[chaotic-good] Add chaotic good client transport read (roll-forward) (#34806)

Roll forward #34657, which was reverted in #34761.  

Previous error in CMake:
```
[ RUN      ] ClientTransportTest.AddOneStreamMultipleMessages
unknown file: Failure

Unexpected mock function call - returning directly.
    Function call: Call(CANCELLED: )
Google Mock tried the following 1 expectation, but it didn't match:

/[var/local/git/grpc/test/core/transport/chaotic_good/client_transport_test.cc:484](https://cs.corp.google.com/piper///depot/google3/var/local/git/grpc/test/core/transport/chaotic_good/client_transport_test.cc?l=484): EXPECT_CALL(on_done, Call(absl::OkStatus()))...
  Expected arg #0: is equal to OK
           Actual: CANCELLED: 
         Expected: to be called once
           Actual: never called - unsatisfied and active

/[var/local/git/grpc/test/core/transport/chaotic_good/client_transport_test.cc:484](https://cs.corp.google.com/piper///depot/google3/var/local/git/grpc/test/core/transport/chaotic_good/client_transport_test.cc?l=484): Failure
Actual function call count doesn't match EXPECT_CALL(on_done, Call(absl::OkStatus()))...
         Expected: to be called once
           Actual: never called - unsatisfied and active

real 0.24
user 0.00
sys 0.00

2023-10-20 01:50:32,776 FAILED: cmake/build/client_transport_test --gtest_filter=ClientTransportTest.AddOneStreamMultipleMessages  GRPC_POLL_STRATEGY=epoll1 [ret=139, pid=1663532, time=0.3sec]
```
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