README.md - third_party/github.com/astral-sh/ruff - Git at Google


            
            <!-- Begin section: Overview -->


            # Ruff


            [![Ruff](https://img.shields.io/endpoint?url=https://raw.githubusercontent.com/astral-sh/ruff/main/assets/badge/v2.json)](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff)

            
            [![image](https://img.shields.io/pypi/v/ruff.svg)](https://pypi.python.org/pypi/ruff)

            
            [![image](https://img.shields.io/pypi/l/ruff.svg)](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/blob/main/LICENSE)

            
            [![image](https://img.shields.io/pypi/pyversions/ruff.svg)](https://pypi.python.org/pypi/ruff)

            
            [![Actions status](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/workflows/CI/badge.svg)](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/actions)

            
            [![Discord](https://img.shields.io/badge/Discord-%235865F2.svg?logo=discord&logoColor=white)](https://discord.com/invite/astral-sh)


            [**Docs**](https://docs.astral.sh/ruff/) | [**Playground**](https://play.ruff.rs/)


            An extremely fast Python linter and code formatter, written in Rust.


            <p align="center">

            
              <picture align="center">

            
                <source media="(prefers-color-scheme: dark)" srcset="https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/1309177/232603514-c95e9b0f-6b31-43de-9a80-9e844173fd6a.svg">

            
                <source media="(prefers-color-scheme: light)" srcset="https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/1309177/232603516-4fb4892d-585c-4b20-b810-3db9161831e4.svg">

            
                <img alt="Shows a bar chart with benchmark results." src="https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/1309177/232603516-4fb4892d-585c-4b20-b810-3db9161831e4.svg">

            
              </picture>

            
            </p>


            <p align="center">

            
              <i>Linting the CPython codebase from scratch.</i>

            
            </p>


            - ⚡️ 10-100x faster than existing linters (like Flake8) and formatters (like Black)

            
            - 🐍 Installable via `pip`

            
            - 🛠️ `pyproject.toml` support

            
            - 🤝 Python 3.15 compatibility

            
            - ⚖️ Drop-in parity with [Flake8](https://docs.astral.sh/ruff/faq/#how-does-ruffs-linter-compare-to-flake8), [isort](https://docs.astral.sh/ruff/faq/#how-does-ruffs-import-sorting-compare-to-isort), and [Black](https://docs.astral.sh/ruff/faq/#how-does-ruffs-formatter-compare-to-black)

            
            - 📦 Built-in caching, to avoid re-analyzing unchanged files

            
            - 🔧 Fix support, for automatic error correction (e.g., automatically remove unused imports)

            
            - 📏 Over [900 built-in rules](https://docs.astral.sh/ruff/rules/), with native re-implementations

            
                of popular Flake8 plugins, like flake8-bugbear

            
            - ⌨️ First-party [editor integrations](https://docs.astral.sh/ruff/editors) for [VS Code](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff-vscode) and [more](https://docs.astral.sh/ruff/editors/setup)

            
            - 🌎 Monorepo-friendly, with [hierarchical and cascading configuration](https://docs.astral.sh/ruff/configuration/#config-file-discovery)


            Ruff aims to be orders of magnitude faster than alternative tools while integrating more

            
            functionality behind a single, common interface.


            Ruff can be used to replace [Flake8](https://pypi.org/project/flake8/) (plus dozens of plugins),

            
            [Black](https://github.com/psf/black), [isort](https://pypi.org/project/isort/),

            
            [pydocstyle](https://pypi.org/project/pydocstyle/), [pyupgrade](https://pypi.org/project/pyupgrade/),

            
            [autoflake](https://pypi.org/project/autoflake/), and more, all while executing tens or hundreds of

            
            times faster than any individual tool.


            Ruff is actively developed and used in major open-source projects like:


            - [Apache Airflow](https://github.com/apache/airflow)

            
            - [Apache Superset](https://github.com/apache/superset)

            
            - [FastAPI](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi)

            
            - [Hugging Face](https://github.com/huggingface/transformers)

            
            - [Pandas](https://github.com/pandas-dev/pandas)

            
            - [SciPy](https://github.com/scipy/scipy)


            Ruff is backed by [Astral](https://astral.sh), the creators of

            
            [uv](https://github.com/astral-sh/uv) and [ty](https://github.com/astral-sh/ty).


            Read the [launch

            
            post](https://astral.sh/blog/announcing-astral-the-company-behind-ruff), or the

            
            original [project

            
            announcement](https://notes.crmarsh.com/python-tooling-could-be-much-much-faster).


            ## Testimonials


            [**Sebastián Ramírez**](https://twitter.com/tiangolo/status/1591912354882764802), creator

            
            of [FastAPI](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi):


            > Ruff is so fast that sometimes I add an intentional bug in the code just to confirm it's actually

            
            > running and checking the code.


            [**Nick Schrock**](https://twitter.com/schrockn/status/1612615862904827904), founder of [Elementl](https://www.elementl.com/),

            
            co-creator of [GraphQL](https://graphql.org/):


            > Why is Ruff a gamechanger? Primarily because it is nearly 1000x faster. Literally. Not a typo. On

            
            > our largest module (dagster itself, 250k LOC) pylint takes about 2.5 minutes, parallelized across 4

            
            > cores on my M1. Running ruff against our _entire_ codebase takes .4 seconds.


            [**Bryan Van de Ven**](https://github.com/bokeh/bokeh/pull/12605), co-creator

            
            of [Bokeh](https://github.com/bokeh/bokeh/), original author

            
            of [Conda](https://docs.conda.io/en/latest/):


            > Ruff is ~150-200x faster than flake8 on my machine, scanning the whole repo takes ~0.2s instead of

            
            > ~20s. This is an enormous quality of life improvement for local dev. It's fast enough that I added

            
            > it as an actual commit hook, which is terrific.


            [**Timothy Crosley**](https://twitter.com/timothycrosley/status/1606420868514877440),

            
            creator of [isort](https://github.com/PyCQA/isort):


            > Just switched my first project to Ruff. Only one downside so far: it's so fast I couldn't believe

            
            > it was working till I intentionally introduced some errors.


            [**Tim Abbott**](https://github.com/zulip/zulip/pull/23431#issuecomment-1302557034), lead developer of [Zulip](https://github.com/zulip/zulip) (also [here](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/issues/465#issuecomment-1317400028)):


            > This is just ridiculously fast... `ruff` is amazing.


            <!-- End section: Overview -->


            ## Table of Contents


            For more, see the [documentation](https://docs.astral.sh/ruff/).


            1. [Getting Started](#getting-started)

            
            1. [Configuration](#configuration)

            
            1. [Rules](#rules)

            
            1. [Contributing](#contributing)

            
            1. [Support](#support)

            
            1. [Acknowledgements](#acknowledgements)

            
            1. [Show Your Support](#show-your-support)

            
            1. [License](#license)


            ## Getting Started<a id="getting-started"></a>


            For more, see the [documentation](https://docs.astral.sh/ruff/).


            ### Installation


            Ruff is available as [`ruff`](https://pypi.org/project/ruff/) on PyPI.


            Invoke Ruff directly with [`uvx`](https://docs.astral.sh/uv/):


            ```shell

            
            uvx ruff@0.17.3 check   # Lint all files in the current directory.

            
            uvx ruff@0.17.3 format  # Format all files in the current directory.

            
            ```


            Or install Ruff with `uv` (recommended), `pip`, or `pipx`:


            ```shell

            
            # With uv.

            
            uv tool install ruff@latest  # Install Ruff globally.

            
            uv add --dev ruff            # Or add Ruff to your project.


            # With pip.

            
            pip install ruff


            # With pipx.

            
            pipx install ruff

            
            ```


            Starting with version `0.5.0`, Ruff can be installed with our standalone installers:


            ```shell

            
            # On macOS and Linux.

            
            curl -LsSf https://astral.sh/ruff/install.sh | sh


            # On Windows.

            
            powershell -c "irm https://astral.sh/ruff/install.ps1 | iex"


            # For a specific version.

            
            curl -LsSf https://astral.sh/ruff/0.17.3/install.sh | sh

            
            powershell -c "irm https://astral.sh/ruff/0.17.3/install.ps1 | iex"

            
            ```


            You can also install Ruff via [Homebrew](https://formulae.brew.sh/formula/ruff), [Conda](https://anaconda.org/conda-forge/ruff),

            
            and with [a variety of other package managers](https://docs.astral.sh/ruff/installation/).


            ### Usage


            To run Ruff as a linter, try any of the following:


            ```shell

            
            ruff check                          # Lint all files in the current directory (and any subdirectories).

            
            ruff check path/to/code/            # Lint all files in `/path/to/code` (and any subdirectories).

            
            ruff check path/to/code/*.py        # Lint all `.py` files in `/path/to/code`.

            
            ruff check path/to/code/to/file.py  # Lint `file.py`.

            
            ruff check @arguments.txt           # Lint using an input file, treating its contents as newline-delimited command-line arguments.

            
            ```


            Or, to run Ruff as a formatter:


            ```shell

            
            ruff format                          # Format all files in the current directory (and any subdirectories).

            
            ruff format path/to/code/            # Format all files in `/path/to/code` (and any subdirectories).

            
            ruff format path/to/code/*.py        # Format all `.py` files in `/path/to/code`.

            
            ruff format path/to/code/to/file.py  # Format `file.py`.

            
            ruff format @arguments.txt           # Format using an input file, treating its contents as newline-delimited command-line arguments.

            
            ```


            Ruff can also be used as a [pre-commit](https://pre-commit.com/) hook via [`ruff-pre-commit`](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit):


            ```yaml

            
            - repo: https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit

            
              # Ruff version.

            
              rev: v0.17.3

            
              hooks:

            
                # Run the linter.

            
                - id: ruff-check

            
                  args: [ --fix ]

            
                # Run the formatter.

            
                - id: ruff-format

            
            ```


            Ruff can also be used as a [VS Code extension](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff-vscode) or with [various other editors](https://docs.astral.sh/ruff/editors/setup).


            Ruff can also be used as a [GitHub Action](https://github.com/features/actions) via

            
            [`ruff-action`](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff-action):


            ```yaml

            
            name: Ruff

            
            on: [ push, pull_request ]

            
            jobs:

            
              ruff:

            
                runs-on: ubuntu-latest

            
                steps:

            
                  - uses: actions/checkout@v4

            
                  - uses: astral-sh/ruff-action@v3

            
            ```


            ### Configuration<a id="configuration"></a>


            Ruff can be configured through a `pyproject.toml`, `ruff.toml`, or `.ruff.toml` file (see:

            
            [_Configuration_](https://docs.astral.sh/ruff/configuration/), or [_Settings_](https://docs.astral.sh/ruff/settings/)

            
            for a complete list of all configuration options).


            For the complete list of enabled rules, see [_Default Rules_](https://docs.astral.sh/ruff/default-rules/).


            If left unspecified, Ruff's default configuration is equivalent to the following `ruff.toml` file:


            ```toml

            
            # Exclude a variety of commonly ignored directories.

            
            exclude = [

            
                ".bzr",

            
                ".direnv",

            
                ".eggs",

            
                ".git",

            
                ".git-rewrite",

            
                ".hg",

            
                ".ipynb_checkpoints",

            
                ".mypy_cache",

            
                ".nox",

            
                ".pants.d",

            
                ".pyenv",

            
                ".pytest_cache",

            
                ".pytype",

            
                ".ruff_cache",

            
                ".svn",

            
                ".tox",

            
                ".venv",

            
                ".vscode",

            
                "__pypackages__",

            
                "_build",

            
                "buck-out",

            
                "build",

            
                "dist",

            
                "node_modules",

            
                "site-packages",

            
                "venv",

            
            ]


            # Same as Black.

            
            line-length = 88

            
            indent-width = 4


            # Assume Python 3.11

            
            target-version = "py311"


            [lint]

            
            # select = [...]  # See the Default Rules page for the full listing.

            
            ignore = []


            # Allow fix for all enabled rules (when `--fix`) is provided.

            
            fixable = ["ALL"]

            
            unfixable = []


            # Allow unused variables when underscore-prefixed.

            
            dummy-variable-rgx = "^(_+|(_+[\\p{XID_Continue}]*[\\p{XID_Continue}--_]+?))$"


            [format]

            
            # Like Black, use double quotes for strings.

            
            quote-style = "double"


            # Like Black, indent with spaces, rather than tabs.

            
            indent-style = "space"


            # Like Black, respect magic trailing commas.

            
            skip-magic-trailing-comma = false


            # Like Black, automatically detect the appropriate line ending.

            
            line-ending = "auto"

            
            ```


            Note that, in a `pyproject.toml`, each section header should be prefixed with `tool.ruff`. For

            
            example, `[lint]` should be replaced with `[tool.ruff.lint]`.


            Some configuration options can be provided via dedicated command-line arguments, such as those

            
            related to rule enablement and disablement, file discovery, and logging level:


            ```shell

            
            ruff check --select F401 --select F403 --quiet

            
            ```


            The remaining configuration options can be provided through a catch-all `--config` argument:


            ```shell

            
            ruff check --config "lint.per-file-ignores = {'some_file.py' = ['F841']}"

            
            ```


            To opt in to the latest lint rules, formatter style changes, interface updates, and more, enable

            
            [preview mode](https://docs.astral.sh/ruff/preview/) by setting `preview = true` in your configuration

            
            file or passing `--preview` on the command line. Preview mode enables a collection of unstable

            
            features that may change prior to stabilization.


            See `ruff help` for more on Ruff's top-level commands, or `ruff help check` and `ruff help format`

            
            for more on the linting and formatting commands, respectively.


            ## Rules<a id="rules"></a>


            <!-- Begin section: Rules -->


            **Ruff supports over 900 lint rules**, many of which are inspired by popular tools like Flake8,

            
            isort, pyupgrade, and others. Regardless of the rule's origin, Ruff re-implements every rule in

            
            Rust as a first-party feature.


            By default, Ruff enables rules from the `F`, `E`, `B`, `UP`, and `RUF` categories,

            
            as well as many more, omitting any stylistic rules that overlap with the use of a formatter, like

            
            `ruff format` or [Black](https://github.com/psf/black).


            If you're just getting started with Ruff, **the default rule set is a great place to start**: it

            
            catches a wide variety of common errors (like unused imports) with zero configuration. See

            
            [_Default Rules_](https://docs.astral.sh/ruff/default-rules/) for the complete list.


            <!-- End section: Rules -->


            Beyond the defaults, Ruff re-implements some of the most popular Flake8 plugins and related code

            
            quality tools, including:


            - [autoflake](https://pypi.org/project/autoflake/)

            
            - [eradicate](https://pypi.org/project/eradicate/)

            
            - [flake8-2020](https://pypi.org/project/flake8-2020/)

            
            - [flake8-annotations](https://pypi.org/project/flake8-annotations/)

            
            - [flake8-async](https://pypi.org/project/flake8-async)

            
            - [flake8-bandit](https://pypi.org/project/flake8-bandit/) ([#1646](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/issues/1646))

            
            - [flake8-blind-except](https://pypi.org/project/flake8-blind-except/)

            
            - [flake8-boolean-trap](https://pypi.org/project/flake8-boolean-trap/)

            
            - [flake8-bugbear](https://pypi.org/project/flake8-bugbear/)

            
            - [flake8-builtins](https://pypi.org/project/flake8-builtins/)

            
            - [flake8-commas](https://pypi.org/project/flake8-commas/)

            
            - [flake8-comprehensions](https://pypi.org/project/flake8-comprehensions/)

            
            - [flake8-copyright](https://pypi.org/project/flake8-copyright/)

            
            - [flake8-datetimez](https://pypi.org/project/flake8-datetimez/)

            
            - [flake8-debugger](https://pypi.org/project/flake8-debugger/)

            
            - [flake8-django](https://pypi.org/project/flake8-django/)

            
            - [flake8-docstrings](https://pypi.org/project/flake8-docstrings/)

            
            - [flake8-eradicate](https://pypi.org/project/flake8-eradicate/)

            
            - [flake8-errmsg](https://pypi.org/project/flake8-errmsg/)

            
            - [flake8-executable](https://pypi.org/project/flake8-executable/)

            
            - [flake8-future-annotations](https://pypi.org/project/flake8-future-annotations/)

            
            - [flake8-gettext](https://pypi.org/project/flake8-gettext/)

            
            - [flake8-implicit-str-concat](https://pypi.org/project/flake8-implicit-str-concat/)

            
            - [flake8-import-conventions](https://github.com/joaopalmeiro/flake8-import-conventions)

            
            - [flake8-logging](https://pypi.org/project/flake8-logging/)

            
            - [flake8-logging-format](https://pypi.org/project/flake8-logging-format/)

            
            - [flake8-no-pep420](https://pypi.org/project/flake8-no-pep420)

            
            - [flake8-pie](https://pypi.org/project/flake8-pie/)

            
            - [flake8-print](https://pypi.org/project/flake8-print/)

            
            - [flake8-pyi](https://pypi.org/project/flake8-pyi/)

            
            - [flake8-pytest-style](https://pypi.org/project/flake8-pytest-style/)

            
            - [flake8-quotes](https://pypi.org/project/flake8-quotes/)

            
            - [flake8-raise](https://pypi.org/project/flake8-raise/)

            
            - [flake8-return](https://pypi.org/project/flake8-return/)

            
            - [flake8-self](https://pypi.org/project/flake8-self/)

            
            - [flake8-simplify](https://pypi.org/project/flake8-simplify/)

            
            - [flake8-slots](https://pypi.org/project/flake8-slots/)

            
            - [flake8-super](https://pypi.org/project/flake8-super/)

            
            - [flake8-tidy-imports](https://pypi.org/project/flake8-tidy-imports/)

            
            - [flake8-todos](https://pypi.org/project/flake8-todos/)

            
            - [flake8-type-checking](https://pypi.org/project/flake8-type-checking/)

            
            - [flake8-use-pathlib](https://pypi.org/project/flake8-use-pathlib/)

            
            - [flynt](https://pypi.org/project/flynt/) ([#2102](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/issues/2102))

            
            - [isort](https://pypi.org/project/isort/)

            
            - [mccabe](https://pypi.org/project/mccabe/)

            
            - [pandas-vet](https://pypi.org/project/pandas-vet/)

            
            - [pep8-naming](https://pypi.org/project/pep8-naming/)

            
            - [pydocstyle](https://pypi.org/project/pydocstyle/)

            
            - [pygrep-hooks](https://github.com/pre-commit/pygrep-hooks)

            
            - [pylint-airflow](https://pypi.org/project/pylint-airflow/)

            
            - [pyupgrade](https://pypi.org/project/pyupgrade/)

            
            - [tryceratops](https://pypi.org/project/tryceratops/)

            
            - [yesqa](https://pypi.org/project/yesqa/)


            For the complete list of supported rules, see [_Rules_](https://docs.astral.sh/ruff/rules/).


            ## Contributing<a id="contributing"></a>


            Contributions are welcome and highly appreciated. To get started, check out the

            
            [**contributing guidelines**](https://docs.astral.sh/ruff/contributing/).


            You can also join us on [**Discord**](https://discord.com/invite/astral-sh).


            ## Support<a id="support"></a>


            Having trouble? Check out the existing issues on [**GitHub**](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/issues),

            
            or feel free to [**open a new one**](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/issues/new).


            You can also ask for help on [**Discord**](https://discord.com/invite/astral-sh).


            ## Acknowledgements<a id="acknowledgements"></a>


            Ruff's linter draws on both the APIs and implementation details of many other

            
            tools in the Python ecosystem, especially [Flake8](https://github.com/PyCQA/flake8), [Pyflakes](https://github.com/PyCQA/pyflakes),

            
            [pycodestyle](https://github.com/PyCQA/pycodestyle), [pydocstyle](https://github.com/PyCQA/pydocstyle),

            
            [pyupgrade](https://github.com/asottile/pyupgrade), and [isort](https://github.com/PyCQA/isort).


            In some cases, Ruff includes a "direct" Rust port of the corresponding tool.

            
            We're grateful to the maintainers of these tools for their work, and for all

            
            the value they've provided to the Python community.


            Ruff's formatter is built on a fork of Rome's [`rome_formatter`](https://github.com/rome/tools/tree/main/crates/rome_formatter),

            
            and again draws on both API and implementation details from [Rome](https://github.com/rome/tools),

            
            [Prettier](https://github.com/prettier/prettier), and [Black](https://github.com/psf/black).


            Ruff's import resolver is based on the import resolution algorithm from [Pyright](https://github.com/microsoft/pyright).


            Ruff is also influenced by a number of tools outside the Python ecosystem, like

            
            [Clippy](https://github.com/rust-lang/rust-clippy) and [ESLint](https://github.com/eslint/eslint).


            Ruff is the beneficiary of a large number of [contributors](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/graphs/contributors).


            Ruff is released under the MIT license.


            ## Show Your Support


            If you're using Ruff, consider adding the Ruff badge to your project's `README.md`:


            ```md

            
            [![Ruff](https://img.shields.io/endpoint?url=https://raw.githubusercontent.com/astral-sh/ruff/main/assets/badge/v2.json)](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff)

            
            ```


            ...or `README.rst`:


            ```rst

            
            .. image:: https://img.shields.io/endpoint?url=https://raw.githubusercontent.com/astral-sh/ruff/main/assets/badge/v2.json

            
                :target: https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff

            
                :alt: Ruff

            
            ```


            ...or, as HTML:


            ```html

            
            <a href="https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff"><img src="https://img.shields.io/endpoint?url=https://raw.githubusercontent.com/astral-sh/ruff/main/assets/badge/v2.json" alt="Ruff" style="max-width:100%;"></a>

            
            ```


            ## License<a id="license"></a>


            This repository is licensed under the [MIT License](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/blob/main/LICENSE)


            <div align="center">

            
              <a target="_blank" href="https://astral.sh" style="background:none">

            
                <img src="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/astral-sh/ruff/main/assets/svg/Astral.svg" alt="Made by Astral">

            
              </a>

            
            </div>
	<!-- Begin section: Overview -->

	# Ruff

	[![Ruff](https://img.shields.io/endpoint?url=https://raw.githubusercontent.com/astral-sh/ruff/main/assets/badge/v2.json)](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff)
	[![image](https://img.shields.io/pypi/v/ruff.svg)](https://pypi.python.org/pypi/ruff)
	[![image](https://img.shields.io/pypi/l/ruff.svg)](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/blob/main/LICENSE)
	[![image](https://img.shields.io/pypi/pyversions/ruff.svg)](https://pypi.python.org/pypi/ruff)
	[![Actions status](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/workflows/CI/badge.svg)](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/actions)
	[![Discord](https://img.shields.io/badge/Discord-%235865F2.svg?logo=discord&logoColor=white)](https://discord.com/invite/astral-sh)

	[Docs](https://docs.astral.sh/ruff/) \| [Playground](https://play.ruff.rs/)

	An extremely fast Python linter and code formatter, written in Rust.

	<p align="center">
	<picture align="center">
	<source media="(prefers-color-scheme: dark)" srcset="https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/1309177/232603514-c95e9b0f-6b31-43de-9a80-9e844173fd6a.svg">
	<source media="(prefers-color-scheme: light)" srcset="https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/1309177/232603516-4fb4892d-585c-4b20-b810-3db9161831e4.svg">
	<img alt="Shows a bar chart with benchmark results." src="https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/1309177/232603516-4fb4892d-585c-4b20-b810-3db9161831e4.svg">
	</picture>
	</p>

	<p align="center">
	<i>Linting the CPython codebase from scratch.</i>
	</p>

	- ⚡️ 10-100x faster than existing linters (like Flake8) and formatters (like Black)
	- 🐍 Installable via `pip`
	- 🛠️ `pyproject.toml` support
	- 🤝 Python 3.15 compatibility
	- ⚖️ Drop-in parity with [Flake8](https://docs.astral.sh/ruff/faq/#how-does-ruffs-linter-compare-to-flake8), [isort](https://docs.astral.sh/ruff/faq/#how-does-ruffs-import-sorting-compare-to-isort), and [Black](https://docs.astral.sh/ruff/faq/#how-does-ruffs-formatter-compare-to-black)
	- 📦 Built-in caching, to avoid re-analyzing unchanged files
	- 🔧 Fix support, for automatic error correction (e.g., automatically remove unused imports)
	- 📏 Over [900 built-in rules](https://docs.astral.sh/ruff/rules/), with native re-implementations
	of popular Flake8 plugins, like flake8-bugbear
	- ⌨️ First-party [editor integrations](https://docs.astral.sh/ruff/editors) for [VS Code](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff-vscode) and [more](https://docs.astral.sh/ruff/editors/setup)
	- 🌎 Monorepo-friendly, with [hierarchical and cascading configuration](https://docs.astral.sh/ruff/configuration/#config-file-discovery)

	Ruff aims to be orders of magnitude faster than alternative tools while integrating more
	functionality behind a single, common interface.

	Ruff can be used to replace [Flake8](https://pypi.org/project/flake8/) (plus dozens of plugins),
	[Black](https://github.com/psf/black), [isort](https://pypi.org/project/isort/),
	[pydocstyle](https://pypi.org/project/pydocstyle/), [pyupgrade](https://pypi.org/project/pyupgrade/),
	[autoflake](https://pypi.org/project/autoflake/), and more, all while executing tens or hundreds of
	times faster than any individual tool.

	Ruff is actively developed and used in major open-source projects like:

	- [Apache Airflow](https://github.com/apache/airflow)
	- [Apache Superset](https://github.com/apache/superset)
	- [FastAPI](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi)
	- [Hugging Face](https://github.com/huggingface/transformers)
	- [Pandas](https://github.com/pandas-dev/pandas)
	- [SciPy](https://github.com/scipy/scipy)

	Ruff is backed by [Astral](https://astral.sh), the creators of
	[uv](https://github.com/astral-sh/uv) and [ty](https://github.com/astral-sh/ty).

	Read the [launch
	post](https://astral.sh/blog/announcing-astral-the-company-behind-ruff), or the
	original [project
	announcement](https://notes.crmarsh.com/python-tooling-could-be-much-much-faster).

	## Testimonials

	[Sebastián Ramírez](https://twitter.com/tiangolo/status/1591912354882764802), creator
	of [FastAPI](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi):

	> Ruff is so fast that sometimes I add an intentional bug in the code just to confirm it's actually
	> running and checking the code.

	[Nick Schrock](https://twitter.com/schrockn/status/1612615862904827904), founder of [Elementl](https://www.elementl.com/),
	co-creator of [GraphQL](https://graphql.org/):

	> Why is Ruff a gamechanger? Primarily because it is nearly 1000x faster. Literally. Not a typo. On
	> our largest module (dagster itself, 250k LOC) pylint takes about 2.5 minutes, parallelized across 4
	> cores on my M1. Running ruff against our _entire_ codebase takes .4 seconds.

	[Bryan Van de Ven](https://github.com/bokeh/bokeh/pull/12605), co-creator
	of [Bokeh](https://github.com/bokeh/bokeh/), original author
	of [Conda](https://docs.conda.io/en/latest/):

	> Ruff is ~150-200x faster than flake8 on my machine, scanning the whole repo takes ~0.2s instead of
	> ~20s. This is an enormous quality of life improvement for local dev. It's fast enough that I added
	> it as an actual commit hook, which is terrific.

	[Timothy Crosley](https://twitter.com/timothycrosley/status/1606420868514877440),
	creator of [isort](https://github.com/PyCQA/isort):

	> Just switched my first project to Ruff. Only one downside so far: it's so fast I couldn't believe
	> it was working till I intentionally introduced some errors.

	[Tim Abbott](https://github.com/zulip/zulip/pull/23431#issuecomment-1302557034), lead developer of [Zulip](https://github.com/zulip/zulip) (also [here](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/issues/465#issuecomment-1317400028)):

	> This is just ridiculously fast... `ruff` is amazing.

	<!-- End section: Overview -->

	## Table of Contents

	For more, see the [documentation](https://docs.astral.sh/ruff/).

	1. [Getting Started](#getting-started)
	1. [Configuration](#configuration)
	1. [Rules](#rules)
	1. [Contributing](#contributing)
	1. [Support](#support)
	1. [Acknowledgements](#acknowledgements)
	1. [Show Your Support](#show-your-support)
	1. [License](#license)

	## Getting Started<a id="getting-started"></a>

	For more, see the [documentation](https://docs.astral.sh/ruff/).

	### Installation

	Ruff is available as [`ruff`](https://pypi.org/project/ruff/) on PyPI.

	Invoke Ruff directly with [`uvx`](https://docs.astral.sh/uv/):

	```shell
	uvx ruff@0.17.3 check # Lint all files in the current directory.
	uvx ruff@0.17.3 format # Format all files in the current directory.
	```

	Or install Ruff with `uv` (recommended), `pip`, or `pipx`:

	```shell
	# With uv.
	uv tool install ruff@latest # Install Ruff globally.
	uv add --dev ruff # Or add Ruff to your project.

	# With pip.
	pip install ruff

	# With pipx.
	pipx install ruff
	```

	Starting with version `0.5.0`, Ruff can be installed with our standalone installers:

	```shell
	# On macOS and Linux.
	curl -LsSf https://astral.sh/ruff/install.sh \| sh

	# On Windows.
	powershell -c "irm https://astral.sh/ruff/install.ps1 \| iex"

	# For a specific version.
	curl -LsSf https://astral.sh/ruff/0.17.3/install.sh \| sh
	powershell -c "irm https://astral.sh/ruff/0.17.3/install.ps1 \| iex"
	```

	You can also install Ruff via [Homebrew](https://formulae.brew.sh/formula/ruff), [Conda](https://anaconda.org/conda-forge/ruff),
	and with [a variety of other package managers](https://docs.astral.sh/ruff/installation/).

	### Usage

	To run Ruff as a linter, try any of the following:

	```shell
	ruff check # Lint all files in the current directory (and any subdirectories).
	ruff check path/to/code/ # Lint all files in `/path/to/code` (and any subdirectories).
	ruff check path/to/code/*.py # Lint all `.py` files in `/path/to/code`.
	ruff check path/to/code/to/file.py # Lint `file.py`.
	ruff check @arguments.txt # Lint using an input file, treating its contents as newline-delimited command-line arguments.
	```

	Or, to run Ruff as a formatter:

	```shell
	ruff format # Format all files in the current directory (and any subdirectories).
	ruff format path/to/code/ # Format all files in `/path/to/code` (and any subdirectories).
	ruff format path/to/code/*.py # Format all `.py` files in `/path/to/code`.
	ruff format path/to/code/to/file.py # Format `file.py`.
	ruff format @arguments.txt # Format using an input file, treating its contents as newline-delimited command-line arguments.
	```

	Ruff can also be used as a [pre-commit](https://pre-commit.com/) hook via [`ruff-pre-commit`](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit):

	```yaml
	- repo: https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit
	# Ruff version.
	rev: v0.17.3
	hooks:
	# Run the linter.
	- id: ruff-check
	args: [ --fix ]
	# Run the formatter.
	- id: ruff-format
	```

	Ruff can also be used as a [VS Code extension](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff-vscode) or with [various other editors](https://docs.astral.sh/ruff/editors/setup).

	Ruff can also be used as a [GitHub Action](https://github.com/features/actions) via
	[`ruff-action`](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff-action):

	```yaml
	name: Ruff
	on: [ push, pull_request ]
	jobs:
	ruff:
	runs-on: ubuntu-latest
	steps:
	- uses: actions/checkout@v4
	- uses: astral-sh/ruff-action@v3
	```

	### Configuration<a id="configuration"></a>

	Ruff can be configured through a `pyproject.toml`, `ruff.toml`, or `.ruff.toml` file (see:
	[_Configuration_](https://docs.astral.sh/ruff/configuration/), or [_Settings_](https://docs.astral.sh/ruff/settings/)
	for a complete list of all configuration options).

	For the complete list of enabled rules, see [_Default Rules_](https://docs.astral.sh/ruff/default-rules/).

	If left unspecified, Ruff's default configuration is equivalent to the following `ruff.toml` file:

	```toml
	# Exclude a variety of commonly ignored directories.
	exclude = [
	".bzr",
	".direnv",
	".eggs",
	".git",
	".git-rewrite",
	".hg",
	".ipynb_checkpoints",
	".mypy_cache",
	".nox",
	".pants.d",
	".pyenv",
	".pytest_cache",
	".pytype",
	".ruff_cache",
	".svn",
	".tox",
	".venv",
	".vscode",
	"__pypackages__",
	"_build",
	"buck-out",
	"build",
	"dist",
	"node_modules",
	"site-packages",
	"venv",
	]

	# Same as Black.
	line-length = 88
	indent-width = 4

	# Assume Python 3.11
	target-version = "py311"

	[lint]
	# select = [...] # See the Default Rules page for the full listing.
	ignore = []

	# Allow fix for all enabled rules (when `--fix`) is provided.
	fixable = ["ALL"]
	unfixable = []

	# Allow unused variables when underscore-prefixed.
	dummy-variable-rgx = "^(_+\|(_+[\\p{XID_Continue}]*[\\p{XID_Continue}--_]+?))$"

	[format]
	# Like Black, use double quotes for strings.
	quote-style = "double"

	# Like Black, indent with spaces, rather than tabs.
	indent-style = "space"

	# Like Black, respect magic trailing commas.
	skip-magic-trailing-comma = false

	# Like Black, automatically detect the appropriate line ending.
	line-ending = "auto"
	```

	Note that, in a `pyproject.toml`, each section header should be prefixed with `tool.ruff`. For
	example, `[lint]` should be replaced with `[tool.ruff.lint]`.

	Some configuration options can be provided via dedicated command-line arguments, such as those
	related to rule enablement and disablement, file discovery, and logging level:

	```shell
	ruff check --select F401 --select F403 --quiet
	```

	The remaining configuration options can be provided through a catch-all `--config` argument:

	```shell
	ruff check --config "lint.per-file-ignores = {'some_file.py' = ['F841']}"
	```

	To opt in to the latest lint rules, formatter style changes, interface updates, and more, enable
	[preview mode](https://docs.astral.sh/ruff/preview/) by setting `preview = true` in your configuration
	file or passing `--preview` on the command line. Preview mode enables a collection of unstable
	features that may change prior to stabilization.

	See `ruff help` for more on Ruff's top-level commands, or `ruff help check` and `ruff help format`
	for more on the linting and formatting commands, respectively.

	## Rules<a id="rules"></a>

	<!-- Begin section: Rules -->

	Ruff supports over 900 lint rules, many of which are inspired by popular tools like Flake8,
	isort, pyupgrade, and others. Regardless of the rule's origin, Ruff re-implements every rule in
	Rust as a first-party feature.

	By default, Ruff enables rules from the `F`, `E`, `B`, `UP`, and `RUF` categories,
	as well as many more, omitting any stylistic rules that overlap with the use of a formatter, like
	`ruff format` or [Black](https://github.com/psf/black).

	If you're just getting started with Ruff, the default rule set is a great place to start: it
	catches a wide variety of common errors (like unused imports) with zero configuration. See
	[_Default Rules_](https://docs.astral.sh/ruff/default-rules/) for the complete list.

	<!-- End section: Rules -->

	Beyond the defaults, Ruff re-implements some of the most popular Flake8 plugins and related code
	quality tools, including:

	- [autoflake](https://pypi.org/project/autoflake/)
	- [eradicate](https://pypi.org/project/eradicate/)
	- [flake8-2020](https://pypi.org/project/flake8-2020/)
	- [flake8-annotations](https://pypi.org/project/flake8-annotations/)
	- [flake8-async](https://pypi.org/project/flake8-async)
	- [flake8-bandit](https://pypi.org/project/flake8-bandit/) ([#1646](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/issues/1646))
	- [flake8-blind-except](https://pypi.org/project/flake8-blind-except/)
	- [flake8-boolean-trap](https://pypi.org/project/flake8-boolean-trap/)
	- [flake8-bugbear](https://pypi.org/project/flake8-bugbear/)
	- [flake8-builtins](https://pypi.org/project/flake8-builtins/)
	- [flake8-commas](https://pypi.org/project/flake8-commas/)
	- [flake8-comprehensions](https://pypi.org/project/flake8-comprehensions/)
	- [flake8-copyright](https://pypi.org/project/flake8-copyright/)
	- [flake8-datetimez](https://pypi.org/project/flake8-datetimez/)
	- [flake8-debugger](https://pypi.org/project/flake8-debugger/)
	- [flake8-django](https://pypi.org/project/flake8-django/)
	- [flake8-docstrings](https://pypi.org/project/flake8-docstrings/)
	- [flake8-eradicate](https://pypi.org/project/flake8-eradicate/)
	- [flake8-errmsg](https://pypi.org/project/flake8-errmsg/)
	- [flake8-executable](https://pypi.org/project/flake8-executable/)
	- [flake8-future-annotations](https://pypi.org/project/flake8-future-annotations/)
	- [flake8-gettext](https://pypi.org/project/flake8-gettext/)
	- [flake8-implicit-str-concat](https://pypi.org/project/flake8-implicit-str-concat/)
	- [flake8-import-conventions](https://github.com/joaopalmeiro/flake8-import-conventions)
	- [flake8-logging](https://pypi.org/project/flake8-logging/)
	- [flake8-logging-format](https://pypi.org/project/flake8-logging-format/)
	- [flake8-no-pep420](https://pypi.org/project/flake8-no-pep420)
	- [flake8-pie](https://pypi.org/project/flake8-pie/)
	- [flake8-print](https://pypi.org/project/flake8-print/)
	- [flake8-pyi](https://pypi.org/project/flake8-pyi/)
	- [flake8-pytest-style](https://pypi.org/project/flake8-pytest-style/)
	- [flake8-quotes](https://pypi.org/project/flake8-quotes/)
	- [flake8-raise](https://pypi.org/project/flake8-raise/)
	- [flake8-return](https://pypi.org/project/flake8-return/)
	- [flake8-self](https://pypi.org/project/flake8-self/)
	- [flake8-simplify](https://pypi.org/project/flake8-simplify/)
	- [flake8-slots](https://pypi.org/project/flake8-slots/)
	- [flake8-super](https://pypi.org/project/flake8-super/)
	- [flake8-tidy-imports](https://pypi.org/project/flake8-tidy-imports/)
	- [flake8-todos](https://pypi.org/project/flake8-todos/)
	- [flake8-type-checking](https://pypi.org/project/flake8-type-checking/)
	- [flake8-use-pathlib](https://pypi.org/project/flake8-use-pathlib/)
	- [flynt](https://pypi.org/project/flynt/) ([#2102](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/issues/2102))
	- [isort](https://pypi.org/project/isort/)
	- [mccabe](https://pypi.org/project/mccabe/)
	- [pandas-vet](https://pypi.org/project/pandas-vet/)
	- [pep8-naming](https://pypi.org/project/pep8-naming/)
	- [pydocstyle](https://pypi.org/project/pydocstyle/)
	- [pygrep-hooks](https://github.com/pre-commit/pygrep-hooks)
	- [pylint-airflow](https://pypi.org/project/pylint-airflow/)
	- [pyupgrade](https://pypi.org/project/pyupgrade/)
	- [tryceratops](https://pypi.org/project/tryceratops/)
	- [yesqa](https://pypi.org/project/yesqa/)

	For the complete list of supported rules, see [_Rules_](https://docs.astral.sh/ruff/rules/).

	## Contributing<a id="contributing"></a>

	Contributions are welcome and highly appreciated. To get started, check out the
	[contributing guidelines](https://docs.astral.sh/ruff/contributing/).

	You can also join us on [Discord](https://discord.com/invite/astral-sh).

	## Support<a id="support"></a>

	Having trouble? Check out the existing issues on [GitHub](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/issues),
	or feel free to [open a new one](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/issues/new).

	You can also ask for help on [Discord](https://discord.com/invite/astral-sh).

	## Acknowledgements<a id="acknowledgements"></a>

	Ruff's linter draws on both the APIs and implementation details of many other
	tools in the Python ecosystem, especially [Flake8](https://github.com/PyCQA/flake8), [Pyflakes](https://github.com/PyCQA/pyflakes),
	[pycodestyle](https://github.com/PyCQA/pycodestyle), [pydocstyle](https://github.com/PyCQA/pydocstyle),
	[pyupgrade](https://github.com/asottile/pyupgrade), and [isort](https://github.com/PyCQA/isort).

	In some cases, Ruff includes a "direct" Rust port of the corresponding tool.
	We're grateful to the maintainers of these tools for their work, and for all
	the value they've provided to the Python community.

	Ruff's formatter is built on a fork of Rome's [`rome_formatter`](https://github.com/rome/tools/tree/main/crates/rome_formatter),
	and again draws on both API and implementation details from [Rome](https://github.com/rome/tools),
	[Prettier](https://github.com/prettier/prettier), and [Black](https://github.com/psf/black).

	Ruff's import resolver is based on the import resolution algorithm from [Pyright](https://github.com/microsoft/pyright).

	Ruff is also influenced by a number of tools outside the Python ecosystem, like
	[Clippy](https://github.com/rust-lang/rust-clippy) and [ESLint](https://github.com/eslint/eslint).

	Ruff is the beneficiary of a large number of [contributors](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/graphs/contributors).

	Ruff is released under the MIT license.

	## Show Your Support

	If you're using Ruff, consider adding the Ruff badge to your project's `README.md`:

	```md
	[![Ruff](https://img.shields.io/endpoint?url=https://raw.githubusercontent.com/astral-sh/ruff/main/assets/badge/v2.json)](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff)
	```

	...or `README.rst`:

	```rst
	.. image:: https://img.shields.io/endpoint?url=https://raw.githubusercontent.com/astral-sh/ruff/main/assets/badge/v2.json
	:target: https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff
	:alt: Ruff
	```

	...or, as HTML:

	```html
	<a href="https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff"><img src="https://img.shields.io/endpoint?url=https://raw.githubusercontent.com/astral-sh/ruff/main/assets/badge/v2.json" alt="Ruff" style="max-width:100%;"></a>
	```

	## License<a id="license"></a>

	This repository is licensed under the [MIT License](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/blob/main/LICENSE)

	<div align="center">
	<a target="_blank" href="https://astral.sh" style="background:none">
	<img src="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/astral-sh/ruff/main/assets/svg/Astral.svg" alt="Made by Astral">
	</a>
	</div>