Emboss Language Reference

Top Level Structure

An .emb file contains four sections: a documentation block, imports, an attribute block, containing attributes which apply to the whole module, followed by a list of type definitions:

# Documentation block (optional)
-- This is an example of an .emb file, with every section.

# Imports (optional)
import "other.emb" as other
import "project/more.emb" as project_more

# Attribute block (optional)
[$default byte_order: "LittleEndian"]
[(cpp) namespace: "foo::bar::baz"]
[(java) namespace: "com.example.foo.bar.baz"]

# Type definitions
enum Foo:
  ONE    = 1
  TEN    = 10
  PURPLE = 12

struct Bar:
  0 [+4]  Foo       purple
  4 [+4]  UInt      payload_size (s)
  8 [+s]  UInt:8[]  payload

The documentation and/or attribute blocks may be omitted if they are not necessary.

Comments

Comments start with # and extend to the end of the line:

struct Foo:  # This is a comment
  # This is a comment
  0 [+1]  UInt  field  # This is a comment

Comments are ignored. They should not be confused with documentation, which is intended to be used by some back ends.

Documentation

Documentation blocks may be attached to modules, types, fields, or enum values. They are different from comments in that they will be used by the (not-yet-ready) documentation generator back-end.

Documentation blocks take the form of any number of lines starting with -- :

-- This is a module documentation block.  Text in this block will be attached to
-- the module as documentation.
--
-- This is a new paragraph in the same module documentation block.
--
-- Module-level documentation should describe the purpose of the module, and may
-- point out the most salient features of the module.

struct Message:
  -- This is a documentation block attached to the Message structure.  It should
  -- describe the purpose of Message, and how it should be used.
  0 [+4]  UInt         header_length
    -- This is documentation for the header_length field.  Again, it should
    -- describe this specific field.
  4 [+4]  MessageType  message_type  -- Short docs can go on the same line.

Documentation should be written in CommonMark format, ignoring the leading -- .

Imports

An import line tells Emboss to read another .emb file and make its types available to the current file under the given name. For example, given the import line:

import "other.emb" as helper

then the type Type from other.emb may be referenced as helper.Type.

The --import-dir command-line flag tells Emboss which directories to search for imported files; it may be specified multiple times. If no --import-dir is specified, Emboss will search the current working directory.

Attributes

Attributes are an extensible way of adding arbitrary information to a module, type, field, or enum value. Currently, only whitelisted attributes are allowed by the Emboss compiler, but this may change in the future.

Attributes take a form like:

[name: value]            # name has value for the current entity.
[$default name: value]   # Default name to value for all sub-entities.
[(backend) name: value]  # Attribute for a specific back end.

byte_order

The byte_order attribute is used to specify the byte order of bits fields and of field with an atomic type, such as UInt.

byte_order takes a string value, which must be either "BigEndian", "LittleEndian", or "Null":

[$default byte_order: "LittleEndian"]

struct Foo:
  [$default byte_order: "Null"]

  0 [+4]  UInt  bar
    [byte_order: "BigEndian"]

  4 [+4]  bits:
    [byte_order: "LittleEndian"]

    0  [+23]  UInt  baz
    23 [+9]   UInt  qux

  8 [+1]  UInt  froble

A $default byte order may be set on a module or structure.

The "BigEndian" and "LittleEndian" byte orders set the byte order to big or little endian, respectively. That is, for little endian:

  byte 0   byte 1   byte 2   byte 3
+--------+--------+--------+--------+
|76543210|76543210|76543210|76543210|
+--------+--------+--------+--------+
 ^      ^ ^      ^ ^      ^ ^      ^
 07    00 15    08 23    16 31    24
 ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ bit ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

And for big endian:

  byte 0   byte 1   byte 2   byte 3
+--------+--------+--------+--------+
|76543210|76543210|76543210|76543210|
+--------+--------+--------+--------+
 ^      ^ ^      ^ ^      ^ ^      ^
 31    24 23    16 15    08 07    00
 ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ bit ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

The "Null" byte order is used if no byte_order attribute is specified. "Null" indicates that the byte order is unknown; it is an error if a byte-order-dependent field that is not exactly 8 bits has the "Null" byte order.

requires

The requires attribute may be placed on an atomic field (e.g., type UInt, Int, Flag, etc.) to specify a predicate that values of that field must satisfy, or on a struct or bits to specify relationships between fields that must be satisfied.

struct Foo:
  [requires: bar < qux]

  0 [+4]  UInt  bar
    [requires: this <= 999_999_999]

  4 [+4]  UInt  qux
    [requires: 100 <= this <= 1_000_000_000]

  let bar_plus_qux = bar + qux
    [requires: this >= 199]

For [requires] on a field, other fields may not be referenced, and the value of the current field must be referred to as this.

For [requires] on a struct or bits, any atomic field in the structure may be referenced.

(cpp) namespace

The namespace attribute is used by the C++ back end to determine which namespace to place the generated code in:

[(cpp) namespace: "foo::bar::baz"]

A leading :: is allowed, but not required; the previous example could also be written as:

[(cpp) namespace: "::foo::bar::baz"]

Internally, Emboss will translate either of these into a nested namespace foo { namespace bar { namespace baz { ... } } } wrapping the generated C++ code for this module.

The namespace attribute may only be used at the module level; all structures and enums within a module will be placed in the same namespace.

text_output

The text_output attribute may be attached to a struct or bits field to control whether or not the field is included when emitting the text format version of the structure. For example:

struct SuppressedField:
  0 [+1]  UInt  a
  1 [+1]  UInt  b
    [text_output: "Skip"]

The text format output (as from emboss::WriteToString() in C++) would be of the form:

{ a: 1 }

instead of the default:

{ a: 1, b: 2 }

For completeness, [text_output: "Emit"] may be used to explicitly specify that a field should be included in text output.

external specifier attributes

The addressable_unit_size, type_requires, fixed_size_in_bits, and is_integer attributes are used on external types to tell the compiler what it needs to know about the external types. They are currently unstable, and should only be used internally.

Type Definitions

Emboss allows you to define structs, unions, bits, and enums, and uses externals to define “basic types.” Types may be defined in any order, and may freely reference other types in the same module or any imported modules (including the implicitly-imported prelude).

struct

A struct defines a view of a sequence of bytes. Each field of a struct is a view of some particular subsequence of the struct‘s bytes, whose interpretation is determined by the field’s type.

For example:

struct FramedMessage:
  -- A FramedMessage wraps a Message with magic bytes, lengths, and CRC.
  [$default byte_order: "LittleEndian"]
  0   [+4]  UInt     magic_value
  4   [+4]  UInt     header_length (h)
  8   [+4]  UInt     message_length (m)
  h   [+m]  Message  message
  h+m [+4]  UInt     crc32
    [byte_order: "BigEndian"]

The first line introduces the struct and gives it a name. This name may be used in field definitions to specify that the field has a structured type, and is used in the generated code. For example, to read the message_length from a sequence of bytes in C++, you would construct a FramedMessageView over the bytes:

// vector<uint8_t> bytes;
auto framed_message_view = FramedMessageView(&bytes[0], bytes.size());
uint32_t message_length = framed_message_view.message_length().Read();

(Note that the FramedMessageView does not take ownership of the bytes: it only provides a view of them.)

Each field starts with a byte range (0 [+4]) that indicates where the field sits in the struct. For example, the magic_value field covers the first four bytes of the struct.

Field locations do not have to be constants. In the example above, the message field starts at the end of the header (as determined by the header_length field) and covers message_length bytes.

After the field‘s location is the field’s type. The type determines how the field's bytes are interpreted: the header_length field will be interpreted as an unsigned integer (UInt), while the message field is interpreted as a Message -- another struct type defined elsewhere.

After the type is the field‘s name: this is a name used in the generated code to access that field, as in framed_message_view.message_length(). The name may be followed by an optional abbreviation, like the (h) after header_length. The abbreviation can be used elsewhere in the struct, but is not available in the generated code: framed_message_view.h() wouldn’t compile.

Finally, fields may have attributes and documentation, just like any other Emboss construct.

$next

The keyword $next may be used in the offset expression of a physical field:

struct Foo:
  0     [+4]  UInt  x
  $next [+2]  UInt  y
  $next [+1]  UInt  z
  $next [+4]  UInt  q

$next translates to a built-in constant meaning “the end of the previous physical field.” In the example above, y will start at offset 4 (0 + 4), z starts at offset 6 (4 + 2), and q at 7 (6 + 1).

$next may be used in bits as well as structs:

bits Bar:
  0     [+4]  UInt  x
  $next [+2]  UInt  y
  $next [+1]  UInt  z
  $next [+4]  UInt  q

You may use $next like a regular variable. For example, if you want to leave a two-byte gap between z and q (so that q starts at offset 9):

struct Foo:
  0       [+4]  UInt  x
  $next   [+2]  UInt  y
  $next   [+1]  UInt  z
  $next+2 [+4]  UInt  q

$next is particularly useful if your datasheet defines structures as lists of fields without offsets, or if you are translating from a C or C++ packed struct.

Parameters

structs and bits can take runtime parameters:

struct Foo(x: Int:8, y: Int:8):
  0 [+x]  UInt:8[]  xs
  x [+y]  UInt:8[]  ys

enum Version:
  VERSION_1 = 10
  VERSION_2 = 20

struct Bar(version: Version):
  0 [+1]  UInt  payload
  if payload == 1 && version == Version.VERSION_1:
    1 [+10]  OldPayload1  old_payload_1
  if payload == 1 && version == Version.VERSION_2:
    1 [+12]  NewPayload1  new_payload_1

Each parameter must have the form name: type. Currently, the type can be:

  • UInt:n, where n is a number from 1 to 64, inclusive.
  • Int:n, where n is a number from 1 to 64, inclusive.
  • The name of an Emboss enum type.

UInt- and Int-typed parameters are integers with the corresponding range: for example, an Int:4 parameter can have any integer value from -8 to +7.

enum-typed parameters can take any value in the enum's native range. Note that Emboss enums are open, so unnamed values are allowed.

Parameterized structures can be included in other structures by passing their parameters:

struct Baz:
  0 [+1]     Version       version
  1 [+1]     UInt:8        size
  2 [+size]  Bar(version)  bar

Virtual “Fields”

It is possible to define a non-physical “field” whose value is an expression:

struct Foo:
  0 [+4]  UInt  bar
  let two_bar = 2 * bar

These virtual “fields” may be used like any other field in most circumstances:

struct Bar:
  0           [+4]  Foo   foo
  if foo.two_bar < 100:
    foo.two_bar [+4]  UInt  uint_at_offset_two_bar

Virtual fields may be integers, booleans, or an enum:

enum Size:
  SMALL = 1
  LARGE = 2

struct Qux:
  0 [+4]  UInt  x
  let x_is_big = x > 100
  let x_size = x_is_big ? Size.LARGE : Size.SMALL

When a virtual field has a constant value, you may refer to it using its type:

struct Foo:
  let foo_offset = 0x120
  0 [+4]  UInt  foo

struct Bar:
  Foo.foo_offset [+4]  Foo  foo

This does not work for non-constant virtual fields:

struct Foo:
  0 [+4]  UInt  foo
  let foo_offset = foo + 10

struct Bar:
  Foo.foo_offset [+4]  Foo  foo  # Won't compile.

Note that, in some cases, you must use Type.field, and not field.field:

struct Foo:
  0 [+4]  UInt  foo
  let foo_offset = 10

struct Bar:
  # Won't compile: foo.foo_offset depends on foo, which depends on
  # foo.foo_offset.
  foo.foo_offset [+4]  Foo  foo

  # Will compile: Foo.foo_offset is a static constant.
  Foo.foo_offset [+4]  Foo  foo

This limitation may be lifted in the future, but it has no practical effect.

Aliases

Virtual fields of the form let x = y or let x = y.z.q are allowed even when y or q are composite fields. Virtuals of this form are considered to be aliases of the referred field; in generated code, they may be written as well as read, and writing through them is equivalent to writing to the aliased field.

Simple Transforms

Virtual fields of the forms let x1 = y + 1, let x2 = 2 + y, let x3 = y - 3, and let x4 = 4 - y, where y is a writeable field, will be writeable in the generated code. When writing through these fields, the transformed field will be set to an appropriate value. For example, writing 5 to x1 will actually write 4 to y, and writing 6 to x4 will write -2 to y. This can be used to model fields whose raw values should be adjusted by some constant value, e.g.:

struct PosixDate:
  0 [+1]  Int  raw_year
    -- Number of years since 1900.

  let year = raw_year + 1900
    -- Gregorian year number.

  1 [+1]  Int  zero_based_month
    -- Month number, from 0-11.  Good for looking up a month name in a table.

  let month = zero_based_month + 1
    -- Month number, from 1-12.  Good for printing directly.

  2 [+1]  Int  day
    -- Day number, one-based.

Subtypes

A struct definition may contain other type definitions:

struct Foo:
  struct Bar:
    0 [+2]  UInt  baz
    2 [+2]  UInt  qux

  0 [+4]  Bar  bar
  4 [+4]  Bar  bar2

Conditional fields

A struct field may have fields which are only present under some circumstances. For example:

struct FramedMessage:
  0 [+4]  enum  message_id:
    TYPE1 = 1
    TYPE2 = 2

  if message_id == MessageId.TYPE1:
    4 [+16]  Type1Message  type_1_message

  if message_id == MessageId.TYPE2:
    4 [+8]   Type2Message  type_2_message

The type_1_message field will only be available if message_id is TYPE1, and similarly the type_2_message field will only be available if message_id is TYPE2. If message_id is some other value, then neither field will be available.

Inline struct

It is possible to define a struct inline in a struct field. For example:

struct Message:
  [$default byte_order: "BigEndian"]
  0 [+4]  UInt    message_length
  4 [+4]  struct  payload:
    0 [+1]   UInt    incoming
    2 [+2]   UInt    scale_factor

This is equivalent to:

struct Message:
  [$default byte_order: "BigEndian"]

  struct Payload:
    0 [+1]   UInt    incoming
    2 [+2]   UInt    scale_factor

  0 [+4]  UInt     message_length
  4 [+4]  Payload  payload

This can be useful as a way to group related fields together.

Automatically-Generated Fields

A struct will have $size_in_bytes, $max_size_in_bytes, and $min_size_in_bytes virtual field automatically generated. These virtual field can be referenced inside the Emboss language just like any other virtual field:

struct Inner:
  0 [+4]  UInt  field_a
  4 [+4]  UInt  field_b

struct Outer:
  0 [+1]                       UInt   message_type
  if message_type == 4:
    4 [+Inner.$size_in_bytes]  Inner  payload
$size_in_bytes

An Emboss struct has an intrinsic size, which is the size required to hold every field in the struct, regardless of how many bytes are in the buffer that backs the struct. For example:

struct FixedSize:
  0 [+4]  UInt  long_field
  4 [+2]  UInt  short_field

In this case, FixedSize.$size_in_bytes will always be 6, even if a FixedSize is placed in a larger field:

struct Envelope:
  # padded_payload.$size_in_bytes == FixedSize.$size_in_bytes == 6
  0 [+8]  FixedSize  padded_payload

The intrinsic size of a struct might not be constant:

struct DynamicallySizedField:
  0 [+1]       UInt      length
  1 [+length]  UInt:8[]  payload
  # $size_in_bytes == 1 + length

struct DynamicallyPlacedField:
  0 [+1]       UInt  offset
  offset [+1]  UInt  payload
  # $size_in_bytes == offset + 1

struct OptionalField:
  0 [+1]    UInt  version
  if version > 3:
    1 [+1]  UInt  optional_field
  # $size_in_bytes == (version > 3 ? 2 : 1)

If the intrinsic size is dynamic, it can still be read dynamically from a field:

struct Envelope2:
  0 [+1]             UInt                   payload_size
  1 [+payload_size]  DynamicallySizedField  payload
  let padding_bytes = payload_size - payload.$size_in_bytes
$max_size_in_bytes

The $max_size_in_bytes virtual field is a constant value that is at least as large as the largest possible value for $size_in_bytes. In most cases, it will exactly equal the largest possible message size, but it is possible to outsmart Emboss's bounds checker.

struct DynamicallySizedStruct:
  0 [+1]       UInt      length
  1 [+length]  UInt:8[]  payload

struct PaddedContainer:
  0 [+DynamicallySizedStruct.$max_size_in_bytes]  DynamicallySizedStruct  s
  # s will be 256 bytes long.
$min_size_in_bytes

The $min_size_in_bytes virtual field is a constant value that is no larger than the smallest possible value for $size_in_bytes. In most cases, it will exactly equal the smallest possible message size, but it is possible to outsmart Emboss's bounds checker.

struct DynamicallySizedStruct:
  0 [+1]       UInt      length
  1 [+length]  UInt:8[]  payload

struct PaddedContainer:
  0 [+DynamicallySizedStruct.$min_size_in_bytes]  DynamicallySizedStruct  s
  # s will be 1 byte long.

enum

An enum defines a set of named integers.

enum Color:
  BLACK   = 0
  RED     = 1
  GREEN   = 2
  YELLOW  = 3
  BLUE    = 4
  MAGENTA = 5
  CYAN    = 6
  WHITE   = 7

struct PaletteEntry:
  0 [+1]  UInt   id
  1 [+1]  Color  color

Enum values are always read the same way as Int or UInt -- that is, as an unsigned integer or as a 2's-complement signed integer, depending on whether the enum contains any negative values or not.

Enum values do not have to be contiguous, and may repeat:

enum Baud:
  B300     = 300
  B600     = 600
  B1200    = 1200
  STANDARD = 1200

All values in a single enum must either be between -9223372036854775808 (-2^63) and 9223372036854775807 (2^(63)-1), inclusive, or between 0 and 18446744073709551615 (2^(64)-1), inclusive.

It is valid to have an enum field that is too small to contain some values in the enum:

enum LittleAndBig:
  LITTLE  = 1
  BIG     = 0x1_0000_0000

struct LittleOnly:
  0 [+1]  LittleAndBig:8  little_only  # Too small to hold LittleAndBig.BIG

Emboss enums are open: they may take values that are not defined in the .emb, as long as those values are in range. The is_signed and maximum_bits attributes, below, may be used to control the allowed range of values.

is_signed Attribute

The attribute is_signed may be used to explicitly specify whether an enum is signed or unsigned. Normally, an enum is signed if there is at least one negative value, and unsigned otherwise, but this behavior can be overridden:

enum ExplicitlySigned:
  [is_signed: true]
  POSITIVE = 10

maximum_bits Attribute

The attribute maximum_bits may be used to specify the maximum width of an enum: fields of enum type may be smaller than maximum_bits, but never larger:

enum ExplicitlySized:
  [maximum_bits: 32]
  MAX_VALUE = 0xffff_ffff

struct Foo:
  0 [+4]  ExplicitlySized  four_bytes  # 32-bit is fine
  #4 [+8]  ExplicitlySized  eight_bytes  # 64-bit field would be an error

If not specified, maximum_bits defaults to 64.

This also allows back end code generators to use smaller types for enums, in some cases.

Inline enum

It is possible to provide an enum definition directly in a field definition in a struct or bits:

struct TurnSpecification:
  0 [+1]  UInt  degrees
  1 [+1]  enum  direction:
    LEFT  = 0
    RIGHT = 1

This example creates a nested enum TurnSpecification.Direction, exactly as if it were written:

struct TurnSpecification:
  enum Direction:
    LEFT  = 0
    RIGHT = 1

  0 [+1]  UInt       degrees
  1 [+1]  Direction  direction

This can be useful when a particular enum is short and only used in one place.

Note that maximum_bits and is_signed cannot be used on an inline enum. If you need to use either of these attributes, make a separate enum.

bits

A bits defines a view of an ordered sequence of bits. Each field is a view of some particular subsequence of the bits‘s bits, whose interpretation is determined by the field’s type.

The structure of a bits definition is very similar to a struct, except that a struct provides a structured view of bytes, where a bits provides a structured view of bits. Fields in a bits must have bit-oriented types (such as other bits, UInt, Bcd, Flag). Byte-oriented types, such as structs, may not be embedded in a bits.

For example:

bits ControlRegister:
  -- The `ControlRegister` holds basic control values.

  4 [+12]  UInt  horizontal_start_offset
    -- The number of pixel clock ticks to wait after the start of a line
    -- before starting to draw pixel data.

  3 [+1]   Flag  horizontal_overscan_disable
    -- If set, the electron gun will be disabled during the overscan period,
    -- otherwise the overscan color will be used.

  0 [+3]   UInt  horizontal_overscan_color
    -- The palette index of the overscan color to use.

struct RegisterPage:
  -- The registers of the BGA (Bogus Graphics Array) card.

  0 [+2]  ControlRegister  control_register
    [byte_order: "LittleEndian"]

The first line introduces the bits and gives it a name. This name may be used in field definitions to specify that the field has a structured type, and is used in the generated code.

For example, to write a horizontal_overscan_color of 7 to a pair of bytes in C++, you would use:

// vector<uint8_t> bytes;
auto register_page_view = RegisterPageWriter(&bytes[0], bytes.size());
register_page_view.control_register().horizontal_overscan_color().Write(7);

Similar to struct, each field starts with a bit range (4 [+12]) that indicates which bits it covers. For example, the horizontal_overscan_disable field only covers bit 3. Bit 0 always corresponds to the lowest-order bit the bitfield; that is, if a UInt covers the same bits as the bits construct, then bit 0 in the bits will be the same as the UInt mod 2. This is often, but not always, how bits are numbered in protocol specifications.

After the field‘s location is the field’s type. The type determines how the field's bits are interpreted: typical choices are UInt (for unsigned integers), Flag (for boolean flags), and enums. Other bits may also be used, as well as any external types declared with [addressable_unit_size: 1].

Fields may have attributes and documentation, just like any other Emboss construct.

In generated code, reading or writing any field of a bits construct will cause the entire field to be read or written -- something to keep in mind when reading or writing a memory-mapped register space.

Automatically-Generated Fields

A bits will have $size_in_bits, $max_size_in_bits, and $min_size_in_bits virtual fields automatically generated. These virtual fields can be referenced inside the Emboss language just like any other virtual field:

bits Inner:
  0 [+4]  UInt  field_a
  4 [+4]  UInt  field_b

struct Outer:
  0 [+1]                      UInt   message_type
  if message_type == 4:
    4 [+Inner.$size_in_bits]  Inner  payload
$size_in_bits

Like a struct, an Emboss bits has an intrinsic size, which is the size required to hold every field in the bits, regardless of how many bits are in the buffer that backs the bits. For example:

bits FixedSize:
  0 [+3]  UInt  long_field
  3 [+1]  Flag  short_field

In this case, FixedSize.$size_in_bits will always be 4, even if a FixedSize is placed in a larger field:

struct Envelope:
  # padded_payload.$size_in_bits == FixedSize.$size_in_bits == 4
  0 [+8]  FixedSize  padded_payload

Unlike structs, the size of bits must known at compile time; there are no dynamic $size_in_bits fields.

$max_size_in_bits

Since bits must be fixed size, the $max_size_in_bits field has the same value as $size_in_bits. It is provided for consistency with $max_size_in_bytes.

$min_size_in_bits

Since bits must be fixed size, the $min_size_in_bits field has the same value as $size_in_bits. It is provided for consistency with $min_size_in_bytes.

Anonymous bits

It is possible to use an anonymous bits definition directly in a struct; for example:

struct Message:
  [$default byte_order: "BigEndian"]
  0 [+4]     UInt  message_length
  4 [+4]     bits:
    0 [+1]   Flag  incoming
    1 [+1]   Flag  last_fragment
    2 [+4]   UInt  scale_factor
    31 [+1]  Flag  error

In this case, the fields of the bits will be treated as though they are fields of the outer struct.

Inline bits

Like enums, it is also possible to define a named bits inline in a struct or bits. For example:

struct Message:
  [$default byte_order: "BigEndian"]
  0 [+4]     UInt  message_length
  4 [+4]     bits  payload:
    0 [+1]   Flag  incoming
    1 [+1]   Flag  last_fragment
    2 [+4]   UInt  scale_factor
    31 [+1]  Flag  error

This is equivalent to:

struct Message:
  [$default byte_order: "BigEndian"]

  bits  Payload:
    0 [+1]   Flag  incoming
    1 [+1]   Flag  last_fragment
    2 [+4]   UInt  scale_factor
    31 [+1]  Flag  error

  0 [+4]  UInt     message_length
  4 [+4]  Payload  payload

This can be useful as a way to group related fields together.

external

An external type is used when a type cannot be defined in Emboss itself; instead, external code must be provided to manipulate the type.

Emboss's built-in types, such as UInt, Bcd, and Flag, are defined this way in a special file called the prelude. For example, UInt is defined as:

external UInt:
  -- UInt is an automatically-sized unsigned integer.
  [type_requires: $is_statically_sized && 1 <= $static_size_in_bits <= 64]
  [is_integer: true]
  [addressable_unit_size: 1]

external types are an unstable feature. Contact emboss-dev if you would like to add your own externals.

Builtin Types and the Prelude

Emboss has a built-in module called the Prelude, which contains types that are automatically usable from any module. In particular, types like Int and UInt are defined in the Prelude.

The Prelude is (more or less) a standard Emboss file, called prelude.emb, that is embedded in the Emboss compiler.

UInt

A UInt is an unsigned integer. UInt can be anywhere from 1 to 64 bits in size, and may be used both in structs and in bits. UInt fields may be referenced in integer expressions.

Int

An Int is a signed two's-complement integer. Int can be anywhere from 1 to 64 bits in size, and may be used both in structs and in bits. Int fields may be referenced in integer expressions.

Bcd

(Note: Bcd is subject to change.)

A Bcd is an unsigned binary-coded decimal integer. Bcd can be anywhere from 1 to 64 bits in size, and may be used both in structs and in bits. Bcd fields may be referenced in integer expressions.

When a Bcd's size is not a multiple of 4 bits, the high-order “digit” is treated as if it were zero-extended to a multiple of 4 bits. For example, a 7-bit Bcd value can store any number from 0 to 79.

Flag

A Flag is a 1-bit boolean value. A stored value of 0 means false, and a stored value of 1 means true.

Float

A Float is a floating-point value in an IEEE 754 binaryNN format, where NN is the bit width.

Only 32- and 64-bit Floats are supported. There are no current plans to support 16- or 128-bit Floats, nor the nonstandard x86 80-bit Floats.

IEEE 754 does not specify which NaN bit patterns are signalling NaNs and which are quiet NaNs, and thus Emboss also does not specify which NaNs are which. This means that a quiet NaN written through an Emboss view one system could be read out as a signalling NaN through an Emboss view on a different system. If this is a concern, the application must explicitly check for NaN before doing arithmetic on any floating-point value read from a Float field.

General Syntax

Names

All names in Emboss must be ASCII, for compatibility with languages such as C and C++ that do not support Unicode identifiers.

Type names in Emboss are always CamelCase. They must start with a capital letter, contain at least one lower-case letter, and contain only letters and digits. They are required to match the regex [A-Z][a-zA-Z0-9]*[a-z][a-zA-Z0-9]*

Imported module names and field names are always snake_case. They must start with a lower-case letter, and may only contain lower-case letters, numbers, and underscore. They must match the regex [a-z][a-z_0-9]*.

Enum value names are always SHOUTY_CASE. They must start with a capital letter, may only contain capital letters, numbers, and underscore, and must be at least two characters long. They must match the regex [A-Z][A-Z_0-9]*[A-Z_][A-Z_0-9]*.

Additionally, names that are used as keywords in common programming languages are disallowed. A complete list can be found in the Grammar Reference.

Expressions

Primary expressions

Emboss primary expressions are field names (like field or field.subfield), numeric constants (like 9 or 0x1_0000_0000), enum value names (like Enum.VALUE), and the boolean constants true and false.

Subfields may be specified using .; e.g., foo.bar references the bar subfield of the foo field. Emboss parses . before any expressions: unlike many languages, something like (foo).bar is a syntax error in Emboss.

Enum values generally must be qualified by their type; e.g., Color.RED rather than just RED. Enums defined in other modules must use the imported module name, as in styles.Color.RED.

Operators and Functions

Note: Emboss currently has a relatively limited set of operators because operators have been implemented as needed. If you could use an operator that is not on the list, email emboss-dev@, and we'll see about adding it.

Emboss operators have the following precedence (tightest binding to loosest binding):

  1. () $max() $present() $upper_bound() $lower_bound()
  2. unary + and - (see note 1)
  3. *
  4. + -
  5. < > == != >= <= (see note 2)
  6. && || (see note 3)
  7. ?: (see note 4)
Note 1

Only one unary + or - may be applied to an expression without parentheses. These expressions are valid:

-5
+6
-(-x)

These are not:

- -5
-+5
+ +5
+-5
Note 2

The relational operators may be chained like so:

10 <= x < 50        # 10 <= x && x < 50
10 <= x == y < 50   # 10 <= x && x == y && y < 50
100 > y >= 2        # 100 > y && y >= 2
x == y == 15        # x == y && y == 15

These are not:

10 < x > 50
10 < x == y >= z
x == y >= z <= 50

If one specifically wants to compare the result of a comparison, parentheses must be used:

(x > 15) == (y > 15)
(x > 15) == true

The != operator may not be chained.

A chain may contain either <, <=, and/or ==, or >, >=, and/or ==. Greater-than comparisons may not be mixed with less-than comparisons.

Note 3

The boolean logical operators have the same precedence, but may not be mixed without parentheses. The following are allowed:

x && y && z
x || y || z
(x || y) && z
x || (y && z)

The following are not allowed:

x || y && z
x && y || z
Note 4

The choice operator ?: may not be chained without parentheses. These are OK:

q ? x : (r ? y : z)
q ? (r ? x : y) : z

This is not:

q ? x : r ? y : z  # Is this `(q?x:r)?y:z` or `q?x:(r?y:z)`?
q ? r ? x : y : z  # Technically unambiguous, but visually confusing
()

Parentheses are used to override precedence. The subexpression inside the parentheses will be evaluated as a unit:

3 * 4 + 5 == 17
3 * (4 + 5) == 27

The value inside the parentheses can have any type; the value of the resulting expression will have the same type.

$present()

The $present() function takes a field as an argument, and returns true if the field is present in its structure.

struct PresentExample:
  0 [+1]    UInt  x
  if false:
    1 [+1]  UInt  y
  if x > 10:
    2 [+1]  UInt  z
  if $present(x):  # Always true
    0 [+1]  Int  x2
  if $present(y):  # Always false
    1 [+1]  Int  y2
  if $present(z):  # Equivalent to `if x > 10`
    2 [+1]  Int  z2

$present() takes exactly one argument.

The argument to $present() must be a reference to a field. It can be a nested reference, like $present(x.y.z.q.r). The type of the field does not matter.

$present() returns a boolean.

$max()

The $max() function returns the maximum value out of its arguments:

$max(1) == 1
$max(-10, -5) == -5
$max(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10) == 10

$max() requires at least one argument. There is no explicit limit on the number of arguments, but at some point the Emboss compiler will run out of memory.

All arguments to $max() must be integers, and it returns an integer.

$upper_bound()

The $upper_bound() function returns a value that is at least as high as the maximum possible value of its argument:

$upper_bound(1) == 1
$upper_bound(-10) == -10
$upper_bound(foo) == 255  # If foo is UInt:8
$upper_bound($max(foo, 500)) == 500  # If foo is UInt:8

Generally, $upper_bound() will return a tight bound, but it is possible to outsmart Emboss's bounds checker.

$upper_bound() takes a single integer argument, and returns a single integer argument.

$lower_bound()

The $lower_bound() function returns a value that is no greater than the minimum possible value of its argument:

$lower_bound(1) == 1
$lower_bound(-10) == -10
$lower_bound(foo) == -127  # If foo is Int:8
$lower_bound($min(foo, -500)) == -500  # If foo is Int:8

Generally, $lower_bound() will return a tight bound, but it is possible to outsmart Emboss's bounds checker.

$lower_bound() takes a single integer argument, and returns a single integer argument.

Unary + and -

The unary + operator returns its argument unchanged.

The unary - operator subtracts its argument from 0:

3 * -4 == 0 - 12
-(3 * 4) == -12

Unary + and - require an integer argument, and return an integer result.

*

* is the multiplication operator:

3 * 4 == 12
10 * 10 == 100

The * operator requires two integer arguments, and returns an integer.

+ and -

+ and - are the addition and subtraction operators, respectively:

3 + 4 == 7
3 - 4 == -1

The + and - operators require two integer arguments, and return an integer result.

== and !=

The == operator returns true if its arguments are equal, and false if not.

The != operator returns false if its arguments are equal, and true if not.

Both operators take two boolean arguments, two integer arguments, or two arguments of the same enum type, and return a boolean result.

<, <=, >, and >=

The < operator returns true if its first argument is numerically less than its second argument.

The > operator returns true if its first argument is numerically greater than its second argument.

The <= operator returns true if its first argument is numerically less than or equal to its second argument.

The >= operator returns true if its first argument is numerically greater than or equal to its second argument.

All of these operators take two integer arguments, and return a boolean value.

&& and ||

The && operator returns false if either of its arguments are false, even if the other argument cannot be computed. && returns true if both arguments are true.

The || operator returns true if either of its arguments are true, even if the other argument cannot be computed. || returns false if both arguments are false.

The && and || operators require two boolean arguments, and return a boolean result.

?:

The ?: operator, used like condition ? if_true : if_false, returns if_true if condition is true, otherwise if_false.

Other than having stricter type requirements for its arguments, it behaves like the C, C++, Java, JavaScript, C#, etc. conditional operator ?: (sometimes called the “ternary operator”).

The ?: operator's condition argument must be a boolean, and the if_true and if_false arguments must have the same type. It returns the same type as if_true and if_false.

Numeric Constant Formats

Numeric constants in Emboss may be written in decimal, hexadecimal, or binary format:

12      # The decimal value of 6 + 6.
012     # The same value; NOT interpreted as octal.
0xc     # The same value, written in hexadecimal.
0xC     # Hex digits may be written in capital letters.
        # Note that the 'x' must be lower-case: 0XC is not allowed.
0b1100  # The same value, in binary.

Decimal numbers may use _ as a thousands separator:

1_000_000  # 1e6
123_456_789

Hexadecimal and binary numbers may use _ as a separator every 4 or 8 digits:

0x1234_5678_9abc_def0
0x12345678_9abcdef0
0b1010_0101_1010_0101
0b10100101_10100101

If separators are used, they must be thousands separators (for decimal numbers) or 4- or 8-digit separators (for binary or hexadecimal numbers); _ may not be placed arbitrarily. Binary and hexadecimal numbers must be consistent about whether they use 4- or 8-digit separators; they cannot be mixed in the same constant:

1000_000              # Not allowed: missing the separator after 1.
1_000_00              # Not allowed: separators must be followed by a multiple
                      # of 3 digits.
0x1234_567            # Not allowed: separators must be followed by a multiple
                      # of 4 or 8 digits.
0x1234_5678_9abcdef0  # Not allowed: cannot mix 4- and 8-digit separators.