src/librustc_mir/borrow_check/nll/region_infer/mod.rs

use super::universal_regions::UniversalRegions;
use crate::borrow_check::nll::constraints::graph::NormalConstraintGraph;
use crate::borrow_check::nll::constraints::{
    ConstraintSccIndex, OutlivesConstraint, OutlivesConstraintSet,
};
use crate::borrow_check::nll::member_constraints::{MemberConstraintSet, NllMemberConstraintIndex};
use crate::borrow_check::nll::region_infer::values::{
    PlaceholderIndices, RegionElement, ToElementIndex,
};
use crate::borrow_check::nll::type_check::free_region_relations::UniversalRegionRelations;
use crate::borrow_check::nll::type_check::Locations;
use crate::borrow_check::Upvar;
use rustc::hir::def_id::DefId;
use rustc::infer::canonical::QueryOutlivesConstraint;
use rustc::infer::opaque_types;
use rustc::infer::region_constraints::{GenericKind, VarInfos, VerifyBound};
use rustc::infer::{InferCtxt, NLLRegionVariableOrigin, RegionVariableOrigin};
use rustc::mir::{
    Body, ClosureOutlivesRequirement, ClosureOutlivesSubject, ClosureRegionRequirements,
    ConstraintCategory, Local, Location,
};
use rustc::ty::{self, subst::SubstsRef, RegionVid, Ty, TyCtxt, TypeFoldable};
use rustc::util::common::ErrorReported;
use rustc_data_structures::binary_search_util;
use rustc_data_structures::bit_set::BitSet;
use rustc_data_structures::fx::{FxHashMap, FxHashSet};
use rustc_data_structures::graph::WithSuccessors;
use rustc_data_structures::graph::scc::Sccs;
use rustc_data_structures::graph::vec_graph::VecGraph;
use rustc_data_structures::indexed_vec::IndexVec;
use rustc_errors::{Diagnostic, DiagnosticBuilder};
use syntax_pos::Span;

use std::rc::Rc;

mod dump_mir;
mod error_reporting;
crate use self::error_reporting::{RegionName, RegionNameSource};
mod graphviz;
pub mod values;
use self::values::{LivenessValues, RegionValueElements, RegionValues};

use super::ToRegionVid;

pub struct RegionInferenceContext<'tcx> {
    /// Contains the definition for every region variable. Region
    /// variables are identified by their index (`RegionVid`). The
    /// definition contains information about where the region came
    /// from as well as its final inferred value.
    definitions: IndexVec<RegionVid, RegionDefinition<'tcx>>,

    /// The liveness constraints added to each region. For most
    /// regions, these start out empty and steadily grow, though for
    /// each universally quantified region R they start out containing
    /// the entire CFG and `end(R)`.
    liveness_constraints: LivenessValues<RegionVid>,

    /// The outlives constraints computed by the type-check.
    constraints: Rc<OutlivesConstraintSet>,

    /// The constraint-set, but in graph form, making it easy to traverse
    /// the constraints adjacent to a particular region. Used to construct
    /// the SCC (see `constraint_sccs`) and for error reporting.
    constraint_graph: Rc<NormalConstraintGraph>,

    /// The SCC computed from `constraints` and the constraint
    /// graph. We have an edge from SCC A to SCC B if `A: B`. Used to
    /// compute the values of each region.
    constraint_sccs: Rc<Sccs<RegionVid, ConstraintSccIndex>>,

    /// Reverse of the SCC constraint graph -- i.e., an edge `A -> B`
    /// exists if `B: A`. Computed lazilly.
    rev_constraint_graph: Option<Rc<VecGraph<ConstraintSccIndex>>>,

    /// The "R0 member of [R1..Rn]" constraints, indexed by SCC.
    member_constraints: Rc<MemberConstraintSet<'tcx, ConstraintSccIndex>>,

    /// Records the member constraints that we applied to each scc.
    /// This is useful for error reporting. Once constraint
    /// propagation is done, this vector is sorted according to
    /// `member_region_scc`.
    member_constraints_applied: Vec<AppliedMemberConstraint>,

    /// Map closure bounds to a `Span` that should be used for error reporting.
    closure_bounds_mapping:
        FxHashMap<Location, FxHashMap<(RegionVid, RegionVid), (ConstraintCategory, Span)>>,

    /// Contains the minimum universe of any variable within the same
    /// SCC. We will ensure that no SCC contains values that are not
    /// visible from this index.
    scc_universes: IndexVec<ConstraintSccIndex, ty::UniverseIndex>,

    /// Contains a "representative" from each SCC. This will be the
    /// minimal RegionVid belonging to that universe. It is used as a
    /// kind of hacky way to manage checking outlives relationships,
    /// since we can 'canonicalize' each region to the representative
    /// of its SCC and be sure that -- if they have the same repr --
    /// they *must* be equal (though not having the same repr does not
    /// mean they are unequal).
    scc_representatives: IndexVec<ConstraintSccIndex, ty::RegionVid>,

    /// The final inferred values of the region variables; we compute
    /// one value per SCC. To get the value for any given *region*,
    /// you first find which scc it is a part of.
    scc_values: RegionValues<ConstraintSccIndex>,

    /// Type constraints that we check after solving.
    type_tests: Vec<TypeTest<'tcx>>,

    /// Information about the universally quantified regions in scope
    /// on this function.
    universal_regions: Rc<UniversalRegions<'tcx>>,

    /// Information about how the universally quantified regions in
    /// scope on this function relate to one another.
    universal_region_relations: Rc<UniversalRegionRelations<'tcx>>,
}

/// Each time that `apply_member_constraint` is successful, it appends
/// one of these structs to the `member_constraints_applied` field.
/// This is used in error reporting to trace out what happened.
///
/// The way that `apply_member_constraint` works is that it effectively
/// adds a new lower bound to the SCC it is analyzing: so you wind up
/// with `'R: 'O` where `'R` is the pick-region and `'O` is the
/// minimal viable option.
#[derive(Copy, Clone, Debug, Eq, PartialEq, Ord, PartialOrd)]
struct AppliedMemberConstraint {
    /// The SCC that was affected. (The "member region".)
    ///
    /// The vector if `AppliedMemberConstraint` elements is kept sorted
    /// by this field.
    member_region_scc: ConstraintSccIndex,

    /// The "best option" that `apply_member_constraint` found -- this was
    /// added as an "ad-hoc" lower-bound to `member_region_scc`.
    min_choice: ty::RegionVid,

    /// The "member constraint index" -- we can find out details about
    /// the constraint from
    /// `set.member_constraints[member_constraint_index]`.
    member_constraint_index: NllMemberConstraintIndex,
}

struct RegionDefinition<'tcx> {
    /// What kind of variable is this -- a free region? existential
    /// variable? etc. (See the `NLLRegionVariableOrigin` for more
    /// info.)
    origin: NLLRegionVariableOrigin,

    /// Which universe is this region variable defined in? This is
    /// most often `ty::UniverseIndex::ROOT`, but when we encounter
    /// forall-quantifiers like `for<'a> { 'a = 'b }`, we would create
    /// the variable for `'a` in a fresh universe that extends ROOT.
    universe: ty::UniverseIndex,

    /// If this is 'static or an early-bound region, then this is
    /// `Some(X)` where `X` is the name of the region.
    external_name: Option<ty::Region<'tcx>>,
}

/// N.B., the variants in `Cause` are intentionally ordered. Lower
/// values are preferred when it comes to error messages. Do not
/// reorder willy nilly.
#[derive(Copy, Clone, Debug, PartialOrd, Ord, PartialEq, Eq)]
pub(crate) enum Cause {
    /// point inserted because Local was live at the given Location
    LiveVar(Local, Location),

    /// point inserted because Local was dropped at the given Location
    DropVar(Local, Location),
}

/// A "type test" corresponds to an outlives constraint between a type
/// and a lifetime, like `T: 'x` or `<T as Foo>::Bar: 'x`. They are
/// translated from the `Verify` region constraints in the ordinary
/// inference context.
///
/// These sorts of constraints are handled differently than ordinary
/// constraints, at least at present. During type checking, the
/// `InferCtxt::process_registered_region_obligations` method will
/// attempt to convert a type test like `T: 'x` into an ordinary
/// outlives constraint when possible (for example, `&'a T: 'b` will
/// be converted into `'a: 'b` and registered as a `Constraint`).
///
/// In some cases, however, there are outlives relationships that are
/// not converted into a region constraint, but rather into one of
/// these "type tests". The distinction is that a type test does not
/// influence the inference result, but instead just examines the
/// values that we ultimately inferred for each region variable and
/// checks that they meet certain extra criteria. If not, an error
/// can be issued.
///
/// One reason for this is that these type tests typically boil down
/// to a check like `'a: 'x` where `'a` is a universally quantified
/// region -- and therefore not one whose value is really meant to be
/// *inferred*, precisely (this is not always the case: one can have a
/// type test like `<Foo as Trait<'?0>>::Bar: 'x`, where `'?0` is an
/// inference variable). Another reason is that these type tests can
/// involve *disjunction* -- that is, they can be satisfied in more
/// than one way.
///
/// For more information about this translation, see
/// `InferCtxt::process_registered_region_obligations` and
/// `InferCtxt::type_must_outlive` in `rustc::infer::outlives`.
#[derive(Clone, Debug)]
pub struct TypeTest<'tcx> {
    /// The type `T` that must outlive the region.
    pub generic_kind: GenericKind<'tcx>,

    /// The region `'x` that the type must outlive.
    pub lower_bound: RegionVid,

    /// Where did this constraint arise and why?
    pub locations: Locations,

    /// A test which, if met by the region `'x`, proves that this type
    /// constraint is satisfied.
    pub verify_bound: VerifyBound<'tcx>,
}

impl<'tcx> RegionInferenceContext<'tcx> {
    /// Creates a new region inference context with a total of
    /// `num_region_variables` valid inference variables; the first N
    /// of those will be constant regions representing the free
    /// regions defined in `universal_regions`.
    ///
    /// The `outlives_constraints` and `type_tests` are an initial set
    /// of constraints produced by the MIR type check.
    pub(crate) fn new(
        var_infos: VarInfos,
        universal_regions: Rc<UniversalRegions<'tcx>>,
        placeholder_indices: Rc<PlaceholderIndices>,
        universal_region_relations: Rc<UniversalRegionRelations<'tcx>>,
        _body: &Body<'tcx>,
        outlives_constraints: OutlivesConstraintSet,
        member_constraints_in: MemberConstraintSet<'tcx, RegionVid>,
        closure_bounds_mapping: FxHashMap<
            Location,
            FxHashMap<(RegionVid, RegionVid), (ConstraintCategory, Span)>,
        >,
        type_tests: Vec<TypeTest<'tcx>>,
        liveness_constraints: LivenessValues<RegionVid>,
        elements: &Rc<RegionValueElements>,
    ) -> Self {
        // Create a RegionDefinition for each inference variable.
        let definitions: IndexVec<_, _> = var_infos
            .into_iter()
            .map(|info| RegionDefinition::new(info.universe, info.origin))
            .collect();

        let constraints = Rc::new(outlives_constraints); // freeze constraints
        let constraint_graph = Rc::new(constraints.graph(definitions.len()));
        let fr_static = universal_regions.fr_static;
        let constraint_sccs = Rc::new(constraints.compute_sccs(&constraint_graph, fr_static));

        let mut scc_values =
            RegionValues::new(elements, universal_regions.len(), &placeholder_indices);

        for region in liveness_constraints.rows() {
            let scc = constraint_sccs.scc(region);
            scc_values.merge_liveness(scc, region, &liveness_constraints);
        }

        let scc_universes = Self::compute_scc_universes(&constraint_sccs, &definitions);

        let scc_representatives = Self::compute_scc_representatives(&constraint_sccs, &definitions);

        let member_constraints =
            Rc::new(member_constraints_in.into_mapped(|r| constraint_sccs.scc(r)));

        let mut result = Self {
            definitions,
            liveness_constraints,
            constraints,
            constraint_graph,
            constraint_sccs,
            rev_constraint_graph: None,
            member_constraints,
            member_constraints_applied: Vec::new(),
            closure_bounds_mapping,
            scc_universes,
            scc_representatives,
            scc_values,
            type_tests,
            universal_regions,
            universal_region_relations,
        };

        result.init_free_and_bound_regions();

        result
    }

    /// Each SCC is the combination of many region variables which
    /// have been equated. Therefore, we can associate a universe with
    /// each SCC which is minimum of all the universes of its
    /// constituent regions -- this is because whatever value the SCC
    /// takes on must be a value that each of the regions within the
    /// SCC could have as well. This implies that the SCC must have
    /// the minimum, or narrowest, universe.
    fn compute_scc_universes(
        constraints_scc: &Sccs<RegionVid, ConstraintSccIndex>,
        definitions: &IndexVec<RegionVid, RegionDefinition<'tcx>>,
    ) -> IndexVec<ConstraintSccIndex, ty::UniverseIndex> {
        let num_sccs = constraints_scc.num_sccs();
        let mut scc_universes = IndexVec::from_elem_n(ty::UniverseIndex::MAX, num_sccs);

        for (region_vid, region_definition) in definitions.iter_enumerated() {
            let scc = constraints_scc.scc(region_vid);
            let scc_universe = &mut scc_universes[scc];
            *scc_universe = ::std::cmp::min(*scc_universe, region_definition.universe);
        }

        debug!("compute_scc_universes: scc_universe = {:#?}", scc_universes);

        scc_universes
    }

    /// For each SCC, we compute a unique `RegionVid` (in fact, the
    /// minimal one that belongs to the SCC). See
    /// `scc_representatives` field of `RegionInferenceContext` for
    /// more details.
    fn compute_scc_representatives(
        constraints_scc: &Sccs<RegionVid, ConstraintSccIndex>,
        definitions: &IndexVec<RegionVid, RegionDefinition<'tcx>>,
    ) -> IndexVec<ConstraintSccIndex, ty::RegionVid> {
        let num_sccs = constraints_scc.num_sccs();
        let next_region_vid = definitions.next_index();
        let mut scc_representatives = IndexVec::from_elem_n(next_region_vid, num_sccs);

        for region_vid in definitions.indices() {
            let scc = constraints_scc.scc(region_vid);
            let prev_min = scc_representatives[scc];
            scc_representatives[scc] = region_vid.min(prev_min);
        }

        scc_representatives
    }

    /// Initializes the region variables for each universally
    /// quantified region (lifetime parameter). The first N variables
    /// always correspond to the regions appearing in the function
    /// signature (both named and anonymous) and where-clauses. This
    /// function iterates over those regions and initializes them with
    /// minimum values.
    ///
    /// For example:
    ///
    ///     fn foo<'a, 'b>(..) where 'a: 'b
    ///
    /// would initialize two variables like so:
    ///
    ///     R0 = { CFG, R0 } // 'a
    ///     R1 = { CFG, R0, R1 } // 'b
    ///
    /// Here, R0 represents `'a`, and it contains (a) the entire CFG
    /// and (b) any universally quantified regions that it outlives,
    /// which in this case is just itself. R1 (`'b`) in contrast also
    /// outlives `'a` and hence contains R0 and R1.
    fn init_free_and_bound_regions(&mut self) {
        // Update the names (if any)
        for (external_name, variable) in self.universal_regions.named_universal_regions() {
            debug!(
                "init_universal_regions: region {:?} has external name {:?}",
                variable, external_name
            );
            self.definitions[variable].external_name = Some(external_name);
        }

        for variable in self.definitions.indices() {
            let scc = self.constraint_sccs.scc(variable);

            match self.definitions[variable].origin {
                NLLRegionVariableOrigin::FreeRegion => {
                    // For each free, universally quantified region X:

                    // Add all nodes in the CFG to liveness constraints
                    self.liveness_constraints.add_all_points(variable);
                    self.scc_values.add_all_points(scc);

                    // Add `end(X)` into the set for X.
                    self.scc_values.add_element(scc, variable);
                }

                NLLRegionVariableOrigin::Placeholder(placeholder) => {
                    // Each placeholder region is only visible from
                    // its universe `ui` and its extensions. So we
                    // can't just add it into `scc` unless the
                    // universe of the scc can name this region.
                    let scc_universe = self.scc_universes[scc];
                    if scc_universe.can_name(placeholder.universe) {
                        self.scc_values.add_element(scc, placeholder);
                    } else {
                        debug!(
                            "init_free_and_bound_regions: placeholder {:?} is \
                             not compatible with universe {:?} of its SCC {:?}",
                            placeholder, scc_universe, scc,
                        );
                        self.add_incompatible_universe(scc);
                    }
                }

                NLLRegionVariableOrigin::Existential => {
                    // For existential, regions, nothing to do.
                }
            }
        }
    }

    /// Returns an iterator over all the region indices.
    pub fn regions(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = RegionVid> {
        self.definitions.indices()
    }

    /// Given a universal region in scope on the MIR, returns the
    /// corresponding index.
    ///
    /// (Panics if `r` is not a registered universal region.)
    pub fn to_region_vid(&self, r: ty::Region<'tcx>) -> RegionVid {
        self.universal_regions.to_region_vid(r)
    }

    /// Adds annotations for `#[rustc_regions]`; see `UniversalRegions::annotate`.
    crate fn annotate(&self, tcx: TyCtxt<'tcx>, err: &mut DiagnosticBuilder<'_>) {
        self.universal_regions.annotate(tcx, err)
    }

    /// Returns `true` if the region `r` contains the point `p`.
    ///
    /// Panics if called before `solve()` executes,
    crate fn region_contains(&self, r: impl ToRegionVid, p: impl ToElementIndex) -> bool {
        let scc = self.constraint_sccs.scc(r.to_region_vid());
        self.scc_values.contains(scc, p)
    }

    /// Returns access to the value of `r` for debugging purposes.
    crate fn region_value_str(&self, r: RegionVid) -> String {
        let scc = self.constraint_sccs.scc(r.to_region_vid());
        self.scc_values.region_value_str(scc)
    }

    /// Returns access to the value of `r` for debugging purposes.
    crate fn region_universe(&self, r: RegionVid) -> ty::UniverseIndex {
        let scc = self.constraint_sccs.scc(r.to_region_vid());
        self.scc_universes[scc]
    }

    /// Once region solving has completed, this function will return
    /// the member constraints that were applied to the value of a given
    /// region `r`. See `AppliedMemberConstraint`.
    fn applied_member_constraints(&self, r: impl ToRegionVid) -> &[AppliedMemberConstraint] {
        let scc = self.constraint_sccs.scc(r.to_region_vid());
        binary_search_util::binary_search_slice(
            &self.member_constraints_applied,
            |applied| applied.member_region_scc,
            &scc,
        )
    }

    /// Performs region inference and report errors if we see any
    /// unsatisfiable constraints. If this is a closure, returns the
    /// region requirements to propagate to our creator, if any.
    pub(super) fn solve(
        &mut self,
        infcx: &InferCtxt<'_, 'tcx>,
        body: &Body<'tcx>,
        upvars: &[Upvar],
        mir_def_id: DefId,
        errors_buffer: &mut Vec<Diagnostic>,
    ) -> Option<ClosureRegionRequirements<'tcx>> {
        self.propagate_constraints(body);

        // If this is a closure, we can propagate unsatisfied
        // `outlives_requirements` to our creator, so create a vector
        // to store those. Otherwise, we'll pass in `None` to the
        // functions below, which will trigger them to report errors
        // eagerly.
        let mut outlives_requirements =
            if infcx.tcx.is_closure(mir_def_id) { Some(vec![]) } else { None };

        self.check_type_tests(
            infcx,
            body,
            mir_def_id,
            outlives_requirements.as_mut(),
            errors_buffer,
        );

        self.check_universal_regions(
            infcx,
            body,
            upvars,
            mir_def_id,
            outlives_requirements.as_mut(),
            errors_buffer,
        );

        self.check_member_constraints(infcx, mir_def_id, errors_buffer);

        let outlives_requirements = outlives_requirements.unwrap_or(vec![]);

        if outlives_requirements.is_empty() {
            None
        } else {
            let num_external_vids = self.universal_regions.num_global_and_external_regions();
            Some(ClosureRegionRequirements { num_external_vids, outlives_requirements })
        }
    }

    /// Propagate the region constraints: this will grow the values
    /// for each region variable until all the constraints are
    /// satisfied. Note that some values may grow **too** large to be
    /// feasible, but we check this later.
    fn propagate_constraints(&mut self, _body: &Body<'tcx>) {
        debug!("propagate_constraints()");

        debug!("propagate_constraints: constraints={:#?}", {
            let mut constraints: Vec<_> = self.constraints.outlives().iter().collect();
            constraints.sort();
            constraints
                .into_iter()
                .map(|c| (c, self.constraint_sccs.scc(c.sup), self.constraint_sccs.scc(c.sub)))
                .collect::<Vec<_>>()
        });

        // To propagate constraints, we walk the DAG induced by the
        // SCC. For each SCC, we visit its successors and compute
        // their values, then we union all those values to get our
        // own.
        let visited = &mut BitSet::new_empty(self.constraint_sccs.num_sccs());
        for scc_index in self.constraint_sccs.all_sccs() {
            self.propagate_constraint_sccs_if_new(scc_index, visited);
        }

        // Sort the applied member constraints so we can binary search
        // through them later.
        self.member_constraints_applied.sort_by_key(|applied| applied.member_region_scc);
    }

    /// Computes the value of the SCC `scc_a` if it has not already
    /// been computed. The `visited` parameter is a bitset
    #[inline]
    fn propagate_constraint_sccs_if_new(
        &mut self,
        scc_a: ConstraintSccIndex,
        visited: &mut BitSet<ConstraintSccIndex>,
    ) {
        if visited.insert(scc_a) {
            self.propagate_constraint_sccs_new(scc_a, visited);
        }
    }

    /// Computes the value of the SCC `scc_a`, which has not yet been
    /// computed. This works by first computing all successors of the
    /// SCC (if they haven't been computed already) and then unioning
    /// together their elements.
    fn propagate_constraint_sccs_new(
        &mut self,
        scc_a: ConstraintSccIndex,
        visited: &mut BitSet<ConstraintSccIndex>,
    ) {
        let constraint_sccs = self.constraint_sccs.clone();

        // Walk each SCC `B` such that `A: B`...
        for &scc_b in constraint_sccs.successors(scc_a) {
            debug!("propagate_constraint_sccs: scc_a = {:?} scc_b = {:?}", scc_a, scc_b);

            // ...compute the value of `B`...
            self.propagate_constraint_sccs_if_new(scc_b, visited);

            // ...and add elements from `B` into `A`. One complication
            // arises because of universes: If `B` contains something
            // that `A` cannot name, then `A` can only contain `B` if
            // it outlives static.
            if self.universe_compatible(scc_b, scc_a) {
                // `A` can name everything that is in `B`, so just
                // merge the bits.
                self.scc_values.add_region(scc_a, scc_b);
            } else {
                self.add_incompatible_universe(scc_a);
            }
        }

        // Now take member constraints into account.
        let member_constraints = self.member_constraints.clone();
        for m_c_i in member_constraints.indices(scc_a) {
            self.apply_member_constraint(
                scc_a,
                m_c_i,
                member_constraints.choice_regions(m_c_i),
            );
        }

        debug!(
            "propagate_constraint_sccs: scc_a = {:?} has value {:?}",
            scc_a,
            self.scc_values.region_value_str(scc_a),
        );
    }

    /// Invoked for each `R0 member of [R1..Rn]` constraint.
    ///
    /// `scc` is the SCC containing R0, and `choice_regions` are the
    /// `R1..Rn` regions -- they are always known to be universal
    /// regions (and if that's not true, we just don't attempt to
    /// enforce the constraint).
    ///
    /// The current value of `scc` at the time the method is invoked
    /// is considered a *lower bound*.  If possible, we will modify
    /// the constraint to set it equal to one of the option regions.
    /// If we make any changes, returns true, else false.
    fn apply_member_constraint(
        &mut self,
        scc: ConstraintSccIndex,
        member_constraint_index: NllMemberConstraintIndex,
        choice_regions: &[ty::RegionVid],
    ) -> bool {
        debug!("apply_member_constraint(scc={:?}, choice_regions={:#?})", scc, choice_regions,);

        if let Some(uh_oh) =
            choice_regions.iter().find(|&&r| !self.universal_regions.is_universal_region(r))
        {
            // FIXME(#61773): This case can only occur with
            // `impl_trait_in_bindings`, I believe, and we are just
            // opting not to handle it for now. See #61773 for
            // details.
            bug!(
                "member constraint for `{:?}` has an option region `{:?}` \
                 that is not a universal region",
                self.member_constraints[member_constraint_index].opaque_type_def_id,
                uh_oh,
            );
        }

        // Create a mutable vector of the options. We'll try to winnow
        // them down.
        let mut choice_regions: Vec<ty::RegionVid> = choice_regions.to_vec();

        // The 'member region' in a member constraint is part of the
        // hidden type, which must be in the root universe. Therefore,
        // it cannot have any placeholders in its value.
        assert!(self.scc_universes[scc] == ty::UniverseIndex::ROOT);
        debug_assert!(
            self.scc_values.placeholders_contained_in(scc).next().is_none(),
            "scc {:?} in a member constraint has placeholder value: {:?}",
            scc,
            self.scc_values.region_value_str(scc),
        );

        // The existing value for `scc` is a lower-bound. This will
        // consist of some set `{P} + {LB}` of points `{P}` and
        // lower-bound free regions `{LB}`. As each choice region `O`
        // is a free region, it will outlive the points. But we can
        // only consider the option `O` if `O: LB`.
        choice_regions.retain(|&o_r| {
            self.scc_values
                .universal_regions_outlived_by(scc)
                .all(|lb| self.universal_region_relations.outlives(o_r, lb))
        });
        debug!("apply_member_constraint: after lb, choice_regions={:?}", choice_regions);

        // Now find all the *upper bounds* -- that is, each UB is a
        // free region that must outlive the member region `R0` (`UB:
        // R0`). Therefore, we need only keep an option `O` if `UB: O`
        // for all UB.
        if choice_regions.len() > 1 {
            let universal_region_relations = self.universal_region_relations.clone();
            let rev_constraint_graph = self.rev_constraint_graph();
            for ub in self.upper_bounds(scc, &rev_constraint_graph) {
                debug!("apply_member_constraint: ub={:?}", ub);
                choice_regions.retain(|&o_r| universal_region_relations.outlives(ub, o_r));
            }
            debug!("apply_member_constraint: after ub, choice_regions={:?}", choice_regions);
        }

        // If we ruled everything out, we're done.
        if choice_regions.is_empty() {
            return false;
        }

        // Otherwise, we need to find the minimum remaining choice, if
        // any, and take that.
        debug!("apply_member_constraint: choice_regions remaining are {:#?}", choice_regions);
        let min = |r1: ty::RegionVid, r2: ty::RegionVid| -> Option<ty::RegionVid> {
            let r1_outlives_r2 = self.universal_region_relations.outlives(r1, r2);
            let r2_outlives_r1 = self.universal_region_relations.outlives(r2, r1);
            if r1_outlives_r2 && r2_outlives_r1 {
                Some(r1.min(r2))
            } else if r1_outlives_r2 {
                Some(r2)
            } else if r2_outlives_r1 {
                Some(r1)
            } else {
                None
            }
        };
        let mut min_choice = choice_regions[0];
        for &other_option in &choice_regions[1..] {
            debug!(
                "apply_member_constraint: min_choice={:?} other_option={:?}",
                min_choice, other_option,
            );
            match min(min_choice, other_option) {
                Some(m) => min_choice = m,
                None => {
                    debug!(
                        "apply_member_constraint: {:?} and {:?} are incomparable; no min choice",
                        min_choice, other_option,
                    );
                    return false;
                }
            }
        }

        let min_choice_scc = self.constraint_sccs.scc(min_choice);
        debug!(
            "apply_member_constraint: min_choice={:?} best_choice_scc={:?}",
            min_choice,
            min_choice_scc,
        );
        if self.scc_values.add_region(scc, min_choice_scc) {
            self.member_constraints_applied.push(AppliedMemberConstraint {
                member_region_scc: scc,
                min_choice,
                member_constraint_index,
            });

            true
        } else {
            false
        }
    }

    /// Compute and return the reverse SCC-based constraint graph (lazilly).
    fn upper_bounds(
        &'a mut self,
        scc0: ConstraintSccIndex,
        rev_constraint_graph: &'a VecGraph<ConstraintSccIndex>,
    ) -> impl Iterator<Item = RegionVid> + 'a {
        let scc_values = &self.scc_values;
        let mut duplicates = FxHashSet::default();
        rev_constraint_graph
            .depth_first_search(scc0)
            .skip(1)
            .flat_map(move |scc1| scc_values.universal_regions_outlived_by(scc1))
            .filter(move |&r| duplicates.insert(r))
    }

    /// Compute and return the reverse SCC-based constraint graph (lazilly).
    fn rev_constraint_graph(
        &mut self,
    ) -> Rc<VecGraph<ConstraintSccIndex>> {
        if let Some(g) = &self.rev_constraint_graph {
            return g.clone();
        }

        let rev_graph = Rc::new(self.constraint_sccs.reverse());
        self.rev_constraint_graph = Some(rev_graph.clone());
        rev_graph
    }

    /// Returns `true` if all the elements in the value of `scc_b` are nameable
    /// in `scc_a`. Used during constraint propagation, and only once
    /// the value of `scc_b` has been computed.
    fn universe_compatible(&self, scc_b: ConstraintSccIndex, scc_a: ConstraintSccIndex) -> bool {
        let universe_a = self.scc_universes[scc_a];

        // Quick check: if scc_b's declared universe is a subset of
        // scc_a's declared univese (typically, both are ROOT), then
        // it cannot contain any problematic universe elements.
        if universe_a.can_name(self.scc_universes[scc_b]) {
            return true;
        }

        // Otherwise, we have to iterate over the universe elements in
        // B's value, and check whether all of them are nameable
        // from universe_a
        self.scc_values.placeholders_contained_in(scc_b).all(|p| universe_a.can_name(p.universe))
    }

    /// Extend `scc` so that it can outlive some placeholder region
    /// from a universe it can't name; at present, the only way for
    /// this to be true is if `scc` outlives `'static`. This is
    /// actually stricter than necessary: ideally, we'd support bounds
    /// like `for<'a: 'b`>` that might then allow us to approximate
    /// `'a` with `'b` and not `'static`. But it will have to do for
    /// now.
    fn add_incompatible_universe(&mut self, scc: ConstraintSccIndex) {
        debug!("add_incompatible_universe(scc={:?})", scc);

        let fr_static = self.universal_regions.fr_static;
        self.scc_values.add_all_points(scc);
        self.scc_values.add_element(scc, fr_static);
    }

    /// Once regions have been propagated, this method is used to see
    /// whether the "type tests" produced by typeck were satisfied;
    /// type tests encode type-outlives relationships like `T:
    /// 'a`. See `TypeTest` for more details.
    fn check_type_tests(
        &self,
        infcx: &InferCtxt<'_, 'tcx>,
        body: &Body<'tcx>,
        mir_def_id: DefId,
        mut propagated_outlives_requirements: Option<&mut Vec<ClosureOutlivesRequirement<'tcx>>>,
        errors_buffer: &mut Vec<Diagnostic>,
    ) {
        let tcx = infcx.tcx;

        // Sometimes we register equivalent type-tests that would
        // result in basically the exact same error being reported to
        // the user. Avoid that.
        let mut deduplicate_errors = FxHashSet::default();

        for type_test in &self.type_tests {
            debug!("check_type_test: {:?}", type_test);

            let generic_ty = type_test.generic_kind.to_ty(tcx);
            if self.eval_verify_bound(
                tcx,
                body,
                generic_ty,
                type_test.lower_bound,
                &type_test.verify_bound,
            ) {
                continue;
            }

            if let Some(propagated_outlives_requirements) = &mut propagated_outlives_requirements {
                if self.try_promote_type_test(
                    infcx,
                    body,
                    type_test,
                    propagated_outlives_requirements,
                ) {
                    continue;
                }
            }

            // Type-test failed. Report the error.

            // Try to convert the lower-bound region into something named we can print for the user.
            let lower_bound_region = self.to_error_region(type_test.lower_bound);

            // Skip duplicate-ish errors.
            let type_test_span = type_test.locations.span(body);
            let erased_generic_kind = tcx.erase_regions(&type_test.generic_kind);
            if !deduplicate_errors.insert((
                erased_generic_kind,
                lower_bound_region,
                type_test.locations,
            )) {
                continue;
            } else {
                debug!(
                    "check_type_test: reporting error for erased_generic_kind={:?}, \
                     lower_bound_region={:?}, \
                     type_test.locations={:?}",
                    erased_generic_kind, lower_bound_region, type_test.locations,
                );
            }

            if let Some(lower_bound_region) = lower_bound_region {
                let region_scope_tree = &tcx.region_scope_tree(mir_def_id);
                infcx
                    .construct_generic_bound_failure(
                        region_scope_tree,
                        type_test_span,
                        None,
                        type_test.generic_kind,
                        lower_bound_region,
                    )
                    .buffer(errors_buffer);
            } else {
                // FIXME. We should handle this case better. It
                // indicates that we have e.g., some region variable
                // whose value is like `'a+'b` where `'a` and `'b` are
                // distinct unrelated univesal regions that are not
                // known to outlive one another. It'd be nice to have
                // some examples where this arises to decide how best
                // to report it; we could probably handle it by
                // iterating over the universal regions and reporting
                // an error that multiple bounds are required.
                tcx.sess
                    .struct_span_err(
                        type_test_span,
                        &format!("`{}` does not live long enough", type_test.generic_kind,),
                    )
                    .buffer(errors_buffer);
            }
        }
    }

    /// Converts a region inference variable into a `ty::Region` that
    /// we can use for error reporting. If `r` is universally bound,
    /// then we use the name that we have on record for it. If `r` is
    /// existentially bound, then we check its inferred value and try
    /// to find a good name from that. Returns `None` if we can't find
    /// one (e.g., this is just some random part of the CFG).
    pub fn to_error_region(&self, r: RegionVid) -> Option<ty::Region<'tcx>> {
        self.to_error_region_vid(r).and_then(|r| self.definitions[r].external_name)
    }

    /// Returns the [RegionVid] corresponding to the region returned by
    /// `to_error_region`.
    pub fn to_error_region_vid(&self, r: RegionVid) -> Option<RegionVid> {
        if self.universal_regions.is_universal_region(r) {
            Some(r)
        } else {
            let r_scc = self.constraint_sccs.scc(r);
            let upper_bound = self.universal_upper_bound(r);
            if self.scc_values.contains(r_scc, upper_bound) {
                self.to_error_region_vid(upper_bound)
            } else {
                None
            }
        }
    }

    /// Invoked when we have some type-test (e.g., `T: 'X`) that we cannot
    /// prove to be satisfied. If this is a closure, we will attempt to
    /// "promote" this type-test into our `ClosureRegionRequirements` and
    /// hence pass it up the creator. To do this, we have to phrase the
    /// type-test in terms of external free regions, as local free
    /// regions are not nameable by the closure's creator.
    ///
    /// Promotion works as follows: we first check that the type `T`
    /// contains only regions that the creator knows about. If this is
    /// true, then -- as a consequence -- we know that all regions in
    /// the type `T` are free regions that outlive the closure body. If
    /// false, then promotion fails.
    ///
    /// Once we've promoted T, we have to "promote" `'X` to some region
    /// that is "external" to the closure. Generally speaking, a region
    /// may be the union of some points in the closure body as well as
    /// various free lifetimes. We can ignore the points in the closure
    /// body: if the type T can be expressed in terms of external regions,
    /// we know it outlives the points in the closure body. That
    /// just leaves the free regions.
    ///
    /// The idea then is to lower the `T: 'X` constraint into multiple
    /// bounds -- e.g., if `'X` is the union of two free lifetimes,
    /// `'1` and `'2`, then we would create `T: '1` and `T: '2`.
    fn try_promote_type_test(
        &self,
        infcx: &InferCtxt<'_, 'tcx>,
        body: &Body<'tcx>,
        type_test: &TypeTest<'tcx>,
        propagated_outlives_requirements: &mut Vec<ClosureOutlivesRequirement<'tcx>>,
    ) -> bool {
        let tcx = infcx.tcx;

        let TypeTest { generic_kind, lower_bound, locations, verify_bound: _ } = type_test;

        let generic_ty = generic_kind.to_ty(tcx);
        let subject = match self.try_promote_type_test_subject(infcx, generic_ty) {
            Some(s) => s,
            None => return false,
        };

        // For each region outlived by lower_bound find a non-local,
        // universal region (it may be the same region) and add it to
        // `ClosureOutlivesRequirement`.
        let r_scc = self.constraint_sccs.scc(*lower_bound);
        for ur in self.scc_values.universal_regions_outlived_by(r_scc) {
            // Check whether we can already prove that the "subject" outlives `ur`.
            // If so, we don't have to propagate this requirement to our caller.
            //
            // To continue the example from the function, if we are trying to promote
            // a requirement that `T: 'X`, and we know that `'X = '1 + '2` (i.e., the union
            // `'1` and `'2`), then in this loop `ur` will be `'1` (and `'2`). So here
            // we check whether `T: '1` is something we *can* prove. If so, no need
            // to propagate that requirement.
            //
            // This is needed because -- particularly in the case
            // where `ur` is a local bound -- we are sometimes in a
            // position to prove things that our caller cannot.  See
            // #53570 for an example.
            if self.eval_verify_bound(tcx, body, generic_ty, ur, &type_test.verify_bound) {
                continue;
            }

            debug!("try_promote_type_test: ur={:?}", ur);

            let non_local_ub = self.universal_region_relations.non_local_upper_bounds(&ur);
            debug!("try_promote_type_test: non_local_ub={:?}", non_local_ub);

            // This is slightly too conservative. To show T: '1, given `'2: '1`
            // and `'3: '1` we only need to prove that T: '2 *or* T: '3, but to
            // avoid potential non-determinism we approximate this by requiring
            // T: '1 and T: '2.
            for &upper_bound in non_local_ub {
                debug_assert!(self.universal_regions.is_universal_region(upper_bound));
                debug_assert!(!self.universal_regions.is_local_free_region(upper_bound));

                let requirement = ClosureOutlivesRequirement {
                    subject,
                    outlived_free_region: upper_bound,
                    blame_span: locations.span(body),
                    category: ConstraintCategory::Boring,
                };
                debug!("try_promote_type_test: pushing {:#?}", requirement);
                propagated_outlives_requirements.push(requirement);
            }
        }
        true
    }

    /// When we promote a type test `T: 'r`, we have to convert the
    /// type `T` into something we can store in a query result (so
    /// something allocated for `'tcx`). This is problematic if `ty`
    /// contains regions. During the course of NLL region checking, we
    /// will have replaced all of those regions with fresh inference
    /// variables. To create a test subject, we want to replace those
    /// inference variables with some region from the closure
    /// signature -- this is not always possible, so this is a
    /// fallible process. Presuming we do find a suitable region, we
    /// will represent it with a `ReClosureBound`, which is a
    /// `RegionKind` variant that can be allocated in the gcx.
    fn try_promote_type_test_subject(
        &self,
        infcx: &InferCtxt<'_, 'tcx>,
        ty: Ty<'tcx>,
    ) -> Option<ClosureOutlivesSubject<'tcx>> {
        let tcx = infcx.tcx;

        debug!("try_promote_type_test_subject(ty = {:?})", ty);

        let ty = tcx.fold_regions(&ty, &mut false, |r, _depth| {
            let region_vid = self.to_region_vid(r);

            // The challenge if this. We have some region variable `r`
            // whose value is a set of CFG points and universal
            // regions. We want to find if that set is *equivalent* to
            // any of the named regions found in the closure.
            //
            // To do so, we compute the
            // `non_local_universal_upper_bound`. This will be a
            // non-local, universal region that is greater than `r`.
            // However, it might not be *contained* within `r`, so
            // then we further check whether this bound is contained
            // in `r`. If so, we can say that `r` is equivalent to the
            // bound.
            //
            // Let's work through a few examples. For these, imagine
            // that we have 3 non-local regions (I'll denote them as
            // `'static`, `'a`, and `'b`, though of course in the code
            // they would be represented with indices) where:
            //
            // - `'static: 'a`
            // - `'static: 'b`
            //
            // First, let's assume that `r` is some existential
            // variable with an inferred value `{'a, 'static}` (plus
            // some CFG nodes). In this case, the non-local upper
            // bound is `'static`, since that outlives `'a`. `'static`
            // is also a member of `r` and hence we consider `r`
            // equivalent to `'static` (and replace it with
            // `'static`).
            //
            // Now let's consider the inferred value `{'a, 'b}`. This
            // means `r` is effectively `'a | 'b`. I'm not sure if
            // this can come about, actually, but assuming it did, we
            // would get a non-local upper bound of `'static`. Since
            // `'static` is not contained in `r`, we would fail to
            // find an equivalent.
            let upper_bound = self.non_local_universal_upper_bound(region_vid);
            if self.region_contains(region_vid, upper_bound) {
                tcx.mk_region(ty::ReClosureBound(upper_bound))
            } else {
                // In the case of a failure, use a `ReVar`
                // result. This will cause the `lift` later on to
                // fail.
                r
            }
        });
        debug!("try_promote_type_test_subject: folded ty = {:?}", ty);

        // `has_local_value` will only be true if we failed to promote some region.
        if ty.has_local_value() {
            return None;
        }

        Some(ClosureOutlivesSubject::Ty(ty))
    }

    /// Given some universal or existential region `r`, finds a
    /// non-local, universal region `r+` that outlives `r` at entry to (and
    /// exit from) the closure. In the worst case, this will be
    /// `'static`.
    ///
    /// This is used for two purposes. First, if we are propagated
    /// some requirement `T: r`, we can use this method to enlarge `r`
    /// to something we can encode for our creator (which only knows
    /// about non-local, universal regions). It is also used when
    /// encoding `T` as part of `try_promote_type_test_subject` (see
    /// that fn for details).
    ///
    /// This is based on the result `'y` of `universal_upper_bound`,
    /// except that it converts further takes the non-local upper
    /// bound of `'y`, so that the final result is non-local.
    fn non_local_universal_upper_bound(&self, r: RegionVid) -> RegionVid {
        debug!("non_local_universal_upper_bound(r={:?}={})", r, self.region_value_str(r));

        let lub = self.universal_upper_bound(r);

        // Grow further to get smallest universal region known to
        // creator.
        let non_local_lub = self.universal_region_relations.non_local_upper_bound(lub);

        debug!("non_local_universal_upper_bound: non_local_lub={:?}", non_local_lub);

        non_local_lub
    }

    /// Returns a universally quantified region that outlives the
    /// value of `r` (`r` may be existentially or universally
    /// quantified).
    ///
    /// Since `r` is (potentially) an existential region, it has some
    /// value which may include (a) any number of points in the CFG
    /// and (b) any number of `end('x)` elements of universally
    /// quantified regions. To convert this into a single universal
    /// region we do as follows:
    ///
    /// - Ignore the CFG points in `'r`. All universally quantified regions
    ///   include the CFG anyhow.
    /// - For each `end('x)` element in `'r`, compute the mutual LUB, yielding
    ///   a result `'y`.
    fn universal_upper_bound(&self, r: RegionVid) -> RegionVid {
        debug!("universal_upper_bound(r={:?}={})", r, self.region_value_str(r));

        // Find the smallest universal region that contains all other
        // universal regions within `region`.
        let mut lub = self.universal_regions.fr_fn_body;
        let r_scc = self.constraint_sccs.scc(r);
        for ur in self.scc_values.universal_regions_outlived_by(r_scc) {
            lub = self.universal_region_relations.postdom_upper_bound(lub, ur);
        }

        debug!("universal_upper_bound: r={:?} lub={:?}", r, lub);

        lub
    }

    /// Tests if `test` is true when applied to `lower_bound` at
    /// `point`.
    fn eval_verify_bound(
        &self,
        tcx: TyCtxt<'tcx>,
        body: &Body<'tcx>,
        generic_ty: Ty<'tcx>,
        lower_bound: RegionVid,
        verify_bound: &VerifyBound<'tcx>,
    ) -> bool {
        debug!("eval_verify_bound(lower_bound={:?}, verify_bound={:?})", lower_bound, verify_bound);

        match verify_bound {
            VerifyBound::IfEq(test_ty, verify_bound1) => {
                self.eval_if_eq(tcx, body, generic_ty, lower_bound, test_ty, verify_bound1)
            }

            VerifyBound::OutlivedBy(r) => {
                let r_vid = self.to_region_vid(r);
                self.eval_outlives(r_vid, lower_bound)
            }

            VerifyBound::AnyBound(verify_bounds) => verify_bounds.iter().any(|verify_bound| {
                self.eval_verify_bound(tcx, body, generic_ty, lower_bound, verify_bound)
            }),

            VerifyBound::AllBounds(verify_bounds) => verify_bounds.iter().all(|verify_bound| {
                self.eval_verify_bound(tcx, body, generic_ty, lower_bound, verify_bound)
            }),
        }
    }

    fn eval_if_eq(
        &self,
        tcx: TyCtxt<'tcx>,
        body: &Body<'tcx>,
        generic_ty: Ty<'tcx>,
        lower_bound: RegionVid,
        test_ty: Ty<'tcx>,
        verify_bound: &VerifyBound<'tcx>,
    ) -> bool {
        let generic_ty_normalized = self.normalize_to_scc_representatives(tcx, generic_ty);
        let test_ty_normalized = self.normalize_to_scc_representatives(tcx, test_ty);
        if generic_ty_normalized == test_ty_normalized {
            self.eval_verify_bound(tcx, body, generic_ty, lower_bound, verify_bound)
        } else {
            false
        }
    }

    /// This is a conservative normalization procedure. It takes every
    /// free region in `value` and replaces it with the
    /// "representative" of its SCC (see `scc_representatives` field).
    /// We are guaranteed that if two values normalize to the same
    /// thing, then they are equal; this is a conservative check in
    /// that they could still be equal even if they normalize to
    /// different results. (For example, there might be two regions
    /// with the same value that are not in the same SCC).
    ///
    /// N.B., this is not an ideal approach and I would like to revisit
    /// it. However, it works pretty well in practice. In particular,
    /// this is needed to deal with projection outlives bounds like
    ///
    ///     <T as Foo<'0>>::Item: '1
    ///
    /// In particular, this routine winds up being important when
    /// there are bounds like `where <T as Foo<'a>>::Item: 'b` in the
    /// environment. In this case, if we can show that `'0 == 'a`,
    /// and that `'b: '1`, then we know that the clause is
    /// satisfied. In such cases, particularly due to limitations of
    /// the trait solver =), we usually wind up with a where-clause like
    /// `T: Foo<'a>` in scope, which thus forces `'0 == 'a` to be added as
    /// a constraint, and thus ensures that they are in the same SCC.
    ///
    /// So why can't we do a more correct routine? Well, we could
    /// *almost* use the `relate_tys` code, but the way it is
    /// currently setup it creates inference variables to deal with
    /// higher-ranked things and so forth, and right now the inference
    /// context is not permitted to make more inference variables. So
    /// we use this kind of hacky solution.
    fn normalize_to_scc_representatives<T>(&self, tcx: TyCtxt<'tcx>, value: T) -> T
    where
        T: TypeFoldable<'tcx>,
    {
        tcx.fold_regions(&value, &mut false, |r, _db| {
            let vid = self.to_region_vid(r);
            let scc = self.constraint_sccs.scc(vid);
            let repr = self.scc_representatives[scc];
            tcx.mk_region(ty::ReVar(repr))
        })
    }

    // Evaluate whether `sup_region == sub_region`.
    fn eval_equal(&self, r1: RegionVid, r2: RegionVid) -> bool {
        self.eval_outlives(r1, r2) && self.eval_outlives(r2, r1)
    }

    // Evaluate whether `sup_region: sub_region`.
    fn eval_outlives(&self, sup_region: RegionVid, sub_region: RegionVid) -> bool {
        debug!("eval_outlives({:?}: {:?})", sup_region, sub_region);

        debug!(
            "eval_outlives: sup_region's value = {:?} universal={:?}",
            self.region_value_str(sup_region),
            self.universal_regions.is_universal_region(sup_region),
        );
        debug!(
            "eval_outlives: sub_region's value = {:?} universal={:?}",
            self.region_value_str(sub_region),
            self.universal_regions.is_universal_region(sub_region),
        );

        let sub_region_scc = self.constraint_sccs.scc(sub_region);
        let sup_region_scc = self.constraint_sccs.scc(sup_region);

        // Both the `sub_region` and `sup_region` consist of the union
        // of some number of universal regions (along with the union
        // of various points in the CFG; ignore those points for
        // now). Therefore, the sup-region outlives the sub-region if,
        // for each universal region R1 in the sub-region, there
        // exists some region R2 in the sup-region that outlives R1.
        let universal_outlives =
            self.scc_values.universal_regions_outlived_by(sub_region_scc).all(|r1| {
                self.scc_values
                    .universal_regions_outlived_by(sup_region_scc)
                    .any(|r2| self.universal_region_relations.outlives(r2, r1))
            });

        if !universal_outlives {
            return false;
        }

        // Now we have to compare all the points in the sub region and make
        // sure they exist in the sup region.

        if self.universal_regions.is_universal_region(sup_region) {
            // Micro-opt: universal regions contain all points.
            return true;
        }

        self.scc_values.contains_points(sup_region_scc, sub_region_scc)
    }

    /// Once regions have been propagated, this method is used to see
    /// whether any of the constraints were too strong. In particular,
    /// we want to check for a case where a universally quantified
    /// region exceeded its bounds. Consider:
    ///
    ///     fn foo<'a, 'b>(x: &'a u32) -> &'b u32 { x }
    ///
    /// In this case, returning `x` requires `&'a u32 <: &'b u32`
    /// and hence we establish (transitively) a constraint that
    /// `'a: 'b`. The `propagate_constraints` code above will
    /// therefore add `end('a)` into the region for `'b` -- but we
    /// have no evidence that `'b` outlives `'a`, so we want to report
    /// an error.
    ///
    /// If `propagated_outlives_requirements` is `Some`, then we will
    /// push unsatisfied obligations into there. Otherwise, we'll
    /// report them as errors.
    fn check_universal_regions(
        &self,
        infcx: &InferCtxt<'_, 'tcx>,
        body: &Body<'tcx>,
        upvars: &[Upvar],
        mir_def_id: DefId,
        mut propagated_outlives_requirements: Option<&mut Vec<ClosureOutlivesRequirement<'tcx>>>,
        errors_buffer: &mut Vec<Diagnostic>,
    ) {
        for (fr, fr_definition) in self.definitions.iter_enumerated() {
            match fr_definition.origin {
                NLLRegionVariableOrigin::FreeRegion => {
                    // Go through each of the universal regions `fr` and check that
                    // they did not grow too large, accumulating any requirements
                    // for our caller into the `outlives_requirements` vector.
                    self.check_universal_region(
                        infcx,
                        body,
                        upvars,
                        mir_def_id,
                        fr,
                        &mut propagated_outlives_requirements,
                        errors_buffer,
                    );
                }

                NLLRegionVariableOrigin::Placeholder(placeholder) => {
                    self.check_bound_universal_region(infcx, body, mir_def_id, fr, placeholder);
                }

                NLLRegionVariableOrigin::Existential => {
                    // nothing to check here
                }
            }
        }
    }

    /// Checks the final value for the free region `fr` to see if it
    /// grew too large. In particular, examine what `end(X)` points
    /// wound up in `fr`'s final value; for each `end(X)` where `X !=
    /// fr`, we want to check that `fr: X`. If not, that's either an
    /// error, or something we have to propagate to our creator.
    ///
    /// Things that are to be propagated are accumulated into the
    /// `outlives_requirements` vector.
    fn check_universal_region(
        &self,
        infcx: &InferCtxt<'_, 'tcx>,
        body: &Body<'tcx>,
        upvars: &[Upvar],
        mir_def_id: DefId,
        longer_fr: RegionVid,
        propagated_outlives_requirements: &mut Option<&mut Vec<ClosureOutlivesRequirement<'tcx>>>,
        errors_buffer: &mut Vec<Diagnostic>,
    ) {
        debug!("check_universal_region(fr={:?})", longer_fr);

        let longer_fr_scc = self.constraint_sccs.scc(longer_fr);

        // Because this free region must be in the ROOT universe, we
        // know it cannot contain any bound universes.
        assert!(self.scc_universes[longer_fr_scc] == ty::UniverseIndex::ROOT);
        debug_assert!(self.scc_values.placeholders_contained_in(longer_fr_scc).next().is_none());

        // Only check all of the relations for the main representative of each
        // SCC, otherwise just check that we outlive said representative. This
        // reduces the number of redundant relations propagated out of
        // closures.
        // Note that the representative will be a universal region if there is
        // one in this SCC, so we will always check the representative here.
        let representative = self.scc_representatives[longer_fr_scc];
        if representative != longer_fr {
            self.check_universal_region_relation(
                longer_fr,
                representative,
                infcx,
                body,
                upvars,
                mir_def_id,
                propagated_outlives_requirements,
                errors_buffer,
            );
            return;
        }

        // Find every region `o` such that `fr: o`
        // (because `fr` includes `end(o)`).
        for shorter_fr in self.scc_values.universal_regions_outlived_by(longer_fr_scc) {
            if let Some(ErrorReported) = self.check_universal_region_relation(
                longer_fr,
                shorter_fr,
                infcx,
                body,
                upvars,
                mir_def_id,
                propagated_outlives_requirements,
                errors_buffer,
            ) {
                // continuing to iterate just reports more errors than necessary
                return;
            }
        }
    }

    fn check_universal_region_relation(
        &self,
        longer_fr: RegionVid,
        shorter_fr: RegionVid,
        infcx: &InferCtxt<'_, 'tcx>,
        body: &Body<'tcx>,
        upvars: &[Upvar],
        mir_def_id: DefId,
        propagated_outlives_requirements: &mut Option<&mut Vec<ClosureOutlivesRequirement<'tcx>>>,
        errors_buffer: &mut Vec<Diagnostic>,
    ) -> Option<ErrorReported> {
        // If it is known that `fr: o`, carry on.
        if self.universal_region_relations.outlives(longer_fr, shorter_fr) {
            return None;
        }

        debug!(
            "check_universal_region_relation: fr={:?} does not outlive shorter_fr={:?}",
            longer_fr, shorter_fr,
        );

        if let Some(propagated_outlives_requirements) = propagated_outlives_requirements {
            // Shrink `longer_fr` until we find a non-local region (if we do).
            // We'll call it `fr-` -- it's ever so slightly smaller than
            // `longer_fr`.

            if let Some(fr_minus) = self.universal_region_relations.non_local_lower_bound(longer_fr)
            {
                debug!("check_universal_region: fr_minus={:?}", fr_minus);

                let blame_span_category =
                    self.find_outlives_blame_span(body, longer_fr, shorter_fr);

                // Grow `shorter_fr` until we find some non-local regions. (We
                // always will.)  We'll call them `shorter_fr+` -- they're ever
                // so slightly larger than `shorter_fr`.
                let shorter_fr_plus =
                    self.universal_region_relations.non_local_upper_bounds(&shorter_fr);
                debug!("check_universal_region: shorter_fr_plus={:?}", shorter_fr_plus);
                for &&fr in &shorter_fr_plus {
                    // Push the constraint `fr-: shorter_fr+`
                    propagated_outlives_requirements.push(ClosureOutlivesRequirement {
                        subject: ClosureOutlivesSubject::Region(fr_minus),
                        outlived_free_region: fr,
                        blame_span: blame_span_category.1,
                        category: blame_span_category.0,
                    });
                }
                return None;
            }
        }

        // If we are not in a context where we can't propagate errors, or we
        // could not shrink `fr` to something smaller, then just report an
        // error.
        //
        // Note: in this case, we use the unapproximated regions to report the
        // error. This gives better error messages in some cases.
        self.report_error(body, upvars, infcx, mir_def_id, longer_fr, shorter_fr, errors_buffer);
        Some(ErrorReported)
    }

    fn check_bound_universal_region(
        &self,
        infcx: &InferCtxt<'_, 'tcx>,
        body: &Body<'tcx>,
        _mir_def_id: DefId,
        longer_fr: RegionVid,
        placeholder: ty::PlaceholderRegion,
    ) {
        debug!("check_bound_universal_region(fr={:?}, placeholder={:?})", longer_fr, placeholder,);

        let longer_fr_scc = self.constraint_sccs.scc(longer_fr);
        debug!("check_bound_universal_region: longer_fr_scc={:?}", longer_fr_scc,);

        // If we have some bound universal region `'a`, then the only
        // elements it can contain is itself -- we don't know anything
        // else about it!
        let error_element = match {
            self.scc_values.elements_contained_in(longer_fr_scc).find(|element| match element {
                RegionElement::Location(_) => true,
                RegionElement::RootUniversalRegion(_) => true,
                RegionElement::PlaceholderRegion(placeholder1) => placeholder != *placeholder1,
            })
        } {
            Some(v) => v,
            None => return,
        };
        debug!("check_bound_universal_region: error_element = {:?}", error_element);

        // Find the region that introduced this `error_element`.
        let error_region = match error_element {
            RegionElement::Location(l) => self.find_sub_region_live_at(longer_fr, l),
            RegionElement::RootUniversalRegion(r) => r,
            RegionElement::PlaceholderRegion(error_placeholder) => self
                .definitions
                .iter_enumerated()
                .filter_map(|(r, definition)| match definition.origin {
                    NLLRegionVariableOrigin::Placeholder(p) if p == error_placeholder => Some(r),
                    _ => None,
                })
                .next()
                .unwrap(),
        };

        // Find the code to blame for the fact that `longer_fr` outlives `error_fr`.
        let (_, span) = self.find_outlives_blame_span(body, longer_fr, error_region);

        // Obviously, this error message is far from satisfactory.
        // At present, though, it only appears in unit tests --
        // the AST-based checker uses a more conservative check,
        // so to even see this error, one must pass in a special
        // flag.
        let mut diag = infcx.tcx.sess.struct_span_err(span, "higher-ranked subtype error");
        diag.emit();
    }

    fn check_member_constraints(
        &self,
        infcx: &InferCtxt<'_, 'tcx>,
        mir_def_id: DefId,
        errors_buffer: &mut Vec<Diagnostic>,
    ) {
        let member_constraints = self.member_constraints.clone();
        for m_c_i in member_constraints.all_indices() {
            debug!("check_member_constraint(m_c_i={:?})", m_c_i);
            let m_c = &member_constraints[m_c_i];
            let member_region_vid = m_c.member_region_vid;
            debug!(
                "check_member_constraint: member_region_vid={:?} with value {}",
                member_region_vid,
                self.region_value_str(member_region_vid),
            );
            let choice_regions = member_constraints.choice_regions(m_c_i);
            debug!("check_member_constraint: choice_regions={:?}", choice_regions);

            // Did the member region wind up equal to any of the option regions?
            if let Some(o) = choice_regions.iter().find(|&&o_r| {
                self.eval_equal(o_r, m_c.member_region_vid)
            }) {
                debug!("check_member_constraint: evaluated as equal to {:?}", o);
                continue;
            }

            // If not, report an error.
            let region_scope_tree = &infcx.tcx.region_scope_tree(mir_def_id);
            let member_region = infcx.tcx.mk_region(ty::ReVar(member_region_vid));
            opaque_types::unexpected_hidden_region_diagnostic(
                infcx.tcx,
                Some(region_scope_tree),
                m_c.opaque_type_def_id,
                m_c.hidden_ty,
                member_region,
            )
            .buffer(errors_buffer);
        }
    }
}

impl<'tcx> RegionDefinition<'tcx> {
    fn new(universe: ty::UniverseIndex, rv_origin: RegionVariableOrigin) -> Self {
        // Create a new region definition. Note that, for free
        // regions, the `external_name` field gets updated later in
        // `init_universal_regions`.

        let origin = match rv_origin {
            RegionVariableOrigin::NLL(origin) => origin,
            _ => NLLRegionVariableOrigin::Existential,
        };

        Self { origin, universe, external_name: None }
    }
}

pub trait ClosureRegionRequirementsExt<'tcx> {
    fn apply_requirements(
        &self,
        tcx: TyCtxt<'tcx>,
        closure_def_id: DefId,
        closure_substs: SubstsRef<'tcx>,
    ) -> Vec<QueryOutlivesConstraint<'tcx>>;

    fn subst_closure_mapping<T>(
        &self,
        tcx: TyCtxt<'tcx>,
        closure_mapping: &IndexVec<RegionVid, ty::Region<'tcx>>,
        value: &T,
    ) -> T
    where
        T: TypeFoldable<'tcx>;
}

impl<'tcx> ClosureRegionRequirementsExt<'tcx> for ClosureRegionRequirements<'tcx> {
    /// Given an instance T of the closure type, this method
    /// instantiates the "extra" requirements that we computed for the
    /// closure into the inference context. This has the effect of
    /// adding new outlives obligations to existing variables.
    ///
    /// As described on `ClosureRegionRequirements`, the extra
    /// requirements are expressed in terms of regionvids that index
    /// into the free regions that appear on the closure type. So, to
    /// do this, we first copy those regions out from the type T into
    /// a vector. Then we can just index into that vector to extract
    /// out the corresponding region from T and apply the
    /// requirements.
    fn apply_requirements(
        &self,
        tcx: TyCtxt<'tcx>,
        closure_def_id: DefId,
        closure_substs: SubstsRef<'tcx>,
    ) -> Vec<QueryOutlivesConstraint<'tcx>> {
        debug!(
            "apply_requirements(closure_def_id={:?}, closure_substs={:?})",
            closure_def_id, closure_substs
        );

        // Extract the values of the free regions in `closure_substs`
        // into a vector.  These are the regions that we will be
        // relating to one another.
        let closure_mapping = &UniversalRegions::closure_mapping(
            tcx,
            closure_substs,
            self.num_external_vids,
            tcx.closure_base_def_id(closure_def_id),
        );
        debug!("apply_requirements: closure_mapping={:?}", closure_mapping);

        // Create the predicates.
        self.outlives_requirements
            .iter()
            .map(|outlives_requirement| {
                let outlived_region = closure_mapping[outlives_requirement.outlived_free_region];

                match outlives_requirement.subject {
                    ClosureOutlivesSubject::Region(region) => {
                        let region = closure_mapping[region];
                        debug!(
                            "apply_requirements: region={:?} \
                             outlived_region={:?} \
                             outlives_requirement={:?}",
                            region, outlived_region, outlives_requirement,
                        );
                        ty::Binder::dummy(ty::OutlivesPredicate(region.into(), outlived_region))
                    }

                    ClosureOutlivesSubject::Ty(ty) => {
                        let ty = self.subst_closure_mapping(tcx, closure_mapping, &ty);
                        debug!(
                            "apply_requirements: ty={:?} \
                             outlived_region={:?} \
                             outlives_requirement={:?}",
                            ty, outlived_region, outlives_requirement,
                        );
                        ty::Binder::dummy(ty::OutlivesPredicate(ty.into(), outlived_region))
                    }
                }
            })
            .collect()
    }

    fn subst_closure_mapping<T>(
        &self,
        tcx: TyCtxt<'tcx>,
        closure_mapping: &IndexVec<RegionVid, ty::Region<'tcx>>,
        value: &T,
    ) -> T
    where
        T: TypeFoldable<'tcx>,
    {
        tcx.fold_regions(value, &mut false, |r, _depth| {
            if let ty::ReClosureBound(vid) = r {
                closure_mapping[*vid]
            } else {
                bug!("subst_closure_mapping: encountered non-closure bound free region {:?}", r)
            }
        })
    }
}