:orphan:

Eventually, we would like to write Swift modules which define pure-C entry
points for top-level functions, and be able to export more data types to
C code.

This will be important for the Linux port, but also perhaps for system
frameworks that want to transition to Swift.

The radars tracking this work are:

- rdar://22488618 - @c top-level functions
- rdar://22490914 - @c structs

The new @c attribute
====================

This attribute can be applied to the following kinds of declarations:

- top-level functions
- static methods in non-generic classes
- enums
- structs

There are two forms of the attribute::

    @c
    @c(asmname)

The latter allows the exported name to be set. By default, the exported
name is the unmangled, unqualified name of the function or nominal type.

There is the question of how to gracefully handle name conflicts inside
a module. Since C does not have real modules or qualified names, we
probably can't catch name conflicts until link time. At the very least,
we will prohibit overloading ``@c`` functions (unless we use Clang-style
mangling and ``__attribute__((overloadable))``).

However, we might want to prefix the default @asmname of a @c symbol
with the Swift module name followed by an underscore, instead of using
the unqualified name.

Type bridging
=============

The rules for bridging types in ``@c`` function signatures are a subset
of ``@objc``.

Bridgeable types are now partitioned into two broad categories, "POD"
and "non-POD". POD types include:

- integers
- floating point numbers
- @c enums
- fixed size arrays (currently presented as homogeneous tuples of POD types)
- @c structs (whose fields must all be POD types)
- pointers to C types
- @convention(c) function types

On Linux, we can't have reference counted pointers here at all, and
NSArray, etc do not exist, so only POD types are bridgeable. We must
ensure that we produce the right diagnostic and not crash when the
user references NSArray, etc on Linux.

On Darwin, we can allow passing reference counted pointers directly
as function parameters. They are still not allowed as fields in ``@c``
structs, though.

The convention for arguments and results can be the same as CoreFoundation
functions imported from C. The code in ``CFunctionConventions`` in
SILFunctionType.cpp looks relevant.

Bridging header output
======================

We can reuse most of ``PrintAsObjC`` to allow generating pure-C headers
for Swift modules which use @c but not @objc.

Exporting functions to C
========================

Applying ``@c`` to a function is like a combination of ``@convention(c)``
and ``@asmname(func_name)``.

The types in the function signature are bridged as described above, and a
foreign entry point is generated with the C calling convention and given
asmname.

When the function is referenced from a ``DeclRefExpr`` inside of a
``FunctionConversionExpr`` to ``@convention(c)``, we emit a direct
reference to this foreign entry point.

@c applied to enums and structs
===============================

For enums, ``@c`` and ``@objc`` can be synonyms. We still have to track
which one the user used, for accurate printing. On Linux, ``@objc``
could probably be changed to always diagnose, but this will require
changing some tests.

As stated above, all the fields of a ``@c`` struct must themselves be POD.

Structs declared as ``@c`` need to be laid out with C size and alignment
conventions. We already do that for Swift structs imported from Clang by
asking Clang to do the layout on Clang AST, so perhaps for ``@c`` structs
declared in Swift, we can go in the other direction by constructing Clang
AST for the struct.

Accessibility and linkage for @c declarations
=============================================

Only public enums and structs should appear in generated headers; for
private types, ``@c`` only affects layout and restrictions on the field
types.

For functions, it is not clear if private together with ``@c`` is useful,
but it could be implemented for completeness. We could either give the
foreign entry point private linkage, or intentionally give it incorrect
linkage allowing it to be found with ``dlsym()``.

inout parameters in @c and @objc functions
==========================================

Right now we don't allow ``inout`` parameters for ``@objc`` methods.
We could export them as nonnull pointers, using ``__attribute__((nonnull(N)))``
rather than ``_Nonnull``.

If we ever get as far as implementing C++ interoperability, we could also
export inouts as references rather than pointers.

Diagnostics
===========

Right now all diagnostics for type bridging in Sema talk about Objective-C,
leading to funny phrasing when using invalid types in a ``@convention(c)``
function, for instance.

All diagnostics need to be audited to take the language as a parameter, and
either say ``cannot be represented in C`` or ``cannot be represented in
Objective-C``. A Linux user should never see diagnostics talking about
Objective-C, except maybe if they explicitly mention ``@objc`` in their code.

On the plus side, it is okay if we conservatively talk about ``C`` in
Objective-C diagnostics on Darwin.

Cleanups
========

Right now various aspects of the type bridging mapping are duplicated in
several places:

- ASTContext::getBridgedToObjC()
- TypeChecker::isRepresentableInObjC() (various overloads)
- include/swift/ClangImporter/BuiltinMappedTypes.def
- include/swift/SIL/BridgedTypes.def
- TypeConverter::getLoweredCBridgedType()
- ClangImporter::VisitObjCObjectPointerType() and other places in ImportType.cpp
- PrintAsObjC::printIfKnownGenericStruct()
- PrintAsObjC::printIfKnownTypeName()

We should try to consolidate some of this if possible, to make the
rules more consistent and easier to describe between Darwin and Linux.