MSVC: Refactor C compile features table for C90, C99, and C11

The custom "no modes" `cmake_record_c_compile_features` implementation
should only be used in `cl` versions prior to 19.27 because they had no
`-std:c*` flags for C standards.  For 19.27 we need a different custom
implementation to account for partial C11 support.  For 19.28 and above
we can use the default implementation through the `*__HAS_FULL_SUPPORT`
settings.

We already use this pattern in the MSVC C++ compile feature table.