public cmFunctionBlocker
-{
-public:
-  bool IsFunctionBlocked(const cmListFileFunction&, cmMakefile& mf,
-                         cmExecutionStatus&) override;
-  bool ShouldRemove(const cmListFileFunction&, cmMakefile& mf) override;
-
-  std::vector<std::string> Args;
-  std::vector<cmListFileFunction> Functions;
-  int Depth = 0;
-};
 
 /// Starts macro() ... endmacro() block
 class cmMacroCommand : public cmCommand
diff --git a/Source/cmMakefile.cxx b/Source/cmMakefile.cxx
index 0fb3237..f6f4737 100644
--- a/Source/cmMakefile.cxx
+++ b/Source/cmMakefile.cxx
@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@
 
 #include "cmConfigure.h" // IWYU pragma: keep
 
-#ifdef CMAKE_BUILD_WITH_CMAKE
+#ifndef CMAKE_BOOTSTRAP
 #  include "cmVariableWatch.h"
 #endif
 
@@ -97,7 +97,7 @@
   // cmListFileCache in the top level if necessary.
   this->CheckCMP0000 = false;
 
-#if defined(CMAKE_BUILD_WITH_CMAKE)
+#if !defined(CMAKE_BOOTSTRAP)
   this->AddSourceGroup("", "^.*$");
   this->AddSourceGroup("Source Files", CM_SOURCE_REGEX);
   this->AddSourceGroup("Header Files", CM_HEADER_REGEX);
@@ -353,6 +353,11 @@
   cmMakefile* Makefile;
 };
 
+void cmMakefile::OnExecuteCommand(std::function<void()> callback)
+{
+  this->ExecuteCommandCallback = std::move(callback);
+}
+
 bool cmMakefile::ExecuteCommand(const cmListFileFunction& lff,
                                 cmExecutionStatus& status)
 {
@@ -364,6 +369,10 @@
     return result;
   }
 
+  if (this->ExecuteCommandCallback) {
+    this->ExecuteCommandCallback();
+  }
+
   // Place this call on the call stack.
   cmMakefileCall stack_manager(this, lff, status);
   static_cast<void>(stack_manager);
@@ -1416,7 +1425,7 @@
 
   this->PushLoopBlockBarrier();
 
-#if defined(CMAKE_BUILD_WITH_CMAKE)
+#if !defined(CMAKE_BOOTSTRAP)
   this->GetGlobalGenerator()->GetFileLockPool().PushFunctionScope();
 #endif
 
@@ -1433,7 +1442,7 @@
 
   this->PopFunctionBlockerBarrier(reportError);
 
-#if defined(CMAKE_BUILD_WITH_CMAKE)
+#if !defined(CMAKE_BOOTSTRAP)
   this->GetGlobalGenerator()->GetFileLockPool().PopFunctionScope();
 #endif
 
@@ -1488,7 +1497,7 @@
     this->Snapshot = this->GG->GetCMakeInstance()->GetCurrentSnapshot();
     this->GG->GetCMakeInstance()->SetCurrentSnapshot(this->Snapshot);
     this->GG->SetCurrentMakefile(mf);
-#if defined(CMAKE_BUILD_WITH_CMAKE)
+#if !defined(CMAKE_BOOTSTRAP)
     this->GG->GetFileLockPool().PushFileScope();
 #endif
   }
@@ -1497,7 +1506,7 @@
   {
     this->Makefile->PopFunctionBlockerBarrier(this->ReportError);
     this->Makefile->PopSnapshot(this->ReportError);
-#if defined(CMAKE_BUILD_WITH_CMAKE)
+#if !defined(CMAKE_BOOTSTRAP)
     this->GG->GetFileLockPool().PopFileScope();
 #endif
     this->GG->SetCurrentMakefile(this->CurrentMakefile);
@@ -1791,7 +1800,7 @@
   }
   this->StateSnapshot.SetDefinition(name, value);
 
-#ifdef CMAKE_BUILD_WITH_CMAKE
+#ifndef CMAKE_BOOTSTRAP
   cmVariableWatch* vv = this->GetVariableWatch();
   if (vv) {
     vv->VariableAccessed(name, cmVariableWatch::VARIABLE_MODIFIED_ACCESS,
@@ -1912,7 +1921,7 @@
     this->LogUnused("unsetting", name);
   }
   this->StateSnapshot.RemoveDefinition(name);
-#ifdef CMAKE_BUILD_WITH_CMAKE
+#ifndef CMAKE_BOOTSTRAP
   cmVariableWatch* vv = this->GetVariableWatch();
   if (vv) {
     vv->VariableAccessed(name, cmVariableWatch::VARIABLE_REMOVED_ACCESS,
@@ -2070,7 +2079,7 @@
   return nullptr;
 }
 
-#if defined(CMAKE_BUILD_WITH_CMAKE)
+#if !defined(CMAKE_BOOTSTRAP)
 cmSourceGroup* cmMakefile::GetSourceGroup(
   const std::vector<std::string>& name) const
 {
@@ -2166,8 +2175,7 @@
   if (delimiter == nullptr) {
     delimiter = "\\";
   }
-  return this->GetOrCreateSourceGroup(
-    cmSystemTools::tokenize(name, delimiter));
+  return this->GetOrCreateSourceGroup(cmTokenize(name, delimiter));
 }
 
 /**
@@ -2452,7 +2460,7 @@
   if (!def) {
     def = this->GetState()->GetInitializedCacheValue(name);
   }
-#ifdef CMAKE_BUILD_WITH_CMAKE
+#ifndef CMAKE_BOOTSTRAP
   if (cmVariableWatch* vv = this->GetVariableWatch()) {
     if (!def) {
       vv->VariableAccessed(
@@ -2469,7 +2477,7 @@
   if (!def) {
     def = this->GetState()->GetInitializedCacheValue(name);
   }
-#ifdef CMAKE_BUILD_WITH_CMAKE
+#ifndef CMAKE_BOOTSTRAP
   cmVariableWatch* vv = this->GetVariableWatch();
   if (vv && !this->SuppressSideEffects) {
     bool const watch_function_executed =
@@ -2659,7 +2667,7 @@
       if (const char* val = this->GetDefinition(var)) {
         // Store the value in the output escaping as requested.
         if (escapeQuotes) {
-          source.append(cmSystemTools::EscapeQuotes(val));
+          source.append(cmEscapeQuotes(val));
         } else {
           source.append(val);
         }
@@ -2823,7 +2831,7 @@
           // Get the string we're meant to append to.
           if (value) {
             if (escapeQuotes) {
-              varresult = cmSystemTools::EscapeQuotes(value);
+              varresult = cmEscapeQuotes(value);
             } else {
               varresult = value;
             }
@@ -2949,7 +2957,7 @@
             }
 
             if (escapeQuotes) {
-              varresult = cmSystemTools::EscapeQuotes(varresult);
+              varresult = cmEscapeQuotes(varresult);
             }
             // Skip over the variable.
             result.append(last, in - last);
@@ -3061,15 +3069,7 @@
     return false;
   }
 
-  // loop over all function blockers to see if any block this command
-  // evaluate in reverse, this is critical for balanced IF statements etc
-  for (auto const& pos : cmReverseRange(this->FunctionBlockers)) {
-    if (pos->IsFunctionBlocked(lff, *this, status)) {
-      return true;
-    }
-  }
-
-  return false;
+  return this->FunctionBlockers.top()->IsFunctionBlocked(lff, status);
 }
 
 void cmMakefile::PushFunctionBlockerBarrier()
@@ -3084,8 +3084,8 @@
     this->FunctionBlockerBarriers.back();
   while (this->FunctionBlockers.size() > barrier) {
     std::unique_ptr<cmFunctionBlocker> fb(
-      std::move(this->FunctionBlockers.back()));
-    this->FunctionBlockers.pop_back();
+      std::move(this->FunctionBlockers.top()));
+    this->FunctionBlockers.pop();
     if (reportError) {
       // Report the context in which the unclosed block was opened.
       cmListFileContext const& lfc = fb->GetStartingContext();
@@ -3216,46 +3216,18 @@
     fb->SetStartingContext(this->GetExecutionContext());
   }
 
-  this->FunctionBlockers.push_back(std::move(fb));
+  this->FunctionBlockers.push(std::move(fb));
 }
 
-std::unique_ptr<cmFunctionBlocker> cmMakefile::RemoveFunctionBlocker(
-  cmFunctionBlocker* fb, const cmListFileFunction& lff)
+std::unique_ptr<cmFunctionBlocker> cmMakefile::RemoveFunctionBlocker()
 {
-  // Find the function blocker stack barrier for the current scope.
-  // We only remove a blocker whose index is not less than the barrier.
-  FunctionBlockersType::size_type barrier = 0;
-  if (!this->FunctionBlockerBarriers.empty()) {
-    barrier = this->FunctionBlockerBarriers.back();
-  }
+  assert(!this->FunctionBlockers.empty());
+  assert(this->FunctionBlockerBarriers.empty() ||
+         this->FunctionBlockers.size() > this->FunctionBlockerBarriers.back());
 
-  // Search for the function blocker whose scope this command ends.
-  for (FunctionBlockersType::size_type i = this->FunctionBlockers.size();
-       i > barrier; --i) {
-    auto pos = this->FunctionBlockers.begin() + (i - 1);
-    if (pos->get() == fb) {
-      // Warn if the arguments do not match, but always remove.
-      if (!(*pos)->ShouldRemove(lff, *this)) {
-        cmListFileContext const& lfc = fb->GetStartingContext();
-        cmListFileContext closingContext =
-          cmListFileContext::FromCommandContext(lff, lfc.FilePath);
-        std::ostringstream e;
-        /* clang-format off */
-        e << "A logical block opening on the line\n"
-          << "  " << lfc << "\n"
-          << "closes on the line\n"
-          << "  " << closingContext << "\n"
-          << "with mis-matching arguments.";
-        /* clang-format on */
-        this->IssueMessage(MessageType::AUTHOR_WARNING, e.str());
-      }
-      std::unique_ptr<cmFunctionBlocker> b = std::move(*pos);
-      this->FunctionBlockers.erase(pos);
-      return b;
-    }
-  }
-
-  return std::unique_ptr<cmFunctionBlocker>();
+  auto b = std::move(this->FunctionBlockers.top());
+  this->FunctionBlockers.pop();
+  return b;
 }
 
 std::string const& cmMakefile::GetHomeDirectory() const
@@ -3355,7 +3327,7 @@
   cmSourceFile* sf = this->GetOrCreateSource(objFile, true);
   sf->SetObjectLibrary(tgtName);
   sf->SetProperty("EXTERNAL_OBJECT", "1");
-#if defined(CMAKE_BUILD_WITH_CMAKE)
+#if !defined(CMAKE_BOOTSTRAP)
   this->SourceGroups[this->ObjectLibrariesSourceGroupIndex].AddGroupFile(
     sf->GetFullPath());
 #endif
@@ -3537,7 +3509,7 @@
   return this->GlobalGenerator;
 }
 
-#ifdef CMAKE_BUILD_WITH_CMAKE
+#ifndef CMAKE_BOOTSTRAP
 cmVariableWatch* cmMakefile::GetVariableWatch() const
 {
   if (this->GetCMakeInstance() &&
@@ -3959,14 +3931,14 @@
     this->GetState()->CreateVariableScopeSnapshot(this->StateSnapshot);
   this->PushLoopBlockBarrier();
 
-#if defined(CMAKE_BUILD_WITH_CMAKE)
+#if !defined(CMAKE_BOOTSTRAP)
   this->GetGlobalGenerator()->GetFileLockPool().PushFunctionScope();
 #endif
 }
 
 void cmMakefile::PopScope()
 {
-#if defined(CMAKE_BUILD_WITH_CMAKE)
+#if !defined(CMAKE_BOOTSTRAP)
   this->GetGlobalGenerator()->GetFileLockPool().PopFunctionScope();
 #endif
 
@@ -3990,7 +3962,7 @@
     return;
   }
 
-#ifdef CMAKE_BUILD_WITH_CMAKE
+#ifndef CMAKE_BOOTSTRAP
   cmVariableWatch* vv = this->GetVariableWatch();
   if (vv) {
     vv->VariableAccessed(var, cmVariableWatch::VARIABLE_MODIFIED_ACCESS,
diff --git a/Source/cmMakefile.h b/Source/cmMakefile.h
index 18b81d4..a6d1757 100644
--- a/Source/cmMakefile.h
+++ b/Source/cmMakefile.h
@@ -20,7 +20,6 @@
 #include "cm_string_view.hxx"
 
 #include "cmAlgorithms.h"
-#include "cmFunctionBlocker.h"
 #include "cmListFileCache.h"
 #include "cmMessageType.h"
 #include "cmNewLineStyle.h"
@@ -28,9 +27,10 @@
 #include "cmSourceFileLocationKind.h"
 #include "cmStateSnapshot.h"
 #include "cmStateTypes.h"
+#include "cmStringAlgorithms.h"
 #include "cmTarget.h"
 
-#if defined(CMAKE_BUILD_WITH_CMAKE)
+#if !defined(CMAKE_BOOTSTRAP)
 #  include "cmSourceGroup.h"
 #endif
 
@@ -39,6 +39,7 @@
 class cmExecutionStatus;
 class cmExpandedCommandArgument;
 class cmExportBuildFileGenerator;
+class cmFunctionBlocker;
 class cmGeneratorExpressionEvaluationFile;
 class cmGlobalGenerator;
 class cmInstallGenerator;
@@ -106,8 +107,7 @@
    * Remove the function blocker whose scope ends with the given command.
    * This returns ownership of the function blocker object.
    */
-  std::unique_ptr<cmFunctionBlocker> RemoveFunctionBlocker(
-    cmFunctionBlocker* fb, const cmListFileFunction& lff);
+  std::unique_ptr<cmFunctionBlocker> RemoveFunctionBlocker();
 
   /**
    * Try running cmake and building a file. This is used for dynalically
@@ -503,7 +503,7 @@
    */
   bool CanIWriteThisFile(std::string const& fileName) const;
 
-#if defined(CMAKE_BUILD_WITH_CMAKE)
+#if !defined(CMAKE_BOOTSTRAP)
   /**
    * Get the vector source groups.
    */
@@ -627,6 +627,11 @@
   void PrintCommandTrace(const cmListFileFunction& lff) const;
 
   /**
+   * Set a callback that is invoked whenever ExecuteCommand is called.
+   */
+  void OnExecuteCommand(std::function<void()> callback);
+
+  /**
    * Execute a single CMake command.  Returns true if the command
    * succeeded or false if it failed.
    */
@@ -644,7 +649,7 @@
  * Get the variable watch. This is used to determine when certain variables
  * are accessed.
  */
-#ifdef CMAKE_BUILD_WITH_CMAKE
+#ifndef CMAKE_BOOTSTRAP
   cmVariableWatch* GetVariableWatch() const;
 #endif
 
@@ -940,7 +945,7 @@
   // Track the value of the computed DEFINITIONS property.
   std::string DefineFlagsOrig;
 
-#if defined(CMAKE_BUILD_WITH_CMAKE)
+#if !defined(CMAKE_BOOTSTRAP)
   std::vector<cmSourceGroup> SourceGroups;
   size_t ObjectLibrariesSourceGroupIndex;
 #endif
@@ -963,7 +968,10 @@
   bool EnforceUniqueDir(const std::string& srcPath,
                         const std::string& binPath) const;
 
-  typedef std::vector<std::unique_ptr<cmFunctionBlocker>> FunctionBlockersType;
+  std::function<void()> ExecuteCommandCallback;
+  using FunctionBlockerPtr = std::unique_ptr<cmFunctionBlocker>;
+  using FunctionBlockersType =
+    std::stack<FunctionBlockerPtr, std::vector<FunctionBlockerPtr>>;
   FunctionBlockersType FunctionBlockers;
   std::vector<FunctionBlockersType::size_type> FunctionBlockerBarriers;
   void PushFunctionBlockerBarrier();
diff --git a/Source/cmMakefileExecutableTargetGenerator.cxx b/Source/cmMakefileExecutableTargetGenerator.cxx
index a7f2a97..31ee4fa 100644
--- a/Source/cmMakefileExecutableTargetGenerator.cxx
+++ b/Source/cmMakefileExecutableTargetGenerator.cxx
@@ -26,6 +26,7 @@
 #include "cmStateDirectory.h"
 #include "cmStateSnapshot.h"
 #include "cmStateTypes.h"
+#include "cmStringAlgorithms.h"
 #include "cmSystemTools.h"
 
 cmMakefileExecutableTargetGenerator::cmMakefileExecutableTargetGenerator(
@@ -82,7 +83,7 @@
 void cmMakefileExecutableTargetGenerator::WriteDeviceExecutableRule(
   bool relink)
 {
-#ifdef CMAKE_BUILD_WITH_CMAKE
+#ifndef CMAKE_BOOTSTRAP
   const bool requiresDeviceLinking = requireDeviceLinking(
     *this->GeneratorTarget, *this->LocalGenerator, this->ConfigName);
   if (!requiresDeviceLinking) {
@@ -243,7 +244,7 @@
     // Expand placeholders in the commands.
     rulePlaceholderExpander->SetTargetImpLib(targetOutputReal);
     for (std::string& real_link_command : real_link_commands) {
-      real_link_command = launcher + real_link_command;
+      real_link_command = cmStrCat(launcher, real_link_command);
       rulePlaceholderExpander->ExpandRuleVariables(this->LocalGenerator,
                                                    real_link_command, vars);
     }
@@ -612,7 +613,7 @@
     // Expand placeholders in the commands.
     rulePlaceholderExpander->SetTargetImpLib(targetOutPathImport);
     for (std::string& real_link_command : real_link_commands) {
-      real_link_command = launcher + real_link_command;
+      real_link_command = cmStrCat(launcher, real_link_command);
       rulePlaceholderExpander->ExpandRuleVariables(this->LocalGenerator,
                                                    real_link_command, vars);
     }
diff --git a/Source/cmMakefileLibraryTargetGenerator.cxx b/Source/cmMakefileLibraryTargetGenerator.cxx
index bdde4b8..4621da4 100644
--- a/Source/cmMakefileLibraryTargetGenerator.cxx
+++ b/Source/cmMakefileLibraryTargetGenerator.cxx
@@ -26,6 +26,7 @@
 #include "cmStateDirectory.h"
 #include "cmStateSnapshot.h"
 #include "cmStateTypes.h"
+#include "cmStringAlgorithms.h"
 #include "cmSystemTools.h"
 
 cmMakefileLibraryTargetGenerator::cmMakefileLibraryTargetGenerator(
@@ -235,7 +236,7 @@
 void cmMakefileLibraryTargetGenerator::WriteDeviceLibraryRules(
   const std::string& linkRuleVar, bool relink)
 {
-#ifdef CMAKE_BUILD_WITH_CMAKE
+#ifndef CMAKE_BOOTSTRAP
   // TODO: Merge the methods that call this method to avoid
   // code duplication.
   std::vector<std::string> commands;
@@ -373,7 +374,7 @@
 
     // Expand placeholders.
     for (std::string& real_link_command : real_link_commands) {
-      real_link_command = launcher + real_link_command;
+      real_link_command = cmStrCat(launcher, real_link_command);
       rulePlaceholderExpander->ExpandRuleVariables(this->LocalGenerator,
                                                    real_link_command, vars);
     }
@@ -891,7 +892,7 @@
 
       // Expand placeholders.
       for (std::string& real_link_command : real_link_commands) {
-        real_link_command = launcher + real_link_command;
+        real_link_command = cmStrCat(launcher, real_link_command);
         rulePlaceholderExpander->ExpandRuleVariables(this->LocalGenerator,
                                                      real_link_command, vars);
       }
diff --git a/Source/cmMakefileTargetGenerator.cxx b/Source/cmMakefileTargetGenerator.cxx
index b5a6246..7b26324 100644
--- a/Source/cmMakefileTargetGenerator.cxx
+++ b/Source/cmMakefileTargetGenerator.cxx
@@ -28,6 +28,7 @@
 #include "cmStateDirectory.h"
 #include "cmStateSnapshot.h"
 #include "cmStateTypes.h"
+#include "cmStringAlgorithms.h"
 #include "cmSystemTools.h"
 #include "cmake.h"
 
@@ -805,7 +806,7 @@
 
     // Expand placeholders in the commands.
     for (std::string& compileCommand : compileCommands) {
-      compileCommand = launcher + compileCommand;
+      compileCommand = cmStrCat(launcher, compileCommand);
       rulePlaceholderExpander->ExpandRuleVariables(this->LocalGenerator,
                                                    compileCommand, vars);
     }
diff --git a/Source/cmMessageCommand.cxx b/Source/cmMessageCommand.cxx
index 58f3b2f..66d3c88 100644
--- a/Source/cmMessageCommand.cxx
+++ b/Source/cmMessageCommand.cxx
@@ -2,11 +2,11 @@
    file Copyright.txt or https://cmake.org/licensing for details.  */
 #include "cmMessageCommand.h"
 
-#include "cmAlgorithms.h"
 #include "cmMakefile.h"
 #include "cmMessageType.h"
 #include "cmMessenger.h"
 #include "cmRange.h"
+#include "cmStringAlgorithms.h"
 #include "cmSystemTools.h"
 #include "cmake.h"
 
diff --git a/Source/cmMessenger.cxx b/Source/cmMessenger.cxx
index 0d2b21f..af83478 100644
--- a/Source/cmMessenger.cxx
+++ b/Source/cmMessenger.cxx
@@ -2,11 +2,11 @@
    file Copyright.txt or https://cmake.org/licensing for details.  */
 #include "cmMessenger.h"
 
-#include "cmAlgorithms.h"
 #include "cmDocumentationFormatter.h"
+#include "cmStringAlgorithms.h"
 #include "cmSystemTools.h"
 
-#if defined(CMAKE_BUILD_WITH_CMAKE)
+#if !defined(CMAKE_BOOTSTRAP)
 #  include "cmsys/SystemInformation.hxx"
 #endif
 
@@ -106,7 +106,7 @@
   // Add a terminating blank line.
   msg << "\n";
 
-#if defined(CMAKE_BUILD_WITH_CMAKE)
+#if !defined(CMAKE_BOOTSTRAP)
   // Add a C++ stack trace to internal errors.
   if (t == MessageType::INTERNAL_ERROR) {
     std::string stack = cmsys::SystemInformation::GetProgramStack(0, 0);
diff --git a/Source/cmNewLineStyle.cxx b/Source/cmNewLineStyle.cxx
index 3f6523e..1ff741e 100644
--- a/Source/cmNewLineStyle.cxx
+++ b/Source/cmNewLineStyle.cxx
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@
   return true;
 }
 
-const std::string cmNewLineStyle::GetCharacters() const
+std::string cmNewLineStyle::GetCharacters() const
 {
   switch (NewLineStyle) {
     case Invalid:
diff --git a/Source/cmNewLineStyle.h b/Source/cmNewLineStyle.h
index f1a7bc6..ab9002e 100644
--- a/Source/cmNewLineStyle.h
+++ b/Source/cmNewLineStyle.h
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@
   bool ReadFromArguments(const std::vector<std::string>& args,
                          std::string& errorString);
 
-  const std::string GetCharacters() const;
+  std::string GetCharacters() const;
 
 private:
   Style NewLineStyle = Invalid;
diff --git a/Source/cmNinjaNormalTargetGenerator.cxx b/Source/cmNinjaNormalTargetGenerator.cxx
index 88040f8..865ae7d 100644
--- a/Source/cmNinjaNormalTargetGenerator.cxx
+++ b/Source/cmNinjaNormalTargetGenerator.cxx
@@ -33,6 +33,7 @@
 #include "cmStateDirectory.h"
 #include "cmStateSnapshot.h"
 #include "cmStateTypes.h"
+#include "cmStringAlgorithms.h"
 #include "cmSystemTools.h"
 
 cmNinjaNormalTargetGenerator::cmNinjaNormalTargetGenerator(
@@ -227,7 +228,7 @@
     // Rule for linking library/executable.
     std::vector<std::string> linkCmds = this->ComputeDeviceLinkCmd();
     for (std::string& linkCmd : linkCmds) {
-      linkCmd = launcher + linkCmd;
+      linkCmd = cmStrCat(launcher, linkCmd);
       rulePlaceholderExpander->ExpandRuleVariables(this->GetLocalGenerator(),
                                                    linkCmd, vars);
     }
@@ -366,7 +367,7 @@
     // Rule for linking library/executable.
     std::vector<std::string> linkCmds = this->ComputeLinkCmd();
     for (std::string& linkCmd : linkCmds) {
-      linkCmd = launcher + linkCmd;
+      linkCmd = cmStrCat(launcher, linkCmd);
       rulePlaceholderExpander->ExpandRuleVariables(this->GetLocalGenerator(),
                                                    linkCmd, vars);
     }
diff --git a/Source/cmNinjaTargetGenerator.cxx b/Source/cmNinjaTargetGenerator.cxx
index 08c92ff..c3459be 100644
--- a/Source/cmNinjaTargetGenerator.cxx
+++ b/Source/cmNinjaTargetGenerator.cxx
@@ -31,6 +31,7 @@
 #include "cmSourceFile.h"
 #include "cmState.h"
 #include "cmStateTypes.h"
+#include "cmStringAlgorithms.h"
 #include "cmSystemTools.h"
 #include "cmake.h"
 
@@ -552,7 +553,7 @@
     }
 
     for (std::string& i : ppCmds) {
-      i = launcher + i;
+      i = cmStrCat(launcher, i);
       rulePlaceholderExpander->ExpandRuleVariables(this->GetLocalGenerator(),
                                                    i, ppVars);
     }
@@ -769,7 +770,7 @@
   }
 
   for (std::string& i : compileCmds) {
-    i = launcher + i;
+    i = cmStrCat(launcher, i);
     rulePlaceholderExpander->ExpandRuleVariables(this->GetLocalGenerator(), i,
                                                  vars);
   }
diff --git a/Source/cmOptionCommand.cxx b/Source/cmOptionCommand.cxx
index 52f63a3..3724ba7 100644
--- a/Source/cmOptionCommand.cxx
+++ b/Source/cmOptionCommand.cxx
@@ -4,13 +4,13 @@
 
 #include <sstream>
 
-#include "cmAlgorithms.h"
 #include "cmMakefile.h"
 #include "cmMessageType.h"
 #include "cmPolicies.h"
 #include "cmState.h"
 #include "cmStateSnapshot.h"
 #include "cmStateTypes.h"
+#include "cmStringAlgorithms.h"
 #include "cmSystemTools.h"
 
 class cmExecutionStatus;
diff --git a/Source/cmOutputConverter.cxx b/Source/cmOutputConverter.cxx
index d7bcf7e..da7f8bc 100644
--- a/Source/cmOutputConverter.cxx
+++ b/Source/cmOutputConverter.cxx
@@ -6,7 +6,6 @@
 #include <assert.h>
 #include <ctype.h>
 #include <set>
-#include <string.h>
 #include <vector>
 
 #include "cmState.h"
@@ -38,10 +37,10 @@
   return this->ConvertToOutputFormat(remote, format);
 }
 
-std::string cmOutputConverter::ConvertToOutputFormat(const std::string& source,
+std::string cmOutputConverter::ConvertToOutputFormat(cm::string_view source,
                                                      OutputFormat output) const
 {
-  std::string result = source;
+  std::string result(source);
   // Convert it to an output path.
   if (output == SHELL || output == WATCOMQUOTE) {
     result = this->ConvertDirectorySeparatorsForShell(source);
@@ -53,9 +52,9 @@
 }
 
 std::string cmOutputConverter::ConvertDirectorySeparatorsForShell(
-  const std::string& source) const
+  cm::string_view source) const
 {
-  std::string result = source;
+  std::string result(source);
   // For the MSYS shell convert drive letters to posix paths, so
   // that c:/some/path becomes /c/some/path.  This is needed to
   // avoid problems with the shell path translation.
@@ -71,21 +70,21 @@
   return result;
 }
 
-static bool cmOutputConverterIsShellOperator(const std::string& str)
+static bool cmOutputConverterIsShellOperator(cm::string_view str)
 {
-  static std::set<std::string> const shellOperators{
+  static std::set<cm::string_view> const shellOperators{
     "<", ">", "<<", ">>", "|", "||", "&&", "&>", "1>", "2>", "2>&1", "1>&2"
   };
   return (shellOperators.count(str) != 0);
 }
 
-std::string cmOutputConverter::EscapeForShell(const std::string& str,
+std::string cmOutputConverter::EscapeForShell(cm::string_view str,
                                               bool makeVars, bool forEcho,
                                               bool useWatcomQuote) const
 {
   // Do not escape shell operators.
   if (cmOutputConverterIsShellOperator(str)) {
-    return str;
+    return std::string(str);
   }
 
   // Compute the flags for the target shell environment.
@@ -117,46 +116,44 @@
     flags |= Shell_Flag_IsUnix;
   }
 
-  return Shell__GetArgument(str.c_str(), flags);
+  return Shell__GetArgument(str, flags);
 }
 
-std::string cmOutputConverter::EscapeForCMake(const std::string& str)
+std::string cmOutputConverter::EscapeForCMake(cm::string_view str)
 {
   // Always double-quote the argument to take care of most escapes.
   std::string result = "\"";
-  for (const char* c = str.c_str(); *c; ++c) {
-    if (*c == '"') {
+  for (const char c : str) {
+    if (c == '"') {
       // Escape the double quote to avoid ending the argument.
       result += "\\\"";
-    } else if (*c == '$') {
+    } else if (c == '$') {
       // Escape the dollar to avoid expanding variables.
       result += "\\$";
-    } else if (*c == '\\') {
+    } else if (c == '\\') {
       // Escape the backslash to avoid other escapes.
       result += "\\\\";
     } else {
       // Other characters will be parsed correctly.
-      result += *c;
+      result += c;
     }
   }
   result += "\"";
   return result;
 }
 
-std::string cmOutputConverter::EscapeWindowsShellArgument(const char* arg,
+std::string cmOutputConverter::EscapeWindowsShellArgument(cm::string_view arg,
                                                           int shell_flags)
 {
   return Shell__GetArgument(arg, shell_flags);
 }
 
 cmOutputConverter::FortranFormat cmOutputConverter::GetFortranFormat(
-  const char* value)
+  cm::string_view value)
 {
   FortranFormat format = FortranFormatNone;
-  if (value && *value) {
-    std::vector<std::string> fmt;
-    cmSystemTools::ExpandListArgument(value, fmt);
-    for (std::string const& fi : fmt) {
+  if (!value.empty()) {
+    for (std::string const& fi : cmSystemTools::ExpandedListArgument(value)) {
       if (fi == "FIXED") {
         format = FortranFormatFixed;
       }
@@ -168,6 +165,15 @@
   return format;
 }
 
+cmOutputConverter::FortranFormat cmOutputConverter::GetFortranFormat(
+  const char* value)
+{
+  if (!value) {
+    return FortranFormatNone;
+  }
+  return GetFortranFormat(cm::string_view(value));
+}
+
 void cmOutputConverter::SetLinkScriptShell(bool linkScriptShell)
 {
   this->LinkScriptShell = linkScriptShell;
@@ -213,12 +219,12 @@
 */
 
 /* Some helpers to identify character classes */
-static int Shell__CharIsWhitespace(char c)
+static bool Shell__CharIsWhitespace(char c)
 {
   return ((c == ' ') || (c == '\t'));
 }
 
-static int Shell__CharNeedsQuotesOnUnix(char c)
+static bool Shell__CharNeedsQuotesOnUnix(char c)
 {
   return ((c == '\'') || (c == '`') || (c == ';') || (c == '#') ||
           (c == '&') || (c == '$') || (c == '(') || (c == ')') || (c == '~') ||
@@ -226,51 +232,52 @@
           (c == '\\'));
 }
 
-static int Shell__CharNeedsQuotesOnWindows(char c)
+static bool Shell__CharNeedsQuotesOnWindows(char c)
 {
   return ((c == '\'') || (c == '#') || (c == '&') || (c == '<') ||
           (c == '>') || (c == '|') || (c == '^'));
 }
 
-static int Shell__CharIsMakeVariableName(char c)
+static bool Shell__CharIsMakeVariableName(char c)
 {
   return c && (c == '_' || isalpha((static_cast<int>(c))));
 }
 
-int cmOutputConverter::Shell__CharNeedsQuotes(char c, int flags)
+bool cmOutputConverter::Shell__CharNeedsQuotes(char c, int flags)
 {
   /* On Windows the built-in command shell echo never needs quotes.  */
   if (!(flags & Shell_Flag_IsUnix) && (flags & Shell_Flag_EchoWindows)) {
-    return 0;
+    return false;
   }
 
   /* On all platforms quotes are needed to preserve whitespace.  */
   if (Shell__CharIsWhitespace(c)) {
-    return 1;
+    return true;
   }
 
   if (flags & Shell_Flag_IsUnix) {
     /* On UNIX several special characters need quotes to preserve them.  */
     if (Shell__CharNeedsQuotesOnUnix(c)) {
-      return 1;
+      return true;
     }
   } else {
     /* On Windows several special characters need quotes to preserve them.  */
     if (Shell__CharNeedsQuotesOnWindows(c)) {
-      return 1;
+      return true;
     }
   }
-  return 0;
+  return false;
 }
 
-const char* cmOutputConverter::Shell__SkipMakeVariables(const char* c)
+cm::string_view::iterator cmOutputConverter::Shell__SkipMakeVariables(
+  cm::string_view::iterator c, cm::string_view::iterator end)
 {
-  while (*c == '$' && *(c + 1) == '(') {
-    const char* skip = c + 2;
-    while (Shell__CharIsMakeVariableName(*skip)) {
+  while ((c != end && (c + 1) != end) && (*c == '$' && *(c + 1) == '(')) {
+    cm::string_view::iterator skip = c + 2;
+    while ((skip != end) && Shell__CharIsMakeVariableName(*skip)) {
       ++skip;
     }
-    if (*skip == ')') {
+    if ((skip != end) && *skip == ')') {
       c = skip + 1;
     } else {
       break;
@@ -302,63 +309,60 @@
 */
 #define KWSYS_SYSTEM_SHELL_QUOTE_MAKE_VARIABLES 0
 
-int cmOutputConverter::Shell__ArgumentNeedsQuotes(const char* in, int flags)
+bool cmOutputConverter::Shell__ArgumentNeedsQuotes(cm::string_view in,
+                                                   int flags)
 {
   /* The empty string needs quotes.  */
-  if (!*in) {
-    return 1;
+  if (in.empty()) {
+    return true;
   }
 
   /* Scan the string for characters that require quoting.  */
-  {
-    const char* c;
-    for (c = in; *c; ++c) {
-      /* Look for $(MAKEVAR) syntax if requested.  */
-      if (flags & Shell_Flag_AllowMakeVariables) {
+  for (cm::string_view::iterator cit = in.begin(), cend = in.end();
+       cit != cend; ++cit) {
+    /* Look for $(MAKEVAR) syntax if requested.  */
+    if (flags & Shell_Flag_AllowMakeVariables) {
 #if KWSYS_SYSTEM_SHELL_QUOTE_MAKE_VARIABLES
-        const char* skip = Shell__SkipMakeVariables(c);
-        if (skip != c) {
-          /* We need to quote make variable references to preserve the
-             string with contents substituted in its place.  */
-          return 1;
-        }
+      cm::string_view::iterator skip = Shell__SkipMakeVariables(cit, cend);
+      if (skip != cit) {
+        /* We need to quote make variable references to preserve the
+           string with contents substituted in its place.  */
+        return true;
+      }
 #else
-        /* Skip over the make variable references if any are present.  */
-        c = Shell__SkipMakeVariables(c);
+      /* Skip over the make variable references if any are present.  */
+      cit = Shell__SkipMakeVariables(cit, cend);
 
-        /* Stop if we have reached the end of the string.  */
-        if (!*c) {
-          break;
-        }
+      /* Stop if we have reached the end of the string.  */
+      if (cit == cend) {
+        break;
+      }
 #endif
-      }
+    }
 
-      /* Check whether this character needs quotes.  */
-      if (Shell__CharNeedsQuotes(*c, flags)) {
-        return 1;
-      }
+    /* Check whether this character needs quotes.  */
+    if (Shell__CharNeedsQuotes(*cit, flags)) {
+      return true;
     }
   }
 
   /* On Windows some single character arguments need quotes.  */
-  if (flags & Shell_Flag_IsUnix && *in && !*(in + 1)) {
-    char c = *in;
+  if (flags & Shell_Flag_IsUnix && in.size() == 1) {
+    char c = in[0];
     if ((c == '?') || (c == '&') || (c == '^') || (c == '|') || (c == '#')) {
-      return 1;
+      return true;
     }
   }
 
-  return 0;
+  return false;
 }
 
-std::string cmOutputConverter::Shell__GetArgument(const char* in, int flags)
+std::string cmOutputConverter::Shell__GetArgument(cm::string_view in,
+                                                  int flags)
 {
   /* Output will be at least as long as input string.  */
   std::string out;
-  out.reserve(strlen(in));
-
-  /* String iterator.  */
-  const char* c;
+  out.reserve(in.size());
 
   /* Keep track of how many backslashes have been encountered in a row.  */
   int windows_backslashes = 0;
@@ -378,14 +382,15 @@
   }
 
   /* Scan the string for characters that require escaping or quoting.  */
-  for (c = in; *c; ++c) {
+  for (cm::string_view::iterator cit = in.begin(), cend = in.end();
+       cit != cend; ++cit) {
     /* Look for $(MAKEVAR) syntax if requested.  */
     if (flags & Shell_Flag_AllowMakeVariables) {
-      const char* skip = Shell__SkipMakeVariables(c);
-      if (skip != c) {
+      cm::string_view::iterator skip = Shell__SkipMakeVariables(cit, cend);
+      if (skip != cit) {
         /* Copy to the end of the make variable references.  */
-        while (c != skip) {
-          out += *c++;
+        while (cit != skip) {
+          out += *cit++;
         }
 
         /* The make variable reference eliminates any escaping needed
@@ -393,7 +398,7 @@
         windows_backslashes = 0;
 
         /* Stop if we have reached the end of the string.  */
-        if (!*c) {
+        if (cit == cend) {
           break;
         }
       }
@@ -403,7 +408,7 @@
     if (flags & Shell_Flag_IsUnix) {
       /* On Unix a few special characters need escaping even inside a
          quoted argument.  */
-      if (*c == '\\' || *c == '"' || *c == '`' || *c == '$') {
+      if (*cit == '\\' || *cit == '"' || *cit == '`' || *cit == '$') {
         /* This character needs a backslash to escape it.  */
         out += '\\';
       }
@@ -411,10 +416,10 @@
       /* On Windows the built-in command shell echo never needs escaping.  */
     } else {
       /* On Windows only backslashes and double-quotes need escaping.  */
-      if (*c == '\\') {
+      if (*cit == '\\') {
         /* Found a backslash.  It may need to be escaped later.  */
         ++windows_backslashes;
-      } else if (*c == '"') {
+      } else if (*cit == '"') {
         /* Found a double-quote.  Escape all immediately preceding
            backslashes.  */
         while (windows_backslashes > 0) {
@@ -432,7 +437,7 @@
     }
 
     /* Check whether this character needs escaping for a make tool.  */
-    if (*c == '$') {
+    if (*cit == '$') {
       if (flags & Shell_Flag_Make) {
         /* In Makefiles a dollar is written $$.  The make tool will
            replace it with just $ before passing it to the shell.  */
@@ -449,7 +454,7 @@
         /* Otherwise a dollar is written just $. */
         out += '$';
       }
-    } else if (*c == '#') {
+    } else if (*cit == '#') {
       if ((flags & Shell_Flag_Make) && (flags & Shell_Flag_WatcomWMake)) {
         /* In Watcom WMake makefiles a pound is written $#.  The make
            tool will replace it with just # before passing it to the
@@ -459,7 +464,7 @@
         /* Otherwise a pound is written just #. */
         out += '#';
       }
-    } else if (*c == '%') {
+    } else if (*cit == '%') {
       if ((flags & Shell_Flag_VSIDE) ||
           ((flags & Shell_Flag_Make) &&
            ((flags & Shell_Flag_MinGWMake) || (flags & Shell_Flag_NMake)))) {
@@ -469,7 +474,7 @@
         /* Otherwise a percent is written just %. */
         out += '%';
       }
-    } else if (*c == ';') {
+    } else if (*cit == ';') {
       if (flags & Shell_Flag_VSIDE) {
         /* In a VS IDE a semicolon is written ";".  If this is written
            in an un-quoted argument it starts a quoted segment,
@@ -483,7 +488,7 @@
       }
     } else {
       /* Store this character.  */
-      out += *c;
+      out += *cit;
     }
   }
 
diff --git a/Source/cmOutputConverter.h b/Source/cmOutputConverter.h
index deca767..671efe7 100644
--- a/Source/cmOutputConverter.h
+++ b/Source/cmOutputConverter.h
@@ -5,9 +5,10 @@
 
 #include "cmConfigure.h" // IWYU pragma: keep
 
-#include <string>
-
 #include "cmStateSnapshot.h"
+#include "cm_string_view.hxx"
+
+#include <string>
 
 class cmState;
 
@@ -22,10 +23,9 @@
     WATCOMQUOTE,
     RESPONSE
   };
-  std::string ConvertToOutputFormat(const std::string& source,
+  std::string ConvertToOutputFormat(cm::string_view source,
                                     OutputFormat output) const;
-  std::string ConvertDirectorySeparatorsForShell(
-    const std::string& source) const;
+  std::string ConvertDirectorySeparatorsForShell(cm::string_view source) const;
 
   //! for existing files convert to output path and short path if spaces
   std::string ConvertToOutputForExisting(const std::string& remote,
@@ -72,15 +72,15 @@
     Shell_Flag_IsUnix = (1 << 8)
   };
 
-  std::string EscapeForShell(const std::string& str, bool makeVars = false,
+  std::string EscapeForShell(cm::string_view str, bool makeVars = false,
                              bool forEcho = false,
                              bool useWatcomQuote = false) const;
 
-  static std::string EscapeForCMake(const std::string& str);
+  static std::string EscapeForCMake(cm::string_view str);
 
   /** Compute an escaped version of the given argument for use in a
       windows shell.  */
-  static std::string EscapeWindowsShellArgument(const char* arg,
+  static std::string EscapeWindowsShellArgument(cm::string_view arg,
                                                 int shell_flags);
 
   enum FortranFormat
@@ -89,15 +89,17 @@
     FortranFormatFixed,
     FortranFormatFree
   };
+  static FortranFormat GetFortranFormat(cm::string_view value);
   static FortranFormat GetFortranFormat(const char* value);
 
 private:
   cmState* GetState() const;
 
-  static int Shell__CharNeedsQuotes(char c, int flags);
-  static const char* Shell__SkipMakeVariables(const char* c);
-  static int Shell__ArgumentNeedsQuotes(const char* in, int flags);
-  static std::string Shell__GetArgument(const char* in, int flags);
+  static bool Shell__CharNeedsQuotes(char c, int flags);
+  static cm::string_view::iterator Shell__SkipMakeVariables(
+    cm::string_view::iterator begin, cm::string_view::iterator end);
+  static bool Shell__ArgumentNeedsQuotes(cm::string_view in, int flags);
+  static std::string Shell__GetArgument(cm::string_view in, int flags);
 
 private:
   cmStateSnapshot StateSnapshot;
diff --git a/Source/cmOutputRequiredFilesCommand.cxx b/Source/cmOutputRequiredFilesCommand.cxx
index f3276ec..587e21c 100644
--- a/Source/cmOutputRequiredFilesCommand.cxx
+++ b/Source/cmOutputRequiredFilesCommand.cxx
@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@
 #include "cmGeneratorExpression.h"
 #include "cmMakefile.h"
 #include "cmSourceFile.h"
+#include "cmStringAlgorithms.h"
 #include "cmSystemTools.h"
 #include "cmTarget.h"
 
@@ -214,10 +215,8 @@
           if (cmSystemTools::FileExists(cxxFile)) {
             found = true;
           }
-          for (std::string path : this->IncludeDirectories) {
-            path = path + "/";
-            path = path + cxxFile;
-            if (cmSystemTools::FileExists(path)) {
+          for (std::string const& path : this->IncludeDirectories) {
+            if (cmSystemTools::FileExists(cmStrCat(path, "/", cxxFile))) {
               found = true;
             }
           }
@@ -226,10 +225,8 @@
             if (cmSystemTools::FileExists(cxxFile)) {
               found = true;
             }
-            for (std::string path : this->IncludeDirectories) {
-              path = path + "/";
-              path = path + cxxFile;
-              if (cmSystemTools::FileExists(path)) {
+            for (std::string const& path : this->IncludeDirectories) {
+              if (cmSystemTools::FileExists(cmStrCat(path, "/", cxxFile))) {
                 found = true;
               }
             }
@@ -239,10 +236,8 @@
             if (cmSystemTools::FileExists(cxxFile)) {
               found = true;
             }
-            for (std::string path : this->IncludeDirectories) {
-              path = path + "/";
-              path = path + cxxFile;
-              if (cmSystemTools::FileExists(path)) {
+            for (std::string const& path : this->IncludeDirectories) {
+              if (cmSystemTools::FileExists(cmStrCat(path, "/", cxxFile))) {
                 found = true;
               }
             }
@@ -252,10 +247,8 @@
             if (cmSystemTools::FileExists(cxxFile)) {
               found = true;
             }
-            for (std::string path : this->IncludeDirectories) {
-              path = path + "/";
-              path = path + cxxFile;
-              if (cmSystemTools::FileExists(path)) {
+            for (std::string const& path : this->IncludeDirectories) {
+              if (cmSystemTools::FileExists(cmStrCat(path, "/", cxxFile))) {
                 found = true;
               }
             }
@@ -339,9 +332,9 @@
           // try to guess which include path to use
           for (std::string incpath : this->IncludeDirectories) {
             if (!incpath.empty() && incpath.back() != '/') {
-              incpath = incpath + "/";
+              incpath += "/";
             }
-            incpath = incpath + path;
+            incpath += path;
             if (srcFile->GetFullPath() == incpath) {
               // set the path to the guessed path
               info->FullPath = incpath;
@@ -420,9 +413,9 @@
 
     for (std::string path : this->IncludeDirectories) {
       if (!path.empty() && path.back() != '/') {
-        path = path + "/";
+        path += "/";
       }
-      path = path + fname;
+      path += fname;
       if (cmSystemTools::FileExists(path, true) &&
           !cmSystemTools::FileIsDirectory(path)) {
         std::string fp = cmSystemTools::CollapseFullPath(path);
@@ -485,9 +478,7 @@
     // write them out
     FILE* fout = cmsys::SystemTools::Fopen(this->OutputFile, "w");
     if (!fout) {
-      std::string err = "Can not open output file: ";
-      err += this->OutputFile;
-      this->SetError(err);
+      this->SetError(cmStrCat("Can not open output file: ", this->OutputFile));
       return false;
     }
     std::set<cmDependInformation const*> visited;
diff --git a/Source/cmParseArgumentsCommand.cxx b/Source/cmParseArgumentsCommand.cxx
index 0f8aef7..04fa0fb 100644
--- a/Source/cmParseArgumentsCommand.cxx
+++ b/Source/cmParseArgumentsCommand.cxx
@@ -7,11 +7,11 @@
 #include <sstream>
 #include <utility>
 
-#include "cmAlgorithms.h"
 #include "cmArgumentParser.h"
 #include "cmMakefile.h"
 #include "cmMessageType.h"
 #include "cmRange.h"
+#include "cmStringAlgorithms.h"
 #include "cmSystemTools.h"
 #include "cm_string_view.hxx"
 
diff --git a/Source/cmPolicies.cxx b/Source/cmPolicies.cxx
index ec40136..51a61dc 100644
--- a/Source/cmPolicies.cxx
+++ b/Source/cmPolicies.cxx
@@ -1,10 +1,10 @@
 #include "cmPolicies.h"
 
-#include "cmAlgorithms.h"
 #include "cmMakefile.h"
 #include "cmMessageType.h"
 #include "cmState.h"
 #include "cmStateTypes.h"
+#include "cmStringAlgorithms.h"
 #include "cmSystemTools.h"
 #include "cmVersion.h"
 
diff --git a/Source/cmProjectCommand.cxx b/Source/cmProjectCommand.cxx
index 1159ef7..96d9843 100644
--- a/Source/cmProjectCommand.cxx
+++ b/Source/cmProjectCommand.cxx
@@ -10,11 +10,11 @@
 #include <sstream>
 #include <utility>
 
-#include "cmAlgorithms.h"
 #include "cmMakefile.h"
 #include "cmMessageType.h"
 #include "cmPolicies.h"
 #include "cmStateTypes.h"
+#include "cmStringAlgorithms.h"
 #include "cmSystemTools.h"
 
 class cmExecutionStatus;
diff --git a/Source/cmQtAutoGen.cxx b/Source/cmQtAutoGen.cxx
index 3683edd..3026b33 100644
--- a/Source/cmQtAutoGen.cxx
+++ b/Source/cmQtAutoGen.cxx
@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@
 #include "cmAlgorithms.h"
 #include "cmDuration.h"
 #include "cmProcessOutput.h"
+#include "cmStringAlgorithms.h"
 #include "cmSystemTools.h"
 #include "cmsys/FStream.hxx"
 #include "cmsys/RegularExpression.hxx"
@@ -352,9 +353,8 @@
 
       // Log command
       if (verbose) {
-        std::string msg = "Running command:\n";
-        msg += QuotedCommand(cmd);
-        msg += '\n';
+        std::string msg =
+          cmStrCat("Running command:\n", QuotedCommand(cmd), '\n');
         cmSystemTools::Stdout(msg);
       }
 
diff --git a/Source/cmQtAutoGenGlobalInitializer.cxx b/Source/cmQtAutoGenGlobalInitializer.cxx
index f172b77..ca5a587 100644
--- a/Source/cmQtAutoGenGlobalInitializer.cxx
+++ b/Source/cmQtAutoGenGlobalInitializer.cxx
@@ -1,8 +1,6 @@
 /* Distributed under the OSI-approved BSD 3-Clause License.  See accompanying
    file Copyright.txt or https://cmake.org/licensing for details.  */
 #include "cmQtAutoGenGlobalInitializer.h"
-#include "cmQtAutoGen.h"
-#include "cmQtAutoGenInitializer.h"
 
 #include "cmCustomCommandLines.h"
 #include "cmDuration.h"
@@ -11,15 +9,18 @@
 #include "cmMakefile.h"
 #include "cmMessageType.h"
 #include "cmProcessOutput.h"
+#include "cmQtAutoGen.h"
+#include "cmQtAutoGenInitializer.h"
 #include "cmState.h"
 #include "cmStateTypes.h"
+#include "cmStringAlgorithms.h"
 #include "cmSystemTools.h"
 #include "cmTarget.h"
 
-#include <utility>
-
 #include "cm_memory.hxx"
 
+#include <utility>
+
 cmQtAutoGenGlobalInitializer::Keywords::Keywords()
   : AUTOMOC("AUTOMOC")
   , AUTOUIC("AUTOUIC")
@@ -119,23 +120,17 @@
         bool const uicDisabled = (uic && !uicAvailable);
         bool const rccDisabled = (rcc && !rccAvailable);
         if (mocDisabled || uicDisabled || rccDisabled) {
-          std::string msg = "AUTOGEN: No valid Qt version found for target ";
-          msg += target->GetName();
-          msg += ". ";
-          msg += cmQtAutoGen::Tools(mocDisabled, uicDisabled, rccDisabled);
-          msg += " disabled.  Consider adding:\n";
-          {
-            std::string version = (qtVersion.second == 0)
-              ? std::string("<QTVERSION>")
-              : std::to_string(qtVersion.second);
-            std::string comp = uicDisabled ? "Widgets" : "Core";
-            msg += "  find_package(Qt";
-            msg += version;
-            msg += " COMPONENTS ";
-            msg += comp;
-            msg += ")\n";
-          }
-          msg += "to your CMakeLists.txt file.";
+          cmAlphaNum version = (qtVersion.second == 0)
+            ? cmAlphaNum("<QTVERSION>")
+            : cmAlphaNum(qtVersion.second);
+          cmAlphaNum component = uicDisabled ? "Widgets" : "Core";
+
+          std::string const msg = cmStrCat(
+            "AUTOGEN: No valid Qt version found for target ",
+            target->GetName(), ".  ",
+            cmQtAutoGen::Tools(mocDisabled, uicDisabled, rccDisabled),
+            " disabled.  Consider adding:\n", "  find_package(Qt", version,
+            " COMPONENTS ", component, ")\n", "to your CMakeLists.txt file.");
           target->Makefile->IssueMessage(MessageType::AUTHOR_WARNING, msg);
         }
         if (mocIsValid || uicIsValid || rccIsValid) {
diff --git a/Source/cmQtAutoGenInitializer.cxx b/Source/cmQtAutoGenInitializer.cxx
index 4b12419..360df25 100644
--- a/Source/cmQtAutoGenInitializer.cxx
+++ b/Source/cmQtAutoGenInitializer.cxx
@@ -4,7 +4,6 @@
 #include "cmQtAutoGen.h"
 #include "cmQtAutoGenGlobalInitializer.h"
 
-#include "cmAlgorithms.h"
 #include "cmCustomCommand.h"
 #include "cmCustomCommandLines.h"
 #include "cmFilePathChecksum.h"
@@ -23,6 +22,7 @@
 #include "cmSourceGroup.h"
 #include "cmState.h"
 #include "cmStateTypes.h"
+#include "cmStringAlgorithms.h"
 #include "cmSystemTools.h"
 #include "cmTarget.h"
 #include "cmake.h"
@@ -156,30 +156,27 @@
   return res;
 }
 
-std::string cmQtAutoGenInitializer::InfoWriter::ConfigKey(
-  const char* key, std::string const& config)
+inline std::string cmQtAutoGenInitializer::InfoWriter::ConfigKey(
+  cm::string_view key, std::string const& config)
 {
-  std::string ckey = key;
-  ckey += '_';
-  ckey += config;
-  return ckey;
+  return cmStrCat(key, "_", config);
 }
 
-void cmQtAutoGenInitializer::InfoWriter::Write(const char* key,
+void cmQtAutoGenInitializer::InfoWriter::Write(cm::string_view key,
                                                std::string const& value)
 {
   Ofs_ << "set(" << key << " " << cmOutputConverter::EscapeForCMake(value)
        << ")\n";
 };
 
-void cmQtAutoGenInitializer::InfoWriter::WriteUInt(const char* key,
+void cmQtAutoGenInitializer::InfoWriter::WriteUInt(cm::string_view key,
                                                    unsigned int value)
 {
   Ofs_ << "set(" << key << " " << value << ")\n";
 };
 
 template <class C>
-void cmQtAutoGenInitializer::InfoWriter::WriteStrings(const char* key,
+void cmQtAutoGenInitializer::InfoWriter::WriteStrings(cm::string_view key,
                                                       C const& container)
 {
   Ofs_ << "set(" << key << " \""
@@ -187,31 +184,29 @@
 }
 
 void cmQtAutoGenInitializer::InfoWriter::WriteConfig(
-  const char* key, std::map<std::string, std::string> const& map)
+  cm::string_view key, std::map<std::string, std::string> const& map)
 {
   for (auto const& item : map) {
-    Write(ConfigKey(key, item.first).c_str(), item.second);
+    Write(ConfigKey(key, item.first), item.second);
   }
 };
 
 template <class C>
 void cmQtAutoGenInitializer::InfoWriter::WriteConfigStrings(
-  const char* key, std::map<std::string, C> const& map)
+  cm::string_view key, std::map<std::string, C> const& map)
 {
   for (auto const& item : map) {
-    WriteStrings(ConfigKey(key, item.first).c_str(), item.second);
+    WriteStrings(ConfigKey(key, item.first), item.second);
   }
 }
 
 void cmQtAutoGenInitializer::InfoWriter::WriteNestedLists(
-  const char* key, std::vector<std::vector<std::string>> const& lists)
+  cm::string_view key, std::vector<std::vector<std::string>> const& lists)
 {
   std::vector<std::string> seplist;
-  for (const std::vector<std::string>& list : lists) {
-    std::string blist = "{";
-    blist += ListJoin(list.begin(), list.end());
-    blist += "}";
-    seplist.push_back(std::move(blist));
+  seplist.reserve(lists.size());
+  for (std::vector<std::string> const& list : lists) {
+    seplist.push_back(cmStrCat("{", ListJoin(list.begin(), list.end()), "}"));
   }
   Write(key, cmJoin(seplist, cmQtAutoGen::ListSep));
 };
@@ -721,14 +716,13 @@
       if (muf.MocIt || muf.UicIt) {
         // Search for the default header file and a private header
         std::string const& srcPath = muf.SF->GetFullPath();
-        std::string basePath = cmQtAutoGen::SubDirPrefix(srcPath);
-        basePath += cmSystemTools::GetFilenameWithoutLastExtension(srcPath);
+        std::string basePath =
+          cmStrCat(cmQtAutoGen::SubDirPrefix(srcPath),
+                   cmSystemTools::GetFilenameWithoutLastExtension(srcPath));
         for (auto const& suffix : suffixes) {
           std::string const suffixedPath = basePath + suffix;
           for (auto const& ext : exts) {
-            std::string fullPath = suffixedPath;
-            fullPath += '.';
-            fullPath += ext;
+            std::string fullPath = cmStrCat(suffixedPath, '.', ext);
 
             auto constexpr locationKind = cmSourceFileLocationKind::Known;
             cmSourceFile* sf = makefile->GetSource(fullPath, locationKind);
@@ -833,9 +827,8 @@
         this->AutogenTarget.DependFiles.insert(muf->RealPath);
       }
     } else if (this->CMP0071Warn) {
-      std::string msg;
-      msg += cmPolicies::GetPolicyWarning(cmPolicies::CMP0071);
-      msg += '\n';
+      std::string msg =
+        cmStrCat(cmPolicies::GetPolicyWarning(cmPolicies::CMP0071), '\n');
       std::string property;
       if (this->Moc.Enabled && this->Uic.Enabled) {
         property = kw.SKIP_AUTOGEN;
@@ -888,18 +881,10 @@
       for (Qrc& qrc : this->Rcc.Qrcs) {
         qrc.PathChecksum = fpathCheckSum.getPart(qrc.QrcFile);
         // RCC output file name
+        qrc.RccFile = cmStrCat(this->Dir.Build + "/", qrc.PathChecksum,
+                               "/qrc_", qrc.QrcName, ".cpp");
         {
-          std::string rccFile = this->Dir.Build + "/";
-          rccFile += qrc.PathChecksum;
-          rccFile += "/qrc_";
-          rccFile += qrc.QrcName;
-          rccFile += ".cpp";
-          qrc.RccFile = std::move(rccFile);
-        }
-        {
-          std::string base = this->Dir.Info;
-          base += "/RCC";
-          base += qrc.QrcName;
+          std::string base = cmStrCat(this->Dir.Info, "/RCC", qrc.QrcName);
           if (!qrc.Unique) {
             base += qrc.PathChecksum;
           }
@@ -932,8 +917,7 @@
         // Replace '-' with '_'. The former is not valid for symbol names.
         std::replace(name.begin(), name.end(), '-', '_');
         if (!qrc.Unique) {
-          name += "_";
-          name += qrc.PathChecksum;
+          name += cmStrCat("_", qrc.PathChecksum);
         }
         std::vector<std::string> nameOpts;
         nameOpts.emplace_back("-name");
@@ -1157,8 +1141,8 @@
       currentLine.push_back("$<CONFIG>");
       commandLines.push_back(std::move(currentLine));
     }
-    std::string ccComment = "Automatic RCC for ";
-    ccComment += FileProjectRelativePath(makefile, qrc.QrcFile);
+    std::string ccComment = cmStrCat(
+      "Automatic RCC for ", FileProjectRelativePath(makefile, qrc.QrcFile));
 
     if (qrc.Generated || this->Rcc.GlobalTarget) {
       // Create custom rcc target
@@ -1226,9 +1210,8 @@
 {
   // Create info directory on demand
   if (!cmSystemTools::MakeDirectory(this->Dir.Info)) {
-    std::string emsg = ("AutoGen: Could not create directory: ");
-    emsg += Quoted(this->Dir.Info);
-    cmSystemTools::Error(emsg);
+    cmSystemTools::Error(cmStrCat("AutoGen: Could not create directory: ",
+                                  Quoted(this->Dir.Info)));
     return false;
   }
 
@@ -1311,10 +1294,8 @@
         }
         if (muf->MocIt || muf->UicIt) {
           headers.emplace_back(muf->RealPath);
-          std::string flags;
-          flags += muf->MocIt ? 'M' : 'm';
-          flags += muf->UicIt ? 'U' : 'u';
-          headersFlags.emplace_back(std::move(flags));
+          headersFlags.emplace_back(
+            cmStrCat(muf->MocIt ? "M" : "m", muf->UicIt ? "U" : "u"));
         }
       }
     }
@@ -1323,14 +1304,13 @@
       cmFilePathChecksum const fpathCheckSum(makefile);
       std::unordered_set<std::string> emitted;
       for (std::string const& hdr : headers) {
-        std::string basePath = fpathCheckSum.getPart(hdr);
-        basePath += "/moc_";
-        basePath += cmSystemTools::GetFilenameWithoutLastExtension(hdr);
-        for (unsigned int ii = 1; ii != 1024; ++ii) {
+        std::string basePath =
+          cmStrCat(fpathCheckSum.getPart(hdr), "/moc_",
+                   cmSystemTools::GetFilenameWithoutLastExtension(hdr));
+        for (int ii = 1; ii != 1024; ++ii) {
           std::string path = basePath;
           if (ii > 1) {
-            path += '_';
-            path += std::to_string(ii);
+            path += cmStrCat("_", ii);
           }
           path += ".cpp";
           if (emitted.emplace(path).second) {
@@ -1369,10 +1349,8 @@
         }
         if (muf->MocIt || muf->UicIt) {
           sources.emplace_back(muf->RealPath);
-          std::string flags;
-          flags += muf->MocIt ? 'M' : 'm';
-          flags += muf->UicIt ? 'U' : 'u';
-          sourcesFlags.emplace_back(std::move(flags));
+          sourcesFlags.emplace_back(
+            cmStrCat(muf->MocIt ? "M" : "m", muf->UicIt ? "U" : "u"));
         }
       }
     }
@@ -1426,9 +1404,8 @@
       ofs.WriteStrings("AM_UIC_SEARCH_PATHS", this->Uic.SearchPaths);
     }
   } else {
-    std::string err = "AutoGen: Could not write file ";
-    err += this->AutogenTarget.InfoFile;
-    cmSystemTools::Error(err);
+    cmSystemTools::Error(cmStrCat("AutoGen: Could not write file ",
+                                  this->AutogenTarget.InfoFile));
     return false;
   }
 
@@ -1467,9 +1444,8 @@
       ofs.WriteStrings("ARCC_OPTIONS", qrc.Options);
       ofs.WriteStrings("ARCC_INPUTS", qrc.Resources);
     } else {
-      std::string err = "AutoRcc: Could not write file ";
-      err += qrc.InfoFile;
-      cmSystemTools::Error(err);
+      cmSystemTools::Error(
+        cmStrCat("AutoRcc: Could not write file ", qrc.InfoFile));
       return false;
     }
   }
@@ -1524,13 +1500,10 @@
     if (!groupName.empty()) {
       sourceGroup = makefile->GetOrCreateSourceGroup(groupName);
       if (sourceGroup == nullptr) {
-        std::string err;
-        err += genNameUpper;
-        err += " error in ";
-        err += property;
-        err += ": Could not find or create the source group ";
-        err += cmQtAutoGen::Quoted(groupName);
-        cmSystemTools::Error(err);
+        cmSystemTools::Error(
+          cmStrCat(genNameUpper, " error in ", property,
+                   ": Could not find or create the source group ",
+                   cmQtAutoGen::Quoted(groupName)));
         return false;
       }
     }
@@ -1622,12 +1595,8 @@
                                              bool ignoreMissingTarget) const
 {
   auto print_err = [this, &genVars](std::string const& err) {
-    std::string msg = genVars.GenNameUpper;
-    msg += " for target ";
-    msg += this->Target->GetName();
-    msg += ": ";
-    msg += err;
-    cmSystemTools::Error(msg);
+    cmSystemTools::Error(cmStrCat(genVars.GenNameUpper, " for target ",
+                                  this->Target->GetName(), ": ", err));
   };
 
   // Custom executable
@@ -1687,11 +1656,8 @@
           std::make_shared<cmQtAutoGen::CompilerFeatures>();
         return true;
       }
-      std::string err = "Could not find ";
-      err += executable;
-      err += " executable target ";
-      err += targetName;
-      print_err(err);
+      print_err(cmStrCat("Could not find ", executable, " executable target ",
+                         targetName));
       return false;
     }
   }
diff --git a/Source/cmQtAutoGenInitializer.h b/Source/cmQtAutoGenInitializer.h
index eb0d35e..7d72cad 100644
--- a/Source/cmQtAutoGenInitializer.h
+++ b/Source/cmQtAutoGenInitializer.h
@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@
 #include "cmConfigure.h" // IWYU pragma: keep
 #include "cmGeneratedFileStream.h"
 #include "cmQtAutoGen.h"
+#include "cm_string_view.hxx"
 
 #include <map>
 #include <memory>
@@ -85,24 +86,24 @@
     /// @return True if the file is open
     explicit operator bool() const { return static_cast<bool>(Ofs_); }
 
-    void Write(const char* text) { Ofs_ << text; }
-    void Write(const char* key, std::string const& value);
-    void WriteUInt(const char* key, unsigned int value);
+    void Write(cm::string_view text) { Ofs_ << text; }
+    void Write(cm::string_view, std::string const& value);
+    void WriteUInt(cm::string_view, unsigned int value);
 
     template <class C>
-    void WriteStrings(const char* key, C const& container);
-    void WriteConfig(const char* key,
+    void WriteStrings(cm::string_view, C const& container);
+    void WriteConfig(cm::string_view,
                      std::map<std::string, std::string> const& map);
     template <class C>
-    void WriteConfigStrings(const char* key,
+    void WriteConfigStrings(cm::string_view,
                             std::map<std::string, C> const& map);
-    void WriteNestedLists(const char* key,
+    void WriteNestedLists(cm::string_view,
                           std::vector<std::vector<std::string>> const& lists);
 
   private:
     template <class IT>
     static std::string ListJoin(IT it_begin, IT it_end);
-    static std::string ConfigKey(const char* key, std::string const& config);
+    static std::string ConfigKey(cm::string_view, std::string const& config);
 
   private:
     cmGeneratedFileStream Ofs_;
diff --git a/Source/cmQtAutoGenerator.cxx b/Source/cmQtAutoGenerator.cxx
index 2516d84..0ad87b1 100644
--- a/Source/cmQtAutoGenerator.cxx
+++ b/Source/cmQtAutoGenerator.cxx
@@ -1,17 +1,17 @@
 /* Distributed under the OSI-approved BSD 3-Clause License.  See accompanying
    file Copyright.txt or https://cmake.org/licensing for details.  */
 #include "cmQtAutoGenerator.h"
-#include "cmQtAutoGen.h"
-
-#include "cmsys/FStream.hxx"
 
 #include "cm_memory.hxx"
+#include "cmsys/FStream.hxx"
 
 #include "cmGlobalGenerator.h"
 #include "cmMakefile.h"
+#include "cmQtAutoGen.h"
 #include "cmState.h"
 #include "cmStateDirectory.h"
 #include "cmStateSnapshot.h"
+#include "cmStringAlgorithms.h"
 #include "cmSystemTools.h"
 #include "cmake.h"
 
@@ -60,19 +60,13 @@
 
 std::string cmQtAutoGenerator::Logger::HeadLine(std::string const& title)
 {
-  std::string head = title;
-  head += '\n';
-  head.append(head.size() - 1, '-');
-  head += '\n';
-  return head;
+  return cmStrCat(title, "\n", std::string(title.size(), '-'), "\n");
 }
 
 void cmQtAutoGenerator::Logger::Info(GenT genType,
                                      std::string const& message) const
 {
-  std::string msg = GeneratorName(genType);
-  msg += ": ";
-  msg += message;
+  std::string msg = cmStrCat(GeneratorName(genType), ": ", message);
   if (msg.back() != '\n') {
     msg.push_back('\n');
   }
@@ -110,19 +104,13 @@
                                             std::string const& filename,
                                             std::string const& message) const
 {
-  std::string msg = "  ";
-  msg += Quoted(filename);
-  msg.push_back('\n');
-  // Message
-  msg += message;
-  Warning(genType, msg);
+  Warning(genType, cmStrCat("  ", Quoted(filename), "\n", message));
 }
 
 void cmQtAutoGenerator::Logger::Error(GenT genType,
                                       std::string const& message) const
 {
-  std::string msg;
-  msg += HeadLine(GeneratorName(genType) + " error");
+  std::string msg = HeadLine(GeneratorName(genType) + " error");
   // Message
   msg += message;
   if (msg.back() != '\n') {
@@ -139,12 +127,7 @@
                                           std::string const& filename,
                                           std::string const& message) const
 {
-  std::string emsg = "  ";
-  emsg += Quoted(filename);
-  emsg += '\n';
-  // Message
-  emsg += message;
-  Error(genType, emsg);
+  Error(genType, cmStrCat("  ", Quoted(filename), '\n', message));
 }
 
 void cmQtAutoGenerator::Logger::ErrorCommand(
@@ -280,10 +263,8 @@
   InfoFile_ = infoFile;
   cmSystemTools::ConvertToUnixSlashes(InfoFile_);
   if (!InfoFileTime_.Load(InfoFile_)) {
-    std::string msg = "AutoGen: The info file ";
-    msg += Quoted(InfoFile_);
-    msg += " is not readable\n";
-    cmSystemTools::Stderr(msg);
+    cmSystemTools::Stderr(cmStrCat("AutoGen: The info file ",
+                                   Quoted(InfoFile_), " is not readable\n"));
     return false;
   }
   InfoDir_ = cmSystemTools::GetFilenamePath(infoFile);
diff --git a/Source/cmQtAutoMocUic.cxx b/Source/cmQtAutoMocUic.cxx
index 44d2db0..e693816 100644
--- a/Source/cmQtAutoMocUic.cxx
+++ b/Source/cmQtAutoMocUic.cxx
@@ -16,6 +16,7 @@
 #include "cmGeneratedFileStream.h"
 #include "cmMakefile.h"
 #include "cmQtAutoGen.h"
+#include "cmStringAlgorithms.h"
 #include "cmSystemTools.h"
 #include "cmake.h"
 #include "cmsys/FStream.hxx"
@@ -301,10 +302,9 @@
       }
       // Execute command
       if (!RunProcess(GenT::MOC, result, cmd, reason.get())) {
-        std::string msg = "The content generation command for ";
-        msg += Quoted(predefsFileRel);
-        msg += " failed.\n";
-        msg += result.ErrorMessage;
+        std::string msg =
+          cmStrCat("The content generation command for ",
+                   Quoted(predefsFileRel), " failed.\n", result.ErrorMessage);
         LogCommandError(GenT::MOC, msg, cmd, result.StdOut);
         return;
       }
@@ -313,9 +313,8 @@
     // (Re)write predefs file only on demand
     if (cmQtAutoGenerator::FileDiffers(predefsFileAbs, result.StdOut)) {
       if (!cmQtAutoGenerator::FileWrite(predefsFileAbs, result.StdOut)) {
-        std::string msg = "Writing ";
-        msg += Quoted(predefsFileRel);
-        msg += " failed.";
+        std::string msg =
+          cmStrCat("Writing ", Quoted(predefsFileRel), " failed.");
         LogFileError(GenT::MOC, predefsFileAbs, msg);
         return;
       }
@@ -325,9 +324,8 @@
         Log().Info(GenT::MOC, "Touching " + Quoted(predefsFileRel));
       }
       if (!cmSystemTools::Touch(predefsFileAbs, false)) {
-        std::string msg = "Touching ";
-        msg += Quoted(predefsFileAbs);
-        msg += " failed.";
+        std::string msg =
+          cmStrCat("Touching ", Quoted(predefsFileAbs), " failed.");
         LogFileError(GenT::MOC, predefsFileAbs, msg);
         return;
       }
@@ -662,13 +660,11 @@
   if (!sourceIncludesDotMoc && !parseData.Macro.empty() &&
       !(relaxedMode && sourceIncludesMocUnderscore)) {
     {
-      std::string emsg = "The file contains a ";
-      emsg += Quoted(parseData.Macro);
-      emsg += " macro, but does not include ";
-      emsg += Quoted(sourceBase + ".moc");
-      emsg += "!\nConsider to\n  - add #include \"";
-      emsg += sourceBase;
-      emsg += ".moc\"\n  - enable SKIP_AUTOMOC for this file";
+      std::string emsg =
+        cmStrCat("The file contains a ", Quoted(parseData.Macro),
+                 " macro, but does not include ", Quoted(sourceBase + ".moc"),
+                 "!\nConsider to\n  - add #include \"", sourceBase,
+                 ".moc\"\n  - enable SKIP_AUTOMOC for this file");
       LogFileError(GenT::MOC, sourceFile.FileName, emsg);
     }
     return false;
@@ -699,18 +695,14 @@
       // used. This is for KDE4 compatibility.
       {
         // Issue a warning
-        std::string msg = "The file contains a ";
-        msg += Quoted(parseData.Macro);
-        msg += " macro, but does not include ";
-        msg += Quoted(sourceBase + ".moc");
-        msg += ".\nInstead it includes ";
-        msg += Quoted(incKey.Key);
-        msg += ".\nRunning moc on the source\n  ";
-        msg += Quoted(sourceFile.FileName);
-        msg += "!\nBetter include ";
-        msg += Quoted(sourceBase + ".moc");
-        msg += " for compatibility with regular mode.\n";
-        msg += "This is a CMAKE_AUTOMOC_RELAXED_MODE warning.\n";
+        std::string msg = cmStrCat(
+          "The file contains a ", Quoted(parseData.Macro),
+          " macro, but does not include ", Quoted(sourceBase + ".moc"),
+          ".\nInstead it includes ", Quoted(incKey.Key),
+          ".\nRunning moc on the source\n  ", Quoted(sourceFile.FileName),
+          "!\nBetter include ", Quoted(sourceBase + ".moc"),
+          " for compatibility with regular mode.\n",
+          "This is a CMAKE_AUTOMOC_RELAXED_MODE warning.\n");
         Log().WarningFile(GenT::MOC, sourceFile.FileName, msg);
       }
       // Create mapping
@@ -763,28 +755,22 @@
       }
       // Issue a warning
       if (ownMoc && parseData.Macro.empty()) {
-        std::string msg = "The file includes the moc file ";
-        msg += Quoted(incKey.Key);
-        msg += ", but does not contain a\n";
-        msg += MocConst().MacrosString();
-        msg += " macro.\nRunning moc on the header\n  ";
-        msg += Quoted(header->FileName);
-        msg += "!\nBetter include ";
-        msg += Quoted("moc_" + incKey.Base + ".cpp");
-        msg += " for a compatibility with regular mode.\n";
-        msg += "This is a CMAKE_AUTOMOC_RELAXED_MODE warning.\n";
+        std::string msg = cmStrCat(
+          "The file includes the moc file ", Quoted(incKey.Key),
+          ", but does not contain a\n", MocConst().MacrosString(),
+          " macro.\nRunning moc on the header\n  ", Quoted(header->FileName),
+          "!\nBetter include ", Quoted("moc_" + incKey.Base + ".cpp"),
+          " for a compatibility with regular mode.\n",
+          "This is a CMAKE_AUTOMOC_RELAXED_MODE warning.\n");
         Log().WarningFile(GenT::MOC, sourceFile.FileName, msg);
       } else {
-        std::string msg = "The file includes the moc file ";
-        msg += Quoted(incKey.Key);
-        msg += " instead of ";
-        msg += Quoted("moc_" + incKey.Base + ".cpp");
-        msg += ".\nRunning moc on the header\n  ";
-        msg += Quoted(header->FileName);
-        msg += "!\nBetter include ";
-        msg += Quoted("moc_" + incKey.Base + ".cpp");
-        msg += " for compatibility with regular mode.\n";
-        msg += "This is a CMAKE_AUTOMOC_RELAXED_MODE warning.\n";
+        std::string msg = cmStrCat(
+          "The file includes the moc file ", Quoted(incKey.Key),
+          " instead of ", Quoted("moc_" + incKey.Base + ".cpp"),
+          ".\nRunning moc on the header\n  ", Quoted(header->FileName),
+          "!\nBetter include ", Quoted("moc_" + incKey.Base + ".cpp"),
+          " for compatibility with regular mode.\n",
+          "This is a CMAKE_AUTOMOC_RELAXED_MODE warning.\n");
         Log().WarningFile(GenT::MOC, sourceFile.FileName, msg);
       }
       // Create mapping
@@ -810,11 +796,9 @@
       }
       // Accept but issue a warning if moc isn't required
       if (parseData.Macro.empty()) {
-        std::string msg = "The file includes the moc file ";
-        msg += Quoted(incKey.Key);
-        msg += ", but does not contain a ";
-        msg += MocConst().MacrosString();
-        msg += " macro.";
+        std::string msg = cmStrCat(
+          "The file includes the moc file ", Quoted(incKey.Key),
+          ", but does not contain a ", MocConst().MacrosString(), " macro.");
         Log().WarningFile(GenT::MOC, sourceFile.FileName, msg);
       }
       // Create mapping
@@ -840,9 +824,7 @@
   }
   // Search in include directories
   for (std::string const& path : MocConst().IncludePaths) {
-    std::string testPath = path;
-    testPath += '/';
-    testPath += includeBase;
+    std::string testPath = cmStrCat(path, '/', includeBase);
     SourceFileHandleT res = MocFindHeader(testPath);
     if (res) {
       return res;
@@ -892,10 +874,9 @@
 {
   std::ostringstream res;
   {
-    std::string exts = ".{";
-    exts += cmJoin(BaseConst().HeaderExtensions, ",");
-    exts += '}';
-    // Compose result string
+    std::string exts =
+      cmStrCat(".{", cmJoin(BaseConst().HeaderExtensions, ","),
+               '}'); // Compose result string
     res << "  " << fileBase << exts << '\n';
     for (std::string const& path : MocConst().IncludePaths) {
       res << "  " << path << '/' << fileBase << exts << '\n';
@@ -913,9 +894,8 @@
   if (handle) {
     // Check if the output file would be generated from different source files
     if (handle->SourceFile != sourceFileHandle) {
-      std::string msg = "The source files\n  ";
-      msg += Quoted(includerFileHandle->FileName);
-      msg += '\n';
+      std::string msg = cmStrCat("The source files\n  ",
+                                 Quoted(includerFileHandle->FileName), '\n');
       for (auto const& item : handle->IncluderFiles) {
         msg += "  ";
         msg += Quoted(item->FileName);
@@ -1019,9 +999,8 @@
     MappingHandleT const& handle = it->second;
     if (handle->SourceFile != uiFileHandle) {
       // The output file already gets generated - from a different .ui file!
-      std::string msg = "The source files\n  ";
-      msg += Quoted(includerFileHandle->FileName);
-      msg += '\n';
+      std::string msg = cmStrCat("The source files\n  ",
+                                 Quoted(includerFileHandle->FileName), '\n');
       for (auto const& item : handle->IncluderFiles) {
         msg += "  ";
         msg += Quoted(item->FileName);
@@ -1062,8 +1041,7 @@
   std::string const& sourceFile, std::string const& sourceDir,
   IncludeKeyT const& incKey) const
 {
-  std::string searchFileName = incKey.Base;
-  searchFileName += ".ui";
+  std::string searchFileName = cmStrCat(incKey.Base, ".ui");
   // Collect search paths list
   std::vector<std::string> testFiles;
   {
@@ -1073,26 +1051,17 @@
     // Vicinity of the source
     testFiles.emplace_back(sourceDir + searchFileName);
     if (!incKey.Dir.empty()) {
-      std::string path = sourceDir;
-      path += incKey.Dir;
-      path += searchFileName;
-      testFiles.emplace_back(path);
+      testFiles.emplace_back(cmStrCat(sourceDir, incKey.Dir, searchFileName));
     }
     // AUTOUIC search paths
     if (!searchPaths.empty()) {
       for (std::string const& sPath : searchPaths) {
-        std::string path = sPath;
-        path += '/';
-        path += searchFileName;
-        testFiles.emplace_back(std::move(path));
+        testFiles.emplace_back(cmStrCat(sPath, '/', searchFileName));
       }
       if (!incKey.Dir.empty()) {
         for (std::string const& sPath : searchPaths) {
-          std::string path = sPath;
-          path += '/';
-          path += incKey.Dir;
-          path += searchFileName;
-          testFiles.emplace_back(std::move(path));
+          testFiles.emplace_back(
+            cmStrCat(sPath, '/', incKey.Dir, searchFileName));
         }
       }
     }
@@ -1117,11 +1086,10 @@
 
   // Log error
   {
-    std::string msg = "The file includes the uic file ";
-    msg += Quoted(incKey.Key);
-    msg += ",\nbut the user interface file ";
-    msg += Quoted(searchFileName);
-    msg += "\ncould not be found in the following locations\n";
+    std::string msg =
+      cmStrCat("The file includes the uic file ", Quoted(incKey.Key),
+               ",\nbut the user interface file ", Quoted(searchFileName),
+               "\ncould not be found in the following locations\n");
     for (std::string const& testFile : testFiles) {
       msg += "  ";
       msg += Quoted(testFile);
@@ -1417,10 +1385,9 @@
     }
   } else {
     // Moc command failed
-    std::string msg = "The moc process failed to compile\n  ";
-    msg += Quoted(sourceFile);
-    msg += "\ninto\n  ";
-    msg += Quoted(outputFile);
+    std::string msg =
+      cmStrCat("The moc process failed to compile\n  ", Quoted(sourceFile),
+               "\ninto\n  ", Quoted(outputFile));
     if (Mapping->IncluderFiles.empty()) {
       msg += ".\n";
     } else {
@@ -1466,11 +1433,9 @@
     }
   } else {
     // Uic command failed
-    std::string msg = "The uic process failed to compile\n  ";
-    msg += Quoted(sourceFile);
-    msg += "\ninto\n  ";
-    msg += Quoted(outputFile);
-    msg += "\nincluded by\n";
+    std::string msg =
+      cmStrCat("The uic process failed to compile\n  ", Quoted(sourceFile),
+               "\ninto\n  ", Quoted(outputFile), "\nincluded by\n");
     for (auto const& item : Mapping->IncluderFiles) {
       msg += "  ";
       msg += Quoted(item->FileName);
@@ -1563,12 +1528,8 @@
         if (length >= 2) {
           std::string::const_iterator itBeg = value.begin() + (pos + 1);
           std::string::const_iterator itEnd = itBeg + (length - 2);
-          {
-            std::string subValue(itBeg, itEnd);
-            std::vector<std::string> list;
-            cmSystemTools::ExpandListArgument(subValue, list);
-            lists.push_back(std::move(list));
-          }
+          lists.emplace_back(
+            cmSystemTools::ExpandedListArgument(std::string(itBeg, itEnd)));
         }
         pos += length;
         pos += ListSep.size();
@@ -1579,9 +1540,7 @@
   auto InfoGetConfig = [makefile, this](const char* key) -> std::string {
     const char* valueConf = nullptr;
     {
-      std::string keyConf = key;
-      keyConf += '_';
-      keyConf += InfoConfig();
+      std::string keyConf = cmStrCat(key, '_', InfoConfig());
       valueConf = makefile->GetDefinition(keyConf);
     }
     if (valueConf == nullptr) {
@@ -1652,9 +1611,9 @@
     return LogInfoError("CMake executable file name missing.");
   }
   if (!BaseConst_.CMakeExecutableTime.Load(BaseConst_.CMakeExecutable)) {
-    std::string error = "The CMake executable ";
-    error += Quoted(BaseConst_.CMakeExecutable);
-    error += " does not exist.";
+    std::string error =
+      cmStrCat("The CMake executable ", Quoted(BaseConst_.CMakeExecutable),
+               " does not exist.");
     return LogInfoError(error);
   }
   BaseConst_.ParseCacheFile = InfoGetConfig("AM_PARSE_CACHE_FILE");
@@ -1683,9 +1642,9 @@
     MocConst_.Enabled = true;
     // Load the executable file time
     if (!MocConst_.ExecutableTime.Load(MocConst_.Executable)) {
-      std::string error = "The moc executable ";
-      error += Quoted(MocConst_.Executable);
-      error += " does not exist.";
+      std::string error =
+        cmStrCat("The moc executable ", Quoted(MocConst_.Executable),
+                 " does not exist.");
       return LogInfoError(error);
     }
     for (std::string& sfl : InfoGetList("AM_MOC_SKIP")) {
@@ -1751,9 +1710,9 @@
     UicConst_.Enabled = true;
     // Load the executable file time
     if (!UicConst_.ExecutableTime.Load(UicConst_.Executable)) {
-      std::string error = "The uic executable ";
-      error += Quoted(UicConst_.Executable);
-      error += " does not exist.";
+      std::string error =
+        cmStrCat("The uic executable ", Quoted(UicConst_.Executable),
+                 " does not exist.");
       return LogInfoError(error);
     }
     for (std::string& sfl : InfoGetList("AM_UIC_SKIP")) {
@@ -1893,7 +1852,7 @@
           std::list<std::string>::iterator it = includes.begin();
           while (it != includes.end()) {
             std::string const& path = *it;
-            if (cmSystemTools::StringStartsWith(path, ppath->c_str())) {
+            if (cmHasPrefix(path, *ppath)) {
               MocConst_.IncludePaths.push_back(path);
               it = includes.erase(it);
             } else {
diff --git a/Source/cmQtAutoRcc.cxx b/Source/cmQtAutoRcc.cxx
index 20885df..c75b2ca 100644
--- a/Source/cmQtAutoRcc.cxx
+++ b/Source/cmQtAutoRcc.cxx
@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@
 #include "cmFileLockResult.h"
 #include "cmMakefile.h"
 #include "cmProcessOutput.h"
+#include "cmStringAlgorithms.h"
 #include "cmSystemTools.h"
 
 // -- Class methods
@@ -35,9 +36,7 @@
                         this](std::string const& key) -> std::string {
     const char* valueConf = nullptr;
     {
-      std::string keyConf = key;
-      keyConf += '_';
-      keyConf += InfoConfig();
+      std::string keyConf = cmStrCat(key, '_', InfoConfig());
       valueConf = makefile->GetDefinition(keyConf);
     }
     if (valueConf == nullptr) {
@@ -81,9 +80,8 @@
   // - Rcc executable
   RccExecutable_ = InfoGet("ARCC_RCC_EXECUTABLE");
   if (!RccExecutableTime_.Load(RccExecutable_)) {
-    std::string error = "The rcc executable ";
-    error += Quoted(RccExecutable_);
-    error += " does not exist.";
+    std::string error = cmStrCat("The rcc executable ", Quoted(RccExecutable_),
+                                 " does not exist.");
     return LogInfoError(error);
   }
   RccListOptions_ = InfoGetList("ARCC_RCC_LIST_OPTIONS");
@@ -178,10 +176,8 @@
 std::string cmQtAutoRcc::MultiConfigOutput() const
 {
   static std::string const suffix = "_CMAKE_";
-  std::string res;
-  res += RccPathChecksum_;
-  res += '/';
-  res += AppendFilenameSuffix(RccFileName_, suffix);
+  std::string res = cmStrCat(RccPathChecksum_, '/',
+                             AppendFilenameSuffix(RccFileName_, suffix));
   return res;
 }
 
@@ -272,9 +268,7 @@
       Log().Info(GenT::RCC, "Writing settings file " + Quoted(SettingsFile_));
     }
     // Write settings file
-    std::string content = "rcc:";
-    content += SettingsString_;
-    content += '\n';
+    std::string content = cmStrCat("rcc:", SettingsString_, '\n');
     std::string error;
     if (!FileWrite(SettingsFile_, content, &error)) {
       Log().ErrorFile(GenT::RCC, SettingsFile_,
@@ -402,10 +396,9 @@
   // Test if the rcc output file is older than the info file
   if (RccFileTime_.Older(InfoFileTime())) {
     if (Log().Verbose()) {
-      std::string reason = "Touching ";
-      reason += Quoted(RccFileOutput_);
-      reason += " because it is older than ";
-      reason += Quoted(InfoFile());
+      std::string reason =
+        cmStrCat("Touching ", Quoted(RccFileOutput_),
+                 " because it is older than ", Quoted(InfoFile()));
       Log().Info(GenT::RCC, reason);
     }
     // Touch build file
@@ -456,10 +449,9 @@
   if (!result || (retVal != 0)) {
     // rcc process failed
     {
-      std::string err = "The rcc process failed to compile\n  ";
-      err += Quoted(QrcFile_);
-      err += "\ninto\n  ";
-      err += Quoted(RccFileOutput_);
+      std::string err =
+        cmStrCat("The rcc process failed to compile\n  ", Quoted(QrcFile_),
+                 "\ninto\n  ", Quoted(RccFileOutput_));
       Log().ErrorCommand(GenT::RCC, err, cmd, rccStdOut + rccStdErr);
     }
     cmSystemTools::RemoveFile(RccFileOutput_);
@@ -481,12 +473,10 @@
   // Generate a wrapper source file on demand
   if (IsMultiConfig()) {
     // Wrapper file content
-    std::string content;
-    content += "// This is an autogenerated configuration wrapper file.\n";
-    content += "// Changes will be overwritten.\n";
-    content += "#include <";
-    content += MultiConfigOutput();
-    content += ">\n";
+    std::string content =
+      cmStrCat("// This is an autogenerated configuration wrapper file.\n",
+               "// Changes will be overwritten.\n", "#include <",
+               MultiConfigOutput(), ">\n");
 
     // Compare with existing file content
     bool fileDiffers = true;
diff --git a/Source/cmRST.cxx b/Source/cmRST.cxx
index 2064275..1f9aae8 100644
--- a/Source/cmRST.cxx
+++ b/Source/cmRST.cxx
@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@
 
 #include "cmAlgorithms.h"
 #include "cmRange.h"
+#include "cmStringAlgorithms.h"
 #include "cmSystemTools.h"
 #include "cmVersion.h"
 
@@ -341,7 +342,7 @@
 {
   for (auto line : this->MarkupLines) {
     if (!line.empty()) {
-      line = " " + line;
+      line = cmStrCat(" ", line);
     }
     this->OutputLine(line, inlineMarkup);
   }
diff --git a/Source/cmRuntimeDependencyArchive.cxx b/Source/cmRuntimeDependencyArchive.cxx
index 45aff69..37a87e5 100644
--- a/Source/cmRuntimeDependencyArchive.cxx
+++ b/Source/cmRuntimeDependencyArchive.cxx
@@ -6,14 +6,14 @@
 #include "cmBinUtilsLinuxELFLinker.h"
 #include "cmBinUtilsMacOSMachOLinker.h"
 #include "cmBinUtilsWindowsPELinker.h"
-#include "cmCommand.h"
+#include "cmExecutionStatus.h"
 #include "cmMakefile.h"
 #include "cmStateTypes.h"
 #include "cmSystemTools.h"
 
 #if defined(_WIN32)
 #  include "cmGlobalGenerator.h"
-#  ifdef CMAKE_BUILD_WITH_CMAKE
+#  ifndef CMAKE_BOOTSTRAP
 #    include "cmGlobalVisualStudioVersionedGenerator.h"
 #  endif
 #  include "cmVSSetupHelper.h"
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@
   // If generating for the VS IDE, use the same instance.
   std::string vsloc;
   bool found = false;
-#  ifdef CMAKE_BUILD_WITH_CMAKE
+#  ifndef CMAKE_BOOTSTRAP
   if (gg->GetName().find(prefix) == 0) {
     cmGlobalVisualStudioVersionedGenerator* vsgen =
       static_cast<cmGlobalVisualStudioVersionedGenerator*>(gg);
@@ -108,13 +108,13 @@
 }
 
 cmRuntimeDependencyArchive::cmRuntimeDependencyArchive(
-  cmCommand* command, std::vector<std::string> searchDirectories,
+  cmExecutionStatus& status, std::vector<std::string> searchDirectories,
   std::string bundleExecutable,
   const std::vector<std::string>& preIncludeRegexes,
   const std::vector<std::string>& preExcludeRegexes,
   const std::vector<std::string>& postIncludeRegexes,
   const std::vector<std::string>& postExcludeRegexes)
-  : Command(command)
+  : Status(status)
   , SearchDirectories(std::move(searchDirectories))
   , BundleExecutable(std::move(bundleExecutable))
   , PreIncludeRegexes(preIncludeRegexes.size())
@@ -190,7 +190,7 @@
 
 void cmRuntimeDependencyArchive::SetError(const std::string& e)
 {
-  this->Command->SetError(e);
+  this->Status.SetError(e);
 }
 
 std::string cmRuntimeDependencyArchive::GetBundleExecutable()
@@ -361,7 +361,7 @@
 
 cmMakefile* cmRuntimeDependencyArchive::GetMakefile()
 {
-  return this->Command->GetMakefile();
+  return &this->Status.GetMakefile();
 }
 
 const std::map<std::string, std::set<std::string>>&
diff --git a/Source/cmRuntimeDependencyArchive.h b/Source/cmRuntimeDependencyArchive.h
index 67efec7..e063121 100644
--- a/Source/cmRuntimeDependencyArchive.h
+++ b/Source/cmRuntimeDependencyArchive.h
@@ -14,14 +14,14 @@
 #include <string>
 #include <vector>
 
-class cmCommand;
+class cmExecutionStatus;
 class cmMakefile;
 
 class cmRuntimeDependencyArchive
 {
 public:
   explicit cmRuntimeDependencyArchive(
-    cmCommand* command, std::vector<std::string> searchDirectories,
+    cmExecutionStatus& status, std::vector<std::string> searchDirectories,
     std::string bundleExecutable,
     const std::vector<std::string>& preIncludeRegexes,
     const std::vector<std::string>& preExcludeRegexes,
@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@
   const std::set<std::string>& GetUnresolvedPaths();
 
 private:
-  cmCommand* Command;
+  cmExecutionStatus& Status;
   std::unique_ptr<cmBinUtilsLinker> Linker;
 
   std::string GetRuntimeDependenciesTool;
diff --git a/Source/cmSearchPath.cxx b/Source/cmSearchPath.cxx
index f98984e..879cc95 100644
--- a/Source/cmSearchPath.cxx
+++ b/Source/cmSearchPath.cxx
@@ -6,9 +6,9 @@
 #include <cassert>
 #include <utility>
 
-#include "cmAlgorithms.h"
 #include "cmFindCommon.h"
 #include "cmMakefile.h"
+#include "cmStringAlgorithms.h"
 #include "cmSystemTools.h"
 
 cmSearchPath::cmSearchPath(cmFindCommon* findCmd)
diff --git a/Source/cmServerProtocol.cxx b/Source/cmServerProtocol.cxx
index c5de742..8fcb710 100644
--- a/Source/cmServerProtocol.cxx
+++ b/Source/cmServerProtocol.cxx
@@ -378,8 +378,7 @@
   SendSignal(kFILE_CHANGE_SIGNAL, obj);
 }
 
-const cmServerResponse cmServerProtocol1::Process(
-  const cmServerRequest& request)
+cmServerResponse cmServerProtocol1::Process(const cmServerRequest& request)
 {
   assert(this->m_State >= STATE_ACTIVE);
 
diff --git a/Source/cmServerProtocol.h b/Source/cmServerProtocol.h
index 2f55a20..5da4344 100644
--- a/Source/cmServerProtocol.h
+++ b/Source/cmServerProtocol.h
@@ -80,7 +80,7 @@
 
   virtual std::pair<int, int> ProtocolVersion() const = 0;
   virtual bool IsExperimental() const = 0;
-  virtual const cmServerResponse Process(const cmServerRequest& request) = 0;
+  virtual cmServerResponse Process(const cmServerRequest& request) = 0;
 
   bool Activate(cmServer* server, const cmServerRequest& request,
                 std::string* errorMessage);
@@ -106,7 +106,7 @@
 public:
   std::pair<int, int> ProtocolVersion() const override;
   bool IsExperimental() const override;
-  const cmServerResponse Process(const cmServerRequest& request) override;
+  cmServerResponse Process(const cmServerRequest& request) override;
 
 private:
   bool DoActivate(const cmServerRequest& request,
diff --git a/Source/cmSetCommand.cxx b/Source/cmSetCommand.cxx
index b36878c..1a12785 100644
--- a/Source/cmSetCommand.cxx
+++ b/Source/cmSetCommand.cxx
@@ -2,12 +2,12 @@
    file Copyright.txt or https://cmake.org/licensing for details.  */
 #include "cmSetCommand.h"
 
-#include "cmAlgorithms.h"
 #include "cmMakefile.h"
 #include "cmMessageType.h"
 #include "cmRange.h"
 #include "cmState.h"
 #include "cmStateTypes.h"
+#include "cmStringAlgorithms.h"
 #include "cmSystemTools.h"
 
 class cmExecutionStatus;
diff --git a/Source/cmSourceFileLocation.cxx b/Source/cmSourceFileLocation.cxx
index d887627..6e2e820 100644
--- a/Source/cmSourceFileLocation.cxx
+++ b/Source/cmSourceFileLocation.cxx
@@ -2,10 +2,10 @@
    file Copyright.txt or https://cmake.org/licensing for details.  */
 #include "cmSourceFileLocation.h"
 
-#include "cmAlgorithms.h"
 #include "cmGlobalGenerator.h"
 #include "cmMakefile.h"
 #include "cmMessageType.h"
+#include "cmStringAlgorithms.h"
 #include "cmSystemTools.h"
 #include "cmake.h"
 
diff --git a/Source/cmSourceGroupCommand.cxx b/Source/cmSourceGroupCommand.cxx
index 5cdacaa..880773b 100644
--- a/Source/cmSourceGroupCommand.cxx
+++ b/Source/cmSourceGroupCommand.cxx
@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@
 
 #include "cmMakefile.h"
 #include "cmSourceGroup.h"
+#include "cmStringAlgorithms.h"
 #include "cmSystemTools.h"
 
 namespace {
@@ -20,7 +21,7 @@
 
 std::vector<std::string> tokenizePath(const std::string& path)
 {
-  return cmSystemTools::tokenize(path, "\\/");
+  return cmTokenize(path, "\\/");
 }
 
 std::string getFullFilePath(const std::string& currentPath,
@@ -54,8 +55,8 @@
                   const std::vector<std::string>& files, std::string& error)
 {
   for (std::string const& file : files) {
-    if (!cmSystemTools::StringStartsWith(file, root.c_str())) {
-      error = "ROOT: " + root + " is not a prefix of file: " + file;
+    if (!cmHasPrefix(file, root)) {
+      error = cmStrCat("ROOT: ", root, " is not a prefix of file: ", file);
       return false;
     }
   }
@@ -63,15 +64,6 @@
   return true;
 }
 
-std::string prepareFilePathForTree(const std::string& path,
-                                   const std::string& currentSourceDir)
-{
-  if (!cmSystemTools::FileIsFullPath(path)) {
-    return cmSystemTools::CollapseFullPath(currentSourceDir + "/" + path);
-  }
-  return cmSystemTools::CollapseFullPath(path);
-}
-
 std::vector<std::string> prepareFilesPathsForTree(
   const std::vector<std::string>& filesPaths,
   const std::string& currentSourceDir)
@@ -80,9 +72,11 @@
   prepared.reserve(filesPaths.size());
 
   for (auto const& filePath : filesPaths) {
+    std::string fullPath =
+      cmSystemTools::CollapseFullPath(filePath, currentSourceDir);
     // If provided file path is actually not a file, silently ignore it.
-    if (cmSystemTools::FileExists(filePath, /*isFile=*/true)) {
-      prepared.push_back(prepareFilePathForTree(filePath, currentSourceDir));
+    if (cmSystemTools::FileExists(fullPath, /*isFile=*/true)) {
+      prepared.emplace_back(std::move(fullPath));
     }
   }
 
@@ -100,7 +94,7 @@
 
     std::vector<std::string> tokenizedPath;
     if (!prefix.empty()) {
-      tokenizedPath = tokenizePath(prefix + '/' + sgFilesPath);
+      tokenizedPath = tokenizePath(cmStrCat(prefix, '/', sgFilesPath));
     } else {
       tokenizedPath = tokenizePath(sgFilesPath);
     }
diff --git a/Source/cmState.cxx b/Source/cmState.cxx
index 6f9c935..1ea72e1 100644
--- a/Source/cmState.cxx
+++ b/Source/cmState.cxx
@@ -11,7 +11,6 @@
 
 #include "cm_memory.hxx"
 
-#include "cmAlgorithms.h"
 #include "cmCacheManager.h"
 #include "cmCommand.h"
 #include "cmDefinitions.h"
@@ -22,6 +21,7 @@
 #include "cmMakefile.h"
 #include "cmStatePrivate.h"
 #include "cmStateSnapshot.h"
+#include "cmStringAlgorithms.h"
 #include "cmSystemTools.h"
 #include "cmake.h"
 
diff --git a/Source/cmStateDirectory.h b/Source/cmStateDirectory.h
index 6956594..fe15563 100644
--- a/Source/cmStateDirectory.h
+++ b/Source/cmStateDirectory.h
@@ -14,6 +14,7 @@
 #include "cmListFileCache.h"
 #include "cmStatePrivate.h"
 #include "cmStateSnapshot.h"
+#include "cmStringAlgorithms.h"
 
 class cmStateDirectory
 {
diff --git a/Source/cmStringAlgorithms.cxx b/Source/cmStringAlgorithms.cxx
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..eca761b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Source/cmStringAlgorithms.cxx
@@ -0,0 +1,140 @@
+/* Distributed under the OSI-approved BSD 3-Clause License.  See accompanying
+   file Copyright.txt or https://cmake.org/licensing for details.  */
+#include "cmStringAlgorithms.h"
+
+#include <algorithm>
+#include <cstdio>
+
+std::string cmTrimWhitespace(cm::string_view str)
+{
+  auto start = str.begin();
+  while (start != str.end() && cmIsSpace(*start)) {
+    ++start;
+  }
+  if (start == str.end()) {
+    return std::string();
+  }
+  auto stop = str.end() - 1;
+  while (cmIsSpace(*stop)) {
+    --stop;
+  }
+  return std::string(start, stop + 1);
+}
+
+std::string cmRemoveQuotes(cm::string_view str)
+{
+  // We process only strings that have two quotes at least.
+  // Also front() and back() are only defined behavior on non empty strings.
+  if (str.size() >= 2 &&    //
+      str.front() == '"' && //
+      str.back() == '"') {
+    // Remove a quote from the front and back
+    str.remove_prefix(1);
+    str.remove_suffix(1);
+  }
+  return std::string(str);
+}
+
+std::string cmEscapeQuotes(cm::string_view str)
+{
+  std::string result;
+  result.reserve(str.size());
+  for (const char ch : str) {
+    if (ch == '"') {
+      result += '\\';
+    }
+    result += ch;
+  }
+  return result;
+}
+
+std::vector<std::string> cmTokenize(cm::string_view str, cm::string_view sep)
+{
+  std::vector<std::string> tokens;
+  cm::string_view::size_type tokend = 0;
+
+  do {
+    cm::string_view::size_type tokstart = str.find_first_not_of(sep, tokend);
+    if (tokstart == cm::string_view::npos) {
+      break; // no more tokens
+    }
+    tokend = str.find_first_of(sep, tokstart);
+    if (tokend == cm::string_view::npos) {
+      tokens.emplace_back(str.substr(tokstart));
+    } else {
+      tokens.emplace_back(str.substr(tokstart, tokend - tokstart));
+    }
+  } while (tokend != cm::string_view::npos);
+
+  if (tokens.empty()) {
+    tokens.emplace_back();
+  }
+  return tokens;
+}
+
+namespace {
+template <std::size_t N, typename T>
+inline void MakeDigits(cm::string_view& view, char (&digits)[N],
+                       const char* pattern, T value)
+{
+  int res = std::snprintf(digits, N, pattern, value);
+  if (res > 0 && res < static_cast<int>(N)) {
+    view = cm::string_view(digits, static_cast<std::size_t>(res));
+  }
+}
+} // unnamed namespace
+
+cmAlphaNum::cmAlphaNum(int val)
+{
+  MakeDigits(View_, Digits_, "%i", val);
+}
+
+cmAlphaNum::cmAlphaNum(unsigned int val)
+{
+  MakeDigits(View_, Digits_, "%u", val);
+}
+
+cmAlphaNum::cmAlphaNum(long int val)
+{
+  MakeDigits(View_, Digits_, "%li", val);
+}
+
+cmAlphaNum::cmAlphaNum(unsigned long int val)
+{
+  MakeDigits(View_, Digits_, "%lu", val);
+}
+
+cmAlphaNum::cmAlphaNum(long long int val)
+{
+  MakeDigits(View_, Digits_, "%lli", val);
+}
+
+cmAlphaNum::cmAlphaNum(unsigned long long int val)
+{
+  MakeDigits(View_, Digits_, "%llu", val);
+}
+
+cmAlphaNum::cmAlphaNum(float val)
+{
+  MakeDigits(View_, Digits_, "%g", static_cast<double>(val));
+}
+
+cmAlphaNum::cmAlphaNum(double val)
+{
+  MakeDigits(View_, Digits_, "%g", val);
+}
+
+std::string cmCatViews(std::initializer_list<cm::string_view> views)
+{
+  std::size_t total_size = 0;
+  for (cm::string_view const& view : views) {
+    total_size += view.size();
+  }
+
+  std::string result(total_size, '\0');
+  std::string::iterator sit = result.begin();
+  for (cm::string_view const& view : views) {
+    sit = std::copy_n(view.data(), view.size(), sit);
+  }
+  return result;
+}
diff --git a/Source/cmStringAlgorithms.h b/Source/cmStringAlgorithms.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..44b01b8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Source/cmStringAlgorithms.h
@@ -0,0 +1,196 @@
+/* Distributed under the OSI-approved BSD 3-Clause License.  See accompanying
+   file Copyright.txt or https://cmake.org/licensing for details.  */
+#ifndef cmStringAlgorithms_h
+#define cmStringAlgorithms_h
+
+#include "cmConfigure.h" // IWYU pragma: keep
+
+#include "cmRange.h"
+#include "cm_string_view.hxx"
+#include <cctype>
+#include <initializer_list>
+#include <sstream>
+#include <string.h>
+#include <string>
+#include <utility>
+#include <vector>
+
+/** String range type.  */
+typedef cmRange<std::vector<std::string>::const_iterator> cmStringRange;
+
+/** Callable string comparison struct.  */
+struct cmStrCmp
+{
+  cmStrCmp(std::string str)
+    : Test_(std::move(str))
+  {
+  }
+
+  bool operator()(cm::string_view sv) const { return Test_ == sv; }
+
+private:
+  std::string const Test_;
+};
+
+/** Returns true if the character @a ch is a whitespace character.  **/
+inline bool cmIsSpace(char ch)
+{
+  return ((ch & 0x80) == 0) && std::isspace(ch);
+}
+
+/** Returns a string that has whitespace removed from the start and the end. */
+std::string cmTrimWhitespace(cm::string_view str);
+
+/** Returns a string that has quotes removed from the start and the end. */
+std::string cmRemoveQuotes(cm::string_view str);
+
+/** Escape quotes in a string.  */
+std::string cmEscapeQuotes(cm::string_view str);
+
+/** Joins elements of a range with separator into a single string.  */
+template <typename Range>
+std::string cmJoin(Range const& rng, cm::string_view separator)
+{
+  if (rng.empty()) {
+    return std::string();
+  }
+
+  std::ostringstream os;
+  auto it = rng.begin();
+  auto const end = rng.end();
+  os << *it;
+  while (++it != end) {
+    os << separator << *it;
+  }
+  return os.str();
+}
+
+/** Extract tokens that are separated by any of the characters in @a sep.  */
+std::vector<std::string> cmTokenize(cm::string_view str, cm::string_view sep);
+
+/** Concatenate string pieces into a single string.  */
+std::string cmCatViews(std::initializer_list<cm::string_view> views);
+
+/** Utility class for cmStrCat.  */
+class cmAlphaNum
+{
+public:
+  cmAlphaNum(cm::string_view view)
+    : View_(view)
+  {
+  }
+  cmAlphaNum(std::string const& str)
+    : View_(str)
+  {
+  }
+  cmAlphaNum(const char* str)
+    : View_(str)
+  {
+  }
+  cmAlphaNum(char ch)
+    : View_(Digits_, 1)
+  {
+    Digits_[0] = ch;
+  }
+  cmAlphaNum(int val);
+  cmAlphaNum(unsigned int val);
+  cmAlphaNum(long int val);
+  cmAlphaNum(unsigned long int val);
+  cmAlphaNum(long long int val);
+  cmAlphaNum(unsigned long long int val);
+  cmAlphaNum(float val);
+  cmAlphaNum(double val);
+
+  cm::string_view View() const { return View_; }
+
+private:
+  cm::string_view View_;
+  char Digits_[32];
+};
+
+/** Concatenate string pieces and numbers into a single string.  */
+template <typename... AV>
+inline std::string cmStrCat(cmAlphaNum const& a, cmAlphaNum const& b,
+                            AV const&... args)
+{
+  return cmCatViews(
+    { a.View(), b.View(), static_cast<cmAlphaNum const&>(args).View()... });
+}
+
+/** Joins wrapped elements of a range with separator into a single string.  */
+template <typename Range>
+std::string cmWrap(cm::string_view prefix, Range const& rng,
+                   cm::string_view suffix, cm::string_view sep)
+{
+  if (rng.empty()) {
+    return std::string();
+  }
+  return cmCatViews(
+    { prefix, cmJoin(rng, cmCatViews({ suffix, sep, prefix })), suffix });
+}
+
+/** Joins wrapped elements of a range with separator into a single string.  */
+template <typename Range>
+std::string cmWrap(char prefix, Range const& rng, char suffix,
+                   cm::string_view sep)
+{
+  return cmWrap(cm::string_view(&prefix, 1), rng, cm::string_view(&suffix, 1),
+                sep);
+}
+
+/** Returns true if string @a str starts with the character @a prefix.  */
+inline bool cmHasPrefix(cm::string_view str, char prefix)
+{
+  return !str.empty() && (str.front() == prefix);
+}
+
+/** Returns true if string @a str starts with string @a prefix.  */
+inline bool cmHasPrefix(cm::string_view str, cm::string_view prefix)
+{
+  return str.compare(0, prefix.size(), prefix) == 0;
+}
+
+/** Returns true if string @a str starts with string @a prefix.  */
+template <size_t N>
+inline bool cmHasLiteralPrefix(cm::string_view str, const char (&prefix)[N])
+{
+  return cmHasPrefix(str, cm::string_view(prefix, N - 1));
+}
+
+/** Returns true if string @a str ends with the character @a suffix.  */
+inline bool cmHasSuffix(cm::string_view str, char suffix)
+{
+  return !str.empty() && (str.back() == suffix);
+}
+
+/** Returns true if string @a str ends with string @a suffix.  */
+inline bool cmHasSuffix(cm::string_view str, cm::string_view suffix)
+{
+  return str.size() >= suffix.size() &&
+    str.compare(str.size() - suffix.size(), suffix.size(), suffix) == 0;
+}
+
+/** Returns true if string @a str ends with string @a suffix.  */
+template <size_t N>
+inline bool cmHasLiteralSuffix(cm::string_view str, const char (&suffix)[N])
+{
+  return cmHasSuffix(str, cm::string_view(suffix, N - 1));
+}
+
+/** Removes an existing suffix character of from the string @a str.  */
+inline void cmStripSuffixIfExists(std::string& str, char suffix)
+{
+  if (cmHasSuffix(str, suffix)) {
+    str.pop_back();
+  }
+}
+
+/** Removes an existing suffix string of from the string @a str.  */
+inline void cmStripSuffixIfExists(std::string& str, cm::string_view suffix)
+{
+  if (cmHasSuffix(str, suffix)) {
+    str.resize(str.size() - suffix.size());
+  }
+}
+
+#endif
diff --git a/Source/cmStringCommand.cxx b/Source/cmStringCommand.cxx
index 259d92a..46d9459 100644
--- a/Source/cmStringCommand.cxx
+++ b/Source/cmStringCommand.cxx
@@ -18,6 +18,7 @@
 #include "cmMakefile.h"
 #include "cmMessageType.h"
 #include "cmRange.h"
+#include "cmStringAlgorithms.h"
 #include "cmStringReplaceHelper.h"
 #include "cmSystemTools.h"
 #include "cmTimestamp.h"
@@ -112,7 +113,7 @@
 
 bool cmStringCommand::HandleHashCommand(std::vector<std::string> const& args)
 {
-#if defined(CMAKE_BUILD_WITH_CMAKE)
+#if !defined(CMAKE_BOOTSTRAP)
   if (args.size() != 3) {
     std::ostringstream e;
     e << args[0] << " requires an output variable and an input string";
@@ -877,7 +878,7 @@
 
 bool cmStringCommand::HandleUuidCommand(std::vector<std::string> const& args)
 {
-#if defined(CMAKE_BUILD_WITH_CMAKE)
+#if !defined(CMAKE_BOOTSTRAP)
   unsigned int argsIndex = 1;
 
   if (args.size() < 2) {
diff --git a/Source/cmSubcommandTable.cxx b/Source/cmSubcommandTable.cxx
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f6194f8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Source/cmSubcommandTable.cxx
@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+/* Distributed under the OSI-approved BSD 3-Clause License.  See accompanying
+   file Copyright.txt or https://cmake.org/licensing for details.  */
+#include "cmSubcommandTable.h"
+
+#include <algorithm>
+
+#include "cmExecutionStatus.h"
+#include "cmStringAlgorithms.h"
+
+cmSubcommandTable::cmSubcommandTable(std::initializer_list<InitElem> init)
+  : Impl(init.begin(), init.end())
+{
+  std::sort(this->Impl.begin(), this->Impl.end(),
+            [](Elem const& left, Elem const& right) {
+              return left.first < right.first;
+            });
+}
+
+bool cmSubcommandTable::operator()(cm::string_view key,
+                                   std::vector<std::string> const& args,
+                                   cmExecutionStatus& status) const
+{
+  auto const it = std::lower_bound(
+    this->Impl.begin(), this->Impl.end(), key,
+    [](Elem const& elem, cm::string_view k) { return elem.first < k; });
+  if (it != this->Impl.end() && it->first == key) {
+    return it->second(args, status);
+  }
+  status.SetError(cmStrCat("does not recognize sub-command ", key));
+  return false;
+}
diff --git a/Source/cmSubcommandTable.h b/Source/cmSubcommandTable.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..21342bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Source/cmSubcommandTable.h
@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+/* Distributed under the OSI-approved BSD 3-Clause License.  See accompanying
+   file Copyright.txt or https://cmake.org/licensing for details.  */
+#ifndef cmSubcommandTable_h
+#define cmSubcommandTable_h
+
+#include "cmConfigure.h" // IWYU pragma: keep
+
+#include "cm_static_string_view.hxx"
+#include "cm_string_view.hxx"
+
+#include <initializer_list>
+#include <string>
+#include <utility>
+#include <vector>
+
+class cmExecutionStatus;
+
+class cmSubcommandTable
+{
+public:
+  using Command = bool (*)(std::vector<std::string> const&,
+                           cmExecutionStatus&);
+
+  using Elem = std::pair<cm::string_view, Command>;
+  using InitElem = std::pair<cm::static_string_view, Command>;
+
+  cmSubcommandTable(std::initializer_list<InitElem> init);
+
+  bool operator()(cm::string_view key, std::vector<std::string> const& args,
+                  cmExecutionStatus& status) const;
+
+private:
+  std::vector<Elem> Impl;
+};
+
+#endif
diff --git a/Source/cmSystemTools.cxx b/Source/cmSystemTools.cxx
index 3ba3640..785e221 100644
--- a/Source/cmSystemTools.cxx
+++ b/Source/cmSystemTools.cxx
@@ -6,9 +6,10 @@
 #include "cmDuration.h"
 #include "cmProcessOutput.h"
 #include "cmRange.h"
+#include "cmStringAlgorithms.h"
 #include "cm_uv.h"
 
-#if defined(CMAKE_BUILD_WITH_CMAKE)
+#if !defined(CMAKE_BOOTSTRAP)
 #  include "cmArchiveWrite.h"
 #  include "cmLocale.h"
 #  include "cm_libarchive.h"
@@ -20,7 +21,7 @@
 #  endif
 #endif
 
-#if defined(CMAKE_BUILD_WITH_CMAKE)
+#if !defined(CMAKE_BOOTSTRAP)
 #  include "cmCryptoHash.h"
 #endif
 
@@ -83,11 +84,6 @@
 
 } // namespace
 
-static bool cm_isspace(char c)
-{
-  return ((c & 0x80) == 0) && isspace(c);
-}
-
 #if !defined(HAVE_ENVIRON_NOT_REQUIRE_PROTOTYPE)
 // For GetEnvironmentVariables
 #  if defined(_WIN32)
@@ -97,7 +93,7 @@
 #  endif
 #endif
 
-#if defined(CMAKE_BUILD_WITH_CMAKE)
+#if !defined(CMAKE_BOOTSTRAP)
 static std::string cm_archive_entry_pathname(struct archive_entry* entry)
 {
 #  if cmsys_STL_HAS_WSTRING
@@ -176,42 +172,14 @@
 }
 #endif
 
-std::string cmSystemTools::EscapeQuotes(const std::string& str)
+std::string cmSystemTools::HelpFileName(cm::string_view str)
 {
-  std::string result;
-  result.reserve(str.size());
-  for (const char* ch = str.c_str(); *ch != '\0'; ++ch) {
-    if (*ch == '"') {
-      result += '\\';
-    }
-    result += *ch;
-  }
-  return result;
-}
-
-std::string cmSystemTools::HelpFileName(std::string name)
-{
+  std::string name(str);
   cmSystemTools::ReplaceString(name, "<", "");
   cmSystemTools::ReplaceString(name, ">", "");
   return name;
 }
 
-std::string cmSystemTools::TrimWhitespace(const std::string& s)
-{
-  std::string::const_iterator start = s.begin();
-  while (start != s.end() && cm_isspace(*start)) {
-    ++start;
-  }
-  if (start == s.end()) {
-    return "";
-  }
-  std::string::const_iterator stop = s.end() - 1;
-  while (cm_isspace(*stop)) {
-    --stop;
-  }
-  return std::string(start, stop + 1);
-}
-
 void cmSystemTools::Error(const std::string& m)
 {
   std::string message = "CMake Error: " + m;
@@ -394,7 +362,7 @@
     } else {
       arg.append(backslashes, '\\');
       backslashes = 0;
-      if (cm_isspace(*c)) {
+      if (cmIsSpace(*c)) {
         if (in_quotes) {
           arg.append(1, *c);
         } else if (in_argument) {
@@ -833,7 +801,7 @@
   cmSystemTools::ConvertToUnixSlashes(dir);
   std::string prevDir;
   while (dir != prevDir) {
-    std::string path = dir + "/" + file;
+    std::string path = cmStrCat(dir, "/", file);
     if (cmSystemTools::FileExists(path)) {
       return path;
     }
@@ -976,7 +944,7 @@
 std::string cmSystemTools::ComputeFileHash(const std::string& source,
                                            cmCryptoHash::Algo algo)
 {
-#if defined(CMAKE_BUILD_WITH_CMAKE)
+#if !defined(CMAKE_BOOTSTRAP)
   cmCryptoHash hash(algo);
   return hash.HashFile(source);
 #else
@@ -989,7 +957,7 @@
 
 std::string cmSystemTools::ComputeStringMD5(const std::string& input)
 {
-#if defined(CMAKE_BUILD_WITH_CMAKE)
+#if !defined(CMAKE_BOOTSTRAP)
   cmCryptoHash md5(cmCryptoHash::AlgoMD5);
   return md5.HashString(input);
 #else
@@ -1005,7 +973,7 @@
 {
   std::string thumbprint;
 
-#if defined(CMAKE_BUILD_WITH_CMAKE) && defined(_WIN32)
+#if !defined(CMAKE_BOOTSTRAP) && defined(_WIN32)
   BYTE* certData = NULL;
   CRYPT_INTEGER_BLOB cryptBlob;
   HCERTSTORE certStore = NULL;
@@ -1121,7 +1089,7 @@
   }
 }
 
-void cmSystemTools::ExpandListArgument(const std::string& arg,
+void cmSystemTools::ExpandListArgument(cm::string_view arg,
                                        std::vector<std::string>& argsOut,
                                        bool emptyArgs)
 {
@@ -1129,25 +1097,29 @@
   if (!emptyArgs && arg.empty()) {
     return;
   }
+
   // if there are no ; in the name then just copy the current string
-  if (arg.find(';') == std::string::npos) {
-    argsOut.push_back(arg);
+  if (arg.find(';') == cm::string_view::npos) {
+    argsOut.emplace_back(arg);
     return;
   }
+
   std::string newArg;
-  const char* last = arg.c_str();
   // Break the string at non-escaped semicolons not nested in [].
   int squareNesting = 0;
-  for (const char* c = last; *c; ++c) {
+  cm::string_view::iterator last = arg.begin();
+  cm::string_view::iterator const cend = arg.end();
+  for (cm::string_view::iterator c = last; c != cend; ++c) {
     switch (*c) {
       case '\\': {
         // We only want to allow escaping of semicolons.  Other
         // escapes should not be processed here.
-        const char* next = c + 1;
-        if (*next == ';') {
-          newArg.append(last, c - last);
+        cm::string_view::iterator cnext = c + 1;
+        if ((cnext != cend) && *cnext == ';') {
+          newArg.append(last, c);
           // Skip over the escape character
-          last = c = next;
+          last = cnext;
+          c = cnext;
         }
       } break;
       case '[': {
@@ -1160,7 +1132,7 @@
         // Break the string here if we are not nested inside square
         // brackets.
         if (squareNesting == 0) {
-          newArg.append(last, c - last);
+          newArg.append(last, c);
           // Skip over the semicolon
           last = c + 1;
           if (!newArg.empty() || emptyArgs) {
@@ -1175,15 +1147,15 @@
       } break;
     }
   }
-  newArg.append(last);
+  newArg.append(last, cend);
   if (!newArg.empty() || emptyArgs) {
     // Add the last argument if the string is not empty.
-    argsOut.push_back(newArg);
+    argsOut.push_back(std::move(newArg));
   }
 }
 
 std::vector<std::string> cmSystemTools::ExpandedListArgument(
-  const std::string& arg, bool emptyArgs)
+  cm::string_view arg, bool emptyArgs)
 {
   std::vector<std::string> argsOut;
   ExpandListArgument(arg, argsOut, emptyArgs);
@@ -1359,7 +1331,7 @@
   return relative;
 }
 
-#ifdef CMAKE_BUILD_WITH_CMAKE
+#ifndef CMAKE_BOOTSTRAP
 bool cmSystemTools::UnsetEnv(const char* value)
 {
 #  if !defined(HAVE_UNSETENV)
@@ -1424,7 +1396,7 @@
   // output and allow it to be captured on the fly.
   cmSystemTools::PutEnv("vsconsoleoutput=1");
 
-#  ifdef CMAKE_BUILD_WITH_CMAKE
+#  ifndef CMAKE_BOOTSTRAP
   // VS sets an environment variable to tell MS tools like "cl" to report
   // output through a backdoor pipe instead of stdout/stderr.  Unset the
   // environment variable to close this backdoor for any path of process
@@ -1446,7 +1418,7 @@
                               std::string const& mtime,
                               std::string const& format)
 {
-#if defined(CMAKE_BUILD_WITH_CMAKE)
+#if !defined(CMAKE_BOOTSTRAP)
   std::string cwd = cmSystemTools::GetCurrentWorkingDirectory();
   cmsys::ofstream fout(outFileName.c_str(), std::ios::out | std::ios::binary);
   if (!fout) {
@@ -1500,7 +1472,7 @@
 #endif
 }
 
-#if defined(CMAKE_BUILD_WITH_CMAKE)
+#if !defined(CMAKE_BOOTSTRAP)
 namespace {
 #  define BSDTAR_FILESIZE_PRINTF "%lu"
 #  define BSDTAR_FILESIZE_TYPE unsigned long
@@ -1796,7 +1768,7 @@
                                const std::vector<std::string>& files,
                                bool verbose)
 {
-#if defined(CMAKE_BUILD_WITH_CMAKE)
+#if !defined(CMAKE_BOOTSTRAP)
   return extract_tar(outFileName, files, verbose, true);
 #else
   (void)outFileName;
@@ -1810,7 +1782,7 @@
                             const std::vector<std::string>& files,
                             bool verbose)
 {
-#if defined(CMAKE_BUILD_WITH_CMAKE)
+#if !defined(CMAKE_BOOTSTRAP)
   return extract_tar(outFileName, files, verbose, false);
 #else
   (void)outFileName;
@@ -2139,7 +2111,7 @@
   cmSystemToolsCMakeCommand = exe_dir;
   cmSystemToolsCMakeCommand += "/cmake";
   cmSystemToolsCMakeCommand += cmSystemTools::GetExecutableExtension();
-#ifndef CMAKE_BUILD_WITH_CMAKE
+#ifdef CMAKE_BOOTSTRAP
   // The bootstrap cmake does not provide the other tools,
   // so use the directory where they are about to be built.
   exe_dir = CMAKE_BOOTSTRAP_BINARY_DIR "/bin";
@@ -2169,7 +2141,7 @@
     cmSystemToolsCMClDepsCommand.clear();
   }
 
-#ifdef CMAKE_BUILD_WITH_CMAKE
+#ifndef CMAKE_BOOTSTRAP
   // Install tree has
   // - "<prefix><CMAKE_BIN_DIR>/cmake"
   // - "<prefix><CMAKE_DATA_DIR>"
@@ -2876,31 +2848,6 @@
   return false;
 }
 
-std::vector<std::string> cmSystemTools::tokenize(const std::string& str,
-                                                 const std::string& sep)
-{
-  std::vector<std::string> tokens;
-  std::string::size_type tokend = 0;
-
-  do {
-    std::string::size_type tokstart = str.find_first_not_of(sep, tokend);
-    if (tokstart == std::string::npos) {
-      break; // no more tokens
-    }
-    tokend = str.find_first_of(sep, tokstart);
-    if (tokend == std::string::npos) {
-      tokens.push_back(str.substr(tokstart));
-    } else {
-      tokens.push_back(str.substr(tokstart, tokend - tokstart));
-    }
-  } while (tokend != std::string::npos);
-
-  if (tokens.empty()) {
-    tokens.emplace_back();
-  }
-  return tokens;
-}
-
 bool cmSystemTools::StringToLong(const char* str, long* value)
 {
   errno = 0;
diff --git a/Source/cmSystemTools.h b/Source/cmSystemTools.h
index 1962389..4f76b00 100644
--- a/Source/cmSystemTools.h
+++ b/Source/cmSystemTools.h
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@
    * Expand the ; separated string @a arg into multiple arguments.
    * All found arguments are appended to @a argsOut.
    */
-  static void ExpandListArgument(const std::string& arg,
+  static void ExpandListArgument(cm::string_view arg,
                                  std::vector<std::string>& argsOut,
                                  bool emptyArgs = false);
 
@@ -54,7 +54,7 @@
    * Same as ExpandListArgument but a new vector is created containing
    * the expanded arguments from the string @a arg.
    */
-  static std::vector<std::string> ExpandedListArgument(const std::string& arg,
+  static std::vector<std::string> ExpandedListArgument(cm::string_view arg,
                                                        bool emptyArgs = false);
 
   /**
@@ -77,16 +77,8 @@
   static void ExpandRegistryValues(std::string& source,
                                    KeyWOW64 view = KeyWOW64_Default);
 
-  //! Escape quotes in a string.
-  static std::string EscapeQuotes(const std::string& str);
-
   /** Map help document name to file name.  */
-  static std::string HelpFileName(std::string);
-
-  /**
-   * Returns a string that has whitespace removed from the start and the end.
-   */
-  static std::string TrimWhitespace(const std::string& s);
+  static std::string HelpFileName(cm::string_view);
 
   using MessageCallback = std::function<void(const std::string&, const char*)>;
   /**
@@ -395,7 +387,7 @@
   static std::string ForceToRelativePath(std::string const& local_path,
                                          std::string const& remote_path);
 
-#ifdef CMAKE_BUILD_WITH_CMAKE
+#ifndef CMAKE_BOOTSTRAP
   /** Remove an environment variable */
   static bool UnsetEnv(const char* value);
 
@@ -508,10 +500,6 @@
   /** Remove a directory; repeat a few times in case of locked files.  */
   static bool RepeatedRemoveDirectory(const std::string& dir);
 
-  /** Tokenize a string */
-  static std::vector<std::string> tokenize(const std::string& str,
-                                           const std::string& sep);
-
   /** Convert string to long. Expected that the whole string is an integer */
   static bool StringToLong(const char* str, long* value);
   static bool StringToULong(const char* str, unsigned long* value);
diff --git a/Source/cmTarget.cxx b/Source/cmTarget.cxx
index 96cfe5e..bf2419a 100644
--- a/Source/cmTarget.cxx
+++ b/Source/cmTarget.cxx
@@ -180,6 +180,7 @@
   std::vector<cmCustomCommand> PreBuildCommands;
   std::vector<cmCustomCommand> PreLinkCommands;
   std::vector<cmCustomCommand> PostBuildCommands;
+  std::vector<cmInstallTargetGenerator*> InstallGenerators;
   std::set<std::string> SystemIncludeDirectories;
   cmTarget::LinkLibraryVectorType OriginalLinkLibraries;
   std::vector<std::string> IncludeDirectoriesEntries;
@@ -874,6 +875,17 @@
   impl->HaveInstallRule = hir;
 }
 
+void cmTarget::AddInstallGenerator(cmInstallTargetGenerator* g)
+{
+  impl->InstallGenerators.emplace_back(g);
+}
+
+std::vector<cmInstallTargetGenerator*> const& cmTarget::GetInstallGenerators()
+  const
+{
+  return impl->InstallGenerators;
+}
+
 bool cmTarget::GetIsGeneratorProvided() const
 {
   return impl->IsGeneratorProvided;
diff --git a/Source/cmTarget.h b/Source/cmTarget.h
index a808bb4..2b75879 100644
--- a/Source/cmTarget.h
+++ b/Source/cmTarget.h
@@ -16,10 +16,12 @@
 #include "cmListFileCache.h"
 #include "cmPolicies.h"
 #include "cmStateTypes.h"
+#include "cmStringAlgorithms.h"
 #include "cmTargetLinkLibraryType.h"
 
 class cmCustomCommand;
 class cmGlobalGenerator;
+class cmInstallTargetGenerator;
 class cmMakefile;
 class cmMessenger;
 class cmPropertyMap;
@@ -146,6 +148,9 @@
   bool GetHaveInstallRule() const;
   void SetHaveInstallRule(bool hir);
 
+  void AddInstallGenerator(cmInstallTargetGenerator* g);
+  std::vector<cmInstallTargetGenerator*> const& GetInstallGenerators() const;
+
   /**
    * Get/Set whether this target was auto-created by a generator.
    */
diff --git a/Source/cmTargetCompileDefinitionsCommand.cxx b/Source/cmTargetCompileDefinitionsCommand.cxx
index c4dc838..b64646a 100644
--- a/Source/cmTargetCompileDefinitionsCommand.cxx
+++ b/Source/cmTargetCompileDefinitionsCommand.cxx
@@ -4,9 +4,9 @@
 
 #include <sstream>
 
-#include "cmAlgorithms.h"
 #include "cmMakefile.h"
 #include "cmMessageType.h"
+#include "cmStringAlgorithms.h"
 #include "cmTarget.h"
 
 class cmExecutionStatus;
diff --git a/Source/cmTargetCompileFeaturesCommand.cxx b/Source/cmTargetCompileFeaturesCommand.cxx
index c9e394b..976c8cb 100644
--- a/Source/cmTargetCompileFeaturesCommand.cxx
+++ b/Source/cmTargetCompileFeaturesCommand.cxx
@@ -4,9 +4,9 @@
 
 #include <sstream>
 
-#include "cmAlgorithms.h"
 #include "cmMakefile.h"
 #include "cmMessageType.h"
+#include "cmStringAlgorithms.h"
 
 class cmExecutionStatus;
 class cmTarget;
diff --git a/Source/cmTargetCompileOptionsCommand.cxx b/Source/cmTargetCompileOptionsCommand.cxx
index 8b4763a..7dadb82 100644
--- a/Source/cmTargetCompileOptionsCommand.cxx
+++ b/Source/cmTargetCompileOptionsCommand.cxx
@@ -4,10 +4,10 @@
 
 #include <sstream>
 
-#include "cmAlgorithms.h"
 #include "cmListFileCache.h"
 #include "cmMakefile.h"
 #include "cmMessageType.h"
+#include "cmStringAlgorithms.h"
 #include "cmTarget.h"
 
 class cmExecutionStatus;
diff --git a/Source/cmTargetDepend.h b/Source/cmTargetDepend.h
index 5ea0085..4ca78fa 100644
--- a/Source/cmTargetDepend.h
+++ b/Source/cmTargetDepend.h
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@
   operator cmGeneratorTarget const*() const { return this->Target; }
   cmGeneratorTarget const* operator->() const { return this->Target; }
   cmGeneratorTarget const& operator*() const { return *this->Target; }
-  friend bool operator<(cmTargetDepend l, cmTargetDepend r)
+  friend bool operator<(cmTargetDepend const& l, cmTargetDepend const& r)
   {
     return l.Target < r.Target;
   }
diff --git a/Source/cmTargetIncludeDirectoriesCommand.cxx b/Source/cmTargetIncludeDirectoriesCommand.cxx
index d6918c0..d099349 100644
--- a/Source/cmTargetIncludeDirectoriesCommand.cxx
+++ b/Source/cmTargetIncludeDirectoriesCommand.cxx
@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@
 #include "cmListFileCache.h"
 #include "cmMakefile.h"
 #include "cmMessageType.h"
+#include "cmStringAlgorithms.h"
 #include "cmSystemTools.h"
 #include "cmTarget.h"
 
@@ -39,9 +40,9 @@
   for (std::string const& it : content) {
     if (cmSystemTools::FileIsFullPath(it) ||
         cmGeneratorExpression::Find(it) == 0) {
-      dirs += sep + it;
+      dirs += cmStrCat(sep, it);
     } else {
-      dirs += sep + prefix + it;
+      dirs += cmStrCat(sep, prefix, it);
     }
     sep = ";";
   }
diff --git a/Source/cmTargetLinkDirectoriesCommand.cxx b/Source/cmTargetLinkDirectoriesCommand.cxx
index 269f751..435c392 100644
--- a/Source/cmTargetLinkDirectoriesCommand.cxx
+++ b/Source/cmTargetLinkDirectoriesCommand.cxx
@@ -4,11 +4,11 @@
 
 #include <sstream>
 
-#include "cmAlgorithms.h"
 #include "cmGeneratorExpression.h"
 #include "cmListFileCache.h"
 #include "cmMakefile.h"
 #include "cmMessageType.h"
+#include "cmStringAlgorithms.h"
 #include "cmSystemTools.h"
 #include "cmTarget.h"
 
diff --git a/Source/cmTargetLinkOptionsCommand.cxx b/Source/cmTargetLinkOptionsCommand.cxx
index 5366486..2866cf1 100644
--- a/Source/cmTargetLinkOptionsCommand.cxx
+++ b/Source/cmTargetLinkOptionsCommand.cxx
@@ -4,10 +4,10 @@
 
 #include <sstream>
 
-#include "cmAlgorithms.h"
 #include "cmListFileCache.h"
 #include "cmMakefile.h"
 #include "cmMessageType.h"
+#include "cmStringAlgorithms.h"
 #include "cmTarget.h"
 
 class cmExecutionStatus;
diff --git a/Source/cmTargetPropertyComputer.cxx b/Source/cmTargetPropertyComputer.cxx
index eac300f..baab8da 100644
--- a/Source/cmTargetPropertyComputer.cxx
+++ b/Source/cmTargetPropertyComputer.cxx
@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@
 #include "cmMessenger.h"
 #include "cmPolicies.h"
 #include "cmStateSnapshot.h"
+#include "cmStringAlgorithms.h"
 
 bool cmTargetPropertyComputer::HandleLocationPropertyPolicy(
   std::string const& tgtName, cmMessenger* messenger,
diff --git a/Source/cmTargetPropertyComputer.h b/Source/cmTargetPropertyComputer.h
index efbf95f..3b11acd 100644
--- a/Source/cmTargetPropertyComputer.h
+++ b/Source/cmTargetPropertyComputer.h
@@ -7,9 +7,9 @@
 
 #include <string>
 
-#include "cmAlgorithms.h"
 #include "cmListFileCache.h"
 #include "cmStateTypes.h"
+#include "cmStringAlgorithms.h"
 #include "cmSystemTools.h"
 
 class cmMessenger;
diff --git a/Source/cmTargetSourcesCommand.cxx b/Source/cmTargetSourcesCommand.cxx
index 11e288f..eb5f37c 100644
--- a/Source/cmTargetSourcesCommand.cxx
+++ b/Source/cmTargetSourcesCommand.cxx
@@ -4,11 +4,11 @@
 
 #include <sstream>
 
-#include "cmAlgorithms.h"
 #include "cmGeneratorExpression.h"
 #include "cmMakefile.h"
 #include "cmMessageType.h"
 #include "cmPolicies.h"
+#include "cmStringAlgorithms.h"
 #include "cmSystemTools.h"
 #include "cmTarget.h"
 
diff --git a/Source/cmTimestamp.cxx b/Source/cmTimestamp.cxx
index da5d21e..0915986 100644
--- a/Source/cmTimestamp.cxx
+++ b/Source/cmTimestamp.cxx
@@ -109,7 +109,7 @@
 
   time_t result = mktime(&tm);
 
-#  ifdef CMAKE_BUILD_WITH_CMAKE
+#  ifndef CMAKE_BOOTSTRAP
   if (tz_was_set) {
     cmSystemTools::PutEnv(tz_old);
   } else {
diff --git a/Source/cmUVHandlePtr.cxx b/Source/cmUVHandlePtr.cxx
index db67463..97c27cb 100644
--- a/Source/cmUVHandlePtr.cxx
+++ b/Source/cmUVHandlePtr.cxx
@@ -122,7 +122,7 @@
   return this->handle.get();
 }
 
-#ifdef CMAKE_BUILD_WITH_CMAKE
+#ifndef CMAKE_BOOTSTRAP
 template <>
 struct uv_handle_deleter<uv_async_t>
 {
@@ -230,7 +230,7 @@
   return uv_timer_start(*this, cb, timeout, repeat);
 }
 
-#ifdef CMAKE_BUILD_WITH_CMAKE
+#ifndef CMAKE_BOOTSTRAP
 uv_tty_ptr::operator uv_stream_t*() const
 {
   return reinterpret_cast<uv_stream_t*>(handle.get());
@@ -259,7 +259,7 @@
 
 UV_HANDLE_PTR_INSTANTIATE_EXPLICIT(timer)
 
-#ifdef CMAKE_BUILD_WITH_CMAKE
+#ifndef CMAKE_BOOTSTRAP
 UV_HANDLE_PTR_INSTANTIATE_EXPLICIT(async)
 
 UV_HANDLE_PTR_INSTANTIATE_EXPLICIT(tty)
diff --git a/Source/cmUnsetCommand.cxx b/Source/cmUnsetCommand.cxx
index cfaa1fd2..3eb293a 100644
--- a/Source/cmUnsetCommand.cxx
+++ b/Source/cmUnsetCommand.cxx
@@ -2,8 +2,8 @@
    file Copyright.txt or https://cmake.org/licensing for details.  */
 #include "cmUnsetCommand.h"
 
-#include "cmAlgorithms.h"
 #include "cmMakefile.h"
+#include "cmStringAlgorithms.h"
 #include "cmSystemTools.h"
 
 class cmExecutionStatus;
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@
     // what is the variable name
     auto const& envVarName = variable.substr(4, variable.size() - 5);
 
-#ifdef CMAKE_BUILD_WITH_CMAKE
+#ifndef CMAKE_BOOTSTRAP
     cmSystemTools::UnsetEnv(envVarName.c_str());
 #endif
     return true;
diff --git a/Source/cmUuid.cxx b/Source/cmUuid.cxx
index 51ecbd1..0dc6ca7 100644
--- a/Source/cmUuid.cxx
+++ b/Source/cmUuid.cxx
@@ -114,14 +114,12 @@
 
 std::string cmUuid::ByteToHex(unsigned char byte) const
 {
-  std::string result;
+  std::string result("  ");
   for (int i = 0; i < 2; ++i) {
     unsigned char rest = byte % 16;
     byte /= 16;
-
     char c = (rest < 0xA) ? char('0' + rest) : char('a' + (rest - 0xA));
-
-    result = c + result;
+    result.at(1 - i) = c;
   }
 
   return result;
diff --git a/Source/cmVSSetupHelper.cxx b/Source/cmVSSetupHelper.cxx
index c78361e..20f5e2f 100644
--- a/Source/cmVSSetupHelper.cxx
+++ b/Source/cmVSSetupHelper.cxx
@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@
    file Copyright.txt or https://cmake.org/licensing for details.  */
 #include "cmVSSetupHelper.h"
 
+#include "cmStringAlgorithms.h"
 #include "cmSystemTools.h"
 #include "cmsys/Encoding.hxx"
 #include "cmsys/FStream.hxx"
@@ -195,7 +196,7 @@
     if (!fin || !cmSystemTools::GetLineFromStream(fin, vcToolsVersion)) {
       return false;
     }
-    vcToolsVersion = cmSystemTools::TrimWhitespace(vcToolsVersion);
+    vcToolsVersion = cmTrimWhitespace(vcToolsVersion);
     std::string const vcToolsDir = vcRoot + "/VC/Tools/MSVC/" + vcToolsVersion;
     if (!cmSystemTools::FileIsDirectory(vcToolsDir)) {
       return false;
diff --git a/Source/cmVisualStudio10TargetGenerator.cxx b/Source/cmVisualStudio10TargetGenerator.cxx
index 4a151b3..ed6e4d9 100644
--- a/Source/cmVisualStudio10TargetGenerator.cxx
+++ b/Source/cmVisualStudio10TargetGenerator.cxx
@@ -1235,8 +1235,11 @@
   if (this->IPOEnabledConfigurations.count(config) > 0) {
     e1.Element("WholeProgramOptimization", "true");
   }
-  if (this->SpectreMitigationConfigurations.count(config) > 0) {
-    e1.Element("SpectreMitigation", "Spectre");
+  {
+    auto s = this->SpectreMitigation.find(config);
+    if (s != this->SpectreMitigation.end()) {
+      e1.Element("SpectreMitigation", s->second);
+    }
   }
 }
 
@@ -2766,8 +2769,8 @@
     }
   }
 
-  if (clOptions.HasFlag("SpectreMitigation")) {
-    this->SpectreMitigationConfigurations.insert(configName);
+  if (const char* s = clOptions.GetFlag("SpectreMitigation")) {
+    this->SpectreMitigation[configName] = s;
     clOptions.RemoveFlag("SpectreMitigation");
   }
 
diff --git a/Source/cmVisualStudio10TargetGenerator.h b/Source/cmVisualStudio10TargetGenerator.h
index 860b809..6607e77 100644
--- a/Source/cmVisualStudio10TargetGenerator.h
+++ b/Source/cmVisualStudio10TargetGenerator.h
@@ -215,7 +215,7 @@
   unsigned int NsightTegraVersion[4];
   bool TargetCompileAsWinRT;
   std::set<std::string> IPOEnabledConfigurations;
-  std::set<std::string> SpectreMitigationConfigurations;
+  std::map<std::string, std::string> SpectreMitigation;
   cmGlobalVisualStudio10Generator* const GlobalGenerator;
   cmLocalVisualStudio10Generator* const LocalGenerator;
   std::set<std::string> CSharpCustomCommandNames;
diff --git a/Source/cmVisualStudioGeneratorOptions.cxx b/Source/cmVisualStudioGeneratorOptions.cxx
index e1b0c70..6c28996 100644
--- a/Source/cmVisualStudioGeneratorOptions.cxx
+++ b/Source/cmVisualStudioGeneratorOptions.cxx
@@ -193,7 +193,7 @@
     std::string arch_name = arch[0];
     std::vector<std::string> codes;
     if (!code.empty()) {
-      codes = cmSystemTools::tokenize(code[0], ",");
+      codes = cmTokenize(code[0], ",");
     }
     if (codes.empty()) {
       codes.push_back(arch_name);
@@ -220,7 +220,7 @@
     cmSystemTools::ReplaceString(entry, "]", "");
     cmSystemTools::ReplaceString(entry, "\"", "");
 
-    std::vector<std::string> codes = cmSystemTools::tokenize(entry, ",");
+    std::vector<std::string> codes = cmTokenize(entry, ",");
     if (codes.size() >= 2) {
       auto gencode_arch = cm::cbegin(codes);
       for (auto ci = gencode_arch + 1; ci != cm::cend(codes); ++ci) {
diff --git a/Source/cmVisualStudioSlnParser.cxx b/Source/cmVisualStudioSlnParser.cxx
index 9353276..9eaee11 100644
--- a/Source/cmVisualStudioSlnParser.cxx
+++ b/Source/cmVisualStudioSlnParser.cxx
@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@
    file Copyright.txt or https://cmake.org/licensing for details.  */
 #include "cmVisualStudioSlnParser.h"
 
+#include "cmStringAlgorithms.h"
 #include "cmSystemTools.h"
 #include "cmVisualStudioSlnData.h"
 #include "cmsys/FStream.hxx"
@@ -192,8 +193,8 @@
   assert(!line.IsComment());
   switch (this->Stack.top()) {
     case FileStateStart:
-      if (!cmSystemTools::StringStartsWith(
-            line.GetTag().c_str(), "Microsoft Visual Studio Solution File")) {
+      if (!cmHasLiteralPrefix(line.GetTag(),
+                              "Microsoft Visual Studio Solution File")) {
         result.SetError(ResultErrorInputStructure, this->GetCurrentLine());
         return false;
       }
@@ -462,7 +463,7 @@
   if (!this->ParseBOM(input, line, state))
     return false;
   do {
-    line = cmSystemTools::TrimWhitespace(line);
+    line = cmTrimWhitespace(line);
     if (line.empty())
       continue;
     ParsedLine parsedLine;
@@ -578,9 +579,9 @@
     return true;
   }
   const std::string& key = line.substr(0, idxEqualSign);
-  parsedLine.SetTag(cmSystemTools::TrimWhitespace(key));
+  parsedLine.SetTag(cmTrimWhitespace(key));
   const std::string& value = line.substr(idxEqualSign + 1);
-  parsedLine.AddValue(cmSystemTools::TrimWhitespace(value));
+  parsedLine.AddValue(cmTrimWhitespace(value));
   return true;
 }
 
@@ -589,18 +590,17 @@
 {
   size_t idxLeftParen = fullTag.find('(');
   if (idxLeftParen == fullTag.npos) {
-    parsedLine.SetTag(cmSystemTools::TrimWhitespace(fullTag));
+    parsedLine.SetTag(cmTrimWhitespace(fullTag));
     return true;
   }
-  parsedLine.SetTag(
-    cmSystemTools::TrimWhitespace(fullTag.substr(0, idxLeftParen)));
+  parsedLine.SetTag(cmTrimWhitespace(fullTag.substr(0, idxLeftParen)));
   size_t idxRightParen = fullTag.rfind(')');
   if (idxRightParen == fullTag.npos) {
     this->LastResult.SetError(ResultErrorInputStructure,
                               state.GetCurrentLine());
     return false;
   }
-  const std::string& arg = cmSystemTools::TrimWhitespace(
+  const std::string& arg = cmTrimWhitespace(
     fullTag.substr(idxLeftParen + 1, idxRightParen - idxLeftParen - 1));
   if (arg.front() == '"') {
     if (arg.back() != '"') {
@@ -617,7 +617,7 @@
 bool cmVisualStudioSlnParser::ParseValue(const std::string& value,
                                          ParsedLine& parsedLine)
 {
-  const std::string& trimmed = cmSystemTools::TrimWhitespace(value);
+  const std::string& trimmed = cmTrimWhitespace(value);
   if (trimmed.empty())
     parsedLine.AddValue(trimmed);
   else if (trimmed.front() == '"' && trimmed.back() == '"')
diff --git a/Source/cmWhileCommand.cxx b/Source/cmWhileCommand.cxx
index 37d1c74..a396852 100644
--- a/Source/cmWhileCommand.cxx
+++ b/Source/cmWhileCommand.cxx
@@ -3,10 +3,14 @@
 #include "cmWhileCommand.h"
 
 #include "cm_memory.hxx"
+#include "cm_static_string_view.hxx"
+#include "cm_string_view.hxx"
 
 #include "cmConditionEvaluator.h"
 #include "cmExecutionStatus.h"
 #include "cmExpandedCommandArgument.h"
+#include "cmFunctionBlocker.h"
+#include "cmListFileCache.h"
 #include "cmMakefile.h"
 #include "cmMessageType.h"
 #include "cmSystemTools.h"
@@ -14,9 +18,29 @@
 #include <string>
 #include <utility>
 
+class cmWhileFunctionBlocker : public cmFunctionBlocker
+{
+public:
+  cmWhileFunctionBlocker(cmMakefile* mf);
+  ~cmWhileFunctionBlocker() override;
+
+  cm::string_view StartCommandName() const override { return "while"_s; }
+  cm::string_view EndCommandName() const override { return "endwhile"_s; }
+
+  bool ArgumentsMatch(cmListFileFunction const& lff,
+                      cmMakefile& mf) const override;
+
+  bool Replay(std::vector<cmListFileFunction> functions,
+              cmExecutionStatus& inStatus) override;
+
+  std::vector<cmListFileArgument> Args;
+
+private:
+  cmMakefile* Makefile;
+};
+
 cmWhileFunctionBlocker::cmWhileFunctionBlocker(cmMakefile* mf)
   : Makefile(mf)
-  , Depth(0)
 {
   this->Makefile->PushLoopBlock();
 }
@@ -26,108 +50,77 @@
   this->Makefile->PopLoopBlock();
 }
 
-bool cmWhileFunctionBlocker::IsFunctionBlocked(const cmListFileFunction& lff,
-                                               cmMakefile& mf,
-                                               cmExecutionStatus& inStatus)
+bool cmWhileFunctionBlocker::ArgumentsMatch(cmListFileFunction const& lff,
+                                            cmMakefile&) const
 {
-  // at end of for each execute recorded commands
-  if (lff.Name.Lower == "while") {
-    // record the number of while commands past this one
-    this->Depth++;
-  } else if (lff.Name.Lower == "endwhile") {
-    // if this is the endwhile for this while loop then execute
-    if (!this->Depth) {
-      // Remove the function blocker for this scope or bail.
-      std::unique_ptr<cmFunctionBlocker> fb(
-        mf.RemoveFunctionBlocker(this, lff));
-      if (!fb) {
-        return false;
-      }
-
-      std::string errorString;
-
-      std::vector<cmExpandedCommandArgument> expandedArguments;
-      mf.ExpandArguments(this->Args, expandedArguments);
-      MessageType messageType;
-
-      cmListFileContext execContext = this->GetStartingContext();
-
-      cmCommandContext commandContext;
-      commandContext.Line = execContext.Line;
-      commandContext.Name = execContext.Name;
-
-      cmConditionEvaluator conditionEvaluator(mf, this->GetStartingContext(),
-                                              mf.GetBacktrace(commandContext));
-
-      bool isTrue =
-        conditionEvaluator.IsTrue(expandedArguments, errorString, messageType);
-
-      while (isTrue) {
-        if (!errorString.empty()) {
-          std::string err = "had incorrect arguments: ";
-          for (cmListFileArgument const& arg : this->Args) {
-            err += (arg.Delim ? "\"" : "");
-            err += arg.Value;
-            err += (arg.Delim ? "\"" : "");
-            err += " ";
-          }
-          err += "(";
-          err += errorString;
-          err += ").";
-          mf.IssueMessage(messageType, err);
-          if (messageType == MessageType::FATAL_ERROR) {
-            cmSystemTools::SetFatalErrorOccured();
-            return true;
-          }
-        }
-
-        // Invoke all the functions that were collected in the block.
-        for (cmListFileFunction const& fn : this->Functions) {
-          cmExecutionStatus status(mf);
-          mf.ExecuteCommand(fn, status);
-          if (status.GetReturnInvoked()) {
-            inStatus.SetReturnInvoked();
-            return true;
-          }
-          if (status.GetBreakInvoked()) {
-            return true;
-          }
-          if (status.GetContinueInvoked()) {
-            break;
-          }
-          if (cmSystemTools::GetFatalErrorOccured()) {
-            return true;
-          }
-        }
-        expandedArguments.clear();
-        mf.ExpandArguments(this->Args, expandedArguments);
-        isTrue = conditionEvaluator.IsTrue(expandedArguments, errorString,
-                                           messageType);
-      }
-      return true;
-    }
-    // decrement for each nested while that ends
-    this->Depth--;
-  }
-
-  // record the command
-  this->Functions.push_back(lff);
-
-  // always return true
-  return true;
+  return lff.Arguments.empty() || lff.Arguments == this->Args;
 }
 
-bool cmWhileFunctionBlocker::ShouldRemove(const cmListFileFunction& lff,
-                                          cmMakefile&)
+bool cmWhileFunctionBlocker::Replay(std::vector<cmListFileFunction> functions,
+                                    cmExecutionStatus& inStatus)
 {
-  if (lff.Name.Lower == "endwhile") {
-    // if the endwhile has arguments, then make sure
-    // they match the arguments of the matching while
-    if (lff.Arguments.empty() || lff.Arguments == this->Args) {
-      return true;
+  cmMakefile& mf = inStatus.GetMakefile();
+  std::string errorString;
+
+  std::vector<cmExpandedCommandArgument> expandedArguments;
+  mf.ExpandArguments(this->Args, expandedArguments);
+  MessageType messageType;
+
+  cmListFileContext execContext = this->GetStartingContext();
+
+  cmCommandContext commandContext;
+  commandContext.Line = execContext.Line;
+  commandContext.Name = execContext.Name;
+
+  cmConditionEvaluator conditionEvaluator(mf, this->GetStartingContext(),
+                                          mf.GetBacktrace(commandContext));
+
+  bool isTrue =
+    conditionEvaluator.IsTrue(expandedArguments, errorString, messageType);
+
+  while (isTrue) {
+    if (!errorString.empty()) {
+      std::string err = "had incorrect arguments: ";
+      for (cmListFileArgument const& arg : this->Args) {
+        err += (arg.Delim ? "\"" : "");
+        err += arg.Value;
+        err += (arg.Delim ? "\"" : "");
+        err += " ";
+      }
+      err += "(";
+      err += errorString;
+      err += ").";
+      mf.IssueMessage(messageType, err);
+      if (messageType == MessageType::FATAL_ERROR) {
+        cmSystemTools::SetFatalErrorOccured();
+        return true;
+      }
     }
+
+    // Invoke all the functions that were collected in the block.
+    for (cmListFileFunction const& fn : functions) {
+      cmExecutionStatus status(mf);
+      mf.ExecuteCommand(fn, status);
+      if (status.GetReturnInvoked()) {
+        inStatus.SetReturnInvoked();
+        return true;
+      }
+      if (status.GetBreakInvoked()) {
+        return true;
+      }
+      if (status.GetContinueInvoked()) {
+        break;
+      }
+      if (cmSystemTools::GetFatalErrorOccured()) {
+        return true;
+      }
+    }
+    expandedArguments.clear();
+    mf.ExpandArguments(this->Args, expandedArguments);
+    isTrue =
+      conditionEvaluator.IsTrue(expandedArguments, errorString, messageType);
   }
-  return false;
+  return true;
 }
 
 bool cmWhileCommand(std::vector<cmListFileArgument> const& args,
diff --git a/Source/cmWhileCommand.h b/Source/cmWhileCommand.h
index 2257799..beca652 100644
--- a/Source/cmWhileCommand.h
+++ b/Source/cmWhileCommand.h
@@ -7,28 +7,8 @@
 
 #include <vector>
 
-#include "cmFunctionBlocker.h"
-#include "cmListFileCache.h"
-
 class cmExecutionStatus;
-class cmMakefile;
-
-class cmWhileFunctionBlocker : public cmFunctionBlocker
-{
-public:
-  cmWhileFunctionBlocker(cmMakefile* mf);
-  ~cmWhileFunctionBlocker() override;
-  bool IsFunctionBlocked(const cmListFileFunction& lff, cmMakefile& mf,
-                         cmExecutionStatus&) override;
-  bool ShouldRemove(const cmListFileFunction& lff, cmMakefile& mf) override;
-
-  std::vector<cmListFileArgument> Args;
-  std::vector<cmListFileFunction> Functions;
-
-private:
-  cmMakefile* Makefile;
-  int Depth;
-};
+struct cmListFileArgument;
 
 /// \brief Starts a while loop
 bool cmWhileCommand(std::vector<cmListFileArgument> const& args,
diff --git a/Source/cm_codecvt.hxx b/Source/cm_codecvt.hxx
index 2df3961..2060584 100644
--- a/Source/cm_codecvt.hxx
+++ b/Source/cm_codecvt.hxx
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@
     ANSI
   };
 
-#ifdef CMAKE_BUILD_WITH_CMAKE
+#ifndef CMAKE_BOOTSTRAP
 
   codecvt(Encoding e);
 
diff --git a/Source/cmake.cxx b/Source/cmake.cxx
index 7250e51..af73c8d 100644
--- a/Source/cmake.cxx
+++ b/Source/cmake.cxx
@@ -21,15 +21,17 @@
 #include "cmMessenger.h"
 #include "cmState.h"
 #include "cmStateDirectory.h"
+#include "cmStringAlgorithms.h"
 #include "cmSystemTools.h"
 #include "cmTarget.h"
 #include "cmTargetLinkLibraryType.h"
 #include "cmUtils.hxx"
 #include "cmVersionConfig.h"
 #include "cmWorkingDirectory.h"
+#include "cm_string_view.hxx"
 #include "cm_sys_stat.h"
 
-#if defined(CMAKE_BUILD_WITH_CMAKE)
+#if !defined(CMAKE_BOOTSTRAP)
 #  include "cm_jsoncpp_writer.h"
 
 #  include "cmFileAPI.h"
@@ -38,11 +40,11 @@
 #  include <unordered_map>
 #endif
 
-#if defined(CMAKE_BUILD_WITH_CMAKE)
+#if !defined(CMAKE_BOOTSTRAP)
 #  define CMAKE_USE_ECLIPSE
 #endif
 
-#if defined(__MINGW32__) && !defined(CMAKE_BUILD_WITH_CMAKE)
+#if defined(__MINGW32__) && defined(CMAKE_BOOTSTRAP)
 #  define CMAKE_BOOT_MINGW
 #endif
 
@@ -70,7 +72,7 @@
 #  include "cmGlobalWatcomWMakeGenerator.h"
 #endif
 #include "cmGlobalUnixMakefileGenerator3.h"
-#if defined(CMAKE_BUILD_WITH_CMAKE)
+#if !defined(CMAKE_BOOTSTRAP)
 #  include "cmGlobalNinjaGenerator.h"
 #endif
 #include "cmExtraCodeLiteGenerator.h"
@@ -90,7 +92,7 @@
 #endif
 
 #if defined(__APPLE__)
-#  if defined(CMAKE_BUILD_WITH_CMAKE)
+#  if !defined(CMAKE_BOOTSTRAP)
 #    include "cmGlobalXCodeGenerator.h"
 
 #    define CMAKE_USE_XCODE 1
@@ -113,7 +115,7 @@
 
 namespace {
 
-#if defined(CMAKE_BUILD_WITH_CMAKE)
+#if !defined(CMAKE_BOOTSTRAP)
 typedef std::unordered_map<std::string, Json::Value> JsonValueMapType;
 #endif
 
@@ -131,22 +133,15 @@
 }
 
 cmake::cmake(Role role, cmState::Mode mode)
+  : FileTimeCache(cm::make_unique<cmFileTimeCache>())
+#ifndef CMAKE_BOOTSTRAP
+  , VariableWatch(cm::make_unique<cmVariableWatch>())
+#endif
+  , State(cm::make_unique<cmState>())
+  , Messenger(cm::make_unique<cmMessenger>())
 {
-  this->Trace = false;
-  this->TraceExpand = false;
-  this->WarnUninitialized = false;
-  this->WarnUnused = false;
-  this->WarnUnusedCli = true;
-  this->CheckSystemVars = false;
-  this->DebugOutput = false;
-  this->DebugTryCompile = false;
-  this->ClearBuildSystem = false;
-  this->FileTimeCache = cm::make_unique<cmFileTimeCache>();
-
-  this->State = cm::make_unique<cmState>();
   this->State->SetMode(mode);
   this->CurrentSnapshot = this->State->CreateBaseSnapshot();
-  this->Messenger = cm::make_unique<cmMessenger>();
 
 #ifdef __APPLE__
   struct rlimit rlp;
@@ -158,16 +153,6 @@
   }
 #endif
 
-  this->GlobalGenerator = nullptr;
-  this->GeneratorInstanceSet = false;
-  this->GeneratorPlatformSet = false;
-  this->GeneratorToolsetSet = false;
-  this->CurrentWorkingMode = NORMAL_MODE;
-
-#ifdef CMAKE_BUILD_WITH_CMAKE
-  this->VariableWatch = cm::make_unique<cmVariableWatch>();
-#endif
-
   this->AddDefaultGenerators();
   this->AddDefaultExtraGenerators();
   if (role == RoleScript || role == RoleProject) {
@@ -187,32 +172,25 @@
   // Set up a list of source and header extensions.
   // These are used to find files when the extension is not given.
   {
-    auto fillExts = [](FileExtensions& exts,
-                       std::initializer_list<const char*> extList) {
+    auto setupExts = [](FileExtensions& exts,
+                        std::initializer_list<cm::string_view> extList) {
       // Fill ordered vector
       exts.ordered.reserve(extList.size());
-      for (const char* ext : extList) {
+      for (cm::string_view ext : extList) {
         exts.ordered.emplace_back(ext);
       };
       // Fill unordered set
       exts.unordered.insert(exts.ordered.begin(), exts.ordered.end());
     };
 
-    // Source extensions
     // The "c" extension MUST precede the "C" extension.
-    fillExts(this->SourceFileExtensions,
-             { "c", "C", "c++", "cc", "cpp", "cxx", "cu", "m", "M", "mm" });
-
-    // Header extensions
-    fillExts(this->HeaderFileExtensions,
-             { "h", "hh", "h++", "hm", "hpp", "hxx", "in", "txx" });
-
-    // Cuda extensions
-    fillExts(this->CudaFileExtensions, { "cu" });
-
-    // Fortran extensions
-    fillExts(this->FortranFileExtensions,
-             { "f", "F", "for", "f77", "f90", "f95", "f03" });
+    setupExts(this->SourceFileExtensions,
+              { "c", "C", "c++", "cc", "cpp", "cxx", "cu", "m", "M", "mm" });
+    setupExts(this->HeaderFileExtensions,
+              { "h", "hh", "h++", "hm", "hpp", "hxx", "in", "txx" });
+    setupExts(this->CudaFileExtensions, { "cu" });
+    setupExts(this->FortranFileExtensions,
+              { "f", "F", "for", "f77", "f90", "f95", "f03" });
   }
 }
 
@@ -225,7 +203,7 @@
   cmDeleteAll(this->Generators);
 }
 
-#if defined(CMAKE_BUILD_WITH_CMAKE)
+#if !defined(CMAKE_BOOTSTRAP)
 Json::Value cmake::ReportVersionJson() const
 {
   Json::Value version = Json::objectValue;
@@ -284,7 +262,7 @@
 std::string cmake::ReportCapabilities() const
 {
   std::string result;
-#if defined(CMAKE_BUILD_WITH_CMAKE)
+#if !defined(CMAKE_BOOTSTRAP)
   Json::FastWriter writer;
   result = writer.write(this->ReportCapabilitiesJson());
 #else
@@ -619,7 +597,7 @@
     this->EnvironmentGenerator = envGenVar;
   }
 
-  auto readGeneratorVar = [&](std::string name, std::string& key) {
+  auto readGeneratorVar = [&](std::string const& name, std::string& key) {
     std::string varValue;
     if (cmSystemTools::GetEnv(name, varValue)) {
       if (hasEnvironmentGenerator) {
@@ -830,8 +808,8 @@
           kdevError = "\nThe KDevelop3 generator is not supported anymore.";
         }
 
-        cmSystemTools::Error("Could not create named generator " + value +
-                             kdevError);
+        cmSystemTools::Error(
+          cmStrCat("Could not create named generator ", value, kdevError));
         this->PrintGeneratorList();
         return;
       }
@@ -990,7 +968,7 @@
   this->AddCacheEntry("CMAKE_COMMAND",
                       cmSystemTools::GetCMakeCommand().c_str(),
                       "Path to CMake executable.", cmStateEnums::INTERNAL);
-#ifdef CMAKE_BUILD_WITH_CMAKE
+#ifndef CMAKE_BOOTSTRAP
   this->AddCacheEntry(
     "CMAKE_CTEST_COMMAND", cmSystemTools::GetCTestCommand().c_str(),
     "Path to ctest program executable.", cmStateEnums::INTERNAL);
@@ -1016,7 +994,7 @@
 
 void cmake::AddDefaultExtraGenerators()
 {
-#if defined(CMAKE_BUILD_WITH_CMAKE)
+#if !defined(CMAKE_BOOTSTRAP)
   this->ExtraGenerators.push_back(cmExtraCodeBlocksGenerator::GetFactory());
   this->ExtraGenerators.push_back(cmExtraCodeLiteGenerator::GetFactory());
   this->ExtraGenerators.push_back(cmExtraSublimeTextGenerator::GetFactory());
@@ -1543,7 +1521,7 @@
     this->TruncateOutputLog("CMakeError.log");
   }
 
-#if defined(CMAKE_BUILD_WITH_CMAKE)
+#if !defined(CMAKE_BOOTSTRAP)
   this->FileAPI = cm::make_unique<cmFileAPI>(this);
   this->FileAPI->ReadQueries();
 #endif
@@ -1811,7 +1789,7 @@
   // for the Visual Studio and Xcode generators.)
   this->SaveCache(this->GetHomeOutputDirectory());
 
-#if defined(CMAKE_BUILD_WITH_CMAKE)
+#if !defined(CMAKE_BOOTSTRAP)
   this->FileAPI->WriteReplies();
 #endif
 
@@ -1917,7 +1895,7 @@
   this->Generators.push_back(cmGlobalMinGWMakefileGenerator::NewFactory());
 #endif
   this->Generators.push_back(cmGlobalUnixMakefileGenerator3::NewFactory());
-#if defined(CMAKE_BUILD_WITH_CMAKE)
+#if !defined(CMAKE_BOOTSTRAP)
 #  if defined(__linux__) || defined(_WIN32)
   this->Generators.push_back(cmGlobalGhsMultiGenerator::NewFactory());
 #  endif
@@ -2030,8 +2008,7 @@
   for (cmGlobalGeneratorFactory* g : this->Generators) {
     cmDocumentationEntry e;
     g->GetDocumentation(e);
-    if (!foundDefaultOne &&
-        cmSystemTools::StringStartsWith(e.Name, defaultName.c_str())) {
+    if (!foundDefaultOne && cmHasPrefix(e.Name, defaultName)) {
       e.CustomNamePrefix = '*';
       foundDefaultOne = true;
     }
@@ -2077,7 +2054,7 @@
 
 void cmake::PrintGeneratorList()
 {
-#ifdef CMAKE_BUILD_WITH_CMAKE
+#ifndef CMAKE_BOOTSTRAP
   cmDocumentation doc;
   auto generators = this->GetGeneratorsDocumentation();
   doc.AppendSection("Generators", generators);
@@ -2293,14 +2270,6 @@
   }
 }
 
-inline std::string removeQuotes(const std::string& s)
-{
-  if (s.front() == '\"' && s.back() == '\"') {
-    return s.substr(1, s.size() - 2);
-  }
-  return s;
-}
-
 void cmake::MarkCliAsUsed(const std::string& variable)
 {
   this->UsedCliVariables[variable] = true;
@@ -2308,7 +2277,7 @@
 
 void cmake::GenerateGraphViz(const std::string& fileName) const
 {
-#ifdef CMAKE_BUILD_WITH_CMAKE
+#ifndef CMAKE_BOOTSTRAP
   cmGraphVizWriter gvWriter(this->GetGlobalGenerator());
 
   std::string settingsFile = this->GetHomeOutputDirectory();
@@ -2767,7 +2736,7 @@
 
 void cmake::WatchUnusedCli(const std::string& var)
 {
-#ifdef CMAKE_BUILD_WITH_CMAKE
+#ifndef CMAKE_BOOTSTRAP
   this->VariableWatch->AddWatch(var, cmWarnUnusedCliWarning, this);
   if (this->UsedCliVariables.find(var) == this->UsedCliVariables.end()) {
     this->UsedCliVariables[var] = false;
@@ -2777,7 +2746,7 @@
 
 void cmake::UnwatchUnusedCli(const std::string& var)
 {
-#ifdef CMAKE_BUILD_WITH_CMAKE
+#ifndef CMAKE_BOOTSTRAP
   this->VariableWatch->RemoveWatch(var, cmWarnUnusedCliWarning);
   this->UsedCliVariables.erase(var);
 #endif
@@ -2785,7 +2754,7 @@
 
 void cmake::RunCheckForUnusedVariables()
 {
-#ifdef CMAKE_BUILD_WITH_CMAKE
+#ifndef CMAKE_BOOTSTRAP
   bool haveUnused = false;
   std::ostringstream msg;
   msg << "Manually-specified variables were not used by the project:";
diff --git a/Source/cmake.h b/Source/cmake.h
index 6aa00e1..4c73519 100644
--- a/Source/cmake.h
+++ b/Source/cmake.h
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@
 #include "cmStateSnapshot.h"
 #include "cmStateTypes.h"
 
-#if defined(CMAKE_BUILD_WITH_CMAKE)
+#if !defined(CMAKE_BOOTSTRAP)
 #  include "cm_jsoncpp_value.h"
 #endif
 
@@ -145,7 +145,7 @@
   cmake(cmake const&) = delete;
   cmake& operator=(cmake const&) = delete;
 
-#if defined(CMAKE_BUILD_WITH_CMAKE)
+#if !defined(CMAKE_BOOTSTRAP)
   Json::Value ReportVersionJson() const;
   Json::Value ReportCapabilitiesJson() const;
 #endif
@@ -334,7 +334,7 @@
   //! this is called by generators to update the progress
   void UpdateProgress(const std::string& msg, float prog);
 
-#if defined(CMAKE_BUILD_WITH_CMAKE)
+#if !defined(CMAKE_BOOTSTRAP)
   //! Get the variable watch object
   cmVariableWatch* GetVariableWatch() { return this->VariableWatch.get(); }
 #endif
@@ -509,14 +509,14 @@
   void AddDefaultGenerators();
   void AddDefaultExtraGenerators();
 
-  cmGlobalGenerator* GlobalGenerator;
+  cmGlobalGenerator* GlobalGenerator = nullptr;
   std::map<std::string, DiagLevel> DiagLevels;
   std::string GeneratorInstance;
   std::string GeneratorPlatform;
   std::string GeneratorToolset;
-  bool GeneratorInstanceSet;
-  bool GeneratorPlatformSet;
-  bool GeneratorToolsetSet;
+  bool GeneratorInstanceSet = false;
+  bool GeneratorPlatformSet = false;
+  bool GeneratorToolsetSet = false;
 
   //! read in a cmake list file to initialize the cache
   void ReadListFile(const std::vector<std::string>& args,
@@ -543,14 +543,14 @@
 
 private:
   ProgressCallbackType ProgressCallback;
-  WorkingMode CurrentWorkingMode;
-  bool DebugOutput;
-  bool Trace;
-  bool TraceExpand;
-  bool WarnUninitialized;
-  bool WarnUnused;
-  bool WarnUnusedCli;
-  bool CheckSystemVars;
+  WorkingMode CurrentWorkingMode = NORMAL_MODE;
+  bool DebugOutput = false;
+  bool Trace = false;
+  bool TraceExpand = false;
+  bool WarnUninitialized = false;
+  bool WarnUnused = false;
+  bool WarnUnusedCli = true;
+  bool CheckSystemVars = false;
   std::map<std::string, bool> UsedCliVariables;
   std::string CMakeEditCommand;
   std::string CXXEnvironment;
@@ -564,13 +564,13 @@
   FileExtensions HeaderFileExtensions;
   FileExtensions CudaFileExtensions;
   FileExtensions FortranFileExtensions;
-  bool ClearBuildSystem;
-  bool DebugTryCompile;
+  bool ClearBuildSystem = false;
+  bool DebugTryCompile = false;
   std::unique_ptr<cmFileTimeCache> FileTimeCache;
   std::string GraphVizFile;
   InstalledFilesMap InstalledFiles;
 
-#if defined(CMAKE_BUILD_WITH_CMAKE)
+#if !defined(CMAKE_BOOTSTRAP)
   std::unique_ptr<cmVariableWatch> VariableWatch;
   std::unique_ptr<cmFileAPI> FileAPI;
 #endif
diff --git a/Source/cmakemain.cxx b/Source/cmakemain.cxx
index cfb3cee..522f9a4 100644
--- a/Source/cmakemain.cxx
+++ b/Source/cmakemain.cxx
@@ -7,11 +7,12 @@
 #include "cmMakefile.h"
 #include "cmState.h"
 #include "cmStateTypes.h"
+#include "cmStringAlgorithms.h"
 #include "cmSystemTools.h"
 #include "cmake.h"
 #include "cmcmd.h"
 
-#ifdef CMAKE_BUILD_WITH_CMAKE
+#ifndef CMAKE_BOOTSTRAP
 #  include "cmDocumentation.h"
 #  include "cmDynamicLoader.h"
 #endif
@@ -19,7 +20,7 @@
 #include "cm_uv.h"
 
 #include "cmsys/Encoding.hxx"
-#if defined(_WIN32) && defined(CMAKE_BUILD_WITH_CMAKE)
+#if defined(_WIN32) && !defined(CMAKE_BOOTSTRAP)
 #  include "cmsys/ConsoleBuf.hxx"
 #endif
 
@@ -32,7 +33,7 @@
 #include <vector>
 
 namespace {
-#ifdef CMAKE_BUILD_WITH_CMAKE
+#ifndef CMAKE_BOOTSTRAP
 const char* cmDocumentationName[][2] = {
   { nullptr, "  cmake - Cross-Platform Makefile Generator." },
   { nullptr, nullptr }
@@ -155,7 +156,7 @@
     return 1;
   }
 
-#ifdef CMAKE_BUILD_WITH_CMAKE
+#ifndef CMAKE_BOOTSTRAP
   cmDocumentation doc;
   doc.addCMakeStandardDocSections();
   if (doc.CheckOptions(ac, av)) {
@@ -338,7 +339,7 @@
 
 int do_build(int ac, char const* const* av)
 {
-#ifndef CMAKE_BUILD_WITH_CMAKE
+#ifdef CMAKE_BOOTSTRAP
   std::cerr << "This cmake does not support --build\n";
   return -1;
 #else
@@ -502,7 +503,7 @@
 
 int do_install(int ac, char const* const* av)
 {
-#ifndef CMAKE_BUILD_WITH_CMAKE
+#ifdef CMAKE_BOOTSTRAP
   std::cerr << "This cmake does not support --install\n";
   return -1;
 #else
@@ -623,7 +624,7 @@
 
 int do_open(int ac, char const* const* av)
 {
-#ifndef CMAKE_BUILD_WITH_CMAKE
+#ifdef CMAKE_BOOTSTRAP
   std::cerr << "This cmake does not support --open\n";
   return -1;
 #else
@@ -668,7 +669,7 @@
 int main(int ac, char const* const* av)
 {
   cmSystemTools::EnsureStdPipes();
-#if defined(_WIN32) && defined(CMAKE_BUILD_WITH_CMAKE)
+#if defined(_WIN32) && !defined(CMAKE_BOOTSTRAP)
   // Replace streambuf so we can output Unicode to console
   cmsys::ConsoleBuf::Manager consoleOut(std::cout);
   consoleOut.SetUTF8Pipes();
@@ -698,7 +699,7 @@
     }
   }
   int ret = do_cmake(ac, av);
-#ifdef CMAKE_BUILD_WITH_CMAKE
+#ifndef CMAKE_BOOTSTRAP
   cmDynamicLoader::FlushCache();
 #endif
   uv_loop_close(uv_default_loop());
diff --git a/Source/cmcmd.cxx b/Source/cmcmd.cxx
index 503dce1..69d5fcd 100644
--- a/Source/cmcmd.cxx
+++ b/Source/cmcmd.cxx
@@ -13,23 +13,24 @@
 #include "cmState.h"
 #include "cmStateDirectory.h"
 #include "cmStateSnapshot.h"
+#include "cmStringAlgorithms.h"
 #include "cmSystemTools.h"
 #include "cmUtils.hxx"
 #include "cmVersion.h"
 #include "cmake.h"
 
-#if defined(CMAKE_BUILD_WITH_CMAKE)
+#if !defined(CMAKE_BOOTSTRAP)
 #  include "cmDependsFortran.h" // For -E cmake_copy_f90_mod callback.
 #  include "cmServer.h"
 #  include "cmServerConnection.h"
 #endif
 
-#if defined(CMAKE_BUILD_WITH_CMAKE) && defined(_WIN32)
+#if !defined(CMAKE_BOOTSTRAP) && defined(_WIN32)
 #  include "bindexplib.h"
 #  include "cmsys/ConsoleBuf.hxx"
 #endif
 
-#if defined(CMAKE_BUILD_WITH_CMAKE) && defined(_WIN32) && !defined(__CYGWIN__)
+#if !defined(CMAKE_BOOTSTRAP) && defined(_WIN32) && !defined(__CYGWIN__)
 #  include "cmVisualStudioWCEPlatformParser.h"
 #endif
 
@@ -60,7 +61,7 @@
 {
   std::ostringstream errorStream;
 
-#ifdef CMAKE_BUILD_WITH_CMAKE
+#ifndef CMAKE_BOOTSTRAP
   /* clang-format off */
   errorStream
     << "cmake version " << cmVersion::GetCMakeVersion() << "\n";
@@ -560,7 +561,7 @@
       return 0;
     }
 
-#if defined(_WIN32) && defined(CMAKE_BUILD_WITH_CMAKE)
+#if defined(_WIN32) && !defined(CMAKE_BOOTSTRAP)
     else if (args[1] == "__create_def") {
       if (args.size() < 4) {
         std::cerr
@@ -653,7 +654,7 @@
       return 1;
     }
 
-#if defined(CMAKE_BUILD_WITH_CMAKE)
+#if !defined(CMAKE_BOOTSTRAP)
     if (args[1] == "environment") {
       for (auto const& env : cmSystemTools::GetEnvironmentVariables()) {
         std::cout << env << std::endl;
@@ -993,7 +994,7 @@
       return cmcmd::ExecuteLinkScript(args);
     }
 
-#ifdef CMAKE_BUILD_WITH_CMAKE
+#ifndef CMAKE_BOOTSTRAP
     // Internal CMake ninja dependency scanning support.
     if (args[1] == "cmake_ninja_depends") {
       return cmcmd_cmake_ninja_depends(args.begin() + 2, args.end());
@@ -1028,7 +1029,7 @@
       return cmcmd::ExecuteEchoColor(args);
     }
 
-#ifdef CMAKE_BUILD_WITH_CMAKE
+#ifndef CMAKE_BOOTSTRAP
     if ((args[1] == "cmake_autogen") && (args.size() >= 4)) {
       cmQtAutoMocUic autoGen;
       std::string const& infoDir = args[2];
@@ -1209,7 +1210,7 @@
           return 1;
         }
       }
-#if defined(CMAKE_BUILD_WITH_CMAKE)
+#if !defined(CMAKE_BOOTSTRAP)
       cmConnection* conn;
       if (isDebug) {
         conn = new cmServerStdIoConnection;
@@ -1230,7 +1231,7 @@
       return 1;
     }
 
-#if defined(CMAKE_BUILD_WITH_CMAKE)
+#if !defined(CMAKE_BOOTSTRAP)
     // Internal CMake Fortran module support.
     if (args[1] == "cmake_copy_f90_mod" && args.size() >= 4) {
       return cmDependsFortran::CopyModule(args) ? 0 : 1;
@@ -1546,7 +1547,7 @@
 
 int cmcmd::WindowsCEEnvironment(const char* version, const std::string& name)
 {
-#if defined(CMAKE_BUILD_WITH_CMAKE) && defined(_WIN32) && !defined(__CYGWIN__)
+#if !defined(CMAKE_BOOTSTRAP) && defined(_WIN32) && !defined(__CYGWIN__)
   cmVisualStudioWCEPlatformParser parser(name.c_str());
   parser.ParseVersion(version);
   if (parser.Found()) {
@@ -1604,7 +1605,7 @@
 // still works.
 int cmcmd::VisualStudioLink(std::vector<std::string> const& args, int type)
 {
-#if defined(_WIN32) && defined(CMAKE_BUILD_WITH_CMAKE)
+#if defined(_WIN32) && !defined(CMAKE_BOOTSTRAP)
   // Replace streambuf so we output in the system codepage. CMake is set up
   // to output in Unicode (see SetUTF8Pipes) but the Visual Studio linker
   // outputs using the system codepage so we need to change behavior when
diff --git a/Source/ctest.cxx b/Source/ctest.cxx
index 3b3630f..77a84fd 100644
--- a/Source/ctest.cxx
+++ b/Source/ctest.cxx
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@
 #include "cmSystemTools.h"
 
 #include "cmsys/Encoding.hxx"
-#if defined(_WIN32) && defined(CMAKE_BUILD_WITH_CMAKE)
+#if defined(_WIN32) && !defined(CMAKE_BOOTSTRAP)
 #  include "cmsys/ConsoleBuf.hxx"
 #endif
 #include <iostream>
@@ -144,7 +144,7 @@
 int main(int argc, char const* const* argv)
 {
   cmSystemTools::EnsureStdPipes();
-#if defined(_WIN32) && defined(CMAKE_BUILD_WITH_CMAKE)
+#if defined(_WIN32) && !defined(CMAKE_BOOTSTRAP)
   // Replace streambuf so we can output Unicode to console
   cmsys::ConsoleBuf::Manager consoleOut(std::cout);
   consoleOut.SetUTF8Pipes();
diff --git a/Tests/CMakeLib/CMakeLists.txt b/Tests/CMakeLib/CMakeLists.txt
index a25f25a..cd4dbc8 100644
--- a/Tests/CMakeLib/CMakeLists.txt
+++ b/Tests/CMakeLib/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -10,6 +10,7 @@
   testRST.cxx
   testRange.cxx
   testString.cxx
+  testStringAlgorithms.cxx
   testSystemTools.cxx
   testUTF8.cxx
   testXMLParser.cxx
diff --git a/Tests/CMakeLib/testStringAlgorithms.cxx b/Tests/CMakeLib/testStringAlgorithms.cxx
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f833502
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/CMakeLib/testStringAlgorithms.cxx
@@ -0,0 +1,194 @@
+/* Distributed under the OSI-approved BSD 3-Clause License.  See accompanying
+   file Copyright.txt or https://cmake.org/licensing for details.  */
+
+#include <cmConfigure.h> // IWYU pragma: keep
+
+#include "cm_string_view.hxx"
+#include <iostream>
+#include <sstream>
+#include <string>
+#include <vector>
+
+#include "cmStringAlgorithms.h"
+
+int testStringAlgorithms(int /*unused*/, char* /*unused*/ [])
+{
+  int failed = 0;
+
+  auto assert_ok = [&failed](bool test, cm::string_view title) {
+    if (test) {
+      std::cout << "Passed: " << title << "\n";
+    } else {
+      std::cout << "Failed: " << title << "\n";
+      ++failed;
+    }
+  };
+
+  auto assert_string = [&failed](cm::string_view generated,
+                                 cm::string_view expected,
+                                 cm::string_view title) {
+    if (generated == expected) {
+      std::cout << "Passed: " << title << "\n";
+    } else {
+      std::cout << "Failed: " << title << "\n";
+      std::cout << "Expected: " << expected << "\n";
+      std::cout << "Got: " << generated << "\n";
+      ++failed;
+    }
+  };
+
+  // ----------------------------------------------------------------------
+  // Test cmTrimWhitespace
+  {
+    std::string base = "base";
+    std::string spaces = "  \f\f\n\n\r\r\t\t\v\v";
+    assert_string(cmTrimWhitespace(spaces + base), base,
+                  "cmTrimWhitespace front");
+    assert_string(cmTrimWhitespace(base + spaces), base,
+                  "cmTrimWhitespace back");
+    assert_string(cmTrimWhitespace(spaces + base + spaces), base,
+                  "cmTrimWhitespace front and back");
+  }
+
+  // ----------------------------------------------------------------------
+  // Test cmRemoveQuotes
+  {
+    auto test = [&assert_string](cm::string_view source,
+                                 cm::string_view expected,
+                                 cm::string_view title) {
+      assert_string(cmRemoveQuotes(source), expected, title);
+    };
+
+    test("", "", "cmRemoveQuotes empty");
+    test("\"", "\"", "cmRemoveQuotes single quote");
+    test("\"\"", "", "cmRemoveQuotes double quote");
+    test("\"a", "\"a", "cmRemoveQuotes quote char");
+    test("\"ab", "\"ab", "cmRemoveQuotes quote char char");
+    test("a\"", "a\"", "cmRemoveQuotes char quote");
+    test("ab\"", "ab\"", "cmRemoveQuotes char char quote");
+    test("a", "a", "cmRemoveQuotes single char");
+    test("ab", "ab", "cmRemoveQuotes two chars");
+    test("abc", "abc", "cmRemoveQuotes three chars");
+    test("\"abc\"", "abc", "cmRemoveQuotes quoted chars");
+    test("\"\"abc\"\"", "\"abc\"", "cmRemoveQuotes quoted quoted chars");
+  }
+
+  // ----------------------------------------------------------------------
+  // Test cmEscapeQuotes
+  {
+    assert_string(cmEscapeQuotes("plain"), "plain", "cmEscapeQuotes plain");
+    std::string base = "\"base\"\"";
+    std::string result = "\\\"base\\\"\\\"";
+    assert_string(cmEscapeQuotes(base), result, "cmEscapeQuotes escaped");
+  }
+
+  // ----------------------------------------------------------------------
+  // Test cmJoin
+  {
+    typedef std::string ST;
+    typedef std::vector<std::string> VT;
+    assert_string(cmJoin(ST("abc"), ";"), "a;b;c", "cmJoin std::string");
+    assert_string(cmJoin(VT{}, ";"), "", "cmJoin std::vector empty");
+    assert_string(cmJoin(VT{ "a" }, ";"), "a", "cmJoin std::vector single");
+    assert_string(cmJoin(VT{ "a", "b", "c" }, ";"), "a;b;c",
+                  "cmJoin std::vector multiple");
+    assert_string(cmJoin(VT{ "a", "b", "c" }, "<=>"), "a<=>b<=>c",
+                  "cmJoin std::vector long sep");
+  }
+
+  // ----------------------------------------------------------------------
+  // Test cmTokenize
+  {
+    typedef std::vector<std::string> VT;
+    assert_ok(cmTokenize("", ";") == VT{ "" }, "cmTokenize empty");
+    assert_ok(cmTokenize(";", ";") == VT{ "" }, "cmTokenize sep");
+    assert_ok(cmTokenize("abc", ";") == VT{ "abc" }, "cmTokenize item");
+    assert_ok(cmTokenize("abc;", ";") == VT{ "abc" }, "cmTokenize item sep");
+    assert_ok(cmTokenize(";abc", ";") == VT{ "abc" }, "cmTokenize sep item");
+    assert_ok(cmTokenize("abc;;efg", ";") == VT{ "abc", "efg" },
+              "cmTokenize item sep sep item");
+    assert_ok(cmTokenize("a1;a2;a3;a4", ";") == VT{ "a1", "a2", "a3", "a4" },
+              "cmTokenize multiple items");
+  }
+
+  // ----------------------------------------------------------------------
+  // Test cmStrCat
+  {
+    int ni = -1100;
+    unsigned int nui = 1100u;
+    long int nli = -12000l;
+    unsigned long int nuli = 12000ul;
+    long long int nlli = -130000ll;
+    unsigned long long int nulli = 130000ull;
+    std::string val =
+      cmStrCat("<test>", ni, ',', nui, ',', nli, ",", nuli, ", ", nlli,
+               std::string(", "), nulli, cm::string_view("</test>"));
+    std::string expect =
+      "<test>-1100,1100,-12000,12000, -130000, 130000</test>";
+    assert_string(val, expect, "cmStrCat strings and integers");
+  }
+  {
+    float const val = 1.5f;
+    float const div = 0.00001f;
+    float f = 0.0f;
+    std::istringstream(cmStrCat("", val)) >> f;
+    f -= val;
+    assert_ok((f < div) && (f > -div), "cmStrCat float");
+  }
+  {
+    double const val = 1.5;
+    double const div = 0.00001;
+    double d = 0.0;
+    std::istringstream(cmStrCat("", val)) >> d;
+    d -= val;
+    assert_ok((d < div) && (d > -div), "cmStrCat double");
+  }
+
+  // ----------------------------------------------------------------------
+  // Test cmWrap
+  {
+    typedef std::vector<std::string> VT;
+    assert_string(cmWrap("<", VT{}, ">", "; "), //
+                  "",                           //
+                  "cmWrap empty, string prefix and suffix");
+    assert_string(cmWrap("<", VT{ "abc" }, ">", "; "), //
+                  "<abc>",                             //
+                  "cmWrap single, string prefix and suffix");
+    assert_string(cmWrap("<", VT{ "a1", "a2", "a3" }, ">", "; "), //
+                  "<a1>; <a2>; <a3>",                             //
+                  "cmWrap multiple, string prefix and suffix");
+
+    assert_string(cmWrap('<', VT{}, '>', "; "), //
+                  "",                           //
+                  "cmWrap empty, char prefix and suffix");
+    assert_string(cmWrap('<', VT{ "abc" }, '>', "; "), //
+                  "<abc>",                             //
+                  "cmWrap single, char prefix and suffix");
+    assert_string(cmWrap('<', VT{ "a1", "a2", "a3" }, '>', "; "), //
+                  "<a1>; <a2>; <a3>",                             //
+                  "cmWrap multiple, char prefix and suffix");
+  }
+
+  // ----------------------------------------------------------------------
+  // Test cmHas(Literal)Prefix and cmHas(Literal)Suffix
+  {
+    std::string str("abc");
+    assert_ok(cmHasPrefix(str, 'a'), "cmHasPrefix char");
+    assert_ok(!cmHasPrefix(str, 'c'), "cmHasPrefix char not");
+    assert_ok(cmHasPrefix(str, "ab"), "cmHasPrefix string");
+    assert_ok(!cmHasPrefix(str, "bc"), "cmHasPrefix string not");
+    assert_ok(cmHasPrefix(str, str), "cmHasPrefix complete string");
+    assert_ok(cmHasLiteralPrefix(str, "ab"), "cmHasLiteralPrefix string");
+    assert_ok(!cmHasLiteralPrefix(str, "bc"), "cmHasLiteralPrefix string not");
+
+    assert_ok(cmHasSuffix(str, 'c'), "cmHasSuffix char");
+    assert_ok(!cmHasSuffix(str, 'a'), "cmHasSuffix char not");
+    assert_ok(cmHasSuffix(str, "bc"), "cmHasSuffix string");
+    assert_ok(!cmHasSuffix(str, "ab"), "cmHasSuffix string not");
+    assert_ok(cmHasSuffix(str, str), "cmHasSuffix complete string");
+    assert_ok(cmHasLiteralSuffix(str, "bc"), "cmHasLiteralSuffix string");
+    assert_ok(!cmHasLiteralSuffix(str, "ab"), "cmHasLiteralPrefix string not");
+  }
+
+  return failed;
+}
diff --git a/Tests/CMakeOnly/CMakeLists.txt b/Tests/CMakeOnly/CMakeLists.txt
index 1aeab8b..19f3f79 100644
--- a/Tests/CMakeOnly/CMakeLists.txt
+++ b/Tests/CMakeOnly/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -84,5 +84,5 @@
 endfunction()
 
 add_major_test(PythonLibs VERSIONS 2 3 VERSION_VAR PYTHONLIBS_VERSION_STRING)
-add_major_test(PythonInterp NOLANG VERSIONS 2 3 VERSION_VAR PYTHON_VERSION_STRING)
+add_major_test(PythonInterp NOLANG VERSIONS 3 VERSION_VAR PYTHON_VERSION_STRING)
 add_major_test(Qt VERSIONS 3 4 VERSION_VAR QT_VERSION_STRING)
diff --git a/Tests/CMakeOnly/CheckCXXSymbolExists/CMakeLists.txt b/Tests/CMakeOnly/CheckCXXSymbolExists/CMakeLists.txt
index f058c19..2028a13 100644
--- a/Tests/CMakeOnly/CheckCXXSymbolExists/CMakeLists.txt
+++ b/Tests/CMakeOnly/CheckCXXSymbolExists/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -49,6 +49,15 @@
   message(STATUS "errno found in <cerrno>")
 endif ()
 
+check_cxx_symbol_exists("std::fopen" "cstdio" CSE_RESULT_FOPEN)
+if (NOT CSE_RESULT_FOPEN)
+  if(NOT ("x${CMAKE_CXX_COMPILER_ID}" STREQUAL "xMSVC" AND CMAKE_CXX_COMPILER_VERSION VERSION_LESS 13.10))
+    message(SEND_ERROR "CheckCXXSymbolExists did not find std::fopen in <cstdio>")
+  endif()
+else()
+  message(STATUS "std::fopen found in <cstdio>")
+endif()
+
 if (CMAKE_COMPILER_IS_GNUCXX)
   string(APPEND CMAKE_CXX_FLAGS " -O3")
   unset(CSE_RESULT_O3 CACHE)
@@ -60,3 +69,8 @@
     message(SEND_ERROR "CheckCXXSymbolExists reported a nonexistent symbol as existing with optimization -O3")
   endif ()
 endif ()
+
+check_cxx_symbol_exists("std::non_existent_function_for_symbol_test<int*>" "algorithm" CSE_RESULT_NON_SYMBOL)
+if (CSE_RESULT_NON_SYMBOL)
+  message(SEND_ERROR "CheckCXXSymbolExists reported a nonexistent symbol.")
+endif()
diff --git a/Tests/FindPackageTest/CMakeLists.txt b/Tests/FindPackageTest/CMakeLists.txt
index 519608c..7217f43 100644
--- a/Tests/FindPackageTest/CMakeLists.txt
+++ b/Tests/FindPackageTest/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -653,3 +653,9 @@
 if(ACME_FOUND)
     message(SEND_ERROR "Should not find ACME package")
 endif()
+
+############################################################################
+##Test find_package CMAKE_FIND_PACKAGE_PREFER_CONFIG with unknown package
+
+set(CMAKE_FIND_PACKAGE_PREFER_CONFIG ON)
+find_package(DoesNotExist)
diff --git a/Tests/RunCMake/Android/common.cmake b/Tests/RunCMake/Android/common.cmake
index aaa7c89..d96ab86 100644
--- a/Tests/RunCMake/Android/common.cmake
+++ b/Tests/RunCMake/Android/common.cmake
@@ -6,8 +6,6 @@
 endif()
 
 foreach(f
-    "${CMAKE_C_ANDROID_TOOLCHAIN_PREFIX}gcc${CMAKE_C_ANDROID_TOOLCHAIN_SUFFIX}"
-    "${CMAKE_CXX_ANDROID_TOOLCHAIN_PREFIX}g++${CMAKE_CXX_ANDROID_TOOLCHAIN_SUFFIX}"
     "${CMAKE_CXX_ANDROID_TOOLCHAIN_PREFIX}ar${CMAKE_CXX_ANDROID_TOOLCHAIN_SUFFIX}"
     "${CMAKE_CXX_ANDROID_TOOLCHAIN_PREFIX}ld${CMAKE_CXX_ANDROID_TOOLCHAIN_SUFFIX}"
     )
@@ -51,23 +49,26 @@
   endif()
 endif()
 
-execute_process(
-  COMMAND "${CMAKE_C_ANDROID_TOOLCHAIN_PREFIX}gcc${CMAKE_C_ANDROID_TOOLCHAIN_SUFFIX}" -dumpmachine
-  OUTPUT_VARIABLE _out OUTPUT_STRIP_TRAILING_WHITESPACE
-  ERROR_VARIABLE _err
-  RESULT_VARIABLE _res
-  )
-if(NOT _res EQUAL 0)
-  message(SEND_ERROR "Failed to run 'gcc -dumpmachine':\n ${_res}")
-endif()
-string(REPLACE "--" "-" _out_check "${_out}")
-if(NOT _out_check STREQUAL "${CMAKE_C_ANDROID_TOOLCHAIN_MACHINE}"
-    AND NOT (_out STREQUAL "arm--linux-android" AND CMAKE_C_ANDROID_TOOLCHAIN_MACHINE STREQUAL "arm-linux-androideabi"))
-  message(SEND_ERROR "'gcc -dumpmachine' produced:\n"
-    " ${_out}\n"
-    "which does not match CMAKE_C_ANDROID_TOOLCHAIN_MACHINE:\n"
-    " ${CMAKE_C_ANDROID_TOOLCHAIN_MACHINE}"
+set(gcc ${CMAKE_C_ANDROID_TOOLCHAIN_PREFIX}gcc${CMAKE_C_ANDROID_TOOLCHAIN_SUFFIX})
+if(EXISTS "${gcc}")
+  execute_process(
+    COMMAND "${CMAKE_C_ANDROID_TOOLCHAIN_PREFIX}gcc${CMAKE_C_ANDROID_TOOLCHAIN_SUFFIX}" -dumpmachine
+    OUTPUT_VARIABLE _out OUTPUT_STRIP_TRAILING_WHITESPACE
+    ERROR_VARIABLE _err
+    RESULT_VARIABLE _res
     )
+  if(NOT _res EQUAL 0)
+    message(SEND_ERROR "Failed to run 'gcc -dumpmachine':\n ${_res}")
+  endif()
+  string(REPLACE "--" "-" _out_check "${_out}")
+  if(NOT _out_check STREQUAL "${CMAKE_C_ANDROID_TOOLCHAIN_MACHINE}"
+      AND NOT (_out STREQUAL "arm--linux-android" AND CMAKE_C_ANDROID_TOOLCHAIN_MACHINE STREQUAL "arm-linux-androideabi"))
+    message(SEND_ERROR "'gcc -dumpmachine' produced:\n"
+      " ${_out}\n"
+      "which does not match CMAKE_C_ANDROID_TOOLCHAIN_MACHINE:\n"
+      " ${CMAKE_C_ANDROID_TOOLCHAIN_MACHINE}"
+      )
+  endif()
 endif()
 
 if(CMAKE_ANDROID_STL_TYPE STREQUAL "none")
diff --git a/Tests/RunCMake/Android/ndk-arm64-v8a-stdout.txt b/Tests/RunCMake/Android/ndk-arm64-v8a-stdout.txt
index 8d0bdc2..a228ccc 100644
--- a/Tests/RunCMake/Android/ndk-arm64-v8a-stdout.txt
+++ b/Tests/RunCMake/Android/ndk-arm64-v8a-stdout.txt
@@ -1,2 +1,2 @@
 -- Android: Targeting API '[0-9]+' with architecture 'arm64', ABI 'arm64-v8a', and processor 'aarch64'
--- Android: Selected (Clang toolchain '[^']+' with )?GCC toolchain '[^']+'
+-- Android: Selected (unified Clang toolchain|(Clang toolchain '[^']+' with )?GCC toolchain '[^']+')
diff --git a/Tests/RunCMake/Android/ndk-armeabi-arm-stdout.txt b/Tests/RunCMake/Android/ndk-armeabi-arm-stdout.txt
index 3741da3..72ec00e 100644
--- a/Tests/RunCMake/Android/ndk-armeabi-arm-stdout.txt
+++ b/Tests/RunCMake/Android/ndk-armeabi-arm-stdout.txt
@@ -1,3 +1,3 @@
 -- Android: Targeting API '[0-9]+' with architecture 'arm', ABI 'armeabi', and processor 'armv5te'
--- Android: Selected (Clang toolchain '[^']+' with )?GCC toolchain '[^']+'
+-- Android: Selected (unified Clang toolchain|(Clang toolchain '[^']+' with )?GCC toolchain '[^']+')
 .*-- CMAKE_ANDROID_ARM_MODE=1
diff --git a/Tests/RunCMake/Android/ndk-armeabi-v7a-neon-stdout.txt b/Tests/RunCMake/Android/ndk-armeabi-v7a-neon-stdout.txt
index ac2bfd5..8bd87fa 100644
--- a/Tests/RunCMake/Android/ndk-armeabi-v7a-neon-stdout.txt
+++ b/Tests/RunCMake/Android/ndk-armeabi-v7a-neon-stdout.txt
@@ -1,3 +1,3 @@
 -- Android: Targeting API '[0-9]+' with architecture 'arm', ABI 'armeabi-v7a', and processor 'armv7-a'
--- Android: Selected (Clang toolchain '[^']+' with )?GCC toolchain '[^']+'
+-- Android: Selected (unified Clang toolchain|(Clang toolchain '[^']+' with )?GCC toolchain '[^']+')
 .*-- CMAKE_ANDROID_ARM_NEON=1
diff --git a/Tests/RunCMake/Android/ndk-armeabi-v7a-stdout.txt b/Tests/RunCMake/Android/ndk-armeabi-v7a-stdout.txt
index 0edb4f7..554548e 100644
--- a/Tests/RunCMake/Android/ndk-armeabi-v7a-stdout.txt
+++ b/Tests/RunCMake/Android/ndk-armeabi-v7a-stdout.txt
@@ -1,3 +1,3 @@
 -- Android: Targeting API '[0-9]+' with architecture 'arm', ABI 'armeabi-v7a', and processor 'armv7-a'
--- Android: Selected (Clang toolchain '[^']+' with )?GCC toolchain '[^']+'
+-- Android: Selected (unified Clang toolchain|(Clang toolchain '[^']+' with )?GCC toolchain '[^']+')
 .*-- CMAKE_ANDROID_ARM_NEON=0
diff --git a/Tests/RunCMake/Android/ndk-badver-stderr.txt b/Tests/RunCMake/Android/ndk-badver-stderr.txt
index df2c5e6..ce6bc4e 100644
--- a/Tests/RunCMake/Android/ndk-badver-stderr.txt
+++ b/Tests/RunCMake/Android/ndk-badver-stderr.txt
@@ -1,11 +1,12 @@
 ^CMake Error at .*/Modules/Platform/Android/Determine-Compiler-NDK.cmake:[0-9]+ \(message\):
-  Android: The CMAKE_ANDROID_NDK_TOOLCHAIN_VERSION value 'badver' is not one
+  Android: The CMAKE_ANDROID_NDK_TOOLCHAIN_VERSION value 'badver' is not(
+  supported by this NDK.  It must be 'clang' or not set at all\.| one
   of the allowed forms:
 
     <major>.<minor>       = GCC of specified version
     clang<major>.<minor>  = Clang of specified version
     clang                 = Clang of most recent available version
-
+)
 Call Stack \(most recent call first\):
 .*
   ndk-badver.cmake:1 \(enable_language\)
diff --git a/Tests/RunCMake/Android/ndk-badvernum-stderr.txt b/Tests/RunCMake/Android/ndk-badvernum-stderr.txt
index adacaf1..aec91d9 100644
--- a/Tests/RunCMake/Android/ndk-badvernum-stderr.txt
+++ b/Tests/RunCMake/Android/ndk-badvernum-stderr.txt
@@ -1,4 +1,6 @@
-^CMake Error at .*/Modules/Platform/Android/Determine-Compiler-NDK.cmake:[0-9]+ \(message\):
+^CMake Error at .*/Modules/Platform/Android/Determine-Compiler-NDK.cmake:[0-9]+ \(message\):(
+  Android: The CMAKE_ANDROID_NDK_TOOLCHAIN_VERSION value '1.0' is not
+  supported by this NDK.  It must be 'clang' or not set at all.|
   Android: No toolchain for ABI 'armeabi(-v7a)?' found in the NDK:
 
     .*
@@ -6,7 +8,7 @@
   of the version specified by CMAKE_ANDROID_NDK_TOOLCHAIN_VERSION:
 
     1\.0
-
+)
 Call Stack \(most recent call first\):
 .*
   ndk-badvernum.cmake:1 \(enable_language\)
diff --git a/Tests/RunCMake/Android/ndk-mips-stdout.txt b/Tests/RunCMake/Android/ndk-mips-stdout.txt
index c744683..8ce544d 100644
--- a/Tests/RunCMake/Android/ndk-mips-stdout.txt
+++ b/Tests/RunCMake/Android/ndk-mips-stdout.txt
@@ -1,2 +1,2 @@
 -- Android: Targeting API '[0-9]+' with architecture 'mips', ABI 'mips', and processor 'mips'
--- Android: Selected (Clang toolchain '[^']+' with )?GCC toolchain '[^']+'
+-- Android: Selected (unified Clang toolchain|(Clang toolchain '[^']+' with )?GCC toolchain '[^']+')
diff --git a/Tests/RunCMake/Android/ndk-mips64-stdout.txt b/Tests/RunCMake/Android/ndk-mips64-stdout.txt
index 839ddfd..1d7edea 100644
--- a/Tests/RunCMake/Android/ndk-mips64-stdout.txt
+++ b/Tests/RunCMake/Android/ndk-mips64-stdout.txt
@@ -1,2 +1,2 @@
 -- Android: Targeting API '[0-9]+' with architecture 'mips64', ABI 'mips64', and processor 'mips64'
--- Android: Selected (Clang toolchain '[^']+' with )?GCC toolchain '[^']+'
+-- Android: Selected (unified Clang toolchain|(Clang toolchain '[^']+' with )?GCC toolchain '[^']+')
diff --git a/Tests/RunCMake/Android/ndk-x86-stdout.txt b/Tests/RunCMake/Android/ndk-x86-stdout.txt
index 2dbb2f0..8d710fe 100644
--- a/Tests/RunCMake/Android/ndk-x86-stdout.txt
+++ b/Tests/RunCMake/Android/ndk-x86-stdout.txt
@@ -1,2 +1,2 @@
 -- Android: Targeting API '[0-9]+' with architecture 'x86', ABI 'x86', and processor 'i686'
--- Android: Selected (Clang toolchain '[^']+' with )?GCC toolchain '[^']+'
+-- Android: Selected (unified Clang toolchain|(Clang toolchain '[^']+' with )?GCC toolchain '[^']+')
diff --git a/Tests/RunCMake/Android/ndk-x86_64-stdout.txt b/Tests/RunCMake/Android/ndk-x86_64-stdout.txt
index a7ae91d..695a088 100644
--- a/Tests/RunCMake/Android/ndk-x86_64-stdout.txt
+++ b/Tests/RunCMake/Android/ndk-x86_64-stdout.txt
@@ -1,2 +1,2 @@
 -- Android: Targeting API '[0-9]+' with architecture 'x86_64', ABI 'x86_64', and processor 'x86_64'
--- Android: Selected (Clang toolchain '[^']+' with )?GCC toolchain '[^']+'
+-- Android: Selected (unified Clang toolchain|(Clang toolchain '[^']+' with )?GCC toolchain '[^']+')
diff --git a/Tests/RunCMake/FileAPI/codemodel-v2-check.py b/Tests/RunCMake/FileAPI/codemodel-v2-check.py
index 3b0ec6e..89f63d0 100644
--- a/Tests/RunCMake/FileAPI/codemodel-v2-check.py
+++ b/Tests/RunCMake/FileAPI/codemodel-v2-check.py
@@ -2092,7 +2092,40 @@
             ],
             "build": "^cxx$",
             "source": "^cxx$",
-            "install": None,
+            "install": {
+                "prefix": "^(/usr/local|[A-Za-z]:.*/codemodel-v2)$",
+                "destinations": [
+                    {
+                        "path": "bin",
+                        "backtrace": [
+                            {
+                                "file": "^codemodel-v2\\.cmake$",
+                                "line": 37,
+                                "command": "install",
+                                "hasParent": True,
+                            },
+                            {
+                                "file": "^codemodel-v2\\.cmake$",
+                                "line": None,
+                                "command": None,
+                                "hasParent": True,
+                            },
+                            {
+                                "file": "^CMakeLists\\.txt$",
+                                "line": 3,
+                                "command": "include",
+                                "hasParent": True,
+                            },
+                            {
+                                "file": "^CMakeLists\\.txt$",
+                                "line": None,
+                                "command": None,
+                                "hasParent": False,
+                            },
+                        ],
+                    },
+                ],
+            },
             "link": {
                 "language": "CXX",
                 "lto": None,
diff --git a/Tests/RunCMake/FileAPI/codemodel-v2.cmake b/Tests/RunCMake/FileAPI/codemodel-v2.cmake
index 72073d5..c98a84c 100644
--- a/Tests/RunCMake/FileAPI/codemodel-v2.cmake
+++ b/Tests/RunCMake/FileAPI/codemodel-v2.cmake
@@ -33,3 +33,5 @@
   set_property(TARGET c_static_lib PROPERTY INTERPROCEDURAL_OPTIMIZATION ON)
   file(WRITE "${CMAKE_BINARY_DIR}/ipo_enabled.txt" "")
 endif()
+
+install(TARGETS cxx_exe)
diff --git a/Tests/RunCMake/FindBoost/CMakePackage-stdout.txt b/Tests/RunCMake/FindBoost/CMakePackage-stdout.txt
index 0a67488..ebd7232 100644
--- a/Tests/RunCMake/FindBoost/CMakePackage-stdout.txt
+++ b/Tests/RunCMake/FindBoost/CMakePackage-stdout.txt
@@ -1,2 +1,2 @@
 -- Found Boost: [^
-]* \(found suitable version "1\.12345", minimum required is "1\.12345"\) found components:  date_time
+]* \(found suitable version "1\.12345", minimum required is "1\.12345"\) found components: date_time
diff --git a/Tests/RunCMake/FindBoost/LegacyVars-LowercaseTargetPrefix-stdout.txt b/Tests/RunCMake/FindBoost/LegacyVars-LowercaseTargetPrefix-stdout.txt
index a781dce..1175425 100644
--- a/Tests/RunCMake/FindBoost/LegacyVars-LowercaseTargetPrefix-stdout.txt
+++ b/Tests/RunCMake/FindBoost/LegacyVars-LowercaseTargetPrefix-stdout.txt
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 -- Found Boost: [^
-]* \(found suitable version "1\.70\.42", minimum required is "1\.70"\) found components:  date_time python37 mpi_python2 *
+]* \(found suitable version "1\.70\.42", minimum required is "1\.70"\) found components: date_time python37 mpi_python2 *
 -- Boost_FOUND: TRUE
 -- Boost_INCLUDE_DIRS: [^
 ]*/Tests/RunCMake/FindBoost/CMakePackage[^/]*/include
diff --git a/Tests/RunCMake/FindBoost/LegacyVars-TargetsDefined-stdout.txt b/Tests/RunCMake/FindBoost/LegacyVars-TargetsDefined-stdout.txt
index a4e9c6a..101d60e 100644
--- a/Tests/RunCMake/FindBoost/LegacyVars-TargetsDefined-stdout.txt
+++ b/Tests/RunCMake/FindBoost/LegacyVars-TargetsDefined-stdout.txt
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 -- Found Boost: [^
-]* \(found suitable version "1\.70\.42", minimum required is "1\.70"\) found components:  date_time python37 mpi_python2 *
+]* \(found suitable version "1\.70\.42", minimum required is "1\.70"\) found components: date_time python37 mpi_python2 *
 -- Boost_FOUND: TRUE
 -- Boost_INCLUDE_DIRS: [^
 ]*/Tests/RunCMake/FindBoost/CMakePackage[^/]*/include
diff --git a/Tests/RunCMake/FindBoost/MissingTarget-stdout.txt b/Tests/RunCMake/FindBoost/MissingTarget-stdout.txt
index 8e9d684..9853c01 100644
--- a/Tests/RunCMake/FindBoost/MissingTarget-stdout.txt
+++ b/Tests/RunCMake/FindBoost/MissingTarget-stdout.txt
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 -- Found Boost: [^
-]* \(found suitable version "1\.70\.42", minimum required is "1\.70"\) found components:  date_time *
+]* \(found suitable version "1\.70\.42", minimum required is "1\.70"\) found components: date_time *
 -- Boost_FOUND: TRUE
 -- Boost_INCLUDE_DIRS: [^
 ]*/Tests/RunCMake/FindBoost/CMakePackage_MissingTarget/include
diff --git a/Tests/RunCMake/VS10Project/RunCMakeTest.cmake b/Tests/RunCMake/VS10Project/RunCMakeTest.cmake
index 5b2c7cb..1cb4ce5 100644
--- a/Tests/RunCMake/VS10Project/RunCMakeTest.cmake
+++ b/Tests/RunCMake/VS10Project/RunCMakeTest.cmake
@@ -28,3 +28,7 @@
 if(CMAKE_C_COMPILER_ID STREQUAL "MSVC" AND CMAKE_C_COMPILER_VERSION VERSION_GREATER_EQUAL 19.05)
   run_cmake(VsJustMyCode)
 endif()
+
+if(CMAKE_C_COMPILER_ID STREQUAL "MSVC" AND CMAKE_C_COMPILER_VERSION VERSION_GREATER_EQUAL 19.20)
+  run_cmake(VsSpectreMitigation)
+endif()
diff --git a/Tests/RunCMake/VS10Project/VsSpectreMitigation-check.cmake b/Tests/RunCMake/VS10Project/VsSpectreMitigation-check.cmake
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6117763
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/RunCMake/VS10Project/VsSpectreMitigation-check.cmake
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+macro(VsSpectreMitigation_check tgt spectre_expect)
+  set(vcProjectFile "${RunCMake_TEST_BINARY_DIR}/${tgt}.vcxproj")
+  if(NOT EXISTS "${vcProjectFile}")
+    set(RunCMake_TEST_FAILED "Project file ${tgt}.vcxproj does not exist.")
+    return()
+  endif()
+
+  set(HAVE_SpectreMitigation 0)
+
+  file(STRINGS "${vcProjectFile}" lines)
+  foreach(line IN LISTS lines)
+    if(line MATCHES "^ *<SpectreMitigation>([^<>]+)</SpectreMitigation>")
+      set(spectre_actual "${CMAKE_MATCH_1}")
+      if(NOT "${spectre_actual}" STREQUAL "${spectre_expect}")
+        set(RunCMake_TEST_FAILED "Project file ${tgt}.vcxproj has <SpectreMitigation> '${spectre_actual}', not '${spectre_expect}'.")
+        return()
+      endif()
+      set(HAVE_SpectreMitigation 1)
+      break()
+    endif()
+  endforeach()
+
+  if(NOT HAVE_SpectreMitigation AND NOT "${spectre_expect}" STREQUAL "")
+    set(RunCMake_TEST_FAILED "Project file ${tgt}.vcxproj does not have a <SpectreMitigation> field.")
+    return()
+  endif()
+endmacro()
+
+VsSpectreMitigation_check(SpectreMitigationOn-C "Spectre")
+VsSpectreMitigation_check(SpectreMitigationOff-C "false")
diff --git a/Tests/RunCMake/VS10Project/VsSpectreMitigation.cmake b/Tests/RunCMake/VS10Project/VsSpectreMitigation.cmake
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b3779d7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/RunCMake/VS10Project/VsSpectreMitigation.cmake
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+set(CMAKE_CONFIGURATION_TYPES Debug)
+enable_language(C)
+
+add_library(SpectreMitigationOn-C empty.c)
+target_compile_options(SpectreMitigationOn-C PRIVATE -Qspectre)
+
+add_library(SpectreMitigationOff-C empty.c)
+target_compile_options(SpectreMitigationOff-C PRIVATE -Qspectre-)
diff --git a/Tests/RunCMake/find_program/RelAndAbsPath.cmake b/Tests/RunCMake/find_program/RelAndAbsPath.cmake
index 3c60a20..6b61980 100644
--- a/Tests/RunCMake/find_program/RelAndAbsPath.cmake
+++ b/Tests/RunCMake/find_program/RelAndAbsPath.cmake
@@ -10,7 +10,6 @@
 
 strip_windows_path_prefix("${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}" srcdir)
 
-file(MAKE_DIRECTORY "tmp${srcdir}")
 configure_file(testCWD "tmp${srcdir}/testNoSuchFile" COPYONLY)
 
 find_program(PROG_ABS
diff --git a/Tests/RuntimePath/CMakeLists.txt b/Tests/RuntimePath/CMakeLists.txt
index 6583a87..bb87440 100644
--- a/Tests/RuntimePath/CMakeLists.txt
+++ b/Tests/RuntimePath/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-cmake_minimum_required (VERSION 2.6)
+cmake_minimum_required (VERSION 3.15)
 project(RuntimePath C)
 
 # Add a simple chain of shared libraries that must be found.
@@ -31,3 +31,14 @@
   set_property(TARGET bar2 PROPERTY LIBRARY_OUTPUT_DIRECTORY A)
   target_link_libraries(bar2 foo2)
 endif()
+
+# Add a library that is missing the rpath for its dependency.
+add_library(bar1_no_rpath SHARED bar1.c)
+set_property(TARGET bar1_no_rpath PROPERTY LIBRARY_OUTPUT_DIRECTORY B)
+set_property(TARGET bar1_no_rpath PROPERTY SKIP_BUILD_RPATH 1)
+target_link_libraries(bar1_no_rpath PRIVATE foo1)
+
+# Add an executable linking to the library with a missing dependency rpath.
+# CMake should generate the proper rpath-link flag to find it at build time.
+add_executable(main_with_bar1_no_rpath main.c)
+target_link_libraries(main_with_bar1_no_rpath bar1_no_rpath)
diff --git a/Tests/SwiftOnly/CMakeLists.txt b/Tests/SwiftOnly/CMakeLists.txt
index e5f8588..f4cbac2 100644
--- a/Tests/SwiftOnly/CMakeLists.txt
+++ b/Tests/SwiftOnly/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -8,3 +8,6 @@
 endif()
 
 add_executable(SwiftOnly main.swift)
+
+# Dummy to make sure generation works with such targets.
+add_library(SwiftIface INTERFACE)
diff --git a/Utilities/Doxygen/CMakeLists.txt b/Utilities/Doxygen/CMakeLists.txt
index ce4cfaf..f52caed 100644
--- a/Utilities/Doxygen/CMakeLists.txt
+++ b/Utilities/Doxygen/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@
   get_filename_component(tmp "${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}" PATH)
   get_filename_component(CMake_SOURCE_DIR "${tmp}" PATH)
   include(${CMake_SOURCE_DIR}/Modules/CTestUseLaunchers.cmake)
-  include(${CMake_SOURCE_DIR}/Source/CMakeVersionCompute.cmake)
+  include(${CMake_SOURCE_DIR}/Source/CMakeVersion.cmake)
   include(${CMake_SOURCE_DIR}/Source/CMakeInstallDestinations.cmake)
   unset(CMAKE_DATA_DIR)
   unset(CMAKE_DATA_DIR CACHE)
diff --git a/Utilities/Sphinx/CMakeLists.txt b/Utilities/Sphinx/CMakeLists.txt
index e4e6e05..736a7c0 100644
--- a/Utilities/Sphinx/CMakeLists.txt
+++ b/Utilities/Sphinx/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@
   get_filename_component(tmp "${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}" PATH)
   get_filename_component(CMake_SOURCE_DIR "${tmp}" PATH)
   include(${CMake_SOURCE_DIR}/Modules/CTestUseLaunchers.cmake)
-  include(${CMake_SOURCE_DIR}/Source/CMakeVersionCompute.cmake)
+  include(${CMake_SOURCE_DIR}/Source/CMakeVersion.cmake)
   include(${CMake_SOURCE_DIR}/Source/CMakeInstallDestinations.cmake)
   unset(CMAKE_DATA_DIR)
   unset(CMAKE_DATA_DIR CACHE)
diff --git a/bootstrap b/bootstrap
index 7d9631c..4581239 100755
--- a/bootstrap
+++ b/bootstrap
@@ -326,6 +326,7 @@
   cmFindPathCommand \
   cmFindProgramCommand \
   cmForEachCommand \
+  cmFunctionBlocker \
   cmFunctionCommand \
   cmFSPermissions \
   cmGeneratedFileStream \
@@ -422,8 +423,10 @@
   cmState \
   cmStateDirectory \
   cmStateSnapshot \
+  cmStringAlgorithms \
   cmStringReplaceHelper \
   cmStringCommand \
+  cmSubcommandTable \
   cmSubdirCommand \
   cmSystemTools \
   cmTarget \
@@ -1359,7 +1362,6 @@
 cmake_report cmConfigure.h${_tmp} "#define CMake_DEFAULT_RECURSION_LIMIT 400"
 cmake_report cmConfigure.h${_tmp} "#define CMAKE_BIN_DIR \"/bootstrap-not-insalled\""
 cmake_report cmConfigure.h${_tmp} "#define CMAKE_DATA_DIR \"/bootstrap-not-insalled\""
-cmake_report cmConfigure.h${_tmp} "#define CMAKE_BOOTSTRAP"
 cmake_report cmConfigure.h${_tmp} "#define CM_FALLTHROUGH"
 
 # Regenerate configured headers
@@ -1405,7 +1407,6 @@
   uv_c_flags="${uv_c_flags} -DWIN32_LEAN_AND_MEAN -D_WIN32_WINNT=0x0600"
   libs="${libs} -lws2_32 -lpsapi -liphlpapi -lshell32 -luserenv -lole32 -loleaut32"
 else
-  uv_c_flags="${uv_c_flags} -DCMAKE_BOOTSTRAP"
   case "${cmake_system}" in
     *AIX*)
       uv_c_flags="${uv_c_flags} -D_ALL_SOURCE -D_XOPEN_SOURCE=500 -D_LINUX_SOURCE_COMPAT"
@@ -1466,11 +1467,13 @@
   -DKWSYS_CXX_HAS_UTIMES=${KWSYS_CXX_HAS_UTIMES}
 "
 cmake_c_flags="${cmake_c_flags} \
+  -DCMAKE_BOOTSTRAP \
   -I`cmake_escape \"${cmake_bootstrap_dir}\"` \
   -I`cmake_escape \"${cmake_source_dir}/Source\"` \
   -I`cmake_escape \"${cmake_source_dir}/Source/LexerParser\"` \
   -I`cmake_escape \"${cmake_source_dir}/Utilities\"`"
 cmake_cxx_flags="${cmake_cxx_flags} \
+  -DCMAKE_BOOTSTRAP \
   -I`cmake_escape \"${cmake_bootstrap_dir}\"` \
   -I`cmake_escape \"${cmake_source_dir}/Source\"` \
   -I`cmake_escape \"${cmake_source_dir}/Source/LexerParser\"` \