//===--- TypeCheckConstraints.cpp - Constraint-based Type Checking --------===//
//
// This source file is part of the Swift.org open source project
//
// Copyright (c) 2014 - 2017 Apple Inc. and the Swift project authors
// Licensed under Apache License v2.0 with Runtime Library Exception
//
// See https://swift.org/LICENSE.txt for license information
// See https://swift.org/CONTRIBUTORS.txt for the list of Swift project authors
//
//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
//
// This file provides high-level entry points that use constraint
// systems for type checking, as well as a few miscellaneous helper
// functions that support the constraint system.
//
//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//

#include "ConstraintSystem.h"
#include "GenericTypeResolver.h"
#include "TypeChecker.h"
#include "MiscDiagnostics.h"
#include "swift/AST/ASTVisitor.h"
#include "swift/AST/ASTWalker.h"
#include "swift/AST/DiagnosticsParse.h"
#include "swift/AST/Initializer.h"
#include "swift/AST/NameLookup.h"
#include "swift/AST/PrettyStackTrace.h"
#include "swift/AST/SubstitutionMap.h"
#include "swift/AST/TypeCheckerDebugConsumer.h"
#include "swift/Parse/Lexer.h"
#include "llvm/ADT/APInt.h"
#include "llvm/ADT/DenseMap.h"
#include "llvm/ADT/FoldingSet.h"
#include "llvm/ADT/MapVector.h"
#include "llvm/ADT/SmallPtrSet.h"
#include "llvm/ADT/SmallVector.h"
#include "llvm/ADT/StringExtras.h"
#include "llvm/Support/Allocator.h"
#include "llvm/Support/raw_ostream.h"
#include "llvm/Support/SaveAndRestore.h"
#include "llvm/Support/Format.h"
#include "llvm/Support/Timer.h"
#include <iterator>
#include <map>
#include <memory>
#include <utility>
#include <tuple>

using namespace swift;
using namespace constraints;

//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
// Type variable implementation.
//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
#pragma mark Type variable implementation

void TypeVariableType::Implementation::print(llvm::raw_ostream &OS) {
  getTypeVariable()->print(OS, PrintOptions());
}

SavedTypeVariableBinding::SavedTypeVariableBinding(TypeVariableType *typeVar)
  : TypeVarAndOptions(typeVar, typeVar->getImpl().Options),
    ParentOrFixed(typeVar->getImpl().ParentOrFixed) { }

void SavedTypeVariableBinding::restore() {
  auto *typeVar = getTypeVariable();
  typeVar->getImpl().Options = getOptions();
  typeVar->getImpl().ParentOrFixed = ParentOrFixed;
}

ArchetypeType *TypeVariableType::Implementation::getArchetype() const {
  // Check whether we have a path that terminates at an archetype locator.
  if (!locator || locator->getPath().empty() ||
      locator->getPath().back().getKind() != ConstraintLocator::Archetype)
    return nullptr;

  // Retrieve the archetype.
  return locator->getPath().back().getArchetype();
}

// Only allow allocation of resolved overload set list items using the
// allocator in ASTContext.
void *ResolvedOverloadSetListItem::operator new(size_t bytes,
                                                ConstraintSystem &cs,
                                                unsigned alignment) {
  return cs.getAllocator().Allocate(bytes, alignment);
}

void *operator new(size_t bytes, ConstraintSystem& cs,
                   size_t alignment) {
  return cs.getAllocator().Allocate(bytes, alignment);
}

bool constraints::computeTupleShuffle(ArrayRef<TupleTypeElt> fromTuple,
                                      ArrayRef<TupleTypeElt> toTuple,
                                      SmallVectorImpl<int> &sources,
                                      SmallVectorImpl<unsigned> &variadicArgs) {
  const int unassigned = -3;
  
  SmallVector<bool, 4> consumed(fromTuple.size(), false);
  sources.clear();
  variadicArgs.clear();
  sources.assign(toTuple.size(), unassigned);

  // Match up any named elements.
  for (unsigned i = 0, n = toTuple.size(); i != n; ++i) {
    const auto &toElt = toTuple[i];

    // Skip unnamed elements.
    if (!toElt.hasName())
      continue;

    // Find the corresponding named element.
    int matched = -1;
    {
      int index = 0;
      for (auto field : fromTuple) {
        if (field.getName() == toElt.getName() && !consumed[index]) {
          matched = index;
          break;
        }
        ++index;
      }
    }
    if (matched == -1)
      continue;

    // Record this match.
    sources[i] = matched;
    consumed[matched] = true;
  }  

  // Resolve any unmatched elements.
  unsigned fromNext = 0, fromLast = fromTuple.size();
  auto skipToNextAvailableInput = [&] {
    while (fromNext != fromLast && consumed[fromNext])
      ++fromNext;
  };
  skipToNextAvailableInput();

  for (unsigned i = 0, n = toTuple.size(); i != n; ++i) {
    // Check whether we already found a value for this element.
    if (sources[i] != unassigned)
      continue;

    const auto &elt2 = toTuple[i];

    // Variadic tuple elements match the rest of the input elements.
    if (elt2.isVararg()) {
      // Collect the remaining (unnamed) inputs.
      while (fromNext != fromLast) {
        // Labeled elements can't be adopted into varargs even if
        // they're non-mandatory.  There isn't a really strong reason
        // for this, though.
        if (fromTuple[fromNext].hasName())
          return true;

        variadicArgs.push_back(fromNext);
        consumed[fromNext] = true;
        skipToNextAvailableInput();
      }
      sources[i] = TupleShuffleExpr::Variadic;
      
      // Keep looking at subsequent arguments.  Non-variadic arguments may
      // follow the variadic one.
      continue;
    }

    // If there aren't any more inputs, we are done.
    if (fromNext == fromLast) {
      return true;
    }

    // Otherwise, assign this input to the next output element.

    // Fail if the input element is named and we're trying to match it with
    // something with a different label.
    if (fromTuple[fromNext].hasName() && elt2.hasName())
      return true;

    sources[i] = fromNext;
    consumed[fromNext] = true;
    skipToNextAvailableInput();
  }

  // Complain if we didn't reach the end of the inputs.
  if (fromNext != fromLast) {
    return true;
  }

  // If we got here, we should have claimed all the arguments.
  assert(std::find(consumed.begin(), consumed.end(), false) == consumed.end());
  return false;
}

Expr *ConstraintLocatorBuilder::trySimplifyToExpr() const {
  SmallVector<LocatorPathElt, 4> pathBuffer;
  Expr *anchor = getLocatorParts(pathBuffer);
  ArrayRef<LocatorPathElt> path = pathBuffer;

  Expr *targetAnchor;
  SmallVector<LocatorPathElt, 4> targetPathBuffer;
  SourceRange range;

  simplifyLocator(anchor, path, targetAnchor, targetPathBuffer, range);
  return (path.empty() ? anchor : nullptr);
}

//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
// High-level entry points.
//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//

static unsigned getNumArgs(ValueDecl *value) {
  if (!isa<FuncDecl>(value)) return ~0U;

  AnyFunctionType *fnTy = value->getInterfaceType()->castTo<AnyFunctionType>();
  if (value->getDeclContext()->isTypeContext())
    fnTy = fnTy->getResult()->castTo<AnyFunctionType>();
  Type argTy = fnTy->getInput();
  if (auto tuple = argTy->getAs<TupleType>()) {
    return tuple->getNumElements();
  } else {
    return 1;
  }
}

static bool matchesDeclRefKind(ValueDecl *value, DeclRefKind refKind) {
  if (value->getInterfaceType()->hasError())
    return true;

  switch (refKind) {
  // An ordinary reference doesn't ignore anything.
  case DeclRefKind::Ordinary:
    return true;

  // A binary-operator reference only honors FuncDecls with a certain type.
  case DeclRefKind::BinaryOperator:
    return (getNumArgs(value) == 2);

  case DeclRefKind::PrefixOperator:
    return (!value->getAttrs().hasAttribute<PostfixAttr>() &&
            getNumArgs(value) == 1);

  case DeclRefKind::PostfixOperator:
    return (value->getAttrs().hasAttribute<PostfixAttr>() &&
            getNumArgs(value) == 1);
  }
  llvm_unreachable("bad declaration reference kind");
}

static bool containsDeclRefKind(LookupResult &lookupResult,
                                DeclRefKind refKind) {
  for (auto candidate : lookupResult) {
    ValueDecl *D = candidate.Decl;
    if (!D || !D->hasInterfaceType())
      continue;
    if (matchesDeclRefKind(D, refKind))
      return true;
  }
  return false;
}

/// Emit a diagnostic with a fixit hint for an invalid binary operator, showing
/// how to split it according to splitCandidate.
static void diagnoseBinOpSplit(UnresolvedDeclRefExpr *UDRE,
                               std::pair<unsigned, bool> splitCandidate,
                               Diag<Identifier, Identifier, bool> diagID,
                               TypeChecker &TC) {

  unsigned splitLoc = splitCandidate.first;
  bool isBinOpFirst = splitCandidate.second;
  StringRef nameStr = UDRE->getName().getBaseName().str();
  auto startStr = nameStr.substr(0, splitLoc);
  auto endStr = nameStr.drop_front(splitLoc);

  // One valid split found, it is almost certainly the right answer.
  auto diag = TC.diagnose(UDRE->getLoc(), diagID,
                          TC.Context.getIdentifier(startStr),
                          TC.Context.getIdentifier(endStr), isBinOpFirst);
  // Highlight the whole operator.
  diag.highlight(UDRE->getLoc());
  // Insert whitespace on the left if the binop is at the start, or to the
  // right if it is end.
  if (isBinOpFirst)
    diag.fixItInsert(UDRE->getLoc(), " ");
  else
    diag.fixItInsertAfter(UDRE->getLoc(), " ");

  // Insert a space between the operators.
  diag.fixItInsert(UDRE->getLoc().getAdvancedLoc(splitLoc), " ");
}

/// If we failed lookup of a binary operator, check to see it to see if
/// it is a binary operator juxtaposed with a unary operator (x*-4) that
/// needs whitespace.  If so, emit specific diagnostics for it and return true,
/// otherwise return false.
static bool diagnoseOperatorJuxtaposition(UnresolvedDeclRefExpr *UDRE,
                                    DeclContext *DC,
                                    TypeChecker &TC) {
  Identifier name = UDRE->getName().getBaseName();
  StringRef nameStr = name.str();
  if (!name.isOperator() || nameStr.size() < 2)
    return false;

  bool isBinOp = UDRE->getRefKind() == DeclRefKind::BinaryOperator;

  // If this is a binary operator, relex the token, to decide whether it has
  // whitespace around it or not.  If it does "x +++ y", then it isn't likely to
  // be a case where a space was forgotten.
  if (isBinOp) {
    auto tok = Lexer::getTokenAtLocation(TC.Context.SourceMgr, UDRE->getLoc());
    if (tok.getKind() != tok::oper_binary_unspaced)
      return false;
  }

  // Okay, we have a failed lookup of a multicharacter operator. Check to see if
  // lookup succeeds if part is split off, and record the matches found.
  //
  // In the case of a binary operator, the bool indicated is false if the
  // first half of the split is the unary operator (x!*4) or true if it is the
  // binary operator (x*+4).
  std::vector<std::pair<unsigned, bool>> WorkableSplits;

  // Check all the potential splits.
  for (unsigned splitLoc = 1, e = nameStr.size(); splitLoc != e; ++splitLoc) {
    // For it to be a valid split, the start and end section must be valid
    // operators, splitting a unicode code point isn't kosher.
    auto startStr = nameStr.substr(0, splitLoc);
    auto endStr = nameStr.drop_front(splitLoc);
    if (!Lexer::isOperator(startStr) || !Lexer::isOperator(endStr))
      continue;

    auto startName = TC.Context.getIdentifier(startStr);
    auto endName = TC.Context.getIdentifier(endStr);

    // Perform name lookup for the first and second pieces.  If either fail to
    // be found, then it isn't a valid split.
    NameLookupOptions LookupOptions = defaultUnqualifiedLookupOptions;
    // This is only used for diagnostics, so always use KnownPrivate.
    LookupOptions |= NameLookupFlags::KnownPrivate;
    auto startLookup = TC.lookupUnqualified(DC, startName, UDRE->getLoc(),
                                       LookupOptions);
    if (!startLookup) continue;
    auto endLookup = TC.lookupUnqualified(DC, endName, UDRE->getLoc(),
                                          LookupOptions);
    if (!endLookup) continue;

    // If the overall operator is a binary one, then we're looking at
    // juxtaposed binary and unary operators.
    if (isBinOp) {
      // Look to see if the candidates found could possibly match.
      if (containsDeclRefKind(startLookup, DeclRefKind::PostfixOperator) &&
          containsDeclRefKind(endLookup, DeclRefKind::BinaryOperator))
        WorkableSplits.push_back({ splitLoc, false });

      if (containsDeclRefKind(startLookup, DeclRefKind::BinaryOperator) &&
          containsDeclRefKind(endLookup, DeclRefKind::PrefixOperator))
        WorkableSplits.push_back({ splitLoc, true });
    } else {
      // Otherwise, it is two of the same kind, e.g. "!!x" or "!~x".
      if (containsDeclRefKind(startLookup, UDRE->getRefKind()) &&
          containsDeclRefKind(endLookup, UDRE->getRefKind()))
        WorkableSplits.push_back({ splitLoc, false });
    }
  }

  switch (WorkableSplits.size()) {
  case 0:
    // No splits found, can't produce this diagnostic.
    return false;
  case 1:
    // One candidate: produce an error with a fixit on it.
    if (isBinOp)
      diagnoseBinOpSplit(UDRE, WorkableSplits[0],
                         diag::unspaced_binary_operator_fixit, TC);
    else
      TC.diagnose(UDRE->getLoc().getAdvancedLoc(WorkableSplits[0].first),
                  diag::unspaced_unary_operator);
    return true;

  default:
    // Otherwise, we have to produce a series of notes listing the various
    // options.
    TC.diagnose(UDRE->getLoc(), isBinOp ? diag::unspaced_binary_operator :
                diag::unspaced_unary_operator)
      .highlight(UDRE->getLoc());

    if (isBinOp) {
      for (auto candidateSplit : WorkableSplits)
        diagnoseBinOpSplit(UDRE, candidateSplit,
                           diag::unspaced_binary_operators_candidate, TC);
    }
    return true;
  }
}


/// Bind an UnresolvedDeclRefExpr by performing name lookup and
/// returning the resultant expression.  Context is the DeclContext used
/// for the lookup.
Expr *TypeChecker::
resolveDeclRefExpr(UnresolvedDeclRefExpr *UDRE, DeclContext *DC) {
  // Process UnresolvedDeclRefExpr by doing an unqualified lookup.
  DeclName Name = UDRE->getName();
  SourceLoc Loc = UDRE->getLoc();

  // Perform standard value name lookup.
  NameLookupOptions lookupOptions = defaultUnqualifiedLookupOptions;
  if (isa<AbstractFunctionDecl>(DC))
    lookupOptions |= NameLookupFlags::KnownPrivate;
  auto Lookup = lookupUnqualified(DC, Name, Loc, lookupOptions);

  if (!Lookup) {
    // If we failed lookup of an operator, check to see it to see if it is
    // because two operators are juxtaposed e.g. (x*-4) that needs whitespace.
    // If so, emit specific diagnostics for it.
    if (diagnoseOperatorJuxtaposition(UDRE, DC, *this)) {
      return new (Context) ErrorExpr(UDRE->getSourceRange());
    }

    // Try ignoring access control.
    NameLookupOptions relookupOptions = lookupOptions;
    relookupOptions |= NameLookupFlags::KnownPrivate;
    relookupOptions |= NameLookupFlags::IgnoreAccessibility;
    LookupResult inaccessibleResults = lookupUnqualified(DC, Name, Loc,
                                                         relookupOptions);
    if (inaccessibleResults) {
      // FIXME: What if the unviable candidates have different levels of access?
      const ValueDecl *first = inaccessibleResults.front().Decl;
      diagnose(Loc, diag::candidate_inaccessible,
               Name, first->getFormalAccess());

      // FIXME: If any of the candidates (usually just one) are in the same
      // module we could offer a fix-it.
      for (auto lookupResult : inaccessibleResults) {
        diagnose(lookupResult.Decl, diag::decl_declared_here,
                 lookupResult.Decl->getFullName());
      }

      // Don't try to recover here; we'll get more access-related diagnostics
      // downstream if the type of the inaccessible decl is also inaccessible.
      return new (Context) ErrorExpr(UDRE->getSourceRange());
    }

    // TODO: Name will be a compound name if it was written explicitly as
    // one, but we should also try to propagate labels into this.
    DeclNameLoc nameLoc = UDRE->getNameLoc();

    performTypoCorrection(DC, UDRE->getRefKind(), Type(), Name, Loc,
                          lookupOptions, Lookup);

    diagnose(Loc, diag::use_unresolved_identifier, Name, Name.isOperator())
      .highlight(UDRE->getSourceRange());

    // Note all the correction candidates.
    for (auto &result : Lookup) {
      noteTypoCorrection(Name, nameLoc, result);
    }

    // TODO: consider recovering from here.  We may want some way to suppress
    // downstream diagnostics, though.

    return new (Context) ErrorExpr(UDRE->getSourceRange());
  }

  // FIXME: Need to refactor the way we build an AST node from a lookup result!

  bool AllDeclRefs = true;
  SmallVector<ValueDecl*, 4> ResultValues;
  for (auto Result : Lookup) {
    // If we find a member, then all of the results aren't non-members.
    bool IsMember = Result.Base && !isa<ModuleDecl>(Result.Base);
    if (IsMember && !isa<TypeDecl>(Result.Decl)) {
      AllDeclRefs = false;
      break;
    }

    ValueDecl *D = Result.Decl;
    if (!D->hasInterfaceType()) validateDecl(D);

    // FIXME: Circularity hack.
    if (!D->hasInterfaceType()) {
      AllDeclRefs = false;
      continue;
    }

    // FIXME: The source-location checks won't make sense once
    // EnableASTScopeLookup is the default.
    if (Loc.isValid() && D->getLoc().isValid() &&
        D->getDeclContext()->isLocalContext() &&
        D->getDeclContext() == DC &&
        Context.SourceMgr.isBeforeInBuffer(Loc, D->getLoc())) {
      if (!D->isInvalid()) {
        diagnose(Loc, diag::use_local_before_declaration, Name);
        diagnose(D, diag::decl_declared_here, Name);
      }
      return new (Context) ErrorExpr(UDRE->getSourceRange());
    }
    if (matchesDeclRefKind(D, UDRE->getRefKind()))
      ResultValues.push_back(D);
  }

  // If we have an unambiguous reference to a type decl, form a TypeExpr.  This
  // doesn't handle specialized decls since they are processed when the
  // UnresolvedSpecializeExpr is seen.
  if (!UDRE->isSpecialized() &&
      ResultValues.size() == 1 && UDRE->getRefKind() == DeclRefKind::Ordinary &&
      isa<TypeDecl>(ResultValues[0])) {
    // FIXME: This is odd.
    if (isa<ModuleDecl>(ResultValues[0])) {
      return new (Context) DeclRefExpr(ResultValues[0], UDRE->getNameLoc(),
                                       /*Implicit=*/false,
                                       AccessSemantics::Ordinary,
                                       ResultValues[0]->getInterfaceType());
    }

    return TypeExpr::createForDecl(Loc, cast<TypeDecl>(ResultValues[0]),
                                   UDRE->isImplicit());
  }
  
  if (AllDeclRefs) {
    // Diagnose uses of operators that found no matching candidates.
    if (ResultValues.empty()) {
      assert(UDRE->getRefKind() != DeclRefKind::Ordinary);
      diagnose(Loc, diag::use_nonmatching_operator, Name.getBaseName(),
               UDRE->getRefKind() == DeclRefKind::BinaryOperator ? 0 :
               UDRE->getRefKind() == DeclRefKind::PrefixOperator ? 1 : 2);
      return new (Context) ErrorExpr(UDRE->getSourceRange());
    }

    // For operators, sort the results so that non-generic operations come
    // first.
    // Note: this is part of a performance hack to prefer non-generic operators
    // to generic operators, because the former is far more efficient to check.
    if (UDRE->getRefKind() != DeclRefKind::Ordinary) {
      std::stable_sort(ResultValues.begin(), ResultValues.end(),
                       [&](ValueDecl *x, ValueDecl *y) -> bool {
        auto xGeneric = x->getInterfaceType()->getAs<GenericFunctionType>();
        auto yGeneric = y->getInterfaceType()->getAs<GenericFunctionType>();
        if (static_cast<bool>(xGeneric) != static_cast<bool>(yGeneric)) {
          return xGeneric? false : true;
        }

        if (!xGeneric)
          return false;

        unsigned xDepth = xGeneric->getGenericParams().back()->getDepth();
        unsigned yDepth = yGeneric->getGenericParams().back()->getDepth();
        return xDepth < yDepth;
      });
    }

    return buildRefExpr(ResultValues, DC, UDRE->getNameLoc(),
                        UDRE->isImplicit(), UDRE->isSpecialized(),
                        UDRE->getFunctionRefKind());
  }

  ResultValues.clear();
  bool AllMemberRefs = true;
  ValueDecl *Base = nullptr;
  for (auto Result : Lookup) {
    // Track the base for member declarations.
    if (Result.Base && !isa<ModuleDecl>(Result.Base)) {
      ResultValues.push_back(Result.Decl);
      if (Base && Result.Base != Base) {
        AllMemberRefs = false;
        break;
      }

      Base = Result.Base;
      continue;
    }

    AllMemberRefs = false;
    break;
  }

  if (AllMemberRefs) {
    Expr *BaseExpr;
    if (auto NTD = dyn_cast<NominalTypeDecl>(Base)) {
      BaseExpr = TypeExpr::createForDecl(Loc, NTD, /*isImplicit=*/true);
    } else {
      BaseExpr = new (Context) DeclRefExpr(Base, UDRE->getNameLoc(),
                                           /*Implicit=*/true);
    }
    
   
    // Otherwise, form an UnresolvedDotExpr and sema will resolve it based on
    // type information.
    return new (Context) UnresolvedDotExpr(BaseExpr, SourceLoc(), Name,
                                           UDRE->getNameLoc(),
                                           UDRE->isImplicit());
  }
  
  // FIXME: If we reach this point, the program we're being handed is likely
  // very broken, but it's still conceivable that this may happen due to
  // invalid shadowed declarations.
  // llvm_unreachable("Can't represent lookup result");
  return new (Context) ErrorExpr(UDRE->getSourceRange());
}

/// If an expression references 'self.init' or 'super.init' in an
/// initializer context, returns the implicit 'self' decl of the constructor.
/// Otherwise, return nil.
VarDecl *
TypeChecker::getSelfForInitDelegationInConstructor(DeclContext *DC,
                                                   UnresolvedDotExpr *ctorRef) {
  // If the reference isn't to a constructor, we're done.
  if (ctorRef->getName().getBaseName() != Context.Id_init)
    return nullptr;

  if (auto ctorContext
        = dyn_cast_or_null<ConstructorDecl>(DC->getInnermostMethodContext())) {
    auto nestedArg = ctorRef->getBase();
    if (auto inout = dyn_cast<InOutExpr>(nestedArg))
      nestedArg = inout->getSubExpr();
    if (nestedArg->isSuperExpr())
      return ctorContext->getImplicitSelfDecl();
    if (auto declRef = dyn_cast<DeclRefExpr>(nestedArg))
      if (declRef->getDecl()->getName() == Context.Id_self)
        return ctorContext->getImplicitSelfDecl();
  }
  return nullptr;
}

namespace {
  /// Update the function reference kind based on adding a direct call to a
  /// callee with this kind.
  FunctionRefKind addingDirectCall(FunctionRefKind kind) {
    switch (kind) {
    case FunctionRefKind::Unapplied:
      return FunctionRefKind::SingleApply;

    case FunctionRefKind::SingleApply:
    case FunctionRefKind::DoubleApply:
      return FunctionRefKind::DoubleApply;

    case FunctionRefKind::Compound:
      return FunctionRefKind::Compound;
    }

    llvm_unreachable("Unhandled FunctionRefKind in switch.");
  }

  /// Update a direct callee expression node that has a function reference kind
  /// based on seeing a call to this callee.
  template<typename E,
           typename = decltype(((E*)nullptr)->getFunctionRefKind())> 
  void tryUpdateDirectCalleeImpl(E *callee, int) {
    callee->setFunctionRefKind(addingDirectCall(callee->getFunctionRefKind()));
  }

  /// Version of tryUpdateDirectCalleeImpl for when the callee
  /// expression type doesn't carry a reference.
  template<typename E> 
  void tryUpdateDirectCalleeImpl(E *callee, ...) { }

  /// The given expression is the direct callee of a call expression; mark it to
  /// indicate that it has been called.
  void markDirectCallee(Expr *callee) {
    while (true) {
      // Look through identity expressions.
      if (auto identity = dyn_cast<IdentityExpr>(callee)) {
        callee = identity->getSubExpr();
        continue;
      }

      // Look through unresolved 'specialize' expressions.
      if (auto specialize = dyn_cast<UnresolvedSpecializeExpr>(callee)) {
        callee = specialize->getSubExpr();
        continue;
      }
      
      // Look through optional binding.
      if (auto bindOptional = dyn_cast<BindOptionalExpr>(callee)) {
        callee = bindOptional->getSubExpr();
        continue;
      }

      // Look through forced binding.
      if (auto force = dyn_cast<ForceValueExpr>(callee)) {
        callee = force->getSubExpr();
        continue;
      }

      // Calls compose.
      if (auto call = dyn_cast<CallExpr>(callee)) {
        callee = call->getFn();
        continue;
      }

      // Coercions can be used for disambiguation.
      if (auto coerce = dyn_cast<CoerceExpr>(callee)) {
        callee = coerce->getSubExpr();
        continue;
      }

      // We're done.
      break;
    }
                                
    // Cast the callee to its most-specific class, then try to perform an
    // update. If the expression node has a declaration reference in it, the
    // update will succeed. Otherwise, we're done propagating.
    switch (callee->getKind()) {
#define EXPR(Id, Parent)                                  \
    case ExprKind::Id:                                    \
      tryUpdateDirectCalleeImpl(cast<Id##Expr>(callee), 0); \
      break;
#include "swift/AST/ExprNodes.def"
    }
  }

  class PreCheckExpression : public ASTWalker {
    TypeChecker &TC;
    DeclContext *DC;

    /// A stack of expressions being walked, used to determine where to
    /// insert RebindSelfInConstructorExpr nodes.
    llvm::SmallVector<Expr *, 8> ExprStack;

    /// The 'self' variable to use when rebinding 'self' in a constructor.
    VarDecl *UnresolvedCtorSelf = nullptr;

    /// The expression that will be wrapped by a RebindSelfInConstructorExpr
    /// node when visited.
    Expr *UnresolvedCtorRebindTarget = nullptr;

    /// The expressions that are direct arguments of call expressions.
    llvm::SmallPtrSet<Expr *, 4> CallArgs;

  public:
    PreCheckExpression(TypeChecker &tc, DeclContext *dc) : TC(tc), DC(dc) { }

    bool walkToClosureExprPre(ClosureExpr *expr);

    std::pair<bool, Expr *> walkToExprPre(Expr *expr) override {
      // If this is a call, record the argument expression.
      if (auto call = dyn_cast<CallExpr>(expr)) {
        CallArgs.insert(call->getArg());
      }

      // If this is an unresolved member with a call argument (e.g.,
      // .some(x)), record the argument expression.
      if (auto unresolvedMember = dyn_cast<UnresolvedMemberExpr>(expr)) {
        if (auto arg = unresolvedMember->getArgument())
          CallArgs.insert(arg);
      }

      // Local function used to finish up processing before returning. Every
      // return site should call through here.
      auto finish = [&](bool recursive, Expr *expr) {
        // If we're going to recurse, record this expression on the stack.
        if (recursive)
          ExprStack.push_back(expr);

        return std::make_pair(recursive, expr);
      };

      // For capture lists, we typecheck the decls they contain.
      if (auto captureList = dyn_cast<CaptureListExpr>(expr)) {
        // Validate the capture list.
        for (auto capture : captureList->getCaptureList()) {
          TC.typeCheckDecl(capture.Init, true);
          TC.typeCheckDecl(capture.Init, false);
          TC.typeCheckDecl(capture.Var, true);
          TC.typeCheckDecl(capture.Var, false);
        }
        return finish(true, expr);
      }

      // For closures, type-check the patterns and result type as written,
      // but do not walk into the body. That will be type-checked after
      // we've determine the complete function type.
      if (auto closure = dyn_cast<ClosureExpr>(expr))
        return finish(walkToClosureExprPre(closure), expr);

      if (auto unresolved = dyn_cast<UnresolvedDeclRefExpr>(expr)) {
        TC.checkForForbiddenPrefix(unresolved);
        return finish(true, TC.resolveDeclRefExpr(unresolved, DC));
      }

      if (auto PlaceholderE = dyn_cast<EditorPlaceholderExpr>(expr)) {
        if (!PlaceholderE->getTypeLoc().isNull()) {
          if (!TC.validateType(PlaceholderE->getTypeLoc(), DC))
            expr->setType(PlaceholderE->getTypeLoc().getType());
        }
        return finish(true, expr);
      }

      return finish(true, expr);
    }

    Expr *walkToExprPost(Expr *expr) override {
      // Remove this expression from the stack.
      assert(ExprStack.back() == expr);
      ExprStack.pop_back();

      // Mark the direct callee as being a callee.
      if (auto call = dyn_cast<CallExpr>(expr))
        markDirectCallee(call->getFn());

      // Fold sequence expressions.
      if (auto seqExpr = dyn_cast<SequenceExpr>(expr)) {
        auto result = TC.foldSequence(seqExpr, DC);
        return result->walk(*this);
      }

      // Type check the type parameters in an UnresolvedSpecializeExpr.
      if (auto us = dyn_cast<UnresolvedSpecializeExpr>(expr)) {
        for (TypeLoc &type : us->getUnresolvedParams()) {
          if (TC.validateType(type, DC))
            return nullptr;
        }
        
        // If this is a reference type a specialized type, form a TypeExpr.
        if (auto *dre = dyn_cast<DeclRefExpr>(us->getSubExpr())) {
          if (auto *TD = dyn_cast<TypeDecl>(dre->getDecl())) {
            SmallVector<TypeRepr*, 4> TypeReprs;
            for (auto elt : us->getUnresolvedParams())
              TypeReprs.push_back(elt.getTypeRepr());
            auto angles = SourceRange(us->getLAngleLoc(), us->getRAngleLoc());
            return TypeExpr::createForSpecializedDecl(dre->getLoc(),
                                                      TD,
                                            TC.Context.AllocateCopy(TypeReprs),
                                                      angles);
          }
        }
        
        return expr;
      }
      
      // If we're about to step out of a ClosureExpr, restore the DeclContext.
      if (auto *ce = dyn_cast<ClosureExpr>(expr)) {
        assert(DC == ce && "DeclContext imbalance");
        DC = ce->getParent();
      }

      // Strip off any AutoClosures that were produced by a previous type check
      // so that we don't choke in CSGen.
      // FIXME: we shouldn't double typecheck, but it looks like code completion
      // may do so in some circumstances. rdar://21466394
      if (auto autoClosure = dyn_cast<AutoClosureExpr>(expr))
        return autoClosure->getSingleExpressionBody();

      // A 'self.init' or 'super.init' application inside a constructor will
      // evaluate to void, with the initializer's result implicitly rebound
      // to 'self'. Recognize the unresolved constructor expression and
      // determine where to place the RebindSelfInConstructorExpr node.
      // When updating this logic, also update
      // RebindSelfInConstructorExpr::getCalledConstructor.
      if (auto unresolvedDot = dyn_cast<UnresolvedDotExpr>(expr)) {
        if (auto self
              = TC.getSelfForInitDelegationInConstructor(DC, unresolvedDot)) {
          // Walk our ancestor expressions looking for the appropriate place
          // to insert the RebindSelfInConstructorExpr.
          Expr *target = nullptr;
          bool foundApply = false;
          bool foundRebind = false;
          for (auto ancestor : reversed(ExprStack)) {
            if (isa<RebindSelfInConstructorExpr>(ancestor)) {
              // If we already have a rebind, then we're re-typechecking an
              // expression and are done.
              foundRebind = true;
              break;
            }

            // Recognize applications.
            if (auto apply = dyn_cast<ApplyExpr>(ancestor)) {
              // If we already saw an application, we're done.
              if (foundApply)
                break;

              // If the function being called is not our unresolved initializer
              // reference, we're done.
              if (apply->getSemanticFn() != unresolvedDot)
                break;

              foundApply = true;
              target = ancestor;
              continue;
            }

            // Look through identity, force-value, and 'try' expressions.
            if (isa<IdentityExpr>(ancestor) ||
                isa<ForceValueExpr>(ancestor) ||
                isa<AnyTryExpr>(ancestor)) {
              if (target)
                target = ancestor;
              continue;
            }

            // No other expression kinds are permitted.
            break;
          }

          // If we found a rebind target, note the insertion point.
          if (target && !foundRebind) {
            UnresolvedCtorRebindTarget = target;
            UnresolvedCtorSelf = self;
          }
        }
      }

      // If the expression we've found is the intended target of an
      // RebindSelfInConstructorExpr, wrap it in the
      // RebindSelfInConstructorExpr.
      if (expr == UnresolvedCtorRebindTarget) {
        expr = new (TC.Context) RebindSelfInConstructorExpr(expr,
                                                            UnresolvedCtorSelf);
        UnresolvedCtorRebindTarget = nullptr;
        return expr;
      }

      // Double check if there are any BindOptionalExpr remaining in the
      // tree (see comment below for more details), if there are no BOE
      // expressions remaining remove OptionalEvaluationExpr from the tree.
      if (auto OEE = dyn_cast<OptionalEvaluationExpr>(expr)) {
        bool hasBindOptional = false;
        OEE->forEachChildExpr([&](Expr *expr) -> Expr * {
          if (isa<BindOptionalExpr>(expr))
            hasBindOptional = true;
          // If at least a single BOE was found, no reason
          // to walk any further in the tree.
          return hasBindOptional ? nullptr : expr;
        });

        return hasBindOptional ? OEE : OEE->getSubExpr();
      }

      // Check if there are any BindOptionalExpr in the tree which
      // wrap DiscardAssignmentExpr, such situation corresponds to syntax
      // like - `_? = <value>`, since it doesn't really make
      // sense to have optional assignment to discarded LValue which can
      // never be optional, we can remove BOE from the tree and avoid
      // generating any of the unnecessary constraints.
      if (auto BOE = dyn_cast<BindOptionalExpr>(expr)) {
        if (auto DAE = dyn_cast<DiscardAssignmentExpr>(BOE->getSubExpr()))
          return DAE;
      }

      // If this is a sugared type that needs to be folded into a single
      // TypeExpr, do it.
      if (auto *simplified = simplifyTypeExpr(expr))
        return simplified;

      return expr;
    }

    std::pair<bool, Stmt *> walkToStmtPre(Stmt *stmt) override {
      // Never walk into statements.
      return { false, stmt };
    }
    
    /// Simplify expressions which are type sugar productions that got parsed
    /// as expressions due to the parser not knowing which identifiers are
    /// type names.
    TypeExpr *simplifyTypeExpr(Expr *E);
  };
} // end anonymous namespace

/// Perform prechecking of a ClosureExpr before we dive into it.  This returns
/// true for single-expression closures, where we want the body to be considered
/// part of this larger expression.
bool PreCheckExpression::walkToClosureExprPre(ClosureExpr *closure) {
  auto *PL = closure->getParameters();

  // Validate the parameters.
  TypeResolutionOptions options;
  options |= TR_AllowUnspecifiedTypes;
  options |= TR_AllowUnboundGenerics;
  options |= TR_InExpression;
  bool hadParameterError = false;

  GenericTypeToArchetypeResolver resolver(closure);

  if (TC.typeCheckParameterList(PL, DC, options, resolver)) {
    closure->setType(ErrorType::get(TC.Context));

    // If we encounter an error validating the parameter list, don't bail.
    // Instead, go on to validate any potential result type, and bail
    // afterwards.  This allows for better diagnostics, and keeps the
    // closure expression type well-formed.
    hadParameterError = true;
  }

  // Validate the result type, if present.
  if (closure->hasExplicitResultType() &&
      TC.validateType(closure->getExplicitResultTypeLoc(), DC,
                      TR_InExpression, &resolver)) {
    closure->setType(ErrorType::get(TC.Context));
    return false;
  }

  if (hadParameterError)
    return false;

  // If the closure has a multi-statement body, we don't walk into it
  // here.
  if (!closure->hasSingleExpressionBody())
    return false;

  // Update the current DeclContext to be the closure we're about to
  // recurse into.
  assert(DC == closure->getParent() && "Decl context isn't correct");
  DC = closure;
  return true;
}

/// Simplify expressions which are type sugar productions that got parsed
/// as expressions due to the parser not knowing which identifiers are
/// type names.
TypeExpr *PreCheckExpression::simplifyTypeExpr(Expr *E) {
  // Don't try simplifying a call argument, because we don't want to
  // simplify away the required ParenExpr/TupleExpr.
  if (CallArgs.count(E) > 0) return nullptr;

  // Fold 'T.Type' or 'T.Protocol' into a metatype when T is a TypeExpr.
  if (auto *MRE = dyn_cast<UnresolvedDotExpr>(E)) {
    auto *TyExpr = dyn_cast<TypeExpr>(MRE->getBase());
    if (!TyExpr) return nullptr;
    
    auto *InnerTypeRepr = TyExpr->getTypeRepr();

    if (MRE->getName() == TC.Context.Id_Protocol) {
      assert(!TyExpr->isImplicit() && InnerTypeRepr &&
             "This doesn't work on implicit TypeExpr's, "
             "TypeExpr should have been built correctly in the first place");
      auto *NewTypeRepr =
        new (TC.Context) ProtocolTypeRepr(InnerTypeRepr,
                                          MRE->getNameLoc().getBaseNameLoc());
      return new (TC.Context) TypeExpr(TypeLoc(NewTypeRepr, Type()));
    }
    
    if (MRE->getName() == TC.Context.Id_Type) {
      assert(!TyExpr->isImplicit() && InnerTypeRepr &&
             "This doesn't work on implicit TypeExpr's, "
             "TypeExpr should have been built correctly in the first place");
      auto *NewTypeRepr =
        new (TC.Context) MetatypeTypeRepr(InnerTypeRepr,
                                          MRE->getNameLoc().getBaseNameLoc());
      return new (TC.Context) TypeExpr(TypeLoc(NewTypeRepr, Type()));
    }
  }

  // Fold T? into an optional type when T is a TypeExpr.
  if (isa<OptionalEvaluationExpr>(E) || isa<BindOptionalExpr>(E)) {
    TypeExpr *TyExpr;
    SourceLoc QuestionLoc;
    if (auto *OOE = dyn_cast<OptionalEvaluationExpr>(E)) {
      TyExpr = dyn_cast<TypeExpr>(OOE->getSubExpr());
      QuestionLoc = OOE->getLoc();
    } else {
      TyExpr = dyn_cast<TypeExpr>(cast<BindOptionalExpr>(E)->getSubExpr());
      QuestionLoc = cast<BindOptionalExpr>(E)->getQuestionLoc();
    }
    if (!TyExpr) return nullptr;

    auto *InnerTypeRepr = TyExpr->getTypeRepr();
    assert(!TyExpr->isImplicit() && InnerTypeRepr &&
           "This doesn't work on implicit TypeExpr's, "
           "the TypeExpr should have been built correctly in the first place");
    
    // The optional evaluation is passed through.
    if (isa<OptionalEvaluationExpr>(E))
      return TyExpr;

    auto *NewTypeRepr =
      new (TC.Context) OptionalTypeRepr(InnerTypeRepr, QuestionLoc);
    return new (TC.Context) TypeExpr(TypeLoc(NewTypeRepr, Type()));
  }

  // Fold T! into an IUO type when T is a TypeExpr.
  if (auto *FVE = dyn_cast<ForceValueExpr>(E)) {
    auto *TyExpr = dyn_cast<TypeExpr>(FVE->getSubExpr());
    if (!TyExpr) return nullptr;

    auto *InnerTypeRepr = TyExpr->getTypeRepr();
    assert(!TyExpr->isImplicit() && InnerTypeRepr &&
           "This doesn't work on implicit TypeExpr's, "
           "the TypeExpr should have been built correctly in the first place");

    auto *NewTypeRepr =
      new (TC.Context) ImplicitlyUnwrappedOptionalTypeRepr(InnerTypeRepr,
                                                          FVE->getExclaimLoc());
    return new (TC.Context) TypeExpr(TypeLoc(NewTypeRepr, Type()));
  }

  // Fold (T) into a type T with parens around it.
  if (auto *PE = dyn_cast<ParenExpr>(E)) {
    auto *TyExpr = dyn_cast<TypeExpr>(PE->getSubExpr());
    if (!TyExpr) return nullptr;
    
    TypeRepr *InnerTypeRepr[] = { TyExpr->getTypeRepr() };
    assert(!TyExpr->isImplicit() && InnerTypeRepr[0] &&
           "SubscriptExpr doesn't work on implicit TypeExpr's, "
           "the TypeExpr should have been built correctly in the first place");
    
    auto *NewTypeRepr = TupleTypeRepr::create(TC.Context, InnerTypeRepr,
                                              PE->getSourceRange());
    return new (TC.Context) TypeExpr(TypeLoc(NewTypeRepr, Type()));
  }
  
  // Fold a tuple expr like (T1,T2) into a tuple type (T1,T2).
  if (auto *TE = dyn_cast<TupleExpr>(E)) {
    if (TE->hasTrailingClosure() ||
        // FIXME: Decide what to do about ().  It could be a type or an expr.
        TE->getNumElements() == 0)
      return nullptr;

    SmallVector<TypeRepr *, 4> Elts;
    SmallVector<Identifier, 4> EltNames;
    SmallVector<SourceLoc, 4> EltNameLocs;
    unsigned EltNo = 0;
    for (auto Elt : TE->getElements()) {
      auto *eltTE = dyn_cast<TypeExpr>(Elt);
      if (!eltTE) return nullptr;
      assert(eltTE->getTypeRepr() && !eltTE->isImplicit() &&
             "This doesn't work on implicit TypeExpr's, the "
             "TypeExpr should have been built correctly in the first place");

      // If the tuple element has a label, propagate it.
      auto *eltTR = eltTE->getTypeRepr();
      Identifier name = TE->getElementName(EltNo);
      if (!name.empty()) {
        if (EltNames.empty()) {
          EltNames.resize(TE->getNumElements());
          EltNameLocs.resize(TE->getNumElements());
        }
        EltNames[EltNo] = name;
        EltNameLocs[EltNo] = TE->getElementNameLoc(EltNo);
      }

      Elts.push_back(eltTR);
     ++EltNo;
    }
    auto *NewTypeRepr = TupleTypeRepr::create(TC.Context, Elts,
                                              TE->getSourceRange(),
                                              EltNames, EltNameLocs, {},
                                              SourceLoc(), Elts.size());
    return new (TC.Context) TypeExpr(TypeLoc(NewTypeRepr, Type()));
  }
  

  // Fold [T] into an array type.
  if (auto *AE = dyn_cast<ArrayExpr>(E)) {
    if (AE->getElements().size() != 1)
      return nullptr;

    TypeExpr *TyExpr = dyn_cast<TypeExpr>(AE->getElement(0));
    if (!TyExpr)
      return nullptr;

    auto *NewTypeRepr =
      new (TC.Context) ArrayTypeRepr(TyExpr->getTypeRepr(), 
                                     SourceRange(AE->getLBracketLoc(),
                                                 AE->getRBracketLoc()));
    return new (TC.Context) TypeExpr(TypeLoc(NewTypeRepr, Type()));

  }

  // Fold [K : V] into a dictionary type.
  if (auto *DE = dyn_cast<DictionaryExpr>(E)) {
    if (DE->getElements().size() != 1)
      return nullptr;

    TypeRepr *keyTypeRepr, *valueTypeRepr;
    
    if (auto EltTuple = dyn_cast<TupleExpr>(DE->getElement(0))) {
      TypeExpr *KeyTyExpr = dyn_cast<TypeExpr>(EltTuple->getElement(0));
      if (!KeyTyExpr)
        return nullptr;

      TypeExpr *ValueTyExpr = dyn_cast<TypeExpr>(EltTuple->getElement(1));
      if (!ValueTyExpr)
        return nullptr;
     
      keyTypeRepr = KeyTyExpr->getTypeRepr();
      valueTypeRepr = ValueTyExpr->getTypeRepr();
    } else {
      auto *TE = dyn_cast<TypeExpr>(DE->getElement(0));
      if (!TE) return nullptr;
      
      auto *TRE = dyn_cast_or_null<TupleTypeRepr>(TE->getTypeRepr());
      if (!TRE || TRE->getEllipsisLoc().isValid()) return nullptr;
      while (TRE->isParenType()) {
        TRE = dyn_cast_or_null<TupleTypeRepr>(TRE->getElement(0));
        if (!TRE || TRE->getEllipsisLoc().isValid()) return nullptr;
      }

      assert(TRE->getElements().size() == 2);
      keyTypeRepr = TRE->getElement(0);
      valueTypeRepr = TRE->getElement(1);
    }

    auto *NewTypeRepr =
      new (TC.Context) DictionaryTypeRepr(keyTypeRepr, valueTypeRepr,
                                          /*FIXME:colonLoc=*/SourceLoc(),
                                          SourceRange(DE->getLBracketLoc(),
                                                      DE->getRBracketLoc()));
    return new (TC.Context) TypeExpr(TypeLoc(NewTypeRepr, Type()));
  }

  // Reinterpret arrow expr T1 -> T2 as function type.
  // FIXME: support 'inout', etc.
  if (auto *AE = dyn_cast<ArrowExpr>(E)) {
    if (!AE->isFolded()) return nullptr;

    auto extractTypeRepr = [&](Expr *E) -> TypeRepr * {
      if (!E)
        return nullptr;
      if (auto *TyE = dyn_cast<TypeExpr>(E))
        return TyE->getTypeRepr();
      if (auto *TE = dyn_cast<TupleExpr>(E))
        if (TE->getNumElements() == 0)
          return TupleTypeRepr::createEmpty(TC.Context, TE->getSourceRange());

      // When simplifying a type expr like "P1 & P2 -> P3 & P4 -> Int",
      // it may have been folded at the same time; recursively simplify it.
      if (auto ArgsTypeExpr = simplifyTypeExpr(E))
        return ArgsTypeExpr->getTypeRepr();
      return nullptr;
    };

    TypeRepr *ArgsTypeRepr = extractTypeRepr(AE->getArgsExpr());
    if (!ArgsTypeRepr) {
      TC.diagnose(AE->getArgsExpr()->getLoc(),
                  diag::expected_type_before_arrow);
      ArgsTypeRepr =
        new (TC.Context) ErrorTypeRepr(AE->getArgsExpr()->getSourceRange());
    }

    TypeRepr *ResultTypeRepr = extractTypeRepr(AE->getResultExpr());
    if (!ResultTypeRepr) {
      TC.diagnose(AE->getResultExpr()->getLoc(),
                  diag::expected_type_after_arrow);
      ResultTypeRepr =
        new (TC.Context) ErrorTypeRepr(AE->getResultExpr()->getSourceRange());
    }

    auto NewTypeRepr =
      new (TC.Context) FunctionTypeRepr(nullptr, ArgsTypeRepr,
                                        AE->getThrowsLoc(), AE->getArrowLoc(),
                                        ResultTypeRepr);
    return new (TC.Context) TypeExpr(TypeLoc(NewTypeRepr, Type()));
  }
  
  // Fold 'P & Q' into a composition type
  if (auto *binaryExpr = dyn_cast<BinaryExpr>(E)) {
    bool isComposition = false;
    // look at the name of the operator, if it is a '&' we can create the
    // composition TypeExpr
    auto fn = binaryExpr->getFn();
    if (auto Overload = dyn_cast<OverloadedDeclRefExpr>(fn)) {
      for (auto Decl : Overload->getDecls())
        if (Decl->getName().str() == "&") {
          isComposition = true;
          break;
        }
    } else if (auto *Decl = dyn_cast<UnresolvedDeclRefExpr>(fn)) {
      if (Decl->getName().isSimpleName() &&
            Decl->getName().getBaseName().str() == "&")
        isComposition = true;
    }

    if (isComposition) {
      // The protocols we are composing
      SmallVector<TypeRepr *, 4> Types;

      auto lhsExpr = binaryExpr->getArg()->getElement(0);
      if (auto *lhs = dyn_cast<TypeExpr>(lhsExpr)) {
        Types.push_back(lhs->getTypeRepr());
      } else if (isa<BinaryExpr>(lhsExpr)) {
        // If the lhs is another binary expression, we have a multi element
        // composition: 'A & B & C' is parsed as ((A & B) & C); we get
        // the protocols from the lhs here
        if (auto expr = simplifyTypeExpr(lhsExpr))
          if (auto *repr = dyn_cast<CompositionTypeRepr>(expr->getTypeRepr()))
            // add the protocols to our list
            for (auto proto : repr->getTypes())
              Types.push_back(proto);
          else
            return nullptr;
        else
          return nullptr;
      }

      // Add the rhs which is just a TypeExpr
      auto *rhs = dyn_cast<TypeExpr>(binaryExpr->getArg()->getElement(1));
      if (!rhs) return nullptr;
      Types.push_back(rhs->getTypeRepr());

      auto CompRepr = new (TC.Context) CompositionTypeRepr(
          TC.Context.AllocateCopy(Types),
          lhsExpr->getStartLoc(), binaryExpr->getSourceRange());
      return new (TC.Context) TypeExpr(TypeLoc(CompRepr, Type()));
    }
  }

  return nullptr;
}


/// \brief Clean up the given ill-formed expression, removing any references
/// to type variables and setting error types on erroneous expression nodes.
void CleanupIllFormedExpressionRAII::doIt(Expr *expr, ASTContext &Context) {
  class CleanupIllFormedExpression : public ASTWalker {
    ASTContext &context;
    
  public:
    CleanupIllFormedExpression(ASTContext &context) : context(context) { }
    
    std::pair<bool, Expr *> walkToExprPre(Expr *expr) override {
      // If the type of this expression has a type variable or is invalid,
      // overwrite it with ErrorType.
      Type type = expr->getType();
      if (!type || type->hasTypeVariable())
        expr->setType(ErrorType::get(context));

      return { true, expr };
    }

    // If we find a TypeLoc (e.g. in an as? expr) with a type variable, rewrite
    // it.
    bool walkToTypeLocPre(TypeLoc &TL) override {
      if (TL.getType() && TL.getType()->hasTypeVariable())
        TL.setType(Type(), /*was validated*/false);
      return true;
    }

    bool walkToDeclPre(Decl *D) override {
      // This handles parameter decls in ClosureExprs.
      if (auto VD = dyn_cast<VarDecl>(D)) {
        if (VD->hasType() && VD->getType()->hasTypeVariable()) {
          VD->markInvalid();
        }
      }
      return true;
    }

    // Don't walk into statements.  This handles the BraceStmt in
    // non-single-expr closures, so we don't walk into their body.
    std::pair<bool, Stmt *> walkToStmtPre(Stmt *S) override {
      return { false, S };
    }
  };
  
  if (expr)
    expr->walk(CleanupIllFormedExpression(Context));
}


CleanupIllFormedExpressionRAII::~CleanupIllFormedExpressionRAII() {
  if (expr)
    CleanupIllFormedExpressionRAII::doIt(*expr, Context);
}

/// Pre-check the expression, validating any types that occur in the
/// expression and folding sequence expressions.
static bool preCheckExpression(TypeChecker &tc, Expr *&expr, DeclContext *dc) {
  PreCheckExpression preCheck(tc, dc);
  // Perform the pre-check.
  if (auto result = expr->walk(preCheck)) {
    expr = result;
    return false;
  }

  // Pre-check failed. Clean up and return.
  CleanupIllFormedExpressionRAII::doIt(expr, tc.Context);
  return true;
}

ExprTypeCheckListener::~ExprTypeCheckListener() { }

bool ExprTypeCheckListener::builtConstraints(ConstraintSystem &cs, Expr *expr) {
  return false;
}

Expr *ExprTypeCheckListener::appliedSolution(Solution &solution, Expr *expr) {
  return expr;
}

GenericRequirementsCheckListener::~GenericRequirementsCheckListener() {}

bool GenericRequirementsCheckListener::shouldCheck(RequirementKind kind,
                                                   Type first, Type second) {
  return true;
}

void GenericRequirementsCheckListener::satisfiedConformance(
                                          Type depTy, Type replacementTy,
                                          ProtocolConformanceRef conformance) {
}

bool TypeChecker::
solveForExpression(Expr *&expr, DeclContext *dc, Type convertType,
                   FreeTypeVariableBinding allowFreeTypeVariables,
                   ExprTypeCheckListener *listener, ConstraintSystem &cs,
                   SmallVectorImpl<Solution> &viable,
                   TypeCheckExprOptions options) {
  // First, pre-check the expression, validating any types that occur in the
  // expression and folding sequence expressions.
  if (preCheckExpression(*this, expr, dc))
    return true;

  // Attempt to solve the constraint system.
  auto solution = cs.solve(expr,
                           convertType,
                           listener,
                           viable,
                           allowFreeTypeVariables);

  // The constraint system has failed
  if (solution == ConstraintSystem::SolutionKind::Error)
    return true;

  // If the system is unsolved or there are multiple solutions present but
  // type checker options do not allow unresolved types, let's try to salvage
  if (solution == ConstraintSystem::SolutionKind::Unsolved
      || (viable.size() != 1 &&
          !options.contains(TypeCheckExprFlags::AllowUnresolvedTypeVariables))) {
    if (options.contains(TypeCheckExprFlags::SuppressDiagnostics))
      return true;

    // Try to provide a decent diagnostic.
    if (cs.salvage(viable, expr)) {
      // If salvage produced an error message, then it failed to salvage the
      // expression, just bail out having reported the error.
      return true;
    }

    // The system was salvaged; continue on as if nothing happened.
  }

  if (getLangOpts().DebugConstraintSolver) {
    auto &log = Context.TypeCheckerDebug->getStream();
    if (viable.size() == 1) {
      log << "---Solution---\n";
      viable[0].dump(log);
    } else {
      for (unsigned i = 0, e = viable.size(); i != e; ++i) {
        log << "--- Solution #" << i << " ---\n";
        viable[i].dump(log);
      }
    }
  }

  return false;
}

namespace {
  /// ExprCleanser - This class is used by typeCheckExpression to ensure that in
  /// no situation will an expr node be left with a dangling type variable stuck
  /// to it.  Often type checking will create new AST nodes and replace old ones
  /// (e.g. by turning an UnresolvedDotExpr into a MemberRefExpr).  These nodes
  /// might be left with pointers into the temporary constraint system through
  /// their type variables, and we don't want pointers into the original AST to
  /// dereference these now-dangling types.
  class ExprCleanser {
    llvm::SmallVector<Expr*,4> Exprs;
    llvm::SmallVector<TypeLoc*, 4> TypeLocs;
    llvm::SmallVector<Pattern*, 4> Patterns;
  public:

    ExprCleanser(Expr *E) {
      struct ExprCleanserImpl : public ASTWalker {
        ExprCleanser *TS;
        ExprCleanserImpl(ExprCleanser *TS) : TS(TS) {}

        std::pair<bool, Expr *> walkToExprPre(Expr *expr) override {
          TS->Exprs.push_back(expr);
          return { true, expr };
        }

        bool walkToTypeLocPre(TypeLoc &TL) override {
          TS->TypeLocs.push_back(&TL);
          return true;
        }

        std::pair<bool, Pattern*> walkToPatternPre(Pattern *P) override {
          TS->Patterns.push_back(P);
          return { true, P };
        }

        // Don't walk into statements.  This handles the BraceStmt in
        // non-single-expr closures, so we don't walk into their body.
        std::pair<bool, Stmt *> walkToStmtPre(Stmt *S) override {
          return { false, S };
        }
      };

      E->walk(ExprCleanserImpl(this));
    }

    ~ExprCleanser() {
      // Check each of the expression nodes to verify that there are no type
      // variables hanging out.  If so, just nuke the type.
      for (auto E : Exprs) {
        if (E->getType() && E->getType()->hasTypeVariable())
          E->setType(Type());
      }

      for (auto TL : TypeLocs) {
        if (TL->getTypeRepr() && TL->getType() &&
            TL->getType()->hasTypeVariable())
          TL->setType(Type(), false);
      }

      for (auto P : Patterns) {
        if (P->hasType() && P->getType()->hasTypeVariable())
          P->setType(Type());
      }
    }
  };

  class ExpressionTimer {
    Expr* E;
    ASTContext &Context;
    llvm::TimeRecord StartTime = llvm::TimeRecord::getCurrentTime();

  public:
    ExpressionTimer(Expr *E, ASTContext &Context) : E(E), Context(Context) {}

    ~ExpressionTimer() {
      llvm::TimeRecord endTime = llvm::TimeRecord::getCurrentTime(false);

      auto elapsed = endTime.getProcessTime() - StartTime.getProcessTime();

      // Round up to the nearest 100th of a millisecond.
      llvm::errs() << llvm::format("%0.2f", ceil(elapsed * 100000) / 100)
                   << "ms\t";
      E->getLoc().print(llvm::errs(), Context.SourceMgr);
      llvm::errs() << "\n";
    }
  };

} // end anonymous namespace

#pragma mark High-level entry points
bool TypeChecker::typeCheckExpression(Expr *&expr, DeclContext *dc,
                                      TypeLoc convertType,
                                      ContextualTypePurpose convertTypePurpose,
                                      TypeCheckExprOptions options,
                                      ExprTypeCheckListener *listener,
                                      ConstraintSystem *baseCS) {
  Optional<ExpressionTimer> timer;
  if (DebugTimeExpressions)
    timer.emplace(expr, Context);

  PrettyStackTraceExpr stackTrace(Context, "type-checking", expr);

  // Construct a constraint system from this expression.
  ConstraintSystemOptions csOptions = ConstraintSystemFlags::AllowFixes;
  if (options.contains(TypeCheckExprFlags::PreferForceUnwrapToOptional))
    csOptions |= ConstraintSystemFlags::PreferForceUnwrapToOptional;
  ConstraintSystem cs(*this, dc, csOptions);
  cs.baseCS = baseCS;
  CleanupIllFormedExpressionRAII cleanup(Context, expr);
  ExprCleanser cleanup2(expr);

  // Verify that a purpose was specified if a convertType was.  Note that it is
  // ok to have a purpose without a convertType (which is used for call
  // return types).
  assert((!convertType.getType() || convertTypePurpose != CTP_Unused) &&
         "Purpose for conversion type was not specified");

  // Take a look at the conversion type to check to make sure it is sensible.
  if (convertType.getType()) {
    // If we're asked to convert to an UnresolvedType, then ignore the request.
    // This happens when CSDiags nukes a type.
    if (convertType.getType()->is<UnresolvedType>() ||
        (convertType.getType()->is<MetatypeType>() &&
         convertType.getType()->hasUnresolvedType())) {
      convertType = TypeLoc();
      convertTypePurpose = CTP_Unused;
    }
  }

  // Tell the constraint system what the contextual type is.  This informs
  // diagnostics and is a hint for various performance optimizations.
  cs.setContextualType(expr, convertType, convertTypePurpose);

  // If the convertType is *only* provided for that hint, then null it out so
  // that we don't later treat it as an actual conversion constraint.
  if (options.contains(TypeCheckExprFlags::ConvertTypeIsOnlyAHint))
    convertType = TypeLoc();
  
  bool suppressDiagnostics =
    options.contains(TypeCheckExprFlags::SuppressDiagnostics);

  // If the client can handle unresolved type variables, leave them in the
  // system.
  auto allowFreeTypeVariables = FreeTypeVariableBinding::Disallow;
  if (options.contains(TypeCheckExprFlags::AllowUnresolvedTypeVariables))
    allowFreeTypeVariables = FreeTypeVariableBinding::UnresolvedType;

  // Attempt to solve the constraint system.
  SmallVector<Solution, 4> viable;
  if (solveForExpression(expr, dc, convertType.getType(),
                         allowFreeTypeVariables, listener, cs, viable, options))
    return true;

  // If the client allows the solution to have unresolved type expressions,
  // check for them now.  We cannot apply the solution with unresolved TypeVars,
  // because they will leak out into arbitrary places in the resultant AST.
  if (options.contains(TypeCheckExprFlags::AllowUnresolvedTypeVariables) &&
      (viable.size() != 1 ||
       (convertType.getType() && convertType.getType()->hasUnresolvedType()))) {
    expr->setType(ErrorType::get(Context));
    return false;
  }
  
  // Apply the solution to the expression.
  auto &solution = viable[0];
  bool isDiscarded = options.contains(TypeCheckExprFlags::IsDiscarded);
  bool skipClosures = options.contains(TypeCheckExprFlags::SkipMultiStmtClosures);
  auto result = cs.applySolution(solution, expr, convertType.getType(),
                                 isDiscarded, suppressDiagnostics,
                                 skipClosures);
  if (!result) {
    // Failure already diagnosed, above, as part of applying the solution.
    return true;
  }

  if (getLangOpts().DebugConstraintSolver) {
    auto &log = Context.TypeCheckerDebug->getStream();
    log << "---Type-checked expression---\n";
    result->dump(log);
  }

  // If there's a listener, notify it that we've applied the solution.
  if (listener) {
    result = listener->appliedSolution(solution, result);
    if (!result) {
      return true;
    }
  }

  // Unless the client has disabled them, perform syntactic checks on the
  // expression now.
  if (!suppressDiagnostics &&
      !options.contains(TypeCheckExprFlags::DisableStructuralChecks)) {
    bool isExprStmt = options.contains(TypeCheckExprFlags::IsExprStmt);
    performSyntacticExprDiagnostics(*this, result, dc, isExprStmt);
  }

  expr = result;
  cleanup.disable();
  return false;
}

Optional<Type> TypeChecker::
getTypeOfExpressionWithoutApplying(Expr *&expr, DeclContext *dc,
                                   ConcreteDeclRef &referencedDecl,
                                 FreeTypeVariableBinding allowFreeTypeVariables,
                                   ExprTypeCheckListener *listener) {
  PrettyStackTraceExpr stackTrace(Context, "type-checking", expr);
  referencedDecl = nullptr;

  // Construct a constraint system from this expression.
  ConstraintSystem cs(*this, dc, ConstraintSystemFlags::AllowFixes);
  CleanupIllFormedExpressionRAII cleanup(Context, expr);

  // Attempt to solve the constraint system.
  SmallVector<Solution, 4> viable;
  const Type originalType = expr->getType();
  const bool needClearType = originalType && originalType->hasError();
  const auto recoverOriginalType = [&] () {
    if (needClearType)
      expr->setType(originalType);
  };

  // If the previous checking gives the expr error type, clear the result and
  // re-check.
  if (needClearType)
    expr->setType(Type());
  if (solveForExpression(expr, dc, /*convertType*/Type(),
                         allowFreeTypeVariables, listener, cs, viable,
                         TypeCheckExprFlags::SuppressDiagnostics)) {
    recoverOriginalType();
    return None;
  }

  // Get the expression's simplified type.
  auto &solution = viable[0];
  Type exprType = solution.simplifyType(expr->getType());

  assert(exprType && !exprType->hasTypeVariable() &&
         "free type variable with FreeTypeVariableBinding::GenericParameters?");

  if (exprType->hasError()) {
    recoverOriginalType();
    return None;
  }

  // Dig the declaration out of the solution.
  auto semanticExpr = expr->getSemanticsProvidingExpr();
  auto topLocator = cs.getConstraintLocator(semanticExpr);
  referencedDecl = solution.resolveLocatorToDecl(topLocator);

  if (!referencedDecl.getDecl()) {
    // Do another check in case we have a curried call from binding a function
    // reference to a variable, for example:
    //
    //   class C {
    //     func instanceFunc(p1: Int, p2: Int) {}
    //   }
    //   func t(c: C) {
    //     C.instanceFunc(c)#^COMPLETE^#
    //   }
    //
    // We need to get the referenced function so we can complete the argument
    // labels. (Note that the requirement to have labels in the curried call
    // seems inconsistent with the removal of labels from function types.
    // If this changes the following code could be removed).
    if (auto *CE = dyn_cast<CallExpr>(semanticExpr)) {
      if (auto *UDE = dyn_cast<UnresolvedDotExpr>(CE->getFn())) {
        if (isa<TypeExpr>(UDE->getBase())) {
          auto udeLocator = cs.getConstraintLocator(UDE);
          auto udeRefDecl = solution.resolveLocatorToDecl(udeLocator);
          if (auto *FD = dyn_cast_or_null<FuncDecl>(udeRefDecl.getDecl())) {
            if (FD->isInstanceMember())
              referencedDecl = udeRefDecl;
          }
        }
      }
    }
  }

  // Recover the original type if needed.
  recoverOriginalType();
  return exprType;
}

bool TypeChecker::typeCheckCompletionSequence(Expr *&expr, DeclContext *DC) {
  PrettyStackTraceExpr stackTrace(Context, "type-checking", expr);

  // Construct a constraint system from this expression.
  ConstraintSystem CS(*this, DC, ConstraintSystemFlags::AllowFixes);
  CleanupIllFormedExpressionRAII cleanup(Context, expr);

  auto *SE = cast<SequenceExpr>(expr);
  assert(SE->getNumElements() >= 3);
  auto *op = SE->getElement(SE->getNumElements() - 2);
  auto *CCE = cast<CodeCompletionExpr>(SE->getElements().back());

  // Resolve the op.
  op = resolveDeclRefExpr(cast<UnresolvedDeclRefExpr>(op), DC);
  SE->setElement(SE->getNumElements() - 2, op);

  // Fold the sequence.
  expr = foldSequence(SE, DC);

  // Find the code-completion expression and operator again.
  BinaryExpr *exprAsBinOp = nullptr;
  while (auto *binExpr = dyn_cast<BinaryExpr>(expr)) {
    auto *RHS = binExpr->getArg()->getElement(1);
    if (RHS == CCE) {
      exprAsBinOp = binExpr;
      break;
    }
    expr = RHS;
  }
  if (!exprAsBinOp)
    return true;

  // Ensure the output expression is up to date.
  assert(exprAsBinOp == expr && "found wrong expr?");

  // Add type variable for the code-completion expression.
  auto tvRHS =
      CS.createTypeVariable(CS.getConstraintLocator(CCE), TVO_CanBindToLValue);
  CCE->setType(tvRHS);

  if (auto generated = CS.generateConstraints(expr)) {
    expr = generated;
  } else {
    return true;
  }

  if (getLangOpts().DebugConstraintSolver) {
    auto &log = Context.TypeCheckerDebug->getStream();
    log << "---Initial constraints for the given expression---\n";
    expr->print(log);
    log << "\n";
    CS.print(log);
  }

  // Attempt to solve the constraint system.
  SmallVector<Solution, 4> viable;
  if (CS.solve(viable, FreeTypeVariableBinding::GenericParameters))
    return true;

  auto &solution = viable[0];
  if (getLangOpts().DebugConstraintSolver) {
    auto &log = Context.TypeCheckerDebug->getStream();
    log << "---Solution---\n";
    solution.dump(log);
  }

  expr->setType(solution.simplifyType(expr->getType()));
  CCE->setType(solution.simplifyType(CCE->getType()));
  return false;
}

bool TypeChecker::typeCheckExpressionShallow(Expr *&expr, DeclContext *dc) {
  PrettyStackTraceExpr stackTrace(Context, "shallow type-checking", expr);

  // Construct a constraint system from this expression.
  ConstraintSystem cs(*this, dc, ConstraintSystemFlags::AllowFixes);
  CleanupIllFormedExpressionRAII cleanup(Context, expr);
  if (auto generatedExpr = cs.generateConstraintsShallow(expr))
    expr = generatedExpr;
  else
    return true;

  if (getLangOpts().DebugConstraintSolver) {
    auto &log = Context.TypeCheckerDebug->getStream();
    log << "---Initial constraints for the given expression---\n";
    expr->print(log);
    log << "\n";
    cs.print(log);
  }

  // Attempt to solve the constraint system.
  SmallVector<Solution, 4> viable;
  if ((cs.solve(viable) || viable.size() != 1) &&
      cs.salvage(viable, expr)) {
    return true;
  }

  auto &solution = viable[0];
  if (getLangOpts().DebugConstraintSolver) {
    auto &log = Context.TypeCheckerDebug->getStream();
    log << "---Solution---\n";
    solution.dump(log);
  }

  // Apply the solution to the expression.
  auto result = cs.applySolutionShallow(solution, expr, 
                                        /*suppressDiagnostics=*/false);
  if (!result) {
    // Failure already diagnosed, above, as part of applying the solution.
    return true;
  }

  if (getLangOpts().DebugConstraintSolver) {
    auto &log = Context.TypeCheckerDebug->getStream();
    log << "---Type-checked expression---\n";
    result->dump(log);
  }

  expr = result;
  cleanup.disable();
  return false;
}

bool TypeChecker::typeCheckBinding(Pattern *&pattern, Expr *&initializer,
                                   DeclContext *DC, bool skipClosures) {

  /// Type checking listener for pattern binding initializers.
  class BindingListener : public ExprTypeCheckListener {
    Pattern *&pattern;
    Expr *&initializer;
    DeclContext *DC;
    bool skipClosures;

    /// The locator we're using.
    ConstraintLocator *Locator;

    /// The type of the initializer.
    Type InitType;
    
  public:
    explicit BindingListener(Pattern *&pattern, Expr *&initializer,
                             DeclContext *DC, bool skipClosures)
      : pattern(pattern), initializer(initializer), DC(DC),
        skipClosures(skipClosures) { }

    bool builtConstraints(ConstraintSystem &cs, Expr *expr) override {
      // Save the locator we're using for the expression.
      Locator = cs.getConstraintLocator(expr);

      // Collect constraints from the pattern.
      InitType = cs.generateConstraints(pattern, Locator);
      if (!InitType)
        return true;

      // Add a conversion constraint between the types.
      cs.addConstraint(ConstraintKind::Conversion, cs.getType(expr),
                       InitType, Locator, /*isFavored*/true);

      // The expression has been pre-checked; save it in case we fail later.
      initializer = expr;
      return false;
    }

    Expr *appliedSolution(Solution &solution, Expr *expr) override {
      // Figure out what type the constraints decided on.
      auto &cs = solution.getConstraintSystem();
      auto &tc = cs.getTypeChecker();
      InitType = solution.simplifyType(InitType);

      // Convert the initializer to the type of the pattern.
      // ignoreTopLevelInjection = Binding->isConditional()
      expr = solution.coerceToType(expr, InitType, Locator,
                                   false /* ignoreTopLevelInjection */,
                                   skipClosures);
      if (!expr) {
        return nullptr;
      }

      // Force the initializer to be materializable.
      // FIXME: work this into the constraint system
      expr = tc.coerceToMaterializable(expr);

      // Apply the solution to the pattern as well.
      Type patternType = expr->getType();

      TypeResolutionOptions options;
      options |= TR_OverrideType;
      options |= TR_InExpression;
      if (isa<EditorPlaceholderExpr>(expr->getSemanticsProvidingExpr())) {
        options |= TR_EditorPlaceholder;
      }
      if (tc.coercePatternToType(pattern, DC, patternType, options)) {
        return nullptr;
      }
      initializer = expr;
      return expr;
    }
  };

  assert(initializer && "type-checking an uninitialized binding?");
  BindingListener listener(pattern, initializer, DC, skipClosures);

  TypeLoc contextualType;
  auto contextualPurpose = CTP_Unused;
  if (pattern->hasType()) {
    contextualType = TypeLoc::withoutLoc(pattern->getType());
    contextualPurpose = CTP_Initialization;

    // If we already had an error, don't repeat the problem.
    if (contextualType.getType()->hasError())
      return true;

    // Only provide a TypeLoc if it makes sense to allow diagnostics.
    if (auto *typedPattern = dyn_cast<TypedPattern>(pattern)) {
      const Pattern *inner = typedPattern->getSemanticsProvidingPattern();
      if (isa<NamedPattern>(inner) || isa<AnyPattern>(inner))
        contextualType = typedPattern->getTypeLoc();
    }
  }
    
  // Type-check the initializer.
  TypeCheckExprOptions flags = TypeCheckExprFlags::ConvertTypeIsOnlyAHint;
  if (skipClosures)
    flags |= TypeCheckExprFlags::SkipMultiStmtClosures;

  bool hadError = typeCheckExpression(initializer, DC, contextualType,
                                     contextualPurpose,
                                     flags,
                                     &listener);

  if (hadError && !pattern->hasType()) {
    pattern->setType(ErrorType::get(Context));
    pattern->forEachVariable([&](VarDecl *var) {
      // Don't change the type of a variable that we've been able to
      // compute a type for.
      if (var->hasType() && !var->getType()->hasError())
        return;

      var->markInvalid();
    });
  }

  return hadError;
}

bool TypeChecker::typeCheckPatternBinding(PatternBindingDecl *PBD,
                                          unsigned patternNumber,
                                          bool skipClosures) {

  Pattern *pattern = PBD->getPattern(patternNumber);
  Expr *init = PBD->getInit(patternNumber);

  if (!init) {
    PBD->setInvalid();
    return true;
  }

  // Enter an initializer context if necessary.
  PatternBindingInitializer *initContext = nullptr;
  DeclContext *DC = PBD->getDeclContext();
  if (!DC->isLocalContext()) {
    initContext = cast_or_null<PatternBindingInitializer>(
                    PBD->getPatternList()[patternNumber].getInitContext());
    if (initContext)
      DC = initContext;
  }

  bool hadError = typeCheckBinding(pattern, init, DC, skipClosures);
  PBD->setPattern(patternNumber, pattern, initContext);
  PBD->setInit(patternNumber, init);


  // If we entered an initializer context, contextualize any
  // auto-closures we might have created.
  if (initContext) {
    // Check safety of error-handling in the declaration, too.
    if (!hadError) {
      checkInitializerErrorHandling(initContext, init);
    }

    if (!hadError)
      (void)contextualizeInitializer(initContext, init);
  }

  if (hadError) {
    PBD->setInvalid();
  }

  PBD->setInitializerChecked(patternNumber);
  return hadError;
}

bool TypeChecker::typeCheckForEachBinding(DeclContext *dc, ForEachStmt *stmt) {
  /// Type checking listener for for-each binding.
  class BindingListener : public ExprTypeCheckListener {
    /// The for-each statement.
    ForEachStmt *Stmt;

    /// The locator we're using.
    ConstraintLocator *Locator;

    /// The type of the initializer.
    Type InitType;

    /// The type of the sequence.
    Type SequenceType;

  public:
    explicit BindingListener(ForEachStmt *stmt) : Stmt(stmt) { }

    bool builtConstraints(ConstraintSystem &cs, Expr *expr) override {
      // Save the locator we're using for the expression.
      Locator = cs.getConstraintLocator(expr);

      // The expression type must conform to the Sequence.
      auto &tc = cs.getTypeChecker();
      ProtocolDecl *sequenceProto
        = tc.getProtocol(Stmt->getForLoc(), KnownProtocolKind::Sequence);
      if (!sequenceProto) {
        return true;
      }

      SequenceType =
        cs.createTypeVariable(Locator, /*options=*/TVO_MustBeMaterializable);
      cs.addConstraint(ConstraintKind::Conversion, cs.getType(expr),
                       SequenceType, Locator);
      cs.addConstraint(ConstraintKind::ConformsTo, SequenceType,
                       sequenceProto->getDeclaredType(), Locator);

      auto iteratorLocator =
        cs.getConstraintLocator(Locator,
                                ConstraintLocator::SequenceIteratorProtocol);
      auto elementLocator =
        cs.getConstraintLocator(iteratorLocator,
                                ConstraintLocator::GeneratorElementType);

      // Collect constraints from the element pattern.
      auto pattern = Stmt->getPattern();
      InitType = cs.generateConstraints(pattern, elementLocator);
      if (!InitType)
        return true;
      
      // Manually search for the iterator witness. If no iterator/element pair
      // exists, solve for them.
      Type iteratorType;
      Type elementType;
      
      NameLookupOptions lookupOptions = defaultMemberTypeLookupOptions;
      if (isa<AbstractFunctionDecl>(cs.DC))
        lookupOptions |= NameLookupFlags::KnownPrivate;

      auto sequenceType = cs.getType(expr)->getRValueType();

      // Look through one level of optional; this improves recovery but doesn't
      // change the result.
      if (auto sequenceObjectType = sequenceType->getAnyOptionalObjectType())
        sequenceType = sequenceObjectType;

      // If the sequence type is an existential, we should not attempt to
      // look up the member type at all, since we cannot represent associated
      // types of existentials.
      //
      // We will diagnose it later.
      if (!sequenceType->isExistentialType() &&
          (sequenceType->mayHaveMembers() ||
           sequenceType->isTypeVariableOrMember())) {
        ASTContext &ctx = tc.Context;
        auto iteratorAssocType =
          cast<AssociatedTypeDecl>(
            sequenceProto->lookupDirect(ctx.Id_Iterator).front());

        auto subs = sequenceType->getContextSubstitutionMap(
          cs.DC->getParentModule(),
          sequenceProto);
        iteratorType = iteratorAssocType->getDeclaredInterfaceType()
          .subst(subs);

        if (iteratorType) {
          auto iteratorProto =
            tc.getProtocol(Stmt->getForLoc(),
                           KnownProtocolKind::IteratorProtocol);
          if (!iteratorProto)
            return true;

          auto elementAssocType =
            cast<AssociatedTypeDecl>(
              iteratorProto->lookupDirect(ctx.Id_Element).front());

          elementType = iteratorType->getTypeOfMember(
                          cs.DC->getParentModule(),
                          elementAssocType,
                          elementAssocType->getDeclaredInterfaceType());
        }
      }

      if (elementType.isNull()) {
        elementType = cs.createTypeVariable(elementLocator,
                                            TVO_MustBeMaterializable);
      }

      // Add a conversion constraint between the element type of the sequence
      // and the type of the element pattern.
      cs.addConstraint(ConstraintKind::Conversion, elementType, InitType,
                       elementLocator);

      Stmt->setSequence(expr);
      return false;
    }

    Expr *appliedSolution(Solution &solution, Expr *expr) override {
      // Figure out what types the constraints decided on.
      auto &cs = solution.getConstraintSystem();
      auto &tc = cs.getTypeChecker();
      InitType = solution.simplifyType(InitType);
      SequenceType = solution.simplifyType(SequenceType);

      // Perform any necessary conversions of the sequence (e.g. [T]! -> [T]).
      if (tc.convertToType(expr, SequenceType, cs.DC)) {
        return nullptr;
      }

      cs.cacheExprTypes(expr);

      // Apply the solution to the iteration pattern as well.
      Pattern *pattern = Stmt->getPattern();
      TypeResolutionOptions options;
      options |= TR_OverrideType;
      options |= TR_EnumerationVariable;
      options |= TR_InExpression;
      if (tc.coercePatternToType(pattern, cs.DC, InitType, options)) {
        return nullptr;
      }

      Stmt->setPattern(pattern);
      Stmt->setSequence(expr);

      cs.setExprTypes(expr);
      return expr;
    }
  };

  BindingListener listener(stmt);
  Expr *seq = stmt->getSequence();
  assert(seq && "type-checking an uninitialized for-each statement?");

  // Type-check the for-each loop sequence and element pattern.
  return typeCheckExpression(seq, dc, &listener);
}

/// \brief Compute the rvalue type of the given expression, which is the
/// destination of an assignment statement.
Type ConstraintSystem::computeAssignDestType(Expr *dest, SourceLoc equalLoc) {
  if (TupleExpr *TE = dyn_cast<TupleExpr>(dest)) {
    auto &ctx = getASTContext();
    SmallVector<TupleTypeElt, 4> destTupleTypes;
    for (unsigned i = 0; i != TE->getNumElements(); ++i) {
      Expr *subExpr = TE->getElement(i);
      Type elemTy = computeAssignDestType(subExpr, equalLoc);
      if (!elemTy)
        return Type();
      destTupleTypes.push_back(TupleTypeElt(elemTy, TE->getElementName(i)));
    }

    return TupleType::get(destTupleTypes, ctx);
  }

  Type destTy = simplifyType(getType(dest));
  if (destTy->hasError())
    return Type();

  // If we have already resolved a concrete lvalue destination type, return it.
  if (LValueType *destLV = destTy->getAs<LValueType>())
    return destLV->getObjectType();

  // If the destination is a type variable, the type variable must be an
  // lvalue type, which we enforce via an equality relationship with
  // @lvalue T, where T is a fresh type variable that will be the object type of
  // this particular expression type.
  if (auto typeVar = dyn_cast<TypeVariableType>(destTy.getPointer())) {
    // Newly allocated type should be explicitly materializable,
    // it's invalid to use non-materializable types as assignment destination.
    auto objectTv = createTypeVariable(getConstraintLocator(dest),
                                       TVO_MustBeMaterializable);
    auto refTv = LValueType::get(objectTv);
    addConstraint(ConstraintKind::Bind, typeVar, refTv,
                  getConstraintLocator(dest));
    return objectTv;
  }

  // Otherwise, the destination is erroneous.  If there are FixIt hints
  // introduced into the system, they may well be the reason that this isn't an
  // lvalue.  Emit them if present.
  if (!Fixes.empty()) {
    auto solution = finalize(FreeTypeVariableBinding::Allow);
    if (applySolutionFixes(dest, solution))
      return Type();
  }

  // Otherwise, it is a structural problem, diagnose that.
  diagnoseAssignmentFailure(dest, destTy, equalLoc);
  return Type();
}

bool TypeChecker::typeCheckCondition(Expr *&expr, DeclContext *dc) {
  // If this expression is already typechecked and has an i1 type, then it has
  // already got its conversion from Boolean back to i1.  Just re-typecheck
  // it.
  if (expr->getType() && expr->getType()->isBuiltinIntegerType(1))
    return typeCheckExpression(expr, dc);
  
  /// Expression type checking listener for conditions.
  class ConditionListener : public ExprTypeCheckListener {
    Expr *OrigExpr = nullptr;

  public:
    // Add the appropriate Boolean constraint.
    bool builtConstraints(ConstraintSystem &cs, Expr *expr) override {
      // Save the original expression.
      OrigExpr = expr;
      
      // Otherwise, the result must be convertible to Bool.
      auto boolDecl = cs.getASTContext().getBoolDecl();
      if (!boolDecl)
        return true;
      
      // Condition must convert to Bool.
      cs.addConstraint(ConstraintKind::Conversion, cs.getType(expr),
                       boolDecl->getDeclaredType(),
                       cs.getConstraintLocator(expr));
      return false;
    }

    // Convert the result to a Builtin.i1.
    Expr *appliedSolution(constraints::Solution &solution,
                                  Expr *expr) override {
      auto &cs = solution.getConstraintSystem();

      auto converted =
        solution.convertBooleanTypeToBuiltinI1(expr,
                                             cs.getConstraintLocator(OrigExpr));
      cs.setExprTypes(converted);
      return converted;
    }
    
  };

  ConditionListener listener;
  return typeCheckExpression(expr, dc, &listener);
}

bool TypeChecker::typeCheckStmtCondition(StmtCondition &cond, DeclContext *dc,
                                         Diag<> diagnosticForAlwaysTrue) {
  bool hadError = false;
  bool hadAnyFalsable = false;
  for (auto &elt : cond) {
    if (elt.getKind() == StmtConditionElement::CK_Availability) {
      hadAnyFalsable = true;
      continue;
    }

    if (auto E = elt.getBooleanOrNull()) {
      hadError |= typeCheckCondition(E, dc);
      elt.setBoolean(E);
      hadAnyFalsable = true;
      continue;
    }

    // This is cleanup goop run on the various paths where type checking of the
    // pattern binding fails.
    auto typeCheckPatternFailed = [&] {
      hadError = true;
      elt.getPattern()->setType(ErrorType::get(Context));
      elt.getInitializer()->setType(ErrorType::get(Context));

      elt.getPattern()->forEachVariable([&](VarDecl *var) {
        // Don't change the type of a variable that we've been able to
        // compute a type for.
        if (var->hasType() && !var->getType()->hasError())
          return;
        var->markInvalid();
      });
    };

    // Resolve the pattern.
    auto *pattern = resolvePattern(elt.getPattern(), dc,
                                   /*isStmtCondition*/true);
    if (!pattern) {
      typeCheckPatternFailed();
      continue;
    }
    elt.setPattern(pattern);

    // Check the pattern, it allows unspecified types because the pattern can
    // provide type information.
    TypeResolutionOptions options = TR_InExpression;
    options |= TR_AllowUnspecifiedTypes;
    options |= TR_AllowUnboundGenerics;
    if (typeCheckPattern(pattern, dc, options)) {
      typeCheckPatternFailed();
      continue;
    }

    // If the pattern didn't get a type, it's because we ran into some
    // unknown types along the way. We'll need to check the initializer.
    auto init = elt.getInitializer();
    hadError |= typeCheckBinding(pattern, init, dc, /*skipClosures*/false);
    elt.setPattern(pattern);
    elt.setInitializer(init);
    hadAnyFalsable |= pattern->isRefutablePattern();
  }

  
  // If the binding is not refutable, and there *is* an else, reject it as
  // unreachable.
  if (!hadAnyFalsable && !hadError)
    diagnose(cond[0].getStartLoc(), diagnosticForAlwaysTrue);
  
  return false;
}

/// Find the '~=` operator that can compare an expression inside a pattern to a
/// value of a given type.
bool TypeChecker::typeCheckExprPattern(ExprPattern *EP, DeclContext *DC,
                                       Type rhsType) {
  PrettyStackTracePattern stackTrace(Context, "type-checking", EP);

  // Create a 'let' binding to stand in for the RHS value.
  auto *matchVar = new (Context) VarDecl(/*IsStatic*/false, /*IsLet*/true,
                                         /*IsCaptureList*/false,
                                         EP->getLoc(),
                                         Context.getIdentifier("$match"),
                                         rhsType,
                                         DC);
  matchVar->setInterfaceType(DC->mapTypeOutOfContext(rhsType));

  matchVar->setImplicit();
  EP->setMatchVar(matchVar);
  matchVar->setHasNonPatternBindingInit();

  // Find '~=' operators for the match.
  auto lookupOptions = defaultUnqualifiedLookupOptions;
  lookupOptions |= NameLookupFlags::KnownPrivate;
  auto matchLookup = lookupUnqualified(DC, Context.Id_MatchOperator,
                                       SourceLoc(), lookupOptions);
  if (!matchLookup) {
    diagnose(EP->getLoc(), diag::no_match_operator);
    return true;
  }
  
  SmallVector<ValueDecl*, 4> choices;
  for (auto &result : matchLookup) {
    choices.push_back(result.Decl);
  }
  
  if (choices.empty()) {
    diagnose(EP->getLoc(), diag::no_match_operator);
    return true;
  }
  
  // Build the 'expr ~= var' expression.
  // FIXME: Compound name locations.
  auto *matchOp = buildRefExpr(choices, DC, DeclNameLoc(EP->getLoc()),
                               /*Implicit=*/true, /*isSpecialized=*/false,
                               FunctionRefKind::Compound);
  auto *matchVarRef = new (Context) DeclRefExpr(matchVar,
                                                DeclNameLoc(EP->getLoc()),
                                                /*Implicit=*/true);
  
  Expr *matchArgElts[] = {EP->getSubExpr(), matchVarRef};
  auto *matchArgs
    = TupleExpr::create(Context, EP->getSubExpr()->getSourceRange().Start,
                        matchArgElts, { }, { },
                        EP->getSubExpr()->getSourceRange().End,
                        /*HasTrailingClosure=*/false, /*Implicit=*/true);
  
  Expr *matchCall = new (Context) BinaryExpr(matchOp, matchArgs,
                                             /*Implicit=*/true);
  
  // Check the expression as a condition.
  bool hadError = typeCheckCondition(matchCall, DC);
  // Save the type-checked expression in the pattern.
  EP->setMatchExpr(matchCall);
  // Set the type on the pattern.
  EP->setType(rhsType);
  return hadError;
}

bool TypeChecker::typesSatisfyConstraint(Type type1, Type type2,
                                         ConstraintKind kind, DeclContext *dc,
                                         bool *unwrappedIUO) {
  ConstraintSystem cs(*this, dc, ConstraintSystemOptions());
  cs.addConstraint(kind, type1, type2, cs.getConstraintLocator(nullptr));
  if (auto solution = cs.solveSingle()) {
    if (unwrappedIUO)
      *unwrappedIUO = solution->getFixedScore().Data[SK_ForceUnchecked] > 0;

    return true;
  }

  return false;
}

bool TypeChecker::isSubtypeOf(Type type1, Type type2, DeclContext *dc) {
  return typesSatisfyConstraint(type1, type2, ConstraintKind::Subtype, dc);
}

bool TypeChecker::isConvertibleTo(Type type1, Type type2, DeclContext *dc,
                                  bool *unwrappedIUO) {
  return typesSatisfyConstraint(type1, type2, ConstraintKind::Conversion, dc,
                                unwrappedIUO);
}

bool TypeChecker::isExplicitlyConvertibleTo(Type type1, Type type2,
                                            DeclContext *dc) {
  return typesSatisfyConstraint(type1, type2, ConstraintKind::Conversion, dc) ||
    isObjCBridgedTo(type1, type2, dc);
}

bool TypeChecker::isObjCBridgedTo(Type type1, Type type2, DeclContext *dc,
                                  bool *unwrappedIUO) {
  return (Context.LangOpts.EnableObjCInterop &&
   typesSatisfyConstraint(type1, type2, ConstraintKind::BridgingConversion,
                          dc, unwrappedIUO));
}

bool TypeChecker::checkedCastMaySucceed(Type t1, Type t2, DeclContext *dc) {
  auto kind = typeCheckCheckedCast(t1, t2, CheckedCastContextKind::None, dc,
                                   SourceLoc(), nullptr, SourceRange());
  return (kind != CheckedCastKind::Unresolved);
}

bool TypeChecker::isSubstitutableFor(Type type, ArchetypeType *archetype,
                                     DeclContext *dc) {
  ConstraintSystem cs(*this, dc, ConstraintSystemOptions());
  auto locator = cs.getConstraintLocator(nullptr);

  // Add all of the requirements of the archetype to the given type.
  // FIXME: Short-circuit if any of the constraints fails.
  if (archetype->requiresClass() && !type->mayHaveSuperclass())
    return false;

  if (auto superclass = archetype->getSuperclass()) {
    cs.addConstraint(ConstraintKind::Subtype, type, superclass, locator);
  }
  for (auto proto : archetype->getConformsTo()) {
    cs.addConstraint(ConstraintKind::ConformsTo, type,
                     proto->getDeclaredType(), locator);
  }

  // Solve the system.
  return cs.solveSingle().hasValue();
}

Expr *TypeChecker::coerceToMaterializable(Expr *expr) {
  // If the type is already materializable, then we're already done.
  if (expr->getType()->isMaterializable())
    return expr;
  
  // Load lvalues.
  if (auto lvalue = expr->getType()->getAs<LValueType>()) {
    expr->propagateLValueAccessKind(AccessKind::Read);
    return new (Context) LoadExpr(expr, lvalue->getObjectType());
  }

  // Walk into parenthesized expressions to update the subexpression.
  if (auto paren = dyn_cast<IdentityExpr>(expr)) {
    auto sub = coerceToMaterializable(paren->getSubExpr());
    paren->setSubExpr(sub);
    paren->setType(sub->getType());
    return paren;
  }

  // Walk into 'try' and 'try!' expressions to update the subexpression.
  if (auto tryExpr = dyn_cast<AnyTryExpr>(expr)) {
    auto sub = coerceToMaterializable(tryExpr->getSubExpr());
    tryExpr->setSubExpr(sub);
    if (isa<OptionalTryExpr>(tryExpr) && !sub->getType()->hasError())
      tryExpr->setType(OptionalType::get(sub->getType()));
    else
      tryExpr->setType(sub->getType());
    return tryExpr;
  }

  // Walk into tuples to update the subexpressions.
  if (auto tuple = dyn_cast<TupleExpr>(expr)) {
    bool anyChanged = false;
    for (auto &elt : tuple->getElements()) {
      // Materialize the element.
      auto oldType = elt->getType();
      elt = coerceToMaterializable(elt);

      // If the type changed at all, make a note of it.
      if (elt->getType().getPointer() != oldType.getPointer()) {
        anyChanged = true;
      }
    }

    // If any of the types changed, rebuild the tuple type.
    if (anyChanged) {
      SmallVector<TupleTypeElt, 4> elements;
      elements.reserve(tuple->getElements().size());
      for (unsigned i = 0, n = tuple->getNumElements(); i != n; ++i) {
        Type type = tuple->getElement(i)->getType();
        Identifier name = tuple->getElementName(i);
        elements.push_back(TupleTypeElt(type, name));
      }
      tuple->setType(TupleType::get(elements, Context));
    }

    return tuple;
  }

  // Nothing to do.
  return expr;
}

bool TypeChecker::convertToType(Expr *&expr, Type type, DeclContext *dc,
                                Optional<Pattern*> typeFromPattern) {
  // TODO: need to add kind arg?
  // Construct a constraint system from this expression.
  ConstraintSystem cs(*this, dc, ConstraintSystemFlags::AllowFixes);
  CleanupIllFormedExpressionRAII cleanup(Context, expr);

  // If there is a type that we're expected to convert to, add the conversion
  // constraint.
  cs.addConstraint(ConstraintKind::Conversion, expr->getType(), type,
                   cs.getConstraintLocator(expr));

  if (getLangOpts().DebugConstraintSolver) {
    auto &log = Context.TypeCheckerDebug->getStream();
    log << "---Initial constraints for the given expression---\n";
    expr->print(log);
    log << "\n";
    cs.print(log);
  }

  // Attempt to solve the constraint system.
  SmallVector<Solution, 4> viable;
  if ((cs.solve(viable) || viable.size() != 1) &&
      cs.salvage(viable, expr)) {
    return true;
  }

  auto &solution = viable[0];
  if (getLangOpts().DebugConstraintSolver) {
    auto &log = Context.TypeCheckerDebug->getStream();
    log << "---Solution---\n";
    solution.dump(log);
  }

  cs.cacheExprTypes(expr);

  // Perform the conversion.
  Expr *result = solution.coerceToType(expr, type,
                                       cs.getConstraintLocator(expr),
                                       /*ignoreTopLevelInjection*/false,
                                       /*skipClosures*/false,
                                       typeFromPattern);
  if (!result) {
    return true;
  }

  cs.setExprTypes(expr);

  if (getLangOpts().DebugConstraintSolver) {
    auto &log = Context.TypeCheckerDebug->getStream();
    log << "---Type-checked expression---\n";
    result->dump(log);
  }

  expr = result;
  cleanup.disable();
  return false;
}

//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
// Debugging
//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
#pragma mark Debugging

void Solution::dump() const {
  dump(llvm::errs());
}

void Solution::dump(raw_ostream &out) const {
  ASTContext &ctx = getConstraintSystem().getASTContext();
  llvm::SaveAndRestore<bool> debugSolver(ctx.LangOpts.DebugConstraintSolver,
                                         true);

  SourceManager *sm = &ctx.SourceMgr;

  out << "Fixed score: " << FixedScore << "\n";

  out << "Type variables:\n";
  for (auto binding : typeBindings) {
    out.indent(2);
    binding.first->getImpl().print(out);
    out << " as ";
    binding.second.print(out);
    out << "\n";
  }

  out << "\n";
  out << "Overload choices:\n";
  for (auto ovl : overloadChoices) {
    out.indent(2);
    if (ovl.first)
      ovl.first->dump(sm, out);
    out << " with ";

    auto choice = ovl.second.choice;
    switch (choice.getKind()) {
    case OverloadChoiceKind::Decl:
    case OverloadChoiceKind::DeclViaDynamic:
    case OverloadChoiceKind::TypeDecl:
    case OverloadChoiceKind::DeclViaBridge:
    case OverloadChoiceKind::DeclViaUnwrappedOptional:
      choice.getDecl()->dumpRef(out);
      out << " as ";
      if (choice.getBaseType())
        out << choice.getBaseType()->getString() << ".";
        
      out << choice.getDecl()->getName().str() << ": "
        << ovl.second.openedType->getString() << "\n";
      break;

    case OverloadChoiceKind::BaseType:
      out << "base type " << choice.getBaseType()->getString() << "\n";
      break;

    case OverloadChoiceKind::TupleIndex:
      out << "tuple " << choice.getBaseType()->getString() << " index "
        << choice.getTupleIndex() << "\n";
      break;
    }
    out << "\n";
  }

  out << "\n";
  out << "Constraint restrictions:\n";
  for (auto &restriction : ConstraintRestrictions) {
    out.indent(2) << restriction.first.first
                  << " to " << restriction.first.second
                  << " is " << getName(restriction.second) << "\n";
  }

  out << "\nDisjunction choices:\n";
  for (auto &choice : DisjunctionChoices) {
    out.indent(2);
    choice.first->dump(sm, out);
    out << " is #" << choice.second << "\n";
  }

  if (!OpenedTypes.empty()) {
    out << "\nOpened types:\n";
    for (const auto &opened : OpenedTypes) {
      out.indent(2);
      opened.first->dump(sm, out);
      out << " opens ";
      interleave(opened.second.begin(), opened.second.end(),
                 [&](OpenedType opened) {
                   opened.first.print(out);
                   out << " -> ";
                   opened.second->print(out);
                 },
                 [&]() {
                   out << ", ";
                 });
      out << "\n";
    }
  }

  if (!OpenedExistentialTypes.empty()) {
    out << "\nOpened existential types:\n";
    for (const auto &openedExistential : OpenedExistentialTypes) {
      out.indent(2);
      openedExistential.first->dump(sm, out);
      out << " opens to " << openedExistential.second->getString();
      out << "\n";
    }
  }

  if (!DefaultedConstraints.empty()) {
    out << "\nDefaulted constraints: ";
    interleave(DefaultedConstraints, [&](ConstraintLocator *locator) {
      locator->dump(sm, out);
    }, [&] {
      out << ", ";
    });
  }

  if (!Fixes.empty()) {
    out << "\nFixes:\n";
    for (auto &fix : Fixes) {
      out.indent(2);
      fix.first.print(out, &getConstraintSystem());
      out << " @ ";
      fix.second->dump(sm, out);
      out << "\n";
    }
  }
}

void ConstraintSystem::dump() {
  print(llvm::errs());
}

void ConstraintSystem::print(raw_ostream &out) {
  // Print all type variables as $T0 instead of _ here.
  llvm::SaveAndRestore<bool> X(getASTContext().LangOpts.DebugConstraintSolver,
                               true);
  
  out << "Score: " << CurrentScore << "\n";

  if (contextualType.getType()) {
    out << "Contextual Type: " << contextualType.getType();
    if (TypeRepr *TR = contextualType.getTypeRepr()) {
      out << " at ";
      TR->getSourceRange().print(out, getASTContext().SourceMgr, /*text*/false);
    }
    out << "\n";
  }

  out << "Type Variables:\n";
  for (auto tv : TypeVariables) {
    out.indent(2);
    out << '#' << tv->getID() << " = ";
    tv->getImpl().print(out);
    if (tv->getImpl().canBindToLValue())
      out << " [lvalue allowed]";
    if (tv->getImpl().mustBeMaterializable())
      out << " [must be materializable]";
    auto rep = getRepresentative(tv);
    if (rep == tv) {
      if (auto fixed = getFixedType(tv)) {
        out << " as ";
        fixed->print(out);
      }
    } else {
      out << " equivalent to ";
      rep->print(out);
    }
    out << "\n";
  }

  out << "\nActive Constraints:\n";
  for (auto &constraint : ActiveConstraints) {
    out.indent(2);
    constraint.print(out, &getTypeChecker().Context.SourceMgr);
    out << "\n";
  }

  out << "\nInactive Constraints:\n";
  for (auto &constraint : InactiveConstraints) {
    out.indent(2);
    constraint.print(out, &getTypeChecker().Context.SourceMgr);
    out << "\n";
  }

  if (solverState && !solverState->hasRetiredConstraints()) {
    out << "\nRetired Constraints:\n";
    solverState->forEachRetired([&](Constraint &constraint) {
      out.indent(2);
      constraint.print(out, &getTypeChecker().Context.SourceMgr);
      out << "\n";
    });
  }

  if (resolvedOverloadSets) {
    out << "Resolved overloads:\n";

    // Otherwise, report the resolved overloads.
    for (auto resolved = resolvedOverloadSets;
         resolved; resolved = resolved->Previous) {
      auto &choice = resolved->Choice;
      out << "  selected overload set choice ";
      switch (choice.getKind()) {
      case OverloadChoiceKind::Decl:
      case OverloadChoiceKind::DeclViaDynamic:
      case OverloadChoiceKind::TypeDecl:
      case OverloadChoiceKind::DeclViaBridge:
      case OverloadChoiceKind::DeclViaUnwrappedOptional:
        if (choice.getBaseType())
          out << choice.getBaseType()->getString() << ".";
        out << choice.getDecl()->getName() << ": "
          << resolved->BoundType->getString() << " == "
          << resolved->ImpliedType->getString() << "\n";
        break;

      case OverloadChoiceKind::BaseType:
        out << "base type " << choice.getBaseType()->getString() << "\n";
        break;

      case OverloadChoiceKind::TupleIndex:
        out << "tuple " << choice.getBaseType()->getString() << " index "
            << choice.getTupleIndex() << "\n";
        break;
      }
    }
    out << "\n";
  }

  if (!DisjunctionChoices.empty()) {
    out << "\nDisjunction choices:\n";
    for (auto &choice : DisjunctionChoices) {
      out.indent(2);
      choice.first->dump(&getTypeChecker().Context.SourceMgr, out);
      out << " is #" << choice.second << "\n";
    }
  }

  if (!OpenedTypes.empty()) {
    out << "\nOpened types:\n";
    for (const auto &opened : OpenedTypes) {
      out.indent(2);
      opened.first->dump(&getTypeChecker().Context.SourceMgr, out);
      out << " opens ";
      interleave(opened.second.begin(), opened.second.end(),
                 [&](OpenedType opened) {
                   opened.first.print(out);
                   out << " -> ";
                   opened.second->print(out);
                 },
                 [&]() {
                   out << ", ";
                 });
      out << "\n";
    }
  }

  if (!OpenedExistentialTypes.empty()) {
    out << "\nOpened existential types:\n";
    for (const auto &openedExistential : OpenedExistentialTypes) {
      out.indent(2);
      openedExistential.first->dump(&getTypeChecker().Context.SourceMgr, out);
      out << " opens to " << openedExistential.second->getString();
      out << "\n";
    }
  }

  if (!DefaultedConstraints.empty()) {
    out << "\nDefaulted constraints: ";
    interleave(DefaultedConstraints, [&](ConstraintLocator *locator) {
      locator->dump(&getTypeChecker().Context.SourceMgr, out);
    }, [&] {
      out << ", ";
    });
  }

  if (failedConstraint) {
    out << "\nFailed constraint:\n";
    out.indent(2);
    failedConstraint->print(out, &getTypeChecker().Context.SourceMgr);
    out << "\n";
  }

  if (!Fixes.empty()) {
    out << "\nFixes:\n";
    for (auto &fix : Fixes) {
      out.indent(2);
      fix.first.print(out, this);
      out << " @ ";
      fix.second->dump(&getTypeChecker().Context.SourceMgr, out);
      out << "\n";
    }
  }
}

/// Determine the semantics of a checked cast operation.
CheckedCastKind TypeChecker::typeCheckCheckedCast(Type fromType,
                                 Type toType,
                                 CheckedCastContextKind contextKind,
                                 DeclContext *dc,
                                 SourceLoc diagLoc,
                                 Expr *fromExpr,
                                 SourceRange diagToRange) {
  SourceRange diagFromRange;
  if (fromExpr)
    diagFromRange = fromExpr->getSourceRange();
  
  // If the from/to types are equivalent or convertible, this is a coercion.
  bool unwrappedIUO = false;
  if (fromType->isEqual(toType) ||
      (isConvertibleTo(fromType, toType, dc, &unwrappedIUO) &&
       !unwrappedIUO)) {
    return CheckedCastKind::Coercion;
  }
  
  // Check for a bridging conversion.
  // Anything bridges to AnyObject in ObjC interop mode.
  if (Context.LangOpts.EnableObjCInterop
      && toType->isAnyObject())
    return CheckedCastKind::BridgingCoercion;
  
  // Do this check later in Swift 3 mode so that we check for NSNumber and
  // NSValue casts (and container casts thereof) first.
  if (!Context.LangOpts.isSwiftVersion3()
      && isObjCBridgedTo(fromType, toType, dc, &unwrappedIUO) && !unwrappedIUO){
    return CheckedCastKind::BridgingCoercion;
  }

  Type origFromType = fromType;
  Type origToType = toType;

  // Determine whether we should suppress diagnostics.
  bool suppressDiagnostics = (contextKind == CheckedCastContextKind::None);

  // Local function to indicate failure.
  auto failed = [&] {
    if (suppressDiagnostics) {
      return CheckedCastKind::Unresolved;
    }

    diagnose(diagLoc, diag::downcast_to_unrelated, origFromType, origToType)
      .highlight(diagFromRange)
      .highlight(diagToRange);

    return CheckedCastKind::ValueCast;
  };

  // Strip optional wrappers off of the destination type in sync with
  // stripping them off the origin type.
  while (auto toValueType = toType->getAnyOptionalObjectType()) {
    // Complain if we're trying to increase optionality, e.g.
    // casting an NSObject? to an NSString??.  That's not a subtype
    // relationship.
    auto fromValueType = fromType->getAnyOptionalObjectType();
    if (!fromValueType) {
      if (!suppressDiagnostics) {
        diagnose(diagLoc, diag::downcast_to_more_optional,
                 origFromType, origToType)
          .highlight(diagFromRange)
          .highlight(diagToRange);
      }
      return CheckedCastKind::Unresolved;
    }

    toType = toValueType;
    fromType = fromValueType;
  }
  
  // On the other hand, casts can decrease optionality monadically.
  unsigned extraFromOptionals = 0;
  while (auto fromValueType = fromType->getAnyOptionalObjectType()) {
    fromType = fromValueType;
    ++extraFromOptionals;
  }

  // If the unwrapped from/to types are equivalent or bridged, this isn't a real
  // downcast. Complain.
  if (extraFromOptionals > 0) {
    switch (typeCheckCheckedCast(fromType, toType,
                                 CheckedCastContextKind::None, dc,
                                 SourceLoc(), nullptr, SourceRange())) {
    case CheckedCastKind::Coercion:
    case CheckedCastKind::BridgingCoercion: {
      // FIXME: Add a Fix-It, when the caller provides us with enough
      // information.
      if (!suppressDiagnostics) {
        bool isBridged =
          !fromType->isEqual(toType) && !isConvertibleTo(fromType, toType, dc);

        switch (contextKind) {
        case CheckedCastContextKind::None:
          llvm_unreachable("suppressing diagnostics");

        case CheckedCastContextKind::ForcedCast: {
          std::string extraFromOptionalsStr(extraFromOptionals, '!');
          auto diag = diagnose(diagLoc, diag::downcast_same_type,
                               origFromType, origToType,
                               extraFromOptionalsStr,
                               isBridged);
          diag.highlight(diagFromRange);
          diag.highlight(diagToRange);

          /// Add the '!''s needed to adjust the type.
          diag.fixItInsertAfter(diagFromRange.End,
                                std::string(extraFromOptionals, '!'));
          if (isBridged) {
            // If it's bridged, we still need the 'as' to perform the bridging.
            diag.fixItReplaceChars(diagLoc, diagLoc.getAdvancedLocOrInvalid(3),
                                   "as");
          } else {
            // Otherwise, implicit conversions will handle it in most cases.
            SourceLoc afterExprLoc = Lexer::getLocForEndOfToken(Context.SourceMgr,
                                                                diagFromRange.End);

            diag.fixItRemove(SourceRange(afterExprLoc, diagToRange.End));
          }
          break;
        }

        case CheckedCastContextKind::ConditionalCast:
          // If we're only unwrapping a single optional, that optional value is
          // effectively carried through to the underlying conversion, making this
          // the moral equivalent of a map. Complain that one can do this with
          // 'as' more effectively.
          if (extraFromOptionals == 1) {
            // A single optional is carried through. It's better to use 'as' to
            // the appropriate optional type.
            auto diag = diagnose(diagLoc, diag::conditional_downcast_same_type,
                                 origFromType, origToType,
                                 fromType->isEqual(toType) ? 0
                                               : isBridged ? 2
                                               : 1);
            diag.highlight(diagFromRange);
            diag.highlight(diagToRange);

            if (isBridged) {
              // For a bridged cast, replace the 'as?' with 'as'.
              diag.fixItReplaceChars(diagLoc, diagLoc.getAdvancedLocOrInvalid(3),
                                     "as");

              // Make sure we'll cast to the appropriately-optional type by adding
              // the '?'.
              // FIXME: Parenthesize!
              diag.fixItInsertAfter(diagToRange.End, "?");
            } else {
              // Just remove the cast; implicit conversions will handle it.
              SourceLoc afterExprLoc =
                Lexer::getLocForEndOfToken(Context.SourceMgr, diagFromRange.End);

              if (afterExprLoc.isValid() && diagToRange.isValid())
                diag.fixItRemove(SourceRange(afterExprLoc, diagToRange.End));
            }
          }

          // If there is more than one extra optional, don't do anything: this
          // conditional cast is trying to unwrap some levels of optional;
          // let the runtime handle it.
          break;

        case CheckedCastContextKind::IsExpr:
          // If we're only unwrapping a single optional, we could have just
          // checked for 'nil'.
          if (extraFromOptionals == 1) {
            auto diag = diagnose(diagLoc, diag::is_expr_same_type,
                                 origFromType, origToType);
            diag.highlight(diagFromRange);
            diag.highlight(diagToRange);

            diag.fixItReplace(SourceRange(diagLoc, diagToRange.End), "!= nil");

            // Add parentheses if needed.
            if (!fromExpr->canAppendCallParentheses()) {
              diag.fixItInsert(fromExpr->getStartLoc(), "(");
              diag.fixItInsertAfter(fromExpr->getEndLoc(), ")");
            }
          }

          // If there is more than one extra optional, don't do anything: this
          // is performing a deeper check that the runtime will handle.
          break;

        case CheckedCastContextKind::IsPattern:
        case CheckedCastContextKind::EnumElementPattern:
          // Note: Don't diagnose these, because the code is testing whether
          // the optionals can be unwrapped.
          break;
        }
      }

      // Treat this as a value cast so we preserve the semantics.
      return CheckedCastKind::ValueCast;
    }

    case CheckedCastKind::Swift3BridgingDowncast:
    case CheckedCastKind::ArrayDowncast:
    case CheckedCastKind::DictionaryDowncast:
    case CheckedCastKind::SetDowncast:
    case CheckedCastKind::ValueCast:
      break;

    case CheckedCastKind::Unresolved:
      return failed();
    }
  }

  // Check for casts between specific concrete types that cannot succeed.
  ConstraintSystem cs(*this, dc, ConstraintSystemOptions());

  if (auto toElementType = cs.isArrayType(toType)) {
    if (auto fromElementType = cs.isArrayType(fromType)) {
      switch (typeCheckCheckedCast(*fromElementType, *toElementType,
                                   CheckedCastContextKind::None, dc,
                                   SourceLoc(), nullptr, SourceRange())) {
      case CheckedCastKind::Coercion:
        return CheckedCastKind::Coercion;

      case CheckedCastKind::BridgingCoercion:
        return CheckedCastKind::BridgingCoercion;

      case CheckedCastKind::Swift3BridgingDowncast:
        return CheckedCastKind::Swift3BridgingDowncast;

      case CheckedCastKind::ArrayDowncast:
      case CheckedCastKind::DictionaryDowncast:
      case CheckedCastKind::SetDowncast:
      case CheckedCastKind::ValueCast:
        return CheckedCastKind::ArrayDowncast;

      case CheckedCastKind::Unresolved:
        return failed();
      }
    }
  }

  if (auto toKeyValue = cs.isDictionaryType(toType)) {
    if (auto fromKeyValue = cs.isDictionaryType(fromType)) {
      bool hasCoercion = false;
      enum { NoBridging, BridgingCoercion, Swift3BridgingDowncast }
        hasBridgingConversion = NoBridging;
      bool hasCast = false;
      switch (typeCheckCheckedCast(fromKeyValue->first, toKeyValue->first,
                                   CheckedCastContextKind::None, dc,
                                   SourceLoc(), nullptr, SourceRange())) {
      case CheckedCastKind::Coercion:
        hasCoercion = true;
        break;

      case CheckedCastKind::BridgingCoercion:
        hasBridgingConversion = std::max(hasBridgingConversion,
                                         BridgingCoercion);
        break;
      case CheckedCastKind::Swift3BridgingDowncast:
        hasBridgingConversion = std::max(hasBridgingConversion,
                                         Swift3BridgingDowncast);
        break;

      case CheckedCastKind::ArrayDowncast:
      case CheckedCastKind::DictionaryDowncast:
      case CheckedCastKind::SetDowncast:
      case CheckedCastKind::ValueCast:
        hasCast = true;
        break;

      case CheckedCastKind::Unresolved:
        return failed();
      }

      switch (typeCheckCheckedCast(fromKeyValue->second, toKeyValue->second,
                                   CheckedCastContextKind::None, dc,
                                   SourceLoc(), nullptr, SourceRange())) {
      case CheckedCastKind::Coercion:
        hasCoercion = true;
        break;

      case CheckedCastKind::BridgingCoercion:
        hasBridgingConversion = std::max(hasBridgingConversion,
                                         BridgingCoercion);
        break;
      case CheckedCastKind::Swift3BridgingDowncast:
        hasBridgingConversion = std::max(hasBridgingConversion,
                                         Swift3BridgingDowncast);
        break;

      case CheckedCastKind::ArrayDowncast:
      case CheckedCastKind::DictionaryDowncast:
      case CheckedCastKind::SetDowncast:
      case CheckedCastKind::ValueCast:
        hasCast = true;
        break;

      case CheckedCastKind::Unresolved:
        return failed();
      }

      if (hasCast) return CheckedCastKind::DictionaryDowncast;
      switch (hasBridgingConversion) {
      case NoBridging:
        break;
      case BridgingCoercion:
        return CheckedCastKind::BridgingCoercion;
      case Swift3BridgingDowncast:
        return CheckedCastKind::Swift3BridgingDowncast;
      }
      assert(hasCoercion && "Not a coercion?");
      return CheckedCastKind::Coercion;
    }
  }

  if (auto toElementType = cs.isSetType(toType)) {
    if (auto fromElementType = cs.isSetType(fromType)) {
      switch (typeCheckCheckedCast(*fromElementType, *toElementType,
                                   CheckedCastContextKind::None, dc,
                                   SourceLoc(), nullptr, SourceRange())) {
      case CheckedCastKind::Coercion:
        return CheckedCastKind::Coercion;

      case CheckedCastKind::BridgingCoercion:
        return CheckedCastKind::BridgingCoercion;
      
      case CheckedCastKind::Swift3BridgingDowncast:
        return CheckedCastKind::Swift3BridgingDowncast;

      case CheckedCastKind::ArrayDowncast:
      case CheckedCastKind::DictionaryDowncast:
      case CheckedCastKind::SetDowncast:
      case CheckedCastKind::ValueCast:
        return CheckedCastKind::SetDowncast;

      case CheckedCastKind::Unresolved:
        return failed();
      }
    }
  }

  // We accepted `NSNumber`-to-`*Int*` and `NSValue`-to-struct as bridging
  // conversions in Swift 3. For compatibility, we need to distinguish these
  // cases so we can accept them as coercions (with a warning).
  if (Context.LangOpts.isSwiftVersion3() && extraFromOptionals == 0) {
    // Do the check for a bridging conversion now that we deferred above.
    if (isObjCBridgedTo(fromType, toType, dc, &unwrappedIUO) && !unwrappedIUO) {
      if (isObjCClassWithMultipleSwiftBridgedTypes(fromType, dc)) {
        return CheckedCastKind::Swift3BridgingDowncast;
      }
      return CheckedCastKind::BridgingCoercion;
    }
  }
  
  // If we can bridge through an Objective-C class, do so.
  if (Type bridgedToClass = getDynamicBridgedThroughObjCClass(dc, fromType,
                                                              toType)) {
    switch (typeCheckCheckedCast(bridgedToClass, fromType,
                                 CheckedCastContextKind::None, dc, SourceLoc(),
                                 nullptr, SourceRange())) {
    case CheckedCastKind::ArrayDowncast:
    case CheckedCastKind::BridgingCoercion:
    case CheckedCastKind::Swift3BridgingDowncast:
    case CheckedCastKind::Coercion:
    case CheckedCastKind::DictionaryDowncast:
    case CheckedCastKind::SetDowncast:
    case CheckedCastKind::ValueCast:
      return CheckedCastKind::ValueCast;

    case CheckedCastKind::Unresolved:
      break;
    }
  }

  // If we can bridge through an Objective-C class, do so.
  if (Type bridgedFromClass = getDynamicBridgedThroughObjCClass(dc, toType,
                                                                fromType)) {
    switch (typeCheckCheckedCast(toType, bridgedFromClass,
                                 CheckedCastContextKind::None, dc, SourceLoc(),
                                 nullptr, SourceRange())) {
    case CheckedCastKind::ArrayDowncast:
    case CheckedCastKind::BridgingCoercion:
    case CheckedCastKind::Swift3BridgingDowncast:
    case CheckedCastKind::Coercion:
    case CheckedCastKind::DictionaryDowncast:
    case CheckedCastKind::SetDowncast:
    case CheckedCastKind::ValueCast:
      return CheckedCastKind::ValueCast;

    case CheckedCastKind::Unresolved:
      break;
    }
  }

  // Strip metatypes. If we can cast two types, we can cast their metatypes.
  bool metatypeCast = false;
  while (auto toMetatype = toType->getAs<MetatypeType>()) {
    auto fromMetatype = fromType->getAs<MetatypeType>();
    if (!fromMetatype)
      break;
    
    metatypeCast = true;
    toType = toMetatype->getInstanceType();
    fromType = fromMetatype->getInstanceType();
  }
  
  // Strip an inner layer of potentially existential metatype.
  bool toExistentialMetatype = false;
  bool fromExistentialMetatype = false;
  if (auto toMetatype = toType->getAs<AnyMetatypeType>()) {
    toExistentialMetatype = toMetatype->is<ExistentialMetatypeType>();
    if (auto fromMetatype = fromType->getAs<AnyMetatypeType>()) {
      fromExistentialMetatype = fromMetatype->is<ExistentialMetatypeType>();
      toType = toMetatype->getInstanceType();
      fromType = fromMetatype->getInstanceType();
    }
  }

  bool toArchetype = toType->is<ArchetypeType>();
  bool fromArchetype = fromType->is<ArchetypeType>();
  SmallVector<ProtocolDecl*, 2> toProtocols;
  bool toExistential = toType->isExistentialType(toProtocols);
  SmallVector<ProtocolDecl*, 2> fromProtocols;
  bool fromExistential = fromType->isExistentialType(fromProtocols);
  
  // If we're doing a metatype cast, it can only be existential if we're
  // casting to/from the existential metatype. 'T.self as P.Protocol'
  // can only succeed if T is exactly the type P, so is a concrete cast,
  // whereas 'T.self as P.Type' succeeds for types conforming to the protocol
  // P, and is an existential cast.
  if (metatypeCast) {
    toExistential &= toExistentialMetatype;
    fromExistential &= fromExistentialMetatype;
  }
  
  // Casts to or from generic types can't be statically constrained in most
  // cases, because there may be protocol conformances we don't statically
  // know about.
  //
  // TODO: There are cases we could statically warn about, such as casting
  // from a non-class to a class-constrained archetype or existential.
  if (toExistential || fromExistential || fromArchetype || toArchetype)
    return CheckedCastKind::ValueCast;

  if (cs.isAnyHashableType(toType) || cs.isAnyHashableType(fromType)) {
    return CheckedCastKind::ValueCast;
  }

  // If the destination type is a subtype of the source type, we have
  // a downcast.
  if (isSubtypeOf(toType, fromType, dc)) {
    return CheckedCastKind::ValueCast;
  }
  
  // Objective-C metaclasses are subclasses of NSObject in the ObjC runtime,
  // so casts from NSObject to potentially-class metatypes may succeed.
  if (auto nsObject = cs.TC.getNSObjectType(dc)) {
    if (fromType->isEqual(nsObject)) {
      if (auto toMeta = toType->getAs<MetatypeType>()) {
        if (toMeta->getInstanceType()->mayHaveSuperclass()
            || toMeta->getInstanceType()->is<ArchetypeType>())
          return CheckedCastKind::ValueCast;
      }
      if (toType->is<ExistentialMetatypeType>())
        return CheckedCastKind::ValueCast;
    }
  }

  // We can conditionally cast from NSError to an Error-conforming
  // type.  This is handled in the runtime, so it doesn't need a special cast
  // kind.
  if (Context.LangOpts.EnableObjCInterop) {
    if (auto errorTypeProto = Context.getProtocol(KnownProtocolKind::Error)) {
      if (conformsToProtocol(toType, errorTypeProto, dc,
                             (ConformanceCheckFlags::InExpression|
                              ConformanceCheckFlags::Used)))
        if (auto NSErrorTy = getNSErrorType(dc))
          if (isSubtypeOf(fromType, NSErrorTy, dc)
              // Don't mask "always true" warnings if NSError is cast to
              // Error itself.
              && !isSubtypeOf(fromType, toType, dc))
            return CheckedCastKind::ValueCast;
    }
  }

  // The runtime doesn't support casts to CF types and always lets them succeed.
  // This "always fails" diagnosis makes no sense when paired with the CF
  // one.
  auto clas = toType->getClassOrBoundGenericClass();
  if (clas && clas->getForeignClassKind() == ClassDecl::ForeignKind::CFType)
    return CheckedCastKind::ValueCast;
  
  // Don't warn on casts that change the generic parameters of ObjC generic
  // classes. This may be necessary to force-fit ObjC APIs that depend on
  // covariance, or for APIs where the generic parameter annotations in the
  // ObjC headers are inaccurate.
  if (clas && clas->usesObjCGenericsModel()) {
    if (fromType->getClassOrBoundGenericClass() == clas)
      return CheckedCastKind::ValueCast;
  }

  return failed();
}

/// If the expression is an implicit call to _forceBridgeFromObjectiveC or
/// _conditionallyBridgeFromObjectiveC, returns the argument of that call.
static Expr *lookThroughBridgeFromObjCCall(ASTContext &ctx, Expr *expr) {
  auto call = dyn_cast<CallExpr>(expr);
  if (!call || !call->isImplicit())
    return nullptr;

  auto callee = call->getCalledValue();
  if (!callee)
    return nullptr;

  if (callee == ctx.getForceBridgeFromObjectiveC(nullptr) ||
      callee == ctx.getConditionallyBridgeFromObjectiveC(nullptr))
    return cast<TupleExpr>(call->getArg())->getElement(0);

  return nullptr;
}

/// If the expression has the effect of a forced downcast, find the
/// underlying forced downcast expression.
ForcedCheckedCastExpr *swift::findForcedDowncast(ASTContext &ctx, Expr *expr) {
  expr = expr->getSemanticsProvidingExpr();
  
  // Simple case: forced checked cast.
  if (auto forced = dyn_cast<ForcedCheckedCastExpr>(expr)) {
    return forced;
  }

  // If we have an implicit force, look through it.
  if (auto forced = dyn_cast<ForceValueExpr>(expr)) {
    if (forced->isImplicit()) {
      expr = forced->getSubExpr();
    }
  }

  // Skip through optional evaluations and binds.
  auto skipOptionalEvalAndBinds = [](Expr *expr) -> Expr* {
    do {
      if (!expr->isImplicit())
        break;

      if (auto optionalEval = dyn_cast<OptionalEvaluationExpr>(expr)) {
        expr = optionalEval->getSubExpr();
        continue;
      }

      if (auto bindOptional = dyn_cast<BindOptionalExpr>(expr)) {
        expr = bindOptional->getSubExpr();
        continue;
      }
      
      break;
    } while (true);

    return expr;
  };

  auto sub = skipOptionalEvalAndBinds(expr);
  
  // If we have an explicit cast, we're done.
  if (auto *FCE = dyn_cast<ForcedCheckedCastExpr>(sub))
    return FCE;

  // Otherwise, try to look through an implicit _forceBridgeFromObjectiveC() call.
  if (auto arg = lookThroughBridgeFromObjCCall(ctx, sub)) {
    sub = skipOptionalEvalAndBinds(arg);
    if (auto *FCE = dyn_cast<ForcedCheckedCastExpr>(sub))
      return FCE;
  }

  return nullptr;
}