This document describes OpenSSH's support for U2F/FIDO security keys.

Background
----------

U2F is an open standard for two-factor authentication hardware, widely
used for user authentication to websites. U2F tokens are ubiquitous,
available from a number of manufacturers and are currently by far the
cheapest way for users to achieve hardware-backed credential storage.

The U2F protocol however cannot be trivially used as an SSH protocol key
type as both the inputs to the signature operation and the resultant
signature differ from those specified for SSH. For similar reasons,
integration of U2F devices cannot be achieved via the PKCS#11 API.

U2F also offers a number of features that are attractive in the context
of SSH authentication. They can be configured to require indication
of "user presence" for each signature operation (typically achieved
by requiring the user touch the key). They also offer an attestation
mechanism at key enrollment time that can be used to prove that a
given key is backed by hardware. Finally the signature format includes
a monotonic signature counter that can be used (at scale) to detect
concurrent use of a private key, should it be extracted from hardware.

U2F private keys are generated through an enrollment operation,
which takes an application ID - a URL-like string, typically "ssh:"
in this case, but a HTTP origin for the case of web authentication,
and a challenge string (typically randomly generated). The enrollment
operation returns a public key, a key handle that must be used to invoke
the hardware-backed private key, some flags and signed attestation
information that may be used to verify that a private key is hosted on a
particular hardware instance.

It is common for U2F hardware to derive private keys from the key handle
in conjunction with a small per-device secret that is unique to the
hardware, thus requiring little on-device storage for an effectively
unlimited number of supported keys. This drives the requirement that
the key handle be supplied for each signature operation. U2F tokens
primarily use ECDSA signatures in the NIST-P256 field, though the FIDO2
standard specifies additional key types, including one based on Ed25519.

SSH U2F Key formats
-------------------

OpenSSH integrates U2F as new key and corresponding certificate types:

	sk-ecdsa-sha2-nistp256@openssh.com
	sk-ecdsa-sha2-nistp256-cert-v01@openssh.com
	sk-ssh-ed25519@openssh.com
	sk-ssh-ed25519-cert-v01@openssh.com

While each uses ecdsa-sha256-nistp256 as the underlying signature primitive,
keys require extra information in the public and private keys, and in
the signature object itself. As such they cannot be made compatible with
the existing ecdsa-sha2-nistp* key types.

The format of a sk-ecdsa-sha2-nistp256@openssh.com public key is:

	string		"sk-ecdsa-sha2-nistp256@openssh.com"
	string		curve name
	ec_point	Q
	string		application (user-specified, but typically "ssh:")

The corresponding private key contains:

	string		"sk-ecdsa-sha2-nistp256@openssh.com"
	string		curve name
	ec_point	Q
	string		application (user-specified, but typically "ssh:")
	uint8		flags
	string		key_handle
	string		reserved

The format of a sk-ssh-ed25519@openssh.com public key is:

	string		"sk-ssh-ed25519@openssh.com"
	string		public key
	string		application (user-specified, but typically "ssh:")

With a private half consisting of:

	string		"sk-ssh-ed25519@openssh.com"
	string		public key
	string		application (user-specified, but typically "ssh:")
	uint8		flags
	string		key_handle
	string		reserved

The certificate form for SSH U2F keys appends the usual certificate
information to the public key:

	string		"sk-ecdsa-sha2-nistp256-cert-v01@openssh.com"
	string		nonce
	string		curve name
	ec_point	Q
	string		application
	uint64		serial
	uint32		type
	string		key id
	string		valid principals
	uint64		valid after
	uint64		valid before
	string		critical options
	string		extensions
	string		reserved
	string		signature key
	string		signature

and for security key ed25519 certificates:

	string		"sk-ssh-ed25519-cert-v01@openssh.com"
	string		nonce
	string		public key
	string		application
	uint64		serial
	uint32		type
	string		key id
	string		valid principals
	uint64		valid after
	uint64		valid before
	string		critical options
	string		extensions
	string		reserved
	string		signature key
	string		signature

Both security key certificates use the following encoding for private keys:

	string		type (e.g. "sk-ssh-ed25519-cert-v01@openssh.com")
	string		pubkey (the above key/cert structure)
	string		application
	uint8		flags
	string		key_handle
	string		reserved

During key generation, the hardware also returns attestation information
that may be used to cryptographically prove that a given key is
hardware-backed. Unfortunately, the protocol required for this proof is
not privacy-preserving and may be used to identify U2F tokens with at
least manufacturer and batch number granularity. For this reason, we
choose not to include this information in the public key or save it by
default.

Attestation information is useful for out-of-band key and certificate
registration worksflows, e.g. proving to a CA that a key is backed
by trusted hardware before it will issue a certificate. To support this
case, OpenSSH optionally allows retaining the attestation information
at the time of key generation. It will take the following format:

	string		"ssh-sk-attest-v00"
	string		attestation certificate
	string		enrollment signature
	uint32		reserved flags
	string		reserved string

OpenSSH treats the attestation certificate and enrollment signatures as
opaque objects and does no interpretation of them itself.

SSH U2F signatures
------------------

In addition to the message to be signed, the U2F signature operation
requires the key handle and a few additional parameters. The signature
is signed over a blob that consists of:

	byte[32]	SHA256(application)
	byte		flags (including "user present", extensions present)
	uint32		counter
	byte[]		extensions
	byte[32]	SHA256(message)

No extensons are yet defined for SSH use. If any are defined in the future,
it will be possible to infer their presence from the contents of the "flags"
value.

The signature returned from U2F hardware takes the following format:

	byte		flags (including "user present")
	uint32		counter
	byte[]		ecdsa_signature (in X9.62 format).

For use in the SSH protocol, we wish to avoid server-side parsing of ASN.1
format data in the pre-authentication attack surface. Therefore, the
signature format used on the wire in SSH2_USERAUTH_REQUEST packets will
be reformatted to better match the existing signature encoding:

	string		"sk-ecdsa-sha2-nistp256@openssh.com"
	string		ecdsa_signature
	byte		flags
	uint32		counter

Where the "ecdsa_signature" field follows the RFC5656 ECDSA signature
encoding:

	mpint		r
	mpint		s

For Ed25519 keys the signature is encoded as:

	string		"sk-ssh-ed25519@openssh.com"
	string		signature
	byte		flags
	uint32		counter

ssh-agent protocol extensions
-----------------------------

ssh-agent requires a protocol extension to support U2F keys. At
present the closest analogue to Security Keys in ssh-agent are PKCS#11
tokens, insofar as they require a middleware library to communicate with
the device that holds the keys. Unfortunately, the protocol message used
to add PKCS#11 keys to ssh-agent does not include any way to send the
key handle to the agent as U2F keys require.

To avoid this, without having to add wholly new messages to the agent
protocol, we will use the existing SSH2_AGENTC_ADD_ID_CONSTRAINED message
with a new key constraint extension to encode a path to the middleware
library for the key. The format of this constraint extension would be:

	byte		SSH_AGENT_CONSTRAIN_EXTENSION
	string		sk-provider@openssh.com
	string		middleware path

This constraint-based approach does not present any compatibility
problems.

OpenSSH integration
-------------------

U2F tokens may be attached via a number of means, including USB and NFC.
The USB interface is standardised around a HID protocol, but we want to
be able to support other transports as well as dummy implementations for
regress testing. For this reason, OpenSSH shall support a dynamically-
loaded middleware libraries to communicate with security keys, but offer
support for the common case of USB HID security keys internally.

The middleware library need only expose a handful of functions:

	#define SSH_SK_VERSION_MAJOR		0x00040000 /* API version */
	#define SSH_SK_VERSION_MAJOR_MASK	0xffff0000

	/* Flags */
	#define SSH_SK_USER_PRESENCE_REQD	0x01
	#define SSH_SK_USER_VERIFICATION_REQD	0x04
	#define SSH_SK_RESIDENT_KEY		0x20

	/* Algs */
	#define SSH_SK_ECDSA                   0x00
	#define SSH_SK_ED25519                 0x01

	/* Error codes */
	#define SSH_SK_ERR_GENERAL		-1
	#define SSH_SK_ERR_UNSUPPORTED		-2
	#define SSH_SK_ERR_PIN_REQUIRED		-3
	#define SSH_SK_ERR_DEVICE_NOT_FOUND	-4

	struct sk_enroll_response {
		uint8_t *public_key;
		size_t public_key_len;
		uint8_t *key_handle;
		size_t key_handle_len;
		uint8_t *signature;
		size_t signature_len;
		uint8_t *attestation_cert;
		size_t attestation_cert_len;
	};

	struct sk_sign_response {
		uint8_t flags;
		uint32_t counter;
		uint8_t *sig_r;
		size_t sig_r_len;
		uint8_t *sig_s;
		size_t sig_s_len;
	};

	struct sk_resident_key {
		uint32_t alg;
		size_t slot;
		char *application;
		struct sk_enroll_response key;
	};

	struct sk_option {
		char *name;
		char *value;
		uint8_t important;
	};

	/* Return the version of the middleware API */
	uint32_t sk_api_version(void);

	/* Enroll a U2F key (private key generation) */
	int sk_enroll(uint32_t alg,
	    const uint8_t *challenge, size_t challenge_len,
	    const char *application, uint8_t flags, const char *pin,
	    struct sk_option **options,
	    struct sk_enroll_response **enroll_response);

	/* Sign a challenge */
	int sk_sign(uint32_t alg, const uint8_t *message, size_t message_len,
	    const char *application,
	    const uint8_t *key_handle, size_t key_handle_len,
	    uint8_t flags, const char *pin, struct sk_option **options,
	    struct sk_sign_response **sign_response);

	/* Enumerate all resident keys */
	int sk_load_resident_keys(const char *pin, struct sk_option **options,
	    struct sk_resident_key ***rks, size_t *nrks);

The SSH_SK_VERSION_MAJOR should be incremented for each incompatible
API change.

The options may be used to pass miscellaneous options to the middleware
as a NULL-terminated array of pointers to struct sk_option. The middleware
may ignore unsupported or unknown options unless the "important" flag is
set, in which case it should return failure if an unsupported option is
requested.

At present the following options names are supported:

	"device"

	Specifies a specific FIDO device on which to perform the
	operation. The value in this field is interpreted by the
	middleware but it would be typical to specify a path to
	a /dev node for the device in question.

	"user"

	Specifies the FIDO2 username used when enrolling a key,
	overriding OpenSSH's default of using an all-zero username.

In OpenSSH, the middleware will be invoked by using a similar mechanism to
ssh-pkcs11-helper to provide address-space containment of the
middleware from ssh-agent.