Migrate to cc_common for collecting C/C++ paths and options (#1768)

Previously, the internal go_context_data read C/C++ paths and options
from the CcToolchainInfo provider. Most of the fields in this provider
come from CROSSTOOL and will be removed in Bazel 0.20.0 (see
https://docs.bazel.build/versions/master/skylark/backward-compatibility.html#disable-legacy-c-toolchain-api).

This change migrates us to use the new cc_common module. This change
is intended to be a quick fix to be backported to old release
branches, so no architectural changes are made.

Fixes #1744
Related #1742
9 files changed