daemon/libnetwork/service_linux.go

package libnetwork

import (
	"context"
	"errors"
	"fmt"
	"io"
	"net"
	"os"
	"path/filepath"
	"strconv"
	"strings"
	"sync"
	"syscall"

	"github.com/containerd/log"
	"github.com/ishidawataru/sctp"
	"github.com/moby/ipvs"
	"github.com/moby/moby/v2/daemon/libnetwork/drivers/bridge"
	"github.com/moby/moby/v2/daemon/libnetwork/iptables"
	"github.com/moby/moby/v2/daemon/libnetwork/ns"
	"github.com/vishvananda/netlink/nl"
)

// Populate all loadbalancers on the network that the passed endpoint
// belongs to, into this sandbox.
func (sb *Sandbox) populateLoadBalancers(ep *Endpoint) {
	// This is an interface less endpoint. Nothing to do.
	if ep.Iface() == nil {
		return
	}

	n := ep.getNetwork()
	eIP := ep.Iface().Address()

	if n.ingress {
		if err := sb.addRedirectRules(eIP, ep.ingressPorts); err != nil {
			log.G(context.TODO()).Errorf("Failed to add redirect rules for ep %s (%.7s): %v", ep.Name(), ep.ID(), err)
		}
	}
}

func (n *Network) findLBEndpointSandbox() (*Endpoint, *Sandbox, error) {
	// TODO: get endpoint from store?  See EndpointInfo()
	var ep *Endpoint
	// Find this node's LB sandbox endpoint:  there should be exactly one
	for _, e := range n.Endpoints() {
		epi := e.Info()
		if epi != nil && epi.LoadBalancer() {
			ep = e
			break
		}
	}
	if ep == nil {
		return nil, nil, fmt.Errorf("Unable to find load balancing endpoint for network %s", n.ID())
	}
	// Get the load balancer sandbox itself as well
	sb, ok := ep.getSandbox()
	if !ok {
		return nil, nil, fmt.Errorf("Unable to get sandbox for %s(%s) in for %s", ep.Name(), ep.ID(), n.ID())
	}
	sep := sb.GetEndpoint(ep.ID())
	if sep == nil {
		return nil, nil, fmt.Errorf("Load balancing endpoint %s(%s) removed from %s", ep.Name(), ep.ID(), n.ID())
	}
	return sep, sb, nil
}

// Searches the OS sandbox for the name of the endpoint interface
// within the sandbox.   This is required for adding/removing IP
// aliases to the interface.
func findIfaceDstName(sb *Sandbox, ep *Endpoint) string {
	srcName := ep.Iface().SrcName()
	for _, i := range sb.osSbox.Interfaces() {
		if i.SrcName() == srcName {
			return i.DstName()
		}
	}
	return ""
}

// Add loadbalancer backend to the loadbalancer sandbox for the network.
// If needed add the service as well.
func (n *Network) addLBBackend(ip net.IP, lb *loadBalancer) {
	if len(lb.vip) == 0 {
		return
	}
	ep, sb, err := n.findLBEndpointSandbox()
	if err != nil {
		log.G(context.TODO()).Errorf("addLBBackend %s/%s: %v", n.ID(), n.Name(), err)
		return
	}
	if sb.osSbox == nil {
		return
	}

	eIP := ep.Iface().Address()

	i, err := ipvs.New(sb.Key())
	if err != nil {
		log.G(context.TODO()).Errorf("Failed to create an ipvs handle for sbox %.7s (%.7s,%s) for lb addition: %v", sb.ID(), sb.ContainerID(), sb.Key(), err)
		return
	}
	defer i.Close()

	s := &ipvs.Service{
		AddressFamily: nl.FAMILY_V4,
		FWMark:        lb.fwMark,
		SchedName:     ipvs.RoundRobin,
	}

	if !i.IsServicePresent(s) {
		// Add IP alias for the VIP to the endpoint
		ifName := findIfaceDstName(sb, ep)
		if ifName == "" {
			log.G(context.TODO()).Errorf("Failed find interface name for endpoint %s(%s) to create LB alias", ep.ID(), ep.Name())
			return
		}
		err := sb.osSbox.AddAliasIP(ifName, &net.IPNet{IP: lb.vip, Mask: net.CIDRMask(32, 32)})
		if err != nil {
			log.G(context.TODO()).Errorf("Failed add IP alias %s to network %s LB endpoint interface %s: %v", lb.vip, n.ID(), ifName, err)
			return
		}

		if sb.ingress {
			var gwIP net.IP
			if gwEP, _ := sb.getGatewayEndpoint(); gwEP != nil {
				gwIP = gwEP.Iface().Address().IP
			}
			if err := addIngressPorts(gwIP, lb.service.ingressPorts); err != nil {
				log.G(context.TODO()).Errorf("Failed to add ingress: %v", err)
				return
			}
		}

		log.G(context.TODO()).Debugf("Creating service for vip %s fwMark %d ingressPorts %#v in sbox %.7s (%.7s)", lb.vip, lb.fwMark, lb.service.ingressPorts, sb.ID(), sb.ContainerID())
		if err := sb.configureFWMark(lb.vip, lb.fwMark, lb.service.ingressPorts, eIP, false, n.loadBalancerMode); err != nil {
			log.G(context.TODO()).Errorf("Failed to add firewall mark rule in sbox %.7s (%.7s): %v", sb.ID(), sb.ContainerID(), err)
			return
		}

		if err := i.NewService(s); err != nil && !errors.Is(err, syscall.EEXIST) {
			log.G(context.TODO()).Errorf("Failed to create a new service for vip %s fwmark %d in sbox %.7s (%.7s): %v", lb.vip, lb.fwMark, sb.ID(), sb.ContainerID(), err)
			return
		}
	}

	// Remove the sched name before using the service to add
	// destination.
	s.SchedName = ""

	var flags uint32
	if n.loadBalancerMode == loadBalancerModeDSR {
		flags = ipvs.ConnFwdDirectRoute
	}
	err = i.NewDestination(s, &ipvs.Destination{
		AddressFamily:   nl.FAMILY_V4,
		Address:         ip,
		Weight:          1,
		ConnectionFlags: flags,
	})
	if err != nil && !errors.Is(err, syscall.EEXIST) {
		log.G(context.TODO()).Errorf("Failed to create real server %s for vip %s fwmark %d in sbox %.7s (%.7s): %v", ip, lb.vip, lb.fwMark, sb.ID(), sb.ContainerID(), err)
	}

	// Ensure that kernel tweaks are applied in case this is the first time
	// we've initialized ip_vs
	sb.osSbox.ApplyOSTweaks(sb.oslTypes)
}

// Remove loadbalancer backend the load balancing endpoint for this
// network. If 'rmService' is true, then remove the service entry as well.
// If 'fullRemove' is true then completely remove the entry, otherwise
// just deweight it for now.
func (n *Network) rmLBBackend(ip net.IP, lb *loadBalancer, rmService bool, fullRemove bool) {
	if len(lb.vip) == 0 {
		return
	}
	ep, sb, err := n.findLBEndpointSandbox()
	if err != nil {
		log.G(context.TODO()).Debugf("rmLBBackend for %s/%s: %v -- probably transient state", n.ID(), n.Name(), err)
		return
	}
	if sb.osSbox == nil {
		return
	}

	eIP := ep.Iface().Address()

	i, err := ipvs.New(sb.Key())
	if err != nil {
		log.G(context.TODO()).Errorf("Failed to create an ipvs handle for sbox %.7s (%.7s,%s) for lb removal: %v", sb.ID(), sb.ContainerID(), sb.Key(), err)
		return
	}
	defer i.Close()

	s := &ipvs.Service{
		AddressFamily: nl.FAMILY_V4,
		FWMark:        lb.fwMark,
	}

	d := &ipvs.Destination{
		AddressFamily: nl.FAMILY_V4,
		Address:       ip,
		Weight:        1,
	}
	if n.loadBalancerMode == loadBalancerModeDSR {
		d.ConnectionFlags = ipvs.ConnFwdDirectRoute
	}

	if fullRemove {
		if err := i.DelDestination(s, d); err != nil && !errors.Is(err, syscall.ENOENT) {
			log.G(context.TODO()).Errorf("Failed to delete real server %s for vip %s fwmark %d in sbox %.7s (%.7s): %v", ip, lb.vip, lb.fwMark, sb.ID(), sb.ContainerID(), err)
		}
	} else {
		d.Weight = 0
		if err := i.UpdateDestination(s, d); err != nil && !errors.Is(err, syscall.ENOENT) {
			log.G(context.TODO()).Errorf("Failed to set LB weight of real server %s to 0 for vip %s fwmark %d in sbox %.7s (%.7s): %v", ip, lb.vip, lb.fwMark, sb.ID(), sb.ContainerID(), err)
		}
	}

	if rmService {
		s.SchedName = ipvs.RoundRobin
		if err := i.DelService(s); err != nil && !errors.Is(err, syscall.ENOENT) {
			log.G(context.TODO()).Errorf("Failed to delete service for vip %s fwmark %d in sbox %.7s (%.7s): %v", lb.vip, lb.fwMark, sb.ID(), sb.ContainerID(), err)
		}

		if sb.ingress {
			var gwIP net.IP
			if gwEP, _ := sb.getGatewayEndpoint(); gwEP != nil {
				gwIP = gwEP.Iface().Address().IP
			}
			if err := removeIngressPorts(gwIP, lb.service.ingressPorts); err != nil {
				log.G(context.TODO()).Errorf("Failed to delete ingress: %v", err)
			}
		}

		if err := sb.configureFWMark(lb.vip, lb.fwMark, lb.service.ingressPorts, eIP, true, n.loadBalancerMode); err != nil {
			log.G(context.TODO()).Errorf("Failed to delete firewall mark rule in sbox %.7s (%.7s): %v", sb.ID(), sb.ContainerID(), err)
		}

		// Remove IP alias from the VIP to the endpoint
		ifName := findIfaceDstName(sb, ep)
		if ifName == "" {
			log.G(context.TODO()).Errorf("Failed find interface name for endpoint %s(%s) to create LB alias", ep.ID(), ep.Name())
			return
		}
		err := sb.osSbox.RemoveAliasIP(ifName, &net.IPNet{IP: lb.vip, Mask: net.CIDRMask(32, 32)})
		if err != nil {
			log.G(context.TODO()).Errorf("Failed add IP alias %s to network %s LB endpoint interface %s: %v", lb.vip, n.ID(), ifName, err)
		}
	}
}

const ingressChain = "DOCKER-INGRESS"

var (
	ingressOnce     sync.Once
	ingressMu       sync.Mutex // lock for operations on ingress
	ingressProxyTbl = make(map[string]io.Closer)
	portConfigMu    sync.Mutex
	portConfigTbl   = make(map[PortConfig]int)
)

func filterPortConfigs(ingressPorts []*PortConfig, isDelete bool) []*PortConfig {
	portConfigMu.Lock()
	iPorts := make([]*PortConfig, 0, len(ingressPorts))
	for _, pc := range ingressPorts {
		if isDelete {
			if cnt, ok := portConfigTbl[*pc]; ok {
				// This is the last reference to this
				// port config. Delete the port config
				// and add it to filtered list to be
				// plumbed.
				if cnt == 1 {
					delete(portConfigTbl, *pc)
					iPorts = append(iPorts, pc)
					continue
				}

				portConfigTbl[*pc] = cnt - 1
			}

			continue
		}

		if cnt, ok := portConfigTbl[*pc]; ok {
			portConfigTbl[*pc] = cnt + 1
			continue
		}

		// We are adding it for the first time. Add it to the
		// filter list to be plumbed.
		portConfigTbl[*pc] = 1
		iPorts = append(iPorts, pc)
	}
	portConfigMu.Unlock()

	return iPorts
}

func initIngressConfiguration(gwIP net.IP, iptable *iptables.IPTable) error {
	ingressOnce.Do(func() {
		// Flush nat table and filter table ingress chain rules during init if it
		// exists. It might contain stale rules from previous life.
		if err := iptable.FlushChain(iptables.Nat, ingressChain); err != nil {
			log.G(context.TODO()).Errorf("Could not flush nat table ingress chain rules during init: %v", err)
		}
		if err := iptable.FlushChain(iptables.Filter, ingressChain); err != nil {
			log.G(context.TODO()).Errorf("Could not flush filter table ingress chain rules during init: %v", err)
		}
		// Remove the jump from FORWARD to DOCKER-INGRESS, if it was created there by a version of
		// the daemon older than 28.0.1.
		if err := iptable.DeleteJumpRule(iptables.Filter, "FORWARD", ingressChain); err != nil {
			log.G(context.TODO()).WithError(err).Debug("Failed to delete jump from FORWARD to " + ingressChain)
		}
	})

	for _, table := range []iptables.Table{iptables.Nat, iptables.Filter} {
		// Create the DOCKER-INGRESS chain in the NAT and FILTER tables if it does not exist.
		if _, err := iptable.NewChain(ingressChain, table); err != nil {
			return fmt.Errorf("failed to create ingress chain: %v in table %s: %v", ingressChain, table, err)
		}
		// Add a RETURN rule to the end of the DOCKER-INGRESS chain in the NAT and FILTER tables.
		if err := iptable.AddReturnRule(table, ingressChain); err != nil {
			return fmt.Errorf("failed to add return rule in %s table %s chain: %v", table, ingressChain, err)
		}
	}

	// Add a jump rule in the OUTPUT and PREROUTING chains of the NAT table to the DOCKER-INGRESS chain.
	for _, chain := range []string{"OUTPUT", "PREROUTING"} {
		if err := iptable.EnsureJumpRule(iptables.Nat, chain, ingressChain, "-m", "addrtype", "--dst-type", "LOCAL"); err != nil {
			return fmt.Errorf("failed to add jump rule in %s to %s chain: %v", chain, ingressChain, err)
		}
	}

	// The DOCKER-FORWARD chain is created by the bridge driver on startup. It's a stable place to
	// put the jump to DOCKER-INGRESS (nothing else will ever be inserted before it, and the jump
	// will precede the bridge driver's other rules).
	// Add a jump rule in the DOCKER-FORWARD chain of the FILTER table to the DOCKER-INGRESS chain.
	if err := iptable.EnsureJumpRule(iptables.Filter, bridge.DockerForwardChain, ingressChain); err != nil {
		return fmt.Errorf("failed to add jump rule in %s to %s chain: %v", bridge.DockerForwardChain, ingressChain, err)
	}

	// Find the bridge interface name for the gateway IP.
	oifName, err := findOIFName(gwIP)
	if err != nil {
		return fmt.Errorf("failed to find gateway bridge interface name for %s: %v", gwIP, err)
	}
	// Enable local routing for the gateway bridge interface by writing to /proc/sys/net/ipv4/conf/<oifName>/route_localnet.
	path := filepath.Join("/proc/sys/net/ipv4/conf", oifName, "route_localnet")
	if err := os.WriteFile(path, []byte{'1', '\n'}, 0o644); err != nil { //nolint:gosec // gosec complains about perms here, which must be 0644 in this case
		return fmt.Errorf("could not write to %s: %v", path, err)
	}
	// Add a POSTROUTING rule to the NAT table to masquerade traffic
	rule := iptables.Rule{IPVer: iptables.IPv4, Table: iptables.Nat, Chain: "POSTROUTING", Args: []string{"-m", "addrtype", "--src-type", "LOCAL", "-o", oifName, "-j", "MASQUERADE"}}
	if err := rule.Insert(); err != nil {
		return fmt.Errorf("failed to insert ingress localhost POSTROUTING rule for %s: %v", oifName, err)
	}
	return nil
}

func removeIngressPorts(gwIP net.IP, ingressPorts []*PortConfig) error {
	// TODO IPv6 support

	ingressMu.Lock()
	defer ingressMu.Unlock()

	// Filter the ingress ports until port rules start to be added/deleted
	filteredPorts := filterPortConfigs(ingressPorts, true)

	if err := deleteIngressPortsRules(gwIP, filteredPorts); err != nil {
		filterPortConfigs(ingressPorts, false)
		return fmt.Errorf("failed to program ingress ports: %v", err)
	}

	closeIngressPortsProxy(filteredPorts)

	return nil
}

func addIngressPorts(gwIP net.IP, ingressPorts []*PortConfig) error {
	// TODO IPv6 support
	iptable := iptables.GetIptable(iptables.IPv4)

	ingressMu.Lock()
	defer ingressMu.Unlock()

	if err := initIngressConfiguration(gwIP, iptable); err != nil {
		return err
	}

	// Filter the ingress ports until port rules start to be added/deleted
	filteredPorts := filterPortConfigs(ingressPorts, false)

	if err := programIngressPortsRules(gwIP, filteredPorts); err != nil {
		filterPortConfigs(filteredPorts, true)
		return fmt.Errorf("failed to program ingress ports: %v", err)
	}

	plumbIngressPortsProxy(filteredPorts)

	return nil
}

func restoreIngressPorts(gwIP net.IP, ingressPorts []*PortConfig) error {
	// TODO IPv6 support
	iptable := iptables.GetIptable(iptables.IPv4)

	ingressMu.Lock()
	defer ingressMu.Unlock()

	if err := initIngressConfiguration(gwIP, iptable); err != nil {
		return err
	}

	if err := programIngressPortsRules(gwIP, ingressPorts); err != nil {
		return fmt.Errorf("failed to program ingress ports: %v", err)
	}

	return nil
}

func generateIngressRules(port *PortConfig, destIP net.IP) []iptables.Rule {
	var (
		protocol      = strings.ToLower(port.Protocol.String())
		publishedPort = strconv.FormatUint(uint64(port.PublishedPort), 10)
		destination   = net.JoinHostPort(destIP.String(), publishedPort)
	)
	return []iptables.Rule{
		{
			IPVer: iptables.IPv4,
			Table: iptables.Nat,
			Chain: ingressChain,
			Args:  []string{"-p", protocol, "--dport", publishedPort, "-j", "DNAT", "--to-destination", destination},
		},
		{
			IPVer: iptables.IPv4,
			Table: iptables.Filter,
			Chain: ingressChain,
			Args:  []string{"-p", protocol, "--sport", publishedPort, "-m", "conntrack", "--ctstate", "ESTABLISHED,RELATED", "-j", "ACCEPT"},
		},
		{
			IPVer: iptables.IPv4,
			Table: iptables.Filter,
			Chain: ingressChain,
			Args:  []string{"-p", protocol, "--dport", publishedPort, "-j", "ACCEPT"},
		},
	}
}

func programIngressPortsRules(gwIP net.IP, filteredPorts []*PortConfig) (portErr error) {

	rollbackRules := make([]iptables.Rule, 0, len(filteredPorts)*3)
	defer func() {
		if portErr != nil {
			for _, rule := range rollbackRules {
				if err := rule.Delete(); err != nil {
					log.G(context.TODO()).Warnf("roll back rule failed, %v: %v", rule, err)
				}
			}
		}
	}()

	for _, iPort := range filteredPorts {

		for _, rule := range generateIngressRules(iPort, gwIP) {
			if portErr = rule.Insert(); portErr != nil {
				err := fmt.Errorf("set up rule failed, %v: %v", rule, portErr)
				return err
			}
			rollbackRules = append(rollbackRules, rule)
		}
	}

	return nil
}

func deleteIngressPortsRules(gwIP net.IP, filteredPorts []*PortConfig) error {

	var portErr error

	for _, iPort := range filteredPorts {
		for _, rule := range generateIngressRules(iPort, gwIP) {
			if portErr = rule.Delete(); portErr != nil {
				err := fmt.Errorf("delete rule failed, %v: %v", rule, portErr)
				log.G(context.TODO()).Warn(err)
			}
		}
	}

	return nil
}

func findOIFName(ip net.IP) (string, error) {
	nlh := ns.NlHandle()

	routes, err := nlh.RouteGet(ip)
	if err != nil {
		return "", err
	}

	if len(routes) == 0 {
		return "", fmt.Errorf("no route to %s", ip)
	}

	// Pick the first route(typically there is only one route). We
	// don't support multipath.
	link, err := nlh.LinkByIndex(routes[0].LinkIndex)
	if err != nil {
		return "", err
	}

	return link.Attrs().Name, nil
}

func closeIngressPortsProxy(ingressPorts []*PortConfig) {
	for _, iPort := range ingressPorts {
		portSpec := fmt.Sprintf("%d/%s", iPort.PublishedPort, strings.ToLower(iPort.Protocol.String()))
		listener, ok := ingressProxyTbl[portSpec]
		if !ok {
			continue
		}

		if listener != nil {
			listener.Close()
		}
		delete(ingressProxyTbl, portSpec)
	}
}

func plumbIngressPortsProxy(ingressPorts []*PortConfig) {
	var (
		err error
		l   io.Closer
	)

	for _, iPort := range ingressPorts {
		portSpec := fmt.Sprintf("%d/%s", iPort.PublishedPort, strings.ToLower(iPort.Protocol.String()))
		listener, ok := ingressProxyTbl[portSpec]
		if ok && listener != nil {
			continue // already listening on this port
		}

		switch iPort.Protocol {
		case ProtocolTCP:
			l, err = net.ListenTCP("tcp", &net.TCPAddr{Port: int(iPort.PublishedPort)})
		case ProtocolUDP:
			l, err = net.ListenUDP("udp", &net.UDPAddr{Port: int(iPort.PublishedPort)})
		case ProtocolSCTP:
			l, err = sctp.ListenSCTP("sctp", &sctp.SCTPAddr{Port: int(iPort.PublishedPort)})
		default:
			err = fmt.Errorf("unknown protocol %v", iPort.Protocol)
		}

		if err != nil {
			log.G(context.TODO()).Warnf("failed to create proxy for port %s: %v", iPort, err)
		}

		ingressProxyTbl[portSpec] = l
	}
}

// configureFWMark configures the sandbox firewall to mark vip destined packets
// with the firewall mark fwMark.
func (sb *Sandbox) configureFWMark(vip net.IP, fwMark uint32, ingressPorts []*PortConfig, eIP *net.IPNet, isDelete bool, lbMode string) error {
	// TODO IPv6 support
	iptable := iptables.GetIptable(iptables.IPv4)

	fwMarkStr := strconv.FormatUint(uint64(fwMark), 10)
	addDelOpt := "-A"
	if isDelete {
		addDelOpt = "-D"
	}

	rules := make([][]string, 0, len(ingressPorts))
	for _, iPort := range ingressPorts {
		var (
			protocol      = strings.ToLower(PortConfig_Protocol_name[int32(iPort.Protocol)])
			publishedPort = strconv.FormatUint(uint64(iPort.PublishedPort), 10)
		)
		rule := []string{"-t", "mangle", addDelOpt, "PREROUTING", "-p", protocol, "--dport", publishedPort, "-j", "MARK", "--set-mark", fwMarkStr}
		rules = append(rules, rule)
	}

	var innerErr error
	err := sb.ExecFunc(func() {
		if !isDelete && lbMode == loadBalancerModeNAT {
			subnet := net.IPNet{IP: eIP.IP.Mask(eIP.Mask), Mask: eIP.Mask}
			ruleParams := []string{"-m", "ipvs", "--ipvs", "-d", subnet.String(), "-j", "SNAT", "--to-source", eIP.IP.String()}
			if !iptable.Exists("nat", "POSTROUTING", ruleParams...) {
				rule := append([]string{"-t", "nat", "-A", "POSTROUTING"}, ruleParams...)
				rules = append(rules, rule)

				err := os.WriteFile("/proc/sys/net/ipv4/vs/conntrack", []byte{'1', '\n'}, 0o644)
				if err != nil {
					innerErr = err
					return
				}
			}
		}

		rule := []string{"-t", "mangle", addDelOpt, "INPUT", "-d", vip.String() + "/32", "-j", "MARK", "--set-mark", fwMarkStr}
		rules = append(rules, rule)

		for _, rule := range rules {
			if err := iptable.RawCombinedOutputNative(rule...); err != nil {
				innerErr = fmt.Errorf("set up rule failed, %v: %w", rule, err)
				return
			}
		}
	})
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}
	return innerErr
}

func (sb *Sandbox) addRedirectRules(eIP *net.IPNet, ingressPorts []*PortConfig) error {
	// TODO IPv6 support
	iptable := iptables.GetIptable(iptables.IPv4)
	ipAddr := eIP.IP.String()

	rules := make([][]string, 0, len(ingressPorts)*3) // 3 rules per port
	for _, iPort := range ingressPorts {
		var (
			protocol      = strings.ToLower(PortConfig_Protocol_name[int32(iPort.Protocol)])
			publishedPort = strconv.FormatUint(uint64(iPort.PublishedPort), 10)
			targetPort    = strconv.FormatUint(uint64(iPort.TargetPort), 10)
		)

		rules = append(rules,
			[]string{"-t", "nat", "-A", "PREROUTING", "-d", ipAddr, "-p", protocol, "--dport", publishedPort, "-j", "REDIRECT", "--to-port", targetPort},

			// Allow only incoming connections to exposed ports
			[]string{"-I", "INPUT", "-d", ipAddr, "-p", protocol, "--dport", targetPort, "-m", "conntrack", "--ctstate", "NEW,ESTABLISHED", "-j", "ACCEPT"},

			// Allow only outgoing connections from exposed ports
			[]string{"-I", "OUTPUT", "-s", ipAddr, "-p", protocol, "--sport", targetPort, "-m", "conntrack", "--ctstate", "ESTABLISHED", "-j", "ACCEPT"},
		)
	}

	var innerErr error
	err := sb.ExecFunc(func() {
		for _, rule := range rules {
			if err := iptable.RawCombinedOutputNative(rule...); err != nil {
				innerErr = fmt.Errorf("set up rule failed, %v: %w", rule, err)
				return
			}
		}

		if len(ingressPorts) == 0 {
			return
		}

		// Ensure blocking rules for anything else in/to ingress network
		for _, rule := range [][]string{
			{"-d", ipAddr, "-p", "sctp", "-j", "DROP"},
			{"-d", ipAddr, "-p", "udp", "-j", "DROP"},
			{"-d", ipAddr, "-p", "tcp", "-j", "DROP"},
		} {
			if !iptable.ExistsNative(iptables.Filter, "INPUT", rule...) {
				if err := iptable.RawCombinedOutputNative(append([]string{"-A", "INPUT"}, rule...)...); err != nil {
					innerErr = fmt.Errorf("set up rule failed, %v: %w", rule, err)
					return
				}
			}
			rule[0] = "-s"
			if !iptable.ExistsNative(iptables.Filter, "OUTPUT", rule...) {
				if err := iptable.RawCombinedOutputNative(append([]string{"-A", "OUTPUT"}, rule...)...); err != nil {
					innerErr = fmt.Errorf("set up rule failed, %v: %w", rule, err)
					return
				}
			}
		}
	})
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}
	return innerErr
}