//===--- SILGenApply.cpp - Constructs call sites for SILGen ---------------===//
//
// This source file is part of the Swift.org open source project
//
// Copyright (c) 2014 - 2016 Apple Inc. and the Swift project authors
// Licensed under Apache License v2.0 with Runtime Library Exception
//
// See http://swift.org/LICENSE.txt for license information
// See http://swift.org/CONTRIBUTORS.txt for the list of Swift project authors
//
//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//

#include "ArgumentSource.h"
#include "LValue.h"
#include "RValue.h"
#include "Scope.h"
#include "Initialization.h"
#include "SpecializedEmitter.h"
#include "Varargs.h"
#include "swift/AST/ASTContext.h"
#include "swift/AST/DiagnosticsSIL.h"
#include "swift/AST/ForeignErrorConvention.h"
#include "swift/AST/Module.h"
#include "swift/Basic/Fallthrough.h"
#include "swift/Basic/Range.h"
#include "swift/Basic/Unicode.h"
#include "swift/SIL/SILArgument.h"
#include "swift/SIL/PrettyStackTrace.h"

using namespace swift;
using namespace Lowering;

/// Retrieve the type to use for a method found via dynamic lookup.
static CanAnyFunctionType getDynamicMethodFormalType(SILGenModule &SGM,
                                                     SILValue proto,
                                                     ValueDecl *member,
                                                     SILDeclRef methodName,
                                                     Type memberType) {
  auto &ctx = SGM.getASTContext();
  CanType selfTy;
  if (member->isInstanceMember()) {
    selfTy = ctx.TheUnknownObjectType;
  } else {
    selfTy = proto->getType().getSwiftType();
  }
  auto extInfo = FunctionType::ExtInfo()
                   .withRepresentation(FunctionType::Representation::Thin);

  return CanFunctionType::get(selfTy, memberType->getCanonicalType(),
                              extInfo);
}

/// Replace the 'self' parameter in the given type.
static CanSILFunctionType
replaceSelfTypeForDynamicLookup(ASTContext &ctx,
                                CanSILFunctionType fnType,
                                CanType newSelfType,
                                SILDeclRef methodName) {
  auto oldParams = fnType->getParameters();
  SmallVector<SILParameterInfo, 4> newParams;
  newParams.append(oldParams.begin(), oldParams.end() - 1);
  newParams.push_back({newSelfType, oldParams.back().getConvention()});

  // If the method returns Self, substitute AnyObject for the result type.
  SmallVector<SILResultInfo, 4> newResults;
  newResults.append(fnType->getAllResults().begin(),
                    fnType->getAllResults().end());
  if (auto fnDecl = dyn_cast<FuncDecl>(methodName.getDecl())) {
    if (fnDecl->hasDynamicSelf()) {
      auto anyObjectTy = ctx.getProtocol(KnownProtocolKind::AnyObject)
                                  ->getDeclaredType();
      for (auto &result : newResults) {
        auto newResultTy
          = result.getType()->replaceCovariantResultType(anyObjectTy, 0);
        result = result.getWithType(newResultTy->getCanonicalType());
      }
    }
  }

  return SILFunctionType::get(nullptr,
                              fnType->getExtInfo(),
                              fnType->getCalleeConvention(),
                              newParams,
                              newResults,
                              fnType->getOptionalErrorResult(),
                              ctx);
}

static Type getExistentialArchetype(SILValue existential) {
  CanType ty = existential->getType().getSwiftRValueType();
  if (ty->is<ArchetypeType>())
    return ty;
  return cast<ProtocolType>(ty)->getDecl()->getSelfTypeInContext();
}

/// Retrieve the type to use for a method found via dynamic lookup.
static CanSILFunctionType getDynamicMethodLoweredType(SILGenFunction &gen,
                                           SILValue proto,
                                           SILDeclRef methodName,
                                           CanAnyFunctionType substMemberTy) {
  auto &ctx = gen.getASTContext();

  // Determine the opaque 'self' parameter type.
  CanType selfTy;
  if (methodName.getDecl()->isInstanceMember()) {
    selfTy = getExistentialArchetype(proto)->getCanonicalType();
  } else {
    selfTy = proto->getType().getSwiftType();
  }

  // Replace the 'self' parameter type in the method type with it.
  auto objcFormalTy = substMemberTy.withExtInfo(substMemberTy->getExtInfo()
             .withSILRepresentation(SILFunctionTypeRepresentation::ObjCMethod));

  auto methodTy = gen.SGM.M.Types
    .getUncachedSILFunctionTypeForConstant(methodName, objcFormalTy);
  return replaceSelfTypeForDynamicLookup(ctx, methodTy, selfTy, methodName);
}

/// Check if we can perform a dynamic dispatch on a super method call.
static bool canUseStaticDispatch(SILGenFunction &gen,
                                 SILDeclRef constant) {
  auto *funcDecl = cast<AbstractFunctionDecl>(constant.getDecl());

  if (funcDecl->isFinal())
    return true;

  // We cannot form a direct reference to a method body defined in
  // Objective-C.
  if (constant.isForeign)
    return false;

  // If we cannot form a direct reference due to resilience constraints,
  // we have to dynamic dispatch.
  if (gen.F.isFragile() && !constant.isFragile())
    return false;

  // If the method is defined in the same module, we can reference it
  // directly.
  auto thisModule = gen.SGM.M.getSwiftModule();
  if (thisModule == funcDecl->getModuleContext())
    return true;

  // Otherwise, we must dynamic dispatch.
  return false;
}

namespace {

/// Abstractly represents a callee, which may be a constant or function value,
/// and knows how to perform dynamic dispatch and reference the appropriate
/// entry point at any valid uncurry level.
class Callee {
public:
  enum class Kind {
    /// An indirect function value.
    IndirectValue,

    /// A direct standalone function call, referenceable by a FunctionRefInst.
    StandaloneFunction,

    /// Enum case constructor call.
    EnumElement,

    VirtualMethod_First,
      /// A method call using class method dispatch.
      ClassMethod = VirtualMethod_First,
      /// A method call using super method dispatch.
      SuperMethod,
    VirtualMethod_Last = SuperMethod,

    GenericMethod_First,
      /// A method call using archetype dispatch.
      WitnessMethod = GenericMethod_First,
      /// A method call using dynamic lookup.
      DynamicMethod,
    GenericMethod_Last = DynamicMethod
  };

  const Kind kind;

  // Move, don't copy.
  Callee(const Callee &) = delete;
  Callee &operator=(const Callee &) = delete;
private:
  union {
    ManagedValue IndirectValue;
    SILDeclRef Constant;
  };
  SILValue SelfValue;
  ArrayRef<Substitution> Substitutions;
  CanAnyFunctionType OrigFormalInterfaceType;
  CanAnyFunctionType SubstFormalType;
  Optional<SILLocation> SpecializeLoc;
  bool HasSubstitutions = false;
  Optional<SmallVector<ManagedValue, 2>> Captures;

  // The pointer back to the AST node that produced the callee.
  SILLocation Loc;

private:

  Callee(ManagedValue indirectValue,
         CanAnyFunctionType origFormalType,
         CanAnyFunctionType substFormalType,
         SILLocation L)
    : kind(Kind::IndirectValue),
      IndirectValue(indirectValue),
      OrigFormalInterfaceType(origFormalType),
      SubstFormalType(substFormalType),
      Loc(L)
  {}

  static CanAnyFunctionType getConstantFormalInterfaceType(SILGenFunction &gen,
                                                  SILDeclRef fn) {
    return gen.SGM.Types.getConstantInfo(fn.atUncurryLevel(0))
             .FormalInterfaceType;
  }

  Callee(SILGenFunction &gen, SILDeclRef standaloneFunction,
         CanAnyFunctionType substFormalType,
         SILLocation l)
    : kind(Kind::StandaloneFunction), Constant(standaloneFunction),
      OrigFormalInterfaceType(getConstantFormalInterfaceType(gen,
                                                           standaloneFunction)),
      SubstFormalType(substFormalType),
      Loc(l)
  {
  }

  Callee(Kind methodKind,
         SILGenFunction &gen,
         SILValue selfValue,
         SILDeclRef methodName,
         CanAnyFunctionType substFormalType,
         SILLocation l)
    : kind(methodKind), Constant(methodName), SelfValue(selfValue),
      OrigFormalInterfaceType(getConstantFormalInterfaceType(gen, methodName)),
      SubstFormalType(substFormalType),
      Loc(l)
  {
  }

  /// Build a clause that looks like 'origParamType' but uses 'selfType'
  /// in place of the underlying archetype.
  static CanType buildSubstSelfType(CanType origParamType, CanType selfType,
                                    ASTContext &ctx) {
    assert(!isa<LValueType>(origParamType) && "Self can't be @lvalue");
    if (auto lv = dyn_cast<InOutType>(origParamType)) {
      selfType = buildSubstSelfType(lv.getObjectType(), selfType, ctx);
      return CanInOutType::get(selfType);
    }

    if (auto tuple = dyn_cast<TupleType>(origParamType)) {
      assert(tuple->getNumElements() == 1);
      selfType = buildSubstSelfType(tuple.getElementType(0), selfType, ctx);

      auto field = tuple->getElement(0).getWithType(selfType);
      return CanType(TupleType::get(field, ctx));
    }

    assert(isa<MetatypeType>(origParamType) == isa<MetatypeType>(selfType));
    assert(origParamType->getRValueInstanceType()->isTypeParameter());
    assert(selfType->getRValueInstanceType()->is<ArchetypeType>());

    return selfType;
  }

  CanArchetypeType getWitnessMethodSelfType() const {
    return cast<ArchetypeType>(SubstFormalType.getInput()
        ->getRValueInstanceType()
        ->getCanonicalType());
  }

  CanSILFunctionType getSubstFunctionType(SILGenModule &SGM,
                                          CanSILFunctionType origFnType) const {
    if (!HasSubstitutions) return origFnType;
    
    return origFnType->substGenericArgs(SGM.M, SGM.SwiftModule,
                                        Substitutions);
  }

  /// Add the 'self' clause back to the substituted formal type of
  /// this protocol method.
  void addProtocolSelfToFormalType(SILGenModule &SGM, SILDeclRef name,
                                   CanType protocolSelfType) {
    // The result types of the expressions yielding protocol values
    // (reflected in SubstFormalType) reflect an implicit level of
    // function application, including some extra polymorphic
    // substitution.
    HasSubstitutions = true;

    auto &ctx = SGM.getASTContext();

    // Add the 'self' parameter back.  We want it to look like a
    // substitution of the appropriate clause from the original type.
    auto selfType = OrigFormalInterfaceType.getInput();
    auto substSelfType =
      buildSubstSelfType(selfType, protocolSelfType, ctx);

    auto extInfo = FunctionType::ExtInfo(FunctionType::Representation::Thin,
                                         /*throws*/ OrigFormalInterfaceType->throws());

    SubstFormalType = CanFunctionType::get(substSelfType, SubstFormalType,
                                           extInfo);
  }

  /// Add the 'self' type to the substituted function type of this
  /// dynamic callee.
  void addDynamicCalleeSelfToFormalType(SILGenModule &SGM,
                                        CanAnyFunctionType substFormalType) {
    assert(kind == Kind::DynamicMethod);

    // Add the dynamic self type to the substituted type. Even if the dynamic
    // callee came from a generic ObjC class, when we find it on AnyObject the
    // parameters should be substituted with their upper bound types.
    OrigFormalInterfaceType
      = getDynamicMethodFormalType(SGM, SelfValue,
                                   Constant.getDecl(),
                                   Constant, substFormalType);
    assert(!OrigFormalInterfaceType->hasTypeParameter());

    // Add a self clause to the substituted type.
    auto selfType = OrigFormalInterfaceType.getInput();
    SubstFormalType
      = CanFunctionType::get(selfType, SubstFormalType,
                             OrigFormalInterfaceType->getExtInfo());
  }

public:

  static Callee forIndirect(ManagedValue indirectValue,
                            CanAnyFunctionType origFormalType,
                            CanAnyFunctionType substFormalType,
                            SILLocation l) {
    return Callee(indirectValue,
                  origFormalType,
                  substFormalType,
                  l);
  }
  static Callee forDirect(SILGenFunction &gen, SILDeclRef c,
                          CanAnyFunctionType substFormalType,
                          SILLocation l) {
    return Callee(gen, c, substFormalType, l);
  }
  static Callee forEnumElement(SILGenFunction &gen, SILDeclRef c,
                               CanAnyFunctionType substFormalType,
                               SILLocation l) {
    assert(isa<EnumElementDecl>(c.getDecl()));
    return Callee(Kind::EnumElement, gen, SILValue(),
                  c, substFormalType, l);
  }
  static Callee forClassMethod(SILGenFunction &gen, SILValue selfValue,
                               SILDeclRef name,
                               CanAnyFunctionType substFormalType,
                               SILLocation l) {
    return Callee(Kind::ClassMethod, gen, selfValue, name,
                  substFormalType, l);
  }
  static Callee forSuperMethod(SILGenFunction &gen, SILValue selfValue,
                               SILDeclRef name,
                               CanAnyFunctionType substFormalType,
                               SILLocation l) {
    while (auto *UI = dyn_cast<UpcastInst>(selfValue))
      selfValue = UI->getOperand();

    return Callee(Kind::SuperMethod, gen, selfValue, name,
                  substFormalType, l);
  }
  static Callee forArchetype(SILGenFunction &gen,
                             SILValue optOpeningInstruction,
                             CanType protocolSelfType,
                             SILDeclRef name,
                             CanAnyFunctionType substFormalType,
                             SILLocation l) {
    Callee callee(Kind::WitnessMethod, gen, optOpeningInstruction, name,
                  substFormalType, l);
    callee.addProtocolSelfToFormalType(gen.SGM, name, protocolSelfType);
    return callee;
  }
  static Callee forDynamic(SILGenFunction &gen, SILValue proto,
                           SILDeclRef name, CanAnyFunctionType substFormalType,
                           SILLocation l) {
    Callee callee(Kind::DynamicMethod, gen, proto, name,
                  substFormalType, l);
    callee.addDynamicCalleeSelfToFormalType(gen.SGM, substFormalType);
    return callee;
  }
  Callee(Callee &&) = default;
  Callee &operator=(Callee &&) = default;

  void setSubstitutions(SILGenFunction &gen,
                        SILLocation loc,
                        ArrayRef<Substitution> newSubs) {
    assert(Substitutions.empty() && "Already have substitutions?");
    Substitutions = newSubs;

    SpecializeLoc = loc;
    HasSubstitutions = true;
  }
  
  void setCaptures(SmallVectorImpl<ManagedValue> &&captures) {
    Captures = std::move(captures);
  }
  
  ArrayRef<ManagedValue> getCaptures() const {
    if (Captures)
      return *Captures;
    return {};
  }
  
  bool hasCaptures() const {
    return Captures.hasValue();
  }

  CanAnyFunctionType getOrigFormalType() const {
    return OrigFormalInterfaceType;
  }

  CanAnyFunctionType getSubstFormalType() const {
    return SubstFormalType;
  }

  unsigned getNaturalUncurryLevel() const {
    switch (kind) {
    case Kind::IndirectValue:
      return 0;

    case Kind::StandaloneFunction:
    case Kind::EnumElement:
    case Kind::ClassMethod:
    case Kind::SuperMethod:
    case Kind::WitnessMethod:
    case Kind::DynamicMethod:
      return Constant.uncurryLevel;
    }
  }

  EnumElementDecl *getEnumElementDecl() {
    assert(kind == Kind::EnumElement);
    return cast<EnumElementDecl>(Constant.getDecl());
  }

  std::tuple<ManagedValue, CanSILFunctionType,
             Optional<ForeignErrorConvention>, ImportAsMemberStatus, ApplyOptions>
  getAtUncurryLevel(SILGenFunction &gen, unsigned level) const {
    ManagedValue mv;
    ApplyOptions options = ApplyOptions::None;
    Optional<SILDeclRef> constant = None;

    switch (kind) {
    case Kind::IndirectValue:
      assert(level == 0 && "can't curry indirect function");
      mv = IndirectValue;
      assert(!HasSubstitutions);
      break;

    case Kind::StandaloneFunction: {
      assert(level <= Constant.uncurryLevel
             && "uncurrying past natural uncurry level of standalone function");
      constant = Constant.atUncurryLevel(level);

      // If we're currying a direct reference to a class-dispatched method,
      // make sure we emit the right set of thunks.
      if (constant->isCurried && Constant.hasDecl())
        if (auto func = Constant.getAbstractFunctionDecl())
          if (getMethodDispatch(func) == MethodDispatch::Class)
            constant = constant->asDirectReference(true);
      
      auto constantInfo = gen.getConstantInfo(*constant);
      SILValue ref = gen.emitGlobalFunctionRef(Loc, *constant, constantInfo);
      mv = ManagedValue::forUnmanaged(ref);
      break;
    }
    case Kind::EnumElement: {
      assert(level <= Constant.uncurryLevel
             && "uncurrying past natural uncurry level of enum constructor");
      constant = Constant.atUncurryLevel(level);
      auto constantInfo = gen.getConstantInfo(*constant);

      // We should not end up here if the enum constructor call is fully
      // applied.
      assert(constant->isCurried);

      SILValue ref = gen.emitGlobalFunctionRef(Loc, *constant, constantInfo);
      mv = ManagedValue::forUnmanaged(ref);
      break;
    }
    case Kind::ClassMethod: {
      assert(level <= Constant.uncurryLevel
             && "uncurrying past natural uncurry level of method");
      constant = Constant.atUncurryLevel(level);
      auto constantInfo = gen.getConstantInfo(*constant);

      // If the call is curried, emit a direct call to the curry thunk.
      if (level < Constant.uncurryLevel) {
        SILValue ref = gen.emitGlobalFunctionRef(Loc, *constant, constantInfo);
        mv = ManagedValue::forUnmanaged(ref);
        break;
      }

      // Otherwise, do the dynamic dispatch inline.
      SILValue methodVal = gen.B.createClassMethod(Loc,
                                                   SelfValue,
                                                   *constant,
                                                   /*volatile*/
                                                     constant->isForeign);

      mv = ManagedValue::forUnmanaged(methodVal);
      break;
    }
    case Kind::SuperMethod: {
      assert(level <= Constant.uncurryLevel
             && "uncurrying past natural uncurry level of method");
      assert(level == getNaturalUncurryLevel() &&
             "Currying the self parameter of super method calls should've been emitted");

      constant = Constant.atUncurryLevel(level);
      auto constantInfo = gen.getConstantInfo(*constant);

      if (SILDeclRef baseConstant = Constant.getBaseOverriddenVTableEntry())
        constantInfo = gen.SGM.Types.getConstantOverrideInfo(Constant,
                                                             baseConstant);
      auto methodVal = gen.B.createSuperMethod(Loc,
                                               SelfValue,
                                               *constant,
                                               constantInfo.getSILType(),
                                               /*volatile*/
                                                 constant->isForeign);
      mv = ManagedValue::forUnmanaged(methodVal);
      break;
    }
    case Kind::WitnessMethod: {
      assert(level <= Constant.uncurryLevel
             && "uncurrying past natural uncurry level of method");
      constant = Constant.atUncurryLevel(level);
      auto constantInfo = gen.getConstantInfo(*constant);

      // If the call is curried, emit a direct call to the curry thunk.
      if (level < Constant.uncurryLevel) {
        SILValue ref = gen.emitGlobalFunctionRef(Loc, *constant, constantInfo);
        mv = ManagedValue::forUnmanaged(ref);
        break;
      }

      // Look up the witness for the archetype.
      auto proto = Constant.getDecl()->getDeclContext()
                                     ->getAsProtocolOrProtocolExtensionContext();
      auto archetype = getWitnessMethodSelfType();

      SILValue fn = gen.B.createWitnessMethod(Loc,
                                  archetype,
                                  ProtocolConformanceRef(proto),
                                  *constant,
                                  constantInfo.getSILType(),
                                  constant->isForeign);
      mv = ManagedValue::forUnmanaged(fn);
      break;
    }
    case Kind::DynamicMethod: {
      assert(level >= 1
             && "currying 'self' of dynamic method dispatch not yet supported");
      assert(level <= Constant.uncurryLevel
             && "uncurrying past natural uncurry level of method");

      auto constant = Constant.atUncurryLevel(level);
      // Lower the substituted type from the AST, which should have any generic
      // parameters in the original signature erased to their upper bounds.
      auto objcFormalType = SubstFormalType.withExtInfo(
         SubstFormalType->getExtInfo()
           .withSILRepresentation(SILFunctionTypeRepresentation::ObjCMethod));
      auto fnType = gen.SGM.M.Types
        .getUncachedSILFunctionTypeForConstant(constant, objcFormalType);

      auto closureType =
        replaceSelfTypeForDynamicLookup(gen.getASTContext(), fnType,
                                SelfValue->getType().getSwiftRValueType(),
                                Constant);

      SILValue fn = gen.B.createDynamicMethod(Loc,
                          SelfValue,
                          constant,
                          SILType::getPrimitiveObjectType(closureType),
                          /*volatile*/ constant.isForeign);
      mv = ManagedValue::forUnmanaged(fn);
      break;
    }
    }

    Optional<ForeignErrorConvention> foreignError;
    ImportAsMemberStatus foreignSelf;
    if (constant && constant->isForeign) {
      auto func = cast<AbstractFunctionDecl>(constant->getDecl());
      foreignError = func->getForeignErrorConvention();
      foreignSelf = func->getImportAsMemberStatus();
    }

    CanSILFunctionType substFnType =
      getSubstFunctionType(gen.SGM, mv.getType().castTo<SILFunctionType>());

    return std::make_tuple(mv, substFnType, foreignError, foreignSelf, options);
  }

  ArrayRef<Substitution> getSubstitutions() const {
    return Substitutions;
  }

  SILDeclRef getMethodName() const {
    return Constant;
  }

  /// Return a specialized emission function if this is a function with a known
  /// lowering, such as a builtin, or return null if there is no specialized
  /// emitter.
  Optional<SpecializedEmitter>
  getSpecializedEmitter(SILGenModule &SGM, unsigned uncurryLevel) const {
    // Currently we have no curried known functions.
    if (uncurryLevel != 0)
      return None;

    switch (kind) {
    case Kind::StandaloneFunction: {
      return SpecializedEmitter::forDecl(SGM, Constant);
    }
    case Kind::EnumElement:
    case Kind::IndirectValue:
    case Kind::ClassMethod:
    case Kind::SuperMethod:
    case Kind::WitnessMethod:
    case Kind::DynamicMethod:
      return None;
    }
    llvm_unreachable("bad callee kind");
  }
};

/// Given that we've applied some sort of trivial transform to the
/// value of the given ManagedValue, enter a cleanup for the result if
/// the original had a cleanup.
static ManagedValue maybeEnterCleanupForTransformed(SILGenFunction &gen,
                                                    ManagedValue orig,
                                                    SILValue result) {
  if (orig.hasCleanup()) {
    orig.forwardCleanup(gen);
    return gen.emitManagedBufferWithCleanup(result);
  } else {
    return ManagedValue::forUnmanaged(result);
  }
}

static Callee prepareArchetypeCallee(SILGenFunction &gen, SILLocation loc,
                                     SILDeclRef constant,
                                     ArgumentSource &selfValue,
                                     CanAnyFunctionType substFnType,
                                     ArrayRef<Substitution> &substitutions) {
  auto fd = cast<AbstractFunctionDecl>(constant.getDecl());
  auto protocol = cast<ProtocolDecl>(fd->getDeclContext());

  // Method calls through ObjC protocols require ObjC dispatch.
  constant = constant.asForeign(protocol->isObjC());

  CanType selfTy = selfValue.getSubstRValueType();

  SILParameterInfo _selfParam;
  auto getSelfParameter = [&]() -> SILParameterInfo {
    if (_selfParam != SILParameterInfo()) return _selfParam;
    auto constantFnType = gen.SGM.Types.getConstantFunctionType(constant);
    return (_selfParam = constantFnType->getSelfParameter());
  };
  auto getSGFContextForSelf = [&]() -> SGFContext {
    return (getSelfParameter().isConsumed()
              ? SGFContext() : SGFContext::AllowGuaranteedPlusZero);
  };

  auto setSelfValueToAddress = [&](SILLocation loc, ManagedValue address) {
    assert(address.getType().isAddress());
    assert(address.getType().is<ArchetypeType>());
    auto formalTy = address.getType().getSwiftRValueType();

    if (getSelfParameter().isIndirectMutating()) {
      // Be sure not to consume the cleanup for an inout argument.
      auto selfLV = ManagedValue::forLValue(address.getValue());
      selfValue = ArgumentSource(loc,
                    LValue::forAddress(selfLV, AbstractionPattern(formalTy),
                                       formalTy));
    } else {
      selfValue = ArgumentSource(loc, RValue(address, formalTy));
    }
  };

  // If we're calling a member of a non-class-constrained protocol,
  // but our archetype refines it to be class-bound, then
  // we have to materialize the value in order to pass it indirectly.
  auto materializeSelfIfNecessary = [&] {
    // Only an instance method of a non-class protocol is ever passed
    // indirectly.
    if (!fd->isInstanceMember() ||
        protocol->requiresClass() ||
        selfValue.hasLValueType() ||
        !cast<ArchetypeType>(selfValue.getSubstRValueType())->requiresClass())
      return;

    auto selfParameter = getSelfParameter();
    assert(selfParameter.isIndirect());
    (void)selfParameter;

    SILLocation selfLoc = selfValue.getLocation();

    // Evaluate the reference into memory.
    ManagedValue address = [&]() -> ManagedValue {
      // Do so at +0 if we can.
      auto ref = std::move(selfValue)
                   .getAsSingleValue(gen, getSGFContextForSelf());

      // If we're already in memory for some reason, great.
      if (ref.getType().isAddress())
        return ref;

      // Store the reference into a temporary.
      auto temp =
        gen.emitTemporaryAllocation(selfLoc, ref.getValue()->getType());
      gen.B.createStore(selfLoc, ref.getValue(), temp);

      // If we had a cleanup, create a cleanup at the new address.
      return maybeEnterCleanupForTransformed(gen, ref, temp);
    }();

    setSelfValueToAddress(selfLoc, address);
  };

  // Construct an archetype call.

  // Link back to something to create a data dependency if we have
  // an opened type.
  SILValue openingSite;
  auto archetype =
    cast<ArchetypeType>(CanType(selfTy->getRValueInstanceType()));
  if (archetype->getOpenedExistentialType()) {
    openingSite = gen.getArchetypeOpeningSite(archetype);
  }

  materializeSelfIfNecessary();

  // The protocol self is implicitly decurried.
  substFnType = cast<AnyFunctionType>(substFnType.getResult());

  return Callee::forArchetype(gen, openingSite, selfTy,
                              constant, substFnType, loc);
}

/// For ObjC init methods, we generate a shared-linkage Swift allocating entry
/// point that does the [[T alloc] init] dance. We want to use this native
/// thunk where we expect to be calling an allocating entry point for an ObjC
/// constructor.
static bool isConstructorWithGeneratedAllocatorThunk(ValueDecl *vd) {
  return vd->isObjC() && isa<ConstructorDecl>(vd);
}

/// An ASTVisitor for decomposing a nesting of ApplyExprs into an initial
/// Callee and a list of CallSites. The CallEmission class below uses these
/// to generate the actual SIL call.
///
/// Formally, an ApplyExpr in the AST always has a single argument, which may
/// be of tuple type, possibly empty. Also, some callees have a formal type
/// which is curried -- for example, methods have type Self -> Arg -> Result.
///
/// However, SIL functions take zero or more parameters and the natural entry
/// point of a method takes Self as an additional argument, rather than
/// returning a partial application.
///
/// Therefore, nested ApplyExprs applied to a constant are flattened into a
/// single call of the most uncurried entry point fitting the call site.
/// This avoids intermediate closure construction.
///
/// For example, a method reference 'self.method' decomposes into curry thunk
/// as the callee, with a single call site '(self)'.
///
/// On the other hand, a call of a method 'self.method(x)(y)' with a function
/// return type decomposes into the method's natural entry point as the callee,
/// and two call sites, first '(x, self)' then '(y)'.
class SILGenApply : public Lowering::ExprVisitor<SILGenApply> {
public:
  /// The SILGenFunction that we are emitting SIL into.
  SILGenFunction &SGF;

  /// The apply callee that abstractly represents the entry point that is being
  /// called.
  Optional<Callee> ApplyCallee;

  /// The lvalue or rvalue representing the argument source of self.
  ArgumentSource SelfParam;
  Expr *SelfApplyExpr = nullptr;
  Type SelfType;
  std::vector<ApplyExpr*> CallSites;
  Expr *SideEffect = nullptr;

  /// When visiting expressions, sometimes we need to emit self before we know
  /// what the actual callee is. In such cases, we assume that we are passing
  /// self at +0 and then after we know what the callee is, we check if the
  /// self is passed at +1. If so, we add an extra retain.
  bool AssumedPlusZeroSelf = false;

  SILGenApply(SILGenFunction &gen)
    : SGF(gen)
  {}

  void setCallee(Callee &&c) {
    assert(!ApplyCallee && "already set callee!");
    ApplyCallee.emplace(std::move(c));
  }

  void setSideEffect(Expr *sideEffectExpr) {
    assert(!SideEffect && "already set side effect!");
    SideEffect = sideEffectExpr;
  }

  void setSelfParam(ArgumentSource &&theSelfParam, Expr *theSelfApplyExpr) {
    assert(!SelfParam && "already set this!");
    SelfParam = std::move(theSelfParam);
    SelfApplyExpr = theSelfApplyExpr;
    SelfType = theSelfApplyExpr->getType();
  }
  void setSelfParam(ArgumentSource &&theSelfParam, Type selfType) {
    assert(!SelfParam && "already set this!");
    SelfParam = std::move(theSelfParam);
    SelfApplyExpr = nullptr;
    SelfType = selfType;
  }

  void decompose(Expr *e) {
    visit(e);
  }

  /// Get the type of the function for substitution purposes.
  ///
  /// \param otherCtorRefUsesAllocating If true, the OtherConstructorDeclRef
  /// refers to the initializing
  CanFunctionType getSubstFnType(bool otherCtorRefUsesAllocating = false) {
    // TODO: optimize this if there are no specializes in play
    auto getSiteType = [&](ApplyExpr *site, bool otherCtorRefUsesAllocating) {
      if (otherCtorRefUsesAllocating) {
        // We have a reference to an initializing constructor, but we will
        // actually be using the allocating constructor. Update the type
        // appropriately.
        // FIXME: Re-derive the type from the declaration + substitutions?
        auto ctorRef = cast<OtherConstructorDeclRefExpr>(site->getSemanticFn());
        auto fnType = ctorRef->getType()->castTo<FunctionType>();
        auto selfTy = MetatypeType::get(
                        fnType->getInput()->getInOutObjectType());
        return CanFunctionType::get(selfTy->getCanonicalType(),
                                    fnType->getResult()->getCanonicalType(),
                                    fnType->getExtInfo());
      }

      return cast<FunctionType>(site->getFn()->getType()->getCanonicalType());
    };

    CanFunctionType fnType;

    auto addSite = [&](ApplyExpr *site, bool otherCtorRefUsesAllocating) {
      auto siteType = getSiteType(site, otherCtorRefUsesAllocating);

      // If this is the first call site, use its formal type directly.
      if (!fnType) {
        fnType = siteType;
        return;
      }

      fnType = CanFunctionType::get(siteType.getInput(), fnType,
                                    siteType->getExtInfo());
    };

    for (auto callSite : CallSites) {
      addSite(callSite, false);
    }

    // The self application might be a DynamicMemberRefExpr.
    if (auto selfApply = dyn_cast_or_null<ApplyExpr>(SelfApplyExpr)) {
      addSite(selfApply, otherCtorRefUsesAllocating);
    }

    assert(fnType && "found no call sites?");
    return fnType;
  }

  /// Fall back to an unknown, indirect callee.
  void visitExpr(Expr *e) {
    ManagedValue fn = SGF.emitRValueAsSingleValue(e);
    auto origType = cast<AnyFunctionType>(e->getType()->getCanonicalType());
    setCallee(Callee::forIndirect(fn, origType, getSubstFnType(), e));
  }

  void visitLoadExpr(LoadExpr *e) {
    // TODO: preserve the function pointer at its original abstraction level
    ManagedValue fn = SGF.emitRValueAsSingleValue(e);
    auto origType = cast<AnyFunctionType>(e->getType()->getCanonicalType());
    setCallee(Callee::forIndirect(fn, origType, getSubstFnType(), e));
  }

  /// Add a call site to the curry.
  void visitApplyExpr(ApplyExpr *e) {
    if (e->isSuper()) {
      applySuper(e);
    } else if (applyInitDelegation(e)) {
      // Already done
    } else {
      CallSites.push_back(e);
      visit(e->getFn());
    }
  }

  /// Given a metatype value for the type, allocate an Objective-C
  /// object (with alloc_ref_dynamic) of that type.
  ///
  /// \returns the self object.
  ManagedValue allocateObjCObject(ManagedValue selfMeta, SILLocation loc) {
    auto metaType = selfMeta.getType().castTo<AnyMetatypeType>();
    CanType type = metaType.getInstanceType();

    // Convert to an Objective-C metatype representation, if needed.
    ManagedValue selfMetaObjC;
    if (metaType->getRepresentation() == MetatypeRepresentation::ObjC) {
      selfMetaObjC = selfMeta;
    } else {
      CanAnyMetatypeType objcMetaType;
      if (isa<MetatypeType>(metaType)) {
        objcMetaType = CanMetatypeType::get(type, MetatypeRepresentation::ObjC);
      } else {
        objcMetaType = CanExistentialMetatypeType::get(type,
                                                  MetatypeRepresentation::ObjC);
      }
      selfMetaObjC = ManagedValue(
                       SGF.B.emitThickToObjCMetatype(
                         loc, selfMeta.getValue(),
                         SGF.SGM.getLoweredType(objcMetaType)),
                       selfMeta.getCleanup());
    }

    // Allocate the object.
    return ManagedValue(SGF.B.createAllocRefDynamic(
                          loc,
                          selfMetaObjC.getValue(),
                          SGF.SGM.getLoweredType(type),
                          /*objc=*/true, {}, {}),
                          selfMetaObjC.getCleanup());
  }

  //
  // Known callees.
  //
  void visitDeclRefExpr(DeclRefExpr *e) {
    // If we need to perform dynamic dispatch for the given function,
    // emit class_method to do so.
    if (auto afd = dyn_cast<AbstractFunctionDecl>(e->getDecl())) {
      Optional<SILDeclRef::Kind> kind;
      bool isDynamicallyDispatched;
      bool requiresAllocRefDynamic = false;

      // Determine whether the method is dynamically dispatched.
      if (auto *proto = dyn_cast<ProtocolDecl>(afd->getDeclContext())) {
        // We have four cases to deal with here:
        //
        //  1) for a "static" / "type" method, the base is a metatype.
        //  2) for a classbound protocol, the base is a class-bound protocol rvalue,
        //     which is loadable.
        //  3) for a mutating method, the base has inout type.
        //  4) for a nonmutating method, the base is a general archetype
        //     rvalue, which is address-only.  The base is passed at +0, so it isn't
        //     consumed.
        //
        // In the last case, the AST has this call typed as being applied
        // to an rvalue, but the witness is actually expecting a pointer
        // to the +0 value in memory.  We just pass in the address since
        // archetypes are address-only.

        CanAnyFunctionType substFnType = getSubstFnType();
        assert(!CallSites.empty());
        ApplyExpr *thisCallSite = CallSites.back();
        CallSites.pop_back();

        ArgumentSource selfValue = thisCallSite->getArg();

        ArrayRef<Substitution> subs = e->getDeclRef().getSubstitutions();

        SILDeclRef::Kind kind = SILDeclRef::Kind::Func;
        if (isa<ConstructorDecl>(afd)) {
          if (proto->isObjC()) {
            SILLocation loc = thisCallSite->getArg();

            // For Objective-C initializers, we only have an initializing
            // initializer. We need to allocate the object ourselves.
            kind = SILDeclRef::Kind::Initializer;

            auto metatype = std::move(selfValue).getAsSingleValue(SGF);
            auto allocated = allocateObjCObject(metatype, loc);
            auto allocatedType = allocated.getType().getSwiftRValueType();
            selfValue = ArgumentSource(loc, RValue(allocated, allocatedType));
          } else {
            // For non-Objective-C initializers, we have an allocating
            // initializer to call.
            kind = SILDeclRef::Kind::Allocator;
          }
        }

        SILDeclRef constant = SILDeclRef(afd, kind);

        // Prepare the callee.  This can modify both selfValue and subs.
        Callee theCallee = prepareArchetypeCallee(SGF, e, constant, selfValue,
                                                  substFnType, subs);
        AssumedPlusZeroSelf = selfValue.isRValue()
          && selfValue.forceAndPeekRValue(SGF).peekIsPlusZeroRValueOrTrivial();

        setSelfParam(std::move(selfValue), thisCallSite);
        setCallee(std::move(theCallee));

        // If there are substitutions, add them now.
        if (!subs.empty())
          ApplyCallee->setSubstitutions(SGF, e, subs);

        return;
      }

      if (e->getAccessSemantics() != AccessSemantics::Ordinary) {
        isDynamicallyDispatched = false;
      } else {
        switch (getMethodDispatch(afd)) {
        case MethodDispatch::Class:
          isDynamicallyDispatched = true;
          break;
        case MethodDispatch::Static:
          isDynamicallyDispatched = false;
          break;
        }
      }

      if (isa<FuncDecl>(afd) && isDynamicallyDispatched) {
        kind = SILDeclRef::Kind::Func;
      } else if (auto ctor = dyn_cast<ConstructorDecl>(afd)) {
        ApplyExpr *thisCallSite = CallSites.back();
        // Required constructors are dynamically dispatched when the 'self'
        // value is not statically derived.
        if (ctor->isRequired() &&
            thisCallSite->getArg()->getType()->is<AnyMetatypeType>() &&
            !thisCallSite->getArg()->isStaticallyDerivedMetatype()) {
          if (requiresForeignEntryPoint(afd)) {
            // When we're performing Objective-C dispatch, we don't have an
            // allocating constructor to call. So, perform an alloc_ref_dynamic
            // and pass that along to the initializer.
            requiresAllocRefDynamic = true;
            kind = SILDeclRef::Kind::Initializer;
          } else {
            kind = SILDeclRef::Kind::Allocator;
          }
        } else {
          isDynamicallyDispatched = false;
        }
      }

      if (isDynamicallyDispatched) {
        ApplyExpr *thisCallSite = CallSites.back();
        CallSites.pop_back();

        // Emit the rvalue for self, allowing for guaranteed plus zero if we
        // have a func.
        bool AllowPlusZero = kind && *kind == SILDeclRef::Kind::Func;
        RValue self =
          SGF.emitRValue(thisCallSite->getArg(),
                         AllowPlusZero ? SGFContext::AllowGuaranteedPlusZero :
                                         SGFContext());

        // If we allowed for PlusZero and we *did* get the value back at +0,
        // then we assumed that self could be passed at +0. We will check later
        // if the actual callee passes self at +1 later when we know its actual
        // type.
        AssumedPlusZeroSelf =
          AllowPlusZero && self.peekIsPlusZeroRValueOrTrivial();

        // If we require a dynamic allocation of the object here, do so now.
        if (requiresAllocRefDynamic) {
          SILLocation loc = thisCallSite->getArg();
          auto selfValue = allocateObjCObject(
                             std::move(self).getAsSingleValue(SGF, loc),
                             loc);
          self = RValue(SGF, loc, selfValue.getType().getSwiftRValueType(),
                        selfValue);
        }

        auto selfValue = self.peekScalarValue();

        setSelfParam(ArgumentSource(thisCallSite->getArg(), std::move(self)),
                     thisCallSite);
        SILDeclRef constant(afd, kind.getValue(),
                            SILDeclRef::ConstructAtBestResilienceExpansion,
                            SILDeclRef::ConstructAtNaturalUncurryLevel,
                            requiresForeignEntryPoint(afd));

        setCallee(Callee::forClassMethod(SGF, selfValue,
                                         constant, getSubstFnType(), e));

        // If there are substitutions, add them.
        if (e->getDeclRef().isSpecialized()) {
          ApplyCallee->setSubstitutions(SGF, e,
                                        e->getDeclRef().getSubstitutions());
        }

        return;
      }
    }

    // If this is a direct reference to a vardecl, it must be a let constant
    // (which doesn't need to be loaded).  Just emit its value directly.
    if (auto *vd = dyn_cast<VarDecl>(e->getDecl())) {
      (void)vd;
      assert(vd->isLet() && "Direct reference to vardecl that isn't a let?");
      visitExpr(e);
      return;
    }

    SILDeclRef constant(e->getDecl(),
                        SILDeclRef::ConstructAtBestResilienceExpansion,
                        SILDeclRef::ConstructAtNaturalUncurryLevel,
                        !isConstructorWithGeneratedAllocatorThunk(e->getDecl())
                          && requiresForeignEntryPoint(e->getDecl()));

    // Otherwise, we have a statically-dispatched call.
    CanFunctionType substFnType = getSubstFnType();

    auto afd = dyn_cast<AbstractFunctionDecl>(e->getDecl());
    if (afd) {
      // If there are captures, put the placeholder curry level in the formal
      // type.
      // TODO: Eliminate the need for this.
      if (afd->getCaptureInfo().hasLocalCaptures())
        substFnType = CanFunctionType::get(
          SGF.getASTContext().TheEmptyTupleType, substFnType);
    }

    ArrayRef<Substitution> subs;
    if (e->getDeclRef().isSpecialized())
      subs = e->getDeclRef().getSubstitutions();

    // Enum case constructor references are open-coded.
    if (isa<EnumElementDecl>(e->getDecl()))
      setCallee(Callee::forEnumElement(SGF, constant, substFnType, e));
    else
      setCallee(Callee::forDirect(SGF, constant, substFnType, e));
    
    // If the decl ref requires captures, emit the capture params.
    if (afd) {
      // FIXME: We should be checking hasLocalCaptures() on the lowered
      // captures in the constant info too, to generate more efficient
      // code for mutually recursive local functions which otherwise
      // capture no state.
      if (afd->getCaptureInfo().hasLocalCaptures()) {
        SmallVector<ManagedValue, 4> captures;
        SGF.emitCaptures(e, afd, CaptureEmission::ImmediateApplication,
                         captures);
        ApplyCallee->setCaptures(std::move(captures));
      }
    }

    // If there are substitutions, add them.
    if (!subs.empty() &&
        (!afd ||
         !afd->getDeclContext()->isLocalContext() ||
         afd->getCaptureInfo().hasGenericParamCaptures()))
      ApplyCallee->setSubstitutions(SGF, e, subs);
  }
  
  void visitAbstractClosureExpr(AbstractClosureExpr *e) {
    // Emit the closure body.
    SGF.SGM.emitClosure(e);

    // If we're in top-level code, we don't need to physically capture script
    // globals, but we still need to mark them as escaping so that DI can flag
    // uninitialized uses.
    if (&SGF == SGF.SGM.TopLevelSGF) {
      SGF.SGM.emitMarkFunctionEscapeForTopLevelCodeGlobals(e,e->getCaptureInfo());
    }
    
    // A directly-called closure can be emitted as a direct call instead of
    // really producing a closure object.
    SILDeclRef constant(e);

    ArrayRef<Substitution> subs;
    if (e->getCaptureInfo().hasGenericParamCaptures())
      subs = SGF.getForwardingSubstitutions();

    CanFunctionType substFnType = getSubstFnType();
    
    // FIXME: We should be checking hasLocalCaptures() on the lowered
    // captures in the constant info above, to generate more efficient
    // code for mutually recursive local functions which otherwise
    // capture no state.

    // If there are captures, put the placeholder curry level in the formal
    // type.
    // TODO: Eliminate the need for this.
    if (e->getCaptureInfo().hasLocalCaptures())
      substFnType = CanFunctionType::get(
                         SGF.getASTContext().TheEmptyTupleType, substFnType);

    setCallee(Callee::forDirect(SGF, constant, substFnType, e));
    
    // If the closure requires captures, emit them.
    if (e->getCaptureInfo().hasLocalCaptures()) {
      SmallVector<ManagedValue, 4> captures;
      SGF.emitCaptures(e, e, CaptureEmission::ImmediateApplication,
                       captures);
      ApplyCallee->setCaptures(std::move(captures));
    }
    // If there are substitutions, add them.
    if (!subs.empty())
      ApplyCallee->setSubstitutions(SGF, e, subs);
  }
  
  void visitOtherConstructorDeclRefExpr(OtherConstructorDeclRefExpr *e) {
    // FIXME: We might need to go through ObjC dispatch for references to
    // constructors imported from Clang (which won't have a direct entry point)
    // or to delegate to a designated initializer.
    setCallee(Callee::forDirect(SGF,
                SILDeclRef(e->getDecl(), SILDeclRef::Kind::Initializer),
                                getSubstFnType(), e));

    // If there are substitutions, add them.
    if (e->getDeclRef().isSpecialized())
      ApplyCallee->setSubstitutions(SGF, e, e->getDeclRef().getSubstitutions());
  }
  void visitDotSyntaxBaseIgnoredExpr(DotSyntaxBaseIgnoredExpr *e) {
    setSideEffect(e->getLHS());
    visit(e->getRHS());
  }

  void visitFunctionConversionExpr(FunctionConversionExpr *e) {
    // FIXME: Check whether this function conversion requires us to build a
    // thunk.
    visit(e->getSubExpr());
  }

  void visitCovariantFunctionConversionExpr(CovariantFunctionConversionExpr *e){
    // FIXME: These expressions merely adjust the result type for DynamicSelf
    // in an unchecked, ABI-compatible manner. They shouldn't prevent us form
    // forming a complete call.
    visitExpr(e);
  }

  void visitIdentityExpr(IdentityExpr *e) {
    visit(e->getSubExpr());
  }

  void applySuper(ApplyExpr *apply) {
    // Load the 'super' argument.
    Expr *arg = apply->getArg();
    ManagedValue super = SGF.emitRValueAsSingleValue(arg);

    // The callee for a super call has to be either a method or constructor.
    Expr *fn = apply->getFn();
    ArrayRef<Substitution> substitutions;
    SILDeclRef constant;
    if (auto *ctorRef = dyn_cast<OtherConstructorDeclRefExpr>(fn)) {
      constant = SILDeclRef(ctorRef->getDecl(), SILDeclRef::Kind::Initializer,
                         SILDeclRef::ConstructAtBestResilienceExpansion,
                         SILDeclRef::ConstructAtNaturalUncurryLevel,
                         requiresForeignEntryPoint(ctorRef->getDecl()));

      if (ctorRef->getDeclRef().isSpecialized())
        substitutions = ctorRef->getDeclRef().getSubstitutions();
    } else if (auto *declRef = dyn_cast<DeclRefExpr>(fn)) {
      assert(isa<FuncDecl>(declRef->getDecl()) && "non-function super call?!");
      constant = SILDeclRef(declRef->getDecl(),
                         SILDeclRef::ConstructAtBestResilienceExpansion,
                         SILDeclRef::ConstructAtNaturalUncurryLevel,
                         requiresForeignEntryPoint(declRef->getDecl()));

      if (declRef->getDeclRef().isSpecialized())
        substitutions = declRef->getDeclRef().getSubstitutions();
    } else
      llvm_unreachable("invalid super callee");

    CanType superFormalType = arg->getType()->getCanonicalType();
    setSelfParam(ArgumentSource(arg, RValue(SGF, apply, superFormalType, super)),
                 apply);

    if (!canUseStaticDispatch(SGF, constant)) {
      // ObjC super calls require dynamic dispatch.
      setCallee(Callee::forSuperMethod(SGF, super.getValue(), constant,
                                       getSubstFnType(), fn));
    } else {
      // Native Swift super calls to final methods are direct.
      setCallee(Callee::forDirect(SGF, constant, getSubstFnType(), fn));
    }

    // If there are any substitutions for the callee, apply them now.
    if (!substitutions.empty())
      ApplyCallee->setSubstitutions(SGF, fn, substitutions);
  }

  /// Walk the given \c selfArg expression that produces the appropriate
  /// `self` for a call, applying the same transformations to the provided
  /// \c selfValue (which might be a metatype).
  ///
  /// This is used for initializer delegation, so it covers only the narrow
  /// subset of expressions used there.
  ManagedValue emitCorrespondingSelfValue(ManagedValue selfValue,
                                          Expr *selfArg) {
    while (true) {
      // Handle archetype-to-super and derived-to-base upcasts.
      if (isa<ArchetypeToSuperExpr>(selfArg) ||
          isa<DerivedToBaseExpr>(selfArg)) {
        auto ice = cast<ImplicitConversionExpr>(selfArg);
        auto resultTy = ice->getType()->getCanonicalType();

        // If the 'self' value is a metatype, update the target type
        // accordingly.
        if (auto selfMetaTy
                    = selfValue.getSwiftType()->getAs<AnyMetatypeType>()) {
          resultTy = CanMetatypeType::get(resultTy,
                                          selfMetaTy->getRepresentation());
        }
        auto loweredResultTy = SGF.getLoweredLoadableType(resultTy);
        if (loweredResultTy != selfValue.getType()) {
          auto upcast = SGF.B.createUpcast(ice,
                                           selfValue.getValue(),
                                           loweredResultTy);
          selfValue = ManagedValue(upcast, selfValue.getCleanup());
        }

        selfArg = ice->getSubExpr();
        continue;
      }

      // Skip over loads.
      if (auto load = dyn_cast<LoadExpr>(selfArg)) {
        selfArg = load->getSubExpr();
        continue;
      }

      // Skip over inout expressions.
      if (auto inout = dyn_cast<InOutExpr>(selfArg)) {
        selfArg = inout->getSubExpr();
        continue;
      }

      // Declaration references terminate the search.
      if (isa<DeclRefExpr>(selfArg))
        break;

      llvm_unreachable("unhandled conversion for metatype value");
    }

    return selfValue;
  }

  /// Try to emit the given application as initializer delegation.
  bool applyInitDelegation(ApplyExpr *expr) {
    // Dig out the constructor we're delegating to.
    Expr *fn = expr->getFn();
    auto ctorRef = dyn_cast<OtherConstructorDeclRefExpr>(
                     fn->getSemanticsProvidingExpr());
    if (!ctorRef)
      return false;

    // Determine whether we'll need to use an allocating constructor (vs. the
    // initializing constructor).
    auto nominal = ctorRef->getDecl()->getDeclContext()
                     ->getAsNominalTypeOrNominalTypeExtensionContext();
    bool useAllocatingCtor;

    // Value types only have allocating initializers.
    if (isa<StructDecl>(nominal) || isa<EnumDecl>(nominal))
      useAllocatingCtor = true;
    // Protocols only witness allocating initializers, except for @objc
    // protocols, which only witness initializing initializers.
    else if (auto proto = dyn_cast<ProtocolDecl>(nominal)) {
      useAllocatingCtor = !proto->isObjC();
    // Factory initializers are effectively "allocating" initializers with no
    // corresponding initializing entry point.
    } else if (ctorRef->getDecl()->isFactoryInit()) {
      useAllocatingCtor = true;
    } else {
      // We've established we're in a class initializer or a protocol extension
      // initializer for a class-bound protocol, In either case, we're
      // delegating initialization, but we only have an instance in the former
      // case.
      assert(isa<ClassDecl>(nominal)
             && "some new kind of init context we haven't implemented");
      useAllocatingCtor = static_cast<bool>(SGF.AllocatorMetatype) &&
                          !ctorRef->getDecl()->isObjC();
    }

    // Load the 'self' argument.
    Expr *arg = expr->getArg();
    ManagedValue self;
    CanType selfFormalType = arg->getType()->getCanonicalType();

    // If we're using the allocating constructor, we need to pass along the
    // metatype.
    if (useAllocatingCtor) {
      selfFormalType = CanMetatypeType::get(
          selfFormalType->getInOutObjectType()->getCanonicalType());

      // If the initializer is a C function imported as a member,
      // there is no 'self' parameter. Mark it undef.
      if (ctorRef->getDecl()->isImportAsMember())
        self = SGF.emitUndef(expr, selfFormalType);
      else if (SGF.AllocatorMetatype)
        self = emitCorrespondingSelfValue(
                 ManagedValue::forUnmanaged(SGF.AllocatorMetatype),
                 arg);
      else
        self = ManagedValue::forUnmanaged(SGF.emitMetatypeOfValue(expr, arg));
    } else {
      // If we're in a protocol extension initializer, we haven't allocated
      // "self" yet at this point. Do so. Use alloc_ref_dynamic since we should
      // only ever get here in ObjC protocol extensions currently.
      if (SGF.AllocatorMetatype) {
        assert(ctorRef->getDecl()->isObjC()
               && "only expect to delegate an initializer from an allocator "
                  "in objc protocol extensions");
        
        self = allocateObjCObject(
                        ManagedValue::forUnmanaged(SGF.AllocatorMetatype), arg);

        // Perform any adjustments needed to 'self'.
        self = emitCorrespondingSelfValue(self, arg);
      } else {
        self = SGF.emitRValueAsSingleValue(arg);
      }
    }

    setSelfParam(ArgumentSource(arg, RValue(SGF, expr, selfFormalType, self)),
                 expr);

    // Determine the callee. For structs and enums, this is the allocating
    // constructor (because there is no initializing constructor). For protocol
    // default implementations, we also use the allocating constructor, because
    // that's the only thing that's witnessed. For classes,
    // this is the initializing constructor, to which we will dynamically
    // dispatch.
    if (SelfParam.getSubstRValueType()->getRValueInstanceType()
          ->is<ArchetypeType>()
        && isa<ProtocolDecl>(ctorRef->getDecl()->getDeclContext())) {
      // Look up the witness for the constructor.
      auto constant = SILDeclRef(ctorRef->getDecl(),
                             useAllocatingCtor
                               ? SILDeclRef::Kind::Allocator
                               : SILDeclRef::Kind::Initializer,
                             SILDeclRef::ConstructAtBestResilienceExpansion,
                             SILDeclRef::ConstructAtNaturalUncurryLevel,
                             requiresForeignEntryPoint(ctorRef->getDecl()));
      setCallee(Callee::forArchetype(SGF, SILValue(),
                     self.getType().getSwiftRValueType(), constant,
                     cast<AnyFunctionType>(expr->getType()->getCanonicalType()),
                     expr));
    } else if (getMethodDispatch(ctorRef->getDecl())
                 == MethodDispatch::Class) {
      // Dynamic dispatch to the initializer.
      setCallee(Callee::forClassMethod(
                  SGF,
                  self.getValue(),
                  SILDeclRef(ctorRef->getDecl(),
                             useAllocatingCtor
                               ? SILDeclRef::Kind::Allocator
                               : SILDeclRef::Kind::Initializer,
                             SILDeclRef::ConstructAtBestResilienceExpansion,
                             SILDeclRef::ConstructAtNaturalUncurryLevel,
                             requiresForeignEntryPoint(ctorRef->getDecl())),
                  getSubstFnType(), fn));
    } else {
      // Directly call the peer constructor.
      setCallee(
        Callee::forDirect(
          SGF,
          SILDeclRef(ctorRef->getDecl(),
                     useAllocatingCtor
                       ? SILDeclRef::Kind::Allocator
                       : SILDeclRef::Kind::Initializer,
                     SILDeclRef::ConstructAtBestResilienceExpansion,
                     SILDeclRef::ConstructAtNaturalUncurryLevel,
                     requiresForeignEntryPoint(ctorRef->getDecl())),
            getSubstFnType(useAllocatingCtor), fn));
    }

    // Set up the substitutions, if we have any.
    if (ctorRef->getDeclRef().isSpecialized())
      ApplyCallee->setSubstitutions(SGF, fn,
                                    ctorRef->getDeclRef().getSubstitutions());

    return true;
  }

  Callee getCallee() {
    assert(ApplyCallee && "did not find callee?!");
    return *std::move(ApplyCallee);
  }

  /// Ignore parentheses and implicit conversions.
  static Expr *ignoreParensAndImpConversions(Expr *expr) {
    while (true) {
      if (auto ice = dyn_cast<ImplicitConversionExpr>(expr)) {
        expr = ice->getSubExpr();
        continue;
      }

      // Simple optional-to-optional conversions.  This doesn't work
      // for the full generality of OptionalEvaluationExpr, but it
      // works given that we check the result for certain forms.
      if (auto eval = dyn_cast<OptionalEvaluationExpr>(expr)) {
        if (auto inject = dyn_cast<InjectIntoOptionalExpr>(eval->getSubExpr())) {
          if (auto bind = dyn_cast<BindOptionalExpr>(inject->getSubExpr())) {
            if (bind->getDepth() == 0)
              return bind->getSubExpr();
          }
        }
      }

      auto valueProviding = expr->getValueProvidingExpr();
      if (valueProviding != expr) {
        expr = valueProviding;
        continue;
      }

      return expr;
    }
  }

  void visitForceValueExpr(ForceValueExpr *e) {
    // If this application is a dynamic member reference that is forced to
    // succeed with the '!' operator, emit it as a direct invocation of the
    // method we found.
    if (emitForcedDynamicMemberRef(e))
      return;

    visitExpr(e);
  }

  /// If this application forces a dynamic member reference with !, emit
  /// a direct reference to the member.
  bool emitForcedDynamicMemberRef(ForceValueExpr *e) {
    // Check whether the argument is a dynamic member reference.
    auto arg = ignoreParensAndImpConversions(e->getSubExpr());

    auto openExistential = dyn_cast<OpenExistentialExpr>(arg);
    if (openExistential)
      arg = openExistential->getSubExpr();

    auto dynamicMemberRef = dyn_cast<DynamicMemberRefExpr>(arg);
    if (!dynamicMemberRef)
      return false;

    // Since we'll be collapsing this call site, make sure there's another
    // call site that will actually perform the invocation.
    if (CallSites.empty())
      return false;

    // Only @objc methods can be forced.
    auto *fd = dyn_cast<FuncDecl>(dynamicMemberRef->getMember().getDecl());
    if (!fd || !fd->isObjC())
      return false;

    // Local function that actually emits the dynamic member reference.
    auto emitDynamicMemberRef = [&] {
      // We found it. Emit the base.
      ManagedValue base =
        SGF.emitRValueAsSingleValue(dynamicMemberRef->getBase());

      setSelfParam(ArgumentSource(dynamicMemberRef->getBase(),
                                  RValue(SGF, dynamicMemberRef,
                                    base.getType().getSwiftRValueType(), base)),
                   dynamicMemberRef);

      // Determine the type of the method we referenced, by replacing the
      // class type of the 'Self' parameter with Builtin.UnknownObject.
      SILDeclRef member(fd, SILDeclRef::ConstructAtBestResilienceExpansion,
                        SILDeclRef::ConstructAtNaturalUncurryLevel,
                        /*isObjC=*/true);

      setCallee(Callee::forDynamic(SGF, base.getValue(), member,
                                   getSubstFnType(), e));
    };

    // When we have an open existential, open it and then emit the
    // member reference.
    if (openExistential) {
      SGF.emitOpenExistentialExpr(openExistential,
                                  [&](Expr*) { emitDynamicMemberRef(); });
    } else {
      emitDynamicMemberRef();
    }
    return true;
  }
};

} // end anonymous namespace

#ifndef NDEBUG
static bool areOnlyAbstractionDifferent(CanType type1, CanType type2) {
  assert(type1->isLegalSILType());
  assert(type2->isLegalSILType());

  // Exact equality is fine.
  if (type1 == type2) return true;

  // Either both types should be optional or neither should be.
  if (auto object1 = type1.getAnyOptionalObjectType()) {
    auto object2 = type2.getAnyOptionalObjectType();
    if (!object2) return false;
    return areOnlyAbstractionDifferent(object1, object2);
  }
  if (type2.getAnyOptionalObjectType()) return false;

  // Either both types should be tuples or neither should be.
  if (auto tuple1 = dyn_cast<TupleType>(type1)) {
    auto tuple2 = dyn_cast<TupleType>(type2);
    if (!tuple2) return false;
    if (tuple1->getNumElements() != tuple2->getNumElements()) return false;
    for (auto i : indices(tuple2->getElementTypes()))
      if (!areOnlyAbstractionDifferent(tuple1.getElementType(i),
                                       tuple2.getElementType(i)))
        return false;
    return true;
  }
  if (isa<TupleType>(type2)) return false;

  // Either both types should be metatypes or neither should be.
  if (auto meta1 = dyn_cast<AnyMetatypeType>(type1)) {
    auto meta2 = dyn_cast<AnyMetatypeType>(type2);
    if (!meta2) return false;
    if (meta1.getInstanceType() != meta2.getInstanceType()) return false;
    return true;
  }

  // Either both types should be functions or neither should be.
  if (auto fn1 = dyn_cast<SILFunctionType>(type1)) {
    auto fn2 = dyn_cast<SILFunctionType>(type2);
    if (!fn2) return false;
    // TODO: maybe there are checks we can do here?
    (void) fn1; (void) fn2;
    return true;
  }
  if (isa<SILFunctionType>(type2)) return false;

  llvm_unreachable("no other types should differ by abstraction");
}
#endif

/// Given two SIL types which are representations of the same type,
/// check whether they have an abstraction difference.
static bool hasAbstractionDifference(SILFunctionTypeRepresentation rep,
                                     SILType type1, SILType type2) {
  CanType ct1 = type1.getSwiftRValueType();
  CanType ct2 = type2.getSwiftRValueType();
  assert(getSILFunctionLanguage(rep) == SILFunctionLanguage::C ||
         areOnlyAbstractionDifferent(ct1, ct2));
  (void)ct1;
  (void)ct2;

  // Assuming that we've applied the same substitutions to both types,
  // abstraction equality should equal type equality.
  return (type1 != type2);
}

/// Emit either an 'apply' or a 'try_apply', with the error branch of
/// the 'try_apply' simply branching out of all cleanups and throwing.
SILValue SILGenFunction::emitApplyWithRethrow(SILLocation loc,
                                              SILValue fn,
                                              SILType substFnType,
                                              ArrayRef<Substitution> subs,
                                              ArrayRef<SILValue> args) {
  CanSILFunctionType silFnType = substFnType.castTo<SILFunctionType>();
  SILType resultType = silFnType->getSILResult();

  if (!silFnType->hasErrorResult()) {
    return B.createApply(loc, fn, substFnType, resultType, subs, args);
  }

  SILBasicBlock *errorBB = createBasicBlock();
  SILBasicBlock *normalBB = createBasicBlock();
  B.createTryApply(loc, fn, substFnType, subs, args, normalBB, errorBB);

  // Emit the rethrow logic.
  {
    B.emitBlock(errorBB);
    SILValue error =
      errorBB->createBBArg(silFnType->getErrorResult().getSILType());

    B.createBuiltin(loc, SGM.getASTContext().getIdentifier("willThrow"),
                    SGM.Types.getEmptyTupleType(), {}, {error});

    Cleanups.emitCleanupsForReturn(CleanupLocation::get(loc));
    B.createThrow(loc, error);
  }

  // Enter the normal path.
  B.emitBlock(normalBB);
  return normalBB->createBBArg(resultType);
}

static RValue emitStringLiteral(SILGenFunction &SGF, Expr *E, StringRef Str,
                                SGFContext C,
                                StringLiteralExpr::Encoding encoding) {
  uint64_t Length;
  bool isASCII = true;
  for (unsigned char c : Str) {
    if (c > 127) {
      isASCII = false;
      break;
    }
  }

  StringLiteralInst::Encoding instEncoding;
  switch (encoding) {
  case StringLiteralExpr::UTF8:
    instEncoding = StringLiteralInst::Encoding::UTF8;
    Length = Str.size();
    break;

  case StringLiteralExpr::UTF16: {
    instEncoding = StringLiteralInst::Encoding::UTF16;
    Length = unicode::getUTF16Length(Str);
    break;
  }
  case StringLiteralExpr::OneUnicodeScalar: {
    SILType Int32Ty = SILType::getBuiltinIntegerType(32, SGF.getASTContext());
    SILValue UnicodeScalarValue =
        SGF.B.createIntegerLiteral(E, Int32Ty,
                                   unicode::extractFirstUnicodeScalar(Str));
    return RValue(SGF, E, Int32Ty.getSwiftRValueType(),
                  ManagedValue::forUnmanaged(UnicodeScalarValue));
  }
  }

  // The string literal provides the data.
  StringLiteralInst *string = SGF.B.createStringLiteral(E, Str, instEncoding);

  // The length is lowered as an integer_literal.
  auto WordTy = SILType::getBuiltinWordType(SGF.getASTContext());
  auto *lengthInst = SGF.B.createIntegerLiteral(E, WordTy, Length);

  // The 'isascii' bit is lowered as an integer_literal.
  auto Int1Ty = SILType::getBuiltinIntegerType(1, SGF.getASTContext());
  auto *isASCIIInst = SGF.B.createIntegerLiteral(E, Int1Ty, isASCII);

  ManagedValue EltsArray[] = {
    ManagedValue::forUnmanaged(string),
    ManagedValue::forUnmanaged(lengthInst),
    ManagedValue::forUnmanaged(isASCIIInst)
  };

  TupleTypeElt TypeEltsArray[] = {
    EltsArray[0].getSwiftType(),
    EltsArray[1].getSwiftType(),
    EltsArray[2].getSwiftType()
  };

  ArrayRef<ManagedValue> Elts;
  ArrayRef<TupleTypeElt> TypeElts;
  switch (instEncoding) {
  case StringLiteralInst::Encoding::UTF16:
    Elts = llvm::makeArrayRef(EltsArray).slice(0, 2);
    TypeElts = llvm::makeArrayRef(TypeEltsArray).slice(0, 2);
    break;

  case StringLiteralInst::Encoding::UTF8:
    Elts = EltsArray;
    TypeElts = TypeEltsArray;
    break;

  case StringLiteralInst::Encoding::ObjCSelector:
    llvm_unreachable("Objective-C selectors cannot be formed here");
  }

  CanType ty =
    TupleType::get(TypeElts, SGF.getASTContext())->getCanonicalType();
  return RValue(Elts, ty);
}

/// Emit a raw apply operation, performing no additional lowering of
/// either the arguments or the result.
static SILValue emitRawApply(SILGenFunction &gen,
                             SILLocation loc,
                             ManagedValue fn,
                             ArrayRef<Substitution> subs,
                             ArrayRef<ManagedValue> args,
                             CanSILFunctionType substFnType,
                             ApplyOptions options,
                             ArrayRef<SILValue> indirectResultAddrs) {
  // Get the callee value.
  SILValue fnValue = substFnType->isCalleeConsumed()
    ? fn.forward(gen)
    : fn.getValue();

  SmallVector<SILValue, 4> argValues;

  // Add the buffers for the indirect results if needed.
#ifndef NDEBUG
  assert(indirectResultAddrs.size() == substFnType->getNumIndirectResults());
  for (auto i : indices(indirectResultAddrs)) {
    assert(indirectResultAddrs[i]->getType() ==
            substFnType->getIndirectResults()[i].getSILType());
  }
#endif
  argValues.append(indirectResultAddrs.begin(), indirectResultAddrs.end());

  auto inputTypes = substFnType->getParameters();
  assert(inputTypes.size() == args.size());

  // Gather the arguments.
  for (auto i : indices(args)) {
    auto argValue = (inputTypes[i].isConsumed() ? args[i].forward(gen)
                                                : args[i].getValue());
#ifndef NDEBUG
    if (argValue->getType() != inputTypes[i].getSILType()) {
      auto &out = llvm::errs();
      out << "TYPE MISMATCH IN ARGUMENT " << i << " OF APPLY AT ";
      printSILLocationDescription(out, loc, gen.getASTContext());
      out << "  argument value: ";
      argValue->print(out);
      out << "  parameter type: ";
      inputTypes[i].print(out);
      out << "\n";
      abort();
    }
#endif
    argValues.push_back(argValue);
  }

  auto resultType = substFnType->getSILResult();
  auto calleeType = SILType::getPrimitiveObjectType(substFnType);

  // If we don't have an error result, we can make a simple 'apply'.
  SILValue result;
  if (!substFnType->hasErrorResult()) {
    result = gen.B.createApply(loc, fnValue, calleeType,
                               resultType, subs, argValues);

  // Otherwise, we need to create a try_apply.
  } else {
    SILBasicBlock *normalBB = gen.createBasicBlock();
    result = normalBB->createBBArg(resultType);

    SILBasicBlock *errorBB =
      gen.getTryApplyErrorDest(loc, substFnType->getErrorResult(),
                               options & ApplyOptions::DoesNotThrow);

    gen.B.createTryApply(loc, fnValue, calleeType, subs, argValues,
                         normalBB, errorBB);
    gen.B.emitBlock(normalBB);
  }

  // Given any guaranteed arguments that are not being passed at +0, insert the
  // decrement here instead of at the end of scope. Guaranteed just means that
  // we guarantee the lifetime of the object for the duration of the call.
  // Be sure to use a CleanupLocation so that unreachable code diagnostics don't
  // trigger.
  for (auto i : indices(args)) {
    if (!inputTypes[i].isGuaranteed() || args[i].isPlusZeroRValueOrTrivial())
      continue;

    SILValue argValue = args[i].forward(gen);
    SILType argType = argValue->getType();
    CleanupLocation cleanupLoc = CleanupLocation::get(loc);
    if (!argType.isAddress())
      gen.getTypeLowering(argType).emitDestroyRValue(gen.B, cleanupLoc, argValue);
    else
      gen.getTypeLowering(argType).emitDestroyAddress(gen.B, cleanupLoc, argValue);
  }

  return result;
}

static std::pair<ManagedValue, ManagedValue>
emitForeignErrorArgument(SILGenFunction &gen,
                         SILLocation loc,
                         SILParameterInfo errorParameter) {
  // We assume that there's no interesting reabstraction here beyond a layer of
  // optional.
  OptionalTypeKind optKind;
  CanType errorPtrType = errorParameter.getType();
  CanType unwrappedPtrType = errorPtrType;
  if (Type unwrapped = errorPtrType->getAnyOptionalObjectType(optKind))
    unwrappedPtrType = unwrapped->getCanonicalType();

  PointerTypeKind ptrKind;
  auto errorType = CanType(unwrappedPtrType->getAnyPointerElementType(ptrKind));
  auto &errorTL = gen.getTypeLowering(errorType);

  // Allocate a temporary.
  SILValue errorTemp =
    gen.emitTemporaryAllocation(loc, errorTL.getLoweredType());

  // Nil-initialize it.
  gen.emitInjectOptionalNothingInto(loc, errorTemp, errorTL);

  // Enter a cleanup to destroy the value there.
  auto managedErrorTemp = gen.emitManagedBufferWithCleanup(errorTemp, errorTL);

  // Create the appropriate pointer type.
  LValue lvalue = LValue::forAddress(ManagedValue::forLValue(errorTemp),
                                     AbstractionPattern(errorType),
                                     errorType);
  auto pointerValue = gen.emitLValueToPointer(loc, std::move(lvalue),
                                              unwrappedPtrType, ptrKind,
                                              AccessKind::ReadWrite);

  // Wrap up in an Optional if called for.
  if (optKind != OTK_None) {
    auto &optTL = gen.getTypeLowering(errorPtrType);
    pointerValue = gen.getOptionalSomeValue(loc, pointerValue, optTL);
  }

  return {managedErrorTemp, pointerValue};
}

namespace {
  /// An abstract class for working with results.
  class ResultPlan {
  public:
    virtual RValue finish(SILGenFunction &gen, SILLocation loc,
                          CanType substType,
                          ArrayRef<ManagedValue> &directResults) = 0;
    virtual ~ResultPlan() = default;
  };

  using ResultPlanPtr = std::unique_ptr<ResultPlan>;

  /// The class for building result plans.
  struct ResultPlanBuilder {
    SILGenFunction &Gen;
    SILLocation Loc;
    ArrayRef<SILResultInfo> AllResults;
    SILFunctionTypeRepresentation Rep;
    SmallVectorImpl<SILValue> &IndirectResultAddrs;

    ResultPlanBuilder(SILGenFunction &gen, SILLocation loc,
                      ArrayRef<SILResultInfo> allResults,
                      SILFunctionTypeRepresentation rep,
                      SmallVectorImpl<SILValue> &resultAddrs)
      : Gen(gen), Loc(loc), AllResults(allResults), Rep(rep),
        IndirectResultAddrs(resultAddrs) {
    }

    ResultPlanPtr build(Initialization *emitInto,
                        AbstractionPattern origType, CanType substType);
    ResultPlanPtr buildForTuple(Initialization *emitInto,
                                AbstractionPattern origType,
                                CanTupleType substType);

    ~ResultPlanBuilder() {
      assert(AllResults.empty() && "didn't consume all results!");
    }
  };

  /// A result plan for evaluating an indirect result into the address
  /// associated with an initialization.
  class InPlaceInitializationResultPlan : public ResultPlan {
    Initialization *Init;
  public:
    InPlaceInitializationResultPlan(Initialization *init) : Init(init) {}

    RValue finish(SILGenFunction &gen, SILLocation loc, CanType substType,
                  ArrayRef<ManagedValue> &directResults) override {
      Init->finishInitialization(gen);
      return RValue();
    }
  };

  /// A result plan for working with a single value and potentially
  /// reabstracting it.  The value can actually be a tuple if the
  /// abstraction is opaque.
  class ScalarResultPlan : public ResultPlan {
    std::unique_ptr<TemporaryInitialization> Temporary;
    AbstractionPattern OrigType;
    Initialization *Init;
    SILFunctionTypeRepresentation Rep;
  public:
    ScalarResultPlan(std::unique_ptr<TemporaryInitialization> &&temporary,
                     AbstractionPattern origType, Initialization *init,
                     SILFunctionTypeRepresentation rep)
      : Temporary(std::move(temporary)), OrigType(origType),
        Init(init), Rep(rep) {}

    RValue finish(SILGenFunction &gen, SILLocation loc, CanType substType,
                  ArrayRef<ManagedValue> &directResults) override {
      // Lower the unabstracted result type.
      auto &substTL = gen.getTypeLowering(substType);

      // Claim the value:
      ManagedValue value;

      // If we were created with a temporary, that address was passed as
      // an indirect result.
      if (Temporary) {
        // Establish the cleanup.
        Temporary->finishInitialization(gen);
        value = Temporary->getManagedAddress();

        // If the value isn't address-only, go ahead and load.
        if (!substTL.isAddressOnly()) {
          auto load = gen.B.createLoad(loc, value.forward(gen));
          value = gen.emitManagedRValueWithCleanup(load);
        }

      // Otherwise, it was returned as a direct result.
      } else {
        value = directResults.front();
        directResults = directResults.slice(1);
      }

      // Reabstract the value if the types don't match.  This can happen
      // due to either substitution reabstractions or bridging.
      if (hasAbstractionDifference(Rep, value.getType(),
                                   substTL.getLoweredType())) {
        // Assume that a C-language API doesn't have substitution
        // reabstractions.  This shouldn't be necessary, but
        // emitOrigToSubstValue can get upset.
        if (getSILFunctionLanguage(Rep) == SILFunctionLanguage::C) {
          value = gen.emitBridgedToNativeValue(loc, value, Rep, substType);

        } else {
          value = gen.emitOrigToSubstValue(loc, value, OrigType, substType,
                                           SGFContext(Init));

          // If that successfully emitted into the initialization, we're done.
          if (value.isInContext())
            return RValue();
        }
      }

      // Otherwise, forcibly emit into the initialization if it exists.
      if (Init) {
        Init->copyOrInitValueInto(gen, loc, value, /*init*/ true);
        Init->finishInitialization(gen);
        return RValue();

      // Otherwise, we've got the r-value we want.
      } else {
        return RValue(gen, loc, substType, value);
      }
    }
  };

  /// A result plan which calls copyOrInitValueInto on an Initialization
  /// using a temporary buffer initialized by a sub-plan.
  class InitValueFromTemporaryResultPlan : public ResultPlan {
    Initialization *Init;
    ResultPlanPtr SubPlan;
    std::unique_ptr<TemporaryInitialization> Temporary;
  public:
    InitValueFromTemporaryResultPlan(Initialization *init,
                                     ResultPlanPtr &&subPlan,
                          std::unique_ptr<TemporaryInitialization> &&temporary)
      : Init(init),
        SubPlan(std::move(subPlan)),
        Temporary(std::move(temporary)) {}

    RValue finish(SILGenFunction &gen, SILLocation loc, CanType substType,
                  ArrayRef<ManagedValue> &directResults) override {
      RValue subResult = SubPlan->finish(gen, loc, substType, directResults);
      assert(subResult.isUsed() && "sub-plan didn't emit into context?");
      (void) subResult;

      ManagedValue value = Temporary->getManagedAddress();
      Init->copyOrInitValueInto(gen, loc, value, /*init*/ true);
      Init->finishInitialization(gen);

      return RValue();
    }
  };

  /// A result plan which calls copyOrInitValueInto using the result of
  /// a sub-plan.
  class InitValueFromRValueResultPlan : public ResultPlan {
    Initialization *Init;
    ResultPlanPtr SubPlan;
  public:
    InitValueFromRValueResultPlan(Initialization *init,
                                  ResultPlanPtr &&subPlan)
      : Init(init), SubPlan(std::move(subPlan)) {}

    RValue finish(SILGenFunction &gen, SILLocation loc, CanType substType,
                  ArrayRef<ManagedValue> &directResults) override {
      RValue subResult = SubPlan->finish(gen, loc, substType, directResults);
      ManagedValue value = std::move(subResult).getAsSingleValue(gen, loc);

      Init->copyOrInitValueInto(gen, loc, value, /*init*/ true);
      Init->finishInitialization(gen);

      return RValue();
    }
  };

  /// A result plan which produces a larger RValue from a bunch of
  /// components.
  class TupleRValueResultPlan : public ResultPlan {
    SmallVector<ResultPlanPtr, 4> EltPlans;
  public:
    TupleRValueResultPlan(ResultPlanBuilder &builder,
                          AbstractionPattern origType,
                          CanTupleType substType) {
      // Create plans for all the elements.
      EltPlans.reserve(substType->getNumElements());
      for (auto i : indices(substType->getElementTypes())) {
        AbstractionPattern origEltType = origType.getTupleElementType(i);
        CanType substEltType = substType.getElementType(i);
        EltPlans.push_back(builder.build(nullptr, origEltType, substEltType));
      }
    }

    RValue finish(SILGenFunction &gen, SILLocation loc, CanType substType,
                  ArrayRef<ManagedValue> &directResults) override {
      RValue tupleRV(substType);

      // Finish all the component tuples.
      auto substTupleType = cast<TupleType>(substType);
      assert(substTupleType.getElementTypes().size() == EltPlans.size());
      for (auto i : indices(substTupleType.getElementTypes())) {
        RValue eltRV =
          EltPlans[i]->finish(gen, loc, substTupleType.getElementType(i),
                              directResults);
        tupleRV.addElement(std::move(eltRV));
      }

      return tupleRV;
    }
  };

  /// A result plan which evaluates into the sub-components
  /// of a splittable tuple initialization.
  class TupleInitializationResultPlan : public ResultPlan {
    Initialization *TupleInit;
    SmallVector<InitializationPtr, 4> EltInitsBuffer;
    MutableArrayRef<InitializationPtr> EltInits;
    SmallVector<ResultPlanPtr, 4> EltPlans;
  public:
    TupleInitializationResultPlan(ResultPlanBuilder &builder,
                                  Initialization *tupleInit,
                                  AbstractionPattern origType,
                                  CanTupleType substType)
        : TupleInit(tupleInit) {

      // Get the sub-initializations.
      EltInits = tupleInit->splitIntoTupleElements(builder.Gen, builder.Loc,
                                                   substType, EltInitsBuffer);

      // Create plans for all the sub-initializations.
      EltPlans.reserve(substType->getNumElements());
      for (auto i : indices(substType->getElementTypes())) {
        AbstractionPattern origEltType = origType.getTupleElementType(i);
        CanType substEltType = substType.getElementType(i);
        Initialization *eltInit = EltInits[i].get();
        EltPlans.push_back(builder.build(eltInit, origEltType, substEltType));
      }
    }

    RValue finish(SILGenFunction &gen, SILLocation loc, CanType substType,
                  ArrayRef<ManagedValue> &directResults) override {
      auto substTupleType = cast<TupleType>(substType);
      assert(substTupleType.getElementTypes().size() == EltPlans.size());
      for (auto i : indices(substTupleType.getElementTypes())) {
        auto eltType = substTupleType.getElementType(i);
        RValue eltRV = EltPlans[i]->finish(gen, loc, eltType, directResults);
        assert(eltRV.isUsed()); (void) eltRV;
      }
      TupleInit->finishInitialization(gen);

      return RValue();
    }
  };
}

/// Build a result plan for the results of an apply.
///
/// If the initialization is non-null, the result plan will emit into it.
ResultPlanPtr ResultPlanBuilder::build(Initialization *init,
                                       AbstractionPattern origType,
                                       CanType substType) {
  // Destructure original tuples.
  if (origType.isTuple()) {
    return buildForTuple(init, origType, cast<TupleType>(substType));
  }

  // Otherwise, grab the next result.
  auto result = AllResults.front();
  AllResults = AllResults.slice(1);

  SILValue initAddr;
  if (init) {
    initAddr = init->getAddressForInPlaceInitialization();

    // If the result is indirect, and we have an address to emit into, and
    // there are no abstraction differences, then just do it.
    if (initAddr && result.isIndirect() &&
        !hasAbstractionDifference(Rep, initAddr->getType(),
                                  result.getSILType())) {
      IndirectResultAddrs.push_back(initAddr);
      return ResultPlanPtr(new InPlaceInitializationResultPlan(init));
    }
  }

  // Otherwise, we need to:
  //   - get the value, either directly or indirectly
  //   - possibly reabstract it
  //   - store it to the destination
  // We could break this down into different ResultPlan implementations,
  // but it's easier not to.

  // Create a temporary if the result is indirect.
  std::unique_ptr<TemporaryInitialization> temporary;
  if (result.isIndirect()) {
    auto &resultTL = Gen.getTypeLowering(result.getSILType());
    temporary = Gen.emitTemporary(Loc, resultTL);
    IndirectResultAddrs.push_back(temporary->getAddress());
  }

  return ResultPlanPtr(
      new ScalarResultPlan(std::move(temporary), origType, init, Rep));
}

ResultPlanPtr ResultPlanBuilder::buildForTuple(Initialization *init,
                                               AbstractionPattern origType,
                                               CanTupleType substType) {
  // If we don't have an initialization for the tuple, just build the
  // individual components.
  if (!init) {
    return ResultPlanPtr(new TupleRValueResultPlan(*this, origType, substType));
  }

  // Okay, we have an initialization for the tuple that we need to emit into.

  // If we can just split the initialization, do so.
  if (init->canSplitIntoTupleElements()) {
    return ResultPlanPtr(
      new TupleInitializationResultPlan(*this, init, origType, substType));
  }

  // Otherwise, we're going to have to call copyOrInitValueInto, which only
  // takes a single value.

  // If the tuple is address-only, we'll get much better code if we
  // emit into a single buffer.
  auto &substTL = Gen.getTypeLowering(substType);
  if (substTL.isAddressOnly()) {
    // Create a temporary.
    auto temporary = Gen.emitTemporary(Loc, substTL);

    // Build a sub-plan to emit into the temporary.
    auto subplan = buildForTuple(temporary.get(), origType, substType);

    // Make a plan to initialize into that.
    return ResultPlanPtr(
      new InitValueFromTemporaryResultPlan(init, std::move(subplan),
                                           std::move(temporary)));
  }

  // Build a sub-plan that doesn't know about the initialization.
  auto subplan = buildForTuple(nullptr, origType, substType);

  // Make a plan that calls copyOrInitValueInto.
  return ResultPlanPtr(
    new InitValueFromRValueResultPlan(init, std::move(subplan)));
}

static bool hasUnownedInnerPointerResult(CanSILFunctionType fnType) {
  for (auto result : fnType->getAllResults()) {
    if (result.getConvention() == ResultConvention::UnownedInnerPointer)
      return true;
  }
  return false;
}

/// Emit a function application, assuming that the arguments have been
/// lowered appropriately for the abstraction level but that the
/// result does need to be turned back into something matching a
/// formal type.
RValue SILGenFunction::emitApply(
                            SILLocation loc,
                            ManagedValue fn,
                            ArrayRef<Substitution> subs,
                            ArrayRef<ManagedValue> args,
                            CanSILFunctionType substFnType,
                            AbstractionPattern origResultType,
                            CanType substResultType,
                            ApplyOptions options,
                            Optional<SILFunctionTypeRepresentation> overrideRep,
                      const Optional<ForeignErrorConvention> &foreignError,
                            SGFContext evalContext) {
  auto rep = overrideRep ? *overrideRep : substFnType->getRepresentation();

  // Create the result plan.
  SmallVector<SILValue, 4> indirectResultAddrs;
  ResultPlanPtr resultPlan = [&]() -> ResultPlanPtr {
    auto origResultTypeForPlan = origResultType;
    auto substResultTypeForPlan = substResultType;
    ArrayRef<SILResultInfo> allResults = substFnType->getAllResults();
    SILResultInfo optResult;

    // The plan needs to be built using the formal result type
    // after foreign-error adjustment.
    if (foreignError) {
      switch (foreignError->getKind()) {
      // These conventions make the formal result type ().
      case ForeignErrorConvention::ZeroResult:
      case ForeignErrorConvention::NonZeroResult:
        assert(substResultType->isVoid());
        allResults = {};
        break;

      // These conventions leave the formal result alone.
      case ForeignErrorConvention::ZeroPreservedResult:
      case ForeignErrorConvention::NonNilError:
        break;

      // This convention changes the formal result to the optional object
      // type; we need to make our own make SILResultInfo array.
      case ForeignErrorConvention::NilResult: {
        assert(allResults.size() == 1);
        SILType objectType =
          allResults[0].getSILType().getAnyOptionalObjectType();
        optResult = allResults[0].getWithType(objectType.getSwiftRValueType());
        allResults = optResult;
        break;
      }
      }
    }

    ResultPlanBuilder builder(*this, loc, allResults, rep, indirectResultAddrs);
    return builder.build(evalContext.getEmitInto(),
                         origResultTypeForPlan, substResultTypeForPlan);
  }();

  // If the function returns an inner pointer, we'll need to lifetime-extend
  // the 'self' parameter.
  SILValue lifetimeExtendedSelf;
  bool hasAlreadyLifetimeExtendedSelf = false;
  if (hasUnownedInnerPointerResult(substFnType)) {
    auto selfMV = args.back();
    lifetimeExtendedSelf = selfMV.getValue();

    switch (substFnType->getParameters().back().getConvention()) {
    case ParameterConvention::Direct_Owned:
      // If the callee will consume the 'self' parameter, let's retain it so we
      // can keep it alive.
      B.emitRetainValueOperation(loc, lifetimeExtendedSelf);
      break;
    case ParameterConvention::Direct_Guaranteed:
    case ParameterConvention::Direct_Unowned:
      // We'll manually manage the argument's lifetime after the
      // call. Disable its cleanup, forcing a copy if it was emitted +0.
      if (selfMV.hasCleanup()) {
        selfMV.forwardCleanup(*this);
      } else {
        lifetimeExtendedSelf = selfMV.copyUnmanaged(*this, loc).forward(*this);
      }
      break;

    // If self is already deallocating, self does not need to be retained or
    // released since the deallocating bit has been set.
    case ParameterConvention::Direct_Deallocating:
      break;

    case ParameterConvention::Indirect_In_Guaranteed:
    case ParameterConvention::Indirect_In:
    case ParameterConvention::Indirect_Inout:
    case ParameterConvention::Indirect_InoutAliasable:
      // We may need to support this at some point, but currently only imported
      // objc methods are returns_inner_pointer.
      llvm_unreachable("indirect self argument to method that"
                       " returns_inner_pointer?!");
    }
  }

  // If there's a foreign error parameter, fill it in.
  Optional<WritebackScope> errorTempWriteback;
  ManagedValue errorTemp;
  if (foreignError) {
    // Error-temporary emission may need writeback.
    errorTempWriteback.emplace(*this);

    auto errorParamIndex = foreignError->getErrorParameterIndex();
    auto errorParam = substFnType->getParameters()[errorParamIndex];

    // This is pretty evil.
    auto &errorArgSlot = const_cast<ManagedValue&>(args[errorParamIndex]);

    std::tie(errorTemp, errorArgSlot)
      = emitForeignErrorArgument(*this, loc, errorParam);
  }

  // Emit the raw application.
  SILValue rawDirectResult = emitRawApply(*this, loc, fn, subs, args,
                                          substFnType, options,
                                          indirectResultAddrs);

  // Explode the direct results.
  SmallVector<ManagedValue, 4> directResults;
  auto addManagedDirectResult = [&](SILValue result, SILResultInfo resultInfo) {
    auto &resultTL = getTypeLowering(resultInfo.getSILType());

    switch (resultInfo.getConvention()) {
    case ResultConvention::Indirect:
      llvm_unreachable("indirect direct result?");

    // For owned results, the value is already retained.
    case ResultConvention::Owned:
      break;

    // For autoreleased results, the reclaim is implicit, so the value is
    // effectively +1.
    case ResultConvention::Autoreleased:
      break;

    // Autorelease the 'self' value to lifetime-extend it.
    case ResultConvention::UnownedInnerPointer:
      assert(lifetimeExtendedSelf
             && "did not save lifetime-extended self param");
      if (!hasAlreadyLifetimeExtendedSelf) {
        B.createAutoreleaseValue(loc, lifetimeExtendedSelf, Atomicity::Atomic);
        hasAlreadyLifetimeExtendedSelf = true;
      }
      SWIFT_FALLTHROUGH;

    case ResultConvention::Unowned:
      // Unretained. Retain the value.
      resultTL.emitCopyValue(B, loc, result);
      break;
    }

    directResults.push_back(emitManagedRValueWithCleanup(result, resultTL));
  };

  auto formalDirectResults = substFnType->getDirectResults();
  if (formalDirectResults.empty()) {
    // Nothing to do.
  } else if (formalDirectResults.size() == 1) {
    addManagedDirectResult(rawDirectResult, formalDirectResults[0]);
  } else {
    for (auto i : indices(formalDirectResults)) {
      auto elt = B.createTupleExtract(loc, rawDirectResult, i,
                                      formalDirectResults[i].getSILType());
      addManagedDirectResult(elt, formalDirectResults[i]);
    }
  }

  // If there was a foreign error convention, consider it.
  // TODO: maybe this should happen after managing the result if it's
  // not a result-checking convention?
  if (foreignError) {
    // Force immediate writeback to the error temporary.
    errorTempWriteback.reset();

    bool doesNotThrow = (options & ApplyOptions::DoesNotThrow);
    emitForeignErrorCheck(loc, directResults, errorTemp,
                          doesNotThrow, *foreignError);
  }

  auto directResultsArray = makeArrayRef(directResults);
  RValue result =
    resultPlan->finish(*this, loc, substResultType, directResultsArray);
  assert(directResultsArray.empty() && "didn't claim all direct results");

  return result;
}

RValue SILGenFunction::emitMonomorphicApply(SILLocation loc,
                                            ManagedValue fn,
                                            ArrayRef<ManagedValue> args,
                                            CanType resultType,
                                            ApplyOptions options,
                           Optional<SILFunctionTypeRepresentation> overrideRep,
                     const Optional<ForeignErrorConvention> &foreignError){
  auto fnType = fn.getType().castTo<SILFunctionType>();
  assert(!fnType->isPolymorphic());
  return emitApply(loc, fn, {}, args, fnType,
                   AbstractionPattern(resultType), resultType,
                   options, overrideRep, foreignError, SGFContext());
}

/// Count the number of SILParameterInfos that are needed in order to
/// pass the given argument.
static unsigned getFlattenedValueCount(AbstractionPattern origType,
                                       CanType substType,
                                       ImportAsMemberStatus foreignSelf) {
  // C functions imported as static methods don't consume any real arguments.
  if (foreignSelf.isStatic())
    return 0;

  // The count is always 1 unless the substituted type is a tuple.
  auto substTuple = dyn_cast<TupleType>(substType);
  if (!substTuple) return 1;

  // If the original type is opaque and the substituted type is
  // materializable, the count is 1 anyway.
  if (origType.isTypeParameter() && substTuple->isMaterializable())
    return 1;

  // Otherwise, add up the elements.
  unsigned count = 0;
  for (auto i : indices(substTuple.getElementTypes())) {
    count += getFlattenedValueCount(origType.getTupleElementType(i),
                                    substTuple.getElementType(i),
                                    ImportAsMemberStatus());
  }
  return count;
}

static AbstractionPattern claimNextParamClause(AbstractionPattern &type) {
  auto result = type.getFunctionInputType();
  type = type.getFunctionResultType();
  return result;
}

static CanType claimNextParamClause(CanAnyFunctionType &type) {
  auto result = type.getInput();
  type = dyn_cast<AnyFunctionType>(type.getResult());
  return result;
}

using InOutArgument = std::pair<LValue, SILLocation>;

/// Begin all the formal accesses for a set of inout arguments.
static void beginInOutFormalAccesses(SILGenFunction &gen,
                                     MutableArrayRef<InOutArgument> inoutArgs,
                         MutableArrayRef<SmallVector<ManagedValue, 4>> args) {
  assert(!inoutArgs.empty());

  SmallVector<std::pair<SILValue, SILLocation>, 4> emittedInoutArgs;
  auto inoutNext = inoutArgs.begin();

  // The assumption we make is that 'args' and 'inoutArgs' were built
  // up in parallel, with empty spots being dropped into 'args'
  // wherever there's an inout argument to insert.
  //
  // Note that this also begins the formal accesses in evaluation order.
  for (auto &siteArgs : args) {
    for (ManagedValue &siteArg : siteArgs) {
      if (siteArg) continue;

      LValue &inoutArg = inoutNext->first;
      SILLocation loc = inoutNext->second;
      ManagedValue address = gen.emitAddressOfLValue(loc, std::move(inoutArg),
                                                     AccessKind::ReadWrite);
      siteArg = address;
      emittedInoutArgs.push_back({address.getValue(), loc});

      if (++inoutNext == inoutArgs.end())
        goto done;
    }
  }

  llvm_unreachable("ran out of null arguments before we ran out of inouts");

 done:

  // Check to see if we have multiple inout arguments which obviously
  // alias.  Note that we could do this in a later SILDiagnostics pass
  // as well: this would be stronger (more equivalences exposed) but
  // would have worse source location information.
  for (auto i = emittedInoutArgs.begin(), e = emittedInoutArgs.end();
         i != e; ++i) {
    for (auto j = emittedInoutArgs.begin(); j != i; ++j) {
      // TODO: This uses exact SILValue equivalence to detect aliases,
      // we could do something stronger here to catch other obvious cases.
      if (i->first != j->first) continue;

      gen.SGM.diagnose(i->second, diag::inout_argument_alias)
        .highlight(i->second.getSourceRange());
      gen.SGM.diagnose(j->second, diag::previous_inout_alias)
        .highlight(j->second.getSourceRange());
    }
  }
}

/// Given a scalar value, materialize it into memory with the
/// exact same level of cleanup it had before.
static ManagedValue emitMaterializeIntoTemporary(SILGenFunction &gen,
                                                 SILLocation loc,
                                                 ManagedValue object) {
  auto temporary = gen.emitTemporaryAllocation(loc, object.getType());
  bool hadCleanup = object.hasCleanup();
  gen.B.createStore(loc, object.forward(gen), temporary);

  // The temporary memory is +0 if the value was.
  if (hadCleanup) {
    return ManagedValue(temporary, gen.enterDestroyCleanup(temporary));
  } else {
    return ManagedValue::forUnmanaged(temporary);
  }
}

namespace {
  /// A destination for an argument other than just "onto to the end
  /// of the arguments lists".
  ///
  /// This allows us to re-use the argument expression emitter for
  /// some weird cases, like a shuffled tuple where some of the
  /// arguments are going into a varargs array.
  struct ArgSpecialDest {
    VarargsInfo *SharedInfo;
    unsigned Index;
    CleanupHandle Cleanup;

    ArgSpecialDest() : SharedInfo(nullptr) {}
    explicit ArgSpecialDest(VarargsInfo &info, unsigned index)
      : SharedInfo(&info), Index(index) {}

    // Reference semantics: need to preserve the cleanup handle.
    ArgSpecialDest(const ArgSpecialDest &) = delete;
    ArgSpecialDest &operator=(const ArgSpecialDest &) = delete;
    ArgSpecialDest(ArgSpecialDest &&other)
      : SharedInfo(other.SharedInfo), Index(other.Index),
        Cleanup(other.Cleanup) {
      other.SharedInfo = nullptr;
    }
    ArgSpecialDest &operator=(ArgSpecialDest &&other) {
      assert(!isValid() && "overwriting valid special destination!");
      SharedInfo = other.SharedInfo;
      Index = other.Index;
      Cleanup = other.Cleanup;
      other.SharedInfo = nullptr;
      return *this;
    }

    ~ArgSpecialDest() {
      assert(!isValid() && "failed to deactivate special dest");
    }

    /// Is this a valid special destination?
    ///
    /// Most of the time, most arguments don't have special
    /// destinations, and making an array of Optional<Special special
    /// destinations has t
    bool isValid() const { return SharedInfo != nullptr; }

    /// Fill this special destination with a value.
    void fill(SILGenFunction &gen, ArgumentSource &&arg,
              AbstractionPattern _unused_origType,
              SILType loweredSubstParamType) {
      assert(isValid() && "filling an invalid destination");

      SILLocation loc = arg.getLocation();
      auto destAddr = SharedInfo->getBaseAddress();
      if (Index != 0) {
        SILValue index = gen.B.createIntegerLiteral(loc,
                    SILType::getBuiltinWordType(gen.getASTContext()), Index);
        destAddr = gen.B.createIndexAddr(loc, destAddr, index);
      }

      assert(destAddr->getType() == loweredSubstParamType.getAddressType());

      auto &destTL = SharedInfo->getBaseTypeLowering();
      Cleanup = gen.enterDormantTemporaryCleanup(destAddr, destTL);

      TemporaryInitialization init(destAddr, Cleanup);
      std::move(arg).forwardInto(gen, SharedInfo->getBaseAbstractionPattern(),
                                 &init, destTL);
    }

    /// Deactivate this special destination.  Must always be called
    /// before destruction.
    void deactivate(SILGenFunction &gen) {
      assert(isValid() && "deactivating an invalid destination");
      if (Cleanup.isValid())
        gen.Cleanups.forwardCleanup(Cleanup);
      SharedInfo = nullptr;
    }
  };

  /// A possibly-discontiguous slice of function parameters claimed by a
  /// function application.
  class ClaimedParamsRef {
  public:
    static constexpr const unsigned NoSkip = (unsigned)-1;
  private:
    ArrayRef<SILParameterInfo> Params;
    
    // The index of the param excluded from this range, if any, or ~0.
    unsigned SkipParamIndex;
    
    friend struct ParamLowering;
    explicit ClaimedParamsRef(ArrayRef<SILParameterInfo> params,
                              unsigned skip)
      : Params(params), SkipParamIndex(skip)
    {
      // Eagerly chop a skipped parameter off either end.
      if (SkipParamIndex == 0) {
        Params = Params.slice(1);
        SkipParamIndex = NoSkip;
      }
      assert(!hasSkip() || SkipParamIndex < Params.size());
    }
    
    bool hasSkip() const {
      return SkipParamIndex != (unsigned)NoSkip;
    }
  public:
    ClaimedParamsRef() : Params({}), SkipParamIndex(-1) {}
    explicit ClaimedParamsRef(ArrayRef<SILParameterInfo> params)
      : Params(params), SkipParamIndex(NoSkip)
    {}

    struct iterator : public std::iterator<std::random_access_iterator_tag,
                                           SILParameterInfo>
    {
      const SILParameterInfo *Base;
      unsigned I, SkipParamIndex;
      
      iterator(const SILParameterInfo *Base,
               unsigned I, unsigned SkipParamIndex)
        : Base(Base), I(I), SkipParamIndex(SkipParamIndex)
      {}
      
      iterator &operator++() {
        ++I;
        if (I == SkipParamIndex)
          ++I;
        return *this;
      }
      iterator operator++(int) {
        iterator old(*this);
        ++*this;
        return old;
      }
      iterator &operator--() {
        --I;
        if (I == SkipParamIndex)
          --I;
        return *this;
      }
      iterator operator--(int) {
        iterator old(*this);
        --*this;
        return old;
      }
      
      const SILParameterInfo &operator*() const {
        return Base[I];
      }
      const SILParameterInfo *operator->() const {
        return Base + I;
      }
      
      bool operator==(iterator other) const {
        return Base == other.Base && I == other.I
            && SkipParamIndex == other.SkipParamIndex;
      }
      
      bool operator!=(iterator other) const {
        return !(*this == other);
      }
      
      iterator operator+(std::ptrdiff_t distance) const {
        if (distance > 0)
          return goForward(distance);
        if (distance < 0)
          return goBackward(distance);
        return *this;
      }
      iterator operator-(std::ptrdiff_t distance) const {
        if (distance > 0)
          return goBackward(distance);
        if (distance < 0)
          return goForward(distance);
        return *this;
      }
      std::ptrdiff_t operator-(iterator other) const {
        assert(Base == other.Base && SkipParamIndex == other.SkipParamIndex);
        auto baseDistance = (std::ptrdiff_t)I - (std::ptrdiff_t)other.I;
        if (std::min(I, other.I) < SkipParamIndex &&
            std::max(I, other.I) > SkipParamIndex)
          return baseDistance - 1;
        return baseDistance;
      }
      
      iterator goBackward(unsigned distance) const {
        auto result = *this;
        if (I > SkipParamIndex && I <= SkipParamIndex + distance)
          result.I -= (distance + 1);
        result.I -= distance;
        return result;
      }
      
      iterator goForward(unsigned distance) const {
        auto result = *this;
        if (I < SkipParamIndex && I + distance >= SkipParamIndex)
          result.I += distance + 1;
        result.I += distance;
        return result;
      }
    };
    
    iterator begin() const {
      return iterator{Params.data(), 0, SkipParamIndex};
    }
    
    iterator end() const {
      return iterator{Params.data(), (unsigned)Params.size(), SkipParamIndex};
    }
    
    unsigned size() const {
      return Params.size() - (hasSkip() ? 1 : 0);
    }
    
    bool empty() const { return size() == 0; }
    
    SILParameterInfo front() const { return *begin(); }
    
    ClaimedParamsRef slice(unsigned start) const {
      if (start >= SkipParamIndex)
        return ClaimedParamsRef(Params.slice(start + 1), NoSkip);
      return ClaimedParamsRef(Params.slice(start),
                              hasSkip() ? SkipParamIndex - start : NoSkip);
    }
    ClaimedParamsRef slice(unsigned start, unsigned count) const {
      if (start >= SkipParamIndex)
        return ClaimedParamsRef(Params.slice(start + 1, count), NoSkip);
      unsigned newSkip = SkipParamIndex;
      if (hasSkip())
        newSkip -= start;
      
      if (newSkip < count)
        return ClaimedParamsRef(Params.slice(start, count+1), newSkip);
      return ClaimedParamsRef(Params.slice(start, count), NoSkip);
    }
  };

  using ArgSpecialDestArray = MutableArrayRef<ArgSpecialDest>;

  class ArgEmitter {
    SILGenFunction &SGF;
    SILFunctionTypeRepresentation Rep;
    const Optional<ForeignErrorConvention> &ForeignError;
    ImportAsMemberStatus ForeignSelf;
    ClaimedParamsRef ParamInfos;
    SmallVectorImpl<ManagedValue> &Args;

    /// Track any inout arguments that are emitted.  Each corresponds
    /// in order to a "hole" (a null value) in Args.
    SmallVectorImpl<InOutArgument> &InOutArguments;

    Optional<ArgSpecialDestArray> SpecialDests;
  public:
    ArgEmitter(SILGenFunction &SGF, SILFunctionTypeRepresentation Rep,
               ClaimedParamsRef paramInfos,
               SmallVectorImpl<ManagedValue> &args,
               SmallVectorImpl<InOutArgument> &inoutArgs,
               const Optional<ForeignErrorConvention> &foreignError,
               ImportAsMemberStatus foreignSelf,
               Optional<ArgSpecialDestArray> specialDests = None)
      : SGF(SGF), Rep(Rep), ForeignError(foreignError),
        ForeignSelf(foreignSelf),
        ParamInfos(paramInfos),
        Args(args), InOutArguments(inoutArgs), SpecialDests(specialDests) {
      assert(!specialDests || specialDests->size() == paramInfos.size());
    }

    void emitTopLevel(ArgumentSource &&arg, AbstractionPattern origParamType) {
      emit(std::move(arg), origParamType);
      maybeEmitForeignErrorArgument();
    }

  private:
    void emit(ArgumentSource &&arg, AbstractionPattern origParamType) {
      // If it was a tuple in the original type, or the argument
      // requires the callee to evaluate, the parameters will have
      // been exploded.
      if (origParamType.isTuple() || arg.requiresCalleeToEvaluate()) {
        emitExpanded(std::move(arg), origParamType);
        return;
      }

      auto substArgType = arg.getSubstType();

      // Otherwise, if the substituted type is a tuple, then we should
      // emit the tuple in its most general form, because there's a
      // substitution of an opaque archetype to a tuple or function
      // type in play.  The most general convention is generally to
      // pass the entire tuple indirectly, but if it's not
      // materializable, the convention is actually to break it up
      // into materializable chunks.  See the comment in SILType.cpp.
      if (isUnmaterializableTupleType(substArgType)) {
        assert(origParamType.isTypeParameter());
        emitExpanded(std::move(arg), origParamType);
        return;
      }

      // Okay, everything else will be passed as a single value, one
      // way or another.

      // If this is a discarded foreign static 'self' parameter, force the
      // argument and discard it.
      if (ForeignSelf.isStatic()) {
        std::move(arg).getAsRValue(SGF);
        return;
      }

      // Adjust for the foreign-error argument if necessary.
      maybeEmitForeignErrorArgument();

      // The substituted parameter type.  Might be different from the
      // substituted argument type by abstraction and/or bridging.
      SILParameterInfo param = claimNextParameter();
      ArgSpecialDest *specialDest = claimNextSpecialDest();

      // Make sure we use the same value category for these so that we
      // can hereafter just use simple equality checks to test for
      // abstraction.
      SILType loweredSubstArgType = SGF.getLoweredType(substArgType);
      SILType loweredSubstParamType =
        SILType::getPrimitiveType(param.getType(),
                                  loweredSubstArgType.getCategory());

      // If the caller takes the argument indirectly, the argument has an
      // inout type.
      if (param.isIndirectInOut()) {
        assert(!specialDest);
        assert(isa<InOutType>(substArgType));
        emitInOut(std::move(arg), loweredSubstArgType, loweredSubstParamType,
                  origParamType, substArgType);
        return;
      }

      // If the original type is passed indirectly, copy to memory if
      // it's not already there.  (Note that this potentially includes
      // conventions which pass indirectly without transferring
      // ownership, like Itanium C++.)
      if (param.isIndirect()) {
        if (specialDest) {
          emitIndirectInto(std::move(arg), origParamType,
                           loweredSubstParamType, *specialDest);
          Args.push_back(ManagedValue::forInContext());
        } else {
          auto value = emitIndirect(std::move(arg), loweredSubstArgType,
                                    origParamType, param);
          Args.push_back(value);
        }
        return;
      }

      // Okay, if the original parameter is passed directly, then we
      // just need to handle abstraction differences and bridging.
      assert(!specialDest);
      emitDirect(std::move(arg), loweredSubstArgType, origParamType, param);
    }

    SILParameterInfo claimNextParameter() {
      assert(!ParamInfos.empty());
      auto param = ParamInfos.front();
      ParamInfos = ParamInfos.slice(1);
      return param;
    }

    /// Claim the next destination, returning a null pointer if there
    /// is no special destination.
    ArgSpecialDest *claimNextSpecialDest() {
      if (!SpecialDests) return nullptr;
      assert(!SpecialDests->empty());
      auto dest = &SpecialDests->front();
      SpecialDests = SpecialDests->slice(1);
      return (dest->isValid() ? dest : nullptr);
    }

    bool isUnmaterializableTupleType(CanType type) {
      if (auto tuple = dyn_cast<TupleType>(type))
        if (!tuple->isMaterializable())
          return true;
      return false;
    }

    /// Emit an argument as an expanded tuple.
    void emitExpanded(ArgumentSource &&arg, AbstractionPattern origParamType) {
      assert(!arg.isLValue() && "argument is l-value but parameter is tuple?");

      // If we're working with an r-value, just expand it out and emit
      // all the elements individually.
      if (arg.isRValue()) {
        if (CanTupleType substArgType =
                dyn_cast<TupleType>(arg.getSubstType())) {
          // The original type isn't necessarily a tuple.
          assert(origParamType.matchesTuple(substArgType));

          auto loc = arg.getKnownRValueLocation();
          SmallVector<RValue, 4> elts;
          std::move(arg).asKnownRValue().extractElements(elts);
          for (auto i : indices(substArgType.getElementTypes())) {
            emit({ loc, std::move(elts[i]) },
                 origParamType.getTupleElementType(i));
          }
          return;
        }

        auto loc = arg.getKnownRValueLocation();
        SmallVector<RValue, 1> elts;
        std::move(arg).asKnownRValue().extractElements(elts);
        emit({ loc, std::move(elts[0]) },
             origParamType.getTupleElementType(0));
        return;
      }

      // Otherwise, we're working with an expression.
      Expr *e = std::move(arg).asKnownExpr();
      e = e->getSemanticsProvidingExpr();

      // If the source expression is a tuple literal, we can break it
      // up directly.
      if (auto tuple = dyn_cast<TupleExpr>(e)) {
        for (auto i : indices(tuple->getElements())) {
          emit(tuple->getElement(i),
               origParamType.getTupleElementType(i));
        }
        return;
      }

      if (auto shuffle = dyn_cast<TupleShuffleExpr>(e)) {
        emitShuffle(shuffle, origParamType);
        return;
      }

      // Fall back to the r-value case.
      emitExpanded({ e, SGF.emitRValue(e) }, origParamType);
    }

    void emitShuffle(Expr *inner,
                     Expr *outer,
                     ArrayRef<TupleTypeElt> innerElts,
                     ConcreteDeclRef defaultArgsOwner,
                     ArrayRef<Expr*> callerDefaultArgs,
                     ArrayRef<int> elementMapping,
                     ArrayRef<unsigned> variadicArgs,
                     Type varargsArrayType,
                     AbstractionPattern origParamType);

    void emitShuffle(TupleShuffleExpr *shuffle, AbstractionPattern origType);

    ManagedValue emitIndirect(ArgumentSource &&arg,
                              SILType loweredSubstArgType,
                              AbstractionPattern origParamType,
                              SILParameterInfo param) {
      auto contexts = getRValueEmissionContexts(loweredSubstArgType, param);

      // If no abstraction is required, try to honor the emission contexts.
      if (!contexts.RequiresReabstraction) {
        auto loc = arg.getLocation();
        ManagedValue result =
          std::move(arg).getAsSingleValue(SGF, contexts.ForEmission);

        // If it's already in memory, great.
        if (result.getType().isAddress()) {
          return result;

        // Otherwise, put it there.
        } else {
          return emitMaterializeIntoTemporary(SGF, loc, result);
        }
      }

      // Otherwise, simultaneously emit and reabstract.
      return std::move(arg).materialize(SGF, origParamType, param.getSILType());
    }

    void emitIndirectInto(ArgumentSource &&arg,
                          AbstractionPattern origType,
                          SILType loweredSubstParamType,
                          ArgSpecialDest &dest) {
      dest.fill(SGF, std::move(arg), origType, loweredSubstParamType);
    }

    void emitInOut(ArgumentSource &&arg,
                   SILType loweredSubstArgType, SILType loweredSubstParamType,
                   AbstractionPattern origType, CanType substType) {
      SILLocation loc = arg.getLocation();

      LValue lv = [&]{
        // If the argument is already lowered to an LValue, it must be the
        // receiver of a self argument, which will be the first inout.
        if (arg.isLValue()) {
          return std::move(arg).asKnownLValue();

        // This is logically wrong, but propagating l-values within
        // RValues is hard to avoid in custom argument-emission code
        // without making ArgumentSource capable of holding mixed
        // RValue/LValue tuples.  (materializeForSet has to do this,
        // for one.)  The onus is on the caller to ensure that formal
        // access semantics are honored.
        } else if (arg.isRValue()) {
          auto address = std::move(arg).asKnownRValue()
            .getAsSingleValue(SGF, arg.getKnownRValueLocation());
          assert(address.isLValue());
          auto substObjectType = cast<InOutType>(substType).getObjectType();
          return LValue::forAddress(address,
                                    AbstractionPattern(substObjectType),
                                    substObjectType);
        } else {
          auto *e = cast<InOutExpr>(std::move(arg).asKnownExpr()->
                                    getSemanticsProvidingExpr());
          return SGF.emitLValue(e->getSubExpr(), AccessKind::ReadWrite);
        }
      }();

      if (hasAbstractionDifference(Rep, loweredSubstParamType,
                                   loweredSubstArgType)) {
        AbstractionPattern origObjectType = origType.transformType(
          [](CanType type)->CanType {
            return CanType(type->getInOutObjectType());
          });
        lv.addSubstToOrigComponent(origObjectType, loweredSubstParamType);
      }

      // Leave an empty space in the ManagedValue sequence and
      // remember that we had an inout argument.
      InOutArguments.push_back({std::move(lv), loc});
      Args.push_back(ManagedValue());
      return;
    }

    void emitDirect(ArgumentSource &&arg, SILType loweredSubstArgType,
                    AbstractionPattern origParamType,
                    SILParameterInfo param) {
      ManagedValue value;
      auto contexts = getRValueEmissionContexts(loweredSubstArgType, param);
      if (contexts.RequiresReabstraction) {
        switch (getSILFunctionLanguage(Rep)) {
        case SILFunctionLanguage::Swift:
          value = emitSubstToOrigArgument(std::move(arg), loweredSubstArgType,
                                          origParamType, param);
          break;
        case SILFunctionLanguage::C:
          value = emitNativeToBridgedArgument(
              std::move(arg), loweredSubstArgType, origParamType, param);
          break;
        }
      } else {
        value = std::move(arg).getAsSingleValue(SGF, contexts.ForEmission);
      }
      Args.push_back(value);
    }
    
    ManagedValue emitSubstToOrigArgument(ArgumentSource &&arg,
                                         SILType loweredSubstArgType,
                                         AbstractionPattern origParamType,
                                         SILParameterInfo param) {
      // TODO: We should take the opportunity to peephole certain abstraction
      // changes here, for instance, directly emitting a closure literal at the
      // callee's expected abstraction level instead of emitting it maximally
      // substituted and thunking.
      auto emitted = emitArgumentFromSource(std::move(arg), loweredSubstArgType,
                                            origParamType, param);
      return SGF.emitSubstToOrigValue(emitted.loc,
                                      std::move(emitted.value).getScalarValue(),
                                      origParamType, emitted.value.getType(),
                                      emitted.contextForReabstraction);
    }
    
    CanType getAnyObjectType() {
      return SGF.getASTContext()
        .getProtocol(KnownProtocolKind::AnyObject)
        ->getDeclaredType()
        ->getCanonicalType();
    }
    bool isAnyObjectType(CanType t) {
      return t == getAnyObjectType();
    }
    
    ManagedValue emitNativeToBridgedArgument(ArgumentSource &&arg,
                                             SILType loweredSubstArgType,
                                             AbstractionPattern origParamType,
                                             SILParameterInfo param) {
      // If we're bridging a concrete type to `id` via Any, skip the Any
      // boxing.
      // TODO: Generalize. Similarly, when bridging from NSFoo -> Foo -> NSFoo,
      // we should elide the bridge altogether and pass the original object.
      auto paramObjTy = param.getType();
      if (auto objTy = paramObjTy.getAnyOptionalObjectType())
        paramObjTy = objTy;
      if (isAnyObjectType(paramObjTy) && !arg.isRValue()) {
        return emitNativeToBridgedObjectArgument(std::move(arg).asKnownExpr(),
                                                 loweredSubstArgType,
                                                 origParamType, param);
      }
      
      auto emitted = emitArgumentFromSource(std::move(arg), loweredSubstArgType,
                                            origParamType, param);
      
      return SGF.emitNativeToBridgedValue(emitted.loc,
                                      std::move(emitted.value).getScalarValue(),
                                      Rep, param.getType());
                                      
    }
    
    enum class ExistentialPeepholeOptionality {
      /// A non-optional value erased to a non-optional existential.
      Nonoptional,
      
      /// A non-optional value erased to an optional existential.
      NonoptionalToOptional,
      
      /// An optional value erased to an optional existential.
      OptionalToOptional,
    };
    
    std::pair<Expr *, ExistentialPeepholeOptionality>
    lookThroughExistentialErasures(Expr *argExpr) {
      auto origArgExpr = argExpr;
    
      auto optionality = ExistentialPeepholeOptionality::Nonoptional;
      argExpr = argExpr->getSemanticsProvidingExpr();
      
      // Check for an OptionalEvaluation. If we see one we'll want to match it
      // to the inner BindOptional.
      if (auto optEval = dyn_cast<OptionalEvaluationExpr>(argExpr)) {
        
        // The result of the conversion should be promoted back to optional
        // at the outermost level.
        if (auto inject = dyn_cast<InjectIntoOptionalExpr>(
                         optEval->getSubExpr()->getSemanticsProvidingExpr())) {
          optionality = ExistentialPeepholeOptionality::OptionalToOptional;
          argExpr = inject->getSubExpr()->getSemanticsProvidingExpr();
        }
      }
      
      // Look through a BindOptionalExpr if we have an optional-to-optional
      // peephole, or fail the peephole if there isn't a BindOptionalToOptional.
      auto tryToBindOptional =
        [&](Expr *subExpr) -> std::pair<Expr *, ExistentialPeepholeOptionality> {
          if (optionality ==
                ExistentialPeepholeOptionality::OptionalToOptional) {
            // If we see the binding, look through it.
            if (auto bind = dyn_cast<BindOptionalExpr>(subExpr))
              return {bind->getSubExpr()->getSemanticsProvidingExpr(),
                      optionality};
            // Otherwise, we don't know what we're seeing. Back out of the
            // peephole.
            return {origArgExpr, ExistentialPeepholeOptionality::Nonoptional};
          }
          
          return {subExpr, optionality};
        };
      
      // Look through an optional injection.
      if (auto inject = dyn_cast<InjectIntoOptionalExpr>(argExpr)) {
        optionality = ExistentialPeepholeOptionality::NonoptionalToOptional;
        argExpr = inject->getSubExpr()->getSemanticsProvidingExpr();
      }

      // When converting from an existential type to a more general existential,
      // the inner existential is opened first. Look through this pattern.
      if (auto open = dyn_cast<OpenExistentialExpr>(argExpr)) {
        auto subExpr = open->getSubExpr()->getSemanticsProvidingExpr();
        while (auto erasure = dyn_cast<ErasureExpr>(subExpr)) {
          subExpr = erasure->getSubExpr()->getSemanticsProvidingExpr();
        }
        // If we drilled down to the underlying opened existential, look
        // through it.
        if (subExpr == open->getOpaqueValue())
          return tryToBindOptional(open->getExistentialValue());
        // TODO: Maybe there are other peepholes we could attempt on opened
        // existentials?
        return tryToBindOptional(open);
      }
      
      // Look through ErasureExprs and try to bridge the underlying
      // concrete value instead.
      while (auto erasure = dyn_cast<ErasureExpr>(argExpr))
        argExpr = erasure->getSubExpr()->getSemanticsProvidingExpr();

      return tryToBindOptional(argExpr);
    }
    
    /// Emit an argument expression that we know will be bridged to an
    /// Objective-C object.
    ManagedValue emitNativeToBridgedObjectArgument(Expr *argExpr,
                                               SILType loweredSubstArgType,
                                               AbstractionPattern origParamType,
                                               SILParameterInfo param) {
      auto origArgExpr = argExpr;
      (void) origArgExpr;
      // Look through existential erasures.
      ExistentialPeepholeOptionality optionality;
      std::tie(argExpr, optionality) = lookThroughExistentialErasures(argExpr);
      
      // Emit the argument.
      auto contexts = getRValueEmissionContexts(loweredSubstArgType, param);
      ManagedValue emittedArg = SGF.emitRValue(argExpr, contexts.ForEmission)
        .getScalarValue();
      
      // Early exit if we already exactly match the parameter type.
      if (emittedArg.getType() == param.getSILType()) {
        return emittedArg;
      }
      
      // Factor the bridging conversion out in case we need to do it as an
      // optional-to-optional transform.
      auto doBridge = [&](SILGenFunction &gen,
                          SILLocation loc,
                          ManagedValue emittedArg,
                          SILType loweredResultTy) -> ManagedValue {
        // If the argument is not already a class instance, bridge it.
        if (!emittedArg.getType().getSwiftRValueType()->mayHaveSuperclass()
            && !emittedArg.getType().isClassExistentialType()) {
          emittedArg = SGF.emitNativeToBridgedValue(loc, emittedArg, Rep,
                                          loweredResultTy.getSwiftRValueType());
        }
        auto emittedArgTy = emittedArg.getType().getSwiftRValueType();
        assert(emittedArgTy->mayHaveSuperclass()
          || emittedArgTy->isClassExistentialType());
        
        // Upcast reference types to AnyObject.
        if (!isAnyObjectType(emittedArgTy)) {
          // Open class existentials first to upcast the reference inside.
          if (emittedArgTy->isClassExistentialType()) {
            emittedArgTy = ArchetypeType::getOpened(emittedArgTy);
            auto opened = SGF.B.createOpenExistentialRef(loc,
                                 emittedArg.getValue(),
                                 SILType::getPrimitiveObjectType(emittedArgTy));
            emittedArg = ManagedValue(opened, emittedArg.getCleanup());
          }
          
          // Erase to AnyObject.
          auto conformance = SGF.SGM.SwiftModule->lookupConformance(
            emittedArgTy,
            SGF.getASTContext().getProtocol(KnownProtocolKind::AnyObject),
            nullptr);
          assert(conformance &&
                 "no AnyObject conformance for class?!");
          
          ArrayRef<ProtocolConformanceRef> conformances(*conformance);
          auto ctxConformances = SGF.getASTContext().AllocateCopy(conformances);
          
          auto erased = SGF.B.createInitExistentialRef(loc,
                           SILType::getPrimitiveObjectType(getAnyObjectType()),
                           emittedArgTy, emittedArg.getValue(),
                           ctxConformances);
          emittedArg = ManagedValue(erased, emittedArg.getCleanup());
        }
        
        assert(isAnyObjectType(emittedArg.getSwiftType()));
        return emittedArg;
      };
      
      // Bind the optional value if we started with an optional.
      bool nativeIsOptional = (bool)emittedArg.getType().getSwiftRValueType()
        ->getAnyOptionalObjectType();
      bool bridgedIsOptional = (bool)param.getSILType().getSwiftRValueType()
        ->getAnyOptionalObjectType();
      if (nativeIsOptional && bridgedIsOptional) {
        return SGF.emitOptionalToOptional(argExpr,
                                          emittedArg, param.getSILType(),
                                          doBridge);
      } else if (!nativeIsOptional && bridgedIsOptional) {
        auto paramObjTy = param.getSILType().getAnyOptionalObjectType();
        auto transformed = doBridge(SGF, argExpr, emittedArg,
                                    paramObjTy);
        // Inject into optional.
        auto opt = SGF.B.createEnum(argExpr, transformed.getValue(),
                                    SGF.getASTContext().getOptionalSomeDecl(),
                                    param.getSILType());
        return ManagedValue(opt, transformed.getCleanup());
      } else {
        return doBridge(SGF, argExpr, emittedArg, param.getSILType());
      }
    }
    
    struct EmittedArgument {
      SILLocation loc;
      RValue value;
      SGFContext contextForReabstraction;
    };
    EmittedArgument emitArgumentFromSource(ArgumentSource &&arg,
                                           SILType loweredSubstArgType,
                                           AbstractionPattern origParamType,
                                           SILParameterInfo param) {
      auto contexts = getRValueEmissionContexts(loweredSubstArgType, param);
      Optional<SILLocation> loc;
      RValue rv;
      if (arg.isRValue()) {
        loc = arg.getKnownRValueLocation();
        rv = std::move(arg).asKnownRValue();
      } else {
        Expr *e = std::move(arg).asKnownExpr();
        loc = e;
        rv = SGF.emitRValue(e, contexts.ForEmission);
      }
      return {*loc, std::move(rv), contexts.ForReabstraction};
    }
    
    void maybeEmitForeignErrorArgument() {
      if (!ForeignError ||
          ForeignError->getErrorParameterIndex() != Args.size())
        return;

      SILParameterInfo param = claimNextParameter();
      ArgSpecialDest *specialDest = claimNextSpecialDest();

      assert(param.getConvention() == ParameterConvention::Direct_Unowned);
      assert(!specialDest && "special dest for error argument?");
      (void) param; (void) specialDest;

      // Leave a placeholder in the position.
      Args.push_back(ManagedValue::forInContext());
    }

    struct EmissionContexts {
      /// The context for emitting the r-value.
      SGFContext ForEmission;
      /// The context for reabstracting the r-value.
      SGFContext ForReabstraction;
      /// If the context requires reabstraction
      bool RequiresReabstraction;
    };
    static EmissionContexts getRValueEmissionContexts(SILType loweredArgType,
                                                      SILParameterInfo param) {
      bool requiresReabstraction =
          loweredArgType.getSwiftRValueType() != param.getType();
      // If the parameter is consumed, we have to emit at +1.
      if (param.isConsumed()) {
        return {SGFContext(), SGFContext(), requiresReabstraction};
      }

      // Otherwise, we can emit the final value at +0 (but only with a
      // guarantee that the value will survive).
      //
      // TODO: we can pass at +0 (immediate) to an unowned parameter
      // if we know that there will be no arbitrary side-effects
      // between now and the call.
      SGFContext finalContext = SGFContext::AllowGuaranteedPlusZero;

      // If the r-value doesn't require reabstraction, the final context
      // is the emission context.
      if (!requiresReabstraction) {
        return {finalContext, SGFContext(), requiresReabstraction};
      }

      // Otherwise, the final context is the reabstraction context.
      return {SGFContext(), finalContext, requiresReabstraction};
    }
  };
}

/// Decompose a type, whether it is a tuple or a single type, into an
/// array of tuple type elements.
static ArrayRef<TupleTypeElt> decomposeTupleOrSingle(Type type,
                                                     TupleTypeElt &single) {
  if (auto tupleTy = type->getAs<TupleType>()) {
    return tupleTy->getElements();
  }

  single = TupleTypeElt(type);
  return single;
}

void ArgEmitter::emitShuffle(Expr *inner,
                             Expr *outer,
                             ArrayRef<TupleTypeElt> innerElts,
                             ConcreteDeclRef defaultArgsOwner,
                             ArrayRef<Expr*> callerDefaultArgs,
                             ArrayRef<int> elementMapping,
                             ArrayRef<unsigned> variadicArgs,
                             Type varargsArrayType,
                             AbstractionPattern origParamType) {
  TupleTypeElt singleOuterElement;
  ArrayRef<TupleTypeElt> outerElements =
    decomposeTupleOrSingle(outer->getType()->getCanonicalType(),
                           singleOuterElement);
  CanType canVarargsArrayType;
  if (varargsArrayType)
    canVarargsArrayType = varargsArrayType->getCanonicalType();

  // We could support dest addrs here, but it can't actually happen
  // with the current limitations on default arguments in tuples.
  assert(!SpecialDests && "shuffle nested within varargs expansion?");

  struct ElementExtent {
    /// The parameters which go into this tuple element.
    /// This is set in the first pass.
    ClaimedParamsRef Params;
    /// The destination index, if any.
    /// This is set in the first pass.
    unsigned DestIndex : 30;
    unsigned HasDestIndex : 1;
#ifndef NDEBUG
    unsigned Used : 1;
#endif
    /// The arguments which feed this tuple element.
    /// This is set in the second pass.
    ArrayRef<ManagedValue> Args;
    /// The inout arguments which feed this tuple element.
    /// This is set in the second pass.
    MutableArrayRef<InOutArgument> InOutArgs;

    ElementExtent() : HasDestIndex(false)
#ifndef NDEBUG
                    , Used(false)
#endif
    {}
  };

  // The original parameter type.
  SmallVector<AbstractionPattern, 8>
    origInnerElts(innerElts.size(), AbstractionPattern::getInvalid());
  AbstractionPattern innerOrigParamType = AbstractionPattern::getInvalid();
  // Flattened inner parameter sequence.
  SmallVector<SILParameterInfo, 8> innerParams;
  // Extents of the inner elements.
  SmallVector<ElementExtent, 8> innerExtents(innerElts.size());

  Optional<VarargsInfo> varargsInfo;
  SILParameterInfo variadicParamInfo; // innerExtents will point at this
  Optional<SmallVector<ArgSpecialDest, 8>> innerSpecialDests;

  // First, construct an abstraction pattern and parameter sequence
  // which we can use to emit the inner tuple.
  {
    unsigned nextParamIndex = 0;
    for (unsigned outerIndex : indices(outerElements)) {
      CanType substEltType =
        outerElements[outerIndex].getType()->getCanonicalType();
      AbstractionPattern origEltType =
        origParamType.getTupleElementType(outerIndex);
      unsigned numParams = getFlattenedValueCount(origEltType, substEltType,
                                                  ForeignSelf);

      // Skip the foreign-error parameter.
      assert((!ForeignError ||
              ForeignError->getErrorParameterIndex() <= nextParamIndex ||
              ForeignError->getErrorParameterIndex() >= nextParamIndex + numParams)
             && "error parameter falls within shuffled range?");
      if (numParams && // Don't skip it twice if there's an empty tuple.
          ForeignError &&
          ForeignError->getErrorParameterIndex() == nextParamIndex) {
        nextParamIndex++;
      }

      // Grab the parameter infos corresponding to this tuple element
      // (but don't drop them from ParamInfos yet).
      auto eltParams = ParamInfos.slice(nextParamIndex, numParams);
      nextParamIndex += numParams;

      int innerIndex = elementMapping[outerIndex];
      if (innerIndex >= 0) {
#ifndef NDEBUG
        assert(!innerExtents[innerIndex].Used && "using element twice");
        innerExtents[innerIndex].Used = true;
#endif
        innerExtents[innerIndex].Params = eltParams;
        origInnerElts[innerIndex] = origEltType;
      } else if (innerIndex == TupleShuffleExpr::Variadic) {
        auto &varargsField = outerElements[outerIndex];
        assert(varargsField.isVararg());
        assert(!varargsInfo.hasValue() && "already had varargs entry?");

        CanType varargsEltType = CanType(varargsField.getVarargBaseTy());
        unsigned numVarargs = variadicArgs.size();
        assert(canVarargsArrayType == substEltType);

        // Create the array value.
        varargsInfo.emplace(emitBeginVarargs(SGF, outer, varargsEltType,
                                             canVarargsArrayType, numVarargs));

        // If we have any varargs, we'll need to actually initialize
        // the array buffer.
        if (numVarargs) {
          // For this, we'll need special destinations.
          assert(!innerSpecialDests);
          innerSpecialDests.emplace();

          // Prepare the variadic "arguments" as single +1 indirect
          // parameters with the array's desired abstraction pattern.
          // The vararg element type should be materializable, and the
          // abstraction pattern should be opaque, so ArgEmitter's
          // lowering should always generate exactly one "argument"
          // per element even if the substituted element type is a tuple.
          variadicParamInfo =
            SILParameterInfo(varargsInfo->getBaseTypeLowering()
                               .getLoweredType().getSwiftRValueType(),
                             ParameterConvention::Indirect_In);

          unsigned i = 0;
          for (unsigned innerIndex : variadicArgs) {
            // Find out where the next varargs element is coming from.
            assert(innerIndex >= 0 && "special source for varargs element??");
#ifndef NDEBUG
            assert(!innerExtents[innerIndex].Used && "using element twice");
            innerExtents[innerIndex].Used = true;
#endif

            // Set the destination index.
            innerExtents[innerIndex].HasDestIndex = true;
            innerExtents[innerIndex].DestIndex = i++;

            // Use the singleton param info we prepared before.
            innerExtents[innerIndex].Params =
              ClaimedParamsRef(variadicParamInfo);

            // Propagate the element abstraction pattern.
            origInnerElts[innerIndex] =
              varargsInfo->getBaseAbstractionPattern();
          }
        }
      }
    }

    // The inner abstraction pattern is opaque if we started with an
    // opaque pattern; otherwise, it's a tuple of the de-shuffled
    // tuple elements.
    innerOrigParamType = origParamType;
    if (!origParamType.isTypeParameter()) {
      // That "tuple" might not actually be a tuple.
      if (innerElts.size() == 1 && !innerElts[0].hasName()) {
        innerOrigParamType = origInnerElts[0];
      } else {
        innerOrigParamType = AbstractionPattern::getTuple(origInnerElts);
      }
    }

    // Flatten the parameters from innerExtents into innerParams, and
    // fill out varargsAddrs if necessary.
    for (auto &extent : innerExtents) {
      assert(extent.Used && "didn't use all the inner tuple elements!");
      innerParams.append(extent.Params.begin(), extent.Params.end());

      // Fill in the special destinations array.
      if (innerSpecialDests) {
        // Use the saved index if applicable.
        if (extent.HasDestIndex) {
          assert(extent.Params.size() == 1);
          innerSpecialDests->push_back(
                               ArgSpecialDest(*varargsInfo, extent.DestIndex));

        // Otherwise, fill in with the appropriate number of invalid
        // special dests.
        } else {
          // ArgSpecialDest isn't copyable, so we can't just use append.
          for (auto &p : extent.Params) {
            (void) p;
            innerSpecialDests->push_back(ArgSpecialDest());
          }
        }
      }
    }
  }

  // Emit the inner expression.
  SmallVector<ManagedValue, 8> innerArgs;
  SmallVector<InOutArgument, 2> innerInOutArgs;
  ArgEmitter(SGF, Rep, ClaimedParamsRef(innerParams), innerArgs, innerInOutArgs,
             /*foreign error*/ None, /*foreign self*/ ImportAsMemberStatus(),
             (innerSpecialDests ? ArgSpecialDestArray(*innerSpecialDests)
                                : Optional<ArgSpecialDestArray>()))
    .emitTopLevel(ArgumentSource(inner), innerOrigParamType);

  // Make a second pass to split the inner arguments correctly.
  {
    ArrayRef<ManagedValue> nextArgs = innerArgs;
    MutableArrayRef<InOutArgument> nextInOutArgs = innerInOutArgs;
    for (auto &extent : innerExtents) {
      auto length = extent.Params.size();

      // Claim the next N inner args for this inner argument.
      extent.Args = nextArgs.slice(0, length);
      nextArgs = nextArgs.slice(length);

      // Claim the correct number of inout arguments as well.
      unsigned numInOut = 0;
      for (auto arg : extent.Args) {
        assert(!arg.isInContext() || extent.HasDestIndex);
        if (!arg) numInOut++;
      }
      extent.InOutArgs = nextInOutArgs.slice(0, numInOut);
      nextInOutArgs = nextInOutArgs.slice(numInOut);
    }

    assert(nextArgs.empty() && "didn't claim all args");
    assert(nextInOutArgs.empty() && "didn't claim all inout args");
  }

  // Make a final pass to emit default arguments and move things into
  // the outer arguments lists.
  unsigned nextCallerDefaultArg = 0;
  for (unsigned outerIndex = 0, e = outerElements.size();
         outerIndex != e; ++outerIndex) {
    // If this comes from an inner element, move the appropriate
    // inner element values over.
    int innerIndex = elementMapping[outerIndex];
    if (innerIndex >= 0) {
      auto &extent = innerExtents[innerIndex];
      auto numArgs = extent.Args.size();

      maybeEmitForeignErrorArgument();

      // Drop N parameters off of ParamInfos.
      ParamInfos = ParamInfos.slice(numArgs);

      // Move the appropriate inner arguments over as outer arguments.
      Args.append(extent.Args.begin(), extent.Args.end());
      for (auto &inoutArg : extent.InOutArgs)
        InOutArguments.push_back(std::move(inoutArg));

    // If this is default initialization, call the default argument
    // generator.
    } else if (innerIndex == TupleShuffleExpr::DefaultInitialize) {
      // Otherwise, emit the default initializer, then map that as a
      // default argument.
      CanType eltType = outerElements[outerIndex].getType()->getCanonicalType();
      auto origType = origParamType.getTupleElementType(outerIndex);
      RValue value =
        SGF.emitApplyOfDefaultArgGenerator(outer, defaultArgsOwner,
                                           outerIndex, eltType, origType);
      emit(ArgumentSource(outer, std::move(value)), origType);

     // If this is caller default initialization, generate the
     // appropriate value.
    } else if (innerIndex == TupleShuffleExpr::CallerDefaultInitialize) {
      auto arg = callerDefaultArgs[nextCallerDefaultArg++];
      emit(ArgumentSource(arg), origParamType.getTupleElementType(outerIndex));

    // If we're supposed to create a varargs array with the rest, do so.
    } else if (innerIndex == TupleShuffleExpr::Variadic) {
      auto &varargsField = outerElements[outerIndex];
      assert(varargsField.isVararg() &&
             "Cannot initialize nonvariadic element");
      assert(varargsInfo.hasValue());
      (void) varargsField;

      // We've successfully built the varargs array; deactivate all
      // the special destinations.
      if (innerSpecialDests) {
        for (auto &dest : *innerSpecialDests) {
          if (dest.isValid())
            dest.deactivate(SGF);
        }
      }

      CanType eltType = outerElements[outerIndex].getType()->getCanonicalType();
      ManagedValue varargs = emitEndVarargs(SGF, outer, std::move(*varargsInfo));
      emit(ArgumentSource(outer, RValue(SGF, outer, eltType, varargs)),
           origParamType.getTupleElementType(outerIndex));

    // That's the last special case defined so far.
    } else {
      llvm_unreachable("unexpected special case in tuple shuffle!");
    }
  }
}

void ArgEmitter::emitShuffle(TupleShuffleExpr *E,
                             AbstractionPattern origParamType) {
  ArrayRef<TupleTypeElt> srcElts;
  TupleTypeElt singletonSrcElt;
  if (E->isSourceScalar()) {
    singletonSrcElt = E->getSubExpr()->getType()->getCanonicalType();
    srcElts = singletonSrcElt;
  } else {
    srcElts = cast<TupleType>(E->getSubExpr()->getType()->getCanonicalType())
                     ->getElements();
  }
  emitShuffle(E->getSubExpr(), E, srcElts,
              E->getDefaultArgsOwner(),
              E->getCallerDefaultArgs(),
              E->getElementMapping(),
              E->getVariadicArgs(),
              E->getVarargsArrayTypeOrNull(),
              origParamType);
}

namespace {
/// Cleanup to destroy an uninitialized box.
class DeallocateUninitializedBox : public Cleanup {
  SILValue box;
public:
  DeallocateUninitializedBox(SILValue box) : box(box) {}

  void emit(SILGenFunction &gen, CleanupLocation l) override {
    gen.B.createDeallocBox(l, box);
  }
};
} // end anonymous namespace

static CleanupHandle enterDeallocBoxCleanup(SILGenFunction &gen, SILValue box) {
  gen.Cleanups.pushCleanup<DeallocateUninitializedBox>(box);
  return gen.Cleanups.getTopCleanup();
}

/// This is an initialization for a box.
class BoxInitialization : public SingleBufferInitialization {
  SILValue box;
  SILValue addr;
  CleanupHandle uninitCleanup;
  CleanupHandle initCleanup;

public:
  BoxInitialization(SILValue box, SILValue addr,
                    CleanupHandle uninitCleanup,
                    CleanupHandle initCleanup)
    : box(box), addr(addr),
      uninitCleanup(uninitCleanup),
      initCleanup(initCleanup) {}

  void finishInitialization(SILGenFunction &gen) override {
    SingleBufferInitialization::finishInitialization(gen);
    gen.Cleanups.setCleanupState(uninitCleanup, CleanupState::Dead);
    if (initCleanup.isValid())
        gen.Cleanups.setCleanupState(initCleanup, CleanupState::Active);
  }

  SILValue getAddressOrNull() const override {
    return addr;
  }

  ManagedValue getManagedBox() const {
    return ManagedValue(box, initCleanup);
  }
};

/// Emits SIL instructions to create an enum value. Attempts to avoid
/// unnecessary copies by emitting the payload directly into the enum
/// payload, or into the box in the case of an indirect payload.
ManagedValue SILGenFunction::emitInjectEnum(SILLocation loc,
                                            ArgumentSource payload,
                                            SILType enumTy,
                                            EnumElementDecl *element,
                                            SGFContext C) {
  element = SGM.getLoweredEnumElementDecl(element);

  // Easy case -- no payload
  if (!payload) {
    if (enumTy.isLoadable(SGM.M)) {
      return emitManagedRValueWithCleanup(
        B.createEnum(loc, SILValue(), element,
                     enumTy.getObjectType()));
    }

    // Emit the enum directly into the context if possible
    SILValue resultSlot = getBufferForExprResult(loc, enumTy, C);
    B.createInjectEnumAddr(loc, resultSlot, element);
    return manageBufferForExprResult(resultSlot,
                                     getTypeLowering(enumTy), C);
  }

  ManagedValue payloadMV;
  AbstractionPattern origFormalType =
    (element == getASTContext().getOptionalSomeDecl()
      ? AbstractionPattern(payload.getSubstType())
      : SGM.M.Types.getAbstractionPattern(element));
  auto &payloadTL = getTypeLowering(origFormalType,
                                    payload.getSubstType());

  SILType loweredPayloadType = payloadTL.getLoweredType();

  // If the payload is indirect, emit it into a heap allocated box.
  //
  // To avoid copies, evaluate it directly into the box, being
  // careful to stage the cleanups so that if the expression
  // throws, we know to deallocate the uninitialized box.
  if (element->isIndirect() ||
      element->getParentEnum()->isIndirect()) {
    auto *box = B.createAllocBox(loc, payloadTL.getLoweredType());
    auto *addr = B.createProjectBox(loc, box, 0);

    CleanupHandle initCleanup = enterDestroyCleanup(box);
    Cleanups.setCleanupState(initCleanup, CleanupState::Dormant);
    CleanupHandle uninitCleanup = enterDeallocBoxCleanup(*this, box);

    BoxInitialization dest(box, addr, uninitCleanup, initCleanup);

    std::move(payload).forwardInto(*this, origFormalType,
                                   &dest, payloadTL);

    payloadMV = dest.getManagedBox();
    loweredPayloadType = payloadMV.getType();
  }

  // Loadable with payload
  if (enumTy.isLoadable(SGM.M)) {
    if (!payloadMV) {
      // If the payload was indirect, we already evaluated it and
      // have a single value. Otherwise, evaluate the payload.
      payloadMV = std::move(payload).getAsSingleValue(*this, origFormalType);
    }

    SILValue argValue = payloadMV.forward(*this);

    return emitManagedRValueWithCleanup(
               B.createEnum(loc, argValue, element,
                            enumTy.getObjectType()));
  }

  // Address-only with payload
  SILValue resultSlot = getBufferForExprResult(loc, enumTy, C);

  SILValue resultData =
      B.createInitEnumDataAddr(loc, resultSlot, element,
                               loweredPayloadType.getAddressType());

  if (payloadMV) {
    // If the payload was indirect, we already evaluated it and
    // have a single value. Store it into the result.
    B.createStore(loc, payloadMV.forward(*this), resultData);
  } else if (payloadTL.isLoadable()) {
    // The payload of this specific enum case might be loadable
    // even if the overall enum is address-only.
    payloadMV = std::move(payload).getAsSingleValue(*this, origFormalType);
    B.createStore(loc, payloadMV.forward(*this), resultData);
  } else {
    // The payload is address-only. Evaluate it directly into
    // the enum.

    TemporaryInitialization dest(resultData, CleanupHandle::invalid());
    std::move(payload).forwardInto(*this, origFormalType,
                                   &dest, payloadTL);
  }

  // The payload is initialized, now apply the tag.
  B.createInjectEnumAddr(loc, resultSlot, element);

  return manageBufferForExprResult(resultSlot,
                                   getTypeLowering(enumTy), C);
}

namespace {
  /// A structure for conveniently claiming sets of uncurried parameters.
  struct ParamLowering {
    ArrayRef<SILParameterInfo> Params;
    unsigned ClaimedForeignSelf = -1;
    SILFunctionTypeRepresentation Rep;

    ParamLowering(CanSILFunctionType fnType)
      : Params(fnType->getParameters()),
        Rep(fnType->getRepresentation()) {}

    ClaimedParamsRef
    claimParams(AbstractionPattern origParamType, CanType substParamType,
                const Optional<ForeignErrorConvention> &foreignError,
                const ImportAsMemberStatus &foreignSelf) {
      unsigned count = getFlattenedValueCount(origParamType, substParamType,
                                              foreignSelf);
      if (foreignError) count++;
      
      if (foreignSelf.isImportAsMember()) {
        // Claim only the self parameter.
        assert(ClaimedForeignSelf == (unsigned)-1
               && "already claimed foreign self?!");
        if (foreignSelf.isStatic()) {
          // Imported as a static method, no real self param to claim.
          return {};
        }
        ClaimedForeignSelf = foreignSelf.getSelfIndex();
        return ClaimedParamsRef(Params[ClaimedForeignSelf],
                                ClaimedParamsRef::NoSkip);
      }
      
      if (ClaimedForeignSelf != (unsigned)-1) {
        assert(count + 1 == Params.size()
               && "not claiming all params after foreign self?!");
        auto result = Params;
        Params = {};
        return ClaimedParamsRef(result, ClaimedForeignSelf);
      }
      
      assert(count <= Params.size());
      auto result = Params.slice(Params.size() - count, count);
      Params = Params.slice(0, Params.size() - count);
      return ClaimedParamsRef(result, (unsigned)-1);
    }
    
    ArrayRef<SILParameterInfo>
    claimCaptureParams(ArrayRef<ManagedValue> captures) {
      auto firstCapture = Params.size() - captures.size();
#ifndef NDEBUG
      assert(Params.size() >= captures.size()
             && "more captures than params?!");
      for (unsigned i = 0; i < captures.size(); ++i) {
        assert(Params[i + firstCapture].getSILType()
               == captures[i].getType()
               && "capture doesn't match param type");
      }
#endif
      
      auto result = Params.slice(firstCapture, captures.size());
      Params = Params.slice(0, firstCapture);
      return result;
    }

    ~ParamLowering() {
      assert(Params.empty() && "didn't consume all the parameters");
    }
  };

  /// An application of possibly unevaluated arguments in the form of an
  /// ArgumentSource to a Callee.
  class CallSite {
  public:
    SILLocation Loc;
    CanType SubstResultType;

  private:
    ArgumentSource ArgValue;
    bool Throws;

  public:
    CallSite(ApplyExpr *apply)
      : Loc(apply), SubstResultType(apply->getType()->getCanonicalType()),
        ArgValue(apply->getArg()), Throws(apply->throws()) {
    }

    CallSite(SILLocation loc, ArgumentSource &&value,
             CanType resultType, bool throws)
      : Loc(loc), SubstResultType(resultType),
        ArgValue(std::move(value)), Throws(throws) {
    }

    CallSite(SILLocation loc, ArgumentSource &&value,
             CanAnyFunctionType fnType)
      : CallSite(loc, std::move(value), fnType.getResult(), fnType->throws()) {
    }

    /// Return the substituted, unlowered AST type of the argument.
    CanType getSubstArgType() const {
      return ArgValue.getSubstType();
    }

    /// Return the substituted, unlowered AST type of the result of
    /// this application.
    CanType getSubstResultType() const {
      return SubstResultType;
    }

    bool throws() const { return Throws; }

    /// Evaluate arguments and begin any inout formal accesses.
    void emit(SILGenFunction &gen, AbstractionPattern origParamType,
              ParamLowering &lowering, SmallVectorImpl<ManagedValue> &args,
              SmallVectorImpl<InOutArgument> &inoutArgs,
              const Optional<ForeignErrorConvention> &foreignError,
              const ImportAsMemberStatus &foreignSelf) && {
      auto params = lowering.claimParams(origParamType, getSubstArgType(),
                                         foreignError, foreignSelf);

      ArgEmitter emitter(gen, lowering.Rep, params, args, inoutArgs,
                         foreignError, foreignSelf);
      emitter.emitTopLevel(std::move(ArgValue), origParamType);
    }

    /// Take the arguments for special processing, in place of the above.
    ArgumentSource &&forward() && {
      return std::move(ArgValue);
    }

    /// Returns true if the argument of this value is a single valued RValue
    /// that is passed either at plus zero or is trivial.
    bool isArgPlusZeroOrTrivialRValue() {
      if (!ArgValue.isRValue())
        return false;
      return ArgValue.peekRValue().peekIsPlusZeroRValueOrTrivial();
    }

    /// If callsite has an argument that is a plus zero or trivial rvalue, emit
    /// a retain so that the argument is at PlusOne.
    void convertToPlusOneFromPlusZero(SILGenFunction &gen) {
      assert(isArgPlusZeroOrTrivialRValue() && "Must have a plus zero or "
             "trivial rvalue as an argument.");
      SILValue ArgSILValue = ArgValue.peekRValue().peekScalarValue();
      SILType ArgTy = ArgSILValue->getType();

      // If we are trivial, there is no difference in between +1 and +0 since
      // a trivial object is not reference counted.
      if (ArgTy.isTrivial(gen.SGM.M))
        return;

      // Grab the SILLocation and the new managed value.
      SILLocation ArgLoc = ArgValue.getKnownRValueLocation();
      ManagedValue ArgManagedValue;
      if (ArgSILValue->getType().isAddress()) {
        auto result = gen.emitTemporaryAllocation(ArgLoc,
                                                  ArgSILValue->getType());
        gen.B.createCopyAddr(ArgLoc, ArgSILValue, result,
                             IsNotTake, IsInitialization);
        ArgManagedValue = gen.emitManagedBufferWithCleanup(result);
      } else {
        ArgManagedValue = gen.emitManagedRetain(ArgLoc, ArgSILValue);
      }

      // Ok now we make our transformation. First set ArgValue to a used albeit
      // invalid, empty ArgumentSource.
      ArgValue = ArgumentSource();

      // Reassign ArgValue.
      RValue NewRValue = RValue(gen, ArgLoc, ArgTy.getSwiftRValueType(),
                                 ArgManagedValue);
      ArgValue = ArgumentSource(ArgLoc, std::move(NewRValue));
    }
  };

  /// Once the Callee and CallSites have been prepared by SILGenApply,
  /// generate SIL for a fully-formed call.
  ///
  /// The lowered function type of the callee defines an abstraction pattern
  /// for evaluating argument values of tuple type directly into explosions of
  /// scalars where possible.
  ///
  /// If there are more call sites than the natural uncurry level, they are
  /// have to be applied recursively to each intermediate callee.
  ///
  /// Also inout formal access and parameter and result conventions are
  /// handled here, with some special logic required for calls with +0 self.
  class CallEmission {
    SILGenFunction &gen;

    std::vector<CallSite> uncurriedSites;
    std::vector<CallSite> extraSites;
    Callee callee;
    WritebackScope InitialWritebackScope;
    unsigned uncurries;
    bool applied;
    bool AssumedPlusZeroSelf;

  public:
    /// Create an emission for a call of the given callee.
    CallEmission(SILGenFunction &gen, Callee &&callee,
                 WritebackScope &&writebackScope,
                 bool assumedPlusZeroSelf = false)
      : gen(gen),
        callee(std::move(callee)),
        InitialWritebackScope(std::move(writebackScope)),
        uncurries(callee.getNaturalUncurryLevel() + 1),
        applied(false),
        AssumedPlusZeroSelf(assumedPlusZeroSelf)
    {
      // Subtract an uncurry level for captures, if any.
      // TODO: Encapsulate this better in Callee.
      if (this->callee.hasCaptures()) {
        assert(uncurries > 0 && "captures w/o uncurry level?");
        --uncurries;
      }
    }

    /// Add a level of function application by passing in its possibly
    /// unevaluated arguments and their formal type.
    void addCallSite(CallSite &&site) {
      assert(!applied && "already applied!");

      // Append to the main argument list if we have uncurry levels remaining.
      if (uncurries > 0) {
        --uncurries;
        uncurriedSites.push_back(std::move(site));
        return;
      }

      // Otherwise, apply these arguments to the result of the previous call.
      extraSites.push_back(std::move(site));
    }
    
    /// Add a level of function application by passing in its possibly
    /// unevaluated arguments and their formal type
    template<typename...T>
    void addCallSite(T &&...args) {
      addCallSite(CallSite{std::forward<T>(args)...});
    }

    /// If we assumed that self was being passed at +0 before we knew what the
    /// final uncurried level of the callee was, but given the final uncurried
    /// level of the callee, we are actually passing self at +1, add in a retain
    /// of self.
    void convertSelfToPlusOneFromPlusZero() {
      // Self is always the first callsite.
      if (!uncurriedSites[0].isArgPlusZeroOrTrivialRValue())
        return;

      // Insert an invalid ArgumentSource into uncurriedSites[0] so it is.
      uncurriedSites[0].convertToPlusOneFromPlusZero(gen);
    }

    /// Is this a fully-applied enum element constructor call?
    bool isEnumElementConstructor() {
      return (callee.kind == Callee::Kind::EnumElement && uncurries == 0);
    }

    /// True if this is a completely unapplied super method call
    bool isPartiallyAppliedSuperMethod(unsigned uncurryLevel) {
      return (callee.kind == Callee::Kind::SuperMethod &&
              uncurryLevel == 0);
    }

    /// Emit the fully-formed call.
    RValue apply(SGFContext C = SGFContext()) {
      assert(!applied && "already applied!");

      applied = true;

      // Get the callee value at the needed uncurry level, uncurrying as
      // much as possible. If the number of calls is less than the natural
      // uncurry level, the callee emission might create a curry thunk.
      unsigned uncurryLevel = callee.getNaturalUncurryLevel() - uncurries;

      // Get either the specialized emitter for a known function, or the
      // function value for a normal callee.

      // Check for a specialized emitter.
      Optional<SpecializedEmitter> specializedEmitter =
        callee.getSpecializedEmitter(gen.SGM, uncurryLevel);

      CanSILFunctionType substFnType;
      ManagedValue mv;
      Optional<ForeignErrorConvention> foreignError;
      ImportAsMemberStatus foreignSelf;
      ApplyOptions initialOptions = ApplyOptions::None;

      AbstractionPattern origFormalType(callee.getOrigFormalType());
      CanAnyFunctionType formalType = callee.getSubstFormalType();

      if (specializedEmitter || isPartiallyAppliedSuperMethod(uncurryLevel)) {
        // We want to emit the arguments as fully-substituted values
        // because that's what the specialized emitters expect.
        origFormalType = AbstractionPattern(formalType);
        substFnType = gen.getLoweredType(formalType, uncurryLevel)
          .castTo<SILFunctionType>();
      } else if (isEnumElementConstructor()) {
        // Enum payloads are always stored at the abstraction level
        // of the unsubstituted payload type. This means that unlike
        // with specialized emitters above, enum constructors use
        // the AST-level abstraction pattern, to ensure that function
        // types in payloads are re-abstracted correctly.
        assert(!AssumedPlusZeroSelf);
        substFnType = gen.getLoweredType(origFormalType, formalType,
                                         uncurryLevel)
          .castTo<SILFunctionType>();
      } else {
        std::tie(mv, substFnType, foreignError, foreignSelf, initialOptions) =
          callee.getAtUncurryLevel(gen, uncurryLevel);
      }

      // Now that we know the substFnType, check if we assumed that we were
      // passing self at +0. If we did and self is not actually passed at +0,
      // retain Self.
      if (AssumedPlusZeroSelf) {
        // If the final emitted function does not have a self param or it does
        // have a self param that is consumed, convert what we think is self to
        // be plus zero.
        if (!substFnType->hasSelfParam() ||
            substFnType->getSelfParameter().isConsumed()) {
          convertSelfToPlusOneFromPlusZero();
        }
      }

      // Emit the first level of call.
      RValue result;

      // We use the context emit-into initialization only for the
      // outermost call.
      SGFContext uncurriedContext =
        (extraSites.empty() ? C : SGFContext());

      // If we have an early emitter, just let it take over for the
      // uncurried call site.
      if (specializedEmitter &&
          specializedEmitter->isEarlyEmitter()) {
        auto emitter = specializedEmitter->getEarlyEmitter();

        assert(uncurriedSites.size() == 1);
        CanFunctionType formalApplyType = cast<FunctionType>(formalType);
        assert(!formalApplyType->getExtInfo().throws());
        CanType formalResultType = formalApplyType.getResult();
        SILLocation uncurriedLoc = uncurriedSites[0].Loc;
        claimNextParamClause(origFormalType);
        claimNextParamClause(formalType);

        // We should be able to enforce that these arguments are
        // always still expressions.
        Expr *argument = std::move(uncurriedSites[0]).forward().asKnownExpr();
        ManagedValue resultMV = emitter(gen, uncurriedLoc,
                                        callee.getSubstitutions(),
                                        argument,
                                        formalApplyType,
                                        uncurriedContext);
        result = RValue(gen, uncurriedLoc, formalResultType, resultMV);
      } else if (isEnumElementConstructor()) {
        // If we have a fully-applied enum element constructor, open-code
        // the construction.
        EnumElementDecl *element = callee.getEnumElementDecl();

        SILLocation uncurriedLoc = uncurriedSites[0].Loc;

        CanType formalResultType = formalType.getResult();

        // Ignore metatype argument
        claimNextParamClause(origFormalType);
        claimNextParamClause(formalType);
        std::move(uncurriedSites[0]).forward().getAsSingleValue(gen);

        // Get the payload argument.
        ArgumentSource payload;
        if (element->hasArgumentType()) {
          assert(uncurriedSites.size() == 2);
          formalResultType = formalType.getResult();
          claimNextParamClause(origFormalType);
          claimNextParamClause(formalType);
          payload = std::move(uncurriedSites[1]).forward();
        } else {
          assert(uncurriedSites.size() == 1);
        }

        assert(substFnType->getNumAllResults() == 1);
        ManagedValue resultMV =
          gen.emitInjectEnum(uncurriedLoc, std::move(payload),
                             gen.getLoweredType(formalResultType),
                             element, uncurriedContext);
        result = RValue(gen, uncurriedLoc, formalResultType, resultMV);

      // Otherwise, emit the uncurried arguments now and perform
      // the call.
      } else {
        // Emit the arguments.
        Optional<SILLocation> uncurriedLoc;
        SmallVector<SmallVector<ManagedValue, 4>, 2> args;
        SmallVector<InOutArgument, 2> inoutArgs;
        CanFunctionType formalApplyType;
        args.reserve(uncurriedSites.size());
        {
          ParamLowering paramLowering(substFnType);

          assert(!foreignError ||
                 uncurriedSites.size() == 1 ||
                 (uncurriedSites.size() == 2 &&
                  substFnType->hasSelfParam()));

          if (!uncurriedSites.back().throws()) {
            initialOptions |= ApplyOptions::DoesNotThrow;
          }
          
          // Collect the captures, if any.
          if (callee.hasCaptures()) {
            // The captures are represented as a placeholder curry level in the
            // formal type.
            // TODO: Remove this hack.
            paramLowering.claimCaptureParams(callee.getCaptures());
            claimNextParamClause(origFormalType);
            claimNextParamClause(formalType);
            args.push_back({});
            args.back().append(callee.getCaptures().begin(),
                               callee.getCaptures().end());
          }

          // Collect the arguments to the uncurried call.
          for (auto &site : uncurriedSites) {
            AbstractionPattern origParamType =
              claimNextParamClause(origFormalType);
            formalApplyType = cast<FunctionType>(formalType);
            claimNextParamClause(formalType);
            uncurriedLoc = site.Loc;
            args.push_back({});

            bool isParamSite = &site == &uncurriedSites.back();

            std::move(site).emit(gen, origParamType, paramLowering,
                                 args.back(), inoutArgs,
                                 // Claim the foreign error with the method
                                 // formal params.
                                 isParamSite
                                   ? foreignError
                                   : decltype(foreignError)(),
                                 // Claim the foreign "self" with the self
                                 // param.
                                 isParamSite
                                   ? decltype(foreignSelf)()
                                   : foreignSelf);
          }
        }
        assert(uncurriedLoc);
        assert(formalApplyType);

        // Begin the formal accesses to any inout arguments we have.
        if (!inoutArgs.empty()) {
          beginInOutFormalAccesses(gen, inoutArgs, args);
        }

        // Uncurry the arguments in calling convention order.
        SmallVector<ManagedValue, 4> uncurriedArgs;
        for (auto &argSet : reversed(args))
          uncurriedArgs.append(argSet.begin(), argSet.end());
        args = {};
        
        // Move the foreign "self" argument into position.
        if (foreignSelf.isInstance()) {
          auto selfArg = uncurriedArgs.back();
          std::move_backward(uncurriedArgs.begin() + foreignSelf.getSelfIndex(),
                             uncurriedArgs.end() - 1,
                             uncurriedArgs.end());
          uncurriedArgs[foreignSelf.getSelfIndex()] = selfArg;
        }
        
        // Emit the uncurried call.
        
        // Special case for superclass method calls.
        if (isPartiallyAppliedSuperMethod(uncurryLevel)) {
          assert(uncurriedArgs.size() == 1 &&
                 "Can only partially apply the self parameter of a super method call");

          auto constant = callee.getMethodName();
          auto loc = uncurriedLoc.getValue();
          auto subs = callee.getSubstitutions();
          auto upcastedSelf = uncurriedArgs.back();
          auto self = cast<UpcastInst>(upcastedSelf.getValue())->getOperand();
          auto constantInfo = gen.getConstantInfo(callee.getMethodName());
          auto functionTy = constantInfo.getSILType();
          SILValue superMethodVal = gen.B.createSuperMethod(
            loc,
            self,
            constant,
            functionTy,
            /*volatile*/
            constant.isForeign);

          auto closureTy = SILGenBuilder::getPartialApplyResultType(
            constantInfo.getSILType(),
            1,
            gen.B.getModule(),
            subs,
            ParameterConvention::Direct_Owned);

          auto &module = gen.getFunction().getModule();

          auto partialApplyTy = functionTy;
          if (constantInfo.SILFnType->isPolymorphic() && !subs.empty())
            partialApplyTy = partialApplyTy.substGenericArgs(module, subs);

          SILValue partialApply = gen.B.createPartialApply(
            loc,
            superMethodVal,
            partialApplyTy,
            subs,
            { upcastedSelf.forward(gen) },
            closureTy);
          result = RValue(gen, loc, formalApplyType.getResult(),
                          ManagedValue::forUnmanaged(partialApply));
       // Handle a regular call.
       } else if (!specializedEmitter) {
          result = gen.emitApply(uncurriedLoc.getValue(), mv,
                                 callee.getSubstitutions(),
                                 uncurriedArgs,
                                 substFnType,
                                 origFormalType,
                                 uncurriedSites.back().getSubstResultType(),
                                 initialOptions, None,
                                 foreignError,
                                 uncurriedContext);
        // Handle a specialized emitter operating on evaluated arguments.
        } else if (specializedEmitter->isLateEmitter()) {
          auto emitter = specializedEmitter->getLateEmitter();
          result = RValue(gen, *uncurriedLoc, formalApplyType.getResult(),
                          emitter(gen, uncurriedLoc.getValue(),
                                  callee.getSubstitutions(),
                                  uncurriedArgs,
                                  formalApplyType,
                                  uncurriedContext));
        // Builtins.
        } else {
          assert(specializedEmitter->isNamedBuiltin());
          auto builtinName = specializedEmitter->getBuiltinName();
          SmallVector<SILValue, 4> consumedArgs;
          for (auto arg : uncurriedArgs) {
            consumedArgs.push_back(arg.forward(gen));
          }
          auto resultVal =
            gen.B.createBuiltin(uncurriedLoc.getValue(), builtinName,
                                substFnType->getSILResult(),
                                callee.getSubstitutions(),
                                consumedArgs);
          result = RValue(gen, *uncurriedLoc, formalApplyType.getResult(),
                          gen.emitManagedRValueWithCleanup(resultVal));
        }
      }

      // End the initial writeback scope.
      InitialWritebackScope.pop();

      // If there are remaining call sites, apply them to the result function.
      // Each chained call gets its own writeback scope.
      for (unsigned i = 0, size = extraSites.size(); i < size; ++i) {
        WritebackScope writebackScope(gen);

        SILLocation loc = extraSites[i].Loc;

        auto functionMV = std::move(result).getAsSingleValue(gen, loc);

        auto substFnType = functionMV.getType().castTo<SILFunctionType>();
        ParamLowering paramLowering(substFnType);

        SmallVector<ManagedValue, 4> siteArgs;
        SmallVector<InOutArgument, 2> inoutArgs;

        // TODO: foreign errors for block or function pointer values?
        assert(substFnType->hasErrorResult() ||
               !cast<FunctionType>(formalType)->getExtInfo().throws());
        foreignError = None;

        // The result function has already been reabstracted to the substituted
        // type, so use the substituted formal type as the abstraction pattern
        // for argument passing now.
        AbstractionPattern origResultType(formalType.getResult());
        AbstractionPattern origParamType(claimNextParamClause(formalType));
        std::move(extraSites[i]).emit(gen, origParamType, paramLowering,
                                      siteArgs, inoutArgs, foreignError,
                                      foreignSelf);
        if (!inoutArgs.empty()) {
          beginInOutFormalAccesses(gen, inoutArgs, siteArgs);
        }

        SGFContext context = i == size - 1 ? C : SGFContext();
        ApplyOptions options = ApplyOptions::None;
        result = gen.emitApply(loc, functionMV, {}, siteArgs,
                               substFnType,
                               origResultType,
                               extraSites[i].getSubstResultType(),
                               options, None, foreignError, context);
      }

      return result;
    }

    ~CallEmission() { assert(applied && "never applied!"); }

    // Movable, but not copyable.
    CallEmission(CallEmission &&e)
      : gen(e.gen),
        uncurriedSites(std::move(e.uncurriedSites)),
        extraSites(std::move(e.extraSites)),
        callee(std::move(e.callee)),
        InitialWritebackScope(std::move(e.InitialWritebackScope)),
        uncurries(e.uncurries),
        applied(e.applied) {
      e.applied = true;
    }

  private:
    CallEmission(const CallEmission &) = delete;
    CallEmission &operator=(const CallEmission &) = delete;
  };
} // end anonymous namespace

static CallEmission prepareApplyExpr(SILGenFunction &gen, Expr *e) {
  // Set up writebacks for the call(s).
  WritebackScope writebacks(gen);

  SILGenApply apply(gen);

  // Decompose the call site.
  apply.decompose(e);

  // Evaluate and discard the side effect if present.
  if (apply.SideEffect)
    gen.emitRValue(apply.SideEffect);

  // Build the call.
  // Pass the writeback scope on to CallEmission so it can thread scopes through
  // nested calls.
  CallEmission emission(gen, apply.getCallee(), std::move(writebacks),
                        apply.AssumedPlusZeroSelf);

  // Apply 'self' if provided.
  if (apply.SelfParam)
    emission.addCallSite(RegularLocation(e), std::move(apply.SelfParam),
                         apply.SelfType->getCanonicalType(), /*throws*/ false);

  // Apply arguments from call sites, innermost to outermost.
  for (auto site = apply.CallSites.rbegin(), end = apply.CallSites.rend();
       site != end;
       ++site) {
    emission.addCallSite(*site);
  }

  return emission;
}

RValue SILGenFunction::emitApplyExpr(Expr *e, SGFContext c) {
  return prepareApplyExpr(*this, e).apply(c);
}

RValue
SILGenFunction::emitApplyOfLibraryIntrinsic(SILLocation loc,
                                            FuncDecl *fn,
                                            ArrayRef<Substitution> subs,
                                            ArrayRef<ManagedValue> args,
                                            SGFContext ctx) {
  auto origFormalType =
    cast<AnyFunctionType>(fn->getInterfaceType()->getCanonicalType());
  auto substFormalType = origFormalType;
  if (!subs.empty()) {
    auto genericFnType = cast<GenericFunctionType>(substFormalType);
    auto applied = genericFnType->substGenericArgs(subs);
    substFormalType = cast<FunctionType>(applied->getCanonicalType());
  }

  auto callee = Callee::forDirect(*this, SILDeclRef(fn), substFormalType, loc);
  callee.setSubstitutions(*this, loc, subs);

  ManagedValue mv;
  CanSILFunctionType substFnType;
  Optional<ForeignErrorConvention> foreignError;
  ImportAsMemberStatus foreignSelf;
  ApplyOptions options;
  std::tie(mv, substFnType, foreignError, foreignSelf, options)
    = callee.getAtUncurryLevel(*this, 0);

  assert(!foreignError);
  assert(!foreignSelf.isImportAsMember());
  assert(substFnType->getExtInfo().getLanguage()
           == SILFunctionLanguage::Swift);

  return emitApply(loc, mv, subs, args, substFnType,
                   AbstractionPattern(origFormalType).getFunctionResultType(),
                   substFormalType.getResult(),
                   options, None, None, ctx);
}

static StringRef
getMagicFunctionString(SILGenFunction &gen) {
  assert(gen.MagicFunctionName
         && "asking for #function but we don't have a function name?!");
  if (gen.MagicFunctionString.empty()) {
    llvm::raw_string_ostream os(gen.MagicFunctionString);
    gen.MagicFunctionName.printPretty(os);
  }
  return gen.MagicFunctionString;
}

/// Emit an application of the given allocating initializer.
static RValue emitApplyAllocatingInitializer(SILGenFunction &SGF,
                                             SILLocation loc,
                                             ConcreteDeclRef init,
                                             RValue &&args,
                                             Type overriddenSelfType,
                                             SGFContext C) {
  ConstructorDecl *ctor = cast<ConstructorDecl>(init.getDecl());

  // Form the reference to the allocating initializer.
  SILDeclRef initRef(ctor,
                     SILDeclRef::Kind::Allocator,
                     SILDeclRef::ConstructAtBestResilienceExpansion,
                     SILDeclRef::ConstructAtNaturalUncurryLevel,
                     requiresForeignEntryPoint(ctor));
  SILConstantInfo initConstant = SGF.getConstantInfo(initRef);

  // Scope any further writeback just within this operation.
  WritebackScope writebackScope(SGF);

  // Determine the formal and substituted types.
  CanAnyFunctionType substFormalType = initConstant.FormalInterfaceType;
  auto subs = init.getSubstitutions();
  if (!subs.empty()) {
    auto genericFnType = cast<GenericFunctionType>(substFormalType);
    auto applied = genericFnType->substGenericArgs(subs);
    substFormalType = cast<FunctionType>(applied->getCanonicalType());
  }

  // For an inheritable initializer, determine whether we'll need to adjust the
  // result type.
  bool requiresDowncast = false;
  if (ctor->isInheritable() && overriddenSelfType) {
    CanType substResultType = substFormalType;
    for (unsigned i : range(ctor->getNumParameterLists())) {
      (void)i;
      substResultType = cast<FunctionType>(substResultType).getResult();
    }

    if (!substResultType->isEqual(overriddenSelfType))
      requiresDowncast = true;
  }

  // Form the metatype argument.
  ManagedValue selfMetaVal;
  SILType selfMetaTy;
  {
    // Determine the self metatype type.
    CanSILFunctionType substFnType =
      SGF.getLoweredType(substFormalType, /*uncurryLevel=*/1)
      .castTo<SILFunctionType>();
    SILType selfParamMetaTy = substFnType->getSelfParameter().getSILType();

    if (overriddenSelfType) {
      // If the 'self' type has been overridden, form a metatype to the
      // overriding 'Self' type.
      Type overriddenSelfMetaType =
        MetatypeType::get(overriddenSelfType, SGF.getASTContext());
      selfMetaTy =
        SGF.getLoweredType(overriddenSelfMetaType->getCanonicalType());
    } else {
      selfMetaTy = selfParamMetaTy;
    }

    // Form the metatype value.
    SILValue selfMeta = SGF.B.createMetatype(loc, selfMetaTy);

    // If the types differ, we need an upcast.
    if (selfMetaTy != selfParamMetaTy)
      selfMeta = SGF.B.createUpcast(loc, selfMeta, selfParamMetaTy);

    selfMetaVal = ManagedValue::forUnmanaged(selfMeta);
  }

  // Form the callee.
  Optional<Callee> callee;
  if (isa<ProtocolDecl>(ctor->getDeclContext())) {
    ArgumentSource selfSource(loc, 
                              RValue(SGF, loc,
                                     selfMetaVal.getType().getSwiftRValueType(),
                                     selfMetaVal));
    callee.emplace(prepareArchetypeCallee(SGF, loc, initRef, selfSource,
                                          substFormalType, subs));
  } else {
    callee.emplace(Callee::forDirect(SGF, initRef, substFormalType, loc));
  }
  if (!subs.empty())
    callee->setSubstitutions(SGF, loc, subs);

  // Form the call emission.
  CallEmission emission(SGF, std::move(*callee), std::move(writebackScope));

  // Self metatype.
  emission.addCallSite(loc,
                       ArgumentSource(loc,
                                      RValue(SGF, loc,
                                             selfMetaVal.getType()
                                               .getSwiftRValueType(),
                                             std::move(selfMetaVal))),
                       substFormalType);

  // Arguments
  emission.addCallSite(loc, ArgumentSource(loc, std::move(args)),
                       cast<FunctionType>(substFormalType.getResult()));

  // Perform the call.
  RValue result = emission.apply(requiresDowncast ? SGFContext() : C);

  // If we need a downcast, do it down.
  if (requiresDowncast) {
    ManagedValue v = std::move(result).getAsSingleValue(SGF, loc);
    CanType canOverriddenSelfType = overriddenSelfType->getCanonicalType();
    SILType loweredResultTy = SGF.getLoweredType(canOverriddenSelfType);
    v = ManagedValue(SGF.B.createUncheckedRefCast(loc,
                                                  v.getValue(),
                                                  loweredResultTy),
                     v.getCleanup());
    result = RValue(SGF, loc, canOverriddenSelfType, v);
  }

  return result;
}

/// Emit a literal that applies the various initializers.
RValue SILGenFunction::emitLiteral(LiteralExpr *literal, SGFContext C) {
  ConcreteDeclRef builtinInit;
  ConcreteDeclRef init;
  // Emit the raw, builtin literal arguments.
  RValue builtinLiteralArgs;
  if (auto stringLiteral = dyn_cast<StringLiteralExpr>(literal)) {
    builtinLiteralArgs = emitStringLiteral(*this, literal,
                                           stringLiteral->getValue(), C,
                                           stringLiteral->getEncoding());
    builtinInit = stringLiteral->getBuiltinInitializer();
    init = stringLiteral->getInitializer();
  } else {
    ASTContext &ctx = getASTContext();
    SourceLoc loc;
  
    // If "overrideLocationForMagicIdentifiers" is set, then we use it as the
    // location point for these magic identifiers.
    if (overrideLocationForMagicIdentifiers)
      loc = overrideLocationForMagicIdentifiers.getValue();
    else
      loc = literal->getStartLoc();

    auto magicLiteral = cast<MagicIdentifierLiteralExpr>(literal);
    switch (magicLiteral->getKind()) {
    case MagicIdentifierLiteralExpr::File: {
      StringRef value = "";
      if (loc.isValid())
        value = ctx.SourceMgr.getBufferIdentifierForLoc(loc);
      builtinLiteralArgs = emitStringLiteral(*this, literal, value, C,
                                             magicLiteral->getStringEncoding());
      builtinInit = magicLiteral->getBuiltinInitializer();
      init = magicLiteral->getInitializer();
      break;
    }

    case MagicIdentifierLiteralExpr::Function: {
      StringRef value = "";
      if (loc.isValid())
        value = getMagicFunctionString(*this);
      builtinLiteralArgs = emitStringLiteral(*this, literal, value, C,
                                             magicLiteral->getStringEncoding());
      builtinInit = magicLiteral->getBuiltinInitializer();
      init = magicLiteral->getInitializer();
      break;
    }

    case MagicIdentifierLiteralExpr::Line:
    case MagicIdentifierLiteralExpr::Column:
    case MagicIdentifierLiteralExpr::DSOHandle:
      llvm_unreachable("handled elsewhere");
    }
  }

  // Helper routine to add an argument label if we need one.
  auto relabelArgument = [&](ConcreteDeclRef callee, RValue &arg) {
    auto name = callee.getDecl()->getFullName();
    auto argLabels = name.getArgumentNames();
    if (argLabels.size() == 1 && !argLabels[0].empty() &&
        !isa<TupleType>(arg.getType())) {
      Type newType = TupleType::get({TupleTypeElt(arg.getType(), argLabels[0])},
                                    getASTContext());
      arg.rewriteType(newType->getCanonicalType());
    }
  };

  // Call the builtin initializer.
  relabelArgument(builtinInit, builtinLiteralArgs);
  RValue builtinLiteral =
    emitApplyAllocatingInitializer(*this, literal, builtinInit,
                                   std::move(builtinLiteralArgs),
                                   Type(),
                                   init ? SGFContext() : C);

  // If we were able to directly initialize the literal we wanted, we're done.
  if (!init) return builtinLiteral;

  // Otherwise, perform the second initialization step.
  relabelArgument(init, builtinLiteral);
  RValue result = emitApplyAllocatingInitializer(*this, literal, init,
                                                 std::move(builtinLiteral),
                                                 literal->getType(), C);
  return result;
}

/// Allocate an uninitialized array of a given size, returning the array
/// and a pointer to its uninitialized contents, which must be initialized
/// before the array is valid.
std::pair<ManagedValue, SILValue>
SILGenFunction::emitUninitializedArrayAllocation(Type ArrayTy,
                                                 SILValue Length,
                                                 SILLocation Loc) {
  auto &Ctx = getASTContext();
  auto allocate = Ctx.getAllocateUninitializedArray(nullptr);

  auto arrayElementTy = ArrayTy->castTo<BoundGenericType>()
    ->getGenericArgs()[0];

  // Invoke the intrinsic, which returns a tuple.
  Substitution sub{arrayElementTy, {}};
  auto result = emitApplyOfLibraryIntrinsic(Loc, allocate,
                                            sub,
                                            ManagedValue::forUnmanaged(Length),
                                            SGFContext());

  // Explode the tuple.
  SmallVector<ManagedValue, 2> resultElts;
  std::move(result).getAll(resultElts);

  return {resultElts[0], resultElts[1].getUnmanagedValue()};
}

/// Deallocate an uninitialized array.
void SILGenFunction::emitUninitializedArrayDeallocation(SILLocation loc,
                                                        SILValue array) {
  auto &Ctx = getASTContext();
  auto deallocate = Ctx.getDeallocateUninitializedArray(nullptr);

  CanType arrayElementTy =
    array->getType().castTo<BoundGenericType>().getGenericArgs()[0];

  // Invoke the intrinsic.
  Substitution sub{arrayElementTy, {}};
  emitApplyOfLibraryIntrinsic(loc, deallocate, sub,
                              ManagedValue::forUnmanaged(array),
                              SGFContext());
}

namespace {
  /// A cleanup that deallocates an uninitialized array.
  class DeallocateUninitializedArray: public Cleanup {
    SILValue Array;
  public:
    DeallocateUninitializedArray(SILValue array)
      : Array(array) {}

    void emit(SILGenFunction &gen, CleanupLocation l) override {
      gen.emitUninitializedArrayDeallocation(l, Array);
    }
  };
}

CleanupHandle
SILGenFunction::enterDeallocateUninitializedArrayCleanup(SILValue array) {
  Cleanups.pushCleanup<DeallocateUninitializedArray>(array);
  return Cleanups.getTopCleanup();
}

static Callee getBaseAccessorFunctionRef(SILGenFunction &gen,
                                         SILLocation loc,
                                         SILDeclRef constant,
                                         ArgumentSource &selfValue,
                                         bool isSuper,
                                         bool isDirectUse,
                                         CanAnyFunctionType substAccessorType,
                                         ArrayRef<Substitution> &substitutions){
  auto *decl = cast<AbstractFunctionDecl>(constant.getDecl());

  // If this is a method in a protocol, generate it as a protocol call.
  if (isa<ProtocolDecl>(decl->getDeclContext())) {
    assert(!isDirectUse && "direct use of protocol accessor?");
    assert(!isSuper && "super call to protocol method?");

    return prepareArchetypeCallee(gen, loc, constant, selfValue,
                                  substAccessorType, substitutions);
  }

  bool isClassDispatch = false;
  if (!isDirectUse) {
    switch (getMethodDispatch(decl)) {
    case MethodDispatch::Class:
      isClassDispatch = true;
      break;
    case MethodDispatch::Static:
      isClassDispatch = false;
      break;
    }
  }

  // Dispatch in a struct/enum or to a final method is always direct.
  if (!isClassDispatch || decl->isFinal())
    return Callee::forDirect(gen, constant, substAccessorType, loc);

  // Otherwise, if we have a non-final class dispatch to a normal method,
  // perform a dynamic dispatch.
  auto self = selfValue.forceAndPeekRValue(gen).peekScalarValue();
  if (!isSuper)
    return Callee::forClassMethod(gen, self, constant, substAccessorType, loc);

  // If this is a "super." dispatch, we do a dynamic dispatch for objc methods
  // or non-final native Swift methods.
  if (!canUseStaticDispatch(gen, constant))
    return Callee::forSuperMethod(gen, self, constant, substAccessorType, loc);

  return Callee::forDirect(gen, constant, substAccessorType, loc);
}

static Callee
emitSpecializedAccessorFunctionRef(SILGenFunction &gen,
                                   SILLocation loc,
                                   SILDeclRef constant,
                                   ArrayRef<Substitution> substitutions,
                                   ArgumentSource &selfValue,
                                   bool isSuper,
                                   bool isDirectUse)
{
  SILConstantInfo constantInfo = gen.getConstantInfo(constant);

  // Apply substitutions to the callee type.
  CanAnyFunctionType substAccessorType = constantInfo.FormalInterfaceType;
  if (!substitutions.empty()) {
    auto genericFn = cast<GenericFunctionType>(substAccessorType);
    auto substFn = genericFn->substGenericArgs(substitutions);
    substAccessorType = cast<FunctionType>(substFn->getCanonicalType());
  }

  // Get the accessor function. The type will be a polymorphic function if
  // the Self type is generic.
  Callee callee = getBaseAccessorFunctionRef(gen, loc, constant, selfValue,
                                             isSuper, isDirectUse,
                                             substAccessorType, substitutions);
  
  // Collect captures if the accessor has them.
  auto accessorFn = cast<AbstractFunctionDecl>(constant.getDecl());
  if (accessorFn->getCaptureInfo().hasLocalCaptures()) {
    assert(!selfValue && "local property has self param?!");
    SmallVector<ManagedValue, 4> captures;
    gen.emitCaptures(loc, accessorFn, CaptureEmission::ImmediateApplication,
                     captures);
    callee.setCaptures(std::move(captures));
  }

  // If there are substitutions, specialize the generic accessor.
  // FIXME: Generic subscript operator could add another layer of
  // substitutions.
  if (!substitutions.empty()) {
    callee.setSubstitutions(gen, loc, substitutions);
  }
  return callee;
}

ArgumentSource SILGenFunction::prepareAccessorBaseArg(SILLocation loc,
                                                      ManagedValue base,
                                                      CanType baseFormalType,
                                                      SILDeclRef accessor) {
  SILParameterInfo selfParam = SGM.Types.getConstantSelfParameter(accessor);

  assert(!base.isInContext());
  assert(!base.isLValue() || !base.hasCleanup());
  SILType baseLoweredType = base.getType();

  // If the base is a boxed existential, we will open it later.
  if (baseLoweredType.getPreferredExistentialRepresentation(SGM.M)
        == ExistentialRepresentation::Boxed) {
    assert(!baseLoweredType.isAddress()
           && "boxed existential should not be an address");
  } else if (baseLoweredType.isAddress()) {
    // If the base is currently an address, we may have to copy it.
    auto needsLoad = [&] {
      switch (selfParam.getConvention()) {
      // If the accessor wants the value 'inout', always pass the
      // address we were given.  This is semantically required.
      case ParameterConvention::Indirect_Inout:
      case ParameterConvention::Indirect_InoutAliasable:
        return false;

      // If the accessor wants the value 'in', we have to copy if the
      // base isn't a temporary.  We aren't allowed to pass aliased
      // memory to 'in', and we have pass at +1.
      case ParameterConvention::Indirect_In:
      case ParameterConvention::Indirect_In_Guaranteed:
        // TODO: We shouldn't be able to get an lvalue here, but the AST
        // sometimes produces an inout base for non-mutating accessors.
        // rdar://problem/19782170
        // assert(!base.isLValue());
        return base.isLValue() || base.isPlusZeroRValueOrTrivial();

      // If the accessor wants the value directly, we definitely have to
      // load.  TODO: don't load-and-retain if the value is passed at +0.
      case ParameterConvention::Direct_Owned:
      case ParameterConvention::Direct_Unowned:
      case ParameterConvention::Direct_Guaranteed:
      case ParameterConvention::Direct_Deallocating:
        return true;
      }
      llvm_unreachable("bad convention");
    };
    if (needsLoad()) {
      // The load can only be a take if the base is a +1 rvalue.
      auto shouldTake = IsTake_t(base.hasCleanup());

      base = emitLoad(loc, base.forward(*this), getTypeLowering(baseLoweredType),
                      SGFContext(), shouldTake);

    // Handle inout bases specially here.
    } else if (selfParam.isIndirectInOut()) {
      // It sometimes happens that we get r-value bases here,
      // e.g. when calling a mutating setter on a materialized
      // temporary.  Just don't claim the value.
      if (!base.isLValue()) {
        base = ManagedValue::forLValue(base.getValue());
      }

      // FIXME: this assumes that there's never meaningful
      // reabstraction of self arguments.
      return ArgumentSource(loc,
                 LValue::forAddress(base, AbstractionPattern(baseFormalType),
                                    baseFormalType));
    }

  // If the base is currently scalar, we may have to drop it in
  // memory or copy it.
  } else {
    assert(!base.isLValue());

    // We need to produce the value at +1 if it's going to be consumed.
    if (selfParam.isConsumed() && !base.hasCleanup()) {
      base = base.copyUnmanaged(*this, loc);
    }

    // If the parameter is indirect, we need to drop the value into
    // temporary memory.
    if (selfParam.isIndirect()) {
      // It's usually a really bad idea to materialize when we're
      // about to pass a value to an inout argument, because it's a
      // really easy way to silently drop modifications (e.g. from a
      // mutating getter in a writeback pair).  Our caller should
      // always take responsibility for that decision (by doing the
      // materialization itself).
      //
      // However, when the base is a reference type and the target is
      // a non-class protocol, this is innocuous.
#ifndef NDEBUG
      auto isNonClassProtocolMember = [](Decl *d) {
        auto p = d->getDeclContext()->getAsProtocolOrProtocolExtensionContext();
        return (p && !p->requiresClass());
      };
#endif
      assert((!selfParam.isIndirectMutating() ||
              (baseFormalType->isAnyClassReferenceType() &&
               isNonClassProtocolMember(accessor.getDecl()))) &&
             "passing unmaterialized r-value as inout argument");

      base = emitMaterializeIntoTemporary(*this, loc, base);
      if (selfParam.isIndirectInOut()) {
        // Drop the cleanup if we have one.
        auto baseLV = ManagedValue::forLValue(base.getValue());
        return ArgumentSource(loc, LValue::forAddress(baseLV,
                                               AbstractionPattern(baseFormalType),
                                                      baseFormalType));
      }
    }
  }

  return ArgumentSource(loc, RValue(*this, loc,
                               baseFormalType, base));
}

static bool shouldReferenceForeignAccessor(AbstractStorageDecl *storage,
                                           bool isDirectUse) {
  // C functions imported as members should be referenced as C functions.
  if (storage->getGetter()->isImportAsMember())
    return true;
  
  // Otherwise, favor native entry points for direct accesses.
  if (isDirectUse)
    return false;
  
  return storage->requiresForeignGetterAndSetter();
}

SILDeclRef SILGenFunction::getGetterDeclRef(AbstractStorageDecl *storage,
                                            bool isDirectUse) {
  // Use the ObjC entry point
  return SILDeclRef(storage->getGetter(), SILDeclRef::Kind::Func,
                    SILDeclRef::ConstructAtBestResilienceExpansion,
                    SILDeclRef::ConstructAtNaturalUncurryLevel,
                    shouldReferenceForeignAccessor(storage, isDirectUse));
}

/// Emit a call to a getter.
RValue SILGenFunction::
emitGetAccessor(SILLocation loc, SILDeclRef get,
                ArrayRef<Substitution> substitutions,
                ArgumentSource &&selfValue,
                bool isSuper, bool isDirectUse,
                RValue &&subscripts, SGFContext c) {
  // Scope any further writeback just within this operation.
  WritebackScope writebackScope(*this);

  Callee getter = emitSpecializedAccessorFunctionRef(*this, loc, get,
                                                     substitutions, selfValue,
                                                     isSuper, isDirectUse);
  bool hasCaptures = getter.hasCaptures();
  bool hasSelf = (bool)selfValue;
  CanAnyFunctionType accessType = getter.getSubstFormalType();

  CallEmission emission(*this, std::move(getter), std::move(writebackScope));
  // Self ->
  if (hasSelf) {
    emission.addCallSite(loc, std::move(selfValue), accessType);
  }
  // TODO: Have Callee encapsulate the captures better.
  if (hasSelf || hasCaptures) {
    accessType = cast<AnyFunctionType>(accessType.getResult());
  }
  // Index or () if none.
  if (!subscripts)
    subscripts = emitEmptyTupleRValue(loc, SGFContext());

  emission.addCallSite(loc, ArgumentSource(loc, std::move(subscripts)),
                       accessType);

  // T
  return emission.apply(c);
}

SILDeclRef SILGenFunction::getSetterDeclRef(AbstractStorageDecl *storage,
                                            bool isDirectUse) {
  return SILDeclRef(storage->getSetter(), SILDeclRef::Kind::Func,
                    SILDeclRef::ConstructAtBestResilienceExpansion,
                    SILDeclRef::ConstructAtNaturalUncurryLevel,
                    shouldReferenceForeignAccessor(storage, isDirectUse));
}

void SILGenFunction::emitSetAccessor(SILLocation loc, SILDeclRef set,
                                     ArrayRef<Substitution> substitutions,
                                     ArgumentSource &&selfValue,
                                     bool isSuper, bool isDirectUse,
                                     RValue &&subscripts, RValue &&setValue) {
  // Scope any further writeback just within this operation.
  WritebackScope writebackScope(*this);

  Callee setter = emitSpecializedAccessorFunctionRef(*this, loc, set,
                                                     substitutions, selfValue,
                                                     isSuper, isDirectUse);
  bool hasCaptures = setter.hasCaptures();
  bool hasSelf = (bool)selfValue;
  CanAnyFunctionType accessType = setter.getSubstFormalType();

  CallEmission emission(*this, std::move(setter), std::move(writebackScope));
  // Self ->
  if (hasSelf) {
    emission.addCallSite(loc, std::move(selfValue), accessType);
  }
  // TODO: Have Callee encapsulate the captures better.
  if (hasSelf || hasCaptures) {
    accessType = cast<AnyFunctionType>(accessType.getResult());
  }

  // (value)  or (value, indices)
  if (subscripts) {
    // If we have a value and index list, create a new rvalue to represent the
    // both of them together.  The value goes first.
    SmallVector<ManagedValue, 4> Elts;
    std::move(setValue).getAll(Elts);
    std::move(subscripts).getAll(Elts);
    setValue = RValue(Elts, accessType.getInput());
  } else {
    setValue.rewriteType(accessType.getInput());
  }
  emission.addCallSite(loc, ArgumentSource(loc, std::move(setValue)),
                       accessType);
  // ()
  emission.apply();
}

SILDeclRef
SILGenFunction::getMaterializeForSetDeclRef(AbstractStorageDecl *storage,
                                            bool isDirectUse) {
  return SILDeclRef(storage->getMaterializeForSetFunc(),
                    SILDeclRef::Kind::Func,
                    SILDeclRef::ConstructAtBestResilienceExpansion,
                    SILDeclRef::ConstructAtNaturalUncurryLevel,
                    /*foreign*/ false);
}

MaterializedLValue SILGenFunction::
emitMaterializeForSetAccessor(SILLocation loc, SILDeclRef materializeForSet,
                              ArrayRef<Substitution> substitutions,
                              ArgumentSource &&selfValue,
                              bool isSuper, bool isDirectUse,
                              RValue &&subscripts, SILValue buffer,
                              SILValue callbackStorage) {
  // Scope any further writeback just within this operation.
  WritebackScope writebackScope(*this);

  Callee callee = emitSpecializedAccessorFunctionRef(*this, loc,
                                                     materializeForSet,
                                                     substitutions, selfValue,
                                                     isSuper, isDirectUse);
  bool hasCaptures = callee.hasCaptures();
  bool hasSelf = (bool)selfValue;
  CanAnyFunctionType accessType = callee.getSubstFormalType();
  CanAnyFunctionType origAccessType = callee.getOrigFormalType();

  CallEmission emission(*this, std::move(callee), std::move(writebackScope));
  // Self ->
  if (hasSelf) {
    emission.addCallSite(loc, std::move(selfValue), accessType);
  }
  // TODO: Have Callee encapsulate the captures better.
  if (hasSelf || hasCaptures) {
    accessType = cast<AnyFunctionType>(accessType.getResult());
  }

  // (buffer, callbackStorage)  or (buffer, callbackStorage, indices) ->
  // Note that this "RValue" stores a mixed LValue/RValue tuple.
  RValue args = [&] {
    SmallVector<ManagedValue, 4> elts;

    auto bufferPtr =
      B.createAddressToPointer(loc, buffer,
                               SILType::getRawPointerType(getASTContext()));
    elts.push_back(ManagedValue::forUnmanaged(bufferPtr));

    elts.push_back(ManagedValue::forLValue(callbackStorage));

    if (subscripts) {
      std::move(subscripts).getAll(elts);
    }
    return RValue(elts, accessType.getInput());
  }();
  emission.addCallSite(loc, ArgumentSource(loc, std::move(args)), accessType);
  // (buffer, optionalCallback)
  SmallVector<ManagedValue, 2> results;
  emission.apply().getAll(results);

  // Project out the materialized address. The address directly returned by
  // materialize for set is strictly typed, whether it is the local buffer or
  // stored property.
  SILValue address = results[0].getUnmanagedValue();
  address = B.createPointerToAddress(loc, address, buffer->getType(), /*isStrict*/ true);

  // Project out the optional callback.
  SILValue optionalCallback = results[1].getUnmanagedValue();

  CanType origSelfType = origAccessType->getInput()
      ->getInOutObjectType()
      ->getCanonicalType();
  CanGenericSignature genericSig;
  if (auto genericFnType = dyn_cast<GenericFunctionType>(origAccessType))
    genericSig = genericFnType.getGenericSignature();

  return MaterializedLValue(ManagedValue::forUnmanaged(address),
                            origSelfType, genericSig,
                            optionalCallback, callbackStorage);
}

SILDeclRef SILGenFunction::getAddressorDeclRef(AbstractStorageDecl *storage,
                                               AccessKind accessKind,
                                               bool isDirectUse) {
  FuncDecl *addressorFunc = storage->getAddressorForAccess(accessKind);
  return SILDeclRef(addressorFunc, SILDeclRef::Kind::Func,
                    SILDeclRef::ConstructAtBestResilienceExpansion,
                    SILDeclRef::ConstructAtNaturalUncurryLevel,
                    /*foreign*/ false);
}

/// Emit a call to an addressor.
///
/// The first return value is the address, which will always be an
/// l-value managed value.  The second return value is the owner
/// pointer, if applicable.
std::pair<ManagedValue, ManagedValue> SILGenFunction::
emitAddressorAccessor(SILLocation loc, SILDeclRef addressor,
                      ArrayRef<Substitution> substitutions,
                      ArgumentSource &&selfValue,
                      bool isSuper, bool isDirectUse,
                      RValue &&subscripts, SILType addressType) {
  // Scope any further writeback just within this operation.
  WritebackScope writebackScope(*this);

  Callee callee =
    emitSpecializedAccessorFunctionRef(*this, loc, addressor,
                                       substitutions, selfValue,
                                       isSuper, isDirectUse);
  bool hasCaptures = callee.hasCaptures();
  bool hasSelf = (bool)selfValue;
  CanAnyFunctionType accessType = callee.getSubstFormalType();

  CallEmission emission(*this, std::move(callee), std::move(writebackScope));
  // Self ->
  if (hasSelf) {
    emission.addCallSite(loc, std::move(selfValue), accessType);
  }
  // TODO: Have Callee encapsulate the captures better.
  if (hasSelf || hasCaptures) {
    accessType = cast<AnyFunctionType>(accessType.getResult());
  }
  // Index or () if none.
  if (!subscripts)
    subscripts = emitEmptyTupleRValue(loc, SGFContext());

  emission.addCallSite(loc, ArgumentSource(loc, std::move(subscripts)),
                       accessType);

  // Unsafe{Mutable}Pointer<T> or
  // (Unsafe{Mutable}Pointer<T>, Builtin.UnknownPointer) or
  // (Unsafe{Mutable}Pointer<T>, Builtin.NativePointer) or
  // (Unsafe{Mutable}Pointer<T>, Builtin.NativePointer?) or
  SmallVector<ManagedValue, 2> results;
  emission.apply().getAll(results);

  SILValue pointer;
  ManagedValue owner;
  switch (cast<FuncDecl>(addressor.getDecl())->getAddressorKind()) {
  case AddressorKind::NotAddressor:
    llvm_unreachable("not an addressor!");
  case AddressorKind::Unsafe:
    assert(results.size() == 1);
    pointer = results[0].getUnmanagedValue();
    owner = ManagedValue();
    break;
  case AddressorKind::Owning:
  case AddressorKind::NativeOwning:
  case AddressorKind::NativePinning:
    assert(results.size() == 2);
    pointer = results[0].getUnmanagedValue();
    owner = results[1];
    break;
  }

  // Drill down to the raw pointer using intrinsic knowledge of those types.
  auto pointerType =
    pointer->getType().castTo<BoundGenericStructType>()->getDecl();
  auto props = pointerType->getStoredProperties();
  assert(props.begin() != props.end());
  assert(std::next(props.begin()) == props.end());
  VarDecl *rawPointerField = *props.begin();
  pointer = B.createStructExtract(loc, pointer, rawPointerField,
                                  SILType::getRawPointerType(getASTContext()));

  // Convert to the appropriate address type and return.
  SILValue address = B.createPointerToAddress(loc, pointer, addressType, /*isStrict*/ true);

  // Mark dependence as necessary.
  switch (cast<FuncDecl>(addressor.getDecl())->getAddressorKind()) {
  case AddressorKind::NotAddressor:
    llvm_unreachable("not an addressor!");
  case AddressorKind::Unsafe:
    // TODO: we should probably mark dependence on the base.
    break;
  case AddressorKind::Owning:
  case AddressorKind::NativeOwning:
  case AddressorKind::NativePinning:
    address = B.createMarkDependence(loc, address, owner.getValue());
    break;
  }

  return { ManagedValue::forLValue(address), owner };
}


RValue SILGenFunction::emitApplyConversionFunction(SILLocation loc,
                                                   Expr *funcExpr,
                                                   Type resultType,
                                                   RValue &&operand) {
  // Walk the function expression, which should produce a reference to the
  // callee, leaving the final curry level unapplied.
  CallEmission emission = prepareApplyExpr(*this, funcExpr);
  // Rewrite the operand type to the expected argument type, to handle tuple
  // conversions etc.
  auto funcTy = cast<FunctionType>(funcExpr->getType()->getCanonicalType());
  operand.rewriteType(funcTy.getInput());
  // Add the operand as the final callsite.
  emission.addCallSite(loc, ArgumentSource(loc, std::move(operand)),
                       resultType->getCanonicalType(), funcTy->throws());
  return emission.apply();
}

// Create a partial application of a dynamic method, applying bridging thunks
// if necessary.
static SILValue emitDynamicPartialApply(SILGenFunction &gen,
                                        SILLocation loc,
                                        SILValue method,
                                        SILValue self,
                                        CanFunctionType methodTy) {
  auto partialApplyTy = SILBuilder::getPartialApplyResultType(method->getType(),
                                            /*argCount*/1,
                                            gen.SGM.M,
                                            /*subs*/{},
                                            ParameterConvention::Direct_Owned);

  // Retain 'self' because the partial apply will take ownership.
  // We can't simply forward 'self' because the partial apply is conditional.
  if (!self->getType().isAddress())
    gen.B.emitRetainValueOperation(loc, self);

  SILValue result = gen.B.createPartialApply(loc, method, method->getType(), {},
                                             self, partialApplyTy);
  // If necessary, thunk to the native ownership conventions and bridged types.
  auto nativeTy = gen.getLoweredLoadableType(methodTy).castTo<SILFunctionType>();

  if (nativeTy != partialApplyTy.getSwiftRValueType()) {
    result = gen.emitBlockToFunc(loc, ManagedValue::forUnmanaged(result),
                                 nativeTy).forward(gen);
  }

  return result;
}

RValue SILGenFunction::emitDynamicMemberRefExpr(DynamicMemberRefExpr *e,
                                                SGFContext c) {
  // Emit the operand.
  ManagedValue base = emitRValueAsSingleValue(e->getBase());

  SILValue operand = base.getValue();
  if (!e->getMember().getDecl()->isInstanceMember()) {
    auto metatype = operand->getType().castTo<MetatypeType>();
    assert(metatype->getRepresentation() == MetatypeRepresentation::Thick);
    metatype = CanMetatypeType::get(metatype.getInstanceType(),
                                    MetatypeRepresentation::ObjC);
    operand = B.createThickToObjCMetatype(e, operand,
                                    SILType::getPrimitiveObjectType(metatype));
  }

  // Create the continuation block.
  SILBasicBlock *contBB = createBasicBlock();

  // Create the no-member block.
  SILBasicBlock *noMemberBB = createBasicBlock();

  // Create the has-member block.
  SILBasicBlock *hasMemberBB = createBasicBlock();

  // The continuation block
  auto memberMethodTy = e->getType()->getAnyOptionalObjectType();
  
  const TypeLowering &optTL = getTypeLowering(e->getType());
  auto loweredOptTy = optTL.getLoweredType();

  SILValue optTemp = emitTemporaryAllocation(e, loweredOptTy);

  // Create the branch.
  FuncDecl *memberFunc;
  if (auto *VD = dyn_cast<VarDecl>(e->getMember().getDecl())) {
    memberFunc = VD->getGetter();
    memberMethodTy = FunctionType::get(getASTContext().TheEmptyTupleType,
                                       memberMethodTy);
  } else
    memberFunc = cast<FuncDecl>(e->getMember().getDecl());
  SILDeclRef member(memberFunc, SILDeclRef::Kind::Func,
                    SILDeclRef::ConstructAtBestResilienceExpansion,
                    SILDeclRef::ConstructAtNaturalUncurryLevel,
                    /*isObjC=*/true);
  B.createDynamicMethodBranch(e, operand, member, hasMemberBB, noMemberBB);

  // Create the has-member branch.
  {
    B.emitBlock(hasMemberBB);

    FullExpr hasMemberScope(Cleanups, CleanupLocation(e));

    // The argument to the has-member block is the uncurried method.
    auto valueTy = e->getType()->getCanonicalType().getAnyOptionalObjectType();
    auto methodTy = valueTy;

    // For a computed variable, we want the getter.
    if (isa<VarDecl>(e->getMember().getDecl()))
      methodTy = CanFunctionType::get(TupleType::getEmpty(getASTContext()),
                                      methodTy);

    auto memberFnTy = CanFunctionType::get(
                                       operand->getType().getSwiftRValueType(),
                                       memberMethodTy->getCanonicalType());

    auto dynamicMethodTy = getDynamicMethodLoweredType(*this, operand, member,
                                                       memberFnTy);
    auto loweredMethodTy = SILType::getPrimitiveObjectType(dynamicMethodTy);
    SILValue memberArg = new (F.getModule()) SILArgument(hasMemberBB,
                                                         loweredMethodTy);

    // Create the result value.
    SILValue result = emitDynamicPartialApply(*this, e, memberArg, operand,
                                              cast<FunctionType>(methodTy));
    Scope applyScope(Cleanups, CleanupLocation(e));
    RValue resultRV;
    if (isa<VarDecl>(e->getMember().getDecl())) {
      resultRV = emitMonomorphicApply(e, ManagedValue::forUnmanaged(result),
                                      {}, valueTy,
                                      ApplyOptions::DoesNotThrow,
                                      None, None);
    } else {
      resultRV = RValue(*this, e, valueTy,
                        emitManagedRValueWithCleanup(result));
    }

    // Package up the result in an optional.
    emitInjectOptionalValueInto(e, {e, std::move(resultRV)}, optTemp, optTL);

    applyScope.pop();
    // Branch to the continuation block.
    B.createBranch(e, contBB);
  }

  // Create the no-member branch.
  {
    B.emitBlock(noMemberBB);

    emitInjectOptionalNothingInto(e, optTemp, optTL);

    // Branch to the continuation block.
    B.createBranch(e, contBB);
  }

  // Emit the continuation block.
  B.emitBlock(contBB);

  // Package up the result.
  auto optResult = optTemp;
  if (optTL.isLoadable())
    optResult = B.createLoad(e, optResult);
  return RValue(*this, e, emitManagedRValueWithCleanup(optResult, optTL));
}

RValue SILGenFunction::emitDynamicSubscriptExpr(DynamicSubscriptExpr *e,
                                                SGFContext c) {
  // Emit the base operand.
  ManagedValue managedBase = emitRValueAsSingleValue(e->getBase());

  SILValue base = managedBase.getValue();

  // Emit the index.
  RValue index = emitRValue(e->getIndex());

  // Create the continuation block.
  SILBasicBlock *contBB = createBasicBlock();

  // Create the no-member block.
  SILBasicBlock *noMemberBB = createBasicBlock();

  // Create the has-member block.
  SILBasicBlock *hasMemberBB = createBasicBlock();

  const TypeLowering &optTL = getTypeLowering(e->getType());
  auto loweredOptTy = optTL.getLoweredType();
  SILValue optTemp = emitTemporaryAllocation(e, loweredOptTy);

  // Create the branch.
  auto subscriptDecl = cast<SubscriptDecl>(e->getMember().getDecl());
  SILDeclRef member(subscriptDecl->getGetter(),
                    SILDeclRef::Kind::Func,
                    SILDeclRef::ConstructAtBestResilienceExpansion,
                    SILDeclRef::ConstructAtNaturalUncurryLevel,
                    /*isObjC=*/true);
  B.createDynamicMethodBranch(e, base, member, hasMemberBB, noMemberBB);

  // Create the has-member branch.
  {
    B.emitBlock(hasMemberBB);

    FullExpr hasMemberScope(Cleanups, CleanupLocation(e));

    // The argument to the has-member block is the uncurried method.
    // Build the substituted getter type from the AST nodes.
    auto valueTy = e->getType()->getCanonicalType().getAnyOptionalObjectType();
    auto indexTy = e->getIndex()->getType()->getCanonicalType();
    auto methodTy = CanFunctionType::get(indexTy,
                                         valueTy);
    
    auto functionTy = CanFunctionType::get(base->getType().getSwiftRValueType(),
                                           methodTy);
    auto dynamicMethodTy = getDynamicMethodLoweredType(*this, base, member,
                                                       functionTy);
    auto loweredMethodTy = SILType::getPrimitiveObjectType(dynamicMethodTy);
    SILValue memberArg = new (F.getModule()) SILArgument(hasMemberBB,
                                                         loweredMethodTy);
    // Emit the application of 'self'.
    SILValue result = emitDynamicPartialApply(*this, e, memberArg, base,
                                              cast<FunctionType>(methodTy));
    // Emit the index.
    llvm::SmallVector<ManagedValue, 2> indexArgs;
    std::move(index).getAll(indexArgs);
    
    Scope applyScope(Cleanups, CleanupLocation(e));
    auto resultRV = emitMonomorphicApply(e, ManagedValue::forUnmanaged(result),
                                         indexArgs, valueTy,
                                         ApplyOptions::DoesNotThrow,
                                         None, None);

    // Package up the result in an optional.
    emitInjectOptionalValueInto(e, {e, std::move(resultRV)}, optTemp, optTL);

    applyScope.pop();
    // Branch to the continuation block.
    B.createBranch(e, contBB);
  }

  // Create the no-member branch.
  {
    B.emitBlock(noMemberBB);

    emitInjectOptionalNothingInto(e, optTemp, optTL);

    // Branch to the continuation block.
    B.createBranch(e, contBB);
  }

  // Emit the continuation block.
  B.emitBlock(contBB);

  // Package up the result.
  auto optResult = optTemp;
  if (optTL.isLoadable())
    optResult = B.createLoad(e, optResult);
  return RValue(*this, e, emitManagedRValueWithCleanup(optResult, optTL));
}