docs/concepts/components/v2/hub.md - fuchsia - Git at Google

 # Hub

 <<../_v2_banner.md>>

 ## Definition

 The hub provides access to detailed structural information about component
 instances at runtime. The hub provides information such as:

 -   Instance name
 -   Instance state
 -   Instance ID
 -   Children
 -   Component URL
 -   Exposed capabilities

 ## Features

 ### Immutability

 The hub’s structure is mostly read-only. It is not possible to create, rename,
 delete, or otherwise modify directories and files that form the structure of
 the hub itself. However, the [outgoing directory][glossary.outgoing-directory]
 of an instance may include mutable directories, files, and services
 which can be accessed through the hub.

 ### Scoping

 The root of a hub directory is always scoped to a particular [realm](realms.md).

 The hub of a realm gives information about:

 -   The realm itself
 -   All child realms
 -   All component instances

 The hub of a realm cannot give information about the parent realm. This
 structure makes it easy to constrain the parts of the hub particular clients can
 access.

 If a [realm](realms.md) requests access to its hub, it can also access the hub
 of all of its descendant [realms](realms.md), by traversing down the `children/`
 subdirectory.

 ## Requesting the hub

 Like other capabilities, hub access is requested with a `use` declaration in the
 [component manifest](component_manifests.md). This example shows the manifest
 file of a component that accesses its own hub.

 ```
 {
     program: {
         runner: "elf",
         binary: "bin/program"
     },
     use: [
         {
             directory: "hub",
             from: "framework",
         },
     ]
 }
 ```

 Since the hub is a [directory capability](capabilities/directory.md), with the
 right routing it can be exposed upwards, offered downwards or even shared
 between sibling components. See the [advanced routing](#advanced-routing)
 section for more details.

 Once the capability is added to the manifest, a component can access the hub
 from `/hub`.

 ## Structure of the hub

 ### `/hub`

 The directory structure of `/hub` looks like:

 ```
 /hub
 ├── children
 ├── deleting
 ├── exec
 ├── component_type
 ├── id
 └── url
 ```

 A hub contains all the information pertaining to a component instance and its
 realm.

 Directories:

 -   [`/hub/children`](#hub-children)
 -   [`/hub/deleting`](#hub-deleting)
 -   [`/hub/exec`](#hub-exec)

 Files:

 -   `/hub/component_type`: Contains the string `static` or `dynamic`. A
     component is static when its definition exists in the parent’s component
     manifest at compile time. A component is dynamic when the parent defines the
     component at runtime.
 -   `/hub/id`: Contains a non-negative integer corresponding to the version of a
     particular instance. A new instance with the same name is a new version and
     will be given a new ID.
 -   `/hub/url`: Contains the URL string corresponding to this component. The URL
     is defined by the parent either in its component manifest file or at
     runtime.

 ### `/hub/children` {#hub-children}

 The directory structure of `/hub/children` looks like:

 ```
 /hub/children
 ├── foo
 |   ├── children
 |   ├── deleting
 |   ├── exec
 |   ├── component_type
 |   ├── id
 |   └── url
 ├── bar
 |   ├── children
 |   ├── deleting
 |   ├── exec
 |   ├── component_type
 |   ├── id
 |   └── url
 └── baz:qux
     ├── children
     ├── deleting
     ├── component_type
     ├── id
     └── url
 ```

 The `/hub/children` directory contains the hubs of all created child instances,
 whether they be static, dynamic, running or stopped.

 Note: A child does not have access to the hub of its parent unless its parent
 offers the hub capability to it. For more information, see
 [advanced routing](#advanced-routing).

 The hub gives a name to each child’s hub directory based on this format:

 -   For static instances, the format is `<instance name>`
 -   For dynamic instances, the format is `<collection name>:<instance name>`

 ### `/hub/deleting` {#hub-deleting}

 The directory structure of `/hub/deleting` looks like:

 ```
 /hub/deleting
 ├── baz:qux:1
 |   ├── children
 |   ├── deleting
 |   ├── component_type
 |   ├── id
 |   └── url
 └── baz:qux:2
     ├── children
     ├── deleting
     ├── exec
     ├── component_type
     ├── id
     └── url
 ```

 Since deletion is not an atomic process, the deleting directory contains
 information about children that are in the process of being deleted. When a
 child’s deletion is complete, it is removed from this directory and ceases to
 exist in its parent’s hub. The full deletion process is explained later in this
 document.

 The hub gives a name to each child’s hub directory based on this format:

 -   For static instances, the format is `<instance name>:<instance id>`
 -   For dynamic instances, the format is `<collection name>:<instance
     name>:<instance id>`

 Unlike the `/hub/children` directory, the instance ID is a part of the format
 for the `/hub/deleting` directory because multiple versions of the same instance
 may be in the process of deletion and the instance ID is used to distinguish
 between them.

 ### `/hub/exec` {#hub-exec}

 The directory structure of `/hub/exec` looks like:

 ```
 /hub/exec
 ├── exposed
 ├── in
 ├── out
 ├── runtime
 ├── used
 └── resolved_url
 ```

 The `/hub/exec` directory is only visible when the instance is started since it
 contains information about the current execution of the instance.

 Directories:

 -   [`/hub/exec/exposed`](#hub-exec-exposed)
 -   [`/hub/exec/in`](#hub-exec-in)
 -   [`/hub/exec/out`](#hub-exec-out)
 -   [`/hub/exec/runtime`](#hub-exec-runtime)
 -   [`/hub/exec/used`](#hub-exec-used)

 Files:

 -   `/hub/exec/resolved_url`: The component's resolved URL in text format.

 ### `/hub/exec/exposed` {#hub-exec-exposed}

 The instance's [exposed services][glossary.exposed-directory] as listed in its
 manifest file. A component can connect directly to these services from the hub
 by opening the provided path.

 ### `/hub/exec/in` {#hub-exec-in}

 The instance's [namespace][glossary.namespace] supplied by the component manager.
 This contains a listing of services and directories accessible to the given
 component instance. A component can open the provided path to connect directly
 to these services from the Hub.

 ### `/hub/exec/out/` {#hub-exec-out}

 The instance's [outgoing directory][glossary.outgoing-directory]. A component
 can connect directly to these services from the hub by opening the provided
 path.

 ### `/hub/exec/runtime` {#hub-exec-runtime}

 The directory structure of `/hub/exec/runtime` looks like:

 ```
 /hub/exec/runtime
 └── elf
     ├── args
     |   ├── 0
     |   └── 1
     ├── process-id
     └── job-id
 ```

 If a component has an [ELF runtime](elf_runner.md), then it will have a
 `/hub/exec/runtime/elf` directory.

 Directories:

 -   `args`: command-line arguments, presented as a series of files from `0`
     onward.

 Files:

 -   `process-id`: the instance's process id in text format.
 -   `job-id`: the instance's job id in text format.

 ### `/hub/exec/used` {#hub-exec-used}

 Lists services used at least once by the instance. A service is considered
 "used" when it is requested by the instance and has been routed successfully by
 the component manager.

 ## Advanced Routing {#advanced-routing}

 ### Offering parent hub

 In this example, the parent component instance passes its view of the hub to
 `hub_client`, which then maps it as `/parent_hub` in its namespace. `hub_client`
 can inspect information about its parent and siblings through `/parent_hub`.

 In the parent component manifest:

 ```
 {
     offer: [
         // Route the root hub to hub_client.
         {
           directory: "/hub",
           from: "framework",
           to: "#hub_client",
         },
         // Route the ELF runner capability to hub_client.
         {
           runner: "elf",
           from: "parent",
           to: "#hub_client",
         },
     ],
     children: [
         {
             name: "hub_client",
             url: "fuchsia-pkg://fuchsia.com/hub_test#meta/hub_client.cm",
             startup: "eager",
         },
     ],
 ```

 In `hub_client.cml`:

 ```
 {
     program: {
         runner: "elf",
         binary: "bin/hub_client",
     },
     use: [
         {
           directory: "/hub",
           from: "parent",
           as: "/parent_hub"
         }
     ]
 }
 ```

 ### Exposing a sibling hub

 In this example, `hub_client_sibling` exposes its view of the hub to its parent.
 The realm, in turn, offers that view of the hub as `/sibling_hub` to
 `hub_client`. `hub_client` maps that view of the hub to its namespace.

 In `hub_client_sibling.cml`:

 ```
 {
     program: {
         runner: "elf",
         binary: "bin/hub_client_sibling",
     },
     expose: [
         {
             directory: "/hub",
             from: "framework",
         },
     ],
 }
 ```

 In the parent component manifest file:

 ```
 {
     // Route hub_client_sibling's view of the hub to hub_client.
     offer: [
         {
             directory: "/hub",
             from: "#hub_client_sibling",
             to: "#hub_client",
             as: "/sibling_hub",
         }
     ],
     children: [
         {
             name: "hub_client_sibling",
             url: "fuchsia-pkg://fuchsia.com/hub_test#meta/hub_client_sibling.cm",
             startup: "eager",
         },
         {
             name: "hub_client",
             url: "fuchsia-pkg://fuchsia.com/hub_test#meta/hub_client.cm",
             startup: "eager",
         },
     ],
 }
 ```

 In hub_client.cml:

 ```
 {
     program: {
         runner: "elf",
         binary: "bin/hub_client",
     },
     use: [
         {
             directory: "/sibling_hub",
             from: "parent",
         }
     ]
 }
 ```

 ## Lifecycle of an instance

 <!--
 TODO: Avoid using `startup: "eager"` in component manifests.
 -->

 To illustrate how the hub changes in response to lifecycle events, consider an
 example involving 3 components named `A`, `B` and `C`. The manifest of each
 component is given below:

 -   `A.cmx`

     ```
     {
         program: {
             runner: "elf",
             binary: "bin/A"
         },
         use: [
             {
                 directory: "/hub",
                 from: "framework",
             },
         ]
         collections: [
             {
                 name: "coll",
                 durability: "transient",
             },
         ]
     }
     ```

 -   `B.cmx`

     ```
     {
         program: {
             binary: "bin/B"
         },
         children: [
             {
                 name: "baz",
                 url: "fuchsia-pkg://fuchsia.com/example#meta/C.cm"
                 startup: "eager",
             }
         ]
     }
     ```

 -   `C.cmx`

     ```
     // C.cmx
     {
         program: {
             binary: "bin/C"
         }
     }
     ```

 Also consider 3 instances, one for each component:

 -   `A` -> `foo`
 -   `B` -> `bar`
 -   `C` -> `baz`

 `foo` can perform various actions that modify the hub:

 -   [View the hub](#view-hub)
 -   [Connect to the Realm framework protocol](#connect-to-realm)
 -   [Create a dynamic child](#create-dynamic-child)
 -   [Start a dynamic child](#start-dynamic-child)
 -   [Destroy a dynamic child](#destroy-dynamic-child)

 ### View the hub {#view-hub}

 `foo` can see its own hub by listing the contents of `/hub`. In Rust, this looks
 like:

 ```
 let entries = std::fs::read_dir("/hub")?;
 for entry in entries {
     println!("{}", entry?.path());
 }
 ```

 Without making any changes to the component hierarchy, the hub will look like
 the following:

 ```
 /hub
 ├── children
 ├── deleting
 ├── exec
 |    ├── exposed
 |    ├── in
 |    ├── out
 |    ├── runtime
 |    └── resolved_url
 ├── component_type => "static"
 ├── id => "0"
 └── url => "fuchsia-pkg://fuchsia.com/example#meta/A.cm"
 ```

 ### Connect to the Realm framework protocol {#connect-to-realm}

 A component must connect to the
 [Realm framework protocol](realms.md#realm-framework-service) to manipulate its
 dynamic children. In Rust, this looks like:

 ```
 let realm = connect_to_protocol::<fsys::RealmMarker>()?;
 ```

 ### Create a dynamic child {#create-dynamic-child}

 `foo` can define an instance of `B` called `bar` under the
 [collection](realms.md#collections) `coll`. In Rust, this looks like:

 ```
 // Define the child and the collection
 let mut collection_ref = fsys::CollectionRef { name: String::from("coll") };
 let child_decl = fsys::ChildDecl {
     name: Some(String::from("bar")),
     url: Some(String::from("fuchsia-pkg://fuchsia.com/example#meta/B.cm")),
     startup: Some(fsys::StartupMode::Lazy),
 };

 // Create the child
 realm.create_child(&mut collection_ref, child_decl).await??;
 ```

 After executing this code, the hub changes to the following:

 ```
 /hub
 ├── children
 |    └── coll:bar
 |         ├── children
 |         ├── deleting
 |         ├── component_type => "dynamic"
 |         ├── id => "1"
 |         └── url => "fuchsia-pkg://fuchsia.com/example#meta/B.cm"
 ├── deleting
 ├── exec
 |    ├── exposed
 |    ├── in
 |    ├── out
 |    ├── runtime
 |    └── resolved_url
 ├── component_type => "static"
 ├── id => "0"
 └── url => "fuchsia-pkg://fuchsia.com/example#meta/A.cm"
 ```

 Note: The instance `baz` (which is a child of `bar`) does not appear in the hub
 yet.

 Note: The instance `bar` has not been started, so it does not have an `exec`
 directory.

 ### Start the dynamic child {#start-dynamic-child}

 `foo` can now bind to the instance `bar` and start it. In Rust, this looks like
 the following:

 ```
 // Create a reference to the dynamic child
 let mut child_ref = fsys::ChildRef {
     name: "bar".to_string(),
     collection: Some("coll".to_string()),
 };

 // Create a proxy for the exposed directory
 let (dir_proxy, server_end) = create_proxy::<DirectoryMarker>()?;

 // Bind to the child
 realm.bind_child(&mut child_ref, server_end).await??;
 ```

 After executing this code, the hub changes to the following:

 ```
 /hub
 ├── children
 |    └── coll:bar
 |         ├── children
 |         |    └── baz
 |         |         ├── children
 |         |         ├── deleting
 |         |         ├── exec
 |         |         |    ├── exposed
 |         |         |    ├── in
 |         |         |    ├── out
 |         |         |    ├── runtime
 |         |         |    ├── used
 |         |         |    └── resolved_url
 |         |         ├── component_type => "static"
 |         |         ├── id => "0"
 |         |         └── url => "fuchsia-pkg://fuchsia.com/example#meta/C.cm"
 |         ├── deleting
 |         ├── exec
 |         |    ├── exposed
 |         |    ├── in
 |         |    ├── out
 |         |    ├── runtime
 |         |    ├── used
 |         |    └── resolved_url
 |         ├── component_type => "dynamic"
 |         ├── id => "1"
 |         └── url => "fuchsia-pkg://fuchsia.com/example#meta/B.cm"
 ├── deleting
 ├── exec
 |    ├── exposed
 |    ├── in
 |    ├── out
 |    ├── runtime
 |    ├── used
 |    └── resolved_url
 ├── component_type => "static"
 ├── id => "0"
 └── url => "fuchsia-pkg://fuchsia.com/example#meta/A.cm"
 ```

 Note: The instance `baz` is automatically created and started as a static child
 of `bar`.

 Note: The instances `bar` and `baz` now have `exec` directories since they both
 have been started.

 ### Destroy the dynamic child {#destroy-dynamic-child}

 `foo` can destroy the instance `bar`. In Rust, this looks like the following:

 ```
 // Create a reference to the dynamic child
 let mut child_ref = fsys::ChildRef {
     name: "bar".to_string(),
     collection: Some("coll".to_string()),
 };

 // Destroy the child
 realm.destroy_child(&mut child_ref).await??;
 ```

 The above code begins the deletion process for `bar`. This process has several
 stages, most of which occur asynchronously. As a result, the hub’s structure
 changes several times.

 1.  `bar` is marked for deletion. The hub changes to the following:

     ```
     /hub
     ├── children
     ├── deleting
     |    └── coll:bar:1
     |         ├── children
     |         |    └── baz
     |         |         ├── children
     |         |         ├── deleting
     |         |         ├── exec
     |         |         |    ├── exposed
     |         |         |    ├── in
     |         |         |    ├── out
     |         |         |    ├── runtime
     |         |         |    ├── used
     |         |         |    └── resolved_url
     |         |         ├── component_type => "static"
     |         |         ├── id => "0"
     |         |         └── url => "fuchsia-pkg://fuchsia.com/example#meta/C.cm"
     |         ├── deleting
     |         ├── exec
     |         |    ├── exposed
     |         |    ├── in
     |         |    ├── out
     |         |    ├── runtime
     |         |    ├── used
     |         |    └── resolved_url
     |         ├── component_type => "dynamic"
     |         ├── id => "1"
     |         └── url => "fuchsia-pkg://fuchsia.com/example#meta/B.cm"
     ├── exec
     |    ├── exposed
     |    ├── in
     |    ├── out
     |    ├── runtime
     |    ├── used
     |    └── resolved_url
     ├── component_type => "static"
     ├── id => "0"
     └── url => "fuchsia-pkg://fuchsia.com/example#meta/A.cm"
     ```

 1.  `baz` is stopped. The hub changes to the following:

     ```
     /hub
     ├── children
     ├── deleting
     |    └── coll:bar:1
     |         ├── children
     |         |    └── baz
     |         |         ├── children
     |         |         ├── deleting
     |         |         ├── component_type => "static"
     |         |         ├── id => "0"
     |         |         └── url => "fuchsia-pkg://fuchsia.com/example#meta/C.cm"
     |         ├── deleting
     |         ├── exec
     |         |    ├── exposed
     |         |    ├── in
     |         |    ├── out
     |         |    ├── runtime
     |         |    ├── used
     |         |    └── resolved_url
     |         ├── component_type => "dynamic"
     |         ├── id => "1"
     |         └── url => "fuchsia-pkg://fuchsia.com/example#meta/B.cm"
     ├── exec
     |    ├── exposed
     |    ├── in
     |    ├── out
     |    ├── runtime
     |    ├── used
     |    └── resolved_url
     ├── component_type => "static"
     ├── id => "0"
     └── url => "fuchsia-pkg://fuchsia.com/example#meta/A.cm"
     ```

 1.  `bar` is stopped. The hub changes to the following:

     ```
     /hub
     ├── children
     ├── deleting
     |    └── coll:bar
     |         ├── children
     |         |    └── baz
     |         |         ├── children
     |         |         ├── deleting
     |         |         ├── component_type => "static"
     |         |         ├── id => "0"
     |         |         └── url => "fuchsia-pkg://fuchsia.com/example#meta/C.cm"
     |         ├── deleting
     |         ├── component_type => "dynamic"
     |         ├── id => "1"
     |         └── url => "fuchsia-pkg://fuchsia.com/example#meta/B.cm"
     ├── exec
     |    ├── exposed
     |    ├── in
     |    ├── out
     |    ├── runtime
     |    ├── used
     |    └── resolved_url
     ├── component_type => "static"
     ├── id => "0"
     └── url => "fuchsia-pkg://fuchsia.com/example#meta/A.cm"
     ```

 1.  `baz` is marked for deletion. The hub changes to the following:

     ```
     /hub
     ├── children
     ├── deleting
     |    └── coll:bar:1
     |         ├── children
     |         ├── deleting
     |         |    └── baz:0
     |         |         ├── children
     |         |         ├── deleting
     |         |         ├── component_type => "static"
     |         |         ├── id => "0"
     |         |         └── url => "fuchsia-pkg://fuchsia.com/example#meta/C.cm"
     |         ├── component_type => "dynamic"
     |         ├── id => "1"
     |         └── url => "fuchsia-pkg://fuchsia.com/example#meta/B.cm"
     ├── exec
     |    ├── exposed
     |    ├── in
     |    ├── out
     |    ├── runtime
     |    ├── used
     |    └── resolved_url
     ├── component_type => "static"
     ├── id => "0"
     └── url => "fuchsia-pkg://fuchsia.com/example#meta/A.cm"
     ```

 1.  `baz` is deleted. The hub changes to the following:

     ```
     /hub
     ├── children
     ├── deleting
     |    └── coll:bar:1
     |         ├── children
     |         ├── deleting
     |         ├── component_type => "dynamic"
     |         ├── id => "1"
     |         └── url => "fuchsia-pkg://fuchsia.com/example#meta/B.cm"
     ├── exec
     |    ├── exposed
     |    ├── in
     |    ├── out
     |    ├── runtime
     |    ├── used
     |    └── resolved_url
     ├── component_type => "static"
     ├── id => "0"
     └── url => "fuchsia-pkg://fuchsia.com/example#meta/A.cm"
     ```

 1.  `bar` is deleted. The hub changes to the following:

     ```
     /hub
     ├── children
     ├── deleting
     ├── exec
     |    ├── exposed
     |    ├── in
     |    ├── out
     |    ├── runtime
     |    ├── used
     |    └── resolved_url
     ├── component_type => "static"
     ├── id => "0"
     └── url => "fuchsia-pkg://fuchsia.com/example#meta/A.cm"
     ```

 [glossary.namespace]: /docs/glossary/README.md#namespace
 [glossary.exposed-directory]: /docs/glossary/README.md#exposed-directory
 [glossary.outgoing-directory]: /docs/glossary/README.md#outgoing-directory
	# Hub

	<<../_v2_banner.md>>

	## Definition

	The hub provides access to detailed structural information about component
	instances at runtime. The hub provides information such as:

	- Instance name
	- Instance state
	- Instance ID
	- Children
	- Component URL
	- Exposed capabilities

	## Features

	### Immutability

	The hub’s structure is mostly read-only. It is not possible to create, rename,
	delete, or otherwise modify directories and files that form the structure of
	the hub itself. However, the [outgoing directory][glossary.outgoing-directory]
	of an instance may include mutable directories, files, and services
	which can be accessed through the hub.

	### Scoping

	The root of a hub directory is always scoped to a particular [realm](realms.md).

	The hub of a realm gives information about:

	- The realm itself
	- All child realms
	- All component instances

	The hub of a realm cannot give information about the parent realm. This
	structure makes it easy to constrain the parts of the hub particular clients can
	access.

	If a [realm](realms.md) requests access to its hub, it can also access the hub
	of all of its descendant [realms](realms.md), by traversing down the `children/`
	subdirectory.

	## Requesting the hub

	Like other capabilities, hub access is requested with a `use` declaration in the
	[component manifest](component_manifests.md). This example shows the manifest
	file of a component that accesses its own hub.

	```
	{
	program: {
	runner: "elf",
	binary: "bin/program"
	},
	use: [
	{
	directory: "hub",
	from: "framework",
	},
	]
	}
	```

	Since the hub is a [directory capability](capabilities/directory.md), with the
	right routing it can be exposed upwards, offered downwards or even shared
	between sibling components. See the [advanced routing](#advanced-routing)
	section for more details.

	Once the capability is added to the manifest, a component can access the hub
	from `/hub`.

	## Structure of the hub

	### `/hub`

	The directory structure of `/hub` looks like:

	```
	/hub
	├── children
	├── deleting
	├── exec
	├── component_type
	├── id
	└── url
	```

	A hub contains all the information pertaining to a component instance and its
	realm.

	Directories:

	- [`/hub/children`](#hub-children)
	- [`/hub/deleting`](#hub-deleting)
	- [`/hub/exec`](#hub-exec)

	Files:

	- `/hub/component_type`: Contains the string `static` or `dynamic`. A
	component is static when its definition exists in the parent’s component
	manifest at compile time. A component is dynamic when the parent defines the
	component at runtime.
	- `/hub/id`: Contains a non-negative integer corresponding to the version of a
	particular instance. A new instance with the same name is a new version and
	will be given a new ID.
	- `/hub/url`: Contains the URL string corresponding to this component. The URL
	is defined by the parent either in its component manifest file or at
	runtime.

	### `/hub/children` {#hub-children}

	The directory structure of `/hub/children` looks like:

	```
	/hub/children
	├── foo
	\| ├── children
	\| ├── deleting
	\| ├── exec
	\| ├── component_type
	\| ├── id
	\| └── url
	├── bar
	\| ├── children
	\| ├── deleting
	\| ├── exec
	\| ├── component_type
	\| ├── id
	\| └── url
	└── baz:qux
	├── children
	├── deleting
	├── component_type
	├── id
	└── url
	```

	The `/hub/children` directory contains the hubs of all created child instances,
	whether they be static, dynamic, running or stopped.

	Note: A child does not have access to the hub of its parent unless its parent
	offers the hub capability to it. For more information, see
	[advanced routing](#advanced-routing).

	The hub gives a name to each child’s hub directory based on this format:

	- For static instances, the format is `<instance name>`
	- For dynamic instances, the format is `<collection name>:<instance name>`

	### `/hub/deleting` {#hub-deleting}

	The directory structure of `/hub/deleting` looks like:

	```
	/hub/deleting
	├── baz:qux:1
	\| ├── children
	\| ├── deleting
	\| ├── component_type
	\| ├── id
	\| └── url
	└── baz:qux:2
	├── children
	├── deleting
	├── exec
	├── component_type
	├── id
	└── url
	```

	Since deletion is not an atomic process, the deleting directory contains
	information about children that are in the process of being deleted. When a
	child’s deletion is complete, it is removed from this directory and ceases to
	exist in its parent’s hub. The full deletion process is explained later in this
	document.

	The hub gives a name to each child’s hub directory based on this format:

	- For static instances, the format is `<instance name>:<instance id>`
	- For dynamic instances, the format is `<collection name>:<instance
	name>:<instance id>`

	Unlike the `/hub/children` directory, the instance ID is a part of the format
	for the `/hub/deleting` directory because multiple versions of the same instance
	may be in the process of deletion and the instance ID is used to distinguish
	between them.

	### `/hub/exec` {#hub-exec}

	The directory structure of `/hub/exec` looks like:

	```
	/hub/exec
	├── exposed
	├── in
	├── out
	├── runtime
	├── used
	└── resolved_url
	```

	The `/hub/exec` directory is only visible when the instance is started since it
	contains information about the current execution of the instance.

	Directories:

	- [`/hub/exec/exposed`](#hub-exec-exposed)
	- [`/hub/exec/in`](#hub-exec-in)
	- [`/hub/exec/out`](#hub-exec-out)
	- [`/hub/exec/runtime`](#hub-exec-runtime)
	- [`/hub/exec/used`](#hub-exec-used)

	Files:

	- `/hub/exec/resolved_url`: The component's resolved URL in text format.

	### `/hub/exec/exposed` {#hub-exec-exposed}

	The instance's [exposed services][glossary.exposed-directory] as listed in its
	manifest file. A component can connect directly to these services from the hub
	by opening the provided path.

	### `/hub/exec/in` {#hub-exec-in}

	The instance's [namespace][glossary.namespace] supplied by the component manager.
	This contains a listing of services and directories accessible to the given
	component instance. A component can open the provided path to connect directly
	to these services from the Hub.

	### `/hub/exec/out/` {#hub-exec-out}

	The instance's [outgoing directory][glossary.outgoing-directory]. A component
	can connect directly to these services from the hub by opening the provided
	path.

	### `/hub/exec/runtime` {#hub-exec-runtime}

	The directory structure of `/hub/exec/runtime` looks like:

	```
	/hub/exec/runtime
	└── elf
	├── args
	\| ├── 0
	\| └── 1
	├── process-id
	└── job-id
	```

	If a component has an [ELF runtime](elf_runner.md), then it will have a
	`/hub/exec/runtime/elf` directory.

	Directories:

	- `args`: command-line arguments, presented as a series of files from `0`
	onward.

	Files:

	- `process-id`: the instance's process id in text format.
	- `job-id`: the instance's job id in text format.

	### `/hub/exec/used` {#hub-exec-used}

	Lists services used at least once by the instance. A service is considered
	"used" when it is requested by the instance and has been routed successfully by
	the component manager.

	## Advanced Routing {#advanced-routing}

	### Offering parent hub

	In this example, the parent component instance passes its view of the hub to
	`hub_client`, which then maps it as `/parent_hub` in its namespace. `hub_client`
	can inspect information about its parent and siblings through `/parent_hub`.

	In the parent component manifest:

	```
	{
	offer: [
	// Route the root hub to hub_client.
	{
	directory: "/hub",
	from: "framework",
	to: "#hub_client",
	},
	// Route the ELF runner capability to hub_client.
	{
	runner: "elf",
	from: "parent",
	to: "#hub_client",
	},
	],
	children: [
	{
	name: "hub_client",
	url: "fuchsia-pkg://fuchsia.com/hub_test#meta/hub_client.cm",
	startup: "eager",
	},
	],
	```

	In `hub_client.cml`:

	```
	{
	program: {
	runner: "elf",
	binary: "bin/hub_client",
	},
	use: [
	{
	directory: "/hub",
	from: "parent",
	as: "/parent_hub"
	}
	]
	}
	```

	### Exposing a sibling hub

	In this example, `hub_client_sibling` exposes its view of the hub to its parent.
	The realm, in turn, offers that view of the hub as `/sibling_hub` to
	`hub_client`. `hub_client` maps that view of the hub to its namespace.

	In `hub_client_sibling.cml`:

	```
	{
	program: {
	runner: "elf",
	binary: "bin/hub_client_sibling",
	},
	expose: [
	{
	directory: "/hub",
	from: "framework",
	},
	],
	}
	```

	In the parent component manifest file:

	```
	{
	// Route hub_client_sibling's view of the hub to hub_client.
	offer: [
	{
	directory: "/hub",
	from: "#hub_client_sibling",
	to: "#hub_client",
	as: "/sibling_hub",
	}
	],
	children: [
	{
	name: "hub_client_sibling",
	url: "fuchsia-pkg://fuchsia.com/hub_test#meta/hub_client_sibling.cm",
	startup: "eager",
	},
	{
	name: "hub_client",
	url: "fuchsia-pkg://fuchsia.com/hub_test#meta/hub_client.cm",
	startup: "eager",
	},
	],
	}
	```

	In hub_client.cml:

	```
	{
	program: {
	runner: "elf",
	binary: "bin/hub_client",
	},
	use: [
	{
	directory: "/sibling_hub",
	from: "parent",
	}
	]
	}
	```

	## Lifecycle of an instance

	<!--
	TODO: Avoid using `startup: "eager"` in component manifests.
	-->

	To illustrate how the hub changes in response to lifecycle events, consider an
	example involving 3 components named `A`, `B` and `C`. The manifest of each
	component is given below:

	- `A.cmx`

	```
	{
	program: {
	runner: "elf",
	binary: "bin/A"
	},
	use: [
	{
	directory: "/hub",
	from: "framework",
	},
	]
	collections: [
	{
	name: "coll",
	durability: "transient",
	},
	]
	}
	```

	- `B.cmx`

	```
	{
	program: {
	binary: "bin/B"
	},
	children: [
	{
	name: "baz",
	url: "fuchsia-pkg://fuchsia.com/example#meta/C.cm"
	startup: "eager",
	}
	]
	}
	```

	- `C.cmx`

	```
	// C.cmx
	{
	program: {
	binary: "bin/C"
	}
	}
	```

	Also consider 3 instances, one for each component:

	- `A` -> `foo`
	- `B` -> `bar`
	- `C` -> `baz`

	`foo` can perform various actions that modify the hub:

	- [View the hub](#view-hub)
	- [Connect to the Realm framework protocol](#connect-to-realm)
	- [Create a dynamic child](#create-dynamic-child)
	- [Start a dynamic child](#start-dynamic-child)
	- [Destroy a dynamic child](#destroy-dynamic-child)

	### View the hub {#view-hub}

	`foo` can see its own hub by listing the contents of `/hub`. In Rust, this looks
	like:

	```
	let entries = std::fs::read_dir("/hub")?;
	for entry in entries {
	println!("{}", entry?.path());
	}
	```

	Without making any changes to the component hierarchy, the hub will look like
	the following:

	```
	/hub
	├── children
	├── deleting
	├── exec
	\| ├── exposed
	\| ├── in
	\| ├── out
	\| ├── runtime
	\| └── resolved_url
	├── component_type => "static"
	├── id => "0"
	└── url => "fuchsia-pkg://fuchsia.com/example#meta/A.cm"
	```

	### Connect to the Realm framework protocol {#connect-to-realm}

	A component must connect to the
	[Realm framework protocol](realms.md#realm-framework-service) to manipulate its
	dynamic children. In Rust, this looks like:

	```
	let realm = connect_to_protocol::<fsys::RealmMarker>()?;
	```

	### Create a dynamic child {#create-dynamic-child}

	`foo` can define an instance of `B` called `bar` under the
	[collection](realms.md#collections) `coll`. In Rust, this looks like:

	```
	// Define the child and the collection
	let mut collection_ref = fsys::CollectionRef { name: String::from("coll") };
	let child_decl = fsys::ChildDecl {
	name: Some(String::from("bar")),
	url: Some(String::from("fuchsia-pkg://fuchsia.com/example#meta/B.cm")),
	startup: Some(fsys::StartupMode::Lazy),
	};

	// Create the child
	realm.create_child(&mut collection_ref, child_decl).await??;
	```

	After executing this code, the hub changes to the following:

	```
	/hub
	├── children
	\| └── coll:bar
	\| ├── children
	\| ├── deleting
	\| ├── component_type => "dynamic"
	\| ├── id => "1"
	\| └── url => "fuchsia-pkg://fuchsia.com/example#meta/B.cm"
	├── deleting
	├── exec
	\| ├── exposed
	\| ├── in
	\| ├── out
	\| ├── runtime
	\| └── resolved_url
	├── component_type => "static"
	├── id => "0"
	└── url => "fuchsia-pkg://fuchsia.com/example#meta/A.cm"
	```

	Note: The instance `baz` (which is a child of `bar`) does not appear in the hub
	yet.

	Note: The instance `bar` has not been started, so it does not have an `exec`
	directory.

	### Start the dynamic child {#start-dynamic-child}

	`foo` can now bind to the instance `bar` and start it. In Rust, this looks like
	the following:

	```
	// Create a reference to the dynamic child
	let mut child_ref = fsys::ChildRef {
	name: "bar".to_string(),
	collection: Some("coll".to_string()),
	};

	// Create a proxy for the exposed directory
	let (dir_proxy, server_end) = create_proxy::<DirectoryMarker>()?;

	// Bind to the child
	realm.bind_child(&mut child_ref, server_end).await??;
	```

	After executing this code, the hub changes to the following:

	```
	/hub
	├── children
	\| └── coll:bar
	\| ├── children
	\| \| └── baz
	\| \| ├── children
	\| \| ├── deleting
	\| \| ├── exec
	\| \| \| ├── exposed
	\| \| \| ├── in
	\| \| \| ├── out
	\| \| \| ├── runtime
	\| \| \| ├── used
	\| \| \| └── resolved_url
	\| \| ├── component_type => "static"
	\| \| ├── id => "0"
	\| \| └── url => "fuchsia-pkg://fuchsia.com/example#meta/C.cm"
	\| ├── deleting
	\| ├── exec
	\| \| ├── exposed
	\| \| ├── in
	\| \| ├── out
	\| \| ├── runtime
	\| \| ├── used
	\| \| └── resolved_url
	\| ├── component_type => "dynamic"
	\| ├── id => "1"
	\| └── url => "fuchsia-pkg://fuchsia.com/example#meta/B.cm"
	├── deleting
	├── exec
	\| ├── exposed
	\| ├── in
	\| ├── out
	\| ├── runtime
	\| ├── used
	\| └── resolved_url
	├── component_type => "static"
	├── id => "0"
	└── url => "fuchsia-pkg://fuchsia.com/example#meta/A.cm"
	```

	Note: The instance `baz` is automatically created and started as a static child
	of `bar`.

	Note: The instances `bar` and `baz` now have `exec` directories since they both
	have been started.

	### Destroy the dynamic child {#destroy-dynamic-child}

	`foo` can destroy the instance `bar`. In Rust, this looks like the following:

	```
	// Create a reference to the dynamic child
	let mut child_ref = fsys::ChildRef {
	name: "bar".to_string(),
	collection: Some("coll".to_string()),
	};

	// Destroy the child
	realm.destroy_child(&mut child_ref).await??;
	```

	The above code begins the deletion process for `bar`. This process has several
	stages, most of which occur asynchronously. As a result, the hub’s structure
	changes several times.

	1. `bar` is marked for deletion. The hub changes to the following:

	```
	/hub
	├── children
	├── deleting
	\| └── coll:bar:1
	\| ├── children
	\| \| └── baz
	\| \| ├── children
	\| \| ├── deleting
	\| \| ├── exec
	\| \| \| ├── exposed
	\| \| \| ├── in
	\| \| \| ├── out
	\| \| \| ├── runtime
	\| \| \| ├── used
	\| \| \| └── resolved_url
	\| \| ├── component_type => "static"
	\| \| ├── id => "0"
	\| \| └── url => "fuchsia-pkg://fuchsia.com/example#meta/C.cm"
	\| ├── deleting
	\| ├── exec
	\| \| ├── exposed
	\| \| ├── in
	\| \| ├── out
	\| \| ├── runtime
	\| \| ├── used
	\| \| └── resolved_url
	\| ├── component_type => "dynamic"
	\| ├── id => "1"
	\| └── url => "fuchsia-pkg://fuchsia.com/example#meta/B.cm"
	├── exec
	\| ├── exposed
	\| ├── in
	\| ├── out
	\| ├── runtime
	\| ├── used
	\| └── resolved_url
	├── component_type => "static"
	├── id => "0"
	└── url => "fuchsia-pkg://fuchsia.com/example#meta/A.cm"
	```

	1. `baz` is stopped. The hub changes to the following:

	```
	/hub
	├── children
	├── deleting
	\| └── coll:bar:1
	\| ├── children
	\| \| └── baz
	\| \| ├── children
	\| \| ├── deleting
	\| \| ├── component_type => "static"
	\| \| ├── id => "0"
	\| \| └── url => "fuchsia-pkg://fuchsia.com/example#meta/C.cm"
	\| ├── deleting
	\| ├── exec
	\| \| ├── exposed
	\| \| ├── in
	\| \| ├── out
	\| \| ├── runtime
	\| \| ├── used
	\| \| └── resolved_url
	\| ├── component_type => "dynamic"
	\| ├── id => "1"
	\| └── url => "fuchsia-pkg://fuchsia.com/example#meta/B.cm"
	├── exec
	\| ├── exposed
	\| ├── in
	\| ├── out
	\| ├── runtime
	\| ├── used
	\| └── resolved_url
	├── component_type => "static"
	├── id => "0"
	└── url => "fuchsia-pkg://fuchsia.com/example#meta/A.cm"
	```

	1. `bar` is stopped. The hub changes to the following:

	```
	/hub
	├── children
	├── deleting
	\| └── coll:bar
	\| ├── children
	\| \| └── baz
	\| \| ├── children
	\| \| ├── deleting
	\| \| ├── component_type => "static"
	\| \| ├── id => "0"
	\| \| └── url => "fuchsia-pkg://fuchsia.com/example#meta/C.cm"
	\| ├── deleting
	\| ├── component_type => "dynamic"
	\| ├── id => "1"
	\| └── url => "fuchsia-pkg://fuchsia.com/example#meta/B.cm"
	├── exec
	\| ├── exposed
	\| ├── in
	\| ├── out
	\| ├── runtime
	\| ├── used
	\| └── resolved_url
	├── component_type => "static"
	├── id => "0"
	└── url => "fuchsia-pkg://fuchsia.com/example#meta/A.cm"
	```

	1. `baz` is marked for deletion. The hub changes to the following:

	```
	/hub
	├── children
	├── deleting
	\| └── coll:bar:1
	\| ├── children
	\| ├── deleting
	\| \| └── baz:0
	\| \| ├── children
	\| \| ├── deleting
	\| \| ├── component_type => "static"
	\| \| ├── id => "0"
	\| \| └── url => "fuchsia-pkg://fuchsia.com/example#meta/C.cm"
	\| ├── component_type => "dynamic"
	\| ├── id => "1"
	\| └── url => "fuchsia-pkg://fuchsia.com/example#meta/B.cm"
	├── exec
	\| ├── exposed
	\| ├── in
	\| ├── out
	\| ├── runtime
	\| ├── used
	\| └── resolved_url
	├── component_type => "static"
	├── id => "0"
	└── url => "fuchsia-pkg://fuchsia.com/example#meta/A.cm"
	```

	1. `baz` is deleted. The hub changes to the following:

	```
	/hub
	├── children
	├── deleting
	\| └── coll:bar:1
	\| ├── children
	\| ├── deleting
	\| ├── component_type => "dynamic"
	\| ├── id => "1"
	\| └── url => "fuchsia-pkg://fuchsia.com/example#meta/B.cm"
	├── exec
	\| ├── exposed
	\| ├── in
	\| ├── out
	\| ├── runtime
	\| ├── used
	\| └── resolved_url
	├── component_type => "static"
	├── id => "0"
	└── url => "fuchsia-pkg://fuchsia.com/example#meta/A.cm"
	```

	1. `bar` is deleted. The hub changes to the following:

	```
	/hub
	├── children
	├── deleting
	├── exec
	\| ├── exposed
	\| ├── in
	\| ├── out
	\| ├── runtime
	\| ├── used
	\| └── resolved_url
	├── component_type => "static"
	├── id => "0"
	└── url => "fuchsia-pkg://fuchsia.com/example#meta/A.cm"
	```

	[glossary.namespace]: /docs/glossary/README.md#namespace
	[glossary.exposed-directory]: /docs/glossary/README.md#exposed-directory
	[glossary.outgoing-directory]: /docs/glossary/README.md#outgoing-directory