Auto merge of #121557 - RalfJung:const-fn-call-promotion, r=oli-obk

restrict promotion of `const fn` calls

We only promote them in `const`/`static` initializers, but even that is still unfortunate -- we still cannot add promoteds to required_consts. But we should add them there to make sure it's always okay to evaluate every const we encounter in a MIR body.  That effort of not promoting things that can fail to evaluate is tracked in https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/issues/80619. These `const fn` calls are the last missing piece.

So I propose that we do not promote const-fn calls in const when that may fail without the entire const failing, thereby completing https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/issues/80619. Unfortunately we can't just reject promoting these functions outright due to backwards compatibility. So let's see if we can find a hack that makes crater happy...

For the record, this is the [crater analysis](https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/pull/80243#issuecomment-751885520) from when I tried to entirely forbid this kind of promotion. It's a tiny amount of breakage and if we had a nice alternative for code like that, we could conceivably push it through... but sadly, inline const expressions are still blocked on t-lang concerns about post-monomorphization errors and we haven't yet figured out an implementation that can resolve those concerns. So we're forced to make progress via other means, such as terrible hacks like this.

Attempt one: only promote calls on the "safe path" at the beginning of a MIR block. This is the path that starts at the start block and continues via gotos and calls, but stops at the first branch. If we had imposed this restriction before stabilizing `if` and `match` in `const`, this would have definitely been sufficient...

EDIT: Turns out that works. :)
**Here's the t-lang [nomination comment](https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/pull/121557#issuecomment-1990902440).** And here's the [FCP comment](https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/pull/121557#issuecomment-2010306165).

r? `@oli-obk`
tree: e94df548be92f0d5d6e76d3f4b3c43af8eff654d
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