diff --git a/.appveyor.yml b/.appveyor.yml
deleted file mode 100644
index 853d3f4..0000000
--- a/.appveyor.yml
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,72 +0,0 @@
-environment:
-  matrix:
-    - JOB: "2.7.13 32-bit"
-      PYTHON_HOME: "C:\\Python27"
-      TOXENV: "py27-cov"
-      TOXPYTHON: "C:\\Python27\\python.exe"
-
-    - JOB: "3.5.2 32-bit"
-      PYTHON_HOME: "C:\\Python35"
-      TOXENV: "py35-cov"
-      TOXPYTHON: "C:\\Python35\\python.exe"
-
-    - JOB: "3.6.0 32-bit"
-      PYTHON_HOME: "C:\\Python36"
-      TOXENV: "py36-cov"
-      TOXPYTHON: "C:\\Python36\\python.exe"
-
-    - JOB: "2.7.13 64-bit"
-      PYTHON_HOME: "C:\\Python27-x64"
-      TOXENV: "py27-cov"
-      TOXPYTHON: "C:\\Python27-x64\\python.exe"
-
-    - JOB: "3.5.2 64-bit"
-      PYTHON_HOME: "C:\\Python35-x64"
-      TOXENV: "py35-cov"
-      TOXPYTHON: "C:\\Python35-x64\\python.exe"
-
-    - JOB: "3.6.0 64-bit"
-      PYTHON_HOME: "C:\\Python36-x64"
-      TOXENV: "py36-cov"
-      TOXPYTHON: "C:\\Python36-x64\\python.exe"
-
-install:
-  # If there is a newer build queued for the same PR, cancel this one.
-  # The AppVeyor 'rollout builds' option is supposed to serve the same
-  # purpose but it is problematic because it tends to cancel builds pushed
-  # directly to master instead of just PR builds (or the converse).
-  # credits: JuliaLang developers.
-  - ps: if ($env:APPVEYOR_PULL_REQUEST_NUMBER -and $env:APPVEYOR_BUILD_NUMBER -ne ((Invoke-RestMethod `
-        https://ci.appveyor.com/api/projects/$env:APPVEYOR_ACCOUNT_NAME/$env:APPVEYOR_PROJECT_SLUG/history?recordsNumber=50).builds | `
-        Where-Object pullRequestId -eq $env:APPVEYOR_PULL_REQUEST_NUMBER)[0].buildNumber) { `
-          throw "There are newer queued builds for this pull request, failing early." }
-
-  # Prepend Python to the PATH of this build
-  - "SET PATH=%PYTHON_HOME%;%PYTHON_HOME%\\Scripts;%PATH%"
-
-  # check that we have the expected version and architecture for Python
-  - "python --version"
-  - "python -c \"import struct; print(struct.calcsize('P') * 8)\""
-
-  # upgrade pip and setuptools to avoid out-of-date warnings
-  - "python -m pip install --disable-pip-version-check --user --upgrade pip setuptools"
-
-  # install the dependencies to run the tests
-  - "python -m pip install tox"
- 
-
-build: false
-
-test_script:
-  - "tox"
-
-after_test:
-  - "tox -e codecov"
-
-notifications:
-  - provider: Email
-    to:
-      - fonttools-dev@googlegroups.com
-    on_build_success: false
-    on_build_failure: true
-    on_build_status_changed: true
diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b3b2b25
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.gitattributes
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+# Set the default behavior, in case people don't have core.autocrlf set.
+* text=auto
+
+# Explicitly declare text files you want to always be normalized and converted
+# to native line endings on checkout.
+*.py text
+
+# Font files are binary (so that autocrlf doesn't muck with them)
+*.lwfn binary
+*.pfa binary
+*.pfb binary
diff --git a/.github/workflows/publish.yml b/.github/workflows/publish.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ec6abe2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.github/workflows/publish.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+# This workflows will upload a Python Package using Twine when a tag is created
+# For more information see: https://help.github.com/en/actions/language-and-framework-guides/using-python-with-github-actions#publishing-to-package-registries
+
+name: Upload Python Package
+
+on:
+  push:
+    # Sequence of patterns matched against refs/tags
+    tags:
+      - '*.*.*' # e.g. 1.0.0 or 20.15.10
+
+jobs:
+  deploy:
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+
+    steps:
+    - uses: actions/checkout@v2
+    - name: Set up Python
+      uses: actions/setup-python@v2
+      with:
+        python-version: '3.x'
+    - name: Install dependencies
+      run: |
+        pip install setuptools wheel twine
+    - name: Build and publish
+      env:
+        TWINE_USERNAME: ${{ secrets.PYPI_USERNAME }}
+        TWINE_PASSWORD: ${{ secrets.PYPI_PASSWORD }}
+      run: |
+        python setup.py sdist bdist_wheel
+        twine upload dist/*
diff --git a/.github/workflows/test.yml b/.github/workflows/test.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..89d668d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.github/workflows/test.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,91 @@
+name: Test
+
+on:
+  push:
+    branches: [main]
+  pull_request:
+    branches: [main]
+
+jobs:
+  lint:
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    # https://github.community/t/github-actions-does-not-respect-skip-ci/17325/8
+    if: "! contains(toJSON(github.event.commits.*.message), '[skip ci]')"
+    steps:
+    - uses: actions/checkout@v2
+    - name: Set up Python 3.x
+      uses: actions/setup-python@v2
+      with:
+        python-version: "3.x"
+    - name: Install packages
+      run: pip install tox
+    - name: Run Tox
+      run: tox -e mypy,package_readme
+
+  test:
+    runs-on: ${{ matrix.platform }}
+    if: "! contains(toJSON(github.event.commits.*.message), '[skip ci]')"
+    strategy:
+      matrix:
+        python-version: [3.6, 3.7, 3.8, 3.9]
+        platform: [ubuntu-latest, macos-latest, windows-latest]
+        exclude: # Only test on the oldest and latest supported stable Python on macOS and Windows.
+          - platform: macos-latest
+            python-version: 3.7
+          - platform: macos-latest
+            python-version: 3.8
+          - platform: windows-latest
+            python-version: 3.7
+          - platform: windows-latest
+            python-version: 3.8
+    steps:
+    - uses: actions/checkout@v2
+    - name: Set up Python ${{ matrix.python-version }}
+      uses: actions/setup-python@v2
+      with:
+        python-version: ${{ matrix.python-version }}
+    - name: Install packages
+      run: pip install tox coverage
+    - name: Run Tox
+      run: tox -e py-cov
+    - name: Run Tox without lxml
+      run: tox -e py-cov-nolxml
+    - name: Produce coverage files
+      run: |
+        coverage combine
+        coverage xml
+    - name: Upload coverage to Codecov
+      uses: codecov/codecov-action@v1
+      with:
+        file: coverage.xml
+        flags: unittests
+        name: codecov-umbrella
+        fail_ci_if_error: true
+
+  test-cython:
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    if: "! contains(toJSON(github.event.commits.*.message), '[skip ci]')"
+    steps:
+    - uses: actions/checkout@v2
+    - name: Set up Python 3.x
+      uses: actions/setup-python@v2
+      with:
+        python-version: "3.x"
+    - name: Install packages
+      run: pip install tox
+    - name: Run Tox
+      run: tox -e py-cy-nolxml
+
+  test-pypy3:
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    if: "! contains(toJSON(github.event.commits.*.message), '[skip ci]')"
+    steps:
+    - uses: actions/checkout@v2
+    - name: Set up Python pypy3
+      uses: actions/setup-python@v2
+      with:
+        python-version: "pypy3"
+    - name: Install packages
+      run: pip install tox
+    - name: Run Tox
+      run: tox -e pypy3-nolxml
diff --git a/.gitignore b/.gitignore
index 73b2713..eba633e 100644
--- a/.gitignore
+++ b/.gitignore
@@ -1,25 +1,59 @@
-# Byte-compiled / optimized files
+# Byte-compiled / optimized / DLL files
 __pycache__/
-*.py[co]
+*.py[cod]
 *$py.class
 
-# Distribution / Packaging
-*.egg
-*.egg-info
-*.eggs
-MANIFEST
-build
-dist
+# C extensions
+*.so
 
-# Unit test / coverage files
-.tox/*
-.cache/
+# Distribution / packaging
+.Python
+build/
+dist/
+.eggs/
+*.egg-info/
+*.egg
+MANIFEST
+
+# Installer logs
+pip-log.txt
+pip-delete-this-directory.txt
+
+# Unit test / coverage reports
+htmlcov/
+.tox/
 .coverage
 .coverage.*
-htmlcov/
+.cache
+coverage.xml
+*.cover
+.pytest_cache/
+
+# Environments
+.env
+.venv
+env/
+venv/
+ENV/
+env.bak/
+venv.bak/
+
+# mypy
+.mypy_cache/
+.dmypy.json
+dmypy.json
 
 # emacs backup files
 *~
 
 # OSX Finder
 .DS_Store
+
+# VSCode
+.vscode
+
+# Cython sources (e.g. cu2qu)
+Lib/**/*.c
+
+# Ctags
+tags
diff --git a/.pyup.yml b/.pyup.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6ea2065
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.pyup.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+# autogenerated pyup.io config file 
+# see https://pyup.io/docs/configuration/ for all available options
+
+schedule: every week
diff --git a/.readthedocs.yml b/.readthedocs.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..928d658
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.readthedocs.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+# .readthedocs.yml
+# Read the Docs configuration file
+# See https://docs.readthedocs.io/en/stable/config-file/v2.html for details
+
+# Required
+version: 2
+
+build:
+  image: latest
+
+# Build documentation in the docs/ directory with Sphinx
+sphinx:
+  configuration: Doc/source/conf.py
+  fail_on_warning: false
+
+# Optionally build your docs in additional formats such as PDF and ePub
+formats:
+  - htmlzip
+  - epub
+
+# Optionally set the version of Python and requirements required to build your docs
+python:
+  version: 3.8
+  install:
+    - requirements: Doc/docs-requirements.txt
+    - method: pip
+      path: .
+      extra_requirements:
+        - all
diff --git a/.travis.yml b/.travis.yml
deleted file mode 100644
index 2598ccd..0000000
--- a/.travis.yml
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,85 +0,0 @@
-sudo: false
-
-language: python
-
-matrix:
-  fast_finish: true
-  include:
-    - python: 2.7
-      env: TOXENV=py27-cov
-    - python: 3.4
-      env: TOXENV=py34-cov
-    - python: 3.5
-      env: TOXENV=py35-cov
-    - python: 3.6
-      env:
-        - TOXENV=py36-cov
-        - BUILD_DIST=true
-    - python: pypy2.7-5.8.0
-      # disable coverage.py on pypy because of performance problems
-      env: TOXENV=pypy-nocov
-    - language: generic
-      os: osx
-      env: TOXENV=py27-cov
-    - language: generic
-      os: osx
-      env:
-        - TOXENV=py36-cov
-        - HOMEBREW_NO_AUTO_UPDATE=1
-    - env:
-        - TOXENV=py27-nocov
-        - PYENV_VERSION='2.7.6'
-        - PYENV_VERSION_STRING='Python 2.7.6'
-        - PYENV_ROOT=$HOME/.travis-pyenv
-        - TRAVIS_PYENV_VERSION='0.4.0'
-
-cache:
-  - pip
-  - directories:
-    - $HOME/.pyenv_cache
-
-before_install:
-  - source ./.travis/before_install.sh
-
-install:
-  - ./.travis/install.sh
-
-script:
-  - ./.travis/run.sh
-
-after_success:
-  - ./.travis/after_success.sh
-
-before_deploy:
-  - ./.travis/before_deploy.sh
-
-notifications:
-  irc: "irc.freenode.org##fonts"
-  email: fonttools-dev@googlegroups.com
-
-deploy:
-  # deploy to Github Releases on tags
-  - provider: releases
-    api_key:
-      secure: KEcWhJxMcnKay7wmWJCpg2W5GWHTQ+LaRbqGM11IKGcQuEOFxWuG7W1xjGpVdKPj/MQ+cG0b9hGUFpls1hwseOA1HANMv4xjCgYkuvT1OdpX/KOcZ7gfe/qaovzVxHyP9xwohnHSJMb790t37fmDfFUSROx3iEexIX09LLoDjO8=
-    skip_cleanup: true
-    file_glob: true
-    file: "dist/*"
-    on:
-      tags: true
-      repo: fonttools/fonttools
-      all_branches: true
-      condition: "$BUILD_DIST == true"
-  # deploy to PyPI on tags
-  - provider: pypi
-    server: https://upload.pypi.org/legacy/
-    user: anthrotype
-    password:
-      secure: Dz3x8kh4ergBV6qZUgcGVDOEzjoCEFzzQiO5WVw4Zfi04DD8+d1ghmMz2BY4UvoVKSsFrfKDuEB3MCWyqewJsf/zoZQczk/vnWVFjERROieyO1Ckzpz/WkCvbjtniIE0lxzB7zorSV+kGI9VigGAaRlXJyU7mCFojeAFqD6cjS4=
-    skip_cleanup: true
-    distributions: pass
-    on:
-      tags: true
-      repo: fonttools/fonttools
-      all_branches: true
-      condition: "$BUILD_DIST == true"
diff --git a/.travis/after_success.sh b/.travis/after_success.sh
deleted file mode 100755
index d113fe7..0000000
--- a/.travis/after_success.sh
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,11 +0,0 @@
-#!/bin/bash
-
-set -e
-set -x
-
-if [ "$TRAVIS_OS_NAME" == "osx" ]; then
-    source .venv/bin/activate
-fi
-
-# upload coverage data to Codecov.io
-[[ ${TOXENV} == *"-cov"* ]] && tox -e codecov
diff --git a/.travis/before_deploy.sh b/.travis/before_deploy.sh
deleted file mode 100755
index 1ded8f0..0000000
--- a/.travis/before_deploy.sh
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,15 +0,0 @@
-#!/bin/bash
-
-set -e
-set -x
-
-# build sdist and wheel distribution packages in ./dist folder.
-# Travis runs the `before_deploy` stage before each deployment, but
-# we only want to build them once, as we want to use the same
-# files for both Github and PyPI
-if $(ls ./dist/fonttools*.zip > /dev/null 2>&1) && \
-		$(ls ./dist/fonttools*.whl > /dev/null 2>&1); then
-	echo "Distribution packages already exists; skipping"
-else
-	tox -e bdist
-fi
diff --git a/.travis/before_install.sh b/.travis/before_install.sh
deleted file mode 100755
index 8cc4edb..0000000
--- a/.travis/before_install.sh
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,6 +0,0 @@
-#!/bin/bash
-
-if [[ -n "$PYENV_VERSION" ]]; then
-    wget https://github.com/praekeltfoundation/travis-pyenv/releases/download/${TRAVIS_PYENV_VERSION}/setup-pyenv.sh
-    source setup-pyenv.sh
-fi
diff --git a/.travis/install.sh b/.travis/install.sh
deleted file mode 100755
index 03cc0b3..0000000
--- a/.travis/install.sh
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,33 +0,0 @@
-#!/bin/bash
-
-set -e
-set -x
-
-ci_requirements="pip setuptools tox"
-
-if [ "$TRAVIS_OS_NAME" == "osx" ]; then
-    if [[ ${TOXENV} == *"py27"* ]]; then
-        # install pip on the system python
-        curl -O https://bootstrap.pypa.io/get-pip.py
-        python get-pip.py --user
-        # install virtualenv and create virtual environment
-        python -m pip install --user virtualenv
-        python -m virtualenv .venv/
-    elif [[ ${TOXENV} == *"py3"* ]]; then
-        # install/upgrade current python3 with homebrew
-        if brew list --versions python3 > /dev/null; then
-            brew upgrade python3
-        else
-            brew install python3
-        fi
-        # create virtual environment
-        python3 -m venv .venv/
-    else
-        echo "unsupported $TOXENV: "${TOXENV}
-        exit 1
-    fi
-    # activate virtual environment
-    source .venv/bin/activate
-fi
-
-python -m pip install $ci_requirements
diff --git a/.travis/run.sh b/.travis/run.sh
deleted file mode 100755
index 6804f7d..0000000
--- a/.travis/run.sh
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,10 +0,0 @@
-#!/bin/bash
-
-set -e
-set -x
-
-if [ "$TRAVIS_OS_NAME" == "osx" ]; then
-    source .venv/bin/activate
-fi
-
-tox
diff --git a/CODE_OF_CONDUCT.md b/CODE_OF_CONDUCT.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..30f4976
--- /dev/null
+++ b/CODE_OF_CONDUCT.md
@@ -0,0 +1,76 @@
+# Contributor Covenant Code of Conduct
+
+## Our Pledge
+
+In the interest of fostering an open and welcoming environment, we as
+contributors and maintainers pledge to making participation in our project and
+our community a harassment-free experience for everyone, regardless of age, body
+size, disability, ethnicity, sex characteristics, gender identity and expression,
+level of experience, education, socio-economic status, nationality, personal
+appearance, race, religion, or sexual identity and orientation.
+
+## Our Standards
+
+Examples of behavior that contributes to creating a positive environment
+include:
+
+* Using welcoming and inclusive language
+* Being respectful of differing viewpoints and experiences
+* Gracefully accepting constructive criticism
+* Focusing on what is best for the community
+* Showing empathy towards other community members
+
+Examples of unacceptable behavior by participants include:
+
+* The use of sexualized language or imagery and unwelcome sexual attention or
+ advances
+* Trolling, insulting/derogatory comments, and personal or political attacks
+* Public or private harassment
+* Publishing others' private information, such as a physical or electronic
+ address, without explicit permission
+* Other conduct which could reasonably be considered inappropriate in a
+ professional setting
+
+## Our Responsibilities
+
+Project maintainers are responsible for clarifying the standards of acceptable
+behavior and are expected to take appropriate and fair corrective action in
+response to any instances of unacceptable behavior.
+
+Project maintainers have the right and responsibility to remove, edit, or
+reject comments, commits, code, wiki edits, issues, and other contributions
+that are not aligned to this Code of Conduct, or to ban temporarily or
+permanently any contributor for other behaviors that they deem inappropriate,
+threatening, offensive, or harmful.
+
+## Scope
+
+This Code of Conduct applies both within project spaces and in public spaces
+when an individual is representing the project or its community. Examples of
+representing a project or community include using an official project e-mail
+address, posting via an official social media account, or acting as an appointed
+representative at an online or offline event. Representation of a project may be
+further defined and clarified by project maintainers.
+
+## Enforcement
+
+Instances of abusive, harassing, or otherwise unacceptable behavior may be
+reported by contacting the project team at <cosimo@anthrotype.com>. All
+complaints will be reviewed and investigated and will result in a response that
+is deemed necessary and appropriate to the circumstances. The project team is
+obligated to maintain confidentiality with regard to the reporter of an incident.
+Further details of specific enforcement policies may be posted separately.
+
+Project maintainers who do not follow or enforce the Code of Conduct in good
+faith may face temporary or permanent repercussions as determined by other
+members of the project's leadership.
+
+## Attribution
+
+This Code of Conduct is adapted from the [Contributor Covenant][homepage], version 1.4,
+available at https://www.contributor-covenant.org/version/1/4/code-of-conduct.html
+
+[homepage]: https://www.contributor-covenant.org
+
+For answers to common questions about this code of conduct, see
+https://www.contributor-covenant.org/faq
diff --git a/CONTRIBUTING.md b/CONTRIBUTING.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ea116c4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/CONTRIBUTING.md
@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+## How to Contribute
+
+FontTools development is on-going in an active community of developers, that includes professional developers employed at major software corporations and at type foundries, as well as hobbyists.
+
+The project is run on Github, in the typical free/libre/open-source software way. 
+If you are unfamiliar with that, check out [opensource.guide](https://opensource.guide) and [producingoss.com](http://producingoss.com).
+
+We use Github's Issue Tracker to report, discuss and track bugs, map out future improvements, set priorities, and self-assign issues.
+If you find a bug, have an idea for a new feature, then please [create a new issue](https://github.com/fonttools/fonttools/issues) and we'll be happy to work with you on it!
+
+If you have a question or want to discuss usage from an end-user perspective, there is a mailing list at [groups.google.com/d/forum/fonttools](https://groups.google.com/d/forum/fonttools) mailing list.
+
+If you would like to speak to someone directly, you can also email the project lead, Behdad Esfahbod, privately at <behdad@behdad.org>
+
+If you make a pull request, you (or the organization that owns your copyrights) should be listed in the [README](https://github.com/fonttools/fonttools#copyrights).
+
+(There is also a development [groups.google.com/d/forum/fonttools-dev](https://groups.google.com/d/forum/fonttools-dev) mailing list for Continuous Integration notifications.)
+
+## Code reviews
+
+All submissions, including submissions by project members, go through a review process using GitHub Pull Requests.
+Consult [GitHub Help](https://help.github.com/articles/about-pull-requests/) for more information on making Pull Requests.
+
+## Code of Conduct
+
+This project has a [CODE_OF_CONDUCT.md](CODE_OF_CONDUCT.md)
diff --git a/Doc/README.md b/Doc/README.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..26641b7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Doc/README.md
@@ -0,0 +1,121 @@
+# fontTools Documentation
+
+The fontTools project documentation updates continuously on Read the Docs as the project source changes.  
+
+The documentation is hosted at https://fonttools.readthedocs.io/.
+
+## Contents
+
+- [How to Build Local Documentation](#how-to-build-local-documentation)
+- [Contributing to the fontTools Documentation](#contributing-to-the-documentation)
+- [Documentation License](#documentation-license)
+
+## How to Build Local Documentation
+
+### Install Dependencies
+
+You must have a Python 3 interpreter and the `pip` Python package manager installed on your system to build the fontTools documentation.
+
+Pull the fontTools project source files, create a Python virtual environment, and then install fontTools and the documentation build dependencies by executing the following commands in the root of the fontTools source repository:
+
+```
+$ pip install -e . [all]
+$ pip install -r Doc/docs-requirements.txt
+```
+
+### Build Documentation
+
+**With `make`**: execute the following command in the root of the repository:
+
+```
+$ make docs
+```
+
+**Without `make`**: execute the following command in the **`Doc` directory**:
+
+```
+$ sphinx-build -b html source build
+```
+
+Open the `Doc/build/html/index.html` file in your browser to view the documentation home page.
+
+## Contributing to the Documentation
+
+We highly encourage contributions!  Please follow the instructions below to improve the documentation.
+
+### Python Docstring Style
+
+We recommend the use of Python docstrings that follow [the Google Style Guide](https://github.com/google/styleguide/blob/gh-pages/pyguide.md#381-docstrings).  Our documentation build approach parses appropriately formatted docstrings into formatted documentation files.
+
+#### Function Documentation Example
+
+```python
+def fetch_bigtable_rows(big_table, keys, other_silly_variable=None):
+    """Fetches rows from a Bigtable.
+
+    Retrieves rows pertaining to the given keys from the Table instance
+    represented by big_table.  Silly things may happen if
+    other_silly_variable is not None.
+
+    Args:
+        big_table: An open Bigtable Table instance.
+        keys: A sequence of strings representing the key of each table row
+            to fetch.
+        other_silly_variable: Another optional variable, that has a much
+            longer name than the other args, and which does nothing.
+
+    Returns:
+        A dict mapping keys to the corresponding table row data
+        fetched. Each row is represented as a tuple of strings. For
+        example:
+
+        {'Serak': ('Rigel VII', 'Preparer'),
+         'Zim': ('Irk', 'Invader'),
+         'Lrrr': ('Omicron Persei 8', 'Emperor')}
+
+        If a key from the keys argument is missing from the dictionary,
+        then that row was not found in the table.
+
+    Raises:
+        IOError: An error occurred accessing the bigtable.Table object.
+    """
+```
+*Source: [Google Style Guide](https://github.com/google/styleguide/blob/gh-pages/pyguide.md) (CC BY-SA 3.0)*
+
+#### Class Documentation Example
+
+```python
+class SampleClass(object):
+    """Summary of class here.
+
+    Longer class information....
+    Longer class information....
+
+    Attributes:
+        likes_spam: A boolean indicating if we like SPAM or not.
+        eggs: An integer count of the eggs we have laid.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, likes_spam=False):
+        """Inits SampleClass with blah."""
+        self.likes_spam = likes_spam
+        self.eggs = 0
+
+    def public_method(self):
+        """Performs operation blah."""
+```
+*Source: [Google Style Guide](https://github.com/google/styleguide/blob/gh-pages/pyguide.md) (CC BY-SA 3.0)*
+
+### Build Local Documentation and Review Your Changes
+
+Build a local set of HTML documentation files with the instructions above and review your changes.
+
+### Submit a Pull Request
+
+Submit a Github pull request with your proposed improvements to the documentation.  
+
+Thanks for your contribution!
+
+## Documentation License
+
+The fontTools documentation is released under a [CC BY-SA 4.0 International License](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/).
diff --git a/Doc/docs-requirements.txt b/Doc/docs-requirements.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c62c8d1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Doc/docs-requirements.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+sphinx==3.3.1
+sphinx_rtd_theme==0.5.0
+reportlab==3.5.55
diff --git a/Doc/source/afmLib.rst b/Doc/source/afmLib.rst
index f56d3c1..ab9f356 100644
--- a/Doc/source/afmLib.rst
+++ b/Doc/source/afmLib.rst
@@ -1,7 +1,8 @@
-######
-afmLib
-######
+###########################################
+afmLib: Read/write Adobe Font Metrics files
+###########################################
 
 .. automodule:: fontTools.afmLib
+
+.. autoclass:: fontTools.afmLib.AFM
    :members:
-   :undoc-members:
diff --git a/Doc/source/agl.rst b/Doc/source/agl.rst
index 0ecf14d..6e89857 100644
--- a/Doc/source/agl.rst
+++ b/Doc/source/agl.rst
@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
-###
-agl
-###
+######################################
+agl: Interface to the Adobe Glyph List
+######################################
 
 .. automodule:: fontTools.agl
-   :members:
-   :undoc-members:
+   :members: toUnicode, UV2AGL, AGL2UV
diff --git a/Doc/source/assets/img/favicon.ico b/Doc/source/assets/img/favicon.ico
new file mode 100755
index 0000000..f55a275
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Doc/source/assets/img/favicon.ico
Binary files differ
diff --git a/Doc/source/cffLib.rst b/Doc/source/cffLib.rst
deleted file mode 100644
index 364824f..0000000
--- a/Doc/source/cffLib.rst
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,7 +0,0 @@
-######
-cffLib
-######
-
-.. automodule:: fontTools.cffLib
-   :members:
-   :undoc-members:
diff --git a/Doc/source/cffLib/index.rst b/Doc/source/cffLib/index.rst
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..281a0b1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Doc/source/cffLib/index.rst
@@ -0,0 +1,53 @@
+##################################
+cffLib: read/write Adobe CFF fonts
+##################################
+
+.. automodule:: fontTools.cffLib
+
+This package also contains two modules for manipulating CFF format glyphs:
+
+.. toctree::
+   :maxdepth: 1
+
+   specializer
+   width
+
+.. autoclass:: fontTools.cffLib.CFFFontSet
+   :inherited-members:
+   :members:
+
+.. autoclass:: fontTools.cffLib.TopDict
+   :members:
+
+.. autoclass:: fontTools.cffLib.CharStrings
+   :members:
+
+.. autoclass:: fontTools.cffLib.Index
+   :members:
+
+.. autoclass:: fontTools.cffLib.GlobalSubrsIndex
+   :members:
+
+.. autoclass:: fontTools.cffLib.TopDictIndex
+   :members:
+
+.. autoclass:: fontTools.cffLib.CFFWriter
+   :members:
+
+.. autoclass:: fontTools.cffLib.IndexCompiler
+   :members:
+
+.. autoclass:: fontTools.cffLib.TopDictIndexCompiler
+   :members:
+
+.. autoclass:: fontTools.cffLib.FDArrayIndexCompiler
+   :members:
+
+.. autoclass:: fontTools.cffLib.GlobalSubrsCompiler
+   :members:
+
+.. autoclass:: fontTools.cffLib.SubrsCompiler
+   :members:
+
+.. autoclass:: fontTools.cffLib.CharStringsCompiler
+   :members:
diff --git a/Doc/source/cffLib/specializer.rst b/Doc/source/cffLib/specializer.rst
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..016a896
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Doc/source/cffLib/specializer.rst
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+##############################################################
+specializer: T2CharString operator specializer and generalizer
+##############################################################
+
+.. automodule:: fontTools.cffLib.specializer
+   :inherited-members:
+   :members:
+   :undoc-members:
diff --git a/Doc/source/cffLib/width.rst b/Doc/source/cffLib/width.rst
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..68944da
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Doc/source/cffLib/width.rst
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+#########################################
+width: T2CharString glyph width optimizer
+#########################################
+
+.. automodule:: fontTools.cffLib.width
+   :members: optimizeWidths, optimizeWidthsBruteforce
diff --git a/Doc/source/colorLib/index.rst b/Doc/source/colorLib/index.rst
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d4eb9f8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Doc/source/colorLib/index.rst
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+#####################################################
+colorLib.builder: Build COLR/CPAL tables from scratch
+#####################################################
+
+.. automodule:: fontTools.colorLib.builder
+   :members: buildCPAL, buildCOLR, populateCOLRv0
+
+.. autoclass:: fontTools.colorLib.builder.ColorPaletteType
+   :inherited-members:
+   :members:
+   :undoc-members:
diff --git a/Doc/source/conf.py b/Doc/source/conf.py
index a3b2be2..82a5d57 100644
--- a/Doc/source/conf.py
+++ b/Doc/source/conf.py
@@ -25,40 +25,43 @@
 
 # If your documentation needs a minimal Sphinx version, state it here.
 #
-needs_sphinx = '1.3'
+needs_sphinx = "1.3"
 
 # Add any Sphinx extension module names here, as strings. They can be
 # extensions coming with Sphinx (named 'sphinx.ext.*') or your custom
 # ones.
-extensions = ['sphinx.ext.autodoc', 'sphinx.ext.viewcode']
+extensions = ["sphinx.ext.autodoc", "sphinx.ext.viewcode", "sphinx.ext.napoleon", "sphinx.ext.coverage"]
 
-autodoc_mock_imports = ['gtk']
+autodoc_mock_imports = ["gtk"]
 
 # Add any paths that contain templates here, relative to this directory.
-templates_path = ['_templates']
+templates_path = ["_templates"]
 
 # The suffix(es) of source filenames.
 # You can specify multiple suffix as a list of string:
 #
 # source_suffix = ['.rst', '.md']
-source_suffix = '.rst'
+source_suffix = ".rst"
 
 # The master toctree document.
-master_doc = 'index'
+master_doc = "index"
 
 # General information about the project.
-project = u'fontTools'
-copyright = u'2017, Just van Rossum, Behdad Esfahbod et al.'
-author = u'Just van Rossum, Behdad Esfahbod et al.'
+project = u"fontTools"
+copyright = u"2020, Just van Rossum, Behdad Esfahbod, and the fontTools Authors. CC BY-SA 4.0"
+author = u"Just van Rossum, Behdad Esfahbod, and the fontTools Authors"
+
+# HTML page title
+html_title = "fontTools Documentation"
 
 # The version info for the project you're documenting, acts as replacement for
 # |version| and |release|, also used in various other places throughout the
 # built documents.
 #
 # The short X.Y version.
-version = u'3.10'
+version = u"4.0"
 # The full version, including alpha/beta/rc tags.
-release = u'3.10'
+release = u"4.0"
 
 # The language for content autogenerated by Sphinx. Refer to documentation
 # for a list of supported languages.
@@ -73,10 +76,11 @@
 exclude_patterns = []
 
 # The name of the Pygments (syntax highlighting) style to use.
-pygments_style = 'sphinx'
+# pygments_style = "sphinx" (the default sphinx docs style on RTD)
+pygments_style = "default"
 
 # If true, `todo` and `todoList` produce output, else they produce nothing.
-todo_include_todos = False
+todo_include_todos = True
 
 
 # -- Options for HTML output ----------------------------------------------
@@ -84,24 +88,29 @@
 # The theme to use for HTML and HTML Help pages.  See the documentation for
 # a list of builtin themes.
 #
-html_theme = 'classic'
+html_theme = "sphinx_rtd_theme"
 
 # Theme options are theme-specific and customize the look and feel of a theme
 # further.  For a list of options available for each theme, see the
 # documentation.
 #
-# html_theme_options = {}
+html_theme_options = {"display_version": False}
 
 # Add any paths that contain custom static files (such as style sheets) here,
 # relative to this directory. They are copied after the builtin static files,
 # so a file named "default.css" will overwrite the builtin "default.css".
-html_static_path = ['_static']
+html_static_path = ["_static"]
+
+html_favicon = "assets/img/favicon.ico"
+
+# display the Sphinx attribution in the footer
+html_show_sphinx = False
 
 
 # -- Options for HTMLHelp output ------------------------------------------
 
 # Output file base name for HTML help builder.
-htmlhelp_basename = 'fontToolsDoc'
+htmlhelp_basename = "fontToolsDoc"
 
 
 # -- Options for LaTeX output ---------------------------------------------
@@ -110,15 +119,12 @@
     # The paper size ('letterpaper' or 'a4paper').
     #
     # 'papersize': 'letterpaper',
-
     # The font size ('10pt', '11pt' or '12pt').
     #
     # 'pointsize': '10pt',
-
     # Additional stuff for the LaTeX preamble.
     #
     # 'preamble': '',
-
     # Latex figure (float) alignment
     #
     # 'figure_align': 'htbp',
@@ -128,8 +134,13 @@
 # (source start file, target name, title,
 #  author, documentclass [howto, manual, or own class]).
 latex_documents = [
-    (master_doc, 'fontTools.tex', u'fontTools Documentation',
-     u'Just van Rossum, Behdad Esfahbod et al.', 'manual'),
+    (
+        master_doc,
+        "fontTools.tex",
+        u"fontTools Documentation",
+        u"Just van Rossum, Behdad Esfahbod et al.",
+        "manual",
+    )
 ]
 
 
@@ -137,10 +148,7 @@
 
 # One entry per manual page. List of tuples
 # (source start file, name, description, authors, manual section).
-man_pages = [
-    (master_doc, 'fonttools', u'fontTools Documentation',
-     [author], 1)
-]
+man_pages = [(master_doc, "fonttools", u"fontTools Documentation", [author], 1)]
 
 
 # -- Options for Texinfo output -------------------------------------------
@@ -149,8 +157,13 @@
 # (source start file, target name, title, author,
 #  dir menu entry, description, category)
 texinfo_documents = [
-    (master_doc, 'fontTools', u'fontTools Documentation',
-     author, 'fontTools', 'A library for manipulating fonts, written in Python.',
-     'Typography'),
+    (
+        master_doc,
+        "fontTools",
+        u"fontTools Documentation",
+        author,
+        "fontTools",
+        "A library for manipulating fonts, written in Python.",
+        "Typography",
+    )
 ]
-
diff --git a/Doc/source/cu2qu/index.rst b/Doc/source/cu2qu/index.rst
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..41730e5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Doc/source/cu2qu/index.rst
@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+##########################################
+cu2qu: Cubic to quadratic curve conversion
+##########################################
+
+Routines for converting cubic curves to quadratic splines, suitable for use
+in OpenType to TrueType outline conversion.
+
+Conversion is carried out to a degree of tolerance provided by the user. While
+it is relatively easy to find the best *single* quadratic curve to represent a
+given cubic (see for example `this method from CAGD <https://www.sirver.net/blog/2011/08/23/degree-reduction-of-bezier-curves/>`_),
+the best-fit method may not be sufficiently accurate for type design.
+
+Instead, this method chops the cubic curve into multiple segments before
+converting each cubic segment to a quadratic, in order to ensure that the
+resulting spline fits within the given tolerance.
+
+The basic curve conversion routines are implemented in the
+:mod:`fontTools.cu2qu.cu2qu` module; the :mod:`fontTools.cu2qu.ufo` module
+applies these routines to all of the curves in a UFO file or files; while the
+:mod:`fontTools.cu2qu.cli` module implements the ``fonttools cu2qu`` command
+for converting a UFO format font with cubic curves into one with quadratic
+curves.
+
+fontTools.cu2qu.cu2qu
+---------------------
+
+.. automodule:: fontTools.cu2qu.cu2qu
+   :inherited-members:
+   :members:
+   :undoc-members:
+
+fontTools.cu2qu.ufo
+-------------------
+
+.. automodule:: fontTools.cu2qu.ufo
+   :inherited-members:
+   :members:
+   :undoc-members:
diff --git a/Doc/source/designspaceLib/index.rst b/Doc/source/designspaceLib/index.rst
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2c33df7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Doc/source/designspaceLib/index.rst
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+##############
+designspaceLib
+##############
+
+MutatorMath started out with its own reader and writer for designspaces.
+Since then the use of designspace has broadened and it would be useful
+to have a reader and writer that are independent of a specific system.
+
+.. toctree::
+   :maxdepth: 1
+
+   readme
+   scripting
+
+.. automodule:: fontTools.designspaceLib
+   :inherited-members:
+   :members:
+   :undoc-members:
diff --git a/Doc/source/designspaceLib/readme.rst b/Doc/source/designspaceLib/readme.rst
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c5757a6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Doc/source/designspaceLib/readme.rst
@@ -0,0 +1,1150 @@
+#################################
+DesignSpaceDocument Specification
+#################################
+
+An object to read, write and edit interpolation systems for typefaces. Define sources, axes, rules and instances.
+
+-  `The Python API of the objects <#python-api>`_
+-  `The document XML structure <#document-xml-structure>`_
+
+
+**********
+Python API
+**********
+
+
+
+.. _designspacedocument-object:
+
+DesignSpaceDocument object
+==========================
+
+The DesignSpaceDocument object can read and write ``.designspace`` data.
+It imports the axes, sources and instances to very basic **descriptor**
+objects that store the data in attributes. Data is added to the document
+by creating such descriptor objects, filling them with data and then
+adding them to the document. This makes it easy to integrate this object
+in different contexts.
+
+The **DesignSpaceDocument** object can be subclassed to work with
+different objects, as long as they have the same attributes. Reader and
+Writer objects can be subclassed as well.
+
+**Note:** Python attribute names are usually camelCased, the
+corresponding `XML <#document-xml-structure>`_ attributes are usually
+all lowercase.
+
+.. example-1:
+
+.. code:: python
+
+    from fontTools.designspaceLib import DesignSpaceDocument
+    doc = DesignSpaceDocument()
+    doc.read("some/path/to/my.designspace")
+    doc.axes
+    doc.sources
+    doc.instances
+
+Attributes
+----------
+
+-  ``axes``: list of axisDescriptors
+-  ``sources``: list of sourceDescriptors
+-  ``instances``: list of instanceDescriptors
+-  ``rules``: list if ruleDescriptors
+-  ``readerClass``: class of the reader object
+-  ``writerClass``: class of the writer object
+-  ``lib``: dict for user defined, custom data that needs to be stored
+   in the designspace. Use reverse-DNS notation to identify your own data.
+   Respect the data stored by others.
+-  ``rulesProcessingLast``: This flag indicates whether the substitution rules should be applied before or after other glyph substitution features. False: before, True: after.
+
+Methods
+-------
+
+-  ``read(path)``: read a designspace file from ``path``
+-  ``write(path)``: write this designspace to ``path``
+-  ``addSource(aSourceDescriptor)``: add this sourceDescriptor to 
+   ``doc.sources``.
+-  ``addInstance(anInstanceDescriptor)``: add this instanceDescriptor
+   to ``doc.instances``.
+-  ``addAxis(anAxisDescriptor)``: add this instanceDescriptor to ``doc.axes``.
+-  ``newDefaultLocation()``: returns a dict with the default location
+   in designspace coordinates.
+-  ``updateFilenameFromPath(masters=True, instances=True, force=False)``:
+   set a descriptor filename attr from the path and this document.
+-  ``newAxisDescriptor()``: return a new axisDescriptor object.
+-  ``newSourceDescriptor()``: return a new sourceDescriptor object.
+-  ``newInstanceDescriptor()``: return a new instanceDescriptor object.
+-  ``getAxisOrder()``: return a list of axisnames
+-  ``findDefault()``: return the sourceDescriptor that is on the default
+   location. Returns None if there isn't one.
+-  ``normalizeLocation(aLocation)``: return a dict with normalized axis values.
+-  ``normalize()``: normalize the geometry of this designspace: scale all the
+   locations of all masters and instances to the ``-1 - 0 - 1`` value.
+-  ``loadSourceFonts()``: Ensure SourceDescriptor.font attributes are loaded,
+   and return list of fonts.
+-  ``tostring(encoding=None)``: Returns the designspace as a string. Default 
+   encoding `utf-8`.
+
+Class Methods
+-------------
+- ``fromfile(path)``
+- ``fromstring(string)``
+
+
+
+
+
+
+SourceDescriptor object
+=======================
+
+Attributes
+----------
+
+-  ``filename``: string. A relative path to the source file, **as it is
+   in the document**. MutatorMath + Varlib.
+-  ``path``: string. Absolute path to the source file, calculated from
+   the document path and the string in the filename attr. MutatorMath +
+   Varlib.
+-  ``layerName``: string. The name of the layer in the source to look for
+   outline data. Default ``None`` which means ``foreground``.
+-  ``font``: Any Python object. Optional. Points to a representation of
+   this source font that is loaded in memory, as a Python object
+   (e.g. a ``defcon.Font`` or a ``fontTools.ttFont.TTFont``). The default
+   document reader will not fill-in this attribute, and the default
+   writer will not use this attribute. It is up to the user of
+   ``designspaceLib`` to either load the resource identified by ``filename``
+   and store it in this field, or write the contents of this field to the
+   disk and make ``filename`` point to that.
+-  ``name``: string. Optional. Unique identifier name for this source,
+   if there is one or more ``instance.glyph`` elements in the document.
+   MutatorMath.
+-  ``location``: dict. Axis values for this source. MutatorMath + Varlib
+-  ``copyLib``: bool. Indicates if the contents of the font.lib need to
+   be copied to the instances. MutatorMath.
+-  ``copyInfo`` bool. Indicates if the non-interpolating font.info needs
+   to be copied to the instances. MutatorMath
+-  ``copyGroups`` bool. Indicates if the groups need to be copied to the
+   instances. MutatorMath.
+-  ``copyFeatures`` bool. Indicates if the feature text needs to be
+   copied to the instances. MutatorMath.
+-  ``muteKerning``: bool. Indicates if the kerning data from this source
+   needs to be muted (i.e. not be part of the calculations).
+   MutatorMath.
+-  ``muteInfo``: bool. Indicated if the interpolating font.info data for
+   this source needs to be muted. MutatorMath.
+-  ``mutedGlyphNames``: list. Glyphnames that need to be muted in the
+   instances. MutatorMath.
+-  ``familyName``: string. Family name of this source. Though this data
+   can be extracted from the font, it can be efficient to have it right
+   here. Varlib.
+-  ``styleName``: string. Style name of this source. Though this data
+   can be extracted from the font, it can be efficient to have it right
+   here. Varlib.
+
+.. code:: python
+
+    doc = DesignSpaceDocument()
+    s1 = SourceDescriptor()
+    s1.path = masterPath1
+    s1.name = "master.ufo1"
+    s1.font = defcon.Font("master.ufo1")
+    s1.copyLib = True
+    s1.copyInfo = True
+    s1.copyFeatures = True
+    s1.location = dict(weight=0)
+    s1.familyName = "MasterFamilyName"
+    s1.styleName = "MasterStyleNameOne"
+    s1.mutedGlyphNames.append("A")
+    s1.mutedGlyphNames.append("Z")
+    doc.addSource(s1)
+
+.. _instance-descriptor-object:
+
+InstanceDescriptor object
+=========================
+
+.. attributes-1:
+
+
+Attributes
+----------
+
+-  ``filename``: string. Relative path to the instance file, **as it is
+   in the document**. The file may or may not exist. MutatorMath.
+-  ``path``: string. Absolute path to the source file, calculated from
+   the document path and the string in the filename attr. The file may
+   or may not exist. MutatorMath.
+-  ``name``: string. Unique identifier name of the instance, used to
+   identify it if it needs to be referenced from elsewhere in the
+   document.
+-  ``location``: dict. Axis values for this source. MutatorMath +
+   Varlib.
+-  ``familyName``: string. Family name of this instance. MutatorMath +
+   Varlib.
+-  ``localisedFamilyName``: dict. A dictionary of localised family name
+   strings, keyed by language code.
+-  ``styleName``: string. Style name of this source. MutatorMath +
+   Varlib.
+-  ``localisedStyleName``: dict. A dictionary of localised stylename
+   strings, keyed by language code.
+-  ``postScriptFontName``: string. Postscript fontname for this
+   instance. MutatorMath.
+-  ``styleMapFamilyName``: string. StyleMap familyname for this
+   instance. MutatorMath.
+-  ``localisedStyleMapFamilyName``: A dictionary of localised style map
+   familyname strings, keyed by language code.
+-  ``localisedStyleMapStyleName``: A dictionary of localised style map
+   stylename strings, keyed by language code.
+-  ``styleMapStyleName``: string. StyleMap stylename for this instance.
+   MutatorMath.
+-  ``glyphs``: dict for special master definitions for glyphs. If glyphs
+   need special masters (to record the results of executed rules for
+   example). MutatorMath.
+-  ``kerning``: bool. Indicates if this instance needs its kerning
+   calculated. MutatorMath.
+-  ``info``: bool. Indicated if this instance needs the interpolating
+   font.info calculated.
+-  ``lib``: dict. Custom data associated with this instance.
+
+Methods
+-------
+
+These methods give easier access to the localised names.
+
+-  ``setStyleName(styleName, languageCode="en")``
+-  ``getStyleName(languageCode="en")``
+-  ``setFamilyName(familyName, languageCode="en")``
+-  ``getFamilyName(self, languageCode="en")``
+-  ``setStyleMapStyleName(styleMapStyleName, languageCode="en")``
+-  ``getStyleMapStyleName(languageCode="en")``
+-  ``setStyleMapFamilyName(styleMapFamilyName, languageCode="en")``
+-  ``getStyleMapFamilyName(languageCode="en")``
+
+Example
+-------
+
+.. code:: python
+
+    i2 = InstanceDescriptor()
+    i2.path = instancePath2
+    i2.familyName = "InstanceFamilyName"
+    i2.styleName = "InstanceStyleName"
+    i2.name = "instance.ufo2"
+    # anisotropic location
+    i2.location = dict(weight=500, width=(400,300))
+    i2.postScriptFontName = "InstancePostscriptName"
+    i2.styleMapFamilyName = "InstanceStyleMapFamilyName"
+    i2.styleMapStyleName = "InstanceStyleMapStyleName"
+    glyphMasters = [dict(font="master.ufo1", glyphName="BB", location=dict(width=20,weight=20)), dict(font="master.ufo2", glyphName="CC", location=dict(width=900,weight=900))]
+    glyphData = dict(name="arrow", unicodeValue=1234)
+    glyphData['masters'] = glyphMasters
+    glyphData['note'] = "A note about this glyph"
+    glyphData['instanceLocation'] = dict(width=100, weight=120)
+    i2.glyphs['arrow'] = glyphData
+    i2.glyphs['arrow2'] = dict(mute=False)
+    i2.lib['com.coolDesignspaceApp.specimenText'] = 'Hamburgerwhatever'
+    doc.addInstance(i2)
+
+.. _axis-descriptor-object:
+
+AxisDescriptor object
+=====================
+
+-  ``tag``: string. Four letter tag for this axis. Some might be
+   registered at the `OpenType
+   specification <https://www.microsoft.com/typography/otspec/fvar.htm#VAT>`__.
+   Privately-defined axis tags must begin with an uppercase letter and
+   use only uppercase letters or digits.
+-  ``name``: string. Name of the axis as it is used in the location
+   dicts. MutatorMath + Varlib.
+-  ``labelNames``: dict. When defining a non-registered axis, it will be
+   necessary to define user-facing readable names for the axis. Keyed by
+   xml:lang code. Values are required to be ``unicode`` strings, even if
+   they only contain ASCII characters.
+-  ``minimum``: number. The minimum value for this axis in user space.
+   MutatorMath + Varlib.
+-  ``maximum``: number. The maximum value for this axis in user space.
+   MutatorMath + Varlib.
+-  ``default``: number. The default value for this axis, i.e. when a new
+   location is created, this is the value this axis will get in user
+   space. MutatorMath + Varlib.
+-  ``map``: list of input / output values that can describe a warp
+   of user space to design space coordinates. If no map values are present, it is assumed user space is the same as design space, as
+   in [(minimum, minimum), (maximum, maximum)]. Varlib.
+
+.. code:: python
+
+    a1 = AxisDescriptor()
+    a1.minimum = 1
+    a1.maximum = 1000
+    a1.default = 400
+    a1.name = "weight"
+    a1.tag = "wght"
+    a1.labelNames[u'fa-IR'] = u"قطر"
+    a1.labelNames[u'en'] = u"Wéíght"
+    a1.map = [(1.0, 10.0), (400.0, 66.0), (1000.0, 990.0)]
+
+RuleDescriptor object
+=====================
+
+-  ``name``: string. Unique name for this rule. Can be used to
+   reference this rule data.
+-  ``conditionSets``: a list of conditionsets
+-  Each conditionset is a list of conditions.
+-  Each condition is a dict with ``name``, ``minimum`` and ``maximum`` keys.
+-  ``subs``: list of substitutions
+-  Each substitution is stored as tuples of glyphnames, e.g. ("a", "a.alt").
+-  Note: By default, rules are applied first, before other text shaping/OpenType layout, as they are part of the `Required Variation Alternates OpenType feature <https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/typography/opentype/spec/features_pt#-tag-rvrn>`_. See `5.0 rules element`_ § Attributes.
+
+Evaluating rules
+----------------
+    
+-  ``evaluateRule(rule, location)``: Return True if any of the rule's conditionsets 
+   matches the given location.
+-  ``evaluateConditions(conditions, location)``: Return True if all the conditions
+   matches the given location. 
+-  ``processRules(rules, location, glyphNames)``: Apply all the rules to the list
+   of glyphNames. Return a new list of glyphNames with substitutions applied.
+
+.. code:: python
+
+    r1 = RuleDescriptor()
+    r1.name = "unique.rule.name"
+    r1.conditionSets.append([dict(name="weight", minimum=-10, maximum=10), dict(...)])
+    r1.conditionSets.append([dict(...), dict(...)])
+    r1.subs.append(("a", "a.alt"))
+
+
+.. _subclassing-descriptors:
+
+Subclassing descriptors
+=======================
+
+The DesignSpaceDocument can take subclassed Reader and Writer objects.
+This allows you to work with your own descriptors. You could subclass
+the descriptors. But as long as they have the basic attributes the
+descriptor does not need to be a subclass.
+
+.. code:: python
+
+    class MyDocReader(BaseDocReader):
+        ruleDescriptorClass = MyRuleDescriptor
+        axisDescriptorClass = MyAxisDescriptor
+        sourceDescriptorClass = MySourceDescriptor
+        instanceDescriptorClass = MyInstanceDescriptor
+
+    class MyDocWriter(BaseDocWriter):
+        ruleDescriptorClass = MyRuleDescriptor
+        axisDescriptorClass = MyAxisDescriptor
+        sourceDescriptorClass = MySourceDescriptor
+        instanceDescriptorClass = MyInstanceDescriptor
+
+    myDoc = DesignSpaceDocument(KeyedDocReader, KeyedDocWriter)
+
+**********************
+Document xml structure
+**********************
+
+-  The ``axes`` element contains one or more ``axis`` elements.
+-  The ``sources`` element contains one or more ``source`` elements.
+-  The ``instances`` element contains one or more ``instance`` elements.
+-  The ``rules`` element contains one or more ``rule`` elements.
+-  The ``lib`` element contains arbitrary data.
+
+.. code:: xml
+
+    <?xml version='1.0' encoding='utf-8'?>
+    <designspace format="3">
+        <axes>
+            <!-- define axes here -->
+            <axis../>
+        </axes>
+        <sources>
+            <!-- define masters here -->
+            <source../>
+        </sources>
+        <instances>
+            <!-- define instances here -->
+            <instance../>
+        </instances>
+        <rules>
+            <!-- define rules here -->
+            <rule../>
+        </rules>
+        <lib>
+            <dict>
+                <!-- store custom data here -->
+            </dict>
+        </lib>
+    </designspace>
+
+.. 1-axis-element:
+
+1. axis element
+===============
+
+-  Define a single axis
+-  Child element of ``axes``
+
+.. attributes-2:
+
+Attributes
+----------
+
+-  ``name``: required, string. Name of the axis that is used in the
+   location elements.
+-  ``tag``: required, string, 4 letters. Some axis tags are registered
+   in the OpenType Specification.
+-  ``minimum``: required, number. The minimum value for this axis, in user space coordinates.
+-  ``maximum``: required, number. The maximum value for this axis, in user space coordinates.
+-  ``default``: required, number. The default value for this axis, in user space coordinates.
+-  ``hidden``: optional, 0 or 1. Records whether this axis needs to be
+   hidden in interfaces.
+
+.. code:: xml
+
+    <axis name="weight" tag="wght" minimum="1" maximum="1000" default="400">
+
+.. 11-labelname-element:
+
+1.1 labelname element
+=====================
+
+-  Defines a human readable name for UI use.
+-  Optional for non-registered axis names.
+-  Can be localised with ``xml:lang``
+-  Child element of ``axis``
+
+.. attributes-3:
+
+Attributes
+----------
+
+-  ``xml:lang``: required, string. `XML language
+   definition <https://www.w3.org/International/questions/qa-when-xmllang.en>`__
+
+Value
+-----
+
+-  The natural language name of this axis.
+
+.. example-2:
+
+Example
+-------
+
+.. code:: xml
+
+    <labelname xml:lang="fa-IR">قطر</labelname>
+    <labelname xml:lang="en">Wéíght</labelname>
+
+.. 12-map-element:
+
+1.2 map element
+===============
+
+-  Defines a single node in a series of input value (user space coordinate)
+   to output value (designspace coordinate) pairs.
+-  Together these values transform the designspace.
+-  Child of ``axis`` element.
+
+.. example-3:
+
+Example
+-------
+
+.. code:: xml
+
+    <map input="1.0" output="10.0" />
+    <map input="400.0" output="66.0" />
+    <map input="1000.0" output="990.0" />
+
+Example of all axis elements together:
+--------------------------------------
+
+.. code:: xml
+
+        <axes>
+            <axis default="1" maximum="1000" minimum="0" name="weight" tag="wght">
+                <labelname xml:lang="fa-IR">قطر</labelname>
+                <labelname xml:lang="en">Wéíght</labelname>
+            </axis>
+            <axis default="100" maximum="200" minimum="50" name="width" tag="wdth">
+                <map input="50.0" output="10.0" />
+                <map input="100.0" output="66.0" />
+                <map input="200.0" output="990.0" />
+            </axis>
+        </axes>
+
+.. 2-location-element:
+
+2. location element
+===================
+
+-  Defines a coordinate in the design space.
+-  Dictionary of axisname: axisvalue
+-  Used in ``source``, ``instance`` and ``glyph`` elements.
+
+.. 21-dimension-element:
+
+2.1 dimension element
+=====================
+
+-  Child element of ``location``
+
+.. attributes-4:
+
+Attributes
+----------
+
+-  ``name``: required, string. Name of the axis.
+-  ``xvalue``: required, number. The value on this axis.
+-  ``yvalue``: optional, number. Separate value for anisotropic
+   interpolations.
+
+.. example-4:
+
+Example
+-------
+
+.. code:: xml
+
+    <location>
+        <dimension name="width" xvalue="0.000000" />
+        <dimension name="weight" xvalue="0.000000" yvalue="0.003" />
+    </location>
+
+.. 3-source-element:
+
+3. source element
+=================
+
+-  Defines a single font or layer that contributes to the designspace.
+-  Child element of ``sources``
+-  Location in designspace coordinates.
+
+.. attributes-5:
+
+Attributes
+----------
+
+-  ``familyname``: optional, string. The family name of the source font.
+   While this could be extracted from the font data itself, it can be
+   more efficient to add it here.
+-  ``stylename``: optional, string. The style name of the source font.
+-  ``name``: required, string. A unique name that can be used to
+   identify this font if it needs to be referenced elsewhere.
+-  ``filename``: required, string. A path to the source file, relative
+   to the root path of this document. The path can be at the same level
+   as the document or lower.
+-  ``layer``: optional, string. The name of the layer in the source file.
+   If no layer attribute is given assume the foreground layer should be used.
+
+.. 31-lib-element:
+
+3.1 lib element
+===============
+
+There are two meanings for the ``lib`` element:
+
+1. Source lib
+    -  Example: ``<lib copy="1" />``
+    -  Child element of ``source``
+    -  Defines if the instances can inherit the data in the lib of this
+       source.
+    -  MutatorMath only
+
+2. Document and instance lib
+    - Example:
+
+      .. code:: xml
+
+        <lib>
+            <dict>
+                <key>...</key>
+                <string>The contents use the PLIST format.</string>
+            </dict>
+        </lib>
+
+    - Child element of ``designspace`` and ``instance``
+    - Contains arbitrary data about the whole document or about a specific
+      instance.
+    - Items in the dict need to use **reverse domain name notation** <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reverse_domain_name_notation>__
+
+.. 32-info-element:
+
+3.2 info element
+================
+
+-  ``<info copy="1" />``
+-  Child element of ``source``
+-  Defines if the instances can inherit the non-interpolating font info
+   from this source.
+-  MutatorMath
+
+.. 33-features-element:
+
+3.3 features element
+====================
+
+-  ``<features copy="1" />``
+-  Defines if the instances can inherit opentype feature text from this
+   source.
+-  Child element of ``source``
+-  MutatorMath only
+
+.. 34-glyph-element:
+
+3.4 glyph element
+=================
+
+-  Can appear in ``source`` as well as in ``instance`` elements.
+-  In a ``source`` element this states if a glyph is to be excluded from
+   the calculation.
+-  MutatorMath only
+
+.. attributes-6:
+
+Attributes
+----------
+
+-  ``mute``: optional attribute, number 1 or 0. Indicate if this glyph
+   should be ignored as a master.
+-  ``<glyph mute="1" name="A"/>``
+-  MutatorMath only
+
+.. 35-kerning-element:
+
+3.5 kerning element
+===================
+
+-  ``<kerning mute="1" />``
+-  Can appear in ``source`` as well as in ``instance`` elements.
+
+.. attributes-7:
+
+Attributes
+----------
+
+-  ``mute``: required attribute, number 1 or 0. Indicate if the kerning
+   data from this source is to be excluded from the calculation.
+-  If the kerning element is not present, assume ``mute=0``, yes,
+   include the kerning of this source in the calculation.
+-  MutatorMath only
+
+.. example-5:
+
+Example
+-------
+
+.. code:: xml
+
+    <source familyname="MasterFamilyName" filename="masters/masterTest1.ufo" name="master.ufo1" stylename="MasterStyleNameOne">
+        <lib copy="1" />
+        <features copy="1" />
+        <info copy="1" />
+        <glyph mute="1" name="A" />
+        <glyph mute="1" name="Z" />
+        <location>
+            <dimension name="width" xvalue="0.000000" />
+            <dimension name="weight" xvalue="0.000000" />
+        </location>
+    </source>
+
+.. 4-instance-element:
+
+4. instance element
+===================
+
+-  Defines a single font that can be calculated with the designspace.
+-  Child element of ``instances``
+-  For use in Varlib the instance element really only needs the names
+   and the location. The ``glyphs`` element is not required.
+-  MutatorMath uses the ``glyphs`` element to describe how certain
+   glyphs need different masters, mainly to describe the effects of
+   conditional rules in Superpolator.
+-  Location in designspace coordinates.
+
+.. attributes-8:
+
+Attributes
+----------
+
+-  ``familyname``: required, string. The family name of the instance
+   font. Corresponds with ``font.info.familyName``
+-  ``stylename``: required, string. The style name of the instance font.
+   Corresponds with ``font.info.styleName``
+-  ``name``: required, string. A unique name that can be used to
+   identify this font if it needs to be referenced elsewhere.
+-  ``filename``: string. Required for MutatorMath. A path to the
+   instance file, relative to the root path of this document. The path
+   can be at the same level as the document or lower.
+-  ``postscriptfontname``: string. Optional for MutatorMath. Corresponds
+   with ``font.info.postscriptFontName``
+-  ``stylemapfamilyname``: string. Optional for MutatorMath. Corresponds
+   with ``styleMapFamilyName``
+-  ``stylemapstylename``: string. Optional for MutatorMath. Corresponds
+   with ``styleMapStyleName``
+
+Example for varlib
+------------------
+
+.. code:: xml
+
+    <instance familyname="InstanceFamilyName" filename="instances/instanceTest2.ufo" name="instance.ufo2" postscriptfontname="InstancePostscriptName" stylemapfamilyname="InstanceStyleMapFamilyName" stylemapstylename="InstanceStyleMapStyleName" stylename="InstanceStyleName">
+    <location>
+        <dimension name="width" xvalue="400" yvalue="300" />
+        <dimension name="weight" xvalue="66" />
+    </location>
+    <kerning />
+    <info />
+    <lib>
+        <dict>
+            <key>com.coolDesignspaceApp.specimenText</key>
+            <string>Hamburgerwhatever</string>
+        </dict>
+    </lib>
+    </instance>
+
+.. 41-glyphs-element:
+
+4.1 glyphs element
+==================
+
+-  Container for ``glyph`` elements.
+-  Optional
+-  MutatorMath only.
+
+.. 42-glyph-element:
+
+4.2 glyph element
+=================
+
+-  Child element of ``glyphs``
+-  May contain a ``location`` element.
+
+.. attributes-9:
+
+Attributes
+----------
+
+-  ``name``: string. The name of the glyph.
+-  ``unicode``: string. Unicode values for this glyph, in hexadecimal.
+   Multiple values should be separated with a space.
+-  ``mute``: optional attribute, number 1 or 0. Indicate if this glyph
+   should be supressed in the output.
+
+.. 421-note-element:
+
+4.2.1 note element
+==================
+
+-  String. The value corresponds to glyph.note in UFO.
+
+.. 422-masters-element:
+
+4.2.2 masters element
+=====================
+
+-  Container for ``master`` elements
+-  These ``master`` elements define an alternative set of glyph masters
+   for this glyph.
+
+.. 4221-master-element:
+
+4.2.2.1 master element
+======================
+
+-  Defines a single alternative master for this glyph.
+
+4.3 Localised names for instances
+=================================
+
+Localised names for instances can be included with these simple elements
+with an ``xml:lang`` attribute:
+`XML language definition <https://www.w3.org/International/questions/qa-when-xmllang.en>`__
+
+-  stylename
+-  familyname
+-  stylemapstylename
+-  stylemapfamilyname
+
+.. example-6:
+
+Example
+-------
+
+.. code:: xml
+
+    <stylename xml:lang="fr">Demigras</stylename>
+    <stylename xml:lang="ja">半ば</stylename>
+    <familyname xml:lang="fr">Montserrat</familyname>
+    <familyname xml:lang="ja">モンセラート</familyname>
+    <stylemapstylename xml:lang="de">Standard</stylemapstylename>
+    <stylemapfamilyname xml:lang="de">Montserrat Halbfett</stylemapfamilyname>
+    <stylemapfamilyname xml:lang="ja">モンセラート SemiBold</stylemapfamilyname>
+
+.. attributes-10:
+
+Attributes
+----------
+
+-  ``glyphname``: the name of the alternate master glyph.
+-  ``source``: the identifier name of the source this master glyph needs
+   to be loaded from
+
+.. example-7:
+
+Example
+-------
+
+.. code:: xml
+
+    <instance familyname="InstanceFamilyName" filename="instances/instanceTest2.ufo" name="instance.ufo2" postscriptfontname="InstancePostscriptName" stylemapfamilyname="InstanceStyleMapFamilyName" stylemapstylename="InstanceStyleMapStyleName" stylename="InstanceStyleName">
+    <location>
+        <dimension name="width" xvalue="400" yvalue="300" />
+        <dimension name="weight" xvalue="66" />
+    </location>
+    <glyphs>
+        <glyph name="arrow2" />
+        <glyph name="arrow" unicode="0x4d2 0x4d3">
+        <location>
+            <dimension name="width" xvalue="100" />
+            <dimension name="weight" xvalue="120" />
+        </location>
+        <note>A note about this glyph</note>
+        <masters>
+            <master glyphname="BB" source="master.ufo1">
+            <location>
+                <dimension name="width" xvalue="20" />
+                <dimension name="weight" xvalue="20" />
+            </location>
+            </master>
+        </masters>
+        </glyph>
+    </glyphs>
+    <kerning />
+    <info />
+    <lib>
+        <dict>
+            <key>com.coolDesignspaceApp.specimenText</key>
+            <string>Hamburgerwhatever</string>
+        </dict>
+    </lib>
+    </instance>
+
+.. 50-rules-element:
+
+5.0 rules element
+=================
+
+-  Container for ``rule`` elements
+-  The rules are evaluated in this order.
+
+Rules describe designspace areas in which one glyph should be replaced by another.
+A rule has a name and a number of conditionsets. The rule also contains a list of
+glyphname pairs: the glyphs that need to be substituted. For a rule to be triggered
+**only one** of the conditionsets needs to be true, ``OR``. Within a conditionset 
+**all** conditions need to be true, ``AND``.
+
+.. attributes-11:
+
+Attributes
+----------
+
+-  ``processing``: flag, optional. Valid values are [``first``, ``last``]. This flag indicates whether the substitution rules should be applied before or after other glyph substitution features.
+-  If no ``processing`` attribute is given, interpret as ``first``, and put the substitution rule in the `rvrn` feature.
+-  If ``processing`` is ``last``, put it in `rclt`.
+
+.. 51-rule-element:
+
+5.1 rule element
+================
+
+-  Defines a named rule.
+-  Each ``rule`` element contains one or more ``conditionset`` elements.
+-  **Only one** ``conditionset`` needs to be true to trigger the rule.
+-  **All** conditions in a ``conditionset`` must be true to make the ``conditionset`` true.
+-  For backwards compatibility a ``rule`` can contain ``condition`` elements outside of a conditionset. These are then understood to be part of a single, implied, ``conditionset``. Note: these conditions should be written wrapped in a conditionset.
+-  A rule element needs to contain one or more ``sub`` elements in order to be compiled to a variable font.
+-  Rules without sub elements should be ignored when compiling a font.
+-  For authoring tools it might be necessary to save designspace files without ``sub`` elements just because the work is incomplete.
+
+.. attributes-11:
+
+Attributes
+----------
+
+-  ``name``: optional, string. A unique name that can be used to
+   identify this rule if it needs to be referenced elsewhere. The name
+   is not important for compiling variable fonts.
+
+5.1.1 conditionset element
+=======================
+
+-  Child element of ``rule``
+-  Contains one or more ``condition`` elements.
+
+.. 512-condition-element:
+
+5.1.2 condition element
+=======================
+
+-  Child element of ``conditionset``
+-  Between the ``minimum`` and ``maximum`` this condition is ``True``.
+-  ``minimum`` and ``maximum`` are in designspace coordinates.
+-  If ``minimum`` is not available, assume it is ``axis.minimum``, mapped to designspace coordinates.
+-  If ``maximum`` is not available, assume it is ``axis.maximum``, mapped to designspace coordinates.
+-  The condition must contain at least a minimum or maximum or both.
+
+.. attributes-12:
+
+Attributes
+----------
+
+-  ``name``: string, required. Must match one of the defined ``axis``
+   name attributes.
+-  ``minimum``: number, required*. The low value, in designspace coordinates.
+-  ``maximum``: number, required*. The high value, in designspace coordinates.
+
+.. 513-sub-element:
+
+5.1.3 sub element
+=================
+
+-  Child element of ``rule``.
+-  Defines which glyph to replace when the rule evaluates to **True**.
+-  The ``sub`` element contains a pair of glyphnames. The ``name`` attribute is the glyph that should be visible when the rule evaluates to **False**. The ``with`` attribute is the glyph that should be visible when the rule evaluates to **True**.
+
+Axis values in Conditions are in designspace coordinates.
+
+.. attributes-13:
+
+Attributes
+----------
+
+-  ``name``: string, required. The name of the glyph this rule looks
+   for.
+-  ``with``: string, required. The name of the glyph it is replaced
+   with.
+
+.. example-8:
+
+Example
+-------
+
+Example with an implied ``conditionset``. Here the conditions are not
+contained in a conditionset. 
+
+.. code:: xml
+
+    <rules processing="last">
+        <rule name="named.rule.1">
+            <condition minimum="250" maximum="750" name="weight" />
+            <condition minimum="50" maximum="100" name="width" />
+            <sub name="dollar" with="dollar.alt"/>
+        </rule>
+    </rules>
+
+Example with ``conditionsets``. All conditions in a conditionset must be true.
+
+.. code:: xml
+
+    <rules>
+        <rule name="named.rule.2">
+            <conditionset>
+                <condition minimum="250" maximum="750" name="weight" />
+                <condition minimum="50" maximum="100" name="width" />
+            </conditionset>
+            <conditionset>
+                <condition ... />
+                <condition ... />
+            </conditionset>
+            <sub name="dollar" with="dollar.alt"/>
+        </rule>
+    </rules>
+
+.. 6-notes:
+
+6 Notes
+=======
+
+Paths and filenames
+-------------------
+
+A designspace file needs to store many references to UFO files.
+
+-  designspace files can be part of versioning systems and appear on
+   different computers. This means it is not possible to store absolute
+   paths.
+-  So, all paths are relative to the designspace document path.
+-  Using relative paths allows designspace files and UFO files to be
+   **near** each other, and that they can be **found** without enforcing
+   one particular structure.
+-  The **filename** attribute in the ``SourceDescriptor`` and
+   ``InstanceDescriptor`` classes stores the preferred relative path.
+-  The **path** attribute in these objects stores the absolute path. It
+   is calculated from the document path and the relative path in the
+   filename attribute when the object is created.
+-  Only the **filename** attribute is written to file.
+-  Both **filename** and **path** must use forward slashes (``/``) as
+   path separators, even on Windows.
+
+Right before we save we need to identify and respond to the following
+situations:
+
+In each descriptor, we have to do the right thing for the filename
+attribute. Before writing to file, the ``documentObject.updatePaths()``
+method prepares the paths as follows:
+
+**Case 1**
+
+::
+
+    descriptor.filename == None
+    descriptor.path == None
+
+**Action**
+
+-  write as is, descriptors will not have a filename attr. Useless, but
+   no reason to interfere.
+
+**Case 2**
+
+::
+
+    descriptor.filename == "../something"
+    descriptor.path == None
+
+**Action**
+
+-  write as is. The filename attr should not be touched.
+
+**Case 3**
+
+::
+
+    descriptor.filename == None
+    descriptor.path == "~/absolute/path/there"
+
+**Action**
+
+-  calculate the relative path for filename. We're not overwriting some
+   other value for filename, it should be fine.
+
+**Case 4**
+
+::
+
+    descriptor.filename == '../somewhere'
+    descriptor.path == "~/absolute/path/there"
+
+**Action**
+
+-  There is a conflict between the given filename, and the path. The
+   difference could have happened for any number of reasons. Assuming
+   the values were not in conflict when the object was created, either
+   could have changed. We can't guess.
+-  Assume the path attribute is more up to date. Calculate a new value
+   for filename based on the path and the document path.
+
+Recommendation for editors
+--------------------------
+
+-  If you want to explicitly set the **filename** attribute, leave the
+   path attribute empty.
+-  If you want to explicitly set the **path** attribute, leave the
+   filename attribute empty. It will be recalculated.
+-  Use ``documentObject.updateFilenameFromPath()`` to explicitly set the
+   **filename** attributes for all instance and source descriptors.
+
+.. 7-common-lib-key-registry:
+
+7 Common Lib Key Registry
+=========================
+
+public.skipExportGlyphs
+-----------------------
+
+This lib key works the same as the UFO lib key with the same name. The
+difference is that applications using a Designspace as the corner stone of the
+font compilation process should use the lib key in that Designspace instead of
+any of the UFOs. If the lib key is empty or not present in the Designspace, all
+glyphs should be exported, regardless of what the same lib key in any of the
+UFOs says.
+
+.. 8-implementation-and-differences:
+
+
+8 Implementation and differences
+================================
+
+The designspace format has gone through considerable development. 
+
+ -  the format was originally written for MutatorMath.
+ -  the format is now also used in fontTools.varlib.
+ -  not all values are be required by all implementations.
+
+8.1 Varlib vs. MutatorMath
+--------------------------
+
+There are some differences between the way MutatorMath and fontTools.varlib handle designspaces.
+
+ -  Varlib does not support anisotropic interpolations.
+ -  MutatorMath will extrapolate over the boundaries of
+    the axes. Varlib can not (at the moment).
+ -  Varlib requires much less data to define an instance than
+    MutatorMath.
+ -  The goals of Varlib and MutatorMath are different, so not all
+    attributes are always needed.
+
+8.2 Older versions
+------------------
+
+-  In some implementations that preceed Variable Fonts, the `copyInfo`
+   flag in a source indicated the source was to be treated as the default.
+   This is no longer compatible with the assumption that the default font
+   is located on the default value of each axis.
+-  Older implementations did not require axis records to be present in
+   the designspace file. The axis extremes for instance were generated 
+   from the locations used in the sources. This is no longer possible.
+
+8.3 Rules and generating static UFO instances
+---------------------------------------------
+
+When making instances as UFOs from a designspace with rules, it can
+be useful to evaluate the rules so that the characterset of the ufo 
+reflects, as much as possible, the state of a variable font when seen
+at the same location. This can be done by some swapping and renaming of
+glyphs.
+
+While useful for proofing or development work, it should be noted that
+swapping and renaming leaves the UFOs with glyphnames that are no longer
+descriptive. For instance, after a swap `dollar.bar` could contain a shape
+without a bar. Also, when the swapped glyphs are part of other GSUB variations
+it can become complex very quickly. So proceed with caution.
+
+ -  Assuming `rulesProcessingLast = True`:
+ -  We need to swap the glyphs so that the original shape is still available. 
+    For instance, if a rule swaps ``a`` for ``a.alt``, a glyph
+    that references ``a`` in a component would then show the new ``a.alt``.
+ -  But that can lead to unexpected results, the two glyphs may have different
+    widths or height. So, glyphs that are not specifically referenced in a rule
+    **should not change appearance**. That means that the implementation that swaps
+    ``a`` and ``a.alt`` also swap all components that reference these
+    glyphs in order to preserve their appearance.
+ -  The swap function also needs to take care of swapping the names in
+    kerning data and any GPOS code.
+
+
+.. 9-this-document
+
+9 This document
+===============
+
+-  Changes are to be expected.
+
+
diff --git a/Doc/source/designspaceLib/scripting.rst b/Doc/source/designspaceLib/scripting.rst
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5a17816
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Doc/source/designspaceLib/scripting.rst
@@ -0,0 +1,253 @@
+#######################
+Scripting a designspace
+#######################
+
+It can be useful to build a designspace with a script rather than
+construct one with an interface like
+`Superpolator <http://superpolator.com>`__ or
+`DesignSpaceEditor <https://github.com/LettError/designSpaceRoboFontExtension>`__.
+
+`fontTools.designspaceLib` offers a some tools for building designspaces in
+Python. This document shows an example.
+
+********************************
+Filling-in a DesignSpaceDocument
+********************************
+
+So, suppose you installed the `fontTools` package through your favorite
+``git`` client.
+
+The ``DesignSpaceDocument`` object represents the document, whether it
+already exists or not. Make a new one:
+
+.. code:: python
+
+    from fontTools.designspaceLib import (DesignSpaceDocument, AxisDescriptor,
+                                          SourceDescriptor, InstanceDescriptor)
+    doc = DesignSpaceDocument()
+
+We want to create definitions for axes, sources and instances. That
+means there are a lot of attributes to set. The **DesignSpaceDocument
+object** uses objects to describe the axes, sources and instances. These
+are relatively simple objects, think of these as collections of
+attributes.
+
+-  Attributes of the :ref:`source-descriptor-object`
+-  Attributes of the :ref:`instance-descriptor-object`
+-  Attributes of the :ref:`axis-descriptor-object`
+-  Read about :ref:`subclassing-descriptors`
+
+Make an axis object
+===================
+
+Make a descriptor object and add it to the document.
+
+.. code:: python
+
+    a1 = AxisDescriptor()
+    a1.maximum = 1000
+    a1.minimum = 0
+    a1.default = 0
+    a1.name = "weight"
+    a1.tag = "wght"
+    doc.addAxis(a1)
+
+-  You can add as many axes as you need. OpenType has a maximum of
+   around 64K. DesignSpaceEditor has a maximum of 5.
+-  The ``name`` attribute is the name you'll be using as the axis name
+   in the locations.
+-  The ``tag`` attribute is the one of the registered `OpenType
+   Variation Axis
+   Tags <https://www.microsoft.com/typography/otspec/fvar.htm#VAT>`__
+-  The default master is expected at the intersection of all
+   default values of all axes. 
+
+Option: add label names
+-----------------------
+
+The **labelnames** attribute is intended to store localisable, human
+readable names for this axis if this is not an axis that is registered
+by OpenType. Think "The label next to the slider". The attribute is a
+dictionary. The key is the `xml language
+tag <https://www.w3.org/International/articles/language-tags/>`__, the
+value is a ``unicode`` string with the name. Whether or not this attribute is
+used depends on the font building tool, the operating system and the
+authoring software. This, at least, is the place to record it.
+
+.. code:: python
+
+    a1.labelNames['fa-IR'] = u"قطر"
+    a1.labelNames['en'] = u"Wéíght"
+
+Option: add a map
+-----------------
+
+The **map** attribute is a list of (input, output) mapping values
+intended for `axis variations table of
+OpenType <https://www.microsoft.com/typography/otspec/avar.htm>`__.
+
+.. code:: python
+
+    a1.map = [(0.0, 10.0), (401.0, 66.0), (1000.0, 990.0)]
+
+Make a source object
+====================
+
+A **source** is an object that points to a UFO file. It provides the
+outline geometry, kerning and font.info that we want to work with.
+
+.. code:: python
+
+    s0 = SourceDescriptor()
+    s0.path = "my/path/to/thin.ufo"
+    s0.name = "master.thin"
+    s0.location = dict(weight=0)
+    doc.addSource(s0)
+
+-  You'll need to have at least 2 sources in your document, so go ahead
+   and add another one.
+-  The **location** attribute is a dictionary with the designspace
+   location for this master.
+-  The axis names in the location have to match one of the ``axis.name``
+   values you defined before.
+-  The **path** attribute is the absolute path to an existing UFO.
+-  The **name** attribute is a unique name for this source used to keep
+   track it.
+-  The **layerName** attribute is the name of the UFO3 layer. Default None for ``foreground``.
+
+So go ahead and add another master:
+
+.. code:: python
+
+    s1 = SourceDescriptor()
+    s1.path = "my/path/to/bold.ufo"
+    s1.name = "master.bold"
+    s1.location = dict(weight=1000)
+    doc.addSource(s1)
+    
+
+Option: exclude glyphs
+----------------------
+
+By default all glyphs in a source will be processed. If you want to
+exclude certain glyphs, add their names to the ``mutedGlyphNames`` list.
+
+.. code:: python
+
+    s1.mutedGlyphNames = ["A.test", "A.old"]
+
+Make an instance object
+=======================
+
+An **instance** is description of a UFO that you want to generate with
+the designspace. For an instance you can define more things. If you want
+to generate UFO instances with MutatorMath then you can define different
+names and set flags for if you want to generate kerning and font info
+and so on. You can also set a path where to generate the instance.
+
+.. code:: python
+
+    i0 = InstanceDescriptor()
+    i0.familyName = "MyVariableFontPrototype"
+    i0.styleName = "Medium"
+    i0.path = os.path.join(root, "instances","MyVariableFontPrototype-Medium.ufo")
+    i0.location = dict(weight=500)
+    i0.kerning = True
+    i0.info = True
+    doc.addInstance(i0)
+
+-  The ``path`` attribute needs to be the absolute (real or intended)
+   path for the instance. When the document is saved this path will
+   written as relative to the path of the document.
+-  instance paths should be on the same level as the document, or in a
+   level below.
+-  Instances for MutatorMath will generate to UFO.
+-  Instances for variable fonts become **named instances**.
+
+Option: add more names
+----------------------
+
+If you want you can add a PostScript font name, a stylemap familyName
+and a stylemap styleName.
+
+.. code:: python
+
+    i0.postScriptFontName = "MyVariableFontPrototype-Medium"
+    i0.styleMapFamilyName = "MyVarProtoMedium"
+    i0.styleMapStyleName = "regular"
+
+Option: add glyph specific masters
+----------------------------------
+
+This bit is not supported by OpenType variable fonts, but it is needed
+for some designspaces intended for generating instances with
+MutatorMath. The code becomes a bit verbose, so you're invited to wrap
+this into something clever.
+
+.. code:: python
+
+    # we're making a dict with all sorts of
+    #(optional) settings for a glyph.
+    #In this example: the dollar.
+    glyphData = dict(name="dollar", unicodeValue=0x24)
+
+    # you can specify a different location for a glyph
+    glyphData['instanceLocation'] = dict(weight=500)
+
+    # You can specify different masters
+    # for this specific glyph.
+    # You can also give those masters new
+    # locations. It's a miniature designspace.
+    # Remember the "name" attribute we assigned to the sources?
+    glyphData['masters'] = [
+        dict(font="master.thin",
+            glyphName="dollar.nostroke",
+            location=dict(weight=0)),
+        dict(font="master.bold",
+            glyphName="dollar.nostroke",
+            location=dict(weight=1000)),
+        ]
+
+    # With all of that set up, store it in the instance.
+    i4.glyphs['dollar'] = glyphData
+
+******
+Saving
+******
+
+.. code:: python
+
+    path = "myprototype.designspace"
+    doc.write(path)
+
+************************
+Reading old designspaces
+************************
+
+Old designspace files might not contain ``axes`` definitions. This is
+how you reconstruct the axes from the extremes of the source locations
+
+.. code:: python
+
+    doc.checkAxes()
+
+This is how you check the default font.
+
+.. code:: python
+
+    doc.checkDefault()
+
+***********
+Generating?
+***********
+
+You can generate the UFO's with MutatorMath:
+
+.. code:: python
+
+    from mutatorMath.ufo import build
+    build("whatevs/myprototype.designspace")
+
+-  Assuming the outline data in the masters is compatible.
+
+Or you can use the file in making a **variable font** with varlib.
diff --git a/Doc/source/developer.rst b/Doc/source/developer.rst
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3e259f0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Doc/source/developer.rst
@@ -0,0 +1,115 @@
+.. _developerinfo:
+.. image:: ../../Icons/FontToolsIconGreenCircle.png
+   :width: 200px
+   :height: 200px
+   :alt: Font Tools
+   :align: center
+
+
+fontTools Developer Information
+===============================
+
+If you would like to contribute to the development of fontTools, you can clone the repository from GitHub, install the package in 'editable' mode and modify the source code in place. We recommend creating a virtual environment, using the Python 3 `venv <https://docs.python.org/3/library/venv.html>`_ module::
+
+    # download the source code to 'fonttools' folder
+    git clone https://github.com/fonttools/fonttools.git
+    cd fonttools
+
+    # create new virtual environment called e.g. 'fonttools-venv', or anything you like
+    python -m venv fonttools-venv
+
+    # source the `activate` shell script to enter the environment (Un*x)
+    . fonttools-venv/bin/activate
+
+    # to activate the virtual environment in Windows `cmd.exe`, do
+    fonttools-venv\Scripts\activate.bat
+
+    # install in 'editable' mode
+    pip install -e .
+
+
+.. note::
+
+    To exit a Python virtual environment, enter the command ``deactivate``.
+
+Testing
+-------
+
+To run the test suite, you need to install `pytest <http://docs.pytest.org/en/latest/>`__.
+When you run the ``pytest`` command, the tests will run against the
+installed fontTools package, or the first one found in the
+``PYTHONPATH``.
+
+You can also use `tox <https://tox.readthedocs.io/en/latest/>`__ to
+automatically run tests on different Python versions in isolated virtual
+environments::
+
+    pip install tox
+    tox
+
+
+.. note::
+
+    When you run ``tox`` without arguments, the tests are executed for all the environments listed in the ``tox.ini`` ``envlist``. The Python versions that are not available on your system ``PATH`` will be skipped.
+
+You can specify a particular testing environment list via the ``-e`` option, or the ``TOXENV`` environment variable::
+
+    tox -e py36
+    TOXENV="py36-cov,htmlcov" tox
+
+
+Development Community
+---------------------
+
+fontTools development is ongoing in an active community of developers that includes professional developers employed at major software corporations and type foundries as well as hobbyists.
+
+Feature requests and bug reports are always welcome at https://github.com/fonttools/fonttools/issues/
+
+The best place for end-user and developer discussion about the fontTools project is the `fontTools gitter channel <https://gitter.im/fonttools-dev/Lobby>`_. There is also a development https://groups.google.com/d/forum/fonttools-dev mailing list for continuous integration notifications.
+
+
+History
+-------
+
+The fontTools project was started by Just van Rossum in 1999, and was
+maintained as an open source project at
+http://sourceforge.net/projects/fonttools/. In 2008, Paul Wise (pabs3)
+began helping Just with stability maintenance. In 2013 Behdad Esfahbod
+began a friendly fork, thoroughly reviewing the codebase and making
+changes at https://github.com/behdad/fonttools to add new features and
+support for new font formats.
+
+
+Acknowledgments
+---------------
+
+In alphabetical order:
+
+Olivier Berten, Samyak Bhuta, Erik van Blokland, Petr van Blokland,
+Jelle Bosma, Sascha Brawer, Tom Byrer, Frédéric Coiffier, Vincent
+Connare, Dave Crossland, Simon Daniels, Peter Dekkers, Behdad Esfahbod,
+Behnam Esfahbod, Hannes Famira, Sam Fishman, Matt Fontaine, Yannis
+Haralambous, Greg Hitchcock, Jeremie Hornus, Khaled Hosny, John Hudson,
+Denis Moyogo Jacquerye, Jack Jansen, Tom Kacvinsky, Jens Kutilek,
+Antoine Leca, Werner Lemberg, Tal Leming, Peter Lofting, Cosimo Lupo,
+Masaya Nakamura, Dave Opstad, Laurence Penney, Roozbeh Pournader, Garret
+Rieger, Read Roberts, Guido van Rossum, Just van Rossum, Andreas Seidel,
+Georg Seifert, Chris Simpkins, Miguel Sousa, Adam Twardoch, Adrien Tétar, Vitaly Volkov,
+Paul Wise.
+
+License
+-------
+
+`MIT license <https://github.com/fonttools/fonttools/blob/master/LICENSE>`_.  See the full text of the license for details.
+
+.. |Travis Build Status| image:: https://travis-ci.org/fonttools/fonttools.svg
+   :target: https://travis-ci.org/fonttools/fonttools
+.. |Appveyor Build status| image:: https://ci.appveyor.com/api/projects/status/0f7fmee9as744sl7/branch/master?svg=true
+   :target: https://ci.appveyor.com/project/fonttools/fonttools/branch/master
+.. |Coverage Status| image:: https://codecov.io/gh/fonttools/fonttools/branch/master/graph/badge.svg
+   :target: https://codecov.io/gh/fonttools/fonttools
+.. |PyPI| image:: https://img.shields.io/pypi/v/fonttools.svg
+   :target: https://pypi.org/project/FontTools
+.. |Gitter Chat| image:: https://badges.gitter.im/fonttools-dev/Lobby.svg
+   :alt: Join the chat at https://gitter.im/fonttools-dev/Lobby
+   :target: https://gitter.im/fonttools-dev/Lobby?utm_source=badge&utm_medium=badge&utm_campaign=pr-badge&utm_content=badge
diff --git a/Doc/source/encodings.rst b/Doc/source/encodings.rst
deleted file mode 100644
index 8bcd38a..0000000
--- a/Doc/source/encodings.rst
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,14 +0,0 @@
-#########
-encodings
-#########
-
-.. automodule:: fontTools.encodings
-   :members:
-   :undoc-members:
-
-codecs
-------
-
-.. automodule:: fontTools.encodings.codecs
-   :members:
-   :undoc-members:
diff --git a/Doc/source/encodings/index.rst b/Doc/source/encodings/index.rst
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..32d13c7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Doc/source/encodings/index.rst
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+##################################################
+encodings: Support for OpenType-specific encodings
+##################################################
+
+fontTools includes support for some character encodings found in legacy Mac
+TrueType fonts. Many of these legacy encodings have found their way into the
+standard Python ``encodings`` library, but others still remain unimplemented.
+Importing ``fontTools.encodings.codecs`` will therefore add string ``encode``
+and ``decode`` support for the following encodings:
+
+* ``x_mac_japanese_ttx``
+* ``x_mac_trad_chinese_ttx``
+* ``x_mac_korean_ttx``
+* ``x_mac_simp_chinese_ttx``
+
+fontTools also includes a package (``fontTools.encodings.MacRoman``) which
+contains a mapping of glyph IDs to glyph names in the MacRoman character set::
+
+		>>> from fontTools.encodings.MacRoman import MacRoman
+		>>> MacRoman[26]
+		'twosuperior'
diff --git a/Doc/source/feaLib.rst b/Doc/source/feaLib.rst
deleted file mode 100644
index ad69217..0000000
--- a/Doc/source/feaLib.rst
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,43 +0,0 @@
-######
-feaLib
-######
-
-.. automodule:: fontTools.feaLib
-   :members:
-   :undoc-members:
-
-ast
----
-
-.. automodule:: fontTools.feaLib.ast
-   :members:
-   :undoc-members:
-
-builder
--------
-
-.. automodule:: fontTools.feaLib.builder
-   :members:
-   :undoc-members:
-
-error
------
-
-.. automodule:: fontTools.feaLib.parser
-   :members:
-   :undoc-members:
-
-lexer
------
-
-.. automodule:: fontTools.feaLib.lexer
-   :members:
-   :undoc-members:
-
-parser
-------
-
-.. automodule:: fontTools.feaLib.parser
-   :members:
-   :undoc-members:
-
diff --git a/Doc/source/feaLib/index.rst b/Doc/source/feaLib/index.rst
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..61ac31f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Doc/source/feaLib/index.rst
@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+#########################################
+feaLib: Read/write OpenType feature files
+#########################################
+
+fontTools' ``feaLib`` allows for the creation and parsing of Adobe
+Font Development Kit for OpenType feature (``.fea``) files. The syntax
+of these files is described `here <https://adobe-type-tools.github.io/afdko/OpenTypeFeatureFileSpecification.html>`_.
+
+The :class:`fontTools.feaLib.parser.Parser` class can be used to parse files
+into an abstract syntax tree, and from there the
+:class:`fontTools.feaLib.builder.Builder` class can add features to an existing
+font file. You can inspect the parsed syntax tree, walk the tree and do clever
+things with it, and also generate your own feature files programmatically, by
+using the classes in the :mod:`fontTools.feaLib.ast` module.
+
+Parsing
+-------
+
+.. autoclass:: fontTools.feaLib.parser.Parser
+   :members: parse
+   :member-order: bysource
+
+Building
+---------
+
+.. automodule:: fontTools.feaLib.builder
+   :members: addOpenTypeFeatures, addOpenTypeFeaturesFromString
+
+Generation/Interrogation
+------------------------
+
+.. _`glyph-containing object`:
+.. _`glyph-containing objects`:
+
+In the below, a **glyph-containing object** is an object of one of the following
+classes: :class:`GlyphName`, :class:`GlyphClass`, :class:`GlyphClassName`.
+
+.. automodule:: fontTools.feaLib.ast
+   :member-order: bysource
+   :members:
diff --git a/Doc/source/index.rst b/Doc/source/index.rst
index a64dbe8..83bb850 100644
--- a/Doc/source/index.rst
+++ b/Doc/source/index.rst
@@ -1,28 +1,154 @@
+.. image:: ../../Icons/FontToolsIconGreenCircle.png
+   :width: 200px
+   :height: 200px
+   :alt: Font Tools
+   :align: center
+
+
 fontTools Docs
 ==============
 
+About
+-----
+
+fontTools is a family of libraries and utilities for manipulating fonts in Python.
+
+The project has an `MIT open-source license <https://github.com/fonttools/fonttools/blob/master/LICENSE>`_. Among other things this means you can use it free of charge.
+
+Installation
+------------
+
+.. note::
+
+    fontTools requires `Python <http://www.python.org/download/>`_ 3.6 or later.
+
+The package is listed in the Python Package Index (PyPI), so you can install it with `pip <https://pip.pypa.io/>`_::
+
+    pip install fonttools
+
+See the Optional Requirements section below for details about module-specific dependencies that must be installed in select cases.
+
+Utilities
+---------
+
+fontTools installs four command-line utilities:
+
+- ``pyftmerge``, a tool for merging fonts; see :py:mod:`fontTools.merge`
+- ``pyftsubset``, a tool for subsetting fonts; see :py:mod:`fontTools.subset`
+- ``ttx``, a tool for converting between OpenType binary fonts (OTF) and an XML representation (TTX); see :py:mod:`fontTools.ttx`
+- ``fonttools``, a "meta-tool" for accessing other components of the fontTools family.
+
+This last utility takes a subcommand, which could be one of:
+
+- ``cffLib.width``: Calculate optimum defaultWidthX/nominalWidthX values
+- ``cu2qu``: Convert a UFO font from cubic to quadratic curves
+- ``feaLib``: Add features from a feature file (.fea) into a OTF font
+- ``help``: Show this help
+- ``merge``: Merge multiple fonts into one
+- ``mtiLib``: Convert a FontDame OTL file to TTX XML
+- ``subset``: OpenType font subsetter and optimizer
+- ``ttLib.woff2``: Compress and decompress WOFF2 fonts
+- ``ttx``: Convert OpenType fonts to XML and back
+- ``varLib``: Build a variable font from a designspace file and masters
+- ``varLib.instancer``: Partially instantiate a variable font.
+- ``varLib.interpolatable``: Test for interpolatability issues between fonts
+- ``varLib.interpolate_layout``: Interpolate GDEF/GPOS/GSUB tables for a point on a designspace
+- ``varLib.models``: Normalize locations on a given designspace
+- ``varLib.mutator``: Instantiate a variation font
+- ``varLib.varStore``: Optimize a font's GDEF variation store
+
+Libraries
+---------
+
+The main library you will want to access when using fontTools for font
+engineering is likely to be :py:mod:`fontTools.ttLib`, which is the package
+for handling TrueType/OpenType fonts. However, there are many other
+libraries in the fontTools suite:
+
+- :py:mod:`fontTools.afmLib`: Module for reading and writing AFM files
+- :py:mod:`fontTools.agl`: Access to the Adobe Glyph List
+- :py:mod:`fontTools.cffLib`: Read/write tools for Adobe CFF fonts
+- :py:mod:`fontTools.colorLib`: Module for handling colors in CPAL/COLR fonts
+- :py:mod:`fontTools.cu2qu`: Module for cubic to quadratic conversion
+- :py:mod:`fontTools.designspaceLib`: Read and write designspace files
+- :py:mod:`fontTools.encodings`: Support for font-related character encodings
+- :py:mod:`fontTools.feaLib`: Read and read AFDKO feature files
+- :py:mod:`fontTools.fontBuilder`: Construct TTF/OTF fonts from scratch
+- :py:mod:`fontTools.merge`: Tools for merging font files
+- :py:mod:`fontTools.pens`: Various classes for manipulating glyph outlines
+- :py:mod:`fontTools.subset`: OpenType font subsetting and optimization
+- :py:mod:`fontTools.svgLib.path`: Library for drawing SVG paths onto glyphs
+- :py:mod:`fontTools.t1Lib`: Tools for PostScript Type 1 fonts (Python2 only)
+- :py:mod:`fontTools.tfmLib`: Module for reading TFM files
+- :py:mod:`fontTools.ttx`: Module for converting between OTF and XML representation
+- :py:mod:`fontTools.ufoLib`: Module for reading and writing UFO files
+- :py:mod:`fontTools.unicodedata`: Convert between Unicode and OpenType script information
+- :py:mod:`fontTools.varLib`: Module for dealing with 'gvar'-style font variations
+- :py:mod:`fontTools.voltLib`: Module for dealing with Visual OpenType Layout Tool (VOLT) files
+
+A selection of sample Python programs using these libaries can be found in the `Snippets directory <https://github.com/fonttools/fonttools/blob/master/Snippets/>`_ of the fontTools repository.
+
+Optional Dependencies
+---------------------
+
+The fontTools package currently has no (required) external dependencies
+besides the modules included in the Python Standard Library.
+However, a few extra dependencies are required to unlock optional features
+in some of the library modules. See the :doc:`optional requirements <./optional>`
+page for more information.
+
+Developer information
+---------------------
+
+Information for developers can be found :doc:`here <./developer>`.
+
+License
+-------
+
+`MIT license <https://github.com/fonttools/fonttools/blob/master/LICENSE>`_.  See the full text of the license for details.
+
+
+Table of Contents
+-----------------
+
 .. toctree::
-   :maxdepth: 1
+   :maxdepth: 2
+   :caption: Library
 
    afmLib
    agl
-   cffLib
-   inspect
-   encodings
-   feaLib
+   cffLib/index
+   colorLib/index
+   cu2qu/index
+   designspaceLib/index
+   encodings/index
+   feaLib/index
    merge
    misc/index
+   mtiLib
+   otlLib/index
    pens/index
-   subset
+   subset/index
+   svgLib/index
    t1Lib
+   tfmLib
    ttLib/index
    ttx
+   ufoLib/index
+   unicode
+   unicodedata/index
    varLib/index
    voltLib
 
-Indices and tables
-==================
 
-* :ref:`genindex`
-* :ref:`modindex`
-* :ref:`search`
+.. |Travis Build Status| image:: https://travis-ci.org/fonttools/fonttools.svg
+   :target: https://travis-ci.org/fonttools/fonttools
+.. |Appveyor Build status| image:: https://ci.appveyor.com/api/projects/status/0f7fmee9as744sl7/branch/master?svg=true
+   :target: https://ci.appveyor.com/project/fonttools/fonttools/branch/master
+.. |Coverage Status| image:: https://codecov.io/gh/fonttools/fonttools/branch/master/graph/badge.svg
+   :target: https://codecov.io/gh/fonttools/fonttools
+.. |PyPI| image:: https://img.shields.io/pypi/v/fonttools.svg
+   :target: https://pypi.org/project/FontTools
+.. |Gitter Chat| image:: https://badges.gitter.im/fonttools-dev/Lobby.svg
+   :alt: Join the chat at https://gitter.im/fonttools-dev/Lobby
+   :target: https://gitter.im/fonttools-dev/Lobby?utm_source=badge&utm_medium=badge&utm_campaign=pr-badge&utm_content=badge
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/Doc/source/inspect.rst b/Doc/source/inspect.rst
deleted file mode 100644
index e0f65c2..0000000
--- a/Doc/source/inspect.rst
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,7 +0,0 @@
-#######
-inspect
-#######
-
-.. automodule:: fontTools.inspect
-   :members:
-   :undoc-members:
diff --git a/Doc/source/merge.rst b/Doc/source/merge.rst
index 74cf9ad..3114615 100644
--- a/Doc/source/merge.rst
+++ b/Doc/source/merge.rst
@@ -1,7 +1,10 @@
-#####
-merge
-#####
+####################################
+merge: Merge multiple fonts into one
+####################################
 
-.. automodule:: fontTools.merge
+``fontTools.merge`` provides both a library and a command line interface
+(``fonttools merge``) for merging multiple fonts together.
+
+.. autoclass:: fontTools.merge.Merger
+   :inherited-members:
    :members:
-   :undoc-members:
diff --git a/Doc/source/misc/arrayTools.rst b/Doc/source/misc/arrayTools.rst
index acb2a51..d996cc2 100644
--- a/Doc/source/misc/arrayTools.rst
+++ b/Doc/source/misc/arrayTools.rst
@@ -1,7 +1,9 @@
-##########
-arrayTools
-##########
+#############################################
+arrayTools: Various array and rectangle tools
+#############################################
 
 .. automodule:: fontTools.misc.arrayTools
+   :member-order: bysource
+   :inherited-members:
    :members:
    :undoc-members:
diff --git a/Doc/source/misc/bezierTools.rst b/Doc/source/misc/bezierTools.rst
index c5b4d2a..10ddc3a 100644
--- a/Doc/source/misc/bezierTools.rst
+++ b/Doc/source/misc/bezierTools.rst
@@ -1,7 +1,8 @@
-###########
-bezierTools
-###########
+####################################################
+bezierTools: Routines for working with Bezier curves
+####################################################
 
 .. automodule:: fontTools.misc.bezierTools
+   :inherited-members:
    :members:
    :undoc-members:
diff --git a/Doc/source/misc/classifyTools.rst b/Doc/source/misc/classifyTools.rst
index b02b350..38c35d4 100644
--- a/Doc/source/misc/classifyTools.rst
+++ b/Doc/source/misc/classifyTools.rst
@@ -3,5 +3,6 @@
 #############
 
 .. automodule:: fontTools.misc.classifyTools
+   :inherited-members:
    :members:
    :undoc-members:
diff --git a/Doc/source/misc/cliTools.rst b/Doc/source/misc/cliTools.rst
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..36b2aeb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Doc/source/misc/cliTools.rst
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+###################################################################
+cliTools: Utilities for command-line interfaces and console scripts
+###################################################################
+
+.. automodule:: fontTools.misc.cliTools
+   :inherited-members:
+   :members:
+   :undoc-members:
diff --git a/Doc/source/misc/eexec.rst b/Doc/source/misc/eexec.rst
index 8506f86..b229d58 100644
--- a/Doc/source/misc/eexec.rst
+++ b/Doc/source/misc/eexec.rst
@@ -1,7 +1,8 @@
-#####
-eexec
-#####
+###############################################################
+eexec: PostScript charstring encryption and decryption routines
+###############################################################
 
 .. automodule:: fontTools.misc.eexec
+   :inherited-members:
    :members:
    :undoc-members:
diff --git a/Doc/source/misc/encodingTools.rst b/Doc/source/misc/encodingTools.rst
index ff29f66..4e4b719 100644
--- a/Doc/source/misc/encodingTools.rst
+++ b/Doc/source/misc/encodingTools.rst
@@ -3,5 +3,6 @@
 #############
 
 .. automodule:: fontTools.misc.encodingTools
+   :inherited-members:
    :members:
    :undoc-members:
diff --git a/Doc/source/misc/etree.rst b/Doc/source/misc/etree.rst
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4679a1d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Doc/source/misc/etree.rst
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+#####
+etree
+#####
+
+.. automodule:: fontTools.misc.etree
+   :inherited-members:
+   :members:
+   :undoc-members:
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/Doc/source/misc/filenames.rst b/Doc/source/misc/filenames.rst
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2ebef35
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Doc/source/misc/filenames.rst
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+##########################################################
+filenames: Implements UFO User Name to File Name Algorithm
+##########################################################
+
+.. automodule:: fontTools.misc.filenames
+   :members: userNameToFileName
+   :undoc-members:
diff --git a/Doc/source/misc/fixedTools.rst b/Doc/source/misc/fixedTools.rst
index 30a1f02..d3785f4 100644
--- a/Doc/source/misc/fixedTools.rst
+++ b/Doc/source/misc/fixedTools.rst
@@ -1,7 +1,8 @@
-##########
-fixedTools
-##########
+######################################################
+fixedTools: Tools for working with fixed-point numbers
+######################################################
 
 .. automodule:: fontTools.misc.fixedTools
+   :inherited-members:
    :members:
    :undoc-members:
diff --git a/Doc/source/misc/index.rst b/Doc/source/misc/index.rst
index 29a7245..bd7db09 100644
--- a/Doc/source/misc/index.rst
+++ b/Doc/source/misc/index.rst
@@ -1,6 +1,9 @@
-####
-misc
-####
+##########################################################
+misc: Miscellaneous libraries helpful for font engineering
+##########################################################
+
+This is a collection of packages, most of which are used as internal support
+utilities by fontTools, but some of which may be more generally useful.
 
 .. toctree::
    :maxdepth: 2
@@ -8,16 +11,26 @@
    arrayTools
    bezierTools
    classifyTools
+   cliTools
    eexec
    encodingTools
+   etree
+   filenames
    fixedTools
+   intTools
    loggingTools
-   sstruct
+   macCreatorType
+   macRes
+   plistlib
    psCharStrings
+   psLib
+   psOperators
+   py23
+   sstruct
+   symfont
    testTools
    textTools
    timeTools
    transform
    xmlReader
    xmlWriter
-
diff --git a/Doc/source/misc/intTools.rst b/Doc/source/misc/intTools.rst
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..24ea231
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Doc/source/misc/intTools.rst
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+###############################################
+intTools: Tools for working with integer values
+###############################################
+
+.. automodule:: fontTools.misc.intTools
+   :members:
diff --git a/Doc/source/misc/loggingTools.rst b/Doc/source/misc/loggingTools.rst
index fb8eab5..157e020 100644
--- a/Doc/source/misc/loggingTools.rst
+++ b/Doc/source/misc/loggingTools.rst
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
-############
-loggingTools
-############
+###################################################################
+loggingTools: tools for interfacing with the Python logging package
+###################################################################
 
 .. automodule:: fontTools.misc.loggingTools
    :members:
diff --git a/Doc/source/misc/macCreatorType.rst b/Doc/source/misc/macCreatorType.rst
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..809098d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Doc/source/misc/macCreatorType.rst
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+##############################################################
+macCreatorType: Functions for working with Mac file attributes
+##############################################################
+
+This module requires the `xattr <https://pypi.org/project/xattr/>`_ module
+to be installed in order to function correctly.
+
+.. automodule:: fontTools.misc.macCreatorType
+   :members:
diff --git a/Doc/source/misc/macRes.rst b/Doc/source/misc/macRes.rst
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6fce8e2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Doc/source/misc/macRes.rst
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+############################################
+macRes: Tools for reading Mac resource forks
+############################################
+
+Classic Mac OS files are made up of two parts - the "data fork" which contains the file contents proper, and the "resource fork" which contains a number of structured data items called "resources". Some fonts, such as Mac "font suitcases" and Type 1 LWFN fonts, still use the resource fork for this kind of structured data, and so to read them, fontTools needs to have access to resource forks.
+
+The Inside Macintosh volume `More Macintosh Toolbox <https://developer.apple.com/library/archive/documentation/mac/pdf/MoreMacintoshToolbox.pdf#page=34>`_ explains the structure of resource and data forks.
+
+.. automodule:: fontTools.misc.macRes
+   :members: ResourceReader, Resource
+   :member-order: bysource
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/Doc/source/misc/plistlib.rst b/Doc/source/misc/plistlib.rst
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6857096
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Doc/source/misc/plistlib.rst
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+#########################################
+plistlib: Tools for handling .plist files
+#########################################
+
+.. automodule:: fontTools.misc.plistlib
+   :members: totree, fromtree, load, loads, dump, dumps
+
+.. autoclass:: fontTools.misc.plistlib.Data
+   :members:
diff --git a/Doc/source/misc/psCharStrings.rst b/Doc/source/misc/psCharStrings.rst
index 3dc0dce..58497f6 100644
--- a/Doc/source/misc/psCharStrings.rst
+++ b/Doc/source/misc/psCharStrings.rst
@@ -3,5 +3,6 @@
 #############
 
 .. automodule:: fontTools.misc.psCharStrings
+   :inherited-members:
    :members:
    :undoc-members:
diff --git a/Doc/source/misc/psLib.rst b/Doc/source/misc/psLib.rst
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f3afa8b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Doc/source/misc/psLib.rst
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+#####
+psLib
+#####
+
+.. automodule:: fontTools.misc.psLib
+   :inherited-members:
+   :members:
+   :undoc-members:
diff --git a/Doc/source/misc/psOperators.rst b/Doc/source/misc/psOperators.rst
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..432274e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Doc/source/misc/psOperators.rst
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+###########
+psOperators
+###########
+
+.. automodule:: fontTools.misc.psOperators
+   :inherited-members:
+   :members:
+   :undoc-members:
diff --git a/Doc/source/misc/py23.rst b/Doc/source/misc/py23.rst
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..49a76bf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Doc/source/misc/py23.rst
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+####
+py23
+####
+
+.. automodule:: fontTools.misc.py23
+   :inherited-members:
+   :members:
+   :undoc-members:
diff --git a/Doc/source/misc/sstruct.rst b/Doc/source/misc/sstruct.rst
index 482aa23..0544795 100644
--- a/Doc/source/misc/sstruct.rst
+++ b/Doc/source/misc/sstruct.rst
@@ -3,5 +3,6 @@
 #######
 
 .. automodule:: fontTools.misc.sstruct
+   :inherited-members:
    :members:
    :undoc-members:
diff --git a/Doc/source/misc/symfont.rst b/Doc/source/misc/symfont.rst
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c189f3d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Doc/source/misc/symfont.rst
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+#######
+symfont
+#######
+
+.. automodule:: fontTools.misc.symfont
+   :inherited-members:
+   :members:
+   :undoc-members:
diff --git a/Doc/source/misc/testTools.rst b/Doc/source/misc/testTools.rst
index b3215ac..0019765 100644
--- a/Doc/source/misc/testTools.rst
+++ b/Doc/source/misc/testTools.rst
@@ -3,5 +3,6 @@
 #########
 
 .. automodule:: fontTools.misc.testTools
+   :inherited-members:
    :members:
    :undoc-members:
diff --git a/Doc/source/misc/textTools.rst b/Doc/source/misc/textTools.rst
index 754eb67..0044c08 100644
--- a/Doc/source/misc/textTools.rst
+++ b/Doc/source/misc/textTools.rst
@@ -3,5 +3,6 @@
 #########
 
 .. automodule:: fontTools.misc.textTools
+   :inherited-members:
    :members:
    :undoc-members:
diff --git a/Doc/source/misc/timeTools.rst b/Doc/source/misc/timeTools.rst
index f8d1508..c0a7199 100644
--- a/Doc/source/misc/timeTools.rst
+++ b/Doc/source/misc/timeTools.rst
@@ -3,5 +3,6 @@
 #########
 
 .. automodule:: fontTools.misc.timeTools
+   :inherited-members:
    :members:
    :undoc-members:
diff --git a/Doc/source/misc/transform.rst b/Doc/source/misc/transform.rst
index 9517fe0..44a3dbd 100644
--- a/Doc/source/misc/transform.rst
+++ b/Doc/source/misc/transform.rst
@@ -3,5 +3,6 @@
 #########
 
 .. automodule:: fontTools.misc.transform
+   :inherited-members:
    :members:
    :undoc-members:
diff --git a/Doc/source/misc/xmlReader.rst b/Doc/source/misc/xmlReader.rst
index 6e09354..d0b80f5 100644
--- a/Doc/source/misc/xmlReader.rst
+++ b/Doc/source/misc/xmlReader.rst
@@ -3,5 +3,6 @@
 #########
 
 .. automodule:: fontTools.misc.xmlReader
+   :inherited-members:
    :members:
    :undoc-members:
diff --git a/Doc/source/misc/xmlWriter.rst b/Doc/source/misc/xmlWriter.rst
index f488183..5f7aaef 100644
--- a/Doc/source/misc/xmlWriter.rst
+++ b/Doc/source/misc/xmlWriter.rst
@@ -3,5 +3,6 @@
 #########
 
 .. automodule:: fontTools.misc.xmlWriter
+   :inherited-members:
    :members:
    :undoc-members:
diff --git a/Doc/source/mtiLib.rst b/Doc/source/mtiLib.rst
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1bf74e1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Doc/source/mtiLib.rst
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+###########################################
+mtiLib: Read Monotype FontDame source files
+###########################################
+
+FontTools provides support for reading the OpenType layout tables produced by
+Monotype's FontDame and Font Chef font editors. These tables are written in a
+simple textual format. The ``mtiLib`` library parses these text files and creates
+table objects representing their contents.
+
+Additionally, ``fonttools mtiLib`` will convert a text file to TTX XML.
+
+
+.. automodule:: fontTools.mtiLib
+   :members: build, main
diff --git a/Doc/source/optional.rst b/Doc/source/optional.rst
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..09376a2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Doc/source/optional.rst
@@ -0,0 +1,140 @@
+Optional Dependencies
+=====================
+
+The fonttools PyPI distribution also supports so-called "extras", i.e. a
+set of keywords that describe a group of additional dependencies, which can be
+used when installing via pip, or when specifying a requirement.
+For example:
+
+.. code:: sh
+
+    pip install fonttools[ufo,lxml,woff,unicode]
+
+This command will install fonttools, as well as the optional dependencies that
+are required to unlock the extra features named "ufo", etc.
+
+.. note::
+
+    Optional dependencies are detailed by module in the list below with the ``Extra`` setting that automates ``pip`` dependency installation when this is supported.
+
+
+
+:py:mod:`fontTools.misc.etree`
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+The module exports a ElementTree-like API for reading/writing XML files, and allows to use as the backend either the built-in ``xml.etree`` module or `lxml <https://lxml.de>`__. The latter is preferred whenever present, as it is generally faster and more secure.
+
+*Extra:* ``lxml``
+
+
+:py:mod:`fontTools.ufoLib`
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+Package for reading and writing UFO source files; it requires:
+
+* `fs <https://pypi.org/pypi/fs>`__: (aka ``pyfilesystem2``) filesystem abstraction layer.
+
+* `enum34 <https://pypi.org/pypi/enum34>`__: backport for the built-in ``enum`` module (only required on Python < 3.4).
+
+*Extra:* ``ufo``
+
+
+:py:mod:`fontTools.ttLib.woff2`
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+Module to compress/decompress WOFF 2.0 web fonts; it requires:
+
+* `brotli <https://pypi.python.org/pypi/Brotli>`__: Python bindings of the Brotli compression library.
+
+*Extra:* ``woff``
+
+
+:py:mod:`fontTools.unicode`
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+To display the Unicode character names when dumping the ``cmap`` table
+with ``ttx`` we use the ``unicodedata`` module in the Standard Library.
+The version included in there varies between different Python versions.
+To use the latest available data, you can install:
+
+* `unicodedata2 <https://pypi.python.org/pypi/unicodedata2>`__: ``unicodedata`` backport for Python 2.7
+  and 3.x updated to the latest Unicode version 12.0. Note this is not necessary if you use Python 3.8
+  as the latter already comes with an up-to-date ``unicodedata``.
+
+*Extra:* ``unicode``
+
+
+:py:mod:`fontTools.varLib.interpolatable`
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+Module for finding wrong contour/component order between different masters.
+It requires one of the following packages in order to solve the so-called
+"minimum weight perfect matching problem in bipartite graphs", or
+the Assignment problem:
+
+* `scipy <https://pypi.python.org/pypi/scipy>`__: the Scientific Library for Python, which internally
+  uses `NumPy <https://pypi.python.org/pypi/numpy>`__ arrays and hence is very fast;
+* `munkres <https://pypi.python.org/pypi/munkres>`__: a pure-Python module that implements the Hungarian
+  or Kuhn-Munkres algorithm.
+
+*Extra:* ``interpolatable``
+
+
+:py:mod:`fontTools.varLib.plot`
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+Module for visualizing DesignSpaceDocument and resulting VariationModel.
+
+* `matplotlib <https://pypi.org/pypi/matplotlib>`__: 2D plotting library.
+
+*Extra:* ``plot``
+
+
+:py:mod:`fontTools.misc.symfont`
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+Advanced module for symbolic font statistics analysis; it requires:
+
+* `sympy <https://pypi.python.org/pypi/sympy>`__: the Python library for symbolic mathematics.
+
+*Extra:* ``symfont``
+
+
+:py:mod:`fontTools.t1Lib`
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+To get the file creator and type of Macintosh PostScript Type 1 fonts
+on Python 3 you need to install the following module, as the old ``MacOS``
+module is no longer included in Mac Python:
+
+* `xattr <https://pypi.python.org/pypi/xattr>`__: Python wrapper for extended filesystem attributes
+  (macOS platform only).
+
+*Extra:* ``type1``
+
+
+:py:mod:`fontTools.pens.cocoaPen`
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+Pen for drawing glyphs with Cocoa ``NSBezierPath``, requires:
+
+* `PyObjC <https://pypi.python.org/pypi/pyobjc>`__: the bridge between Python and the Objective-C
+  runtime (macOS platform only).
+
+
+:py:mod:`fontTools.pens.qtPen`
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+Pen for drawing glyphs with Qt's ``QPainterPath``, requires:
+
+* `PyQt5 <https://pypi.python.org/pypi/PyQt5>`__: Python bindings for the Qt cross platform UI and
+  application toolkit.
+
+
+:py:mod:`fontTools.pens.reportLabPen`
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+Pen to drawing glyphs as PNG images, requires:
+
+* `reportlab <https://pypi.python.org/pypi/reportlab>`__: Python toolkit for generating PDFs and
+  graphics.
diff --git a/Doc/source/otlLib/index.rst b/Doc/source/otlLib/index.rst
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1984914
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Doc/source/otlLib/index.rst
@@ -0,0 +1,74 @@
+#################################################
+otlLib: Routines for working with OpenType Layout
+#################################################
+
+The ``fontTools.otlLib`` library provides routines to help you create the
+subtables and other data structures you need when you are editing a font's
+``GSUB`` and ``GPOS`` tables: substitution and positioning rules, anchors,
+lookups, coverage tables and so on.
+
+------------------------------------------
+High-level OpenType Layout Lookup Builders
+------------------------------------------
+
+.. automodule:: fontTools.otlLib.builder
+   :members: AlternateSubstBuilder, ChainContextPosBuilder, ChainContextSubstBuilder, LigatureSubstBuilder, MultipleSubstBuilder, CursivePosBuilder, MarkBasePosBuilder, MarkLigPosBuilder, MarkMarkPosBuilder, ReverseChainSingleSubstBuilder, SingleSubstBuilder, ClassPairPosSubtableBuilder, PairPosBuilder, SinglePosBuilder
+   :member-order: bysource
+
+--------------------------------------
+Common OpenType Layout Data Structures
+--------------------------------------
+
+.. automodule:: fontTools.otlLib.builder
+   :members: buildCoverage, buildLookup
+
+------------------------------------
+Low-level GSUB Table Lookup Builders
+------------------------------------
+
+These functions deal with the "simple" lookup types. See above for classes to
+help build more complex lookups (contextual and chaining lookups).
+
+.. automodule:: fontTools.otlLib.builder
+   :members: buildSingleSubstSubtable, buildMultipleSubstSubtable, buildAlternateSubstSubtable, buildLigatureSubstSubtable
+
+--------------------------
+GPOS Shared Table Builders
+--------------------------
+
+The functions help build the `GPOS shared tables <https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/typography/opentype/spec/gpos#shared-tables-value-record-anchor-table-and-mark-array-table>`_
+as defined in the OpenType spec: value records, anchors, mark arrays and
+mark record tables.
+
+.. automodule:: fontTools.otlLib.builder
+   :members: buildValue, buildAnchor, buildMarkArray, buildDevice, buildBaseArray, buildComponentRecord, buildMarkArray, buildValue
+   :member-order: bysource
+
+------------------------------------
+Low-level GPOS Table Lookup Builders
+------------------------------------
+
+These functions deal with the "simple" lookup types. See above for classes to
+help build more complex lookups (contextual and chaining lookups).
+
+.. automodule:: fontTools.otlLib.builder
+   :members: buildCursivePosSubtable, buildLigatureArray, buildMarkBasePos, buildMarkBasePosSubtable, buildMarkLigPos, buildMarkLigPosSubtable, buildPairPosClassesSubtable, buildPairPosGlyphs, buildPairPosGlyphsSubtable, buildSinglePos, buildSinglePosSubtable
+   :member-order: bysource
+
+----------------------------
+GDEF Table Subtable Builders
+----------------------------
+
+These functions build subtables for elements of the ``GDEF`` table.
+
+.. automodule:: fontTools.otlLib.builder
+   :members: buildAttachList, buildLigCaretList, buildMarkGlyphSetsDef
+   :member-order: bysource
+
+------------------
+STAT Table Builder
+------------------
+
+.. automodule:: fontTools.otlLib.builder
+   :members: buildStatTable
+   :member-order: bysource
diff --git a/Doc/source/pens/areaPen.rst b/Doc/source/pens/areaPen.rst
index 03a751b..f3f21bb 100644
--- a/Doc/source/pens/areaPen.rst
+++ b/Doc/source/pens/areaPen.rst
@@ -3,5 +3,6 @@
 #######
 
 .. automodule:: fontTools.pens.areaPen
+   :inherited-members:
    :members:
    :undoc-members:
diff --git a/Doc/source/pens/basePen.rst b/Doc/source/pens/basePen.rst
index f5965b1..87bf832 100644
--- a/Doc/source/pens/basePen.rst
+++ b/Doc/source/pens/basePen.rst
@@ -3,5 +3,6 @@
 #######
 
 .. automodule:: fontTools.pens.basePen
+   :inherited-members:
    :members:
    :undoc-members:
diff --git a/Doc/source/pens/boundsPen.rst b/Doc/source/pens/boundsPen.rst
index 8de5620..a0d9ab4 100644
--- a/Doc/source/pens/boundsPen.rst
+++ b/Doc/source/pens/boundsPen.rst
@@ -3,5 +3,6 @@
 #########
 
 .. automodule:: fontTools.pens.boundsPen
+   :inherited-members:
    :members:
    :undoc-members:
diff --git a/Doc/source/pens/cocoaPen.rst b/Doc/source/pens/cocoaPen.rst
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..bbe8050
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Doc/source/pens/cocoaPen.rst
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+########
+cocoaPen
+########
+
+.. automodule:: fontTools.pens.cocoaPen
+   :inherited-members:
+   :members:
+   :undoc-members:
diff --git a/Doc/source/pens/cu2quPen.rst b/Doc/source/pens/cu2quPen.rst
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4ae0249
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Doc/source/pens/cu2quPen.rst
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+########
+cu2quPen
+########
+
+.. automodule:: fontTools.pens.cu2quPen
+   :inherited-members:
+   :members:
+   :undoc-members:
diff --git a/Doc/source/pens/filterPen.rst b/Doc/source/pens/filterPen.rst
index 0b484a4..c79b944 100644
--- a/Doc/source/pens/filterPen.rst
+++ b/Doc/source/pens/filterPen.rst
@@ -3,5 +3,6 @@
 #########
 
 .. automodule:: fontTools.pens.filterPen
+   :inherited-members:
    :members:
    :undoc-members:
diff --git a/Doc/source/pens/index.rst b/Doc/source/pens/index.rst
index 7e5a192..91175cf 100644
--- a/Doc/source/pens/index.rst
+++ b/Doc/source/pens/index.rst
@@ -5,14 +5,26 @@
 .. toctree::
    :maxdepth: 1
 
+   areaPen
    basePen
    boundsPen
-   pointInsidePen
+   cocoaPen
+   cu2quPen
    filterPen
-   transformPen
-   t2CharStringPen
-   statisticsPen
-   recordingPen
-   teePen
-   areaPen
+   momentsPen
    perimeterPen
+   pointInsidePen
+   pointPen
+   qtPen
+   recordingPen
+   reportLabPen
+   reverseContourPen
+   roundingPen
+   statisticsPen
+   svgPathPen
+   t2CharStringPen
+   teePen
+   transformPen
+   ttGlyphPen
+   wxPen
+
diff --git a/Doc/source/pens/momentsPen.rst b/Doc/source/pens/momentsPen.rst
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4587f75
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Doc/source/pens/momentsPen.rst
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+##########
+momentsPen
+##########
+
+.. automodule:: fontTools.pens.momentsPen
+   :inherited-members:
+   :members:
+   :undoc-members:
diff --git a/Doc/source/pens/perimeterPen.rst b/Doc/source/pens/perimeterPen.rst
index 97fecca..c625a3d 100644
--- a/Doc/source/pens/perimeterPen.rst
+++ b/Doc/source/pens/perimeterPen.rst
@@ -3,5 +3,6 @@
 ############
 
 .. automodule:: fontTools.pens.perimeterPen
+   :inherited-members:
    :members:
    :undoc-members:
diff --git a/Doc/source/pens/pointInsidePen.rst b/Doc/source/pens/pointInsidePen.rst
index 9954e47..81a4b2e 100644
--- a/Doc/source/pens/pointInsidePen.rst
+++ b/Doc/source/pens/pointInsidePen.rst
@@ -3,5 +3,6 @@
 ##############
 
 .. automodule:: fontTools.pens.pointInsidePen
+   :inherited-members:
    :members:
    :undoc-members:
diff --git a/Doc/source/pens/pointPen.rst b/Doc/source/pens/pointPen.rst
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..09b9897
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Doc/source/pens/pointPen.rst
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+########
+pointPen
+########
+
+.. automodule:: fontTools.pens.pointPen
+   :inherited-members:
+   :members:
+   :undoc-members:
diff --git a/Doc/source/pens/qtPen.rst b/Doc/source/pens/qtPen.rst
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..bfaa9b5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Doc/source/pens/qtPen.rst
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+#####
+qtPen
+#####
+
+.. automodule:: fontTools.pens.qtPen
+   :inherited-members:
+   :members:
+   :undoc-members:
diff --git a/Doc/source/pens/recordingPen.rst b/Doc/source/pens/recordingPen.rst
index 69e7ceb..ee9178c 100644
--- a/Doc/source/pens/recordingPen.rst
+++ b/Doc/source/pens/recordingPen.rst
@@ -3,5 +3,6 @@
 ############
 
 .. automodule:: fontTools.pens.recordingPen
+   :inherited-members:
    :members:
    :undoc-members:
diff --git a/Doc/source/pens/reportLabPen.rst b/Doc/source/pens/reportLabPen.rst
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7fe8784
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Doc/source/pens/reportLabPen.rst
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+############
+reportLabPen
+############
+
+.. automodule:: fontTools.pens.reportLabPen
+   :inherited-members:
+   :members:
+   :undoc-members:
diff --git a/Doc/source/pens/reverseContourPen.rst b/Doc/source/pens/reverseContourPen.rst
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8178e2c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Doc/source/pens/reverseContourPen.rst
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+#################
+reverseContourPen
+#################
+
+.. automodule:: fontTools.pens.reverseContourPen
+   :inherited-members:
+   :members:
+   :undoc-members:
diff --git a/Doc/source/pens/roundingPen.rst b/Doc/source/pens/roundingPen.rst
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7eb4214
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Doc/source/pens/roundingPen.rst
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+###########
+roundingPen
+###########
+
+.. automodule:: fontTools.pens.roundingPen
+   :inherited-members:
+   :members:
+   :undoc-members:
diff --git a/Doc/source/pens/statisticsPen.rst b/Doc/source/pens/statisticsPen.rst
index efa1608..e06e322 100644
--- a/Doc/source/pens/statisticsPen.rst
+++ b/Doc/source/pens/statisticsPen.rst
@@ -3,5 +3,6 @@
 #############
 
 .. automodule:: fontTools.pens.statisticsPen
+   :inherited-members:
    :members:
    :undoc-members:
diff --git a/Doc/source/pens/svgPathPen.rst b/Doc/source/pens/svgPathPen.rst
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..45bf151
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Doc/source/pens/svgPathPen.rst
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+##########
+svgPathPen
+##########
+
+.. automodule:: fontTools.pens.svgPathPen
+   :inherited-members:
+   :members:
+   :undoc-members:
diff --git a/Doc/source/pens/t2CharStringPen.rst b/Doc/source/pens/t2CharStringPen.rst
index d58c67a..9d55391 100644
--- a/Doc/source/pens/t2CharStringPen.rst
+++ b/Doc/source/pens/t2CharStringPen.rst
@@ -3,5 +3,6 @@
 ###############
 
 .. automodule:: fontTools.pens.t2CharStringPen
+   :inherited-members:
    :members:
    :undoc-members:
diff --git a/Doc/source/pens/teePen.rst b/Doc/source/pens/teePen.rst
index 7a0313c..2a4558d 100644
--- a/Doc/source/pens/teePen.rst
+++ b/Doc/source/pens/teePen.rst
@@ -3,5 +3,6 @@
 ######
 
 .. automodule:: fontTools.pens.teePen
+   :inherited-members:
    :members:
    :undoc-members:
diff --git a/Doc/source/pens/transformPen.rst b/Doc/source/pens/transformPen.rst
index 5b414f8..3bb802a 100644
--- a/Doc/source/pens/transformPen.rst
+++ b/Doc/source/pens/transformPen.rst
@@ -3,5 +3,6 @@
 ############
 
 .. automodule:: fontTools.pens.transformPen
+   :inherited-members:
    :members:
    :undoc-members:
diff --git a/Doc/source/pens/ttGlyphPen.rst b/Doc/source/pens/ttGlyphPen.rst
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e1bf701
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Doc/source/pens/ttGlyphPen.rst
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+##########
+ttGlyphPen
+##########
+
+.. automodule:: fontTools.pens.ttGlyphPen
+   :inherited-members:
+   :members:
+   :undoc-members:
diff --git a/Doc/source/pens/wxPen.rst b/Doc/source/pens/wxPen.rst
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..37ce50a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Doc/source/pens/wxPen.rst
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+#####
+wxPen
+#####
+
+.. automodule:: fontTools.pens.wxPen
+   :inherited-members:
+   :members:
+   :undoc-members:
diff --git a/Doc/source/subset.rst b/Doc/source/subset.rst
deleted file mode 100644
index a8fff95..0000000
--- a/Doc/source/subset.rst
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,7 +0,0 @@
-######
-subset
-######
-
-.. automodule:: fontTools.subset
-   :members:
-   :undoc-members:
diff --git a/Doc/source/subset/cff.rst b/Doc/source/subset/cff.rst
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8c21c39
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Doc/source/subset/cff.rst
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+###
+cff
+###
+
+.. automodule:: fontTools.subset.cff
+   :inherited-members:
+   :members:
+   :undoc-members:
diff --git a/Doc/source/subset/index.rst b/Doc/source/subset/index.rst
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f32e0d4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Doc/source/subset/index.rst
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+######
+subset
+######
+
+.. toctree::
+   :maxdepth: 1
+
+   cff
+
+.. automodule:: fontTools.subset
+   :inherited-members:
+   :members:
+   :undoc-members:
diff --git a/Doc/source/svgLib/index.rst b/Doc/source/svgLib/index.rst
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f86ff0a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Doc/source/svgLib/index.rst
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+######
+svgLib
+######
+
+.. toctree::
+   :maxdepth: 1
+
+   path/index
diff --git a/Doc/source/svgLib/path/index.rst b/Doc/source/svgLib/path/index.rst
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0d7551b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Doc/source/svgLib/path/index.rst
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+####
+path
+####
+
+.. toctree::
+   :maxdepth: 1
+
+   parser
+
+.. automodule:: fontTools.svgLib.path
+   :inherited-members:
+   :members:
+   :undoc-members:
diff --git a/Doc/source/svgLib/path/parser.rst b/Doc/source/svgLib/path/parser.rst
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..fc7e7ff
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Doc/source/svgLib/path/parser.rst
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+######
+parser
+######
+
+.. automodule:: fontTools.svgLib.path.parser
+   :inherited-members:
+   :members:
+   :undoc-members:
diff --git a/Doc/source/t1Lib.rst b/Doc/source/t1Lib.rst
index dcc0438..4436086 100644
--- a/Doc/source/t1Lib.rst
+++ b/Doc/source/t1Lib.rst
@@ -3,5 +3,6 @@
 #####
 
 .. automodule:: fontTools.t1Lib
+   :inherited-members:
    :members:
    :undoc-members:
diff --git a/Doc/source/tfmLib.rst b/Doc/source/tfmLib.rst
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..daa4125
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Doc/source/tfmLib.rst
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+###########################################
+tfmLib: Read TeX Font Metrics files
+###########################################
+
+.. automodule:: fontTools.tfmLib
+
+.. autoclass:: fontTools.tfmLib.TFM
+   :members:
diff --git a/Doc/source/ttLib/index.rst b/Doc/source/ttLib/index.rst
index d273934..4dfa2d6 100644
--- a/Doc/source/ttLib/index.rst
+++ b/Doc/source/ttLib/index.rst
@@ -7,9 +7,13 @@
 
    macUtils
    sfnt
+   standardGlyphOrder
    tables
+   ttCollection
+   ttFont
    woff2
 
 .. automodule:: fontTools.ttLib
+   :inherited-members:
    :members:
    :undoc-members:
diff --git a/Doc/source/ttLib/macUtils.rst b/Doc/source/ttLib/macUtils.rst
index cb014d7..356a911 100644
--- a/Doc/source/ttLib/macUtils.rst
+++ b/Doc/source/ttLib/macUtils.rst
@@ -3,5 +3,6 @@
 ########
 
 .. automodule:: fontTools.ttLib.macUtils
+   :inherited-members:
    :members:
    :undoc-members:
diff --git a/Doc/source/ttLib/sfnt.rst b/Doc/source/ttLib/sfnt.rst
index 41e3032..29566ab 100644
--- a/Doc/source/ttLib/sfnt.rst
+++ b/Doc/source/ttLib/sfnt.rst
@@ -3,5 +3,6 @@
 ####
 
 .. automodule:: fontTools.ttLib.sfnt
+   :inherited-members:
    :members:
    :undoc-members:
diff --git a/Doc/source/ttLib/standardGlyphOrder.rst b/Doc/source/ttLib/standardGlyphOrder.rst
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ca2557b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Doc/source/ttLib/standardGlyphOrder.rst
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+##################
+standardGlyphOrder
+##################
+
+.. automodule:: fontTools.ttLib.standardGlyphOrder
+   :inherited-members:
+   :members:
+   :undoc-members:
+
+.. data:: fontTools.ttLib.standardGlyphOrder.standardGlyphOrder
+
+A Python list of "standard" glyphs required by post table formats 1.0 and 2.0.
diff --git a/Doc/source/ttLib/tables.rst b/Doc/source/ttLib/tables.rst
index 6ae705f..45c76b8 100644
--- a/Doc/source/ttLib/tables.rst
+++ b/Doc/source/ttLib/tables.rst
@@ -2,7 +2,114 @@
 tables
 ######
 
+This folder is a subpackage of :py:mod:`fontTools.ttLib`. Each module here is a
+specialized TT/OT table converter: they can convert raw data
+to Python objects and vice versa. Usually you don't need to
+use the modules directly: they are imported and used
+automatically when needed by :py:mod:`fontTools.ttLib`.
+
+If you are writing you own table converter the following is
+important.
+
+The modules here have pretty strange names: this is due to the
+fact that we need to map TT table tags (which are case sensitive)
+to filenames (which on Mac and Win aren't case sensitive) as well
+as to Python identifiers. The latter means it can only contain
+[A-Za-z0-9_] and cannot start with a number.
+
+:py:mod:`fontTools.ttLib` provides functions to expand a tag into the format used here::
+
+    >>> from fontTools import ttLib
+    >>> ttLib.tagToIdentifier("FOO ")
+    'F_O_O_'
+    >>> ttLib.tagToIdentifier("cvt ")
+    '_c_v_t'
+    >>> ttLib.tagToIdentifier("OS/2")
+    'O_S_2f_2'
+    >>> ttLib.tagToIdentifier("glyf")
+    '_g_l_y_f'
+    >>>
+
+And vice versa::
+
+    >>> ttLib.identifierToTag("F_O_O_")
+    'FOO '
+    >>> ttLib.identifierToTag("_c_v_t")
+    'cvt '
+    >>> ttLib.identifierToTag("O_S_2f_2")
+    'OS/2'
+    >>> ttLib.identifierToTag("_g_l_y_f")
+    'glyf'
+    >>>
+
+Eg. the 'glyf' table converter lives in a Python file called::
+
+	_g_l_y_f.py
+
+The converter itself is a class, named "table_" + expandedtag. Eg::
+
+
+	class table__g_l_y_f:
+		etc.
+
+
+Note that if you _do_ need to use such modules or classes manually,
+there are two convenient API functions that let you find them by tag::
+
+    >>> ttLib.getTableModule('glyf')
+    <module 'ttLib.tables._g_l_y_f'>
+    >>> ttLib.getTableClass('glyf')
+    <class ttLib.tables._g_l_y_f.table__g_l_y_f at 645f400>
+    >>
+
+You must subclass from :py:mod:`fontTools.ttLib.tables.DefaultTable.DefaultTable`. It provides some default
+behavior, as well as a constructor method (__init__) that you don't need to
+override.
+
+Your converter should minimally provide two methods::
+
+
+    class table_F_O_O_(DefaultTable.DefaultTable): # converter for table 'FOO '
+
+        def decompile(self, data, ttFont):
+            # 'data' is the raw table data. Unpack it into a
+            # Python data structure.
+            # 'ttFont' is a ttLib.TTfile instance, enabling you to
+            # refer to other tables. Do ***not*** keep a reference to
+            # it: it will cause a circular reference (ttFont saves
+            # a reference to us), and that means we'll be leaking
+            # memory. If you need to use it in other methods, just
+            # pass it around as a method argument.
+
+        def compile(self, ttFont):
+            # Return the raw data, as converted from the Python
+            # data structure.
+            # Again, 'ttFont' is there so you can access other tables.
+            # Same warning applies.
+
+
+If you want to support TTX import/export as well, you need to provide two
+additional methods::
+
+
+	def toXML(self, writer, ttFont):
+		# XXX
+
+	def fromXML(self, (name, attrs, content), ttFont):
+		# XXX
+
+
+
 .. automodule:: fontTools.ttLib.tables
+   :inherited-members:
+   :members:
+   :undoc-members:
+
+_a_n_k_r
+--------
+
+.. automodule:: fontTools.ttLib.tables._a_n_k_r
+   :inherited-members:
    :members:
    :undoc-members:
 
@@ -10,6 +117,23 @@
 --------
 
 .. automodule:: fontTools.ttLib.tables._a_v_a_r
+   :inherited-members:
+   :members:
+   :undoc-members:
+
+_b_s_l_n
+--------
+
+.. automodule:: fontTools.ttLib.tables._b_s_l_n
+   :inherited-members:
+   :members:
+   :undoc-members:
+
+_c_i_d_g
+--------
+
+.. automodule:: fontTools.ttLib.tables._c_i_d_g
+   :inherited-members:
    :members:
    :undoc-members:
 
@@ -17,6 +141,7 @@
 --------
 
 .. automodule:: fontTools.ttLib.tables._c_m_a_p
+   :inherited-members:
    :members:
    :undoc-members:
 
@@ -24,6 +149,7 @@
 --------
 
 .. automodule:: fontTools.ttLib.tables._c_v_a_r
+   :inherited-members:
    :members:
    :undoc-members:
 
@@ -31,6 +157,7 @@
 ------
 
 .. automodule:: fontTools.ttLib.tables._c_v_t
+   :inherited-members:
    :members:
    :undoc-members:
 
@@ -38,6 +165,7 @@
 --------
 
 .. automodule:: fontTools.ttLib.tables._f_e_a_t
+   :inherited-members:
    :members:
    :undoc-members:
 
@@ -45,6 +173,7 @@
 --------
 
 .. automodule:: fontTools.ttLib.tables._f_p_g_m
+   :inherited-members:
    :members:
    :undoc-members:
 
@@ -52,6 +181,7 @@
 --------
 
 .. automodule:: fontTools.ttLib.tables._f_v_a_r
+   :inherited-members:
    :members:
    :undoc-members:
 
@@ -59,6 +189,16 @@
 --------
 
 .. automodule:: fontTools.ttLib.tables._g_a_s_p
+   :inherited-members:
+   :members:
+   :undoc-members:
+
+
+_g_c_i_d
+--------
+
+.. automodule:: fontTools.ttLib.tables._g_c_i_d
+   :inherited-members:
    :members:
    :undoc-members:
 
@@ -66,6 +206,7 @@
 --------
 
 .. automodule:: fontTools.ttLib.tables._g_l_y_f
+   :inherited-members:
    :members:
    :undoc-members:
 
@@ -73,6 +214,7 @@
 --------
 
 .. automodule:: fontTools.ttLib.tables._g_v_a_r
+   :inherited-members:
    :members:
    :undoc-members:
 
@@ -80,6 +222,7 @@
 --------
 
 .. automodule:: fontTools.ttLib.tables._h_d_m_x
+   :inherited-members:
    :members:
    :undoc-members:
 
@@ -87,6 +230,7 @@
 --------
 
 .. automodule:: fontTools.ttLib.tables._h_e_a_d
+   :inherited-members:
    :members:
    :undoc-members:
 
@@ -94,6 +238,7 @@
 --------
 
 .. automodule:: fontTools.ttLib.tables._h_h_e_a
+   :inherited-members:
    :members:
    :undoc-members:
 
@@ -101,6 +246,7 @@
 --------
 
 .. automodule:: fontTools.ttLib.tables._h_m_t_x
+   :inherited-members:
    :members:
    :undoc-members:
 
@@ -108,6 +254,15 @@
 --------
 
 .. automodule:: fontTools.ttLib.tables._k_e_r_n
+   :inherited-members:
+   :members:
+   :undoc-members:
+
+_l_c_a_r
+--------
+
+.. automodule:: fontTools.ttLib.tables._l_c_a_r
+   :inherited-members:
    :members:
    :undoc-members:
 
@@ -115,6 +270,7 @@
 --------
 
 .. automodule:: fontTools.ttLib.tables._l_o_c_a
+   :inherited-members:
    :members:
    :undoc-members:
 
@@ -122,6 +278,7 @@
 --------
 
 .. automodule:: fontTools.ttLib.tables._l_t_a_g
+   :inherited-members:
    :members:
    :undoc-members:
 
@@ -129,6 +286,7 @@
 --------
 
 .. automodule:: fontTools.ttLib.tables._m_a_x_p
+   :inherited-members:
    :members:
    :undoc-members:
 
@@ -136,6 +294,24 @@
 --------
 
 .. automodule:: fontTools.ttLib.tables._m_e_t_a
+   :inherited-members:
+   :members:
+   :undoc-members:
+
+_m_o_r_t
+--------
+
+.. automodule:: fontTools.ttLib.tables._m_o_r_t
+   :inherited-members:
+   :members:
+   :undoc-members:
+
+
+_m_o_r_x
+--------
+
+.. automodule:: fontTools.ttLib.tables._m_o_r_x
+   :inherited-members:
    :members:
    :undoc-members:
 
@@ -143,6 +319,15 @@
 --------
 
 .. automodule:: fontTools.ttLib.tables._n_a_m_e
+   :inherited-members:
+   :members:
+   :undoc-members:
+
+_o_p_b_d
+--------
+
+.. automodule:: fontTools.ttLib.tables._o_p_b_d
+   :inherited-members:
    :members:
    :undoc-members:
 
@@ -150,6 +335,7 @@
 --------
 
 .. automodule:: fontTools.ttLib.tables._p_o_s_t
+   :inherited-members:
    :members:
    :undoc-members:
 
@@ -157,6 +343,16 @@
 --------
 
 .. automodule:: fontTools.ttLib.tables._p_r_e_p
+   :inherited-members:
+   :members:
+   :undoc-members:
+
+
+_p_r_o_p
+--------
+
+.. automodule:: fontTools.ttLib.tables._p_r_o_p
+   :inherited-members:
    :members:
    :undoc-members:
 
@@ -164,6 +360,7 @@
 --------
 
 .. automodule:: fontTools.ttLib.tables._s_b_i_x
+   :inherited-members:
    :members:
    :undoc-members:
 
@@ -171,6 +368,7 @@
 --------
 
 .. automodule:: fontTools.ttLib.tables._t_r_a_k
+   :inherited-members:
    :members:
    :undoc-members:
 
@@ -178,6 +376,7 @@
 --------
 
 .. automodule:: fontTools.ttLib.tables._v_h_e_a
+   :inherited-members:
    :members:
    :undoc-members:
 
@@ -185,6 +384,7 @@
 --------
 
 .. automodule:: fontTools.ttLib.tables._v_m_t_x
+   :inherited-members:
    :members:
    :undoc-members:
 
@@ -192,6 +392,7 @@
 ----------
 
 .. automodule:: fontTools.ttLib.tables.asciiTable
+   :inherited-members:
    :members:
    :undoc-members:
 
@@ -199,6 +400,7 @@
 --------
 
 .. automodule:: fontTools.ttLib.tables.B_A_S_E_
+   :inherited-members:
    :members:
    :undoc-members:
 
@@ -206,6 +408,7 @@
 ------------------
 
 .. automodule:: fontTools.ttLib.tables.BitmapGlyphMetrics
+   :inherited-members:
    :members:
    :undoc-members:
 
@@ -213,6 +416,7 @@
 --------
 
 .. automodule:: fontTools.ttLib.tables.C_B_D_T_
+   :inherited-members:
    :members:
    :undoc-members:
 
@@ -220,6 +424,7 @@
 --------
 
 .. automodule:: fontTools.ttLib.tables.C_B_L_C_
+   :inherited-members:
    :members:
    :undoc-members:
 
@@ -227,6 +432,7 @@
 ------
 
 .. automodule:: fontTools.ttLib.tables.C_F_F_
+   :inherited-members:
    :members:
    :undoc-members:
 
@@ -234,6 +440,7 @@
 --------
 
 .. automodule:: fontTools.ttLib.tables.C_F_F__2
+   :inherited-members:
    :members:
    :undoc-members:
 
@@ -241,6 +448,7 @@
 --------
 
 .. automodule:: fontTools.ttLib.tables.C_O_L_R_
+   :inherited-members:
    :members:
    :undoc-members:
 
@@ -248,6 +456,7 @@
 --------
 
 .. automodule:: fontTools.ttLib.tables.C_P_A_L_
+   :inherited-members:
    :members:
    :undoc-members:
 
@@ -255,6 +464,7 @@
 --------
 
 .. automodule:: fontTools.ttLib.tables.D_S_I_G_
+   :inherited-members:
    :members:
    :undoc-members:
 
@@ -262,6 +472,7 @@
 ------------
 
 .. automodule:: fontTools.ttLib.tables.DefaultTable
+   :inherited-members:
    :members:
    :undoc-members:
 
@@ -269,6 +480,7 @@
 --------
 
 .. automodule:: fontTools.ttLib.tables.E_B_D_T_
+   :inherited-members:
    :members:
    :undoc-members:
 
@@ -276,13 +488,41 @@
 --------
 
 .. automodule:: fontTools.ttLib.tables.E_B_L_C_
+   :inherited-members:
    :members:
    :undoc-members:
 
+F__e_a_t
+--------
+
+.. automodule:: fontTools.ttLib.tables.F__e_a_t
+   :inherited-members:
+   :members:
+   :undoc-members:
+
+
 F_F_T_M_
 --------
 
 .. automodule:: fontTools.ttLib.tables.F_F_T_M_
+   :inherited-members:
+   :members:
+   :undoc-members:
+
+
+G__l_a_t
+--------
+
+.. automodule:: fontTools.ttLib.tables.G__l_a_t
+   :inherited-members:
+   :members:
+   :undoc-members:
+
+G__l_o_c
+--------
+
+.. automodule:: fontTools.ttLib.tables.G__l_o_c
+   :inherited-members:
    :members:
    :undoc-members:
 
@@ -290,6 +530,7 @@
 --------
 
 .. automodule:: fontTools.ttLib.tables.G_D_E_F_
+   :inherited-members:
    :members:
    :undoc-members:
 
@@ -297,6 +538,7 @@
 --------
 
 .. automodule:: fontTools.ttLib.tables.G_M_A_P_
+   :inherited-members:
    :members:
    :undoc-members:
 
@@ -304,6 +546,7 @@
 --------
 
 .. automodule:: fontTools.ttLib.tables.G_P_K_G_
+   :inherited-members:
    :members:
    :undoc-members:
 
@@ -311,6 +554,7 @@
 --------
 
 .. automodule:: fontTools.ttLib.tables.G_P_O_S_
+   :inherited-members:
    :members:
    :undoc-members:
 
@@ -318,6 +562,15 @@
 --------
 
 .. automodule:: fontTools.ttLib.tables.G_S_U_B_
+   :inherited-members:
+   :members:
+   :undoc-members:
+
+grUtils
+-------
+
+.. automodule:: fontTools.ttLib.tables.grUtils
+   :inherited-members:
    :members:
    :undoc-members:
 
@@ -325,6 +578,7 @@
 --------
 
 .. automodule:: fontTools.ttLib.tables.H_V_A_R_
+   :inherited-members:
    :members:
    :undoc-members:
 
@@ -332,6 +586,7 @@
 --------
 
 .. automodule:: fontTools.ttLib.tables.J_S_T_F_
+   :inherited-members:
    :members:
    :undoc-members:
 
@@ -339,6 +594,7 @@
 --------
 
 .. automodule:: fontTools.ttLib.tables.L_T_S_H_
+   :inherited-members:
    :members:
    :undoc-members:
 
@@ -346,6 +602,7 @@
 --------
 
 .. automodule:: fontTools.ttLib.tables.M_A_T_H_
+   :inherited-members:
    :members:
    :undoc-members:
 
@@ -353,6 +610,7 @@
 --------
 
 .. automodule:: fontTools.ttLib.tables.M_E_T_A_
+   :inherited-members:
    :members:
    :undoc-members:
 
@@ -360,6 +618,7 @@
 --------
 
 .. automodule:: fontTools.ttLib.tables.M_V_A_R_
+   :inherited-members:
    :members:
    :undoc-members:
 
@@ -367,6 +626,7 @@
 --------
 
 .. automodule:: fontTools.ttLib.tables.O_S_2f_2
+   :inherited-members:
    :members:
    :undoc-members:
 
@@ -374,6 +634,7 @@
 ------
 
 .. automodule:: fontTools.ttLib.tables.otBase
+   :inherited-members:
    :members:
    :undoc-members:
 
@@ -381,6 +642,7 @@
 ------------
 
 .. automodule:: fontTools.ttLib.tables.otConverters
+   :inherited-members:
    :members:
    :undoc-members:
 
@@ -388,6 +650,7 @@
 ------
 
 .. automodule:: fontTools.ttLib.tables.otData
+   :inherited-members:
    :members:
    :undoc-members:
 
@@ -395,6 +658,23 @@
 --------
 
 .. automodule:: fontTools.ttLib.tables.otTables
+   :inherited-members:
+   :members:
+   :undoc-members:
+
+S__i_l_f
+--------
+
+.. automodule:: fontTools.ttLib.tables.S__i_l_f
+   :inherited-members:
+   :members:
+   :undoc-members:
+
+S__i_l_l
+--------
+
+.. automodule:: fontTools.ttLib.tables.S__i_l_l
+   :inherited-members:
    :members:
    :undoc-members:
 
@@ -402,6 +682,7 @@
 --------
 
 .. automodule:: fontTools.ttLib.tables.S_I_N_G_
+   :inherited-members:
    :members:
    :undoc-members:
 
@@ -409,6 +690,7 @@
 --------
 
 .. automodule:: fontTools.ttLib.tables.S_T_A_T_
+   :inherited-members:
    :members:
    :undoc-members:
 
@@ -416,6 +698,7 @@
 ------
 
 .. automodule:: fontTools.ttLib.tables.S_V_G_
+   :inherited-members:
    :members:
    :undoc-members:
 
@@ -423,6 +706,7 @@
 ---------
 
 .. automodule:: fontTools.ttLib.tables.sbixGlyph
+   :inherited-members:
    :members:
    :undoc-members:
 
@@ -430,6 +714,7 @@
 ----------
 
 .. automodule:: fontTools.ttLib.tables.sbixStrike
+   :inherited-members:
    :members:
    :undoc-members:
 
@@ -437,6 +722,7 @@
 --------
 
 .. automodule:: fontTools.ttLib.tables.T_S_I__0
+   :inherited-members:
    :members:
    :undoc-members:
 
@@ -444,6 +730,7 @@
 --------
 
 .. automodule:: fontTools.ttLib.tables.T_S_I__1
+   :inherited-members:
    :members:
    :undoc-members:
 
@@ -451,6 +738,7 @@
 --------
 
 .. automodule:: fontTools.ttLib.tables.T_S_I__2
+   :inherited-members:
    :members:
    :undoc-members:
 
@@ -458,6 +746,7 @@
 --------
 
 .. automodule:: fontTools.ttLib.tables.T_S_I__3
+   :inherited-members:
    :members:
    :undoc-members:
 
@@ -465,6 +754,71 @@
 --------
 
 .. automodule:: fontTools.ttLib.tables.T_S_I__5
+   :inherited-members:
+   :members:
+   :undoc-members:
+
+T_S_I_B_
+--------
+
+.. automodule:: fontTools.ttLib.tables.T_S_I_B_
+   :inherited-members:
+   :members:
+   :undoc-members:
+
+T_S_I_C_
+--------
+
+.. automodule:: fontTools.ttLib.tables.T_S_I_C_
+   :inherited-members:
+   :members:
+   :undoc-members:
+
+T_S_I_D_
+--------
+
+.. automodule:: fontTools.ttLib.tables.T_S_I_D_
+   :inherited-members:
+   :members:
+   :undoc-members:
+
+T_S_I_J_
+--------
+
+.. automodule:: fontTools.ttLib.tables.T_S_I_J_
+   :inherited-members:
+   :members:
+   :undoc-members:
+
+T_S_I_P_
+--------
+
+.. automodule:: fontTools.ttLib.tables.T_S_I_P_
+   :inherited-members:
+   :members:
+   :undoc-members:
+
+T_S_I_S_
+--------
+
+.. automodule:: fontTools.ttLib.tables.T_S_I_S_
+   :inherited-members:
+   :members:
+   :undoc-members:
+
+T_S_I_V_
+--------
+
+.. automodule:: fontTools.ttLib.tables.T_S_I_V_
+   :inherited-members:
+   :members:
+   :undoc-members:
+
+T_T_F_A_
+--------
+
+.. automodule:: fontTools.ttLib.tables.T_T_F_A_
+   :inherited-members:
    :members:
    :undoc-members:
 
@@ -472,6 +826,7 @@
 ---------
 
 .. automodule:: fontTools.ttLib.tables.ttProgram
+   :inherited-members:
    :members:
    :undoc-members:
 
@@ -479,6 +834,7 @@
 --------------
 
 .. automodule:: fontTools.ttLib.tables.TupleVariation
+   :inherited-members:
    :members:
    :undoc-members:
 
@@ -486,6 +842,7 @@
 --------
 
 .. automodule:: fontTools.ttLib.tables.V_D_M_X_
+   :inherited-members:
    :members:
    :undoc-members:
 
@@ -493,6 +850,7 @@
 --------
 
 .. automodule:: fontTools.ttLib.tables.V_O_R_G_
+   :inherited-members:
    :members:
    :undoc-members:
 
@@ -500,6 +858,7 @@
 --------
 
 .. automodule:: fontTools.ttLib.tables.V_V_A_R_
+   :inherited-members:
    :members:
    :undoc-members:
 
diff --git a/Doc/source/ttLib/ttCollection.rst b/Doc/source/ttLib/ttCollection.rst
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0ca4ebd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Doc/source/ttLib/ttCollection.rst
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+############
+ttCollection
+############
+
+.. automodule:: fontTools.ttLib.ttCollection
+   :inherited-members:
+   :members:
+   :undoc-members:
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/Doc/source/ttLib/ttFont.rst b/Doc/source/ttLib/ttFont.rst
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a571050
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Doc/source/ttLib/ttFont.rst
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+######
+ttFont
+######
+
+.. automodule:: fontTools.ttLib.ttFont
+   :inherited-members:
+   :members:
+   :undoc-members:
+   :private-members:
diff --git a/Doc/source/ttLib/woff2.rst b/Doc/source/ttLib/woff2.rst
index 0c464be..327bb5b 100644
--- a/Doc/source/ttLib/woff2.rst
+++ b/Doc/source/ttLib/woff2.rst
@@ -3,5 +3,6 @@
 #####
 
 .. automodule:: fontTools.ttLib.woff2
+   :inherited-members:
    :members:
    :undoc-members:
diff --git a/Doc/source/ttx.rst b/Doc/source/ttx.rst
index 1c90901..b6e43f5 100644
--- a/Doc/source/ttx.rst
+++ b/Doc/source/ttx.rst
@@ -2,6 +2,61 @@
 ttx
 ###
 
+
+TTX – From OpenType and TrueType to XML and Back
+------------------------------------------------
+
+Once installed you can use the ttx command to convert binary font files (.otf, .ttf, etc) to the TTX XML format, edit them, and convert them back to binary format. TTX files have a .ttx file extension::
+
+    ttx /path/to/font.otf
+    ttx /path/to/font.ttx
+
+The TTX application can be used in two ways, depending on what platform you run it on:
+
+* As a command line tool (Windows/DOS, Unix, macOS)
+* By dropping files onto the application (Windows, macOS)
+
+TTX detects what kind of files it is fed: it will output a ``.ttx`` file when it sees a ``.ttf`` or ``.otf``, and it will compile a ``.ttf`` or ``.otf`` when the input file is a ``.ttx`` file. By default, the output file is created in the same folder as the input file, and will have the same name as the input file but with a different extension. TTX will never overwrite existing files, but if necessary will append a unique number to the output filename (before the extension) such as ``Arial#1.ttf``.
+
+When using TTX from the command line there are a bunch of extra options. These are explained in the help text, as displayed when typing ``ttx -h`` at the command prompt. These additional options include:
+
+
+* specifying the folder where the output files are created
+* specifying which tables to dump or which tables to exclude
+* merging partial .ttx files with existing .ttf or .otf files
+* listing brief table info instead of dumping to .ttx
+* splitting tables to separate .ttx files
+* disabling TrueType instruction disassembly
+
+The TTX file format
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+.. begin table list
+
+The following tables are currently supported::
+
+    BASE, CBDT, CBLC, CFF, CFF2, COLR, CPAL, DSIG, Debg, EBDT, EBLC,
+    FFTM, Feat, GDEF, GMAP, GPKG, GPOS, GSUB, Glat, Gloc, HVAR, JSTF,
+    LTSH, MATH, META, MVAR, OS/2, SING, STAT, SVG, Silf, Sill, TSI0,
+    TSI1, TSI2, TSI3, TSI5, TSIB, TSIC, TSID, TSIJ, TSIP, TSIS, TSIV,
+    TTFA, VDMX, VORG, VVAR, ankr, avar, bsln, cidg, cmap, cvar, cvt,
+    feat, fpgm, fvar, gasp, gcid, glyf, gvar, hdmx, head, hhea, hmtx,
+    kern, lcar, loca, ltag, maxp, meta, mort, morx, name, opbd, post,
+    prep, prop, sbix, trak, vhea and vmtx
+
+.. end table list
+
+Other tables are dumped as hexadecimal data.
+
+TrueType fonts use glyph indices (GlyphIDs) to refer to glyphs in most places. While this is fine in binary form, it is really hard to work with for humans. Therefore we use names instead.
+
+The glyph names are either extracted from the ``CFF`` table or the ``post`` table, or are derived from a Unicode ``cmap`` table. In the latter case the Adobe Glyph List is used to calculate names based on Unicode values. If all of these methods fail, names are invented based on GlyphID (eg ``glyph00142``)
+
+It is possible that different glyphs use the same name. If this happens, we force the names to be unique by appending #n to the name (n being an integer number.) The original names are being kept, so this has no influence on a "round tripped" font.
+
+Because the order in which glyphs are stored inside the binary font is important, we maintain an ordered list of glyph names in the font.
+
 .. automodule:: fontTools.ttx
+   :inherited-members:
    :members:
    :undoc-members:
diff --git a/Doc/source/ufoLib/converters.rst b/Doc/source/ufoLib/converters.rst
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2b37e56
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Doc/source/ufoLib/converters.rst
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+
+##########
+converters
+##########
+
+.. automodule:: fontTools.ufoLib.converters
+   :inherited-members:
+   :members:
+   :undoc-members:
diff --git a/Doc/source/ufoLib/errors.rst b/Doc/source/ufoLib/errors.rst
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ba079ab
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Doc/source/ufoLib/errors.rst
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+
+######
+errors
+######
+
+.. automodule:: fontTools.ufoLib.errors
+   :inherited-members:
+   :members:
+   :undoc-members:
diff --git a/Doc/source/ufoLib/filenames.rst b/Doc/source/ufoLib/filenames.rst
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..33a3c1b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Doc/source/ufoLib/filenames.rst
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+
+#########
+filenames
+#########
+
+.. automodule:: fontTools.ufoLib.filenames
+   :inherited-members:
+   :members:
+   :undoc-members:
diff --git a/Doc/source/ufoLib/glifLib.rst b/Doc/source/ufoLib/glifLib.rst
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..15bde5a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Doc/source/ufoLib/glifLib.rst
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+
+#######
+glifLib
+#######
+
+.. automodule:: fontTools.ufoLib.glifLib
+   :inherited-members:
+   :members:
+   :undoc-members:
diff --git a/Doc/source/ufoLib/index.rst b/Doc/source/ufoLib/index.rst
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..514c5c9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Doc/source/ufoLib/index.rst
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+
+######
+ufoLib
+######
+
+.. toctree::
+   :maxdepth: 1
+
+   converters
+   errors
+   filenames
+   glifLib
+   kerning
+   plistlib
+   pointpen
+   utils
+   validators
+
+.. automodule:: fontTools.ufoLib
+   :inherited-members:
+   :members:
+   :undoc-members:
diff --git a/Doc/source/ufoLib/kerning.rst b/Doc/source/ufoLib/kerning.rst
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4d9d0c1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Doc/source/ufoLib/kerning.rst
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+
+#######
+kerning
+#######
+
+.. automodule:: fontTools.ufoLib.kerning
+   :inherited-members:
+   :members:
+   :undoc-members:
diff --git a/Doc/source/ufoLib/plistlib.rst b/Doc/source/ufoLib/plistlib.rst
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d639947
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Doc/source/ufoLib/plistlib.rst
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+
+########
+plistlib
+########
+
+.. automodule:: fontTools.ufoLib.plistlib
+   :inherited-members:
+   :members:
+   :undoc-members:
diff --git a/Doc/source/ufoLib/pointpen.rst b/Doc/source/ufoLib/pointpen.rst
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5fb8c1c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Doc/source/ufoLib/pointpen.rst
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+
+########
+pointPen
+########
+
+.. automodule:: fontTools.ufoLib.pointPen
+   :inherited-members:
+   :members:
+   :undoc-members:
diff --git a/Doc/source/ufoLib/utils.rst b/Doc/source/ufoLib/utils.rst
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d5ab143
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Doc/source/ufoLib/utils.rst
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+
+#####
+utils
+#####
+
+.. automodule:: fontTools.ufoLib.utils
+   :inherited-members:
+   :members:
+   :undoc-members:
diff --git a/Doc/source/ufoLib/validators.rst b/Doc/source/ufoLib/validators.rst
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..363d864
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Doc/source/ufoLib/validators.rst
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+
+##########
+validators
+##########
+
+.. automodule:: fontTools.ufoLib.validators
+   :inherited-members:
+   :members:
+   :undoc-members:
diff --git a/Doc/source/unicode.rst b/Doc/source/unicode.rst
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..65481d5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Doc/source/unicode.rst
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+#######
+unicode
+#######
+
+.. automodule:: fontTools.unicode
+   :inherited-members:
+   :members:
+   :undoc-members:
diff --git a/Doc/source/unicodedata/Blocks.rst b/Doc/source/unicodedata/Blocks.rst
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5d01da7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Doc/source/unicodedata/Blocks.rst
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+######
+Blocks
+######
+
+.. automodule:: fontTools.unicodedata.Blocks
+   :inherited-members:
+   :members:
+   :undoc-members:
+
+.. data:: fontTools.unicodedata.Blocks.RANGES
+
+.. data:: fontTools.unicodedata.Blocks.VALUES
+
diff --git a/Doc/source/unicodedata/OTTags.rst b/Doc/source/unicodedata/OTTags.rst
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a436bdc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Doc/source/unicodedata/OTTags.rst
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+######
+OTTags
+######
+
+.. automodule:: fontTools.unicodedata.OTTags
+   :inherited-members:
+   :members:
+   :undoc-members:
+
+.. data:: fontTools.unicodedata.OTTags.DEFAULT_SCRIPT
+
+.. data:: fontTools.unicodedata.OTTags.SCRIPT_EXCEPTIONS
+
+.. data:: fontTools.unicodedata.OTTags.NEW_SCRIPT_TAGS
+
+.. data:: fontTools.unicodedata.OTTags.NEW_SCRIPT_TAGS_REVERSED
+
diff --git a/Doc/source/unicodedata/ScriptExtensions.rst b/Doc/source/unicodedata/ScriptExtensions.rst
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..dce2bbc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Doc/source/unicodedata/ScriptExtensions.rst
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+################
+ScriptExtensions
+################
+
+.. automodule:: fontTools.unicodedata.ScriptExtensions
+   :inherited-members:
+   :members:
+   :undoc-members:
+
+.. data:: fontTools.unicodedata.ScriptExtensions.RANGES
+
+.. data:: fontTools.unicodedata.ScriptExtensions.VALUES
diff --git a/Doc/source/unicodedata/Scripts.rst b/Doc/source/unicodedata/Scripts.rst
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2ec6e34
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Doc/source/unicodedata/Scripts.rst
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+#######
+Scripts
+#######
+
+.. automodule:: fontTools.unicodedata.Scripts
+   :inherited-members:
+   :members:
+   :undoc-members:
+
+.. data:: fontTools.unicodedata.Scripts.NAMES
+
+.. data:: fontTools.unicodedata.Scripts.RANGES
+
+.. data:: fontTools.unicodedata.Scripts.VALUES
+
+
diff --git a/Doc/source/unicodedata/index.rst b/Doc/source/unicodedata/index.rst
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..811d65d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Doc/source/unicodedata/index.rst
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+###########
+unicodedata
+###########
+
+.. toctree::
+   :maxdepth: 1
+
+   Blocks
+   OTTags
+   ScriptExtensions
+   Scripts
+
+.. automodule:: fontTools.unicodedata
+   :inherited-members:
+   :members:
+   :undoc-members:
diff --git a/Doc/source/varLib/builder.rst b/Doc/source/varLib/builder.rst
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3da3d32
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Doc/source/varLib/builder.rst
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+#######
+builder
+#######
+
+.. automodule:: fontTools.varLib.builder
+   :inherited-members:
+   :members:
+   :undoc-members:
diff --git a/Doc/source/varLib/cff.rst b/Doc/source/varLib/cff.rst
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..62e11c7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Doc/source/varLib/cff.rst
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+###
+cff
+###
+
+.. automodule:: fontTools.varLib.cff
+   :inherited-members:
+   :members:
+   :undoc-members:
diff --git a/Doc/source/varLib/designspace.rst b/Doc/source/varLib/designspace.rst
deleted file mode 100644
index e3bbdf7..0000000
--- a/Doc/source/varLib/designspace.rst
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,7 +0,0 @@
-###########
-designspace
-###########
-
-.. automodule:: fontTools.varLib.designspace
-   :members:
-   :undoc-members:
diff --git a/Doc/source/varLib/errors.rst b/Doc/source/varLib/errors.rst
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b761854
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Doc/source/varLib/errors.rst
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+######
+errors
+######
+
+.. automodule:: fontTools.varLib.errors
+   :inherited-members:
+   :members:
+   :undoc-members:
diff --git a/Doc/source/varLib/featureVars.rst b/Doc/source/varLib/featureVars.rst
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..da73560
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Doc/source/varLib/featureVars.rst
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+###########
+featureVars
+###########
+
+.. automodule:: fontTools.varLib.featureVars
+   :inherited-members:
+   :members:
+   :undoc-members:
diff --git a/Doc/source/varLib/index.rst b/Doc/source/varLib/index.rst
index 0e9f17b..7b22496 100644
--- a/Doc/source/varLib/index.rst
+++ b/Doc/source/varLib/index.rst
@@ -1,17 +1,114 @@
-######
-varLib
-######
+##################################
+varLib: OpenType Variation Support
+##################################
+
+The ``fontTools.varLib`` package contains a number of classes and routines
+for handling, building and interpolating variable font data. These routines
+rely on a common set of concepts, many of which are equivalent to concepts
+in the OpenType Specification, but some of which are unique to ``varLib``.
+
+Terminology
+-----------
+
+axis
+   "A designer-determined variable in a font face design that can be used to
+   derive multiple, variant designs within a family." (OpenType Specification)
+   An axis has a minimum value, a maximum value and a default value.
+
+designspace
+   The n-dimensional space formed by the font's axes. (OpenType Specification
+   calls this the "design-variation space")
+
+scalar
+   A value which is able to be varied at different points in the designspace:
+   for example, the horizontal advance width of the glyph "a" is a scalar.
+   However, see also *support scalar* below.
+
+default location
+   A point in the designspace whose coordinates are the default value of
+   all axes.
+
+location
+   A point in the designspace, specified as a set of coordinates on one or
+   more axes. In the context of ``varLib``, a location is a dictionary with
+   the keys being the axis tags and the values being the coordinates on the
+   respective axis. A ``varLib`` location dictionary may be "sparse", in the
+   sense that axes defined in the font may be omitted from the location's
+   coordinates, in which case the default value of the axis is assumed.
+   For example, given a font having a ``wght`` axis ranging from 200-1000
+   with default 400, and a ``wdth`` axis ranging 100-300 with default 150,
+   the location ``{"wdth": 200}`` represents the point ``wght=400,wdth=200``.
+
+master
+   The value of a scalar at a given location. **Note that this is a
+   considerably more general concept than the usual type design sense of
+   the term "master".**
+
+normalized location
+   While the range of an axis is determined by its minimum and maximum values
+   as set by the designer, locations are specified internally to the font binary
+   in the range -1 to 1, with 0 being the default, -1 being the minimum and
+   1 being the maximum. A normalized location is one which is scaled to the
+   range (-1,1) on all of its axes. Note that as the range from minimum to
+   default and from default to maximum on a given axis may differ (for
+   example, given ``wght min=200 default=500 max=1000``, the difference
+   between a normalized location -1 of a normalized location of 0 represents a
+   difference of 300 units while the difference between a normalized location
+   of 0 and a normalized location of 1 represents a difference of 700 units),
+   a location is scaled by a different factor depending on whether it is above
+   or below the axis' default value.
+
+support
+   While designers tend to think in terms of masters - that is, a precise
+   location having a particular value - OpenType Variations specifies the
+   variation of scalars in terms of deltas which are themselves composed of
+   the combined contributions of a set of triangular regions, each having
+   a contribution value of 0 at its minimum value, rising linearly to its
+   full contribution at the *peak* and falling linearly to zero from the
+   peak to the maximum value. The OpenType Specification calls these "regions",
+   while ``varLib`` calls them "supports" (a mathematical term used in real
+   analysis) and expresses them as a dictionary mapping each axis tag to a
+   tuple ``(min, peak, max)``.
+
+box
+   ``varLib`` uses the term "box" to denote the minimum and maximum "corners" of
+   a support, ignoring its peak value.
+
+delta
+   The term "delta" is used in OpenType Variations in two senses. In the
+   more general sense, a delta is the difference between a scalar at a
+   given location and its value at the default location. Additionally, inside
+   the font, variation data is stored as a mapping between supports and deltas.
+   The delta (in the first sense) is computed by summing the product of the
+   delta of each support by a factor representing the support's contribution
+   at this location (see "support scalar" below).
+
+support scalar
+   When interpolating a set of variation data, the support scalar represents
+   the scalar multiplier of the support's contribution at this location. For
+   example, the support scalar will be 1 at the support's peak location, and
+   0 below its minimum or above its maximum.
+
 
 .. toctree::
    :maxdepth: 2
 
-   designspace
+   builder
+   cff
+   errors
+   featureVars
+   instancer
    interpolatable
    interpolate_layout
+   iup
    merger
    models
    mutator
+   mvar
+   plot
+   varStore
 
 .. automodule:: fontTools.varLib
+   :inherited-members:
    :members:
    :undoc-members:
diff --git a/Doc/source/varLib/instancer.rst b/Doc/source/varLib/instancer.rst
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8776de3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Doc/source/varLib/instancer.rst
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+#########
+instancer
+#########
+
+.. automodule:: fontTools.varLib.instancer
+   :inherited-members:
+   :members:
+   :undoc-members:
diff --git a/Doc/source/varLib/interpolatable.rst b/Doc/source/varLib/interpolatable.rst
index 969fb61..1120a98 100644
--- a/Doc/source/varLib/interpolatable.rst
+++ b/Doc/source/varLib/interpolatable.rst
@@ -3,5 +3,6 @@
 ##############
 
 .. automodule:: fontTools.varLib.interpolatable
+   :inherited-members:
    :members:
    :undoc-members:
diff --git a/Doc/source/varLib/interpolate_layout.rst b/Doc/source/varLib/interpolate_layout.rst
index 752f748..a9655b5 100644
--- a/Doc/source/varLib/interpolate_layout.rst
+++ b/Doc/source/varLib/interpolate_layout.rst
@@ -3,5 +3,6 @@
 ##################
 
 .. automodule:: fontTools.varLib.interpolate_layout
+   :inherited-members:
    :members:
    :undoc-members:
diff --git a/Doc/source/varLib/iup.rst b/Doc/source/varLib/iup.rst
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b096788
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Doc/source/varLib/iup.rst
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+###
+iup
+###
+
+.. automodule:: fontTools.varLib.iup
+   :inherited-members:
+   :members:
+   :undoc-members:
diff --git a/Doc/source/varLib/merger.rst b/Doc/source/varLib/merger.rst
index 37383aa..cf0a5a1 100644
--- a/Doc/source/varLib/merger.rst
+++ b/Doc/source/varLib/merger.rst
@@ -3,5 +3,6 @@
 ######
 
 .. automodule:: fontTools.varLib.merger
+   :inherited-members:
    :members:
    :undoc-members:
diff --git a/Doc/source/varLib/models.rst b/Doc/source/varLib/models.rst
index e6c7fa8..f59f0b8 100644
--- a/Doc/source/varLib/models.rst
+++ b/Doc/source/varLib/models.rst
@@ -3,5 +3,6 @@
 ######
 
 .. automodule:: fontTools.varLib.models
+   :inherited-members:
    :members:
    :undoc-members:
diff --git a/Doc/source/varLib/mutator.rst b/Doc/source/varLib/mutator.rst
index e606ab8..fffa803 100644
--- a/Doc/source/varLib/mutator.rst
+++ b/Doc/source/varLib/mutator.rst
@@ -3,5 +3,6 @@
 #######
 
 .. automodule:: fontTools.varLib.mutator
+   :inherited-members:
    :members:
    :undoc-members:
diff --git a/Doc/source/varLib/mvar.rst b/Doc/source/varLib/mvar.rst
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8c59a31
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Doc/source/varLib/mvar.rst
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+####
+mvar
+####
+
+.. automodule:: fontTools.varLib.mvar
+   :inherited-members:
+   :members:
+   :undoc-members:
+
+.. data:: fontTools.varLib.mvar.MVAR_ENTRIES
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/Doc/source/varLib/plot.rst b/Doc/source/varLib/plot.rst
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a722a2d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Doc/source/varLib/plot.rst
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+####
+plot
+####
+
+.. automodule:: fontTools.varLib.plot
+   :inherited-members:
+   :members:
+   :undoc-members:
diff --git a/Doc/source/varLib/varStore.rst b/Doc/source/varLib/varStore.rst
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..cc91101
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Doc/source/varLib/varStore.rst
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+########
+varStore
+########
+
+.. automodule:: fontTools.varLib.varStore
+   :inherited-members:
+   :members:
+   :undoc-members:
diff --git a/Doc/source/voltLib.rst b/Doc/source/voltLib.rst
index 5906c4c..7695db7 100644
--- a/Doc/source/voltLib.rst
+++ b/Doc/source/voltLib.rst
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@
 #######
 
 .. automodule:: fontTools.voltLib
+   :inherited-members:
    :members:
    :undoc-members:
 
@@ -10,6 +11,7 @@
 ---
 
 .. automodule:: fontTools.voltLib.ast
+   :inherited-members:
    :members:
    :undoc-members:
 
@@ -17,6 +19,7 @@
 -----
 
 .. automodule:: fontTools.voltLib.parser
+   :inherited-members:
    :members:
    :undoc-members:
 
@@ -24,6 +27,7 @@
 -----
 
 .. automodule:: fontTools.voltLib.lexer
+   :inherited-members:
    :members:
    :undoc-members:
 
@@ -31,5 +35,6 @@
 ------
 
 .. automodule:: fontTools.voltLib.parser
+   :inherited-members:
    :members:
    :undoc-members:
diff --git a/Icons/FontToolsIconGreenCircle.pdf b/Icons/FontToolsIconGreenCircle.pdf
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f36817e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Icons/FontToolsIconGreenCircle.pdf
Binary files differ
diff --git a/Icons/FontToolsIconGreenCircle.png b/Icons/FontToolsIconGreenCircle.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..47d5765
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Icons/FontToolsIconGreenCircle.png
Binary files differ
diff --git a/Icons/FontToolsIconGreenSquare.pdf b/Icons/FontToolsIconGreenSquare.pdf
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b95057f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Icons/FontToolsIconGreenSquare.pdf
Binary files differ
diff --git a/Icons/FontToolsIconGreenSquare.png b/Icons/FontToolsIconGreenSquare.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a686561
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Icons/FontToolsIconGreenSquare.png
Binary files differ
diff --git a/Icons/FontToolsIconWhiteCircle.pdf b/Icons/FontToolsIconWhiteCircle.pdf
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c53b81c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Icons/FontToolsIconWhiteCircle.pdf
Binary files differ
diff --git a/Icons/FontToolsIconWhiteCircle.png b/Icons/FontToolsIconWhiteCircle.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..33601a5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Icons/FontToolsIconWhiteCircle.png
Binary files differ
diff --git a/Icons/FontToolsIconWhiteSquare.pdf b/Icons/FontToolsIconWhiteSquare.pdf
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3692e3a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Icons/FontToolsIconWhiteSquare.pdf
Binary files differ
diff --git a/Icons/FontToolsIconWhiteSquare.png b/Icons/FontToolsIconWhiteSquare.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2a2d797
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Icons/FontToolsIconWhiteSquare.png
Binary files differ
diff --git a/LICENSE b/LICENSE
index 2c90134..cc63390 100644
--- a/LICENSE
+++ b/LICENSE
@@ -1,25 +1,21 @@
-Copyright 1999-2004
-by Just van Rossum, Letterror, The Netherlands.
+MIT License
 
-                        All Rights Reserved
+Copyright (c) 2017 Just van Rossum
 
-Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software and 
-its documentation for any purpose and without fee is hereby granted,
-provided that the above copyright notice appear in all copies and 
-that both that copyright notice and this permission notice appear 
-in supporting documentation, and that the names of Just van Rossum 
-or Letterror not be used in advertising or publicity pertaining to
-distribution of the software without specific, written prior
-permission.
+Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
 
-JUST VAN ROSSUM AND LETTERROR DISCLAIM ALL WARRANTIES WITH
-REGARD TO THIS SOFTWARE, INCLUDING ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF
-MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS, IN NO EVENT SHALL JUST VAN ROSSUM OR 
-LETTERROR BE LIABLE FOR ANY SPECIAL, INDIRECT OR CONSEQUENTIAL
-DAMAGES OR ANY DAMAGES WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM LOSS OF USE, DATA OR
-PROFITS, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE OR OTHER
-TORTIOUS ACTION, ARISING OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR
-PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE.
+The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+copies or substantial portions of the Software.
 
-
-just@letterror.com
+THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE
+SOFTWARE.
diff --git a/LICENSE.external b/LICENSE.external
index 4abc7d5..2bc4dab 100644
--- a/LICENSE.external
+++ b/LICENSE.external
@@ -26,6 +26,10 @@
 
   This Font Software is licensed under the SIL Open Font License, Version 1.1.
 
+Iosevka
+  Copyright (c) 2015-2020 Belleve Invis (belleve@typeof.net).
+  This Font Software is licensed under the SIL Open Font License, Version 1.1.
+
 This license is copied below, and is also available with a FAQ at:
 http://scripts.sil.org/OFL
 
@@ -146,3 +150,210 @@
 THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
 (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
 OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
+
+=====
+
+FontTools includes cu2qu, which is Copyright 2016 Google Inc. All Rights Reserved.
+Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0, a copy of which is reproduced below:
+
+                                 Apache License
+                           Version 2.0, January 2004
+                        http://www.apache.org/licenses/
+
+   TERMS AND CONDITIONS FOR USE, REPRODUCTION, AND DISTRIBUTION
+
+   1. Definitions.
+
+      "License" shall mean the terms and conditions for use, reproduction,
+      and distribution as defined by Sections 1 through 9 of this document.
+
+      "Licensor" shall mean the copyright owner or entity authorized by
+      the copyright owner that is granting the License.
+
+      "Legal Entity" shall mean the union of the acting entity and all
+      other entities that control, are controlled by, or are under common
+      control with that entity. For the purposes of this definition,
+      "control" means (i) the power, direct or indirect, to cause the
+      direction or management of such entity, whether by contract or
+      otherwise, or (ii) ownership of fifty percent (50%) or more of the
+      outstanding shares, or (iii) beneficial ownership of such entity.
+
+      "You" (or "Your") shall mean an individual or Legal Entity
+      exercising permissions granted by this License.
+
+      "Source" form shall mean the preferred form for making modifications,
+      including but not limited to software source code, documentation
+      source, and configuration files.
+
+      "Object" form shall mean any form resulting from mechanical
+      transformation or translation of a Source form, including but
+      not limited to compiled object code, generated documentation,
+      and conversions to other media types.
+
+      "Work" shall mean the work of authorship, whether in Source or
+      Object form, made available under the License, as indicated by a
+      copyright notice that is included in or attached to the work
+      (an example is provided in the Appendix below).
+
+      "Derivative Works" shall mean any work, whether in Source or Object
+      form, that is based on (or derived from) the Work and for which the
+      editorial revisions, annotations, elaborations, or other modifications
+      represent, as a whole, an original work of authorship. For the purposes
+      of this License, Derivative Works shall not include works that remain
+      separable from, or merely link (or bind by name) to the interfaces of,
+      the Work and Derivative Works thereof.
+
+      "Contribution" shall mean any work of authorship, including
+      the original version of the Work and any modifications or additions
+      to that Work or Derivative Works thereof, that is intentionally
+      submitted to Licensor for inclusion in the Work by the copyright owner
+      or by an individual or Legal Entity authorized to submit on behalf of
+      the copyright owner. For the purposes of this definition, "submitted"
+      means any form of electronic, verbal, or written communication sent
+      to the Licensor or its representatives, including but not limited to
+      communication on electronic mailing lists, source code control systems,
+      and issue tracking systems that are managed by, or on behalf of, the
+      Licensor for the purpose of discussing and improving the Work, but
+      excluding communication that is conspicuously marked or otherwise
+      designated in writing by the copyright owner as "Not a Contribution."
+
+      "Contributor" shall mean Licensor and any individual or Legal Entity
+      on behalf of whom a Contribution has been received by Licensor and
+      subsequently incorporated within the Work.
+
+   2. Grant of Copyright License. Subject to the terms and conditions of
+      this License, each Contributor hereby grants to You a perpetual,
+      worldwide, non-exclusive, no-charge, royalty-free, irrevocable
+      copyright license to reproduce, prepare Derivative Works of,
+      publicly display, publicly perform, sublicense, and distribute the
+      Work and such Derivative Works in Source or Object form.
+
+   3. Grant of Patent License. Subject to the terms and conditions of
+      this License, each Contributor hereby grants to You a perpetual,
+      worldwide, non-exclusive, no-charge, royalty-free, irrevocable
+      (except as stated in this section) patent license to make, have made,
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+      where such license applies only to those patent claims licensable
+      by such Contributor that are necessarily infringed by their
+      Contribution(s) alone or by combination of their Contribution(s)
+      with the Work to which such Contribution(s) was submitted. If You
+      institute patent litigation against any entity (including a
+      cross-claim or counterclaim in a lawsuit) alleging that the Work
+      or a Contribution incorporated within the Work constitutes direct
+      or contributory patent infringement, then any patent licenses
+      granted to You under this License for that Work shall terminate
+      as of the date such litigation is filed.
+
+   4. Redistribution. You may reproduce and distribute copies of the
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diff --git a/Lib/fontTools/__init__.py b/Lib/fontTools/__init__.py
index d777e34..95292d6 100644
--- a/Lib/fontTools/__init__.py
+++ b/Lib/fontTools/__init__.py
@@ -1,10 +1,8 @@
-from __future__ import print_function, division, absolute_import
-from fontTools.misc.py23 import *
 import logging
 from fontTools.misc.loggingTools import configLogger
 
 log = logging.getLogger(__name__)
 
-version = __version__ = "3.21.0.dev0"
+version = __version__ = "4.26.3.dev0"
 
 __all__ = ["version", "log", "configLogger"]
diff --git a/Lib/fontTools/__main__.py b/Lib/fontTools/__main__.py
index 7d45751..9b978aa 100644
--- a/Lib/fontTools/__main__.py
+++ b/Lib/fontTools/__main__.py
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import print_function, division, absolute_import
 import sys
 
 
@@ -6,8 +5,6 @@
 	if args is None:
 		args = sys.argv[1:]
 
-	# TODO Add help output, --help, etc.
-
 	# TODO Handle library-wide options. Eg.:
 	# --unicodedata
 	# --verbose / other logging stuff
@@ -21,6 +18,10 @@
 	# can be added.  Should we just try importing the fonttools
 	# module first and try without if it fails?
 
+	if len(sys.argv) < 2:
+		sys.argv.append("help")
+	if sys.argv[1] == "-h" or sys.argv[1] == "--help":
+		sys.argv[1] = "help"
 	mod = 'fontTools.'+sys.argv[1]
 	sys.argv[1] = sys.argv[0] + ' ' + sys.argv[1]
 	del sys.argv[0]
diff --git a/Lib/fontTools/afmLib.py b/Lib/fontTools/afmLib.py
index e0ccafe..49d9951 100644
--- a/Lib/fontTools/afmLib.py
+++ b/Lib/fontTools/afmLib.py
@@ -1,60 +1,100 @@
-"""Module for reading and writing AFM files."""
+"""Module for reading and writing AFM (Adobe Font Metrics) files.
 
-# XXX reads AFM's generated by Fog, not tested with much else.
-# It does not implement the full spec (Adobe Technote 5004, Adobe Font Metrics
-# File Format Specification). Still, it should read most "common" AFM files.
+Note that this has been designed to read in AFM files generated by Fontographer
+and has not been tested on many other files. In particular, it does not
+implement the whole Adobe AFM specification [#f1]_ but, it should read most
+"common" AFM files.
 
-from __future__ import print_function, division, absolute_import
-from fontTools.misc.py23 import *
+Here is an example of using `afmLib` to read, modify and write an AFM file:
+
+	>>> from fontTools.afmLib import AFM
+	>>> f = AFM("Tests/afmLib/data/TestAFM.afm")
+	>>>
+	>>> # Accessing a pair gets you the kern value
+	>>> f[("V","A")]
+	-60
+	>>>
+	>>> # Accessing a glyph name gets you metrics
+	>>> f["A"]
+	(65, 668, (8, -25, 660, 666))
+	>>> # (charnum, width, bounding box)
+	>>>
+	>>> # Accessing an attribute gets you metadata
+	>>> f.FontName
+	'TestFont-Regular'
+	>>> f.FamilyName
+	'TestFont'
+	>>> f.Weight
+	'Regular'
+	>>> f.XHeight
+	500
+	>>> f.Ascender
+	750
+	>>>
+	>>> # Attributes and items can also be set
+	>>> f[("A","V")] = -150 # Tighten kerning
+	>>> f.FontName = "TestFont Squished"
+	>>>
+	>>> # And the font written out again (remove the # in front)
+	>>> #f.write("testfont-squished.afm")
+
+.. rubric:: Footnotes
+
+.. [#f1] `Adobe Technote 5004 <https://www.adobe.com/content/dam/acom/en/devnet/font/pdfs/5004.AFM_Spec.pdf>`_,
+   Adobe Font Metrics File Format Specification.
+
+"""
+
+
 import re
 
 # every single line starts with a "word"
-identifierRE = re.compile("^([A-Za-z]+).*")
+identifierRE = re.compile(r"^([A-Za-z]+).*")
 
 # regular expression to parse char lines
 charRE = re.compile(
-		"(-?\d+)"			# charnum
-		"\s*;\s*WX\s+"			# ; WX
-		"(-?\d+)"			# width
-		"\s*;\s*N\s+"			# ; N
-		"([.A-Za-z0-9_]+)"		# charname
-		"\s*;\s*B\s+"			# ; B
-		"(-?\d+)"			# left
-		"\s+"
-		"(-?\d+)"			# bottom
-		"\s+"
-		"(-?\d+)"			# right
-		"\s+"
-		"(-?\d+)"			# top
-		"\s*;\s*"			# ;
+		r"(-?\d+)"			# charnum
+		r"\s*;\s*WX\s+"			# ; WX
+		r"(-?\d+)"			# width
+		r"\s*;\s*N\s+"			# ; N
+		r"([.A-Za-z0-9_]+)"		# charname
+		r"\s*;\s*B\s+"			# ; B
+		r"(-?\d+)"			# left
+		r"\s+"
+		r"(-?\d+)"			# bottom
+		r"\s+"
+		r"(-?\d+)"			# right
+		r"\s+"
+		r"(-?\d+)"			# top
+		r"\s*;\s*"			# ;
 		)
 
 # regular expression to parse kerning lines
 kernRE = re.compile(
-		"([.A-Za-z0-9_]+)"		# leftchar
-		"\s+"
-		"([.A-Za-z0-9_]+)"		# rightchar
-		"\s+"
-		"(-?\d+)"			# value
-		"\s*"
+		r"([.A-Za-z0-9_]+)"		# leftchar
+		r"\s+"
+		r"([.A-Za-z0-9_]+)"		# rightchar
+		r"\s+"
+		r"(-?\d+)"			# value
+		r"\s*"
 		)
 
 # regular expressions to parse composite info lines of the form:
 # Aacute 2 ; PCC A 0 0 ; PCC acute 182 211 ;
 compositeRE = re.compile(
-		"([.A-Za-z0-9_]+)"		# char name
-		"\s+"
-		"(\d+)"				# number of parts
-		"\s*;\s*"
+		r"([.A-Za-z0-9_]+)"		# char name
+		r"\s+"
+		r"(\d+)"				# number of parts
+		r"\s*;\s*"
 		)
 componentRE = re.compile(
-		"PCC\s+"			# PPC
-		"([.A-Za-z0-9_]+)"		# base char name
-		"\s+"
-		"(-?\d+)"			# x offset
-		"\s+"
-		"(-?\d+)"			# y offset
-		"\s*;\s*"
+		r"PCC\s+"			# PPC
+		r"([.A-Za-z0-9_]+)"		# base char name
+		r"\s+"
+		r"(-?\d+)"			# x offset
+		r"\s+"
+		r"(-?\d+)"			# y offset
+		r"\s*;\s*"
 		)
 
 preferredAttributeOrder = [
@@ -98,6 +138,11 @@
 			]
 
 	def __init__(self, path=None):
+		"""AFM file reader.
+
+		Instantiating an object with a path name will cause the file to be opened,
+		read, and parsed. Alternatively the path can be left unspecified, and a
+		file can be parsed later with the :meth:`read` method."""
 		self._attrs = {}
 		self._chars = {}
 		self._kerning = {}
@@ -108,6 +153,7 @@
 			self.read(path)
 
 	def read(self, path):
+		"""Opens, reads and parses a file."""
 		lines = readlines(path)
 		for line in lines:
 			if not line.strip():
@@ -190,6 +236,7 @@
 		self._composites[charname] = components
 
 	def write(self, path, sep='\r'):
+		"""Writes out an AFM font to the given path."""
 		import time
 		lines = [	"StartFontMetrics 2.0",
 				"Comment Generated by afmLib; at %s" % (
@@ -259,24 +306,40 @@
 		writelines(path, lines, sep)
 
 	def has_kernpair(self, pair):
+		"""Returns `True` if the given glyph pair (specified as a tuple) exists
+		in the kerning dictionary."""
 		return pair in self._kerning
 
 	def kernpairs(self):
+		"""Returns a list of all kern pairs in the kerning dictionary."""
 		return list(self._kerning.keys())
 
 	def has_char(self, char):
+		"""Returns `True` if the given glyph exists in the font."""
 		return char in self._chars
 
 	def chars(self):
+		"""Returns a list of all glyph names in the font."""
 		return list(self._chars.keys())
 
 	def comments(self):
+		"""Returns all comments from the file."""
 		return self._comments
 
 	def addComment(self, comment):
+		"""Adds a new comment to the file."""
 		self._comments.append(comment)
 
 	def addComposite(self, glyphName, components):
+		"""Specifies that the glyph `glyphName` is made up of the given components.
+		The components list should be of the following form::
+
+			[
+				(glyphname, xOffset, yOffset),
+				...
+			]
+		
+		"""
 		self._composites[glyphName] = components
 
 	def __getattr__(self, attr):
diff --git a/Lib/fontTools/agl.py b/Lib/fontTools/agl.py
index ec1a1b0..4f7ff92 100644
--- a/Lib/fontTools/agl.py
+++ b/Lib/fontTools/agl.py
@@ -1,17 +1,38 @@
 # -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
-# The table below is taken from
-# http://www.adobe.com/devnet/opentype/archives/aglfn.txt
+# The tables below are taken from
+# https://github.com/adobe-type-tools/agl-aglfn/raw/4036a9ca80a62f64f9de4f7321a9a045ad0ecfd6/glyphlist.txt
+# and
+# https://github.com/adobe-type-tools/agl-aglfn/raw/4036a9ca80a62f64f9de4f7321a9a045ad0ecfd6/aglfn.txt
+"""
+Interface to the Adobe Glyph List
 
-from __future__ import (print_function, division, absolute_import,
-                        unicode_literals)
-from fontTools.misc.py23 import *
+This module exists to convert glyph names from the Adobe Glyph List
+to their Unicode equivalents. Example usage:
+
+	>>> from fontTools.agl import toUnicode
+	>>> toUnicode("nahiragana")
+	'な'
+
+It also contains two dictionaries, ``UV2AGL`` and ``AGL2UV``, which map from
+Unicode codepoints to AGL names and vice versa:
+
+	>>> import fontTools
+	>>> fontTools.agl.UV2AGL[ord("?")]
+	'question'
+	>>> fontTools.agl.AGL2UV["wcircumflex"]
+	373
+
+This is used by fontTools when it has to construct glyph names for a font which
+doesn't include any (e.g. format 3.0 post tables).
+"""
+
+from fontTools.misc.py23 import tostr
 import re
 
 
 _aglText = """\
 # -----------------------------------------------------------
-# Copyright 2003, 2005-2008, 2010 Adobe Systems Incorporated.
-# All rights reserved.
+# Copyright 2002-2019 Adobe (http://www.adobe.com/).
 #
 # Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or
 # without modification, are permitted provided that the
@@ -26,10 +47,4338 @@
 # disclaimer in the documentation and/or other materials
 # provided with the distribution.
 #
-# Neither the name of Adobe Systems Incorporated nor the names
-# of its contributors may be used to endorse or promote
-# products derived from this software without specific prior
-# written permission.
+# Neither the name of Adobe nor the names of its contributors
+# may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this
+# software without specific prior written permission.
+#
+# THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND
+# CONTRIBUTORS "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES,
+# INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF
+# MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE
+# DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT HOLDER OR
+# CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,
+# SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT
+# NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES;
+# LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
+# HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN
+# CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR
+# OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS
+# SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
+# -----------------------------------------------------------
+# Name:          Adobe Glyph List
+# Table version: 2.0
+# Date:          September 20, 2002
+# URL:           https://github.com/adobe-type-tools/agl-aglfn
+#
+# Format: two semicolon-delimited fields:
+#   (1) glyph name--upper/lowercase letters and digits
+#   (2) Unicode scalar value--four uppercase hexadecimal digits
+#
+A;0041
+AE;00C6
+AEacute;01FC
+AEmacron;01E2
+AEsmall;F7E6
+Aacute;00C1
+Aacutesmall;F7E1
+Abreve;0102
+Abreveacute;1EAE
+Abrevecyrillic;04D0
+Abrevedotbelow;1EB6
+Abrevegrave;1EB0
+Abrevehookabove;1EB2
+Abrevetilde;1EB4
+Acaron;01CD
+Acircle;24B6
+Acircumflex;00C2
+Acircumflexacute;1EA4
+Acircumflexdotbelow;1EAC
+Acircumflexgrave;1EA6
+Acircumflexhookabove;1EA8
+Acircumflexsmall;F7E2
+Acircumflextilde;1EAA
+Acute;F6C9
+Acutesmall;F7B4
+Acyrillic;0410
+Adblgrave;0200
+Adieresis;00C4
+Adieresiscyrillic;04D2
+Adieresismacron;01DE
+Adieresissmall;F7E4
+Adotbelow;1EA0
+Adotmacron;01E0
+Agrave;00C0
+Agravesmall;F7E0
+Ahookabove;1EA2
+Aiecyrillic;04D4
+Ainvertedbreve;0202
+Alpha;0391
+Alphatonos;0386
+Amacron;0100
+Amonospace;FF21
+Aogonek;0104
+Aring;00C5
+Aringacute;01FA
+Aringbelow;1E00
+Aringsmall;F7E5
+Asmall;F761
+Atilde;00C3
+Atildesmall;F7E3
+Aybarmenian;0531
+B;0042
+Bcircle;24B7
+Bdotaccent;1E02
+Bdotbelow;1E04
+Becyrillic;0411
+Benarmenian;0532
+Beta;0392
+Bhook;0181
+Blinebelow;1E06
+Bmonospace;FF22
+Brevesmall;F6F4
+Bsmall;F762
+Btopbar;0182
+C;0043
+Caarmenian;053E
+Cacute;0106
+Caron;F6CA
+Caronsmall;F6F5
+Ccaron;010C
+Ccedilla;00C7
+Ccedillaacute;1E08
+Ccedillasmall;F7E7
+Ccircle;24B8
+Ccircumflex;0108
+Cdot;010A
+Cdotaccent;010A
+Cedillasmall;F7B8
+Chaarmenian;0549
+Cheabkhasiancyrillic;04BC
+Checyrillic;0427
+Chedescenderabkhasiancyrillic;04BE
+Chedescendercyrillic;04B6
+Chedieresiscyrillic;04F4
+Cheharmenian;0543
+Chekhakassiancyrillic;04CB
+Cheverticalstrokecyrillic;04B8
+Chi;03A7
+Chook;0187
+Circumflexsmall;F6F6
+Cmonospace;FF23
+Coarmenian;0551
+Csmall;F763
+D;0044
+DZ;01F1
+DZcaron;01C4
+Daarmenian;0534
+Dafrican;0189
+Dcaron;010E
+Dcedilla;1E10
+Dcircle;24B9
+Dcircumflexbelow;1E12
+Dcroat;0110
+Ddotaccent;1E0A
+Ddotbelow;1E0C
+Decyrillic;0414
+Deicoptic;03EE
+Delta;2206
+Deltagreek;0394
+Dhook;018A
+Dieresis;F6CB
+DieresisAcute;F6CC
+DieresisGrave;F6CD
+Dieresissmall;F7A8
+Digammagreek;03DC
+Djecyrillic;0402
+Dlinebelow;1E0E
+Dmonospace;FF24
+Dotaccentsmall;F6F7
+Dslash;0110
+Dsmall;F764
+Dtopbar;018B
+Dz;01F2
+Dzcaron;01C5
+Dzeabkhasiancyrillic;04E0
+Dzecyrillic;0405
+Dzhecyrillic;040F
+E;0045
+Eacute;00C9
+Eacutesmall;F7E9
+Ebreve;0114
+Ecaron;011A
+Ecedillabreve;1E1C
+Echarmenian;0535
+Ecircle;24BA
+Ecircumflex;00CA
+Ecircumflexacute;1EBE
+Ecircumflexbelow;1E18
+Ecircumflexdotbelow;1EC6
+Ecircumflexgrave;1EC0
+Ecircumflexhookabove;1EC2
+Ecircumflexsmall;F7EA
+Ecircumflextilde;1EC4
+Ecyrillic;0404
+Edblgrave;0204
+Edieresis;00CB
+Edieresissmall;F7EB
+Edot;0116
+Edotaccent;0116
+Edotbelow;1EB8
+Efcyrillic;0424
+Egrave;00C8
+Egravesmall;F7E8
+Eharmenian;0537
+Ehookabove;1EBA
+Eightroman;2167
+Einvertedbreve;0206
+Eiotifiedcyrillic;0464
+Elcyrillic;041B
+Elevenroman;216A
+Emacron;0112
+Emacronacute;1E16
+Emacrongrave;1E14
+Emcyrillic;041C
+Emonospace;FF25
+Encyrillic;041D
+Endescendercyrillic;04A2
+Eng;014A
+Enghecyrillic;04A4
+Enhookcyrillic;04C7
+Eogonek;0118
+Eopen;0190
+Epsilon;0395
+Epsilontonos;0388
+Ercyrillic;0420
+Ereversed;018E
+Ereversedcyrillic;042D
+Escyrillic;0421
+Esdescendercyrillic;04AA
+Esh;01A9
+Esmall;F765
+Eta;0397
+Etarmenian;0538
+Etatonos;0389
+Eth;00D0
+Ethsmall;F7F0
+Etilde;1EBC
+Etildebelow;1E1A
+Euro;20AC
+Ezh;01B7
+Ezhcaron;01EE
+Ezhreversed;01B8
+F;0046
+Fcircle;24BB
+Fdotaccent;1E1E
+Feharmenian;0556
+Feicoptic;03E4
+Fhook;0191
+Fitacyrillic;0472
+Fiveroman;2164
+Fmonospace;FF26
+Fourroman;2163
+Fsmall;F766
+G;0047
+GBsquare;3387
+Gacute;01F4
+Gamma;0393
+Gammaafrican;0194
+Gangiacoptic;03EA
+Gbreve;011E
+Gcaron;01E6
+Gcedilla;0122
+Gcircle;24BC
+Gcircumflex;011C
+Gcommaaccent;0122
+Gdot;0120
+Gdotaccent;0120
+Gecyrillic;0413
+Ghadarmenian;0542
+Ghemiddlehookcyrillic;0494
+Ghestrokecyrillic;0492
+Gheupturncyrillic;0490
+Ghook;0193
+Gimarmenian;0533
+Gjecyrillic;0403
+Gmacron;1E20
+Gmonospace;FF27
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+aideva;0910
+aiecyrillic;04D5
+aigujarati;0A90
+aigurmukhi;0A10
+aimatragurmukhi;0A48
+ainarabic;0639
+ainfinalarabic;FECA
+aininitialarabic;FECB
+ainmedialarabic;FECC
+ainvertedbreve;0203
+aivowelsignbengali;09C8
+aivowelsigndeva;0948
+aivowelsigngujarati;0AC8
+akatakana;30A2
+akatakanahalfwidth;FF71
+akorean;314F
+alef;05D0
+alefarabic;0627
+alefdageshhebrew;FB30
+aleffinalarabic;FE8E
+alefhamzaabovearabic;0623
+alefhamzaabovefinalarabic;FE84
+alefhamzabelowarabic;0625
+alefhamzabelowfinalarabic;FE88
+alefhebrew;05D0
+aleflamedhebrew;FB4F
+alefmaddaabovearabic;0622
+alefmaddaabovefinalarabic;FE82
+alefmaksuraarabic;0649
+alefmaksurafinalarabic;FEF0
+alefmaksurainitialarabic;FEF3
+alefmaksuramedialarabic;FEF4
+alefpatahhebrew;FB2E
+alefqamatshebrew;FB2F
+aleph;2135
+allequal;224C
+alpha;03B1
+alphatonos;03AC
+amacron;0101
+amonospace;FF41
+ampersand;0026
+ampersandmonospace;FF06
+ampersandsmall;F726
+amsquare;33C2
+anbopomofo;3122
+angbopomofo;3124
+angkhankhuthai;0E5A
+angle;2220
+anglebracketleft;3008
+anglebracketleftvertical;FE3F
+anglebracketright;3009
+anglebracketrightvertical;FE40
+angleleft;2329
+angleright;232A
+angstrom;212B
+anoteleia;0387
+anudattadeva;0952
+anusvarabengali;0982
+anusvaradeva;0902
+anusvaragujarati;0A82
+aogonek;0105
+apaatosquare;3300
+aparen;249C
+apostrophearmenian;055A
+apostrophemod;02BC
+apple;F8FF
+approaches;2250
+approxequal;2248
+approxequalorimage;2252
+approximatelyequal;2245
+araeaekorean;318E
+araeakorean;318D
+arc;2312
+arighthalfring;1E9A
+aring;00E5
+aringacute;01FB
+aringbelow;1E01
+arrowboth;2194
+arrowdashdown;21E3
+arrowdashleft;21E0
+arrowdashright;21E2
+arrowdashup;21E1
+arrowdblboth;21D4
+arrowdbldown;21D3
+arrowdblleft;21D0
+arrowdblright;21D2
+arrowdblup;21D1
+arrowdown;2193
+arrowdownleft;2199
+arrowdownright;2198
+arrowdownwhite;21E9
+arrowheaddownmod;02C5
+arrowheadleftmod;02C2
+arrowheadrightmod;02C3
+arrowheadupmod;02C4
+arrowhorizex;F8E7
+arrowleft;2190
+arrowleftdbl;21D0
+arrowleftdblstroke;21CD
+arrowleftoverright;21C6
+arrowleftwhite;21E6
+arrowright;2192
+arrowrightdblstroke;21CF
+arrowrightheavy;279E
+arrowrightoverleft;21C4
+arrowrightwhite;21E8
+arrowtableft;21E4
+arrowtabright;21E5
+arrowup;2191
+arrowupdn;2195
+arrowupdnbse;21A8
+arrowupdownbase;21A8
+arrowupleft;2196
+arrowupleftofdown;21C5
+arrowupright;2197
+arrowupwhite;21E7
+arrowvertex;F8E6
+asciicircum;005E
+asciicircummonospace;FF3E
+asciitilde;007E
+asciitildemonospace;FF5E
+ascript;0251
+ascriptturned;0252
+asmallhiragana;3041
+asmallkatakana;30A1
+asmallkatakanahalfwidth;FF67
+asterisk;002A
+asteriskaltonearabic;066D
+asteriskarabic;066D
+asteriskmath;2217
+asteriskmonospace;FF0A
+asterisksmall;FE61
+asterism;2042
+asuperior;F6E9
+asymptoticallyequal;2243
+at;0040
+atilde;00E3
+atmonospace;FF20
+atsmall;FE6B
+aturned;0250
+aubengali;0994
+aubopomofo;3120
+audeva;0914
+augujarati;0A94
+augurmukhi;0A14
+aulengthmarkbengali;09D7
+aumatragurmukhi;0A4C
+auvowelsignbengali;09CC
+auvowelsigndeva;094C
+auvowelsigngujarati;0ACC
+avagrahadeva;093D
+aybarmenian;0561
+ayin;05E2
+ayinaltonehebrew;FB20
+ayinhebrew;05E2
+b;0062
+babengali;09AC
+backslash;005C
+backslashmonospace;FF3C
+badeva;092C
+bagujarati;0AAC
+bagurmukhi;0A2C
+bahiragana;3070
+bahtthai;0E3F
+bakatakana;30D0
+bar;007C
+barmonospace;FF5C
+bbopomofo;3105
+bcircle;24D1
+bdotaccent;1E03
+bdotbelow;1E05
+beamedsixteenthnotes;266C
+because;2235
+becyrillic;0431
+beharabic;0628
+behfinalarabic;FE90
+behinitialarabic;FE91
+behiragana;3079
+behmedialarabic;FE92
+behmeeminitialarabic;FC9F
+behmeemisolatedarabic;FC08
+behnoonfinalarabic;FC6D
+bekatakana;30D9
+benarmenian;0562
+bet;05D1
+beta;03B2
+betasymbolgreek;03D0
+betdagesh;FB31
+betdageshhebrew;FB31
+bethebrew;05D1
+betrafehebrew;FB4C
+bhabengali;09AD
+bhadeva;092D
+bhagujarati;0AAD
+bhagurmukhi;0A2D
+bhook;0253
+bihiragana;3073
+bikatakana;30D3
+bilabialclick;0298
+bindigurmukhi;0A02
+birusquare;3331
+blackcircle;25CF
+blackdiamond;25C6
+blackdownpointingtriangle;25BC
+blackleftpointingpointer;25C4
+blackleftpointingtriangle;25C0
+blacklenticularbracketleft;3010
+blacklenticularbracketleftvertical;FE3B
+blacklenticularbracketright;3011
+blacklenticularbracketrightvertical;FE3C
+blacklowerlefttriangle;25E3
+blacklowerrighttriangle;25E2
+blackrectangle;25AC
+blackrightpointingpointer;25BA
+blackrightpointingtriangle;25B6
+blacksmallsquare;25AA
+blacksmilingface;263B
+blacksquare;25A0
+blackstar;2605
+blackupperlefttriangle;25E4
+blackupperrighttriangle;25E5
+blackuppointingsmalltriangle;25B4
+blackuppointingtriangle;25B2
+blank;2423
+blinebelow;1E07
+block;2588
+bmonospace;FF42
+bobaimaithai;0E1A
+bohiragana;307C
+bokatakana;30DC
+bparen;249D
+bqsquare;33C3
+braceex;F8F4
+braceleft;007B
+braceleftbt;F8F3
+braceleftmid;F8F2
+braceleftmonospace;FF5B
+braceleftsmall;FE5B
+bracelefttp;F8F1
+braceleftvertical;FE37
+braceright;007D
+bracerightbt;F8FE
+bracerightmid;F8FD
+bracerightmonospace;FF5D
+bracerightsmall;FE5C
+bracerighttp;F8FC
+bracerightvertical;FE38
+bracketleft;005B
+bracketleftbt;F8F0
+bracketleftex;F8EF
+bracketleftmonospace;FF3B
+bracketlefttp;F8EE
+bracketright;005D
+bracketrightbt;F8FB
+bracketrightex;F8FA
+bracketrightmonospace;FF3D
+bracketrighttp;F8F9
+breve;02D8
+brevebelowcmb;032E
+brevecmb;0306
+breveinvertedbelowcmb;032F
+breveinvertedcmb;0311
+breveinverteddoublecmb;0361
+bridgebelowcmb;032A
+bridgeinvertedbelowcmb;033A
+brokenbar;00A6
+bstroke;0180
+bsuperior;F6EA
+btopbar;0183
+buhiragana;3076
+bukatakana;30D6
+bullet;2022
+bulletinverse;25D8
+bulletoperator;2219
+bullseye;25CE
+c;0063
+caarmenian;056E
+cabengali;099A
+cacute;0107
+cadeva;091A
+cagujarati;0A9A
+cagurmukhi;0A1A
+calsquare;3388
+candrabindubengali;0981
+candrabinducmb;0310
+candrabindudeva;0901
+candrabindugujarati;0A81
+capslock;21EA
+careof;2105
+caron;02C7
+caronbelowcmb;032C
+caroncmb;030C
+carriagereturn;21B5
+cbopomofo;3118
+ccaron;010D
+ccedilla;00E7
+ccedillaacute;1E09
+ccircle;24D2
+ccircumflex;0109
+ccurl;0255
+cdot;010B
+cdotaccent;010B
+cdsquare;33C5
+cedilla;00B8
+cedillacmb;0327
+cent;00A2
+centigrade;2103
+centinferior;F6DF
+centmonospace;FFE0
+centoldstyle;F7A2
+centsuperior;F6E0
+chaarmenian;0579
+chabengali;099B
+chadeva;091B
+chagujarati;0A9B
+chagurmukhi;0A1B
+chbopomofo;3114
+cheabkhasiancyrillic;04BD
+checkmark;2713
+checyrillic;0447
+chedescenderabkhasiancyrillic;04BF
+chedescendercyrillic;04B7
+chedieresiscyrillic;04F5
+cheharmenian;0573
+chekhakassiancyrillic;04CC
+cheverticalstrokecyrillic;04B9
+chi;03C7
+chieuchacirclekorean;3277
+chieuchaparenkorean;3217
+chieuchcirclekorean;3269
+chieuchkorean;314A
+chieuchparenkorean;3209
+chochangthai;0E0A
+chochanthai;0E08
+chochingthai;0E09
+chochoethai;0E0C
+chook;0188
+cieucacirclekorean;3276
+cieucaparenkorean;3216
+cieuccirclekorean;3268
+cieuckorean;3148
+cieucparenkorean;3208
+cieucuparenkorean;321C
+circle;25CB
+circlemultiply;2297
+circleot;2299
+circleplus;2295
+circlepostalmark;3036
+circlewithlefthalfblack;25D0
+circlewithrighthalfblack;25D1
+circumflex;02C6
+circumflexbelowcmb;032D
+circumflexcmb;0302
+clear;2327
+clickalveolar;01C2
+clickdental;01C0
+clicklateral;01C1
+clickretroflex;01C3
+club;2663
+clubsuitblack;2663
+clubsuitwhite;2667
+cmcubedsquare;33A4
+cmonospace;FF43
+cmsquaredsquare;33A0
+coarmenian;0581
+colon;003A
+colonmonetary;20A1
+colonmonospace;FF1A
+colonsign;20A1
+colonsmall;FE55
+colontriangularhalfmod;02D1
+colontriangularmod;02D0
+comma;002C
+commaabovecmb;0313
+commaaboverightcmb;0315
+commaaccent;F6C3
+commaarabic;060C
+commaarmenian;055D
+commainferior;F6E1
+commamonospace;FF0C
+commareversedabovecmb;0314
+commareversedmod;02BD
+commasmall;FE50
+commasuperior;F6E2
+commaturnedabovecmb;0312
+commaturnedmod;02BB
+compass;263C
+congruent;2245
+contourintegral;222E
+control;2303
+controlACK;0006
+controlBEL;0007
+controlBS;0008
+controlCAN;0018
+controlCR;000D
+controlDC1;0011
+controlDC2;0012
+controlDC3;0013
+controlDC4;0014
+controlDEL;007F
+controlDLE;0010
+controlEM;0019
+controlENQ;0005
+controlEOT;0004
+controlESC;001B
+controlETB;0017
+controlETX;0003
+controlFF;000C
+controlFS;001C
+controlGS;001D
+controlHT;0009
+controlLF;000A
+controlNAK;0015
+controlRS;001E
+controlSI;000F
+controlSO;000E
+controlSOT;0002
+controlSTX;0001
+controlSUB;001A
+controlSYN;0016
+controlUS;001F
+controlVT;000B
+copyright;00A9
+copyrightsans;F8E9
+copyrightserif;F6D9
+cornerbracketleft;300C
+cornerbracketlefthalfwidth;FF62
+cornerbracketleftvertical;FE41
+cornerbracketright;300D
+cornerbracketrighthalfwidth;FF63
+cornerbracketrightvertical;FE42
+corporationsquare;337F
+cosquare;33C7
+coverkgsquare;33C6
+cparen;249E
+cruzeiro;20A2
+cstretched;0297
+curlyand;22CF
+curlyor;22CE
+currency;00A4
+cyrBreve;F6D1
+cyrFlex;F6D2
+cyrbreve;F6D4
+cyrflex;F6D5
+d;0064
+daarmenian;0564
+dabengali;09A6
+dadarabic;0636
+dadeva;0926
+dadfinalarabic;FEBE
+dadinitialarabic;FEBF
+dadmedialarabic;FEC0
+dagesh;05BC
+dageshhebrew;05BC
+dagger;2020
+daggerdbl;2021
+dagujarati;0AA6
+dagurmukhi;0A26
+dahiragana;3060
+dakatakana;30C0
+dalarabic;062F
+dalet;05D3
+daletdagesh;FB33
+daletdageshhebrew;FB33
+dalethatafpatah;05D3 05B2
+dalethatafpatahhebrew;05D3 05B2
+dalethatafsegol;05D3 05B1
+dalethatafsegolhebrew;05D3 05B1
+dalethebrew;05D3
+dalethiriq;05D3 05B4
+dalethiriqhebrew;05D3 05B4
+daletholam;05D3 05B9
+daletholamhebrew;05D3 05B9
+daletpatah;05D3 05B7
+daletpatahhebrew;05D3 05B7
+daletqamats;05D3 05B8
+daletqamatshebrew;05D3 05B8
+daletqubuts;05D3 05BB
+daletqubutshebrew;05D3 05BB
+daletsegol;05D3 05B6
+daletsegolhebrew;05D3 05B6
+daletsheva;05D3 05B0
+daletshevahebrew;05D3 05B0
+dalettsere;05D3 05B5
+dalettserehebrew;05D3 05B5
+dalfinalarabic;FEAA
+dammaarabic;064F
+dammalowarabic;064F
+dammatanaltonearabic;064C
+dammatanarabic;064C
+danda;0964
+dargahebrew;05A7
+dargalefthebrew;05A7
+dasiapneumatacyrilliccmb;0485
+dblGrave;F6D3
+dblanglebracketleft;300A
+dblanglebracketleftvertical;FE3D
+dblanglebracketright;300B
+dblanglebracketrightvertical;FE3E
+dblarchinvertedbelowcmb;032B
+dblarrowleft;21D4
+dblarrowright;21D2
+dbldanda;0965
+dblgrave;F6D6
+dblgravecmb;030F
+dblintegral;222C
+dbllowline;2017
+dbllowlinecmb;0333
+dbloverlinecmb;033F
+dblprimemod;02BA
+dblverticalbar;2016
+dblverticallineabovecmb;030E
+dbopomofo;3109
+dbsquare;33C8
+dcaron;010F
+dcedilla;1E11
+dcircle;24D3
+dcircumflexbelow;1E13
+dcroat;0111
+ddabengali;09A1
+ddadeva;0921
+ddagujarati;0AA1
+ddagurmukhi;0A21
+ddalarabic;0688
+ddalfinalarabic;FB89
+dddhadeva;095C
+ddhabengali;09A2
+ddhadeva;0922
+ddhagujarati;0AA2
+ddhagurmukhi;0A22
+ddotaccent;1E0B
+ddotbelow;1E0D
+decimalseparatorarabic;066B
+decimalseparatorpersian;066B
+decyrillic;0434
+degree;00B0
+dehihebrew;05AD
+dehiragana;3067
+deicoptic;03EF
+dekatakana;30C7
+deleteleft;232B
+deleteright;2326
+delta;03B4
+deltaturned;018D
+denominatorminusonenumeratorbengali;09F8
+dezh;02A4
+dhabengali;09A7
+dhadeva;0927
+dhagujarati;0AA7
+dhagurmukhi;0A27
+dhook;0257
+dialytikatonos;0385
+dialytikatonoscmb;0344
+diamond;2666
+diamondsuitwhite;2662
+dieresis;00A8
+dieresisacute;F6D7
+dieresisbelowcmb;0324
+dieresiscmb;0308
+dieresisgrave;F6D8
+dieresistonos;0385
+dihiragana;3062
+dikatakana;30C2
+dittomark;3003
+divide;00F7
+divides;2223
+divisionslash;2215
+djecyrillic;0452
+dkshade;2593
+dlinebelow;1E0F
+dlsquare;3397
+dmacron;0111
+dmonospace;FF44
+dnblock;2584
+dochadathai;0E0E
+dodekthai;0E14
+dohiragana;3069
+dokatakana;30C9
+dollar;0024
+dollarinferior;F6E3
+dollarmonospace;FF04
+dollaroldstyle;F724
+dollarsmall;FE69
+dollarsuperior;F6E4
+dong;20AB
+dorusquare;3326
+dotaccent;02D9
+dotaccentcmb;0307
+dotbelowcmb;0323
+dotbelowcomb;0323
+dotkatakana;30FB
+dotlessi;0131
+dotlessj;F6BE
+dotlessjstrokehook;0284
+dotmath;22C5
+dottedcircle;25CC
+doubleyodpatah;FB1F
+doubleyodpatahhebrew;FB1F
+downtackbelowcmb;031E
+downtackmod;02D5
+dparen;249F
+dsuperior;F6EB
+dtail;0256
+dtopbar;018C
+duhiragana;3065
+dukatakana;30C5
+dz;01F3
+dzaltone;02A3
+dzcaron;01C6
+dzcurl;02A5
+dzeabkhasiancyrillic;04E1
+dzecyrillic;0455
+dzhecyrillic;045F
+e;0065
+eacute;00E9
+earth;2641
+ebengali;098F
+ebopomofo;311C
+ebreve;0115
+ecandradeva;090D
+ecandragujarati;0A8D
+ecandravowelsigndeva;0945
+ecandravowelsigngujarati;0AC5
+ecaron;011B
+ecedillabreve;1E1D
+echarmenian;0565
+echyiwnarmenian;0587
+ecircle;24D4
+ecircumflex;00EA
+ecircumflexacute;1EBF
+ecircumflexbelow;1E19
+ecircumflexdotbelow;1EC7
+ecircumflexgrave;1EC1
+ecircumflexhookabove;1EC3
+ecircumflextilde;1EC5
+ecyrillic;0454
+edblgrave;0205
+edeva;090F
+edieresis;00EB
+edot;0117
+edotaccent;0117
+edotbelow;1EB9
+eegurmukhi;0A0F
+eematragurmukhi;0A47
+efcyrillic;0444
+egrave;00E8
+egujarati;0A8F
+eharmenian;0567
+ehbopomofo;311D
+ehiragana;3048
+ehookabove;1EBB
+eibopomofo;311F
+eight;0038
+eightarabic;0668
+eightbengali;09EE
+eightcircle;2467
+eightcircleinversesansserif;2791
+eightdeva;096E
+eighteencircle;2471
+eighteenparen;2485
+eighteenperiod;2499
+eightgujarati;0AEE
+eightgurmukhi;0A6E
+eighthackarabic;0668
+eighthangzhou;3028
+eighthnotebeamed;266B
+eightideographicparen;3227
+eightinferior;2088
+eightmonospace;FF18
+eightoldstyle;F738
+eightparen;247B
+eightperiod;248F
+eightpersian;06F8
+eightroman;2177
+eightsuperior;2078
+eightthai;0E58
+einvertedbreve;0207
+eiotifiedcyrillic;0465
+ekatakana;30A8
+ekatakanahalfwidth;FF74
+ekonkargurmukhi;0A74
+ekorean;3154
+elcyrillic;043B
+element;2208
+elevencircle;246A
+elevenparen;247E
+elevenperiod;2492
+elevenroman;217A
+ellipsis;2026
+ellipsisvertical;22EE
+emacron;0113
+emacronacute;1E17
+emacrongrave;1E15
+emcyrillic;043C
+emdash;2014
+emdashvertical;FE31
+emonospace;FF45
+emphasismarkarmenian;055B
+emptyset;2205
+enbopomofo;3123
+encyrillic;043D
+endash;2013
+endashvertical;FE32
+endescendercyrillic;04A3
+eng;014B
+engbopomofo;3125
+enghecyrillic;04A5
+enhookcyrillic;04C8
+enspace;2002
+eogonek;0119
+eokorean;3153
+eopen;025B
+eopenclosed;029A
+eopenreversed;025C
+eopenreversedclosed;025E
+eopenreversedhook;025D
+eparen;24A0
+epsilon;03B5
+epsilontonos;03AD
+equal;003D
+equalmonospace;FF1D
+equalsmall;FE66
+equalsuperior;207C
+equivalence;2261
+erbopomofo;3126
+ercyrillic;0440
+ereversed;0258
+ereversedcyrillic;044D
+escyrillic;0441
+esdescendercyrillic;04AB
+esh;0283
+eshcurl;0286
+eshortdeva;090E
+eshortvowelsigndeva;0946
+eshreversedloop;01AA
+eshsquatreversed;0285
+esmallhiragana;3047
+esmallkatakana;30A7
+esmallkatakanahalfwidth;FF6A
+estimated;212E
+esuperior;F6EC
+eta;03B7
+etarmenian;0568
+etatonos;03AE
+eth;00F0
+etilde;1EBD
+etildebelow;1E1B
+etnahtafoukhhebrew;0591
+etnahtafoukhlefthebrew;0591
+etnahtahebrew;0591
+etnahtalefthebrew;0591
+eturned;01DD
+eukorean;3161
+euro;20AC
+evowelsignbengali;09C7
+evowelsigndeva;0947
+evowelsigngujarati;0AC7
+exclam;0021
+exclamarmenian;055C
+exclamdbl;203C
+exclamdown;00A1
+exclamdownsmall;F7A1
+exclammonospace;FF01
+exclamsmall;F721
+existential;2203
+ezh;0292
+ezhcaron;01EF
+ezhcurl;0293
+ezhreversed;01B9
+ezhtail;01BA
+f;0066
+fadeva;095E
+fagurmukhi;0A5E
+fahrenheit;2109
+fathaarabic;064E
+fathalowarabic;064E
+fathatanarabic;064B
+fbopomofo;3108
+fcircle;24D5
+fdotaccent;1E1F
+feharabic;0641
+feharmenian;0586
+fehfinalarabic;FED2
+fehinitialarabic;FED3
+fehmedialarabic;FED4
+feicoptic;03E5
+female;2640
+ff;FB00
+ffi;FB03
+ffl;FB04
+fi;FB01
+fifteencircle;246E
+fifteenparen;2482
+fifteenperiod;2496
+figuredash;2012
+filledbox;25A0
+filledrect;25AC
+finalkaf;05DA
+finalkafdagesh;FB3A
+finalkafdageshhebrew;FB3A
+finalkafhebrew;05DA
+finalkafqamats;05DA 05B8
+finalkafqamatshebrew;05DA 05B8
+finalkafsheva;05DA 05B0
+finalkafshevahebrew;05DA 05B0
+finalmem;05DD
+finalmemhebrew;05DD
+finalnun;05DF
+finalnunhebrew;05DF
+finalpe;05E3
+finalpehebrew;05E3
+finaltsadi;05E5
+finaltsadihebrew;05E5
+firsttonechinese;02C9
+fisheye;25C9
+fitacyrillic;0473
+five;0035
+fivearabic;0665
+fivebengali;09EB
+fivecircle;2464
+fivecircleinversesansserif;278E
+fivedeva;096B
+fiveeighths;215D
+fivegujarati;0AEB
+fivegurmukhi;0A6B
+fivehackarabic;0665
+fivehangzhou;3025
+fiveideographicparen;3224
+fiveinferior;2085
+fivemonospace;FF15
+fiveoldstyle;F735
+fiveparen;2478
+fiveperiod;248C
+fivepersian;06F5
+fiveroman;2174
+fivesuperior;2075
+fivethai;0E55
+fl;FB02
+florin;0192
+fmonospace;FF46
+fmsquare;3399
+fofanthai;0E1F
+fofathai;0E1D
+fongmanthai;0E4F
+forall;2200
+four;0034
+fourarabic;0664
+fourbengali;09EA
+fourcircle;2463
+fourcircleinversesansserif;278D
+fourdeva;096A
+fourgujarati;0AEA
+fourgurmukhi;0A6A
+fourhackarabic;0664
+fourhangzhou;3024
+fourideographicparen;3223
+fourinferior;2084
+fourmonospace;FF14
+fournumeratorbengali;09F7
+fouroldstyle;F734
+fourparen;2477
+fourperiod;248B
+fourpersian;06F4
+fourroman;2173
+foursuperior;2074
+fourteencircle;246D
+fourteenparen;2481
+fourteenperiod;2495
+fourthai;0E54
+fourthtonechinese;02CB
+fparen;24A1
+fraction;2044
+franc;20A3
+g;0067
+gabengali;0997
+gacute;01F5
+gadeva;0917
+gafarabic;06AF
+gaffinalarabic;FB93
+gafinitialarabic;FB94
+gafmedialarabic;FB95
+gagujarati;0A97
+gagurmukhi;0A17
+gahiragana;304C
+gakatakana;30AC
+gamma;03B3
+gammalatinsmall;0263
+gammasuperior;02E0
+gangiacoptic;03EB
+gbopomofo;310D
+gbreve;011F
+gcaron;01E7
+gcedilla;0123
+gcircle;24D6
+gcircumflex;011D
+gcommaaccent;0123
+gdot;0121
+gdotaccent;0121
+gecyrillic;0433
+gehiragana;3052
+gekatakana;30B2
+geometricallyequal;2251
+gereshaccenthebrew;059C
+gereshhebrew;05F3
+gereshmuqdamhebrew;059D
+germandbls;00DF
+gershayimaccenthebrew;059E
+gershayimhebrew;05F4
+getamark;3013
+ghabengali;0998
+ghadarmenian;0572
+ghadeva;0918
+ghagujarati;0A98
+ghagurmukhi;0A18
+ghainarabic;063A
+ghainfinalarabic;FECE
+ghaininitialarabic;FECF
+ghainmedialarabic;FED0
+ghemiddlehookcyrillic;0495
+ghestrokecyrillic;0493
+gheupturncyrillic;0491
+ghhadeva;095A
+ghhagurmukhi;0A5A
+ghook;0260
+ghzsquare;3393
+gihiragana;304E
+gikatakana;30AE
+gimarmenian;0563
+gimel;05D2
+gimeldagesh;FB32
+gimeldageshhebrew;FB32
+gimelhebrew;05D2
+gjecyrillic;0453
+glottalinvertedstroke;01BE
+glottalstop;0294
+glottalstopinverted;0296
+glottalstopmod;02C0
+glottalstopreversed;0295
+glottalstopreversedmod;02C1
+glottalstopreversedsuperior;02E4
+glottalstopstroke;02A1
+glottalstopstrokereversed;02A2
+gmacron;1E21
+gmonospace;FF47
+gohiragana;3054
+gokatakana;30B4
+gparen;24A2
+gpasquare;33AC
+gradient;2207
+grave;0060
+gravebelowcmb;0316
+gravecmb;0300
+gravecomb;0300
+gravedeva;0953
+gravelowmod;02CE
+gravemonospace;FF40
+gravetonecmb;0340
+greater;003E
+greaterequal;2265
+greaterequalorless;22DB
+greatermonospace;FF1E
+greaterorequivalent;2273
+greaterorless;2277
+greateroverequal;2267
+greatersmall;FE65
+gscript;0261
+gstroke;01E5
+guhiragana;3050
+guillemotleft;00AB
+guillemotright;00BB
+guilsinglleft;2039
+guilsinglright;203A
+gukatakana;30B0
+guramusquare;3318
+gysquare;33C9
+h;0068
+haabkhasiancyrillic;04A9
+haaltonearabic;06C1
+habengali;09B9
+hadescendercyrillic;04B3
+hadeva;0939
+hagujarati;0AB9
+hagurmukhi;0A39
+haharabic;062D
+hahfinalarabic;FEA2
+hahinitialarabic;FEA3
+hahiragana;306F
+hahmedialarabic;FEA4
+haitusquare;332A
+hakatakana;30CF
+hakatakanahalfwidth;FF8A
+halantgurmukhi;0A4D
+hamzaarabic;0621
+hamzadammaarabic;0621 064F
+hamzadammatanarabic;0621 064C
+hamzafathaarabic;0621 064E
+hamzafathatanarabic;0621 064B
+hamzalowarabic;0621
+hamzalowkasraarabic;0621 0650
+hamzalowkasratanarabic;0621 064D
+hamzasukunarabic;0621 0652
+hangulfiller;3164
+hardsigncyrillic;044A
+harpoonleftbarbup;21BC
+harpoonrightbarbup;21C0
+hasquare;33CA
+hatafpatah;05B2
+hatafpatah16;05B2
+hatafpatah23;05B2
+hatafpatah2f;05B2
+hatafpatahhebrew;05B2
+hatafpatahnarrowhebrew;05B2
+hatafpatahquarterhebrew;05B2
+hatafpatahwidehebrew;05B2
+hatafqamats;05B3
+hatafqamats1b;05B3
+hatafqamats28;05B3
+hatafqamats34;05B3
+hatafqamatshebrew;05B3
+hatafqamatsnarrowhebrew;05B3
+hatafqamatsquarterhebrew;05B3
+hatafqamatswidehebrew;05B3
+hatafsegol;05B1
+hatafsegol17;05B1
+hatafsegol24;05B1
+hatafsegol30;05B1
+hatafsegolhebrew;05B1
+hatafsegolnarrowhebrew;05B1
+hatafsegolquarterhebrew;05B1
+hatafsegolwidehebrew;05B1
+hbar;0127
+hbopomofo;310F
+hbrevebelow;1E2B
+hcedilla;1E29
+hcircle;24D7
+hcircumflex;0125
+hdieresis;1E27
+hdotaccent;1E23
+hdotbelow;1E25
+he;05D4
+heart;2665
+heartsuitblack;2665
+heartsuitwhite;2661
+hedagesh;FB34
+hedageshhebrew;FB34
+hehaltonearabic;06C1
+heharabic;0647
+hehebrew;05D4
+hehfinalaltonearabic;FBA7
+hehfinalalttwoarabic;FEEA
+hehfinalarabic;FEEA
+hehhamzaabovefinalarabic;FBA5
+hehhamzaaboveisolatedarabic;FBA4
+hehinitialaltonearabic;FBA8
+hehinitialarabic;FEEB
+hehiragana;3078
+hehmedialaltonearabic;FBA9
+hehmedialarabic;FEEC
+heiseierasquare;337B
+hekatakana;30D8
+hekatakanahalfwidth;FF8D
+hekutaarusquare;3336
+henghook;0267
+herutusquare;3339
+het;05D7
+hethebrew;05D7
+hhook;0266
+hhooksuperior;02B1
+hieuhacirclekorean;327B
+hieuhaparenkorean;321B
+hieuhcirclekorean;326D
+hieuhkorean;314E
+hieuhparenkorean;320D
+hihiragana;3072
+hikatakana;30D2
+hikatakanahalfwidth;FF8B
+hiriq;05B4
+hiriq14;05B4
+hiriq21;05B4
+hiriq2d;05B4
+hiriqhebrew;05B4
+hiriqnarrowhebrew;05B4
+hiriqquarterhebrew;05B4
+hiriqwidehebrew;05B4
+hlinebelow;1E96
+hmonospace;FF48
+hoarmenian;0570
+hohipthai;0E2B
+hohiragana;307B
+hokatakana;30DB
+hokatakanahalfwidth;FF8E
+holam;05B9
+holam19;05B9
+holam26;05B9
+holam32;05B9
+holamhebrew;05B9
+holamnarrowhebrew;05B9
+holamquarterhebrew;05B9
+holamwidehebrew;05B9
+honokhukthai;0E2E
+hookabovecomb;0309
+hookcmb;0309
+hookpalatalizedbelowcmb;0321
+hookretroflexbelowcmb;0322
+hoonsquare;3342
+horicoptic;03E9
+horizontalbar;2015
+horncmb;031B
+hotsprings;2668
+house;2302
+hparen;24A3
+hsuperior;02B0
+hturned;0265
+huhiragana;3075
+huiitosquare;3333
+hukatakana;30D5
+hukatakanahalfwidth;FF8C
+hungarumlaut;02DD
+hungarumlautcmb;030B
+hv;0195
+hyphen;002D
+hypheninferior;F6E5
+hyphenmonospace;FF0D
+hyphensmall;FE63
+hyphensuperior;F6E6
+hyphentwo;2010
+i;0069
+iacute;00ED
+iacyrillic;044F
+ibengali;0987
+ibopomofo;3127
+ibreve;012D
+icaron;01D0
+icircle;24D8
+icircumflex;00EE
+icyrillic;0456
+idblgrave;0209
+ideographearthcircle;328F
+ideographfirecircle;328B
+ideographicallianceparen;323F
+ideographiccallparen;323A
+ideographiccentrecircle;32A5
+ideographicclose;3006
+ideographiccomma;3001
+ideographiccommaleft;FF64
+ideographiccongratulationparen;3237
+ideographiccorrectcircle;32A3
+ideographicearthparen;322F
+ideographicenterpriseparen;323D
+ideographicexcellentcircle;329D
+ideographicfestivalparen;3240
+ideographicfinancialcircle;3296
+ideographicfinancialparen;3236
+ideographicfireparen;322B
+ideographichaveparen;3232
+ideographichighcircle;32A4
+ideographiciterationmark;3005
+ideographiclaborcircle;3298
+ideographiclaborparen;3238
+ideographicleftcircle;32A7
+ideographiclowcircle;32A6
+ideographicmedicinecircle;32A9
+ideographicmetalparen;322E
+ideographicmoonparen;322A
+ideographicnameparen;3234
+ideographicperiod;3002
+ideographicprintcircle;329E
+ideographicreachparen;3243
+ideographicrepresentparen;3239
+ideographicresourceparen;323E
+ideographicrightcircle;32A8
+ideographicsecretcircle;3299
+ideographicselfparen;3242
+ideographicsocietyparen;3233
+ideographicspace;3000
+ideographicspecialparen;3235
+ideographicstockparen;3231
+ideographicstudyparen;323B
+ideographicsunparen;3230
+ideographicsuperviseparen;323C
+ideographicwaterparen;322C
+ideographicwoodparen;322D
+ideographiczero;3007
+ideographmetalcircle;328E
+ideographmooncircle;328A
+ideographnamecircle;3294
+ideographsuncircle;3290
+ideographwatercircle;328C
+ideographwoodcircle;328D
+ideva;0907
+idieresis;00EF
+idieresisacute;1E2F
+idieresiscyrillic;04E5
+idotbelow;1ECB
+iebrevecyrillic;04D7
+iecyrillic;0435
+ieungacirclekorean;3275
+ieungaparenkorean;3215
+ieungcirclekorean;3267
+ieungkorean;3147
+ieungparenkorean;3207
+igrave;00EC
+igujarati;0A87
+igurmukhi;0A07
+ihiragana;3044
+ihookabove;1EC9
+iibengali;0988
+iicyrillic;0438
+iideva;0908
+iigujarati;0A88
+iigurmukhi;0A08
+iimatragurmukhi;0A40
+iinvertedbreve;020B
+iishortcyrillic;0439
+iivowelsignbengali;09C0
+iivowelsigndeva;0940
+iivowelsigngujarati;0AC0
+ij;0133
+ikatakana;30A4
+ikatakanahalfwidth;FF72
+ikorean;3163
+ilde;02DC
+iluyhebrew;05AC
+imacron;012B
+imacroncyrillic;04E3
+imageorapproximatelyequal;2253
+imatragurmukhi;0A3F
+imonospace;FF49
+increment;2206
+infinity;221E
+iniarmenian;056B
+integral;222B
+integralbottom;2321
+integralbt;2321
+integralex;F8F5
+integraltop;2320
+integraltp;2320
+intersection;2229
+intisquare;3305
+invbullet;25D8
+invcircle;25D9
+invsmileface;263B
+iocyrillic;0451
+iogonek;012F
+iota;03B9
+iotadieresis;03CA
+iotadieresistonos;0390
+iotalatin;0269
+iotatonos;03AF
+iparen;24A4
+irigurmukhi;0A72
+ismallhiragana;3043
+ismallkatakana;30A3
+ismallkatakanahalfwidth;FF68
+issharbengali;09FA
+istroke;0268
+isuperior;F6ED
+iterationhiragana;309D
+iterationkatakana;30FD
+itilde;0129
+itildebelow;1E2D
+iubopomofo;3129
+iucyrillic;044E
+ivowelsignbengali;09BF
+ivowelsigndeva;093F
+ivowelsigngujarati;0ABF
+izhitsacyrillic;0475
+izhitsadblgravecyrillic;0477
+j;006A
+jaarmenian;0571
+jabengali;099C
+jadeva;091C
+jagujarati;0A9C
+jagurmukhi;0A1C
+jbopomofo;3110
+jcaron;01F0
+jcircle;24D9
+jcircumflex;0135
+jcrossedtail;029D
+jdotlessstroke;025F
+jecyrillic;0458
+jeemarabic;062C
+jeemfinalarabic;FE9E
+jeeminitialarabic;FE9F
+jeemmedialarabic;FEA0
+jeharabic;0698
+jehfinalarabic;FB8B
+jhabengali;099D
+jhadeva;091D
+jhagujarati;0A9D
+jhagurmukhi;0A1D
+jheharmenian;057B
+jis;3004
+jmonospace;FF4A
+jparen;24A5
+jsuperior;02B2
+k;006B
+kabashkircyrillic;04A1
+kabengali;0995
+kacute;1E31
+kacyrillic;043A
+kadescendercyrillic;049B
+kadeva;0915
+kaf;05DB
+kafarabic;0643
+kafdagesh;FB3B
+kafdageshhebrew;FB3B
+kaffinalarabic;FEDA
+kafhebrew;05DB
+kafinitialarabic;FEDB
+kafmedialarabic;FEDC
+kafrafehebrew;FB4D
+kagujarati;0A95
+kagurmukhi;0A15
+kahiragana;304B
+kahookcyrillic;04C4
+kakatakana;30AB
+kakatakanahalfwidth;FF76
+kappa;03BA
+kappasymbolgreek;03F0
+kapyeounmieumkorean;3171
+kapyeounphieuphkorean;3184
+kapyeounpieupkorean;3178
+kapyeounssangpieupkorean;3179
+karoriisquare;330D
+kashidaautoarabic;0640
+kashidaautonosidebearingarabic;0640
+kasmallkatakana;30F5
+kasquare;3384
+kasraarabic;0650
+kasratanarabic;064D
+kastrokecyrillic;049F
+katahiraprolongmarkhalfwidth;FF70
+kaverticalstrokecyrillic;049D
+kbopomofo;310E
+kcalsquare;3389
+kcaron;01E9
+kcedilla;0137
+kcircle;24DA
+kcommaaccent;0137
+kdotbelow;1E33
+keharmenian;0584
+kehiragana;3051
+kekatakana;30B1
+kekatakanahalfwidth;FF79
+kenarmenian;056F
+kesmallkatakana;30F6
+kgreenlandic;0138
+khabengali;0996
+khacyrillic;0445
+khadeva;0916
+khagujarati;0A96
+khagurmukhi;0A16
+khaharabic;062E
+khahfinalarabic;FEA6
+khahinitialarabic;FEA7
+khahmedialarabic;FEA8
+kheicoptic;03E7
+khhadeva;0959
+khhagurmukhi;0A59
+khieukhacirclekorean;3278
+khieukhaparenkorean;3218
+khieukhcirclekorean;326A
+khieukhkorean;314B
+khieukhparenkorean;320A
+khokhaithai;0E02
+khokhonthai;0E05
+khokhuatthai;0E03
+khokhwaithai;0E04
+khomutthai;0E5B
+khook;0199
+khorakhangthai;0E06
+khzsquare;3391
+kihiragana;304D
+kikatakana;30AD
+kikatakanahalfwidth;FF77
+kiroguramusquare;3315
+kiromeetorusquare;3316
+kirosquare;3314
+kiyeokacirclekorean;326E
+kiyeokaparenkorean;320E
+kiyeokcirclekorean;3260
+kiyeokkorean;3131
+kiyeokparenkorean;3200
+kiyeoksioskorean;3133
+kjecyrillic;045C
+klinebelow;1E35
+klsquare;3398
+kmcubedsquare;33A6
+kmonospace;FF4B
+kmsquaredsquare;33A2
+kohiragana;3053
+kohmsquare;33C0
+kokaithai;0E01
+kokatakana;30B3
+kokatakanahalfwidth;FF7A
+kooposquare;331E
+koppacyrillic;0481
+koreanstandardsymbol;327F
+koroniscmb;0343
+kparen;24A6
+kpasquare;33AA
+ksicyrillic;046F
+ktsquare;33CF
+kturned;029E
+kuhiragana;304F
+kukatakana;30AF
+kukatakanahalfwidth;FF78
+kvsquare;33B8
+kwsquare;33BE
+l;006C
+labengali;09B2
+lacute;013A
+ladeva;0932
+lagujarati;0AB2
+lagurmukhi;0A32
+lakkhangyaothai;0E45
+lamaleffinalarabic;FEFC
+lamalefhamzaabovefinalarabic;FEF8
+lamalefhamzaaboveisolatedarabic;FEF7
+lamalefhamzabelowfinalarabic;FEFA
+lamalefhamzabelowisolatedarabic;FEF9
+lamalefisolatedarabic;FEFB
+lamalefmaddaabovefinalarabic;FEF6
+lamalefmaddaaboveisolatedarabic;FEF5
+lamarabic;0644
+lambda;03BB
+lambdastroke;019B
+lamed;05DC
+lameddagesh;FB3C
+lameddageshhebrew;FB3C
+lamedhebrew;05DC
+lamedholam;05DC 05B9
+lamedholamdagesh;05DC 05B9 05BC
+lamedholamdageshhebrew;05DC 05B9 05BC
+lamedholamhebrew;05DC 05B9
+lamfinalarabic;FEDE
+lamhahinitialarabic;FCCA
+laminitialarabic;FEDF
+lamjeeminitialarabic;FCC9
+lamkhahinitialarabic;FCCB
+lamlamhehisolatedarabic;FDF2
+lammedialarabic;FEE0
+lammeemhahinitialarabic;FD88
+lammeeminitialarabic;FCCC
+lammeemjeeminitialarabic;FEDF FEE4 FEA0
+lammeemkhahinitialarabic;FEDF FEE4 FEA8
+largecircle;25EF
+lbar;019A
+lbelt;026C
+lbopomofo;310C
+lcaron;013E
+lcedilla;013C
+lcircle;24DB
+lcircumflexbelow;1E3D
+lcommaaccent;013C
+ldot;0140
+ldotaccent;0140
+ldotbelow;1E37
+ldotbelowmacron;1E39
+leftangleabovecmb;031A
+lefttackbelowcmb;0318
+less;003C
+lessequal;2264
+lessequalorgreater;22DA
+lessmonospace;FF1C
+lessorequivalent;2272
+lessorgreater;2276
+lessoverequal;2266
+lesssmall;FE64
+lezh;026E
+lfblock;258C
+lhookretroflex;026D
+lira;20A4
+liwnarmenian;056C
+lj;01C9
+ljecyrillic;0459
+ll;F6C0
+lladeva;0933
+llagujarati;0AB3
+llinebelow;1E3B
+llladeva;0934
+llvocalicbengali;09E1
+llvocalicdeva;0961
+llvocalicvowelsignbengali;09E3
+llvocalicvowelsigndeva;0963
+lmiddletilde;026B
+lmonospace;FF4C
+lmsquare;33D0
+lochulathai;0E2C
+logicaland;2227
+logicalnot;00AC
+logicalnotreversed;2310
+logicalor;2228
+lolingthai;0E25
+longs;017F
+lowlinecenterline;FE4E
+lowlinecmb;0332
+lowlinedashed;FE4D
+lozenge;25CA
+lparen;24A7
+lslash;0142
+lsquare;2113
+lsuperior;F6EE
+ltshade;2591
+luthai;0E26
+lvocalicbengali;098C
+lvocalicdeva;090C
+lvocalicvowelsignbengali;09E2
+lvocalicvowelsigndeva;0962
+lxsquare;33D3
+m;006D
+mabengali;09AE
+macron;00AF
+macronbelowcmb;0331
+macroncmb;0304
+macronlowmod;02CD
+macronmonospace;FFE3
+macute;1E3F
+madeva;092E
+magujarati;0AAE
+magurmukhi;0A2E
+mahapakhhebrew;05A4
+mahapakhlefthebrew;05A4
+mahiragana;307E
+maichattawalowleftthai;F895
+maichattawalowrightthai;F894
+maichattawathai;0E4B
+maichattawaupperleftthai;F893
+maieklowleftthai;F88C
+maieklowrightthai;F88B
+maiekthai;0E48
+maiekupperleftthai;F88A
+maihanakatleftthai;F884
+maihanakatthai;0E31
+maitaikhuleftthai;F889
+maitaikhuthai;0E47
+maitholowleftthai;F88F
+maitholowrightthai;F88E
+maithothai;0E49
+maithoupperleftthai;F88D
+maitrilowleftthai;F892
+maitrilowrightthai;F891
+maitrithai;0E4A
+maitriupperleftthai;F890
+maiyamokthai;0E46
+makatakana;30DE
+makatakanahalfwidth;FF8F
+male;2642
+mansyonsquare;3347
+maqafhebrew;05BE
+mars;2642
+masoracirclehebrew;05AF
+masquare;3383
+mbopomofo;3107
+mbsquare;33D4
+mcircle;24DC
+mcubedsquare;33A5
+mdotaccent;1E41
+mdotbelow;1E43
+meemarabic;0645
+meemfinalarabic;FEE2
+meeminitialarabic;FEE3
+meemmedialarabic;FEE4
+meemmeeminitialarabic;FCD1
+meemmeemisolatedarabic;FC48
+meetorusquare;334D
+mehiragana;3081
+meizierasquare;337E
+mekatakana;30E1
+mekatakanahalfwidth;FF92
+mem;05DE
+memdagesh;FB3E
+memdageshhebrew;FB3E
+memhebrew;05DE
+menarmenian;0574
+merkhahebrew;05A5
+merkhakefulahebrew;05A6
+merkhakefulalefthebrew;05A6
+merkhalefthebrew;05A5
+mhook;0271
+mhzsquare;3392
+middledotkatakanahalfwidth;FF65
+middot;00B7
+mieumacirclekorean;3272
+mieumaparenkorean;3212
+mieumcirclekorean;3264
+mieumkorean;3141
+mieumpansioskorean;3170
+mieumparenkorean;3204
+mieumpieupkorean;316E
+mieumsioskorean;316F
+mihiragana;307F
+mikatakana;30DF
+mikatakanahalfwidth;FF90
+minus;2212
+minusbelowcmb;0320
+minuscircle;2296
+minusmod;02D7
+minusplus;2213
+minute;2032
+miribaarusquare;334A
+mirisquare;3349
+mlonglegturned;0270
+mlsquare;3396
+mmcubedsquare;33A3
+mmonospace;FF4D
+mmsquaredsquare;339F
+mohiragana;3082
+mohmsquare;33C1
+mokatakana;30E2
+mokatakanahalfwidth;FF93
+molsquare;33D6
+momathai;0E21
+moverssquare;33A7
+moverssquaredsquare;33A8
+mparen;24A8
+mpasquare;33AB
+mssquare;33B3
+msuperior;F6EF
+mturned;026F
+mu;00B5
+mu1;00B5
+muasquare;3382
+muchgreater;226B
+muchless;226A
+mufsquare;338C
+mugreek;03BC
+mugsquare;338D
+muhiragana;3080
+mukatakana;30E0
+mukatakanahalfwidth;FF91
+mulsquare;3395
+multiply;00D7
+mumsquare;339B
+munahhebrew;05A3
+munahlefthebrew;05A3
+musicalnote;266A
+musicalnotedbl;266B
+musicflatsign;266D
+musicsharpsign;266F
+mussquare;33B2
+muvsquare;33B6
+muwsquare;33BC
+mvmegasquare;33B9
+mvsquare;33B7
+mwmegasquare;33BF
+mwsquare;33BD
+n;006E
+nabengali;09A8
+nabla;2207
+nacute;0144
+nadeva;0928
+nagujarati;0AA8
+nagurmukhi;0A28
+nahiragana;306A
+nakatakana;30CA
+nakatakanahalfwidth;FF85
+napostrophe;0149
+nasquare;3381
+nbopomofo;310B
+nbspace;00A0
+ncaron;0148
+ncedilla;0146
+ncircle;24DD
+ncircumflexbelow;1E4B
+ncommaaccent;0146
+ndotaccent;1E45
+ndotbelow;1E47
+nehiragana;306D
+nekatakana;30CD
+nekatakanahalfwidth;FF88
+newsheqelsign;20AA
+nfsquare;338B
+ngabengali;0999
+ngadeva;0919
+ngagujarati;0A99
+ngagurmukhi;0A19
+ngonguthai;0E07
+nhiragana;3093
+nhookleft;0272
+nhookretroflex;0273
+nieunacirclekorean;326F
+nieunaparenkorean;320F
+nieuncieuckorean;3135
+nieuncirclekorean;3261
+nieunhieuhkorean;3136
+nieunkorean;3134
+nieunpansioskorean;3168
+nieunparenkorean;3201
+nieunsioskorean;3167
+nieuntikeutkorean;3166
+nihiragana;306B
+nikatakana;30CB
+nikatakanahalfwidth;FF86
+nikhahitleftthai;F899
+nikhahitthai;0E4D
+nine;0039
+ninearabic;0669
+ninebengali;09EF
+ninecircle;2468
+ninecircleinversesansserif;2792
+ninedeva;096F
+ninegujarati;0AEF
+ninegurmukhi;0A6F
+ninehackarabic;0669
+ninehangzhou;3029
+nineideographicparen;3228
+nineinferior;2089
+ninemonospace;FF19
+nineoldstyle;F739
+nineparen;247C
+nineperiod;2490
+ninepersian;06F9
+nineroman;2178
+ninesuperior;2079
+nineteencircle;2472
+nineteenparen;2486
+nineteenperiod;249A
+ninethai;0E59
+nj;01CC
+njecyrillic;045A
+nkatakana;30F3
+nkatakanahalfwidth;FF9D
+nlegrightlong;019E
+nlinebelow;1E49
+nmonospace;FF4E
+nmsquare;339A
+nnabengali;09A3
+nnadeva;0923
+nnagujarati;0AA3
+nnagurmukhi;0A23
+nnnadeva;0929
+nohiragana;306E
+nokatakana;30CE
+nokatakanahalfwidth;FF89
+nonbreakingspace;00A0
+nonenthai;0E13
+nonuthai;0E19
+noonarabic;0646
+noonfinalarabic;FEE6
+noonghunnaarabic;06BA
+noonghunnafinalarabic;FB9F
+noonhehinitialarabic;FEE7 FEEC
+nooninitialarabic;FEE7
+noonjeeminitialarabic;FCD2
+noonjeemisolatedarabic;FC4B
+noonmedialarabic;FEE8
+noonmeeminitialarabic;FCD5
+noonmeemisolatedarabic;FC4E
+noonnoonfinalarabic;FC8D
+notcontains;220C
+notelement;2209
+notelementof;2209
+notequal;2260
+notgreater;226F
+notgreaternorequal;2271
+notgreaternorless;2279
+notidentical;2262
+notless;226E
+notlessnorequal;2270
+notparallel;2226
+notprecedes;2280
+notsubset;2284
+notsucceeds;2281
+notsuperset;2285
+nowarmenian;0576
+nparen;24A9
+nssquare;33B1
+nsuperior;207F
+ntilde;00F1
+nu;03BD
+nuhiragana;306C
+nukatakana;30CC
+nukatakanahalfwidth;FF87
+nuktabengali;09BC
+nuktadeva;093C
+nuktagujarati;0ABC
+nuktagurmukhi;0A3C
+numbersign;0023
+numbersignmonospace;FF03
+numbersignsmall;FE5F
+numeralsigngreek;0374
+numeralsignlowergreek;0375
+numero;2116
+nun;05E0
+nundagesh;FB40
+nundageshhebrew;FB40
+nunhebrew;05E0
+nvsquare;33B5
+nwsquare;33BB
+nyabengali;099E
+nyadeva;091E
+nyagujarati;0A9E
+nyagurmukhi;0A1E
+o;006F
+oacute;00F3
+oangthai;0E2D
+obarred;0275
+obarredcyrillic;04E9
+obarreddieresiscyrillic;04EB
+obengali;0993
+obopomofo;311B
+obreve;014F
+ocandradeva;0911
+ocandragujarati;0A91
+ocandravowelsigndeva;0949
+ocandravowelsigngujarati;0AC9
+ocaron;01D2
+ocircle;24DE
+ocircumflex;00F4
+ocircumflexacute;1ED1
+ocircumflexdotbelow;1ED9
+ocircumflexgrave;1ED3
+ocircumflexhookabove;1ED5
+ocircumflextilde;1ED7
+ocyrillic;043E
+odblacute;0151
+odblgrave;020D
+odeva;0913
+odieresis;00F6
+odieresiscyrillic;04E7
+odotbelow;1ECD
+oe;0153
+oekorean;315A
+ogonek;02DB
+ogonekcmb;0328
+ograve;00F2
+ogujarati;0A93
+oharmenian;0585
+ohiragana;304A
+ohookabove;1ECF
+ohorn;01A1
+ohornacute;1EDB
+ohorndotbelow;1EE3
+ohorngrave;1EDD
+ohornhookabove;1EDF
+ohorntilde;1EE1
+ohungarumlaut;0151
+oi;01A3
+oinvertedbreve;020F
+okatakana;30AA
+okatakanahalfwidth;FF75
+okorean;3157
+olehebrew;05AB
+omacron;014D
+omacronacute;1E53
+omacrongrave;1E51
+omdeva;0950
+omega;03C9
+omega1;03D6
+omegacyrillic;0461
+omegalatinclosed;0277
+omegaroundcyrillic;047B
+omegatitlocyrillic;047D
+omegatonos;03CE
+omgujarati;0AD0
+omicron;03BF
+omicrontonos;03CC
+omonospace;FF4F
+one;0031
+onearabic;0661
+onebengali;09E7
+onecircle;2460
+onecircleinversesansserif;278A
+onedeva;0967
+onedotenleader;2024
+oneeighth;215B
+onefitted;F6DC
+onegujarati;0AE7
+onegurmukhi;0A67
+onehackarabic;0661
+onehalf;00BD
+onehangzhou;3021
+oneideographicparen;3220
+oneinferior;2081
+onemonospace;FF11
+onenumeratorbengali;09F4
+oneoldstyle;F731
+oneparen;2474
+oneperiod;2488
+onepersian;06F1
+onequarter;00BC
+oneroman;2170
+onesuperior;00B9
+onethai;0E51
+onethird;2153
+oogonek;01EB
+oogonekmacron;01ED
+oogurmukhi;0A13
+oomatragurmukhi;0A4B
+oopen;0254
+oparen;24AA
+openbullet;25E6
+option;2325
+ordfeminine;00AA
+ordmasculine;00BA
+orthogonal;221F
+oshortdeva;0912
+oshortvowelsigndeva;094A
+oslash;00F8
+oslashacute;01FF
+osmallhiragana;3049
+osmallkatakana;30A9
+osmallkatakanahalfwidth;FF6B
+ostrokeacute;01FF
+osuperior;F6F0
+otcyrillic;047F
+otilde;00F5
+otildeacute;1E4D
+otildedieresis;1E4F
+oubopomofo;3121
+overline;203E
+overlinecenterline;FE4A
+overlinecmb;0305
+overlinedashed;FE49
+overlinedblwavy;FE4C
+overlinewavy;FE4B
+overscore;00AF
+ovowelsignbengali;09CB
+ovowelsigndeva;094B
+ovowelsigngujarati;0ACB
+p;0070
+paampssquare;3380
+paasentosquare;332B
+pabengali;09AA
+pacute;1E55
+padeva;092A
+pagedown;21DF
+pageup;21DE
+pagujarati;0AAA
+pagurmukhi;0A2A
+pahiragana;3071
+paiyannoithai;0E2F
+pakatakana;30D1
+palatalizationcyrilliccmb;0484
+palochkacyrillic;04C0
+pansioskorean;317F
+paragraph;00B6
+parallel;2225
+parenleft;0028
+parenleftaltonearabic;FD3E
+parenleftbt;F8ED
+parenleftex;F8EC
+parenleftinferior;208D
+parenleftmonospace;FF08
+parenleftsmall;FE59
+parenleftsuperior;207D
+parenlefttp;F8EB
+parenleftvertical;FE35
+parenright;0029
+parenrightaltonearabic;FD3F
+parenrightbt;F8F8
+parenrightex;F8F7
+parenrightinferior;208E
+parenrightmonospace;FF09
+parenrightsmall;FE5A
+parenrightsuperior;207E
+parenrighttp;F8F6
+parenrightvertical;FE36
+partialdiff;2202
+paseqhebrew;05C0
+pashtahebrew;0599
+pasquare;33A9
+patah;05B7
+patah11;05B7
+patah1d;05B7
+patah2a;05B7
+patahhebrew;05B7
+patahnarrowhebrew;05B7
+patahquarterhebrew;05B7
+patahwidehebrew;05B7
+pazerhebrew;05A1
+pbopomofo;3106
+pcircle;24DF
+pdotaccent;1E57
+pe;05E4
+pecyrillic;043F
+pedagesh;FB44
+pedageshhebrew;FB44
+peezisquare;333B
+pefinaldageshhebrew;FB43
+peharabic;067E
+peharmenian;057A
+pehebrew;05E4
+pehfinalarabic;FB57
+pehinitialarabic;FB58
+pehiragana;307A
+pehmedialarabic;FB59
+pekatakana;30DA
+pemiddlehookcyrillic;04A7
+perafehebrew;FB4E
+percent;0025
+percentarabic;066A
+percentmonospace;FF05
+percentsmall;FE6A
+period;002E
+periodarmenian;0589
+periodcentered;00B7
+periodhalfwidth;FF61
+periodinferior;F6E7
+periodmonospace;FF0E
+periodsmall;FE52
+periodsuperior;F6E8
+perispomenigreekcmb;0342
+perpendicular;22A5
+perthousand;2030
+peseta;20A7
+pfsquare;338A
+phabengali;09AB
+phadeva;092B
+phagujarati;0AAB
+phagurmukhi;0A2B
+phi;03C6
+phi1;03D5
+phieuphacirclekorean;327A
+phieuphaparenkorean;321A
+phieuphcirclekorean;326C
+phieuphkorean;314D
+phieuphparenkorean;320C
+philatin;0278
+phinthuthai;0E3A
+phisymbolgreek;03D5
+phook;01A5
+phophanthai;0E1E
+phophungthai;0E1C
+phosamphaothai;0E20
+pi;03C0
+pieupacirclekorean;3273
+pieupaparenkorean;3213
+pieupcieuckorean;3176
+pieupcirclekorean;3265
+pieupkiyeokkorean;3172
+pieupkorean;3142
+pieupparenkorean;3205
+pieupsioskiyeokkorean;3174
+pieupsioskorean;3144
+pieupsiostikeutkorean;3175
+pieupthieuthkorean;3177
+pieuptikeutkorean;3173
+pihiragana;3074
+pikatakana;30D4
+pisymbolgreek;03D6
+piwrarmenian;0583
+plus;002B
+plusbelowcmb;031F
+pluscircle;2295
+plusminus;00B1
+plusmod;02D6
+plusmonospace;FF0B
+plussmall;FE62
+plussuperior;207A
+pmonospace;FF50
+pmsquare;33D8
+pohiragana;307D
+pointingindexdownwhite;261F
+pointingindexleftwhite;261C
+pointingindexrightwhite;261E
+pointingindexupwhite;261D
+pokatakana;30DD
+poplathai;0E1B
+postalmark;3012
+postalmarkface;3020
+pparen;24AB
+precedes;227A
+prescription;211E
+primemod;02B9
+primereversed;2035
+product;220F
+projective;2305
+prolongedkana;30FC
+propellor;2318
+propersubset;2282
+propersuperset;2283
+proportion;2237
+proportional;221D
+psi;03C8
+psicyrillic;0471
+psilipneumatacyrilliccmb;0486
+pssquare;33B0
+puhiragana;3077
+pukatakana;30D7
+pvsquare;33B4
+pwsquare;33BA
+q;0071
+qadeva;0958
+qadmahebrew;05A8
+qafarabic;0642
+qaffinalarabic;FED6
+qafinitialarabic;FED7
+qafmedialarabic;FED8
+qamats;05B8
+qamats10;05B8
+qamats1a;05B8
+qamats1c;05B8
+qamats27;05B8
+qamats29;05B8
+qamats33;05B8
+qamatsde;05B8
+qamatshebrew;05B8
+qamatsnarrowhebrew;05B8
+qamatsqatanhebrew;05B8
+qamatsqatannarrowhebrew;05B8
+qamatsqatanquarterhebrew;05B8
+qamatsqatanwidehebrew;05B8
+qamatsquarterhebrew;05B8
+qamatswidehebrew;05B8
+qarneyparahebrew;059F
+qbopomofo;3111
+qcircle;24E0
+qhook;02A0
+qmonospace;FF51
+qof;05E7
+qofdagesh;FB47
+qofdageshhebrew;FB47
+qofhatafpatah;05E7 05B2
+qofhatafpatahhebrew;05E7 05B2
+qofhatafsegol;05E7 05B1
+qofhatafsegolhebrew;05E7 05B1
+qofhebrew;05E7
+qofhiriq;05E7 05B4
+qofhiriqhebrew;05E7 05B4
+qofholam;05E7 05B9
+qofholamhebrew;05E7 05B9
+qofpatah;05E7 05B7
+qofpatahhebrew;05E7 05B7
+qofqamats;05E7 05B8
+qofqamatshebrew;05E7 05B8
+qofqubuts;05E7 05BB
+qofqubutshebrew;05E7 05BB
+qofsegol;05E7 05B6
+qofsegolhebrew;05E7 05B6
+qofsheva;05E7 05B0
+qofshevahebrew;05E7 05B0
+qoftsere;05E7 05B5
+qoftserehebrew;05E7 05B5
+qparen;24AC
+quarternote;2669
+qubuts;05BB
+qubuts18;05BB
+qubuts25;05BB
+qubuts31;05BB
+qubutshebrew;05BB
+qubutsnarrowhebrew;05BB
+qubutsquarterhebrew;05BB
+qubutswidehebrew;05BB
+question;003F
+questionarabic;061F
+questionarmenian;055E
+questiondown;00BF
+questiondownsmall;F7BF
+questiongreek;037E
+questionmonospace;FF1F
+questionsmall;F73F
+quotedbl;0022
+quotedblbase;201E
+quotedblleft;201C
+quotedblmonospace;FF02
+quotedblprime;301E
+quotedblprimereversed;301D
+quotedblright;201D
+quoteleft;2018
+quoteleftreversed;201B
+quotereversed;201B
+quoteright;2019
+quoterightn;0149
+quotesinglbase;201A
+quotesingle;0027
+quotesinglemonospace;FF07
+r;0072
+raarmenian;057C
+rabengali;09B0
+racute;0155
+radeva;0930
+radical;221A
+radicalex;F8E5
+radoverssquare;33AE
+radoverssquaredsquare;33AF
+radsquare;33AD
+rafe;05BF
+rafehebrew;05BF
+ragujarati;0AB0
+ragurmukhi;0A30
+rahiragana;3089
+rakatakana;30E9
+rakatakanahalfwidth;FF97
+ralowerdiagonalbengali;09F1
+ramiddlediagonalbengali;09F0
+ramshorn;0264
+ratio;2236
+rbopomofo;3116
+rcaron;0159
+rcedilla;0157
+rcircle;24E1
+rcommaaccent;0157
+rdblgrave;0211
+rdotaccent;1E59
+rdotbelow;1E5B
+rdotbelowmacron;1E5D
+referencemark;203B
+reflexsubset;2286
+reflexsuperset;2287
+registered;00AE
+registersans;F8E8
+registerserif;F6DA
+reharabic;0631
+reharmenian;0580
+rehfinalarabic;FEAE
+rehiragana;308C
+rehyehaleflamarabic;0631 FEF3 FE8E 0644
+rekatakana;30EC
+rekatakanahalfwidth;FF9A
+resh;05E8
+reshdageshhebrew;FB48
+reshhatafpatah;05E8 05B2
+reshhatafpatahhebrew;05E8 05B2
+reshhatafsegol;05E8 05B1
+reshhatafsegolhebrew;05E8 05B1
+reshhebrew;05E8
+reshhiriq;05E8 05B4
+reshhiriqhebrew;05E8 05B4
+reshholam;05E8 05B9
+reshholamhebrew;05E8 05B9
+reshpatah;05E8 05B7
+reshpatahhebrew;05E8 05B7
+reshqamats;05E8 05B8
+reshqamatshebrew;05E8 05B8
+reshqubuts;05E8 05BB
+reshqubutshebrew;05E8 05BB
+reshsegol;05E8 05B6
+reshsegolhebrew;05E8 05B6
+reshsheva;05E8 05B0
+reshshevahebrew;05E8 05B0
+reshtsere;05E8 05B5
+reshtserehebrew;05E8 05B5
+reversedtilde;223D
+reviahebrew;0597
+reviamugrashhebrew;0597
+revlogicalnot;2310
+rfishhook;027E
+rfishhookreversed;027F
+rhabengali;09DD
+rhadeva;095D
+rho;03C1
+rhook;027D
+rhookturned;027B
+rhookturnedsuperior;02B5
+rhosymbolgreek;03F1
+rhotichookmod;02DE
+rieulacirclekorean;3271
+rieulaparenkorean;3211
+rieulcirclekorean;3263
+rieulhieuhkorean;3140
+rieulkiyeokkorean;313A
+rieulkiyeoksioskorean;3169
+rieulkorean;3139
+rieulmieumkorean;313B
+rieulpansioskorean;316C
+rieulparenkorean;3203
+rieulphieuphkorean;313F
+rieulpieupkorean;313C
+rieulpieupsioskorean;316B
+rieulsioskorean;313D
+rieulthieuthkorean;313E
+rieultikeutkorean;316A
+rieulyeorinhieuhkorean;316D
+rightangle;221F
+righttackbelowcmb;0319
+righttriangle;22BF
+rihiragana;308A
+rikatakana;30EA
+rikatakanahalfwidth;FF98
+ring;02DA
+ringbelowcmb;0325
+ringcmb;030A
+ringhalfleft;02BF
+ringhalfleftarmenian;0559
+ringhalfleftbelowcmb;031C
+ringhalfleftcentered;02D3
+ringhalfright;02BE
+ringhalfrightbelowcmb;0339
+ringhalfrightcentered;02D2
+rinvertedbreve;0213
+rittorusquare;3351
+rlinebelow;1E5F
+rlongleg;027C
+rlonglegturned;027A
+rmonospace;FF52
+rohiragana;308D
+rokatakana;30ED
+rokatakanahalfwidth;FF9B
+roruathai;0E23
+rparen;24AD
+rrabengali;09DC
+rradeva;0931
+rragurmukhi;0A5C
+rreharabic;0691
+rrehfinalarabic;FB8D
+rrvocalicbengali;09E0
+rrvocalicdeva;0960
+rrvocalicgujarati;0AE0
+rrvocalicvowelsignbengali;09C4
+rrvocalicvowelsigndeva;0944
+rrvocalicvowelsigngujarati;0AC4
+rsuperior;F6F1
+rtblock;2590
+rturned;0279
+rturnedsuperior;02B4
+ruhiragana;308B
+rukatakana;30EB
+rukatakanahalfwidth;FF99
+rupeemarkbengali;09F2
+rupeesignbengali;09F3
+rupiah;F6DD
+ruthai;0E24
+rvocalicbengali;098B
+rvocalicdeva;090B
+rvocalicgujarati;0A8B
+rvocalicvowelsignbengali;09C3
+rvocalicvowelsigndeva;0943
+rvocalicvowelsigngujarati;0AC3
+s;0073
+sabengali;09B8
+sacute;015B
+sacutedotaccent;1E65
+sadarabic;0635
+sadeva;0938
+sadfinalarabic;FEBA
+sadinitialarabic;FEBB
+sadmedialarabic;FEBC
+sagujarati;0AB8
+sagurmukhi;0A38
+sahiragana;3055
+sakatakana;30B5
+sakatakanahalfwidth;FF7B
+sallallahoualayhewasallamarabic;FDFA
+samekh;05E1
+samekhdagesh;FB41
+samekhdageshhebrew;FB41
+samekhhebrew;05E1
+saraaathai;0E32
+saraaethai;0E41
+saraaimaimalaithai;0E44
+saraaimaimuanthai;0E43
+saraamthai;0E33
+saraathai;0E30
+saraethai;0E40
+saraiileftthai;F886
+saraiithai;0E35
+saraileftthai;F885
+saraithai;0E34
+saraothai;0E42
+saraueeleftthai;F888
+saraueethai;0E37
+saraueleftthai;F887
+sarauethai;0E36
+sarauthai;0E38
+sarauuthai;0E39
+sbopomofo;3119
+scaron;0161
+scarondotaccent;1E67
+scedilla;015F
+schwa;0259
+schwacyrillic;04D9
+schwadieresiscyrillic;04DB
+schwahook;025A
+scircle;24E2
+scircumflex;015D
+scommaaccent;0219
+sdotaccent;1E61
+sdotbelow;1E63
+sdotbelowdotaccent;1E69
+seagullbelowcmb;033C
+second;2033
+secondtonechinese;02CA
+section;00A7
+seenarabic;0633
+seenfinalarabic;FEB2
+seeninitialarabic;FEB3
+seenmedialarabic;FEB4
+segol;05B6
+segol13;05B6
+segol1f;05B6
+segol2c;05B6
+segolhebrew;05B6
+segolnarrowhebrew;05B6
+segolquarterhebrew;05B6
+segoltahebrew;0592
+segolwidehebrew;05B6
+seharmenian;057D
+sehiragana;305B
+sekatakana;30BB
+sekatakanahalfwidth;FF7E
+semicolon;003B
+semicolonarabic;061B
+semicolonmonospace;FF1B
+semicolonsmall;FE54
+semivoicedmarkkana;309C
+semivoicedmarkkanahalfwidth;FF9F
+sentisquare;3322
+sentosquare;3323
+seven;0037
+sevenarabic;0667
+sevenbengali;09ED
+sevencircle;2466
+sevencircleinversesansserif;2790
+sevendeva;096D
+seveneighths;215E
+sevengujarati;0AED
+sevengurmukhi;0A6D
+sevenhackarabic;0667
+sevenhangzhou;3027
+sevenideographicparen;3226
+seveninferior;2087
+sevenmonospace;FF17
+sevenoldstyle;F737
+sevenparen;247A
+sevenperiod;248E
+sevenpersian;06F7
+sevenroman;2176
+sevensuperior;2077
+seventeencircle;2470
+seventeenparen;2484
+seventeenperiod;2498
+seventhai;0E57
+sfthyphen;00AD
+shaarmenian;0577
+shabengali;09B6
+shacyrillic;0448
+shaddaarabic;0651
+shaddadammaarabic;FC61
+shaddadammatanarabic;FC5E
+shaddafathaarabic;FC60
+shaddafathatanarabic;0651 064B
+shaddakasraarabic;FC62
+shaddakasratanarabic;FC5F
+shade;2592
+shadedark;2593
+shadelight;2591
+shademedium;2592
+shadeva;0936
+shagujarati;0AB6
+shagurmukhi;0A36
+shalshelethebrew;0593
+shbopomofo;3115
+shchacyrillic;0449
+sheenarabic;0634
+sheenfinalarabic;FEB6
+sheeninitialarabic;FEB7
+sheenmedialarabic;FEB8
+sheicoptic;03E3
+sheqel;20AA
+sheqelhebrew;20AA
+sheva;05B0
+sheva115;05B0
+sheva15;05B0
+sheva22;05B0
+sheva2e;05B0
+shevahebrew;05B0
+shevanarrowhebrew;05B0
+shevaquarterhebrew;05B0
+shevawidehebrew;05B0
+shhacyrillic;04BB
+shimacoptic;03ED
+shin;05E9
+shindagesh;FB49
+shindageshhebrew;FB49
+shindageshshindot;FB2C
+shindageshshindothebrew;FB2C
+shindageshsindot;FB2D
+shindageshsindothebrew;FB2D
+shindothebrew;05C1
+shinhebrew;05E9
+shinshindot;FB2A
+shinshindothebrew;FB2A
+shinsindot;FB2B
+shinsindothebrew;FB2B
+shook;0282
+sigma;03C3
+sigma1;03C2
+sigmafinal;03C2
+sigmalunatesymbolgreek;03F2
+sihiragana;3057
+sikatakana;30B7
+sikatakanahalfwidth;FF7C
+siluqhebrew;05BD
+siluqlefthebrew;05BD
+similar;223C
+sindothebrew;05C2
+siosacirclekorean;3274
+siosaparenkorean;3214
+sioscieuckorean;317E
+sioscirclekorean;3266
+sioskiyeokkorean;317A
+sioskorean;3145
+siosnieunkorean;317B
+siosparenkorean;3206
+siospieupkorean;317D
+siostikeutkorean;317C
+six;0036
+sixarabic;0666
+sixbengali;09EC
+sixcircle;2465
+sixcircleinversesansserif;278F
+sixdeva;096C
+sixgujarati;0AEC
+sixgurmukhi;0A6C
+sixhackarabic;0666
+sixhangzhou;3026
+sixideographicparen;3225
+sixinferior;2086
+sixmonospace;FF16
+sixoldstyle;F736
+sixparen;2479
+sixperiod;248D
+sixpersian;06F6
+sixroman;2175
+sixsuperior;2076
+sixteencircle;246F
+sixteencurrencydenominatorbengali;09F9
+sixteenparen;2483
+sixteenperiod;2497
+sixthai;0E56
+slash;002F
+slashmonospace;FF0F
+slong;017F
+slongdotaccent;1E9B
+smileface;263A
+smonospace;FF53
+sofpasuqhebrew;05C3
+softhyphen;00AD
+softsigncyrillic;044C
+sohiragana;305D
+sokatakana;30BD
+sokatakanahalfwidth;FF7F
+soliduslongoverlaycmb;0338
+solidusshortoverlaycmb;0337
+sorusithai;0E29
+sosalathai;0E28
+sosothai;0E0B
+sosuathai;0E2A
+space;0020
+spacehackarabic;0020
+spade;2660
+spadesuitblack;2660
+spadesuitwhite;2664
+sparen;24AE
+squarebelowcmb;033B
+squarecc;33C4
+squarecm;339D
+squarediagonalcrosshatchfill;25A9
+squarehorizontalfill;25A4
+squarekg;338F
+squarekm;339E
+squarekmcapital;33CE
+squareln;33D1
+squarelog;33D2
+squaremg;338E
+squaremil;33D5
+squaremm;339C
+squaremsquared;33A1
+squareorthogonalcrosshatchfill;25A6
+squareupperlefttolowerrightfill;25A7
+squareupperrighttolowerleftfill;25A8
+squareverticalfill;25A5
+squarewhitewithsmallblack;25A3
+srsquare;33DB
+ssabengali;09B7
+ssadeva;0937
+ssagujarati;0AB7
+ssangcieuckorean;3149
+ssanghieuhkorean;3185
+ssangieungkorean;3180
+ssangkiyeokkorean;3132
+ssangnieunkorean;3165
+ssangpieupkorean;3143
+ssangsioskorean;3146
+ssangtikeutkorean;3138
+ssuperior;F6F2
+sterling;00A3
+sterlingmonospace;FFE1
+strokelongoverlaycmb;0336
+strokeshortoverlaycmb;0335
+subset;2282
+subsetnotequal;228A
+subsetorequal;2286
+succeeds;227B
+suchthat;220B
+suhiragana;3059
+sukatakana;30B9
+sukatakanahalfwidth;FF7D
+sukunarabic;0652
+summation;2211
+sun;263C
+superset;2283
+supersetnotequal;228B
+supersetorequal;2287
+svsquare;33DC
+syouwaerasquare;337C
+t;0074
+tabengali;09A4
+tackdown;22A4
+tackleft;22A3
+tadeva;0924
+tagujarati;0AA4
+tagurmukhi;0A24
+taharabic;0637
+tahfinalarabic;FEC2
+tahinitialarabic;FEC3
+tahiragana;305F
+tahmedialarabic;FEC4
+taisyouerasquare;337D
+takatakana;30BF
+takatakanahalfwidth;FF80
+tatweelarabic;0640
+tau;03C4
+tav;05EA
+tavdages;FB4A
+tavdagesh;FB4A
+tavdageshhebrew;FB4A
+tavhebrew;05EA
+tbar;0167
+tbopomofo;310A
+tcaron;0165
+tccurl;02A8
+tcedilla;0163
+tcheharabic;0686
+tchehfinalarabic;FB7B
+tchehinitialarabic;FB7C
+tchehmedialarabic;FB7D
+tchehmeeminitialarabic;FB7C FEE4
+tcircle;24E3
+tcircumflexbelow;1E71
+tcommaaccent;0163
+tdieresis;1E97
+tdotaccent;1E6B
+tdotbelow;1E6D
+tecyrillic;0442
+tedescendercyrillic;04AD
+teharabic;062A
+tehfinalarabic;FE96
+tehhahinitialarabic;FCA2
+tehhahisolatedarabic;FC0C
+tehinitialarabic;FE97
+tehiragana;3066
+tehjeeminitialarabic;FCA1
+tehjeemisolatedarabic;FC0B
+tehmarbutaarabic;0629
+tehmarbutafinalarabic;FE94
+tehmedialarabic;FE98
+tehmeeminitialarabic;FCA4
+tehmeemisolatedarabic;FC0E
+tehnoonfinalarabic;FC73
+tekatakana;30C6
+tekatakanahalfwidth;FF83
+telephone;2121
+telephoneblack;260E
+telishagedolahebrew;05A0
+telishaqetanahebrew;05A9
+tencircle;2469
+tenideographicparen;3229
+tenparen;247D
+tenperiod;2491
+tenroman;2179
+tesh;02A7
+tet;05D8
+tetdagesh;FB38
+tetdageshhebrew;FB38
+tethebrew;05D8
+tetsecyrillic;04B5
+tevirhebrew;059B
+tevirlefthebrew;059B
+thabengali;09A5
+thadeva;0925
+thagujarati;0AA5
+thagurmukhi;0A25
+thalarabic;0630
+thalfinalarabic;FEAC
+thanthakhatlowleftthai;F898
+thanthakhatlowrightthai;F897
+thanthakhatthai;0E4C
+thanthakhatupperleftthai;F896
+theharabic;062B
+thehfinalarabic;FE9A
+thehinitialarabic;FE9B
+thehmedialarabic;FE9C
+thereexists;2203
+therefore;2234
+theta;03B8
+theta1;03D1
+thetasymbolgreek;03D1
+thieuthacirclekorean;3279
+thieuthaparenkorean;3219
+thieuthcirclekorean;326B
+thieuthkorean;314C
+thieuthparenkorean;320B
+thirteencircle;246C
+thirteenparen;2480
+thirteenperiod;2494
+thonangmonthothai;0E11
+thook;01AD
+thophuthaothai;0E12
+thorn;00FE
+thothahanthai;0E17
+thothanthai;0E10
+thothongthai;0E18
+thothungthai;0E16
+thousandcyrillic;0482
+thousandsseparatorarabic;066C
+thousandsseparatorpersian;066C
+three;0033
+threearabic;0663
+threebengali;09E9
+threecircle;2462
+threecircleinversesansserif;278C
+threedeva;0969
+threeeighths;215C
+threegujarati;0AE9
+threegurmukhi;0A69
+threehackarabic;0663
+threehangzhou;3023
+threeideographicparen;3222
+threeinferior;2083
+threemonospace;FF13
+threenumeratorbengali;09F6
+threeoldstyle;F733
+threeparen;2476
+threeperiod;248A
+threepersian;06F3
+threequarters;00BE
+threequartersemdash;F6DE
+threeroman;2172
+threesuperior;00B3
+threethai;0E53
+thzsquare;3394
+tihiragana;3061
+tikatakana;30C1
+tikatakanahalfwidth;FF81
+tikeutacirclekorean;3270
+tikeutaparenkorean;3210
+tikeutcirclekorean;3262
+tikeutkorean;3137
+tikeutparenkorean;3202
+tilde;02DC
+tildebelowcmb;0330
+tildecmb;0303
+tildecomb;0303
+tildedoublecmb;0360
+tildeoperator;223C
+tildeoverlaycmb;0334
+tildeverticalcmb;033E
+timescircle;2297
+tipehahebrew;0596
+tipehalefthebrew;0596
+tippigurmukhi;0A70
+titlocyrilliccmb;0483
+tiwnarmenian;057F
+tlinebelow;1E6F
+tmonospace;FF54
+toarmenian;0569
+tohiragana;3068
+tokatakana;30C8
+tokatakanahalfwidth;FF84
+tonebarextrahighmod;02E5
+tonebarextralowmod;02E9
+tonebarhighmod;02E6
+tonebarlowmod;02E8
+tonebarmidmod;02E7
+tonefive;01BD
+tonesix;0185
+tonetwo;01A8
+tonos;0384
+tonsquare;3327
+topatakthai;0E0F
+tortoiseshellbracketleft;3014
+tortoiseshellbracketleftsmall;FE5D
+tortoiseshellbracketleftvertical;FE39
+tortoiseshellbracketright;3015
+tortoiseshellbracketrightsmall;FE5E
+tortoiseshellbracketrightvertical;FE3A
+totaothai;0E15
+tpalatalhook;01AB
+tparen;24AF
+trademark;2122
+trademarksans;F8EA
+trademarkserif;F6DB
+tretroflexhook;0288
+triagdn;25BC
+triaglf;25C4
+triagrt;25BA
+triagup;25B2
+ts;02A6
+tsadi;05E6
+tsadidagesh;FB46
+tsadidageshhebrew;FB46
+tsadihebrew;05E6
+tsecyrillic;0446
+tsere;05B5
+tsere12;05B5
+tsere1e;05B5
+tsere2b;05B5
+tserehebrew;05B5
+tserenarrowhebrew;05B5
+tserequarterhebrew;05B5
+tserewidehebrew;05B5
+tshecyrillic;045B
+tsuperior;F6F3
+ttabengali;099F
+ttadeva;091F
+ttagujarati;0A9F
+ttagurmukhi;0A1F
+tteharabic;0679
+ttehfinalarabic;FB67
+ttehinitialarabic;FB68
+ttehmedialarabic;FB69
+tthabengali;09A0
+tthadeva;0920
+tthagujarati;0AA0
+tthagurmukhi;0A20
+tturned;0287
+tuhiragana;3064
+tukatakana;30C4
+tukatakanahalfwidth;FF82
+tusmallhiragana;3063
+tusmallkatakana;30C3
+tusmallkatakanahalfwidth;FF6F
+twelvecircle;246B
+twelveparen;247F
+twelveperiod;2493
+twelveroman;217B
+twentycircle;2473
+twentyhangzhou;5344
+twentyparen;2487
+twentyperiod;249B
+two;0032
+twoarabic;0662
+twobengali;09E8
+twocircle;2461
+twocircleinversesansserif;278B
+twodeva;0968
+twodotenleader;2025
+twodotleader;2025
+twodotleadervertical;FE30
+twogujarati;0AE8
+twogurmukhi;0A68
+twohackarabic;0662
+twohangzhou;3022
+twoideographicparen;3221
+twoinferior;2082
+twomonospace;FF12
+twonumeratorbengali;09F5
+twooldstyle;F732
+twoparen;2475
+twoperiod;2489
+twopersian;06F2
+tworoman;2171
+twostroke;01BB
+twosuperior;00B2
+twothai;0E52
+twothirds;2154
+u;0075
+uacute;00FA
+ubar;0289
+ubengali;0989
+ubopomofo;3128
+ubreve;016D
+ucaron;01D4
+ucircle;24E4
+ucircumflex;00FB
+ucircumflexbelow;1E77
+ucyrillic;0443
+udattadeva;0951
+udblacute;0171
+udblgrave;0215
+udeva;0909
+udieresis;00FC
+udieresisacute;01D8
+udieresisbelow;1E73
+udieresiscaron;01DA
+udieresiscyrillic;04F1
+udieresisgrave;01DC
+udieresismacron;01D6
+udotbelow;1EE5
+ugrave;00F9
+ugujarati;0A89
+ugurmukhi;0A09
+uhiragana;3046
+uhookabove;1EE7
+uhorn;01B0
+uhornacute;1EE9
+uhorndotbelow;1EF1
+uhorngrave;1EEB
+uhornhookabove;1EED
+uhorntilde;1EEF
+uhungarumlaut;0171
+uhungarumlautcyrillic;04F3
+uinvertedbreve;0217
+ukatakana;30A6
+ukatakanahalfwidth;FF73
+ukcyrillic;0479
+ukorean;315C
+umacron;016B
+umacroncyrillic;04EF
+umacrondieresis;1E7B
+umatragurmukhi;0A41
+umonospace;FF55
+underscore;005F
+underscoredbl;2017
+underscoremonospace;FF3F
+underscorevertical;FE33
+underscorewavy;FE4F
+union;222A
+universal;2200
+uogonek;0173
+uparen;24B0
+upblock;2580
+upperdothebrew;05C4
+upsilon;03C5
+upsilondieresis;03CB
+upsilondieresistonos;03B0
+upsilonlatin;028A
+upsilontonos;03CD
+uptackbelowcmb;031D
+uptackmod;02D4
+uragurmukhi;0A73
+uring;016F
+ushortcyrillic;045E
+usmallhiragana;3045
+usmallkatakana;30A5
+usmallkatakanahalfwidth;FF69
+ustraightcyrillic;04AF
+ustraightstrokecyrillic;04B1
+utilde;0169
+utildeacute;1E79
+utildebelow;1E75
+uubengali;098A
+uudeva;090A
+uugujarati;0A8A
+uugurmukhi;0A0A
+uumatragurmukhi;0A42
+uuvowelsignbengali;09C2
+uuvowelsigndeva;0942
+uuvowelsigngujarati;0AC2
+uvowelsignbengali;09C1
+uvowelsigndeva;0941
+uvowelsigngujarati;0AC1
+v;0076
+vadeva;0935
+vagujarati;0AB5
+vagurmukhi;0A35
+vakatakana;30F7
+vav;05D5
+vavdagesh;FB35
+vavdagesh65;FB35
+vavdageshhebrew;FB35
+vavhebrew;05D5
+vavholam;FB4B
+vavholamhebrew;FB4B
+vavvavhebrew;05F0
+vavyodhebrew;05F1
+vcircle;24E5
+vdotbelow;1E7F
+vecyrillic;0432
+veharabic;06A4
+vehfinalarabic;FB6B
+vehinitialarabic;FB6C
+vehmedialarabic;FB6D
+vekatakana;30F9
+venus;2640
+verticalbar;007C
+verticallineabovecmb;030D
+verticallinebelowcmb;0329
+verticallinelowmod;02CC
+verticallinemod;02C8
+vewarmenian;057E
+vhook;028B
+vikatakana;30F8
+viramabengali;09CD
+viramadeva;094D
+viramagujarati;0ACD
+visargabengali;0983
+visargadeva;0903
+visargagujarati;0A83
+vmonospace;FF56
+voarmenian;0578
+voicediterationhiragana;309E
+voicediterationkatakana;30FE
+voicedmarkkana;309B
+voicedmarkkanahalfwidth;FF9E
+vokatakana;30FA
+vparen;24B1
+vtilde;1E7D
+vturned;028C
+vuhiragana;3094
+vukatakana;30F4
+w;0077
+wacute;1E83
+waekorean;3159
+wahiragana;308F
+wakatakana;30EF
+wakatakanahalfwidth;FF9C
+wakorean;3158
+wasmallhiragana;308E
+wasmallkatakana;30EE
+wattosquare;3357
+wavedash;301C
+wavyunderscorevertical;FE34
+wawarabic;0648
+wawfinalarabic;FEEE
+wawhamzaabovearabic;0624
+wawhamzaabovefinalarabic;FE86
+wbsquare;33DD
+wcircle;24E6
+wcircumflex;0175
+wdieresis;1E85
+wdotaccent;1E87
+wdotbelow;1E89
+wehiragana;3091
+weierstrass;2118
+wekatakana;30F1
+wekorean;315E
+weokorean;315D
+wgrave;1E81
+whitebullet;25E6
+whitecircle;25CB
+whitecircleinverse;25D9
+whitecornerbracketleft;300E
+whitecornerbracketleftvertical;FE43
+whitecornerbracketright;300F
+whitecornerbracketrightvertical;FE44
+whitediamond;25C7
+whitediamondcontainingblacksmalldiamond;25C8
+whitedownpointingsmalltriangle;25BF
+whitedownpointingtriangle;25BD
+whiteleftpointingsmalltriangle;25C3
+whiteleftpointingtriangle;25C1
+whitelenticularbracketleft;3016
+whitelenticularbracketright;3017
+whiterightpointingsmalltriangle;25B9
+whiterightpointingtriangle;25B7
+whitesmallsquare;25AB
+whitesmilingface;263A
+whitesquare;25A1
+whitestar;2606
+whitetelephone;260F
+whitetortoiseshellbracketleft;3018
+whitetortoiseshellbracketright;3019
+whiteuppointingsmalltriangle;25B5
+whiteuppointingtriangle;25B3
+wihiragana;3090
+wikatakana;30F0
+wikorean;315F
+wmonospace;FF57
+wohiragana;3092
+wokatakana;30F2
+wokatakanahalfwidth;FF66
+won;20A9
+wonmonospace;FFE6
+wowaenthai;0E27
+wparen;24B2
+wring;1E98
+wsuperior;02B7
+wturned;028D
+wynn;01BF
+x;0078
+xabovecmb;033D
+xbopomofo;3112
+xcircle;24E7
+xdieresis;1E8D
+xdotaccent;1E8B
+xeharmenian;056D
+xi;03BE
+xmonospace;FF58
+xparen;24B3
+xsuperior;02E3
+y;0079
+yaadosquare;334E
+yabengali;09AF
+yacute;00FD
+yadeva;092F
+yaekorean;3152
+yagujarati;0AAF
+yagurmukhi;0A2F
+yahiragana;3084
+yakatakana;30E4
+yakatakanahalfwidth;FF94
+yakorean;3151
+yamakkanthai;0E4E
+yasmallhiragana;3083
+yasmallkatakana;30E3
+yasmallkatakanahalfwidth;FF6C
+yatcyrillic;0463
+ycircle;24E8
+ycircumflex;0177
+ydieresis;00FF
+ydotaccent;1E8F
+ydotbelow;1EF5
+yeharabic;064A
+yehbarreearabic;06D2
+yehbarreefinalarabic;FBAF
+yehfinalarabic;FEF2
+yehhamzaabovearabic;0626
+yehhamzaabovefinalarabic;FE8A
+yehhamzaaboveinitialarabic;FE8B
+yehhamzaabovemedialarabic;FE8C
+yehinitialarabic;FEF3
+yehmedialarabic;FEF4
+yehmeeminitialarabic;FCDD
+yehmeemisolatedarabic;FC58
+yehnoonfinalarabic;FC94
+yehthreedotsbelowarabic;06D1
+yekorean;3156
+yen;00A5
+yenmonospace;FFE5
+yeokorean;3155
+yeorinhieuhkorean;3186
+yerahbenyomohebrew;05AA
+yerahbenyomolefthebrew;05AA
+yericyrillic;044B
+yerudieresiscyrillic;04F9
+yesieungkorean;3181
+yesieungpansioskorean;3183
+yesieungsioskorean;3182
+yetivhebrew;059A
+ygrave;1EF3
+yhook;01B4
+yhookabove;1EF7
+yiarmenian;0575
+yicyrillic;0457
+yikorean;3162
+yinyang;262F
+yiwnarmenian;0582
+ymonospace;FF59
+yod;05D9
+yoddagesh;FB39
+yoddageshhebrew;FB39
+yodhebrew;05D9
+yodyodhebrew;05F2
+yodyodpatahhebrew;FB1F
+yohiragana;3088
+yoikorean;3189
+yokatakana;30E8
+yokatakanahalfwidth;FF96
+yokorean;315B
+yosmallhiragana;3087
+yosmallkatakana;30E7
+yosmallkatakanahalfwidth;FF6E
+yotgreek;03F3
+yoyaekorean;3188
+yoyakorean;3187
+yoyakthai;0E22
+yoyingthai;0E0D
+yparen;24B4
+ypogegrammeni;037A
+ypogegrammenigreekcmb;0345
+yr;01A6
+yring;1E99
+ysuperior;02B8
+ytilde;1EF9
+yturned;028E
+yuhiragana;3086
+yuikorean;318C
+yukatakana;30E6
+yukatakanahalfwidth;FF95
+yukorean;3160
+yusbigcyrillic;046B
+yusbigiotifiedcyrillic;046D
+yuslittlecyrillic;0467
+yuslittleiotifiedcyrillic;0469
+yusmallhiragana;3085
+yusmallkatakana;30E5
+yusmallkatakanahalfwidth;FF6D
+yuyekorean;318B
+yuyeokorean;318A
+yyabengali;09DF
+yyadeva;095F
+z;007A
+zaarmenian;0566
+zacute;017A
+zadeva;095B
+zagurmukhi;0A5B
+zaharabic;0638
+zahfinalarabic;FEC6
+zahinitialarabic;FEC7
+zahiragana;3056
+zahmedialarabic;FEC8
+zainarabic;0632
+zainfinalarabic;FEB0
+zakatakana;30B6
+zaqefgadolhebrew;0595
+zaqefqatanhebrew;0594
+zarqahebrew;0598
+zayin;05D6
+zayindagesh;FB36
+zayindageshhebrew;FB36
+zayinhebrew;05D6
+zbopomofo;3117
+zcaron;017E
+zcircle;24E9
+zcircumflex;1E91
+zcurl;0291
+zdot;017C
+zdotaccent;017C
+zdotbelow;1E93
+zecyrillic;0437
+zedescendercyrillic;0499
+zedieresiscyrillic;04DF
+zehiragana;305C
+zekatakana;30BC
+zero;0030
+zeroarabic;0660
+zerobengali;09E6
+zerodeva;0966
+zerogujarati;0AE6
+zerogurmukhi;0A66
+zerohackarabic;0660
+zeroinferior;2080
+zeromonospace;FF10
+zerooldstyle;F730
+zeropersian;06F0
+zerosuperior;2070
+zerothai;0E50
+zerowidthjoiner;FEFF
+zerowidthnonjoiner;200C
+zerowidthspace;200B
+zeta;03B6
+zhbopomofo;3113
+zhearmenian;056A
+zhebrevecyrillic;04C2
+zhecyrillic;0436
+zhedescendercyrillic;0497
+zhedieresiscyrillic;04DD
+zihiragana;3058
+zikatakana;30B8
+zinorhebrew;05AE
+zlinebelow;1E95
+zmonospace;FF5A
+zohiragana;305E
+zokatakana;30BE
+zparen;24B5
+zretroflexhook;0290
+zstroke;01B6
+zuhiragana;305A
+zukatakana;30BA
+# END
+"""
+
+
+_aglfnText = """\
+# -----------------------------------------------------------
+# Copyright 2002-2019 Adobe (http://www.adobe.com/).
+#
+# Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or
+# without modification, are permitted provided that the
+# following conditions are met:
+#
+# Redistributions of source code must retain the above
+# copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following
+# disclaimer.
+#
+# Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above
+# copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following
+# disclaimer in the documentation and/or other materials
+# provided with the distribution.
+#
+# Neither the name of Adobe nor the names of its contributors
+# may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this
+# software without specific prior written permission.
 #
 # THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND
 # CONTRIBUTORS "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES,
@@ -48,7 +4397,7 @@
 # Name:          Adobe Glyph List For New Fonts
 # Table version: 1.7
 # Date:          November 6, 2008
-# URL:           http://sourceforge.net/adobe/aglfn/
+# URL:           https://github.com/adobe-type-tools/agl-aglfn
 #
 # Description:
 #
@@ -705,13 +5054,14 @@
 017C;zdotaccent;LATIN SMALL LETTER Z WITH DOT ABOVE
 0030;zero;DIGIT ZERO
 03B6;zeta;GREEK SMALL LETTER ZETA
-#END
+# END
 """
 
 
 class AGLError(Exception):
 	pass
 
+LEGACY_AGL2UV = {}
 AGL2UV = {}
 UV2AGL = {}
 
@@ -720,7 +5070,7 @@
 
 	lines = _aglText.splitlines()
 
-	parseAGL_RE = re.compile("([0-9A-F]{4});([A-Za-z_0-9.]+);.*?$")
+	parseAGL_RE = re.compile("([A-Za-z0-9]+);((?:[0-9A-F]{4})(?: (?:[0-9A-F]{4}))*)$")
 
 	for line in lines:
 		if not line or line[:1] == '#':
@@ -728,24 +5078,36 @@
 		m = parseAGL_RE.match(line)
 		if not m:
 			raise AGLError("syntax error in glyphlist.txt: %s" % repr(line[:20]))
+		unicodes = m.group(2)
+		assert len(unicodes) % 5 == 4
+		unicodes = [int(unicode, 16) for unicode in unicodes.split()]
+		glyphName = tostr(m.group(1))
+		LEGACY_AGL2UV[glyphName] = unicodes
+
+	lines = _aglfnText.splitlines()
+
+	parseAGLFN_RE = re.compile("([0-9A-F]{4});([A-Za-z0-9]+);.*?$")
+
+	for line in lines:
+		if not line or line[:1] == '#':
+			continue
+		m = parseAGLFN_RE.match(line)
+		if not m:
+			raise AGLError("syntax error in aglfn.txt: %s" % repr(line[:20]))
 		unicode = m.group(1)
 		assert len(unicode) == 4
 		unicode = int(unicode, 16)
 		glyphName = tostr(m.group(2))
-		if glyphName in AGL2UV:
-			# the above table contains identical duplicates
-			assert AGL2UV[glyphName] == unicode
-		else:
-			AGL2UV[glyphName] = unicode
+		AGL2UV[glyphName] = unicode
 		UV2AGL[unicode] = glyphName
 
 _builddicts()
 
 
 def toUnicode(glyph, isZapfDingbats=False):
-	"""Convert glyph names to Unicode, such as 'longs_t.oldstyle' --> u'ſt'
+	"""Convert glyph names to Unicode, such as ``'longs_t.oldstyle'`` --> ``u'ſt'``
 
-	If isZapfDingbats is True, the implementation recognizes additional
+	If ``isZapfDingbats`` is ``True``, the implementation recognizes additional
 	glyph names (as required by the AGL specification).
 	"""
 	# https://github.com/adobe-type-tools/agl-specification#2-the-mapping
@@ -776,14 +5138,9 @@
 
 	# Otherwise, if the component is in AGL, then map it
 	# to the corresponding character in that list.
-	#
-	# TODO: We currently use the AGLFN (Adobe glyph list for new fonts),
-	# although the spec actually mandates the legacy AGL which is
-	# a superset of the AGLFN.
-	# https://github.com/fonttools/fonttools/issues/775
-	uchar = AGL2UV.get(component)
-	if uchar:
-		return unichr(uchar)
+	uchars = LEGACY_AGL2UV.get(component)
+	if uchars:
+		return "".join(map(chr, uchars))
 
 	# Otherwise, if the component is of the form "uni" (U+0075,
 	# U+006E, and U+0069) followed by a sequence of uppercase
@@ -853,7 +5210,7 @@
 	if any(c >= 0xD800 and c <= 0xDFFF for c in chars):
 		# The AGL specification explicitly excluded surrogate pairs.
 		return None
-	return ''.join([unichr(c) for c in chars])
+	return ''.join([chr(c) for c in chars])
 
 
 _re_u = re.compile("^u([0-9A-F]{4,6})$")
@@ -871,5 +5228,5 @@
 		return None
 	if ((value >= 0x0000 and value <= 0xD7FF) or
 	    (value >= 0xE000 and value <= 0x10FFFF)):
-		return unichr(value)
+		return chr(value)
 	return None
diff --git a/Lib/fontTools/cffLib/__init__.py b/Lib/fontTools/cffLib/__init__.py
index 59f5ab5..d4cd7a1 100644
--- a/Lib/fontTools/cffLib/__init__.py
+++ b/Lib/fontTools/cffLib/__init__.py
@@ -1,7 +1,17 @@
-"""cffLib.py -- read/write tools for Adobe CFF fonts."""
+"""cffLib: read/write Adobe CFF fonts
 
-from __future__ import print_function, division, absolute_import
-from fontTools.misc.py23 import *
+OpenType fonts with PostScript outlines contain a completely independent
+font file, Adobe's *Compact Font Format*. So dealing with OpenType fonts
+requires also dealing with CFF. This module allows you to read and write
+fonts written in the CFF format.
+
+In 2016, OpenType 1.8 introduced the `CFF2 <https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/typography/opentype/spec/cff2>`_
+format which, along with other changes, extended the CFF format to deal with
+the demands of variable fonts. This module parses both original CFF and CFF2.
+
+"""
+
+from fontTools.misc.py23 import bytechr, byteord, bytesjoin, tobytes, tostr
 from fontTools.misc import sstruct
 from fontTools.misc import psCharStrings
 from fontTools.misc.arrayTools import unionRect, intRect
@@ -10,6 +20,7 @@
 from fontTools.ttLib.tables.otBase import OTTableWriter
 from fontTools.ttLib.tables.otBase import OTTableReader
 from fontTools.ttLib.tables import otTables as ot
+from io import BytesIO
 import struct
 import logging
 import re
@@ -29,8 +40,37 @@
 
 
 class CFFFontSet(object):
+	"""A CFF font "file" can contain more than one font, although this is
+	extremely rare (and not allowed within OpenType fonts).
+
+	This class is the entry point for parsing a CFF table. To actually
+	manipulate the data inside the CFF font, you will want to access the
+	``CFFFontSet``'s :class:`TopDict` object. To do this, a ``CFFFontSet``
+	object can either be treated as a dictionary (with appropriate
+	``keys()`` and ``values()`` methods) mapping font names to :class:`TopDict`
+	objects, or as a list.
+
+	.. code:: python
+
+		from fontTools import ttLib
+		tt = ttLib.TTFont("Tests/cffLib/data/LinLibertine_RBI.otf")
+		tt["CFF "].cff
+		# <fontTools.cffLib.CFFFontSet object at 0x101e24c90>
+		tt["CFF "].cff[0] # Here's your actual font data
+		# <fontTools.cffLib.TopDict object at 0x1020f1fd0>
+	
+	"""
 
 	def decompile(self, file, otFont, isCFF2=None):
+		"""Parse a binary CFF file into an internal representation. ``file``
+		should be a file handle object. ``otFont`` is the top-level
+		:py:class:`fontTools.ttLib.ttFont.TTFont` object containing this CFF file.
+
+		If ``isCFF2`` is passed and set to ``True`` or ``False``, then the
+		library makes an assertion that the CFF header is of the appropriate
+		version.
+		"""
+
 		self.otFont = otFont
 		sstruct.unpack(cffHeaderFormat, file.read(3), self)
 		if isCFF2 is not None:
@@ -79,7 +119,7 @@
 		"""
 		if hasattr(nameOrIndex, "__index__"):
 			index = nameOrIndex.__index__()
-		elif isinstance(nameOrIndex, basestring):
+		elif isinstance(nameOrIndex, str):
 			name = nameOrIndex
 			try:
 				index = self.fontNames.index(name)
@@ -90,6 +130,14 @@
 		return self.topDictIndex[index]
 
 	def compile(self, file, otFont, isCFF2=None):
+		"""Write the object back into binary representation onto the given file.
+		``file`` should be a file handle object. ``otFont`` is the top-level
+		:py:class:`fontTools.ttLib.ttFont.TTFont` object containing this CFF file.
+
+		If ``isCFF2`` is passed and set to ``True`` or ``False``, then the
+		library makes an assertion that the CFF header is of the appropriate
+		version.
+		"""
 		self.otFont = otFont
 		if isCFF2 is not None:
 			# called from ttLib: assert 'major' value matches expected version
@@ -144,7 +192,17 @@
 
 		writer.toFile(file)
 
-	def toXML(self, xmlWriter, progress=None):
+	def toXML(self, xmlWriter):
+		"""Write the object into XML representation onto the given
+		:class:`fontTools.misc.xmlWriter.XMLWriter`.
+
+		.. code:: python
+
+			writer = xmlWriter.XMLWriter(sys.stdout)
+			tt["CFF "].cff.toXML(writer)
+
+		"""
+
 		xmlWriter.simpletag("major", value=self.major)
 		xmlWriter.newline()
 		xmlWriter.simpletag("minor", value=self.minor)
@@ -153,17 +211,18 @@
 			xmlWriter.begintag("CFFFont", name=tostr(fontName))
 			xmlWriter.newline()
 			font = self[fontName]
-			font.toXML(xmlWriter, progress)
+			font.toXML(xmlWriter)
 			xmlWriter.endtag("CFFFont")
 			xmlWriter.newline()
 		xmlWriter.newline()
 		xmlWriter.begintag("GlobalSubrs")
 		xmlWriter.newline()
-		self.GlobalSubrs.toXML(xmlWriter, progress)
+		self.GlobalSubrs.toXML(xmlWriter)
 		xmlWriter.endtag("GlobalSubrs")
 		xmlWriter.newline()
 
 	def fromXML(self, name, attrs, content, otFont=None):
+		"""Reads data from the XML element into the ``CFFFontSet`` object."""
 		self.otFont = otFont
 
 		# set defaults. These will be replaced if there are entries for them
@@ -203,16 +262,23 @@
 				self.topDictIndex = TopDictIndex(None, cff2GetGlyphOrder, None)
 			self.topDictIndex.append(topDict)
 			for element in content:
-				if isinstance(element, basestring):
+				if isinstance(element, str):
 					continue
 				name, attrs, content = element
 				topDict.fromXML(name, attrs, content)
+
+			if hasattr(topDict, "VarStore") and topDict.FDArray[0].vstore is None:
+				fdArray = topDict.FDArray
+				for fontDict in fdArray:
+					if hasattr(fontDict, "Private"):
+						fontDict.Private.vstore = topDict.VarStore
+
 		elif name == "GlobalSubrs":
 			subrCharStringClass = psCharStrings.T2CharString
 			if not hasattr(self, "GlobalSubrs"):
 				self.GlobalSubrs = GlobalSubrsIndex()
 			for element in content:
-				if isinstance(element, basestring):
+				if isinstance(element, str):
 					continue
 				name, attrs, content = element
 				subr = subrCharStringClass()
@@ -224,7 +290,11 @@
 			self.minor = int(attrs['value'])
 
 	def convertCFFToCFF2(self, otFont):
-		# This assumes a decompiled CFF table.
+		"""Converts this object from CFF format to CFF2 format. This conversion
+		is done 'in-place'. The conversion cannot be reversed.
+
+		This assumes a decompiled CFF table. (i.e. that the object has been
+		filled via :meth:`decompile`.)"""
 		self.major = 2
 		cff2GetGlyphOrder = self.otFont.getGlyphOrder
 		topDictData = TopDictIndex(None, cff2GetGlyphOrder, None)
@@ -244,7 +314,7 @@
 				if key in topDict.rawDict:
 					del topDict.rawDict[key]
 				if hasattr(topDict, key):
-					exec("del topDict.%s" % (key))
+					delattr(topDict, key)
 
 		if not hasattr(topDict, "FDArray"):
 			fdArray = topDict.FDArray = FDArrayIndex()
@@ -257,6 +327,7 @@
 			else:
 				charStrings.fdArray = fdArray
 			fontDict = FontDict()
+			fontDict.setCFF2(True)
 			fdArray.append(fontDict)
 			fontDict.Private = privateDict
 			privateOpOrder = buildOrder(privateDictOperators2)
@@ -267,12 +338,20 @@
 						# print "Removing private dict", key
 						del privateDict.rawDict[key]
 					if hasattr(privateDict, key):
-						exec("del privateDict.%s" % (key))
+						delattr(privateDict, key)
 						# print "Removing privateDict attr", key
 		else:
 			# clean up the PrivateDicts in the fdArray
+			fdArray = topDict.FDArray
 			privateOpOrder = buildOrder(privateDictOperators2)
 			for fontDict in fdArray:
+				fontDict.setCFF2(True)
+				for key in fontDict.rawDict.keys():
+					if key not in fontDict.order:
+						del fontDict.rawDict[key]
+						if hasattr(fontDict, key):
+							delattr(fontDict, key)
+
 				privateDict = fontDict.Private
 				for entry in privateDictOperators:
 					key = entry[1]
@@ -281,7 +360,7 @@
 							# print "Removing private dict", key
 							del privateDict.rawDict[key]
 						if hasattr(privateDict, key):
-							exec("del privateDict.%s" % (key))
+							delattr(privateDict, key)
 							# print "Removing privateDict attr", key
 		# At this point, the Subrs and Charstrings are all still T2Charstring class
 		# easiest to fix this by compiling, then decompiling again
@@ -292,7 +371,8 @@
 
 
 class CFFWriter(object):
-
+	"""Helper class for serializing CFF data to binary. Used by
+	:meth:`CFFFontSet.compile`."""
 	def __init__(self, isCFF2):
 		self.data = []
 		self.isCFF2 = isCFF2
@@ -352,6 +432,8 @@
 
 
 class IndexCompiler(object):
+	"""Base class for writing CFF `INDEX data <https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/typography/opentype/spec/cff2#5-index-data>`_
+	to binary."""
 
 	def __init__(self, items, strings, parent, isCFF2=None):
 		if isCFF2 is None and hasattr(parent, "isCFF2"):
@@ -431,6 +513,7 @@
 
 
 class TopDictIndexCompiler(IndexCompiler):
+	"""Helper class for writing the TopDict to binary."""
 
 	def getItems(self, items, strings):
 		out = []
@@ -466,6 +549,9 @@
 
 
 class FDArrayIndexCompiler(IndexCompiler):
+	"""Helper class for writing the
+	`Font DICT INDEX <https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/typography/opentype/spec/cff2#10-font-dict-index-font-dicts-and-fdselect>`_
+	to binary."""
 
 	def getItems(self, items, strings):
 		out = []
@@ -504,6 +590,8 @@
 
 
 class GlobalSubrsCompiler(IndexCompiler):
+	"""Helper class for writing the `global subroutine INDEX <https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/typography/opentype/spec/cff2#9-local-and-global-subr-indexes>`_
+	to binary."""
 
 	def getItems(self, items, strings):
 		out = []
@@ -514,14 +602,17 @@
 
 
 class SubrsCompiler(GlobalSubrsCompiler):
-
+	"""Helper class for writing the `local subroutine INDEX <https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/typography/opentype/spec/cff2#9-local-and-global-subr-indexes>`_
+	to binary."""
+	
 	def setPos(self, pos, endPos):
 		offset = pos - self.parent.pos
 		self.parent.rawDict["Subrs"] = offset
 
 
 class CharStringsCompiler(GlobalSubrsCompiler):
-
+	"""Helper class for writing the `CharStrings INDEX <https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/typography/opentype/spec/cff2#9-local-and-global-subr-indexes>`_
+	to binary."""
 	def getItems(self, items, strings):
 		out = []
 		for cs in items:
@@ -534,8 +625,9 @@
 
 
 class Index(object):
-
-	"""This class represents what the CFF spec calls an INDEX."""
+	"""This class represents what the CFF spec calls an INDEX (an array of
+	variable-sized objects). `Index` items can be addressed and set using
+	Python list indexing."""
 
 	compilerClass = IndexCompiler
 
@@ -593,13 +685,50 @@
 		return data
 
 	def append(self, item):
+		"""Add an item to an INDEX."""
 		self.items.append(item)
 
 	def getCompiler(self, strings, parent, isCFF2=None):
 		return self.compilerClass(self, strings, parent, isCFF2=isCFF2)
 
+	def clear(self):
+		"""Empty the INDEX."""
+		del self.items[:]
+
 
 class GlobalSubrsIndex(Index):
+	"""This index contains all the global subroutines in the font. A global
+	subroutine is a set of ``CharString`` data which is accessible to any
+	glyph in the font, and are used to store repeated instructions - for
+	example, components may be encoded as global subroutines, but so could
+	hinting instructions.
+
+	Remember that when interpreting a ``callgsubr`` instruction (or indeed
+	a ``callsubr`` instruction) that you will need to add the "subroutine
+	number bias" to number given:
+
+	.. code:: python
+
+		tt = ttLib.TTFont("Almendra-Bold.otf")
+		u = tt["CFF "].cff[0].CharStrings["udieresis"]
+		u.decompile()
+
+		u.toXML(XMLWriter(sys.stdout))
+		# <some stuff>
+		# -64 callgsubr <-- Subroutine which implements the dieresis mark
+		# <other stuff>
+
+		tt["CFF "].cff[0].GlobalSubrs[-64] # <-- WRONG
+		# <T2CharString (bytecode) at 103451d10>
+
+		tt["CFF "].cff[0].GlobalSubrs[-64 + 107] # <-- RIGHT
+		# <T2CharString (source) at 103451390>
+
+	("The bias applied depends on the number of subrs (gsubrs). If the number of
+	subrs (gsubrs) is less than 1240, the bias is 107. Otherwise if it is less
+	than 33900, it is 1131; otherwise it is 32768.",
+	`Subroutine Operators <https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/typography/opentype/otspec180/cff2charstr#section4.4>`)
+	"""
 
 	compilerClass = GlobalSubrsCompiler
 	subrClass = psCharStrings.T2CharString
@@ -614,11 +743,6 @@
 			self.fdSelect = fdSelect
 		if fdArray:
 			self.fdArray = fdArray
-		if isCFF2:
-			# CFF2Subr's can have numeric arguments on the stack after the last operator.
-			self.subrClass = psCharStrings.CFF2Subr
-			self.charStringClass = psCharStrings.CFF2Subr
-			
 
 	def produceItem(self, index, data, file, offset):
 		if self.private is not None:
@@ -633,7 +757,16 @@
 			private = None
 		return self.subrClass(data, private=private, globalSubrs=self.globalSubrs)
 
-	def toXML(self, xmlWriter, progress):
+	def toXML(self, xmlWriter):
+		"""Write the subroutines index into XML representation onto the given
+		:class:`fontTools.misc.xmlWriter.XMLWriter`.
+
+		.. code:: python
+
+			writer = xmlWriter.XMLWriter(sys.stdout)
+			tt["CFF "].cff[0].GlobalSubrs.toXML(writer)
+
+		"""
 		xmlWriter.comment(
 			"The 'index' attribute is only for humans; "
 			"it is ignored when parsed.")
@@ -664,10 +797,26 @@
 
 
 class SubrsIndex(GlobalSubrsIndex):
+	"""This index contains a glyph's local subroutines. A local subroutine is a
+	private set of ``CharString`` data which is accessible only to the glyph to
+	which the index is attached."""
+
 	compilerClass = SubrsCompiler
 
 
 class TopDictIndex(Index):
+	"""This index represents the array of ``TopDict`` structures in the font
+	(again, usually only one entry is present). Hence the following calls are
+	equivalent:
+
+	.. code:: python
+
+		tt["CFF "].cff[0]
+		# <fontTools.cffLib.TopDict object at 0x102ed6e50>
+		tt["CFF "].cff.topDictIndex[0]
+		# <fontTools.cffLib.TopDict object at 0x102ed6e50>
+
+	"""
 
 	compilerClass = TopDictIndexCompiler
 
@@ -698,11 +847,11 @@
 		top.decompile(data)
 		return top
 
-	def toXML(self, xmlWriter, progress):
+	def toXML(self, xmlWriter):
 		for i in range(len(self)):
 			xmlWriter.begintag("FontDict", index=i)
 			xmlWriter.newline()
-			self[i].toXML(xmlWriter, progress)
+			self[i].toXML(xmlWriter)
 			xmlWriter.endtag("FontDict")
 			xmlWriter.newline()
 
@@ -711,11 +860,11 @@
 
 	compilerClass = FDArrayIndexCompiler
 
-	def toXML(self, xmlWriter, progress):
+	def toXML(self, xmlWriter):
 		for i in range(len(self)):
 			xmlWriter.begintag("FontDict", index=i)
 			xmlWriter.newline()
-			self[i].toXML(xmlWriter, progress)
+			self[i].toXML(xmlWriter)
 			xmlWriter.endtag("FontDict")
 			xmlWriter.newline()
 
@@ -731,7 +880,7 @@
 			return
 		fontDict = FontDict()
 		for element in content:
-			if isinstance(element, basestring):
+			if isinstance(element, str):
 				continue
 			name, attrs, content = element
 			fontDict.fromXML(name, attrs, content)
@@ -817,6 +966,23 @@
 					for glyphID in range(prev, first):
 						gidArray[glyphID] = fd
 				self.gidArray = gidArray
+			elif self.format == 4:
+				gidArray = [None] * numGlyphs
+				nRanges = readCard32(file)
+				fd = None
+				prev = None
+				for i in range(nRanges):
+					first = readCard32(file)
+					if prev is not None:
+						for glyphID in range(prev, first):
+							gidArray[glyphID] = fd
+					prev = first
+					fd = readCard16(file)
+				if prev is not None:
+					first = readCard32(file)
+					for glyphID in range(prev, first):
+						gidArray[glyphID] = fd
+				self.gidArray = gidArray
 			else:
 				assert False, "unsupported FDSelect format: %s" % format
 		else:
@@ -839,6 +1005,20 @@
 
 
 class CharStrings(object):
+	"""The ``CharStrings`` in the font represent the instructions for drawing 
+	each glyph. This object presents a dictionary interface to the font's
+	CharStrings, indexed by glyph name:
+
+	.. code:: python
+	
+		tt["CFF "].cff[0].CharStrings["a"]
+		# <T2CharString (bytecode) at 103451e90>
+
+	See :class:`fontTools.misc.psCharStrings.T1CharString` and
+	:class:`fontTools.misc.psCharStrings.T2CharString` for how to decompile,
+	compile and interpret the glyph drawing instructions in the returned objects.
+
+	"""
 
 	def __init__(self, file, charset, globalSubrs, private, fdSelect, fdArray,
 			isCFF2=None):
@@ -906,11 +1086,8 @@
 				sel = None
 			return self.charStrings[name], sel
 
-	def toXML(self, xmlWriter, progress):
+	def toXML(self, xmlWriter):
 		names = sorted(self.keys())
-		i = 0
-		step = 10
-		numGlyphs = len(names)
 		for name in names:
 			charStr, fdSelectIndex = self.getItemAndSelector(name)
 			if charStr.needsDecompilation():
@@ -927,14 +1104,10 @@
 			charStr.toXML(xmlWriter)
 			xmlWriter.endtag("CharString")
 			xmlWriter.newline()
-			if not i % step and progress is not None:
-				progress.setLabel("Dumping 'CFF ' table... (%s)" % name)
-				progress.increment(step / numGlyphs)
-			i = i + 1
 
 	def fromXML(self, name, attrs, content):
 		for element in content:
-			if isinstance(element, basestring):
+			if isinstance(element, str):
 				continue
 			name, attrs, content = element
 			if name != "CharString":
@@ -994,6 +1167,10 @@
 	return struct.pack(">H", value)
 
 
+def packCard32(value):
+	return struct.pack(">L", value)
+
+
 def buildOperatorDict(table):
 	d = {}
 	for op, name, arg, default, conv in table:
@@ -1037,12 +1214,22 @@
 class SimpleConverter(object):
 
 	def read(self, parent, value):
+		if not hasattr(parent, "file"):
+			return self._read(parent, value)
+		file = parent.file
+		pos = file.tell()
+		try:
+			return self._read(parent, value)
+		finally:
+			file.seek(pos)
+
+	def _read(self, parent, value):
 		return value
 
 	def write(self, parent, value):
 		return value
 
-	def xmlWrite(self, xmlWriter, name, value, progress):
+	def xmlWrite(self, xmlWriter, name, value):
 		xmlWriter.simpletag(name, value=value)
 		xmlWriter.newline()
 
@@ -1052,14 +1239,14 @@
 
 class ASCIIConverter(SimpleConverter):
 
-	def read(self, parent, value):
+	def _read(self, parent, value):
 		return tostr(value, encoding='ascii')
 
 	def write(self, parent, value):
 		return tobytes(value, encoding='ascii')
 
-	def xmlWrite(self, xmlWriter, name, value, progress):
-		xmlWriter.simpletag(name, value=tounicode(value, encoding="ascii"))
+	def xmlWrite(self, xmlWriter, name, value):
+		xmlWriter.simpletag(name, value=tostr(value, encoding="ascii"))
 		xmlWriter.newline()
 
 	def xmlRead(self, name, attrs, content, parent):
@@ -1068,14 +1255,14 @@
 
 class Latin1Converter(SimpleConverter):
 
-	def read(self, parent, value):
+	def _read(self, parent, value):
 		return tostr(value, encoding='latin1')
 
 	def write(self, parent, value):
 		return tobytes(value, encoding='latin1')
 
-	def xmlWrite(self, xmlWriter, name, value, progress):
-		value = tounicode(value, encoding="latin1")
+	def xmlWrite(self, xmlWriter, name, value):
+		value = tostr(value, encoding="latin1")
 		if name in ['Notice', 'Copyright']:
 			value = re.sub(r"[\r\n]\s+", " ", value)
 		xmlWriter.simpletag(name, value=value)
@@ -1096,7 +1283,7 @@
 def parseBlendList(s):
 	valueList = []
 	for element in s:
-		if isinstance(element, basestring):
+		if isinstance(element, str):
 			continue
 		name, attrs, content = element
 		blendList = attrs["value"].split()
@@ -1108,7 +1295,7 @@
 
 
 class NumberConverter(SimpleConverter):
-	def xmlWrite(self, xmlWriter, name, value, progress):
+	def xmlWrite(self, xmlWriter, name, value):
 		if isinstance(value, list):
 			xmlWriter.begintag(name)
 			xmlWriter.newline()
@@ -1133,7 +1320,7 @@
 
 
 class ArrayConverter(SimpleConverter):
-	def xmlWrite(self, xmlWriter, name, value, progress):
+	def xmlWrite(self, xmlWriter, name, value):
 		if value and isinstance(value[0], list):
 			xmlWriter.begintag(name)
 			xmlWriter.newline()
@@ -1162,17 +1349,17 @@
 
 class TableConverter(SimpleConverter):
 
-	def xmlWrite(self, xmlWriter, name, value, progress):
+	def xmlWrite(self, xmlWriter, name, value):
 		xmlWriter.begintag(name)
 		xmlWriter.newline()
-		value.toXML(xmlWriter, progress)
+		value.toXML(xmlWriter)
 		xmlWriter.endtag(name)
 		xmlWriter.newline()
 
 	def xmlRead(self, name, attrs, content, parent):
 		ob = self.getClass()()
 		for element in content:
-			if isinstance(element, basestring):
+			if isinstance(element, str):
 				continue
 			name, attrs, content = element
 			ob.fromXML(name, attrs, content)
@@ -1184,7 +1371,7 @@
 	def getClass(self):
 		return PrivateDict
 
-	def read(self, parent, value):
+	def _read(self, parent, value):
 		size, offset = value
 		file = parent.file
 		isCFF2 = parent._isCFF2
@@ -1209,7 +1396,7 @@
 	def getClass(self):
 		return SubrsIndex
 
-	def read(self, parent, value):
+	def _read(self, parent, value):
 		file = parent.file
 		isCFF2 = parent._isCFF2
 		file.seek(parent.offset + value)  # Offset(self)
@@ -1221,7 +1408,7 @@
 
 class CharStringsConverter(TableConverter):
 
-	def read(self, parent, value):
+	def _read(self, parent, value):
 		file = parent.file
 		isCFF2 = parent._isCFF2
 		charset = parent.charset
@@ -1265,8 +1452,8 @@
 		return charStrings
 
 
-class CharsetConverter(object):
-	def read(self, parent, value):
+class CharsetConverter(SimpleConverter):
+	def _read(self, parent, value):
 		isCID = hasattr(parent, "ROS")
 		if value > 2:
 			numGlyphs = parent.numGlyphs
@@ -1282,6 +1469,20 @@
 				raise NotImplementedError
 			assert len(charset) == numGlyphs
 			log.log(DEBUG, "    charset end at %s", file.tell())
+			# make sure glyph names are unique
+			allNames = {}
+			newCharset = []
+			for glyphName in charset:
+				if glyphName in allNames:
+					# make up a new glyphName that's unique
+					n = allNames[glyphName]
+					while (glyphName + "#" + str(n)) in allNames:
+						n += 1
+					allNames[glyphName] = n + 1
+					glyphName = glyphName + "#" + str(n)
+				allNames[glyphName] = 1
+				newCharset.append(glyphName)
+			charset = newCharset
 		else:  # offset == 0 -> no charset data.
 			if isCID or "CharStrings" not in parent.rawDict:
 				# We get here only when processing fontDicts from the FDArray of
@@ -1301,7 +1502,7 @@
 	def write(self, parent, value):
 		return 0  # dummy value
 
-	def xmlWrite(self, xmlWriter, name, value, progress):
+	def xmlWrite(self, xmlWriter, name, value):
 		# XXX only write charset when not in OT/TTX context, where we
 		# dump charset as a separate "GlyphOrder" table.
 		# # xmlWriter.simpletag("charset")
@@ -1450,7 +1651,7 @@
 class EncodingCompiler(object):
 
 	def __init__(self, strings, encoding, parent):
-		assert not isinstance(encoding, basestring)
+		assert not isinstance(encoding, str)
 		data0 = packEncoding0(parent.dictObj.charset, encoding, parent.strings)
 		data1 = packEncoding1(parent.dictObj.charset, encoding, parent.strings)
 		if len(data0) < len(data1):
@@ -1471,7 +1672,7 @@
 
 class EncodingConverter(SimpleConverter):
 
-	def read(self, parent, value):
+	def _read(self, parent, value):
 		if value == 0:
 			return "StandardEncoding"
 		elif value == 1:
@@ -1501,7 +1702,7 @@
 			return 1
 		return 0  # dummy value
 
-	def xmlWrite(self, xmlWriter, name, value, progress):
+	def xmlWrite(self, xmlWriter, name, value):
 		if value in ("StandardEncoding", "ExpertEncoding"):
 			xmlWriter.simpletag(name, name=value)
 			xmlWriter.newline()
@@ -1521,7 +1722,7 @@
 			return attrs["name"]
 		encoding = [".notdef"] * 256
 		for element in content:
-			if isinstance(element, basestring):
+			if isinstance(element, str):
 				continue
 			name, attrs, content = element
 			code = safeEval(attrs["code"])
@@ -1613,7 +1814,7 @@
 
 class FDArrayConverter(TableConverter):
 
-	def read(self, parent, value):
+	def _read(self, parent, value):
 		try:
 			vstore = parent.VarStore
 		except AttributeError:
@@ -1633,16 +1834,16 @@
 	def xmlRead(self, name, attrs, content, parent):
 		fdArray = FDArrayIndex()
 		for element in content:
-			if isinstance(element, basestring):
+			if isinstance(element, str):
 				continue
 			name, attrs, content = element
 			fdArray.fromXML(name, attrs, content)
 		return fdArray
 
 
-class FDSelectConverter(object):
+class FDSelectConverter(SimpleConverter):
 
-	def read(self, parent, value):
+	def _read(self, parent, value):
 		file = parent.file
 		file.seek(value)
 		fdSelect = FDSelect(file, parent.numGlyphs)
@@ -1653,7 +1854,7 @@
 
 	# The FDSelect glyph data is written out to XML in the charstring keys,
 	# so we write out only the format selector
-	def xmlWrite(self, xmlWriter, name, value, progress):
+	def xmlWrite(self, xmlWriter, name, value):
 		xmlWriter.simpletag(name, [('format', value.format)])
 		xmlWriter.newline()
 
@@ -1667,7 +1868,7 @@
 
 class VarStoreConverter(SimpleConverter):
 
-	def read(self, parent, value):
+	def _read(self, parent, value):
 		file = parent.file
 		file.seek(value)
 		varStore = VarStoreData(file)
@@ -1677,7 +1878,7 @@
 	def write(self, parent, value):
 		return 0  # dummy value
 
-	def xmlWrite(self, xmlWriter, name, value, progress):
+	def xmlWrite(self, xmlWriter, name, value):
 		value.writeXML(xmlWriter, name)
 
 	def xmlRead(self, name, attrs, content, parent):
@@ -1715,6 +1916,27 @@
 	return bytesjoin(data)
 
 
+def packFDSelect4(fdSelectArray):
+	fmt = 4
+	fdRanges = []
+	lenArray = len(fdSelectArray)
+	lastFDIndex = -1
+	for i in range(lenArray):
+		fdIndex = fdSelectArray[i]
+		if lastFDIndex != fdIndex:
+			fdRanges.append([i, fdIndex])
+			lastFDIndex = fdIndex
+	sentinelGID = i + 1
+
+	data = [packCard8(fmt)]
+	data.append(packCard32(len(fdRanges)))
+	for fdRange in fdRanges:
+		data.append(packCard32(fdRange[0]))
+		data.append(packCard16(fdRange[1]))
+	data.append(packCard32(sentinelGID))
+	return bytesjoin(data)
+
+
 class FDSelectCompiler(object):
 
 	def __init__(self, fdSelect, parent):
@@ -1724,6 +1946,8 @@
 			self.data = packFDSelect0(fdSelectArray)
 		elif fmt == 3:
 			self.data = packFDSelect3(fdSelectArray)
+		elif fmt == 4:
+			self.data = packFDSelect4(fdSelectArray)
 		else:
 			# choose smaller of the two formats
 			data0 = packFDSelect0(fdSelectArray)
@@ -1771,7 +1995,7 @@
 
 class ROSConverter(SimpleConverter):
 
-	def xmlWrite(self, xmlWriter, name, value, progress):
+	def xmlWrite(self, xmlWriter, name, value):
 		registry, order, supplement = value
 		xmlWriter.simpletag(
 			name,
@@ -1882,6 +2106,8 @@
 	(11,		'StdVW',		'number',	None,	None),
 	((12, 12),	'StemSnapH',		'delta',	None,	None),
 	((12, 13),	'StemSnapV',		'delta',	None,	None),
+	((12, 17),	'LanguageGroup',	'number',	0,	None),
+	((12, 18),	'ExpansionFactor',	'number',	0.06,	None),
 	(19,		'Subrs',		'number',	None,	SubrsConverter()),
 ]
 
@@ -2013,27 +2239,33 @@
 
 
 	def arg_delta_blend(self, value):
-		""" A delta list with blend lists has to be *all* blend lists.
-		The value is a list is arranged as follows.
-		[
-		   [V0, d0..dn] 
-		   [V1, d0..dn]
-		   ...
-		   [Vm, d0..dn]
-		]
-		V is the absolute coordinate value from the default font, and d0-dn are
-		the delta values from the n regions. Each V is an absolute coordinate
-		from the default font.
-		We want to return a list:
-		[
-		   [v0, v1..vm] 
-		   [d0..dn]
-		   ...
-		   [d0..dn]
-		   numBlends
-		   blendOp
-		]
-		where each v is relative to the previous default font value.
+		"""A delta list with blend lists has to be *all* blend lists.
+
+		The value is a list is arranged as follows::
+
+			[
+				[V0, d0..dn]
+				[V1, d0..dn]
+				...
+				[Vm, d0..dn]
+			]
+
+		``V`` is the absolute coordinate value from the default font, and ``d0-dn``
+		are the delta values from the *n* regions. Each ``V`` is an absolute
+		coordinate from the default font.
+
+		We want to return a list::
+
+			[
+				[v0, v1..vm]
+				[d0..dn]
+				...
+				[d0..dn]
+				numBlends
+				blendOp
+			]
+
+		where each ``v`` is relative to the previous default font value.
 		"""
 		numMasters = len(value[0])
 		numBlends = len(value)
@@ -2103,7 +2335,7 @@
 					self.rawDict["charset"] = charsetCode
 			if hasattr(self.dictObj, "Encoding") and self.dictObj.Encoding:
 				encoding = self.dictObj.Encoding
-				if not isinstance(encoding, basestring):
+				if not isinstance(encoding, str):
 					children.append(EncodingCompiler(strings, encoding, self))
 		else:
 			if hasattr(self.dictObj, "VarStore"):
@@ -2235,6 +2467,12 @@
 		return self.compilerClass(self, strings, parent, isCFF2=isCFF2)
 
 	def __getattr__(self, name):
+		if name[:2] == name[-2:] == "__":
+			# to make deepcopy() and pickle.load() work, we need to signal with
+			# AttributeError that dunder methods like '__deepcopy__' or '__getstate__'
+			# aren't implemented. For more details, see:
+			# https://github.com/fonttools/fonttools/pull/1488
+			raise AttributeError(name)
 		value = self.rawDict.get(name, None)
 		if value is None:
 			value = self.defaults.get(name)
@@ -2245,7 +2483,7 @@
 		setattr(self, name, value)
 		return value
 
-	def toXML(self, xmlWriter, progress):
+	def toXML(self, xmlWriter):
 		for name in self.order:
 			if name in self.skipNames:
 				continue
@@ -2262,7 +2500,7 @@
 			if value is None and name != "charset":
 				continue
 			conv = self.converters[name]
-			conv.xmlWrite(xmlWriter, name, value, progress)
+			conv.xmlWrite(xmlWriter, name, value)
 		ignoredNames = set(self.rawDict) - set(self.order)
 		if ignoredNames:
 			xmlWriter.comment(
@@ -2276,6 +2514,30 @@
 
 
 class TopDict(BaseDict):
+	"""The ``TopDict`` represents the top-level dictionary holding font
+	information. CFF2 tables contain a restricted set of top-level entries
+	as described `here <https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/typography/opentype/spec/cff2#7-top-dict-data>`_,
+	but CFF tables may contain a wider range of information. This information
+	can be accessed through attributes or through the dictionary returned
+	through the ``rawDict`` property:
+
+	.. code:: python
+
+		font = tt["CFF "].cff[0]
+		font.FamilyName
+		# 'Linux Libertine O'
+		font.rawDict["FamilyName"]
+		# 'Linux Libertine O'
+
+	More information is available in the CFF file's private dictionary, accessed
+	via the ``Private`` property:
+
+	.. code:: python
+
+		tt["CFF "].cff[0].Private.BlueValues
+		# [-15, 0, 515, 515, 666, 666]
+	
+	"""
 
 	defaults = buildDefaults(topDictOperators)
 	converters = buildConverters(topDictOperators)
@@ -2297,6 +2559,7 @@
 			self.order = buildOrder(topDictOperators)
 
 	def getGlyphOrder(self):
+		"""Returns a list of glyph names in the CFF font."""
 		return self.charset
 
 	def postDecompile(self):
@@ -2310,9 +2573,9 @@
 		else:
 			self.numGlyphs = readCard16(self.file)
 
-	def toXML(self, xmlWriter, progress):
+	def toXML(self, xmlWriter):
 		if hasattr(self, "CharStrings"):
-			self.decompileAllCharStrings(progress)
+			self.decompileAllCharStrings()
 		if hasattr(self, "ROS"):
 			self.skipNames = ['Encoding']
 		if not hasattr(self, "ROS") or not hasattr(self, "CharStrings"):
@@ -2320,25 +2583,21 @@
 			# in CID fonts.
 			self.skipNames = [
 				'CIDFontVersion', 'CIDFontRevision', 'CIDFontType', 'CIDCount']
-		BaseDict.toXML(self, xmlWriter, progress)
+		BaseDict.toXML(self, xmlWriter)
 
-	def decompileAllCharStrings(self, progress):
+	def decompileAllCharStrings(self):
 		# Make sure that all the Private Dicts have been instantiated.
-		i = 0
-		for charString in self.CharStrings.values():
+		for i, charString in enumerate(self.CharStrings.values()):
 			try:
 				charString.decompile()
 			except:
 				log.error("Error in charstring %s", i)
 				raise
-			if not i % 30 and progress:
-				progress.increment(0)  # update
-			i = i + 1
 
 	def recalcFontBBox(self):
 		fontBBox = None
 		for charString in self.CharStrings.values():
-			bounds = charString.calcBounds()
+			bounds = charString.calcBounds(self.CharStrings)
 			if bounds is not None:
 				if fontBBox is not None:
 					fontBBox = unionRect(fontBBox, bounds)
@@ -2382,13 +2641,24 @@
 	defaults = {}
 	converters = buildConverters(topDictOperators)
 	compilerClass = FontDictCompiler
-	order = ['FontName', 'FontMatrix', 'Weight', 'Private']
+	orderCFF = ['FontName', 'FontMatrix', 'Weight', 'Private']
+	orderCFF2 = ['Private']
 	decompilerClass = TopDictDecompiler
 
 	def __init__(self, strings=None, file=None, offset=None,
 			GlobalSubrs=None, isCFF2=None, vstore=None):
 		super(FontDict, self).__init__(strings, file, offset, isCFF2=isCFF2)
 		self.vstore = vstore
+		self.setCFF2(isCFF2)
+
+	def setCFF2(self, isCFF2):
+		# isCFF2 may be None.
+		if isCFF2:
+			self.order = self.orderCFF2
+			self._isCFF2 = True
+		else:
+			self.order = self.orderCFF
+			self._isCFF2 = False
 
 
 class PrivateDict(BaseDict):
@@ -2405,10 +2675,17 @@
 		if isCFF2:
 			self.defaults = buildDefaults(privateDictOperators2)
 			self.order = buildOrder(privateDictOperators2)
+			# Provide dummy values. This avoids needing to provide
+			# an isCFF2 state in a lot of places.
+			self.nominalWidthX = self.defaultWidthX = None
 		else:
 			self.defaults = buildDefaults(privateDictOperators)
 			self.order = buildOrder(privateDictOperators)
 
+	@property
+	def in_cff2(self):
+		return self._isCFF2
+
 	def getNumRegions(self, vi=None):  # called from misc/psCharStrings.py
 		# if getNumRegions is being called, we can assume that VarStore exists.
 		if vi is None:
diff --git a/Lib/fontTools/cffLib/specializer.py b/Lib/fontTools/cffLib/specializer.py
index b1244bc..fbfefa9 100644
--- a/Lib/fontTools/cffLib/specializer.py
+++ b/Lib/fontTools/cffLib/specializer.py
@@ -1,13 +1,23 @@
 # -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 
-"""T2CharString operator specializer and generalizer."""
+"""T2CharString operator specializer and generalizer.
 
-from __future__ import print_function, division, absolute_import
-from fontTools.misc.py23 import *
+PostScript glyph drawing operations can be expressed in multiple different
+ways. For example, as well as the ``lineto`` operator, there is also a
+``hlineto`` operator which draws a horizontal line, removing the need to
+specify a ``dx`` coordinate, and a ``vlineto`` operator which draws a
+vertical line, removing the need to specify a ``dy`` coordinate. As well
+as decompiling :class:`fontTools.misc.psCharStrings.T2CharString` objects
+into lists of operations, this module allows for conversion between general
+and specific forms of the operation.
+
+"""
+
+from fontTools.cffLib import maxStackLimit
 
 
 def stringToProgram(string):
-	if isinstance(string, basestring):
+	if isinstance(string, str):
 		string = string.split()
 	program = []
 	for token in string:
@@ -21,32 +31,80 @@
 		program.append(token)
 	return program
 
+
 def programToString(program):
 	return ' '.join(str(x) for x in program)
 
 
-def programToCommands(program):
+def programToCommands(program, getNumRegions=None):
 	"""Takes a T2CharString program list and returns list of commands.
 	Each command is a two-tuple of commandname,arg-list.  The commandname might
 	be empty string if no commandname shall be emitted (used for glyph width,
 	hintmask/cntrmask argument, as well as stray arguments at the end of the
-	program (¯\_(ツ)_/¯)."""
+	program (¯\_(ツ)_/¯).
+	'getNumRegions' may be None, or a callable object. It must return the
+	number of regions. 'getNumRegions' takes a single argument, vsindex. If
+	the vsindex argument is None, getNumRegions returns the default number
+	of regions for the charstring, else it returns the numRegions for
+	the vsindex.
+	The Charstring may or may not start with a width value. If the first
+	non-blend operator has an odd number of arguments, then the first argument is
+	a width, and is popped off. This is complicated with blend operators, as
+	there may be more than one before the first hint or moveto operator, and each
+	one reduces several arguments to just one list argument. We have to sum the
+	number of arguments that are not part of the blend arguments, and all the
+	'numBlends' values. We could instead have said that by definition, if there
+	is a blend operator, there is no width value, since CFF2 Charstrings don't
+	have width values. I discussed this with Behdad, and we are allowing for an
+	initial width value in this case because developers may assemble a CFF2
+	charstring from CFF Charstrings, which could have width values.
+	"""
 
-	width = None
+	seenWidthOp = False
+	vsIndex = None
+	lenBlendStack = 0
+	lastBlendIndex = 0
 	commands = []
 	stack = []
 	it = iter(program)
+
 	for token in it:
-		if not isinstance(token, basestring):
+		if not isinstance(token, str):
 			stack.append(token)
 			continue
 
-		if width is None and token in {'hstem', 'hstemhm', 'vstem', 'vstemhm',
-					       'cntrmask', 'hintmask',
-					       'hmoveto', 'vmoveto', 'rmoveto',
-					       'endchar'}:
+		if token == 'blend':
+			assert getNumRegions is not None
+			numSourceFonts = 1 + getNumRegions(vsIndex)
+			# replace the blend op args on the stack with a single list
+			# containing all the blend op args.
+			numBlends = stack[-1]
+			numBlendArgs = numBlends * numSourceFonts + 1
+			# replace first blend op by a list of the blend ops.
+			stack[-numBlendArgs:] = [stack[-numBlendArgs:]]
+			lenBlendStack += numBlends + len(stack) - 1
+			lastBlendIndex = len(stack)
+			# if a blend op exists, this is or will be a CFF2 charstring.
+			continue
+
+		elif token == 'vsindex':
+			vsIndex = stack[-1]
+			assert type(vsIndex) is int
+
+		elif (not seenWidthOp) and token in {'hstem', 'hstemhm', 'vstem', 'vstemhm',
+			'cntrmask', 'hintmask',
+			'hmoveto', 'vmoveto', 'rmoveto',
+			'endchar'}:
+			seenWidthOp = True
 			parity = token in {'hmoveto', 'vmoveto'}
-			if stack and (len(stack) % 2) ^ parity:
+			if lenBlendStack:
+				# lenBlendStack has the number of args represented by the last blend
+				# arg and all the preceding args. We need to now add the number of
+				# args following the last blend arg.
+				numArgs = lenBlendStack + len(stack[lastBlendIndex:])
+			else:
+				numArgs = len(stack)
+			if numArgs and (numArgs % 2) ^ parity:
 				width = stack.pop(0)
 				commands.append(('', [width]))
 
@@ -56,17 +114,30 @@
 			commands.append((token, []))
 			commands.append(('', [next(it)]))
 		else:
-			commands.append((token,stack))
+			commands.append((token, stack))
 		stack = []
 	if stack:
 		commands.append(('', stack))
 	return commands
 
+
+def _flattenBlendArgs(args):
+	token_list = []
+	for arg in args:
+		if isinstance(arg, list):
+			token_list.extend(arg)
+			token_list.append('blend')
+		else:
+			token_list.append(arg)
+	return token_list
+
 def commandsToProgram(commands):
 	"""Takes a commands list as returned by programToCommands() and converts
 	it back to a T2CharString program list."""
 	program = []
 	for op,args in commands:
+		if any(isinstance(arg, list) for arg in args):
+			args = _flattenBlendArgs(args)
 		program.extend(args)
 		if op:
 			program.append(op)
@@ -201,11 +272,58 @@
 			yield ('rlineto', args)
 		yield ('rrcurveto', last_args)
 
+def _convertBlendOpToArgs(blendList):
+	# args is list of blend op args. Since we are supporting
+	# recursive blend op calls, some of these args may also
+	# be a list of blend op args, and need to be converted before
+	# we convert the current list.
+	if any([isinstance(arg, list) for arg in blendList]):
+		args =  [i for e in blendList for i in 
+					(_convertBlendOpToArgs(e) if isinstance(e,list) else [e]) ]
+	else:
+		args = blendList
+
+	# We now know that blendList contains a blend op argument list, even if
+	# some of the args are lists that each contain a blend op argument list.
+	# 	Convert from:
+	# 		[default font arg sequence x0,...,xn] + [delta tuple for x0] + ... + [delta tuple for xn]
+	# 	to:
+	# 		[ [x0] + [delta tuple for x0],
+	#                 ...,
+	#          [xn] + [delta tuple for xn] ]
+	numBlends = args[-1]
+	# Can't use args.pop() when the args are being used in a nested list
+	# comprehension. See calling context
+	args = args[:-1]
+
+	numRegions = len(args)//numBlends - 1
+	if not (numBlends*(numRegions + 1) == len(args)):
+		raise ValueError(blendList)
+
+	defaultArgs = [[arg] for arg in args[:numBlends]]
+	deltaArgs = args[numBlends:]
+	numDeltaValues = len(deltaArgs)
+	deltaList = [ deltaArgs[i:i + numRegions] for i in range(0, numDeltaValues, numRegions) ]
+	blend_args = [ a + b for a, b in zip(defaultArgs,deltaList)]
+	return blend_args
 
 def generalizeCommands(commands, ignoreErrors=False):
 	result = []
 	mapping = _GeneralizerDecombinerCommandsMap
-	for op,args in commands:
+	for op, args in commands:
+		# First, generalize any blend args in the arg list.
+		if any([isinstance(arg, list) for arg in args]):
+			try:
+				args = [n for arg in args for n in (_convertBlendOpToArgs(arg) if isinstance(arg, list) else [arg])]
+			except ValueError:
+				if ignoreErrors:
+					# Store op as data, such that consumers of commands do not have to
+					# deal with incorrect number of arguments.
+					result.append(('', args))
+					result.append(('', [op]))
+				else:
+					raise
+
 		func = getattr(mapping, op, None)
 		if not func:
 			result.append((op,args))
@@ -223,8 +341,8 @@
 				raise
 	return result
 
-def generalizeProgram(program, **kwargs):
-	return commandsToProgram(generalizeCommands(programToCommands(program), **kwargs))
+def generalizeProgram(program, getNumRegions=None, **kwargs):
+	return commandsToProgram(generalizeCommands(programToCommands(program, getNumRegions), **kwargs))
 
 
 def _categorizeVector(v):
@@ -265,6 +383,70 @@
 	assert a in '0r'
 	return a
 
+def _convertToBlendCmds(args):
+	# return a list of blend commands, and
+	# the remaining non-blended args, if any.
+	num_args = len(args)
+	stack_use = 0
+	new_args = []
+	i = 0
+	while i < num_args:
+		arg = args[i]
+		if not isinstance(arg, list):
+			new_args.append(arg)
+			i += 1
+			stack_use += 1
+		else:
+			prev_stack_use = stack_use
+			# The arg is a tuple of blend values.
+			# These are each (master 0,delta 1..delta n)
+			# Combine as many successive tuples as we can,
+			# up to the max stack limit.
+			num_sources = len(arg)
+			blendlist = [arg]
+			i += 1
+			stack_use += 1 + num_sources  # 1 for the num_blends arg
+			while (i < num_args) and isinstance(args[i], list):
+				blendlist.append(args[i])
+				i += 1
+				stack_use += num_sources
+				if stack_use + num_sources > maxStackLimit:
+					# if we are here, max stack is the CFF2 max stack.
+					# I use the CFF2 max stack limit here rather than
+					# the 'maxstack' chosen by the client, as the default
+					#  maxstack may have been used unintentionally. For all
+					# the other operators, this just produces a little less
+					# optimization, but here it puts a hard (and low) limit
+					# on the number of source fonts that can be used.
+					break
+			# blendList now contains as many single blend tuples as can be
+			# combined without exceeding the CFF2 stack limit.
+			num_blends = len(blendlist)
+			# append the 'num_blends' default font values
+			blend_args = []
+			for arg in blendlist:
+				blend_args.append(arg[0])
+			for arg in blendlist:
+				blend_args.extend(arg[1:])
+			blend_args.append(num_blends)
+			new_args.append(blend_args)
+			stack_use = prev_stack_use + num_blends
+
+	return new_args
+
+def _addArgs(a, b):
+	if isinstance(b, list):
+		if isinstance(a, list):
+			if len(a) != len(b):
+				raise ValueError()
+			return [_addArgs(va, vb) for va,vb in zip(a, b)]
+		else:
+			a, b = b, a
+	if isinstance(a, list):
+		return [_addArgs(a[0], b)] + a[1:]
+	return a + b
+
+
 def specializeCommands(commands,
 		       ignoreErrors=False,
 		       generalizeFirst=True,
@@ -300,6 +482,8 @@
 	# I have convinced myself that this produces optimal bytecode (except for, possibly
 	# one byte each time maxstack size prohibits combining.)  YMMV, but you'd be wrong. :-)
 	# A dynamic-programming approach can do the same but would be significantly slower.
+	#
+	# 7. For any args which are blend lists, convert them to a blend command.
 
 
 	# 0. Generalize commands.
@@ -415,10 +599,18 @@
 				continue
 
 			# Merge adjacent hlineto's and vlineto's.
-			if i and op in {'hlineto', 'vlineto'} and op == commands[i-1][0]:
+			# In CFF2 charstrings from variable fonts, each
+			# arg item may be a list of blendable values, one from
+			# each source font.
+			if (i and op in {'hlineto', 'vlineto'} and
+							(op == commands[i-1][0])):
 				_, other_args = commands[i-1]
 				assert len(args) == 1 and len(other_args) == 1
-				commands[i-1] = (op, [other_args[0]+args[0]])
+				try:
+					new_args = [_addArgs(args[0], other_args[0])]
+				except ValueError:
+					continue
+				commands[i-1] = (op, new_args)
 				del commands[i]
 				continue
 
@@ -436,7 +628,6 @@
 
 		if op[2:] == 'curveto' and len(args) == 5 and prv == nxt == 'rrcurveto':
 			assert (op[0] == 'r') ^ (op[1] == 'r')
-			args = list(args)
 			if op[0] == 'v':
 				pos = 0
 			elif op[0] != 'r':
@@ -445,7 +636,8 @@
 				pos = 4
 			else:
 				pos = 5
-			args.insert(pos, 0)
+			# Insert, while maintaining the type of args (can be tuple or list).
+			args = args[:pos] + type(args)((0,)) + args[pos:]
 			commands[i] = ('rrcurveto', args)
 			continue
 
@@ -493,7 +685,9 @@
 				if d0 is None: continue
 				new_op = d0+d+'curveto'
 
-		if new_op and len(args1) + len(args2) <= maxstack:
+		# Make sure the stack depth does not exceed (maxstack - 1), so
+		# that subroutinizer can insert subroutine calls at any point.
+		if new_op and len(args1) + len(args2) < maxstack:
 			commands[i-1] = (new_op, args1+args2)
 			del commands[i]
 
@@ -528,10 +722,16 @@
 			commands[i] = op0+op1+'curveto', args
 			continue
 
+	# 7. For any series of args which are blend lists, convert the series to a single blend arg.
+	for i in range(len(commands)):
+		op, args = commands[i]
+		if any(isinstance(arg, list) for arg in args):
+			commands[i] = op, _convertToBlendCmds(args)
+
 	return commands
 
-def specializeProgram(program, **kwargs):
-	return commandsToProgram(specializeCommands(programToCommands(program), **kwargs))
+def specializeProgram(program, getNumRegions=None, **kwargs):
+	return commandsToProgram(specializeCommands(programToCommands(program, getNumRegions), **kwargs))
 
 
 if __name__ == '__main__':
@@ -548,4 +748,3 @@
 	assert program == program2
 	print("Generalized program:"); print(programToString(generalizeProgram(program)))
 	print("Specialized program:"); print(programToString(specializeProgram(program)))
-
diff --git a/Lib/fontTools/cffLib/width.py b/Lib/fontTools/cffLib/width.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..00b859b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Lib/fontTools/cffLib/width.py
@@ -0,0 +1,183 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+
+"""T2CharString glyph width optimizer.
+
+CFF glyphs whose width equals the CFF Private dictionary's ``defaultWidthX``
+value do not need to specify their width in their charstring, saving bytes.
+This module determines the optimum ``defaultWidthX`` and ``nominalWidthX``
+values for a font, when provided with a list of glyph widths."""
+
+from fontTools.ttLib import TTFont
+from collections import defaultdict
+from operator import add
+from functools import reduce
+
+
+class missingdict(dict):
+	def __init__(self, missing_func):
+		self.missing_func = missing_func
+	def __missing__(self, v):
+		return self.missing_func(v)
+
+def cumSum(f, op=add, start=0, decreasing=False):
+	
+	keys = sorted(f.keys())
+	minx, maxx = keys[0], keys[-1]
+
+	total = reduce(op, f.values(), start)
+
+	if decreasing:
+		missing = lambda x: start if x > maxx else total
+		domain = range(maxx, minx - 1, -1)
+	else:
+		missing = lambda x: start if x < minx else total
+		domain = range(minx, maxx + 1)
+
+	out = missingdict(missing)
+
+	v = start
+	for x in domain:
+		v = op(v, f[x])
+		out[x] = v
+
+	return out
+
+def byteCost(widths, default, nominal):
+
+	if not hasattr(widths, 'items'):
+		d = defaultdict(int)
+		for w in widths:
+			d[w] += 1
+		widths = d
+
+	cost = 0
+	for w,freq in widths.items():
+		if w == default: continue
+		diff = abs(w - nominal)
+		if diff <= 107:
+			cost += freq
+		elif diff <= 1131:
+			cost += freq * 2
+		else:
+			cost += freq * 5
+	return cost
+
+
+def optimizeWidthsBruteforce(widths):
+	"""Bruteforce version.  Veeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeery slow.  Only works for smallests of fonts."""
+
+	d = defaultdict(int)
+	for w in widths:
+		d[w] += 1
+
+	# Maximum number of bytes using default can possibly save
+	maxDefaultAdvantage = 5 * max(d.values())
+
+	minw, maxw = min(widths), max(widths)
+	domain = list(range(minw, maxw+1))
+
+	bestCostWithoutDefault = min(byteCost(widths, None, nominal) for nominal in domain)
+
+	bestCost = len(widths) * 5 + 1
+	for nominal in domain:
+		if byteCost(widths, None, nominal) > bestCost + maxDefaultAdvantage:
+			continue
+		for default in domain:
+			cost = byteCost(widths, default, nominal)
+			if cost < bestCost:
+				bestCost = cost
+				bestDefault = default
+				bestNominal = nominal
+
+	return bestDefault, bestNominal
+
+
+def optimizeWidths(widths):
+	"""Given a list of glyph widths, or dictionary mapping glyph width to number of
+	glyphs having that, returns a tuple of best CFF default and nominal glyph widths.
+
+	This algorithm is linear in UPEM+numGlyphs."""
+
+	if not hasattr(widths, 'items'):
+		d = defaultdict(int)
+		for w in widths:
+			d[w] += 1
+		widths = d
+	
+	keys = sorted(widths.keys())
+	minw, maxw = keys[0], keys[-1]
+	domain = list(range(minw, maxw+1))
+
+	# Cumulative sum/max forward/backward.
+	cumFrqU = cumSum(widths, op=add)
+	cumMaxU = cumSum(widths, op=max)
+	cumFrqD = cumSum(widths, op=add, decreasing=True)
+	cumMaxD = cumSum(widths, op=max, decreasing=True)
+
+	# Cost per nominal choice, without default consideration.
+	nomnCostU = missingdict(lambda x: cumFrqU[x] + cumFrqU[x-108] + cumFrqU[x-1132]*3)
+	nomnCostD = missingdict(lambda x: cumFrqD[x] + cumFrqD[x+108] + cumFrqD[x+1132]*3)
+	nomnCost  = missingdict(lambda x: nomnCostU[x] + nomnCostD[x] - widths[x])
+
+	# Cost-saving per nominal choice, by best default choice.
+	dfltCostU = missingdict(lambda x: max(cumMaxU[x], cumMaxU[x-108]*2, cumMaxU[x-1132]*5))
+	dfltCostD = missingdict(lambda x: max(cumMaxD[x], cumMaxD[x+108]*2, cumMaxD[x+1132]*5))
+	dfltCost  = missingdict(lambda x: max(dfltCostU[x], dfltCostD[x]))
+
+	# Combined cost per nominal choice.
+	bestCost  = missingdict(lambda x: nomnCost[x] - dfltCost[x])
+
+	# Best nominal.
+	nominal = min(domain, key=lambda x: bestCost[x])
+
+	# Work back the best default.
+	bestC = bestCost[nominal]
+	dfltC = nomnCost[nominal] - bestCost[nominal]
+	ends = []
+	if dfltC == dfltCostU[nominal]:
+		starts = [nominal, nominal-108, nominal-1131]
+		for start in starts:
+			while cumMaxU[start] and cumMaxU[start] == cumMaxU[start-1]:
+				start -= 1
+			ends.append(start)
+	else:
+		starts = [nominal, nominal+108, nominal+1131]
+		for start in starts:
+			while cumMaxD[start] and cumMaxD[start] == cumMaxD[start+1]:
+				start += 1
+			ends.append(start)
+	default = min(ends, key=lambda default: byteCost(widths, default, nominal))
+
+	return default, nominal
+
+def main(args=None):
+	"""Calculate optimum defaultWidthX/nominalWidthX values"""
+
+	import argparse
+	parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(
+		"fonttools cffLib.width",
+		description=main.__doc__,
+	)
+	parser.add_argument('inputs', metavar='FILE', type=str, nargs='+',
+		help="Input TTF files")
+	parser.add_argument('-b', '--brute-force', dest="brute", action="store_true",
+		help="Use brute-force approach (VERY slow)")
+
+	args = parser.parse_args(args)
+
+	for fontfile in args.inputs:
+		font = TTFont(fontfile)
+		hmtx = font['hmtx']
+		widths = [m[0] for m in hmtx.metrics.values()]
+		if args.brute:
+			default, nominal = optimizeWidthsBruteforce(widths)
+		else:
+			default, nominal = optimizeWidths(widths)
+		print("glyphs=%d default=%d nominal=%d byteCost=%d" % (len(widths), default, nominal, byteCost(widths, default, nominal)))
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+	import sys
+	if len(sys.argv) == 1:
+		import doctest
+		sys.exit(doctest.testmod().failed)
+	main()
diff --git a/Lib/fontTools/colorLib/__init__.py b/Lib/fontTools/colorLib/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e69de29
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Lib/fontTools/colorLib/__init__.py
diff --git a/Lib/fontTools/colorLib/builder.py b/Lib/fontTools/colorLib/builder.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d2e35d8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Lib/fontTools/colorLib/builder.py
@@ -0,0 +1,673 @@
+"""
+colorLib.builder: Build COLR/CPAL tables from scratch
+
+"""
+import collections
+import copy
+import enum
+from functools import partial
+from math import ceil, log
+from typing import (
+    Any,
+    Dict,
+    Generator,
+    Iterable,
+    List,
+    Mapping,
+    Optional,
+    Sequence,
+    Tuple,
+    Type,
+    TypeVar,
+    Union,
+)
+from fontTools.misc.arrayTools import intRect
+from fontTools.misc.fixedTools import fixedToFloat
+from fontTools.ttLib.tables import C_O_L_R_
+from fontTools.ttLib.tables import C_P_A_L_
+from fontTools.ttLib.tables import _n_a_m_e
+from fontTools.ttLib.tables import otTables as ot
+from fontTools.ttLib.tables.otTables import ExtendMode, CompositeMode
+from .errors import ColorLibError
+from .geometry import round_start_circle_stable_containment
+from .table_builder import BuildCallback, TableBuilder
+
+
+# TODO move type aliases to colorLib.types?
+T = TypeVar("T")
+_Kwargs = Mapping[str, Any]
+_PaintInput = Union[int, _Kwargs, ot.Paint, Tuple[str, "_PaintInput"]]
+_PaintInputList = Sequence[_PaintInput]
+_ColorGlyphsDict = Dict[str, Union[_PaintInputList, _PaintInput]]
+_ColorGlyphsV0Dict = Dict[str, Sequence[Tuple[str, int]]]
+_ClipBoxInput = Union[
+    Tuple[int, int, int, int, int],  # format 1, variable
+    Tuple[int, int, int, int],  # format 0, non-variable
+    ot.ClipBox,
+]
+
+
+MAX_PAINT_COLR_LAYER_COUNT = 255
+_DEFAULT_ALPHA = 1.0
+_MAX_REUSE_LEN = 32
+
+
+def _beforeBuildPaintRadialGradient(paint, source):
+    x0 = source["x0"]
+    y0 = source["y0"]
+    r0 = source["r0"]
+    x1 = source["x1"]
+    y1 = source["y1"]
+    r1 = source["r1"]
+
+    # TODO apparently no builder_test confirms this works (?)
+
+    # avoid abrupt change after rounding when c0 is near c1's perimeter
+    c = round_start_circle_stable_containment((x0, y0), r0, (x1, y1), r1)
+    x0, y0 = c.centre
+    r0 = c.radius
+
+    # update source to ensure paint is built with corrected values
+    source["x0"] = x0
+    source["y0"] = y0
+    source["r0"] = r0
+    source["x1"] = x1
+    source["y1"] = y1
+    source["r1"] = r1
+
+    return paint, source
+
+
+def _defaultColorStop():
+    colorStop = ot.ColorStop()
+    colorStop.Alpha = _DEFAULT_ALPHA
+    return colorStop
+
+
+def _defaultVarColorStop():
+    colorStop = ot.VarColorStop()
+    colorStop.Alpha = _DEFAULT_ALPHA
+    return colorStop
+
+
+def _defaultColorLine():
+    colorLine = ot.ColorLine()
+    colorLine.Extend = ExtendMode.PAD
+    return colorLine
+
+
+def _defaultVarColorLine():
+    colorLine = ot.VarColorLine()
+    colorLine.Extend = ExtendMode.PAD
+    return colorLine
+
+
+def _defaultPaintSolid():
+    paint = ot.Paint()
+    paint.Alpha = _DEFAULT_ALPHA
+    return paint
+
+
+def _buildPaintCallbacks():
+    return {
+        (
+            BuildCallback.BEFORE_BUILD,
+            ot.Paint,
+            ot.PaintFormat.PaintRadialGradient,
+        ): _beforeBuildPaintRadialGradient,
+        (
+            BuildCallback.BEFORE_BUILD,
+            ot.Paint,
+            ot.PaintFormat.PaintVarRadialGradient,
+        ): _beforeBuildPaintRadialGradient,
+        (BuildCallback.CREATE_DEFAULT, ot.ColorStop): _defaultColorStop,
+        (BuildCallback.CREATE_DEFAULT, ot.VarColorStop): _defaultVarColorStop,
+        (BuildCallback.CREATE_DEFAULT, ot.ColorLine): _defaultColorLine,
+        (BuildCallback.CREATE_DEFAULT, ot.VarColorLine): _defaultVarColorLine,
+        (
+            BuildCallback.CREATE_DEFAULT,
+            ot.Paint,
+            ot.PaintFormat.PaintSolid,
+        ): _defaultPaintSolid,
+        (
+            BuildCallback.CREATE_DEFAULT,
+            ot.Paint,
+            ot.PaintFormat.PaintVarSolid,
+        ): _defaultPaintSolid,
+    }
+
+
+def populateCOLRv0(
+    table: ot.COLR,
+    colorGlyphsV0: _ColorGlyphsV0Dict,
+    glyphMap: Optional[Mapping[str, int]] = None,
+):
+    """Build v0 color layers and add to existing COLR table.
+
+    Args:
+        table: a raw otTables.COLR() object (not ttLib's table_C_O_L_R_).
+        colorGlyphsV0: map of base glyph names to lists of (layer glyph names,
+            color palette index) tuples. Can be empty.
+        glyphMap: a map from glyph names to glyph indices, as returned from
+            TTFont.getReverseGlyphMap(), to optionally sort base records by GID.
+    """
+    if glyphMap is not None:
+        colorGlyphItems = sorted(
+            colorGlyphsV0.items(), key=lambda item: glyphMap[item[0]]
+        )
+    else:
+        colorGlyphItems = colorGlyphsV0.items()
+    baseGlyphRecords = []
+    layerRecords = []
+    for baseGlyph, layers in colorGlyphItems:
+        baseRec = ot.BaseGlyphRecord()
+        baseRec.BaseGlyph = baseGlyph
+        baseRec.FirstLayerIndex = len(layerRecords)
+        baseRec.NumLayers = len(layers)
+        baseGlyphRecords.append(baseRec)
+
+        for layerGlyph, paletteIndex in layers:
+            layerRec = ot.LayerRecord()
+            layerRec.LayerGlyph = layerGlyph
+            layerRec.PaletteIndex = paletteIndex
+            layerRecords.append(layerRec)
+
+    table.BaseGlyphRecordArray = table.LayerRecordArray = None
+    if baseGlyphRecords:
+        table.BaseGlyphRecordArray = ot.BaseGlyphRecordArray()
+        table.BaseGlyphRecordArray.BaseGlyphRecord = baseGlyphRecords
+    if layerRecords:
+        table.LayerRecordArray = ot.LayerRecordArray()
+        table.LayerRecordArray.LayerRecord = layerRecords
+    table.BaseGlyphRecordCount = len(baseGlyphRecords)
+    table.LayerRecordCount = len(layerRecords)
+
+
+def buildCOLR(
+    colorGlyphs: _ColorGlyphsDict,
+    version: Optional[int] = None,
+    glyphMap: Optional[Mapping[str, int]] = None,
+    varStore: Optional[ot.VarStore] = None,
+    varIndexMap: Optional[ot.DeltaSetIndexMap] = None,
+    clipBoxes: Optional[Dict[str, _ClipBoxInput]] = None,
+) -> C_O_L_R_.table_C_O_L_R_:
+    """Build COLR table from color layers mapping.
+    Args:
+        colorGlyphs: map of base glyph name to, either list of (layer glyph name,
+            color palette index) tuples for COLRv0; or a single Paint (dict) or
+            list of Paint for COLRv1.
+        version: the version of COLR table. If None, the version is determined
+            by the presence of COLRv1 paints or variation data (varStore), which
+            require version 1; otherwise, if all base glyphs use only simple color
+            layers, version 0 is used.
+        glyphMap: a map from glyph names to glyph indices, as returned from
+            TTFont.getReverseGlyphMap(), to optionally sort base records by GID.
+        varStore: Optional ItemVarationStore for deltas associated with v1 layer.
+        varIndexMap: Optional DeltaSetIndexMap for deltas associated with v1 layer.
+        clipBoxes: Optional map of base glyph name to clip box 4- or 5-tuples:
+            (xMin, yMin, xMax, yMax) or (xMin, yMin, xMax, yMax, varIndexBase).
+    Return:
+        A new COLR table.
+    """
+    self = C_O_L_R_.table_C_O_L_R_()
+
+    if varStore is not None and version == 0:
+        raise ValueError("Can't add VarStore to COLRv0")
+
+    if version in (None, 0) and not varStore:
+        # split color glyphs into v0 and v1 and encode separately
+        colorGlyphsV0, colorGlyphsV1 = _split_color_glyphs_by_version(colorGlyphs)
+        if version == 0 and colorGlyphsV1:
+            raise ValueError("Can't encode COLRv1 glyphs in COLRv0")
+    else:
+        # unless explicitly requested for v1 or have variations, in which case
+        # we encode all color glyph as v1
+        colorGlyphsV0, colorGlyphsV1 = {}, colorGlyphs
+
+    colr = ot.COLR()
+
+    populateCOLRv0(colr, colorGlyphsV0, glyphMap)
+
+    colr.LayerList, colr.BaseGlyphList = buildColrV1(colorGlyphsV1, glyphMap)
+
+    if version is None:
+        version = 1 if (varStore or colorGlyphsV1) else 0
+    elif version not in (0, 1):
+        raise NotImplementedError(version)
+    self.version = colr.Version = version
+
+    if version == 0:
+        self.ColorLayers = self._decompileColorLayersV0(colr)
+    else:
+        clipBoxes = {
+            name: clipBoxes[name] for name in clipBoxes or {} if name in colorGlyphsV1
+        }
+        colr.ClipList = buildClipList(clipBoxes) if clipBoxes else None
+        colr.VarIndexMap = varIndexMap
+        colr.VarStore = varStore
+        self.table = colr
+
+    return self
+
+
+def buildClipList(clipBoxes: Dict[str, _ClipBoxInput]) -> ot.ClipList:
+    clipList = ot.ClipList()
+    clipList.Format = 1
+    clipList.clips = {name: buildClipBox(box) for name, box in clipBoxes.items()}
+    return clipList
+
+
+def buildClipBox(clipBox: _ClipBoxInput) -> ot.ClipBox:
+    if isinstance(clipBox, ot.ClipBox):
+        return clipBox
+    n = len(clipBox)
+    clip = ot.ClipBox()
+    if n not in (4, 5):
+        raise ValueError(f"Invalid ClipBox: expected 4 or 5 values, found {n}")
+    clip.xMin, clip.yMin, clip.xMax, clip.yMax = intRect(clipBox[:4])
+    clip.Format = int(n == 5) + 1
+    if n == 5:
+        clip.VarIndexBase = int(clipBox[4])
+    return clip
+
+
+class ColorPaletteType(enum.IntFlag):
+    USABLE_WITH_LIGHT_BACKGROUND = 0x0001
+    USABLE_WITH_DARK_BACKGROUND = 0x0002
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _missing_(cls, value):
+        # enforce reserved bits
+        if isinstance(value, int) and (value < 0 or value & 0xFFFC != 0):
+            raise ValueError(f"{value} is not a valid {cls.__name__}")
+        return super()._missing_(value)
+
+
+# None, 'abc' or {'en': 'abc', 'de': 'xyz'}
+_OptionalLocalizedString = Union[None, str, Dict[str, str]]
+
+
+def buildPaletteLabels(
+    labels: Iterable[_OptionalLocalizedString], nameTable: _n_a_m_e.table__n_a_m_e
+) -> List[Optional[int]]:
+    return [
+        nameTable.addMultilingualName(l, mac=False)
+        if isinstance(l, dict)
+        else C_P_A_L_.table_C_P_A_L_.NO_NAME_ID
+        if l is None
+        else nameTable.addMultilingualName({"en": l}, mac=False)
+        for l in labels
+    ]
+
+
+def buildCPAL(
+    palettes: Sequence[Sequence[Tuple[float, float, float, float]]],
+    paletteTypes: Optional[Sequence[ColorPaletteType]] = None,
+    paletteLabels: Optional[Sequence[_OptionalLocalizedString]] = None,
+    paletteEntryLabels: Optional[Sequence[_OptionalLocalizedString]] = None,
+    nameTable: Optional[_n_a_m_e.table__n_a_m_e] = None,
+) -> C_P_A_L_.table_C_P_A_L_:
+    """Build CPAL table from list of color palettes.
+
+    Args:
+        palettes: list of lists of colors encoded as tuples of (R, G, B, A) floats
+            in the range [0..1].
+        paletteTypes: optional list of ColorPaletteType, one for each palette.
+        paletteLabels: optional list of palette labels. Each lable can be either:
+            None (no label), a string (for for default English labels), or a
+            localized string (as a dict keyed with BCP47 language codes).
+        paletteEntryLabels: optional list of palette entry labels, one for each
+            palette entry (see paletteLabels).
+        nameTable: optional name table where to store palette and palette entry
+            labels. Required if either paletteLabels or paletteEntryLabels is set.
+
+    Return:
+        A new CPAL v0 or v1 table, if custom palette types or labels are specified.
+    """
+    if len({len(p) for p in palettes}) != 1:
+        raise ColorLibError("color palettes have different lengths")
+
+    if (paletteLabels or paletteEntryLabels) and not nameTable:
+        raise TypeError(
+            "nameTable is required if palette or palette entries have labels"
+        )
+
+    cpal = C_P_A_L_.table_C_P_A_L_()
+    cpal.numPaletteEntries = len(palettes[0])
+
+    cpal.palettes = []
+    for i, palette in enumerate(palettes):
+        colors = []
+        for j, color in enumerate(palette):
+            if not isinstance(color, tuple) or len(color) != 4:
+                raise ColorLibError(
+                    f"In palette[{i}][{j}]: expected (R, G, B, A) tuple, got {color!r}"
+                )
+            if any(v > 1 or v < 0 for v in color):
+                raise ColorLibError(
+                    f"palette[{i}][{j}] has invalid out-of-range [0..1] color: {color!r}"
+                )
+            # input colors are RGBA, CPAL encodes them as BGRA
+            red, green, blue, alpha = color
+            colors.append(
+                C_P_A_L_.Color(*(round(v * 255) for v in (blue, green, red, alpha)))
+            )
+        cpal.palettes.append(colors)
+
+    if any(v is not None for v in (paletteTypes, paletteLabels, paletteEntryLabels)):
+        cpal.version = 1
+
+        if paletteTypes is not None:
+            if len(paletteTypes) != len(palettes):
+                raise ColorLibError(
+                    f"Expected {len(palettes)} paletteTypes, got {len(paletteTypes)}"
+                )
+            cpal.paletteTypes = [ColorPaletteType(t).value for t in paletteTypes]
+        else:
+            cpal.paletteTypes = [C_P_A_L_.table_C_P_A_L_.DEFAULT_PALETTE_TYPE] * len(
+                palettes
+            )
+
+        if paletteLabels is not None:
+            if len(paletteLabels) != len(palettes):
+                raise ColorLibError(
+                    f"Expected {len(palettes)} paletteLabels, got {len(paletteLabels)}"
+                )
+            cpal.paletteLabels = buildPaletteLabels(paletteLabels, nameTable)
+        else:
+            cpal.paletteLabels = [C_P_A_L_.table_C_P_A_L_.NO_NAME_ID] * len(palettes)
+
+        if paletteEntryLabels is not None:
+            if len(paletteEntryLabels) != cpal.numPaletteEntries:
+                raise ColorLibError(
+                    f"Expected {cpal.numPaletteEntries} paletteEntryLabels, "
+                    f"got {len(paletteEntryLabels)}"
+                )
+            cpal.paletteEntryLabels = buildPaletteLabels(paletteEntryLabels, nameTable)
+        else:
+            cpal.paletteEntryLabels = [
+                C_P_A_L_.table_C_P_A_L_.NO_NAME_ID
+            ] * cpal.numPaletteEntries
+    else:
+        cpal.version = 0
+
+    return cpal
+
+
+# COLR v1 tables
+# See draft proposal at: https://github.com/googlefonts/colr-gradients-spec
+
+
+def _is_colrv0_layer(layer: Any) -> bool:
+    # Consider as COLRv0 layer any sequence of length 2 (be it tuple or list) in which
+    # the first element is a str (the layerGlyph) and the second element is an int
+    # (CPAL paletteIndex).
+    # https://github.com/googlefonts/ufo2ft/issues/426
+    try:
+        layerGlyph, paletteIndex = layer
+    except (TypeError, ValueError):
+        return False
+    else:
+        return isinstance(layerGlyph, str) and isinstance(paletteIndex, int)
+
+
+def _split_color_glyphs_by_version(
+    colorGlyphs: _ColorGlyphsDict,
+) -> Tuple[_ColorGlyphsV0Dict, _ColorGlyphsDict]:
+    colorGlyphsV0 = {}
+    colorGlyphsV1 = {}
+    for baseGlyph, layers in colorGlyphs.items():
+        if all(_is_colrv0_layer(l) for l in layers):
+            colorGlyphsV0[baseGlyph] = layers
+        else:
+            colorGlyphsV1[baseGlyph] = layers
+
+    # sanity check
+    assert set(colorGlyphs) == (set(colorGlyphsV0) | set(colorGlyphsV1))
+
+    return colorGlyphsV0, colorGlyphsV1
+
+
+def _reuse_ranges(num_layers: int) -> Generator[Tuple[int, int], None, None]:
+    # TODO feels like something itertools might have already
+    for lbound in range(num_layers):
+        # Reuse of very large #s of layers is relatively unlikely
+        # +2: we want sequences of at least 2
+        # otData handles single-record duplication
+        for ubound in range(
+            lbound + 2, min(num_layers + 1, lbound + 2 + _MAX_REUSE_LEN)
+        ):
+            yield (lbound, ubound)
+
+
+class LayerListBuilder:
+    slices: List[ot.Paint]
+    layers: List[ot.Paint]
+    reusePool: Mapping[Tuple[Any, ...], int]
+    tuples: Mapping[int, Tuple[Any, ...]]
+    keepAlive: List[ot.Paint]  # we need id to remain valid
+
+    def __init__(self):
+        self.slices = []
+        self.layers = []
+        self.reusePool = {}
+        self.tuples = {}
+        self.keepAlive = []
+
+        # We need to intercept construction of PaintColrLayers
+        callbacks = _buildPaintCallbacks()
+        callbacks[
+            (
+                BuildCallback.BEFORE_BUILD,
+                ot.Paint,
+                ot.PaintFormat.PaintColrLayers,
+            )
+        ] = self._beforeBuildPaintColrLayers
+        self.tableBuilder = TableBuilder(callbacks)
+
+    def _paint_tuple(self, paint: ot.Paint):
+        # start simple, who even cares about cyclic graphs or interesting field types
+        def _tuple_safe(value):
+            if isinstance(value, enum.Enum):
+                return value
+            elif hasattr(value, "__dict__"):
+                return tuple(
+                    (k, _tuple_safe(v)) for k, v in sorted(value.__dict__.items())
+                )
+            elif isinstance(value, collections.abc.MutableSequence):
+                return tuple(_tuple_safe(e) for e in value)
+            return value
+
+        # Cache the tuples for individual Paint instead of the whole sequence
+        # because the seq could be a transient slice
+        result = self.tuples.get(id(paint), None)
+        if result is None:
+            result = _tuple_safe(paint)
+            self.tuples[id(paint)] = result
+            self.keepAlive.append(paint)
+        return result
+
+    def _as_tuple(self, paints: Sequence[ot.Paint]) -> Tuple[Any, ...]:
+        return tuple(self._paint_tuple(p) for p in paints)
+
+    # COLR layers is unusual in that it modifies shared state
+    # so we need a callback into an object
+    def _beforeBuildPaintColrLayers(self, dest, source):
+        paint = ot.Paint()
+        paint.Format = int(ot.PaintFormat.PaintColrLayers)
+        self.slices.append(paint)
+
+        # Sketchy gymnastics: a sequence input will have dropped it's layers
+        # into NumLayers; get it back
+        if isinstance(source.get("NumLayers", None), collections.abc.Sequence):
+            layers = source["NumLayers"]
+        else:
+            layers = source["Layers"]
+
+        # Convert maps seqs or whatever into typed objects
+        layers = [self.buildPaint(l) for l in layers]
+
+        # No reason to have a colr layers with just one entry
+        if len(layers) == 1:
+            return layers[0], {}
+
+        # Look for reuse, with preference to longer sequences
+        # This may make the layer list smaller
+        found_reuse = True
+        while found_reuse:
+            found_reuse = False
+
+            ranges = sorted(
+                _reuse_ranges(len(layers)),
+                key=lambda t: (t[1] - t[0], t[1], t[0]),
+                reverse=True,
+            )
+            for lbound, ubound in ranges:
+                reuse_lbound = self.reusePool.get(
+                    self._as_tuple(layers[lbound:ubound]), -1
+                )
+                if reuse_lbound == -1:
+                    continue
+                new_slice = ot.Paint()
+                new_slice.Format = int(ot.PaintFormat.PaintColrLayers)
+                new_slice.NumLayers = ubound - lbound
+                new_slice.FirstLayerIndex = reuse_lbound
+                layers = layers[:lbound] + [new_slice] + layers[ubound:]
+                found_reuse = True
+                break
+
+        # The layer list is now final; if it's too big we need to tree it
+        is_tree = len(layers) > MAX_PAINT_COLR_LAYER_COUNT
+        layers = _build_n_ary_tree(layers, n=MAX_PAINT_COLR_LAYER_COUNT)
+
+        # We now have a tree of sequences with Paint leaves.
+        # Convert the sequences into PaintColrLayers.
+        def listToColrLayers(layer):
+            if isinstance(layer, collections.abc.Sequence):
+                return self.buildPaint(
+                    {
+                        "Format": ot.PaintFormat.PaintColrLayers,
+                        "Layers": [listToColrLayers(l) for l in layer],
+                    }
+                )
+            return layer
+
+        layers = [listToColrLayers(l) for l in layers]
+
+        paint.NumLayers = len(layers)
+        paint.FirstLayerIndex = len(self.layers)
+        self.layers.extend(layers)
+
+        # Register our parts for reuse provided we aren't a tree
+        # If we are a tree the leaves registered for reuse and that will suffice
+        if not is_tree:
+            for lbound, ubound in _reuse_ranges(len(layers)):
+                self.reusePool[self._as_tuple(layers[lbound:ubound])] = (
+                    lbound + paint.FirstLayerIndex
+                )
+
+        # we've fully built dest; empty source prevents generalized build from kicking in
+        return paint, {}
+
+    def buildPaint(self, paint: _PaintInput) -> ot.Paint:
+        return self.tableBuilder.build(ot.Paint, paint)
+
+    def build(self) -> Optional[ot.LayerList]:
+        if not self.layers:
+            return None
+        layers = ot.LayerList()
+        layers.LayerCount = len(self.layers)
+        layers.Paint = self.layers
+        return layers
+
+
+def buildBaseGlyphPaintRecord(
+    baseGlyph: str, layerBuilder: LayerListBuilder, paint: _PaintInput
+) -> ot.BaseGlyphList:
+    self = ot.BaseGlyphPaintRecord()
+    self.BaseGlyph = baseGlyph
+    self.Paint = layerBuilder.buildPaint(paint)
+    return self
+
+
+def _format_glyph_errors(errors: Mapping[str, Exception]) -> str:
+    lines = []
+    for baseGlyph, error in sorted(errors.items()):
+        lines.append(f"    {baseGlyph} => {type(error).__name__}: {error}")
+    return "\n".join(lines)
+
+
+def buildColrV1(
+    colorGlyphs: _ColorGlyphsDict,
+    glyphMap: Optional[Mapping[str, int]] = None,
+) -> Tuple[Optional[ot.LayerList], ot.BaseGlyphList]:
+    if glyphMap is not None:
+        colorGlyphItems = sorted(
+            colorGlyphs.items(), key=lambda item: glyphMap[item[0]]
+        )
+    else:
+        colorGlyphItems = colorGlyphs.items()
+
+    errors = {}
+    baseGlyphs = []
+    layerBuilder = LayerListBuilder()
+    for baseGlyph, paint in colorGlyphItems:
+        try:
+            baseGlyphs.append(buildBaseGlyphPaintRecord(baseGlyph, layerBuilder, paint))
+
+        except (ColorLibError, OverflowError, ValueError, TypeError) as e:
+            errors[baseGlyph] = e
+
+    if errors:
+        failed_glyphs = _format_glyph_errors(errors)
+        exc = ColorLibError(f"Failed to build BaseGlyphList:\n{failed_glyphs}")
+        exc.errors = errors
+        raise exc from next(iter(errors.values()))
+
+    layers = layerBuilder.build()
+    glyphs = ot.BaseGlyphList()
+    glyphs.BaseGlyphCount = len(baseGlyphs)
+    glyphs.BaseGlyphPaintRecord = baseGlyphs
+    return (layers, glyphs)
+
+
+def _build_n_ary_tree(leaves, n):
+    """Build N-ary tree from sequence of leaf nodes.
+
+    Return a list of lists where each non-leaf node is a list containing
+    max n nodes.
+    """
+    if not leaves:
+        return []
+
+    assert n > 1
+
+    depth = ceil(log(len(leaves), n))
+
+    if depth <= 1:
+        return list(leaves)
+
+    # Fully populate complete subtrees of root until we have enough leaves left
+    root = []
+    unassigned = None
+    full_step = n ** (depth - 1)
+    for i in range(0, len(leaves), full_step):
+        subtree = leaves[i : i + full_step]
+        if len(subtree) < full_step:
+            unassigned = subtree
+            break
+        while len(subtree) > n:
+            subtree = [subtree[k : k + n] for k in range(0, len(subtree), n)]
+        root.append(subtree)
+
+    if unassigned:
+        # Recurse to fill the last subtree, which is the only partially populated one
+        subtree = _build_n_ary_tree(unassigned, n)
+        if len(subtree) <= n - len(root):
+            # replace last subtree with its children if they can still fit
+            root.extend(subtree)
+        else:
+            root.append(subtree)
+        assert len(root) <= n
+
+    return root
diff --git a/Lib/fontTools/colorLib/errors.py b/Lib/fontTools/colorLib/errors.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a0bdda1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Lib/fontTools/colorLib/errors.py
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+
+class ColorLibError(Exception):
+    pass
diff --git a/Lib/fontTools/colorLib/geometry.py b/Lib/fontTools/colorLib/geometry.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e62aead
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Lib/fontTools/colorLib/geometry.py
@@ -0,0 +1,145 @@
+"""Helpers for manipulating 2D points and vectors in COLR table."""
+
+from math import copysign, cos, hypot, pi
+from fontTools.misc.roundTools import otRound
+
+
+def _vector_between(origin, target):
+    return (target[0] - origin[0], target[1] - origin[1])
+
+
+def _round_point(pt):
+    return (otRound(pt[0]), otRound(pt[1]))
+
+
+def _unit_vector(vec):
+    length = hypot(*vec)
+    if length == 0:
+        return None
+    return (vec[0] / length, vec[1] / length)
+
+
+# This is the same tolerance used by Skia's SkTwoPointConicalGradient.cpp to detect
+# when a radial gradient's focal point lies on the end circle.
+_NEARLY_ZERO = 1 / (1 << 12)  # 0.000244140625
+
+
+# The unit vector's X and Y components are respectively
+#   U = (cos(α), sin(α))
+# where α is the angle between the unit vector and the positive x axis.
+_UNIT_VECTOR_THRESHOLD = cos(3 / 8 * pi)  # == sin(1/8 * pi) == 0.38268343236508984
+
+
+def _rounding_offset(direction):
+    # Return 2-tuple of -/+ 1.0 or 0.0 approximately based on the direction vector.
+    # We divide the unit circle in 8 equal slices oriented towards the cardinal
+    # (N, E, S, W) and intermediate (NE, SE, SW, NW) directions. To each slice we
+    # map one of the possible cases: -1, 0, +1 for either X and Y coordinate.
+    # E.g. Return (+1.0, -1.0) if unit vector is oriented towards SE, or
+    # (-1.0, 0.0) if it's pointing West, etc.
+    uv = _unit_vector(direction)
+    if not uv:
+        return (0, 0)
+
+    result = []
+    for uv_component in uv:
+        if -_UNIT_VECTOR_THRESHOLD <= uv_component < _UNIT_VECTOR_THRESHOLD:
+            # unit vector component near 0: direction almost orthogonal to the
+            # direction of the current axis, thus keep coordinate unchanged
+            result.append(0)
+        else:
+            # nudge coord by +/- 1.0 in direction of unit vector
+            result.append(copysign(1.0, uv_component))
+    return tuple(result)
+
+
+class Circle:
+    def __init__(self, centre, radius):
+        self.centre = centre
+        self.radius = radius
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return f"Circle(centre={self.centre}, radius={self.radius})"
+
+    def round(self):
+        return Circle(_round_point(self.centre), otRound(self.radius))
+
+    def inside(self, outer_circle):
+        dist = self.radius + hypot(*_vector_between(self.centre, outer_circle.centre))
+        return (
+            abs(outer_circle.radius - dist) <= _NEARLY_ZERO
+            or outer_circle.radius > dist
+        )
+
+    def concentric(self, other):
+        return self.centre == other.centre
+
+    def move(self, dx, dy):
+        self.centre = (self.centre[0] + dx, self.centre[1] + dy)
+
+
+def round_start_circle_stable_containment(c0, r0, c1, r1):
+    """Round start circle so that it stays inside/outside end circle after rounding.
+
+    The rounding of circle coordinates to integers may cause an abrupt change
+    if the start circle c0 is so close to the end circle c1's perimiter that
+    it ends up falling outside (or inside) as a result of the rounding.
+    To keep the gradient unchanged, we nudge it in the right direction.
+
+    See:
+    https://github.com/googlefonts/colr-gradients-spec/issues/204
+    https://github.com/googlefonts/picosvg/issues/158
+    """
+    start, end = Circle(c0, r0), Circle(c1, r1)
+
+    inside_before_round = start.inside(end)
+
+    round_start = start.round()
+    round_end = end.round()
+    inside_after_round = round_start.inside(round_end)
+
+    if inside_before_round == inside_after_round:
+        return round_start
+    elif inside_after_round:
+        # start was outside before rounding: we need to push start away from end
+        direction = _vector_between(round_end.centre, round_start.centre)
+        radius_delta = +1.0
+    else:
+        # start was inside before rounding: we need to push start towards end
+        direction = _vector_between(round_start.centre, round_end.centre)
+        radius_delta = -1.0
+    dx, dy = _rounding_offset(direction)
+
+    # At most 2 iterations ought to be enough to converge. Before the loop, we
+    # know the start circle didn't keep containment after normal rounding; thus
+    # we continue adjusting by -/+ 1.0 until containment is restored.
+    # Normal rounding can at most move each coordinates -/+0.5; in the worst case
+    # both the start and end circle's centres and radii will be rounded in opposite
+    # directions, e.g. when they move along a 45 degree diagonal:
+    #   c0 = (1.5, 1.5) ===> (2.0, 2.0)
+    #   r0 = 0.5 ===> 1.0
+    #   c1 = (0.499, 0.499) ===> (0.0, 0.0)
+    #   r1 = 2.499 ===> 2.0
+    # In this example, the relative distance between the circles, calculated
+    # as r1 - (r0 + distance(c0, c1)) is initially 0.57437 (c0 is inside c1), and
+    # -1.82842 after rounding (c0 is now outside c1). Nudging c0 by -1.0 on both
+    # x and y axes moves it towards c1 by hypot(-1.0, -1.0) = 1.41421. Two of these
+    # moves cover twice that distance, which is enough to restore containment.
+    max_attempts = 2
+    for _ in range(max_attempts):
+        if round_start.concentric(round_end):
+            # can't move c0 towards c1 (they are the same), so we change the radius
+            round_start.radius += radius_delta
+            assert round_start.radius >= 0
+        else:
+            round_start.move(dx, dy)
+        if inside_before_round == round_start.inside(round_end):
+            break
+    else:  # likely a bug
+        raise AssertionError(
+            f"Rounding circle {start} "
+            f"{'inside' if inside_before_round else 'outside'} "
+            f"{end} failed after {max_attempts} attempts!"
+        )
+
+    return round_start
diff --git a/Lib/fontTools/colorLib/table_builder.py b/Lib/fontTools/colorLib/table_builder.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..763115b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Lib/fontTools/colorLib/table_builder.py
@@ -0,0 +1,225 @@
+"""
+colorLib.table_builder: Generic helper for filling in BaseTable derivatives from tuples and maps and such.
+
+"""
+
+import collections
+import enum
+from fontTools.ttLib.tables.otBase import (
+    BaseTable,
+    FormatSwitchingBaseTable,
+    UInt8FormatSwitchingBaseTable,
+)
+from fontTools.ttLib.tables.otConverters import (
+    ComputedInt,
+    SimpleValue,
+    Struct,
+    Short,
+    UInt8,
+    UShort,
+    IntValue,
+    FloatValue,
+    OptionalValue,
+)
+from fontTools.misc.roundTools import otRound
+
+
+class BuildCallback(enum.Enum):
+    """Keyed on (BEFORE_BUILD, class[, Format if available]).
+    Receives (dest, source).
+    Should return (dest, source), which can be new objects.
+    """
+
+    BEFORE_BUILD = enum.auto()
+
+    """Keyed on (AFTER_BUILD, class[, Format if available]).
+    Receives (dest).
+    Should return dest, which can be a new object.
+    """
+    AFTER_BUILD = enum.auto()
+
+    """Keyed on (CREATE_DEFAULT, class[, Format if available]).
+    Receives no arguments.
+    Should return a new instance of class.
+    """
+    CREATE_DEFAULT = enum.auto()
+
+
+def _assignable(convertersByName):
+    return {k: v for k, v in convertersByName.items() if not isinstance(v, ComputedInt)}
+
+
+def _isNonStrSequence(value):
+    return isinstance(value, collections.abc.Sequence) and not isinstance(value, str)
+
+
+def _split_format(cls, source):
+    if _isNonStrSequence(source):
+        assert len(source) > 0, f"{cls} needs at least format from {source}"
+        fmt, remainder = source[0], source[1:]
+    elif isinstance(source, collections.abc.Mapping):
+        assert "Format" in source, f"{cls} needs at least Format from {source}"
+        remainder = source.copy()
+        fmt = remainder.pop("Format")
+    else:
+        raise ValueError(f"Not sure how to populate {cls} from {source}")
+
+    assert isinstance(
+        fmt, collections.abc.Hashable
+    ), f"{cls} Format is not hashable: {fmt!r}"
+    assert (
+        fmt in cls.convertersByName
+    ), f"{cls} invalid Format: {fmt!r}"
+
+    return fmt, remainder
+
+
+class TableBuilder:
+    """
+    Helps to populate things derived from BaseTable from maps, tuples, etc.
+
+    A table of lifecycle callbacks may be provided to add logic beyond what is possible
+    based on otData info for the target class. See BuildCallbacks.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, callbackTable=None):
+        if callbackTable is None:
+            callbackTable = {}
+        self._callbackTable = callbackTable
+
+    def _convert(self, dest, field, converter, value):
+        enumClass = getattr(converter, "enumClass", None)
+
+        if enumClass:
+            if isinstance(value, enumClass):
+                pass
+            elif isinstance(value, str):
+                try:
+                    value = getattr(enumClass, value.upper())
+                except AttributeError:
+                    raise ValueError(f"{value} is not a valid {enumClass}")
+            else:
+                value = enumClass(value)
+
+        elif isinstance(converter, IntValue):
+            value = otRound(value)
+        elif isinstance(converter, FloatValue):
+            value = float(value)
+
+        elif isinstance(converter, Struct):
+            if converter.repeat:
+                if _isNonStrSequence(value):
+                    value = [self.build(converter.tableClass, v) for v in value]
+                else:
+                    value = [self.build(converter.tableClass, value)]
+                setattr(dest, converter.repeat, len(value))
+            else:
+                value = self.build(converter.tableClass, value)
+        elif callable(converter):
+            value = converter(value)
+
+        setattr(dest, field, value)
+
+    def build(self, cls, source):
+        assert issubclass(cls, BaseTable)
+
+        if isinstance(source, cls):
+            return source
+
+        callbackKey = (cls,)
+        fmt = None
+        if issubclass(cls, FormatSwitchingBaseTable):
+            fmt, source = _split_format(cls, source)
+            callbackKey = (cls, fmt)
+
+        dest = self._callbackTable.get(
+            (BuildCallback.CREATE_DEFAULT,) + callbackKey, lambda: cls()
+        )()
+        assert isinstance(dest, cls)
+
+        convByName = _assignable(cls.convertersByName)
+        skippedFields = set()
+
+        # For format switchers we need to resolve converters based on format
+        if issubclass(cls, FormatSwitchingBaseTable):
+            dest.Format = fmt
+            convByName = _assignable(convByName[dest.Format])
+            skippedFields.add("Format")
+
+        # Convert sequence => mapping so before thunk only has to handle one format
+        if _isNonStrSequence(source):
+            # Sequence (typically list or tuple) assumed to match fields in declaration order
+            assert len(source) <= len(
+                convByName
+            ), f"Sequence of {len(source)} too long for {cls}; expected <= {len(convByName)} values"
+            source = dict(zip(convByName.keys(), source))
+
+        dest, source = self._callbackTable.get(
+            (BuildCallback.BEFORE_BUILD,) + callbackKey, lambda d, s: (d, s)
+        )(dest, source)
+
+        if isinstance(source, collections.abc.Mapping):
+            for field, value in source.items():
+                if field in skippedFields:
+                    continue
+                converter = convByName.get(field, None)
+                if not converter:
+                    raise ValueError(
+                        f"Unrecognized field {field} for {cls}; expected one of {sorted(convByName.keys())}"
+                    )
+                self._convert(dest, field, converter, value)
+        else:
+            # let's try as a 1-tuple
+            dest = self.build(cls, (source,))
+
+        for field, conv in convByName.items():
+            if not hasattr(dest, field) and isinstance(conv, OptionalValue):
+                setattr(dest, field, conv.DEFAULT)
+
+        dest = self._callbackTable.get(
+            (BuildCallback.AFTER_BUILD,) + callbackKey, lambda d: d
+        )(dest)
+
+        return dest
+
+
+class TableUnbuilder:
+    def __init__(self, callbackTable=None):
+        if callbackTable is None:
+            callbackTable = {}
+        self._callbackTable = callbackTable
+
+    def unbuild(self, table):
+        assert isinstance(table, BaseTable)
+
+        source = {}
+
+        callbackKey = (type(table),)
+        if isinstance(table, FormatSwitchingBaseTable):
+            source["Format"] = int(table.Format)
+            callbackKey += (table.Format,)
+
+        for converter in table.getConverters():
+            if isinstance(converter, ComputedInt):
+                continue
+            value = getattr(table, converter.name)
+
+            enumClass = getattr(converter, "enumClass", None)
+            if enumClass:
+                source[converter.name] = value.name.lower()
+            elif isinstance(converter, Struct):
+                if converter.repeat:
+                    source[converter.name] = [self.unbuild(v) for v in value]
+                else:
+                    source[converter.name] = self.unbuild(value)
+            elif isinstance(converter, SimpleValue):
+                # "simple" values (e.g. int, float, str) need no further un-building
+                source[converter.name] = value
+            else:
+                raise NotImplementedError(
+                    "Don't know how unbuild {value!r} with {converter!r}"
+                )
+
+        source = self._callbackTable.get(callbackKey, lambda s: s)(source)
+
+        return source
diff --git a/Lib/fontTools/colorLib/unbuilder.py b/Lib/fontTools/colorLib/unbuilder.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0d10cff
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Lib/fontTools/colorLib/unbuilder.py
@@ -0,0 +1,79 @@
+from fontTools.ttLib.tables import otTables as ot
+from .table_builder import TableUnbuilder
+
+
+def unbuildColrV1(layerV1List, baseGlyphV1List):
+    unbuilder = LayerListUnbuilder(layerV1List.Paint)
+    return {
+        rec.BaseGlyph: unbuilder.unbuildPaint(rec.Paint)
+        for rec in baseGlyphV1List.BaseGlyphPaintRecord
+    }
+
+
+def _flatten(lst):
+    for el in lst:
+        if isinstance(el, list):
+            yield from _flatten(el)
+        else:
+            yield el
+
+
+class LayerListUnbuilder:
+    def __init__(self, layers):
+        self.layers = layers
+
+        callbacks = {
+            (
+                ot.Paint,
+                ot.PaintFormat.PaintColrLayers,
+            ): self._unbuildPaintColrLayers,
+        }
+        self.tableUnbuilder = TableUnbuilder(callbacks)
+
+    def unbuildPaint(self, paint):
+        assert isinstance(paint, ot.Paint)
+        return self.tableUnbuilder.unbuild(paint)
+
+    def _unbuildPaintColrLayers(self, source):
+        assert source["Format"] == ot.PaintFormat.PaintColrLayers
+
+        layers = list(
+            _flatten(
+                [
+                    self.unbuildPaint(childPaint)
+                    for childPaint in self.layers[
+                        source["FirstLayerIndex"] : source["FirstLayerIndex"]
+                        + source["NumLayers"]
+                    ]
+                ]
+            )
+        )
+
+        if len(layers) == 1:
+            return layers[0]
+
+        return {"Format": source["Format"], "Layers": layers}
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    from pprint import pprint
+    import sys
+    from fontTools.ttLib import TTFont
+
+    try:
+        fontfile = sys.argv[1]
+    except IndexError:
+        sys.exit("usage: fonttools colorLib.unbuilder FONTFILE")
+
+    font = TTFont(fontfile)
+    colr = font["COLR"]
+    if colr.version < 1:
+        sys.exit(f"error: No COLR table version=1 found in {fontfile}")
+
+    colorGlyphs = unbuildColrV1(
+        colr.table.LayerList,
+        colr.table.BaseGlyphList,
+        ignoreVarIdx=not colr.table.VarStore,
+    )
+
+    pprint(colorGlyphs)
diff --git a/Lib/fontTools/cu2qu/__init__.py b/Lib/fontTools/cu2qu/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4ae6356
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Lib/fontTools/cu2qu/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+# Copyright 2016 Google Inc. All Rights Reserved.
+#
+# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+# You may obtain a copy of the License at
+#
+#     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+#
+# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+# limitations under the License.
+
+from .cu2qu import *
diff --git a/Lib/fontTools/cu2qu/__main__.py b/Lib/fontTools/cu2qu/__main__.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..084bf8f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Lib/fontTools/cu2qu/__main__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+import sys
+from .cli import main
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    sys.exit(main())
diff --git a/Lib/fontTools/cu2qu/cli.py b/Lib/fontTools/cu2qu/cli.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d4e83b8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Lib/fontTools/cu2qu/cli.py
@@ -0,0 +1,177 @@
+import os
+import argparse
+import logging
+import shutil
+import multiprocessing as mp
+from contextlib import closing
+from functools import partial
+
+import fontTools
+from .ufo import font_to_quadratic, fonts_to_quadratic
+
+ufo_module = None
+try:
+    import ufoLib2 as ufo_module
+except ImportError:
+    try:
+        import defcon as ufo_module
+    except ImportError as e:
+        pass
+
+
+logger = logging.getLogger("fontTools.cu2qu")
+
+
+def _cpu_count():
+    try:
+        return mp.cpu_count()
+    except NotImplementedError:  # pragma: no cover
+        return 1
+
+
+def _font_to_quadratic(input_path, output_path=None, **kwargs):
+    ufo = ufo_module.Font(input_path)
+    logger.info('Converting curves for %s', input_path)
+    if font_to_quadratic(ufo, **kwargs):
+        logger.info("Saving %s", output_path)
+        if output_path:
+            ufo.save(output_path)
+        else:
+            ufo.save()  # save in-place
+    elif output_path:
+        _copytree(input_path, output_path)
+
+
+def _samepath(path1, path2):
+    # TODO on python3+, there's os.path.samefile
+    path1 = os.path.normcase(os.path.abspath(os.path.realpath(path1)))
+    path2 = os.path.normcase(os.path.abspath(os.path.realpath(path2)))
+    return path1 == path2
+
+
+def _copytree(input_path, output_path):
+    if _samepath(input_path, output_path):
+        logger.debug("input and output paths are the same file; skipped copy")
+        return
+    if os.path.exists(output_path):
+        shutil.rmtree(output_path)
+    shutil.copytree(input_path, output_path)
+
+
+def main(args=None):
+    """Convert a UFO font from cubic to quadratic curves"""
+    parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(prog="cu2qu")
+    parser.add_argument(
+        "--version", action="version", version=fontTools.__version__)
+    parser.add_argument(
+        "infiles",
+        nargs="+",
+        metavar="INPUT",
+        help="one or more input UFO source file(s).")
+    parser.add_argument("-v", "--verbose", action="count", default=0)
+    parser.add_argument(
+        "-e",
+        "--conversion-error",
+        type=float,
+        metavar="ERROR",
+        default=None,
+        help="maxiumum approximation error measured in EM (default: 0.001)")
+    parser.add_argument(
+        "--keep-direction",
+        dest="reverse_direction",
+        action="store_false",
+        help="do not reverse the contour direction")
+
+    mode_parser = parser.add_mutually_exclusive_group()
+    mode_parser.add_argument(
+        "-i",
+        "--interpolatable",
+        action="store_true",
+        help="whether curve conversion should keep interpolation compatibility"
+    )
+    mode_parser.add_argument(
+        "-j",
+        "--jobs",
+        type=int,
+        nargs="?",
+        default=1,
+        const=_cpu_count(),
+        metavar="N",
+        help="Convert using N multiple processes (default: %(default)s)")
+
+    output_parser = parser.add_mutually_exclusive_group()
+    output_parser.add_argument(
+        "-o",
+        "--output-file",
+        default=None,
+        metavar="OUTPUT",
+        help=("output filename for the converted UFO. By default fonts are "
+              "modified in place. This only works with a single input."))
+    output_parser.add_argument(
+        "-d",
+        "--output-dir",
+        default=None,
+        metavar="DIRECTORY",
+        help="output directory where to save converted UFOs")
+
+    options = parser.parse_args(args)
+
+    if ufo_module is None:
+        parser.error("Either ufoLib2 or defcon are required to run this script.")
+
+    if not options.verbose:
+        level = "WARNING"
+    elif options.verbose == 1:
+        level = "INFO"
+    else:
+        level = "DEBUG"
+    logging.basicConfig(level=level)
+
+    if len(options.infiles) > 1 and options.output_file:
+        parser.error("-o/--output-file can't be used with multile inputs")
+
+    if options.output_dir:
+        output_dir = options.output_dir
+        if not os.path.exists(output_dir):
+            os.mkdir(output_dir)
+        elif not os.path.isdir(output_dir):
+            parser.error("'%s' is not a directory" % output_dir)
+        output_paths = [
+            os.path.join(output_dir, os.path.basename(p))
+            for p in options.infiles
+        ]
+    elif options.output_file:
+        output_paths = [options.output_file]
+    else:
+        # save in-place
+        output_paths = [None] * len(options.infiles)
+
+    kwargs = dict(dump_stats=options.verbose > 0,
+                  max_err_em=options.conversion_error,
+                  reverse_direction=options.reverse_direction)
+
+    if options.interpolatable:
+        logger.info('Converting curves compatibly')
+        ufos = [ufo_module.Font(infile) for infile in options.infiles]
+        if fonts_to_quadratic(ufos, **kwargs):
+            for ufo, output_path in zip(ufos, output_paths):
+                logger.info("Saving %s", output_path)
+                if output_path:
+                    ufo.save(output_path)
+                else:
+                    ufo.save()
+        else:
+            for input_path, output_path in zip(options.infiles, output_paths):
+                if output_path:
+                    _copytree(input_path, output_path)
+    else:
+        jobs = min(len(options.infiles),
+                   options.jobs) if options.jobs > 1 else 1
+        if jobs > 1:
+            func = partial(_font_to_quadratic, **kwargs)
+            logger.info('Running %d parallel processes', jobs)
+            with closing(mp.Pool(jobs)) as pool:
+                pool.starmap(func, zip(options.infiles, output_paths))
+        else:
+            for input_path, output_path in zip(options.infiles, output_paths):
+                _font_to_quadratic(input_path, output_path, **kwargs)
diff --git a/Lib/fontTools/cu2qu/cu2qu.py b/Lib/fontTools/cu2qu/cu2qu.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c9ce93a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Lib/fontTools/cu2qu/cu2qu.py
@@ -0,0 +1,496 @@
+#cython: language_level=3
+#distutils: define_macros=CYTHON_TRACE_NOGIL=1
+
+# Copyright 2015 Google Inc. All Rights Reserved.
+#
+# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+# You may obtain a copy of the License at
+#
+#     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+#
+# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+# limitations under the License.
+
+try:
+    import cython
+except ImportError:
+    # if cython not installed, use mock module with no-op decorators and types
+    from fontTools.misc import cython
+
+import math
+
+from .errors import Error as Cu2QuError, ApproxNotFoundError
+
+
+__all__ = ['curve_to_quadratic', 'curves_to_quadratic']
+
+MAX_N = 100
+
+NAN = float("NaN")
+
+
+if cython.compiled:
+    # Yep, I'm compiled.
+    COMPILED = True
+else:
+    # Just a lowly interpreted script.
+    COMPILED = False
+
+
+@cython.cfunc
+@cython.inline
+@cython.returns(cython.double)
+@cython.locals(v1=cython.complex, v2=cython.complex)
+def dot(v1, v2):
+    """Return the dot product of two vectors.
+
+    Args:
+        v1 (complex): First vector.
+        v2 (complex): Second vector.
+
+    Returns:
+        double: Dot product.
+    """
+    return (v1 * v2.conjugate()).real
+
+
+@cython.cfunc
+@cython.inline
+@cython.locals(a=cython.complex, b=cython.complex, c=cython.complex, d=cython.complex)
+@cython.locals(_1=cython.complex, _2=cython.complex, _3=cython.complex, _4=cython.complex)
+def calc_cubic_points(a, b, c, d):
+    _1 = d
+    _2 = (c / 3.0) + d
+    _3 = (b + c) / 3.0 + _2
+    _4 = a + d + c + b
+    return _1, _2, _3, _4
+
+
+@cython.cfunc
+@cython.inline
+@cython.locals(p0=cython.complex, p1=cython.complex, p2=cython.complex, p3=cython.complex)
+@cython.locals(a=cython.complex, b=cython.complex, c=cython.complex, d=cython.complex)
+def calc_cubic_parameters(p0, p1, p2, p3):
+    c = (p1 - p0) * 3.0
+    b = (p2 - p1) * 3.0 - c
+    d = p0
+    a = p3 - d - c - b
+    return a, b, c, d
+
+
+@cython.cfunc
+@cython.locals(p0=cython.complex, p1=cython.complex, p2=cython.complex, p3=cython.complex)
+def split_cubic_into_n_iter(p0, p1, p2, p3, n):
+    """Split a cubic Bezier into n equal parts.
+
+    Splits the curve into `n` equal parts by curve time.
+    (t=0..1/n, t=1/n..2/n, ...)
+
+    Args:
+        p0 (complex): Start point of curve.
+        p1 (complex): First handle of curve.
+        p2 (complex): Second handle of curve.
+        p3 (complex): End point of curve.
+
+    Returns:
+        An iterator yielding the control points (four complex values) of the
+        subcurves.
+    """
+    # Hand-coded special-cases
+    if n == 2:
+        return iter(split_cubic_into_two(p0, p1, p2, p3))
+    if n == 3:
+        return iter(split_cubic_into_three(p0, p1, p2, p3))
+    if n == 4:
+        a, b = split_cubic_into_two(p0, p1, p2, p3)
+        return iter(split_cubic_into_two(*a) + split_cubic_into_two(*b))
+    if n == 6:
+        a, b = split_cubic_into_two(p0, p1, p2, p3)
+        return iter(split_cubic_into_three(*a) + split_cubic_into_three(*b))
+
+    return _split_cubic_into_n_gen(p0,p1,p2,p3,n)
+
+
+@cython.locals(p0=cython.complex, p1=cython.complex, p2=cython.complex, p3=cython.complex, n=cython.int)
+@cython.locals(a=cython.complex, b=cython.complex, c=cython.complex, d=cython.complex)
+@cython.locals(dt=cython.double, delta_2=cython.double, delta_3=cython.double, i=cython.int)
+@cython.locals(a1=cython.complex, b1=cython.complex, c1=cython.complex, d1=cython.complex)
+def _split_cubic_into_n_gen(p0, p1, p2, p3, n):
+    a, b, c, d = calc_cubic_parameters(p0, p1, p2, p3)
+    dt = 1 / n
+    delta_2 = dt * dt
+    delta_3 = dt * delta_2
+    for i in range(n):
+        t1 = i * dt
+        t1_2 = t1 * t1
+        # calc new a, b, c and d
+        a1 = a * delta_3
+        b1 = (3*a*t1 + b) * delta_2
+        c1 = (2*b*t1 + c + 3*a*t1_2) * dt
+        d1 = a*t1*t1_2 + b*t1_2 + c*t1 + d
+        yield calc_cubic_points(a1, b1, c1, d1)
+
+
+@cython.locals(p0=cython.complex, p1=cython.complex, p2=cython.complex, p3=cython.complex)
+@cython.locals(mid=cython.complex, deriv3=cython.complex)
+def split_cubic_into_two(p0, p1, p2, p3):
+    """Split a cubic Bezier into two equal parts.
+
+    Splits the curve into two equal parts at t = 0.5
+
+    Args:
+        p0 (complex): Start point of curve.
+        p1 (complex): First handle of curve.
+        p2 (complex): Second handle of curve.
+        p3 (complex): End point of curve.
+
+    Returns:
+        tuple: Two cubic Beziers (each expressed as a tuple of four complex
+        values).
+    """
+    mid = (p0 + 3 * (p1 + p2) + p3) * .125
+    deriv3 = (p3 + p2 - p1 - p0) * .125
+    return ((p0, (p0 + p1) * .5, mid - deriv3, mid),
+            (mid, mid + deriv3, (p2 + p3) * .5, p3))
+
+
+@cython.locals(p0=cython.complex, p1=cython.complex, p2=cython.complex, p3=cython.complex, _27=cython.double)
+@cython.locals(mid1=cython.complex, deriv1=cython.complex, mid2=cython.complex, deriv2=cython.complex)
+def split_cubic_into_three(p0, p1, p2, p3, _27=1/27):
+    """Split a cubic Bezier into three equal parts.
+
+    Splits the curve into three equal parts at t = 1/3 and t = 2/3
+
+    Args:
+        p0 (complex): Start point of curve.
+        p1 (complex): First handle of curve.
+        p2 (complex): Second handle of curve.
+        p3 (complex): End point of curve.
+
+    Returns:
+        tuple: Three cubic Beziers (each expressed as a tuple of four complex
+        values).
+    """
+    # we define 1/27 as a keyword argument so that it will be evaluated only
+    # once but still in the scope of this function
+    mid1 = (8*p0 + 12*p1 + 6*p2 + p3) * _27
+    deriv1 = (p3 + 3*p2 - 4*p0) * _27
+    mid2 = (p0 + 6*p1 + 12*p2 + 8*p3) * _27
+    deriv2 = (4*p3 - 3*p1 - p0) * _27
+    return ((p0, (2*p0 + p1) / 3.0, mid1 - deriv1, mid1),
+            (mid1, mid1 + deriv1, mid2 - deriv2, mid2),
+            (mid2, mid2 + deriv2, (p2 + 2*p3) / 3.0, p3))
+
+
+@cython.returns(cython.complex)
+@cython.locals(t=cython.double, p0=cython.complex, p1=cython.complex, p2=cython.complex, p3=cython.complex)
+@cython.locals(_p1=cython.complex, _p2=cython.complex)
+def cubic_approx_control(t, p0, p1, p2, p3):
+    """Approximate a cubic Bezier using a quadratic one.
+
+    Args:
+        t (double): Position of control point.
+        p0 (complex): Start point of curve.
+        p1 (complex): First handle of curve.
+        p2 (complex): Second handle of curve.
+        p3 (complex): End point of curve.
+
+    Returns:
+        complex: Location of candidate control point on quadratic curve.
+    """
+    _p1 = p0 + (p1 - p0) * 1.5
+    _p2 = p3 + (p2 - p3) * 1.5
+    return _p1 + (_p2 - _p1) * t
+
+
+@cython.returns(cython.complex)
+@cython.locals(a=cython.complex, b=cython.complex, c=cython.complex, d=cython.complex)
+@cython.locals(ab=cython.complex, cd=cython.complex, p=cython.complex, h=cython.double)
+def calc_intersect(a, b, c, d):
+    """Calculate the intersection of two lines.
+
+    Args:
+        a (complex): Start point of first line.
+        b (complex): End point of first line.
+        c (complex): Start point of second line.
+        d (complex): End point of second line.
+
+    Returns:
+        complex: Location of intersection if one present, ``complex(NaN,NaN)``
+        if no intersection was found.
+    """
+    ab = b - a
+    cd = d - c
+    p = ab * 1j
+    try:
+        h = dot(p, a - c) / dot(p, cd)
+    except ZeroDivisionError:
+        return complex(NAN, NAN)
+    return c + cd * h
+
+
+@cython.cfunc
+@cython.returns(cython.int)
+@cython.locals(tolerance=cython.double, p0=cython.complex, p1=cython.complex, p2=cython.complex, p3=cython.complex)
+@cython.locals(mid=cython.complex, deriv3=cython.complex)
+def cubic_farthest_fit_inside(p0, p1, p2, p3, tolerance):
+    """Check if a cubic Bezier lies within a given distance of the origin.
+
+    "Origin" means *the* origin (0,0), not the start of the curve. Note that no
+    checks are made on the start and end positions of the curve; this function
+    only checks the inside of the curve.
+
+    Args:
+        p0 (complex): Start point of curve.
+        p1 (complex): First handle of curve.
+        p2 (complex): Second handle of curve.
+        p3 (complex): End point of curve.
+        tolerance (double): Distance from origin.
+
+    Returns:
+        bool: True if the cubic Bezier ``p`` entirely lies within a distance
+        ``tolerance`` of the origin, False otherwise.
+    """
+    # First check p2 then p1, as p2 has higher error early on.
+    if abs(p2) <= tolerance and abs(p1) <= tolerance:
+        return True
+
+    # Split.
+    mid = (p0 + 3 * (p1 + p2) + p3) * .125
+    if abs(mid) > tolerance:
+        return False
+    deriv3 = (p3 + p2 - p1 - p0) * .125
+    return (cubic_farthest_fit_inside(p0, (p0+p1)*.5, mid-deriv3, mid, tolerance) and
+            cubic_farthest_fit_inside(mid, mid+deriv3, (p2+p3)*.5, p3, tolerance))
+
+
+@cython.cfunc
+@cython.locals(tolerance=cython.double, _2_3=cython.double)
+@cython.locals(q1=cython.complex, c0=cython.complex, c1=cython.complex, c2=cython.complex, c3=cython.complex)
+def cubic_approx_quadratic(cubic, tolerance, _2_3=2/3):
+    """Approximate a cubic Bezier with a single quadratic within a given tolerance.
+
+    Args:
+        cubic (sequence): Four complex numbers representing control points of
+            the cubic Bezier curve.
+        tolerance (double): Permitted deviation from the original curve.
+
+    Returns:
+        Three complex numbers representing control points of the quadratic
+        curve if it fits within the given tolerance, or ``None`` if no suitable
+        curve could be calculated.
+    """
+    # we define 2/3 as a keyword argument so that it will be evaluated only
+    # once but still in the scope of this function
+
+    q1 = calc_intersect(*cubic)
+    if math.isnan(q1.imag):
+        return None
+    c0 = cubic[0]
+    c3 = cubic[3]
+    c1 = c0 + (q1 - c0) * _2_3
+    c2 = c3 + (q1 - c3) * _2_3
+    if not cubic_farthest_fit_inside(0,
+                                     c1 - cubic[1],
+                                     c2 - cubic[2],
+                                     0, tolerance):
+        return None
+    return c0, q1, c3
+
+
+@cython.cfunc
+@cython.locals(n=cython.int, tolerance=cython.double, _2_3=cython.double)
+@cython.locals(i=cython.int)
+@cython.locals(c0=cython.complex, c1=cython.complex, c2=cython.complex, c3=cython.complex)
+@cython.locals(q0=cython.complex, q1=cython.complex, next_q1=cython.complex, q2=cython.complex, d1=cython.complex)
+def cubic_approx_spline(cubic, n, tolerance, _2_3=2/3):
+    """Approximate a cubic Bezier curve with a spline of n quadratics.
+
+    Args:
+        cubic (sequence): Four complex numbers representing control points of
+            the cubic Bezier curve.
+        n (int): Number of quadratic Bezier curves in the spline.
+        tolerance (double): Permitted deviation from the original curve.
+
+    Returns:
+        A list of ``n+2`` complex numbers, representing control points of the
+        quadratic spline if it fits within the given tolerance, or ``None`` if
+        no suitable spline could be calculated.
+    """
+    # we define 2/3 as a keyword argument so that it will be evaluated only
+    # once but still in the scope of this function
+
+    if n == 1:
+        return cubic_approx_quadratic(cubic, tolerance)
+
+    cubics = split_cubic_into_n_iter(cubic[0], cubic[1], cubic[2], cubic[3], n)
+
+    # calculate the spline of quadratics and check errors at the same time.
+    next_cubic = next(cubics)
+    next_q1 = cubic_approx_control(0, *next_cubic)
+    q2 = cubic[0]
+    d1 = 0j
+    spline = [cubic[0], next_q1]
+    for i in range(1, n+1):
+
+        # Current cubic to convert
+        c0, c1, c2, c3 = next_cubic
+
+        # Current quadratic approximation of current cubic
+        q0 = q2
+        q1 = next_q1
+        if i < n:
+            next_cubic = next(cubics)
+            next_q1 = cubic_approx_control(i / (n-1), *next_cubic)
+            spline.append(next_q1)
+            q2 = (q1 + next_q1) * .5
+        else:
+            q2 = c3
+
+        # End-point deltas
+        d0 = d1
+        d1 = q2 - c3
+
+        if (abs(d1) > tolerance or
+            not cubic_farthest_fit_inside(d0,
+                                          q0 + (q1 - q0) * _2_3 - c1,
+                                          q2 + (q1 - q2) * _2_3 - c2,
+                                          d1,
+                                          tolerance)):
+            return None
+    spline.append(cubic[3])
+
+    return spline
+
+
+@cython.locals(max_err=cython.double)
+@cython.locals(n=cython.int)
+def curve_to_quadratic(curve, max_err):
+    """Approximate a cubic Bezier curve with a spline of n quadratics.
+
+    Args:
+        cubic (sequence): Four 2D tuples representing control points of
+            the cubic Bezier curve.
+        max_err (double): Permitted deviation from the original curve.
+
+    Returns:
+        A list of 2D tuples, representing control points of the quadratic
+        spline if it fits within the given tolerance, or ``None`` if no
+        suitable spline could be calculated.
+    """
+
+    curve = [complex(*p) for p in curve]
+
+    for n in range(1, MAX_N + 1):
+        spline = cubic_approx_spline(curve, n, max_err)
+        if spline is not None:
+            # done. go home
+            return [(s.real, s.imag) for s in spline]
+
+    raise ApproxNotFoundError(curve)
+
+
+
+@cython.locals(l=cython.int, last_i=cython.int, i=cython.int)
+def curves_to_quadratic(curves, max_errors):
+    """Return quadratic Bezier splines approximating the input cubic Beziers.
+
+    Args:
+        curves: A sequence of *n* curves, each curve being a sequence of four
+            2D tuples.
+        max_errors: A sequence of *n* floats representing the maximum permissible
+            deviation from each of the cubic Bezier curves.
+
+    Example::
+
+        >>> curves_to_quadratic( [
+        ...   [ (50,50), (100,100), (150,100), (200,50) ],
+        ...   [ (75,50), (120,100), (150,75),  (200,60) ]
+        ... ], [1,1] )
+        [[(50.0, 50.0), (75.0, 75.0), (125.0, 91.66666666666666), (175.0, 75.0), (200.0, 50.0)], [(75.0, 50.0), (97.5, 75.0), (135.41666666666666, 82.08333333333333), (175.0, 67.5), (200.0, 60.0)]]
+
+    The returned splines have "implied oncurve points" suitable for use in
+    TrueType ``glif`` outlines - i.e. in the first spline returned above,
+    the first quadratic segment runs from (50,50) to
+    ( (75 + 125)/2 , (120 + 91.666..)/2 ) = (100, 83.333...).
+
+    Returns:
+        A list of splines, each spline being a list of 2D tuples.
+
+    Raises:
+        fontTools.cu2qu.Errors.ApproxNotFoundError: if no suitable approximation
+        can be found for all curves with the given parameters.
+    """
+
+    curves = [[complex(*p) for p in curve] for curve in curves]
+    assert len(max_errors) == len(curves)
+
+    l = len(curves)
+    splines = [None] * l
+    last_i = i = 0
+    n = 1
+    while True:
+        spline = cubic_approx_spline(curves[i], n, max_errors[i])
+        if spline is None:
+            if n == MAX_N:
+                break
+            n += 1
+            last_i = i
+            continue
+        splines[i] = spline
+        i = (i + 1) % l
+        if i == last_i:
+            # done. go home
+            return [[(s.real, s.imag) for s in spline] for spline in splines]
+
+    raise ApproxNotFoundError(curves)
+
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    import random
+    import timeit
+
+    MAX_ERR = 5
+
+    def generate_curve():
+        return [
+            tuple(float(random.randint(0, 2048)) for coord in range(2))
+            for point in range(4)]
+
+    def setup_curve_to_quadratic():
+        return generate_curve(), MAX_ERR
+
+    def setup_curves_to_quadratic():
+        num_curves = 3
+        return (
+            [generate_curve() for curve in range(num_curves)],
+            [MAX_ERR] * num_curves)
+
+    def run_benchmark(
+            benchmark_module, module, function, setup_suffix='', repeat=5, number=1000):
+        setup_func = 'setup_' + function
+        if setup_suffix:
+            print('%s with %s:' % (function, setup_suffix), end='')
+            setup_func += '_' + setup_suffix
+        else:
+            print('%s:' % function, end='')
+
+        def wrapper(function, setup_func):
+            function = globals()[function]
+            setup_func = globals()[setup_func]
+            def wrapped():
+                return function(*setup_func())
+            return wrapped
+        results = timeit.repeat(wrapper(function, setup_func), repeat=repeat, number=number)
+        print('\t%5.1fus' % (min(results) * 1000000. / number))
+
+    def main():
+        run_benchmark('cu2qu.benchmark', 'cu2qu', 'curve_to_quadratic')
+        run_benchmark('cu2qu.benchmark', 'cu2qu', 'curves_to_quadratic')
+
+    random.seed(1)
+    main()
diff --git a/Lib/fontTools/cu2qu/errors.py b/Lib/fontTools/cu2qu/errors.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..74c4c22
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Lib/fontTools/cu2qu/errors.py
@@ -0,0 +1,76 @@
+# Copyright 2016 Google Inc. All Rights Reserved.
+#
+# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+# You may obtain a copy of the License at
+#
+#     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+#
+# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+# limitations under the License.
+
+class Error(Exception):
+    """Base Cu2Qu exception class for all other errors."""
+
+
+class ApproxNotFoundError(Error):
+    def __init__(self, curve):
+        message = "no approximation found: %s" % curve
+        super().__init__(message)
+        self.curve = curve
+
+
+class UnequalZipLengthsError(Error):
+    pass
+
+
+class IncompatibleGlyphsError(Error):
+    def __init__(self, glyphs):
+        assert len(glyphs) > 1
+        self.glyphs = glyphs
+        names = set(repr(g.name) for g in glyphs)
+        if len(names) > 1:
+            self.combined_name = "{%s}" % ", ".join(sorted(names))
+        else:
+            self.combined_name = names.pop()
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return "<%s %s>" % (type(self).__name__, self.combined_name)
+
+
+class IncompatibleSegmentNumberError(IncompatibleGlyphsError):
+    def __str__(self):
+        return "Glyphs named %s have different number of segments" % (
+            self.combined_name
+        )
+
+
+class IncompatibleSegmentTypesError(IncompatibleGlyphsError):
+    def __init__(self, glyphs, segments):
+        IncompatibleGlyphsError.__init__(self, glyphs)
+        self.segments = segments
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        lines = []
+        ndigits = len(str(max(self.segments)))
+        for i, tags in sorted(self.segments.items()):
+            lines.append(
+                "%s: (%s)" % (str(i).rjust(ndigits), ", ".join(repr(t) for t in tags))
+            )
+        return "Glyphs named %s have incompatible segment types:\n  %s" % (
+            self.combined_name,
+            "\n  ".join(lines),
+        )
+
+
+class IncompatibleFontsError(Error):
+    def __init__(self, glyph_errors):
+        self.glyph_errors = glyph_errors
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        return "fonts contains incompatible glyphs: %s" % (
+            ", ".join(repr(g) for g in sorted(self.glyph_errors.keys()))
+        )
diff --git a/Lib/fontTools/cu2qu/ufo.py b/Lib/fontTools/cu2qu/ufo.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..447de7b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Lib/fontTools/cu2qu/ufo.py
@@ -0,0 +1,324 @@
+# Copyright 2015 Google Inc. All Rights Reserved.
+#
+# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+# You may obtain a copy of the License at
+#
+#     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+#
+# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+# limitations under the License.
+
+
+"""Converts cubic bezier curves to quadratic splines.
+
+Conversion is performed such that the quadratic splines keep the same end-curve
+tangents as the original cubics. The approach is iterative, increasing the
+number of segments for a spline until the error gets below a bound.
+
+Respective curves from multiple fonts will be converted at once to ensure that
+the resulting splines are interpolation-compatible.
+"""
+
+import logging
+from fontTools.pens.basePen import AbstractPen
+from fontTools.pens.pointPen import PointToSegmentPen
+from fontTools.pens.reverseContourPen import ReverseContourPen
+
+from . import curves_to_quadratic
+from .errors import (
+    UnequalZipLengthsError, IncompatibleSegmentNumberError,
+    IncompatibleSegmentTypesError, IncompatibleGlyphsError,
+    IncompatibleFontsError)
+
+
+__all__ = ['fonts_to_quadratic', 'font_to_quadratic']
+
+# The default approximation error below is a relative value (1/1000 of the EM square).
+# Later on, we convert it to absolute font units by multiplying it by a font's UPEM
+# (see fonts_to_quadratic).
+DEFAULT_MAX_ERR = 0.001
+CURVE_TYPE_LIB_KEY = "com.github.googlei18n.cu2qu.curve_type"
+
+logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+
+_zip = zip
+def zip(*args):
+    """Ensure each argument to zip has the same length. Also make sure a list is
+    returned for python 2/3 compatibility.
+    """
+
+    if len(set(len(a) for a in args)) != 1:
+        raise UnequalZipLengthsError(*args)
+    return list(_zip(*args))
+
+
+class GetSegmentsPen(AbstractPen):
+    """Pen to collect segments into lists of points for conversion.
+
+    Curves always include their initial on-curve point, so some points are
+    duplicated between segments.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self):
+        self._last_pt = None
+        self.segments = []
+
+    def _add_segment(self, tag, *args):
+        if tag in ['move', 'line', 'qcurve', 'curve']:
+            self._last_pt = args[-1]
+        self.segments.append((tag, args))
+
+    def moveTo(self, pt):
+        self._add_segment('move', pt)
+
+    def lineTo(self, pt):
+        self._add_segment('line', pt)
+
+    def qCurveTo(self, *points):
+        self._add_segment('qcurve', self._last_pt, *points)
+
+    def curveTo(self, *points):
+        self._add_segment('curve', self._last_pt, *points)
+
+    def closePath(self):
+        self._add_segment('close')
+
+    def endPath(self):
+        self._add_segment('end')
+
+    def addComponent(self, glyphName, transformation):
+        pass
+
+
+def _get_segments(glyph):
+    """Get a glyph's segments as extracted by GetSegmentsPen."""
+
+    pen = GetSegmentsPen()
+    # glyph.draw(pen)
+    # We can't simply draw the glyph with the pen, but we must initialize the
+    # PointToSegmentPen explicitly with outputImpliedClosingLine=True.
+    # By default PointToSegmentPen does not outputImpliedClosingLine -- unless
+    # last and first point on closed contour are duplicated. Because we are
+    # converting multiple glyphs at the same time, we want to make sure
+    # this function returns the same number of segments, whether or not
+    # the last and first point overlap.
+    # https://github.com/googlefonts/fontmake/issues/572
+    # https://github.com/fonttools/fonttools/pull/1720
+    pointPen = PointToSegmentPen(pen, outputImpliedClosingLine=True)
+    glyph.drawPoints(pointPen)
+    return pen.segments
+
+
+def _set_segments(glyph, segments, reverse_direction):
+    """Draw segments as extracted by GetSegmentsPen back to a glyph."""
+
+    glyph.clearContours()
+    pen = glyph.getPen()
+    if reverse_direction:
+        pen = ReverseContourPen(pen)
+    for tag, args in segments:
+        if tag == 'move':
+            pen.moveTo(*args)
+        elif tag == 'line':
+            pen.lineTo(*args)
+        elif tag == 'curve':
+            pen.curveTo(*args[1:])
+        elif tag == 'qcurve':
+            pen.qCurveTo(*args[1:])
+        elif tag == 'close':
+            pen.closePath()
+        elif tag == 'end':
+            pen.endPath()
+        else:
+            raise AssertionError('Unhandled segment type "%s"' % tag)
+
+
+def _segments_to_quadratic(segments, max_err, stats):
+    """Return quadratic approximations of cubic segments."""
+
+    assert all(s[0] == 'curve' for s in segments), 'Non-cubic given to convert'
+
+    new_points = curves_to_quadratic([s[1] for s in segments], max_err)
+    n = len(new_points[0])
+    assert all(len(s) == n for s in new_points[1:]), 'Converted incompatibly'
+
+    spline_length = str(n - 2)
+    stats[spline_length] = stats.get(spline_length, 0) + 1
+
+    return [('qcurve', p) for p in new_points]
+
+
+def _glyphs_to_quadratic(glyphs, max_err, reverse_direction, stats):
+    """Do the actual conversion of a set of compatible glyphs, after arguments
+    have been set up.
+
+    Return True if the glyphs were modified, else return False.
+    """
+
+    try:
+        segments_by_location = zip(*[_get_segments(g) for g in glyphs])
+    except UnequalZipLengthsError:
+        raise IncompatibleSegmentNumberError(glyphs)
+    if not any(segments_by_location):
+        return False
+
+    # always modify input glyphs if reverse_direction is True
+    glyphs_modified = reverse_direction
+
+    new_segments_by_location = []
+    incompatible = {}
+    for i, segments in enumerate(segments_by_location):
+        tag = segments[0][0]
+        if not all(s[0] == tag for s in segments[1:]):
+            incompatible[i] = [s[0] for s in segments]
+        elif tag == 'curve':
+            segments = _segments_to_quadratic(segments, max_err, stats)
+            glyphs_modified = True
+        new_segments_by_location.append(segments)
+
+    if glyphs_modified:
+        new_segments_by_glyph = zip(*new_segments_by_location)
+        for glyph, new_segments in zip(glyphs, new_segments_by_glyph):
+            _set_segments(glyph, new_segments, reverse_direction)
+
+    if incompatible:
+        raise IncompatibleSegmentTypesError(glyphs, segments=incompatible)
+    return glyphs_modified
+
+
+def glyphs_to_quadratic(
+        glyphs, max_err=None, reverse_direction=False, stats=None):
+    """Convert the curves of a set of compatible of glyphs to quadratic.
+
+    All curves will be converted to quadratic at once, ensuring interpolation
+    compatibility. If this is not required, calling glyphs_to_quadratic with one
+    glyph at a time may yield slightly more optimized results.
+
+    Return True if glyphs were modified, else return False.
+
+    Raises IncompatibleGlyphsError if glyphs have non-interpolatable outlines.
+    """
+    if stats is None:
+        stats = {}
+
+    if not max_err:
+        # assume 1000 is the default UPEM
+        max_err = DEFAULT_MAX_ERR * 1000
+
+    if isinstance(max_err, (list, tuple)):
+        max_errors = max_err
+    else:
+        max_errors = [max_err] * len(glyphs)
+    assert len(max_errors) == len(glyphs)
+
+    return _glyphs_to_quadratic(glyphs, max_errors, reverse_direction, stats)
+
+
+def fonts_to_quadratic(
+        fonts, max_err_em=None, max_err=None, reverse_direction=False,
+        stats=None, dump_stats=False, remember_curve_type=True):
+    """Convert the curves of a collection of fonts to quadratic.
+
+    All curves will be converted to quadratic at once, ensuring interpolation
+    compatibility. If this is not required, calling fonts_to_quadratic with one
+    font at a time may yield slightly more optimized results.
+
+    Return True if fonts were modified, else return False.
+
+    By default, cu2qu stores the curve type in the fonts' lib, under a private
+    key "com.github.googlei18n.cu2qu.curve_type", and will not try to convert
+    them again if the curve type is already set to "quadratic".
+    Setting 'remember_curve_type' to False disables this optimization.
+
+    Raises IncompatibleFontsError if same-named glyphs from different fonts
+    have non-interpolatable outlines.
+    """
+
+    if remember_curve_type:
+        curve_types = {f.lib.get(CURVE_TYPE_LIB_KEY, "cubic") for f in fonts}
+        if len(curve_types) == 1:
+            curve_type = next(iter(curve_types))
+            if curve_type == "quadratic":
+                logger.info("Curves already converted to quadratic")
+                return False
+            elif curve_type == "cubic":
+                pass  # keep converting
+            else:
+                raise NotImplementedError(curve_type)
+        elif len(curve_types) > 1:
+            # going to crash later if they do differ
+            logger.warning("fonts may contain different curve types")
+
+    if stats is None:
+        stats = {}
+
+    if max_err_em and max_err:
+        raise TypeError('Only one of max_err and max_err_em can be specified.')
+    if not (max_err_em or max_err):
+        max_err_em = DEFAULT_MAX_ERR
+
+    if isinstance(max_err, (list, tuple)):
+        assert len(max_err) == len(fonts)
+        max_errors = max_err
+    elif max_err:
+        max_errors = [max_err] * len(fonts)
+
+    if isinstance(max_err_em, (list, tuple)):
+        assert len(fonts) == len(max_err_em)
+        max_errors = [f.info.unitsPerEm * e
+                      for f, e in zip(fonts, max_err_em)]
+    elif max_err_em:
+        max_errors = [f.info.unitsPerEm * max_err_em for f in fonts]
+
+    modified = False
+    glyph_errors = {}
+    for name in set().union(*(f.keys() for f in fonts)):
+        glyphs = []
+        cur_max_errors = []
+        for font, error in zip(fonts, max_errors):
+            if name in font:
+                glyphs.append(font[name])
+                cur_max_errors.append(error)
+        try:
+            modified |= _glyphs_to_quadratic(
+                glyphs, cur_max_errors, reverse_direction, stats)
+        except IncompatibleGlyphsError as exc:
+            logger.error(exc)
+            glyph_errors[name] = exc
+
+    if glyph_errors:
+        raise IncompatibleFontsError(glyph_errors)
+
+    if modified and dump_stats:
+        spline_lengths = sorted(stats.keys())
+        logger.info('New spline lengths: %s' % (', '.join(
+                    '%s: %d' % (l, stats[l]) for l in spline_lengths)))
+
+    if remember_curve_type:
+        for font in fonts:
+            curve_type = font.lib.get(CURVE_TYPE_LIB_KEY, "cubic")
+            if curve_type != "quadratic":
+                font.lib[CURVE_TYPE_LIB_KEY] = "quadratic"
+                modified = True
+    return modified
+
+
+def glyph_to_quadratic(glyph, **kwargs):
+    """Convenience wrapper around glyphs_to_quadratic, for just one glyph.
+    Return True if the glyph was modified, else return False.
+    """
+
+    return glyphs_to_quadratic([glyph], **kwargs)
+
+
+def font_to_quadratic(font, **kwargs):
+    """Convenience wrapper around fonts_to_quadratic, for just one font.
+    Return True if the font was modified, else return False.
+    """
+
+    return fonts_to_quadratic([font], **kwargs)
diff --git a/Lib/fontTools/designspaceLib/__init__.py b/Lib/fontTools/designspaceLib/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3bb2bbf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Lib/fontTools/designspaceLib/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,1407 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+
+from fontTools.misc.py23 import tobytes, tostr
+from fontTools.misc.loggingTools import LogMixin
+import collections
+from io import BytesIO, StringIO
+import os
+import posixpath
+from fontTools.misc import etree as ET
+from fontTools.misc import plistlib
+
+"""
+    designSpaceDocument
+
+    - read and write designspace files
+"""
+
+__all__ = [
+    'DesignSpaceDocumentError', 'DesignSpaceDocument', 'SourceDescriptor',
+    'InstanceDescriptor', 'AxisDescriptor', 'RuleDescriptor', 'BaseDocReader',
+    'BaseDocWriter'
+]
+
+# ElementTree allows to find namespace-prefixed elements, but not attributes
+# so we have to do it ourselves for 'xml:lang'
+XML_NS = "{http://www.w3.org/XML/1998/namespace}"
+XML_LANG = XML_NS + "lang"
+
+
+def posix(path):
+    """Normalize paths using forward slash to work also on Windows."""
+    new_path = posixpath.join(*path.split(os.path.sep))
+    if path.startswith('/'):
+        # The above transformation loses absolute paths
+        new_path = '/' + new_path
+    elif path.startswith(r'\\'):
+        # The above transformation loses leading slashes of UNC path mounts
+        new_path = '//' + new_path
+    return new_path
+
+
+def posixpath_property(private_name):
+    def getter(self):
+        # Normal getter
+        return getattr(self, private_name)
+
+    def setter(self, value):
+        # The setter rewrites paths using forward slashes
+        if value is not None:
+            value = posix(value)
+        setattr(self, private_name, value)
+
+    return property(getter, setter)
+
+
+class DesignSpaceDocumentError(Exception):
+    def __init__(self, msg, obj=None):
+        self.msg = msg
+        self.obj = obj
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        return str(self.msg) + (
+            ": %r" % self.obj if self.obj is not None else "")
+
+
+class AsDictMixin(object):
+
+    def asdict(self):
+        d = {}
+        for attr, value in self.__dict__.items():
+            if attr.startswith("_"):
+                continue
+            if hasattr(value, "asdict"):
+                value = value.asdict()
+            elif isinstance(value, list):
+                value = [
+                    v.asdict() if hasattr(v, "asdict") else v for v in value
+                ]
+            d[attr] = value
+        return d
+
+
+class SimpleDescriptor(AsDictMixin):
+    """ Containers for a bunch of attributes"""
+
+    # XXX this is ugly. The 'print' is inappropriate here, and instead of
+    # assert, it should simply return True/False
+    def compare(self, other):
+        # test if this object contains the same data as the other
+        for attr in self._attrs:
+            try:
+                assert(getattr(self, attr) == getattr(other, attr))
+            except AssertionError:
+                print("failed attribute", attr, getattr(self, attr), "!=", getattr(other, attr))
+
+
+class SourceDescriptor(SimpleDescriptor):
+    """Simple container for data related to the source"""
+    flavor = "source"
+    _attrs = ['filename', 'path', 'name', 'layerName',
+              'location', 'copyLib',
+              'copyGroups', 'copyFeatures',
+              'muteKerning', 'muteInfo',
+              'mutedGlyphNames',
+              'familyName', 'styleName']
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        *,
+        filename=None,
+        path=None,
+        font=None,
+        name=None,
+        location=None,
+        layerName=None,
+        familyName=None,
+        styleName=None,
+        copyLib=False,
+        copyInfo=False,
+        copyGroups=False,
+        copyFeatures=False,
+        muteKerning=False,
+        muteInfo=False,
+        mutedGlyphNames=None,
+    ):
+        self.filename = filename
+        """The original path as found in the document."""
+
+        self.path = path
+        """The absolute path, calculated from filename."""
+
+        self.font = font
+        """Any Python object. Optional. Points to a representation of this
+        source font that is loaded in memory, as a Python object (e.g. a
+        ``defcon.Font`` or a ``fontTools.ttFont.TTFont``).
+
+        The default document reader will not fill-in this attribute, and the
+        default writer will not use this attribute. It is up to the user of
+        ``designspaceLib`` to either load the resource identified by
+        ``filename`` and store it in this field, or write the contents of
+        this field to the disk and make ```filename`` point to that.
+        """
+
+        self.name = name
+        self.location = location
+        self.layerName = layerName
+        self.familyName = familyName
+        self.styleName = styleName
+
+        self.copyLib = copyLib
+        self.copyInfo = copyInfo
+        self.copyGroups = copyGroups
+        self.copyFeatures = copyFeatures
+        self.muteKerning = muteKerning
+        self.muteInfo = muteInfo
+        self.mutedGlyphNames = mutedGlyphNames or []
+
+    path = posixpath_property("_path")
+    filename = posixpath_property("_filename")
+
+
+class RuleDescriptor(SimpleDescriptor):
+    """<!-- optional: list of substitution rules -->
+    <rules>
+        <rule name="vertical.bars">
+            <conditionset>
+                <condition minimum="250.000000" maximum="750.000000" name="weight"/>
+                <condition minimum="100" name="width"/>
+                <condition minimum="10" maximum="40" name="optical"/>
+            </conditionset>
+            <sub name="cent" with="cent.alt"/>
+            <sub name="dollar" with="dollar.alt"/>
+        </rule>
+    </rules>
+    """
+    _attrs = ['name', 'conditionSets', 'subs']   # what do we need here
+
+    def __init__(self, *, name=None, conditionSets=None, subs=None):
+        self.name = name
+        # list of lists of dict(name='aaaa', minimum=0, maximum=1000)
+        self.conditionSets = conditionSets or []
+        # list of substitutions stored as tuples of glyphnames ("a", "a.alt")
+        self.subs = subs or []
+
+
+def evaluateRule(rule, location):
+    """ Return True if any of the rule's conditionsets matches the given location."""
+    return any(evaluateConditions(c, location) for c in rule.conditionSets)
+
+
+def evaluateConditions(conditions, location):
+    """ Return True if all the conditions matches the given location.
+        If a condition has no minimum, check for < maximum.
+        If a condition has no maximum, check for > minimum.
+    """
+    for cd in conditions:
+        value = location[cd['name']]
+        if cd.get('minimum') is None:
+            if value > cd['maximum']:
+                return False
+        elif cd.get('maximum') is None:
+            if cd['minimum'] > value:
+                return False
+        elif not cd['minimum'] <= value <= cd['maximum']:
+            return False
+    return True
+
+
+def processRules(rules, location, glyphNames):
+    """ Apply these rules at this location to these glyphnames
+        - rule order matters
+    """
+    newNames = []
+    for rule in rules:
+        if evaluateRule(rule, location):
+            for name in glyphNames:
+                swap = False
+                for a, b in rule.subs:
+                    if name == a:
+                        swap = True
+                        break
+                if swap:
+                    newNames.append(b)
+                else:
+                    newNames.append(name)
+            glyphNames = newNames
+            newNames = []
+    return glyphNames
+
+
+class InstanceDescriptor(SimpleDescriptor):
+    """Simple container for data related to the instance"""
+    flavor = "instance"
+    _defaultLanguageCode = "en"
+    _attrs = ['path',
+              'name',
+              'location',
+              'familyName',
+              'styleName',
+              'postScriptFontName',
+              'styleMapFamilyName',
+              'styleMapStyleName',
+              'kerning',
+              'info',
+              'lib']
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        *,
+        filename=None,
+        path=None,
+        font=None,
+        name=None,
+        location=None,
+        familyName=None,
+        styleName=None,
+        postScriptFontName=None,
+        styleMapFamilyName=None,
+        styleMapStyleName=None,
+        localisedFamilyName=None,
+        localisedStyleName=None,
+        localisedStyleMapFamilyName=None,
+        localisedStyleMapStyleName=None,
+        glyphs=None,
+        kerning=True,
+        info=True,
+        lib=None,
+    ):
+        # the original path as found in the document
+        self.filename = filename
+        # the absolute path, calculated from filename
+        self.path = path
+        # Same as in SourceDescriptor.
+        self.font = font
+        self.name = name
+        self.location = location
+        self.familyName = familyName
+        self.styleName = styleName
+        self.postScriptFontName = postScriptFontName
+        self.styleMapFamilyName = styleMapFamilyName
+        self.styleMapStyleName = styleMapStyleName
+        self.localisedFamilyName = localisedFamilyName or {}
+        self.localisedStyleName = localisedStyleName or {}
+        self.localisedStyleMapFamilyName = localisedStyleMapFamilyName or {}
+        self.localisedStyleMapStyleName = localisedStyleMapStyleName or {}
+        self.glyphs = glyphs or {}
+        self.kerning = kerning
+        self.info = info
+
+        self.lib = lib or {}
+        """Custom data associated with this instance."""
+
+    path = posixpath_property("_path")
+    filename = posixpath_property("_filename")
+
+    def setStyleName(self, styleName, languageCode="en"):
+        self.localisedStyleName[languageCode] = tostr(styleName)
+
+    def getStyleName(self, languageCode="en"):
+        return self.localisedStyleName.get(languageCode)
+
+    def setFamilyName(self, familyName, languageCode="en"):
+        self.localisedFamilyName[languageCode] = tostr(familyName)
+
+    def getFamilyName(self, languageCode="en"):
+        return self.localisedFamilyName.get(languageCode)
+
+    def setStyleMapStyleName(self, styleMapStyleName, languageCode="en"):
+        self.localisedStyleMapStyleName[languageCode] = tostr(styleMapStyleName)
+
+    def getStyleMapStyleName(self, languageCode="en"):
+        return self.localisedStyleMapStyleName.get(languageCode)
+
+    def setStyleMapFamilyName(self, styleMapFamilyName, languageCode="en"):
+        self.localisedStyleMapFamilyName[languageCode] = tostr(styleMapFamilyName)
+
+    def getStyleMapFamilyName(self, languageCode="en"):
+        return self.localisedStyleMapFamilyName.get(languageCode)
+
+
+def tagForAxisName(name):
+    # try to find or make a tag name for this axis name
+    names = {
+        'weight':   ('wght', dict(en = 'Weight')),
+        'width':    ('wdth', dict(en = 'Width')),
+        'optical':  ('opsz', dict(en = 'Optical Size')),
+        'slant':    ('slnt', dict(en = 'Slant')),
+        'italic':   ('ital', dict(en = 'Italic')),
+    }
+    if name.lower() in names:
+        return names[name.lower()]
+    if len(name) < 4:
+        tag = name + "*" * (4 - len(name))
+    else:
+        tag = name[:4]
+    return tag, dict(en=name)
+
+
+class AxisDescriptor(SimpleDescriptor):
+    """ Simple container for the axis data
+        Add more localisations?
+    """
+    flavor = "axis"
+    _attrs = ['tag', 'name', 'maximum', 'minimum', 'default', 'map']
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        *,
+        tag=None,
+        name=None,
+        labelNames=None,
+        minimum=None,
+        default=None,
+        maximum=None,
+        hidden=False,
+        map=None,
+    ):
+        # opentype tag for this axis
+        self.tag = tag
+        # name of the axis used in locations
+        self.name = name
+        # names for UI purposes, if this is not a standard axis,
+        self.labelNames = labelNames or {}
+        self.minimum = minimum
+        self.maximum = maximum
+        self.default = default
+        self.hidden = hidden
+        self.map = map or []
+
+    def serialize(self):
+        # output to a dict, used in testing
+        return dict(
+            tag=self.tag,
+            name=self.name,
+            labelNames=self.labelNames,
+            maximum=self.maximum,
+            minimum=self.minimum,
+            default=self.default,
+            hidden=self.hidden,
+            map=self.map,
+        )
+
+    def map_forward(self, v):
+        from fontTools.varLib.models import piecewiseLinearMap
+
+        if not self.map:
+            return v
+        return piecewiseLinearMap(v, {k: v for k, v in self.map})
+
+    def map_backward(self, v):
+        from fontTools.varLib.models import piecewiseLinearMap
+
+        if not self.map:
+            return v
+        return piecewiseLinearMap(v, {v: k for k, v in self.map})
+
+
+class BaseDocWriter(object):
+    _whiteSpace = "    "
+    ruleDescriptorClass = RuleDescriptor
+    axisDescriptorClass = AxisDescriptor
+    sourceDescriptorClass = SourceDescriptor
+    instanceDescriptorClass = InstanceDescriptor
+
+    @classmethod
+    def getAxisDecriptor(cls):
+        return cls.axisDescriptorClass()
+
+    @classmethod
+    def getSourceDescriptor(cls):
+        return cls.sourceDescriptorClass()
+
+    @classmethod
+    def getInstanceDescriptor(cls):
+        return cls.instanceDescriptorClass()
+
+    @classmethod
+    def getRuleDescriptor(cls):
+        return cls.ruleDescriptorClass()
+
+    def __init__(self, documentPath, documentObject):
+        self.path = documentPath
+        self.documentObject = documentObject
+        self.documentVersion = "4.1"
+        self.root = ET.Element("designspace")
+        self.root.attrib['format'] = self.documentVersion
+        self._axes = []     # for use by the writer only
+        self._rules = []    # for use by the writer only
+
+    def write(self, pretty=True, encoding="UTF-8", xml_declaration=True):
+        if self.documentObject.axes:
+            self.root.append(ET.Element("axes"))
+        for axisObject in self.documentObject.axes:
+            self._addAxis(axisObject)
+
+        if self.documentObject.rules:
+            if getattr(self.documentObject, "rulesProcessingLast", False):
+                attributes = {"processing": "last"}
+            else:
+                attributes = {}
+            self.root.append(ET.Element("rules", attributes))
+        for ruleObject in self.documentObject.rules:
+            self._addRule(ruleObject)
+
+        if self.documentObject.sources:
+            self.root.append(ET.Element("sources"))
+        for sourceObject in self.documentObject.sources:
+            self._addSource(sourceObject)
+
+        if self.documentObject.instances:
+            self.root.append(ET.Element("instances"))
+        for instanceObject in self.documentObject.instances:
+            self._addInstance(instanceObject)
+
+        if self.documentObject.lib:
+            self._addLib(self.documentObject.lib)
+
+        tree = ET.ElementTree(self.root)
+        tree.write(
+            self.path,
+            encoding=encoding,
+            method='xml',
+            xml_declaration=xml_declaration,
+            pretty_print=pretty,
+        )
+
+    def _makeLocationElement(self, locationObject, name=None):
+        """ Convert Location dict to a locationElement."""
+        locElement = ET.Element("location")
+        if name is not None:
+            locElement.attrib['name'] = name
+        validatedLocation = self.documentObject.newDefaultLocation()
+        for axisName, axisValue in locationObject.items():
+            if axisName in validatedLocation:
+                # only accept values we know
+                validatedLocation[axisName] = axisValue
+        for dimensionName, dimensionValue in validatedLocation.items():
+            dimElement = ET.Element('dimension')
+            dimElement.attrib['name'] = dimensionName
+            if type(dimensionValue) == tuple:
+                dimElement.attrib['xvalue'] = self.intOrFloat(dimensionValue[0])
+                dimElement.attrib['yvalue'] = self.intOrFloat(dimensionValue[1])
+            else:
+                dimElement.attrib['xvalue'] = self.intOrFloat(dimensionValue)
+            locElement.append(dimElement)
+        return locElement, validatedLocation
+
+    def intOrFloat(self, num):
+        if int(num) == num:
+            return "%d" % num
+        return "%f" % num
+
+    def _addRule(self, ruleObject):
+        # if none of the conditions have minimum or maximum values, do not add the rule.
+        self._rules.append(ruleObject)
+        ruleElement = ET.Element('rule')
+        if ruleObject.name is not None:
+            ruleElement.attrib['name'] = ruleObject.name
+        for conditions in ruleObject.conditionSets:
+            conditionsetElement = ET.Element('conditionset')
+            for cond in conditions:
+                if cond.get('minimum') is None and cond.get('maximum') is None:
+                    # neither is defined, don't add this condition
+                    continue
+                conditionElement = ET.Element('condition')
+                conditionElement.attrib['name'] = cond.get('name')
+                if cond.get('minimum') is not None:
+                    conditionElement.attrib['minimum'] = self.intOrFloat(cond.get('minimum'))
+                if cond.get('maximum') is not None:
+                    conditionElement.attrib['maximum'] = self.intOrFloat(cond.get('maximum'))
+                conditionsetElement.append(conditionElement)
+            if len(conditionsetElement):
+                ruleElement.append(conditionsetElement)
+        for sub in ruleObject.subs:
+            subElement = ET.Element('sub')
+            subElement.attrib['name'] = sub[0]
+            subElement.attrib['with'] = sub[1]
+            ruleElement.append(subElement)
+        if len(ruleElement):
+            self.root.findall('.rules')[0].append(ruleElement)
+
+    def _addAxis(self, axisObject):
+        self._axes.append(axisObject)
+        axisElement = ET.Element('axis')
+        axisElement.attrib['tag'] = axisObject.tag
+        axisElement.attrib['name'] = axisObject.name
+        axisElement.attrib['minimum'] = self.intOrFloat(axisObject.minimum)
+        axisElement.attrib['maximum'] = self.intOrFloat(axisObject.maximum)
+        axisElement.attrib['default'] = self.intOrFloat(axisObject.default)
+        if axisObject.hidden:
+            axisElement.attrib['hidden'] = "1"
+        for languageCode, labelName in sorted(axisObject.labelNames.items()):
+            languageElement = ET.Element('labelname')
+            languageElement.attrib[XML_LANG] = languageCode
+            languageElement.text = labelName
+            axisElement.append(languageElement)
+        if axisObject.map:
+            for inputValue, outputValue in axisObject.map:
+                mapElement = ET.Element('map')
+                mapElement.attrib['input'] = self.intOrFloat(inputValue)
+                mapElement.attrib['output'] = self.intOrFloat(outputValue)
+                axisElement.append(mapElement)
+        self.root.findall('.axes')[0].append(axisElement)
+
+    def _addInstance(self, instanceObject):
+        instanceElement = ET.Element('instance')
+        if instanceObject.name is not None:
+            instanceElement.attrib['name'] = instanceObject.name
+        if instanceObject.familyName is not None:
+            instanceElement.attrib['familyname'] = instanceObject.familyName
+        if instanceObject.styleName is not None:
+            instanceElement.attrib['stylename'] = instanceObject.styleName
+        # add localisations
+        if instanceObject.localisedStyleName:
+            languageCodes = list(instanceObject.localisedStyleName.keys())
+            languageCodes.sort()
+            for code in languageCodes:
+                if code == "en":
+                    continue  # already stored in the element attribute
+                localisedStyleNameElement = ET.Element('stylename')
+                localisedStyleNameElement.attrib[XML_LANG] = code
+                localisedStyleNameElement.text = instanceObject.getStyleName(code)
+                instanceElement.append(localisedStyleNameElement)
+        if instanceObject.localisedFamilyName:
+            languageCodes = list(instanceObject.localisedFamilyName.keys())
+            languageCodes.sort()
+            for code in languageCodes:
+                if code == "en":
+                    continue  # already stored in the element attribute
+                localisedFamilyNameElement = ET.Element('familyname')
+                localisedFamilyNameElement.attrib[XML_LANG] = code
+                localisedFamilyNameElement.text = instanceObject.getFamilyName(code)
+                instanceElement.append(localisedFamilyNameElement)
+        if instanceObject.localisedStyleMapStyleName:
+            languageCodes = list(instanceObject.localisedStyleMapStyleName.keys())
+            languageCodes.sort()
+            for code in languageCodes:
+                if code == "en":
+                    continue
+                localisedStyleMapStyleNameElement = ET.Element('stylemapstylename')
+                localisedStyleMapStyleNameElement.attrib[XML_LANG] = code
+                localisedStyleMapStyleNameElement.text = instanceObject.getStyleMapStyleName(code)
+                instanceElement.append(localisedStyleMapStyleNameElement)
+        if instanceObject.localisedStyleMapFamilyName:
+            languageCodes = list(instanceObject.localisedStyleMapFamilyName.keys())
+            languageCodes.sort()
+            for code in languageCodes:
+                if code == "en":
+                    continue
+                localisedStyleMapFamilyNameElement = ET.Element('stylemapfamilyname')
+                localisedStyleMapFamilyNameElement.attrib[XML_LANG] = code
+                localisedStyleMapFamilyNameElement.text = instanceObject.getStyleMapFamilyName(code)
+                instanceElement.append(localisedStyleMapFamilyNameElement)
+
+        if instanceObject.location is not None:
+            locationElement, instanceObject.location = self._makeLocationElement(instanceObject.location)
+            instanceElement.append(locationElement)
+        if instanceObject.filename is not None:
+            instanceElement.attrib['filename'] = instanceObject.filename
+        if instanceObject.postScriptFontName is not None:
+            instanceElement.attrib['postscriptfontname'] = instanceObject.postScriptFontName
+        if instanceObject.styleMapFamilyName is not None:
+            instanceElement.attrib['stylemapfamilyname'] = instanceObject.styleMapFamilyName
+        if instanceObject.styleMapStyleName is not None:
+            instanceElement.attrib['stylemapstylename'] = instanceObject.styleMapStyleName
+        if instanceObject.glyphs:
+            if instanceElement.findall('.glyphs') == []:
+                glyphsElement = ET.Element('glyphs')
+                instanceElement.append(glyphsElement)
+            glyphsElement = instanceElement.findall('.glyphs')[0]
+            for glyphName, data in sorted(instanceObject.glyphs.items()):
+                glyphElement = self._writeGlyphElement(instanceElement, instanceObject, glyphName, data)
+                glyphsElement.append(glyphElement)
+        if instanceObject.kerning:
+            kerningElement = ET.Element('kerning')
+            instanceElement.append(kerningElement)
+        if instanceObject.info:
+            infoElement = ET.Element('info')
+            instanceElement.append(infoElement)
+        if instanceObject.lib:
+            libElement = ET.Element('lib')
+            libElement.append(plistlib.totree(instanceObject.lib, indent_level=4))
+            instanceElement.append(libElement)
+        self.root.findall('.instances')[0].append(instanceElement)
+
+    def _addSource(self, sourceObject):
+        sourceElement = ET.Element("source")
+        if sourceObject.filename is not None:
+            sourceElement.attrib['filename'] = sourceObject.filename
+        if sourceObject.name is not None:
+            if sourceObject.name.find("temp_master") != 0:
+                # do not save temporary source names
+                sourceElement.attrib['name'] = sourceObject.name
+        if sourceObject.familyName is not None:
+            sourceElement.attrib['familyname'] = sourceObject.familyName
+        if sourceObject.styleName is not None:
+            sourceElement.attrib['stylename'] = sourceObject.styleName
+        if sourceObject.layerName is not None:
+            sourceElement.attrib['layer'] = sourceObject.layerName
+        if sourceObject.copyLib:
+            libElement = ET.Element('lib')
+            libElement.attrib['copy'] = "1"
+            sourceElement.append(libElement)
+        if sourceObject.copyGroups:
+            groupsElement = ET.Element('groups')
+            groupsElement.attrib['copy'] = "1"
+            sourceElement.append(groupsElement)
+        if sourceObject.copyFeatures:
+            featuresElement = ET.Element('features')
+            featuresElement.attrib['copy'] = "1"
+            sourceElement.append(featuresElement)
+        if sourceObject.copyInfo or sourceObject.muteInfo:
+            infoElement = ET.Element('info')
+            if sourceObject.copyInfo:
+                infoElement.attrib['copy'] = "1"
+            if sourceObject.muteInfo:
+                infoElement.attrib['mute'] = "1"
+            sourceElement.append(infoElement)
+        if sourceObject.muteKerning:
+            kerningElement = ET.Element("kerning")
+            kerningElement.attrib["mute"] = '1'
+            sourceElement.append(kerningElement)
+        if sourceObject.mutedGlyphNames:
+            for name in sourceObject.mutedGlyphNames:
+                glyphElement = ET.Element("glyph")
+                glyphElement.attrib["name"] = name
+                glyphElement.attrib["mute"] = '1'
+                sourceElement.append(glyphElement)
+        locationElement, sourceObject.location = self._makeLocationElement(sourceObject.location)
+        sourceElement.append(locationElement)
+        self.root.findall('.sources')[0].append(sourceElement)
+
+    def _addLib(self, dict):
+        libElement = ET.Element('lib')
+        libElement.append(plistlib.totree(dict, indent_level=2))
+        self.root.append(libElement)
+
+    def _writeGlyphElement(self, instanceElement, instanceObject, glyphName, data):
+        glyphElement = ET.Element('glyph')
+        if data.get('mute'):
+            glyphElement.attrib['mute'] = "1"
+        if data.get('unicodes') is not None:
+            glyphElement.attrib['unicode'] = " ".join([hex(u) for u in data.get('unicodes')])
+        if data.get('instanceLocation') is not None:
+            locationElement, data['instanceLocation'] = self._makeLocationElement(data.get('instanceLocation'))
+            glyphElement.append(locationElement)
+        if glyphName is not None:
+            glyphElement.attrib['name'] = glyphName
+        if data.get('note') is not None:
+            noteElement = ET.Element('note')
+            noteElement.text = data.get('note')
+            glyphElement.append(noteElement)
+        if data.get('masters') is not None:
+            mastersElement = ET.Element("masters")
+            for m in data.get('masters'):
+                masterElement = ET.Element("master")
+                if m.get('glyphName') is not None:
+                    masterElement.attrib['glyphname'] = m.get('glyphName')
+                if m.get('font') is not None:
+                    masterElement.attrib['source'] = m.get('font')
+                if m.get('location') is not None:
+                    locationElement, m['location'] = self._makeLocationElement(m.get('location'))
+                    masterElement.append(locationElement)
+                mastersElement.append(masterElement)
+            glyphElement.append(mastersElement)
+        return glyphElement
+
+
+class BaseDocReader(LogMixin):
+    ruleDescriptorClass = RuleDescriptor
+    axisDescriptorClass = AxisDescriptor
+    sourceDescriptorClass = SourceDescriptor
+    instanceDescriptorClass = InstanceDescriptor
+
+    def __init__(self, documentPath, documentObject):
+        self.path = documentPath
+        self.documentObject = documentObject
+        tree = ET.parse(self.path)
+        self.root = tree.getroot()
+        self.documentObject.formatVersion = self.root.attrib.get("format", "3.0")
+        self._axes = []
+        self.rules = []
+        self.sources = []
+        self.instances = []
+        self.axisDefaults = {}
+        self._strictAxisNames = True
+
+    @classmethod
+    def fromstring(cls, string, documentObject):
+        f = BytesIO(tobytes(string, encoding="utf-8"))
+        self = cls(f, documentObject)
+        self.path = None
+        return self
+
+    def read(self):
+        self.readAxes()
+        self.readRules()
+        self.readSources()
+        self.readInstances()
+        self.readLib()
+
+    def readRules(self):
+        # we also need to read any conditions that are outside of a condition set.
+        rules = []
+        rulesElement = self.root.find(".rules")
+        if rulesElement is not None:
+            processingValue = rulesElement.attrib.get("processing", "first")
+            if processingValue not in {"first", "last"}:
+                raise DesignSpaceDocumentError(
+                    "<rules> processing attribute value is not valid: %r, "
+                    "expected 'first' or 'last'" % processingValue)
+            self.documentObject.rulesProcessingLast = processingValue == "last"
+        for ruleElement in self.root.findall(".rules/rule"):
+            ruleObject = self.ruleDescriptorClass()
+            ruleName = ruleObject.name = ruleElement.attrib.get("name")
+            # read any stray conditions outside a condition set
+            externalConditions = self._readConditionElements(
+                ruleElement,
+                ruleName,
+            )
+            if externalConditions:
+                ruleObject.conditionSets.append(externalConditions)
+                self.log.info(
+                    "Found stray rule conditions outside a conditionset. "
+                    "Wrapped them in a new conditionset."
+                )
+            # read the conditionsets
+            for conditionSetElement in ruleElement.findall('.conditionset'):
+                conditionSet = self._readConditionElements(
+                    conditionSetElement,
+                    ruleName,
+                )
+                if conditionSet is not None:
+                    ruleObject.conditionSets.append(conditionSet)
+            for subElement in ruleElement.findall('.sub'):
+                a = subElement.attrib['name']
+                b = subElement.attrib['with']
+                ruleObject.subs.append((a, b))
+            rules.append(ruleObject)
+        self.documentObject.rules = rules
+
+    def _readConditionElements(self, parentElement, ruleName=None):
+        cds = []
+        for conditionElement in parentElement.findall('.condition'):
+            cd = {}
+            cdMin = conditionElement.attrib.get("minimum")
+            if cdMin is not None:
+                cd['minimum'] = float(cdMin)
+            else:
+                # will allow these to be None, assume axis.minimum
+                cd['minimum'] = None
+            cdMax = conditionElement.attrib.get("maximum")
+            if cdMax is not None:
+                cd['maximum'] = float(cdMax)
+            else:
+                # will allow these to be None, assume axis.maximum
+                cd['maximum'] = None
+            cd['name'] = conditionElement.attrib.get("name")
+            # # test for things
+            if cd.get('minimum') is None and cd.get('maximum') is None:
+                raise DesignSpaceDocumentError(
+                    "condition missing required minimum or maximum in rule" +
+                    (" '%s'" % ruleName if ruleName is not None else ""))
+            cds.append(cd)
+        return cds
+
+    def readAxes(self):
+        # read the axes elements, including the warp map.
+        axisElements = self.root.findall(".axes/axis")
+        if not axisElements:
+            return
+        for axisElement in axisElements:
+            axisObject = self.axisDescriptorClass()
+            axisObject.name = axisElement.attrib.get("name")
+            axisObject.minimum = float(axisElement.attrib.get("minimum"))
+            axisObject.maximum = float(axisElement.attrib.get("maximum"))
+            if axisElement.attrib.get('hidden', False):
+                axisObject.hidden = True
+            axisObject.default = float(axisElement.attrib.get("default"))
+            axisObject.tag = axisElement.attrib.get("tag")
+            for mapElement in axisElement.findall('map'):
+                a = float(mapElement.attrib['input'])
+                b = float(mapElement.attrib['output'])
+                axisObject.map.append((a, b))
+            for labelNameElement in axisElement.findall('labelname'):
+                # Note: elementtree reads the "xml:lang" attribute name as
+                # '{http://www.w3.org/XML/1998/namespace}lang'
+                for key, lang in labelNameElement.items():
+                    if key == XML_LANG:
+                        axisObject.labelNames[lang] = tostr(labelNameElement.text)
+            self.documentObject.axes.append(axisObject)
+            self.axisDefaults[axisObject.name] = axisObject.default
+
+    def readSources(self):
+        for sourceCount, sourceElement in enumerate(self.root.findall(".sources/source")):
+            filename = sourceElement.attrib.get('filename')
+            if filename is not None and self.path is not None:
+                sourcePath = os.path.abspath(os.path.join(os.path.dirname(self.path), filename))
+            else:
+                sourcePath = None
+            sourceName = sourceElement.attrib.get('name')
+            if sourceName is None:
+                # add a temporary source name
+                sourceName = "temp_master.%d" % (sourceCount)
+            sourceObject = self.sourceDescriptorClass()
+            sourceObject.path = sourcePath        # absolute path to the ufo source
+            sourceObject.filename = filename      # path as it is stored in the document
+            sourceObject.name = sourceName
+            familyName = sourceElement.attrib.get("familyname")
+            if familyName is not None:
+                sourceObject.familyName = familyName
+            styleName = sourceElement.attrib.get("stylename")
+            if styleName is not None:
+                sourceObject.styleName = styleName
+            sourceObject.location = self.locationFromElement(sourceElement)
+            layerName = sourceElement.attrib.get('layer')
+            if layerName is not None:
+                sourceObject.layerName = layerName
+            for libElement in sourceElement.findall('.lib'):
+                if libElement.attrib.get('copy') == '1':
+                    sourceObject.copyLib = True
+            for groupsElement in sourceElement.findall('.groups'):
+                if groupsElement.attrib.get('copy') == '1':
+                    sourceObject.copyGroups = True
+            for infoElement in sourceElement.findall(".info"):
+                if infoElement.attrib.get('copy') == '1':
+                    sourceObject.copyInfo = True
+                if infoElement.attrib.get('mute') == '1':
+                    sourceObject.muteInfo = True
+            for featuresElement in sourceElement.findall(".features"):
+                if featuresElement.attrib.get('copy') == '1':
+                    sourceObject.copyFeatures = True
+            for glyphElement in sourceElement.findall(".glyph"):
+                glyphName = glyphElement.attrib.get('name')
+                if glyphName is None:
+                    continue
+                if glyphElement.attrib.get('mute') == '1':
+                    sourceObject.mutedGlyphNames.append(glyphName)
+            for kerningElement in sourceElement.findall(".kerning"):
+                if kerningElement.attrib.get('mute') == '1':
+                    sourceObject.muteKerning = True
+            self.documentObject.sources.append(sourceObject)
+
+    def locationFromElement(self, element):
+        elementLocation = None
+        for locationElement in element.findall('.location'):
+            elementLocation = self.readLocationElement(locationElement)
+            break
+        return elementLocation
+
+    def readLocationElement(self, locationElement):
+        """ Format 0 location reader """
+        if self._strictAxisNames and not self.documentObject.axes:
+            raise DesignSpaceDocumentError("No axes defined")
+        loc = {}
+        for dimensionElement in locationElement.findall(".dimension"):
+            dimName = dimensionElement.attrib.get("name")
+            if self._strictAxisNames and dimName not in self.axisDefaults:
+                # In case the document contains no axis definitions,
+                self.log.warning("Location with undefined axis: \"%s\".", dimName)
+                continue
+            xValue = yValue = None
+            try:
+                xValue = dimensionElement.attrib.get('xvalue')
+                xValue = float(xValue)
+            except ValueError:
+                self.log.warning("KeyError in readLocation xValue %3.3f", xValue)
+            try:
+                yValue = dimensionElement.attrib.get('yvalue')
+                if yValue is not None:
+                    yValue = float(yValue)
+            except ValueError:
+                pass
+            if yValue is not None:
+                loc[dimName] = (xValue, yValue)
+            else:
+                loc[dimName] = xValue
+        return loc
+
+    def readInstances(self, makeGlyphs=True, makeKerning=True, makeInfo=True):
+        instanceElements = self.root.findall('.instances/instance')
+        for instanceElement in instanceElements:
+            self._readSingleInstanceElement(instanceElement, makeGlyphs=makeGlyphs, makeKerning=makeKerning, makeInfo=makeInfo)
+
+    def _readSingleInstanceElement(self, instanceElement, makeGlyphs=True, makeKerning=True, makeInfo=True):
+        filename = instanceElement.attrib.get('filename')
+        if filename is not None and self.documentObject.path is not None:
+            instancePath = os.path.join(os.path.dirname(self.documentObject.path), filename)
+        else:
+            instancePath = None
+        instanceObject = self.instanceDescriptorClass()
+        instanceObject.path = instancePath    # absolute path to the instance
+        instanceObject.filename = filename    # path as it is stored in the document
+        name = instanceElement.attrib.get("name")
+        if name is not None:
+            instanceObject.name = name
+        familyname = instanceElement.attrib.get('familyname')
+        if familyname is not None:
+            instanceObject.familyName = familyname
+        stylename = instanceElement.attrib.get('stylename')
+        if stylename is not None:
+            instanceObject.styleName = stylename
+        postScriptFontName = instanceElement.attrib.get('postscriptfontname')
+        if postScriptFontName is not None:
+            instanceObject.postScriptFontName = postScriptFontName
+        styleMapFamilyName = instanceElement.attrib.get('stylemapfamilyname')
+        if styleMapFamilyName is not None:
+            instanceObject.styleMapFamilyName = styleMapFamilyName
+        styleMapStyleName = instanceElement.attrib.get('stylemapstylename')
+        if styleMapStyleName is not None:
+            instanceObject.styleMapStyleName = styleMapStyleName
+        # read localised names
+        for styleNameElement in instanceElement.findall('stylename'):
+            for key, lang in styleNameElement.items():
+                if key == XML_LANG:
+                    styleName = styleNameElement.text
+                    instanceObject.setStyleName(styleName, lang)
+        for familyNameElement in instanceElement.findall('familyname'):
+            for key, lang in familyNameElement.items():
+                if key == XML_LANG:
+                    familyName = familyNameElement.text
+                    instanceObject.setFamilyName(familyName, lang)
+        for styleMapStyleNameElement in instanceElement.findall('stylemapstylename'):
+            for key, lang in styleMapStyleNameElement.items():
+                if key == XML_LANG:
+                    styleMapStyleName = styleMapStyleNameElement.text
+                    instanceObject.setStyleMapStyleName(styleMapStyleName, lang)
+        for styleMapFamilyNameElement in instanceElement.findall('stylemapfamilyname'):
+            for key, lang in styleMapFamilyNameElement.items():
+                if key == XML_LANG:
+                    styleMapFamilyName = styleMapFamilyNameElement.text
+                    instanceObject.setStyleMapFamilyName(styleMapFamilyName, lang)
+        instanceLocation = self.locationFromElement(instanceElement)
+        if instanceLocation is not None:
+            instanceObject.location = instanceLocation
+        for glyphElement in instanceElement.findall('.glyphs/glyph'):
+            self.readGlyphElement(glyphElement, instanceObject)
+        for infoElement in instanceElement.findall("info"):
+            self.readInfoElement(infoElement, instanceObject)
+        for libElement in instanceElement.findall('lib'):
+            self.readLibElement(libElement, instanceObject)
+        self.documentObject.instances.append(instanceObject)
+
+    def readLibElement(self, libElement, instanceObject):
+        """Read the lib element for the given instance."""
+        instanceObject.lib = plistlib.fromtree(libElement[0])
+
+    def readInfoElement(self, infoElement, instanceObject):
+        """ Read the info element."""
+        instanceObject.info = True
+
+    def readKerningElement(self, kerningElement, instanceObject):
+        """ Read the kerning element."""
+        kerningLocation = self.locationFromElement(kerningElement)
+        instanceObject.addKerning(kerningLocation)
+
+    def readGlyphElement(self, glyphElement, instanceObject):
+        """
+        Read the glyph element.
+            <glyph name="b" unicode="0x62"/>
+            <glyph name="b"/>
+            <glyph name="b">
+                <master location="location-token-bbb" source="master-token-aaa2"/>
+                <master glyphname="b.alt1" location="location-token-ccc" source="master-token-aaa3"/>
+                <note>
+                    This is an instance from an anisotropic interpolation.
+                </note>
+            </glyph>
+        """
+        glyphData = {}
+        glyphName = glyphElement.attrib.get('name')
+        if glyphName is None:
+            raise DesignSpaceDocumentError("Glyph object without name attribute")
+        mute = glyphElement.attrib.get("mute")
+        if mute == "1":
+            glyphData['mute'] = True
+        # unicode
+        unicodes = glyphElement.attrib.get('unicode')
+        if unicodes is not None:
+            try:
+                unicodes = [int(u, 16) for u in unicodes.split(" ")]
+                glyphData['unicodes'] = unicodes
+            except ValueError:
+                raise DesignSpaceDocumentError("unicode values %s are not integers" % unicodes)
+
+        for noteElement in glyphElement.findall('.note'):
+            glyphData['note'] = noteElement.text
+            break
+        instanceLocation = self.locationFromElement(glyphElement)
+        if instanceLocation is not None:
+            glyphData['instanceLocation'] = instanceLocation
+        glyphSources = None
+        for masterElement in glyphElement.findall('.masters/master'):
+            fontSourceName = masterElement.attrib.get('source')
+            sourceLocation = self.locationFromElement(masterElement)
+            masterGlyphName = masterElement.attrib.get('glyphname')
+            if masterGlyphName is None:
+                # if we don't read a glyphname, use the one we have
+                masterGlyphName = glyphName
+            d = dict(font=fontSourceName,
+                     location=sourceLocation,
+                     glyphName=masterGlyphName)
+            if glyphSources is None:
+                glyphSources = []
+            glyphSources.append(d)
+        if glyphSources is not None:
+            glyphData['masters'] = glyphSources
+        instanceObject.glyphs[glyphName] = glyphData
+
+    def readLib(self):
+        """Read the lib element for the whole document."""
+        for libElement in self.root.findall(".lib"):
+            self.documentObject.lib = plistlib.fromtree(libElement[0])
+
+
+class DesignSpaceDocument(LogMixin, AsDictMixin):
+    """ Read, write data from the designspace file"""
+    def __init__(self, readerClass=None, writerClass=None):
+        self.path = None
+        self.filename = None
+        """String, optional. When the document is read from the disk, this is
+        its original file name, i.e. the last part of its path.
+
+        When the document is produced by a Python script and still only exists
+        in memory, the producing script can write here an indication of a
+        possible "good" filename, in case one wants to save the file somewhere.
+        """
+
+        self.formatVersion = None
+        self.sources = []
+        self.instances = []
+        self.axes = []
+        self.rules = []
+        self.rulesProcessingLast = False
+        self.default = None         # name of the default master
+
+        self.lib = {}
+        """Custom data associated with the whole document."""
+
+        #
+        if readerClass is not None:
+            self.readerClass = readerClass
+        else:
+            self.readerClass = BaseDocReader
+        if writerClass is not None:
+            self.writerClass = writerClass
+        else:
+            self.writerClass = BaseDocWriter
+
+    @classmethod
+    def fromfile(cls, path, readerClass=None, writerClass=None):
+        self = cls(readerClass=readerClass, writerClass=writerClass)
+        self.read(path)
+        return self
+
+    @classmethod
+    def fromstring(cls, string, readerClass=None, writerClass=None):
+        self = cls(readerClass=readerClass, writerClass=writerClass)
+        reader = self.readerClass.fromstring(string, self)
+        reader.read()
+        if self.sources:
+            self.findDefault()
+        return self
+
+    def tostring(self, encoding=None):
+        if encoding is str or (
+            encoding is not None and encoding.lower() == "unicode"
+        ):
+            f = StringIO()
+            xml_declaration = False
+        elif encoding is None or encoding == "utf-8":
+            f = BytesIO()
+            encoding = "UTF-8"
+            xml_declaration = True
+        else:
+            raise ValueError("unsupported encoding: '%s'" % encoding)
+        writer = self.writerClass(f, self)
+        writer.write(encoding=encoding, xml_declaration=xml_declaration)
+        return f.getvalue()
+
+    def read(self, path):
+        if hasattr(path, "__fspath__"):  # support os.PathLike objects
+            path = path.__fspath__()
+        self.path = path
+        self.filename = os.path.basename(path)
+        reader = self.readerClass(path, self)
+        reader.read()
+        if self.sources:
+            self.findDefault()
+
+    def write(self, path):
+        if hasattr(path, "__fspath__"):  # support os.PathLike objects
+            path = path.__fspath__()
+        self.path = path
+        self.filename = os.path.basename(path)
+        self.updatePaths()
+        writer = self.writerClass(path, self)
+        writer.write()
+
+    def _posixRelativePath(self, otherPath):
+        relative = os.path.relpath(otherPath, os.path.dirname(self.path))
+        return posix(relative)
+
+    def updatePaths(self):
+        """
+            Right before we save we need to identify and respond to the following situations:
+            In each descriptor, we have to do the right thing for the filename attribute.
+
+            case 1.
+            descriptor.filename == None
+            descriptor.path == None
+
+            -- action:
+            write as is, descriptors will not have a filename attr.
+            useless, but no reason to interfere.
+
+
+            case 2.
+            descriptor.filename == "../something"
+            descriptor.path == None
+
+            -- action:
+            write as is. The filename attr should not be touched.
+
+
+            case 3.
+            descriptor.filename == None
+            descriptor.path == "~/absolute/path/there"
+
+            -- action:
+            calculate the relative path for filename.
+            We're not overwriting some other value for filename, it should be fine
+
+
+            case 4.
+            descriptor.filename == '../somewhere'
+            descriptor.path == "~/absolute/path/there"
+
+            -- action:
+            there is a conflict between the given filename, and the path.
+            So we know where the file is relative to the document.
+            Can't guess why they're different, we just choose for path to be correct and update filename.
+
+
+        """
+        assert self.path is not None
+        for descriptor in self.sources + self.instances:
+            if descriptor.path is not None:
+                # case 3 and 4: filename gets updated and relativized
+                descriptor.filename = self._posixRelativePath(descriptor.path)
+
+    def addSource(self, sourceDescriptor):
+        self.sources.append(sourceDescriptor)
+
+    def addSourceDescriptor(self, **kwargs):
+        source = self.writerClass.sourceDescriptorClass(**kwargs)
+        self.addSource(source)
+        return source
+
+    def addInstance(self, instanceDescriptor):
+        self.instances.append(instanceDescriptor)
+
+    def addInstanceDescriptor(self, **kwargs):
+        instance = self.writerClass.instanceDescriptorClass(**kwargs)
+        self.addInstance(instance)
+        return instance
+
+    def addAxis(self, axisDescriptor):
+        self.axes.append(axisDescriptor)
+
+    def addAxisDescriptor(self, **kwargs):
+        axis = self.writerClass.axisDescriptorClass(**kwargs)
+        self.addAxis(axis)
+        return axis
+
+    def addRule(self, ruleDescriptor):
+        self.rules.append(ruleDescriptor)
+
+    def addRuleDescriptor(self, **kwargs):
+        rule = self.writerClass.ruleDescriptorClass(**kwargs)
+        self.addRule(rule)
+        return rule
+
+    def newDefaultLocation(self):
+        """Return default location in design space."""
+        # Without OrderedDict, output XML would be non-deterministic.
+        # https://github.com/LettError/designSpaceDocument/issues/10
+        loc = collections.OrderedDict()
+        for axisDescriptor in self.axes:
+            loc[axisDescriptor.name] = axisDescriptor.map_forward(
+                axisDescriptor.default
+            )
+        return loc
+
+    def updateFilenameFromPath(self, masters=True, instances=True, force=False):
+        # set a descriptor filename attr from the path and this document path
+        # if the filename attribute is not None: skip it.
+        if masters:
+            for descriptor in self.sources:
+                if descriptor.filename is not None and not force:
+                    continue
+                if self.path is not None:
+                    descriptor.filename = self._posixRelativePath(descriptor.path)
+        if instances:
+            for descriptor in self.instances:
+                if descriptor.filename is not None and not force:
+                    continue
+                if self.path is not None:
+                    descriptor.filename = self._posixRelativePath(descriptor.path)
+
+    def newAxisDescriptor(self):
+        # Ask the writer class to make us a new axisDescriptor
+        return self.writerClass.getAxisDecriptor()
+
+    def newSourceDescriptor(self):
+        # Ask the writer class to make us a new sourceDescriptor
+        return self.writerClass.getSourceDescriptor()
+
+    def newInstanceDescriptor(self):
+        # Ask the writer class to make us a new instanceDescriptor
+        return self.writerClass.getInstanceDescriptor()
+
+    def getAxisOrder(self):
+        names = []
+        for axisDescriptor in self.axes:
+            names.append(axisDescriptor.name)
+        return names
+
+    def getAxis(self, name):
+        for axisDescriptor in self.axes:
+            if axisDescriptor.name == name:
+                return axisDescriptor
+        return None
+
+    def findDefault(self):
+        """Set and return SourceDescriptor at the default location or None.
+
+        The default location is the set of all `default` values in user space
+        of all axes.
+        """
+        self.default = None
+
+        # Convert the default location from user space to design space before comparing
+        # it against the SourceDescriptor locations (always in design space).
+        default_location_design = self.newDefaultLocation()
+
+        for sourceDescriptor in self.sources:
+            if sourceDescriptor.location == default_location_design:
+                self.default = sourceDescriptor
+                return sourceDescriptor
+
+        return None
+
+    def normalizeLocation(self, location):
+        from fontTools.varLib.models import normalizeValue
+
+        new = {}
+        for axis in self.axes:
+            if axis.name not in location:
+                # skipping this dimension it seems
+                continue
+            value = location[axis.name]
+            # 'anisotropic' location, take first coord only
+            if isinstance(value, tuple):
+                value = value[0]
+            triple = [
+                axis.map_forward(v) for v in (axis.minimum, axis.default, axis.maximum)
+            ]
+            new[axis.name] = normalizeValue(value, triple)
+        return new
+
+    def normalize(self):
+        # Normalise the geometry of this designspace:
+        #   scale all the locations of all masters and instances to the -1 - 0 - 1 value.
+        #   we need the axis data to do the scaling, so we do those last.
+        # masters
+        for item in self.sources:
+            item.location = self.normalizeLocation(item.location)
+        # instances
+        for item in self.instances:
+            # glyph masters for this instance
+            for _, glyphData in item.glyphs.items():
+                glyphData['instanceLocation'] = self.normalizeLocation(glyphData['instanceLocation'])
+                for glyphMaster in glyphData['masters']:
+                    glyphMaster['location'] = self.normalizeLocation(glyphMaster['location'])
+            item.location = self.normalizeLocation(item.location)
+        # the axes
+        for axis in self.axes:
+            # scale the map first
+            newMap = []
+            for inputValue, outputValue in axis.map:
+                newOutputValue = self.normalizeLocation({axis.name: outputValue}).get(axis.name)
+                newMap.append((inputValue, newOutputValue))
+            if newMap:
+                axis.map = newMap
+            # finally the axis values
+            minimum = self.normalizeLocation({axis.name: axis.minimum}).get(axis.name)
+            maximum = self.normalizeLocation({axis.name: axis.maximum}).get(axis.name)
+            default = self.normalizeLocation({axis.name: axis.default}).get(axis.name)
+            # and set them in the axis.minimum
+            axis.minimum = minimum
+            axis.maximum = maximum
+            axis.default = default
+        # now the rules
+        for rule in self.rules:
+            newConditionSets = []
+            for conditions in rule.conditionSets:
+                newConditions = []
+                for cond in conditions:
+                    if cond.get('minimum') is not None:
+                        minimum = self.normalizeLocation({cond['name']: cond['minimum']}).get(cond['name'])
+                    else:
+                        minimum = None
+                    if cond.get('maximum') is not None:
+                        maximum = self.normalizeLocation({cond['name']: cond['maximum']}).get(cond['name'])
+                    else:
+                        maximum = None
+                    newConditions.append(dict(name=cond['name'], minimum=minimum, maximum=maximum))
+                newConditionSets.append(newConditions)
+            rule.conditionSets = newConditionSets
+
+    def loadSourceFonts(self, opener, **kwargs):
+        """Ensure SourceDescriptor.font attributes are loaded, and return list of fonts.
+
+        Takes a callable which initializes a new font object (e.g. TTFont, or
+        defcon.Font, etc.) from the SourceDescriptor.path, and sets the
+        SourceDescriptor.font attribute.
+        If the font attribute is already not None, it is not loaded again.
+        Fonts with the same path are only loaded once and shared among SourceDescriptors.
+
+        For example, to load UFO sources using defcon:
+
+            designspace = DesignSpaceDocument.fromfile("path/to/my.designspace")
+            designspace.loadSourceFonts(defcon.Font)
+
+        Or to load masters as FontTools binary fonts, including extra options:
+
+            designspace.loadSourceFonts(ttLib.TTFont, recalcBBoxes=False)
+
+        Args:
+            opener (Callable): takes one required positional argument, the source.path,
+                and an optional list of keyword arguments, and returns a new font object
+                loaded from the path.
+            **kwargs: extra options passed on to the opener function.
+
+        Returns:
+            List of font objects in the order they appear in the sources list.
+        """
+        # we load fonts with the same source.path only once
+        loaded = {}
+        fonts = []
+        for source in self.sources:
+            if source.font is not None:  # font already loaded
+                fonts.append(source.font)
+                continue
+            if source.path in loaded:
+                source.font = loaded[source.path]
+            else:
+                if source.path is None:
+                    raise DesignSpaceDocumentError(
+                        "Designspace source '%s' has no 'path' attribute"
+                        % (source.name or "<Unknown>")
+                    )
+                source.font = opener(source.path, **kwargs)
+                loaded[source.path] = source.font
+            fonts.append(source.font)
+        return fonts
diff --git a/Lib/fontTools/encodings/MacRoman.py b/Lib/fontTools/encodings/MacRoman.py
index 43c58eb..25232d3 100644
--- a/Lib/fontTools/encodings/MacRoman.py
+++ b/Lib/fontTools/encodings/MacRoman.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import print_function, division, absolute_import
-from fontTools.misc.py23 import *
-
 MacRoman = [
 		'NUL', 'Eth', 'eth', 'Lslash', 'lslash', 'Scaron', 'scaron', 'Yacute',
 		'yacute', 'HT', 'LF', 'Thorn', 'thorn', 'CR', 'Zcaron', 'zcaron', 'DLE', 'DC1',
diff --git a/Lib/fontTools/encodings/StandardEncoding.py b/Lib/fontTools/encodings/StandardEncoding.py
index dc01ef8..810b2a0 100644
--- a/Lib/fontTools/encodings/StandardEncoding.py
+++ b/Lib/fontTools/encodings/StandardEncoding.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import print_function, division, absolute_import
-from fontTools.misc.py23 import *
-
 StandardEncoding = [
 		'.notdef', '.notdef', '.notdef', '.notdef', '.notdef',
 		'.notdef', '.notdef', '.notdef', '.notdef', '.notdef',
diff --git a/Lib/fontTools/encodings/__init__.py b/Lib/fontTools/encodings/__init__.py
index 3f9abc9..156cb23 100644
--- a/Lib/fontTools/encodings/__init__.py
+++ b/Lib/fontTools/encodings/__init__.py
@@ -1,4 +1 @@
 """Empty __init__.py file to signal Python this directory is a package."""
-
-from __future__ import print_function, division, absolute_import
-from fontTools.misc.py23 import *
diff --git a/Lib/fontTools/encodings/codecs.py b/Lib/fontTools/encodings/codecs.py
index 30e4691..3b1a825 100644
--- a/Lib/fontTools/encodings/codecs.py
+++ b/Lib/fontTools/encodings/codecs.py
@@ -1,8 +1,6 @@
 """Extend the Python codecs module with a few encodings that are used in OpenType (name table)
-but missing from Python.  See https://github.com/behdad/fonttools/issues/236 for details."""
+but missing from Python.  See https://github.com/fonttools/fonttools/issues/236 for details."""
 
-from __future__ import print_function, division, absolute_import
-from fontTools.misc.py23 import *
 import codecs
 import encodings
 
@@ -17,43 +15,29 @@
 		self.info = codecs.CodecInfo(name=self.name, encode=self.encode, decode=self.decode)
 		codecs.register_error(name, self.error)
 
-	def encode(self, input, errors='strict'):
-		assert errors == 'strict'
-		#return codecs.encode(input, self.base_encoding, self.name), len(input)
-
-		# The above line could totally be all we needed, relying on the error
-		# handling to replace the unencodable Unicode characters with our extended
-		# byte sequences.
-		#
-		# However, there seems to be a design bug in Python (probably intentional):
-		# the error handler for encoding is supposed to return a **Unicode** character,
-		# that then needs to be encodable itself...  Ugh.
-		#
-		# So we implement what codecs.encode() should have been doing: which is expect
-		# error handler to return bytes() to be added to the output.
-		#
-		# This seems to have been fixed in Python 3.3.  We should try using that and
-		# use fallback only if that failed.
-		# https://docs.python.org/3.3/library/codecs.html#codecs.register_error
-
+	def _map(self, mapper, output_type, exc_type, input, errors):
+		base_error_handler = codecs.lookup_error(errors)
 		length = len(input)
-		out = b''
+		out = output_type()
 		while input:
+			# first try to use self.error as the error handler
 			try:
-				part = codecs.encode(input, self.base_encoding)
+				part = mapper(input, self.base_encoding, errors=self.name)
 				out += part
-				input = '' # All converted
-			except UnicodeEncodeError as e:
-				# Convert the correct part
-				out += codecs.encode(input[:e.start], self.base_encoding)
-				replacement, pos = self.error(e)
+				break  # All converted
+			except exc_type as e:
+				# else convert the correct part, handle error as requested and continue
+				out += mapper(input[:e.start], self.base_encoding, self.name)
+				replacement, pos = base_error_handler(e)
 				out += replacement
 				input = input[pos:]
 		return out, length
 
+	def encode(self, input, errors='strict'):
+		return self._map(codecs.encode, bytes, UnicodeEncodeError, input, errors)
+
 	def decode(self, input, errors='strict'):
-		assert errors == 'strict'
-		return codecs.decode(input, self.base_encoding, self.name), len(input)
+		return self._map(codecs.decode, str, UnicodeDecodeError, input, errors)
 
 	def error(self, e):
 		if isinstance(e, UnicodeDecodeError):
@@ -72,35 +56,35 @@
 
 _extended_encodings = {
 	"x_mac_japanese_ttx": ("shift_jis", {
-					b"\xFC": unichr(0x007C),
-					b"\x7E": unichr(0x007E),
-					b"\x80": unichr(0x005C),
-					b"\xA0": unichr(0x00A0),
-					b"\xFD": unichr(0x00A9),
-					b"\xFE": unichr(0x2122),
-					b"\xFF": unichr(0x2026),
+					b"\xFC": chr(0x007C),
+					b"\x7E": chr(0x007E),
+					b"\x80": chr(0x005C),
+					b"\xA0": chr(0x00A0),
+					b"\xFD": chr(0x00A9),
+					b"\xFE": chr(0x2122),
+					b"\xFF": chr(0x2026),
 				}),
 	"x_mac_trad_chinese_ttx": ("big5", {
-					b"\x80": unichr(0x005C),
-					b"\xA0": unichr(0x00A0),
-					b"\xFD": unichr(0x00A9),
-					b"\xFE": unichr(0x2122),
-					b"\xFF": unichr(0x2026),
+					b"\x80": chr(0x005C),
+					b"\xA0": chr(0x00A0),
+					b"\xFD": chr(0x00A9),
+					b"\xFE": chr(0x2122),
+					b"\xFF": chr(0x2026),
 				}),
 	"x_mac_korean_ttx": ("euc_kr", {
-					b"\x80": unichr(0x00A0),
-					b"\x81": unichr(0x20A9),
-					b"\x82": unichr(0x2014),
-					b"\x83": unichr(0x00A9),
-					b"\xFE": unichr(0x2122),
-					b"\xFF": unichr(0x2026),
+					b"\x80": chr(0x00A0),
+					b"\x81": chr(0x20A9),
+					b"\x82": chr(0x2014),
+					b"\x83": chr(0x00A9),
+					b"\xFE": chr(0x2122),
+					b"\xFF": chr(0x2026),
 				}),
 	"x_mac_simp_chinese_ttx": ("gb2312", {
-					b"\x80": unichr(0x00FC),
-					b"\xA0": unichr(0x00A0),
-					b"\xFD": unichr(0x00A9),
-					b"\xFE": unichr(0x2122),
-					b"\xFF": unichr(0x2026),
+					b"\x80": chr(0x00FC),
+					b"\xA0": chr(0x00A0),
+					b"\xFD": chr(0x00A9),
+					b"\xFE": chr(0x2122),
+					b"\xFF": chr(0x2026),
 				}),
 }
 
diff --git a/Lib/fontTools/feaLib/__main__.py b/Lib/fontTools/feaLib/__main__.py
index e446db6..99c6423 100644
--- a/Lib/fontTools/feaLib/__main__.py
+++ b/Lib/fontTools/feaLib/__main__.py
@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
-from __future__ import print_function, division, absolute_import
-from fontTools.misc.py23 import *
 from fontTools.ttLib import TTFont
-from fontTools.feaLib.builder import addOpenTypeFeatures
+from fontTools.feaLib.builder import addOpenTypeFeatures, Builder
+from fontTools.feaLib.error import FeatureLibError
 from fontTools import configLogger
 from fontTools.misc.cliTools import makeOutputFileName
 import sys
@@ -13,18 +12,47 @@
 
 
 def main(args=None):
+    """Add features from a feature file (.fea) into a OTF font"""
     parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(
-        description="Use fontTools to compile OpenType feature files (*.fea).")
+        description="Use fontTools to compile OpenType feature files (*.fea)."
+    )
     parser.add_argument(
-        "input_fea", metavar="FEATURES", help="Path to the feature file")
+        "input_fea", metavar="FEATURES", help="Path to the feature file"
+    )
     parser.add_argument(
-        "input_font", metavar="INPUT_FONT", help="Path to the input font")
+        "input_font", metavar="INPUT_FONT", help="Path to the input font"
+    )
     parser.add_argument(
-        "-o", "--output", dest="output_font", metavar="OUTPUT_FONT",
-        help="Path to the output font.")
+        "-o",
+        "--output",
+        dest="output_font",
+        metavar="OUTPUT_FONT",
+        help="Path to the output font.",
+    )
     parser.add_argument(
-        "-v", "--verbose", help="increase the logger verbosity. Multiple -v "
-        "options are allowed.", action="count", default=0)
+        "-t",
+        "--tables",
+        metavar="TABLE_TAG",
+        choices=Builder.supportedTables,
+        nargs="+",
+        help="Specify the table(s) to be built.",
+    )
+    parser.add_argument(
+        "-d",
+        "--debug",
+        action="store_true",
+        help="Add source-level debugging information to font.",
+    )
+    parser.add_argument(
+        "-v",
+        "--verbose",
+        help="increase the logger verbosity. Multiple -v " "options are allowed.",
+        action="count",
+        default=0,
+    )
+    parser.add_argument(
+        "--traceback", help="show traceback for exceptions.", action="store_true"
+    )
     options = parser.parse_args(args)
 
     levels = ["WARNING", "INFO", "DEBUG"]
@@ -34,9 +62,16 @@
     log.info("Compiling features to '%s'" % (output_font))
 
     font = TTFont(options.input_font)
-    addOpenTypeFeatures(font, options.input_fea)
+    try:
+        addOpenTypeFeatures(
+            font, options.input_fea, tables=options.tables, debug=options.debug
+        )
+    except FeatureLibError as e:
+        if options.traceback:
+            raise
+        log.error(e)
     font.save(output_font)
 
 
-if __name__ == '__main__':
+if __name__ == "__main__":
     sys.exit(main())
diff --git a/Lib/fontTools/feaLib/ast.py b/Lib/fontTools/feaLib/ast.py
index 5f7ad29..5bf8b62 100644
--- a/Lib/fontTools/feaLib/ast.py
+++ b/Lib/fontTools/feaLib/ast.py
@@ -1,13 +1,80 @@
-from __future__ import print_function, division, absolute_import
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-from fontTools.misc.py23 import *
+from fontTools.misc.py23 import byteord, tobytes
 from fontTools.feaLib.error import FeatureLibError
+from fontTools.feaLib.location import FeatureLibLocation
 from fontTools.misc.encodingTools import getEncoding
 from collections import OrderedDict
 import itertools
 
 SHIFT = " " * 4
 
+__all__ = [
+    "Element",
+    "FeatureFile",
+    "Comment",
+    "GlyphName",
+    "GlyphClass",
+    "GlyphClassName",
+    "MarkClassName",
+    "AnonymousBlock",
+    "Block",
+    "FeatureBlock",
+    "NestedBlock",
+    "LookupBlock",
+    "GlyphClassDefinition",
+    "GlyphClassDefStatement",
+    "MarkClass",
+    "MarkClassDefinition",
+    "AlternateSubstStatement",
+    "Anchor",
+    "AnchorDefinition",
+    "AttachStatement",
+    "AxisValueLocationStatement",
+    "BaseAxis",
+    "CVParametersNameStatement",
+    "ChainContextPosStatement",
+    "ChainContextSubstStatement",
+    "CharacterStatement",
+    "CursivePosStatement",
+    "ElidedFallbackName",
+    "ElidedFallbackNameID",
+    "Expression",
+    "FeatureNameStatement",
+    "FeatureReferenceStatement",
+    "FontRevisionStatement",
+    "HheaField",
+    "IgnorePosStatement",
+    "IgnoreSubstStatement",
+    "IncludeStatement",
+    "LanguageStatement",
+    "LanguageSystemStatement",
+    "LigatureCaretByIndexStatement",
+    "LigatureCaretByPosStatement",
+    "LigatureSubstStatement",
+    "LookupFlagStatement",
+    "LookupReferenceStatement",
+    "MarkBasePosStatement",
+    "MarkLigPosStatement",
+    "MarkMarkPosStatement",
+    "MultipleSubstStatement",
+    "NameRecord",
+    "OS2Field",
+    "PairPosStatement",
+    "ReverseChainSingleSubstStatement",
+    "ScriptStatement",
+    "SinglePosStatement",
+    "SingleSubstStatement",
+    "SizeParameters",
+    "Statement",
+    "STATAxisValueStatement",
+    "STATDesignAxisStatement",
+    "STATNameStatement",
+    "SubtableStatement",
+    "TableBlock",
+    "ValueRecord",
+    "ValueRecordDefinition",
+    "VheaField",
+]
+
 
 def deviceToString(device):
     if device is None:
@@ -16,31 +83,69 @@
         return "<device %s>" % ", ".join("%d %d" % t for t in device)
 
 
-fea_keywords = set([
-    "anchor", "anchordef", "anon", "anonymous",
-    "by",
-    "contour", "cursive",
-    "device",
-    "enum", "enumerate", "excludedflt", "exclude_dflt",
-    "feature", "from",
-    "ignore", "ignorebaseglyphs", "ignoreligatures", "ignoremarks",
-    "include", "includedflt", "include_dflt",
-    "language", "languagesystem", "lookup", "lookupflag",
-    "mark", "markattachmenttype", "markclass",
-    "nameid", "null",
-    "parameters", "pos", "position",
-    "required", "righttoleft", "reversesub", "rsub",
-    "script", "sub", "substitute", "subtable",
-    "table",
-    "usemarkfilteringset", "useextension", "valuerecorddef"]
+fea_keywords = set(
+    [
+        "anchor",
+        "anchordef",
+        "anon",
+        "anonymous",
+        "by",
+        "contour",
+        "cursive",
+        "device",
+        "enum",
+        "enumerate",
+        "excludedflt",
+        "exclude_dflt",
+        "feature",
+        "from",
+        "ignore",
+        "ignorebaseglyphs",
+        "ignoreligatures",
+        "ignoremarks",
+        "include",
+        "includedflt",
+        "include_dflt",
+        "language",
+        "languagesystem",
+        "lookup",
+        "lookupflag",
+        "mark",
+        "markattachmenttype",
+        "markclass",
+        "nameid",
+        "null",
+        "parameters",
+        "pos",
+        "position",
+        "required",
+        "righttoleft",
+        "reversesub",
+        "rsub",
+        "script",
+        "sub",
+        "substitute",
+        "subtable",
+        "table",
+        "usemarkfilteringset",
+        "useextension",
+        "valuerecorddef",
+        "base",
+        "gdef",
+        "head",
+        "hhea",
+        "name",
+        "vhea",
+        "vmtx",
+    ]
 )
 
 
 def asFea(g):
-    if hasattr(g, 'asFea'):
+    if hasattr(g, "asFea"):
         return g.asFea()
     elif isinstance(g, tuple) and len(g) == 2:
-        return asFea(g[0]) + "-" + asFea(g[1])   # a range
+        return asFea(g[0]) + " - " + asFea(g[1])  # a range
     elif g.lower() in fea_keywords:
         return "\\" + g
     else:
@@ -48,14 +153,21 @@
 
 
 class Element(object):
+    """A base class representing "something" in a feature file."""
 
-    def __init__(self, location):
+    def __init__(self, location=None):
+        #: location of this element as a `FeatureLibLocation` object.
+        if location and not isinstance(location, FeatureLibLocation):
+            location = FeatureLibLocation(*location)
         self.location = location
 
     def build(self, builder):
         pass
 
     def asFea(self, indent=""):
+        """Returns this element as a string of feature code. For block-type
+        elements (such as :class:`FeatureBlock`), the `indent` string is
+        added to the start of each line in the output."""
         raise NotImplementedError
 
     def __str__(self):
@@ -71,83 +183,121 @@
 
 
 class Comment(Element):
-    def __init__(self, location, text):
+    """A comment in a feature file."""
+
+    def __init__(self, text, location=None):
         super(Comment, self).__init__(location)
+        #: Text of the comment
         self.text = text
 
     def asFea(self, indent=""):
         return self.text
 
 
-class GlyphName(Expression):
-    """A single glyph name, such as cedilla."""
-    def __init__(self, location, glyph):
+class NullGlyph(Expression):
+    """The NULL glyph, used in glyph deletion substitutions."""
+
+    def __init__(self, location=None):
         Expression.__init__(self, location)
+        #: The name itself as a string
+
+    def glyphSet(self):
+        """The glyphs in this class as a tuple of :class:`GlyphName` objects."""
+        return ()
+
+    def asFea(self, indent=""):
+        return "NULL"
+
+
+class GlyphName(Expression):
+    """A single glyph name, such as ``cedilla``."""
+
+    def __init__(self, glyph, location=None):
+        Expression.__init__(self, location)
+        #: The name itself as a string
         self.glyph = glyph
 
     def glyphSet(self):
+        """The glyphs in this class as a tuple of :class:`GlyphName` objects."""
         return (self.glyph,)
 
     def asFea(self, indent=""):
-        return str(self.glyph)
+        return asFea(self.glyph)
 
 
 class GlyphClass(Expression):
-    """A glyph class, such as [acute cedilla grave]."""
-    def __init__(self, location, glyphs=None):
+    """A glyph class, such as ``[acute cedilla grave]``."""
+
+    def __init__(self, glyphs=None, location=None):
         Expression.__init__(self, location)
+        #: The list of glyphs in this class, as :class:`GlyphName` objects.
         self.glyphs = glyphs if glyphs is not None else []
         self.original = []
         self.curr = 0
 
     def glyphSet(self):
+        """The glyphs in this class as a tuple of :class:`GlyphName` objects."""
         return tuple(self.glyphs)
 
     def asFea(self, indent=""):
         if len(self.original):
             if self.curr < len(self.glyphs):
-                self.original.extend(self.glyphs[self.curr:])
+                self.original.extend(self.glyphs[self.curr :])
                 self.curr = len(self.glyphs)
             return "[" + " ".join(map(asFea, self.original)) + "]"
         else:
             return "[" + " ".join(map(asFea, self.glyphs)) + "]"
 
     def extend(self, glyphs):
+        """Add a list of :class:`GlyphName` objects to the class."""
         self.glyphs.extend(glyphs)
 
     def append(self, glyph):
+        """Add a single :class:`GlyphName` object to the class."""
         self.glyphs.append(glyph)
 
     def add_range(self, start, end, glyphs):
+        """Add a range (e.g. ``A-Z``) to the class. ``start`` and ``end``
+        are either :class:`GlyphName` objects or strings representing the
+        start and end glyphs in the class, and ``glyphs`` is the full list of
+        :class:`GlyphName` objects in the range."""
         if self.curr < len(self.glyphs):
-            self.original.extend(self.glyphs[self.curr:])
+            self.original.extend(self.glyphs[self.curr :])
         self.original.append((start, end))
         self.glyphs.extend(glyphs)
         self.curr = len(self.glyphs)
 
     def add_cid_range(self, start, end, glyphs):
+        """Add a range to the class by glyph ID. ``start`` and ``end`` are the
+        initial and final IDs, and ``glyphs`` is the full list of
+        :class:`GlyphName` objects in the range."""
         if self.curr < len(self.glyphs):
-            self.original.extend(self.glyphs[self.curr:])
-        self.original.append(("cid{:05d}".format(start), "cid{:05d}".format(end)))
+            self.original.extend(self.glyphs[self.curr :])
+        self.original.append(("\\{}".format(start), "\\{}".format(end)))
         self.glyphs.extend(glyphs)
         self.curr = len(self.glyphs)
 
     def add_class(self, gc):
+        """Add glyphs from the given :class:`GlyphClassName` object to the
+        class."""
         if self.curr < len(self.glyphs):
-            self.original.extend(self.glyphs[self.curr:])
+            self.original.extend(self.glyphs[self.curr :])
         self.original.append(gc)
         self.glyphs.extend(gc.glyphSet())
         self.curr = len(self.glyphs)
 
 
 class GlyphClassName(Expression):
-    """A glyph class name, such as @FRENCH_MARKS."""
-    def __init__(self, location, glyphclass):
+    """A glyph class name, such as ``@FRENCH_MARKS``. This must be instantiated
+    with a :class:`GlyphClassDefinition` object."""
+
+    def __init__(self, glyphclass, location=None):
         Expression.__init__(self, location)
         assert isinstance(glyphclass, GlyphClassDefinition)
         self.glyphclass = glyphclass
 
     def glyphSet(self):
+        """The glyphs in this class as a tuple of :class:`GlyphName` objects."""
         return tuple(self.glyphclass.glyphSet())
 
     def asFea(self, indent=""):
@@ -155,13 +305,16 @@
 
 
 class MarkClassName(Expression):
-    """A mark class name, such as @FRENCH_MARKS defined with markClass."""
-    def __init__(self, location, markClass):
+    """A mark class name, such as ``@FRENCH_MARKS`` defined with ``markClass``.
+    This must be instantiated with a :class:`MarkClass` object."""
+
+    def __init__(self, markClass, location=None):
         Expression.__init__(self, location)
         assert isinstance(markClass, MarkClass)
         self.markClass = markClass
 
     def glyphSet(self):
+        """The glyphs in this class as a tuple of :class:`GlyphName` objects."""
         return self.markClass.glyphSet()
 
     def asFea(self, indent=""):
@@ -169,9 +322,12 @@
 
 
 class AnonymousBlock(Statement):
-    def __init__(self, tag, content, location):
+    """An anonymous data block."""
+
+    def __init__(self, tag, content, location=None):
         Statement.__init__(self, location)
-        self.tag, self.content = tag, content
+        self.tag = tag  #: string containing the block's "tag"
+        self.content = content  #: block data as string
 
     def asFea(self, indent=""):
         res = "anon {} {{\n".format(self.tag)
@@ -181,21 +337,32 @@
 
 
 class Block(Statement):
-    def __init__(self, location):
+    """A block of statements: feature, lookup, etc."""
+
+    def __init__(self, location=None):
         Statement.__init__(self, location)
-        self.statements = []
+        self.statements = []  #: Statements contained in the block
 
     def build(self, builder):
+        """When handed a 'builder' object of comparable interface to
+        :class:`fontTools.feaLib.builder`, walks the statements in this
+        block, calling the builder callbacks."""
         for s in self.statements:
             s.build(builder)
 
     def asFea(self, indent=""):
         indent += SHIFT
-        return indent + ("\n" + indent).join(
-            [s.asFea(indent=indent) for s in self.statements]) + "\n"
+        return (
+            indent
+            + ("\n" + indent).join([s.asFea(indent=indent) for s in self.statements])
+            + "\n"
+        )
 
 
 class FeatureFile(Block):
+    """The top-level element of the syntax tree, containing the whole feature
+    file in its ``statements`` attribute."""
+
     def __init__(self):
         Block.__init__(self, location=None)
         self.markClasses = {}  # name --> ast.MarkClass
@@ -205,11 +372,15 @@
 
 
 class FeatureBlock(Block):
-    def __init__(self, location, name, use_extension):
+    """A named feature block."""
+
+    def __init__(self, name, use_extension=False, location=None):
         Block.__init__(self, location)
         self.name, self.use_extension = name, use_extension
 
     def build(self, builder):
+        """Call the ``start_feature`` callback on the builder object, visit
+        all the statements in this feature, and then call ``end_feature``."""
         # TODO(sascha): Handle use_extension.
         builder.start_feature(self.location, self.name)
         # language exclude_dflt statements modify builder.features_
@@ -223,25 +394,40 @@
         builder.end_feature()
 
     def asFea(self, indent=""):
-        res = indent + "feature %s {\n" % self.name.strip()
+        res = indent + "feature %s " % self.name.strip()
+        if self.use_extension:
+            res += "useExtension "
+        res += "{\n"
         res += Block.asFea(self, indent=indent)
         res += indent + "} %s;\n" % self.name.strip()
         return res
 
 
-class FeatureNamesBlock(Block):
-    def __init__(self, location):
+class NestedBlock(Block):
+    """A block inside another block, for example when found inside a
+    ``cvParameters`` block."""
+
+    def __init__(self, tag, block_name, location=None):
         Block.__init__(self, location)
+        self.tag = tag
+        self.block_name = block_name
+
+    def build(self, builder):
+        Block.build(self, builder)
+        if self.block_name == "ParamUILabelNameID":
+            builder.add_to_cv_num_named_params(self.tag)
 
     def asFea(self, indent=""):
-        res = indent + "featureNames {\n"
+        res = "{}{} {{\n".format(indent, self.block_name)
         res += Block.asFea(self, indent=indent)
-        res += indent + "};\n"
+        res += "{}}};\n".format(indent)
         return res
 
 
 class LookupBlock(Block):
-    def __init__(self, location, name, use_extension):
+    """A named lookup, containing ``statements``."""
+
+    def __init__(self, name, use_extension=False, location=None):
         Block.__init__(self, location)
         self.name, self.use_extension = name, use_extension
 
@@ -252,14 +438,19 @@
         builder.end_lookup_block()
 
     def asFea(self, indent=""):
-        res = "lookup {} {{\n".format(self.name)
+        res = "lookup {} ".format(self.name)
+        if self.use_extension:
+            res += "useExtension "
+        res += "{\n"
         res += Block.asFea(self, indent=indent)
         res += "{}}} {};\n".format(indent, self.name)
         return res
 
 
 class TableBlock(Block):
-    def __init__(self, location, name):
+    """A ``table ... { }`` block."""
+
+    def __init__(self, name, location=None):
         Block.__init__(self, location)
         self.name = name
 
@@ -271,13 +462,15 @@
 
 
 class GlyphClassDefinition(Statement):
-    """Example: @UPPERCASE = [A-Z];"""
-    def __init__(self, location, name, glyphs):
+    """Example: ``@UPPERCASE = [A-Z];``."""
+
+    def __init__(self, name, glyphs, location=None):
         Statement.__init__(self, location)
-        self.name = name
-        self.glyphs = glyphs
+        self.name = name  #: class name as a string, without initial ``@``
+        self.glyphs = glyphs  #: a :class:`GlyphClass` object
 
     def glyphSet(self):
+        """The glyphs in this class as a tuple of :class:`GlyphName` objects."""
         return tuple(self.glyphs.glyphSet())
 
     def asFea(self, indent=""):
@@ -285,21 +478,24 @@
 
 
 class GlyphClassDefStatement(Statement):
-    """Example: GlyphClassDef @UPPERCASE, [B], [C], [D];"""
-    def __init__(self, location, baseGlyphs, markGlyphs,
-                 ligatureGlyphs, componentGlyphs):
+    """Example: ``GlyphClassDef @UPPERCASE, [B], [C], [D];``. The parameters
+    must be either :class:`GlyphClass` or :class:`GlyphClassName` objects, or
+    ``None``."""
+
+    def __init__(
+        self, baseGlyphs, markGlyphs, ligatureGlyphs, componentGlyphs, location=None
+    ):
         Statement.__init__(self, location)
         self.baseGlyphs, self.markGlyphs = (baseGlyphs, markGlyphs)
         self.ligatureGlyphs = ligatureGlyphs
         self.componentGlyphs = componentGlyphs
 
     def build(self, builder):
+        """Calls the builder's ``add_glyphClassDef`` callback."""
         base = self.baseGlyphs.glyphSet() if self.baseGlyphs else tuple()
-        liga = self.ligatureGlyphs.glyphSet() \
-            if self.ligatureGlyphs else tuple()
+        liga = self.ligatureGlyphs.glyphSet() if self.ligatureGlyphs else tuple()
         mark = self.markGlyphs.glyphSet() if self.markGlyphs else tuple()
-        comp = (self.componentGlyphs.glyphSet()
-                if self.componentGlyphs else tuple())
+        comp = self.componentGlyphs.glyphSet() if self.componentGlyphs else tuple()
         builder.add_glyphClassDef(self.location, base, liga, mark, comp)
 
     def asFea(self, indent=""):
@@ -307,79 +503,121 @@
             self.baseGlyphs.asFea() if self.baseGlyphs else "",
             self.ligatureGlyphs.asFea() if self.ligatureGlyphs else "",
             self.markGlyphs.asFea() if self.markGlyphs else "",
-            self.componentGlyphs.asFea() if self.componentGlyphs else "")
+            self.componentGlyphs.asFea() if self.componentGlyphs else "",
+        )
 
 
-# While glyph classes can be defined only once, the feature file format
-# allows expanding mark classes with multiple definitions, each using
-# different glyphs and anchors. The following are two MarkClassDefinitions
-# for the same MarkClass:
-#     markClass [acute grave] <anchor 350 800> @FRENCH_ACCENTS;
-#     markClass [cedilla] <anchor 350 -200> @FRENCH_ACCENTS;
 class MarkClass(object):
+    """One `or more` ``markClass`` statements for the same mark class.
+
+    While glyph classes can be defined only once, the feature file format
+    allows expanding mark classes with multiple definitions, each using
+    different glyphs and anchors. The following are two ``MarkClassDefinitions``
+    for the same ``MarkClass``::
+
+        markClass [acute grave] <anchor 350 800> @FRENCH_ACCENTS;
+        markClass [cedilla] <anchor 350 -200> @FRENCH_ACCENTS;
+
+    The ``MarkClass`` object is therefore just a container for a list of
+    :class:`MarkClassDefinition` statements.
+    """
+
     def __init__(self, name):
         self.name = name
         self.definitions = []
         self.glyphs = OrderedDict()  # glyph --> ast.MarkClassDefinitions
 
     def addDefinition(self, definition):
+        """Add a :class:`MarkClassDefinition` statement to this mark class."""
         assert isinstance(definition, MarkClassDefinition)
         self.definitions.append(definition)
         for glyph in definition.glyphSet():
             if glyph in self.glyphs:
                 otherLoc = self.glyphs[glyph].location
+                if otherLoc is None:
+                    end = ""
+                else:
+                    end = f" at {otherLoc}"
                 raise FeatureLibError(
-                    "Glyph %s already defined at %s:%d:%d" % (
-                        glyph, otherLoc[0], otherLoc[1], otherLoc[2]),
-                    definition.location)
+                    "Glyph %s already defined%s" % (glyph, end), definition.location
+                )
             self.glyphs[glyph] = definition
 
     def glyphSet(self):
+        """The glyphs in this class as a tuple of :class:`GlyphName` objects."""
         return tuple(self.glyphs.keys())
 
     def asFea(self, indent=""):
-        res = "\n".join(d.asFea(indent=indent) for d in self.definitions)
+        res = "\n".join(d.asFea() for d in self.definitions)
         return res
 
 
 class MarkClassDefinition(Statement):
-    def __init__(self, location, markClass, anchor, glyphs):
+    """A single ``markClass`` statement. The ``markClass`` should be a
+    :class:`MarkClass` object, the ``anchor`` an :class:`Anchor` object,
+    and the ``glyphs`` parameter should be a `glyph-containing object`_ .
+
+    Example:
+
+        .. code:: python
+
+            mc = MarkClass("FRENCH_ACCENTS")
+            mc.addDefinition( MarkClassDefinition(mc, Anchor(350, 800),
+                GlyphClass([ GlyphName("acute"), GlyphName("grave") ])
+            ) )
+            mc.addDefinition( MarkClassDefinition(mc, Anchor(350, -200),
+                GlyphClass([ GlyphName("cedilla") ])
+            ) )
+
+            mc.asFea()
+            # markClass [acute grave] <anchor 350 800> @FRENCH_ACCENTS;
+            # markClass [cedilla] <anchor 350 -200> @FRENCH_ACCENTS;
+
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, markClass, anchor, glyphs, location=None):
         Statement.__init__(self, location)
         assert isinstance(markClass, MarkClass)
         assert isinstance(anchor, Anchor) and isinstance(glyphs, Expression)
         self.markClass, self.anchor, self.glyphs = markClass, anchor, glyphs
 
     def glyphSet(self):
+        """The glyphs in this class as a tuple of :class:`GlyphName` objects."""
         return self.glyphs.glyphSet()
 
     def asFea(self, indent=""):
-        return "{}markClass {} {} @{};".format(
-            indent, self.glyphs.asFea(), self.anchor.asFea(),
-            self.markClass.name)
+        return "markClass {} {} @{};".format(
+            self.glyphs.asFea(), self.anchor.asFea(), self.markClass.name
+        )
 
 
 class AlternateSubstStatement(Statement):
-    def __init__(self, location, prefix, glyph, suffix, replacement):
+    """A ``sub ... from ...`` statement.
+
+    ``prefix``, ``glyph``, ``suffix`` and ``replacement`` should be lists of
+    `glyph-containing objects`_. ``glyph`` should be a `one element list`."""
+
+    def __init__(self, prefix, glyph, suffix, replacement, location=None):
         Statement.__init__(self, location)
         self.prefix, self.glyph, self.suffix = (prefix, glyph, suffix)
         self.replacement = replacement
 
     def build(self, builder):
+        """Calls the builder's ``add_alternate_subst`` callback."""
         glyph = self.glyph.glyphSet()
         assert len(glyph) == 1, glyph
         glyph = list(glyph)[0]
         prefix = [p.glyphSet() for p in self.prefix]
         suffix = [s.glyphSet() for s in self.suffix]
         replacement = self.replacement.glyphSet()
-        builder.add_alternate_subst(self.location, prefix, glyph, suffix,
-                                    replacement)
+        builder.add_alternate_subst(self.location, prefix, glyph, suffix, replacement)
 
     def asFea(self, indent=""):
         res = "sub "
         if len(self.prefix) or len(self.suffix):
             if len(self.prefix):
                 res += " ".join(map(asFea, self.prefix)) + " "
-            res += asFea(self.glyph) + "'"    # even though we really only use 1
+            res += asFea(self.glyph) + "'"  # even though we really only use 1
             if len(self.suffix):
                 res += " " + " ".join(map(asFea, self.suffix))
         else:
@@ -391,8 +629,22 @@
 
 
 class Anchor(Expression):
-    def __init__(self, location, name, x, y, contourpoint,
-                 xDeviceTable, yDeviceTable):
+    """An ``Anchor`` element, used inside a ``pos`` rule.
+
+    If a ``name`` is given, this will be used in preference to the coordinates.
+    Other values should be integer.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        x,
+        y,
+        name=None,
+        contourpoint=None,
+        xDeviceTable=None,
+        yDeviceTable=None,
+        location=None,
+    ):
         Expression.__init__(self, location)
         self.name = name
         self.x, self.y, self.contourpoint = x, y, contourpoint
@@ -414,7 +666,9 @@
 
 
 class AnchorDefinition(Statement):
-    def __init__(self, location, name, x, y, contourpoint):
+    """A named anchor definition. (2.e.viii). ``name`` should be a string."""
+
+    def __init__(self, name, x, y, contourpoint=None, location=None):
         Statement.__init__(self, location)
         self.name, self.x, self.y, self.contourpoint = name, x, y, contourpoint
 
@@ -427,41 +681,72 @@
 
 
 class AttachStatement(Statement):
-    def __init__(self, location, glyphs, contourPoints):
+    """A ``GDEF`` table ``Attach`` statement."""
+
+    def __init__(self, glyphs, contourPoints, location=None):
         Statement.__init__(self, location)
-        self.glyphs, self.contourPoints = (glyphs, contourPoints)
+        self.glyphs = glyphs  #: A `glyph-containing object`_
+        self.contourPoints = contourPoints  #: A list of integer contour points
 
     def build(self, builder):
+        """Calls the builder's ``add_attach_points`` callback."""
         glyphs = self.glyphs.glyphSet()
         builder.add_attach_points(self.location, glyphs, self.contourPoints)
 
     def asFea(self, indent=""):
         return "Attach {} {};".format(
-            self.glyphs.asFea(), " ".join(str(c) for c in self.contourPoints))
+            self.glyphs.asFea(), " ".join(str(c) for c in self.contourPoints)
+        )
 
 
 class ChainContextPosStatement(Statement):
-    def __init__(self, location, prefix, glyphs, suffix, lookups):
+    r"""A chained contextual positioning statement.
+
+    ``prefix``, ``glyphs``, and ``suffix`` should be lists of
+    `glyph-containing objects`_ .
+
+    ``lookups`` should be a list of elements representing what lookups
+    to apply at each glyph position. Each element should be a
+    :class:`LookupBlock` to apply a single chaining lookup at the given
+    position, a list of :class:`LookupBlock`\ s to apply multiple
+    lookups, or ``None`` to apply no lookup. The length of the outer
+    list should equal the length of ``glyphs``; the inner lists can be
+    of variable length."""
+
+    def __init__(self, prefix, glyphs, suffix, lookups, location=None):
         Statement.__init__(self, location)
         self.prefix, self.glyphs, self.suffix = prefix, glyphs, suffix
-        self.lookups = lookups
+        self.lookups = list(lookups)
+        for i, lookup in enumerate(lookups):
+            if lookup:
+                try:
+                    (_ for _ in lookup)
+                except TypeError:
+                    self.lookups[i] = [lookup]
 
     def build(self, builder):
+        """Calls the builder's ``add_chain_context_pos`` callback."""
         prefix = [p.glyphSet() for p in self.prefix]
         glyphs = [g.glyphSet() for g in self.glyphs]
         suffix = [s.glyphSet() for s in self.suffix]
         builder.add_chain_context_pos(
-            self.location, prefix, glyphs, suffix, self.lookups)
+            self.location, prefix, glyphs, suffix, self.lookups
+        )
 
     def asFea(self, indent=""):
         res = "pos "
-        if len(self.prefix) or len(self.suffix) or any([x is not None for x in self.lookups]):
+        if (
+            len(self.prefix)
+            or len(self.suffix)
+            or any([x is not None for x in self.lookups])
+        ):
             if len(self.prefix):
                 res += " ".join(g.asFea() for g in self.prefix) + " "
             for i, g in enumerate(self.glyphs):
                 res += g.asFea() + "'"
-                if self.lookups[i] is not None:
-                    res += " lookup " + self.lookups[i].name
+                if self.lookups[i]:
+                    for lu in self.lookups[i]:
+                        res += " lookup " + lu.name
                 if i < len(self.glyphs) - 1:
                     res += " "
             if len(self.suffix):
@@ -473,27 +758,53 @@
 
 
 class ChainContextSubstStatement(Statement):
-    def __init__(self, location, prefix, glyphs, suffix, lookups):
+    r"""A chained contextual substitution statement.
+
+    ``prefix``, ``glyphs``, and ``suffix`` should be lists of
+    `glyph-containing objects`_ .
+
+    ``lookups`` should be a list of elements representing what lookups
+    to apply at each glyph position. Each element should be a
+    :class:`LookupBlock` to apply a single chaining lookup at the given
+    position, a list of :class:`LookupBlock`\ s to apply multiple
+    lookups, or ``None`` to apply no lookup. The length of the outer
+    list should equal the length of ``glyphs``; the inner lists can be
+    of variable length."""
+
+    def __init__(self, prefix, glyphs, suffix, lookups, location=None):
         Statement.__init__(self, location)
         self.prefix, self.glyphs, self.suffix = prefix, glyphs, suffix
-        self.lookups = lookups
+        self.lookups = list(lookups)
+        for i, lookup in enumerate(lookups):
+            if lookup:
+                try:
+                    (_ for _ in lookup)
+                except TypeError:
+                    self.lookups[i] = [lookup]
 
     def build(self, builder):
+        """Calls the builder's ``add_chain_context_subst`` callback."""
         prefix = [p.glyphSet() for p in self.prefix]
         glyphs = [g.glyphSet() for g in self.glyphs]
         suffix = [s.glyphSet() for s in self.suffix]
         builder.add_chain_context_subst(
-            self.location, prefix, glyphs, suffix, self.lookups)
+            self.location, prefix, glyphs, suffix, self.lookups
+        )
 
     def asFea(self, indent=""):
         res = "sub "
-        if len(self.prefix) or len(self.suffix) or any([x is not None for x in self.lookups]):
+        if (
+            len(self.prefix)
+            or len(self.suffix)
+            or any([x is not None for x in self.lookups])
+        ):
             if len(self.prefix):
                 res += " ".join(g.asFea() for g in self.prefix) + " "
             for i, g in enumerate(self.glyphs):
                 res += g.asFea() + "'"
-                if self.lookups[i] is not None:
-                    res += " lookup " + self.lookups[i].name
+                if self.lookups[i]:
+                    for lu in self.lookups[i]:
+                        res += " lookup " + lu.name
                 if i < len(self.glyphs) - 1:
                     res += " "
             if len(self.suffix):
@@ -505,14 +816,19 @@
 
 
 class CursivePosStatement(Statement):
-    def __init__(self, location, glyphclass, entryAnchor, exitAnchor):
+    """A cursive positioning statement. Entry and exit anchors can either
+    be :class:`Anchor` objects or ``None``."""
+
+    def __init__(self, glyphclass, entryAnchor, exitAnchor, location=None):
         Statement.__init__(self, location)
         self.glyphclass = glyphclass
         self.entryAnchor, self.exitAnchor = entryAnchor, exitAnchor
 
     def build(self, builder):
+        """Calls the builder object's ``add_cursive_pos`` callback."""
         builder.add_cursive_pos(
-            self.location, self.glyphclass.glyphSet(), self.entryAnchor, self.exitAnchor)
+            self.location, self.glyphclass.glyphSet(), self.entryAnchor, self.exitAnchor
+        )
 
     def asFea(self, indent=""):
         entry = self.entryAnchor.asFea() if self.entryAnchor else "<anchor NULL>"
@@ -521,12 +837,14 @@
 
 
 class FeatureReferenceStatement(Statement):
-    """Example: feature salt;"""
-    def __init__(self, location, featureName):
+    """Example: ``feature salt;``"""
+
+    def __init__(self, featureName, location=None):
         Statement.__init__(self, location)
         self.location, self.featureName = (location, featureName)
 
     def build(self, builder):
+        """Calls the builder object's ``add_feature_reference`` callback."""
         builder.add_feature_reference(self.location, self.featureName)
 
     def asFea(self, indent=""):
@@ -534,17 +852,24 @@
 
 
 class IgnorePosStatement(Statement):
-    def __init__(self, location, chainContexts):
+    """An ``ignore pos`` statement, containing `one or more` contexts to ignore.
+
+    ``chainContexts`` should be a list of ``(prefix, glyphs, suffix)`` tuples,
+    with each of ``prefix``, ``glyphs`` and ``suffix`` being
+    `glyph-containing objects`_ ."""
+
+    def __init__(self, chainContexts, location=None):
         Statement.__init__(self, location)
         self.chainContexts = chainContexts
 
     def build(self, builder):
+        """Calls the builder object's ``add_chain_context_pos`` callback on each
+        rule context."""
         for prefix, glyphs, suffix in self.chainContexts:
             prefix = [p.glyphSet() for p in prefix]
             glyphs = [g.glyphSet() for g in glyphs]
             suffix = [s.glyphSet() for s in suffix]
-            builder.add_chain_context_pos(
-                self.location, prefix, glyphs, suffix, [])
+            builder.add_chain_context_pos(self.location, prefix, glyphs, suffix, [])
 
     def asFea(self, indent=""):
         contexts = []
@@ -563,17 +888,24 @@
 
 
 class IgnoreSubstStatement(Statement):
-    def __init__(self, location, chainContexts):
+    """An ``ignore sub`` statement, containing `one or more` contexts to ignore.
+
+    ``chainContexts`` should be a list of ``(prefix, glyphs, suffix)`` tuples,
+    with each of ``prefix``, ``glyphs`` and ``suffix`` being
+    `glyph-containing objects`_ ."""
+
+    def __init__(self, chainContexts, location=None):
         Statement.__init__(self, location)
         self.chainContexts = chainContexts
 
     def build(self, builder):
+        """Calls the builder object's ``add_chain_context_subst`` callback on
+        each rule context."""
         for prefix, glyphs, suffix in self.chainContexts:
             prefix = [p.glyphSet() for p in prefix]
             glyphs = [g.glyphSet() for g in glyphs]
             suffix = [s.glyphSet() for s in suffix]
-            builder.add_chain_context_subst(
-                self.location, prefix, glyphs, suffix, [])
+            builder.add_chain_context_subst(self.location, prefix, glyphs, suffix, [])
 
     def asFea(self, indent=""):
         contexts = []
@@ -591,18 +923,43 @@
         return "ignore sub " + ", ".join(contexts) + ";"
 
 
+class IncludeStatement(Statement):
+    """An ``include()`` statement."""
+
+    def __init__(self, filename, location=None):
+        super(IncludeStatement, self).__init__(location)
+        self.filename = filename  #: String containing name of file to include
+
+    def build(self):
+        # TODO: consider lazy-loading the including parser/lexer?
+        raise FeatureLibError(
+            "Building an include statement is not implemented yet. "
+            "Instead, use Parser(..., followIncludes=True) for building.",
+            self.location,
+        )
+
+    def asFea(self, indent=""):
+        return indent + "include(%s);" % self.filename
+
+
 class LanguageStatement(Statement):
-    def __init__(self, location, language, include_default, required):
+    """A ``language`` statement within a feature."""
+
+    def __init__(self, language, include_default=True, required=False, location=None):
         Statement.__init__(self, location)
-        assert(len(language) == 4)
-        self.language = language
-        self.include_default = include_default
+        assert len(language) == 4
+        self.language = language  #: A four-character language tag
+        self.include_default = include_default  #: If false, "exclude_dflt"
         self.required = required
 
     def build(self, builder):
-        builder.set_language(location=self.location, language=self.language,
-                             include_default=self.include_default,
-                             required=self.required)
+        """Call the builder object's ``set_language`` callback."""
+        builder.set_language(
+            location=self.location,
+            language=self.language,
+            include_default=self.include_default,
+            required=self.required,
+        )
 
     def asFea(self, indent=""):
         res = "language {}".format(self.language.strip())
@@ -615,11 +972,14 @@
 
 
 class LanguageSystemStatement(Statement):
-    def __init__(self, location, script, language):
+    """A top-level ``languagesystem`` statement."""
+
+    def __init__(self, script, language, location=None):
         Statement.__init__(self, location)
         self.script, self.language = (script, language)
 
     def build(self, builder):
+        """Calls the builder object's ``add_language_system`` callback."""
         builder.add_language_system(self.location, self.script, self.language)
 
     def asFea(self, indent=""):
@@ -627,7 +987,10 @@
 
 
 class FontRevisionStatement(Statement):
-    def __init__(self, location, revision):
+    """A ``head`` table ``FontRevision`` statement. ``revision`` should be a
+    number, and will be formatted to three significant decimal places."""
+
+    def __init__(self, revision, location=None):
         Statement.__init__(self, location)
         self.revision = revision
 
@@ -639,36 +1002,54 @@
 
 
 class LigatureCaretByIndexStatement(Statement):
-    def __init__(self, location, glyphs, carets):
+    """A ``GDEF`` table ``LigatureCaretByIndex`` statement. ``glyphs`` should be
+    a `glyph-containing object`_, and ``carets`` should be a list of integers."""
+
+    def __init__(self, glyphs, carets, location=None):
         Statement.__init__(self, location)
         self.glyphs, self.carets = (glyphs, carets)
 
     def build(self, builder):
+        """Calls the builder object's ``add_ligatureCaretByIndex_`` callback."""
         glyphs = self.glyphs.glyphSet()
         builder.add_ligatureCaretByIndex_(self.location, glyphs, set(self.carets))
 
     def asFea(self, indent=""):
         return "LigatureCaretByIndex {} {};".format(
-            self.glyphs.asFea(), " ".join(str(x) for x in self.carets))
+            self.glyphs.asFea(), " ".join(str(x) for x in self.carets)
+        )
 
 
 class LigatureCaretByPosStatement(Statement):
-    def __init__(self, location, glyphs, carets):
+    """A ``GDEF`` table ``LigatureCaretByPos`` statement. ``glyphs`` should be
+    a `glyph-containing object`_, and ``carets`` should be a list of integers."""
+
+    def __init__(self, glyphs, carets, location=None):
         Statement.__init__(self, location)
         self.glyphs, self.carets = (glyphs, carets)
 
     def build(self, builder):
+        """Calls the builder object's ``add_ligatureCaretByPos_`` callback."""
         glyphs = self.glyphs.glyphSet()
         builder.add_ligatureCaretByPos_(self.location, glyphs, set(self.carets))
 
     def asFea(self, indent=""):
         return "LigatureCaretByPos {} {};".format(
-            self.glyphs.asFea(), " ".join(str(x) for x in self.carets))
+            self.glyphs.asFea(), " ".join(str(x) for x in self.carets)
+        )
 
 
 class LigatureSubstStatement(Statement):
-    def __init__(self, location, prefix, glyphs, suffix, replacement,
-                 forceChain):
+    """A chained contextual substitution statement.
+
+    ``prefix``, ``glyphs``, and ``suffix`` should be lists of
+    `glyph-containing objects`_; ``replacement`` should be a single
+    `glyph-containing object`_.
+
+    If ``forceChain`` is True, this is expressed as a chaining rule
+    (e.g. ``sub f' i' by f_i``) even when no context is given."""
+
+    def __init__(self, prefix, glyphs, suffix, replacement, forceChain, location=None):
         Statement.__init__(self, location)
         self.prefix, self.glyphs, self.suffix = (prefix, glyphs, suffix)
         self.replacement, self.forceChain = replacement, forceChain
@@ -678,8 +1059,8 @@
         glyphs = [g.glyphSet() for g in self.glyphs]
         suffix = [s.glyphSet() for s in self.suffix]
         builder.add_ligature_subst(
-            self.location, prefix, glyphs, suffix, self.replacement,
-            self.forceChain)
+            self.location, prefix, glyphs, suffix, self.replacement, self.forceChain
+        )
 
     def asFea(self, indent=""):
         res = "sub "
@@ -698,44 +1079,57 @@
 
 
 class LookupFlagStatement(Statement):
-    def __init__(self, location, value, markAttachment, markFilteringSet):
+    """A ``lookupflag`` statement. The ``value`` should be an integer value
+    representing the flags in use, but not including the ``markAttachment``
+    class and ``markFilteringSet`` values, which must be specified as
+    glyph-containing objects."""
+
+    def __init__(
+        self, value=0, markAttachment=None, markFilteringSet=None, location=None
+    ):
         Statement.__init__(self, location)
         self.value = value
         self.markAttachment = markAttachment
         self.markFilteringSet = markFilteringSet
 
     def build(self, builder):
+        """Calls the builder object's ``set_lookup_flag`` callback."""
         markAttach = None
         if self.markAttachment is not None:
             markAttach = self.markAttachment.glyphSet()
         markFilter = None
         if self.markFilteringSet is not None:
             markFilter = self.markFilteringSet.glyphSet()
-        builder.set_lookup_flag(self.location, self.value,
-                                markAttach, markFilter)
+        builder.set_lookup_flag(self.location, self.value, markAttach, markFilter)
 
     def asFea(self, indent=""):
-        res = "lookupflag"
+        res = []
         flags = ["RightToLeft", "IgnoreBaseGlyphs", "IgnoreLigatures", "IgnoreMarks"]
         curr = 1
         for i in range(len(flags)):
             if self.value & curr != 0:
-                res += " " + flags[i]
+                res.append(flags[i])
             curr = curr << 1
         if self.markAttachment is not None:
-            res += " MarkAttachmentType {}".format(self.markAttachment.asFea())
+            res.append("MarkAttachmentType {}".format(self.markAttachment.asFea()))
         if self.markFilteringSet is not None:
-            res += " UseMarkFilteringSet {}".format(self.markFilteringSet.asFea())
-        res += ";"
-        return res
+            res.append("UseMarkFilteringSet {}".format(self.markFilteringSet.asFea()))
+        if not res:
+            res = ["0"]
+        return "lookupflag {};".format(" ".join(res))
 
 
 class LookupReferenceStatement(Statement):
-    def __init__(self, location, lookup):
+    """Represents a ``lookup ...;`` statement to include a lookup in a feature.
+
+    The ``lookup`` should be a :class:`LookupBlock` object."""
+
+    def __init__(self, lookup, location=None):
         Statement.__init__(self, location)
         self.location, self.lookup = (location, lookup)
 
     def build(self, builder):
+        """Calls the builder object's ``add_lookup_call`` callback."""
         builder.add_lookup_call(self.lookup.name)
 
     def asFea(self, indent=""):
@@ -743,27 +1137,59 @@
 
 
 class MarkBasePosStatement(Statement):
-    def __init__(self, location, base, marks):
+    """A mark-to-base positioning rule. The ``base`` should be a
+    `glyph-containing object`_. The ``marks`` should be a list of
+    (:class:`Anchor`, :class:`MarkClass`) tuples."""
+
+    def __init__(self, base, marks, location=None):
         Statement.__init__(self, location)
         self.base, self.marks = base, marks
 
     def build(self, builder):
+        """Calls the builder object's ``add_mark_base_pos`` callback."""
         builder.add_mark_base_pos(self.location, self.base.glyphSet(), self.marks)
 
     def asFea(self, indent=""):
         res = "pos base {}".format(self.base.asFea())
         for a, m in self.marks:
-            res += " {} mark @{}".format(a.asFea(), m.name)
+            res += "\n" + indent + SHIFT + "{} mark @{}".format(a.asFea(), m.name)
         res += ";"
         return res
 
 
 class MarkLigPosStatement(Statement):
-    def __init__(self, location, ligatures, marks):
+    """A mark-to-ligature positioning rule. The ``ligatures`` must be a
+    `glyph-containing object`_. The ``marks`` should be a list of lists: each
+    element in the top-level list represents a component glyph, and is made
+    up of a list of (:class:`Anchor`, :class:`MarkClass`) tuples representing
+    mark attachment points for that position.
+
+    Example::
+
+        m1 = MarkClass("TOP_MARKS")
+        m2 = MarkClass("BOTTOM_MARKS")
+        # ... add definitions to mark classes...
+
+        glyph = GlyphName("lam_meem_jeem")
+        marks = [
+            [ (Anchor(625,1800), m1) ], # Attachments on 1st component (lam)
+            [ (Anchor(376,-378), m2) ], # Attachments on 2nd component (meem)
+            [ ]                         # No attachments on the jeem
+        ]
+        mlp = MarkLigPosStatement(glyph, marks)
+
+        mlp.asFea()
+        # pos ligature lam_meem_jeem <anchor 625 1800> mark @TOP_MARKS
+        # ligComponent <anchor 376 -378> mark @BOTTOM_MARKS;
+
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, ligatures, marks, location=None):
         Statement.__init__(self, location)
         self.ligatures, self.marks = ligatures, marks
 
     def build(self, builder):
+        """Calls the builder object's ``add_mark_lig_pos`` callback."""
         builder.add_mark_lig_pos(self.location, self.ligatures.glyphSet(), self.marks)
 
     def asFea(self, indent=""):
@@ -772,10 +1198,15 @@
         for l in self.marks:
             temp = ""
             if l is None or not len(l):
-                temp = " <anchor NULL>"
+                temp = "\n" + indent + SHIFT * 2 + "<anchor NULL>"
             else:
                 for a, m in l:
-                    temp += " {} mark @{}".format(a.asFea(), m.name)
+                    temp += (
+                        "\n"
+                        + indent
+                        + SHIFT * 2
+                        + "{} mark @{}".format(a.asFea(), m.name)
+                    )
             ligs.append(temp)
         res += ("\n" + indent + SHIFT + "ligComponent").join(ligs)
         res += ";"
@@ -783,36 +1214,63 @@
 
 
 class MarkMarkPosStatement(Statement):
-    def __init__(self, location, baseMarks, marks):
+    """A mark-to-mark positioning rule. The ``baseMarks`` must be a
+    `glyph-containing object`_. The ``marks`` should be a list of
+    (:class:`Anchor`, :class:`MarkClass`) tuples."""
+
+    def __init__(self, baseMarks, marks, location=None):
         Statement.__init__(self, location)
         self.baseMarks, self.marks = baseMarks, marks
 
     def build(self, builder):
+        """Calls the builder object's ``add_mark_mark_pos`` callback."""
         builder.add_mark_mark_pos(self.location, self.baseMarks.glyphSet(), self.marks)
 
     def asFea(self, indent=""):
         res = "pos mark {}".format(self.baseMarks.asFea())
         for a, m in self.marks:
-            res += " {} mark @{}".format(a.asFea(), m.name)
+            res += "\n" + indent + SHIFT + "{} mark @{}".format(a.asFea(), m.name)
         res += ";"
         return res
 
 
 class MultipleSubstStatement(Statement):
-    def __init__(self, location, prefix, glyph, suffix, replacement):
+    """A multiple substitution statement.
+
+    Args:
+        prefix: a list of `glyph-containing objects`_.
+        glyph: a single glyph-containing object.
+        suffix: a list of glyph-containing objects.
+        replacement: a list of glyph-containing objects.
+        forceChain: If true, the statement is expressed as a chaining rule
+            (e.g. ``sub f' i' by f_i``) even when no context is given.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(
+        self, prefix, glyph, suffix, replacement, forceChain=False, location=None
+    ):
         Statement.__init__(self, location)
         self.prefix, self.glyph, self.suffix = prefix, glyph, suffix
         self.replacement = replacement
+        self.forceChain = forceChain
 
     def build(self, builder):
+        """Calls the builder object's ``add_multiple_subst`` callback."""
         prefix = [p.glyphSet() for p in self.prefix]
         suffix = [s.glyphSet() for s in self.suffix]
-        builder.add_multiple_subst(
-            self.location, prefix, self.glyph, suffix, self.replacement)
+        if not self.replacement and hasattr(self.glyph, "glyphSet"):
+            for glyph in self.glyph.glyphSet():
+                builder.add_multiple_subst(
+                    self.location, prefix, glyph, suffix, self.replacement, self.forceChain
+                )
+        else:
+            builder.add_multiple_subst(
+                self.location, prefix, self.glyph, suffix, self.replacement, self.forceChain
+            )
 
     def asFea(self, indent=""):
         res = "sub "
-        if len(self.prefix) or len(self.suffix):
+        if len(self.prefix) or len(self.suffix) or self.forceChain:
             if len(self.prefix):
                 res += " ".join(map(asFea, self.prefix)) + " "
             res += asFea(self.glyph) + "'"
@@ -820,55 +1278,100 @@
                 res += " " + " ".join(map(asFea, self.suffix))
         else:
             res += asFea(self.glyph)
+        replacement = self.replacement or [NullGlyph()]
         res += " by "
-        res += " ".join(map(asFea, self.replacement))
+        res += " ".join(map(asFea, replacement))
         res += ";"
         return res
 
 
 class PairPosStatement(Statement):
-    def __init__(self, location, enumerated,
-                 glyphs1, valuerecord1, glyphs2, valuerecord2):
+    """A pair positioning statement.
+
+    ``glyphs1`` and ``glyphs2`` should be `glyph-containing objects`_.
+    ``valuerecord1`` should be a :class:`ValueRecord` object;
+    ``valuerecord2`` should be either a :class:`ValueRecord` object or ``None``.
+    If ``enumerated`` is true, then this is expressed as an
+    `enumerated pair <https://adobe-type-tools.github.io/afdko/OpenTypeFeatureFileSpecification.html#6.b.ii>`_.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        glyphs1,
+        valuerecord1,
+        glyphs2,
+        valuerecord2,
+        enumerated=False,
+        location=None,
+    ):
         Statement.__init__(self, location)
         self.enumerated = enumerated
         self.glyphs1, self.valuerecord1 = glyphs1, valuerecord1
         self.glyphs2, self.valuerecord2 = glyphs2, valuerecord2
 
     def build(self, builder):
+        """Calls a callback on the builder object:
+
+        * If the rule is enumerated, calls ``add_specific_pair_pos`` on each
+          combination of first and second glyphs.
+        * If the glyphs are both single :class:`GlyphName` objects, calls
+          ``add_specific_pair_pos``.
+        * Else, calls ``add_class_pair_pos``.
+        """
         if self.enumerated:
             g = [self.glyphs1.glyphSet(), self.glyphs2.glyphSet()]
             for glyph1, glyph2 in itertools.product(*g):
                 builder.add_specific_pair_pos(
-                    self.location, glyph1, self.valuerecord1,
-                    glyph2, self.valuerecord2)
+                    self.location, glyph1, self.valuerecord1, glyph2, self.valuerecord2
+                )
             return
 
-        is_specific = (isinstance(self.glyphs1, GlyphName) and
-                       isinstance(self.glyphs2, GlyphName))
+        is_specific = isinstance(self.glyphs1, GlyphName) and isinstance(
+            self.glyphs2, GlyphName
+        )
         if is_specific:
             builder.add_specific_pair_pos(
-                self.location, self.glyphs1.glyph, self.valuerecord1,
-                self.glyphs2.glyph, self.valuerecord2)
+                self.location,
+                self.glyphs1.glyph,
+                self.valuerecord1,
+                self.glyphs2.glyph,
+                self.valuerecord2,
+            )
         else:
             builder.add_class_pair_pos(
-                self.location, self.glyphs1.glyphSet(), self.valuerecord1,
-                self.glyphs2.glyphSet(), self.valuerecord2)
+                self.location,
+                self.glyphs1.glyphSet(),
+                self.valuerecord1,
+                self.glyphs2.glyphSet(),
+                self.valuerecord2,
+            )
 
     def asFea(self, indent=""):
         res = "enum " if self.enumerated else ""
         if self.valuerecord2:
             res += "pos {} {} {} {};".format(
-                self.glyphs1.asFea(), self.valuerecord1.makeString(),
-                self.glyphs2.asFea(), self.valuerecord2.makeString())
+                self.glyphs1.asFea(),
+                self.valuerecord1.asFea(),
+                self.glyphs2.asFea(),
+                self.valuerecord2.asFea(),
+            )
         else:
             res += "pos {} {} {};".format(
-                self.glyphs1.asFea(), self.glyphs2.asFea(),
-                self.valuerecord1.makeString())
+                self.glyphs1.asFea(), self.glyphs2.asFea(), self.valuerecord1.asFea()
+            )
         return res
 
 
 class ReverseChainSingleSubstStatement(Statement):
-    def __init__(self, location, old_prefix, old_suffix, glyphs, replacements):
+    """A reverse chaining substitution statement. You don't see those every day.
+
+    Note the unusual argument order: ``suffix`` comes `before` ``glyphs``.
+    ``old_prefix``, ``old_suffix``, ``glyphs`` and ``replacements`` should be
+    lists of `glyph-containing objects`_. ``glyphs`` and ``replacements`` should
+    be one-item lists.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, old_prefix, old_suffix, glyphs, replacements, location=None):
         Statement.__init__(self, location)
         self.old_prefix, self.old_suffix = old_prefix, old_suffix
         self.glyphs = glyphs
@@ -882,7 +1385,8 @@
         if len(replaces) == 1:
             replaces = replaces * len(originals)
         builder.add_reverse_chain_single_subst(
-            self.location, prefix, suffix, dict(zip(originals, replaces)))
+            self.location, prefix, suffix, dict(zip(originals, replaces))
+        )
 
     def asFea(self, indent=""):
         res = "rsub "
@@ -899,7 +1403,15 @@
 
 
 class SingleSubstStatement(Statement):
-    def __init__(self, location, glyphs, replace, prefix, suffix, forceChain):
+    """A single substitution statement.
+
+    Note the unusual argument order: ``prefix`` and suffix come `after`
+    the replacement ``glyphs``. ``prefix``, ``suffix``, ``glyphs`` and
+    ``replace`` should be lists of `glyph-containing objects`_. ``glyphs`` and
+    ``replace`` should be one-item lists.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, glyphs, replace, prefix, suffix, forceChain, location=None):
         Statement.__init__(self, location)
         self.prefix, self.suffix = prefix, suffix
         self.forceChain = forceChain
@@ -907,15 +1419,20 @@
         self.replacements = replace
 
     def build(self, builder):
+        """Calls the builder object's ``add_single_subst`` callback."""
         prefix = [p.glyphSet() for p in self.prefix]
         suffix = [s.glyphSet() for s in self.suffix]
         originals = self.glyphs[0].glyphSet()
         replaces = self.replacements[0].glyphSet()
         if len(replaces) == 1:
             replaces = replaces * len(originals)
-        builder.add_single_subst(self.location, prefix, suffix,
-                                 OrderedDict(zip(originals, replaces)),
-                                 self.forceChain)
+        builder.add_single_subst(
+            self.location,
+            prefix,
+            suffix,
+            OrderedDict(zip(originals, replaces)),
+            self.forceChain,
+        )
 
     def asFea(self, indent=""):
         res = "sub "
@@ -932,11 +1449,14 @@
 
 
 class ScriptStatement(Statement):
-    def __init__(self, location, script):
+    """A ``script`` statement."""
+
+    def __init__(self, script, location=None):
         Statement.__init__(self, location)
-        self.script = script
+        self.script = script  #: the script code
 
     def build(self, builder):
+        """Calls the builder's ``set_script`` callback."""
         builder.set_script(self.location, self.script)
 
     def asFea(self, indent=""):
@@ -944,43 +1464,75 @@
 
 
 class SinglePosStatement(Statement):
-    def __init__(self, location, pos, prefix, suffix, forceChain):
+    """A single position statement. ``prefix`` and ``suffix`` should be
+    lists of `glyph-containing objects`_.
+
+    ``pos`` should be a one-element list containing a (`glyph-containing object`_,
+    :class:`ValueRecord`) tuple."""
+
+    def __init__(self, pos, prefix, suffix, forceChain, location=None):
         Statement.__init__(self, location)
         self.pos, self.prefix, self.suffix = pos, prefix, suffix
         self.forceChain = forceChain
 
     def build(self, builder):
+        """Calls the builder object's ``add_single_pos`` callback."""
         prefix = [p.glyphSet() for p in self.prefix]
         suffix = [s.glyphSet() for s in self.suffix]
         pos = [(g.glyphSet(), value) for g, value in self.pos]
-        builder.add_single_pos(self.location, prefix, suffix,
-                               pos, self.forceChain)
+        builder.add_single_pos(self.location, prefix, suffix, pos, self.forceChain)
 
     def asFea(self, indent=""):
         res = "pos "
         if len(self.prefix) or len(self.suffix) or self.forceChain:
             if len(self.prefix):
                 res += " ".join(map(asFea, self.prefix)) + " "
-            res += " ".join([asFea(x[0]) + "'" + (
-                (" " + x[1].makeString()) if x[1] else "") for x in self.pos])
+            res += " ".join(
+                [
+                    asFea(x[0]) + "'" + ((" " + x[1].asFea()) if x[1] else "")
+                    for x in self.pos
+                ]
+            )
             if len(self.suffix):
                 res += " " + " ".join(map(asFea, self.suffix))
         else:
-            res += " ".join([asFea(x[0]) + " " +
-                             (x[1].makeString() if x[1] else "") for x in self.pos])
+            res += " ".join(
+                [asFea(x[0]) + " " + (x[1].asFea() if x[1] else "") for x in self.pos]
+            )
         res += ";"
         return res
 
 
 class SubtableStatement(Statement):
-    def __init__(self, location):
+    """Represents a subtable break."""
+
+    def __init__(self, location=None):
         Statement.__init__(self, location)
 
+    def build(self, builder):
+        """Calls the builder objects's ``add_subtable_break`` callback."""
+        builder.add_subtable_break(self.location)
+
+    def asFea(self, indent=""):
+        return "subtable;"
+
 
 class ValueRecord(Expression):
-    def __init__(self, location, vertical,
-                 xPlacement, yPlacement, xAdvance, yAdvance,
-                 xPlaDevice, yPlaDevice, xAdvDevice, yAdvDevice):
+    """Represents a value record."""
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        xPlacement=None,
+        yPlacement=None,
+        xAdvance=None,
+        yAdvance=None,
+        xPlaDevice=None,
+        yPlaDevice=None,
+        xAdvDevice=None,
+        yAdvDevice=None,
+        vertical=False,
+        location=None,
+    ):
         Expression.__init__(self, location)
         self.xPlacement, self.yPlacement = (xPlacement, yPlacement)
         self.xAdvance, self.yAdvance = (xAdvance, yAdvance)
@@ -989,29 +1541,39 @@
         self.vertical = vertical
 
     def __eq__(self, other):
-        return (self.xPlacement == other.xPlacement and
-                self.yPlacement == other.yPlacement and
-                self.xAdvance == other.xAdvance and
-                self.yAdvance == other.yAdvance and
-                self.xPlaDevice == other.xPlaDevice and
-                self.xAdvDevice == other.xAdvDevice)
+        return (
+            self.xPlacement == other.xPlacement
+            and self.yPlacement == other.yPlacement
+            and self.xAdvance == other.xAdvance
+            and self.yAdvance == other.yAdvance
+            and self.xPlaDevice == other.xPlaDevice
+            and self.xAdvDevice == other.xAdvDevice
+        )
 
     def __ne__(self, other):
         return not self.__eq__(other)
 
     def __hash__(self):
-        return (hash(self.xPlacement) ^ hash(self.yPlacement) ^
-                hash(self.xAdvance) ^ hash(self.yAdvance) ^
-                hash(self.xPlaDevice) ^ hash(self.yPlaDevice) ^
-                hash(self.xAdvDevice) ^ hash(self.yAdvDevice))
+        return (
+            hash(self.xPlacement)
+            ^ hash(self.yPlacement)
+            ^ hash(self.xAdvance)
+            ^ hash(self.yAdvance)
+            ^ hash(self.xPlaDevice)
+            ^ hash(self.yPlaDevice)
+            ^ hash(self.xAdvDevice)
+            ^ hash(self.yAdvDevice)
+        )
 
-    def makeString(self, vertical=None):
+    def asFea(self, indent=""):
+        if not self:
+            return "<NULL>"
+
         x, y = self.xPlacement, self.yPlacement
         xAdvance, yAdvance = self.xAdvance, self.yAdvance
         xPlaDevice, yPlaDevice = self.xPlaDevice, self.yPlaDevice
         xAdvDevice, yAdvDevice = self.xAdvDevice, self.yAdvDevice
-        if vertical is None:
-            vertical = self.vertical
+        vertical = self.vertical
 
         # Try format A, if possible.
         if x is None and y is None:
@@ -1020,23 +1582,58 @@
             elif yAdvance is None and not vertical:
                 return str(xAdvance)
 
+        # Make any remaining None value 0 to avoid generating invalid records.
+        x = x or 0
+        y = y or 0
+        xAdvance = xAdvance or 0
+        yAdvance = yAdvance or 0
+
         # Try format B, if possible.
-        if (xPlaDevice is None and yPlaDevice is None and
-                xAdvDevice is None and yAdvDevice is None):
+        if (
+            xPlaDevice is None
+            and yPlaDevice is None
+            and xAdvDevice is None
+            and yAdvDevice is None
+        ):
             return "<%s %s %s %s>" % (x, y, xAdvance, yAdvance)
 
         # Last resort is format C.
         return "<%s %s %s %s %s %s %s %s>" % (
-            x, y, xAdvance, yAdvance,
-            deviceToString(xPlaDevice), deviceToString(yPlaDevice),
-            deviceToString(xAdvDevice), deviceToString(yAdvDevice))
+            x,
+            y,
+            xAdvance,
+            yAdvance,
+            deviceToString(xPlaDevice),
+            deviceToString(yPlaDevice),
+            deviceToString(xAdvDevice),
+            deviceToString(yAdvDevice),
+        )
+
+    def __bool__(self):
+        return any(
+            getattr(self, v) is not None
+            for v in [
+                "xPlacement",
+                "yPlacement",
+                "xAdvance",
+                "yAdvance",
+                "xPlaDevice",
+                "yPlaDevice",
+                "xAdvDevice",
+                "yAdvDevice",
+            ]
+        )
+
+    __nonzero__ = __bool__
 
 
 class ValueRecordDefinition(Statement):
-    def __init__(self, location, name, value):
+    """Represents a named value record definition."""
+
+    def __init__(self, name, value, location=None):
         Statement.__init__(self, location)
-        self.name = name
-        self.value = value
+        self.name = name  #: Value record name as string
+        self.value = value  #: :class:`ValueRecord` object
 
     def asFea(self, indent=""):
         return "valueRecordDef {} {};".format(self.value.asFea(), self.name)
@@ -1052,48 +1649,61 @@
 
 
 class NameRecord(Statement):
-    def __init__(self, location, nameID, platformID,
-                 platEncID, langID, string):
+    """Represents a name record. (`Section 9.e. <https://adobe-type-tools.github.io/afdko/OpenTypeFeatureFileSpecification.html#9.e>`_)"""
+
+    def __init__(self, nameID, platformID, platEncID, langID, string, location=None):
         Statement.__init__(self, location)
-        self.nameID = nameID
-        self.platformID = platformID
-        self.platEncID = platEncID
-        self.langID = langID
-        self.string = string
+        self.nameID = nameID  #: Name ID as integer (e.g. 9 for designer's name)
+        self.platformID = platformID  #: Platform ID as integer
+        self.platEncID = platEncID  #: Platform encoding ID as integer
+        self.langID = langID  #: Language ID as integer
+        self.string = string  #: Name record value
 
     def build(self, builder):
+        """Calls the builder object's ``add_name_record`` callback."""
         builder.add_name_record(
-            self.location, self.nameID, self.platformID,
-            self.platEncID, self.langID, self.string)
+            self.location,
+            self.nameID,
+            self.platformID,
+            self.platEncID,
+            self.langID,
+            self.string,
+        )
 
     def asFea(self, indent=""):
         def escape(c, escape_pattern):
             # Also escape U+0022 QUOTATION MARK and U+005C REVERSE SOLIDUS
             if c >= 0x20 and c <= 0x7E and c not in (0x22, 0x5C):
-                return unichr(c)
+                return chr(c)
             else:
                 return escape_pattern % c
+
         encoding = getEncoding(self.platformID, self.platEncID, self.langID)
         if encoding is None:
             raise FeatureLibError("Unsupported encoding", self.location)
         s = tobytes(self.string, encoding=encoding)
         if encoding == "utf_16_be":
-            escaped_string = "".join([
-                escape(byteord(s[i]) * 256 + byteord(s[i + 1]), r"\%04x")
-                for i in range(0, len(s), 2)])
+            escaped_string = "".join(
+                [
+                    escape(byteord(s[i]) * 256 + byteord(s[i + 1]), r"\%04x")
+                    for i in range(0, len(s), 2)
+                ]
+            )
         else:
             escaped_string = "".join([escape(byteord(b), r"\%02x") for b in s])
-        plat = simplify_name_attributes(
-            self.platformID, self.platEncID, self.langID)
+        plat = simplify_name_attributes(self.platformID, self.platEncID, self.langID)
         if plat != "":
             plat += " "
-        return "nameid {} {}\"{}\";".format(self.nameID, plat, escaped_string)
+        return 'nameid {} {}"{}";'.format(self.nameID, plat, escaped_string)
 
 
 class FeatureNameStatement(NameRecord):
+    """Represents a ``sizemenuname`` or ``name`` statement."""
+
     def build(self, builder):
+        """Calls the builder object's ``add_featureName`` callback."""
         NameRecord.build(self, builder)
-        builder.add_featureName(self.location, self.nameID)
+        builder.add_featureName(self.nameID)
 
     def asFea(self, indent=""):
         if self.nameID == "size":
@@ -1103,12 +1713,23 @@
         plat = simplify_name_attributes(self.platformID, self.platEncID, self.langID)
         if plat != "":
             plat += " "
-        return "{} {}\"{}\";".format(tag, plat, self.string)
+        return '{} {}"{}";'.format(tag, plat, self.string)
+
+
+class STATNameStatement(NameRecord):
+    """Represents a STAT table ``name`` statement."""
+
+    def asFea(self, indent=""):
+        plat = simplify_name_attributes(self.platformID, self.platEncID, self.langID)
+        if plat != "":
+            plat += " "
+        return 'name {}"{}";'.format(plat, self.string)
 
 
 class SizeParameters(Statement):
-    def __init__(self, location, DesignSize, SubfamilyID, RangeStart,
-                 RangeEnd):
+    """A ``parameters`` statement."""
+
+    def __init__(self, DesignSize, SubfamilyID, RangeStart, RangeEnd, location=None):
         Statement.__init__(self, location)
         self.DesignSize = DesignSize
         self.SubfamilyID = SubfamilyID
@@ -1116,8 +1737,14 @@
         self.RangeEnd = RangeEnd
 
     def build(self, builder):
-        builder.set_size_parameters(self.location, self.DesignSize,
-                                    self.SubfamilyID, self.RangeStart, self.RangeEnd)
+        """Calls the builder object's ``set_size_parameters`` callback."""
+        builder.set_size_parameters(
+            self.location,
+            self.DesignSize,
+            self.SubfamilyID,
+            self.RangeStart,
+            self.RangeEnd,
+        )
 
     def asFea(self, indent=""):
         res = "parameters {:.1f} {}".format(self.DesignSize, self.SubfamilyID)
@@ -1126,55 +1753,133 @@
         return res + ";"
 
 
-class BaseAxis(Statement):
-    def __init__(self, location, bases, scripts, vertical):
-        Statement.__init__(self, location)
-        self.bases = bases
-        self.scripts = scripts
-        self.vertical = vertical
+class CVParametersNameStatement(NameRecord):
+    """Represent a name statement inside a ``cvParameters`` block."""
+
+    def __init__(
+        self, nameID, platformID, platEncID, langID, string, block_name, location=None
+    ):
+        NameRecord.__init__(
+            self, nameID, platformID, platEncID, langID, string, location=location
+        )
+        self.block_name = block_name
 
     def build(self, builder):
+        """Calls the builder object's ``add_cv_parameter`` callback."""
+        item = ""
+        if self.block_name == "ParamUILabelNameID":
+            item = "_{}".format(builder.cv_num_named_params_.get(self.nameID, 0))
+        builder.add_cv_parameter(self.nameID)
+        self.nameID = (self.nameID, self.block_name + item)
+        NameRecord.build(self, builder)
+
+    def asFea(self, indent=""):
+        plat = simplify_name_attributes(self.platformID, self.platEncID, self.langID)
+        if plat != "":
+            plat += " "
+        return 'name {}"{}";'.format(plat, self.string)
+
+
+class CharacterStatement(Statement):
+    """
+    Statement used in cvParameters blocks of Character Variant features (cvXX).
+    The Unicode value may be written with either decimal or hexadecimal
+    notation. The value must be preceded by '0x' if it is a hexadecimal value.
+    The largest Unicode value allowed is 0xFFFFFF.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, character, tag, location=None):
+        Statement.__init__(self, location)
+        self.character = character
+        self.tag = tag
+
+    def build(self, builder):
+        """Calls the builder object's ``add_cv_character`` callback."""
+        builder.add_cv_character(self.character, self.tag)
+
+    def asFea(self, indent=""):
+        return "Character {:#x};".format(self.character)
+
+
+class BaseAxis(Statement):
+    """An axis definition, being either a ``VertAxis.BaseTagList/BaseScriptList``
+    pair or a ``HorizAxis.BaseTagList/BaseScriptList`` pair."""
+
+    def __init__(self, bases, scripts, vertical, location=None):
+        Statement.__init__(self, location)
+        self.bases = bases  #: A list of baseline tag names as strings
+        self.scripts = scripts  #: A list of script record tuplets (script tag, default baseline tag, base coordinate)
+        self.vertical = vertical  #: Boolean; VertAxis if True, HorizAxis if False
+
+    def build(self, builder):
+        """Calls the builder object's ``set_base_axis`` callback."""
         builder.set_base_axis(self.bases, self.scripts, self.vertical)
 
     def asFea(self, indent=""):
         direction = "Vert" if self.vertical else "Horiz"
-        scripts = ["{} {} {}".format(a[0], a[1], " ".join(map(str, a[2]))) for a in self.scripts]
+        scripts = [
+            "{} {} {}".format(a[0], a[1], " ".join(map(str, a[2])))
+            for a in self.scripts
+        ]
         return "{}Axis.BaseTagList {};\n{}{}Axis.BaseScriptList {};".format(
-            direction, " ".join(self.bases), indent, direction, ", ".join(scripts))
+            direction, " ".join(self.bases), indent, direction, ", ".join(scripts)
+        )
 
 
 class OS2Field(Statement):
-    def __init__(self, location, key, value):
+    """An entry in the ``OS/2`` table. Most ``values`` should be numbers or
+    strings, apart from when the key is ``UnicodeRange``, ``CodePageRange``
+    or ``Panose``, in which case it should be an array of integers."""
+
+    def __init__(self, key, value, location=None):
         Statement.__init__(self, location)
         self.key = key
         self.value = value
 
     def build(self, builder):
+        """Calls the builder object's ``add_os2_field`` callback."""
         builder.add_os2_field(self.key, self.value)
 
     def asFea(self, indent=""):
         def intarr2str(x):
             return " ".join(map(str, x))
-        numbers = ("FSType", "TypoAscender", "TypoDescender", "TypoLineGap",
-                   "winAscent", "winDescent", "XHeight", "CapHeight",
-                   "WeightClass", "WidthClass", "LowerOpSize", "UpperOpSize")
+
+        numbers = (
+            "FSType",
+            "TypoAscender",
+            "TypoDescender",
+            "TypoLineGap",
+            "winAscent",
+            "winDescent",
+            "XHeight",
+            "CapHeight",
+            "WeightClass",
+            "WidthClass",
+            "LowerOpSize",
+            "UpperOpSize",
+        )
         ranges = ("UnicodeRange", "CodePageRange")
         keywords = dict([(x.lower(), [x, str]) for x in numbers])
         keywords.update([(x.lower(), [x, intarr2str]) for x in ranges])
         keywords["panose"] = ["Panose", intarr2str]
         keywords["vendor"] = ["Vendor", lambda y: '"{}"'.format(y)]
         if self.key in keywords:
-            return "{} {};".format(keywords[self.key][0], keywords[self.key][1](self.value))
-        return ""   # should raise exception
+            return "{} {};".format(
+                keywords[self.key][0], keywords[self.key][1](self.value)
+            )
+        return ""  # should raise exception
 
 
 class HheaField(Statement):
-    def __init__(self, location, key, value):
+    """An entry in the ``hhea`` table."""
+
+    def __init__(self, key, value, location=None):
         Statement.__init__(self, location)
         self.key = key
         self.value = value
 
     def build(self, builder):
+        """Calls the builder object's ``add_hhea_field`` callback."""
         builder.add_hhea_field(self.key, self.value)
 
     def asFea(self, indent=""):
@@ -1184,15 +1889,147 @@
 
 
 class VheaField(Statement):
-    def __init__(self, location, key, value):
+    """An entry in the ``vhea`` table."""
+
+    def __init__(self, key, value, location=None):
         Statement.__init__(self, location)
         self.key = key
         self.value = value
 
     def build(self, builder):
+        """Calls the builder object's ``add_vhea_field`` callback."""
         builder.add_vhea_field(self.key, self.value)
 
     def asFea(self, indent=""):
         fields = ("VertTypoAscender", "VertTypoDescender", "VertTypoLineGap")
         keywords = dict([(x.lower(), x) for x in fields])
         return "{} {};".format(keywords[self.key], self.value)
+
+
+class STATDesignAxisStatement(Statement):
+    """A STAT table Design Axis
+
+    Args:
+        tag (str): a 4 letter axis tag
+        axisOrder (int): an int
+        names (list): a list of :class:`STATNameStatement` objects
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, tag, axisOrder, names, location=None):
+        Statement.__init__(self, location)
+        self.tag = tag
+        self.axisOrder = axisOrder
+        self.names = names
+        self.location = location
+
+    def build(self, builder):
+        builder.addDesignAxis(self, self.location)
+
+    def asFea(self, indent=""):
+        indent += SHIFT
+        res = f"DesignAxis {self.tag} {self.axisOrder} {{ \n"
+        res += ("\n" + indent).join([s.asFea(indent=indent) for s in self.names]) + "\n"
+        res += "};"
+        return res
+
+
+class ElidedFallbackName(Statement):
+    """STAT table ElidedFallbackName
+
+    Args:
+        names: a list of :class:`STATNameStatement` objects
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, names, location=None):
+        Statement.__init__(self, location)
+        self.names = names
+        self.location = location
+
+    def build(self, builder):
+        builder.setElidedFallbackName(self.names, self.location)
+
+    def asFea(self, indent=""):
+        indent += SHIFT
+        res = "ElidedFallbackName { \n"
+        res += ("\n" + indent).join([s.asFea(indent=indent) for s in self.names]) + "\n"
+        res += "};"
+        return res
+
+
+class ElidedFallbackNameID(Statement):
+    """STAT table ElidedFallbackNameID
+
+    Args:
+        value: an int pointing to an existing name table name ID
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, value, location=None):
+        Statement.__init__(self, location)
+        self.value = value
+        self.location = location
+
+    def build(self, builder):
+        builder.setElidedFallbackName(self.value, self.location)
+
+    def asFea(self, indent=""):
+        return f"ElidedFallbackNameID {self.value};"
+
+
+class STATAxisValueStatement(Statement):
+    """A STAT table Axis Value Record
+
+    Args:
+        names (list): a list of :class:`STATNameStatement` objects
+        locations (list): a list of :class:`AxisValueLocationStatement` objects
+        flags (int): an int
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, names, locations, flags, location=None):
+        Statement.__init__(self, location)
+        self.names = names
+        self.locations = locations
+        self.flags = flags
+
+    def build(self, builder):
+        builder.addAxisValueRecord(self, self.location)
+
+    def asFea(self, indent=""):
+        res = "AxisValue {\n"
+        for location in self.locations:
+            res += location.asFea()
+
+        for nameRecord in self.names:
+            res += nameRecord.asFea()
+            res += "\n"
+
+        if self.flags:
+            flags = ["OlderSiblingFontAttribute", "ElidableAxisValueName"]
+            flagStrings = []
+            curr = 1
+            for i in range(len(flags)):
+                if self.flags & curr != 0:
+                    flagStrings.append(flags[i])
+                curr = curr << 1
+            res += f"flag {' '.join(flagStrings)};\n"
+        res += "};"
+        return res
+
+
+class AxisValueLocationStatement(Statement):
+    """
+    A STAT table Axis Value Location
+
+    Args:
+        tag (str): a 4 letter axis tag
+        values (list): a list of ints and/or floats
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, tag, values, location=None):
+        Statement.__init__(self, location)
+        self.tag = tag
+        self.values = values
+
+    def asFea(self, res=""):
+        res += f"location {self.tag} "
+        res += f"{' '.join(str(i) for i in self.values)};\n"
+        return res
diff --git a/Lib/fontTools/feaLib/builder.py b/Lib/fontTools/feaLib/builder.py
index 4ec7ea9..989f05e 100644
--- a/Lib/fontTools/feaLib/builder.py
+++ b/Lib/fontTools/feaLib/builder.py
@@ -1,55 +1,143 @@
-from __future__ import print_function, division, absolute_import
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-from fontTools.misc.py23 import *
+from fontTools.misc.py23 import Tag, tostr
 from fontTools.misc import sstruct
 from fontTools.misc.textTools import binary2num, safeEval
 from fontTools.feaLib.error import FeatureLibError
+from fontTools.feaLib.lookupDebugInfo import (
+    LookupDebugInfo,
+    LOOKUP_DEBUG_INFO_KEY,
+    LOOKUP_DEBUG_ENV_VAR,
+)
 from fontTools.feaLib.parser import Parser
+from fontTools.feaLib.ast import FeatureFile
 from fontTools.otlLib import builder as otl
+from fontTools.otlLib.maxContextCalc import maxCtxFont
 from fontTools.ttLib import newTable, getTableModule
 from fontTools.ttLib.tables import otBase, otTables
+from fontTools.otlLib.builder import (
+    AlternateSubstBuilder,
+    ChainContextPosBuilder,
+    ChainContextSubstBuilder,
+    LigatureSubstBuilder,
+    MultipleSubstBuilder,
+    CursivePosBuilder,
+    MarkBasePosBuilder,
+    MarkLigPosBuilder,
+    MarkMarkPosBuilder,
+    ReverseChainSingleSubstBuilder,
+    SingleSubstBuilder,
+    ClassPairPosSubtableBuilder,
+    PairPosBuilder,
+    SinglePosBuilder,
+    ChainContextualRule,
+)
+from fontTools.otlLib.error import OpenTypeLibError
+from collections import defaultdict
 import itertools
+from io import StringIO
+import logging
+import warnings
+import os
 
 
-def addOpenTypeFeatures(font, featurefile):
+log = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+
+def addOpenTypeFeatures(font, featurefile, tables=None, debug=False):
+    """Add features from a file to a font. Note that this replaces any features
+    currently present.
+
+    Args:
+        font (feaLib.ttLib.TTFont): The font object.
+        featurefile: Either a path or file object (in which case we
+            parse it into an AST), or a pre-parsed AST instance.
+        tables: If passed, restrict the set of affected tables to those in the
+            list.
+        debug: Whether to add source debugging information to the font in the
+            ``Debg`` table
+
+    """
     builder = Builder(font, featurefile)
-    builder.build()
+    builder.build(tables=tables, debug=debug)
 
 
-def addOpenTypeFeaturesFromString(font, features, filename=None):
-    featurefile = UnicodeIO(tounicode(features))
+def addOpenTypeFeaturesFromString(
+    font, features, filename=None, tables=None, debug=False
+):
+    """Add features from a string to a font. Note that this replaces any
+    features currently present.
+
+    Args:
+        font (feaLib.ttLib.TTFont): The font object.
+        features: A string containing feature code.
+        filename: The directory containing ``filename`` is used as the root of
+            relative ``include()`` paths; if ``None`` is provided, the current
+            directory is assumed.
+        tables: If passed, restrict the set of affected tables to those in the
+            list.
+        debug: Whether to add source debugging information to the font in the
+            ``Debg`` table
+
+    """
+
+    featurefile = StringIO(tostr(features))
     if filename:
-        # the directory containing 'filename' is used as the root of relative
-        # include paths; if None is provided, the current directory is assumed
         featurefile.name = filename
-    addOpenTypeFeatures(font, featurefile)
+    addOpenTypeFeatures(font, featurefile, tables=tables, debug=debug)
 
 
 class Builder(object):
+
+    supportedTables = frozenset(
+        Tag(tag)
+        for tag in [
+            "BASE",
+            "GDEF",
+            "GPOS",
+            "GSUB",
+            "OS/2",
+            "head",
+            "hhea",
+            "name",
+            "vhea",
+            "STAT",
+        ]
+    )
+
     def __init__(self, font, featurefile):
         self.font = font
-        self.file = featurefile
+        # 'featurefile' can be either a path or file object (in which case we
+        # parse it into an AST), or a pre-parsed AST instance
+        if isinstance(featurefile, FeatureFile):
+            self.parseTree, self.file = featurefile, None
+        else:
+            self.parseTree, self.file = None, featurefile
         self.glyphMap = font.getReverseGlyphMap()
         self.default_language_systems_ = set()
         self.script_ = None
         self.lookupflag_ = 0
         self.lookupflag_markFilterSet_ = None
         self.language_systems = set()
+        self.seen_non_DFLT_script_ = False
         self.named_lookups_ = {}
         self.cur_lookup_ = None
         self.cur_lookup_name_ = None
         self.cur_feature_name_ = None
         self.lookups_ = []
+        self.lookup_locations = {"GSUB": {}, "GPOS": {}}
         self.features_ = {}  # ('latn', 'DEU ', 'smcp') --> [LookupBuilder*]
-        self.parseTree = None
         self.required_features_ = {}  # ('latn', 'DEU ') --> 'scmp'
         # for feature 'aalt'
         self.aalt_features_ = []  # [(location, featureName)*], for 'aalt'
         self.aalt_location_ = None
         self.aalt_alternates_ = {}
         # for 'featureNames'
-        self.featureNames_ = []
+        self.featureNames_ = set()
         self.featureNames_ids_ = {}
+        # for 'cvParameters'
+        self.cv_parameters_ = set()
+        self.cv_parameters_ids_ = {}
+        self.cv_num_named_params_ = {}
+        self.cv_characters_ = defaultdict(list)
         # for feature 'size'
         self.size_parameters_ = None
         # for table 'head'
@@ -73,35 +161,68 @@
         self.hhea_ = {}
         # for table 'vhea'
         self.vhea_ = {}
+        # for table 'STAT'
+        self.stat_ = {}
 
-    def build(self):
-        self.parseTree = Parser(self.file, self.glyphMap).parse()
+    def build(self, tables=None, debug=False):
+        if self.parseTree is None:
+            self.parseTree = Parser(self.file, self.glyphMap).parse()
         self.parseTree.build(self)
-        self.build_feature_aalt_()
-        self.build_head()
-        self.build_hhea()
-        self.build_vhea()
-        self.build_name()
-        self.build_OS_2()
-        for tag in ('GPOS', 'GSUB'):
+        # by default, build all the supported tables
+        if tables is None:
+            tables = self.supportedTables
+        else:
+            tables = frozenset(tables)
+            unsupported = tables - self.supportedTables
+            if unsupported:
+                unsupported_string = ", ".join(sorted(unsupported))
+                raise NotImplementedError(
+                    "The following tables were requested but are unsupported: "
+                    f"{unsupported_string}."
+                )
+        if "GSUB" in tables:
+            self.build_feature_aalt_()
+        if "head" in tables:
+            self.build_head()
+        if "hhea" in tables:
+            self.build_hhea()
+        if "vhea" in tables:
+            self.build_vhea()
+        if "name" in tables:
+            self.build_name()
+        if "OS/2" in tables:
+            self.build_OS_2()
+        if "STAT" in tables:
+            self.build_STAT()
+        for tag in ("GPOS", "GSUB"):
+            if tag not in tables:
+                continue
             table = self.makeTable(tag)
-            if (table.ScriptList.ScriptCount > 0 or
-                    table.FeatureList.FeatureCount > 0 or
-                    table.LookupList.LookupCount > 0):
+            if (
+                table.ScriptList.ScriptCount > 0
+                or table.FeatureList.FeatureCount > 0
+                or table.LookupList.LookupCount > 0
+            ):
                 fontTable = self.font[tag] = newTable(tag)
                 fontTable.table = table
             elif tag in self.font:
                 del self.font[tag]
-        gdef = self.buildGDEF()
-        if gdef:
-            self.font["GDEF"] = gdef
-        elif "GDEF" in self.font:
-            del self.font["GDEF"]
-        base = self.buildBASE()
-        if base:
-            self.font["BASE"] = base
-        elif "BASE" in self.font:
-            del self.font["BASE"]
+        if any(tag in self.font for tag in ("GPOS", "GSUB")) and "OS/2" in self.font:
+            self.font["OS/2"].usMaxContext = maxCtxFont(self.font)
+        if "GDEF" in tables:
+            gdef = self.buildGDEF()
+            if gdef:
+                self.font["GDEF"] = gdef
+            elif "GDEF" in self.font:
+                del self.font["GDEF"]
+        if "BASE" in tables:
+            base = self.buildBASE()
+            if base:
+                self.font["BASE"] = base
+            elif "BASE" in self.font:
+                del self.font["BASE"]
+        if debug or os.environ.get(LOOKUP_DEBUG_ENV_VAR):
+            self.buildDebg()
 
     def get_chained_lookup_(self, location, builder_class):
         result = builder_class(self.font, location)
@@ -116,16 +237,19 @@
             self.features_.setdefault(key, []).append(lookup)
 
     def get_lookup_(self, location, builder_class):
-        if (self.cur_lookup_ and
-            type(self.cur_lookup_) == builder_class and
-            self.cur_lookup_.lookupflag == self.lookupflag_ and
-            self.cur_lookup_.markFilterSet ==
-                self.lookupflag_markFilterSet_):
+        if (
+            self.cur_lookup_
+            and type(self.cur_lookup_) == builder_class
+            and self.cur_lookup_.lookupflag == self.lookupflag_
+            and self.cur_lookup_.markFilterSet == self.lookupflag_markFilterSet_
+        ):
             return self.cur_lookup_
         if self.cur_lookup_name_ and self.cur_lookup_:
             raise FeatureLibError(
                 "Within a named lookup block, all rules must be of "
-                "the same lookup type and flag", location)
+                "the same lookup type and flag",
+                location,
+            )
         self.cur_lookup_ = builder_class(self.font, location)
         self.cur_lookup_.lookupflag = self.lookupflag_
         self.cur_lookup_.markFilterSet = self.lookupflag_markFilterSet_
@@ -136,8 +260,7 @@
         if self.cur_feature_name_:
             # We are starting a lookup rule inside a feature. This includes
             # lookup rules inside named lookups inside features.
-            self.add_lookup_to_feature_(self.cur_lookup_,
-                                        self.cur_feature_name_)
+            self.add_lookup_to_feature_(self.cur_lookup_, self.cur_feature_name_)
         return self.cur_lookup_
 
     def build_feature_aalt_(self):
@@ -145,31 +268,40 @@
             return
         alternates = {g: set(a) for g, a in self.aalt_alternates_.items()}
         for location, name in self.aalt_features_ + [(None, "aalt")]:
-            feature = [(script, lang, feature, lookups)
-                       for (script, lang, feature), lookups
-                       in self.features_.items()
-                       if feature == name]
+            feature = [
+                (script, lang, feature, lookups)
+                for (script, lang, feature), lookups in self.features_.items()
+                if feature == name
+            ]
             # "aalt" does not have to specify its own lookups, but it might.
             if not feature and name != "aalt":
-                raise FeatureLibError("Feature %s has not been defined" % name,
-                                      location)
+                raise FeatureLibError(
+                    "Feature %s has not been defined" % name, location
+                )
             for script, lang, feature, lookups in feature:
-                for lookup in lookups:
-                    for glyph, alts in lookup.getAlternateGlyphs().items():
-                        alternates.setdefault(glyph, set()).update(alts)
-        single = {glyph: list(repl)[0] for glyph, repl in alternates.items()
-                  if len(repl) == 1}
+                for lookuplist in lookups:
+                    if not isinstance(lookuplist, list):
+                        lookuplist = [lookuplist]
+                    for lookup in lookuplist:
+                        for glyph, alts in lookup.getAlternateGlyphs().items():
+                            alternates.setdefault(glyph, set()).update(alts)
+        single = {
+            glyph: list(repl)[0] for glyph, repl in alternates.items() if len(repl) == 1
+        }
         # TODO: Figure out the glyph alternate ordering used by makeotf.
         # https://github.com/fonttools/fonttools/issues/836
-        multi = {glyph: sorted(repl, key=self.font.getGlyphID)
-                 for glyph, repl in alternates.items()
-                 if len(repl) > 1}
+        multi = {
+            glyph: sorted(repl, key=self.font.getGlyphID)
+            for glyph, repl in alternates.items()
+            if len(repl) > 1
+        }
         if not single and not multi:
             return
-        self.features_ = {(script, lang, feature): lookups
-                          for (script, lang, feature), lookups
-                          in self.features_.items()
-                          if feature != "aalt"}
+        self.features_ = {
+            (script, lang, feature): lookups
+            for (script, lang, feature), lookups in self.features_.items()
+            if feature != "aalt"
+        }
         old_lookups = self.lookups_
         self.lookups_ = []
         self.start_feature(self.aalt_location_, "aalt")
@@ -236,17 +368,43 @@
         params = None
         if tag == "size":
             params = otTables.FeatureParamsSize()
-            params.DesignSize, params.SubfamilyID, params.RangeStart, \
-                    params.RangeEnd = self.size_parameters_
+            (
+                params.DesignSize,
+                params.SubfamilyID,
+                params.RangeStart,
+                params.RangeEnd,
+            ) = self.size_parameters_
             if tag in self.featureNames_ids_:
                 params.SubfamilyNameID = self.featureNames_ids_[tag]
             else:
                 params.SubfamilyNameID = 0
         elif tag in self.featureNames_:
-            assert tag in self.featureNames_ids_
-            params = otTables.FeatureParamsStylisticSet()
-            params.Version = 0
-            params.UINameID = self.featureNames_ids_[tag]
+            if not self.featureNames_ids_:
+                # name table wasn't selected among the tables to build; skip
+                pass
+            else:
+                assert tag in self.featureNames_ids_
+                params = otTables.FeatureParamsStylisticSet()
+                params.Version = 0
+                params.UINameID = self.featureNames_ids_[tag]
+        elif tag in self.cv_parameters_:
+            params = otTables.FeatureParamsCharacterVariants()
+            params.Format = 0
+            params.FeatUILabelNameID = self.cv_parameters_ids_.get(
+                (tag, "FeatUILabelNameID"), 0
+            )
+            params.FeatUITooltipTextNameID = self.cv_parameters_ids_.get(
+                (tag, "FeatUITooltipTextNameID"), 0
+            )
+            params.SampleTextNameID = self.cv_parameters_ids_.get(
+                (tag, "SampleTextNameID"), 0
+            )
+            params.NumNamedParameters = self.cv_num_named_params_.get(tag, 0)
+            params.FirstParamUILabelNameID = self.cv_parameters_ids_.get(
+                (tag, "ParamUILabelNameID_0"), 0
+            )
+            params.CharCount = len(self.cv_characters_[tag])
+            params.Character = self.cv_characters_[tag]
         return params
 
     def build_name(self):
@@ -258,13 +416,20 @@
             table.names = []
         for name in self.names_:
             nameID, platformID, platEncID, langID, string = name
+            # For featureNames block, nameID is 'feature tag'
+            # For cvParameters blocks, nameID is ('feature tag', 'block name')
             if not isinstance(nameID, int):
-                # A featureNames name and nameID is actually the tag
                 tag = nameID
-                if tag not in self.featureNames_ids_:
-                    self.featureNames_ids_[tag] = self.get_user_name_id(table)
-                    assert self.featureNames_ids_[tag] is not None
-                nameID = self.featureNames_ids_[tag]
+                if tag in self.featureNames_:
+                    if tag not in self.featureNames_ids_:
+                        self.featureNames_ids_[tag] = self.get_user_name_id(table)
+                        assert self.featureNames_ids_[tag] is not None
+                    nameID = self.featureNames_ids_[tag]
+                elif tag[0] in self.cv_parameters_:
+                    if tag not in self.cv_parameters_ids_:
+                        self.cv_parameters_ids_[tag] = self.get_user_name_id(table)
+                        assert self.cv_parameters_ids_[tag] is not None
+                    nameID = self.cv_parameters_ids_[tag]
             table.setName(string, nameID, platformID, platEncID, langID)
 
     def build_OS_2(self):
@@ -280,10 +445,18 @@
             table.fsType = self.os2_["fstype"]
         if "panose" in self.os2_:
             panose = getTableModule("OS/2").Panose()
-            panose.bFamilyType, panose.bSerifStyle, panose.bWeight,\
-                panose.bProportion, panose.bContrast, panose.bStrokeVariation,\
-                panose.bArmStyle, panose.bLetterForm, panose.bMidline, \
-                panose.bXHeight = self.os2_["panose"]
+            (
+                panose.bFamilyType,
+                panose.bSerifStyle,
+                panose.bWeight,
+                panose.bProportion,
+                panose.bContrast,
+                panose.bStrokeVariation,
+                panose.bArmStyle,
+                panose.bLetterForm,
+                panose.bMidline,
+                panose.bXHeight,
+            ) = self.os2_["panose"]
             table.panose = panose
         if "typoascender" in self.os2_:
             table.sTypoAscender = self.os2_["typoascender"]
@@ -319,28 +492,197 @@
         if "upperopsize" in self.os2_:
             table.usUpperOpticalPointSize = self.os2_["upperopsize"]
             version = 5
+
         def checkattr(table, attrs):
             for attr in attrs:
                 if not hasattr(table, attr):
                     setattr(table, attr, 0)
+
         table.version = max(version, table.version)
         # this only happens for unit tests
         if version >= 1:
             checkattr(table, ("ulCodePageRange1", "ulCodePageRange2"))
         if version >= 2:
-            checkattr(table, ("sxHeight", "sCapHeight", "usDefaultChar",
-                              "usBreakChar", "usMaxContext"))
+            checkattr(
+                table,
+                (
+                    "sxHeight",
+                    "sCapHeight",
+                    "usDefaultChar",
+                    "usBreakChar",
+                    "usMaxContext",
+                ),
+            )
         if version >= 5:
-            checkattr(table, ("usLowerOpticalPointSize",
-                              "usUpperOpticalPointSize"))
+            checkattr(table, ("usLowerOpticalPointSize", "usUpperOpticalPointSize"))
+
+    def setElidedFallbackName(self, value, location):
+        # ElidedFallbackName is a convenience method for setting
+        # ElidedFallbackNameID so only one can be allowed
+        for token in ("ElidedFallbackName", "ElidedFallbackNameID"):
+            if token in self.stat_:
+                raise FeatureLibError(
+                    f"{token} is already set.",
+                    location,
+                )
+        if isinstance(value, int):
+            self.stat_["ElidedFallbackNameID"] = value
+        elif isinstance(value, list):
+            self.stat_["ElidedFallbackName"] = value
+        else:
+            raise AssertionError(value)
+
+    def addDesignAxis(self, designAxis, location):
+        if "DesignAxes" not in self.stat_:
+            self.stat_["DesignAxes"] = []
+        if designAxis.tag in (r.tag for r in self.stat_["DesignAxes"]):
+            raise FeatureLibError(
+                f'DesignAxis already defined for tag "{designAxis.tag}".',
+                location,
+            )
+        if designAxis.axisOrder in (r.axisOrder for r in self.stat_["DesignAxes"]):
+            raise FeatureLibError(
+                f"DesignAxis already defined for axis number {designAxis.axisOrder}.",
+                location,
+            )
+        self.stat_["DesignAxes"].append(designAxis)
+
+    def addAxisValueRecord(self, axisValueRecord, location):
+        if "AxisValueRecords" not in self.stat_:
+            self.stat_["AxisValueRecords"] = []
+        # Check for duplicate AxisValueRecords
+        for record_ in self.stat_["AxisValueRecords"]:
+            if (
+                {n.asFea() for n in record_.names}
+                == {n.asFea() for n in axisValueRecord.names}
+                and {n.asFea() for n in record_.locations}
+                == {n.asFea() for n in axisValueRecord.locations}
+                and record_.flags == axisValueRecord.flags
+            ):
+                raise FeatureLibError(
+                    "An AxisValueRecord with these values is already defined.",
+                    location,
+                )
+        self.stat_["AxisValueRecords"].append(axisValueRecord)
+
+    def build_STAT(self):
+        if not self.stat_:
+            return
+
+        axes = self.stat_.get("DesignAxes")
+        if not axes:
+            raise FeatureLibError("DesignAxes not defined", None)
+        axisValueRecords = self.stat_.get("AxisValueRecords")
+        axisValues = {}
+        format4_locations = []
+        for tag in axes:
+            axisValues[tag.tag] = []
+        if axisValueRecords is not None:
+            for avr in axisValueRecords:
+                valuesDict = {}
+                if avr.flags > 0:
+                    valuesDict["flags"] = avr.flags
+                if len(avr.locations) == 1:
+                    location = avr.locations[0]
+                    values = location.values
+                    if len(values) == 1:  # format1
+                        valuesDict.update({"value": values[0], "name": avr.names})
+                    if len(values) == 2:  # format3
+                        valuesDict.update(
+                            {
+                                "value": values[0],
+                                "linkedValue": values[1],
+                                "name": avr.names,
+                            }
+                        )
+                    if len(values) == 3:  # format2
+                        nominal, minVal, maxVal = values
+                        valuesDict.update(
+                            {
+                                "nominalValue": nominal,
+                                "rangeMinValue": minVal,
+                                "rangeMaxValue": maxVal,
+                                "name": avr.names,
+                            }
+                        )
+                    axisValues[location.tag].append(valuesDict)
+                else:
+                    valuesDict.update(
+                        {
+                            "location": {i.tag: i.values[0] for i in avr.locations},
+                            "name": avr.names,
+                        }
+                    )
+                    format4_locations.append(valuesDict)
+
+        designAxes = [
+            {
+                "ordering": a.axisOrder,
+                "tag": a.tag,
+                "name": a.names,
+                "values": axisValues[a.tag],
+            }
+            for a in axes
+        ]
+
+        nameTable = self.font.get("name")
+        if not nameTable:  # this only happens for unit tests
+            nameTable = self.font["name"] = newTable("name")
+            nameTable.names = []
+
+        if "ElidedFallbackNameID" in self.stat_:
+            nameID = self.stat_["ElidedFallbackNameID"]
+            name = nameTable.getDebugName(nameID)
+            if not name:
+                raise FeatureLibError(
+                    f"ElidedFallbackNameID {nameID} points "
+                    "to a nameID that does not exist in the "
+                    '"name" table',
+                    None,
+                )
+        elif "ElidedFallbackName" in self.stat_:
+            nameID = self.stat_["ElidedFallbackName"]
+
+        otl.buildStatTable(
+            self.font,
+            designAxes,
+            locations=format4_locations,
+            elidedFallbackName=nameID,
+        )
 
     def build_codepages_(self, pages):
         pages2bits = {
-            1252: 0,  1250: 1, 1251: 2, 1253: 3, 1254: 4, 1255: 5, 1256: 6,
-            1257: 7,  1258: 8, 874: 16, 932: 17, 936: 18, 949: 19, 950: 20,
-            1361: 21, 869: 48, 866: 49, 865: 50, 864: 51, 863: 52, 862: 53,
-            861:  54, 860: 55, 857: 56, 855: 57, 852: 58, 775: 59, 737: 60,
-            708:  61, 850: 62, 437: 63,
+            1252: 0,
+            1250: 1,
+            1251: 2,
+            1253: 3,
+            1254: 4,
+            1255: 5,
+            1256: 6,
+            1257: 7,
+            1258: 8,
+            874: 16,
+            932: 17,
+            936: 18,
+            949: 19,
+            950: 20,
+            1361: 21,
+            869: 48,
+            866: 49,
+            865: 50,
+            864: 51,
+            863: 52,
+            862: 53,
+            861: 54,
+            860: 55,
+            857: 56,
+            855: 57,
+            852: 58,
+            775: 59,
+            737: 60,
+            708: 61,
+            850: 62,
+            437: 63,
         }
         bits = [pages2bits[p] for p in pages if p in pages2bits]
         pages = []
@@ -396,16 +738,22 @@
     def buildGDEF(self):
         gdef = otTables.GDEF()
         gdef.GlyphClassDef = self.buildGDEFGlyphClassDef_()
-        gdef.AttachList = \
-            otl.buildAttachList(self.attachPoints_, self.glyphMap)
-        gdef.LigCaretList = \
-            otl.buildLigCaretList(self.ligCaretCoords_, self.ligCaretPoints_,
-                                  self.glyphMap)
+        gdef.AttachList = otl.buildAttachList(self.attachPoints_, self.glyphMap)
+        gdef.LigCaretList = otl.buildLigCaretList(
+            self.ligCaretCoords_, self.ligCaretPoints_, self.glyphMap
+        )
         gdef.MarkAttachClassDef = self.buildGDEFMarkAttachClassDef_()
         gdef.MarkGlyphSetsDef = self.buildGDEFMarkGlyphSetsDef_()
         gdef.Version = 0x00010002 if gdef.MarkGlyphSetsDef else 0x00010000
-        if any((gdef.GlyphClassDef, gdef.AttachList, gdef.LigCaretList,
-                gdef.MarkAttachClassDef, gdef.MarkGlyphSetsDef)):
+        if any(
+            (
+                gdef.GlyphClassDef,
+                gdef.AttachList,
+                gdef.LigCaretList,
+                gdef.MarkAttachClassDef,
+                gdef.MarkGlyphSetsDef,
+            )
+        ):
             result = newTable("GDEF")
             result.table = gdef
             return result
@@ -440,13 +788,20 @@
 
     def buildGDEFMarkGlyphSetsDef_(self):
         sets = []
-        for glyphs, id_ in sorted(self.markFilterSets_.items(),
-                                 key=lambda item: item[1]):
+        for glyphs, id_ in sorted(
+            self.markFilterSets_.items(), key=lambda item: item[1]
+        ):
             sets.append(glyphs)
         return otl.buildMarkGlyphSetsDef(sets, self.glyphMap)
 
+    def buildDebg(self):
+        if "Debg" not in self.font:
+            self.font["Debg"] = newTable("Debg")
+            self.font["Debg"].data = {}
+        self.font["Debg"].data[LOOKUP_DEBUG_INFO_KEY] = self.lookup_locations
+
     def buildLookups_(self, tag):
-        assert tag in ('GPOS', 'GSUB'), tag
+        assert tag in ("GPOS", "GSUB"), tag
         for lookup in self.lookups_:
             lookup.lookup_index = None
         lookups = []
@@ -454,8 +809,17 @@
             if lookup.table != tag:
                 continue
             lookup.lookup_index = len(lookups)
+            self.lookup_locations[tag][str(lookup.lookup_index)] = LookupDebugInfo(
+                location=str(lookup.location),
+                name=self.get_lookup_name_(lookup),
+                feature=None,
+            )
             lookups.append(lookup)
-        return [l.build() for l in lookups]
+        try:
+            otLookups = [l.build() for l in lookups]
+        except OpenTypeLibError as e:
+            raise FeatureLibError(str(e), e.location) from e
+        return otLookups
 
     def makeTable(self, tag):
         table = getattr(otTables, tag, None)()
@@ -473,20 +837,32 @@
         required_feature_indices = {}  # ('latn', 'DEU') --> 23
         scripts = {}  # 'latn' --> {'DEU': [23, 24]} for feature #23,24
         # Sort the feature table by feature tag:
-        # https://github.com/behdad/fonttools/issues/568
+        # https://github.com/fonttools/fonttools/issues/568
         sortFeatureTag = lambda f: (f[0][2], f[0][1], f[0][0], f[1])
         for key, lookups in sorted(self.features_.items(), key=sortFeatureTag):
             script, lang, feature_tag = key
             # l.lookup_index will be None when a lookup is not needed
             # for the table under construction. For example, substitution
             # rules will have no lookup_index while building GPOS tables.
-            lookup_indices = tuple([l.lookup_index for l in lookups
-                                    if l.lookup_index is not None])
+            lookup_indices = tuple(
+                [l.lookup_index for l in lookups if l.lookup_index is not None]
+            )
 
-            size_feature = (tag == "GPOS" and feature_tag == "size")
+            size_feature = tag == "GPOS" and feature_tag == "size"
             if len(lookup_indices) == 0 and not size_feature:
                 continue
 
+            for ix in lookup_indices:
+                try:
+                    self.lookup_locations[tag][str(ix)] = self.lookup_locations[tag][
+                        str(ix)
+                    ]._replace(feature=key)
+                except KeyError:
+                    warnings.warn(
+                        "feaLib.Builder subclass needs upgrading to "
+                        "stash debug information. See fonttools#2065."
+                    )
+
             feature_key = (feature_tag, lookup_indices)
             feature_index = feature_indices.get(feature_key)
             if feature_index is None:
@@ -494,14 +870,12 @@
                 frec = otTables.FeatureRecord()
                 frec.FeatureTag = feature_tag
                 frec.Feature = otTables.Feature()
-                frec.Feature.FeatureParams = self.buildFeatureParams(
-                                                feature_tag)
-                frec.Feature.LookupListIndex = lookup_indices
+                frec.Feature.FeatureParams = self.buildFeatureParams(feature_tag)
+                frec.Feature.LookupListIndex = list(lookup_indices)
                 frec.Feature.LookupCount = len(lookup_indices)
                 table.FeatureList.FeatureRecord.append(frec)
                 feature_indices[feature_key] = feature_index
-            scripts.setdefault(script, {}).setdefault(lang, []).append(
-                feature_index)
+            scripts.setdefault(script, {}).setdefault(lang, []).append(feature_index)
             if self.required_features_.get((script, lang)) == feature_tag:
                 required_feature_indices[(script, lang)] = feature_index
 
@@ -517,17 +891,16 @@
                 langrec.LangSys = otTables.LangSys()
                 langrec.LangSys.LookupOrder = None
 
-                req_feature_index = \
-                    required_feature_indices.get((script, lang))
+                req_feature_index = required_feature_indices.get((script, lang))
                 if req_feature_index is None:
                     langrec.LangSys.ReqFeatureIndex = 0xFFFF
                 else:
                     langrec.LangSys.ReqFeatureIndex = req_feature_index
 
-                langrec.LangSys.FeatureIndex = [i for i in feature_indices
-                                                if i != req_feature_index]
-                langrec.LangSys.FeatureCount = \
-                    len(langrec.LangSys.FeatureIndex)
+                langrec.LangSys.FeatureIndex = [
+                    i for i in feature_indices if i != req_feature_index
+                ]
+                langrec.LangSys.FeatureCount = len(langrec.LangSys.FeatureIndex)
 
                 if lang == "dflt":
                     srec.Script.DefaultLangSys = langrec.LangSys
@@ -542,17 +915,35 @@
         table.LookupList.LookupCount = len(table.LookupList.Lookup)
         return table
 
+    def get_lookup_name_(self, lookup):
+        rev = {v: k for k, v in self.named_lookups_.items()}
+        if lookup in rev:
+            return rev[lookup]
+        return None
+
     def add_language_system(self, location, script, language):
         # OpenType Feature File Specification, section 4.b.i
-        if (script == "DFLT" and language == "dflt" and
-                self.default_language_systems_):
+        if script == "DFLT" and language == "dflt" and self.default_language_systems_:
             raise FeatureLibError(
                 'If "languagesystem DFLT dflt" is present, it must be '
-                'the first of the languagesystem statements', location)
+                "the first of the languagesystem statements",
+                location,
+            )
+        if script == "DFLT":
+            if self.seen_non_DFLT_script_:
+                raise FeatureLibError(
+                    'languagesystems using the "DFLT" script tag must '
+                    "precede all other languagesystems",
+                    location,
+                )
+        else:
+            self.seen_non_DFLT_script_ = True
         if (script, language) in self.default_language_systems_:
             raise FeatureLibError(
-                '"languagesystem %s %s" has already been specified' %
-                (script.strip(), language.strip()), location)
+                '"languagesystem %s %s" has already been specified'
+                % (script.strip(), language.strip()),
+                location,
+            )
         self.default_language_systems_.add((script, language))
 
     def get_default_language_systems_(self):
@@ -564,11 +955,11 @@
         if self.default_language_systems_:
             return frozenset(self.default_language_systems_)
         else:
-            return frozenset({('DFLT', 'dflt')})
+            return frozenset({("DFLT", "dflt")})
 
     def start_feature(self, location, name):
         self.language_systems = self.get_default_language_systems_()
-        self.script_ = 'DFLT'
+        self.script_ = "DFLT"
         self.cur_lookup_ = None
         self.cur_feature_name_ = name
         self.lookupflag_ = 0
@@ -587,75 +978,76 @@
     def start_lookup_block(self, location, name):
         if name in self.named_lookups_:
             raise FeatureLibError(
-                'Lookup "%s" has already been defined' % name, location)
+                'Lookup "%s" has already been defined' % name, location
+            )
         if self.cur_feature_name_ == "aalt":
             raise FeatureLibError(
                 "Lookup blocks cannot be placed inside 'aalt' features; "
                 "move it out, and then refer to it with a lookup statement",
-                location)
+                location,
+            )
         self.cur_lookup_name_ = name
         self.named_lookups_[name] = None
         self.cur_lookup_ = None
-        self.lookupflag_ = 0
-        self.lookupflag_markFilterSet_ = None
+        if self.cur_feature_name_ is None:
+            self.lookupflag_ = 0
+            self.lookupflag_markFilterSet_ = None
 
     def end_lookup_block(self):
         assert self.cur_lookup_name_ is not None
         self.cur_lookup_name_ = None
         self.cur_lookup_ = None
-        self.lookupflag_ = 0
-        self.lookupflag_markFilterSet_ = None
+        if self.cur_feature_name_ is None:
+            self.lookupflag_ = 0
+            self.lookupflag_markFilterSet_ = None
 
     def add_lookup_call(self, lookup_name):
         assert lookup_name in self.named_lookups_, lookup_name
         self.cur_lookup_ = None
         lookup = self.named_lookups_[lookup_name]
-        self.add_lookup_to_feature_(lookup, self.cur_feature_name_)
+        if lookup is not None:  # skip empty named lookup
+            self.add_lookup_to_feature_(lookup, self.cur_feature_name_)
 
     def set_font_revision(self, location, revision):
         self.fontRevision_ = revision
 
     def set_language(self, location, language, include_default, required):
-        assert(len(language) == 4)
-        if self.cur_feature_name_ in ('aalt', 'size'):
+        assert len(language) == 4
+        if self.cur_feature_name_ in ("aalt", "size"):
             raise FeatureLibError(
                 "Language statements are not allowed "
-                "within \"feature %s\"" % self.cur_feature_name_, location)
-        if language != 'dflt' and self.script_ == 'DFLT':
-            raise FeatureLibError("Need non-DFLT script when using non-dflt "
-                                  "language (was: \"%s\")" % language, location)
+                'within "feature %s"' % self.cur_feature_name_,
+                location,
+            )
+        if self.cur_feature_name_ is None:
+            raise FeatureLibError(
+                "Language statements are not allowed "
+                "within standalone lookup blocks",
+                location,
+            )
         self.cur_lookup_ = None
 
         key = (self.script_, language, self.cur_feature_name_)
-        if not include_default:
-            # don't include any lookups added by script DFLT in this feature
-            self.features_[key] = []
-        elif language != 'dflt':
-            # add rules defined between script statement and its first following
-            # language statement to each of its explicitly specified languages:
-            # http://www.adobe.com/devnet/opentype/afdko/topic_feature_file_syntax.html#4.b.ii
-            lookups = self.features_.get((key[0], 'dflt', key[2]))
-            dflt_lookups = self.features_.get(('DFLT', 'dflt', key[2]), [])
-            if lookups:
-                if key[:2] in self.get_default_language_systems_():
-                    lookups = [l for l in lookups if l not in dflt_lookups]
-                self.features_.setdefault(key, []).extend(lookups)
-        if self.script_ == 'DFLT':
-            langsys = set(self.get_default_language_systems_())
+        lookups = self.features_.get((key[0], "dflt", key[2]))
+        if (language == "dflt" or include_default) and lookups:
+            self.features_[key] = lookups[:]
         else:
-            langsys = set()
-        langsys.add((self.script_, language))
-        self.language_systems = frozenset(langsys)
+            self.features_[key] = []
+        self.language_systems = frozenset([(self.script_, language)])
 
         if required:
             key = (self.script_, language)
             if key in self.required_features_:
                 raise FeatureLibError(
                     "Language %s (script %s) has already "
-                    "specified feature %s as its required feature" % (
-                        language.strip(), self.script_.strip(),
-                        self.required_features_[key].strip()),
-                    location)
+                    "specified feature %s as its required feature"
+                    % (
+                        language.strip(),
+                        self.script_.strip(),
+                        self.required_features_[key].strip(),
+                    ),
+                    location,
+                )
             self.required_features_[key] = self.cur_feature_name_
 
     def getMarkAttachClass_(self, location, glyphs):
@@ -670,9 +1062,9 @@
                 _, loc = self.markAttach_[glyph]
                 raise FeatureLibError(
                     "Glyph %s already has been assigned "
-                    "a MarkAttachmentType at %s:%d:%d" % (
-                        glyph, loc[0], loc[1], loc[2]),
-                    location)
+                    "a MarkAttachmentType at %s" % (glyph, loc),
+                    location,
+                )
             self.markAttach_[glyph] = (id_, location)
         return id_
 
@@ -699,16 +1091,25 @@
         self.lookupflag_ = value
 
     def set_script(self, location, script):
-        if self.cur_feature_name_ in ('aalt', 'size'):
+        if self.cur_feature_name_ in ("aalt", "size"):
             raise FeatureLibError(
                 "Script statements are not allowed "
-                "within \"feature %s\"" % self.cur_feature_name_, location)
+                'within "feature %s"' % self.cur_feature_name_,
+                location,
+            )
+        if self.cur_feature_name_ is None:
+            raise FeatureLibError(
+                "Script statements are not allowed " "within standalone lookup blocks",
+                location,
+            )
+        if self.language_systems == {(script, "dflt")}:
+            # Nothing to do.
+            return
         self.cur_lookup_ = None
         self.script_ = script
         self.lookupflag_ = 0
         self.lookupflag_markFilterSet_ = None
-        self.set_language(location, "dflt",
-                          include_default=True, required=False)
+        self.set_language(location, "dflt", include_default=True, required=False)
 
     def find_lookup_builders_(self, lookups):
         """Helper for building chain contextual substitutions
@@ -717,9 +1118,11 @@
         If an input name is None, it gets mapped to a None LookupBuilder.
         """
         lookup_builders = []
-        for lookup in lookups:
-            if lookup is not None:
-                lookup_builders.append(self.named_lookups_.get(lookup.name))
+        for lookuplist in lookups:
+            if lookuplist is not None:
+                lookup_builders.append(
+                    [self.named_lookups_.get(l.name) for l in lookuplist]
+                )
             else:
                 lookup_builders.append(None)
         return lookup_builders
@@ -730,17 +1133,21 @@
 
     def add_chain_context_pos(self, location, prefix, glyphs, suffix, lookups):
         lookup = self.get_lookup_(location, ChainContextPosBuilder)
-        lookup.rules.append((prefix, glyphs, suffix,
-                            self.find_lookup_builders_(lookups)))
+        lookup.rules.append(
+            ChainContextualRule(
+                prefix, glyphs, suffix, self.find_lookup_builders_(lookups)
+            )
+        )
 
-    def add_chain_context_subst(self, location,
-                                prefix, glyphs, suffix, lookups):
+    def add_chain_context_subst(self, location, prefix, glyphs, suffix, lookups):
         lookup = self.get_lookup_(location, ChainContextSubstBuilder)
-        lookup.substitutions.append((prefix, glyphs, suffix,
-                                     self.find_lookup_builders_(lookups)))
+        lookup.rules.append(
+            ChainContextualRule(
+                prefix, glyphs, suffix, self.find_lookup_builders_(lookups)
+            )
+        )
 
-    def add_alternate_subst(self, location,
-                            prefix, glyph, suffix, replacement):
+    def add_alternate_subst(self, location, prefix, glyph, suffix, replacement):
         if self.cur_feature_name_ == "aalt":
             alts = self.aalt_alternates_.setdefault(glyph, set())
             alts.update(replacement)
@@ -748,24 +1155,38 @@
         if prefix or suffix:
             chain = self.get_lookup_(location, ChainContextSubstBuilder)
             lookup = self.get_chained_lookup_(location, AlternateSubstBuilder)
-            chain.substitutions.append((prefix, [glyph], suffix, [lookup]))
+            chain.rules.append(ChainContextualRule(prefix, [{glyph}], suffix, [lookup]))
         else:
             lookup = self.get_lookup_(location, AlternateSubstBuilder)
         if glyph in lookup.alternates:
             raise FeatureLibError(
-                'Already defined alternates for glyph "%s"' % glyph,
-                location)
+                'Already defined alternates for glyph "%s"' % glyph, location
+            )
         lookup.alternates[glyph] = replacement
 
     def add_feature_reference(self, location, featureName):
         if self.cur_feature_name_ != "aalt":
             raise FeatureLibError(
-                'Feature references are only allowed inside "feature aalt"',
-                location)
+                'Feature references are only allowed inside "feature aalt"', location
+            )
         self.aalt_features_.append((location, featureName))
 
-    def add_featureName(self, location, tag):
-        self.featureNames_.append(tag)
+    def add_featureName(self, tag):
+        self.featureNames_.add(tag)
+
+    def add_cv_parameter(self, tag):
+        self.cv_parameters_.add(tag)
+
+    def add_to_cv_num_named_params(self, tag):
+        """Adds new items to ``self.cv_num_named_params_``
+        or increments the count of existing items."""
+        if tag in self.cv_num_named_params_:
+            self.cv_num_named_params_[tag] += 1
+        else:
+            self.cv_num_named_params_[tag] = 1
+
+    def add_cv_character(self, character, tag):
+        self.cv_characters_[tag].append(character)
 
     def set_base_axis(self, bases, scripts, vertical):
         if vertical:
@@ -773,23 +1194,27 @@
         else:
             self.base_horiz_axis_ = (bases, scripts)
 
-    def set_size_parameters(self, location, DesignSize, SubfamilyID,
-                            RangeStart, RangeEnd):
-        if self.cur_feature_name_ != 'size':
+    def set_size_parameters(
+        self, location, DesignSize, SubfamilyID, RangeStart, RangeEnd
+    ):
+        if self.cur_feature_name_ != "size":
             raise FeatureLibError(
                 "Parameters statements are not allowed "
-                "within \"feature %s\"" % self.cur_feature_name_, location)
+                'within "feature %s"' % self.cur_feature_name_,
+                location,
+            )
         self.size_parameters_ = [DesignSize, SubfamilyID, RangeStart, RangeEnd]
         for script, lang in self.language_systems:
             key = (script, lang, self.cur_feature_name_)
             self.features_.setdefault(key, [])
 
-    def add_ligature_subst(self, location,
-                           prefix, glyphs, suffix, replacement, forceChain):
+    def add_ligature_subst(
+        self, location, prefix, glyphs, suffix, replacement, forceChain
+    ):
         if prefix or suffix or forceChain:
             chain = self.get_lookup_(location, ChainContextSubstBuilder)
             lookup = self.get_chained_lookup_(location, LigatureSubstBuilder)
-            chain.substitutions.append((prefix, glyphs, suffix, [lookup]))
+            chain.rules.append(ChainContextualRule(prefix, glyphs, suffix, [lookup]))
         else:
             lookup = self.get_lookup_(location, LigatureSubstBuilder)
 
@@ -801,25 +1226,34 @@
         for g in sorted(itertools.product(*glyphs)):
             lookup.ligatures[g] = replacement
 
-    def add_multiple_subst(self, location,
-                           prefix, glyph, suffix, replacements):
-        if prefix or suffix:
+    def add_multiple_subst(
+        self, location, prefix, glyph, suffix, replacements, forceChain=False
+    ):
+        if prefix or suffix or forceChain:
             chain = self.get_lookup_(location, ChainContextSubstBuilder)
             sub = self.get_chained_lookup_(location, MultipleSubstBuilder)
             sub.mapping[glyph] = replacements
-            chain.substitutions.append((prefix, [{glyph}], suffix, [sub]))
+            chain.rules.append(ChainContextualRule(prefix, [{glyph}], suffix, [sub]))
             return
         lookup = self.get_lookup_(location, MultipleSubstBuilder)
         if glyph in lookup.mapping:
-            raise FeatureLibError(
-                'Already defined substitution for glyph "%s"' % glyph,
-                location)
+            if replacements == lookup.mapping[glyph]:
+                log.info(
+                    "Removing duplicate multiple substitution from glyph"
+                    ' "%s" to %s%s',
+                    glyph,
+                    replacements,
+                    f" at {location}" if location else "",
+                )
+            else:
+                raise FeatureLibError(
+                    'Already defined substitution for glyph "%s"' % glyph, location
+                )
         lookup.mapping[glyph] = replacements
 
-    def add_reverse_chain_single_subst(self, location, old_prefix,
-                                       old_suffix, mapping):
+    def add_reverse_chain_single_subst(self, location, old_prefix, old_suffix, mapping):
         lookup = self.get_lookup_(location, ReverseChainSingleSubstBuilder)
-        lookup.substitutions.append((old_prefix, old_suffix, mapping))
+        lookup.rules.append((old_prefix, old_suffix, mapping))
 
     def add_single_subst(self, location, prefix, suffix, mapping, forceChain):
         if self.cur_feature_name_ == "aalt":
@@ -833,36 +1267,41 @@
         lookup = self.get_lookup_(location, SingleSubstBuilder)
         for (from_glyph, to_glyph) in mapping.items():
             if from_glyph in lookup.mapping:
-                raise FeatureLibError(
-                    'Already defined rule for replacing glyph "%s" by "%s"' %
-                    (from_glyph, lookup.mapping[from_glyph]),
-                    location)
+                if to_glyph == lookup.mapping[from_glyph]:
+                    log.info(
+                        "Removing duplicate single substitution from glyph"
+                        ' "%s" to "%s" at %s',
+                        from_glyph,
+                        to_glyph,
+                        location,
+                    )
+                else:
+                    raise FeatureLibError(
+                        'Already defined rule for replacing glyph "%s" by "%s"'
+                        % (from_glyph, lookup.mapping[from_glyph]),
+                        location,
+                    )
             lookup.mapping[from_glyph] = to_glyph
 
-    def find_chainable_SingleSubst_(self, chain, glyphs):
-        """Helper for add_single_subst_chained_()"""
-        for _, _, _, substitutions in chain.substitutions:
-            for sub in substitutions:
-                if (isinstance(sub, SingleSubstBuilder) and
-                        not any(g in glyphs for g in sub.mapping.keys())):
-                    return sub
-        return None
-
     def add_single_subst_chained_(self, location, prefix, suffix, mapping):
-        # https://github.com/behdad/fonttools/issues/512
+        # https://github.com/fonttools/fonttools/issues/512
         chain = self.get_lookup_(location, ChainContextSubstBuilder)
-        sub = self.find_chainable_SingleSubst_(chain, set(mapping.keys()))
+        sub = chain.find_chainable_single_subst(set(mapping.keys()))
         if sub is None:
             sub = self.get_chained_lookup_(location, SingleSubstBuilder)
         sub.mapping.update(mapping)
-        chain.substitutions.append((prefix, [mapping.keys()], suffix, [sub]))
+        chain.rules.append(
+            ChainContextualRule(prefix, [list(mapping.keys())], suffix, [sub])
+        )
 
     def add_cursive_pos(self, location, glyphclass, entryAnchor, exitAnchor):
         lookup = self.get_lookup_(location, CursivePosBuilder)
         lookup.add_attachment(
-            location, glyphclass,
+            location,
+            glyphclass,
             makeOpenTypeAnchor(entryAnchor),
-            makeOpenTypeAnchor(exitAnchor))
+            makeOpenTypeAnchor(exitAnchor),
+        )
 
     def add_marks_(self, location, lookupBuilder, marks):
         """Helper for add_mark_{base,liga,mark}_pos."""
@@ -871,15 +1310,15 @@
                 for mark in markClassDef.glyphs.glyphSet():
                     if mark not in lookupBuilder.marks:
                         otMarkAnchor = makeOpenTypeAnchor(markClassDef.anchor)
-                        lookupBuilder.marks[mark] = (
-                            markClass.name, otMarkAnchor)
+                        lookupBuilder.marks[mark] = (markClass.name, otMarkAnchor)
                     else:
                         existingMarkClass = lookupBuilder.marks[mark][0]
                         if markClass.name != existingMarkClass:
                             raise FeatureLibError(
-                                "Glyph %s cannot be in both @%s and @%s" % (
-                                    mark, existingMarkClass, markClass.name),
-                                location)
+                                "Glyph %s cannot be in both @%s and @%s"
+                                % (mark, existingMarkClass, markClass.name),
+                                location,
+                            )
 
     def add_mark_base_pos(self, location, bases, marks):
         builder = self.get_lookup_(location, MarkBasePosBuilder)
@@ -887,8 +1326,7 @@
         for baseAnchor, markClass in marks:
             otBaseAnchor = makeOpenTypeAnchor(baseAnchor)
             for base in bases:
-                builder.bases.setdefault(base, {})[markClass.name] = (
-                    otBaseAnchor)
+                builder.bases.setdefault(base, {})[markClass.name] = otBaseAnchor
 
     def add_mark_lig_pos(self, location, ligatures, components):
         builder = self.get_lookup_(location, MarkLigPosBuilder)
@@ -908,17 +1346,24 @@
         for baseAnchor, markClass in marks:
             otBaseAnchor = makeOpenTypeAnchor(baseAnchor)
             for baseMark in baseMarks:
-                builder.baseMarks.setdefault(baseMark, {})[markClass.name] = (
-                    otBaseAnchor)
+                builder.baseMarks.setdefault(baseMark, {})[
+                    markClass.name
+                ] = otBaseAnchor
 
-    def add_class_pair_pos(self, location, glyphclass1, value1,
-                           glyphclass2, value2):
+    def add_class_pair_pos(self, location, glyphclass1, value1, glyphclass2, value2):
         lookup = self.get_lookup_(location, PairPosBuilder)
-        lookup.addClassPair(location, glyphclass1, value1, glyphclass2, value2)
+        v1 = makeOpenTypeValueRecord(value1, pairPosContext=True)
+        v2 = makeOpenTypeValueRecord(value2, pairPosContext=True)
+        lookup.addClassPair(location, glyphclass1, v1, glyphclass2, v2)
+
+    def add_subtable_break(self, location):
+        self.cur_lookup_.add_subtable_break(location)
 
     def add_specific_pair_pos(self, location, glyph1, value1, glyph2, value2):
         lookup = self.get_lookup_(location, PairPosBuilder)
-        lookup.addGlyphPair(location, glyph1, value1, glyph2, value2)
+        v1 = makeOpenTypeValueRecord(value1, pairPosContext=True)
+        v2 = makeOpenTypeValueRecord(value2, pairPosContext=True)
+        lookup.addGlyphPair(location, glyph1, v1, glyph2, v2)
 
     def add_single_pos(self, location, prefix, suffix, pos, forceChain):
         if prefix or suffix or forceChain:
@@ -926,52 +1371,50 @@
         else:
             lookup = self.get_lookup_(location, SinglePosBuilder)
             for glyphs, value in pos:
+                otValueRecord = makeOpenTypeValueRecord(value, pairPosContext=False)
                 for glyph in glyphs:
-                    lookup.add_pos(location, glyph, value)
-
-    def find_chainable_SinglePos_(self, lookups, glyphs, value):
-        """Helper for add_single_pos_chained_()"""
-        for look in lookups:
-            if all(look.can_add(glyph, value) for glyph in glyphs):
-                return look
-        return None
+                    try:
+                        lookup.add_pos(location, glyph, otValueRecord)
+                    except OpenTypeLibError as e:
+                        raise FeatureLibError(str(e), e.location) from e
 
     def add_single_pos_chained_(self, location, prefix, suffix, pos):
         # https://github.com/fonttools/fonttools/issues/514
         chain = self.get_lookup_(location, ChainContextPosBuilder)
         targets = []
         for _, _, _, lookups in chain.rules:
-            for lookup in lookups:
-                if isinstance(lookup, SinglePosBuilder):
-                    targets.append(lookup)
+            targets.extend(lookups)
         subs = []
         for glyphs, value in pos:
             if value is None:
                 subs.append(None)
                 continue
-            otValue, _ = makeOpenTypeValueRecord(value, pairPosContext=False)
-            sub = self.find_chainable_SinglePos_(targets, glyphs, otValue)
+            otValue = makeOpenTypeValueRecord(value, pairPosContext=False)
+            sub = chain.find_chainable_single_pos(targets, glyphs, otValue)
             if sub is None:
                 sub = self.get_chained_lookup_(location, SinglePosBuilder)
                 targets.append(sub)
             for glyph in glyphs:
-                sub.add_pos(location, glyph, value)
+                sub.add_pos(location, glyph, otValue)
             subs.append(sub)
         assert len(pos) == len(subs), (pos, subs)
         chain.rules.append(
-            (prefix, [g for g, v in pos], suffix, subs))
+            ChainContextualRule(prefix, [g for g, v in pos], suffix, subs)
+        )
 
     def setGlyphClass_(self, location, glyph, glyphClass):
         oldClass, oldLocation = self.glyphClassDefs_.get(glyph, (None, None))
         if oldClass and oldClass != glyphClass:
             raise FeatureLibError(
-                "Glyph %s was assigned to a different class at %s:%s:%s" %
-                (glyph, oldLocation[0], oldLocation[1], oldLocation[2]),
-                location)
+                "Glyph %s was assigned to a different class at %s"
+                % (glyph, oldLocation),
+                location,
+            )
         self.glyphClassDefs_[glyph] = (glyphClass, location)
 
-    def add_glyphClassDef(self, location, baseGlyphs, ligatureGlyphs,
-                          markGlyphs, componentGlyphs):
+    def add_glyphClassDef(
+        self, location, baseGlyphs, ligatureGlyphs, markGlyphs, componentGlyphs
+    ):
         for glyph in baseGlyphs:
             self.setGlyphClass_(location, glyph, 1)
         for glyph in ligatureGlyphs:
@@ -983,14 +1426,15 @@
 
     def add_ligatureCaretByIndex_(self, location, glyphs, carets):
         for glyph in glyphs:
-            self.ligCaretPoints_.setdefault(glyph, set()).update(carets)
+            if glyph not in self.ligCaretPoints_:
+                self.ligCaretPoints_[glyph] = carets
 
     def add_ligatureCaretByPos_(self, location, glyphs, carets):
         for glyph in glyphs:
-            self.ligCaretCoords_.setdefault(glyph, set()).update(carets)
+            if glyph not in self.ligCaretCoords_:
+                self.ligCaretCoords_[glyph] = carets
 
-    def add_name_record(self, location, nameID, platformID, platEncID,
-                        langID, string):
+    def add_name_record(self, location, nameID, platformID, platEncID, langID, string):
         self.names_.append([nameID, platformID, platEncID, langID, string])
 
     def add_os2_field(self, key, value):
@@ -1012,8 +1456,7 @@
         deviceX = otl.buildDevice(dict(anchor.xDeviceTable))
     if anchor.yDeviceTable is not None:
         deviceY = otl.buildDevice(dict(anchor.yDeviceTable))
-    return otl.buildAnchor(anchor.x, anchor.y, anchor.contourpoint,
-                           deviceX, deviceY)
+    return otl.buildAnchor(anchor.x, anchor.y, anchor.contourpoint, deviceX, deviceY)
 
 
 _VALUEREC_ATTRS = {
@@ -1024,9 +1467,9 @@
 
 
 def makeOpenTypeValueRecord(v, pairPosContext):
-    """ast.ValueRecord --> (otBase.ValueRecord, int ValueFormat)"""
-    if v is None:
-        return None, 0
+    """ast.ValueRecord --> otBase.ValueRecord"""
+    if not v:
+        return None
 
     vr = {}
     for astName, (otName, isDevice) in _VALUEREC_ATTRS.items():
@@ -1036,468 +1479,4 @@
     if pairPosContext and not vr:
         vr = {"YAdvance": 0} if v.vertical else {"XAdvance": 0}
     valRec = otl.buildValue(vr)
-    return valRec, valRec.getFormat()
-
-
-class LookupBuilder(object):
-    def __init__(self, font, location, table, lookup_type):
-        self.font = font
-        self.glyphMap = font.getReverseGlyphMap()
-        self.location = location
-        self.table, self.lookup_type = table, lookup_type
-        self.lookupflag = 0
-        self.markFilterSet = None
-        self.lookup_index = None  # assigned when making final tables
-        assert table in ('GPOS', 'GSUB')
-
-    def equals(self, other):
-        return (isinstance(other, self.__class__) and
-                self.table == other.table and
-                self.lookupflag == other.lookupflag and
-                self.markFilterSet == other.markFilterSet)
-
-    def inferGlyphClasses(self):
-        """Infers glyph glasses for the GDEF table, such as {"cedilla":3}."""
-        return {}
-
-    def getAlternateGlyphs(self):
-        """Helper for building 'aalt' features."""
-        return {}
-
-    def buildLookup_(self, subtables):
-        return otl.buildLookup(subtables, self.lookupflag, self.markFilterSet)
-
-    def buildMarkClasses_(self, marks):
-        """{"cedilla": ("BOTTOM", ast.Anchor), ...} --> {"BOTTOM":0, "TOP":1}
-
-        Helper for MarkBasePostBuilder, MarkLigPosBuilder, and
-        MarkMarkPosBuilder. Seems to return the same numeric IDs
-        for mark classes as the AFDKO makeotf tool.
-        """
-        ids = {}
-        for mark in sorted(marks.keys(), key=self.font.getGlyphID):
-            markClassName, _markAnchor = marks[mark]
-            if markClassName not in ids:
-                ids[markClassName] = len(ids)
-        return ids
-
-    def setBacktrackCoverage_(self, prefix, subtable):
-        subtable.BacktrackGlyphCount = len(prefix)
-        subtable.BacktrackCoverage = []
-        for p in reversed(prefix):
-            coverage = otl.buildCoverage(p, self.glyphMap)
-            subtable.BacktrackCoverage.append(coverage)
-
-    def setLookAheadCoverage_(self, suffix, subtable):
-        subtable.LookAheadGlyphCount = len(suffix)
-        subtable.LookAheadCoverage = []
-        for s in suffix:
-            coverage = otl.buildCoverage(s, self.glyphMap)
-            subtable.LookAheadCoverage.append(coverage)
-
-    def setInputCoverage_(self, glyphs, subtable):
-        subtable.InputGlyphCount = len(glyphs)
-        subtable.InputCoverage = []
-        for g in glyphs:
-            coverage = otl.buildCoverage(g, self.glyphMap)
-            subtable.InputCoverage.append(coverage)
-
-
-class AlternateSubstBuilder(LookupBuilder):
-    def __init__(self, font, location):
-        LookupBuilder.__init__(self, font, location, 'GSUB', 3)
-        self.alternates = {}
-
-    def equals(self, other):
-        return (LookupBuilder.equals(self, other) and
-                self.alternates == other.alternates)
-
-    def build(self):
-        subtable = otl.buildAlternateSubstSubtable(self.alternates)
-        return self.buildLookup_([subtable])
-
-    def getAlternateGlyphs(self):
-        return self.alternates
-
-
-class ChainContextPosBuilder(LookupBuilder):
-    def __init__(self, font, location):
-        LookupBuilder.__init__(self, font, location, 'GPOS', 8)
-        self.rules = []  # (prefix, input, suffix, lookups)
-
-    def equals(self, other):
-        return (LookupBuilder.equals(self, other) and
-                self.rules == other.rules)
-
-    def build(self):
-        subtables = []
-        for (prefix, glyphs, suffix, lookups) in self.rules:
-            st = otTables.ChainContextPos()
-            subtables.append(st)
-            st.Format = 3
-            self.setBacktrackCoverage_(prefix, st)
-            self.setLookAheadCoverage_(suffix, st)
-            self.setInputCoverage_(glyphs, st)
-
-            st.PosCount = len([l for l in lookups if l is not None])
-            st.PosLookupRecord = []
-            for sequenceIndex, l in enumerate(lookups):
-                if l is not None:
-                    rec = otTables.PosLookupRecord()
-                    rec.SequenceIndex = sequenceIndex
-                    rec.LookupListIndex = l.lookup_index
-                    st.PosLookupRecord.append(rec)
-        return self.buildLookup_(subtables)
-
-
-class ChainContextSubstBuilder(LookupBuilder):
-    def __init__(self, font, location):
-        LookupBuilder.__init__(self, font, location, 'GSUB', 6)
-        self.substitutions = []  # (prefix, input, suffix, lookups)
-
-    def equals(self, other):
-        return (LookupBuilder.equals(self, other) and
-                self.substitutions == other.substitutions)
-
-    def build(self):
-        subtables = []
-        for (prefix, input, suffix, lookups) in self.substitutions:
-            st = otTables.ChainContextSubst()
-            subtables.append(st)
-            st.Format = 3
-            self.setBacktrackCoverage_(prefix, st)
-            self.setLookAheadCoverage_(suffix, st)
-            self.setInputCoverage_(input, st)
-
-            st.SubstCount = len([l for l in lookups if l is not None])
-            st.SubstLookupRecord = []
-            for sequenceIndex, l in enumerate(lookups):
-                if l is not None:
-                    rec = otTables.SubstLookupRecord()
-                    rec.SequenceIndex = sequenceIndex
-                    rec.LookupListIndex = l.lookup_index
-                    st.SubstLookupRecord.append(rec)
-        return self.buildLookup_(subtables)
-
-    def getAlternateGlyphs(self):
-        result = {}
-        for (_prefix, _input, _suffix, lookups) in self.substitutions:
-            for lookup in lookups:
-                alts = lookup.getAlternateGlyphs()
-                for glyph, replacements in alts.items():
-                    result.setdefault(glyph, set()).update(replacements)
-        return result
-
-
-class LigatureSubstBuilder(LookupBuilder):
-    def __init__(self, font, location):
-        LookupBuilder.__init__(self, font, location, 'GSUB', 4)
-        self.ligatures = {}  # {('f','f','i'): 'f_f_i'}
-
-    def equals(self, other):
-        return (LookupBuilder.equals(self, other) and
-                self.ligatures == other.ligatures)
-
-    def build(self):
-        subtable = otl.buildLigatureSubstSubtable(self.ligatures)
-        return self.buildLookup_([subtable])
-
-
-class MultipleSubstBuilder(LookupBuilder):
-    def __init__(self, font, location):
-        LookupBuilder.__init__(self, font, location, 'GSUB', 2)
-        self.mapping = {}
-
-    def equals(self, other):
-        return (LookupBuilder.equals(self, other) and
-                self.mapping == other.mapping)
-
-    def build(self):
-        subtable = otl.buildMultipleSubstSubtable(self.mapping)
-        return self.buildLookup_([subtable])
-
-
-class CursivePosBuilder(LookupBuilder):
-    def __init__(self, font, location):
-        LookupBuilder.__init__(self, font, location, 'GPOS', 3)
-        self.attachments = {}
-
-    def equals(self, other):
-        return (LookupBuilder.equals(self, other) and
-                self.attachments == other.attachments)
-
-    def add_attachment(self, location, glyphs, entryAnchor, exitAnchor):
-        for glyph in glyphs:
-            self.attachments[glyph] = (entryAnchor, exitAnchor)
-
-    def build(self):
-        st = otl.buildCursivePosSubtable(self.attachments, self.glyphMap)
-        return self.buildLookup_([st])
-
-
-class MarkBasePosBuilder(LookupBuilder):
-    def __init__(self, font, location):
-        LookupBuilder.__init__(self, font, location, 'GPOS', 4)
-        self.marks = {}  # glyphName -> (markClassName, anchor)
-        self.bases = {}  # glyphName -> {markClassName: anchor}
-
-    def equals(self, other):
-        return (LookupBuilder.equals(self, other) and
-                self.marks == other.marks and
-                self.bases == other.bases)
-
-    def inferGlyphClasses(self):
-        result = {glyph: 1 for glyph in self.bases}
-        result.update({glyph: 3 for glyph in self.marks})
-        return result
-
-    def build(self):
-        markClasses = self.buildMarkClasses_(self.marks)
-        marks = {mark: (markClasses[mc], anchor)
-                 for mark, (mc, anchor) in self.marks.items()}
-        bases = {}
-        for glyph, anchors in self.bases.items():
-            bases[glyph] = {markClasses[mc]: anchor
-                            for (mc, anchor) in anchors.items()}
-        subtables = otl.buildMarkBasePos(marks, bases, self.glyphMap)
-        return self.buildLookup_(subtables)
-
-
-class MarkLigPosBuilder(LookupBuilder):
-    def __init__(self, font, location):
-        LookupBuilder.__init__(self, font, location, 'GPOS', 5)
-        self.marks = {}  # glyphName -> (markClassName, anchor)
-        self.ligatures = {}  # glyphName -> [{markClassName: anchor}, ...]
-
-    def equals(self, other):
-        return (LookupBuilder.equals(self, other) and
-                self.marks == other.marks and
-                self.ligatures == other.ligatures)
-
-    def inferGlyphClasses(self):
-        result = {glyph: 2 for glyph in self.ligatures}
-        result.update({glyph: 3 for glyph in self.marks})
-        return result
-
-    def build(self):
-        markClasses = self.buildMarkClasses_(self.marks)
-        marks = {mark: (markClasses[mc], anchor)
-                 for mark, (mc, anchor) in self.marks.items()}
-        ligs = {}
-        for lig, components in self.ligatures.items():
-            ligs[lig] = []
-            for c in components:
-                ligs[lig].append({markClasses[mc]: a for mc, a in c.items()})
-        subtables = otl.buildMarkLigPos(marks, ligs, self.glyphMap)
-        return self.buildLookup_(subtables)
-
-
-class MarkMarkPosBuilder(LookupBuilder):
-    def __init__(self, font, location):
-        LookupBuilder.__init__(self, font, location, 'GPOS', 6)
-        self.marks = {}      # glyphName -> (markClassName, anchor)
-        self.baseMarks = {}  # glyphName -> {markClassName: anchor}
-
-    def equals(self, other):
-        return (LookupBuilder.equals(self, other) and
-                self.marks == other.marks and
-                self.baseMarks == other.baseMarks)
-
-    def inferGlyphClasses(self):
-        result = {glyph: 3 for glyph in self.baseMarks}
-        result.update({glyph: 3 for glyph in self.marks})
-        return result
-
-    def build(self):
-        markClasses = self.buildMarkClasses_(self.marks)
-        markClassList = sorted(markClasses.keys(), key=markClasses.get)
-        marks = {mark: (markClasses[mc], anchor)
-                 for mark, (mc, anchor) in self.marks.items()}
-
-        st = otTables.MarkMarkPos()
-        st.Format = 1
-        st.ClassCount = len(markClasses)
-        st.Mark1Coverage = otl.buildCoverage(marks, self.glyphMap)
-        st.Mark2Coverage = otl.buildCoverage(self.baseMarks, self.glyphMap)
-        st.Mark1Array = otl.buildMarkArray(marks, self.glyphMap)
-        st.Mark2Array = otTables.Mark2Array()
-        st.Mark2Array.Mark2Count = len(st.Mark2Coverage.glyphs)
-        st.Mark2Array.Mark2Record = []
-        for base in st.Mark2Coverage.glyphs:
-            anchors = [self.baseMarks[base].get(mc) for mc in markClassList]
-            st.Mark2Array.Mark2Record.append(otl.buildMark2Record(anchors))
-        return self.buildLookup_([st])
-
-
-class ReverseChainSingleSubstBuilder(LookupBuilder):
-    def __init__(self, font, location):
-        LookupBuilder.__init__(self, font, location, 'GSUB', 8)
-        self.substitutions = []  # (prefix, suffix, mapping)
-
-    def equals(self, other):
-        return (LookupBuilder.equals(self, other) and
-                self.substitutions == other.substitutions)
-
-    def build(self):
-        subtables = []
-        for prefix, suffix, mapping in self.substitutions:
-            st = otTables.ReverseChainSingleSubst()
-            st.Format = 1
-            self.setBacktrackCoverage_(prefix, st)
-            self.setLookAheadCoverage_(suffix, st)
-            st.Coverage = otl.buildCoverage(mapping.keys(), self.glyphMap)
-            st.GlyphCount = len(mapping)
-            st.Substitute = [mapping[g] for g in st.Coverage.glyphs]
-            subtables.append(st)
-        return self.buildLookup_(subtables)
-
-
-class SingleSubstBuilder(LookupBuilder):
-    def __init__(self, font, location):
-        LookupBuilder.__init__(self, font, location, 'GSUB', 1)
-        self.mapping = {}
-
-    def equals(self, other):
-        return (LookupBuilder.equals(self, other) and
-                self.mapping == other.mapping)
-
-    def build(self):
-        subtable = otl.buildSingleSubstSubtable(self.mapping)
-        return self.buildLookup_([subtable])
-
-    def getAlternateGlyphs(self):
-        return {glyph: set([repl]) for glyph, repl in self.mapping.items()}
-
-
-class ClassPairPosSubtableBuilder(object):
-    def __init__(self, builder, valueFormat1, valueFormat2):
-        self.builder_ = builder
-        self.classDef1_, self.classDef2_ = None, None
-        self.values_ = {}  # (glyphclass1, glyphclass2) --> (value1, value2)
-        self.valueFormat1_, self.valueFormat2_ = valueFormat1, valueFormat2
-        self.forceSubtableBreak_ = False
-        self.subtables_ = []
-
-    def addPair(self, gc1, value1, gc2, value2):
-        mergeable = (not self.forceSubtableBreak_ and
-                     self.classDef1_ is not None and
-                     self.classDef1_.canAdd(gc1) and
-                     self.classDef2_ is not None and
-                     self.classDef2_.canAdd(gc2))
-        if not mergeable:
-            self.flush_()
-            self.classDef1_ = otl.ClassDefBuilder(useClass0=True)
-            self.classDef2_ = otl.ClassDefBuilder(useClass0=False)
-            self.values_ = {}
-        self.classDef1_.add(gc1)
-        self.classDef2_.add(gc2)
-        self.values_[(gc1, gc2)] = (value1, value2)
-
-    def addSubtableBreak(self):
-        self.forceSubtableBreak_ = True
-
-    def subtables(self):
-        self.flush_()
-        return self.subtables_
-
-    def flush_(self):
-        if self.classDef1_ is None or self.classDef2_ is None:
-            return
-        st = otl.buildPairPosClassesSubtable(self.values_,
-                                             self.builder_.glyphMap)
-        self.subtables_.append(st)
-
-
-class PairPosBuilder(LookupBuilder):
-    SUBTABLE_BREAK_ = "SUBTABLE_BREAK"
-
-    def __init__(self, font, location):
-        LookupBuilder.__init__(self, font, location, 'GPOS', 2)
-        self.pairs = []  # [(gc1, value1, gc2, value2)*]
-        self.glyphPairs = {}  # (glyph1, glyph2) --> (value1, value2)
-        self.locations = {}  # (gc1, gc2) --> (filepath, line, column)
-
-    def addClassPair(self, location, glyphclass1, value1, glyphclass2, value2):
-        self.pairs.append((glyphclass1, value1, glyphclass2, value2))
-
-    def addGlyphPair(self, location, glyph1, value1, glyph2, value2):
-        key = (glyph1, glyph2)
-        oldValue = self.glyphPairs.get(key, None)
-        if oldValue is not None:
-            otherLoc = self.locations[key]
-            raise FeatureLibError(
-                'Already defined position for pair %s %s at %s:%d:%d'
-                % (glyph1, glyph2, otherLoc[0], otherLoc[1], otherLoc[2]),
-                location)
-        val1, _ = makeOpenTypeValueRecord(value1, pairPosContext=True)
-        val2, _ = makeOpenTypeValueRecord(value2, pairPosContext=True)
-        self.glyphPairs[key] = (val1, val2)
-        self.locations[key] = location
-
-    def add_subtable_break(self, location):
-        self.pairs.append((self.SUBTABLE_BREAK_, self.SUBTABLE_BREAK_,
-                           self.SUBTABLE_BREAK_, self.SUBTABLE_BREAK_))
-
-    def equals(self, other):
-        return (LookupBuilder.equals(self, other) and
-                self.glyphPairs == other.glyphPairs and
-                self.pairs == other.pairs)
-
-    def build(self):
-        builders = {}
-        builder = None
-        for glyphclass1, value1, glyphclass2, value2 in self.pairs:
-            if glyphclass1 is self.SUBTABLE_BREAK_:
-                if builder is not None:
-                    builder.addSubtableBreak()
-                continue
-            val1, valFormat1 = makeOpenTypeValueRecord(
-                value1, pairPosContext=True)
-            val2, valFormat2 = makeOpenTypeValueRecord(
-                value2, pairPosContext=True)
-            builder = builders.get((valFormat1, valFormat2))
-            if builder is None:
-                builder = ClassPairPosSubtableBuilder(
-                    self, valFormat1, valFormat2)
-                builders[(valFormat1, valFormat2)] = builder
-            builder.addPair(glyphclass1, val1, glyphclass2, val2)
-        subtables = []
-        if self.glyphPairs:
-            subtables.extend(
-                otl.buildPairPosGlyphs(self.glyphPairs, self.glyphMap))
-        for key in sorted(builders.keys()):
-            subtables.extend(builders[key].subtables())
-        return self.buildLookup_(subtables)
-
-
-class SinglePosBuilder(LookupBuilder):
-    def __init__(self, font, location):
-        LookupBuilder.__init__(self, font, location, 'GPOS', 1)
-        self.locations = {}  # glyph -> (filename, line, column)
-        self.mapping = {}  # glyph -> otTables.ValueRecord
-
-    def add_pos(self, location, glyph, valueRecord):
-        otValueRecord, _ = makeOpenTypeValueRecord(
-            valueRecord, pairPosContext=False)
-        if not self.can_add(glyph, otValueRecord):
-            otherLoc = self.locations[glyph]
-            raise FeatureLibError(
-                'Already defined different position for glyph "%s" at %s:%d:%d'
-                % (glyph, otherLoc[0], otherLoc[1], otherLoc[2]),
-                location)
-        if otValueRecord:
-            self.mapping[glyph] = otValueRecord
-        self.locations[glyph] = location
-
-    def can_add(self, glyph, value):
-        assert isinstance(value, otl.ValueRecord)
-        curValue = self.mapping.get(glyph)
-        return curValue is None or curValue == value
-
-    def equals(self, other):
-        return (LookupBuilder.equals(self, other) and
-                self.mapping == other.mapping)
-
-    def build(self):
-        subtables = otl.buildSinglePos(self.mapping, self.glyphMap)
-        return self.buildLookup_(subtables)
+    return valRec
diff --git a/Lib/fontTools/feaLib/error.py b/Lib/fontTools/feaLib/error.py
index e99f5f9..a2c5f9d 100644
--- a/Lib/fontTools/feaLib/error.py
+++ b/Lib/fontTools/feaLib/error.py
@@ -1,7 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import print_function, division, absolute_import
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
-
 class FeatureLibError(Exception):
     def __init__(self, message, location):
         Exception.__init__(self, message)
@@ -10,7 +6,17 @@
     def __str__(self):
         message = Exception.__str__(self)
         if self.location:
-            path, line, column = self.location
-            return "%s:%d:%d: %s" % (path, line, column, message)
+            return f"{self.location}: {message}"
         else:
             return message
+
+
+class IncludedFeaNotFound(FeatureLibError):
+    def __str__(self):
+        assert self.location is not None
+
+        message = (
+            "The following feature file should be included but cannot be found: "
+            f"{Exception.__str__(self)}"
+        )
+        return f"{self.location}: {message}"
diff --git a/Lib/fontTools/feaLib/lexer.py b/Lib/fontTools/feaLib/lexer.py
index 2e5f384..140fbd8 100644
--- a/Lib/fontTools/feaLib/lexer.py
+++ b/Lib/fontTools/feaLib/lexer.py
@@ -1,13 +1,14 @@
-from __future__ import print_function, division, absolute_import
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-from fontTools.misc.py23 import *
-from fontTools.feaLib.error import FeatureLibError
+from fontTools.feaLib.error import FeatureLibError, IncludedFeaNotFound
+from fontTools.feaLib.location import FeatureLibLocation
 import re
 import os
 
 
 class Lexer(object):
     NUMBER = "NUMBER"
+    HEXADECIMAL = "HEXADECIMAL"
+    OCTAL = "OCTAL"
+    NUMBERS = (NUMBER, HEXADECIMAL, OCTAL)
     FLOAT = "FLOAT"
     STRING = "STRING"
     NAME = "NAME"
@@ -28,7 +29,7 @@
     CHAR_NAME_START_ = CHAR_LETTER_ + "_+*:.^~!\\"
     CHAR_NAME_CONTINUATION_ = CHAR_LETTER_ + CHAR_DIGIT_ + "_.+*:^~!/-"
 
-    RE_GLYPHCLASS = re.compile(r"^[A-Za-z_0-9.]+$")
+    RE_GLYPHCLASS = re.compile(r"^[A-Za-z_0-9.\-]+$")
 
     MODE_NORMAL_ = "NORMAL"
     MODE_FILENAME_ = "FILENAME"
@@ -56,7 +57,7 @@
 
     def location_(self):
         column = self.pos_ - self.line_start_ + 1
-        return (self.filename_, self.line_, column)
+        return FeatureLibLocation(self.filename_ or "<features>", self.line_, column)
 
     def next_(self):
         self.scan_over_(Lexer.CHAR_WHITESPACE_)
@@ -75,72 +76,75 @@
             self.line_start_ = self.pos_
             return (Lexer.NEWLINE, None, location)
         if cur_char == "\r":
-            self.pos_ += (2 if next_char == "\n" else 1)
+            self.pos_ += 2 if next_char == "\n" else 1
             self.line_ += 1
             self.line_start_ = self.pos_
             return (Lexer.NEWLINE, None, location)
         if cur_char == "#":
             self.scan_until_(Lexer.CHAR_NEWLINE_)
-            return (Lexer.COMMENT, text[start:self.pos_], location)
+            return (Lexer.COMMENT, text[start : self.pos_], location)
 
         if self.mode_ is Lexer.MODE_FILENAME_:
             if cur_char != "(":
-                raise FeatureLibError("Expected '(' before file name",
-                                      location)
+                raise FeatureLibError("Expected '(' before file name", location)
             self.scan_until_(")")
             cur_char = text[self.pos_] if self.pos_ < limit else None
             if cur_char != ")":
-                raise FeatureLibError("Expected ')' after file name",
-                                      location)
+                raise FeatureLibError("Expected ')' after file name", location)
             self.pos_ += 1
             self.mode_ = Lexer.MODE_NORMAL_
-            return (Lexer.FILENAME, text[start + 1:self.pos_ - 1], location)
+            return (Lexer.FILENAME, text[start + 1 : self.pos_ - 1], location)
 
         if cur_char == "\\" and next_char in Lexer.CHAR_DIGIT_:
             self.pos_ += 1
             self.scan_over_(Lexer.CHAR_DIGIT_)
-            return (Lexer.CID, int(text[start + 1:self.pos_], 10), location)
+            return (Lexer.CID, int(text[start + 1 : self.pos_], 10), location)
         if cur_char == "@":
             self.pos_ += 1
             self.scan_over_(Lexer.CHAR_NAME_CONTINUATION_)
-            glyphclass = text[start + 1:self.pos_]
+            glyphclass = text[start + 1 : self.pos_]
             if len(glyphclass) < 1:
                 raise FeatureLibError("Expected glyph class name", location)
             if len(glyphclass) > 63:
                 raise FeatureLibError(
-                    "Glyph class names must not be longer than 63 characters",
-                    location)
+                    "Glyph class names must not be longer than 63 characters", location
+                )
             if not Lexer.RE_GLYPHCLASS.match(glyphclass):
                 raise FeatureLibError(
                     "Glyph class names must consist of letters, digits, "
-                    "underscore, or period", location)
+                    "underscore, period or hyphen",
+                    location,
+                )
             return (Lexer.GLYPHCLASS, glyphclass, location)
         if cur_char in Lexer.CHAR_NAME_START_:
             self.pos_ += 1
             self.scan_over_(Lexer.CHAR_NAME_CONTINUATION_)
-            token = text[start:self.pos_]
+            token = text[start : self.pos_]
             if token == "include":
                 self.mode_ = Lexer.MODE_FILENAME_
             return (Lexer.NAME, token, location)
         if cur_char == "0" and next_char in "xX":
             self.pos_ += 2
             self.scan_over_(Lexer.CHAR_HEXDIGIT_)
-            return (Lexer.NUMBER, int(text[start:self.pos_], 16), location)
+            return (Lexer.HEXADECIMAL, int(text[start : self.pos_], 16), location)
+        if cur_char == "0" and next_char in Lexer.CHAR_DIGIT_:
+            self.scan_over_(Lexer.CHAR_DIGIT_)
+            return (Lexer.OCTAL, int(text[start : self.pos_], 8), location)
         if cur_char in Lexer.CHAR_DIGIT_:
             self.scan_over_(Lexer.CHAR_DIGIT_)
             if self.pos_ >= limit or text[self.pos_] != ".":
-                return (Lexer.NUMBER, int(text[start:self.pos_], 10), location)
+                return (Lexer.NUMBER, int(text[start : self.pos_], 10), location)
             self.scan_over_(".")
             self.scan_over_(Lexer.CHAR_DIGIT_)
-            return (Lexer.FLOAT, float(text[start:self.pos_]), location)
+            return (Lexer.FLOAT, float(text[start : self.pos_]), location)
         if cur_char == "-" and next_char in Lexer.CHAR_DIGIT_:
             self.pos_ += 1
             self.scan_over_(Lexer.CHAR_DIGIT_)
             if self.pos_ >= limit or text[self.pos_] != ".":
-                return (Lexer.NUMBER, int(text[start:self.pos_], 10), location)
+                return (Lexer.NUMBER, int(text[start : self.pos_], 10), location)
             self.scan_over_(".")
             self.scan_over_(Lexer.CHAR_DIGIT_)
-            return (Lexer.FLOAT, float(text[start:self.pos_]), location)
+            return (Lexer.FLOAT, float(text[start : self.pos_]), location)
         if cur_char in Lexer.CHAR_SYMBOL_:
             self.pos_ += 1
             return (Lexer.SYMBOL, cur_char, location)
@@ -150,13 +154,11 @@
             if self.pos_ < self.text_length_ and self.text_[self.pos_] == '"':
                 self.pos_ += 1
                 # strip newlines embedded within a string
-                string = re.sub("[\r\n]", "", text[start + 1:self.pos_ - 1])
+                string = re.sub("[\r\n]", "", text[start + 1 : self.pos_ - 1])
                 return (Lexer.STRING, string, location)
             else:
-                raise FeatureLibError("Expected '\"' to terminate string",
-                                      location)
-        raise FeatureLibError("Unexpected character: %r" % cur_char,
-                              location)
+                raise FeatureLibError("Expected '\"' to terminate string", location)
+        raise FeatureLibError("Unexpected character: %r" % cur_char, location)
 
     def scan_over_(self, valid):
         p = self.pos_
@@ -175,20 +177,44 @@
         tag = tag.strip()
         self.scan_until_(Lexer.CHAR_NEWLINE_)
         self.scan_over_(Lexer.CHAR_NEWLINE_)
-        regexp = r'}\s*' + tag + r'\s*;'
-        split = re.split(regexp, self.text_[self.pos_:], maxsplit=1)
+        regexp = r"}\s*" + tag + r"\s*;"
+        split = re.split(regexp, self.text_[self.pos_ :], maxsplit=1)
         if len(split) != 2:
             raise FeatureLibError(
-                "Expected '} %s;' to terminate anonymous block" % tag,
-                location)
+                "Expected '} %s;' to terminate anonymous block" % tag, location
+            )
         self.pos_ += len(split[0])
         return (Lexer.ANONYMOUS_BLOCK, split[0], location)
 
 
 class IncludingLexer(object):
-    def __init__(self, featurefile):
+    """A Lexer that follows include statements.
+
+    The OpenType feature file specification states that due to
+    historical reasons, relative imports should be resolved in this 
+    order:
+
+    1. If the source font is UFO format, then relative to the UFO's
+       font directory
+    2. relative to the top-level include file
+    3. relative to the parent include file
+
+    We only support 1 (via includeDir) and 2.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, featurefile, *, includeDir=None):
+        """Initializes an IncludingLexer.
+
+        Behavior:
+            If includeDir is passed, it will be used to determine the top-level
+            include directory to use for all encountered include statements. If it is
+            not passed, ``os.path.dirname(featurefile)`` will be considered the
+            include directory.
+        """
+
         self.lexers_ = [self.make_lexer_(featurefile)]
         self.featurefilepath = self.lexers_[0].filename_
+        self.includeDir = includeDir
 
     def __iter__(self):
         return self
@@ -208,35 +234,52 @@
                 fname_type, fname_token, fname_location = lexer.next()
                 if fname_type is not Lexer.FILENAME:
                     raise FeatureLibError("Expected file name", fname_location)
-                #semi_type, semi_token, semi_location = lexer.next()
-                #if semi_type is not Lexer.SYMBOL or semi_token != ";":
+                # semi_type, semi_token, semi_location = lexer.next()
+                # if semi_type is not Lexer.SYMBOL or semi_token != ";":
                 #    raise FeatureLibError("Expected ';'", semi_location)
-                curpath = os.path.dirname(self.featurefilepath)
-                path = os.path.join(curpath, fname_token)
+                if os.path.isabs(fname_token):
+                    path = fname_token
+                else:
+                    if self.includeDir is not None:
+                        curpath = self.includeDir
+                    elif self.featurefilepath is not None:
+                        curpath = os.path.dirname(self.featurefilepath)
+                    else:
+                        # if the IncludingLexer was initialized from an in-memory
+                        # file-like stream, it doesn't have a 'name' pointing to
+                        # its filesystem path, therefore we fall back to using the
+                        # current working directory to resolve relative includes
+                        curpath = os.getcwd()
+                    path = os.path.join(curpath, fname_token)
                 if len(self.lexers_) >= 5:
-                    raise FeatureLibError("Too many recursive includes",
-                                          fname_location)
-                self.lexers_.append(self.make_lexer_(path, fname_location))
-                continue
+                    raise FeatureLibError("Too many recursive includes", fname_location)
+                try:
+                    self.lexers_.append(self.make_lexer_(path))
+                except FileNotFoundError as err:
+                    raise IncludedFeaNotFound(fname_token, fname_location) from err
             else:
                 return (token_type, token, location)
         raise StopIteration()
 
     @staticmethod
-    def make_lexer_(file_or_path, location=None):
+    def make_lexer_(file_or_path):
         if hasattr(file_or_path, "read"):
             fileobj, closing = file_or_path, False
         else:
             filename, closing = file_or_path, True
-            try:
-                fileobj = open(filename, "r", encoding="utf-8")
-            except IOError as err:
-                raise FeatureLibError(str(err), location)
+            fileobj = open(filename, "r", encoding="utf-8")
         data = fileobj.read()
-        filename = fileobj.name if hasattr(fileobj, "name") else "<features>"
+        filename = getattr(fileobj, "name", None)
         if closing:
             fileobj.close()
         return Lexer(data, filename)
 
     def scan_anonymous_block(self, tag):
         return self.lexers_[-1].scan_anonymous_block(tag)
+
+
+class NonIncludingLexer(IncludingLexer):
+    """Lexer that does not follow `include` statements, emits them as-is."""
+
+    def __next__(self):  # Python 3
+        return next(self.lexers_[0])
diff --git a/Lib/fontTools/feaLib/location.py b/Lib/fontTools/feaLib/location.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..50f761d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Lib/fontTools/feaLib/location.py
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+from typing import NamedTuple
+
+
+class FeatureLibLocation(NamedTuple):
+    """A location in a feature file"""
+
+    file: str
+    line: int
+    column: int
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        return f"{self.file}:{self.line}:{self.column}"
diff --git a/Lib/fontTools/feaLib/lookupDebugInfo.py b/Lib/fontTools/feaLib/lookupDebugInfo.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..876cadf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Lib/fontTools/feaLib/lookupDebugInfo.py
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+from typing import NamedTuple
+
+LOOKUP_DEBUG_INFO_KEY = "com.github.fonttools.feaLib"
+LOOKUP_DEBUG_ENV_VAR  = "FONTTOOLS_LOOKUP_DEBUGGING"
+
+class LookupDebugInfo(NamedTuple):
+    """Information about where a lookup came from, to be embedded in a font"""
+
+    location: str
+    name: str
+    feature: list
diff --git a/Lib/fontTools/feaLib/parser.py b/Lib/fontTools/feaLib/parser.py
index bb33006..199d9b3 100644
--- a/Lib/fontTools/feaLib/parser.py
+++ b/Lib/fontTools/feaLib/parser.py
@@ -1,9 +1,7 @@
-from __future__ import print_function, division, absolute_import
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
 from fontTools.feaLib.error import FeatureLibError
-from fontTools.feaLib.lexer import Lexer, IncludingLexer
+from fontTools.feaLib.lexer import Lexer, IncludingLexer, NonIncludingLexer
 from fontTools.misc.encodingTools import getEncoding
-from fontTools.misc.py23 import *
+from fontTools.misc.py23 import bytechr, tobytes, tostr
 import fontTools.feaLib.ast as ast
 import logging
 import os
@@ -14,21 +12,53 @@
 
 
 class Parser(object):
+    """Initializes a Parser object.
+
+    Example:
+
+        .. code:: python
+
+            from fontTools.feaLib.parser import Parser
+            parser = Parser(file, font.getReverseGlyphMap())
+            parsetree = parser.parse()
+
+    Note: the ``glyphNames`` iterable serves a double role to help distinguish
+    glyph names from ranges in the presence of hyphens and to ensure that glyph
+    names referenced in a feature file are actually part of a font's glyph set.
+    If the iterable is left empty, no glyph name in glyph set checking takes
+    place, and all glyph tokens containing hyphens are treated as literal glyph
+    names, not as ranges. (Adding a space around the hyphen can, in any case,
+    help to disambiguate ranges from glyph names containing hyphens.)
+
+    By default, the parser will follow ``include()`` statements in the feature
+    file. To turn this off, pass ``followIncludes=False``. Pass a directory string as
+    ``includeDir`` to explicitly declare a directory to search included feature files
+    in.
+    """
+
     extensions = {}
     ast = ast
+    SS_FEATURE_TAGS = {"ss%02d" % i for i in range(1, 20 + 1)}
+    CV_FEATURE_TAGS = {"cv%02d" % i for i in range(1, 99 + 1)}
 
-    def __init__(self, featurefile, glyphNames=(), **kwargs):
+    def __init__(
+        self, featurefile, glyphNames=(), followIncludes=True, includeDir=None, **kwargs
+    ):
+
         if "glyphMap" in kwargs:
             from fontTools.misc.loggingTools import deprecateArgument
+
             deprecateArgument("glyphMap", "use 'glyphNames' (iterable) instead")
             if glyphNames:
-                raise TypeError("'glyphNames' and (deprecated) 'glyphMap' are "
-                                "mutually exclusive")
+                raise TypeError(
+                    "'glyphNames' and (deprecated) 'glyphMap' are " "mutually exclusive"
+                )
             glyphNames = kwargs.pop("glyphMap")
         if kwargs:
-            raise TypeError("unsupported keyword argument%s: %s"
-                            % ("" if len(kwargs) == 1 else "s",
-                               ", ".join(repr(k) for k in kwargs)))
+            raise TypeError(
+                "unsupported keyword argument%s: %s"
+                % ("" if len(kwargs) == 1 else "s", ", ".join(repr(k) for k in kwargs))
+            )
 
         self.glyphNames_ = set(glyphNames)
         self.doc_ = self.ast.FeatureFile()
@@ -36,21 +66,27 @@
         self.glyphclasses_ = SymbolTable()
         self.lookups_ = SymbolTable()
         self.valuerecords_ = SymbolTable()
-        self.symbol_tables_ = {
-            self.anchors_, self.valuerecords_
-        }
+        self.symbol_tables_ = {self.anchors_, self.valuerecords_}
         self.next_token_type_, self.next_token_ = (None, None)
         self.cur_comments_ = []
         self.next_token_location_ = None
-        self.lexer_ = IncludingLexer(featurefile)
+        lexerClass = IncludingLexer if followIncludes else NonIncludingLexer
+        self.lexer_ = lexerClass(featurefile, includeDir=includeDir)
         self.advance_lexer_(comments=True)
 
     def parse(self):
+        """Parse the file, and return a :class:`fontTools.feaLib.ast.FeatureFile`
+        object representing the root of the abstract syntax tree containing the
+        parsed contents of the file."""
         statements = self.doc_.statements
-        while self.next_token_type_ is not None:
+        while self.next_token_type_ is not None or self.cur_comments_:
             self.advance_lexer_(comments=True)
             if self.cur_token_type_ is Lexer.COMMENT:
-                statements.append(self.ast.Comment(self.cur_token_location_, self.cur_token_))
+                statements.append(
+                    self.ast.Comment(self.cur_token_, location=self.cur_token_location_)
+                )
+            elif self.is_cur_keyword_("include"):
+                statements.append(self.parse_include_())
             elif self.cur_token_type_ is Lexer.GLYPHCLASS:
                 statements.append(self.parse_glyphclass_definition_())
             elif self.is_cur_keyword_(("anon", "anonymous")):
@@ -68,60 +104,80 @@
             elif self.is_cur_keyword_("table"):
                 statements.append(self.parse_table_())
             elif self.is_cur_keyword_("valueRecordDef"):
-                statements.append(
-                    self.parse_valuerecord_definition_(vertical=False))
-            elif self.cur_token_type_ is Lexer.NAME and self.cur_token_ in self.extensions:
+                statements.append(self.parse_valuerecord_definition_(vertical=False))
+            elif (
+                self.cur_token_type_ is Lexer.NAME
+                and self.cur_token_ in self.extensions
+            ):
                 statements.append(self.extensions[self.cur_token_](self))
             elif self.cur_token_type_ is Lexer.SYMBOL and self.cur_token_ == ";":
                 continue
             else:
                 raise FeatureLibError(
                     "Expected feature, languagesystem, lookup, markClass, "
-                    "table, or glyph class definition, got {} \"{}\"".format(self.cur_token_type_, self.cur_token_),
-                    self.cur_token_location_)
+                    'table, or glyph class definition, got {} "{}"'.format(
+                        self.cur_token_type_, self.cur_token_
+                    ),
+                    self.cur_token_location_,
+                )
         return self.doc_
 
     def parse_anchor_(self):
+        # Parses an anchor in any of the four formats given in the feature
+        # file specification (2.e.vii).
         self.expect_symbol_("<")
         self.expect_keyword_("anchor")
         location = self.cur_token_location_
 
-        if self.next_token_ == "NULL":
+        if self.next_token_ == "NULL":  # Format D
             self.expect_keyword_("NULL")
             self.expect_symbol_(">")
             return None
 
-        if self.next_token_type_ == Lexer.NAME:
+        if self.next_token_type_ == Lexer.NAME:  # Format E
             name = self.expect_name_()
             anchordef = self.anchors_.resolve(name)
             if anchordef is None:
                 raise FeatureLibError(
-                    'Unknown anchor "%s"' % name,
-                    self.cur_token_location_)
+                    'Unknown anchor "%s"' % name, self.cur_token_location_
+                )
             self.expect_symbol_(">")
-            return self.ast.Anchor(location, name, anchordef.x, anchordef.y,
-                                   anchordef.contourpoint,
-                                   xDeviceTable=None, yDeviceTable=None)
+            return self.ast.Anchor(
+                anchordef.x,
+                anchordef.y,
+                name=name,
+                contourpoint=anchordef.contourpoint,
+                xDeviceTable=None,
+                yDeviceTable=None,
+                location=location,
+            )
 
         x, y = self.expect_number_(), self.expect_number_()
 
         contourpoint = None
-        if self.next_token_ == "contourpoint":
+        if self.next_token_ == "contourpoint":  # Format B
             self.expect_keyword_("contourpoint")
             contourpoint = self.expect_number_()
 
-        if self.next_token_ == "<":
+        if self.next_token_ == "<":  # Format C
             xDeviceTable = self.parse_device_()
             yDeviceTable = self.parse_device_()
         else:
             xDeviceTable, yDeviceTable = None, None
 
         self.expect_symbol_(">")
-        return self.ast.Anchor(location, None, x, y, contourpoint,
-                               xDeviceTable, yDeviceTable)
+        return self.ast.Anchor(
+            x,
+            y,
+            name=None,
+            contourpoint=contourpoint,
+            xDeviceTable=xDeviceTable,
+            yDeviceTable=yDeviceTable,
+            location=location,
+        )
 
     def parse_anchor_marks_(self):
-        """Parses a sequence of [<anchor> mark @MARKCLASS]*."""
+        # Parses a sequence of ``[<anchor> mark @MARKCLASS]*.``
         anchorMarks = []  # [(self.ast.Anchor, markClassName)*]
         while self.next_token_ == "<":
             anchor = self.parse_anchor_()
@@ -133,6 +189,7 @@
         return anchorMarks
 
     def parse_anchordef_(self):
+        # Parses a named anchor definition (`section 2.e.viii <https://adobe-type-tools.github.io/afdko/OpenTypeFeatureFileSpecification.html#2.e.vii>`_).
         assert self.is_cur_keyword_("anchorDef")
         location = self.cur_token_location_
         x, y = self.expect_number_(), self.expect_number_()
@@ -142,22 +199,26 @@
             contourpoint = self.expect_number_()
         name = self.expect_name_()
         self.expect_symbol_(";")
-        anchordef = self.ast.AnchorDefinition(location, name, x, y, contourpoint)
+        anchordef = self.ast.AnchorDefinition(
+            name, x, y, contourpoint=contourpoint, location=location
+        )
         self.anchors_.define(name, anchordef)
         return anchordef
 
     def parse_anonymous_(self):
+        # Parses an anonymous data block (`section 10 <https://adobe-type-tools.github.io/afdko/OpenTypeFeatureFileSpecification.html#10>`_).
         assert self.is_cur_keyword_(("anon", "anonymous"))
         tag = self.expect_tag_()
         _, content, location = self.lexer_.scan_anonymous_block(tag)
         self.advance_lexer_()
-        self.expect_symbol_('}')
+        self.expect_symbol_("}")
         end_tag = self.expect_tag_()
         assert tag == end_tag, "bad splitting in Lexer.scan_anonymous_block()"
-        self.expect_symbol_(';')
-        return self.ast.AnonymousBlock(tag, content, location)
+        self.expect_symbol_(";")
+        return self.ast.AnonymousBlock(tag, content, location=location)
 
     def parse_attach_(self):
+        # Parses a GDEF Attach statement (`section 9.b <https://adobe-type-tools.github.io/afdko/OpenTypeFeatureFileSpecification.html#9.b>`_)
         assert self.is_cur_keyword_("Attach")
         location = self.cur_token_location_
         glyphs = self.parse_glyphclass_(accept_glyphname=True)
@@ -165,15 +226,16 @@
         while self.next_token_ != ";":
             contourPoints.add(self.expect_number_())
         self.expect_symbol_(";")
-        return self.ast.AttachStatement(location, glyphs, contourPoints)
+        return self.ast.AttachStatement(glyphs, contourPoints, location=location)
 
     def parse_enumerate_(self, vertical):
+        # Parse an enumerated pair positioning rule (`section 6.b.ii <https://adobe-type-tools.github.io/afdko/OpenTypeFeatureFileSpecification.html#6.b.ii>`_).
         assert self.cur_token_ in {"enumerate", "enum"}
         self.advance_lexer_()
         return self.parse_position_(enumerated=True, vertical=vertical)
 
     def parse_GlyphClassDef_(self):
-        """Parses 'GlyphClassDef @BASE, @LIGATURES, @MARKS, @COMPONENTS;'"""
+        # Parses 'GlyphClassDef @BASE, @LIGATURES, @MARKS, @COMPONENTS;'
         assert self.is_cur_keyword_("GlyphClassDef")
         location = self.cur_token_location_
         if self.next_token_ != ",":
@@ -196,16 +258,17 @@
         else:
             componentGlyphs = None
         self.expect_symbol_(";")
-        return self.ast.GlyphClassDefStatement(location, baseGlyphs, markGlyphs,
-                                               ligatureGlyphs, componentGlyphs)
+        return self.ast.GlyphClassDefStatement(
+            baseGlyphs, markGlyphs, ligatureGlyphs, componentGlyphs, location=location
+        )
 
     def parse_glyphclass_definition_(self):
-        """Parses glyph class definitions such as '@UPPERCASE = [A-Z];'"""
+        # Parses glyph class definitions such as '@UPPERCASE = [A-Z];'
         location, name = self.cur_token_location_, self.cur_token_
         self.expect_symbol_("=")
         glyphs = self.parse_glyphclass_(accept_glyphname=False)
         self.expect_symbol_(";")
-        glyphclass = self.ast.GlyphClassDefinition(location, name, glyphs)
+        glyphclass = self.ast.GlyphClassDefinition(name, glyphs, location=location)
         self.glyphclasses_.define(name, glyphclass)
         return glyphclass
 
@@ -239,52 +302,75 @@
             return start, limit
         elif len(solutions) == 0:
             raise FeatureLibError(
-                "\"%s\" is not a glyph in the font, and it can not be split "
-                "into a range of known glyphs" % name, location)
+                '"%s" is not a glyph in the font, and it can not be split '
+                "into a range of known glyphs" % name,
+                location,
+            )
         else:
-            ranges = " or ".join(["\"%s - %s\"" % (s, l) for s, l in solutions])
+            ranges = " or ".join(['"%s - %s"' % (s, l) for s, l in solutions])
             raise FeatureLibError(
-                "Ambiguous glyph range \"%s\"; "
+                'Ambiguous glyph range "%s"; '
                 "please use %s to clarify what you mean" % (name, ranges),
-                location)
+                location,
+            )
 
-    def parse_glyphclass_(self, accept_glyphname):
-        if (accept_glyphname and
-                self.next_token_type_ in (Lexer.NAME, Lexer.CID)):
+    def parse_glyphclass_(self, accept_glyphname, accept_null=False):
+        # Parses a glyph class, either named or anonymous, or (if
+        # ``bool(accept_glyphname)``) a glyph name. If ``bool(accept_null)`` then
+        # also accept the special NULL glyph.
+        if accept_glyphname and self.next_token_type_ in (Lexer.NAME, Lexer.CID):
+            if accept_null and self.next_token_ == "NULL":
+                # If you want a glyph called NULL, you should escape it.
+                self.advance_lexer_()
+                return self.ast.NullGlyph(location=self.cur_token_location_)
             glyph = self.expect_glyph_()
-            return self.ast.GlyphName(self.cur_token_location_, glyph)
+            self.check_glyph_name_in_glyph_set(glyph)
+            return self.ast.GlyphName(glyph, location=self.cur_token_location_)
         if self.next_token_type_ is Lexer.GLYPHCLASS:
             self.advance_lexer_()
             gc = self.glyphclasses_.resolve(self.cur_token_)
             if gc is None:
                 raise FeatureLibError(
                     "Unknown glyph class @%s" % self.cur_token_,
-                    self.cur_token_location_)
+                    self.cur_token_location_,
+                )
             if isinstance(gc, self.ast.MarkClass):
-                return self.ast.MarkClassName(self.cur_token_location_, gc)
+                return self.ast.MarkClassName(gc, location=self.cur_token_location_)
             else:
-                return self.ast.GlyphClassName(self.cur_token_location_, gc)
+                return self.ast.GlyphClassName(gc, location=self.cur_token_location_)
 
         self.expect_symbol_("[")
         location = self.cur_token_location_
-        glyphs = self.ast.GlyphClass(location)
+        glyphs = self.ast.GlyphClass(location=location)
         while self.next_token_ != "]":
             if self.next_token_type_ is Lexer.NAME:
                 glyph = self.expect_glyph_()
                 location = self.cur_token_location_
-                if '-' in glyph and glyph not in self.glyphNames_:
+                if "-" in glyph and self.glyphNames_ and glyph not in self.glyphNames_:
                     start, limit = self.split_glyph_range_(glyph, location)
+                    self.check_glyph_name_in_glyph_set(start, limit)
                     glyphs.add_range(
-                        start, limit,
-                        self.make_glyph_range_(location, start, limit))
+                        start, limit, self.make_glyph_range_(location, start, limit)
+                    )
                 elif self.next_token_ == "-":
                     start = glyph
                     self.expect_symbol_("-")
                     limit = self.expect_glyph_()
+                    self.check_glyph_name_in_glyph_set(start, limit)
                     glyphs.add_range(
-                        start, limit,
-                        self.make_glyph_range_(location, start, limit))
+                        start, limit, self.make_glyph_range_(location, start, limit)
+                    )
                 else:
+                    if "-" in glyph and not self.glyphNames_:
+                        log.warning(
+                            str(
+                                FeatureLibError(
+                                    f"Ambiguous glyph name that looks like a range: {glyph!r}",
+                                    location,
+                                )
+                            )
+                        )
+                    self.check_glyph_name_in_glyph_set(glyph)
                     glyphs.append(glyph)
             elif self.next_token_type_ is Lexer.CID:
                 glyph = self.expect_glyph_()
@@ -293,44 +379,47 @@
                     range_start = self.cur_token_
                     self.expect_symbol_("-")
                     range_end = self.expect_cid_()
-                    glyphs.add_cid_range(range_start, range_end,
-                                         self.make_cid_range_(range_location,
-                                                              range_start, range_end))
+                    self.check_glyph_name_in_glyph_set(
+                        f"cid{range_start:05d}",
+                        f"cid{range_end:05d}",
+                    )
+                    glyphs.add_cid_range(
+                        range_start,
+                        range_end,
+                        self.make_cid_range_(range_location, range_start, range_end),
+                    )
                 else:
-                    glyphs.append("cid%05d" % self.cur_token_)
+                    glyph_name = f"cid{self.cur_token_:05d}"
+                    self.check_glyph_name_in_glyph_set(glyph_name)
+                    glyphs.append(glyph_name)
             elif self.next_token_type_ is Lexer.GLYPHCLASS:
                 self.advance_lexer_()
                 gc = self.glyphclasses_.resolve(self.cur_token_)
                 if gc is None:
                     raise FeatureLibError(
                         "Unknown glyph class @%s" % self.cur_token_,
-                        self.cur_token_location_)
+                        self.cur_token_location_,
+                    )
                 if isinstance(gc, self.ast.MarkClass):
-                    gc = self.ast.MarkClassName(self.cur_token_location_, gc)
+                    gc = self.ast.MarkClassName(gc, location=self.cur_token_location_)
                 else:
-                    gc = self.ast.GlyphClassName(self.cur_token_location_, gc)
+                    gc = self.ast.GlyphClassName(gc, location=self.cur_token_location_)
                 glyphs.add_class(gc)
             else:
                 raise FeatureLibError(
                     "Expected glyph name, glyph range, "
-                    "or glyph class reference",
-                    self.next_token_location_)
+                    f"or glyph class reference, found {self.next_token_!r}",
+                    self.next_token_location_,
+                )
         self.expect_symbol_("]")
         return glyphs
 
-    def parse_class_name_(self):
-        name = self.expect_class_name_()
-        gc = self.glyphclasses_.resolve(name)
-        if gc is None:
-            raise FeatureLibError(
-                "Unknown glyph class @%s" % name,
-                self.cur_token_location_)
-        if isinstance(gc, self.ast.MarkClass):
-            return self.ast.MarkClassName(self.cur_token_location_, gc)
-        else:
-            return self.ast.GlyphClassName(self.cur_token_location_, gc)
-
     def parse_glyph_pattern_(self, vertical):
+        # Parses a glyph pattern, including lookups and context, e.g.::
+        #
+        #    a b
+        #    a b c' d e
+        #    a b c' lookup ChangeC d e
         prefix, glyphs, lookups, values, suffix = ([], [], [], [], [])
         hasMarks = False
         while self.next_token_ not in {"by", "from", ";", ","}:
@@ -347,7 +436,8 @@
                     raise FeatureLibError(
                         "Unsupported contextual target sequence: at most "
                         "one run of marked (') glyph/class names allowed",
-                        self.cur_token_location_)
+                        self.cur_token_location_,
+                    )
                 glyphs.append(gc)
             elif glyphs:
                 suffix.append(gc)
@@ -359,46 +449,88 @@
             else:
                 values.append(None)
 
-            lookup = None
-            if self.next_token_ == "lookup":
+            lookuplist = None
+            while self.next_token_ == "lookup":
+                if lookuplist is None:
+                    lookuplist = []
                 self.expect_keyword_("lookup")
                 if not marked:
                     raise FeatureLibError(
                         "Lookups can only follow marked glyphs",
-                        self.cur_token_location_)
+                        self.cur_token_location_,
+                    )
                 lookup_name = self.expect_name_()
                 lookup = self.lookups_.resolve(lookup_name)
                 if lookup is None:
                     raise FeatureLibError(
-                        'Unknown lookup "%s"' % lookup_name,
-                        self.cur_token_location_)
+                        'Unknown lookup "%s"' % lookup_name, self.cur_token_location_
+                    )
+                lookuplist.append(lookup)
             if marked:
-                lookups.append(lookup)
+                lookups.append(lookuplist)
 
         if not glyphs and not suffix:  # eg., "sub f f i by"
             assert lookups == []
             return ([], prefix, [None] * len(prefix), values, [], hasMarks)
         else:
-            assert not any(values[:len(prefix)]), values
-            values = values[len(prefix):][:len(glyphs)]
+            if any(values[: len(prefix)]):
+                raise FeatureLibError(
+                    "Positioning cannot be applied in the bactrack glyph sequence, "
+                    "before the marked glyph sequence.",
+                    self.cur_token_location_
+                )
+            marked_values = values[len(prefix) : len(prefix) + len(glyphs)]
+            if any(marked_values):
+                if any(values[len(prefix) + len(glyphs) :]):
+                    raise FeatureLibError(
+                        "Positioning values are allowed only in the marked glyph "
+                        "sequence, or after the final glyph node when only one glyph "
+                        "node is marked.",
+                        self.cur_token_location_
+                    )
+                values = marked_values
+            elif values and values[-1]:
+                if len(glyphs) > 1 or any(values[:-1]):
+                    raise FeatureLibError(
+                        "Positioning values are allowed only in the marked glyph "
+                        "sequence, or after the final glyph node when only one glyph "
+                        "node is marked.",
+                        self.cur_token_location_
+                    )
+                values = values[-1:]
+            elif any(values):
+                raise FeatureLibError(
+                    "Positioning values are allowed only in the marked glyph "
+                    "sequence, or after the final glyph node when only one glyph "
+                    "node is marked.",
+                    self.cur_token_location_
+                )
             return (prefix, glyphs, lookups, values, suffix, hasMarks)
 
     def parse_chain_context_(self):
         location = self.cur_token_location_
-        prefix, glyphs, lookups, values, suffix, hasMarks = \
-            self.parse_glyph_pattern_(vertical=False)
+        prefix, glyphs, lookups, values, suffix, hasMarks = self.parse_glyph_pattern_(
+            vertical=False
+        )
         chainContext = [(prefix, glyphs, suffix)]
         hasLookups = any(lookups)
         while self.next_token_ == ",":
             self.expect_symbol_(",")
-            prefix, glyphs, lookups, values, suffix, hasMarks = \
-                self.parse_glyph_pattern_(vertical=False)
+            (
+                prefix,
+                glyphs,
+                lookups,
+                values,
+                suffix,
+                hasMarks,
+            ) = self.parse_glyph_pattern_(vertical=False)
             chainContext.append((prefix, glyphs, suffix))
             hasLookups = hasLookups or any(lookups)
         self.expect_symbol_(";")
         return chainContext, hasLookups
 
     def parse_ignore_(self):
+        # Parses an ignore sub/pos rule.
         assert self.is_cur_keyword_("ignore")
         location = self.cur_token_location_
         self.advance_lexer_()
@@ -406,19 +538,26 @@
             chainContext, hasLookups = self.parse_chain_context_()
             if hasLookups:
                 raise FeatureLibError(
-                    "No lookups can be specified for \"ignore sub\"",
-                    location)
-            return self.ast.IgnoreSubstStatement(location, chainContext)
+                    'No lookups can be specified for "ignore sub"', location
+                )
+            return self.ast.IgnoreSubstStatement(chainContext, location=location)
         if self.cur_token_ in ["position", "pos"]:
             chainContext, hasLookups = self.parse_chain_context_()
             if hasLookups:
                 raise FeatureLibError(
-                    "No lookups can be specified for \"ignore pos\"",
-                    location)
-            return self.ast.IgnorePosStatement(location, chainContext)
+                    'No lookups can be specified for "ignore pos"', location
+                )
+            return self.ast.IgnorePosStatement(chainContext, location=location)
         raise FeatureLibError(
-            "Expected \"substitute\" or \"position\"",
-            self.cur_token_location_)
+            'Expected "substitute" or "position"', self.cur_token_location_
+        )
+
+    def parse_include_(self):
+        assert self.cur_token_ == "include"
+        location = self.cur_token_location_
+        filename = self.expect_filename_()
+        # self.expect_symbol_(";")
+        return ast.IncludeStatement(filename, location=location)
 
     def parse_language_(self):
         assert self.is_cur_keyword_("language")
@@ -426,13 +565,14 @@
         language = self.expect_language_tag_()
         include_default, required = (True, False)
         if self.next_token_ in {"exclude_dflt", "include_dflt"}:
-            include_default = (self.expect_name_() == "include_dflt")
+            include_default = self.expect_name_() == "include_dflt"
         if self.next_token_ == "required":
             self.expect_keyword_("required")
             required = True
         self.expect_symbol_(";")
-        return self.ast.LanguageStatement(location, language,
-                                          include_default, required)
+        return self.ast.LanguageStatement(
+            language, include_default, required, location=location
+        )
 
     def parse_ligatureCaretByIndex_(self):
         assert self.is_cur_keyword_("LigatureCaretByIndex")
@@ -442,7 +582,7 @@
         while self.next_token_ != ";":
             carets.append(self.expect_number_())
         self.expect_symbol_(";")
-        return self.ast.LigatureCaretByIndexStatement(location, glyphs, carets)
+        return self.ast.LigatureCaretByIndexStatement(glyphs, carets, location=location)
 
     def parse_ligatureCaretByPos_(self):
         assert self.is_cur_keyword_("LigatureCaretByPos")
@@ -452,31 +592,36 @@
         while self.next_token_ != ";":
             carets.append(self.expect_number_())
         self.expect_symbol_(";")
-        return self.ast.LigatureCaretByPosStatement(location, glyphs, carets)
+        return self.ast.LigatureCaretByPosStatement(glyphs, carets, location=location)
 
     def parse_lookup_(self, vertical):
+        # Parses a ``lookup`` - either a lookup block, or a lookup reference
+        # inside a feature.
         assert self.is_cur_keyword_("lookup")
         location, name = self.cur_token_location_, self.expect_name_()
 
         if self.next_token_ == ";":
             lookup = self.lookups_.resolve(name)
             if lookup is None:
-                raise FeatureLibError("Unknown lookup \"%s\"" % name,
-                                      self.cur_token_location_)
+                raise FeatureLibError(
+                    'Unknown lookup "%s"' % name, self.cur_token_location_
+                )
             self.expect_symbol_(";")
-            return self.ast.LookupReferenceStatement(location, lookup)
+            return self.ast.LookupReferenceStatement(lookup, location=location)
 
         use_extension = False
         if self.next_token_ == "useExtension":
             self.expect_keyword_("useExtension")
             use_extension = True
 
-        block = self.ast.LookupBlock(location, name, use_extension)
+        block = self.ast.LookupBlock(name, use_extension, location=location)
         self.parse_block_(block, vertical)
         self.lookups_.define(name, block)
         return block
 
     def parse_lookupflag_(self):
+        # Parses a ``lookupflag`` statement, either specified by number or
+        # in words.
         assert self.is_cur_keyword_("lookupflag")
         location = self.cur_token_location_
 
@@ -484,36 +629,52 @@
         if self.next_token_type_ == Lexer.NUMBER:
             value = self.expect_number_()
             self.expect_symbol_(";")
-            return self.ast.LookupFlagStatement(location, value, None, None)
+            return self.ast.LookupFlagStatement(value, location=location)
 
         # format A: "lookupflag RightToLeft MarkAttachmentType @M;"
+        value_seen = False
         value, markAttachment, markFilteringSet = 0, None, None
         flags = {
-            "RightToLeft": 1, "IgnoreBaseGlyphs": 2,
-            "IgnoreLigatures": 4, "IgnoreMarks": 8
+            "RightToLeft": 1,
+            "IgnoreBaseGlyphs": 2,
+            "IgnoreLigatures": 4,
+            "IgnoreMarks": 8,
         }
         seen = set()
         while self.next_token_ != ";":
             if self.next_token_ in seen:
                 raise FeatureLibError(
                     "%s can be specified only once" % self.next_token_,
-                    self.next_token_location_)
+                    self.next_token_location_,
+                )
             seen.add(self.next_token_)
             if self.next_token_ == "MarkAttachmentType":
                 self.expect_keyword_("MarkAttachmentType")
-                markAttachment = self.parse_class_name_()
+                markAttachment = self.parse_glyphclass_(accept_glyphname=False)
             elif self.next_token_ == "UseMarkFilteringSet":
                 self.expect_keyword_("UseMarkFilteringSet")
-                markFilteringSet = self.parse_class_name_()
+                markFilteringSet = self.parse_glyphclass_(accept_glyphname=False)
             elif self.next_token_ in flags:
+                value_seen = True
                 value = value | flags[self.expect_name_()]
             else:
                 raise FeatureLibError(
                     '"%s" is not a recognized lookupflag' % self.next_token_,
-                    self.next_token_location_)
+                    self.next_token_location_,
+                )
         self.expect_symbol_(";")
-        return self.ast.LookupFlagStatement(location, value,
-                                            markAttachment, markFilteringSet)
+
+        if not any([value_seen, markAttachment, markFilteringSet]):
+            raise FeatureLibError(
+                "lookupflag must have a value", self.next_token_location_
+            )
+
+        return self.ast.LookupFlagStatement(
+            value,
+            markAttachment=markAttachment,
+            markFilteringSet=markFilteringSet,
+            location=location,
+        )
 
     def parse_markClass_(self):
         assert self.is_cur_keyword_("markClass")
@@ -527,7 +688,9 @@
             markClass = self.ast.MarkClass(name)
             self.doc_.markClasses[name] = markClass
             self.glyphclasses_.define(name, markClass)
-        mcdef = self.ast.MarkClassDefinition(location, markClass, anchor, glyphs)
+        mcdef = self.ast.MarkClassDefinition(
+            markClass, anchor, glyphs, location=location
+        )
         markClass.addDefinition(mcdef)
         return mcdef
 
@@ -535,26 +698,28 @@
         assert self.cur_token_ in {"position", "pos"}
         if self.next_token_ == "cursive":  # GPOS type 3
             return self.parse_position_cursive_(enumerated, vertical)
-        elif self.next_token_ == "base":   # GPOS type 4
+        elif self.next_token_ == "base":  # GPOS type 4
             return self.parse_position_base_(enumerated, vertical)
-        elif self.next_token_ == "ligature":   # GPOS type 5
+        elif self.next_token_ == "ligature":  # GPOS type 5
             return self.parse_position_ligature_(enumerated, vertical)
-        elif self.next_token_ == "mark":   # GPOS type 6
+        elif self.next_token_ == "mark":  # GPOS type 6
             return self.parse_position_mark_(enumerated, vertical)
 
         location = self.cur_token_location_
-        prefix, glyphs, lookups, values, suffix, hasMarks = \
-            self.parse_glyph_pattern_(vertical)
+        prefix, glyphs, lookups, values, suffix, hasMarks = self.parse_glyph_pattern_(
+            vertical
+        )
         self.expect_symbol_(";")
 
         if any(lookups):
             # GPOS type 8: Chaining contextual positioning; explicit lookups
             if any(values):
                 raise FeatureLibError(
-                    "If \"lookup\" is present, no values must be specified",
-                    location)
+                    'If "lookup" is present, no values must be specified', location
+                )
             return self.ast.ChainContextPosStatement(
-                location, prefix, glyphs, suffix, lookups)
+                prefix, glyphs, suffix, lookups, location=location
+            )
 
         # Pair positioning, format A: "pos V 10 A -10;"
         # Pair positioning, format B: "pos V A -20;"
@@ -562,29 +727,41 @@
             if values[0] is None:  # Format B: "pos V A -20;"
                 values.reverse()
             return self.ast.PairPosStatement(
-                location, enumerated,
-                glyphs[0], values[0], glyphs[1], values[1])
+                glyphs[0],
+                values[0],
+                glyphs[1],
+                values[1],
+                enumerated=enumerated,
+                location=location,
+            )
 
         if enumerated:
             raise FeatureLibError(
-                '"enumerate" is only allowed with pair positionings', location)
-        return self.ast.SinglePosStatement(location, list(zip(glyphs, values)),
-                                           prefix, suffix, forceChain=hasMarks)
+                '"enumerate" is only allowed with pair positionings', location
+            )
+        return self.ast.SinglePosStatement(
+            list(zip(glyphs, values)),
+            prefix,
+            suffix,
+            forceChain=hasMarks,
+            location=location,
+        )
 
     def parse_position_cursive_(self, enumerated, vertical):
         location = self.cur_token_location_
         self.expect_keyword_("cursive")
         if enumerated:
             raise FeatureLibError(
-                '"enumerate" is not allowed with '
-                'cursive attachment positioning',
-                location)
+                '"enumerate" is not allowed with ' "cursive attachment positioning",
+                location,
+            )
         glyphclass = self.parse_glyphclass_(accept_glyphname=True)
         entryAnchor = self.parse_anchor_()
         exitAnchor = self.parse_anchor_()
         self.expect_symbol_(";")
         return self.ast.CursivePosStatement(
-            location, glyphclass, entryAnchor, exitAnchor)
+            glyphclass, entryAnchor, exitAnchor, location=location
+        )
 
     def parse_position_base_(self, enumerated, vertical):
         location = self.cur_token_location_
@@ -592,12 +769,13 @@
         if enumerated:
             raise FeatureLibError(
                 '"enumerate" is not allowed with '
-                'mark-to-base attachment positioning',
-                location)
+                "mark-to-base attachment positioning",
+                location,
+            )
         base = self.parse_glyphclass_(accept_glyphname=True)
         marks = self.parse_anchor_marks_()
         self.expect_symbol_(";")
-        return self.ast.MarkBasePosStatement(location, base, marks)
+        return self.ast.MarkBasePosStatement(base, marks, location=location)
 
     def parse_position_ligature_(self, enumerated, vertical):
         location = self.cur_token_location_
@@ -605,15 +783,16 @@
         if enumerated:
             raise FeatureLibError(
                 '"enumerate" is not allowed with '
-                'mark-to-ligature attachment positioning',
-                location)
+                "mark-to-ligature attachment positioning",
+                location,
+            )
         ligatures = self.parse_glyphclass_(accept_glyphname=True)
         marks = [self.parse_anchor_marks_()]
         while self.next_token_ == "ligComponent":
             self.expect_keyword_("ligComponent")
             marks.append(self.parse_anchor_marks_())
         self.expect_symbol_(";")
-        return self.ast.MarkLigPosStatement(location, ligatures, marks)
+        return self.ast.MarkLigPosStatement(ligatures, marks, location=location)
 
     def parse_position_mark_(self, enumerated, vertical):
         location = self.cur_token_location_
@@ -621,33 +800,41 @@
         if enumerated:
             raise FeatureLibError(
                 '"enumerate" is not allowed with '
-                'mark-to-mark attachment positioning',
-                location)
+                "mark-to-mark attachment positioning",
+                location,
+            )
         baseMarks = self.parse_glyphclass_(accept_glyphname=True)
         marks = self.parse_anchor_marks_()
         self.expect_symbol_(";")
-        return self.ast.MarkMarkPosStatement(location, baseMarks, marks)
+        return self.ast.MarkMarkPosStatement(baseMarks, marks, location=location)
 
     def parse_script_(self):
         assert self.is_cur_keyword_("script")
         location, script = self.cur_token_location_, self.expect_script_tag_()
         self.expect_symbol_(";")
-        return self.ast.ScriptStatement(location, script)
+        return self.ast.ScriptStatement(script, location=location)
 
     def parse_substitute_(self):
         assert self.cur_token_ in {"substitute", "sub", "reversesub", "rsub"}
         location = self.cur_token_location_
         reverse = self.cur_token_ in {"reversesub", "rsub"}
-        old_prefix, old, lookups, values, old_suffix, hasMarks = \
-            self.parse_glyph_pattern_(vertical=False)
+        (
+            old_prefix,
+            old,
+            lookups,
+            values,
+            old_suffix,
+            hasMarks,
+        ) = self.parse_glyph_pattern_(vertical=False)
         if any(values):
             raise FeatureLibError(
-                "Substitution statements cannot contain values", location)
+                "Substitution statements cannot contain values", location
+            )
         new = []
         if self.next_token_ == "by":
             keyword = self.expect_keyword_("by")
             while self.next_token_ != ";":
-                gc = self.parse_glyphclass_(accept_glyphname=True)
+                gc = self.parse_glyphclass_(accept_glyphname=True, accept_null=True)
                 new.append(gc)
         elif self.next_token_ == "from":
             keyword = self.expect_keyword_("from")
@@ -655,37 +842,41 @@
         else:
             keyword = None
         self.expect_symbol_(";")
-        if len(new) is 0 and not any(lookups):
+        if len(new) == 0 and not any(lookups):
             raise FeatureLibError(
                 'Expected "by", "from" or explicit lookup references',
-                self.cur_token_location_)
+                self.cur_token_location_,
+            )
 
         # GSUB lookup type 3: Alternate substitution.
         # Format: "substitute a from [a.1 a.2 a.3];"
         if keyword == "from":
             if reverse:
                 raise FeatureLibError(
-                    'Reverse chaining substitutions do not support "from"',
-                    location)
+                    'Reverse chaining substitutions do not support "from"', location
+                )
             if len(old) != 1 or len(old[0].glyphSet()) != 1:
-                raise FeatureLibError(
-                    'Expected a single glyph before "from"',
-                    location)
+                raise FeatureLibError('Expected a single glyph before "from"', location)
             if len(new) != 1:
                 raise FeatureLibError(
-                    'Expected a single glyphclass after "from"',
-                    location)
+                    'Expected a single glyphclass after "from"', location
+                )
             return self.ast.AlternateSubstStatement(
-                location, old_prefix, old[0], old_suffix, new[0])
+                old_prefix, old[0], old_suffix, new[0], location=location
+            )
 
         num_lookups = len([l for l in lookups if l is not None])
 
+        is_deletion = False
+        if len(new) == 1 and len(new[0].glyphSet()) == 0:
+            new = []  # Deletion
+            is_deletion = True
+
         # GSUB lookup type 1: Single substitution.
         # Format A: "substitute a by a.sc;"
         # Format B: "substitute [one.fitted one.oldstyle] by one;"
         # Format C: "substitute [a-d] by [A.sc-D.sc];"
-        if (not reverse and len(old) == 1 and len(new) == 1 and
-                num_lookups == 0):
+        if not reverse and len(old) == 1 and len(new) == 1 and num_lookups == 0:
             glyphs = list(old[0].glyphSet())
             replacements = list(new[0].glyphSet())
             if len(replacements) == 1:
@@ -693,33 +884,62 @@
             if len(glyphs) != len(replacements):
                 raise FeatureLibError(
                     'Expected a glyph class with %d elements after "by", '
-                    'but found a glyph class with %d elements' %
-                    (len(glyphs), len(replacements)), location)
+                    "but found a glyph class with %d elements"
+                    % (len(glyphs), len(replacements)),
+                    location,
+                )
             return self.ast.SingleSubstStatement(
-                location, old, new,
-                old_prefix, old_suffix,
-                forceChain=hasMarks
+                old, new, old_prefix, old_suffix, forceChain=hasMarks, location=location
+            )
+
+        # Glyph deletion, built as GSUB lookup type 2: Multiple substitution
+        # with empty replacement.
+        if is_deletion and len(old) == 1 and num_lookups == 0:
+            return self.ast.MultipleSubstStatement(
+                old_prefix,
+                old[0],
+                old_suffix,
+                (),
+                forceChain=hasMarks,
+                location=location,
             )
 
         # GSUB lookup type 2: Multiple substitution.
         # Format: "substitute f_f_i by f f i;"
-        if (not reverse and
-                len(old) == 1 and len(old[0].glyphSet()) == 1 and
-                len(new) > 1 and max([len(n.glyphSet()) for n in new]) == 1 and
-                num_lookups == 0):
+        if (
+            not reverse
+            and len(old) == 1
+            and len(old[0].glyphSet()) == 1
+            and len(new) > 1
+            and max([len(n.glyphSet()) for n in new]) == 1
+            and num_lookups == 0
+        ):
             return self.ast.MultipleSubstStatement(
-                location, old_prefix, tuple(old[0].glyphSet())[0], old_suffix,
-                tuple([list(n.glyphSet())[0] for n in new]))
+                old_prefix,
+                tuple(old[0].glyphSet())[0],
+                old_suffix,
+                tuple([list(n.glyphSet())[0] for n in new]),
+                forceChain=hasMarks,
+                location=location,
+            )
 
         # GSUB lookup type 4: Ligature substitution.
         # Format: "substitute f f i by f_f_i;"
-        if (not reverse and
-                len(old) > 1 and len(new) == 1 and
-                len(new[0].glyphSet()) == 1 and
-                num_lookups == 0):
+        if (
+            not reverse
+            and len(old) > 1
+            and len(new) == 1
+            and len(new[0].glyphSet()) == 1
+            and num_lookups == 0
+        ):
             return self.ast.LigatureSubstStatement(
-                location, old_prefix, old, old_suffix,
-                list(new[0].glyphSet())[0], forceChain=hasMarks)
+                old_prefix,
+                old,
+                old_suffix,
+                list(new[0].glyphSet())[0],
+                forceChain=hasMarks,
+                location=location,
+            )
 
         # GSUB lookup type 8: Reverse chaining substitution.
         if reverse:
@@ -727,16 +947,19 @@
                 raise FeatureLibError(
                     "In reverse chaining single substitutions, "
                     "only a single glyph or glyph class can be replaced",
-                    location)
+                    location,
+                )
             if len(new) != 1:
                 raise FeatureLibError(
-                    'In reverse chaining single substitutions, '
+                    "In reverse chaining single substitutions, "
                     'the replacement (after "by") must be a single glyph '
-                    'or glyph class', location)
+                    "or glyph class",
+                    location,
+                )
             if num_lookups != 0:
                 raise FeatureLibError(
-                    "Reverse chaining substitutions cannot call named lookups",
-                    location)
+                    "Reverse chaining substitutions cannot call named lookups", location
+                )
             glyphs = sorted(list(old[0].glyphSet()))
             replacements = sorted(list(new[0].glyphSet()))
             if len(replacements) == 1:
@@ -744,50 +967,67 @@
             if len(glyphs) != len(replacements):
                 raise FeatureLibError(
                     'Expected a glyph class with %d elements after "by", '
-                    'but found a glyph class with %d elements' %
-                    (len(glyphs), len(replacements)), location)
+                    "but found a glyph class with %d elements"
+                    % (len(glyphs), len(replacements)),
+                    location,
+                )
             return self.ast.ReverseChainSingleSubstStatement(
-                location, old_prefix, old_suffix, old, new)
+                old_prefix, old_suffix, old, new, location=location
+            )
+
+        if len(old) > 1 and len(new) > 1:
+            raise FeatureLibError(
+                "Direct substitution of multiple glyphs by multiple glyphs "
+                "is not supported",
+                location,
+            )
+
+        # If there are remaining glyphs to parse, this is an invalid GSUB statement
+        if len(new) != 0 or is_deletion:
+            raise FeatureLibError("Invalid substitution statement", location)
 
         # GSUB lookup type 6: Chaining contextual substitution.
-        assert len(new) == 0, new
         rule = self.ast.ChainContextSubstStatement(
-            location, old_prefix, old, old_suffix, lookups)
+            old_prefix, old, old_suffix, lookups, location=location
+        )
         return rule
 
     def parse_subtable_(self):
         assert self.is_cur_keyword_("subtable")
         location = self.cur_token_location_
         self.expect_symbol_(";")
-        return self.ast.SubtableStatement(location)
+        return self.ast.SubtableStatement(location=location)
 
     def parse_size_parameters_(self):
+        # Parses a ``parameters`` statement used in ``size`` features. See
+        # `section 8.b <https://adobe-type-tools.github.io/afdko/OpenTypeFeatureFileSpecification.html#8.b>`_.
         assert self.is_cur_keyword_("parameters")
         location = self.cur_token_location_
         DesignSize = self.expect_decipoint_()
         SubfamilyID = self.expect_number_()
-        RangeStart = 0
-        RangeEnd = 0
-        if self.next_token_type_ in (Lexer.NUMBER, Lexer.FLOAT) or \
-                SubfamilyID != 0:
+        RangeStart = 0.
+        RangeEnd = 0.
+        if self.next_token_type_ in (Lexer.NUMBER, Lexer.FLOAT) or SubfamilyID != 0:
             RangeStart = self.expect_decipoint_()
             RangeEnd = self.expect_decipoint_()
 
         self.expect_symbol_(";")
-        return self.ast.SizeParameters(location, DesignSize, SubfamilyID,
-                                       RangeStart, RangeEnd)
+        return self.ast.SizeParameters(
+            DesignSize, SubfamilyID, RangeStart, RangeEnd, location=location
+        )
 
     def parse_size_menuname_(self):
         assert self.is_cur_keyword_("sizemenuname")
         location = self.cur_token_location_
         platformID, platEncID, langID, string = self.parse_name_()
-        return self.ast.FeatureNameStatement(location, "size", platformID,
-                                             platEncID, langID, string)
+        return self.ast.FeatureNameStatement(
+            "size", platformID, platEncID, langID, string, location=location
+        )
 
     def parse_table_(self):
         assert self.is_cur_keyword_("table")
         location, name = self.cur_token_location_, self.expect_tag_()
-        table = self.ast.TableBlock(location, name)
+        table = self.ast.TableBlock(name, location=location)
         self.expect_symbol_("{")
         handler = {
             "GDEF": self.parse_table_GDEF_,
@@ -797,17 +1037,20 @@
             "name": self.parse_table_name_,
             "BASE": self.parse_table_BASE_,
             "OS/2": self.parse_table_OS_2_,
+            "STAT": self.parse_table_STAT_,
         }.get(name)
         if handler:
             handler(table)
         else:
-            raise FeatureLibError('"table %s" is not supported' % name.strip(),
-                                  location)
+            raise FeatureLibError(
+                '"table %s" is not supported' % name.strip(), location
+            )
         self.expect_symbol_("}")
         end_tag = self.expect_tag_()
         if end_tag != name:
-            raise FeatureLibError('Expected "%s"' % name.strip(),
-                                  self.cur_token_location_)
+            raise FeatureLibError(
+                'Expected "%s"' % name.strip(), self.cur_token_location_
+            )
         self.expect_symbol_(";")
         return table
 
@@ -816,7 +1059,9 @@
         while self.next_token_ != "}" or self.cur_comments_:
             self.advance_lexer_(comments=True)
             if self.cur_token_type_ is Lexer.COMMENT:
-                statements.append(self.ast.Comment(self.cur_token_location_, self.cur_token_))
+                statements.append(
+                    self.ast.Comment(self.cur_token_, location=self.cur_token_location_)
+                )
             elif self.is_cur_keyword_("Attach"):
                 statements.append(self.parse_attach_())
             elif self.is_cur_keyword_("GlyphClassDef"):
@@ -829,23 +1074,24 @@
                 continue
             else:
                 raise FeatureLibError(
-                    "Expected Attach, LigatureCaretByIndex, "
-                    "or LigatureCaretByPos",
-                    self.cur_token_location_)
+                    "Expected Attach, LigatureCaretByIndex, " "or LigatureCaretByPos",
+                    self.cur_token_location_,
+                )
 
     def parse_table_head_(self, table):
         statements = table.statements
         while self.next_token_ != "}" or self.cur_comments_:
             self.advance_lexer_(comments=True)
             if self.cur_token_type_ is Lexer.COMMENT:
-                statements.append(self.ast.Comment(self.cur_token_location_, self.cur_token_))
+                statements.append(
+                    self.ast.Comment(self.cur_token_, location=self.cur_token_location_)
+                )
             elif self.is_cur_keyword_("FontRevision"):
                 statements.append(self.parse_FontRevision_())
             elif self.cur_token_ == ";":
                 continue
             else:
-                raise FeatureLibError("Expected FontRevision",
-                                      self.cur_token_location_)
+                raise FeatureLibError("Expected FontRevision", self.cur_token_location_)
 
     def parse_table_hhea_(self, table):
         statements = table.statements
@@ -853,20 +1099,26 @@
         while self.next_token_ != "}" or self.cur_comments_:
             self.advance_lexer_(comments=True)
             if self.cur_token_type_ is Lexer.COMMENT:
-                statements.append(self.ast.Comment(self.cur_token_location_, self.cur_token_))
+                statements.append(
+                    self.ast.Comment(self.cur_token_, location=self.cur_token_location_)
+                )
             elif self.cur_token_type_ is Lexer.NAME and self.cur_token_ in fields:
                 key = self.cur_token_.lower()
                 value = self.expect_number_()
                 statements.append(
-                    self.ast.HheaField(self.cur_token_location_, key, value))
+                    self.ast.HheaField(key, value, location=self.cur_token_location_)
+                )
                 if self.next_token_ != ";":
-                    raise FeatureLibError("Incomplete statement", self.next_token_location_)
+                    raise FeatureLibError(
+                        "Incomplete statement", self.next_token_location_
+                    )
             elif self.cur_token_ == ";":
                 continue
             else:
-                raise FeatureLibError("Expected CaretOffset, Ascender, "
-                                      "Descender or LineGap",
-                                      self.cur_token_location_)
+                raise FeatureLibError(
+                    "Expected CaretOffset, Ascender, " "Descender or LineGap",
+                    self.cur_token_location_,
+                )
 
     def parse_table_vhea_(self, table):
         statements = table.statements
@@ -874,27 +1126,36 @@
         while self.next_token_ != "}" or self.cur_comments_:
             self.advance_lexer_(comments=True)
             if self.cur_token_type_ is Lexer.COMMENT:
-                statements.append(self.ast.Comment(self.cur_token_location_, self.cur_token_))
+                statements.append(
+                    self.ast.Comment(self.cur_token_, location=self.cur_token_location_)
+                )
             elif self.cur_token_type_ is Lexer.NAME and self.cur_token_ in fields:
                 key = self.cur_token_.lower()
                 value = self.expect_number_()
                 statements.append(
-                    self.ast.VheaField(self.cur_token_location_, key, value))
+                    self.ast.VheaField(key, value, location=self.cur_token_location_)
+                )
                 if self.next_token_ != ";":
-                    raise FeatureLibError("Incomplete statement", self.next_token_location_)
+                    raise FeatureLibError(
+                        "Incomplete statement", self.next_token_location_
+                    )
             elif self.cur_token_ == ";":
                 continue
             else:
-                raise FeatureLibError("Expected VertTypoAscender, "
-                                      "VertTypoDescender or VertTypoLineGap",
-                                      self.cur_token_location_)
+                raise FeatureLibError(
+                    "Expected VertTypoAscender, "
+                    "VertTypoDescender or VertTypoLineGap",
+                    self.cur_token_location_,
+                )
 
     def parse_table_name_(self, table):
         statements = table.statements
         while self.next_token_ != "}" or self.cur_comments_:
             self.advance_lexer_(comments=True)
             if self.cur_token_type_ is Lexer.COMMENT:
-                statements.append(self.ast.Comment(self.cur_token_location_, self.cur_token_))
+                statements.append(
+                    self.ast.Comment(self.cur_token_, location=self.cur_token_location_)
+                )
             elif self.is_cur_keyword_("nameid"):
                 statement = self.parse_nameid_()
                 if statement:
@@ -902,30 +1163,30 @@
             elif self.cur_token_ == ";":
                 continue
             else:
-                raise FeatureLibError("Expected nameid",
-                                      self.cur_token_location_)
+                raise FeatureLibError("Expected nameid", self.cur_token_location_)
 
     def parse_name_(self):
+        """Parses a name record. See `section 9.e <https://adobe-type-tools.github.io/afdko/OpenTypeFeatureFileSpecification.html#9.e>`_."""
         platEncID = None
         langID = None
-        if self.next_token_type_ == Lexer.NUMBER:
-            platformID = self.expect_number_()
+        if self.next_token_type_ in Lexer.NUMBERS:
+            platformID = self.expect_any_number_()
             location = self.cur_token_location_
             if platformID not in (1, 3):
                 raise FeatureLibError("Expected platform id 1 or 3", location)
-            if self.next_token_type_ == Lexer.NUMBER:
-                platEncID = self.expect_number_()
-                langID = self.expect_number_()
+            if self.next_token_type_ in Lexer.NUMBERS:
+                platEncID = self.expect_any_number_()
+                langID = self.expect_any_number_()
         else:
             platformID = 3
             location = self.cur_token_location_
 
-        if platformID == 1:                # Macintosh
-            platEncID = platEncID or 0     # Roman
-            langID = langID or 0           # English
-        else:                              # 3, Windows
-            platEncID = platEncID or 1     # Unicode
-            langID = langID or 0x0409      # English
+        if platformID == 1:  # Macintosh
+            platEncID = platEncID or 0  # Roman
+            langID = langID or 0  # English
+        else:  # 3, Windows
+            platEncID = platEncID or 1  # Unicode
+            langID = langID or 0x0409  # English
 
         string = self.expect_string_()
         self.expect_symbol_(";")
@@ -936,21 +1197,54 @@
         unescaped = self.unescape_string_(string, encoding)
         return platformID, platEncID, langID, unescaped
 
+    def parse_stat_name_(self):
+        platEncID = None
+        langID = None
+        if self.next_token_type_ in Lexer.NUMBERS:
+            platformID = self.expect_any_number_()
+            location = self.cur_token_location_
+            if platformID not in (1, 3):
+                raise FeatureLibError("Expected platform id 1 or 3", location)
+            if self.next_token_type_ in Lexer.NUMBERS:
+                platEncID = self.expect_any_number_()
+                langID = self.expect_any_number_()
+        else:
+            platformID = 3
+            location = self.cur_token_location_
+
+        if platformID == 1:  # Macintosh
+            platEncID = platEncID or 0  # Roman
+            langID = langID or 0  # English
+        else:  # 3, Windows
+            platEncID = platEncID or 1  # Unicode
+            langID = langID or 0x0409  # English
+
+        string = self.expect_string_()
+        encoding = getEncoding(platformID, platEncID, langID)
+        if encoding is None:
+            raise FeatureLibError("Unsupported encoding", location)
+        unescaped = self.unescape_string_(string, encoding)
+        return platformID, platEncID, langID, unescaped
+
     def parse_nameid_(self):
         assert self.cur_token_ == "nameid", self.cur_token_
-        location, nameID = self.cur_token_location_, self.expect_number_()
+        location, nameID = self.cur_token_location_, self.expect_any_number_()
         if nameID > 32767:
-            raise FeatureLibError("Name id value cannot be greater than 32767",
-                                  self.cur_token_location_)
+            raise FeatureLibError(
+                "Name id value cannot be greater than 32767", self.cur_token_location_
+            )
         if 1 <= nameID <= 6:
-            log.warning("Name id %d cannot be set from the feature file. "
-                        "Ignoring record" % nameID)
+            log.warning(
+                "Name id %d cannot be set from the feature file. "
+                "Ignoring record" % nameID
+            )
             self.parse_name_()  # skip to the next record
             return None
 
         platformID, platEncID, langID, string = self.parse_name_()
-        return self.ast.NameRecord(location, nameID, platformID, platEncID,
-                                   langID, string)
+        return self.ast.NameRecord(
+            nameID, platformID, platEncID, langID, string, location=location
+        )
 
     def unescape_string_(self, string, encoding):
         if encoding == "utf_16_be":
@@ -962,12 +1256,12 @@
         # We convert surrogates to actual Unicode by round-tripping through
         # Python's UTF-16 codec in a special mode.
         utf16 = tobytes(s, "utf_16_be", "surrogatepass")
-        return tounicode(utf16, "utf_16_be")
+        return tostr(utf16, "utf_16_be")
 
     @staticmethod
     def unescape_unichr_(match):
         n = match.group(0)[1:]
-        return unichr(int(n, 16))
+        return chr(int(n, 16))
 
     @staticmethod
     def unescape_byte_(match, encoding):
@@ -979,34 +1273,59 @@
         while self.next_token_ != "}" or self.cur_comments_:
             self.advance_lexer_(comments=True)
             if self.cur_token_type_ is Lexer.COMMENT:
-                statements.append(self.ast.Comment(self.cur_token_location_, self.cur_token_))
+                statements.append(
+                    self.ast.Comment(self.cur_token_, location=self.cur_token_location_)
+                )
             elif self.is_cur_keyword_("HorizAxis.BaseTagList"):
                 horiz_bases = self.parse_base_tag_list_()
             elif self.is_cur_keyword_("HorizAxis.BaseScriptList"):
                 horiz_scripts = self.parse_base_script_list_(len(horiz_bases))
                 statements.append(
-                        self.ast.BaseAxis(self.cur_token_location_, horiz_bases,
-                                          horiz_scripts, False))
+                    self.ast.BaseAxis(
+                        horiz_bases,
+                        horiz_scripts,
+                        False,
+                        location=self.cur_token_location_,
+                    )
+                )
             elif self.is_cur_keyword_("VertAxis.BaseTagList"):
                 vert_bases = self.parse_base_tag_list_()
             elif self.is_cur_keyword_("VertAxis.BaseScriptList"):
                 vert_scripts = self.parse_base_script_list_(len(vert_bases))
                 statements.append(
-                        self.ast.BaseAxis(self.cur_token_location_, vert_bases,
-                                          vert_scripts, True))
+                    self.ast.BaseAxis(
+                        vert_bases,
+                        vert_scripts,
+                        True,
+                        location=self.cur_token_location_,
+                    )
+                )
             elif self.cur_token_ == ";":
                 continue
 
     def parse_table_OS_2_(self, table):
         statements = table.statements
-        numbers = ("FSType", "TypoAscender", "TypoDescender", "TypoLineGap",
-                   "winAscent", "winDescent", "XHeight", "CapHeight",
-                   "WeightClass", "WidthClass", "LowerOpSize", "UpperOpSize")
+        numbers = (
+            "FSType",
+            "TypoAscender",
+            "TypoDescender",
+            "TypoLineGap",
+            "winAscent",
+            "winDescent",
+            "XHeight",
+            "CapHeight",
+            "WeightClass",
+            "WidthClass",
+            "LowerOpSize",
+            "UpperOpSize",
+        )
         ranges = ("UnicodeRange", "CodePageRange")
         while self.next_token_ != "}" or self.cur_comments_:
             self.advance_lexer_(comments=True)
             if self.cur_token_type_ is Lexer.COMMENT:
-                statements.append(self.ast.Comment(self.cur_token_location_, self.cur_token_))
+                statements.append(
+                    self.ast.Comment(self.cur_token_, location=self.cur_token_location_)
+                )
             elif self.cur_token_type_ is Lexer.NAME:
                 key = self.cur_token_.lower()
                 value = None
@@ -1019,17 +1338,213 @@
                 elif self.cur_token_ in ranges:
                     value = []
                     while self.next_token_ != ";":
-                         value.append(self.expect_number_())
+                        value.append(self.expect_number_())
                 elif self.is_cur_keyword_("Vendor"):
                     value = self.expect_string_()
                 statements.append(
-                    self.ast.OS2Field(self.cur_token_location_, key, value))
+                    self.ast.OS2Field(key, value, location=self.cur_token_location_)
+                )
+            elif self.cur_token_ == ";":
+                continue
+
+    def parse_STAT_ElidedFallbackName(self):
+        assert self.is_cur_keyword_("ElidedFallbackName")
+        self.expect_symbol_("{")
+        names = []
+        while self.next_token_ != "}" or self.cur_comments_:
+            self.advance_lexer_()
+            if self.is_cur_keyword_("name"):
+                platformID, platEncID, langID, string = self.parse_stat_name_()
+                nameRecord = self.ast.STATNameStatement(
+                    "stat",
+                    platformID,
+                    platEncID,
+                    langID,
+                    string,
+                    location=self.cur_token_location_,
+                )
+                names.append(nameRecord)
+            else:
+                if self.cur_token_ != ";":
+                    raise FeatureLibError(
+                        f"Unexpected token {self.cur_token_} " f"in ElidedFallbackName",
+                        self.cur_token_location_,
+                    )
+        self.expect_symbol_("}")
+        if not names:
+            raise FeatureLibError('Expected "name"', self.cur_token_location_)
+        return names
+
+    def parse_STAT_design_axis(self):
+        assert self.is_cur_keyword_("DesignAxis")
+        names = []
+        axisTag = self.expect_tag_()
+        if (
+            axisTag not in ("ital", "opsz", "slnt", "wdth", "wght")
+            and not axisTag.isupper()
+        ):
+            log.warning(f"Unregistered axis tag {axisTag} should be uppercase.")
+        axisOrder = self.expect_number_()
+        self.expect_symbol_("{")
+        while self.next_token_ != "}" or self.cur_comments_:
+            self.advance_lexer_()
+            if self.cur_token_type_ is Lexer.COMMENT:
+                continue
+            elif self.is_cur_keyword_("name"):
+                location = self.cur_token_location_
+                platformID, platEncID, langID, string = self.parse_stat_name_()
+                name = self.ast.STATNameStatement(
+                    "stat", platformID, platEncID, langID, string, location=location
+                )
+                names.append(name)
+            elif self.cur_token_ == ";":
+                continue
+            else:
+                raise FeatureLibError(
+                    f'Expected "name", got {self.cur_token_}', self.cur_token_location_
+                )
+
+        self.expect_symbol_("}")
+        return self.ast.STATDesignAxisStatement(
+            axisTag, axisOrder, names, self.cur_token_location_
+        )
+
+    def parse_STAT_axis_value_(self):
+        assert self.is_cur_keyword_("AxisValue")
+        self.expect_symbol_("{")
+        locations = []
+        names = []
+        flags = 0
+        while self.next_token_ != "}" or self.cur_comments_:
+            self.advance_lexer_(comments=True)
+            if self.cur_token_type_ is Lexer.COMMENT:
+                continue
+            elif self.is_cur_keyword_("name"):
+                location = self.cur_token_location_
+                platformID, platEncID, langID, string = self.parse_stat_name_()
+                name = self.ast.STATNameStatement(
+                    "stat", platformID, platEncID, langID, string, location=location
+                )
+                names.append(name)
+            elif self.is_cur_keyword_("location"):
+                location = self.parse_STAT_location()
+                locations.append(location)
+            elif self.is_cur_keyword_("flag"):
+                flags = self.expect_stat_flags()
+            elif self.cur_token_ == ";":
+                continue
+            else:
+                raise FeatureLibError(
+                    f"Unexpected token {self.cur_token_} " f"in AxisValue",
+                    self.cur_token_location_,
+                )
+        self.expect_symbol_("}")
+        if not names:
+            raise FeatureLibError('Expected "Axis Name"', self.cur_token_location_)
+        if not locations:
+            raise FeatureLibError('Expected "Axis location"', self.cur_token_location_)
+        if len(locations) > 1:
+            for location in locations:
+                if len(location.values) > 1:
+                    raise FeatureLibError(
+                        "Only one value is allowed in a "
+                        "Format 4 Axis Value Record, but "
+                        f"{len(location.values)} were found.",
+                        self.cur_token_location_,
+                    )
+            format4_tags = []
+            for location in locations:
+                tag = location.tag
+                if tag in format4_tags:
+                    raise FeatureLibError(
+                        f"Axis tag {tag} already " "defined.", self.cur_token_location_
+                    )
+                format4_tags.append(tag)
+
+        return self.ast.STATAxisValueStatement(
+            names, locations, flags, self.cur_token_location_
+        )
+
+    def parse_STAT_location(self):
+        values = []
+        tag = self.expect_tag_()
+        if len(tag.strip()) != 4:
+            raise FeatureLibError(
+                f"Axis tag {self.cur_token_} must be 4 " "characters",
+                self.cur_token_location_,
+            )
+
+        while self.next_token_ != ";":
+            if self.next_token_type_ is Lexer.FLOAT:
+                value = self.expect_float_()
+                values.append(value)
+            elif self.next_token_type_ is Lexer.NUMBER:
+                value = self.expect_number_()
+                values.append(value)
+            else:
+                raise FeatureLibError(
+                    f'Unexpected value "{self.next_token_}". '
+                    "Expected integer or float.",
+                    self.next_token_location_,
+                )
+        if len(values) == 3:
+            nominal, min_val, max_val = values
+            if nominal < min_val or nominal > max_val:
+                raise FeatureLibError(
+                    f"Default value {nominal} is outside "
+                    f"of specified range "
+                    f"{min_val}-{max_val}.",
+                    self.next_token_location_,
+                )
+        return self.ast.AxisValueLocationStatement(tag, values)
+
+    def parse_table_STAT_(self, table):
+        statements = table.statements
+        design_axes = []
+        while self.next_token_ != "}" or self.cur_comments_:
+            self.advance_lexer_(comments=True)
+            if self.cur_token_type_ is Lexer.COMMENT:
+                statements.append(
+                    self.ast.Comment(self.cur_token_, location=self.cur_token_location_)
+                )
+            elif self.cur_token_type_ is Lexer.NAME:
+                if self.is_cur_keyword_("ElidedFallbackName"):
+                    names = self.parse_STAT_ElidedFallbackName()
+                    statements.append(self.ast.ElidedFallbackName(names))
+                elif self.is_cur_keyword_("ElidedFallbackNameID"):
+                    value = self.expect_number_()
+                    statements.append(self.ast.ElidedFallbackNameID(value))
+                    self.expect_symbol_(";")
+                elif self.is_cur_keyword_("DesignAxis"):
+                    designAxis = self.parse_STAT_design_axis()
+                    design_axes.append(designAxis.tag)
+                    statements.append(designAxis)
+                    self.expect_symbol_(";")
+                elif self.is_cur_keyword_("AxisValue"):
+                    axisValueRecord = self.parse_STAT_axis_value_()
+                    for location in axisValueRecord.locations:
+                        if location.tag not in design_axes:
+                            # Tag must be defined in a DesignAxis before it
+                            # can be referenced
+                            raise FeatureLibError(
+                                "DesignAxis not defined for " f"{location.tag}.",
+                                self.cur_token_location_,
+                            )
+                    statements.append(axisValueRecord)
+                    self.expect_symbol_(";")
+                else:
+                    raise FeatureLibError(
+                        f"Unexpected token {self.cur_token_}", self.cur_token_location_
+                    )
             elif self.cur_token_ == ";":
                 continue
 
     def parse_base_tag_list_(self):
-        assert self.cur_token_ in ("HorizAxis.BaseTagList",
-                                   "VertAxis.BaseTagList"), self.cur_token_
+        # Parses BASE table entries. (See `section 9.a <https://adobe-type-tools.github.io/afdko/OpenTypeFeatureFileSpecification.html#9.a>`_)
+        assert self.cur_token_ in (
+            "HorizAxis.BaseTagList",
+            "VertAxis.BaseTagList",
+        ), self.cur_token_
         bases = []
         while self.next_token_ != ";":
             bases.append(self.expect_script_tag_())
@@ -1037,8 +1552,10 @@
         return bases
 
     def parse_base_script_list_(self, count):
-        assert self.cur_token_ in ("HorizAxis.BaseScriptList",
-                                   "VertAxis.BaseScriptList"), self.cur_token_
+        assert self.cur_token_ in (
+            "HorizAxis.BaseScriptList",
+            "VertAxis.BaseScriptList",
+        ), self.cur_token_
         scripts = [(self.parse_base_script_record_(count))]
         while self.next_token_ == ",":
             self.expect_symbol_(",")
@@ -1074,13 +1591,13 @@
         if self.next_token_type_ is Lexer.NUMBER:
             number, location = self.expect_number_(), self.cur_token_location_
             if vertical:
-                val = self.ast.ValueRecord(location, vertical,
-                                           None, None, None, number,
-                                           None, None, None, None)
+                val = self.ast.ValueRecord(
+                    yAdvance=number, vertical=vertical, location=location
+                )
             else:
-                val = self.ast.ValueRecord(location, vertical,
-                                           None, None, number, None,
-                                           None, None, None, None)
+                val = self.ast.ValueRecord(
+                    xAdvance=number, vertical=vertical, location=location
+                )
             return val
         self.expect_symbol_("<")
         location = self.cur_token_location_
@@ -1088,50 +1605,69 @@
             name = self.expect_name_()
             if name == "NULL":
                 self.expect_symbol_(">")
-                return None
+                return self.ast.ValueRecord()
             vrd = self.valuerecords_.resolve(name)
             if vrd is None:
-                raise FeatureLibError("Unknown valueRecordDef \"%s\"" % name,
-                                      self.cur_token_location_)
+                raise FeatureLibError(
+                    'Unknown valueRecordDef "%s"' % name, self.cur_token_location_
+                )
             value = vrd.value
             xPlacement, yPlacement = (value.xPlacement, value.yPlacement)
             xAdvance, yAdvance = (value.xAdvance, value.yAdvance)
         else:
             xPlacement, yPlacement, xAdvance, yAdvance = (
-                self.expect_number_(), self.expect_number_(),
-                self.expect_number_(), self.expect_number_())
+                self.expect_number_(),
+                self.expect_number_(),
+                self.expect_number_(),
+                self.expect_number_(),
+            )
 
         if self.next_token_ == "<":
             xPlaDevice, yPlaDevice, xAdvDevice, yAdvDevice = (
-                self.parse_device_(), self.parse_device_(),
-                self.parse_device_(), self.parse_device_())
-            allDeltas = sorted([
-                delta
-                for size, delta
-                in (xPlaDevice if xPlaDevice else ()) +
-                (yPlaDevice if yPlaDevice else ()) +
-                (xAdvDevice if xAdvDevice else ()) +
-                (yAdvDevice if yAdvDevice else ())])
+                self.parse_device_(),
+                self.parse_device_(),
+                self.parse_device_(),
+                self.parse_device_(),
+            )
+            allDeltas = sorted(
+                [
+                    delta
+                    for size, delta in (xPlaDevice if xPlaDevice else ())
+                    + (yPlaDevice if yPlaDevice else ())
+                    + (xAdvDevice if xAdvDevice else ())
+                    + (yAdvDevice if yAdvDevice else ())
+                ]
+            )
             if allDeltas[0] < -128 or allDeltas[-1] > 127:
                 raise FeatureLibError(
                     "Device value out of valid range (-128..127)",
-                    self.cur_token_location_)
+                    self.cur_token_location_,
+                )
         else:
-            xPlaDevice, yPlaDevice, xAdvDevice, yAdvDevice = (
-                None, None, None, None)
+            xPlaDevice, yPlaDevice, xAdvDevice, yAdvDevice = (None, None, None, None)
 
         self.expect_symbol_(">")
         return self.ast.ValueRecord(
-            location, vertical, xPlacement, yPlacement, xAdvance, yAdvance,
-            xPlaDevice, yPlaDevice, xAdvDevice, yAdvDevice)
+            xPlacement,
+            yPlacement,
+            xAdvance,
+            yAdvance,
+            xPlaDevice,
+            yPlaDevice,
+            xAdvDevice,
+            yAdvDevice,
+            vertical=vertical,
+            location=location,
+        )
 
     def parse_valuerecord_definition_(self, vertical):
+        # Parses a named value record definition. (See section `2.e.v <https://adobe-type-tools.github.io/afdko/OpenTypeFeatureFileSpecification.html#2.e.v>`_)
         assert self.is_cur_keyword_("valueRecordDef")
         location = self.cur_token_location_
         value = self.parse_valuerecord_(vertical)
         name = self.expect_name_()
         self.expect_symbol_(";")
-        vrd = self.ast.ValueRecordDefinition(location, name, value)
+        vrd = self.ast.ValueRecordDefinition(name, value, location=location)
         self.valuerecords_.define(name, vrd)
         return vrd
 
@@ -1141,30 +1677,33 @@
         script = self.expect_script_tag_()
         language = self.expect_language_tag_()
         self.expect_symbol_(";")
-        if script == "DFLT" and language != "dflt":
-            raise FeatureLibError(
-                'For script "DFLT", the language must be "dflt"',
-                self.cur_token_location_)
-        return self.ast.LanguageSystemStatement(location, script, language)
+        return self.ast.LanguageSystemStatement(script, language, location=location)
 
     def parse_feature_block_(self):
         assert self.cur_token_ == "feature"
         location = self.cur_token_location_
         tag = self.expect_tag_()
-        vertical = (tag in {"vkrn", "vpal", "vhal", "valt"})
-        stylisticset = None
-        if tag in ["ss%02d" % i for i in range(1, 20+1)]:
-            stylisticset = tag
+        vertical = tag in {"vkrn", "vpal", "vhal", "valt"}
 
-        size_feature = (tag == "size")
+        stylisticset = None
+        cv_feature = None
+        size_feature = False
+        if tag in self.SS_FEATURE_TAGS:
+            stylisticset = tag
+        elif tag in self.CV_FEATURE_TAGS:
+            cv_feature = tag
+        elif tag == "size":
+            size_feature = True
 
         use_extension = False
         if self.next_token_ == "useExtension":
             self.expect_keyword_("useExtension")
             use_extension = True
 
-        block = self.ast.FeatureBlock(location, tag, use_extension)
-        self.parse_block_(block, vertical, stylisticset, size_feature)
+        block = self.ast.FeatureBlock(
+            tag, use_extension=use_extension, location=location
+        )
+        self.parse_block_(block, vertical, stylisticset, size_feature, cv_feature)
         return block
 
     def parse_feature_reference_(self):
@@ -1172,46 +1711,49 @@
         location = self.cur_token_location_
         featureName = self.expect_tag_()
         self.expect_symbol_(";")
-        return self.ast.FeatureReferenceStatement(location, featureName)
+        return self.ast.FeatureReferenceStatement(featureName, location=location)
 
     def parse_featureNames_(self, tag):
+        """Parses a ``featureNames`` statement found in stylistic set features.
+        See section `8.c <https://adobe-type-tools.github.io/afdko/OpenTypeFeatureFileSpecification.html#8.c>`_."""
         assert self.cur_token_ == "featureNames", self.cur_token_
-        block = self.ast.FeatureNamesBlock(self.cur_token_location_)
+        block = self.ast.NestedBlock(
+            tag, self.cur_token_, location=self.cur_token_location_
+        )
         self.expect_symbol_("{")
         for symtab in self.symbol_tables_:
             symtab.enter_scope()
         while self.next_token_ != "}" or self.cur_comments_:
             self.advance_lexer_(comments=True)
             if self.cur_token_type_ is Lexer.COMMENT:
-                block.statements.append(self.ast.Comment(self.cur_token_location_, self.cur_token_))
+                block.statements.append(
+                    self.ast.Comment(self.cur_token_, location=self.cur_token_location_)
+                )
             elif self.is_cur_keyword_("name"):
                 location = self.cur_token_location_
                 platformID, platEncID, langID, string = self.parse_name_()
                 block.statements.append(
-                    self.ast.FeatureNameStatement(location, tag, platformID,
-                                                  platEncID, langID, string))
+                    self.ast.FeatureNameStatement(
+                        tag, platformID, platEncID, langID, string, location=location
+                    )
+                )
             elif self.cur_token_ == ";":
                 continue
             else:
-                raise FeatureLibError('Expected "name"',
-                                      self.cur_token_location_)
+                raise FeatureLibError('Expected "name"', self.cur_token_location_)
         self.expect_symbol_("}")
         for symtab in self.symbol_tables_:
             symtab.exit_scope()
         self.expect_symbol_(";")
         return block
 
-    def parse_FontRevision_(self):
-        assert self.cur_token_ == "FontRevision", self.cur_token_
-        location, version = self.cur_token_location_, self.expect_float_()
-        self.expect_symbol_(";")
-        if version <= 0:
-            raise FeatureLibError("Font revision numbers must be positive",
-                                  location)
-        return self.ast.FontRevisionStatement(location, version)
-
-    def parse_block_(self, block, vertical, stylisticset=None,
-                     size_feature=False):
+    def parse_cvParameters_(self, tag):
+        # Parses a ``cvParameters`` block found in Character Variant features.
+        # See section `8.d <https://adobe-type-tools.github.io/afdko/OpenTypeFeatureFileSpecification.html#8.d>`_.
+        assert self.cur_token_ == "cvParameters", self.cur_token_
+        block = self.ast.NestedBlock(
+            tag, self.cur_token_, location=self.cur_token_location_
+        )
         self.expect_symbol_("{")
         for symtab in self.symbol_tables_:
             symtab.enter_scope()
@@ -1220,7 +1762,108 @@
         while self.next_token_ != "}" or self.cur_comments_:
             self.advance_lexer_(comments=True)
             if self.cur_token_type_ is Lexer.COMMENT:
-                statements.append(self.ast.Comment(self.cur_token_location_, self.cur_token_))
+                statements.append(
+                    self.ast.Comment(self.cur_token_, location=self.cur_token_location_)
+                )
+            elif self.is_cur_keyword_(
+                {
+                    "FeatUILabelNameID",
+                    "FeatUITooltipTextNameID",
+                    "SampleTextNameID",
+                    "ParamUILabelNameID",
+                }
+            ):
+                statements.append(self.parse_cvNameIDs_(tag, self.cur_token_))
+            elif self.is_cur_keyword_("Character"):
+                statements.append(self.parse_cvCharacter_(tag))
+            elif self.cur_token_ == ";":
+                continue
+            else:
+                raise FeatureLibError(
+                    "Expected statement: got {} {}".format(
+                        self.cur_token_type_, self.cur_token_
+                    ),
+                    self.cur_token_location_,
+                )
+
+        self.expect_symbol_("}")
+        for symtab in self.symbol_tables_:
+            symtab.exit_scope()
+        self.expect_symbol_(";")
+        return block
+
+    def parse_cvNameIDs_(self, tag, block_name):
+        assert self.cur_token_ == block_name, self.cur_token_
+        block = self.ast.NestedBlock(tag, block_name, location=self.cur_token_location_)
+        self.expect_symbol_("{")
+        for symtab in self.symbol_tables_:
+            symtab.enter_scope()
+        while self.next_token_ != "}" or self.cur_comments_:
+            self.advance_lexer_(comments=True)
+            if self.cur_token_type_ is Lexer.COMMENT:
+                block.statements.append(
+                    self.ast.Comment(self.cur_token_, location=self.cur_token_location_)
+                )
+            elif self.is_cur_keyword_("name"):
+                location = self.cur_token_location_
+                platformID, platEncID, langID, string = self.parse_name_()
+                block.statements.append(
+                    self.ast.CVParametersNameStatement(
+                        tag,
+                        platformID,
+                        platEncID,
+                        langID,
+                        string,
+                        block_name,
+                        location=location,
+                    )
+                )
+            elif self.cur_token_ == ";":
+                continue
+            else:
+                raise FeatureLibError('Expected "name"', self.cur_token_location_)
+        self.expect_symbol_("}")
+        for symtab in self.symbol_tables_:
+            symtab.exit_scope()
+        self.expect_symbol_(";")
+        return block
+
+    def parse_cvCharacter_(self, tag):
+        assert self.cur_token_ == "Character", self.cur_token_
+        location, character = self.cur_token_location_, self.expect_any_number_()
+        self.expect_symbol_(";")
+        if not (0xFFFFFF >= character >= 0):
+            raise FeatureLibError(
+                "Character value must be between "
+                "{:#x} and {:#x}".format(0, 0xFFFFFF),
+                location,
+            )
+        return self.ast.CharacterStatement(character, tag, location=location)
+
+    def parse_FontRevision_(self):
+        # Parses a ``FontRevision`` statement found in the head table. See
+        # `section 9.c <https://adobe-type-tools.github.io/afdko/OpenTypeFeatureFileSpecification.html#9.c>`_.
+        assert self.cur_token_ == "FontRevision", self.cur_token_
+        location, version = self.cur_token_location_, self.expect_float_()
+        self.expect_symbol_(";")
+        if version <= 0:
+            raise FeatureLibError("Font revision numbers must be positive", location)
+        return self.ast.FontRevisionStatement(version, location=location)
+
+    def parse_block_(
+        self, block, vertical, stylisticset=None, size_feature=False, cv_feature=None
+    ):
+        self.expect_symbol_("{")
+        for symtab in self.symbol_tables_:
+            symtab.enter_scope()
+
+        statements = block.statements
+        while self.next_token_ != "}" or self.cur_comments_:
+            self.advance_lexer_(comments=True)
+            if self.cur_token_type_ is Lexer.COMMENT:
+                statements.append(
+                    self.ast.Comment(self.cur_token_, location=self.cur_token_location_)
+                )
             elif self.cur_token_type_ is Lexer.GLYPHCLASS:
                 statements.append(self.parse_glyphclass_definition_())
             elif self.is_cur_keyword_("anchorDef"):
@@ -1241,11 +1884,11 @@
                 statements.append(self.parse_markClass_())
             elif self.is_cur_keyword_({"pos", "position"}):
                 statements.append(
-                    self.parse_position_(enumerated=False, vertical=vertical))
+                    self.parse_position_(enumerated=False, vertical=vertical)
+                )
             elif self.is_cur_keyword_("script"):
                 statements.append(self.parse_script_())
-            elif (self.is_cur_keyword_({"sub", "substitute",
-                                        "rsub", "reversesub"})):
+            elif self.is_cur_keyword_({"sub", "substitute", "rsub", "reversesub"}):
                 statements.append(self.parse_substitute_())
             elif self.is_cur_keyword_("subtable"):
                 statements.append(self.parse_subtable_())
@@ -1253,18 +1896,26 @@
                 statements.append(self.parse_valuerecord_definition_(vertical))
             elif stylisticset and self.is_cur_keyword_("featureNames"):
                 statements.append(self.parse_featureNames_(stylisticset))
+            elif cv_feature and self.is_cur_keyword_("cvParameters"):
+                statements.append(self.parse_cvParameters_(cv_feature))
             elif size_feature and self.is_cur_keyword_("parameters"):
                 statements.append(self.parse_size_parameters_())
             elif size_feature and self.is_cur_keyword_("sizemenuname"):
                 statements.append(self.parse_size_menuname_())
-            elif self.cur_token_type_ is Lexer.NAME and self.cur_token_ in self.extensions:
+            elif (
+                self.cur_token_type_ is Lexer.NAME
+                and self.cur_token_ in self.extensions
+            ):
                 statements.append(self.extensions[self.cur_token_](self))
             elif self.cur_token_ == ";":
                 continue
             else:
                 raise FeatureLibError(
-                    "Expected glyph class definition or statement: got {} {}".format(self.cur_token_type_, self.cur_token_),
-                    self.cur_token_location_)
+                    "Expected glyph class definition or statement: got {} {}".format(
+                        self.cur_token_type_, self.cur_token_
+                    ),
+                    self.cur_token_location_,
+                )
 
         self.expect_symbol_("}")
         for symtab in self.symbol_tables_:
@@ -1272,10 +1923,49 @@
 
         name = self.expect_name_()
         if name != block.name.strip():
-            raise FeatureLibError("Expected \"%s\"" % block.name.strip(),
-                                  self.cur_token_location_)
+            raise FeatureLibError(
+                'Expected "%s"' % block.name.strip(), self.cur_token_location_
+            )
         self.expect_symbol_(";")
 
+        # A multiple substitution may have a single destination, in which case
+        # it will look just like a single substitution. So if there are both
+        # multiple and single substitutions, upgrade all the single ones to
+        # multiple substitutions.
+
+        # Check if we have a mix of non-contextual singles and multiples.
+        has_single = False
+        has_multiple = False
+        for s in statements:
+            if isinstance(s, self.ast.SingleSubstStatement):
+                has_single = not any([s.prefix, s.suffix, s.forceChain])
+            elif isinstance(s, self.ast.MultipleSubstStatement):
+                has_multiple = not any([s.prefix, s.suffix, s.forceChain])
+
+        # Upgrade all single substitutions to multiple substitutions.
+        if has_single and has_multiple:
+            statements = []
+            for s in block.statements:
+                if isinstance(s, self.ast.SingleSubstStatement):
+                    glyphs = s.glyphs[0].glyphSet()
+                    replacements = s.replacements[0].glyphSet()
+                    if len(replacements) == 1:
+                        replacements *= len(glyphs)
+                    for i, glyph in enumerate(glyphs):
+                        statements.append(
+                            self.ast.MultipleSubstStatement(
+                                s.prefix,
+                                glyph,
+                                s.suffix,
+                                [replacements[i]],
+                                s.forceChain,
+                                location=s.location,
+                            )
+                        )
+                else:
+                    statements.append(s)
+            block.statements = statements
+
     def is_cur_keyword_(self, k):
         if self.cur_token_type_ is Lexer.NAME:
             if isinstance(k, type("")):  # basestring is gone in Python3
@@ -1296,6 +1986,12 @@
             return self.cur_token_
         raise FeatureLibError("Expected a CID", self.cur_token_location_)
 
+    def expect_filename_(self):
+        self.advance_lexer_()
+        if self.cur_token_type_ is not Lexer.FILENAME:
+            raise FeatureLibError("Expected file name", self.cur_token_location_)
+        return self.cur_token_
+
     def expect_glyph_(self):
         self.advance_lexer_()
         if self.cur_token_type_ is Lexer.NAME:
@@ -1303,22 +1999,39 @@
             if len(self.cur_token_) > 63:
                 raise FeatureLibError(
                     "Glyph names must not be longer than 63 characters",
-                    self.cur_token_location_)
+                    self.cur_token_location_,
+                )
             return self.cur_token_
         elif self.cur_token_type_ is Lexer.CID:
             return "cid%05d" % self.cur_token_
-        raise FeatureLibError("Expected a glyph name or CID",
-                              self.cur_token_location_)
+        raise FeatureLibError("Expected a glyph name or CID", self.cur_token_location_)
+
+    def check_glyph_name_in_glyph_set(self, *names):
+        """Raises if glyph name (just `start`) or glyph names of a
+        range (`start` and `end`) are not in the glyph set.
+
+        If no glyph set is present, does nothing.
+        """
+        if self.glyphNames_:
+            missing = [name for name in names if name not in self.glyphNames_]
+            if missing:
+                raise FeatureLibError(
+                    "The following glyph names are referenced but are missing from the "
+                    f"glyph set: {', '.join(missing)}",
+                    self.cur_token_location_,
+                )
 
     def expect_markClass_reference_(self):
         name = self.expect_class_name_()
         mc = self.glyphclasses_.resolve(name)
         if mc is None:
-            raise FeatureLibError("Unknown markClass @%s" % name,
-                                  self.cur_token_location_)
+            raise FeatureLibError(
+                "Unknown markClass @%s" % name, self.cur_token_location_
+            )
         if not isinstance(mc, self.ast.MarkClass):
-            raise FeatureLibError("@%s is not a markClass" % name,
-                                  self.cur_token_location_)
+            raise FeatureLibError(
+                "@%s is not a markClass" % name, self.cur_token_location_
+            )
         return mc
 
     def expect_tag_(self):
@@ -1326,8 +2039,9 @@
         if self.cur_token_type_ is not Lexer.NAME:
             raise FeatureLibError("Expected a tag", self.cur_token_location_)
         if len(self.cur_token_) > 4:
-            raise FeatureLibError("Tags can not be longer than 4 characters",
-                                  self.cur_token_location_)
+            raise FeatureLibError(
+                "Tags cannot be longer than 4 characters", self.cur_token_location_
+            )
         return (self.cur_token_ + "    ")[:4]
 
     def expect_script_tag_(self):
@@ -1335,7 +2049,8 @@
         if tag == "dflt":
             raise FeatureLibError(
                 '"dflt" is not a valid script tag; use "DFLT" instead',
-                self.cur_token_location_)
+                self.cur_token_location_,
+            )
         return tag
 
     def expect_language_tag_(self):
@@ -1343,22 +2058,21 @@
         if tag == "DFLT":
             raise FeatureLibError(
                 '"DFLT" is not a valid language tag; use "dflt" instead',
-                self.cur_token_location_)
+                self.cur_token_location_,
+            )
         return tag
 
     def expect_symbol_(self, symbol):
         self.advance_lexer_()
         if self.cur_token_type_ is Lexer.SYMBOL and self.cur_token_ == symbol:
             return symbol
-        raise FeatureLibError("Expected '%s'" % symbol,
-                              self.cur_token_location_)
+        raise FeatureLibError("Expected '%s'" % symbol, self.cur_token_location_)
 
     def expect_keyword_(self, keyword):
         self.advance_lexer_()
         if self.cur_token_type_ is Lexer.NAME and self.cur_token_ == keyword:
             return self.cur_token_
-        raise FeatureLibError("Expected \"%s\"" % keyword,
-                              self.cur_token_location_)
+        raise FeatureLibError('Expected "%s"' % keyword, self.cur_token_location_)
 
     def expect_name_(self):
         self.advance_lexer_()
@@ -1372,12 +2086,21 @@
             return self.cur_token_
         raise FeatureLibError("Expected a number", self.cur_token_location_)
 
+    def expect_any_number_(self):
+        self.advance_lexer_()
+        if self.cur_token_type_ in Lexer.NUMBERS:
+            return self.cur_token_
+        raise FeatureLibError(
+            "Expected a decimal, hexadecimal or octal number", self.cur_token_location_
+        )
+
     def expect_float_(self):
         self.advance_lexer_()
         if self.cur_token_type_ is Lexer.FLOAT:
             return self.cur_token_
-        raise FeatureLibError("Expected a floating-point number",
-                              self.cur_token_location_)
+        raise FeatureLibError(
+            "Expected a floating-point number", self.cur_token_location_
+        )
 
     def expect_decipoint_(self):
         if self.next_token_type_ == Lexer.FLOAT:
@@ -1385,8 +2108,35 @@
         elif self.next_token_type_ is Lexer.NUMBER:
             return self.expect_number_() / 10
         else:
-            raise FeatureLibError("Expected an integer or floating-point number",
-                                  self.cur_token_location_)
+            raise FeatureLibError(
+                "Expected an integer or floating-point number", self.cur_token_location_
+            )
+
+    def expect_stat_flags(self):
+        value = 0
+        flags = {
+            "OlderSiblingFontAttribute": 1,
+            "ElidableAxisValueName": 2,
+        }
+        while self.next_token_ != ";":
+            if self.next_token_ in flags:
+                name = self.expect_name_()
+                value = value | flags[name]
+            else:
+                raise FeatureLibError(
+                    f"Unexpected STAT flag {self.cur_token_}", self.cur_token_location_
+                )
+        return value
+
+    def expect_stat_values_(self):
+        if self.next_token_type_ == Lexer.FLOAT:
+            return self.expect_float_()
+        elif self.next_token_type_ is Lexer.NUMBER:
+            return self.expect_number_()
+        else:
+            raise FeatureLibError(
+                "Expected an integer or floating-point number", self.cur_token_location_
+            )
 
     def expect_string_(self):
         self.advance_lexer_()
@@ -1401,12 +2151,17 @@
             return
         else:
             self.cur_token_type_, self.cur_token_, self.cur_token_location_ = (
-                self.next_token_type_, self.next_token_, self.next_token_location_)
-            self.cur_comments_ = []
+                self.next_token_type_,
+                self.next_token_,
+                self.next_token_location_,
+            )
         while True:
             try:
-                (self.next_token_type_, self.next_token_,
-                 self.next_token_location_) = next(self.lexer_)
+                (
+                    self.next_token_type_,
+                    self.next_token_,
+                    self.next_token_location_,
+                ) = next(self.lexer_)
             except StopIteration:
                 self.next_token_type_, self.next_token_ = (None, None)
             if self.next_token_type_ != Lexer.COMMENT:
@@ -1416,14 +2171,15 @@
     @staticmethod
     def reverse_string_(s):
         """'abc' --> 'cba'"""
-        return ''.join(reversed(list(s)))
+        return "".join(reversed(list(s)))
 
     def make_cid_range_(self, location, start, limit):
         """(location, 999, 1001) --> ["cid00999", "cid01000", "cid01001"]"""
         result = list()
         if start > limit:
             raise FeatureLibError(
-                "Bad range: start should be less than limit", location)
+                "Bad range: start should be less than limit", location
+            )
         for cid in range(start, limit + 1):
             result.append("cid%05d" % cid)
         return result
@@ -1433,45 +2189,45 @@
         result = list()
         if len(start) != len(limit):
             raise FeatureLibError(
-                "Bad range: \"%s\" and \"%s\" should have the same length" %
-                (start, limit), location)
+                'Bad range: "%s" and "%s" should have the same length' % (start, limit),
+                location,
+            )
 
         rev = self.reverse_string_
         prefix = os.path.commonprefix([start, limit])
         suffix = rev(os.path.commonprefix([rev(start), rev(limit)]))
         if len(suffix) > 0:
-            start_range = start[len(prefix):-len(suffix)]
-            limit_range = limit[len(prefix):-len(suffix)]
+            start_range = start[len(prefix) : -len(suffix)]
+            limit_range = limit[len(prefix) : -len(suffix)]
         else:
-            start_range = start[len(prefix):]
-            limit_range = limit[len(prefix):]
+            start_range = start[len(prefix) :]
+            limit_range = limit[len(prefix) :]
 
         if start_range >= limit_range:
             raise FeatureLibError(
-                "Start of range must be smaller than its end",
-                location)
+                "Start of range must be smaller than its end", location
+            )
 
-        uppercase = re.compile(r'^[A-Z]$')
+        uppercase = re.compile(r"^[A-Z]$")
         if uppercase.match(start_range) and uppercase.match(limit_range):
             for c in range(ord(start_range), ord(limit_range) + 1):
                 result.append("%s%c%s" % (prefix, c, suffix))
             return result
 
-        lowercase = re.compile(r'^[a-z]$')
+        lowercase = re.compile(r"^[a-z]$")
         if lowercase.match(start_range) and lowercase.match(limit_range):
             for c in range(ord(start_range), ord(limit_range) + 1):
                 result.append("%s%c%s" % (prefix, c, suffix))
             return result
 
-        digits = re.compile(r'^[0-9]{1,3}$')
+        digits = re.compile(r"^[0-9]{1,3}$")
         if digits.match(start_range) and digits.match(limit_range):
             for i in range(int(start_range, 10), int(limit_range, 10) + 1):
-                number = ("000" + str(i))[-len(start_range):]
+                number = ("000" + str(i))[-len(start_range) :]
                 result.append("%s%s%s" % (prefix, number, suffix))
             return result
 
-        raise FeatureLibError("Bad range: \"%s-%s\"" % (start, limit),
-                              location)
+        raise FeatureLibError('Bad range: "%s-%s"' % (start, limit), location)
 
 
 class SymbolTable(object):
diff --git a/Lib/fontTools/fontBuilder.py b/Lib/fontTools/fontBuilder.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..bf3b31b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Lib/fontTools/fontBuilder.py
@@ -0,0 +1,959 @@
+__all__ = ["FontBuilder"]
+
+"""
+This module is *experimental*, meaning it still may evolve and change.
+
+The `FontBuilder` class is a convenient helper to construct working TTF or
+OTF fonts from scratch.
+
+Note that the various setup methods cannot be called in arbitrary order,
+due to various interdependencies between OpenType tables. Here is an order
+that works:
+
+    fb = FontBuilder(...)
+    fb.setupGlyphOrder(...)
+    fb.setupCharacterMap(...)
+    fb.setupGlyf(...) --or-- fb.setupCFF(...)
+    fb.setupHorizontalMetrics(...)
+    fb.setupHorizontalHeader()
+    fb.setupNameTable(...)
+    fb.setupOS2()
+    fb.addOpenTypeFeatures(...)
+    fb.setupPost()
+    fb.save(...)
+
+Here is how to build a minimal TTF:
+
+```python
+from fontTools.fontBuilder import FontBuilder
+from fontTools.pens.ttGlyphPen import TTGlyphPen
+
+
+def drawTestGlyph(pen):
+    pen.moveTo((100, 100))
+    pen.lineTo((100, 1000))
+    pen.qCurveTo((200, 900), (400, 900), (500, 1000))
+    pen.lineTo((500, 100))
+    pen.closePath()
+
+
+fb = FontBuilder(1024, isTTF=True)
+fb.setupGlyphOrder([".notdef", ".null", "space", "A", "a"])
+fb.setupCharacterMap({32: "space", 65: "A", 97: "a"})
+advanceWidths = {".notdef": 600, "space": 500, "A": 600, "a": 600, ".null": 0}
+
+familyName = "HelloTestFont"
+styleName = "TotallyNormal"
+version = "0.1"
+
+nameStrings = dict(
+    familyName=dict(en=familyName, nl="HalloTestFont"),
+    styleName=dict(en=styleName, nl="TotaalNormaal"),
+    uniqueFontIdentifier="fontBuilder: " + familyName + "." + styleName,
+    fullName=familyName + "-" + styleName,
+    psName=familyName + "-" + styleName,
+    version="Version " + version,
+)
+
+pen = TTGlyphPen(None)
+drawTestGlyph(pen)
+glyph = pen.glyph()
+glyphs = {".notdef": glyph, "space": glyph, "A": glyph, "a": glyph, ".null": glyph}
+fb.setupGlyf(glyphs)
+metrics = {}
+glyphTable = fb.font["glyf"]
+for gn, advanceWidth in advanceWidths.items():
+    metrics[gn] = (advanceWidth, glyphTable[gn].xMin)
+fb.setupHorizontalMetrics(metrics)
+fb.setupHorizontalHeader(ascent=824, descent=-200)
+fb.setupNameTable(nameStrings)
+fb.setupOS2(sTypoAscender=824, usWinAscent=824, usWinDescent=200)
+fb.setupPost()
+fb.save("test.ttf")
+```
+
+And here's how to build a minimal OTF:
+
+```python
+from fontTools.fontBuilder import FontBuilder
+from fontTools.pens.t2CharStringPen import T2CharStringPen
+
+
+def drawTestGlyph(pen):
+    pen.moveTo((100, 100))
+    pen.lineTo((100, 1000))
+    pen.curveTo((200, 900), (400, 900), (500, 1000))
+    pen.lineTo((500, 100))
+    pen.closePath()
+
+
+fb = FontBuilder(1024, isTTF=False)
+fb.setupGlyphOrder([".notdef", ".null", "space", "A", "a"])
+fb.setupCharacterMap({32: "space", 65: "A", 97: "a"})
+advanceWidths = {".notdef": 600, "space": 500, "A": 600, "a": 600, ".null": 0}
+
+familyName = "HelloTestFont"
+styleName = "TotallyNormal"
+version = "0.1"
+
+nameStrings = dict(
+    familyName=dict(en=familyName, nl="HalloTestFont"),
+    styleName=dict(en=styleName, nl="TotaalNormaal"),
+    uniqueFontIdentifier="fontBuilder: " + familyName + "." + styleName,
+    fullName=familyName + "-" + styleName,
+    psName=familyName + "-" + styleName,
+    version="Version " + version,
+)
+
+pen = T2CharStringPen(600, None)
+drawTestGlyph(pen)
+charString = pen.getCharString()
+charStrings = {
+    ".notdef": charString,
+    "space": charString,
+    "A": charString,
+    "a": charString,
+    ".null": charString,
+}
+fb.setupCFF(nameStrings["psName"], {"FullName": nameStrings["psName"]}, charStrings, {})
+lsb = {gn: cs.calcBounds(None)[0] for gn, cs in charStrings.items()}
+metrics = {}
+for gn, advanceWidth in advanceWidths.items():
+    metrics[gn] = (advanceWidth, lsb[gn])
+fb.setupHorizontalMetrics(metrics)
+fb.setupHorizontalHeader(ascent=824, descent=200)
+fb.setupNameTable(nameStrings)
+fb.setupOS2(sTypoAscender=824, usWinAscent=824, usWinDescent=200)
+fb.setupPost()
+fb.save("test.otf")
+```
+"""
+
+from .ttLib import TTFont, newTable
+from .ttLib.tables._c_m_a_p import cmap_classes
+from .misc.timeTools import timestampNow
+import struct
+from collections import OrderedDict
+
+
+_headDefaults = dict(
+    tableVersion=1.0,
+    fontRevision=1.0,
+    checkSumAdjustment=0,
+    magicNumber=0x5F0F3CF5,
+    flags=0x0003,
+    unitsPerEm=1000,
+    created=0,
+    modified=0,
+    xMin=0,
+    yMin=0,
+    xMax=0,
+    yMax=0,
+    macStyle=0,
+    lowestRecPPEM=3,
+    fontDirectionHint=2,
+    indexToLocFormat=0,
+    glyphDataFormat=0,
+)
+
+_maxpDefaultsTTF = dict(
+    tableVersion=0x00010000,
+    numGlyphs=0,
+    maxPoints=0,
+    maxContours=0,
+    maxCompositePoints=0,
+    maxCompositeContours=0,
+    maxZones=2,
+    maxTwilightPoints=0,
+    maxStorage=0,
+    maxFunctionDefs=0,
+    maxInstructionDefs=0,
+    maxStackElements=0,
+    maxSizeOfInstructions=0,
+    maxComponentElements=0,
+    maxComponentDepth=0,
+)
+_maxpDefaultsOTF = dict(
+    tableVersion=0x00005000,
+    numGlyphs=0,
+)
+
+_postDefaults = dict(
+    formatType=3.0,
+    italicAngle=0,
+    underlinePosition=0,
+    underlineThickness=0,
+    isFixedPitch=0,
+    minMemType42=0,
+    maxMemType42=0,
+    minMemType1=0,
+    maxMemType1=0,
+)
+
+_hheaDefaults = dict(
+    tableVersion=0x00010000,
+    ascent=0,
+    descent=0,
+    lineGap=0,
+    advanceWidthMax=0,
+    minLeftSideBearing=0,
+    minRightSideBearing=0,
+    xMaxExtent=0,
+    caretSlopeRise=1,
+    caretSlopeRun=0,
+    caretOffset=0,
+    reserved0=0,
+    reserved1=0,
+    reserved2=0,
+    reserved3=0,
+    metricDataFormat=0,
+    numberOfHMetrics=0,
+)
+
+_vheaDefaults = dict(
+    tableVersion=0x00010000,
+    ascent=0,
+    descent=0,
+    lineGap=0,
+    advanceHeightMax=0,
+    minTopSideBearing=0,
+    minBottomSideBearing=0,
+    yMaxExtent=0,
+    caretSlopeRise=0,
+    caretSlopeRun=0,
+    reserved0=0,
+    reserved1=0,
+    reserved2=0,
+    reserved3=0,
+    reserved4=0,
+    metricDataFormat=0,
+    numberOfVMetrics=0,
+)
+
+_nameIDs = dict(
+    copyright=0,
+    familyName=1,
+    styleName=2,
+    uniqueFontIdentifier=3,
+    fullName=4,
+    version=5,
+    psName=6,
+    trademark=7,
+    manufacturer=8,
+    designer=9,
+    description=10,
+    vendorURL=11,
+    designerURL=12,
+    licenseDescription=13,
+    licenseInfoURL=14,
+    # reserved = 15,
+    typographicFamily=16,
+    typographicSubfamily=17,
+    compatibleFullName=18,
+    sampleText=19,
+    postScriptCIDFindfontName=20,
+    wwsFamilyName=21,
+    wwsSubfamilyName=22,
+    lightBackgroundPalette=23,
+    darkBackgroundPalette=24,
+    variationsPostScriptNamePrefix=25,
+)
+
+# to insert in setupNameTable doc string:
+# print("\n".join(("%s (nameID %s)" % (k, v)) for k, v in sorted(_nameIDs.items(), key=lambda x: x[1])))
+
+_panoseDefaults = dict(
+    bFamilyType=0,
+    bSerifStyle=0,
+    bWeight=0,
+    bProportion=0,
+    bContrast=0,
+    bStrokeVariation=0,
+    bArmStyle=0,
+    bLetterForm=0,
+    bMidline=0,
+    bXHeight=0,
+)
+
+_OS2Defaults = dict(
+    version=3,
+    xAvgCharWidth=0,
+    usWeightClass=400,
+    usWidthClass=5,
+    fsType=0x0004,  # default: Preview & Print embedding
+    ySubscriptXSize=0,
+    ySubscriptYSize=0,
+    ySubscriptXOffset=0,
+    ySubscriptYOffset=0,
+    ySuperscriptXSize=0,
+    ySuperscriptYSize=0,
+    ySuperscriptXOffset=0,
+    ySuperscriptYOffset=0,
+    yStrikeoutSize=0,
+    yStrikeoutPosition=0,
+    sFamilyClass=0,
+    panose=_panoseDefaults,
+    ulUnicodeRange1=0,
+    ulUnicodeRange2=0,
+    ulUnicodeRange3=0,
+    ulUnicodeRange4=0,
+    achVendID="????",
+    fsSelection=0,
+    usFirstCharIndex=0,
+    usLastCharIndex=0,
+    sTypoAscender=0,
+    sTypoDescender=0,
+    sTypoLineGap=0,
+    usWinAscent=0,
+    usWinDescent=0,
+    ulCodePageRange1=0,
+    ulCodePageRange2=0,
+    sxHeight=0,
+    sCapHeight=0,
+    usDefaultChar=0,  # .notdef
+    usBreakChar=32,  # space
+    usMaxContext=0,
+    usLowerOpticalPointSize=0,
+    usUpperOpticalPointSize=0,
+)
+
+
+class FontBuilder(object):
+    def __init__(self, unitsPerEm=None, font=None, isTTF=True):
+        """Initialize a FontBuilder instance.
+
+        If the `font` argument is not given, a new `TTFont` will be
+        constructed, and `unitsPerEm` must be given. If `isTTF` is True,
+        the font will be a glyf-based TTF; if `isTTF` is False it will be
+        a CFF-based OTF.
+
+        If `font` is given, it must be a `TTFont` instance and `unitsPerEm`
+        must _not_ be given. The `isTTF` argument will be ignored.
+        """
+        if font is None:
+            self.font = TTFont(recalcTimestamp=False)
+            self.isTTF = isTTF
+            now = timestampNow()
+            assert unitsPerEm is not None
+            self.setupHead(unitsPerEm=unitsPerEm, created=now, modified=now)
+            self.setupMaxp()
+        else:
+            assert unitsPerEm is None
+            self.font = font
+            self.isTTF = "glyf" in font
+
+    def save(self, file):
+        """Save the font. The 'file' argument can be either a pathname or a
+        writable file object.
+        """
+        self.font.save(file)
+
+    def _initTableWithValues(self, tableTag, defaults, values):
+        table = self.font[tableTag] = newTable(tableTag)
+        for k, v in defaults.items():
+            setattr(table, k, v)
+        for k, v in values.items():
+            setattr(table, k, v)
+        return table
+
+    def _updateTableWithValues(self, tableTag, values):
+        table = self.font[tableTag]
+        for k, v in values.items():
+            setattr(table, k, v)
+
+    def setupHead(self, **values):
+        """Create a new `head` table and initialize it with default values,
+        which can be overridden by keyword arguments.
+        """
+        self._initTableWithValues("head", _headDefaults, values)
+
+    def updateHead(self, **values):
+        """Update the head table with the fields and values passed as
+        keyword arguments.
+        """
+        self._updateTableWithValues("head", values)
+
+    def setupGlyphOrder(self, glyphOrder):
+        """Set the glyph order for the font."""
+        self.font.setGlyphOrder(glyphOrder)
+
+    def setupCharacterMap(self, cmapping, uvs=None, allowFallback=False):
+        """Build the `cmap` table for the font. The `cmapping` argument should
+        be a dict mapping unicode code points as integers to glyph names.
+
+        The `uvs` argument, when passed, must be a list of tuples, describing
+        Unicode Variation Sequences. These tuples have three elements:
+            (unicodeValue, variationSelector, glyphName)
+        `unicodeValue` and `variationSelector` are integer code points.
+        `glyphName` may be None, to indicate this is the default variation.
+        Text processors will then use the cmap to find the glyph name.
+        Each Unicode Variation Sequence should be an officially supported
+        sequence, but this is not policed.
+        """
+        subTables = []
+        highestUnicode = max(cmapping)
+        if highestUnicode > 0xFFFF:
+            cmapping_3_1 = dict((k, v) for k, v in cmapping.items() if k < 0x10000)
+            subTable_3_10 = buildCmapSubTable(cmapping, 12, 3, 10)
+            subTables.append(subTable_3_10)
+        else:
+            cmapping_3_1 = cmapping
+        format = 4
+        subTable_3_1 = buildCmapSubTable(cmapping_3_1, format, 3, 1)
+        try:
+            subTable_3_1.compile(self.font)
+        except struct.error:
+            # format 4 overflowed, fall back to format 12
+            if not allowFallback:
+                raise ValueError(
+                    "cmap format 4 subtable overflowed; sort glyph order by unicode to fix."
+                )
+            format = 12
+            subTable_3_1 = buildCmapSubTable(cmapping_3_1, format, 3, 1)
+        subTables.append(subTable_3_1)
+        subTable_0_3 = buildCmapSubTable(cmapping_3_1, format, 0, 3)
+        subTables.append(subTable_0_3)
+
+        if uvs is not None:
+            uvsDict = {}
+            for unicodeValue, variationSelector, glyphName in uvs:
+                if cmapping.get(unicodeValue) == glyphName:
+                    # this is a default variation
+                    glyphName = None
+                if variationSelector not in uvsDict:
+                    uvsDict[variationSelector] = []
+                uvsDict[variationSelector].append((unicodeValue, glyphName))
+            uvsSubTable = buildCmapSubTable({}, 14, 0, 5)
+            uvsSubTable.uvsDict = uvsDict
+            subTables.append(uvsSubTable)
+
+        self.font["cmap"] = newTable("cmap")
+        self.font["cmap"].tableVersion = 0
+        self.font["cmap"].tables = subTables
+
+    def setupNameTable(self, nameStrings, windows=True, mac=True):
+        """Create the `name` table for the font. The `nameStrings` argument must
+        be a dict, mapping nameIDs or descriptive names for the nameIDs to name
+        record values. A value is either a string, or a dict, mapping language codes
+        to strings, to allow localized name table entries.
+
+        By default, both Windows (platformID=3) and Macintosh (platformID=1) name
+        records are added, unless any of `windows` or `mac` arguments is False.
+
+        The following descriptive names are available for nameIDs:
+
+            copyright (nameID 0)
+            familyName (nameID 1)
+            styleName (nameID 2)
+            uniqueFontIdentifier (nameID 3)
+            fullName (nameID 4)
+            version (nameID 5)
+            psName (nameID 6)
+            trademark (nameID 7)
+            manufacturer (nameID 8)
+            designer (nameID 9)
+            description (nameID 10)
+            vendorURL (nameID 11)
+            designerURL (nameID 12)
+            licenseDescription (nameID 13)
+            licenseInfoURL (nameID 14)
+            typographicFamily (nameID 16)
+            typographicSubfamily (nameID 17)
+            compatibleFullName (nameID 18)
+            sampleText (nameID 19)
+            postScriptCIDFindfontName (nameID 20)
+            wwsFamilyName (nameID 21)
+            wwsSubfamilyName (nameID 22)
+            lightBackgroundPalette (nameID 23)
+            darkBackgroundPalette (nameID 24)
+            variationsPostScriptNamePrefix (nameID 25)
+        """
+        nameTable = self.font["name"] = newTable("name")
+        nameTable.names = []
+
+        for nameName, nameValue in nameStrings.items():
+            if isinstance(nameName, int):
+                nameID = nameName
+            else:
+                nameID = _nameIDs[nameName]
+            if isinstance(nameValue, str):
+                nameValue = dict(en=nameValue)
+            nameTable.addMultilingualName(
+                nameValue, ttFont=self.font, nameID=nameID, windows=windows, mac=mac
+            )
+
+    def setupOS2(self, **values):
+        """Create a new `OS/2` table and initialize it with default values,
+        which can be overridden by keyword arguments.
+        """
+        if "xAvgCharWidth" not in values:
+            gs = self.font.getGlyphSet()
+            widths = [
+                gs[glyphName].width
+                for glyphName in gs.keys()
+                if gs[glyphName].width > 0
+            ]
+            values["xAvgCharWidth"] = int(round(sum(widths) / float(len(widths))))
+        self._initTableWithValues("OS/2", _OS2Defaults, values)
+        if not (
+            "ulUnicodeRange1" in values
+            or "ulUnicodeRange2" in values
+            or "ulUnicodeRange3" in values
+            or "ulUnicodeRange3" in values
+        ):
+            assert (
+                "cmap" in self.font
+            ), "the 'cmap' table must be setup before the 'OS/2' table"
+            self.font["OS/2"].recalcUnicodeRanges(self.font)
+
+    def setupCFF(self, psName, fontInfo, charStringsDict, privateDict):
+        from .cffLib import (
+            CFFFontSet,
+            TopDictIndex,
+            TopDict,
+            CharStrings,
+            GlobalSubrsIndex,
+            PrivateDict,
+        )
+
+        assert not self.isTTF
+        self.font.sfntVersion = "OTTO"
+        fontSet = CFFFontSet()
+        fontSet.major = 1
+        fontSet.minor = 0
+        fontSet.otFont = self.font
+        fontSet.fontNames = [psName]
+        fontSet.topDictIndex = TopDictIndex()
+
+        globalSubrs = GlobalSubrsIndex()
+        fontSet.GlobalSubrs = globalSubrs
+        private = PrivateDict()
+        for key, value in privateDict.items():
+            setattr(private, key, value)
+        fdSelect = None
+        fdArray = None
+
+        topDict = TopDict()
+        topDict.charset = self.font.getGlyphOrder()
+        topDict.Private = private
+        topDict.GlobalSubrs = fontSet.GlobalSubrs
+        for key, value in fontInfo.items():
+            setattr(topDict, key, value)
+        if "FontMatrix" not in fontInfo:
+            scale = 1 / self.font["head"].unitsPerEm
+            topDict.FontMatrix = [scale, 0, 0, scale, 0, 0]
+
+        charStrings = CharStrings(
+            None, topDict.charset, globalSubrs, private, fdSelect, fdArray
+        )
+        for glyphName, charString in charStringsDict.items():
+            charString.private = private
+            charString.globalSubrs = globalSubrs
+            charStrings[glyphName] = charString
+        topDict.CharStrings = charStrings
+
+        fontSet.topDictIndex.append(topDict)
+
+        self.font["CFF "] = newTable("CFF ")
+        self.font["CFF "].cff = fontSet
+
+    def setupCFF2(self, charStringsDict, fdArrayList=None, regions=None):
+        from .cffLib import (
+            CFFFontSet,
+            TopDictIndex,
+            TopDict,
+            CharStrings,
+            GlobalSubrsIndex,
+            PrivateDict,
+            FDArrayIndex,
+            FontDict,
+        )
+
+        assert not self.isTTF
+        self.font.sfntVersion = "OTTO"
+        fontSet = CFFFontSet()
+        fontSet.major = 2
+        fontSet.minor = 0
+
+        cff2GetGlyphOrder = self.font.getGlyphOrder
+        fontSet.topDictIndex = TopDictIndex(None, cff2GetGlyphOrder, None)
+
+        globalSubrs = GlobalSubrsIndex()
+        fontSet.GlobalSubrs = globalSubrs
+
+        if fdArrayList is None:
+            fdArrayList = [{}]
+        fdSelect = None
+        fdArray = FDArrayIndex()
+        fdArray.strings = None
+        fdArray.GlobalSubrs = globalSubrs
+        for privateDict in fdArrayList:
+            fontDict = FontDict()
+            fontDict.setCFF2(True)
+            private = PrivateDict()
+            for key, value in privateDict.items():
+                setattr(private, key, value)
+            fontDict.Private = private
+            fdArray.append(fontDict)
+
+        topDict = TopDict()
+        topDict.cff2GetGlyphOrder = cff2GetGlyphOrder
+        topDict.FDArray = fdArray
+        scale = 1 / self.font["head"].unitsPerEm
+        topDict.FontMatrix = [scale, 0, 0, scale, 0, 0]
+
+        private = fdArray[0].Private
+        charStrings = CharStrings(None, None, globalSubrs, private, fdSelect, fdArray)
+        for glyphName, charString in charStringsDict.items():
+            charString.private = private
+            charString.globalSubrs = globalSubrs
+            charStrings[glyphName] = charString
+        topDict.CharStrings = charStrings
+
+        fontSet.topDictIndex.append(topDict)
+
+        self.font["CFF2"] = newTable("CFF2")
+        self.font["CFF2"].cff = fontSet
+
+        if regions:
+            self.setupCFF2Regions(regions)
+
+    def setupCFF2Regions(self, regions):
+        from .varLib.builder import buildVarRegionList, buildVarData, buildVarStore
+        from .cffLib import VarStoreData
+
+        assert "fvar" in self.font, "fvar must to be set up first"
+        assert "CFF2" in self.font, "CFF2 must to be set up first"
+        axisTags = [a.axisTag for a in self.font["fvar"].axes]
+        varRegionList = buildVarRegionList(regions, axisTags)
+        varData = buildVarData(list(range(len(regions))), None, optimize=False)
+        varStore = buildVarStore(varRegionList, [varData])
+        vstore = VarStoreData(otVarStore=varStore)
+        topDict = self.font["CFF2"].cff.topDictIndex[0]
+        topDict.VarStore = vstore
+        for fontDict in topDict.FDArray:
+            fontDict.Private.vstore = vstore
+
+    def setupGlyf(self, glyphs, calcGlyphBounds=True):
+        """Create the `glyf` table from a dict, that maps glyph names
+        to `fontTools.ttLib.tables._g_l_y_f.Glyph` objects, for example
+        as made by `fontTools.pens.ttGlyphPen.TTGlyphPen`.
+
+        If `calcGlyphBounds` is True, the bounds of all glyphs will be
+        calculated. Only pass False if your glyph objects already have
+        their bounding box values set.
+        """
+        assert self.isTTF
+        self.font["loca"] = newTable("loca")
+        self.font["glyf"] = newTable("glyf")
+        self.font["glyf"].glyphs = glyphs
+        if hasattr(self.font, "glyphOrder"):
+            self.font["glyf"].glyphOrder = self.font.glyphOrder
+        if calcGlyphBounds:
+            self.calcGlyphBounds()
+
+    def setupFvar(self, axes, instances):
+        """Adds an font variations table to the font.
+
+        Args:
+            axes (list): See below.
+            instances (list): See below.
+
+        ``axes`` should be a list of axes, with each axis either supplied as
+        a py:class:`.designspaceLib.AxisDescriptor` object, or a tuple in the
+        format ```tupletag, minValue, defaultValue, maxValue, name``.
+        The ``name`` is either a string, or a dict, mapping language codes
+        to strings, to allow localized name table entries.
+
+        ```instances`` should be a list of instances, with each instance either
+        supplied as a py:class:`.designspaceLib.InstanceDescriptor` object, or a
+        dict with keys ``location`` (mapping of axis tags to float values),
+        ``stylename`` and (optionally) ``postscriptfontname``.
+        The ``stylename`` is either a string, or a dict, mapping language codes
+        to strings, to allow localized name table entries.
+        """
+
+        addFvar(self.font, axes, instances)
+
+    def setupAvar(self, axes):
+        """Adds an axis variations table to the font.
+
+        Args:
+            axes (list): A list of py:class:`.designspaceLib.AxisDescriptor` objects.
+        """
+        from .varLib import _add_avar
+
+        _add_avar(self.font, OrderedDict(enumerate(axes)))  # Only values are used
+
+    def setupGvar(self, variations):
+        gvar = self.font["gvar"] = newTable("gvar")
+        gvar.version = 1
+        gvar.reserved = 0
+        gvar.variations = variations
+
+    def calcGlyphBounds(self):
+        """Calculate the bounding boxes of all glyphs in the `glyf` table.
+        This is usually not called explicitly by client code.
+        """
+        glyphTable = self.font["glyf"]
+        for glyph in glyphTable.glyphs.values():
+            glyph.recalcBounds(glyphTable)
+
+    def setupHorizontalMetrics(self, metrics):
+        """Create a new `hmtx` table, for horizontal metrics.
+
+        The `metrics` argument must be a dict, mapping glyph names to
+        `(width, leftSidebearing)` tuples.
+        """
+        self.setupMetrics("hmtx", metrics)
+
+    def setupVerticalMetrics(self, metrics):
+        """Create a new `vmtx` table, for horizontal metrics.
+
+        The `metrics` argument must be a dict, mapping glyph names to
+        `(height, topSidebearing)` tuples.
+        """
+        self.setupMetrics("vmtx", metrics)
+
+    def setupMetrics(self, tableTag, metrics):
+        """See `setupHorizontalMetrics()` and `setupVerticalMetrics()`."""
+        assert tableTag in ("hmtx", "vmtx")
+        mtxTable = self.font[tableTag] = newTable(tableTag)
+        roundedMetrics = {}
+        for gn in metrics:
+            w, lsb = metrics[gn]
+            roundedMetrics[gn] = int(round(w)), int(round(lsb))
+        mtxTable.metrics = roundedMetrics
+
+    def setupHorizontalHeader(self, **values):
+        """Create a new `hhea` table initialize it with default values,
+        which can be overridden by keyword arguments.
+        """
+        self._initTableWithValues("hhea", _hheaDefaults, values)
+
+    def setupVerticalHeader(self, **values):
+        """Create a new `vhea` table initialize it with default values,
+        which can be overridden by keyword arguments.
+        """
+        self._initTableWithValues("vhea", _vheaDefaults, values)
+
+    def setupVerticalOrigins(self, verticalOrigins, defaultVerticalOrigin=None):
+        """Create a new `VORG` table. The `verticalOrigins` argument must be
+        a dict, mapping glyph names to vertical origin values.
+
+        The `defaultVerticalOrigin` argument should be the most common vertical
+        origin value. If omitted, this value will be derived from the actual
+        values in the `verticalOrigins` argument.
+        """
+        if defaultVerticalOrigin is None:
+            # find the most frequent vorg value
+            bag = {}
+            for gn in verticalOrigins:
+                vorg = verticalOrigins[gn]
+                if vorg not in bag:
+                    bag[vorg] = 1
+                else:
+                    bag[vorg] += 1
+            defaultVerticalOrigin = sorted(
+                bag, key=lambda vorg: bag[vorg], reverse=True
+            )[0]
+        self._initTableWithValues(
+            "VORG",
+            {},
+            dict(VOriginRecords={}, defaultVertOriginY=defaultVerticalOrigin),
+        )
+        vorgTable = self.font["VORG"]
+        vorgTable.majorVersion = 1
+        vorgTable.minorVersion = 0
+        for gn in verticalOrigins:
+            vorgTable[gn] = verticalOrigins[gn]
+
+    def setupPost(self, keepGlyphNames=True, **values):
+        """Create a new `post` table and initialize it with default values,
+        which can be overridden by keyword arguments.
+        """
+        isCFF2 = "CFF2" in self.font
+        postTable = self._initTableWithValues("post", _postDefaults, values)
+        if (self.isTTF or isCFF2) and keepGlyphNames:
+            postTable.formatType = 2.0
+            postTable.extraNames = []
+            postTable.mapping = {}
+        else:
+            postTable.formatType = 3.0
+
+    def setupMaxp(self):
+        """Create a new `maxp` table. This is called implicitly by FontBuilder
+        itself and is usually not called by client code.
+        """
+        if self.isTTF:
+            defaults = _maxpDefaultsTTF
+        else:
+            defaults = _maxpDefaultsOTF
+        self._initTableWithValues("maxp", defaults, {})
+
+    def setupDummyDSIG(self):
+        """This adds an empty DSIG table to the font to make some MS applications
+        happy. This does not properly sign the font.
+        """
+        values = dict(
+            ulVersion=1,
+            usFlag=0,
+            usNumSigs=0,
+            signatureRecords=[],
+        )
+        self._initTableWithValues("DSIG", {}, values)
+
+    def addOpenTypeFeatures(self, features, filename=None, tables=None):
+        """Add OpenType features to the font from a string containing
+        Feature File syntax.
+
+        The `filename` argument is used in error messages and to determine
+        where to look for "include" files.
+
+        The optional `tables` argument can be a list of OTL tables tags to
+        build, allowing the caller to only build selected OTL tables. See
+        `fontTools.feaLib` for details.
+        """
+        from .feaLib.builder import addOpenTypeFeaturesFromString
+
+        addOpenTypeFeaturesFromString(
+            self.font, features, filename=filename, tables=tables
+        )
+
+    def addFeatureVariations(self, conditionalSubstitutions, featureTag="rvrn"):
+        """Add conditional substitutions to a Variable Font.
+
+        See `fontTools.varLib.featureVars.addFeatureVariations`.
+        """
+        from .varLib import featureVars
+
+        if "fvar" not in self.font:
+            raise KeyError("'fvar' table is missing; can't add FeatureVariations.")
+
+        featureVars.addFeatureVariations(
+            self.font, conditionalSubstitutions, featureTag=featureTag
+        )
+
+    def setupCOLR(
+        self,
+        colorLayers,
+        version=None,
+        varStore=None,
+        varIndexMap=None,
+        clipBoxes=None,
+    ):
+        """Build new COLR table using color layers dictionary.
+
+        Cf. `fontTools.colorLib.builder.buildCOLR`.
+        """
+        from fontTools.colorLib.builder import buildCOLR
+
+        glyphMap = self.font.getReverseGlyphMap()
+        self.font["COLR"] = buildCOLR(
+            colorLayers,
+            version=version,
+            glyphMap=glyphMap,
+            varStore=varStore,
+            varIndexMap=varIndexMap,
+            clipBoxes=clipBoxes,
+        )
+
+    def setupCPAL(
+        self,
+        palettes,
+        paletteTypes=None,
+        paletteLabels=None,
+        paletteEntryLabels=None,
+    ):
+        """Build new CPAL table using list of palettes.
+
+        Optionally build CPAL v1 table using paletteTypes, paletteLabels and
+        paletteEntryLabels.
+
+        Cf. `fontTools.colorLib.builder.buildCPAL`.
+        """
+        from fontTools.colorLib.builder import buildCPAL
+
+        self.font["CPAL"] = buildCPAL(
+            palettes,
+            paletteTypes=paletteTypes,
+            paletteLabels=paletteLabels,
+            paletteEntryLabels=paletteEntryLabels,
+            nameTable=self.font.get("name"),
+        )
+
+    def setupStat(self, axes, locations=None, elidedFallbackName=2):
+        """Build a new 'STAT' table.
+
+        See `fontTools.otlLib.builder.buildStatTable` for details about
+        the arguments.
+        """
+        from .otlLib.builder import buildStatTable
+
+        buildStatTable(self.font, axes, locations, elidedFallbackName)
+
+
+def buildCmapSubTable(cmapping, format, platformID, platEncID):
+    subTable = cmap_classes[format](format)
+    subTable.cmap = cmapping
+    subTable.platformID = platformID
+    subTable.platEncID = platEncID
+    subTable.language = 0
+    return subTable
+
+
+def addFvar(font, axes, instances):
+    from .ttLib.tables._f_v_a_r import Axis, NamedInstance
+
+    assert axes
+
+    fvar = newTable("fvar")
+    nameTable = font["name"]
+
+    for axis_def in axes:
+        axis = Axis()
+
+        if isinstance(axis_def, tuple):
+            (
+                axis.axisTag,
+                axis.minValue,
+                axis.defaultValue,
+                axis.maxValue,
+                name,
+            ) = axis_def
+        else:
+            (axis.axisTag, axis.minValue, axis.defaultValue, axis.maxValue, name) = (
+                axis_def.tag,
+                axis_def.minimum,
+                axis_def.default,
+                axis_def.maximum,
+                axis_def.name,
+            )
+
+        if isinstance(name, str):
+            name = dict(en=name)
+
+        axis.axisNameID = nameTable.addMultilingualName(name, ttFont=font)
+        fvar.axes.append(axis)
+
+    for instance in instances:
+        if isinstance(instance, dict):
+            coordinates = instance["location"]
+            name = instance["stylename"]
+            psname = instance.get("postscriptfontname")
+        else:
+            coordinates = instance.location
+            name = instance.localisedStyleName or instance.styleName
+            psname = instance.postScriptFontName
+
+        if isinstance(name, str):
+            name = dict(en=name)
+
+        inst = NamedInstance()
+        inst.subfamilyNameID = nameTable.addMultilingualName(name, ttFont=font)
+        if psname is not None:
+            inst.postscriptNameID = nameTable.addName(psname)
+        inst.coordinates = coordinates
+        fvar.instances.append(inst)
+
+    font["fvar"] = fvar
diff --git a/Lib/fontTools/help.py b/Lib/fontTools/help.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ff8048d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Lib/fontTools/help.py
@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+import pkgutil
+import sys
+import fontTools
+import importlib
+import os
+from pathlib import Path
+
+
+def main():
+    """Show this help"""
+    path = fontTools.__path__
+    descriptions = {}
+    for pkg in sorted(
+        mod.name
+        for mod in pkgutil.walk_packages([fontTools.__path__[0]], prefix="fontTools.")
+    ):
+        try:
+            imports = __import__(pkg, globals(), locals(), ["main"])
+        except ImportError as e:
+            continue
+        try:
+            description = imports.main.__doc__
+            if description:
+                pkg = pkg.replace("fontTools.", "").replace(".__main__", "")
+                descriptions[pkg] = description
+        except AttributeError as e:
+            pass
+    for pkg, description in descriptions.items():
+        print("fonttools %-12s %s" % (pkg, description), file=sys.stderr)
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    print("fonttools v%s\n" % fontTools.__version__, file=sys.stderr)
+    main()
diff --git a/Lib/fontTools/inspect.py b/Lib/fontTools/inspect.py
deleted file mode 100644
index bdacadf..0000000
--- a/Lib/fontTools/inspect.py
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,271 +0,0 @@
-# Copyright 2013 Google, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
-#
-# Google Author(s): Behdad Esfahbod
-
-"""GUI font inspector.
-"""
-
-from __future__ import print_function, division, absolute_import
-from fontTools.misc.py23 import *
-from fontTools import misc, ttLib, cffLib
-try:
-    from gi import pygtkcompat
-except ImportError:
-    pygtkcompat = None
-
-if pygtkcompat is not None:
-    pygtkcompat.enable()
-    pygtkcompat.enable_gtk(version='3.0')
-import gtk
-import sys
-
-
-class Row(object):
-	def __init__(self, parent, index, key, value, font):
-		self._parent = parent
-		self._index = index
-		self._key = key
-		self._value = value
-		self._font = font
-
-		if isinstance(value, ttLib.TTFont):
-			self._add_font(value)
-			return
-
-		if not isinstance(value, basestring):
-			# Try sequences
-			is_sequence = True
-			try:
-				len(value)
-				iter(value)
-				# It's hard to differentiate list-type sequences
-				# from dict-type ones.  Try fetching item 0.
-				value[0]
-			except (TypeError, AttributeError, KeyError, IndexError):
-				is_sequence = False
-			if is_sequence:
-				self._add_list(key, value)
-				return
-		if hasattr(value, '__dict__'):
-			self._add_object(key, value)
-			return
-		if hasattr(value, 'items'):
-			self._add_dict(key, value)
-			return
-
-		if isinstance(value, basestring):
-			self._value_str = '"'+value+'"'
-			self._children = []
-			return
-
-		# Everything else
-		self._children = []
-
-	def _filter_items(self):
-		items = []
-		for k,v in self._items:
-			if isinstance(v, ttLib.TTFont):
-				continue
-			if k in ['reader', 'file', 'tableTag', 'compileStatus', 'recurse']:
-				continue
-			if isinstance(k, basestring) and k[0] == '_':
-				continue
-			items.append((k,v))
-		self._items = items
-
-	def _add_font(self, font):
-		self._items = [(tag,font[tag]) for tag in font.keys()]
-
-	def _add_object(self, key, value):
-		# Make sure item is decompiled
-		try:
-			value.asdf # Any better way?!
-		except (AttributeError, KeyError, TypeError, ttLib.TTLibError):
-			pass
-		if isinstance(value, ttLib.getTableModule('glyf').Glyph):
-			# Glyph type needs explicit expanding to be useful
-			value.expand(self._font['glyf'])
-		if isinstance(value, misc.psCharStrings.T2CharString):
-			try:
-				value.decompile()
-			except TypeError:  # Subroutines can't be decompiled
-				pass
-		if isinstance(value, cffLib.BaseDict):
-			for k in value.rawDict.keys():
-				getattr(value, k)
-		if isinstance(value, cffLib.Index):
-			# Load all items
-			for i in range(len(value)):
-				value[i]
-			# Discard offsets as should not be needed anymore
-			if hasattr(value, 'offsets'):
-				del value.offsets
-
-		self._value_str = value.__class__.__name__
-		if isinstance(value, ttLib.tables.DefaultTable.DefaultTable):
-			self._value_str += ' (%d Bytes)' % self._font.reader.tables[key].length
-		self._items = sorted(value.__dict__.items())
-		self._filter_items()
-
-	def _add_dict(self, key, value):
-		self._value_str = '%s of %d items' % (value.__class__.__name__, len(value))
-		self._items = sorted(value.items())
-
-	def _add_list(self, key, value):
-		if len(value) and len(value) <= 32:
-			self._value_str = str(value)
-		else:
-			self._value_str = '%s of %d items' % (value.__class__.__name__, len(value))
-		self._items = list(enumerate(value))
-
-	def __len__(self):
-		if hasattr(self, '_children'):
-			return len(self._children)
-		if hasattr(self, '_items'):
-			return len(self._items)
-		assert False
-
-	def _ensure_children(self):
-		if hasattr(self, '_children'):
-			return
-		children = []
-		for i,(k,v) in enumerate(self._items):
-			children.append(Row(self, i, k, v, self._font))
-		self._children = children
-		del self._items
-
-	def __getitem__(self, n):
-		if n >= len(self):
-			return None
-		if not hasattr(self, '_children'):
-			self._children = [None] * len(self)
-		c = self._children[n]
-		if c is None:
-			k,v = self._items[n]
-			c = self._children[n] = Row(self, n, k, v, self._font)
-			self._items[n] = None
-		return c
-
-	def get_parent(self):
-		return self._parent
-
-	def get_index(self):
-		return self._index
-
-	def get_key(self):
-		return self._key
-
-	def get_value(self):
-		return self._value
-
-	def get_value_str(self):
-		if hasattr(self,'_value_str'):
-			return self._value_str
-		return str(self._value)
-
-class FontTreeModel(gtk.GenericTreeModel):
-
-	__gtype_name__ = 'FontTreeModel'
-
-	def __init__(self, font):
-		super(FontTreeModel, self).__init__()
-		self._columns = (str, str)
-		self.font = font
-		self._root = Row(None, 0, "font", font, font)
-
-	def on_get_flags(self):
-		return 0
-
-	def on_get_n_columns(self):
-		return len(self._columns)
-
-	def on_get_column_type(self, index):
-		return self._columns[index]
-
-	def on_get_iter(self, path):
-		rowref = self._root
-		while path:
-			rowref = rowref[path[0]]
-			path = path[1:]
-		return rowref
-
-	def on_get_path(self, rowref):
-		path = []
-		while rowref != self._root:
-			path.append(rowref.get_index())
-			rowref = rowref.get_parent()
-		path.reverse()
-		return tuple(path)
-
-	def on_get_value(self, rowref, column):
-		if column == 0:
-			return rowref.get_key()
-		else:
-			return rowref.get_value_str()
-
-	def on_iter_next(self, rowref):
-		return rowref.get_parent()[rowref.get_index() + 1]
-
-	def on_iter_children(self, rowref):
-		return rowref[0]
-
-	def on_iter_has_child(self, rowref):
-		return bool(len(rowref))
-
-	def on_iter_n_children(self, rowref):
-		return len(rowref)
-
-	def on_iter_nth_child(self, rowref, n):
-		if not rowref: rowref = self._root
-		return rowref[n]
-
-	def on_iter_parent(self, rowref):
-		return rowref.get_parent()
-
-class Inspect(object):
-
-	def _delete_event(self, widget, event, data=None):
-		gtk.main_quit()
-		return False
-
-	def __init__(self, fontfile):
-
-		self.window = gtk.Window(gtk.WINDOW_TOPLEVEL)
-		self.window.set_title("%s - pyftinspect" % fontfile)
-		self.window.connect("delete_event", self._delete_event)
-		self.window.set_size_request(400, 600)
-
-		self.scrolled_window = gtk.ScrolledWindow()
-		self.window.add(self.scrolled_window)
-
-		self.font = ttLib.TTFont(fontfile, lazy=True)
-		self.treemodel = FontTreeModel(self.font)
-		self.treeview = gtk.TreeView(self.treemodel)
-		#self.treeview.set_reorderable(True)
-
-		for i in range(2):
-			col_name = ('Key', 'Value')[i]
-			col = gtk.TreeViewColumn(col_name)
-			col.set_sort_column_id(-1)
-			self.treeview.append_column(col)
-
-			cell = gtk.CellRendererText()
-			col.pack_start(cell, True)
-			col.add_attribute(cell, 'text', i)
-
-		self.treeview.set_search_column(1)
-		self.scrolled_window.add(self.treeview)
-		self.window.show_all()
-
-def main(args=None):
-	if args is None:
-		args = sys.argv[1:]
-	if len(args) < 1:
-		print("usage: pyftinspect font...", file=sys.stderr)
-		return 1
-	for arg in args:
-		Inspect(arg)
-	gtk.main()
-
-if __name__ == "__main__":
-	sys.exit(main())
diff --git a/Lib/fontTools/merge.py b/Lib/fontTools/merge.py
index f3173eb..2df22a8 100644
--- a/Lib/fontTools/merge.py
+++ b/Lib/fontTools/merge.py
@@ -2,16 +2,12 @@
 #
 # Google Author(s): Behdad Esfahbod, Roozbeh Pournader
 
-"""Font merger.
-"""
-
-from __future__ import print_function, division, absolute_import
-from fontTools.misc.py23 import *
 from fontTools.misc.timeTools import timestampNow
 from fontTools import ttLib, cffLib
 from fontTools.ttLib.tables import otTables, _h_e_a_d
 from fontTools.ttLib.tables.DefaultTable import DefaultTable
 from fontTools.misc.loggingTools import Timer
+from fontTools.pens.recordingPen import DecomposingRecordingPen
 from functools import reduce
 import sys
 import time
@@ -225,6 +221,23 @@
 	'numberOfHMetrics': recalculate,
 }
 
+ttLib.getTableClass('vhea').mergeMap = {
+	'*': equal,
+	'tableTag': equal,
+	'tableVersion': max,
+	'ascent': max,
+	'descent': min,
+	'lineGap': max,
+	'advanceHeightMax': max,
+	'minTopSideBearing': min,
+	'minBottomSideBearing': min,
+	'yMaxExtent': max,
+	'caretSlopeRise': first,
+	'caretSlopeRun': first,
+	'caretOffset': first,
+	'numberOfVMetrics': recalculate,
+}
+
 os2FsTypeMergeBitMap = {
 	'size': 16,
 	'*': lambda bit: 0,
@@ -277,11 +290,18 @@
 	'sTypoLineGap': max,
 	'usWinAscent': max,
 	'usWinDescent': max,
-	# Version 2,3,4
+	# Version 1
 	'ulCodePageRange1': onlyExisting(bitwise_or),
 	'ulCodePageRange2': onlyExisting(bitwise_or),
-	'usMaxContex': onlyExisting(max),
-	# TODO version 5
+	# Version 2, 3, 4
+	'sxHeight': onlyExisting(max),
+	'sCapHeight': onlyExisting(max),
+	'usDefaultChar': onlyExisting(first),
+	'usBreakChar': onlyExisting(first),
+	'usMaxContext': onlyExisting(max),
+	# version 5
+	'usLowerOpticalPointSize': onlyExisting(min),
+	'usUpperOpticalPointSize': onlyExisting(max),
 }
 
 @_add_method(ttLib.getTableClass('OS/2'))
@@ -351,10 +371,29 @@
 ttLib.getTableClass('cvt ').mergeMap = lambda self, lst: first(lst)
 ttLib.getTableClass('gasp').mergeMap = lambda self, lst: first(lst) # FIXME? Appears irreconcilable
 
+def _glyphsAreSame(glyphSet1, glyphSet2, glyph1, glyph2):
+	pen1 = DecomposingRecordingPen(glyphSet1)
+	pen2 = DecomposingRecordingPen(glyphSet2)
+	g1 = glyphSet1[glyph1]
+	g2 = glyphSet2[glyph2]
+	g1.draw(pen1)
+	g2.draw(pen2)
+	return (pen1.value == pen2.value and
+		g1.width == g2.width and
+		(not hasattr(g1, 'height') or g1.height == g2.height))
+
+# Valid (format, platformID, platEncID) triplets for cmap subtables containing
+# Unicode BMP-only and Unicode Full Repertoire semantics.
+# Cf. OpenType spec for "Platform specific encodings":
+# https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/typography/opentype/spec/name
+class CmapUnicodePlatEncodings:
+	BMP = {(4, 3, 1), (4, 0, 3), (4, 0, 4), (4, 0, 6)}
+	FullRepertoire = {(12, 3, 10), (12, 0, 4), (12, 0, 6)}
+
 @_add_method(ttLib.getTableClass('cmap'))
 def merge(self, m, tables):
 	# TODO Handle format=14.
-	# Only merges 4/3/1 and 12/3/10 subtables, ignores all other subtables
+	# Only merge format 4 and 12 Unicode subtables, ignores all other subtables
 	# If there is a format 12 table for the same font, ignore the format 4 table
 	cmapTables = []
 	for fontIdx,table in enumerate(tables):
@@ -362,10 +401,16 @@
 		format12 = None
 		for subtable in table.tables:
 			properties = (subtable.format, subtable.platformID, subtable.platEncID)
-			if properties == (4,3,1):
+			if properties in CmapUnicodePlatEncodings.BMP:
 				format4 = subtable
-			elif properties == (12,3,10):
+			elif properties in CmapUnicodePlatEncodings.FullRepertoire:
 				format12 = subtable
+			else:
+				log.warning(
+					"Dropped cmap subtable from font [%s]:\t"
+					"format %2s, platformID %2s, platEncID %2s",
+					fontIdx, subtable.format, subtable.platformID, subtable.platEncID
+				)
 		if format12 is not None:
 			cmapTables.append((format12, fontIdx))
 		elif format4 is not None:
@@ -373,19 +418,30 @@
 
 	# Build a unicode mapping, then decide which format is needed to store it.
 	cmap = {}
+	fontIndexForGlyph = {}
+	glyphSets = [None for f in m.fonts] if hasattr(m, 'fonts') else None
 	for table,fontIdx in cmapTables:
 		# handle duplicates
 		for uni,gid in table.cmap.items():
 			oldgid = cmap.get(uni, None)
 			if oldgid is None:
 				cmap[uni] = gid
+				fontIndexForGlyph[gid] = fontIdx
 			elif oldgid != gid:
 				# Char previously mapped to oldgid, now to gid.
 				# Record, to fix up in GSUB 'locl' later.
-				if m.duplicateGlyphsPerFont[fontIdx].get(oldgid, gid) == gid:
+				if m.duplicateGlyphsPerFont[fontIdx].get(oldgid) is None:
+					if glyphSets is not None:
+						oldFontIdx = fontIndexForGlyph[oldgid]
+						for idx in (fontIdx, oldFontIdx):
+							if glyphSets[idx] is None:
+								glyphSets[idx] = m.fonts[idx].getGlyphSet()
+						if _glyphsAreSame(glyphSets[oldFontIdx], glyphSets[fontIdx], oldgid, gid):
+							continue
 					m.duplicateGlyphsPerFont[fontIdx][oldgid] = gid
-				else:
-					# Char previously mapped to oldgid but already remapped to a different gid.
+				elif m.duplicateGlyphsPerFont[fontIdx][oldgid] != gid:
+					# Char previously mapped to oldgid but oldgid is already remapped to a different
+					# gid, because of another Unicode character.
 					# TODO: Try harder to do something about these.
 					log.warning("Dropped mapping from codepoint %#06X to glyphId '%s'", uni, gid)
 
@@ -459,13 +515,27 @@
 
 	if len(lst) == 1:
 		return lst[0]
-	# TODO Support merging LangSysRecords
-	assert all(not s.LangSysRecord for s in lst)
+	langSyses = {}
+	for sr in lst:
+		for lsr in sr.LangSysRecord:
+			if lsr.LangSysTag not in langSyses:
+				langSyses[lsr.LangSysTag] = []
+			langSyses[lsr.LangSysTag].append(lsr.LangSys)
+	lsrecords = []
+	for tag, langSys_list in sorted(langSyses.items()):
+		lsr = otTables.LangSysRecord()
+		lsr.LangSys = mergeLangSyses(langSys_list)
+		lsr.LangSysTag = tag
+		lsrecords.append(lsr)
 
 	self = otTables.Script()
-	self.LangSysRecord = []
-	self.LangSysCount = 0
-	self.DefaultLangSys = mergeLangSyses([s.DefaultLangSys for s in lst if s.DefaultLangSys])
+	self.LangSysRecord = lsrecords
+	self.LangSysCount = len(lsrecords)
+	dfltLangSyses = [s.DefaultLangSys for s in lst if s.DefaultLangSys]
+	if dfltLangSyses:
+		self.DefaultLangSys = mergeLangSyses(dfltLangSyses)
+	else:
+		self.DefaultLangSys = None
 	return self
 
 def mergeScriptRecords(lst):
@@ -604,6 +674,13 @@
 					synthLookup.LookupType = 1
 					synthLookup.SubTableCount = 1
 					synthLookup.SubTable = [subtable]
+					if table.table.LookupList is None:
+						# mtiLib uses None as default value for LookupList,
+						# while feaLib points to an empty array with count 0
+						# TODO: make them do the same
+						table.table.LookupList = otTables.LookupList()
+						table.table.LookupList.Lookup = []
+						table.table.LookupList.LookupCount = 0
 					table.table.LookupList.Lookup.append(synthLookup)
 					table.table.LookupList.LookupCount += 1
 
@@ -664,12 +741,12 @@
 
 	if self.Format not in [1, 2, 3]:
 		return None  # Don't shoot the messenger; let it go
-	if not hasattr(self.__class__, "__ContextHelpers"):
-		self.__class__.__ContextHelpers = {}
-	if self.Format not in self.__class__.__ContextHelpers:
+	if not hasattr(self.__class__, "_merge__ContextHelpers"):
+		self.__class__._merge__ContextHelpers = {}
+	if self.Format not in self.__class__._merge__ContextHelpers:
 		helper = ContextHelper(self.__class__, self.Format)
-		self.__class__.__ContextHelpers[self.Format] = helper
-	return self.__class__.__ContextHelpers[self.Format]
+		self.__class__._merge__ContextHelpers[self.Format] = helper
+	return self.__class__._merge__ContextHelpers[self.Format]
 
 
 @_add_method(otTables.ContextSubst,
@@ -824,9 +901,9 @@
 
 		return ret
 
-class _AttendanceRecordingIdentityDict(dict):
+class _AttendanceRecordingIdentityDict(object):
 	"""A dictionary-like object that records indices of items actually accessed
-		from a list."""
+	from a list."""
 
 	def __init__(self, lst):
 		self.l = lst
@@ -837,7 +914,7 @@
 		self.s.add(self.d[id(v)])
 		return v
 
-class _GregariousDict(dict):
+class _GregariousIdentityDict(object):
 	"""A dictionary-like object that welcomes guests without reservations and
 	adds them to the end of the guest list."""
 
@@ -851,16 +928,53 @@
 			self.l.append(v)
 		return v
 
-class _NonhashableDict(dict):
-	"""A dictionary-like object mapping objects to their index within a list."""
+class _NonhashableDict(object):
+	"""A dictionary-like object mapping objects to values."""
 
-	def __init__(self, lst):
-		self.d = {id(v):i for i,v in enumerate(lst)}
+	def __init__(self, keys, values=None):
+		if values is None:
+			self.d = {id(v):i for i,v in enumerate(keys)}
+		else:
+			self.d = {id(k):v for k,v in zip(keys, values)}
 
-	def __getitem__(self, v):
-		return self.d[id(v)]
+	def __getitem__(self, k):
+		return self.d[id(k)]
+
+	def __setitem__(self, k, v):
+		self.d[id(k)] = v
+
+	def __delitem__(self, k):
+		del self.d[id(k)]
 
 class Merger(object):
+	"""Font merger.
+
+	This class merges multiple files into a single OpenType font, taking into
+	account complexities such as OpenType layout (``GSUB``/``GPOS``) tables and
+	cross-font metrics (e.g. ``hhea.ascent`` is set to the maximum value across
+	all the fonts).
+
+	If multiple glyphs map to the same Unicode value, and the glyphs are considered
+	sufficiently different (that is, they differ in any of paths, widths, or
+	height), then subsequent glyphs are renamed and a lookup in the ``locl``
+	feature will be created to disambiguate them. For example, if the arguments
+	are an Arabic font and a Latin font and both contain a set of parentheses,
+	the Latin glyphs will be renamed to ``parenleft#1`` and ``parenright#1``,
+	and a lookup will be inserted into the to ``locl`` feature (creating it if
+	necessary) under the ``latn`` script to substitute ``parenleft`` with
+	``parenleft#1`` etc.
+
+	Restrictions:
+
+	- All fonts must currently have TrueType outlines (``glyf`` table).
+		Merging fonts with CFF outlines is not supported.
+	- All fonts must have the same units per em.
+	- If duplicate glyph disambiguation takes place as described above then the
+		fonts must have a ``GSUB`` table.
+
+	Attributes:
+		options: Currently unused.
+	"""
 
 	def __init__(self, options=None):
 
@@ -870,7 +984,15 @@
 		self.options = options
 
 	def merge(self, fontfiles):
+		"""Merges fonts together.
 
+		Args:
+			fontfiles: A list of file names to be merged
+
+		Returns:
+			A :class:`fontTools.ttLib.TTFont` object. Call the ``save`` method on
+			this to write it out to an OTF file.
+		"""
 		mega = ttLib.TTFont()
 
 		#
@@ -890,7 +1012,8 @@
 		for font in fonts:
 			self._preMerge(font)
 
-		self.duplicateGlyphsPerFont = [{} for f in fonts]
+		self.fonts = fonts
+		self.duplicateGlyphsPerFont = [{} for _ in fonts]
 
 		allTags = reduce(set.union, (list(font.keys()) for font in fonts), set())
 		allTags.remove('GlyphOrder')
@@ -919,6 +1042,7 @@
 					log.info("Dropped '%s'.", tag)
 
 		del self.duplicateGlyphsPerFont
+		del self.fonts
 
 		self._postMerge(mega)
 
@@ -927,16 +1051,18 @@
 	def _mergeGlyphOrders(self, glyphOrders):
 		"""Modifies passed-in glyphOrders to reflect new glyph names.
 		Returns glyphOrder for the merged font."""
-		# Simply append font index to the glyph name for now.
-		# TODO Even this simplistic numbering can result in conflicts.
-		# But then again, we have to improve this soon anyway.
-		mega = []
-		for n,glyphOrder in enumerate(glyphOrders):
+		mega = {}
+		for glyphOrder in glyphOrders:
 			for i,glyphName in enumerate(glyphOrder):
-				glyphName += "#" + repr(n)
-				glyphOrder[i] = glyphName
-				mega.append(glyphName)
-		return mega
+				if glyphName in mega:
+					n = mega[glyphName]
+					while (glyphName + "#" + repr(n)) in mega:
+						n += 1
+					mega[glyphName] = n
+					glyphName += "#" + repr(n)
+					glyphOrder[i] = glyphName
+				mega[glyphName] = 1
+		return list(mega.keys())
 
 	def mergeObjects(self, returnTable, logic, tables):
 		# Right now we don't use self at all.  Will use in the future
@@ -997,7 +1123,7 @@
 			if t.table.FeatureList and t.table.ScriptList:
 
 				# Collect unregistered (new) features.
-				featureMap = _GregariousDict(t.table.FeatureList.FeatureRecord)
+				featureMap = _GregariousIdentityDict(t.table.FeatureList.FeatureRecord)
 				t.table.ScriptList.mapFeatures(featureMap)
 
 				# Record used features.
@@ -1017,7 +1143,7 @@
 			if t.table.LookupList:
 
 				# Collect unregistered (new) lookups.
-				lookupMap = _GregariousDict(t.table.LookupList.Lookup)
+				lookupMap = _GregariousIdentityDict(t.table.LookupList.Lookup)
 				t.table.FeatureList.mapLookups(lookupMap)
 				t.table.LookupList.mapLookups(lookupMap)
 
@@ -1049,6 +1175,7 @@
 
 @timer("make one with everything (TOTAL TIME)")
 def main(args=None):
+	"""Merge multiple fonts into one"""
 	from fontTools import configLogger
 
 	if args is None:
diff --git a/Lib/fontTools/misc/__init__.py b/Lib/fontTools/misc/__init__.py
index 3f9abc9..156cb23 100644
--- a/Lib/fontTools/misc/__init__.py
+++ b/Lib/fontTools/misc/__init__.py
@@ -1,4 +1 @@
 """Empty __init__.py file to signal Python this directory is a package."""
-
-from __future__ import print_function, division, absolute_import
-from fontTools.misc.py23 import *
diff --git a/Lib/fontTools/misc/arrayTools.py b/Lib/fontTools/misc/arrayTools.py
index f2cfac8..01ccbe8 100644
--- a/Lib/fontTools/misc/arrayTools.py
+++ b/Lib/fontTools/misc/arrayTools.py
@@ -1,48 +1,87 @@
-#
-# Various array and rectangle tools, but mostly rectangles, hence the
-# name of this module (not).
-#
+"""Routines for calculating bounding boxes, point in rectangle calculations and
+so on.
+"""
 
-
-from __future__ import print_function, division, absolute_import
-from fontTools.misc.py23 import *
-from numbers import Number
+from fontTools.misc.roundTools import otRound
+from fontTools.misc.vector import Vector as _Vector
 import math
-import operator
+import warnings
+
 
 def calcBounds(array):
-    """Return the bounding rectangle of a 2D points array as a tuple:
-    (xMin, yMin, xMax, yMax)
+    """Calculate the bounding rectangle of a 2D points array.
+
+    Args:
+        array: A sequence of 2D tuples.
+
+    Returns:
+        A four-item tuple representing the bounding rectangle ``(xMin, yMin, xMax, yMax)``.
     """
-    if len(array) == 0:
+    if not array:
         return 0, 0, 0, 0
     xs = [x for x, y in array]
     ys = [y for x, y in array]
     return min(xs), min(ys), max(xs), max(ys)
 
-def calcIntBounds(array):
-    """Return the integer bounding rectangle of a 2D points array as a
-    tuple: (xMin, yMin, xMax, yMax)
-    Values are rounded to closest integer.
+def calcIntBounds(array, round=otRound):
+    """Calculate the integer bounding rectangle of a 2D points array.
+
+    Values are rounded to closest integer towards ``+Infinity`` using the
+    :func:`fontTools.misc.fixedTools.otRound` function by default, unless
+    an optional ``round`` function is passed.
+
+    Args:
+        array: A sequence of 2D tuples.
+        round: A rounding function of type ``f(x: float) -> int``.
+
+    Returns:
+        A four-item tuple of integers representing the bounding rectangle:
+        ``(xMin, yMin, xMax, yMax)``.
     """
     return tuple(round(v) for v in calcBounds(array))
 
 
 def updateBounds(bounds, p, min=min, max=max):
-    """Return the bounding recangle of rectangle bounds and point (x, y)."""
+    """Add a point to a bounding rectangle.
+
+    Args:
+        bounds: A bounding rectangle expressed as a tuple
+            ``(xMin, yMin, xMax, yMax)``.
+        p: A 2D tuple representing a point.
+        min,max: functions to compute the minimum and maximum.
+
+    Returns:
+        The updated bounding rectangle ``(xMin, yMin, xMax, yMax)``.
+    """
     (x, y) = p
     xMin, yMin, xMax, yMax = bounds
     return min(xMin, x), min(yMin, y), max(xMax, x), max(yMax, y)
 
 def pointInRect(p, rect):
-    """Return True when point (x, y) is inside rect."""
+    """Test if a point is inside a bounding rectangle.
+
+    Args:
+        p: A 2D tuple representing a point.
+        rect: A bounding rectangle expressed as a tuple
+            ``(xMin, yMin, xMax, yMax)``.
+
+    Returns:
+        ``True`` if the point is inside the rectangle, ``False`` otherwise.
+    """
     (x, y) = p
     xMin, yMin, xMax, yMax = rect
     return (xMin <= x <= xMax) and (yMin <= y <= yMax)
 
 def pointsInRect(array, rect):
-    """Find out which points or array are inside rect.
-    Returns an array with a boolean for each point.
+    """Determine which points are inside a bounding rectangle.
+
+    Args:
+        array: A sequence of 2D tuples.
+        rect: A bounding rectangle expressed as a tuple
+            ``(xMin, yMin, xMax, yMax)``.
+
+    Returns:
+        A list containing the points inside the rectangle.
     """
     if len(array) < 1:
         return []
@@ -50,41 +89,105 @@
     return [(xMin <= x <= xMax) and (yMin <= y <= yMax) for x, y in array]
 
 def vectorLength(vector):
-    """Return the length of the given vector."""
+    """Calculate the length of the given vector.
+
+    Args:
+        vector: A 2D tuple.
+
+    Returns:
+        The Euclidean length of the vector.
+    """
     x, y = vector
     return math.sqrt(x**2 + y**2)
 
 def asInt16(array):
-    """Round and cast to 16 bit integer."""
+    """Round a list of floats to 16-bit signed integers.
+
+    Args:
+        array: List of float values.
+
+    Returns:
+        A list of rounded integers.
+    """
     return [int(math.floor(i+0.5)) for i in array]
 
 
 def normRect(rect):
-    """Normalize the rectangle so that the following holds:
+    """Normalize a bounding box rectangle.
+
+    This function "turns the rectangle the right way up", so that the following
+    holds::
+
         xMin <= xMax and yMin <= yMax
+
+    Args:
+        rect: A bounding rectangle expressed as a tuple
+            ``(xMin, yMin, xMax, yMax)``.
+
+    Returns:
+        A normalized bounding rectangle.
     """
     (xMin, yMin, xMax, yMax) = rect
     return min(xMin, xMax), min(yMin, yMax), max(xMin, xMax), max(yMin, yMax)
 
 def scaleRect(rect, x, y):
-    """Scale the rectangle by x, y."""
+    """Scale a bounding box rectangle.
+
+    Args:
+        rect: A bounding rectangle expressed as a tuple
+            ``(xMin, yMin, xMax, yMax)``.
+        x: Factor to scale the rectangle along the X axis.
+        Y: Factor to scale the rectangle along the Y axis.
+
+    Returns:
+        A scaled bounding rectangle.
+    """
     (xMin, yMin, xMax, yMax) = rect
     return xMin * x, yMin * y, xMax * x, yMax * y
 
 def offsetRect(rect, dx, dy):
-    """Offset the rectangle by dx, dy."""
+    """Offset a bounding box rectangle.
+
+    Args:
+        rect: A bounding rectangle expressed as a tuple
+            ``(xMin, yMin, xMax, yMax)``.
+        dx: Amount to offset the rectangle along the X axis.
+        dY: Amount to offset the rectangle along the Y axis.
+
+    Returns:
+        An offset bounding rectangle.
+    """
     (xMin, yMin, xMax, yMax) = rect
     return xMin+dx, yMin+dy, xMax+dx, yMax+dy
 
 def insetRect(rect, dx, dy):
-    """Inset the rectangle by dx, dy on all sides."""
+    """Inset a bounding box rectangle on all sides.
+
+    Args:
+        rect: A bounding rectangle expressed as a tuple
+            ``(xMin, yMin, xMax, yMax)``.
+        dx: Amount to inset the rectangle along the X axis.
+        dY: Amount to inset the rectangle along the Y axis.
+
+    Returns:
+        An inset bounding rectangle.
+    """
     (xMin, yMin, xMax, yMax) = rect
     return xMin+dx, yMin+dy, xMax-dx, yMax-dy
 
 def sectRect(rect1, rect2):
-    """Return a boolean and a rectangle. If the input rectangles intersect, return
-    True and the intersecting rectangle. Return False and (0, 0, 0, 0) if the input
-    rectangles don't intersect.
+    """Test for rectangle-rectangle intersection.
+
+    Args:
+        rect1: First bounding rectangle, expressed as tuples
+            ``(xMin, yMin, xMax, yMax)``.
+        rect2: Second bounding rectangle.
+
+    Returns:
+        A boolean and a rectangle.
+        If the input rectangles intersect, returns ``True`` and the intersecting
+        rectangle. Returns ``False`` and ``(0, 0, 0, 0)`` if the input
+        rectangles don't intersect.
     """
     (xMin1, yMin1, xMax1, yMax1) = rect1
     (xMin2, yMin2, xMax2, yMax2) = rect2
@@ -95,9 +198,16 @@
     return True, (xMin, yMin, xMax, yMax)
 
 def unionRect(rect1, rect2):
-    """Return the smallest rectangle in which both input rectangles are fully
-    enclosed. In other words, return the total bounding rectangle of both input
-    rectangles.
+    """Determine union of bounding rectangles.
+
+    Args:
+        rect1: First bounding rectangle, expressed as tuples
+            ``(xMin, yMin, xMax, yMax)``.
+        rect2: Second bounding rectangle.
+
+    Returns:
+        The smallest rectangle in which both input rectangles are fully
+        enclosed.
     """
     (xMin1, yMin1, xMax1, yMax1) = rect1
     (xMin2, yMin2, xMax2, yMax2) = rect2
@@ -105,16 +215,45 @@
                               max(xMax1, xMax2), max(yMax1, yMax2))
     return (xMin, yMin, xMax, yMax)
 
-def rectCenter(rect0):
-    """Return the center of the rectangle as an (x, y) coordinate."""
-    (xMin, yMin, xMax, yMax) = rect0
+def rectCenter(rect):
+    """Determine rectangle center.
+
+    Args:
+        rect: Bounding rectangle, expressed as tuples
+            ``(xMin, yMin, xMax, yMax)``.
+
+    Returns:
+        A 2D tuple representing the point at the center of the rectangle.
+    """
+    (xMin, yMin, xMax, yMax) = rect
     return (xMin+xMax)/2, (yMin+yMax)/2
 
-def intRect(rect1):
-    """Return the rectangle, rounded off to integer values, but guaranteeing that
-    the resulting rectangle is NOT smaller than the original.
+def rectArea(rect):
+    """Determine rectangle area.
+
+    Args:
+        rect: Bounding rectangle, expressed as tuples
+            ``(xMin, yMin, xMax, yMax)``.
+
+    Returns:
+        The area of the rectangle.
     """
-    (xMin, yMin, xMax, yMax) = rect1
+    (xMin, yMin, xMax, yMax) = rect
+    return (yMax - yMin) * (xMax - xMin)
+
+def intRect(rect):
+    """Round a rectangle to integer values.
+
+    Guarantees that the resulting rectangle is NOT smaller than the original.
+
+    Args:
+        rect: Bounding rectangle, expressed as tuples
+            ``(xMin, yMin, xMax, yMax)``.
+
+    Returns:
+        A rounded bounding rectangle.
+    """
+    (xMin, yMin, xMax, yMax) = rect
     xMin = int(math.floor(xMin))
     yMin = int(math.floor(yMin))
     xMax = int(math.ceil(xMax))
@@ -122,121 +261,48 @@
     return (xMin, yMin, xMax, yMax)
 
 
-class Vector(object):
-    """A math-like vector."""
+class Vector(_Vector):
 
-    def __init__(self, values, keep=False):
-        self.values = values if keep else list(values)
-
-    def __getitem__(self, index):
-        return self.values[index]
-
-    def __len__(self):
-        return len(self.values)
-
-    def __repr__(self):
-        return "Vector(%s)" % self.values
-
-    def _vectorOp(self, other, op):
-        if isinstance(other, Vector):
-            assert len(self.values) == len(other.values)
-            a = self.values
-            b = other.values
-            return [op(a[i], b[i]) for i in range(len(self.values))]
-        if isinstance(other, Number):
-            return [op(v, other) for v in self.values]
-        raise NotImplementedError
-
-    def _scalarOp(self, other, op):
-        if isinstance(other, Number):
-            return [op(v, other) for v in self.values]
-        raise NotImplementedError
-
-    def _unaryOp(self, op):
-        return [op(v) for v in self.values]
-
-    def __add__(self, other):
-        return Vector(self._vectorOp(other, operator.add), keep=True)
-    def __iadd__(self, other):
-        self.values = self._vectorOp(other, operator.add)
-        return self
-    __radd__ = __add__
-
-    def __sub__(self, other):
-        return Vector(self._vectorOp(other, operator.sub), keep=True)
-    def __isub__(self, other):
-        self.values = self._vectorOp(other, operator.sub)
-        return self
-    def __rsub__(self, other):
-        return other + (-self)
-
-    def __mul__(self, other):
-        return Vector(self._scalarOp(other, operator.mul), keep=True)
-    def __imul__(self, other):
-        self.values = self._scalarOp(other, operator.mul)
-        return self
-    __rmul__ = __mul__
-
-    def __truediv__(self, other):
-        return Vector(self._scalarOp(other, operator.div), keep=True)
-    def __itruediv__(self, other):
-        self.values = self._scalarOp(other, operator.div)
-        return self
-
-    def __pos__(self):
-        return Vector(self._unaryOp(operator.pos), keep=True)
-    def __neg__(self):
-        return Vector(self._unaryOp(operator.neg), keep=True)
-    def __round__(self):
-        return Vector(self._unaryOp(round), keep=True)
-    def toInt(self):
-        return self.__round__()
-
-    def __eq__(self, other):
-        if type(other) == Vector:
-            return self.values == other.values
-        else:
-            return self.values == other
-    def __ne__(self, other):
-        return not self.__eq__(other)
-
-    def __bool__(self):
-        return any(self.values)
-    __nonzero__ = __bool__
-
-    def __abs__(self):
-        return math.sqrt(sum([x*x for x in self.values]))
-    def dot(self, other):
-        a = self.values
-        b = other.values if type(other) == Vector else b
-        assert len(a) == len(b)
-        return sum([a[i] * b[i] for i in range(len(a))])
+    def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        warnings.warn(
+            "fontTools.misc.arrayTools.Vector has been deprecated, please use "
+            "fontTools.misc.vector.Vector instead.",
+            DeprecationWarning,
+        )
 
 
 def pairwise(iterable, reverse=False):
-    """Iterate over current and next items in iterable, optionally in
-    reverse order.
+    """Iterate over current and next items in iterable.
 
-    >>> tuple(pairwise([]))
-    ()
-    >>> tuple(pairwise([], reverse=True))
-    ()
-    >>> tuple(pairwise([0]))
-    ((0, 0),)
-    >>> tuple(pairwise([0], reverse=True))
-    ((0, 0),)
-    >>> tuple(pairwise([0, 1]))
-    ((0, 1), (1, 0))
-    >>> tuple(pairwise([0, 1], reverse=True))
-    ((1, 0), (0, 1))
-    >>> tuple(pairwise([0, 1, 2]))
-    ((0, 1), (1, 2), (2, 0))
-    >>> tuple(pairwise([0, 1, 2], reverse=True))
-    ((2, 1), (1, 0), (0, 2))
-    >>> tuple(pairwise(['a', 'b', 'c', 'd']))
-    (('a', 'b'), ('b', 'c'), ('c', 'd'), ('d', 'a'))
-    >>> tuple(pairwise(['a', 'b', 'c', 'd'], reverse=True))
-    (('d', 'c'), ('c', 'b'), ('b', 'a'), ('a', 'd'))
+    Args:
+        iterable: An iterable
+        reverse: If true, iterate in reverse order.
+
+    Returns:
+        A iterable yielding two elements per iteration.
+
+    Example:
+
+        >>> tuple(pairwise([]))
+        ()
+        >>> tuple(pairwise([], reverse=True))
+        ()
+        >>> tuple(pairwise([0]))
+        ((0, 0),)
+        >>> tuple(pairwise([0], reverse=True))
+        ((0, 0),)
+        >>> tuple(pairwise([0, 1]))
+        ((0, 1), (1, 0))
+        >>> tuple(pairwise([0, 1], reverse=True))
+        ((1, 0), (0, 1))
+        >>> tuple(pairwise([0, 1, 2]))
+        ((0, 1), (1, 2), (2, 0))
+        >>> tuple(pairwise([0, 1, 2], reverse=True))
+        ((2, 1), (1, 0), (0, 2))
+        >>> tuple(pairwise(['a', 'b', 'c', 'd']))
+        (('a', 'b'), ('b', 'c'), ('c', 'd'), ('d', 'a'))
+        >>> tuple(pairwise(['a', 'b', 'c', 'd'], reverse=True))
+        (('d', 'c'), ('c', 'b'), ('b', 'a'), ('a', 'd'))
     """
     if not iterable:
         return
diff --git a/Lib/fontTools/misc/bezierTools.py b/Lib/fontTools/misc/bezierTools.py
index ef9e6cd..2cf2640 100644
--- a/Lib/fontTools/misc/bezierTools.py
+++ b/Lib/fontTools/misc/bezierTools.py
@@ -1,11 +1,13 @@
 # -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
-"""fontTools.misc.bezierTools.py -- tools for working with bezier path segments.
+"""fontTools.misc.bezierTools.py -- tools for working with Bezier path segments.
 """
 
-from __future__ import print_function, division, absolute_import
-from fontTools.misc.arrayTools import calcBounds
-from fontTools.misc.py23 import *
+from fontTools.misc.arrayTools import calcBounds, sectRect, rectArea
+from fontTools.misc.transform import Identity
 import math
+from collections import namedtuple
+
+Intersection = namedtuple("Intersection", ["pt", "t1", "t2"])
 
 
 __all__ = [
@@ -13,10 +15,12 @@
     "approximateCubicArcLengthC",
     "approximateQuadraticArcLength",
     "approximateQuadraticArcLengthC",
+    "calcCubicArcLength",
+    "calcCubicArcLengthC",
     "calcQuadraticArcLength",
     "calcQuadraticArcLengthC",
-    "calcQuadraticBounds",
     "calcCubicBounds",
+    "calcQuadraticBounds",
     "splitLine",
     "splitQuadratic",
     "splitCubic",
@@ -24,9 +28,71 @@
     "splitCubicAtT",
     "solveQuadratic",
     "solveCubic",
+    "quadraticPointAtT",
+    "cubicPointAtT",
+    "linePointAtT",
+    "segmentPointAtT",
+    "lineLineIntersections",
+    "curveLineIntersections",
+    "curveCurveIntersections",
+    "segmentSegmentIntersections",
 ]
 
 
+def calcCubicArcLength(pt1, pt2, pt3, pt4, tolerance=0.005):
+    """Calculates the arc length for a cubic Bezier segment.
+
+    Whereas :func:`approximateCubicArcLength` approximates the length, this
+    function calculates it by "measuring", recursively dividing the curve
+    until the divided segments are shorter than ``tolerance``.
+
+    Args:
+        pt1,pt2,pt3,pt4: Control points of the Bezier as 2D tuples.
+        tolerance: Controls the precision of the calcuation.
+
+    Returns:
+        Arc length value.
+    """
+    return calcCubicArcLengthC(
+        complex(*pt1), complex(*pt2), complex(*pt3), complex(*pt4), tolerance
+    )
+
+
+def _split_cubic_into_two(p0, p1, p2, p3):
+    mid = (p0 + 3 * (p1 + p2) + p3) * 0.125
+    deriv3 = (p3 + p2 - p1 - p0) * 0.125
+    return (
+        (p0, (p0 + p1) * 0.5, mid - deriv3, mid),
+        (mid, mid + deriv3, (p2 + p3) * 0.5, p3),
+    )
+
+
+def _calcCubicArcLengthCRecurse(mult, p0, p1, p2, p3):
+    arch = abs(p0 - p3)
+    box = abs(p0 - p1) + abs(p1 - p2) + abs(p2 - p3)
+    if arch * mult >= box:
+        return (arch + box) * 0.5
+    else:
+        one, two = _split_cubic_into_two(p0, p1, p2, p3)
+        return _calcCubicArcLengthCRecurse(mult, *one) + _calcCubicArcLengthCRecurse(
+            mult, *two
+        )
+
+
+def calcCubicArcLengthC(pt1, pt2, pt3, pt4, tolerance=0.005):
+    """Calculates the arc length for a cubic Bezier segment.
+
+    Args:
+        pt1,pt2,pt3,pt4: Control points of the Bezier as complex numbers.
+        tolerance: Controls the precision of the calcuation.
+
+    Returns:
+        Arc length value.
+    """
+    mult = 1.0 + 1.5 * tolerance  # The 1.5 is a empirical hack; no math
+    return _calcCubicArcLengthCRecurse(mult, pt1, pt2, pt3, pt4)
+
+
 epsilonDigits = 6
 epsilon = 1e-10
 
@@ -38,12 +104,21 @@
 def _intSecAtan(x):
     # In : sympy.integrate(sp.sec(sp.atan(x)))
     # Out: x*sqrt(x**2 + 1)/2 + asinh(x)/2
-    return x * math.sqrt(x**2 + 1)/2 + math.asinh(x)/2
+    return x * math.sqrt(x ** 2 + 1) / 2 + math.asinh(x) / 2
 
 
-def calcQuadraticArcLength(pt1, pt2, pt3, approximate_fallback=False):
-    """Return the arc length for a qudratic bezier segment.
-    pt1 and pt3 are the "anchor" points, pt2 is the "handle".
+def calcQuadraticArcLength(pt1, pt2, pt3):
+    """Calculates the arc length for a quadratic Bezier segment.
+
+    Args:
+        pt1: Start point of the Bezier as 2D tuple.
+        pt2: Handle point of the Bezier as 2D tuple.
+        pt3: End point of the Bezier as 2D tuple.
+
+    Returns:
+        Arc length value.
+
+    Example::
 
         >>> calcQuadraticArcLength((0, 0), (0, 0), (0, 0)) # empty segment
         0.0
@@ -59,18 +134,25 @@
         120.21581243984076
         >>> calcQuadraticArcLength((0, 0), (50, -10), (80, 50))
         102.53273816445825
-        >>> calcQuadraticArcLength((0, 0), (40, 0), (-40, 0), True) # collinear points, control point outside, exact result should be 66.6666666666667
-        69.41755572720999
-        >>> calcQuadraticArcLength((0, 0), (40, 0), (0, 0), True) # collinear points, looping back, exact result should be 40
-        34.4265186329548
+        >>> calcQuadraticArcLength((0, 0), (40, 0), (-40, 0)) # collinear points, control point outside
+        66.66666666666667
+        >>> calcQuadraticArcLength((0, 0), (40, 0), (0, 0)) # collinear points, looping back
+        40.0
     """
-    return calcQuadraticArcLengthC(complex(*pt1), complex(*pt2), complex(*pt3), approximate_fallback)
+    return calcQuadraticArcLengthC(complex(*pt1), complex(*pt2), complex(*pt3))
 
 
-def calcQuadraticArcLengthC(pt1, pt2, pt3, approximate_fallback=False):
-    """Return the arc length for a qudratic bezier segment using complex points.
-    pt1 and pt3 are the "anchor" points, pt2 is the "handle"."""
-    
+def calcQuadraticArcLengthC(pt1, pt2, pt3):
+    """Calculates the arc length for a quadratic Bezier segment.
+
+    Args:
+        pt1: Start point of the Bezier as a complex number.
+        pt2: Handle point of the Bezier as a complex number.
+        pt3: End point of the Bezier as a complex number.
+
+    Returns:
+        Arc length value.
+    """
     # Analytical solution to the length of a quadratic bezier.
     # I'll explain how I arrived at this later.
     d0 = pt2 - pt1
@@ -78,49 +160,82 @@
     d = d1 - d0
     n = d * 1j
     scale = abs(n)
-    if scale == 0.:
-        return abs(pt3-pt1)
-    origDist = _dot(n,d0)
-    if origDist == 0.:
-        if _dot(d0,d1) >= 0:
-            return abs(pt3-pt1)
-        if approximate_fallback:
-            return approximateQuadraticArcLengthC(pt1, pt2, pt3)
-        assert 0 # TODO handle cusps
-    x0 = _dot(d,d0) / origDist
-    x1 = _dot(d,d1) / origDist
+    if scale == 0.0:
+        return abs(pt3 - pt1)
+    origDist = _dot(n, d0)
+    if abs(origDist) < epsilon:
+        if _dot(d0, d1) >= 0:
+            return abs(pt3 - pt1)
+        a, b = abs(d0), abs(d1)
+        return (a * a + b * b) / (a + b)
+    x0 = _dot(d, d0) / origDist
+    x1 = _dot(d, d1) / origDist
     Len = abs(2 * (_intSecAtan(x1) - _intSecAtan(x0)) * origDist / (scale * (x1 - x0)))
     return Len
 
 
 def approximateQuadraticArcLength(pt1, pt2, pt3):
-    # Approximate length of quadratic Bezier curve using Gauss-Legendre quadrature
-    # with n=3 points.
+    """Calculates the arc length for a quadratic Bezier segment.
+
+    Uses Gauss-Legendre quadrature for a branch-free approximation.
+    See :func:`calcQuadraticArcLength` for a slower but more accurate result.
+
+    Args:
+        pt1: Start point of the Bezier as 2D tuple.
+        pt2: Handle point of the Bezier as 2D tuple.
+        pt3: End point of the Bezier as 2D tuple.
+
+    Returns:
+        Approximate arc length value.
+    """
     return approximateQuadraticArcLengthC(complex(*pt1), complex(*pt2), complex(*pt3))
 
 
 def approximateQuadraticArcLengthC(pt1, pt2, pt3):
-    # Approximate length of quadratic Bezier curve using Gauss-Legendre quadrature
-    # with n=3 points for complex points.
-    #
+    """Calculates the arc length for a quadratic Bezier segment.
+
+    Uses Gauss-Legendre quadrature for a branch-free approximation.
+    See :func:`calcQuadraticArcLength` for a slower but more accurate result.
+
+    Args:
+        pt1: Start point of the Bezier as a complex number.
+        pt2: Handle point of the Bezier as a complex number.
+        pt3: End point of the Bezier as a complex number.
+
+    Returns:
+        Approximate arc length value.
+    """
     # This, essentially, approximates the length-of-derivative function
     # to be integrated with the best-matching fifth-degree polynomial
     # approximation of it.
     #
-    #https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaussian_quadrature#Gauss.E2.80.93Legendre_quadrature
+    # https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaussian_quadrature#Gauss.E2.80.93Legendre_quadrature
 
     # abs(BezierCurveC[2].diff(t).subs({t:T})) for T in sorted(.5, .5±sqrt(3/5)/2),
     # weighted 5/18, 8/18, 5/18 respectively.
-    v0 = abs(-0.492943519233745*pt1 + 0.430331482911935*pt2 + 0.0626120363218102*pt3)
-    v1 = abs(pt3-pt1)*0.4444444444444444
-    v2 = abs(-0.0626120363218102*pt1 - 0.430331482911935*pt2 + 0.492943519233745*pt3)
+    v0 = abs(
+        -0.492943519233745 * pt1 + 0.430331482911935 * pt2 + 0.0626120363218102 * pt3
+    )
+    v1 = abs(pt3 - pt1) * 0.4444444444444444
+    v2 = abs(
+        -0.0626120363218102 * pt1 - 0.430331482911935 * pt2 + 0.492943519233745 * pt3
+    )
 
     return v0 + v1 + v2
 
 
 def calcQuadraticBounds(pt1, pt2, pt3):
-    """Return the bounding rectangle for a qudratic bezier segment.
-    pt1 and pt3 are the "anchor" points, pt2 is the "handle".
+    """Calculates the bounding rectangle for a quadratic Bezier segment.
+
+    Args:
+        pt1: Start point of the Bezier as a 2D tuple.
+        pt2: Handle point of the Bezier as a 2D tuple.
+        pt3: End point of the Bezier as a 2D tuple.
+
+    Returns:
+        A four-item tuple representing the bounding rectangle ``(xMin, yMin, xMax, yMax)``.
+
+    Example::
 
         >>> calcQuadraticBounds((0, 0), (50, 100), (100, 0))
         (0, 0, 100, 50.0)
@@ -128,20 +243,34 @@
         (0.0, 0.0, 100, 100)
     """
     (ax, ay), (bx, by), (cx, cy) = calcQuadraticParameters(pt1, pt2, pt3)
-    ax2 = ax*2.0
-    ay2 = ay*2.0
+    ax2 = ax * 2.0
+    ay2 = ay * 2.0
     roots = []
     if ax2 != 0:
-        roots.append(-bx/ax2)
+        roots.append(-bx / ax2)
     if ay2 != 0:
-        roots.append(-by/ay2)
-    points = [(ax*t*t + bx*t + cx, ay*t*t + by*t + cy) for t in roots if 0 <= t < 1] + [pt1, pt3]
+        roots.append(-by / ay2)
+    points = [
+        (ax * t * t + bx * t + cx, ay * t * t + by * t + cy)
+        for t in roots
+        if 0 <= t < 1
+    ] + [pt1, pt3]
     return calcBounds(points)
 
 
 def approximateCubicArcLength(pt1, pt2, pt3, pt4):
-    """Return the approximate arc length for a cubic bezier segment.
-    pt1 and pt4 are the "anchor" points, pt2 and pt3 are the "handles".
+    """Approximates the arc length for a cubic Bezier segment.
+
+    Uses Gauss-Lobatto quadrature with n=5 points to approximate arc length.
+    See :func:`calcCubicArcLength` for a slower but more accurate result.
+
+    Args:
+        pt1,pt2,pt3,pt4: Control points of the Bezier as 2D tuples.
+
+    Returns:
+        Arc length value.
+
+    Example::
 
         >>> approximateCubicArcLength((0, 0), (25, 100), (75, 100), (100, 0))
         190.04332968932817
@@ -154,18 +283,20 @@
         >>> approximateCubicArcLength((0, 0), (50, 0), (100, -50), (-50, 0)) # cusp
         154.80848416537057
     """
-    # Approximate length of cubic Bezier curve using Gauss-Lobatto quadrature
-    # with n=5 points.
-    return approximateCubicArcLengthC(complex(*pt1), complex(*pt2), complex(*pt3), complex(*pt4))
+    return approximateCubicArcLengthC(
+        complex(*pt1), complex(*pt2), complex(*pt3), complex(*pt4)
+    )
 
 
 def approximateCubicArcLengthC(pt1, pt2, pt3, pt4):
-    """Return the approximate arc length for a cubic bezier segment of complex points.
-    pt1 and pt4 are the "anchor" points, pt2 and pt3 are the "handles"."""
+    """Approximates the arc length for a cubic Bezier segment.
 
-    # Approximate length of cubic Bezier curve using Gauss-Lobatto quadrature
-    # with n=5 points for complex points.
-    #
+    Args:
+        pt1,pt2,pt3,pt4: Control points of the Bezier as complex numbers.
+
+    Returns:
+        Arc length value.
+    """
     # This, essentially, approximates the length-of-derivative function
     # to be integrated with the best-matching seventh-degree polynomial
     # approximation of it.
@@ -174,18 +305,35 @@
 
     # abs(BezierCurveC[3].diff(t).subs({t:T})) for T in sorted(0, .5±(3/7)**.5/2, .5, 1),
     # weighted 1/20, 49/180, 32/90, 49/180, 1/20 respectively.
-    v0 = abs(pt2-pt1)*.15
-    v1 = abs(-0.558983582205757*pt1 + 0.325650248872424*pt2 + 0.208983582205757*pt3 + 0.024349751127576*pt4)
-    v2 = abs(pt4-pt1+pt3-pt2)*0.26666666666666666
-    v3 = abs(-0.024349751127576*pt1 - 0.208983582205757*pt2 - 0.325650248872424*pt3 + 0.558983582205757*pt4)
-    v4 = abs(pt4-pt3)*.15
+    v0 = abs(pt2 - pt1) * 0.15
+    v1 = abs(
+        -0.558983582205757 * pt1
+        + 0.325650248872424 * pt2
+        + 0.208983582205757 * pt3
+        + 0.024349751127576 * pt4
+    )
+    v2 = abs(pt4 - pt1 + pt3 - pt2) * 0.26666666666666666
+    v3 = abs(
+        -0.024349751127576 * pt1
+        - 0.208983582205757 * pt2
+        - 0.325650248872424 * pt3
+        + 0.558983582205757 * pt4
+    )
+    v4 = abs(pt4 - pt3) * 0.15
 
     return v0 + v1 + v2 + v3 + v4
 
 
 def calcCubicBounds(pt1, pt2, pt3, pt4):
-    """Return the bounding rectangle for a cubic bezier segment.
-    pt1 and pt4 are the "anchor" points, pt2 and pt3 are the "handles".
+    """Calculates the bounding rectangle for a quadratic Bezier segment.
+
+    Args:
+        pt1,pt2,pt3,pt4: Control points of the Bezier as 2D tuples.
+
+    Returns:
+        A four-item tuple representing the bounding rectangle ``(xMin, yMin, xMax, yMax)``.
+
+    Example::
 
         >>> calcCubicBounds((0, 0), (25, 100), (75, 100), (100, 0))
         (0, 0, 100, 75.0)
@@ -204,16 +352,33 @@
     yRoots = [t for t in solveQuadratic(ay3, by2, cy) if 0 <= t < 1]
     roots = xRoots + yRoots
 
-    points = [(ax*t*t*t + bx*t*t + cx * t + dx, ay*t*t*t + by*t*t + cy * t + dy) for t in roots] + [pt1, pt4]
+    points = [
+        (
+            ax * t * t * t + bx * t * t + cx * t + dx,
+            ay * t * t * t + by * t * t + cy * t + dy,
+        )
+        for t in roots
+    ] + [pt1, pt4]
     return calcBounds(points)
 
 
 def splitLine(pt1, pt2, where, isHorizontal):
-    """Split the line between pt1 and pt2 at position 'where', which
-    is an x coordinate if isHorizontal is False, a y coordinate if
-    isHorizontal is True. Return a list of two line segments if the
-    line was successfully split, or a list containing the original
-    line.
+    """Split a line at a given coordinate.
+
+    Args:
+        pt1: Start point of line as 2D tuple.
+        pt2: End point of line as 2D tuple.
+        where: Position at which to split the line.
+        isHorizontal: Direction of the ray splitting the line. If true,
+            ``where`` is interpreted as a Y coordinate; if false, then
+            ``where`` is interpreted as an X coordinate.
+
+    Returns:
+        A list of two line segments (each line segment being two 2D tuples)
+        if the line was successfully split, or a list containing the original
+        line.
+
+    Example::
 
         >>> printSegments(splitLine((0, 0), (100, 100), 50, True))
         ((0, 0), (50, 50))
@@ -236,8 +401,8 @@
     pt1x, pt1y = pt1
     pt2x, pt2y = pt2
 
-    ax = (pt2x - pt1x)
-    ay = (pt2y - pt1y)
+    ax = pt2x - pt1x
+    ay = pt2y - pt1y
 
     bx = pt1x
     by = pt1y
@@ -255,9 +420,21 @@
 
 
 def splitQuadratic(pt1, pt2, pt3, where, isHorizontal):
-    """Split the quadratic curve between pt1, pt2 and pt3 at position 'where',
-    which is an x coordinate if isHorizontal is False, a y coordinate if
-    isHorizontal is True. Return a list of curve segments.
+    """Split a quadratic Bezier curve at a given coordinate.
+
+    Args:
+        pt1,pt2,pt3: Control points of the Bezier as 2D tuples.
+        where: Position at which to split the curve.
+        isHorizontal: Direction of the ray splitting the curve. If true,
+            ``where`` is interpreted as a Y coordinate; if false, then
+            ``where`` is interpreted as an X coordinate.
+
+    Returns:
+        A list of two curve segments (each curve segment being three 2D tuples)
+        if the curve was successfully split, or a list containing the original
+        curve.
+
+    Example::
 
         >>> printSegments(splitQuadratic((0, 0), (50, 100), (100, 0), 150, False))
         ((0, 0), (50, 100), (100, 0))
@@ -278,18 +455,31 @@
         ((50, 50), (75, 50), (100, 0))
     """
     a, b, c = calcQuadraticParameters(pt1, pt2, pt3)
-    solutions = solveQuadratic(a[isHorizontal], b[isHorizontal],
-        c[isHorizontal] - where)
-    solutions = sorted([t for t in solutions if 0 <= t < 1])
+    solutions = solveQuadratic(
+        a[isHorizontal], b[isHorizontal], c[isHorizontal] - where
+    )
+    solutions = sorted(t for t in solutions if 0 <= t < 1)
     if not solutions:
         return [(pt1, pt2, pt3)]
     return _splitQuadraticAtT(a, b, c, *solutions)
 
 
 def splitCubic(pt1, pt2, pt3, pt4, where, isHorizontal):
-    """Split the cubic curve between pt1, pt2, pt3 and pt4 at position 'where',
-    which is an x coordinate if isHorizontal is False, a y coordinate if
-    isHorizontal is True. Return a list of curve segments.
+    """Split a cubic Bezier curve at a given coordinate.
+
+    Args:
+        pt1,pt2,pt3,pt4: Control points of the Bezier as 2D tuples.
+        where: Position at which to split the curve.
+        isHorizontal: Direction of the ray splitting the curve. If true,
+            ``where`` is interpreted as a Y coordinate; if false, then
+            ``where`` is interpreted as an X coordinate.
+
+    Returns:
+        A list of two curve segments (each curve segment being four 2D tuples)
+        if the curve was successfully split, or a list containing the original
+        curve.
+
+    Example::
 
         >>> printSegments(splitCubic((0, 0), (25, 100), (75, 100), (100, 0), 150, False))
         ((0, 0), (25, 100), (75, 100), (100, 0))
@@ -302,17 +492,26 @@
         ((92.5259, 25), (95.202, 17.5085), (97.7062, 9.17517), (100, 1.77636e-15))
     """
     a, b, c, d = calcCubicParameters(pt1, pt2, pt3, pt4)
-    solutions = solveCubic(a[isHorizontal], b[isHorizontal], c[isHorizontal],
-        d[isHorizontal] - where)
-    solutions = sorted([t for t in solutions if 0 <= t < 1])
+    solutions = solveCubic(
+        a[isHorizontal], b[isHorizontal], c[isHorizontal], d[isHorizontal] - where
+    )
+    solutions = sorted(t for t in solutions if 0 <= t < 1)
     if not solutions:
         return [(pt1, pt2, pt3, pt4)]
     return _splitCubicAtT(a, b, c, d, *solutions)
 
 
 def splitQuadraticAtT(pt1, pt2, pt3, *ts):
-    """Split the quadratic curve between pt1, pt2 and pt3 at one or more
-    values of t. Return a list of curve segments.
+    """Split a quadratic Bezier curve at one or more values of t.
+
+    Args:
+        pt1,pt2,pt3: Control points of the Bezier as 2D tuples.
+        *ts: Positions at which to split the curve.
+
+    Returns:
+        A list of curve segments (each curve segment being three 2D tuples).
+
+    Examples::
 
         >>> printSegments(splitQuadraticAtT((0, 0), (50, 100), (100, 0), 0.5))
         ((0, 0), (25, 50), (50, 50))
@@ -327,8 +526,16 @@
 
 
 def splitCubicAtT(pt1, pt2, pt3, pt4, *ts):
-    """Split the cubic curve between pt1, pt2, pt3 and pt4 at one or more
-    values of t. Return a list of curve segments.
+    """Split a cubic Bezier curve at one or more values of t.
+
+    Args:
+        pt1,pt2,pt3,pt4: Control points of the Bezier as 2D tuples.
+        *ts: Positions at which to split the curve.
+
+    Returns:
+        A list of curve segments (each curve segment being four 2D tuples).
+
+    Examples::
 
         >>> printSegments(splitCubicAtT((0, 0), (25, 100), (75, 100), (100, 0), 0.5))
         ((0, 0), (12.5, 50), (31.25, 75), (50, 75))
@@ -352,17 +559,17 @@
     cx, cy = c
     for i in range(len(ts) - 1):
         t1 = ts[i]
-        t2 = ts[i+1]
-        delta = (t2 - t1)
+        t2 = ts[i + 1]
+        delta = t2 - t1
         # calc new a, b and c
-        delta_2 = delta*delta
+        delta_2 = delta * delta
         a1x = ax * delta_2
         a1y = ay * delta_2
-        b1x = (2*ax*t1 + bx) * delta
-        b1y = (2*ay*t1 + by) * delta
-        t1_2 = t1*t1
-        c1x = ax*t1_2 + bx*t1 + cx
-        c1y = ay*t1_2 + by*t1 + cy
+        b1x = (2 * ax * t1 + bx) * delta
+        b1y = (2 * ay * t1 + by) * delta
+        t1_2 = t1 * t1
+        c1x = ax * t1_2 + bx * t1 + cx
+        c1y = ay * t1_2 + by * t1 + cy
 
         pt1, pt2, pt3 = calcQuadraticPoints((a1x, a1y), (b1x, b1y), (c1x, c1y))
         segments.append((pt1, pt2, pt3))
@@ -380,24 +587,26 @@
     dx, dy = d
     for i in range(len(ts) - 1):
         t1 = ts[i]
-        t2 = ts[i+1]
-        delta = (t2 - t1)
+        t2 = ts[i + 1]
+        delta = t2 - t1
 
-        delta_2 = delta*delta
-        delta_3 = delta*delta_2
-        t1_2 = t1*t1
-        t1_3 = t1*t1_2
+        delta_2 = delta * delta
+        delta_3 = delta * delta_2
+        t1_2 = t1 * t1
+        t1_3 = t1 * t1_2
 
         # calc new a, b, c and d
         a1x = ax * delta_3
         a1y = ay * delta_3
-        b1x = (3*ax*t1 + bx) * delta_2
-        b1y = (3*ay*t1 + by) * delta_2
-        c1x = (2*bx*t1 + cx + 3*ax*t1_2) * delta
-        c1y = (2*by*t1 + cy + 3*ay*t1_2) * delta
-        d1x = ax*t1_3 + bx*t1_2 + cx*t1 + dx
-        d1y = ay*t1_3 + by*t1_2 + cy*t1 + dy
-        pt1, pt2, pt3, pt4 = calcCubicPoints((a1x, a1y), (b1x, b1y), (c1x, c1y), (d1x, d1y))
+        b1x = (3 * ax * t1 + bx) * delta_2
+        b1y = (3 * ay * t1 + by) * delta_2
+        c1x = (2 * bx * t1 + cx + 3 * ax * t1_2) * delta
+        c1y = (2 * by * t1 + cy + 3 * ay * t1_2) * delta
+        d1x = ax * t1_3 + bx * t1_2 + cx * t1 + dx
+        d1y = ay * t1_3 + by * t1_2 + cy * t1 + dy
+        pt1, pt2, pt3, pt4 = calcCubicPoints(
+            (a1x, a1y), (b1x, b1y), (c1x, c1y), (d1x, d1y)
+        )
         segments.append((pt1, pt2, pt3, pt4))
     return segments
 
@@ -409,12 +618,19 @@
 from math import sqrt, acos, cos, pi
 
 
-def solveQuadratic(a, b, c,
-        sqrt=sqrt):
-    """Solve a quadratic equation where a, b and c are real.
-        a*x*x + b*x + c = 0
-    This function returns a list of roots. Note that the returned list
-    is neither guaranteed to be sorted nor to contain unique values!
+def solveQuadratic(a, b, c, sqrt=sqrt):
+    """Solve a quadratic equation.
+
+    Solves *a*x*x + b*x + c = 0* where a, b and c are real.
+
+    Args:
+        a: coefficient of *x²*
+        b: coefficient of *x*
+        c: constant term
+
+    Returns:
+        A list of roots. Note that the returned list is neither guaranteed to
+        be sorted nor to contain unique values!
     """
     if abs(a) < epsilon:
         if abs(b) < epsilon:
@@ -422,13 +638,13 @@
             roots = []
         else:
             # We have a linear equation with 1 root.
-            roots = [-c/b]
+            roots = [-c / b]
     else:
         # We have a true quadratic equation.  Apply the quadratic formula to find two roots.
-        DD = b*b - 4.0*a*c
+        DD = b * b - 4.0 * a * c
         if DD >= 0.0:
             rDD = sqrt(DD)
-            roots = [(-b+rDD)/2.0/a, (-b-rDD)/2.0/a]
+            roots = [(-b + rDD) / 2.0 / a, (-b - rDD) / 2.0 / a]
         else:
             # complex roots, ignore
             roots = []
@@ -436,25 +652,36 @@
 
 
 def solveCubic(a, b, c, d):
-    """Solve a cubic equation where a, b, c and d are real.
-        a*x*x*x + b*x*x + c*x + d = 0
-    This function returns a list of roots. Note that the returned list
-    is neither guaranteed to be sorted nor to contain unique values!
+    """Solve a cubic equation.
 
-    >>> solveCubic(1, 1, -6, 0)
-    [-3.0, -0.0, 2.0]
-    >>> solveCubic(-10.0, -9.0, 48.0, -29.0)
-    [-2.9, 1.0, 1.0]
-    >>> solveCubic(-9.875, -9.0, 47.625, -28.75)
-    [-2.911392, 1.0, 1.0]
-    >>> solveCubic(1.0, -4.5, 6.75, -3.375)
-    [1.5, 1.5, 1.5]
-    >>> solveCubic(-12.0, 18.0, -9.0, 1.50023651123)
-    [0.5, 0.5, 0.5]
-    >>> solveCubic(
-    ...     9.0, 0.0, 0.0, -7.62939453125e-05
-    ... ) == [-0.0, -0.0, -0.0]
-    True
+    Solves *a*x*x*x + b*x*x + c*x + d = 0* where a, b, c and d are real.
+
+    Args:
+        a: coefficient of *x³*
+        b: coefficient of *x²*
+        c: coefficient of *x*
+        d: constant term
+
+    Returns:
+        A list of roots. Note that the returned list is neither guaranteed to
+        be sorted nor to contain unique values!
+
+    Examples::
+
+        >>> solveCubic(1, 1, -6, 0)
+        [-3.0, -0.0, 2.0]
+        >>> solveCubic(-10.0, -9.0, 48.0, -29.0)
+        [-2.9, 1.0, 1.0]
+        >>> solveCubic(-9.875, -9.0, 47.625, -28.75)
+        [-2.911392, 1.0, 1.0]
+        >>> solveCubic(1.0, -4.5, 6.75, -3.375)
+        [1.5, 1.5, 1.5]
+        >>> solveCubic(-12.0, 18.0, -9.0, 1.50023651123)
+        [0.5, 0.5, 0.5]
+        >>> solveCubic(
+        ...     9.0, 0.0, 0.0, -7.62939453125e-05
+        ... ) == [-0.0, -0.0, -0.0]
+        True
     """
     #
     # adapted from:
@@ -467,52 +694,52 @@
         # returns unreliable results, so we fall back to quad.
         return solveQuadratic(b, c, d)
     a = float(a)
-    a1 = b/a
-    a2 = c/a
-    a3 = d/a
+    a1 = b / a
+    a2 = c / a
+    a3 = d / a
 
-    Q = (a1*a1 - 3.0*a2)/9.0
-    R = (2.0*a1*a1*a1 - 9.0*a1*a2 + 27.0*a3)/54.0
+    Q = (a1 * a1 - 3.0 * a2) / 9.0
+    R = (2.0 * a1 * a1 * a1 - 9.0 * a1 * a2 + 27.0 * a3) / 54.0
 
-    R2 = R*R
-    Q3 = Q*Q*Q
+    R2 = R * R
+    Q3 = Q * Q * Q
     R2 = 0 if R2 < epsilon else R2
     Q3 = 0 if abs(Q3) < epsilon else Q3
 
     R2_Q3 = R2 - Q3
 
-    if R2 == 0. and Q3 == 0.:
-        x = round(-a1/3.0, epsilonDigits)
+    if R2 == 0.0 and Q3 == 0.0:
+        x = round(-a1 / 3.0, epsilonDigits)
         return [x, x, x]
-    elif R2_Q3 <= epsilon * .5:
+    elif R2_Q3 <= epsilon * 0.5:
         # The epsilon * .5 above ensures that Q3 is not zero.
-        theta = acos(max(min(R/sqrt(Q3), 1.0), -1.0))
-        rQ2 = -2.0*sqrt(Q)
-        a1_3 = a1/3.0
-        x0 = rQ2*cos(theta/3.0) - a1_3
-        x1 = rQ2*cos((theta+2.0*pi)/3.0) - a1_3
-        x2 = rQ2*cos((theta+4.0*pi)/3.0) - a1_3
+        theta = acos(max(min(R / sqrt(Q3), 1.0), -1.0))
+        rQ2 = -2.0 * sqrt(Q)
+        a1_3 = a1 / 3.0
+        x0 = rQ2 * cos(theta / 3.0) - a1_3
+        x1 = rQ2 * cos((theta + 2.0 * pi) / 3.0) - a1_3
+        x2 = rQ2 * cos((theta + 4.0 * pi) / 3.0) - a1_3
         x0, x1, x2 = sorted([x0, x1, x2])
         # Merge roots that are close-enough
         if x1 - x0 < epsilon and x2 - x1 < epsilon:
-            x0 = x1 = x2 = round((x0 + x1 + x2) / 3., epsilonDigits)
+            x0 = x1 = x2 = round((x0 + x1 + x2) / 3.0, epsilonDigits)
         elif x1 - x0 < epsilon:
-            x0 = x1 = round((x0 + x1) / 2., epsilonDigits)
+            x0 = x1 = round((x0 + x1) / 2.0, epsilonDigits)
             x2 = round(x2, epsilonDigits)
         elif x2 - x1 < epsilon:
             x0 = round(x0, epsilonDigits)
-            x1 = x2 = round((x1 + x2) / 2., epsilonDigits)
+            x1 = x2 = round((x1 + x2) / 2.0, epsilonDigits)
         else:
             x0 = round(x0, epsilonDigits)
             x1 = round(x1, epsilonDigits)
             x2 = round(x2, epsilonDigits)
         return [x0, x1, x2]
     else:
-        x = pow(sqrt(R2_Q3)+abs(R), 1/3.0)
-        x = x + Q/x
+        x = pow(sqrt(R2_Q3) + abs(R), 1 / 3.0)
+        x = x + Q / x
         if R >= 0.0:
             x = -x
-        x = round(x - a1/3.0, epsilonDigits)
+        x = round(x - a1 / 3.0, epsilonDigits)
         return [x]
 
 
@@ -520,6 +747,7 @@
 # Conversion routines for points to parameters and vice versa
 #
 
+
 def calcQuadraticParameters(pt1, pt2, pt3):
     x2, y2 = pt2
     x3, y3 = pt3
@@ -536,8 +764,8 @@
     x3, y3 = pt3
     x4, y4 = pt4
     dx, dy = pt1
-    cx = (x2 -dx) * 3.0
-    cy = (y2 -dy) * 3.0
+    cx = (x2 - dx) * 3.0
+    cy = (y2 - dy) * 3.0
     bx = (x3 - x2) * 3.0 - cx
     by = (y3 - y2) * 3.0 - cy
     ax = x4 - dx - cx - bx
@@ -574,17 +802,406 @@
     return (x1, y1), (x2, y2), (x3, y3), (x4, y4)
 
 
+#
+# Point at time
+#
+
+
+def linePointAtT(pt1, pt2, t):
+    """Finds the point at time `t` on a line.
+
+    Args:
+        pt1, pt2: Coordinates of the line as 2D tuples.
+        t: The time along the line.
+
+    Returns:
+        A 2D tuple with the coordinates of the point.
+    """
+    return ((pt1[0] * (1 - t) + pt2[0] * t), (pt1[1] * (1 - t) + pt2[1] * t))
+
+
+def quadraticPointAtT(pt1, pt2, pt3, t):
+    """Finds the point at time `t` on a quadratic curve.
+
+    Args:
+        pt1, pt2, pt3: Coordinates of the curve as 2D tuples.
+        t: The time along the curve.
+
+    Returns:
+        A 2D tuple with the coordinates of the point.
+    """
+    x = (1 - t) * (1 - t) * pt1[0] + 2 * (1 - t) * t * pt2[0] + t * t * pt3[0]
+    y = (1 - t) * (1 - t) * pt1[1] + 2 * (1 - t) * t * pt2[1] + t * t * pt3[1]
+    return (x, y)
+
+
+def cubicPointAtT(pt1, pt2, pt3, pt4, t):
+    """Finds the point at time `t` on a cubic curve.
+
+    Args:
+        pt1, pt2, pt3, pt4: Coordinates of the curve as 2D tuples.
+        t: The time along the curve.
+
+    Returns:
+        A 2D tuple with the coordinates of the point.
+    """
+    x = (
+        (1 - t) * (1 - t) * (1 - t) * pt1[0]
+        + 3 * (1 - t) * (1 - t) * t * pt2[0]
+        + 3 * (1 - t) * t * t * pt3[0]
+        + t * t * t * pt4[0]
+    )
+    y = (
+        (1 - t) * (1 - t) * (1 - t) * pt1[1]
+        + 3 * (1 - t) * (1 - t) * t * pt2[1]
+        + 3 * (1 - t) * t * t * pt3[1]
+        + t * t * t * pt4[1]
+    )
+    return (x, y)
+
+
+def segmentPointAtT(seg, t):
+    if len(seg) == 2:
+        return linePointAtT(*seg, t)
+    elif len(seg) == 3:
+        return quadraticPointAtT(*seg, t)
+    elif len(seg) == 4:
+        return cubicPointAtT(*seg, t)
+    raise ValueError("Unknown curve degree")
+
+
+#
+# Intersection finders
+#
+
+
+def _line_t_of_pt(s, e, pt):
+    sx, sy = s
+    ex, ey = e
+    px, py = pt
+    if not math.isclose(sx, ex):
+        return (px - sx) / (ex - sx)
+    if not math.isclose(sy, ey):
+        return (py - sy) / (ey - sy)
+    # Line is a point!
+    return -1
+
+
+def _both_points_are_on_same_side_of_origin(a, b, origin):
+    xDiff = (a[0] - origin[0]) * (b[0] - origin[0])
+    yDiff = (a[1] - origin[1]) * (b[1] - origin[1])
+    return not (xDiff <= 0.0 and yDiff <= 0.0)
+
+
+def lineLineIntersections(s1, e1, s2, e2):
+    """Finds intersections between two line segments.
+
+    Args:
+        s1, e1: Coordinates of the first line as 2D tuples.
+        s2, e2: Coordinates of the second line as 2D tuples.
+
+    Returns:
+        A list of ``Intersection`` objects, each object having ``pt``, ``t1``
+        and ``t2`` attributes containing the intersection point, time on first
+        segment and time on second segment respectively.
+
+    Examples::
+
+        >>> a = lineLineIntersections( (310,389), (453, 222), (289, 251), (447, 367))
+        >>> len(a)
+        1
+        >>> intersection = a[0]
+        >>> intersection.pt
+        (374.44882952482897, 313.73458370177315)
+        >>> (intersection.t1, intersection.t2)
+        (0.45069111555824454, 0.5408153767394238)
+    """
+    s1x, s1y = s1
+    e1x, e1y = e1
+    s2x, s2y = s2
+    e2x, e2y = e2
+    if (
+        math.isclose(s2x, e2x) and math.isclose(s1x, e1x) and not math.isclose(s1x, s2x)
+    ):  # Parallel vertical
+        return []
+    if (
+        math.isclose(s2y, e2y) and math.isclose(s1y, e1y) and not math.isclose(s1y, s2y)
+    ):  # Parallel horizontal
+        return []
+    if math.isclose(s2x, e2x) and math.isclose(s2y, e2y):  # Line segment is tiny
+        return []
+    if math.isclose(s1x, e1x) and math.isclose(s1y, e1y):  # Line segment is tiny
+        return []
+    if math.isclose(e1x, s1x):
+        x = s1x
+        slope34 = (e2y - s2y) / (e2x - s2x)
+        y = slope34 * (x - s2x) + s2y
+        pt = (x, y)
+        return [
+            Intersection(
+                pt=pt, t1=_line_t_of_pt(s1, e1, pt), t2=_line_t_of_pt(s2, e2, pt)
+            )
+        ]
+    if math.isclose(s2x, e2x):
+        x = s2x
+        slope12 = (e1y - s1y) / (e1x - s1x)
+        y = slope12 * (x - s1x) + s1y
+        pt = (x, y)
+        return [
+            Intersection(
+                pt=pt, t1=_line_t_of_pt(s1, e1, pt), t2=_line_t_of_pt(s2, e2, pt)
+            )
+        ]
+
+    slope12 = (e1y - s1y) / (e1x - s1x)
+    slope34 = (e2y - s2y) / (e2x - s2x)
+    if math.isclose(slope12, slope34):
+        return []
+    x = (slope12 * s1x - s1y - slope34 * s2x + s2y) / (slope12 - slope34)
+    y = slope12 * (x - s1x) + s1y
+    pt = (x, y)
+    if _both_points_are_on_same_side_of_origin(
+        pt, e1, s1
+    ) and _both_points_are_on_same_side_of_origin(pt, s2, e2):
+        return [
+            Intersection(
+                pt=pt, t1=_line_t_of_pt(s1, e1, pt), t2=_line_t_of_pt(s2, e2, pt)
+            )
+        ]
+    return []
+
+
+def _alignment_transformation(segment):
+    # Returns a transformation which aligns a segment horizontally at the
+    # origin. Apply this transformation to curves and root-find to find
+    # intersections with the segment.
+    start = segment[0]
+    end = segment[-1]
+    angle = math.atan2(end[1] - start[1], end[0] - start[0])
+    return Identity.rotate(-angle).translate(-start[0], -start[1])
+
+
+def _curve_line_intersections_t(curve, line):
+    aligned_curve = _alignment_transformation(line).transformPoints(curve)
+    if len(curve) == 3:
+        a, b, c = calcQuadraticParameters(*aligned_curve)
+        intersections = solveQuadratic(a[1], b[1], c[1])
+    elif len(curve) == 4:
+        a, b, c, d = calcCubicParameters(*aligned_curve)
+        intersections = solveCubic(a[1], b[1], c[1], d[1])
+    else:
+        raise ValueError("Unknown curve degree")
+    return sorted(i for i in intersections if 0.0 <= i <= 1)
+
+
+def curveLineIntersections(curve, line):
+    """Finds intersections between a curve and a line.
+
+    Args:
+        curve: List of coordinates of the curve segment as 2D tuples.
+        line: List of coordinates of the line segment as 2D tuples.
+
+    Returns:
+        A list of ``Intersection`` objects, each object having ``pt``, ``t1``
+        and ``t2`` attributes containing the intersection point, time on first
+        segment and time on second segment respectively.
+
+    Examples::
+        >>> curve = [ (100, 240), (30, 60), (210, 230), (160, 30) ]
+        >>> line  = [ (25, 260), (230, 20) ]
+        >>> intersections = curveLineIntersections(curve, line)
+        >>> len(intersections)
+        3
+        >>> intersections[0].pt
+        (84.90010344084885, 189.87306176459828)
+    """
+    if len(curve) == 3:
+        pointFinder = quadraticPointAtT
+    elif len(curve) == 4:
+        pointFinder = cubicPointAtT
+    else:
+        raise ValueError("Unknown curve degree")
+    intersections = []
+    for t in _curve_line_intersections_t(curve, line):
+        pt = pointFinder(*curve, t)
+        intersections.append(Intersection(pt=pt, t1=t, t2=_line_t_of_pt(*line, pt)))
+    return intersections
+
+
+def _curve_bounds(c):
+    if len(c) == 3:
+        return calcQuadraticBounds(*c)
+    elif len(c) == 4:
+        return calcCubicBounds(*c)
+    raise ValueError("Unknown curve degree")
+
+
+def _split_segment_at_t(c, t):
+    if len(c) == 2:
+        s, e = c
+        midpoint = linePointAtT(s, e, t)
+        return [(s, midpoint), (midpoint, e)]
+    if len(c) == 3:
+        return splitQuadraticAtT(*c, t)
+    elif len(c) == 4:
+        return splitCubicAtT(*c, t)
+    raise ValueError("Unknown curve degree")
+
+
+def _curve_curve_intersections_t(
+    curve1, curve2, precision=1e-3, range1=None, range2=None
+):
+    bounds1 = _curve_bounds(curve1)
+    bounds2 = _curve_bounds(curve2)
+
+    if not range1:
+        range1 = (0.0, 1.0)
+    if not range2:
+        range2 = (0.0, 1.0)
+
+    # If bounds don't intersect, go home
+    intersects, _ = sectRect(bounds1, bounds2)
+    if not intersects:
+        return []
+
+    def midpoint(r):
+        return 0.5 * (r[0] + r[1])
+
+    # If they do overlap but they're tiny, approximate
+    if rectArea(bounds1) < precision and rectArea(bounds2) < precision:
+        return [(midpoint(range1), midpoint(range2))]
+
+    c11, c12 = _split_segment_at_t(curve1, 0.5)
+    c11_range = (range1[0], midpoint(range1))
+    c12_range = (midpoint(range1), range1[1])
+
+    c21, c22 = _split_segment_at_t(curve2, 0.5)
+    c21_range = (range2[0], midpoint(range2))
+    c22_range = (midpoint(range2), range2[1])
+
+    found = []
+    found.extend(
+        _curve_curve_intersections_t(
+            c11, c21, precision, range1=c11_range, range2=c21_range
+        )
+    )
+    found.extend(
+        _curve_curve_intersections_t(
+            c12, c21, precision, range1=c12_range, range2=c21_range
+        )
+    )
+    found.extend(
+        _curve_curve_intersections_t(
+            c11, c22, precision, range1=c11_range, range2=c22_range
+        )
+    )
+    found.extend(
+        _curve_curve_intersections_t(
+            c12, c22, precision, range1=c12_range, range2=c22_range
+        )
+    )
+
+    unique_key = lambda ts: (int(ts[0] / precision), int(ts[1] / precision))
+    seen = set()
+    unique_values = []
+
+    for ts in found:
+        key = unique_key(ts)
+        if key in seen:
+            continue
+        seen.add(key)
+        unique_values.append(ts)
+
+    return unique_values
+
+
+def curveCurveIntersections(curve1, curve2):
+    """Finds intersections between a curve and a curve.
+
+    Args:
+        curve1: List of coordinates of the first curve segment as 2D tuples.
+        curve2: List of coordinates of the second curve segment as 2D tuples.
+
+    Returns:
+        A list of ``Intersection`` objects, each object having ``pt``, ``t1``
+        and ``t2`` attributes containing the intersection point, time on first
+        segment and time on second segment respectively.
+
+    Examples::
+        >>> curve1 = [ (10,100), (90,30), (40,140), (220,220) ]
+        >>> curve2 = [ (5,150), (180,20), (80,250), (210,190) ]
+        >>> intersections = curveCurveIntersections(curve1, curve2)
+        >>> len(intersections)
+        3
+        >>> intersections[0].pt
+        (81.7831487395506, 109.88904552375288)
+    """
+    intersection_ts = _curve_curve_intersections_t(curve1, curve2)
+    return [
+        Intersection(pt=segmentPointAtT(curve1, ts[0]), t1=ts[0], t2=ts[1])
+        for ts in intersection_ts
+    ]
+
+
+def segmentSegmentIntersections(seg1, seg2):
+    """Finds intersections between two segments.
+
+    Args:
+        seg1: List of coordinates of the first segment as 2D tuples.
+        seg2: List of coordinates of the second segment as 2D tuples.
+
+    Returns:
+        A list of ``Intersection`` objects, each object having ``pt``, ``t1``
+        and ``t2`` attributes containing the intersection point, time on first
+        segment and time on second segment respectively.
+
+    Examples::
+        >>> curve1 = [ (10,100), (90,30), (40,140), (220,220) ]
+        >>> curve2 = [ (5,150), (180,20), (80,250), (210,190) ]
+        >>> intersections = segmentSegmentIntersections(curve1, curve2)
+        >>> len(intersections)
+        3
+        >>> intersections[0].pt
+        (81.7831487395506, 109.88904552375288)
+        >>> curve3 = [ (100, 240), (30, 60), (210, 230), (160, 30) ]
+        >>> line  = [ (25, 260), (230, 20) ]
+        >>> intersections = segmentSegmentIntersections(curve3, line)
+        >>> len(intersections)
+        3
+        >>> intersections[0].pt
+        (84.90010344084885, 189.87306176459828)
+
+    """
+    # Arrange by degree
+    swapped = False
+    if len(seg2) > len(seg1):
+        seg2, seg1 = seg1, seg2
+        swapped = True
+    if len(seg1) > 2:
+        if len(seg2) > 2:
+            intersections = curveCurveIntersections(seg1, seg2)
+        else:
+            intersections = curveLineIntersections(seg1, seg2)
+    elif len(seg1) == 2 and len(seg2) == 2:
+        intersections = lineLineIntersections(*seg1, *seg2)
+    else:
+        raise ValueError("Couldn't work out which intersection function to use")
+    if not swapped:
+        return intersections
+    return [Intersection(pt=i.pt, t1=i.t2, t2=i.t1) for i in intersections]
+
+
 def _segmentrepr(obj):
     """
-        >>> _segmentrepr([1, [2, 3], [], [[2, [3, 4], [0.1, 2.2]]]])
-        '(1, (2, 3), (), ((2, (3, 4), (0.1, 2.2))))'
+    >>> _segmentrepr([1, [2, 3], [], [[2, [3, 4], [0.1, 2.2]]]])
+    '(1, (2, 3), (), ((2, (3, 4), (0.1, 2.2))))'
     """
     try:
         it = iter(obj)
     except TypeError:
         return "%g" % obj
     else:
-        return "(%s)" % ", ".join([_segmentrepr(x) for x in it])
+        return "(%s)" % ", ".join(_segmentrepr(x) for x in it)
 
 
 def printSegments(segments):
@@ -594,7 +1211,9 @@
     for segment in segments:
         print(_segmentrepr(segment))
 
+
 if __name__ == "__main__":
     import sys
     import doctest
+
     sys.exit(doctest.testmod().failed)
diff --git a/Lib/fontTools/misc/classifyTools.py b/Lib/fontTools/misc/classifyTools.py
index 64bcdc8..ae88a8f 100644
--- a/Lib/fontTools/misc/classifyTools.py
+++ b/Lib/fontTools/misc/classifyTools.py
@@ -1,8 +1,6 @@
 """ fontTools.misc.classifyTools.py -- tools for classifying things.
 """
 
-from __future__ import print_function, absolute_import
-from fontTools.misc.py23 import *
 
 class Classifier(object):
 
diff --git a/Lib/fontTools/misc/cliTools.py b/Lib/fontTools/misc/cliTools.py
index 59ac3be..e8c1767 100644
--- a/Lib/fontTools/misc/cliTools.py
+++ b/Lib/fontTools/misc/cliTools.py
@@ -1,14 +1,34 @@
 """Collection of utilities for command-line interfaces and console scripts."""
-from __future__ import print_function, division, absolute_import
-from fontTools.misc.py23 import *
 import os
 import re
 
 
-numberAddedRE = re.compile("#\d+$")
+numberAddedRE = re.compile(r"#\d+$")
 
 
 def makeOutputFileName(input, outputDir=None, extension=None, overWrite=False):
+    """Generates a suitable file name for writing output.
+
+    Often tools will want to take a file, do some kind of transformation to it,
+    and write it out again. This function determines an appropriate name for the
+    output file, through one or more of the following steps:
+
+    - changing the output directory
+    - replacing the file extension
+    - suffixing the filename with a number (``#1``, ``#2``, etc.) to avoid
+      overwriting an existing file.
+
+    Args:
+        input: Name of input file.
+        outputDir: Optionally, a new directory to write the file into.
+        extension: Optionally, a replacement for the current file extension.
+        overWrite: Overwriting an existing file is permitted if true; if false
+            and the proposed filename exists, a new name will be generated by
+            adding an appropriate number suffix.
+
+    Returns:
+        str: Suitable output filename
+    """
     dirName, fileName = os.path.split(input)
     fileName, ext = os.path.splitext(fileName)
     if outputDir:
diff --git a/Lib/fontTools/misc/cython.py b/Lib/fontTools/misc/cython.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0ba659f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Lib/fontTools/misc/cython.py
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+""" Exports a no-op 'cython' namespace similar to
+https://github.com/cython/cython/blob/master/Cython/Shadow.py
+
+This allows to optionally compile @cython decorated functions
+(when cython is available at built time), or run the same code
+as pure-python, without runtime dependency on cython module.
+
+We only define the symbols that we use. E.g. see fontTools.cu2qu
+"""
+
+from types import SimpleNamespace
+
+def _empty_decorator(x):
+    return x
+
+compiled = False
+
+for name in ("double", "complex", "int"):
+    globals()[name] = None
+
+for name in ("cfunc", "inline"):
+    globals()[name] = _empty_decorator
+
+locals = lambda **_: _empty_decorator
+returns = lambda _: _empty_decorator
diff --git a/Lib/fontTools/misc/dictTools.py b/Lib/fontTools/misc/dictTools.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ae7932c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Lib/fontTools/misc/dictTools.py
@@ -0,0 +1,66 @@
+"""Misc dict tools."""
+
+
+__all__ = ['hashdict']
+
+# https://stackoverflow.com/questions/1151658/python-hashable-dicts
+class hashdict(dict):
+    """
+    hashable dict implementation, suitable for use as a key into
+    other dicts.
+
+        >>> h1 = hashdict({"apples": 1, "bananas":2})
+        >>> h2 = hashdict({"bananas": 3, "mangoes": 5})
+        >>> h1+h2
+        hashdict(apples=1, bananas=3, mangoes=5)
+        >>> d1 = {}
+        >>> d1[h1] = "salad"
+        >>> d1[h1]
+        'salad'
+        >>> d1[h2]
+        Traceback (most recent call last):
+        ...
+        KeyError: hashdict(bananas=3, mangoes=5)
+
+    based on answers from
+       http://stackoverflow.com/questions/1151658/python-hashable-dicts
+
+    """
+    def __key(self):
+        return tuple(sorted(self.items()))
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return "{0}({1})".format(self.__class__.__name__,
+            ", ".join("{0}={1}".format(
+                    str(i[0]),repr(i[1])) for i in self.__key()))
+
+    def __hash__(self):
+        return hash(self.__key())
+    def __setitem__(self, key, value):
+        raise TypeError("{0} does not support item assignment"
+                         .format(self.__class__.__name__))
+    def __delitem__(self, key):
+        raise TypeError("{0} does not support item assignment"
+                         .format(self.__class__.__name__))
+    def clear(self):
+        raise TypeError("{0} does not support item assignment"
+                         .format(self.__class__.__name__))
+    def pop(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        raise TypeError("{0} does not support item assignment"
+                         .format(self.__class__.__name__))
+    def popitem(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        raise TypeError("{0} does not support item assignment"
+                         .format(self.__class__.__name__))
+    def setdefault(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        raise TypeError("{0} does not support item assignment"
+                         .format(self.__class__.__name__))
+    def update(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        raise TypeError("{0} does not support item assignment"
+                         .format(self.__class__.__name__))
+    # update is not ok because it mutates the object
+    # __add__ is ok because it creates a new object
+    # while the new object is under construction, it's ok to mutate it
+    def __add__(self, right):
+        result = hashdict(self)
+        dict.update(result, right)
+        return result
+
diff --git a/Lib/fontTools/misc/eexec.py b/Lib/fontTools/misc/eexec.py
index 0efa6f5..71f733c 100644
--- a/Lib/fontTools/misc/eexec.py
+++ b/Lib/fontTools/misc/eexec.py
@@ -1,9 +1,19 @@
-"""fontTools.misc.eexec.py -- Module implementing the eexec and
-charstring encryption algorithm as used by PostScript Type 1 fonts.
+"""
+PostScript Type 1 fonts make use of two types of encryption: charstring
+encryption and ``eexec`` encryption. Charstring encryption is used for
+the charstrings themselves, while ``eexec`` is used to encrypt larger
+sections of the font program, such as the ``Private`` and ``CharStrings``
+dictionaries. Despite the different names, the algorithm is the same,
+although ``eexec`` encryption uses a fixed initial key R=55665.
+
+The algorithm uses cipher feedback, meaning that the ciphertext is used
+to modify the key. Because of this, the routines in this module return
+the new key at the end of the operation.
+
 """
 
-from __future__ import print_function, division, absolute_import
-from fontTools.misc.py23 import *
+from fontTools.misc.py23 import bytechr, bytesjoin, byteord
+
 
 def _decryptChar(cipher, R):
 	cipher = byteord(cipher)
@@ -20,12 +30,24 @@
 
 def decrypt(cipherstring, R):
 	r"""
-	>>> testStr = b"\0\0asdadads asds\265"
-	>>> decryptedStr, R = decrypt(testStr, 12321)
-	>>> decryptedStr == b'0d\nh\x15\xe8\xc4\xb2\x15\x1d\x108\x1a<6\xa1'
-	True
-	>>> R == 36142
-	True
+	Decrypts a string using the Type 1 encryption algorithm.
+
+	Args:
+		cipherstring: String of ciphertext.
+		R: Initial key.
+
+	Returns:
+		decryptedStr: Plaintext string.
+		R: Output key for subsequent decryptions.
+
+	Examples::
+
+		>>> testStr = b"\0\0asdadads asds\265"
+		>>> decryptedStr, R = decrypt(testStr, 12321)
+		>>> decryptedStr == b'0d\nh\x15\xe8\xc4\xb2\x15\x1d\x108\x1a<6\xa1'
+		True
+		>>> R == 36142
+		True
 	"""
 	plainList = []
 	for cipher in cipherstring:
@@ -36,6 +58,30 @@
 
 def encrypt(plainstring, R):
 	r"""
+	Encrypts a string using the Type 1 encryption algorithm.
+
+	Note that the algorithm as described in the Type 1 specification requires the
+	plaintext to be prefixed with a number of random bytes. (For ``eexec`` the
+	number of random bytes is set to 4.) This routine does *not* add the random
+	prefix to its input.
+
+	Args:
+		plainstring: String of plaintext.
+		R: Initial key.
+
+	Returns:
+		cipherstring: Ciphertext string.
+		R: Output key for subsequent encryptions.
+
+	Examples::
+
+		>>> testStr = b"\0\0asdadads asds\265"
+		>>> decryptedStr, R = decrypt(testStr, 12321)
+		>>> decryptedStr == b'0d\nh\x15\xe8\xc4\xb2\x15\x1d\x108\x1a<6\xa1'
+		True
+		>>> R == 36142
+		True
+
 	>>> testStr = b'0d\nh\x15\xe8\xc4\xb2\x15\x1d\x108\x1a<6\xa1'
 	>>> encryptedStr, R = encrypt(testStr, 12321)
 	>>> encryptedStr == b"\0\0asdadads asds\265"
diff --git a/Lib/fontTools/misc/encodingTools.py b/Lib/fontTools/misc/encodingTools.py
index 275ae9f..eccf951 100644
--- a/Lib/fontTools/misc/encodingTools.py
+++ b/Lib/fontTools/misc/encodingTools.py
@@ -1,8 +1,6 @@
 """fontTools.misc.encodingTools.py -- tools for working with OpenType encodings.
 """
 
-from __future__ import print_function, division, absolute_import
-from fontTools.misc.py23 import *
 import fontTools.encodings.codecs
 
 # Map keyed by platformID, then platEncID, then possibly langID
@@ -18,7 +16,7 @@
 	},
 	1: { # Macintosh
 		# See
-		# https://github.com/behdad/fonttools/issues/236
+		# https://github.com/fonttools/fonttools/issues/236
 		0: { # Macintosh, platEncID==0, keyed by langID
 			15: "mac_iceland",
 			17: "mac_turkish",
diff --git a/Lib/fontTools/misc/etree.py b/Lib/fontTools/misc/etree.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6e943e4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Lib/fontTools/misc/etree.py
@@ -0,0 +1,481 @@
+"""Shim module exporting the same ElementTree API for lxml and
+xml.etree backends.
+
+When lxml is installed, it is automatically preferred over the built-in
+xml.etree module.
+On Python 2.7, the cElementTree module is preferred over the pure-python
+ElementTree module.
+
+Besides exporting a unified interface, this also defines extra functions
+or subclasses built-in ElementTree classes to add features that are
+only availble in lxml, like OrderedDict for attributes, pretty_print and
+iterwalk.
+"""
+from fontTools.misc.py23 import unicode, tostr
+
+
+XML_DECLARATION = """<?xml version='1.0' encoding='%s'?>"""
+
+__all__ = [
+    # public symbols
+    "Comment",
+    "dump",
+    "Element",
+    "ElementTree",
+    "fromstring",
+    "fromstringlist",
+    "iselement",
+    "iterparse",
+    "parse",
+    "ParseError",
+    "PI",
+    "ProcessingInstruction",
+    "QName",
+    "SubElement",
+    "tostring",
+    "tostringlist",
+    "TreeBuilder",
+    "XML",
+    "XMLParser",
+    "register_namespace",
+]
+
+try:
+    from lxml.etree import *
+
+    _have_lxml = True
+except ImportError:
+    try:
+        from xml.etree.cElementTree import *
+
+        # the cElementTree version of XML function doesn't support
+        # the optional 'parser' keyword argument
+        from xml.etree.ElementTree import XML
+    except ImportError:  # pragma: no cover
+        from xml.etree.ElementTree import *
+    _have_lxml = False
+
+    import sys
+
+    # dict is always ordered in python >= 3.6 and on pypy
+    PY36 = sys.version_info >= (3, 6)
+    try:
+        import __pypy__
+    except ImportError:
+        __pypy__ = None
+    _dict_is_ordered = bool(PY36 or __pypy__)
+    del PY36, __pypy__
+
+    if _dict_is_ordered:
+        _Attrib = dict
+    else:
+        from collections import OrderedDict as _Attrib
+
+    if isinstance(Element, type):
+        _Element = Element
+    else:
+        # in py27, cElementTree.Element cannot be subclassed, so
+        # we need to import the pure-python class
+        from xml.etree.ElementTree import Element as _Element
+
+    class Element(_Element):
+        """Element subclass that keeps the order of attributes."""
+
+        def __init__(self, tag, attrib=_Attrib(), **extra):
+            super(Element, self).__init__(tag)
+            self.attrib = _Attrib()
+            if attrib:
+                self.attrib.update(attrib)
+            if extra:
+                self.attrib.update(extra)
+
+    def SubElement(parent, tag, attrib=_Attrib(), **extra):
+        """Must override SubElement as well otherwise _elementtree.SubElement
+        fails if 'parent' is a subclass of Element object.
+        """
+        element = parent.__class__(tag, attrib, **extra)
+        parent.append(element)
+        return element
+
+    def _iterwalk(element, events, tag):
+        include = tag is None or element.tag == tag
+        if include and "start" in events:
+            yield ("start", element)
+        for e in element:
+            for item in _iterwalk(e, events, tag):
+                yield item
+        if include:
+            yield ("end", element)
+
+    def iterwalk(element_or_tree, events=("end",), tag=None):
+        """A tree walker that generates events from an existing tree as
+        if it was parsing XML data with iterparse().
+        Drop-in replacement for lxml.etree.iterwalk.
+        """
+        if iselement(element_or_tree):
+            element = element_or_tree
+        else:
+            element = element_or_tree.getroot()
+        if tag == "*":
+            tag = None
+        for item in _iterwalk(element, events, tag):
+            yield item
+
+    _ElementTree = ElementTree
+
+    class ElementTree(_ElementTree):
+        """ElementTree subclass that adds 'pretty_print' and 'doctype'
+        arguments to the 'write' method.
+        Currently these are only supported for the default XML serialization
+        'method', and not also for "html" or "text", for these are delegated
+        to the base class.
+        """
+
+        def write(
+            self,
+            file_or_filename,
+            encoding=None,
+            xml_declaration=False,
+            method=None,
+            doctype=None,
+            pretty_print=False,
+        ):
+            if method and method != "xml":
+                # delegate to super-class
+                super(ElementTree, self).write(
+                    file_or_filename,
+                    encoding=encoding,
+                    xml_declaration=xml_declaration,
+                    method=method,
+                )
+                return
+
+            if encoding is unicode or (
+                encoding is not None and encoding.lower() == "unicode"
+            ):
+                if xml_declaration:
+                    raise ValueError(
+                        "Serialisation to unicode must not request an XML declaration"
+                    )
+                write_declaration = False
+                encoding = "unicode"
+            elif xml_declaration is None:
+                # by default, write an XML declaration only for non-standard encodings
+                write_declaration = encoding is not None and encoding.upper() not in (
+                    "ASCII",
+                    "UTF-8",
+                    "UTF8",
+                    "US-ASCII",
+                )
+            else:
+                write_declaration = xml_declaration
+
+            if encoding is None:
+                encoding = "ASCII"
+
+            if pretty_print:
+                # NOTE this will modify the tree in-place
+                _indent(self._root)
+
+            with _get_writer(file_or_filename, encoding) as write:
+                if write_declaration:
+                    write(XML_DECLARATION % encoding.upper())
+                    if pretty_print:
+                        write("\n")
+                if doctype:
+                    write(_tounicode(doctype))
+                    if pretty_print:
+                        write("\n")
+
+                qnames, namespaces = _namespaces(self._root)
+                _serialize_xml(write, self._root, qnames, namespaces)
+
+    import io
+
+    def tostring(
+        element,
+        encoding=None,
+        xml_declaration=None,
+        method=None,
+        doctype=None,
+        pretty_print=False,
+    ):
+        """Custom 'tostring' function that uses our ElementTree subclass, with
+        pretty_print support.
+        """
+        stream = io.StringIO() if encoding == "unicode" else io.BytesIO()
+        ElementTree(element).write(
+            stream,
+            encoding=encoding,
+            xml_declaration=xml_declaration,
+            method=method,
+            doctype=doctype,
+            pretty_print=pretty_print,
+        )
+        return stream.getvalue()
+
+    # serialization support
+
+    import re
+
+    # Valid XML strings can include any Unicode character, excluding control
+    # characters, the surrogate blocks, FFFE, and FFFF:
+    #   Char ::= #x9 | #xA | #xD | [#x20-#xD7FF] | [#xE000-#xFFFD] | [#x10000-#x10FFFF]
+    # Here we reversed the pattern to match only the invalid characters.
+    # For the 'narrow' python builds supporting only UCS-2, which represent
+    # characters beyond BMP as UTF-16 surrogate pairs, we need to pass through
+    # the surrogate block. I haven't found a more elegant solution...
+    UCS2 = sys.maxunicode < 0x10FFFF
+    if UCS2:
+        _invalid_xml_string = re.compile(
+            "[\u0000-\u0008\u000B-\u000C\u000E-\u001F\uFFFE-\uFFFF]"
+        )
+    else:
+        _invalid_xml_string = re.compile(
+            "[\u0000-\u0008\u000B-\u000C\u000E-\u001F\uD800-\uDFFF\uFFFE-\uFFFF]"
+        )
+
+    def _tounicode(s):
+        """Test if a string is valid user input and decode it to unicode string
+        using ASCII encoding if it's a bytes string.
+        Reject all bytes/unicode input that contains non-XML characters.
+        Reject all bytes input that contains non-ASCII characters.
+        """
+        try:
+            s = tostr(s, encoding="ascii", errors="strict")
+        except UnicodeDecodeError:
+            raise ValueError(
+                "Bytes strings can only contain ASCII characters. "
+                "Use unicode strings for non-ASCII characters.")
+        except AttributeError:
+            _raise_serialization_error(s)
+        if s and _invalid_xml_string.search(s):
+            raise ValueError(
+                "All strings must be XML compatible: Unicode or ASCII, "
+                "no NULL bytes or control characters"
+            )
+        return s
+
+    import contextlib
+
+    @contextlib.contextmanager
+    def _get_writer(file_or_filename, encoding):
+        # returns text write method and release all resources after using
+        try:
+            write = file_or_filename.write
+        except AttributeError:
+            # file_or_filename is a file name
+            f = open(
+                file_or_filename,
+                "w",
+                encoding="utf-8" if encoding == "unicode" else encoding,
+                errors="xmlcharrefreplace",
+            )
+            with f:
+                yield f.write
+        else:
+            # file_or_filename is a file-like object
+            # encoding determines if it is a text or binary writer
+            if encoding == "unicode":
+                # use a text writer as is
+                yield write
+            else:
+                # wrap a binary writer with TextIOWrapper
+                detach_buffer = False
+                if isinstance(file_or_filename, io.BufferedIOBase):
+                    buf = file_or_filename
+                elif isinstance(file_or_filename, io.RawIOBase):
+                    buf = io.BufferedWriter(file_or_filename)
+                    detach_buffer = True
+                else:
+                    # This is to handle passed objects that aren't in the
+                    # IOBase hierarchy, but just have a write method
+                    buf = io.BufferedIOBase()
+                    buf.writable = lambda: True
+                    buf.write = write
+                    try:
+                        # TextIOWrapper uses this methods to determine
+                        # if BOM (for UTF-16, etc) should be added
+                        buf.seekable = file_or_filename.seekable
+                        buf.tell = file_or_filename.tell
+                    except AttributeError:
+                        pass
+                wrapper = io.TextIOWrapper(
+                    buf,
+                    encoding=encoding,
+                    errors="xmlcharrefreplace",
+                    newline="\n",
+                )
+                try:
+                    yield wrapper.write
+                finally:
+                    # Keep the original file open when the TextIOWrapper and
+                    # the BufferedWriter are destroyed
+                    wrapper.detach()
+                    if detach_buffer:
+                        buf.detach()
+
+    from xml.etree.ElementTree import _namespace_map
+
+    def _namespaces(elem):
+        # identify namespaces used in this tree
+
+        # maps qnames to *encoded* prefix:local names
+        qnames = {None: None}
+
+        # maps uri:s to prefixes
+        namespaces = {}
+
+        def add_qname(qname):
+            # calculate serialized qname representation
+            try:
+                qname = _tounicode(qname)
+                if qname[:1] == "{":
+                    uri, tag = qname[1:].rsplit("}", 1)
+                    prefix = namespaces.get(uri)
+                    if prefix is None:
+                        prefix = _namespace_map.get(uri)
+                        if prefix is None:
+                            prefix = "ns%d" % len(namespaces)
+                        else:
+                            prefix = _tounicode(prefix)
+                        if prefix != "xml":
+                            namespaces[uri] = prefix
+                    if prefix:
+                        qnames[qname] = "%s:%s" % (prefix, tag)
+                    else:
+                        qnames[qname] = tag  # default element
+                else:
+                    qnames[qname] = qname
+            except TypeError:
+                _raise_serialization_error(qname)
+
+        # populate qname and namespaces table
+        for elem in elem.iter():
+            tag = elem.tag
+            if isinstance(tag, QName):
+                if tag.text not in qnames:
+                    add_qname(tag.text)
+            elif isinstance(tag, str):
+                if tag not in qnames:
+                    add_qname(tag)
+            elif tag is not None and tag is not Comment and tag is not PI:
+                _raise_serialization_error(tag)
+            for key, value in elem.items():
+                if isinstance(key, QName):
+                    key = key.text
+                if key not in qnames:
+                    add_qname(key)
+                if isinstance(value, QName) and value.text not in qnames:
+                    add_qname(value.text)
+            text = elem.text
+            if isinstance(text, QName) and text.text not in qnames:
+                add_qname(text.text)
+        return qnames, namespaces
+
+    def _serialize_xml(write, elem, qnames, namespaces, **kwargs):
+        tag = elem.tag
+        text = elem.text
+        if tag is Comment:
+            write("<!--%s-->" % _tounicode(text))
+        elif tag is ProcessingInstruction:
+            write("<?%s?>" % _tounicode(text))
+        else:
+            tag = qnames[_tounicode(tag) if tag is not None else None]
+            if tag is None:
+                if text:
+                    write(_escape_cdata(text))
+                for e in elem:
+                    _serialize_xml(write, e, qnames, None)
+            else:
+                write("<" + tag)
+                if namespaces:
+                    for uri, prefix in sorted(
+                        namespaces.items(), key=lambda x: x[1]
+                    ):  # sort on prefix
+                        if prefix:
+                            prefix = ":" + prefix
+                        write(' xmlns%s="%s"' % (prefix, _escape_attrib(uri)))
+                attrs = elem.attrib
+                if attrs:
+                    # try to keep existing attrib order
+                    if len(attrs) <= 1 or type(attrs) is _Attrib:
+                        items = attrs.items()
+                    else:
+                        # if plain dict, use lexical order
+                        items = sorted(attrs.items())
+                    for k, v in items:
+                        if isinstance(k, QName):
+                            k = _tounicode(k.text)
+                        else:
+                            k = _tounicode(k)
+                        if isinstance(v, QName):
+                            v = qnames[_tounicode(v.text)]
+                        else:
+                            v = _escape_attrib(v)
+                        write(' %s="%s"' % (qnames[k], v))
+                if text is not None or len(elem):
+                    write(">")
+                    if text:
+                        write(_escape_cdata(text))
+                    for e in elem:
+                        _serialize_xml(write, e, qnames, None)
+                    write("</" + tag + ">")
+                else:
+                    write("/>")
+        if elem.tail:
+            write(_escape_cdata(elem.tail))
+
+    def _raise_serialization_error(text):
+        raise TypeError(
+            "cannot serialize %r (type %s)" % (text, type(text).__name__)
+        )
+
+    def _escape_cdata(text):
+        # escape character data
+        try:
+            text = _tounicode(text)
+            # it's worth avoiding do-nothing calls for short strings
+            if "&" in text:
+                text = text.replace("&", "&amp;")
+            if "<" in text:
+                text = text.replace("<", "&lt;")
+            if ">" in text:
+                text = text.replace(">", "&gt;")
+            return text
+        except (TypeError, AttributeError):
+            _raise_serialization_error(text)
+
+    def _escape_attrib(text):
+        # escape attribute value
+        try:
+            text = _tounicode(text)
+            if "&" in text:
+                text = text.replace("&", "&amp;")
+            if "<" in text:
+                text = text.replace("<", "&lt;")
+            if ">" in text:
+                text = text.replace(">", "&gt;")
+            if '"' in text:
+                text = text.replace('"', "&quot;")
+            if "\n" in text:
+                text = text.replace("\n", "&#10;")
+            return text
+        except (TypeError, AttributeError):
+            _raise_serialization_error(text)
+
+    def _indent(elem, level=0):
+        # From http://effbot.org/zone/element-lib.htm#prettyprint
+        i = "\n" + level * "  "
+        if len(elem):
+            if not elem.text or not elem.text.strip():
+                elem.text = i + "  "
+            if not elem.tail or not elem.tail.strip():
+                elem.tail = i
+            for elem in elem:
+                _indent(elem, level + 1)
+            if not elem.tail or not elem.tail.strip():
+                elem.tail = i
+        else:
+            if level and (not elem.tail or not elem.tail.strip()):
+                elem.tail = i
diff --git a/Lib/fontTools/misc/filenames.py b/Lib/fontTools/misc/filenames.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0f01000
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Lib/fontTools/misc/filenames.py
@@ -0,0 +1,242 @@
+"""
+This module implements the algorithm for converting between a "user name" -
+something that a user can choose arbitrarily inside a font editor - and a file
+name suitable for use in a wide range of operating systems and filesystems.
+
+The `UFO 3 specification <http://unifiedfontobject.org/versions/ufo3/conventions/>`_
+provides an example of an algorithm for such conversion, which avoids illegal
+characters, reserved file names, ambiguity between upper- and lower-case
+characters, and clashes with existing files.
+
+This code was originally copied from
+`ufoLib <https://github.com/unified-font-object/ufoLib/blob/8747da7/Lib/ufoLib/filenames.py>`_
+by Tal Leming and is copyright (c) 2005-2016, The RoboFab Developers:
+
+-	Erik van Blokland
+-	Tal Leming
+-	Just van Rossum
+"""
+
+
+illegalCharacters = r"\" * + / : < > ? [ \ ] | \0".split(" ")
+illegalCharacters += [chr(i) for i in range(1, 32)]
+illegalCharacters += [chr(0x7F)]
+reservedFileNames = "CON PRN AUX CLOCK$ NUL A:-Z: COM1".lower().split(" ")
+reservedFileNames += "LPT1 LPT2 LPT3 COM2 COM3 COM4".lower().split(" ")
+maxFileNameLength = 255
+
+
+class NameTranslationError(Exception):
+	pass
+
+
+def userNameToFileName(userName, existing=[], prefix="", suffix=""):
+	"""Converts from a user name to a file name.
+
+	Takes care to avoid illegal characters, reserved file names, ambiguity between
+	upper- and lower-case characters, and clashes with existing files.
+
+	Args:
+		userName (str): The input file name.
+		existing: A case-insensitive list of all existing file names.
+		prefix: Prefix to be prepended to the file name.
+		suffix: Suffix to be appended to the file name.
+
+	Returns:
+		A suitable filename.
+
+	Raises:
+		NameTranslationError: If no suitable name could be generated.
+
+	Examples::
+
+		>>> userNameToFileName("a") == "a"
+		True
+		>>> userNameToFileName("A") == "A_"
+		True
+		>>> userNameToFileName("AE") == "A_E_"
+		True
+		>>> userNameToFileName("Ae") == "A_e"
+		True
+		>>> userNameToFileName("ae") == "ae"
+		True
+		>>> userNameToFileName("aE") == "aE_"
+		True
+		>>> userNameToFileName("a.alt") == "a.alt"
+		True
+		>>> userNameToFileName("A.alt") == "A_.alt"
+		True
+		>>> userNameToFileName("A.Alt") == "A_.A_lt"
+		True
+		>>> userNameToFileName("A.aLt") == "A_.aL_t"
+		True
+		>>> userNameToFileName(u"A.alT") == "A_.alT_"
+		True
+		>>> userNameToFileName("T_H") == "T__H_"
+		True
+		>>> userNameToFileName("T_h") == "T__h"
+		True
+		>>> userNameToFileName("t_h") == "t_h"
+		True
+		>>> userNameToFileName("F_F_I") == "F__F__I_"
+		True
+		>>> userNameToFileName("f_f_i") == "f_f_i"
+		True
+		>>> userNameToFileName("Aacute_V.swash") == "A_acute_V_.swash"
+		True
+		>>> userNameToFileName(".notdef") == "_notdef"
+		True
+		>>> userNameToFileName("con") == "_con"
+		True
+		>>> userNameToFileName("CON") == "C_O_N_"
+		True
+		>>> userNameToFileName("con.alt") == "_con.alt"
+		True
+		>>> userNameToFileName("alt.con") == "alt._con"
+		True
+	"""
+	# the incoming name must be a str
+	if not isinstance(userName, str):
+		raise ValueError("The value for userName must be a string.")
+	# establish the prefix and suffix lengths
+	prefixLength = len(prefix)
+	suffixLength = len(suffix)
+	# replace an initial period with an _
+	# if no prefix is to be added
+	if not prefix and userName[0] == ".":
+		userName = "_" + userName[1:]
+	# filter the user name
+	filteredUserName = []
+	for character in userName:
+		# replace illegal characters with _
+		if character in illegalCharacters:
+			character = "_"
+		# add _ to all non-lower characters
+		elif character != character.lower():
+			character += "_"
+		filteredUserName.append(character)
+	userName = "".join(filteredUserName)
+	# clip to 255
+	sliceLength = maxFileNameLength - prefixLength - suffixLength
+	userName = userName[:sliceLength]
+	# test for illegal files names
+	parts = []
+	for part in userName.split("."):
+		if part.lower() in reservedFileNames:
+			part = "_" + part
+		parts.append(part)
+	userName = ".".join(parts)
+	# test for clash
+	fullName = prefix + userName + suffix
+	if fullName.lower() in existing:
+		fullName = handleClash1(userName, existing, prefix, suffix)
+	# finished
+	return fullName
+
+def handleClash1(userName, existing=[], prefix="", suffix=""):
+	"""
+	existing should be a case-insensitive list
+	of all existing file names.
+
+	>>> prefix = ("0" * 5) + "."
+	>>> suffix = "." + ("0" * 10)
+	>>> existing = ["a" * 5]
+
+	>>> e = list(existing)
+	>>> handleClash1(userName="A" * 5, existing=e,
+	...		prefix=prefix, suffix=suffix) == (
+	... 	'00000.AAAAA000000000000001.0000000000')
+	True
+
+	>>> e = list(existing)
+	>>> e.append(prefix + "aaaaa" + "1".zfill(15) + suffix)
+	>>> handleClash1(userName="A" * 5, existing=e,
+	...		prefix=prefix, suffix=suffix) == (
+	... 	'00000.AAAAA000000000000002.0000000000')
+	True
+
+	>>> e = list(existing)
+	>>> e.append(prefix + "AAAAA" + "2".zfill(15) + suffix)
+	>>> handleClash1(userName="A" * 5, existing=e,
+	...		prefix=prefix, suffix=suffix) == (
+	... 	'00000.AAAAA000000000000001.0000000000')
+	True
+	"""
+	# if the prefix length + user name length + suffix length + 15 is at
+	# or past the maximum length, silce 15 characters off of the user name
+	prefixLength = len(prefix)
+	suffixLength = len(suffix)
+	if prefixLength + len(userName) + suffixLength + 15 > maxFileNameLength:
+		l = (prefixLength + len(userName) + suffixLength + 15)
+		sliceLength = maxFileNameLength - l
+		userName = userName[:sliceLength]
+	finalName = None
+	# try to add numbers to create a unique name
+	counter = 1
+	while finalName is None:
+		name = userName + str(counter).zfill(15)
+		fullName = prefix + name + suffix
+		if fullName.lower() not in existing:
+			finalName = fullName
+			break
+		else:
+			counter += 1
+		if counter >= 999999999999999:
+			break
+	# if there is a clash, go to the next fallback
+	if finalName is None:
+		finalName = handleClash2(existing, prefix, suffix)
+	# finished
+	return finalName
+
+def handleClash2(existing=[], prefix="", suffix=""):
+	"""
+	existing should be a case-insensitive list
+	of all existing file names.
+
+	>>> prefix = ("0" * 5) + "."
+	>>> suffix = "." + ("0" * 10)
+	>>> existing = [prefix + str(i) + suffix for i in range(100)]
+
+	>>> e = list(existing)
+	>>> handleClash2(existing=e, prefix=prefix, suffix=suffix) == (
+	... 	'00000.100.0000000000')
+	True
+
+	>>> e = list(existing)
+	>>> e.remove(prefix + "1" + suffix)
+	>>> handleClash2(existing=e, prefix=prefix, suffix=suffix) == (
+	... 	'00000.1.0000000000')
+	True
+
+	>>> e = list(existing)
+	>>> e.remove(prefix + "2" + suffix)
+	>>> handleClash2(existing=e, prefix=prefix, suffix=suffix) == (
+	... 	'00000.2.0000000000')
+	True
+	"""
+	# calculate the longest possible string
+	maxLength = maxFileNameLength - len(prefix) - len(suffix)
+	maxValue = int("9" * maxLength)
+	# try to find a number
+	finalName = None
+	counter = 1
+	while finalName is None:
+		fullName = prefix + str(counter) + suffix
+		if fullName.lower() not in existing:
+			finalName = fullName
+			break
+		else:
+			counter += 1
+		if counter >= maxValue:
+			break
+	# raise an error if nothing has been found
+	if finalName is None:
+		raise NameTranslationError("No unique name could be found.")
+	# finished
+	return finalName
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+	import doctest
+	import sys
+	sys.exit(doctest.testmod().failed)
diff --git a/Lib/fontTools/misc/fixedTools.py b/Lib/fontTools/misc/fixedTools.py
index 7d11eb5..f87e332 100644
--- a/Lib/fontTools/misc/fixedTools.py
+++ b/Lib/fontTools/misc/fixedTools.py
@@ -1,70 +1,233 @@
-"""fontTools.misc.fixedTools.py -- tools for working with fixed numbers.
+"""
+The `OpenType specification <https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/typography/opentype/spec/otff#data-types>`_
+defines two fixed-point data types:
+
+``Fixed``
+	A 32-bit signed fixed-point number with a 16 bit twos-complement
+	magnitude component and 16 fractional bits.
+``F2DOT14``
+	A 16-bit signed fixed-point number with a 2 bit twos-complement
+	magnitude component and 14 fractional bits.
+
+To support reading and writing data with these data types, this module provides
+functions for converting between fixed-point, float and string representations.
+
+.. data:: MAX_F2DOT14
+
+	The maximum value that can still fit in an F2Dot14. (1.99993896484375)
 """
 
-from __future__ import print_function, division, absolute_import
-from fontTools.misc.py23 import *
+from .roundTools import otRound, nearestMultipleShortestRepr
 import logging
 
 log = logging.getLogger(__name__)
 
 __all__ = [
+	"MAX_F2DOT14",
 	"fixedToFloat",
 	"floatToFixed",
-    "floatToFixedToFloat",
+	"floatToFixedToFloat",
+	"floatToFixedToStr",
+	"fixedToStr",
+	"strToFixed",
+	"strToFixedToFloat",
 	"ensureVersionIsLong",
 	"versionToFixed",
 ]
 
+
+MAX_F2DOT14 = 0x7FFF / (1 << 14)
+
+
 def fixedToFloat(value, precisionBits):
-	"""Converts a fixed-point number to a float, choosing the float
-	that has the shortest decimal reprentation.  Eg. to convert a
-	fixed number in a 2.14 format, use precisionBits=14.  This is
-	pretty slow compared to a simple division.  Use sporadically.
+	"""Converts a fixed-point number to a float given the number of
+	precision bits.
 
-	precisionBits is only supported up to 16.
+	Args:
+		value (int): Number in fixed-point format.
+		precisionBits (int): Number of precision bits.
+
+	Returns:
+		Floating point value.
+
+	Examples::
+
+		>>> import math
+		>>> f = fixedToFloat(-10139, precisionBits=14)
+		>>> math.isclose(f, -0.61883544921875)
+		True
 	"""
-	if not value: return 0.0
+	return value / (1 << precisionBits)
 
-	scale = 1 << precisionBits
-	value /= scale
-	eps = .5 / scale
-	lo = value - eps
-	hi = value + eps
-	# If the range of valid choices spans an integer, return the integer.
-	if int(lo) != int(hi):
-		return float(round(value))
-	fmt = "%.8f"
-	lo = fmt % lo
-	hi = fmt % hi
-	assert len(lo) == len(hi) and lo != hi
-	for i in range(len(lo)):
-		if lo[i] != hi[i]:
-			break
-	period = lo.find('.')
-	assert period < i
-	fmt = "%%.%df" % (i - period)
-	value = fmt % value
-	return float(value)
 
 def floatToFixed(value, precisionBits):
 	"""Converts a float to a fixed-point number given the number of
-	precisionBits.  Ie. round(value * (1<<precisionBits)).
+	precision bits.
+
+	Args:
+		value (float): Floating point value.
+		precisionBits (int): Number of precision bits.
+
+	Returns:
+		int: Fixed-point representation.
+
+	Examples::
+
+		>>> floatToFixed(-0.61883544921875, precisionBits=14)
+		-10139
+		>>> floatToFixed(-0.61884, precisionBits=14)
+		-10139
 	"""
-	return round(value * (1<<precisionBits))
+	return otRound(value * (1 << precisionBits))
+
 
 def floatToFixedToFloat(value, precisionBits):
-	"""Converts a float to a fixed-point number given the number of
-	precisionBits, round it, then convert it back to float again.
-	Ie. round(value * (1<<precisionBits)) / (1<<precisionBits)
-	Note: this is *not* equivalent to fixedToFloat(floatToFixed(value)),
-	which would return the shortest representation of the rounded value.
+	"""Converts a float to a fixed-point number and back again.
+
+	By converting the float to fixed, rounding it, and converting it back
+	to float again, this returns a floating point values which is exactly
+	representable in fixed-point format.
+
+	Note: this **is** equivalent to ``fixedToFloat(floatToFixed(value))``.
+
+	Args:
+		value (float): The input floating point value.
+		precisionBits (int): Number of precision bits.
+
+	Returns:
+		float: The transformed and rounded value.
+
+	Examples::
+		>>> import math
+		>>> f1 = -0.61884
+		>>> f2 = floatToFixedToFloat(-0.61884, precisionBits=14)
+		>>> f1 != f2
+		True
+		>>> math.isclose(f2, -0.61883544921875)
+		True
 	"""
-	scale = 1<<precisionBits
-	return round(value * scale) / scale
+	scale = 1 << precisionBits
+	return otRound(value * scale) / scale
+
+
+def fixedToStr(value, precisionBits):
+	"""Converts a fixed-point number to a string representing a decimal float.
+
+	This chooses the float that has the shortest decimal representation (the least
+	number of fractional decimal digits).
+
+	For example, to convert a fixed-point number in a 2.14 format, use
+	``precisionBits=14``::
+
+		>>> fixedToStr(-10139, precisionBits=14)
+		'-0.61884'
+
+	This is pretty slow compared to the simple division used in ``fixedToFloat``.
+	Use sporadically when you need to serialize or print the fixed-point number in
+	a human-readable form.
+	It uses nearestMultipleShortestRepr under the hood.
+
+	Args:
+		value (int): The fixed-point value to convert.
+		precisionBits (int): Number of precision bits, *up to a maximum of 16*.
+
+	Returns:
+		str: A string representation of the value.
+	"""
+	scale = 1 << precisionBits
+	return nearestMultipleShortestRepr(value/scale, factor=1.0/scale)
+
+
+def strToFixed(string, precisionBits):
+	"""Converts a string representing a decimal float to a fixed-point number.
+
+	Args:
+		string (str): A string representing a decimal float.
+		precisionBits (int): Number of precision bits, *up to a maximum of 16*.
+
+	Returns:
+		int: Fixed-point representation.
+
+	Examples::
+
+	>>> ## to convert a float string to a 2.14 fixed-point number:
+	>>> strToFixed('-0.61884', precisionBits=14)
+	-10139
+	"""
+	value = float(string)
+	return otRound(value * (1 << precisionBits))
+
+
+def strToFixedToFloat(string, precisionBits):
+	"""Convert a string to a decimal float with fixed-point rounding.
+
+	This first converts string to a float, then turns it into a fixed-point
+	number with ``precisionBits`` fractional binary digits, then back to a
+	float again.
+
+	This is simply a shorthand for fixedToFloat(floatToFixed(float(s))).
+
+	Args:
+		string (str): A string representing a decimal float.
+		precisionBits (int): Number of precision bits.
+
+	Returns:
+		float: The transformed and rounded value.
+
+	Examples::
+
+		>>> import math
+		>>> s = '-0.61884'
+		>>> bits = 14
+		>>> f = strToFixedToFloat(s, precisionBits=bits)
+		>>> math.isclose(f, -0.61883544921875)
+		True
+		>>> f == fixedToFloat(floatToFixed(float(s), precisionBits=bits), precisionBits=bits)
+		True
+	"""
+	value = float(string)
+	scale = 1 << precisionBits
+	return otRound(value * scale) / scale
+
+
+def floatToFixedToStr(value, precisionBits):
+	"""Convert float to string with fixed-point rounding.
+
+	This uses the shortest decimal representation (ie. the least
+	number of fractional decimal digits) to represent the equivalent
+	fixed-point number with ``precisionBits`` fractional binary digits.
+	It uses nearestMultipleShortestRepr under the hood.
+
+	>>> floatToFixedToStr(-0.61883544921875, precisionBits=14)
+	'-0.61884'
+
+	Args:
+		value (float): The float value to convert.
+		precisionBits (int): Number of precision bits, *up to a maximum of 16*.
+
+	Returns:
+		str: A string representation of the value.
+
+	"""
+	scale = 1 << precisionBits
+	return nearestMultipleShortestRepr(value, factor=1.0/scale)
+
 
 def ensureVersionIsLong(value):
-	"""Ensure a table version is an unsigned long (unsigned short major,
-	unsigned short minor) instead of a float."""
+	"""Ensure a table version is an unsigned long.
+
+	OpenType table version numbers are expressed as a single unsigned long
+	comprising of an unsigned short major version and unsigned short minor
+	version. This function detects if the value to be used as a version number
+	looks too small (i.e. is less than ``0x10000``), and converts it to
+	fixed-point using :func:`floatToFixed` if so.
+
+	Args:
+		value (Number): a candidate table version number.
+
+	Returns:
+		int: A table version number, possibly corrected to fixed-point.
+	"""
 	if value < 0x10000:
 		newValue = floatToFixed(value, 16)
 		log.warning(
@@ -75,7 +238,14 @@
 
 
 def versionToFixed(value):
-	"""Converts a table version to a fixed"""
+	"""Ensure a table version number is fixed-point.
+
+	Args:
+		value (str): a candidate table version number.
+
+	Returns:
+		int: A table version number, possibly corrected to fixed-point.
+	"""
 	value = int(value, 0) if value.startswith("0") else float(value)
 	value = ensureVersionIsLong(value)
 	return value
diff --git a/Lib/fontTools/misc/intTools.py b/Lib/fontTools/misc/intTools.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6ba03e1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Lib/fontTools/misc/intTools.py
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+__all__ = ["popCount"]
+
+
+try:
+    bit_count = int.bit_count
+except AttributeError:
+
+    def bit_count(v):
+        return bin(v).count("1")
+
+
+"""Return number of 1 bits (population count) of the absolute value of an integer.
+
+See https://docs.python.org/3.10/library/stdtypes.html#int.bit_count
+"""
+popCount = bit_count
+
+
+def bit_indices(v):
+    """Return list of indices where bits are set, 0 being the index of the least significant bit.
+
+    >>> bit_indices(0b101)
+    [0, 2]
+    """
+    return [i for i, b in enumerate(bin(v)[::-1]) if b == "1"]
diff --git a/Lib/fontTools/misc/loggingTools.py b/Lib/fontTools/misc/loggingTools.py
index 4ed788e..d1baa83 100644
--- a/Lib/fontTools/misc/loggingTools.py
+++ b/Lib/fontTools/misc/loggingTools.py
@@ -1,20 +1,10 @@
-""" fontTools.misc.loggingTools.py -- tools for interfacing with the Python
-logging package.
-"""
-
-from __future__ import print_function, absolute_import
-from fontTools.misc.py23 import *
 import sys
 import logging
 import timeit
 from functools import wraps
-import collections
+from collections.abc import Mapping, Callable
 import warnings
-
-try:
-	from logging import PercentStyle
-except ImportError:
-	PercentStyle = None
+from logging import PercentStyle
 
 
 # default logging level used by Timer class
@@ -30,10 +20,18 @@
 
 
 class LevelFormatter(logging.Formatter):
-	""" Formatter class which optionally takes a dict of logging levels to
+	"""Log formatter with level-specific formatting.
+
+	Formatter class which optionally takes a dict of logging levels to
 	format strings, allowing to customise the log records appearance for
 	specific levels.
-	The '*' key identifies the default format string.
+
+
+	Attributes:
+		fmt: A dictionary mapping logging levels to format strings.
+			The ``*`` key identifies the default format string.
+		datefmt: As per py:class:`logging.Formatter`
+		style: As per py:class:`logging.Formatter`
 
 	>>> import sys
 	>>> handler = logging.StreamHandler(sys.stdout)
@@ -61,10 +59,10 @@
 				"only '%' percent style is supported in both python 2 and 3")
 		if fmt is None:
 			fmt = DEFAULT_FORMATS
-		if isinstance(fmt, basestring):
+		if isinstance(fmt, str):
 			default_format = fmt
 			custom_formats = {}
-		elif isinstance(fmt, collections.Mapping):
+		elif isinstance(fmt, Mapping):
 			custom_formats = dict(fmt)
 			default_format = custom_formats.pop("*", None)
 		else:
@@ -88,46 +86,48 @@
 
 
 def configLogger(**kwargs):
-	""" Do basic configuration for the logging system. This is more or less
-	the same as logging.basicConfig with some additional options and defaults.
+	"""A more sophisticated logging system configuation manager.
 
-	The default behaviour is to create a StreamHandler which writes to
-	sys.stderr, set a formatter using the DEFAULT_FORMATS strings, and add
+	This is more or less the same as :py:func:`logging.basicConfig`,
+	with some additional options and defaults.
+
+	The default behaviour is to create a ``StreamHandler`` which writes to
+	sys.stderr, set a formatter using the ``DEFAULT_FORMATS`` strings, and add
 	the handler to the top-level library logger ("fontTools").
 
 	A number of optional keyword arguments may be specified, which can alter
 	the default behaviour.
 
-	logger    Specifies the logger name or a Logger instance to be configured.
-	          (it defaults to "fontTools" logger). Unlike basicConfig, this
-	          function can be called multiple times to reconfigure a logger.
-	          If the logger or any of its children already exists before the
-	          call is made, they will be reset before the new configuration
-	          is applied.
-	filename  Specifies that a FileHandler be created, using the specified
-	          filename, rather than a StreamHandler.
-	filemode  Specifies the mode to open the file, if filename is specified
-	          (if filemode is unspecified, it defaults to 'a').
-	format    Use the specified format string for the handler. This argument
-	          also accepts a dictionary of format strings keyed by level name,
-	          to allow customising the records appearance for specific levels.
-	          The special '*' key is for 'any other' level.
-	datefmt   Use the specified date/time format.
-	level     Set the logger level to the specified level.
-	stream    Use the specified stream to initialize the StreamHandler. Note
-	          that this argument is incompatible with 'filename' - if both
-	          are present, 'stream' is ignored.
-	handlers  If specified, this should be an iterable of already created
-	          handlers, which will be added to the logger. Any handler
-	          in the list which does not have a formatter assigned will be
-	          assigned the formatter created in this function.
-	filters   If specified, this should be an iterable of already created
-	          filters, which will be added to the handler(s), if the latter
-	          do(es) not already have filters assigned.
-	propagate All loggers have a "propagate" attribute initially set to True,
-	          which determines whether to continue searching for handlers up
-	          the logging hierarchy. By default, this arguments sets the
-	          "propagate" attribute to False.
+	Args:
+
+		logger: Specifies the logger name or a Logger instance to be
+			configured. (Defaults to "fontTools" logger). Unlike ``basicConfig``,
+			this function can be called multiple times to reconfigure a logger.
+			If the logger or any of its children already exists before the call is
+			made, they will be reset before the new configuration is applied.
+		filename: Specifies that a ``FileHandler`` be created, using the
+			specified filename, rather than a ``StreamHandler``.
+		filemode: Specifies the mode to open the file, if filename is
+			specified. (If filemode is unspecified, it defaults to ``a``).
+		format: Use the specified format string for the handler. This
+			argument also accepts a dictionary of format strings keyed by
+			level name, to allow customising the records appearance for
+			specific levels. The special ``'*'`` key is for 'any other' level.
+		datefmt: Use the specified date/time format.
+		level: Set the logger level to the specified level.
+		stream: Use the specified stream to initialize the StreamHandler. Note
+			that this argument is incompatible with ``filename`` - if both
+			are present, ``stream`` is ignored.
+		handlers: If specified, this should be an iterable of already created
+			handlers, which will be added to the logger. Any handler in the
+			list which does not have a formatter assigned will be assigned the
+			formatter created in this function.
+		filters: If specified, this should be an iterable of already created
+			filters. If the ``handlers`` do not already have filters assigned,
+			these filters will be added to them.
+		propagate: All loggers have a ``propagate`` attribute which determines
+			whether to continue searching for handlers up the logging hierarchy.
+			If not provided, the "propagate" attribute will be set to ``False``.
 	"""
 	# using kwargs to enforce keyword-only arguments in py2.
 	handlers = kwargs.pop("handlers", None)
@@ -150,7 +150,7 @@
 		handlers = [h]
 	# By default, the top-level library logger is configured.
 	logger = kwargs.pop("logger", "fontTools")
-	if not logger or isinstance(logger, basestring):
+	if not logger or isinstance(logger, str):
 		# empty "" or None means the 'root' logger
 		logger = logging.getLogger(logger)
 	# before (re)configuring, reset named logger and its children (if exist)
@@ -247,8 +247,8 @@
 	upon exiting the with-statement.
 
 	>>> import logging
-	>>> log = logging.getLogger("fontTools")
-	>>> configLogger(level="DEBUG", format="%(message)s", stream=sys.stdout)
+	>>> log = logging.getLogger("my-fancy-timer-logger")
+	>>> configLogger(logger=log, level="DEBUG", format="%(message)s", stream=sys.stdout)
 	>>> with Timer(log, 'do something'):
 	...     time.sleep(0.01)
 	Took ... to do something
@@ -360,7 +360,7 @@
 		Timer instance, referencing the same logger.
 		A 'level' keyword can also be passed to override self.level.
 		"""
-		if isinstance(func_or_msg, collections.Callable):
+		if isinstance(func_or_msg, Callable):
 			func = func_or_msg
 			# use the function name when no explicit 'msg' is provided
 			if not self.msg:
@@ -387,9 +387,11 @@
 
 
 class ChannelsFilter(logging.Filter):
-	""" Filter out records emitted from a list of enabled channel names,
-	including their children. It works the same as the logging.Filter class,
-	but allows to specify multiple channel names.
+	"""Provides a hierarchical filter for log entries based on channel names.
+
+	Filters out records emitted from a list of enabled channel names,
+	including their children. It works the same as the ``logging.Filter``
+	class, but allows the user to specify multiple channel names.
 
 	>>> import sys
 	>>> handler = logging.StreamHandler(sys.stdout)
@@ -414,13 +416,13 @@
 	def __init__(self, *names):
 		self.names = names
 		self.num = len(names)
-		self.lenghts = {n: len(n) for n in names}
+		self.lengths = {n: len(n) for n in names}
 
 	def filter(self, record):
 		if self.num == 0:
 			return True
 		for name in self.names:
-			nlen = self.lenghts[name]
+			nlen = self.lengths[name]
 			if name == record.name:
 				return True
 			elif (record.name.find(name, 0, nlen) == 0
@@ -431,9 +433,9 @@
 
 class CapturingLogHandler(logging.Handler):
 	def __init__(self, logger, level):
+		super(CapturingLogHandler, self).__init__(level=level)
 		self.records = []
-		self.level = logging._checkLevel(level)
-		if isinstance(logger, basestring):
+		if isinstance(logger, str):
 			self.logger = logging.getLogger(logger)
 		else:
 			self.logger = logger
@@ -441,43 +443,45 @@
 	def __enter__(self):
 		self.original_disabled = self.logger.disabled
 		self.original_level = self.logger.level
+		self.original_propagate = self.logger.propagate
 
 		self.logger.addHandler(self)
-		self.logger.level = self.level
+		self.logger.setLevel(self.level)
 		self.logger.disabled = False
+		self.logger.propagate = False
 
 		return self
 
 	def __exit__(self, type, value, traceback):
 		self.logger.removeHandler(self)
-		self.logger.level = self.original_level
-		self.logger.disabled = self.logger.disabled
+		self.logger.setLevel(self.original_level)
+		self.logger.disabled = self.original_disabled
+		self.logger.propagate = self.original_propagate
+
 		return self
 
-	def handle(self, record):
+	def emit(self, record):
 		self.records.append(record)
 
-	def emit(self, record):
-		pass
-
-	def createLock(self):
-		self.lock = None
-
-	def assertRegex(self, regexp):
+	def assertRegex(self, regexp, msg=None):
 		import re
 		pattern = re.compile(regexp)
 		for r in self.records:
-			if pattern.search(r.msg):
+			if pattern.search(r.getMessage()):
 				return True
-		assert 0, "Pattern '%s' not found in logger records" % regexp
+		if msg is None:
+			msg = "Pattern '%s' not found in logger records" % regexp
+		assert 0, msg
 
 
 class LogMixin(object):
 	""" Mixin class that adds logging functionality to another class.
-	You can define a new class that subclasses from LogMixin as well as
+
+	You can define a new class that subclasses from ``LogMixin`` as well as
 	other base classes through multiple inheritance.
-	All instances of that class will have a 'log' property that returns
-	a logging.Logger named after their respective <module>.<class>.
+	All instances of that class will have a ``log`` property that returns
+	a ``logging.Logger`` named after their respective ``<module>.<class>``.
+
 	For example:
 
 	>>> class BaseClass(object):
@@ -500,8 +504,12 @@
 
 	@property
 	def log(self):
-		name = ".".join([self.__class__.__module__, self.__class__.__name__])
-		return logging.getLogger(name)
+		if not hasattr(self, "_log"):
+			name = ".".join(
+				(self.__class__.__module__, self.__class__.__name__)
+			)
+			self._log = logging.getLogger(name)
+		return self._log
 
 
 def deprecateArgument(name, msg, category=UserWarning):
diff --git a/Lib/fontTools/misc/macCreatorType.py b/Lib/fontTools/misc/macCreatorType.py
index 2b33e89..fb23720 100644
--- a/Lib/fontTools/misc/macCreatorType.py
+++ b/Lib/fontTools/misc/macCreatorType.py
@@ -1,14 +1,8 @@
-from __future__ import print_function, division, absolute_import
-from fontTools.misc.py23 import *
-import sys
+from fontTools.misc.py23 import Tag, bytesjoin, strjoin
 try:
 	import xattr
 except ImportError:
 	xattr = None
-try:
-	import MacOS
-except ImportError:
-	MacOS = None
 
 
 def _reverseString(s):
@@ -18,6 +12,16 @@
 
 
 def getMacCreatorAndType(path):
+	"""Returns file creator and file type codes for a path.
+
+	Args:
+		path (str): A file path.
+
+	Returns:
+		A tuple of two :py:class:`fontTools.py23.Tag` objects, the first
+		representing the file creator and the second representing the
+		file type.
+	"""
 	if xattr is not None:
 		try:
 			finderInfo = xattr.getxattr(path, 'com.apple.FinderInfo')
@@ -27,25 +31,24 @@
 			fileType = Tag(finderInfo[:4])
 			fileCreator = Tag(finderInfo[4:8])
 			return fileCreator, fileType
-	if MacOS is not None:
-		fileCreator, fileType = MacOS.GetCreatorAndType(path)
-		if sys.version_info[:2] < (2, 7) and sys.byteorder == "little":
-			# work around bug in MacOS.GetCreatorAndType() on intel:
-			# http://bugs.python.org/issue1594
-			# (fixed with Python 2.7)
-			fileCreator = _reverseString(fileCreator)
-			fileType = _reverseString(fileType)
-		return fileCreator, fileType
-	else:
-		return None, None
+	return None, None
 
 
 def setMacCreatorAndType(path, fileCreator, fileType):
+	"""Set file creator and file type codes for a path.
+
+	Note that if the ``xattr`` module is not installed, no action is
+	taken but no error is raised.
+
+	Args:
+		path (str): A file path.
+		fileCreator: A four-character file creator tag.
+		fileType: A four-character file type tag.
+
+	"""
 	if xattr is not None:
 		from fontTools.misc.textTools import pad
 		if not all(len(s) == 4 for s in (fileCreator, fileType)):
 			raise TypeError('arg must be string of 4 chars')
 		finderInfo = pad(bytesjoin([fileType, fileCreator]), 32)
 		xattr.setxattr(path, 'com.apple.FinderInfo', finderInfo)
-	if MacOS is not None:
-		MacOS.SetCreatorAndType(path, fileCreator, fileType)
diff --git a/Lib/fontTools/misc/macRes.py b/Lib/fontTools/misc/macRes.py
index 20bfa71..2c15b34 100644
--- a/Lib/fontTools/misc/macRes.py
+++ b/Lib/fontTools/misc/macRes.py
@@ -1,13 +1,9 @@
-""" Tools for reading Mac resource forks. """
-from __future__ import print_function, division, absolute_import
-from fontTools.misc.py23 import *
+from fontTools.misc.py23 import bytesjoin, tostr
+from io import BytesIO
 import struct
 from fontTools.misc import sstruct
 from collections import OrderedDict
-try:
-	from collections.abc import MutableMapping
-except ImportError:
-	from UserDict import DictMixin as MutableMapping
+from collections.abc import MutableMapping
 
 
 class ResourceError(Exception):
@@ -15,8 +11,25 @@
 
 
 class ResourceReader(MutableMapping):
+	"""Reader for Mac OS resource forks.
 
+	Parses a resource fork and returns resources according to their type.
+	If run on OS X, this will open the resource fork in the filesystem.
+	Otherwise, it will open the file itself and attempt to read it as
+	though it were a resource fork.
+
+	The returned object can be indexed by type and iterated over,
+	returning in each case a list of py:class:`Resource` objects
+	representing all the resources of a certain type.
+
+	"""
 	def __init__(self, fileOrPath):
+		"""Open a file
+
+		Args:
+			fileOrPath: Either an object supporting a ``read`` method, an
+				``os.PathLike`` object, or a string.
+		"""
 		self._resources = OrderedDict()
 		if hasattr(fileOrPath, 'read'):
 			self.file = fileOrPath
@@ -33,6 +46,8 @@
 
 	@staticmethod
 	def openResourceFork(path):
+		if hasattr(path, "__fspath__"):  # support os.PathLike objects
+			path = path.__fspath__()
 		with open(path + '/..namedfork/rsrc', 'rb') as resfork:
 			data = resfork.read()
 		infile = BytesIO(data)
@@ -123,6 +138,7 @@
 
 	@property
 	def types(self):
+		"""A list of the types of resources in the resource fork."""
 		return list(self._resources.keys())
 
 	def countResources(self, resType):
@@ -133,6 +149,7 @@
 			return 0
 
 	def getIndices(self, resType):
+		"""Returns a list of indices of resources of a given type."""
 		numRes = self.countResources(resType)
 		if numRes:
 			return list(range(1, numRes+1))
@@ -169,6 +186,15 @@
 
 
 class Resource(object):
+	"""Represents a resource stored within a resource fork.
+
+	Attributes:
+		type: resource type.
+		data: resource data.
+		id: ID.
+		name: resource name.
+		attr: attributes.
+	"""
 
 	def __init__(self, resType=None, resData=None, resID=None, resName=None,
 			     resAttr=None):
diff --git a/Lib/fontTools/misc/plistlib/__init__.py b/Lib/fontTools/misc/plistlib/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..84dc418
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Lib/fontTools/misc/plistlib/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,677 @@
+import collections.abc
+import re
+from typing import (
+    Any,
+    Callable,
+    Dict,
+    List,
+    Mapping,
+    MutableMapping,
+    Optional,
+    Sequence,
+    Type,
+    Union,
+    IO,
+)
+import warnings
+from io import BytesIO
+from datetime import datetime
+from base64 import b64encode, b64decode
+from numbers import Integral
+from types import SimpleNamespace
+from functools import singledispatch
+
+from fontTools.misc import etree
+
+from fontTools.misc.py23 import tostr
+
+
+# By default, we
+#  - deserialize <data> elements as bytes and
+#  - serialize bytes as <data> elements.
+# Before, on Python 2, we
+#  - deserialized <data> elements as plistlib.Data objects, in order to
+#    distinguish them from the built-in str type (which is bytes on python2)
+#  - serialized bytes as <string> elements (they must have only contained
+#    ASCII characters in this case)
+# You can pass use_builtin_types=[True|False] to the load/dump etc. functions
+# to enforce a specific treatment.
+# NOTE that unicode type always maps to <string> element, and plistlib.Data
+# always maps to <data> element, regardless of use_builtin_types.
+USE_BUILTIN_TYPES = True
+
+XML_DECLARATION = b"""<?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?>"""
+
+PLIST_DOCTYPE = (
+    b'<!DOCTYPE plist PUBLIC "-//Apple//DTD PLIST 1.0//EN" '
+    b'"http://www.apple.com/DTDs/PropertyList-1.0.dtd">'
+)
+
+
+# Date should conform to a subset of ISO 8601:
+# YYYY '-' MM '-' DD 'T' HH ':' MM ':' SS 'Z'
+_date_parser = re.compile(
+    r"(?P<year>\d\d\d\d)"
+    r"(?:-(?P<month>\d\d)"
+    r"(?:-(?P<day>\d\d)"
+    r"(?:T(?P<hour>\d\d)"
+    r"(?::(?P<minute>\d\d)"
+    r"(?::(?P<second>\d\d))"
+    r"?)?)?)?)?Z",
+    re.ASCII,
+)
+
+
+def _date_from_string(s: str) -> datetime:
+    order = ("year", "month", "day", "hour", "minute", "second")
+    m = _date_parser.match(s)
+    if m is None:
+        raise ValueError(f"Expected ISO 8601 date string, but got '{s:r}'.")
+    gd = m.groupdict()
+    lst = []
+    for key in order:
+        val = gd[key]
+        if val is None:
+            break
+        lst.append(int(val))
+    # NOTE: mypy doesn't know that lst is 6 elements long.
+    return datetime(*lst)  # type:ignore
+
+
+def _date_to_string(d: datetime) -> str:
+    return "%04d-%02d-%02dT%02d:%02d:%02dZ" % (
+        d.year,
+        d.month,
+        d.day,
+        d.hour,
+        d.minute,
+        d.second,
+    )
+
+
+class Data:
+    """Represents binary data when ``use_builtin_types=False.``
+
+    This class wraps binary data loaded from a plist file when the
+    ``use_builtin_types`` argument to the loading function (:py:func:`fromtree`,
+    :py:func:`load`, :py:func:`loads`) is false.
+
+    The actual binary data is retrieved using the ``data`` attribute.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, data: bytes) -> None:
+        if not isinstance(data, bytes):
+            raise TypeError("Expected bytes, found %s" % type(data).__name__)
+        self.data = data
+
+    @classmethod
+    def fromBase64(cls, data: Union[bytes, str]) -> "Data":
+        return cls(b64decode(data))
+
+    def asBase64(self, maxlinelength: int = 76, indent_level: int = 1) -> bytes:
+        return _encode_base64(
+            self.data, maxlinelength=maxlinelength, indent_level=indent_level
+        )
+
+    def __eq__(self, other: Any) -> bool:
+        if isinstance(other, self.__class__):
+            return self.data == other.data
+        elif isinstance(other, bytes):
+            return self.data == other
+        else:
+            return NotImplemented
+
+    def __repr__(self) -> str:
+        return "%s(%s)" % (self.__class__.__name__, repr(self.data))
+
+
+def _encode_base64(
+    data: bytes, maxlinelength: Optional[int] = 76, indent_level: int = 1
+) -> bytes:
+    data = b64encode(data)
+    if data and maxlinelength:
+        # split into multiple lines right-justified to 'maxlinelength' chars
+        indent = b"\n" + b"  " * indent_level
+        max_length = max(16, maxlinelength - len(indent))
+        chunks = []
+        for i in range(0, len(data), max_length):
+            chunks.append(indent)
+            chunks.append(data[i : i + max_length])
+        chunks.append(indent)
+        data = b"".join(chunks)
+    return data
+
+
+# Mypy does not support recursive type aliases as of 0.782, Pylance does.
+# https://github.com/python/mypy/issues/731
+# https://devblogs.microsoft.com/python/pylance-introduces-five-new-features-that-enable-type-magic-for-python-developers/#1-support-for-recursive-type-aliases
+PlistEncodable = Union[
+    bool,
+    bytes,
+    Data,
+    datetime,
+    float,
+    int,
+    Mapping[str, Any],
+    Sequence[Any],
+    str,
+]
+
+
+class PlistTarget:
+    """Event handler using the ElementTree Target API that can be
+    passed to a XMLParser to produce property list objects from XML.
+    It is based on the CPython plistlib module's _PlistParser class,
+    but does not use the expat parser.
+
+    >>> from fontTools.misc import etree
+    >>> parser = etree.XMLParser(target=PlistTarget())
+    >>> result = etree.XML(
+    ...     "<dict>"
+    ...     "    <key>something</key>"
+    ...     "    <string>blah</string>"
+    ...     "</dict>",
+    ...     parser=parser)
+    >>> result == {"something": "blah"}
+    True
+
+    Links:
+    https://github.com/python/cpython/blob/master/Lib/plistlib.py
+    http://lxml.de/parsing.html#the-target-parser-interface
+    """
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        use_builtin_types: Optional[bool] = None,
+        dict_type: Type[MutableMapping[str, Any]] = dict,
+    ) -> None:
+        self.stack: List[PlistEncodable] = []
+        self.current_key: Optional[str] = None
+        self.root: Optional[PlistEncodable] = None
+        if use_builtin_types is None:
+            self._use_builtin_types = USE_BUILTIN_TYPES
+        else:
+            if use_builtin_types is False:
+                warnings.warn(
+                    "Setting use_builtin_types to False is deprecated and will be "
+                    "removed soon.",
+                    DeprecationWarning,
+                )
+            self._use_builtin_types = use_builtin_types
+        self._dict_type = dict_type
+
+    def start(self, tag: str, attrib: Mapping[str, str]) -> None:
+        self._data: List[str] = []
+        handler = _TARGET_START_HANDLERS.get(tag)
+        if handler is not None:
+            handler(self)
+
+    def end(self, tag: str) -> None:
+        handler = _TARGET_END_HANDLERS.get(tag)
+        if handler is not None:
+            handler(self)
+
+    def data(self, data: str) -> None:
+        self._data.append(data)
+
+    def close(self) -> PlistEncodable:
+        if self.root is None:
+            raise ValueError("No root set.")
+        return self.root
+
+    # helpers
+
+    def add_object(self, value: PlistEncodable) -> None:
+        if self.current_key is not None:
+            stack_top = self.stack[-1]
+            if not isinstance(stack_top, collections.abc.MutableMapping):
+                raise ValueError("unexpected element: %r" % stack_top)
+            stack_top[self.current_key] = value
+            self.current_key = None
+        elif not self.stack:
+            # this is the root object
+            self.root = value
+        else:
+            stack_top = self.stack[-1]
+            if not isinstance(stack_top, list):
+                raise ValueError("unexpected element: %r" % stack_top)
+            stack_top.append(value)
+
+    def get_data(self) -> str:
+        data = "".join(self._data)
+        self._data = []
+        return data
+
+
+# event handlers
+
+
+def start_dict(self: PlistTarget) -> None:
+    d = self._dict_type()
+    self.add_object(d)
+    self.stack.append(d)
+
+
+def end_dict(self: PlistTarget) -> None:
+    if self.current_key:
+        raise ValueError("missing value for key '%s'" % self.current_key)
+    self.stack.pop()
+
+
+def end_key(self: PlistTarget) -> None:
+    if self.current_key or not isinstance(self.stack[-1], collections.abc.Mapping):
+        raise ValueError("unexpected key")
+    self.current_key = self.get_data()
+
+
+def start_array(self: PlistTarget) -> None:
+    a: List[PlistEncodable] = []
+    self.add_object(a)
+    self.stack.append(a)
+
+
+def end_array(self: PlistTarget) -> None:
+    self.stack.pop()
+
+
+def end_true(self: PlistTarget) -> None:
+    self.add_object(True)
+
+
+def end_false(self: PlistTarget) -> None:
+    self.add_object(False)
+
+
+def end_integer(self: PlistTarget) -> None:
+    self.add_object(int(self.get_data()))
+
+
+def end_real(self: PlistTarget) -> None:
+    self.add_object(float(self.get_data()))
+
+
+def end_string(self: PlistTarget) -> None:
+    self.add_object(self.get_data())
+
+
+def end_data(self: PlistTarget) -> None:
+    if self._use_builtin_types:
+        self.add_object(b64decode(self.get_data()))
+    else:
+        self.add_object(Data.fromBase64(self.get_data()))
+
+
+def end_date(self: PlistTarget) -> None:
+    self.add_object(_date_from_string(self.get_data()))
+
+
+_TARGET_START_HANDLERS: Dict[str, Callable[[PlistTarget], None]] = {
+    "dict": start_dict,
+    "array": start_array,
+}
+
+_TARGET_END_HANDLERS: Dict[str, Callable[[PlistTarget], None]] = {
+    "dict": end_dict,
+    "array": end_array,
+    "key": end_key,
+    "true": end_true,
+    "false": end_false,
+    "integer": end_integer,
+    "real": end_real,
+    "string": end_string,
+    "data": end_data,
+    "date": end_date,
+}
+
+
+# functions to build element tree from plist data
+
+
+def _string_element(value: str, ctx: SimpleNamespace) -> etree.Element:
+    el = etree.Element("string")
+    el.text = value
+    return el
+
+
+def _bool_element(value: bool, ctx: SimpleNamespace) -> etree.Element:
+    if value:
+        return etree.Element("true")
+    return etree.Element("false")
+
+
+def _integer_element(value: int, ctx: SimpleNamespace) -> etree.Element:
+    if -1 << 63 <= value < 1 << 64:
+        el = etree.Element("integer")
+        el.text = "%d" % value
+        return el
+    raise OverflowError(value)
+
+
+def _real_element(value: float, ctx: SimpleNamespace) -> etree.Element:
+    el = etree.Element("real")
+    el.text = repr(value)
+    return el
+
+
+def _dict_element(d: Mapping[str, PlistEncodable], ctx: SimpleNamespace) -> etree.Element:
+    el = etree.Element("dict")
+    items = d.items()
+    if ctx.sort_keys:
+        items = sorted(items)  # type: ignore
+    ctx.indent_level += 1
+    for key, value in items:
+        if not isinstance(key, str):
+            if ctx.skipkeys:
+                continue
+            raise TypeError("keys must be strings")
+        k = etree.SubElement(el, "key")
+        k.text = tostr(key, "utf-8")
+        el.append(_make_element(value, ctx))
+    ctx.indent_level -= 1
+    return el
+
+
+def _array_element(array: Sequence[PlistEncodable], ctx: SimpleNamespace) -> etree.Element:
+    el = etree.Element("array")
+    if len(array) == 0:
+        return el
+    ctx.indent_level += 1
+    for value in array:
+        el.append(_make_element(value, ctx))
+    ctx.indent_level -= 1
+    return el
+
+
+def _date_element(date: datetime, ctx: SimpleNamespace) -> etree.Element:
+    el = etree.Element("date")
+    el.text = _date_to_string(date)
+    return el
+
+
+def _data_element(data: bytes, ctx: SimpleNamespace) -> etree.Element:
+    el = etree.Element("data")
+    # NOTE: mypy is confused about whether el.text should be str or bytes.
+    el.text = _encode_base64(  # type: ignore
+        data,
+        maxlinelength=(76 if ctx.pretty_print else None),
+        indent_level=ctx.indent_level,
+    )
+    return el
+
+
+def _string_or_data_element(raw_bytes: bytes, ctx: SimpleNamespace) -> etree.Element:
+    if ctx.use_builtin_types:
+        return _data_element(raw_bytes, ctx)
+    else:
+        try:
+            string = raw_bytes.decode(encoding="ascii", errors="strict")
+        except UnicodeDecodeError:
+            raise ValueError(
+                "invalid non-ASCII bytes; use unicode string instead: %r" % raw_bytes
+            )
+        return _string_element(string, ctx)
+
+
+# The following is probably not entirely correct. The signature should take `Any`
+# and return `NoReturn`. At the time of this writing, neither mypy nor Pyright
+# can deal with singledispatch properly and will apply the signature of the base
+# function to all others. Being slightly dishonest makes it type-check and return
+# usable typing information for the optimistic case.
+@singledispatch
+def _make_element(value: PlistEncodable, ctx: SimpleNamespace) -> etree.Element:
+    raise TypeError("unsupported type: %s" % type(value))
+
+
+_make_element.register(str)(_string_element)
+_make_element.register(bool)(_bool_element)
+_make_element.register(Integral)(_integer_element)
+_make_element.register(float)(_real_element)
+_make_element.register(collections.abc.Mapping)(_dict_element)
+_make_element.register(list)(_array_element)
+_make_element.register(tuple)(_array_element)
+_make_element.register(datetime)(_date_element)
+_make_element.register(bytes)(_string_or_data_element)
+_make_element.register(bytearray)(_data_element)
+_make_element.register(Data)(lambda v, ctx: _data_element(v.data, ctx))
+
+
+# Public functions to create element tree from plist-compatible python
+# data structures and viceversa, for use when (de)serializing GLIF xml.
+
+
+def totree(
+    value: PlistEncodable,
+    sort_keys: bool = True,
+    skipkeys: bool = False,
+    use_builtin_types: Optional[bool] = None,
+    pretty_print: bool = True,
+    indent_level: int = 1,
+) -> etree.Element:
+    """Convert a value derived from a plist into an XML tree.
+
+    Args:
+        value: Any kind of value to be serialized to XML.
+        sort_keys: Whether keys of dictionaries should be sorted.
+        skipkeys (bool): Whether to silently skip non-string dictionary
+            keys.
+        use_builtin_types (bool): If true, byte strings will be
+            encoded in Base-64 and wrapped in a ``data`` tag; if
+            false, they will be either stored as ASCII strings or an
+            exception raised if they cannot be decoded as such. Defaults
+            to ``True`` if not present. Deprecated.
+        pretty_print (bool): Whether to indent the output.
+        indent_level (int): Level of indentation when serializing.
+
+    Returns: an ``etree`` ``Element`` object.
+
+    Raises:
+        ``TypeError``
+            if non-string dictionary keys are serialized
+            and ``skipkeys`` is false.
+        ``ValueError``
+            if non-ASCII binary data is present
+            and `use_builtin_types` is false.
+    """
+    if use_builtin_types is None:
+        use_builtin_types = USE_BUILTIN_TYPES
+    else:
+        use_builtin_types = use_builtin_types
+    context = SimpleNamespace(
+        sort_keys=sort_keys,
+        skipkeys=skipkeys,
+        use_builtin_types=use_builtin_types,
+        pretty_print=pretty_print,
+        indent_level=indent_level,
+    )
+    return _make_element(value, context)
+
+
+def fromtree(
+    tree: etree.Element,
+    use_builtin_types: Optional[bool] = None,
+    dict_type: Type[MutableMapping[str, Any]] = dict,
+) -> Any:
+    """Convert an XML tree to a plist structure.
+
+    Args:
+        tree: An ``etree`` ``Element``.
+        use_builtin_types: If True, binary data is deserialized to
+            bytes strings. If False, it is wrapped in :py:class:`Data`
+            objects. Defaults to True if not provided. Deprecated.
+        dict_type: What type to use for dictionaries.
+
+    Returns: An object (usually a dictionary).
+    """
+    target = PlistTarget(use_builtin_types=use_builtin_types, dict_type=dict_type)
+    for action, element in etree.iterwalk(tree, events=("start", "end")):
+        if action == "start":
+            target.start(element.tag, element.attrib)
+        elif action == "end":
+            # if there are no children, parse the leaf's data
+            if not len(element):
+                # always pass str, not None
+                target.data(element.text or "")
+            target.end(element.tag)
+    return target.close()
+
+
+# python3 plistlib API
+
+
+def load(
+    fp: IO[bytes],
+    use_builtin_types: Optional[bool] = None,
+    dict_type: Type[MutableMapping[str, Any]] = dict,
+) -> Any:
+    """Load a plist file into an object.
+
+    Args:
+        fp: An opened file.
+        use_builtin_types: If True, binary data is deserialized to
+            bytes strings. If False, it is wrapped in :py:class:`Data`
+            objects. Defaults to True if not provided. Deprecated.
+        dict_type: What type to use for dictionaries.
+
+    Returns:
+        An object (usually a dictionary) representing the top level of
+        the plist file.
+    """
+
+    if not hasattr(fp, "read"):
+        raise AttributeError("'%s' object has no attribute 'read'" % type(fp).__name__)
+    target = PlistTarget(use_builtin_types=use_builtin_types, dict_type=dict_type)
+    parser = etree.XMLParser(target=target)
+    result = etree.parse(fp, parser=parser)
+    # lxml returns the target object directly, while ElementTree wraps
+    # it as the root of an ElementTree object
+    try:
+        return result.getroot()
+    except AttributeError:
+        return result
+
+
+def loads(
+    value: bytes,
+    use_builtin_types: Optional[bool] = None,
+    dict_type: Type[MutableMapping[str, Any]] = dict,
+) -> Any:
+    """Load a plist file from a string into an object.
+
+    Args:
+        value: A bytes string containing a plist.
+        use_builtin_types: If True, binary data is deserialized to
+            bytes strings. If False, it is wrapped in :py:class:`Data`
+            objects. Defaults to True if not provided. Deprecated.
+        dict_type: What type to use for dictionaries.
+
+    Returns:
+        An object (usually a dictionary) representing the top level of
+        the plist file.
+    """
+
+    fp = BytesIO(value)
+    return load(fp, use_builtin_types=use_builtin_types, dict_type=dict_type)
+
+
+def dump(
+    value: PlistEncodable,
+    fp: IO[bytes],
+    sort_keys: bool = True,
+    skipkeys: bool = False,
+    use_builtin_types: Optional[bool] = None,
+    pretty_print: bool = True,
+) -> None:
+    """Write a Python object to a plist file.
+
+    Args:
+        value: An object to write.
+        fp: A file opened for writing.
+        sort_keys (bool): Whether keys of dictionaries should be sorted.
+        skipkeys (bool): Whether to silently skip non-string dictionary
+            keys.
+        use_builtin_types (bool): If true, byte strings will be
+            encoded in Base-64 and wrapped in a ``data`` tag; if
+            false, they will be either stored as ASCII strings or an
+            exception raised if they cannot be represented. Defaults
+        pretty_print (bool): Whether to indent the output.
+        indent_level (int): Level of indentation when serializing.
+
+    Raises:
+        ``TypeError``
+            if non-string dictionary keys are serialized
+            and ``skipkeys`` is false.
+        ``ValueError``
+            if non-representable binary data is present
+            and `use_builtin_types` is false.
+    """
+
+    if not hasattr(fp, "write"):
+        raise AttributeError("'%s' object has no attribute 'write'" % type(fp).__name__)
+    root = etree.Element("plist", version="1.0")
+    el = totree(
+        value,
+        sort_keys=sort_keys,
+        skipkeys=skipkeys,
+        use_builtin_types=use_builtin_types,
+        pretty_print=pretty_print,
+    )
+    root.append(el)
+    tree = etree.ElementTree(root)
+    # we write the doctype ourselves instead of using the 'doctype' argument
+    # of 'write' method, becuse lxml will force adding a '\n' even when
+    # pretty_print is False.
+    if pretty_print:
+        header = b"\n".join((XML_DECLARATION, PLIST_DOCTYPE, b""))
+    else:
+        header = XML_DECLARATION + PLIST_DOCTYPE
+    fp.write(header)
+    tree.write(  # type: ignore
+        fp,
+        encoding="utf-8",
+        pretty_print=pretty_print,
+        xml_declaration=False,
+    )
+
+
+def dumps(
+    value: PlistEncodable,
+    sort_keys: bool = True,
+    skipkeys: bool = False,
+    use_builtin_types: Optional[bool] = None,
+    pretty_print: bool = True,
+) -> bytes:
+    """Write a Python object to a string in plist format.
+
+    Args:
+        value: An object to write.
+        sort_keys (bool): Whether keys of dictionaries should be sorted.
+        skipkeys (bool): Whether to silently skip non-string dictionary
+            keys.
+        use_builtin_types (bool): If true, byte strings will be
+            encoded in Base-64 and wrapped in a ``data`` tag; if
+            false, they will be either stored as strings or an
+            exception raised if they cannot be represented. Defaults
+        pretty_print (bool): Whether to indent the output.
+        indent_level (int): Level of indentation when serializing.
+
+    Returns:
+        string: A plist representation of the Python object.
+
+    Raises:
+        ``TypeError``
+            if non-string dictionary keys are serialized
+            and ``skipkeys`` is false.
+        ``ValueError``
+            if non-representable binary data is present
+            and `use_builtin_types` is false.
+    """
+    fp = BytesIO()
+    dump(
+        value,
+        fp,
+        sort_keys=sort_keys,
+        skipkeys=skipkeys,
+        use_builtin_types=use_builtin_types,
+        pretty_print=pretty_print,
+    )
+    return fp.getvalue()
diff --git a/Lib/fontTools/misc/plistlib/py.typed b/Lib/fontTools/misc/plistlib/py.typed
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e69de29
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Lib/fontTools/misc/plistlib/py.typed
diff --git a/Lib/fontTools/misc/psCharStrings.py b/Lib/fontTools/misc/psCharStrings.py
index 0bb4a79..cb67505 100644
--- a/Lib/fontTools/misc/psCharStrings.py
+++ b/Lib/fontTools/misc/psCharStrings.py
@@ -2,9 +2,10 @@
 CFF dictionary data and Type1/Type2 CharStrings.
 """
 
-from __future__ import print_function, division, absolute_import
-from fontTools.misc.py23 import *
-from fontTools.misc.fixedTools import fixedToFloat
+from fontTools.misc.py23 import bytechr, byteord, bytesjoin, strjoin
+from fontTools.misc.fixedTools import (
+	fixedToFloat, floatToFixed, floatToFixedToStr, strToFixedToFloat,
+)
 from fontTools.pens.boundsPen import BoundsPen
 import struct
 import logging
@@ -199,8 +200,7 @@
 				# distinguish anymore between small ints that were supposed to
 				# be small fixed numbers and small ints that were just small
 				# ints. Hence the warning.
-				import sys
-				sys.stderr.write("Warning: 4-byte T2 number got passed to the "
+				log.warning("4-byte T2 number got passed to the "
 					"IntType handler. This should happen only when reading in "
 					"old XML files.\n")
 				code = bytechr(255) + pack(">l", value)
@@ -216,12 +216,23 @@
 encodeIntT2 = getIntEncoder("t2")
 
 def encodeFixed(f, pack=struct.pack):
-	# For T2 only
-	return b"\xff" + pack(">l", round(f * 65536))
+	"""For T2 only"""
+	value = floatToFixed(f, precisionBits=16)
+	if value & 0xFFFF == 0:  # check if the fractional part is zero
+		return encodeIntT2(value >> 16)  # encode only the integer part
+	else:
+		return b"\xff" + pack(">l", value)  # encode the entire fixed point value
+
+
+realZeroBytes = bytechr(30) + bytechr(0xf)
 
 def encodeFloat(f):
 	# For CFF only, used in cffLib
-	s = str(f).upper()
+	if f == 0.0: # 0.0 == +0.0 == -0.0
+		return realZeroBytes
+	# Note: 14 decimal digits seems to be the limitation for CFF real numbers
+	# in macOS. However, we use 8 here to match the implementation of AFDKO.
+	s = "%.8G" % f
 	if s[:2] == "0.":
 		s = s[1:]
 	elif s[:3] == "-0.":
@@ -230,9 +241,13 @@
 	while s:
 		c = s[0]
 		s = s[1:]
-		if c == "E" and s[:1] == "-":
-			s = s[1:]
-			c = "E-"
+		if c == "E":
+			c2 = s[:1]
+			if c2 == "-":
+				s = s[1:]
+				c = "E-"
+			elif c2 == "+":
+				s = s[1:]
 		nibbles.append(realNibblesDict[c])
 	nibbles.append(0xf)
 	if len(nibbles) % 2:
@@ -263,22 +278,6 @@
 		self.hintMaskBytes = 0
 		self.numRegions = 0
 
-	def check_program(self, program):
-		if not hasattr(self, 'private') or self.private is None:
-			# Type 1 charstrings don't have self.private.
-			# Type2 CFF charstrings may have self.private == None.
-			# In both cases, they are not CFF2 charstrings
-			isCFF2 = False
-		else:
-			isCFF2 = self.private._isCFF2
-		if isCFF2:
-			if program:
-				assert program[-1] not in ("seac",), "illegal CharString Terminator"
-		else:
-			assert program, "illegal CharString: decompiled to empty program"
-			assert program[-1] in ("endchar", "return", "callsubr", "callgsubr",
-					"seac"), "illegal CharString"
-
 	def execute(self, charString):
 		self.callingStack.append(charString)
 		needsDecompilation = charString.needsDecompilation()
@@ -307,7 +306,6 @@
 			else:
 				pushToStack(token)
 		if needsDecompilation:
-			self.check_program(program)
 			charString.setProgram(program)
 		del self.callingStack[-1]
 
@@ -419,8 +417,7 @@
 			self.numRegions = self.private.getNumRegions()
 		numBlends = self.pop()
 		numOps = numBlends * (self.numRegions + 1)
-		blendArgs = self.operandStack[-numOps:]
-		del self.operandStack[:-(numOps-numBlends)] # Leave the default operands on the stack.
+		del self.operandStack[-(numOps-numBlends):] # Leave the default operands on the stack.
 
 	def op_vsindex(self, index):
 		vi = self.pop()
@@ -459,8 +456,8 @@
 
 class T2WidthExtractor(SimpleT2Decompiler):
 
-	def __init__(self, localSubrs, globalSubrs, nominalWidthX, defaultWidthX):
-		SimpleT2Decompiler.__init__(self, localSubrs, globalSubrs)
+	def __init__(self, localSubrs, globalSubrs, nominalWidthX, defaultWidthX, private=None):
+		SimpleT2Decompiler.__init__(self, localSubrs, globalSubrs, private)
 		self.nominalWidthX = nominalWidthX
 		self.defaultWidthX = defaultWidthX
 
@@ -473,6 +470,8 @@
 		args = self.popall()
 		if not self.gotWidth:
 			if evenOdd ^ (len(args) % 2):
+				# For CFF2 charstrings, this should never happen
+				assert self.defaultWidthX is not None, "CFF2 CharStrings must not have an initial width value"
 				self.width = self.nominalWidthX + args[0]
 				args = args[1:]
 			else:
@@ -499,9 +498,9 @@
 
 class T2OutlineExtractor(T2WidthExtractor):
 
-	def __init__(self, pen, localSubrs, globalSubrs, nominalWidthX, defaultWidthX):
+	def __init__(self, pen, localSubrs, globalSubrs, nominalWidthX, defaultWidthX, private=None):
 		T2WidthExtractor.__init__(
-			self, localSubrs, globalSubrs, nominalWidthX, defaultWidthX)
+			self, localSubrs, globalSubrs, nominalWidthX, defaultWidthX, private)
 		self.pen = pen
 
 	def reset(self):
@@ -701,12 +700,6 @@
 		self.rCurveTo((dx1, dy1), (dx2, dy2), (dx3, dy3))
 		self.rCurveTo((dx4, dy4), (dx5, dy5), (dx6, dy6))
 
-	#
-	# MultipleMaster. Well...
-	#
-	def op_blend(self, index):
-		self.popall()
-
 	# misc
 	def op_and(self, index):
 		raise NotImplementedError
@@ -943,8 +936,7 @@
 	operators, opcodes = buildOperatorDict(t2Operators)
 	decompilerClass = SimpleT2Decompiler
 	outlineExtractor = T2OutlineExtractor
-	isCFF2 = False
-	
+
 	def __init__(self, bytecode=None, program=None, private=None, globalSubrs=None):
 		if program is None:
 			program = []
@@ -952,6 +944,16 @@
 		self.program = program
 		self.private = private
 		self.globalSubrs = globalSubrs if globalSubrs is not None else []
+		self._cur_vsindex = None
+
+	def getNumRegions(self, vsindex=None):
+		pd = self.private
+		assert(pd is not None)
+		if vsindex is not None:
+			self._cur_vsindex = vsindex
+		elif self._cur_vsindex is None:
+			self._cur_vsindex = pd.vsindex if hasattr(pd, 'vsindex') else 0
+		return pd.getNumRegions(self._cur_vsindex)
 
 	def __repr__(self):
 		if self.bytecode is None:
@@ -975,29 +977,31 @@
 	def draw(self, pen):
 		subrs = getattr(self.private, "Subrs", [])
 		extractor = self.outlineExtractor(pen, subrs, self.globalSubrs,
-				self.private.nominalWidthX, self.private.defaultWidthX)
+				self.private.nominalWidthX, self.private.defaultWidthX,
+				self.private)
 		extractor.execute(self)
 		self.width = extractor.width
 
-	def calcBounds(self):
-		boundsPen = BoundsPen(None)
+	def calcBounds(self, glyphSet):
+		boundsPen = BoundsPen(glyphSet)
 		self.draw(boundsPen)
 		return boundsPen.bounds
 
-	def check_program(self, program, isCFF2=False):
-		if isCFF2:
-			if self.program:
-				assert self.program[-1] not in ("seac",), "illegal CFF2 CharString Termination"
-		else:
-			assert self.program, "illegal CharString: decompiled to empty program"
-			assert self.program[-1] in ("endchar", "return", "callsubr", "callgsubr", "seac"), "illegal CharString"
-
 	def compile(self, isCFF2=False):
 		if self.bytecode is not None:
 			return
 		opcodes = self.opcodes
 		program = self.program
-		self.check_program(program, isCFF2=isCFF2)
+
+		if isCFF2:
+			# If present, remove return and endchar operators.
+			if program and program[-1] in ("return", "endchar"):
+				program = program[:-1]
+		elif program and not isinstance(program[-1], str):
+			raise CharStringCompileError(
+				"T2CharString or Subr has items on the stack after last operator."
+			)
+
 		bytecode = []
 		encodeInt = self.getIntEncoder()
 		encodeFixed = self.getFixedEncoder()
@@ -1006,8 +1010,7 @@
 		while i < end:
 			token = program[i]
 			i = i + 1
-			tp = type(token)
-			if issubclass(tp, basestring):
+			if isinstance(token, str):
 				try:
 					bytecode.extend(bytechr(b) for b in opcodes[token])
 				except KeyError:
@@ -1015,12 +1018,12 @@
 				if token in ('hintmask', 'cntrmask'):
 					bytecode.append(program[i])  # hint mask
 					i = i + 1
-			elif tp == int:
+			elif isinstance(token, int):
 				bytecode.append(encodeInt(token))
-			elif tp == float:
+			elif isinstance(token, float):
 				bytecode.append(encodeFixed(token))
 			else:
-				assert 0, "unsupported type: %s" % tp
+				assert 0, "unsupported type: %s" % type(token)
 		try:
 			bytecode = bytesjoin(bytecode)
 		except TypeError:
@@ -1028,11 +1031,6 @@
 			raise
 		self.setBytecode(bytecode)
 
-		if isCFF2:
-			# If present, remove return and endchar operators.
-			if self.bytecode and (byteord(self.bytecode[-1]) in (11, 14)):
-				self.bytecode = self.bytecode[:-1]
-
 	def needsDecompilation(self):
 		return self.bytecode is not None
 
@@ -1045,8 +1043,7 @@
 		self.program = None
 
 	def getToken(self, index,
-			len=len, byteord=byteord, basestring=basestring,
-			isinstance=isinstance):
+			len=len, byteord=byteord, isinstance=isinstance):
 		if self.bytecode is not None:
 			if index >= len(self.bytecode):
 				return None, 0, 0
@@ -1059,7 +1056,7 @@
 				return None, 0, 0
 			token = self.program[index]
 			index = index + 1
-		isOperator = isinstance(token, basestring)
+		isOperator = isinstance(token, str)
 		return token, isOperator, index
 
 	def getBytes(self, index, nBytes):
@@ -1076,7 +1073,7 @@
 	def handle_operator(self, operator):
 		return operator
 
-	def toXML(self, xmlWriter):
+	def toXML(self, xmlWriter, ttFont=None):
 		from fontTools.misc.textTools import num2binary
 		if self.bytecode is not None:
 			xmlWriter.dumphex(self.bytecode)
@@ -1088,7 +1085,6 @@
 				if token is None:
 					break
 				if isOperator:
-					args = [str(arg) for arg in args]
 					if token in ('hintmask', 'cntrmask'):
 						hintMask, isOperator, index = self.getToken(index)
 						bits = []
@@ -1102,15 +1098,17 @@
 					xmlWriter.newline()
 					args = []
 				else:
+					if isinstance(token, float):
+						token = floatToFixedToStr(token, precisionBits=16)
+					else:
+						token = str(token)
 					args.append(token)
 			if args:
-				if self.isCFF2:
-					# CFF2Subr's can have numeric arguments on the stack after the last operator.
-					args = [str(arg) for arg in args]
-					line = ' '.join(args)
-					xmlWriter.write(line)
-				else:
-					assert 0, "T2Charstring or Subr has items on the stack after last operator."
+				# NOTE: only CFF2 charstrings/subrs can have numeric arguments on
+				# the stack after the last operator. Compiling this would fail if
+				# this is part of CFF 1.0 table.
+				line = ' '.join(args)
+				xmlWriter.write(line)
 
 	def fromXML(self, name, attrs, content):
 		from fontTools.misc.textTools import binary2num, readHex
@@ -1129,7 +1127,7 @@
 				token = int(token)
 			except ValueError:
 				try:
-					token = float(token)
+					token = strToFixedToFloat(token, precisionBits=16)
 				except ValueError:
 					program.append(token)
 					if token in ('hintmask', 'cntrmask'):
@@ -1145,19 +1143,13 @@
 				program.append(token)
 		self.setProgram(program)
 
-class CFF2Subr(T2CharString):
-	isCFF2 = True
-
 class T1CharString(T2CharString):
 
 	operandEncoding = t1OperandEncoding
 	operators, opcodes = buildOperatorDict(t1Operators)
 
 	def __init__(self, bytecode=None, program=None, subrs=None):
-		if program is None:
-			program = []
-		self.bytecode = bytecode
-		self.program = program
+		super().__init__(bytecode, program)
 		self.subrs = subrs
 
 	def getIntEncoder(self):
@@ -1259,12 +1251,12 @@
 		"""
 		There may be non-blend args at the top of the stack. We first calculate
 		where the blend args start in the stack. These are the last
-		numMasters*numBlends) +1 args. 
+		numMasters*numBlends) +1 args.
 		The blend args starts with numMasters relative coordinate values, the  BlueValues in the list from the default master font. This is followed by
 		numBlends list of values. Each of  value in one of these lists is the
 		Variable Font delta for the matching region.
-		
-		We re-arrange this to be a list of numMaster entries. Each entry starts with the corresponding default font relative value, and is followed by 
+
+		We re-arrange this to be a list of numMaster entries. Each entry starts with the corresponding default font relative value, and is followed by
 		the delta values. We then convert the default values, the first item in each entry, to an absolute value.
 		"""
 		vsindex = self.dict.get('vsindex', 0)
diff --git a/Lib/fontTools/misc/psLib.py b/Lib/fontTools/misc/psLib.py
index dffe561..916755c 100644
--- a/Lib/fontTools/misc/psLib.py
+++ b/Lib/fontTools/misc/psLib.py
@@ -1,9 +1,23 @@
-from __future__ import print_function, division, absolute_import
-from fontTools.misc.py23 import *
+from fontTools.misc.py23 import bytechr, byteord, bytesjoin, tobytes, tostr
 from fontTools.misc import eexec
-from .psOperators import *
+from .psOperators import (
+	PSOperators,
+	ps_StandardEncoding,
+	ps_array,
+	ps_boolean,
+	ps_dict,
+	ps_integer,
+	ps_literal,
+	ps_mark,
+	ps_name,
+	ps_operator,
+	ps_procedure,
+	ps_procmark,
+	ps_real,
+	ps_string,
+)
 import re
-import collections
+from collections.abc import Callable
 from string import whitespace
 import logging
 
@@ -43,13 +57,14 @@
 
 class PSTokenizer(object):
 
-	def __init__(self, buf=b''):
+	def __init__(self, buf=b'', encoding="ascii"):
 		# Force self.buf to be a byte string
 		buf = tobytes(buf)
 		self.buf = buf
 		self.len = len(buf)
 		self.pos = 0
 		self.closed = False
+		self.encoding = encoding
 
 	def read(self, n=-1):
 		"""Read at most 'n' bytes from the buffer, or less if the read
@@ -122,7 +137,7 @@
 			_, nextpos = m.span()
 			token = buf[pos:nextpos]
 		self.pos = pos + len(token)
-		token = tostr(token, encoding='ascii')
+		token = tostr(token, encoding=self.encoding)
 		return tokentype, token
 
 	def skipwhite(self, whitematch=skipwhiteRE.match):
@@ -145,9 +160,10 @@
 
 class PSInterpreter(PSOperators):
 
-	def __init__(self):
+	def __init__(self, encoding="ascii"):
 		systemdict = {}
 		userdict = {}
+		self.encoding = encoding
 		self.dictstack = [systemdict, userdict]
 		self.stack = []
 		self.proclevel = 0
@@ -167,14 +183,14 @@
 	def suckoperators(self, systemdict, klass):
 		for name in dir(klass):
 			attr = getattr(self, name)
-			if isinstance(attr, collections.Callable) and name[:3] == 'ps_':
+			if isinstance(attr, Callable) and name[:3] == 'ps_':
 				name = name[3:]
 				systemdict[name] = ps_operator(name, attr)
 		for baseclass in klass.__bases__:
 			self.suckoperators(systemdict, baseclass)
 
 	def interpret(self, data, getattr=getattr):
-		tokenizer = self.tokenizer = PSTokenizer(data)
+		tokenizer = self.tokenizer = PSTokenizer(data, self.encoding)
 		getnexttoken = tokenizer.getnexttoken
 		do_token = self.do_token
 		handle_object = self.handle_object
@@ -345,13 +361,13 @@
 		newitem = item.value
 	return newitem
 
-def suckfont(data):
+def suckfont(data, encoding="ascii"):
 	m = re.search(br"/FontName\s+/([^ \t\n\r]+)\s+def", data)
 	if m:
 		fontName = m.group(1)
 	else:
 		fontName = None
-	interpreter = PSInterpreter()
+	interpreter = PSInterpreter(encoding=encoding)
 	interpreter.interpret(b"/Helvetica 4 dict dup /Encoding StandardEncoding put definefont pop")
 	interpreter.interpret(data)
 	fontdir = interpreter.dictstack[0]['FontDirectory'].value
diff --git a/Lib/fontTools/misc/psOperators.py b/Lib/fontTools/misc/psOperators.py
index 4aa0281..3b378f5 100644
--- a/Lib/fontTools/misc/psOperators.py
+++ b/Lib/fontTools/misc/psOperators.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import print_function, division, absolute_import
-from fontTools.misc.py23 import *
-
 _accessstrings = {0: "", 1: "readonly", 2: "executeonly", 3: "noaccess"}
 
 
diff --git a/Lib/fontTools/misc/py23.py b/Lib/fontTools/misc/py23.py
index 1801a39..25a4cdb 100644
--- a/Lib/fontTools/misc/py23.py
+++ b/Lib/fontTools/misc/py23.py
@@ -1,548 +1,148 @@
-"""Python 2/3 compat layer."""
+"""Python 2/3 compat layer leftovers."""
 
-from __future__ import print_function, division, absolute_import
-import sys
+import decimal as _decimal
+import math as _math
+import warnings
+from contextlib import redirect_stderr, redirect_stdout
+from io import BytesIO
+from io import StringIO as UnicodeIO
+from types import SimpleNamespace
 
+warnings.warn(
+    "The py23 module has been deprecated and will be removed in a future release. "
+    "Please update your code.",
+    DeprecationWarning,
+)
 
-__all__ = ['basestring', 'unicode', 'unichr', 'byteord', 'bytechr', 'BytesIO',
-		'StringIO', 'UnicodeIO', 'strjoin', 'bytesjoin', 'tobytes', 'tostr',
-		'tounicode', 'Tag', 'open', 'range', 'xrange', 'round', 'Py23Error']
+__all__ = [
+    "basestring",
+    "bytechr",
+    "byteord",
+    "BytesIO",
+    "bytesjoin",
+    "open",
+    "Py23Error",
+    "range",
+    "RecursionError",
+    "round",
+    "SimpleNamespace",
+    "StringIO",
+    "strjoin",
+    "Tag",
+    "tobytes",
+    "tostr",
+    "tounicode",
+    "unichr",
+    "unicode",
+    "UnicodeIO",
+    "xrange",
+    "zip",
+]
 
 
 class Py23Error(NotImplementedError):
-	pass
+    pass
 
 
-PY3 = sys.version_info[0] == 3
-PY2 = sys.version_info[0] == 2
+RecursionError = RecursionError
+StringIO = UnicodeIO
+
+basestring = str
+isclose = _math.isclose
+isfinite = _math.isfinite
+open = open
+range = range
+round = round3 = round
+unichr = chr
+unicode = str
+zip = zip
 
 
-try:
-	basestring = basestring
-except NameError:
-	basestring = str
-
-try:
-	unicode = unicode
-except NameError:
-	unicode = str
-
-try:
-	unichr = unichr
-
-	if sys.maxunicode < 0x10FFFF:
-		# workarounds for Python 2 "narrow" builds with UCS2-only support.
-
-		_narrow_unichr = unichr
-
-		def unichr(i):
-			"""
-			Return the unicode character whose Unicode code is the integer 'i'.
-			The valid range is 0 to 0x10FFFF inclusive.
-
-			>>> _narrow_unichr(0xFFFF + 1)
-			Traceback (most recent call last):
-			  File "<stdin>", line 1, in ?
-			ValueError: unichr() arg not in range(0x10000) (narrow Python build)
-			>>> unichr(0xFFFF + 1) == u'\U00010000'
-			True
-			>>> unichr(1114111) == u'\U0010FFFF'
-			True
-			>>> unichr(0x10FFFF + 1)
-			Traceback (most recent call last):
-			  File "<stdin>", line 1, in ?
-			ValueError: unichr() arg not in range(0x110000)
-			"""
-			try:
-				return _narrow_unichr(i)
-			except ValueError:
-				try:
-					padded_hex_str = hex(i)[2:].zfill(8)
-					escape_str = "\\U" + padded_hex_str
-					return escape_str.decode("unicode-escape")
-				except UnicodeDecodeError:
-					raise ValueError('unichr() arg not in range(0x110000)')
-
-		import re
-		_unicode_escape_RE = re.compile(r'\\U[A-Fa-f0-9]{8}')
-
-		def byteord(c):
-			"""
-			Given a 8-bit or unicode character, return an integer representing the
-			Unicode code point of the character. If a unicode argument is given, the
-			character's code point must be in the range 0 to 0x10FFFF inclusive.
-
-			>>> ord(u'\U00010000')
-			Traceback (most recent call last):
-			  File "<stdin>", line 1, in ?
-			TypeError: ord() expected a character, but string of length 2 found
-			>>> byteord(u'\U00010000') == 0xFFFF + 1
-			True
-			>>> byteord(u'\U0010FFFF') == 1114111
-			True
-			"""
-			try:
-				return ord(c)
-			except TypeError as e:
-				try:
-					escape_str = c.encode('unicode-escape')
-					if not _unicode_escape_RE.match(escape_str):
-						raise
-					hex_str = escape_str[3:]
-					return int(hex_str, 16)
-				except:
-					raise TypeError(e)
-
-	else:
-		byteord = ord
-	bytechr = chr
-
-except NameError:
-	unichr = chr
-	def bytechr(n):
-		return bytes([n])
-	def byteord(c):
-		return c if isinstance(c, int) else ord(c)
+def bytechr(n):
+    return bytes([n])
 
 
-# the 'io' module provides the same I/O interface on both 2 and 3.
-# here we define an alias of io.StringIO to disambiguate it eternally...
-from io import BytesIO
-from io import StringIO as UnicodeIO
-try:
-	# in python 2, by 'StringIO' we still mean a stream of *byte* strings
-	from StringIO import StringIO
-except ImportError:
-	# in Python 3, we mean instead a stream of *unicode* strings
-	StringIO = UnicodeIO
+def byteord(c):
+    return c if isinstance(c, int) else ord(c)
 
 
-def strjoin(iterable, joiner=''):
-	return tostr(joiner).join(iterable)
-
-def tobytes(s, encoding='ascii', errors='strict'):
-	if not isinstance(s, bytes):
-		return s.encode(encoding, errors)
-	else:
-		return s
-def tounicode(s, encoding='ascii', errors='strict'):
-	if not isinstance(s, unicode):
-		return s.decode(encoding, errors)
-	else:
-		return s
-
-if str == bytes:
-	class Tag(str):
-		def tobytes(self):
-			if isinstance(self, bytes):
-				return self
-			else:
-				return self.encode('latin1')
-
-	tostr = tobytes
-
-	bytesjoin = strjoin
-else:
-	class Tag(str):
-
-		@staticmethod
-		def transcode(blob):
-			if not isinstance(blob, str):
-				blob = blob.decode('latin-1')
-			return blob
-
-		def __new__(self, content):
-			return str.__new__(self, self.transcode(content))
-		def __ne__(self, other):
-			return not self.__eq__(other)
-		def __eq__(self, other):
-			return str.__eq__(self, self.transcode(other))
-
-		def __hash__(self):
-			return str.__hash__(self)
-
-		def tobytes(self):
-			return self.encode('latin-1')
-
-	tostr = tounicode
-
-	def bytesjoin(iterable, joiner=b''):
-		return tobytes(joiner).join(tobytes(item) for item in iterable)
+def strjoin(iterable, joiner=""):
+    return tostr(joiner).join(iterable)
 
 
-import os
-import io as _io
-
-try:
-	from msvcrt import setmode as _setmode
-except ImportError:
-	_setmode = None  # only available on the Windows platform
+def tobytes(s, encoding="ascii", errors="strict"):
+    if isinstance(s, str):
+        return s.encode(encoding, errors)
+    else:
+        return bytes(s)
 
 
-def open(file, mode='r', buffering=-1, encoding=None, errors=None,
-		 newline=None, closefd=True, opener=None):
-	""" Wrapper around `io.open` that bridges the differences between Python 2
-	and Python 3's built-in `open` functions. In Python 2, `io.open` is a
-	backport of Python 3's `open`, whereas in Python 3, it is an alias of the
-	built-in `open` function.
-
-	One difference is that the 'opener' keyword argument is only supported in
-	Python 3. Here we pass the value of 'opener' only when it is not None.
-	This causes Python 2 to raise TypeError, complaining about the number of
-	expected arguments, so it must be avoided in py2 or py2-3 contexts.
-
-	Another difference between 2 and 3, this time on Windows, has to do with
-	opening files by name or by file descriptor.
-
-	On the Windows C runtime, the 'O_BINARY' flag is defined which disables
-	the newlines translation ('\r\n' <=> '\n') when reading/writing files.
-	On both Python 2 and 3 this flag is always set when opening files by name.
-	This way, the newlines translation at the MSVCRT level doesn't interfere
-	with the Python io module's own newlines translation.
-
-	However, when opening files via fd, on Python 2 the fd is simply copied,
-	regardless of whether it has the 'O_BINARY' flag set or not.
-	This becomes a problem in the case of stdout, stdin, and stderr, because on
-	Windows these are opened in text mode by default (ie. don't have the
-	O_BINARY flag set).
-
-	On Python 3, this issue has been fixed, and all fds are now opened in
-	binary mode on Windows, including standard streams. Similarly here, I use
-	the `_setmode` function to ensure that integer file descriptors are
-	O_BINARY'ed before I pass them on to io.open.
-
-	For more info, see: https://bugs.python.org/issue10841
-	"""
-	if isinstance(file, int):
-		# the 'file' argument is an integer file descriptor
-		fd = file
-		if fd < 0:
-			raise ValueError('negative file descriptor')
-		if _setmode:
-			# `_setmode` function sets the line-end translation and returns the
-			# value of the previous mode. AFAIK there's no `_getmode`, so to
-			# check if the previous mode already had the bit set, I fist need
-			# to duplicate the file descriptor, set the binary flag on the copy
-			# and check the returned value.
-			fdcopy = os.dup(fd)
-			current_mode = _setmode(fdcopy, os.O_BINARY)
-			if not (current_mode & os.O_BINARY):
-				# the binary mode was not set: use the file descriptor's copy
-				file = fdcopy
-				if closefd:
-					# close the original file descriptor
-					os.close(fd)
-				else:
-					# ensure the copy is closed when the file object is closed
-					closefd = True
-			else:
-				# original file descriptor already had binary flag, close copy
-				os.close(fdcopy)
-
-	if opener is not None:
-		# "opener" is not supported on Python 2, use it at your own risk!
-		return _io.open(
-			file, mode, buffering, encoding, errors, newline, closefd,
-			opener=opener)
-	else:
-		return _io.open(
-			file, mode, buffering, encoding, errors, newline, closefd)
+def tounicode(s, encoding="ascii", errors="strict"):
+    if not isinstance(s, unicode):
+        return s.decode(encoding, errors)
+    else:
+        return s
 
 
-# always use iterator for 'range' on both py 2 and 3
-try:
-	range = xrange
-except NameError:
-	range = range
+tostr = tounicode
+
+
+class Tag(str):
+    @staticmethod
+    def transcode(blob):
+        if isinstance(blob, bytes):
+            blob = blob.decode("latin-1")
+        return blob
+
+    def __new__(self, content):
+        return str.__new__(self, self.transcode(content))
+
+    def __ne__(self, other):
+        return not self.__eq__(other)
+
+    def __eq__(self, other):
+        return str.__eq__(self, self.transcode(other))
+
+    def __hash__(self):
+        return str.__hash__(self)
+
+    def tobytes(self):
+        return self.encode("latin-1")
+
+
+def bytesjoin(iterable, joiner=b""):
+    return tobytes(joiner).join(tobytes(item) for item in iterable)
+
 
 def xrange(*args, **kwargs):
-	raise Py23Error("'xrange' is not defined. Use 'range' instead.")
+    raise Py23Error("'xrange' is not defined. Use 'range' instead.")
 
 
-import math as _math
+def round2(number, ndigits=None):
+    """
+    Implementation of Python 2 built-in round() function.
+    Rounds a number to a given precision in decimal digits (default
+    0 digits). The result is a floating point number. Values are rounded
+    to the closest multiple of 10 to the power minus ndigits; if two
+    multiples are equally close, rounding is done away from 0.
+    ndigits may be negative.
+    See Python 2 documentation:
+    https://docs.python.org/2/library/functions.html?highlight=round#round
+    """
+    if ndigits is None:
+        ndigits = 0
 
-try:
-	isclose = _math.isclose
-except AttributeError:
-	# math.isclose() was only added in Python 3.5
+    if ndigits < 0:
+        exponent = 10 ** (-ndigits)
+        quotient, remainder = divmod(number, exponent)
+        if remainder >= exponent // 2 and number >= 0:
+            quotient += 1
+        return float(quotient * exponent)
+    else:
+        exponent = _decimal.Decimal("10") ** (-ndigits)
 
-	_isinf = _math.isinf
-	_fabs = _math.fabs
+        d = _decimal.Decimal.from_float(number).quantize(
+            exponent, rounding=_decimal.ROUND_HALF_UP
+        )
 
-	def isclose(a, b, rel_tol=1e-09, abs_tol=0):
-		"""
-		Python 2 implementation of Python 3.5 math.isclose()
-		https://hg.python.org/cpython/file/v3.5.2/Modules/mathmodule.c#l1993
-		"""
-		# sanity check on the inputs
-		if rel_tol < 0 or abs_tol < 0:
-			raise ValueError("tolerances must be non-negative")
-		# short circuit exact equality -- needed to catch two infinities of
-		# the same sign. And perhaps speeds things up a bit sometimes.
-		if a == b:
-			return True
-		# This catches the case of two infinities of opposite sign, or
-		# one infinity and one finite number. Two infinities of opposite
-		# sign would otherwise have an infinite relative tolerance.
-		# Two infinities of the same sign are caught by the equality check
-		# above.
-		if _isinf(a) or _isinf(b):
-			return False
-		# Cast to float to allow decimal.Decimal arguments
-		if not isinstance(a, float):
-			a = float(a)
-		if not isinstance(b, float):
-			b = float(b)
-		# now do the regular computation
-		# this is essentially the "weak" test from the Boost library
-		diff = _fabs(b - a)
-		result = ((diff <= _fabs(rel_tol * a)) or
-				  (diff <= _fabs(rel_tol * b)) or
-				  (diff <= abs_tol))
-		return result
-
-
-import decimal as _decimal
-
-if PY3:
-	def round2(number, ndigits=None):
-		"""
-		Implementation of Python 2 built-in round() function.
-
-		Rounds a number to a given precision in decimal digits (default
-		0 digits). The result is a floating point number. Values are rounded
-		to the closest multiple of 10 to the power minus ndigits; if two
-		multiples are equally close, rounding is done away from 0.
-
-		ndigits may be negative.
-
-		See Python 2 documentation:
-		https://docs.python.org/2/library/functions.html?highlight=round#round
-		"""
-		if ndigits is None:
-			ndigits = 0
-
-		if ndigits < 0:
-			exponent = 10 ** (-ndigits)
-			quotient, remainder = divmod(number, exponent)
-			if remainder >= exponent//2 and number >= 0:
-				quotient += 1
-			return float(quotient * exponent)
-		else:
-			exponent = _decimal.Decimal('10') ** (-ndigits)
-
-			d = _decimal.Decimal.from_float(number).quantize(
-				exponent, rounding=_decimal.ROUND_HALF_UP)
-
-			return float(d)
-
-	if sys.version_info[:2] >= (3, 6):
-		# in Python 3.6, 'round3' is an alias to the built-in 'round'
-		round = round3 = round
-	else:
-		# in Python3 < 3.6 we need work around the inconsistent behavior of
-		# built-in round(), whereby floats accept a second None argument,
-		# while integers raise TypeError. See https://bugs.python.org/issue27936
-		_round = round
-
-		def round3(number, ndigits=None):
-			return _round(number) if ndigits is None else _round(number, ndigits)
-
-		round = round3
-
-else:
-	# in Python 2, 'round2' is an alias to the built-in 'round' and
-	# 'round' is shadowed by 'round3'
-	round2 = round
-
-	def round3(number, ndigits=None):
-		"""
-		Implementation of Python 3 built-in round() function.
-
-		Rounds a number to a given precision in decimal digits (default
-		0 digits). This returns an int when ndigits is omitted or is None,
-		otherwise the same type as the number.
-
-		Values are rounded to the closest multiple of 10 to the power minus
-		ndigits; if two multiples are equally close, rounding is done toward
-		the even choice (aka "Banker's Rounding"). For example, both round(0.5)
-		and round(-0.5) are 0, and round(1.5) is 2.
-
-		ndigits may be negative.
-
-		See Python 3 documentation:
-		https://docs.python.org/3/library/functions.html?highlight=round#round
-
-		Derived from python-future:
-		https://github.com/PythonCharmers/python-future/blob/master/src/future/builtins/newround.py
-		"""
-		if ndigits is None:
-			ndigits = 0
-			# return an int when called with one argument
-			totype = int
-			# shortcut if already an integer, or a float with no decimal digits
-			inumber = totype(number)
-			if inumber == number:
-				return inumber
-		else:
-			# return the same type as the number, when called with two arguments
-			totype = type(number)
-
-		m = number * (10 ** ndigits)
-		# if number is half-way between two multiples, and the mutliple that is
-		# closer to zero is even, we use the (slow) pure-Python implementation
-		if isclose(m % 1, .5) and int(m) % 2 == 0:
-			if ndigits < 0:
-				exponent = 10 ** (-ndigits)
-				quotient, remainder = divmod(number, exponent)
-				half = exponent//2
-				if remainder > half or (remainder == half and quotient % 2 != 0):
-					quotient += 1
-				d = quotient * exponent
-			else:
-				exponent = _decimal.Decimal('10') ** (-ndigits) if ndigits != 0 else 1
-
-				d = _decimal.Decimal.from_float(number).quantize(
-					exponent, rounding=_decimal.ROUND_HALF_EVEN)
-		else:
-			# else we use the built-in round() as it produces the same results
-			d = round2(number, ndigits)
-
-		return totype(d)
-
-	round = round3
-
-
-import logging
-
-
-class _Logger(logging.Logger):
-	""" Add support for 'lastResort' handler introduced in Python 3.2. """
-
-	def callHandlers(self, record):
-		# this is the same as Python 3.5's logging.Logger.callHandlers
-		c = self
-		found = 0
-		while c:
-			for hdlr in c.handlers:
-				found = found + 1
-				if record.levelno >= hdlr.level:
-					hdlr.handle(record)
-			if not c.propagate:
-				c = None  # break out
-			else:
-				c = c.parent
-		if (found == 0):
-			if logging.lastResort:
-				if record.levelno >= logging.lastResort.level:
-					logging.lastResort.handle(record)
-			elif logging.raiseExceptions and not self.manager.emittedNoHandlerWarning:
-				sys.stderr.write("No handlers could be found for logger"
-								 " \"%s\"\n" % self.name)
-				self.manager.emittedNoHandlerWarning = True
-
-
-class _StderrHandler(logging.StreamHandler):
-	""" This class is like a StreamHandler using sys.stderr, but always uses
-	whatever sys.stderr is currently set to rather than the value of
-	sys.stderr at handler construction time.
-	"""
-	def __init__(self, level=logging.NOTSET):
-		"""
-		Initialize the handler.
-		"""
-		logging.Handler.__init__(self, level)
-
-	@property
-	def stream(self):
-		# the try/execept avoids failures during interpreter shutdown, when
-		# globals are set to None
-		try:
-			return sys.stderr
-		except AttributeError:
-			return __import__('sys').stderr
-
-
-if not hasattr(logging, 'lastResort'):
-	# for Python pre-3.2, we need to define the "last resort" handler used when
-	# clients don't explicitly configure logging (in Python 3.2 and above this is
-	# already defined). The handler prints the bare message to sys.stderr, only
-	# for events of severity WARNING or greater.
-	# To obtain the pre-3.2 behaviour, you can set logging.lastResort to None.
-	# https://docs.python.org/3.5/howto/logging.html#what-happens-if-no-configuration-is-provided
-	logging.lastResort = _StderrHandler(logging.WARNING)
-	# Also, we need to set the Logger class to one which supports the last resort
-	# handler. All new loggers instantiated after this call will use the custom
-	# logger class (the already existing ones, like the 'root' logger, will not)
-	logging.setLoggerClass(_Logger)
-
-
-try:
-	from types import SimpleNamespace
-except ImportError:
-	class SimpleNamespace(object):
-		"""
-		A backport of Python 3.3's ``types.SimpleNamespace``.
-		"""
-		def __init__(self, **kwargs):
-			self.__dict__.update(kwargs)
-
-		def __repr__(self):
-			keys = sorted(self.__dict__)
-			items = ("{0}={1!r}".format(k, self.__dict__[k]) for k in keys)
-			return "{0}({1})".format(type(self).__name__, ", ".join(items))
-
-		def __eq__(self, other):
-			return self.__dict__ == other.__dict__
-
-
-if sys.version_info[:2] > (3, 4):
-	from contextlib import redirect_stdout, redirect_stderr
-else:
-	# `redirect_stdout` was added with python3.4, while `redirect_stderr`
-	# with python3.5. For simplicity, I redefine both for any versions
-	# less than or equal to 3.4.
-	# The code below is copied from:
-	# https://github.com/python/cpython/blob/57161aa/Lib/contextlib.py
-
-	class _RedirectStream(object):
-
-		_stream = None
-
-		def __init__(self, new_target):
-			self._new_target = new_target
-			# We use a list of old targets to make this CM re-entrant
-			self._old_targets = []
-
-		def __enter__(self):
-			self._old_targets.append(getattr(sys, self._stream))
-			setattr(sys, self._stream, self._new_target)
-			return self._new_target
-
-		def __exit__(self, exctype, excinst, exctb):
-			setattr(sys, self._stream, self._old_targets.pop())
-
-
-	class redirect_stdout(_RedirectStream):
-		"""Context manager for temporarily redirecting stdout to another file.
-			# How to send help() to stderr
-			with redirect_stdout(sys.stderr):
-				help(dir)
-			# How to write help() to a file
-			with open('help.txt', 'w') as f:
-				with redirect_stdout(f):
-					help(pow)
-		"""
-
-		_stream = "stdout"
-
-
-	class redirect_stderr(_RedirectStream):
-		"""Context manager for temporarily redirecting stderr to another file."""
-
-		_stream = "stderr"
-
-
-if __name__ == "__main__":
-	import doctest, sys
-	sys.exit(doctest.testmod().failed)
+        return float(d)
diff --git a/Lib/fontTools/misc/roundTools.py b/Lib/fontTools/misc/roundTools.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6f4aa63
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Lib/fontTools/misc/roundTools.py
@@ -0,0 +1,105 @@
+"""
+Various round-to-integer helpers.
+"""
+
+import math
+import functools
+import logging
+
+log = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+__all__ = [
+	"noRound",
+	"otRound",
+	"maybeRound",
+	"roundFunc",
+]
+
+def noRound(value):
+	return value
+
+def otRound(value):
+	"""Round float value to nearest integer towards ``+Infinity``.
+
+	The OpenType spec (in the section on `"normalization" of OpenType Font Variations <https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/typography/opentype/spec/otvaroverview#coordinate-scales-and-normalization>`_)
+	defines the required method for converting floating point values to
+	fixed-point. In particular it specifies the following rounding strategy:
+
+		for fractional values of 0.5 and higher, take the next higher integer;
+		for other fractional values, truncate.
+
+	This function rounds the floating-point value according to this strategy
+	in preparation for conversion to fixed-point.
+
+	Args:
+		value (float): The input floating-point value.
+
+	Returns
+		float: The rounded value.
+	"""
+	# See this thread for how we ended up with this implementation:
+	# https://github.com/fonttools/fonttools/issues/1248#issuecomment-383198166
+	return int(math.floor(value + 0.5))
+
+def maybeRound(v, tolerance, round=otRound):
+	rounded = round(v)
+	return rounded if abs(rounded - v) <= tolerance else v
+
+def roundFunc(tolerance, round=otRound):
+    if tolerance < 0:
+        raise ValueError("Rounding tolerance must be positive")
+
+    if tolerance == 0:
+        return noRound
+
+    if tolerance >= .5:
+        return round
+
+    return functools.partial(maybeRound, tolerance=tolerance, round=round)
+
+
+def nearestMultipleShortestRepr(value: float, factor: float) -> str:
+    """Round to nearest multiple of factor and return shortest decimal representation.
+
+    This chooses the float that is closer to a multiple of the given factor while
+    having the shortest decimal representation (the least number of fractional decimal
+    digits).
+
+    For example, given the following:
+
+    >>> nearestMultipleShortestRepr(-0.61883544921875, 1.0/(1<<14))
+    '-0.61884'
+
+    Useful when you need to serialize or print a fixed-point number (or multiples
+    thereof, such as F2Dot14 fractions of 180 degrees in COLRv1 PaintRotate) in
+    a human-readable form.
+
+    Args:
+        value (value): The value to be rounded and serialized.
+        factor (float): The value which the result is a close multiple of.
+
+    Returns:
+        str: A compact string representation of the value.
+    """
+    if not value:
+        return "0.0"
+
+    value = otRound(value / factor) * factor
+    eps = .5 * factor
+    lo = value - eps
+    hi = value + eps
+    # If the range of valid choices spans an integer, return the integer.
+    if int(lo) != int(hi):
+        return str(float(round(value)))
+
+    fmt = "%.8f"
+    lo = fmt % lo
+    hi = fmt % hi
+    assert len(lo) == len(hi) and lo != hi
+    for i in range(len(lo)):
+        if lo[i] != hi[i]:
+            break
+    period = lo.find('.')
+    assert period < i
+    fmt = "%%.%df" % (i - period)
+    return fmt % value
diff --git a/Lib/fontTools/misc/sstruct.py b/Lib/fontTools/misc/sstruct.py
index 528b5e0..9f1de8b 100644
--- a/Lib/fontTools/misc/sstruct.py
+++ b/Lib/fontTools/misc/sstruct.py
@@ -46,8 +46,7 @@
 	it returns the size of the data in bytes.
 """
 
-from __future__ import print_function, division, absolute_import
-from fontTools.misc.py23 import *
+from fontTools.misc.py23 import tobytes, tostr
 from fontTools.misc.fixedTools import fixedToFloat as fi2fl, floatToFixed as fl2fi
 import struct
 import re
@@ -60,7 +59,7 @@
 	pass
 
 def pack(fmt, obj):
-	formatstring, names, fixes = getformat(fmt)
+	formatstring, names, fixes = getformat(fmt, keep_pad_byte=True)
 	elements = []
 	if not isinstance(obj, dict):
 		obj = obj.__dict__
@@ -69,7 +68,7 @@
 		if name in fixes:
 			# fixed point conversion
 			value = fl2fi(value, fixes[name])
-		elif isinstance(value, basestring):
+		elif isinstance(value, str):
 			value = tobytes(value)
 		elements.append(value)
 	data = struct.pack(*(formatstring,) + tuple(elements))
@@ -110,20 +109,21 @@
 
 # matches "name:formatchar" (whitespace is allowed)
 _elementRE = re.compile(
-		"\s*"							# whitespace
-		"([A-Za-z_][A-Za-z_0-9]*)"		# name (python identifier)
-		"\s*:\s*"						# whitespace : whitespace
-		"([cbBhHiIlLqQfd]|[0-9]+[ps]|"	# formatchar...
-			"([0-9]+)\.([0-9]+)(F))"	# ...formatchar
-		"\s*"							# whitespace
-		"(#.*)?$"						# [comment] + end of string
+		r"\s*"							# whitespace
+		r"([A-Za-z_][A-Za-z_0-9]*)"		# name (python identifier)
+		r"\s*:\s*"						# whitespace : whitespace
+		r"([xcbB?hHiIlLqQfd]|"			# formatchar...
+			r"[0-9]+[ps]|"				# ...formatchar...
+			r"([0-9]+)\.([0-9]+)(F))"	# ...formatchar
+		r"\s*"							# whitespace
+		r"(#.*)?$"						# [comment] + end of string
 	)
 
 # matches the special struct fmt chars and 'x' (pad byte)
-_extraRE = re.compile("\s*([x@=<>!])\s*(#.*)?$")
+_extraRE = re.compile(r"\s*([x@=<>!])\s*(#.*)?$")
 
 # matches an "empty" string, possibly containing whitespace and/or a comment
-_emptyRE = re.compile("\s*(#.*)?$")
+_emptyRE = re.compile(r"\s*(#.*)?$")
 
 _fixedpointmappings = {
 		8: "b",
@@ -132,7 +132,7 @@
 
 _formatcache = {}
 
-def getformat(fmt):
+def getformat(fmt, keep_pad_byte=False):
 	fmt = tostr(fmt, encoding="ascii")
 	try:
 		formatstring, names, fixes = _formatcache[fmt]
@@ -154,8 +154,9 @@
 				if not m:
 					raise Error("syntax error in fmt: '%s'" % line)
 				name = m.group(1)
-				names.append(name)
 				formatchar = m.group(2)
+				if keep_pad_byte or formatchar != "x":
+					names.append(name)
 				if m.group(3):
 					# fixed point
 					before = int(m.group(3))
@@ -183,6 +184,8 @@
 		astr: 5s
 		afloat: f; adouble: d	# multiple "statements" are allowed
 		afixed: 16.16F
+		abool: ?
+		apad: x
 	"""
 
 	print('size:', calcsize(fmt))
@@ -200,6 +203,7 @@
 	i.afloat = 0.5
 	i.adouble = 0.5
 	i.afixed = 1.5
+	i.abool = True
 
 	data = pack(fmt, i)
 	print('data:', repr(data))
diff --git a/Lib/fontTools/misc/symfont.py b/Lib/fontTools/misc/symfont.py
index d09efac..a1a8730 100644
--- a/Lib/fontTools/misc/symfont.py
+++ b/Lib/fontTools/misc/symfont.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import print_function, division, absolute_import
-from fontTools.misc.py23 import *
 from fontTools.pens.basePen import BasePen
 from functools import partial
 from itertools import count
@@ -113,9 +111,7 @@
 def printGreenPen(penName, funcs, file=sys.stdout):
 
 	print(
-'''from __future__ import print_function, division, absolute_import
-from fontTools.misc.py23 import *
-from fontTools.pens.basePen import BasePen
+'''from fontTools.pens.basePen import BasePen
 
 class %s(BasePen):
 
diff --git a/Lib/fontTools/misc/testTools.py b/Lib/fontTools/misc/testTools.py
index b32e57a..1b258e3 100644
--- a/Lib/fontTools/misc/testTools.py
+++ b/Lib/fontTools/misc/testTools.py
@@ -1,9 +1,13 @@
 """Helpers for writing unit tests."""
 
-from __future__ import print_function, division, absolute_import
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-import collections
-from fontTools.misc.py23 import *
+from collections.abc import Iterable
+from io import BytesIO
+import os
+import shutil
+import sys
+import tempfile
+from unittest import TestCase as _TestCase
+from fontTools.misc.py23 import tobytes
 from fontTools.misc.xmlWriter import XMLWriter
 
 
@@ -22,9 +26,9 @@
     xml = b"<root>"
     if isinstance(xmlSnippet, bytes):
         xml += xmlSnippet
-    elif isinstance(xmlSnippet, unicode):
+    elif isinstance(xmlSnippet, str):
         xml += tobytes(xmlSnippet, 'utf-8')
-    elif isinstance(xmlSnippet, collections.Iterable):
+    elif isinstance(xmlSnippet, Iterable):
         xml += b"".join(tobytes(s, 'utf-8') for s in xmlSnippet)
     else:
         raise TypeError("expected string or sequence of strings; found %r"
@@ -37,7 +41,7 @@
 class FakeFont:
     def __init__(self, glyphs):
         self.glyphOrder_ = glyphs
-        self.reverseGlyphOrderDict_ = {g:i for i,g in enumerate(glyphs)}
+        self.reverseGlyphOrderDict_ = {g: i for i, g in enumerate(glyphs)}
         self.lazy = False
         self.tables = {}
 
@@ -65,6 +69,9 @@
     def getReverseGlyphMap(self):
         return self.reverseGlyphOrderDict_
 
+    def getGlyphNames(self):
+        return sorted(self.getGlyphOrder())
+
 
 class TestXMLReader_(object):
     def __init__(self):
@@ -114,29 +121,65 @@
 
 
 class MockFont(object):
-	"""A font-like object that automatically adds any looked up glyphname
-	to its glyphOrder."""
+    """A font-like object that automatically adds any looked up glyphname
+    to its glyphOrder."""
 
-	def __init__(self):
-		self._glyphOrder = ['.notdef']
-		class AllocatingDict(dict):
-			def __missing__(reverseDict, key):
-				self._glyphOrder.append(key)
-				gid = len(reverseDict)
-				reverseDict[key] = gid
-				return gid
-		self._reverseGlyphOrder = AllocatingDict({'.notdef': 0})
-		self.lazy = False
+    def __init__(self):
+        self._glyphOrder = ['.notdef']
 
-	def getGlyphID(self, glyph, requireReal=None):
-		gid = self._reverseGlyphOrder[glyph]
-		return gid
+        class AllocatingDict(dict):
+            def __missing__(reverseDict, key):
+                self._glyphOrder.append(key)
+                gid = len(reverseDict)
+                reverseDict[key] = gid
+                return gid
+        self._reverseGlyphOrder = AllocatingDict({'.notdef': 0})
+        self.lazy = False
 
-	def getReverseGlyphMap(self):
-		return self._reverseGlyphOrder
+    def getGlyphID(self, glyph, requireReal=None):
+        gid = self._reverseGlyphOrder[glyph]
+        return gid
 
-	def getGlyphName(self, gid):
-		return self._glyphOrder[gid]
+    def getReverseGlyphMap(self):
+        return self._reverseGlyphOrder
 
-	def getGlyphOrder(self):
-		return self._glyphOrder
+    def getGlyphName(self, gid):
+        return self._glyphOrder[gid]
+
+    def getGlyphOrder(self):
+        return self._glyphOrder
+
+
+class TestCase(_TestCase):
+
+    def __init__(self, methodName):
+        _TestCase.__init__(self, methodName)
+        # Python 3 renamed assertRaisesRegexp to assertRaisesRegex,
+        # and fires deprecation warnings if a program uses the old name.
+        if not hasattr(self, "assertRaisesRegex"):
+            self.assertRaisesRegex = self.assertRaisesRegexp
+
+
+class DataFilesHandler(TestCase):
+
+    def setUp(self):
+        self.tempdir = None
+        self.num_tempfiles = 0
+
+    def tearDown(self):
+        if self.tempdir:
+            shutil.rmtree(self.tempdir)
+
+    def getpath(self, testfile):
+        folder = os.path.dirname(sys.modules[self.__module__].__file__)
+        return os.path.join(folder, "data", testfile)
+
+    def temp_dir(self):
+        if not self.tempdir:
+            self.tempdir = tempfile.mkdtemp()
+
+    def temp_font(self, font_path, file_name):
+        self.temp_dir()
+        temppath = os.path.join(self.tempdir, file_name)
+        shutil.copy2(font_path, temppath)
+        return temppath
diff --git a/Lib/fontTools/misc/textTools.py b/Lib/fontTools/misc/textTools.py
index a324042..072976a 100644
--- a/Lib/fontTools/misc/textTools.py
+++ b/Lib/fontTools/misc/textTools.py
@@ -1,19 +1,19 @@
 """fontTools.misc.textTools.py -- miscellaneous routines."""
 
 
-from __future__ import print_function, division, absolute_import
-from fontTools.misc.py23 import *
+from fontTools.misc.py23 import bytechr, byteord, bytesjoin, strjoin, tobytes
+import ast
 import string
 
 
-def safeEval(data, eval=eval):
-	"""A (kindof) safe replacement for eval."""
-	return eval(data, {"__builtins__":{"True":True,"False":False}})
+# alias kept for backward compatibility
+safeEval = ast.literal_eval
 
 
 def readHex(content):
 	"""Convert a list of hex strings to binary data."""
-	return deHexStr(strjoin(chunk for chunk in content if isinstance(chunk, basestring)))
+	return deHexStr(strjoin(chunk for chunk in content if isinstance(chunk, str)))
+
 
 def deHexStr(hexdata):
 	"""Convert a hex string to binary data."""
diff --git a/Lib/fontTools/misc/timeTools.py b/Lib/fontTools/misc/timeTools.py
index c30a377..f4b84f6 100644
--- a/Lib/fontTools/misc/timeTools.py
+++ b/Lib/fontTools/misc/timeTools.py
@@ -1,10 +1,9 @@
 """fontTools.misc.timeTools.py -- tools for working with OpenType timestamps.
 """
 
-from __future__ import print_function, division, absolute_import
-from fontTools.misc.py23 import *
 import os
 import time
+from datetime import datetime, timezone
 import calendar
 
 
@@ -31,7 +30,7 @@
 	In Python 3.x, the day of the month is right-justified, whereas on Windows
 	Python 2.7 it is padded with zeros.
 
-	See https://github.com/behdad/fonttools/issues/455
+	See https://github.com/fonttools/fonttools/issues/455
 	"""
 	if t is None:
 		t = time.localtime()
@@ -45,7 +44,12 @@
 	return asctime(time.gmtime(max(0, value + epoch_diff)))
 
 def timestampFromString(value):
-	return calendar.timegm(time.strptime(value)) - epoch_diff
+	wkday, mnth = value[:7].split()
+	t = datetime.strptime(value[7:], ' %d %H:%M:%S %Y')
+	t = t.replace(month=MONTHNAMES.index(mnth), tzinfo=timezone.utc)
+	wkday_idx = DAYNAMES.index(wkday)
+	assert t.weekday() == wkday_idx, '"' + value + '" has inconsistent weekday'
+	return int(t.timestamp()) - epoch_diff
 
 def timestampNow():
 	# https://reproducible-builds.org/specs/source-date-epoch/
diff --git a/Lib/fontTools/misc/transform.py b/Lib/fontTools/misc/transform.py
index 1296571..22ad776 100644
--- a/Lib/fontTools/misc/transform.py
+++ b/Lib/fontTools/misc/transform.py
@@ -45,8 +45,8 @@
 	>>>
 """
 
-from __future__ import print_function, division, absolute_import
-from fontTools.misc.py23 import *
+from typing import NamedTuple
+
 
 __all__ = ["Transform", "Identity", "Offset", "Scale"]
 
@@ -66,7 +66,7 @@
 	return v
 
 
-class Transform(object):
+class Transform(NamedTuple):
 
 	"""2x2 transformation matrix plus offset, a.k.a. Affine transform.
 	Transform instances are immutable: all transforming methods, eg.
@@ -83,20 +83,68 @@
 		>>>
 		>>> t.scale(2, 3).transformPoint((100, 100))
 		(200, 300)
+
+	Transform's constructor takes six arguments, all of which are
+	optional, and can be used as keyword arguments:
+		>>> Transform(12)
+		<Transform [12 0 0 1 0 0]>
+		>>> Transform(dx=12)
+		<Transform [1 0 0 1 12 0]>
+		>>> Transform(yx=12)
+		<Transform [1 0 12 1 0 0]>
+
+	Transform instances also behave like sequences of length 6:
+		>>> len(Identity)
+		6
+		>>> list(Identity)
+		[1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0]
+		>>> tuple(Identity)
+		(1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0)
+
+	Transform instances are comparable:
+		>>> t1 = Identity.scale(2, 3).translate(4, 6)
+		>>> t2 = Identity.translate(8, 18).scale(2, 3)
+		>>> t1 == t2
+		1
+
+	But beware of floating point rounding errors:
+		>>> t1 = Identity.scale(0.2, 0.3).translate(0.4, 0.6)
+		>>> t2 = Identity.translate(0.08, 0.18).scale(0.2, 0.3)
+		>>> t1
+		<Transform [0.2 0 0 0.3 0.08 0.18]>
+		>>> t2
+		<Transform [0.2 0 0 0.3 0.08 0.18]>
+		>>> t1 == t2
+		0
+
+	Transform instances are hashable, meaning you can use them as
+	keys in dictionaries:
+		>>> d = {Scale(12, 13): None}
+		>>> d
+		{<Transform [12 0 0 13 0 0]>: None}
+
+	But again, beware of floating point rounding errors:
+		>>> t1 = Identity.scale(0.2, 0.3).translate(0.4, 0.6)
+		>>> t2 = Identity.translate(0.08, 0.18).scale(0.2, 0.3)
+		>>> t1
+		<Transform [0.2 0 0 0.3 0.08 0.18]>
+		>>> t2
+		<Transform [0.2 0 0 0.3 0.08 0.18]>
+		>>> d = {t1: None}
+		>>> d
+		{<Transform [0.2 0 0 0.3 0.08 0.18]>: None}
+		>>> d[t2]
+		Traceback (most recent call last):
+		  File "<stdin>", line 1, in ?
+		KeyError: <Transform [0.2 0 0 0.3 0.08 0.18]>
 	"""
 
-	def __init__(self, xx=1, xy=0, yx=0, yy=1, dx=0, dy=0):
-		"""Transform's constructor takes six arguments, all of which are
-		optional, and can be used as keyword arguments:
-			>>> Transform(12)
-			<Transform [12 0 0 1 0 0]>
-			>>> Transform(dx=12)
-			<Transform [1 0 0 1 12 0]>
-			>>> Transform(yx=12)
-			<Transform [1 0 12 1 0 0]>
-			>>>
-		"""
-		self.__affine = xx, xy, yx, yy, dx, dy
+	xx: float = 1
+	xy: float = 0
+	yx: float = 0
+	yy: float = 1
+	dx: float = 0
+	dy: float = 0
 
 	def transformPoint(self, p):
 		"""Transform a point.
@@ -108,7 +156,7 @@
 			(250.0, 550.0)
 		"""
 		(x, y) = p
-		xx, xy, yx, yy, dx, dy = self.__affine
+		xx, xy, yx, yy, dx, dy = self
 		return (xx*x + yx*y + dx, xy*x + yy*y + dy)
 
 	def transformPoints(self, points):
@@ -120,9 +168,34 @@
 			[(0, 0), (0, 300), (200, 300), (200, 0)]
 			>>>
 		"""
-		xx, xy, yx, yy, dx, dy = self.__affine
+		xx, xy, yx, yy, dx, dy = self
 		return [(xx*x + yx*y + dx, xy*x + yy*y + dy) for x, y in points]
 
+	def transformVector(self, v):
+		"""Transform an (dx, dy) vector, treating translation as zero.
+
+		Example:
+			>>> t = Transform(2, 0, 0, 2, 10, 20)
+			>>> t.transformVector((3, -4))
+			(6, -8)
+			>>>
+		"""
+		(dx, dy) = v
+		xx, xy, yx, yy = self[:4]
+		return (xx*dx + yx*dy, xy*dx + yy*dy)
+
+	def transformVectors(self, vectors):
+		"""Transform a list of (dx, dy) vector, treating translation as zero.
+
+		Example:
+			>>> t = Transform(2, 0, 0, 2, 10, 20)
+			>>> t.transformVectors([(3, -4), (5, -6)])
+			[(6, -8), (10, -12)]
+			>>>
+		"""
+		xx, xy, yx, yy = self[:4]
+		return [(xx*dx + yx*dy, xy*dx + yy*dy) for dx, dy in vectors]
+
 	def translate(self, x=0, y=0):
 		"""Return a new transformation, translated (offset) by x, y.
 
@@ -189,7 +262,7 @@
 			>>>
 		"""
 		xx1, xy1, yx1, yy1, dx1, dy1 = other
-		xx2, xy2, yx2, yy2, dx2, dy2 = self.__affine
+		xx2, xy2, yx2, yy2, dx2, dy2 = self
 		return self.__class__(
 				xx1*xx2 + xy1*yx2,
 				xx1*xy2 + xy1*yy2,
@@ -211,7 +284,7 @@
 			<Transform [8 6 6 3 21 15]>
 			>>>
 		"""
-		xx1, xy1, yx1, yy1, dx1, dy1 = self.__affine
+		xx1, xy1, yx1, yy1, dx1, dy1 = self
 		xx2, xy2, yx2, yy2, dx2, dy2 = other
 		return self.__class__(
 				xx1*xx2 + xy1*yx2,
@@ -233,9 +306,9 @@
 			(10.0, 20.0)
 			>>>
 		"""
-		if self.__affine == (1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0):
+		if self == Identity:
 			return self
-		xx, xy, yx, yy, dx, dy = self.__affine
+		xx, xy, yx, yy, dx, dy = self
 		det = xx*yy - yx*xy
 		xx, xy, yx, yy = yy/det, -xy/det, -yx/det, xx/det
 		dx, dy = -xx*dx - yx*dy, -xy*dx - yy*dy
@@ -248,77 +321,7 @@
 			'[2 0 0 3 8 15]'
 			>>>
 		"""
-		return "[%s %s %s %s %s %s]" % self.__affine
-
-	def __len__(self):
-		"""Transform instances also behave like sequences of length 6:
-			>>> len(Identity)
-			6
-			>>>
-		"""
-		return 6
-
-	def __getitem__(self, index):
-		"""Transform instances also behave like sequences of length 6:
-			>>> list(Identity)
-			[1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0]
-			>>> tuple(Identity)
-			(1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0)
-			>>>
-		"""
-		return self.__affine[index]
-
-	def __ne__(self, other):
-		return not self.__eq__(other)
-	def __eq__(self, other):
-		"""Transform instances are comparable:
-			>>> t1 = Identity.scale(2, 3).translate(4, 6)
-			>>> t2 = Identity.translate(8, 18).scale(2, 3)
-			>>> t1 == t2
-			1
-			>>>
-
-		But beware of floating point rounding errors:
-			>>> t1 = Identity.scale(0.2, 0.3).translate(0.4, 0.6)
-			>>> t2 = Identity.translate(0.08, 0.18).scale(0.2, 0.3)
-			>>> t1
-			<Transform [0.2 0 0 0.3 0.08 0.18]>
-			>>> t2
-			<Transform [0.2 0 0 0.3 0.08 0.18]>
-			>>> t1 == t2
-			0
-			>>>
-		"""
-		xx1, xy1, yx1, yy1, dx1, dy1 = self.__affine
-		xx2, xy2, yx2, yy2, dx2, dy2 = other
-		return (xx1, xy1, yx1, yy1, dx1, dy1) == \
-				(xx2, xy2, yx2, yy2, dx2, dy2)
-
-	def __hash__(self):
-		"""Transform instances are hashable, meaning you can use them as
-		keys in dictionaries:
-			>>> d = {Scale(12, 13): None}
-			>>> d
-			{<Transform [12 0 0 13 0 0]>: None}
-			>>>
-
-		But again, beware of floating point rounding errors:
-			>>> t1 = Identity.scale(0.2, 0.3).translate(0.4, 0.6)
-			>>> t2 = Identity.translate(0.08, 0.18).scale(0.2, 0.3)
-			>>> t1
-			<Transform [0.2 0 0 0.3 0.08 0.18]>
-			>>> t2
-			<Transform [0.2 0 0 0.3 0.08 0.18]>
-			>>> d = {t1: None}
-			>>> d
-			{<Transform [0.2 0 0 0.3 0.08 0.18]>: None}
-			>>> d[t2]
-			Traceback (most recent call last):
-			  File "<stdin>", line 1, in ?
-			KeyError: <Transform [0.2 0 0 0.3 0.08 0.18]>
-			>>>
-		"""
-		return hash(self.__affine)
+		return "[%s %s %s %s %s %s]" % self
 
 	def __bool__(self):
 		"""Returns True if transform is not identity, False otherwise.
@@ -337,13 +340,10 @@
 			>>> bool(Offset(2))
 			True
 		"""
-		return self.__affine != Identity.__affine
-
-	__nonzero__ = __bool__
+		return self != Identity
 
 	def __repr__(self):
-		return "<%s [%g %g %g %g %g %g]>" % ((self.__class__.__name__,) \
-				+ self.__affine)
+		return "<%s [%g %g %g %g %g %g]>" % ((self.__class__.__name__,) + self)
 
 
 Identity = Transform()
diff --git a/Lib/fontTools/misc/vector.py b/Lib/fontTools/misc/vector.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..81c1484
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Lib/fontTools/misc/vector.py
@@ -0,0 +1,143 @@
+from numbers import Number
+import math
+import operator
+import warnings
+
+
+__all__ = ["Vector"]
+
+
+class Vector(tuple):
+
+    """A math-like vector.
+
+    Represents an n-dimensional numeric vector. ``Vector`` objects support
+    vector addition and subtraction, scalar multiplication and division,
+    negation, rounding, and comparison tests.
+    """
+
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+    def __new__(cls, values, keep=False):
+        if keep is not False:
+            warnings.warn(
+                "the 'keep' argument has been deprecated",
+                DeprecationWarning,
+            )
+        if type(values) == Vector:
+            # No need to create a new object
+            return values
+        return super().__new__(cls, values)
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return f"{self.__class__.__name__}({super().__repr__()})"
+
+    def _vectorOp(self, other, op):
+        if isinstance(other, Vector):
+            assert len(self) == len(other)
+            return self.__class__(op(a, b) for a, b in zip(self, other))
+        if isinstance(other, Number):
+            return self.__class__(op(v, other) for v in self)
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def _scalarOp(self, other, op):
+        if isinstance(other, Number):
+            return self.__class__(op(v, other) for v in self)
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def _unaryOp(self, op):
+        return self.__class__(op(v) for v in self)
+
+    def __add__(self, other):
+        return self._vectorOp(other, operator.add)
+
+    __radd__ = __add__
+
+    def __sub__(self, other):
+        return self._vectorOp(other, operator.sub)
+
+    def __rsub__(self, other):
+        return self._vectorOp(other, _operator_rsub)
+
+    def __mul__(self, other):
+        return self._scalarOp(other, operator.mul)
+
+    __rmul__ = __mul__
+
+    def __truediv__(self, other):
+        return self._scalarOp(other, operator.truediv)
+
+    def __rtruediv__(self, other):
+        return self._scalarOp(other, _operator_rtruediv)
+
+    def __pos__(self):
+        return self._unaryOp(operator.pos)
+
+    def __neg__(self):
+        return self._unaryOp(operator.neg)
+
+    def __round__(self, *, round=round):
+        return self._unaryOp(round)
+
+    def __eq__(self, other):
+        if isinstance(other, list):
+            # bw compat Vector([1, 2, 3]) == [1, 2, 3]
+            other = tuple(other)
+        return super().__eq__(other)
+
+    def __ne__(self, other):
+        return not self.__eq__(other)
+
+    def __bool__(self):
+        return any(self)
+
+    __nonzero__ = __bool__
+
+    def __abs__(self):
+        return math.sqrt(sum(x * x for x in self))
+
+    def length(self):
+        """Return the length of the vector. Equivalent to abs(vector)."""
+        return abs(self)
+
+    def normalized(self):
+        """Return the normalized vector of the vector."""
+        return self / abs(self)
+
+    def dot(self, other):
+        """Performs vector dot product, returning the sum of
+        ``a[0] * b[0], a[1] * b[1], ...``"""
+        assert len(self) == len(other)
+        return sum(a * b for a, b in zip(self, other))
+
+    # Deprecated methods/properties
+
+    def toInt(self):
+        warnings.warn(
+            "the 'toInt' method has been deprecated, use round(vector) instead",
+            DeprecationWarning,
+        )
+        return self.__round__()
+
+    @property
+    def values(self):
+        warnings.warn(
+            "the 'values' attribute has been deprecated, use "
+            "the vector object itself instead",
+            DeprecationWarning,
+        )
+        return list(self)
+
+    @values.setter
+    def values(self, values):
+        raise AttributeError(
+            "can't set attribute, the 'values' attribute has been deprecated",
+        )
+
+
+def _operator_rsub(a, b):
+    return operator.sub(b, a)
+
+
+def _operator_rtruediv(a, b):
+    return operator.truediv(b, a)
diff --git a/Lib/fontTools/misc/xmlReader.py b/Lib/fontTools/misc/xmlReader.py
index 438549d..6ec50de 100644
--- a/Lib/fontTools/misc/xmlReader.py
+++ b/Lib/fontTools/misc/xmlReader.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import print_function, division, absolute_import
-from fontTools.misc.py23 import *
 from fontTools import ttLib
 from fontTools.misc.textTools import safeEval
 from fontTools.ttLib.tables.DefaultTable import DefaultTable
@@ -18,7 +16,6 @@
 class XMLReader(object):
 
 	def __init__(self, fileOrPath, ttFont, progress=None, quiet=None, contentOnly=False):
-  
 		if fileOrPath == '-':
 			fileOrPath = sys.stdin
 		if not hasattr(fileOrPath, "read"):
@@ -96,11 +93,12 @@
 		if not stackSize:
 			if name != "ttFont":
 				raise TTXParseError("illegal root tag: %s" % name)
-			sfntVersion = attrs.get("sfntVersion")
-			if sfntVersion is not None:
-				if len(sfntVersion) != 4:
-					sfntVersion = safeEval('"' + sfntVersion + '"')
-				self.ttFont.sfntVersion = sfntVersion
+			if self.ttFont.reader is None and not self.ttFont.tables:
+				sfntVersion = attrs.get("sfntVersion")
+				if sfntVersion is not None:
+					if len(sfntVersion) != 4:
+						sfntVersion = safeEval('"' + sfntVersion + '"')
+					self.ttFont.sfntVersion = sfntVersion
 			self.contentStack.append([])
 		elif stackSize == 1:
 			if subFile is not None:
diff --git a/Lib/fontTools/misc/xmlWriter.py b/Lib/fontTools/misc/xmlWriter.py
index fe67f6e..ddc2fdb 100644
--- a/Lib/fontTools/misc/xmlWriter.py
+++ b/Lib/fontTools/misc/xmlWriter.py
@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
 """xmlWriter.py -- Simple XML authoring class"""
 
-from __future__ import print_function, division, absolute_import
-from fontTools.misc.py23 import *
+from fontTools.misc.py23 import byteord, strjoin, tobytes, tostr
 import sys
 import os
 import string
@@ -12,27 +11,31 @@
 class XMLWriter(object):
 
 	def __init__(self, fileOrPath, indentwhite=INDENT, idlefunc=None, encoding="utf_8",
-			newlinestr=None):
+			newlinestr="\n"):
 		if encoding.lower().replace('-','').replace('_','') != 'utf8':
 			raise Exception('Only UTF-8 encoding is supported.')
 		if fileOrPath == '-':
 			fileOrPath = sys.stdout
 		if not hasattr(fileOrPath, "write"):
+			self.filename = fileOrPath
 			self.file = open(fileOrPath, "wb")
+			self._closeStream = True
 		else:
+			self.filename = None
 			# assume writable file object
 			self.file = fileOrPath
+			self._closeStream = False
 
 		# Figure out if writer expects bytes or unicodes
 		try:
 			# The bytes check should be first.  See:
-			# https://github.com/behdad/fonttools/pull/233
+			# https://github.com/fonttools/fonttools/pull/233
 			self.file.write(b'')
 			self.totype = tobytes
 		except TypeError:
 			# This better not fail.
-			self.file.write(tounicode(''))
-			self.totype = tounicode
+			self.file.write('')
+			self.totype = tostr
 		self.indentwhite = self.totype(indentwhite)
 		if newlinestr is None:
 			self.newlinestr = self.totype(os.linesep)
@@ -46,8 +49,15 @@
 		self._writeraw('<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>')
 		self.newline()
 
+	def __enter__(self):
+		return self
+
+	def __exit__(self, exception_type, exception_value, traceback):
+		self.close()
+
 	def close(self):
-		self.file.close()
+		if self._closeStream:
+			self.file.close()
 
 	def write(self, string, indent=True):
 		"""Writes text."""
@@ -146,7 +156,7 @@
 			return ""
 		data = ""
 		for attr, value in attributes:
-			if not isinstance(value, (bytes, unicode)):
+			if not isinstance(value, (bytes, str)):
 				value = str(value)
 			data = data + ' %s="%s"' % (attr, escapeattr(value))
 		return data
diff --git a/Lib/fontTools/mtiLib/__init__.py b/Lib/fontTools/mtiLib/__init__.py
index d4f4880..667a216 100644
--- a/Lib/fontTools/mtiLib/__init__.py
+++ b/Lib/fontTools/mtiLib/__init__.py
@@ -6,9 +6,6 @@
 # http://monotype.github.io/OpenType_Table_Source/otl_source.html
 # https://github.com/Monotype/OpenType_Table_Source/
 
-from __future__ import print_function, division, absolute_import
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-from fontTools.misc.py23 import *
 from fontTools import ttLib
 from fontTools.ttLib.tables._c_m_a_p import cmap_classes
 from fontTools.ttLib.tables import otTables as ot
@@ -856,7 +853,7 @@
 
 	lookup.SubTable = subtables
 	lookup.SubTableCount = len(lookup.SubTable)
-	if lookup.SubTableCount is 0:
+	if lookup.SubTableCount == 0:
 		# Remove this return when following is fixed:
 		# https://github.com/fonttools/fonttools/issues/789
 		return None
@@ -1148,11 +1145,33 @@
 		return line
 
 def build(f, font, tableTag=None):
+	"""Convert a Monotype font layout file to an OpenType layout object
+
+	A font object must be passed, but this may be a "dummy" font; it is only
+	used for sorting glyph sets when making coverage tables and to hold the
+	OpenType layout table while it is being built.
+
+	Args:
+		f: A file object.
+		font (TTFont): A font object.
+		tableTag (string): If provided, asserts that the file contains data for the
+			given OpenType table.
+
+	Returns:
+		An object representing the table. (e.g. ``table_G_S_U_B_``)
+	"""
 	lines = Tokenizer(f)
 	return parseTable(lines, font, tableTag=tableTag)
 
 
 def main(args=None, font=None):
+	"""Convert a FontDame OTL file to TTX XML.
+
+	Writes XML output to stdout.
+
+	Args:
+		args: Command line arguments (``--font``, ``--table``, input files).
+	"""
 	import sys
 	from fontTools import configLogger
 	from fontTools.misc.testTools import MockFont
@@ -1165,16 +1184,31 @@
 	# comment this out to enable debug messages from mtiLib's logger
 	# log.setLevel(logging.DEBUG)
 
-	if font is None:
-		font = MockFont()
+	import argparse
+	parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(
+		"fonttools mtiLib",
+		description=main.__doc__,
+	)
 
-	tableTag = None
-	if args[0].startswith('-t'):
-		tableTag = args[0][2:]
-		del args[0]
-	for f in args:
+	parser.add_argument('--font', '-f', metavar='FILE', dest="font",
+		help="Input TTF files (used for glyph classes and sorting coverage tables)")
+	parser.add_argument('--table', '-t', metavar='TABLE', dest="tableTag",
+		help="Table to fill (sniffed from input file if not provided)")
+	parser.add_argument('inputs', metavar='FILE', type=str, nargs='+',
+		help="Input FontDame .txt files")
+
+	args = parser.parse_args(args)
+
+	if font is None:
+		if args.font:
+			font = ttLib.TTFont(args.font)
+		else:
+			font = MockFont()
+
+	for f in args.inputs:
 		log.debug("Processing %s", f)
-		table = build(open(f, 'rt', encoding="utf-8"), font, tableTag=tableTag)
+		with open(f, 'rt', encoding="utf-8") as f:
+			table = build(f, font, tableTag=args.tableTag)
 		blob = table.compile(font) # Make sure it compiles
 		decompiled = table.__class__()
 		decompiled.decompile(blob, font) # Make sure it decompiles!
diff --git a/Lib/fontTools/mtiLib/__main__.py b/Lib/fontTools/mtiLib/__main__.py
index 0741237..fe6b638 100644
--- a/Lib/fontTools/mtiLib/__main__.py
+++ b/Lib/fontTools/mtiLib/__main__.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import print_function, division, absolute_import
-from fontTools.misc.py23 import *
 import sys
 from fontTools.mtiLib import main
 
diff --git a/Lib/fontTools/otlLib/builder.py b/Lib/fontTools/otlLib/builder.py
index efe66d5..bfb9d41 100644
--- a/Lib/fontTools/otlLib/builder.py
+++ b/Lib/fontTools/otlLib/builder.py
@@ -1,10 +1,54 @@
-from __future__ import print_function, division, absolute_import
+from collections import namedtuple, OrderedDict
+import os
+from fontTools.misc.fixedTools import fixedToFloat
 from fontTools import ttLib
 from fontTools.ttLib.tables import otTables as ot
-from fontTools.ttLib.tables.otBase import ValueRecord, valueRecordFormatDict
+from fontTools.ttLib.tables.otBase import (
+    ValueRecord,
+    valueRecordFormatDict,
+    OTTableWriter,
+    CountReference,
+)
+from fontTools.ttLib.tables import otBase
+from fontTools.feaLib.ast import STATNameStatement
+from fontTools.otlLib.optimize.gpos import GPOS_COMPACT_MODE_DEFAULT, GPOS_COMPACT_MODE_ENV_KEY, compact_lookup
+from fontTools.otlLib.error import OpenTypeLibError
+from functools import reduce
+import logging
+import copy
+
+
+log = logging.getLogger(__name__)
 
 
 def buildCoverage(glyphs, glyphMap):
+    """Builds a coverage table.
+
+    Coverage tables (as defined in the `OpenType spec <https://docs.microsoft.com/en-gb/typography/opentype/spec/chapter2#coverage-table>`_)
+    are used in all OpenType Layout lookups apart from the Extension type, and
+    define the glyphs involved in a layout subtable. This allows shaping engines
+    to compare the glyph stream with the coverage table and quickly determine
+    whether a subtable should be involved in a shaping operation.
+
+    This function takes a list of glyphs and a glyphname-to-ID map, and
+    returns a ``Coverage`` object representing the coverage table.
+
+    Example::
+
+        glyphMap = font.getReverseGlyphMap()
+        glyphs = [ "A", "B", "C" ]
+        coverage = buildCoverage(glyphs, glyphMap)
+
+    Args:
+        glyphs: a sequence of glyph names.
+        glyphMap: a glyph name to ID map, typically returned from
+            ``font.getReverseGlyphMap()``.
+
+    Returns:
+        An ``otTables.Coverage`` object or ``None`` if there are no glyphs
+        supplied.
+    """
+
     if not glyphs:
         return None
     self = ot.Coverage()
@@ -20,36 +64,1409 @@
 
 
 def buildLookup(subtables, flags=0, markFilterSet=None):
+    """Turns a collection of rules into a lookup.
+
+    A Lookup (as defined in the `OpenType Spec <https://docs.microsoft.com/en-gb/typography/opentype/spec/chapter2#lookupTbl>`_)
+    wraps the individual rules in a layout operation (substitution or
+    positioning) in a data structure expressing their overall lookup type -
+    for example, single substitution, mark-to-base attachment, and so on -
+    as well as the lookup flags and any mark filtering sets. You may import
+    the following constants to express lookup flags:
+
+    - ``LOOKUP_FLAG_RIGHT_TO_LEFT``
+    - ``LOOKUP_FLAG_IGNORE_BASE_GLYPHS``
+    - ``LOOKUP_FLAG_IGNORE_LIGATURES``
+    - ``LOOKUP_FLAG_IGNORE_MARKS``
+    - ``LOOKUP_FLAG_USE_MARK_FILTERING_SET``
+
+    Args:
+        subtables: A list of layout subtable objects (e.g.
+            ``MultipleSubst``, ``PairPos``, etc.) or ``None``.
+        flags (int): This lookup's flags.
+        markFilterSet: Either ``None`` if no mark filtering set is used, or
+            an integer representing the filtering set to be used for this
+            lookup. If a mark filtering set is provided,
+            `LOOKUP_FLAG_USE_MARK_FILTERING_SET` will be set on the lookup's
+            flags.
+
+    Returns:
+        An ``otTables.Lookup`` object or ``None`` if there are no subtables
+        supplied.
+    """
     if subtables is None:
         return None
     subtables = [st for st in subtables if st is not None]
     if not subtables:
         return None
-    assert all(t.LookupType == subtables[0].LookupType for t in subtables), \
-        ("all subtables must have the same LookupType; got %s" %
-         repr([t.LookupType for t in subtables]))
+    assert all(
+        t.LookupType == subtables[0].LookupType for t in subtables
+    ), "all subtables must have the same LookupType; got %s" % repr(
+        [t.LookupType for t in subtables]
+    )
     self = ot.Lookup()
     self.LookupType = subtables[0].LookupType
     self.LookupFlag = flags
     self.SubTable = subtables
     self.SubTableCount = len(self.SubTable)
     if markFilterSet is not None:
-        assert self.LookupFlag & LOOKUP_FLAG_USE_MARK_FILTERING_SET, \
-            ("if markFilterSet is not None, flags must set "
-             "LOOKUP_FLAG_USE_MARK_FILTERING_SET; flags=0x%04x" % flags)
+        self.LookupFlag |= LOOKUP_FLAG_USE_MARK_FILTERING_SET
         assert isinstance(markFilterSet, int), markFilterSet
         self.MarkFilteringSet = markFilterSet
     else:
-        assert (self.LookupFlag & LOOKUP_FLAG_USE_MARK_FILTERING_SET) == 0, \
-            ("if markFilterSet is None, flags must not set "
-             "LOOKUP_FLAG_USE_MARK_FILTERING_SET; flags=0x%04x" % flags)
+        assert (self.LookupFlag & LOOKUP_FLAG_USE_MARK_FILTERING_SET) == 0, (
+            "if markFilterSet is None, flags must not set "
+            "LOOKUP_FLAG_USE_MARK_FILTERING_SET; flags=0x%04x" % flags
+        )
     return self
 
 
+class LookupBuilder(object):
+    SUBTABLE_BREAK_ = "SUBTABLE_BREAK"
+
+    def __init__(self, font, location, table, lookup_type):
+        self.font = font
+        self.glyphMap = font.getReverseGlyphMap()
+        self.location = location
+        self.table, self.lookup_type = table, lookup_type
+        self.lookupflag = 0
+        self.markFilterSet = None
+        self.lookup_index = None  # assigned when making final tables
+        assert table in ("GPOS", "GSUB")
+
+    def equals(self, other):
+        return (
+            isinstance(other, self.__class__)
+            and self.table == other.table
+            and self.lookupflag == other.lookupflag
+            and self.markFilterSet == other.markFilterSet
+        )
+
+    def inferGlyphClasses(self):
+        """Infers glyph glasses for the GDEF table, such as {"cedilla":3}."""
+        return {}
+
+    def getAlternateGlyphs(self):
+        """Helper for building 'aalt' features."""
+        return {}
+
+    def buildLookup_(self, subtables):
+        return buildLookup(subtables, self.lookupflag, self.markFilterSet)
+
+    def buildMarkClasses_(self, marks):
+        """{"cedilla": ("BOTTOM", ast.Anchor), ...} --> {"BOTTOM":0, "TOP":1}
+
+        Helper for MarkBasePostBuilder, MarkLigPosBuilder, and
+        MarkMarkPosBuilder. Seems to return the same numeric IDs
+        for mark classes as the AFDKO makeotf tool.
+        """
+        ids = {}
+        for mark in sorted(marks.keys(), key=self.font.getGlyphID):
+            markClassName, _markAnchor = marks[mark]
+            if markClassName not in ids:
+                ids[markClassName] = len(ids)
+        return ids
+
+    def setBacktrackCoverage_(self, prefix, subtable):
+        subtable.BacktrackGlyphCount = len(prefix)
+        subtable.BacktrackCoverage = []
+        for p in reversed(prefix):
+            coverage = buildCoverage(p, self.glyphMap)
+            subtable.BacktrackCoverage.append(coverage)
+
+    def setLookAheadCoverage_(self, suffix, subtable):
+        subtable.LookAheadGlyphCount = len(suffix)
+        subtable.LookAheadCoverage = []
+        for s in suffix:
+            coverage = buildCoverage(s, self.glyphMap)
+            subtable.LookAheadCoverage.append(coverage)
+
+    def setInputCoverage_(self, glyphs, subtable):
+        subtable.InputGlyphCount = len(glyphs)
+        subtable.InputCoverage = []
+        for g in glyphs:
+            coverage = buildCoverage(g, self.glyphMap)
+            subtable.InputCoverage.append(coverage)
+
+    def setCoverage_(self, glyphs, subtable):
+        subtable.GlyphCount = len(glyphs)
+        subtable.Coverage = []
+        for g in glyphs:
+            coverage = buildCoverage(g, self.glyphMap)
+            subtable.Coverage.append(coverage)
+
+    def build_subst_subtables(self, mapping, klass):
+        substitutions = [{}]
+        for key in mapping:
+            if key[0] == self.SUBTABLE_BREAK_:
+                substitutions.append({})
+            else:
+                substitutions[-1][key] = mapping[key]
+        subtables = [klass(s) for s in substitutions]
+        return subtables
+
+    def add_subtable_break(self, location):
+        """Add an explicit subtable break.
+
+        Args:
+            location: A string or tuple representing the location in the
+                original source which produced this break, or ``None`` if
+                no location is provided.
+        """
+        log.warning(
+            OpenTypeLibError(
+                'unsupported "subtable" statement for lookup type', location
+            )
+        )
+
+
+class AlternateSubstBuilder(LookupBuilder):
+    """Builds an Alternate Substitution (GSUB3) lookup.
+
+    Users are expected to manually add alternate glyph substitutions to
+    the ``alternates`` attribute after the object has been initialized,
+    e.g.::
+
+        builder.alternates["A"] = ["A.alt1", "A.alt2"]
+
+    Attributes:
+        font (``fontTools.TTLib.TTFont``): A font object.
+        location: A string or tuple representing the location in the original
+            source which produced this lookup.
+        alternates: An ordered dictionary of alternates, mapping glyph names
+            to a list of names of alternates.
+        lookupflag (int): The lookup's flag
+        markFilterSet: Either ``None`` if no mark filtering set is used, or
+            an integer representing the filtering set to be used for this
+            lookup. If a mark filtering set is provided,
+            `LOOKUP_FLAG_USE_MARK_FILTERING_SET` will be set on the lookup's
+            flags.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, font, location):
+        LookupBuilder.__init__(self, font, location, "GSUB", 3)
+        self.alternates = OrderedDict()
+
+    def equals(self, other):
+        return LookupBuilder.equals(self, other) and self.alternates == other.alternates
+
+    def build(self):
+        """Build the lookup.
+
+        Returns:
+            An ``otTables.Lookup`` object representing the alternate
+            substitution lookup.
+        """
+        subtables = self.build_subst_subtables(
+            self.alternates, buildAlternateSubstSubtable
+        )
+        return self.buildLookup_(subtables)
+
+    def getAlternateGlyphs(self):
+        return self.alternates
+
+    def add_subtable_break(self, location):
+        self.alternates[(self.SUBTABLE_BREAK_, location)] = self.SUBTABLE_BREAK_
+
+
+class ChainContextualRule(
+    namedtuple("ChainContextualRule", ["prefix", "glyphs", "suffix", "lookups"])
+):
+    @property
+    def is_subtable_break(self):
+        return self.prefix == LookupBuilder.SUBTABLE_BREAK_
+
+
+class ChainContextualRuleset:
+    def __init__(self):
+        self.rules = []
+
+    def addRule(self, rule):
+        self.rules.append(rule)
+
+    @property
+    def hasPrefixOrSuffix(self):
+        # Do we have any prefixes/suffixes? If this is False for all
+        # rulesets, we can express the whole lookup as GPOS5/GSUB7.
+        for rule in self.rules:
+            if len(rule.prefix) > 0 or len(rule.suffix) > 0:
+                return True
+        return False
+
+    @property
+    def hasAnyGlyphClasses(self):
+        # Do we use glyph classes anywhere in the rules? If this is False
+        # we can express this subtable as a Format 1.
+        for rule in self.rules:
+            for coverage in (rule.prefix, rule.glyphs, rule.suffix):
+                if any(len(x) > 1 for x in coverage):
+                    return True
+        return False
+
+    def format2ClassDefs(self):
+        PREFIX, GLYPHS, SUFFIX = 0, 1, 2
+        classDefBuilders = []
+        for ix in [PREFIX, GLYPHS, SUFFIX]:
+            context = []
+            for r in self.rules:
+                context.append(r[ix])
+            classes = self._classBuilderForContext(context)
+            if not classes:
+                return None
+            classDefBuilders.append(classes)
+        return classDefBuilders
+
+    def _classBuilderForContext(self, context):
+        classdefbuilder = ClassDefBuilder(useClass0=False)
+        for position in context:
+            for glyphset in position:
+                glyphs = set(glyphset)
+                if not classdefbuilder.canAdd(glyphs):
+                    return None
+                classdefbuilder.add(glyphs)
+        return classdefbuilder
+
+
+class ChainContextualBuilder(LookupBuilder):
+    def equals(self, other):
+        return LookupBuilder.equals(self, other) and self.rules == other.rules
+
+    def rulesets(self):
+        # Return a list of ChainContextRuleset objects, taking explicit
+        # subtable breaks into account
+        ruleset = [ChainContextualRuleset()]
+        for rule in self.rules:
+            if rule.is_subtable_break:
+                ruleset.append(ChainContextualRuleset())
+                continue
+            ruleset[-1].addRule(rule)
+        # Squish any empty subtables
+        return [x for x in ruleset if len(x.rules) > 0]
+
+    def getCompiledSize_(self, subtables):
+        size = 0
+        for st in subtables:
+            w = OTTableWriter()
+            w["LookupType"] = CountReference(
+                {"LookupType": st.LookupType}, "LookupType"
+            )
+            # We need to make a copy here because compiling
+            # modifies the subtable (finalizing formats etc.)
+            copy.deepcopy(st).compile(w, self.font)
+            size += len(w.getAllData())
+        return size
+
+    def build(self):
+        """Build the lookup.
+
+        Returns:
+            An ``otTables.Lookup`` object representing the chained
+            contextual positioning lookup.
+        """
+        subtables = []
+        chaining = False
+        rulesets = self.rulesets()
+        chaining = any(ruleset.hasPrefixOrSuffix for ruleset in rulesets)
+        for ruleset in rulesets:
+            # Determine format strategy. We try to build formats 1, 2 and 3
+            # subtables and then work out which is best. candidates list holds
+            # the subtables in each format for this ruleset (including a dummy
+            # "format 0" to make the addressing match the format numbers).
+
+            # We can always build a format 3 lookup by accumulating each of
+            # the rules into a list, so start with that.
+            candidates = [None, None, None, []]
+            for rule in ruleset.rules:
+                candidates[3].append(self.buildFormat3Subtable(rule, chaining))
+
+            # Can we express the whole ruleset as a format 2 subtable?
+            classdefs = ruleset.format2ClassDefs()
+            if classdefs:
+                candidates[2] = [
+                    self.buildFormat2Subtable(ruleset, classdefs, chaining)
+                ]
+
+            if not ruleset.hasAnyGlyphClasses:
+                candidates[1] = [self.buildFormat1Subtable(ruleset, chaining)]
+
+            candidates = [x for x in candidates if x is not None]
+            winner = min(candidates, key=self.getCompiledSize_)
+            subtables.extend(winner)
+
+        # If we are not chaining, lookup type will be automatically fixed by
+        # buildLookup_
+        return self.buildLookup_(subtables)
+
+    def buildFormat1Subtable(self, ruleset, chaining=True):
+        st = self.newSubtable_(chaining=chaining)
+        st.Format = 1
+        st.populateDefaults()
+        coverage = set()
+        rulesetsByFirstGlyph = {}
+        ruleAttr = self.ruleAttr_(format=1, chaining=chaining)
+
+        for rule in ruleset.rules:
+            ruleAsSubtable = self.newRule_(format=1, chaining=chaining)
+
+            if chaining:
+                ruleAsSubtable.BacktrackGlyphCount = len(rule.prefix)
+                ruleAsSubtable.LookAheadGlyphCount = len(rule.suffix)
+                ruleAsSubtable.Backtrack = [list(x)[0] for x in reversed(rule.prefix)]
+                ruleAsSubtable.LookAhead = [list(x)[0] for x in rule.suffix]
+
+                ruleAsSubtable.InputGlyphCount = len(rule.glyphs)
+            else:
+                ruleAsSubtable.GlyphCount = len(rule.glyphs)
+
+            ruleAsSubtable.Input = [list(x)[0] for x in rule.glyphs[1:]]
+
+            self.buildLookupList(rule, ruleAsSubtable)
+
+            firstGlyph = list(rule.glyphs[0])[0]
+            if firstGlyph not in rulesetsByFirstGlyph:
+                coverage.add(firstGlyph)
+                rulesetsByFirstGlyph[firstGlyph] = []
+            rulesetsByFirstGlyph[firstGlyph].append(ruleAsSubtable)
+
+        st.Coverage = buildCoverage(coverage, self.glyphMap)
+        ruleSets = []
+        for g in st.Coverage.glyphs:
+            ruleSet = self.newRuleSet_(format=1, chaining=chaining)
+            setattr(ruleSet, ruleAttr, rulesetsByFirstGlyph[g])
+            setattr(ruleSet, f"{ruleAttr}Count", len(rulesetsByFirstGlyph[g]))
+            ruleSets.append(ruleSet)
+
+        setattr(st, self.ruleSetAttr_(format=1, chaining=chaining), ruleSets)
+        setattr(
+            st, self.ruleSetAttr_(format=1, chaining=chaining) + "Count", len(ruleSets)
+        )
+
+        return st
+
+    def buildFormat2Subtable(self, ruleset, classdefs, chaining=True):
+        st = self.newSubtable_(chaining=chaining)
+        st.Format = 2
+        st.populateDefaults()
+
+        if chaining:
+            (
+                st.BacktrackClassDef,
+                st.InputClassDef,
+                st.LookAheadClassDef,
+            ) = [c.build() for c in classdefs]
+        else:
+            st.ClassDef = classdefs[1].build()
+
+        inClasses = classdefs[1].classes()
+
+        classSets = []
+        for _ in inClasses:
+            classSet = self.newRuleSet_(format=2, chaining=chaining)
+            classSets.append(classSet)
+
+        coverage = set()
+        classRuleAttr = self.ruleAttr_(format=2, chaining=chaining)
+
+        for rule in ruleset.rules:
+            ruleAsSubtable = self.newRule_(format=2, chaining=chaining)
+            if chaining:
+                ruleAsSubtable.BacktrackGlyphCount = len(rule.prefix)
+                ruleAsSubtable.LookAheadGlyphCount = len(rule.suffix)
+                # The glyphs in the rule may be list, tuple, odict_keys...
+                # Order is not important anyway because they are guaranteed
+                # to be members of the same class.
+                ruleAsSubtable.Backtrack = [
+                    st.BacktrackClassDef.classDefs[list(x)[0]]
+                    for x in reversed(rule.prefix)
+                ]
+                ruleAsSubtable.LookAhead = [
+                    st.LookAheadClassDef.classDefs[list(x)[0]] for x in rule.suffix
+                ]
+
+                ruleAsSubtable.InputGlyphCount = len(rule.glyphs)
+                ruleAsSubtable.Input = [
+                    st.InputClassDef.classDefs[list(x)[0]] for x in rule.glyphs[1:]
+                ]
+                setForThisRule = classSets[
+                    st.InputClassDef.classDefs[list(rule.glyphs[0])[0]]
+                ]
+            else:
+                ruleAsSubtable.GlyphCount = len(rule.glyphs)
+                ruleAsSubtable.Class = [  # The spec calls this InputSequence
+                    st.ClassDef.classDefs[list(x)[0]] for x in rule.glyphs[1:]
+                ]
+                setForThisRule = classSets[
+                    st.ClassDef.classDefs[list(rule.glyphs[0])[0]]
+                ]
+
+            self.buildLookupList(rule, ruleAsSubtable)
+            coverage |= set(rule.glyphs[0])
+
+            getattr(setForThisRule, classRuleAttr).append(ruleAsSubtable)
+            setattr(
+                setForThisRule,
+                f"{classRuleAttr}Count",
+                getattr(setForThisRule, f"{classRuleAttr}Count") + 1,
+            )
+        setattr(st, self.ruleSetAttr_(format=2, chaining=chaining), classSets)
+        setattr(
+            st, self.ruleSetAttr_(format=2, chaining=chaining) + "Count", len(classSets)
+        )
+        st.Coverage = buildCoverage(coverage, self.glyphMap)
+        return st
+
+    def buildFormat3Subtable(self, rule, chaining=True):
+        st = self.newSubtable_(chaining=chaining)
+        st.Format = 3
+        if chaining:
+            self.setBacktrackCoverage_(rule.prefix, st)
+            self.setLookAheadCoverage_(rule.suffix, st)
+            self.setInputCoverage_(rule.glyphs, st)
+        else:
+            self.setCoverage_(rule.glyphs, st)
+        self.buildLookupList(rule, st)
+        return st
+
+    def buildLookupList(self, rule, st):
+        for sequenceIndex, lookupList in enumerate(rule.lookups):
+            if lookupList is not None:
+                if not isinstance(lookupList, list):
+                    # Can happen with synthesised lookups
+                    lookupList = [lookupList]
+                for l in lookupList:
+                    if l.lookup_index is None:
+                        if isinstance(self, ChainContextPosBuilder):
+                            other = "substitution"
+                        else:
+                            other = "positioning"
+                        raise OpenTypeLibError(
+                            "Missing index of the specified "
+                            f"lookup, might be a {other} lookup",
+                            self.location,
+                        )
+                    rec = self.newLookupRecord_(st)
+                    rec.SequenceIndex = sequenceIndex
+                    rec.LookupListIndex = l.lookup_index
+
+    def add_subtable_break(self, location):
+        self.rules.append(
+            ChainContextualRule(
+                self.SUBTABLE_BREAK_,
+                self.SUBTABLE_BREAK_,
+                self.SUBTABLE_BREAK_,
+                [self.SUBTABLE_BREAK_],
+            )
+        )
+
+    def newSubtable_(self, chaining=True):
+        subtablename = f"Context{self.subtable_type}"
+        if chaining:
+            subtablename = "Chain" + subtablename
+        st = getattr(ot, subtablename)()  # ot.ChainContextPos()/ot.ChainSubst()/etc.
+        setattr(st, f"{self.subtable_type}Count", 0)
+        setattr(st, f"{self.subtable_type}LookupRecord", [])
+        return st
+
+    # Format 1 and format 2 GSUB5/GSUB6/GPOS7/GPOS8 rulesets and rules form a family:
+    #
+    #       format 1 ruleset      format 1 rule      format 2 ruleset      format 2 rule
+    # GSUB5 SubRuleSet            SubRule            SubClassSet           SubClassRule
+    # GSUB6 ChainSubRuleSet       ChainSubRule       ChainSubClassSet      ChainSubClassRule
+    # GPOS7 PosRuleSet            PosRule            PosClassSet           PosClassRule
+    # GPOS8 ChainPosRuleSet       ChainPosRule       ChainPosClassSet      ChainPosClassRule
+    #
+    # The following functions generate the attribute names and subtables according
+    # to this naming convention.
+    def ruleSetAttr_(self, format=1, chaining=True):
+        if format == 1:
+            formatType = "Rule"
+        elif format == 2:
+            formatType = "Class"
+        else:
+            raise AssertionError(formatType)
+        subtablename = f"{self.subtable_type[0:3]}{formatType}Set"  # Sub, not Subst.
+        if chaining:
+            subtablename = "Chain" + subtablename
+        return subtablename
+
+    def ruleAttr_(self, format=1, chaining=True):
+        if format == 1:
+            formatType = ""
+        elif format == 2:
+            formatType = "Class"
+        else:
+            raise AssertionError(formatType)
+        subtablename = f"{self.subtable_type[0:3]}{formatType}Rule"  # Sub, not Subst.
+        if chaining:
+            subtablename = "Chain" + subtablename
+        return subtablename
+
+    def newRuleSet_(self, format=1, chaining=True):
+        st = getattr(
+            ot, self.ruleSetAttr_(format, chaining)
+        )()  # ot.ChainPosRuleSet()/ot.SubRuleSet()/etc.
+        st.populateDefaults()
+        return st
+
+    def newRule_(self, format=1, chaining=True):
+        st = getattr(
+            ot, self.ruleAttr_(format, chaining)
+        )()  # ot.ChainPosClassRule()/ot.SubClassRule()/etc.
+        st.populateDefaults()
+        return st
+
+    def attachSubtableWithCount_(
+        self, st, subtable_name, count_name, existing=None, index=None, chaining=False
+    ):
+        if chaining:
+            subtable_name = "Chain" + subtable_name
+            count_name = "Chain" + count_name
+
+        if not hasattr(st, count_name):
+            setattr(st, count_name, 0)
+            setattr(st, subtable_name, [])
+
+        if existing:
+            new_subtable = existing
+        else:
+            # Create a new, empty subtable from otTables
+            new_subtable = getattr(ot, subtable_name)()
+
+        setattr(st, count_name, getattr(st, count_name) + 1)
+
+        if index:
+            getattr(st, subtable_name).insert(index, new_subtable)
+        else:
+            getattr(st, subtable_name).append(new_subtable)
+
+        return new_subtable
+
+    def newLookupRecord_(self, st):
+        return self.attachSubtableWithCount_(
+            st,
+            f"{self.subtable_type}LookupRecord",
+            f"{self.subtable_type}Count",
+            chaining=False,
+        )  # Oddly, it isn't ChainSubstLookupRecord
+
+
+class ChainContextPosBuilder(ChainContextualBuilder):
+    """Builds a Chained Contextual Positioning (GPOS8) lookup.
+
+    Users are expected to manually add rules to the ``rules`` attribute after
+    the object has been initialized, e.g.::
+
+        # pos [A B] [C D] x' lookup lu1 y' z' lookup lu2 E;
+
+        prefix  = [ ["A", "B"], ["C", "D"] ]
+        suffix  = [ ["E"] ]
+        glyphs  = [ ["x"], ["y"], ["z"] ]
+        lookups = [ [lu1], None,  [lu2] ]
+        builder.rules.append( (prefix, glyphs, suffix, lookups) )
+
+    Attributes:
+        font (``fontTools.TTLib.TTFont``): A font object.
+        location: A string or tuple representing the location in the original
+            source which produced this lookup.
+        rules: A list of tuples representing the rules in this lookup.
+        lookupflag (int): The lookup's flag
+        markFilterSet: Either ``None`` if no mark filtering set is used, or
+            an integer representing the filtering set to be used for this
+            lookup. If a mark filtering set is provided,
+            `LOOKUP_FLAG_USE_MARK_FILTERING_SET` will be set on the lookup's
+            flags.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, font, location):
+        LookupBuilder.__init__(self, font, location, "GPOS", 8)
+        self.rules = []
+        self.subtable_type = "Pos"
+
+    def find_chainable_single_pos(self, lookups, glyphs, value):
+        """Helper for add_single_pos_chained_()"""
+        res = None
+        for lookup in lookups[::-1]:
+            if lookup == self.SUBTABLE_BREAK_:
+                return res
+            if isinstance(lookup, SinglePosBuilder) and all(
+                lookup.can_add(glyph, value) for glyph in glyphs
+            ):
+                res = lookup
+        return res
+
+
+class ChainContextSubstBuilder(ChainContextualBuilder):
+    """Builds a Chained Contextual Substitution (GSUB6) lookup.
+
+    Users are expected to manually add rules to the ``rules`` attribute after
+    the object has been initialized, e.g.::
+
+        # sub [A B] [C D] x' lookup lu1 y' z' lookup lu2 E;
+
+        prefix  = [ ["A", "B"], ["C", "D"] ]
+        suffix  = [ ["E"] ]
+        glyphs  = [ ["x"], ["y"], ["z"] ]
+        lookups = [ [lu1], None,  [lu2] ]
+        builder.rules.append( (prefix, glyphs, suffix, lookups) )
+
+    Attributes:
+        font (``fontTools.TTLib.TTFont``): A font object.
+        location: A string or tuple representing the location in the original
+            source which produced this lookup.
+        rules: A list of tuples representing the rules in this lookup.
+        lookupflag (int): The lookup's flag
+        markFilterSet: Either ``None`` if no mark filtering set is used, or
+            an integer representing the filtering set to be used for this
+            lookup. If a mark filtering set is provided,
+            `LOOKUP_FLAG_USE_MARK_FILTERING_SET` will be set on the lookup's
+            flags.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, font, location):
+        LookupBuilder.__init__(self, font, location, "GSUB", 6)
+        self.rules = []  # (prefix, input, suffix, lookups)
+        self.subtable_type = "Subst"
+
+    def getAlternateGlyphs(self):
+        result = {}
+        for rule in self.rules:
+            if rule.is_subtable_break:
+                continue
+            for lookups in rule.lookups:
+                if not isinstance(lookups, list):
+                    lookups = [lookups]
+                for lookup in lookups:
+                    if lookup is not None:
+                        alts = lookup.getAlternateGlyphs()
+                        for glyph, replacements in alts.items():
+                            result.setdefault(glyph, set()).update(replacements)
+        return result
+
+    def find_chainable_single_subst(self, glyphs):
+        """Helper for add_single_subst_chained_()"""
+        res = None
+        for rule in self.rules[::-1]:
+            if rule.is_subtable_break:
+                return res
+            for sub in rule.lookups:
+                if isinstance(sub, SingleSubstBuilder) and not any(
+                    g in glyphs for g in sub.mapping.keys()
+                ):
+                    res = sub
+        return res
+
+
+class LigatureSubstBuilder(LookupBuilder):
+    """Builds a Ligature Substitution (GSUB4) lookup.
+
+    Users are expected to manually add ligatures to the ``ligatures``
+    attribute after the object has been initialized, e.g.::
+
+        # sub f i by f_i;
+        builder.ligatures[("f","f","i")] = "f_f_i"
+
+    Attributes:
+        font (``fontTools.TTLib.TTFont``): A font object.
+        location: A string or tuple representing the location in the original
+            source which produced this lookup.
+        ligatures: An ordered dictionary mapping a tuple of glyph names to the
+            ligature glyphname.
+        lookupflag (int): The lookup's flag
+        markFilterSet: Either ``None`` if no mark filtering set is used, or
+            an integer representing the filtering set to be used for this
+            lookup. If a mark filtering set is provided,
+            `LOOKUP_FLAG_USE_MARK_FILTERING_SET` will be set on the lookup's
+            flags.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, font, location):
+        LookupBuilder.__init__(self, font, location, "GSUB", 4)
+        self.ligatures = OrderedDict()  # {('f','f','i'): 'f_f_i'}
+
+    def equals(self, other):
+        return LookupBuilder.equals(self, other) and self.ligatures == other.ligatures
+
+    def build(self):
+        """Build the lookup.
+
+        Returns:
+            An ``otTables.Lookup`` object representing the ligature
+            substitution lookup.
+        """
+        subtables = self.build_subst_subtables(
+            self.ligatures, buildLigatureSubstSubtable
+        )
+        return self.buildLookup_(subtables)
+
+    def add_subtable_break(self, location):
+        self.ligatures[(self.SUBTABLE_BREAK_, location)] = self.SUBTABLE_BREAK_
+
+
+class MultipleSubstBuilder(LookupBuilder):
+    """Builds a Multiple Substitution (GSUB2) lookup.
+
+    Users are expected to manually add substitutions to the ``mapping``
+    attribute after the object has been initialized, e.g.::
+
+        # sub uni06C0 by uni06D5.fina hamza.above;
+        builder.mapping["uni06C0"] = [ "uni06D5.fina", "hamza.above"]
+
+    Attributes:
+        font (``fontTools.TTLib.TTFont``): A font object.
+        location: A string or tuple representing the location in the original
+            source which produced this lookup.
+        mapping: An ordered dictionary mapping a glyph name to a list of
+            substituted glyph names.
+        lookupflag (int): The lookup's flag
+        markFilterSet: Either ``None`` if no mark filtering set is used, or
+            an integer representing the filtering set to be used for this
+            lookup. If a mark filtering set is provided,
+            `LOOKUP_FLAG_USE_MARK_FILTERING_SET` will be set on the lookup's
+            flags.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, font, location):
+        LookupBuilder.__init__(self, font, location, "GSUB", 2)
+        self.mapping = OrderedDict()
+
+    def equals(self, other):
+        return LookupBuilder.equals(self, other) and self.mapping == other.mapping
+
+    def build(self):
+        subtables = self.build_subst_subtables(self.mapping, buildMultipleSubstSubtable)
+        return self.buildLookup_(subtables)
+
+    def add_subtable_break(self, location):
+        self.mapping[(self.SUBTABLE_BREAK_, location)] = self.SUBTABLE_BREAK_
+
+
+class CursivePosBuilder(LookupBuilder):
+    """Builds a Cursive Positioning (GPOS3) lookup.
+
+    Attributes:
+        font (``fontTools.TTLib.TTFont``): A font object.
+        location: A string or tuple representing the location in the original
+            source which produced this lookup.
+        attachments: An ordered dictionary mapping a glyph name to a two-element
+            tuple of ``otTables.Anchor`` objects.
+        lookupflag (int): The lookup's flag
+        markFilterSet: Either ``None`` if no mark filtering set is used, or
+            an integer representing the filtering set to be used for this
+            lookup. If a mark filtering set is provided,
+            `LOOKUP_FLAG_USE_MARK_FILTERING_SET` will be set on the lookup's
+            flags.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, font, location):
+        LookupBuilder.__init__(self, font, location, "GPOS", 3)
+        self.attachments = {}
+
+    def equals(self, other):
+        return (
+            LookupBuilder.equals(self, other) and self.attachments == other.attachments
+        )
+
+    def add_attachment(self, location, glyphs, entryAnchor, exitAnchor):
+        """Adds attachment information to the cursive positioning lookup.
+
+        Args:
+            location: A string or tuple representing the location in the
+                original source which produced this lookup. (Unused.)
+            glyphs: A list of glyph names sharing these entry and exit
+                anchor locations.
+            entryAnchor: A ``otTables.Anchor`` object representing the
+                entry anchor, or ``None`` if no entry anchor is present.
+            exitAnchor: A ``otTables.Anchor`` object representing the
+                exit anchor, or ``None`` if no exit anchor is present.
+        """
+        for glyph in glyphs:
+            self.attachments[glyph] = (entryAnchor, exitAnchor)
+
+    def build(self):
+        """Build the lookup.
+
+        Returns:
+            An ``otTables.Lookup`` object representing the cursive
+            positioning lookup.
+        """
+        st = buildCursivePosSubtable(self.attachments, self.glyphMap)
+        return self.buildLookup_([st])
+
+
+class MarkBasePosBuilder(LookupBuilder):
+    """Builds a Mark-To-Base Positioning (GPOS4) lookup.
+
+    Users are expected to manually add marks and bases to the ``marks``
+    and ``bases`` attributes after the object has been initialized, e.g.::
+
+        builder.marks["acute"]   = (0, a1)
+        builder.marks["grave"]   = (0, a1)
+        builder.marks["cedilla"] = (1, a2)
+        builder.bases["a"] = {0: a3, 1: a5}
+        builder.bases["b"] = {0: a4, 1: a5}
+
+    Attributes:
+        font (``fontTools.TTLib.TTFont``): A font object.
+        location: A string or tuple representing the location in the original
+            source which produced this lookup.
+        marks: An dictionary mapping a glyph name to a two-element
+            tuple containing a mark class ID and ``otTables.Anchor`` object.
+        bases: An dictionary mapping a glyph name to a dictionary of
+            mark class IDs and ``otTables.Anchor`` object.
+        lookupflag (int): The lookup's flag
+        markFilterSet: Either ``None`` if no mark filtering set is used, or
+            an integer representing the filtering set to be used for this
+            lookup. If a mark filtering set is provided,
+            `LOOKUP_FLAG_USE_MARK_FILTERING_SET` will be set on the lookup's
+            flags.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, font, location):
+        LookupBuilder.__init__(self, font, location, "GPOS", 4)
+        self.marks = {}  # glyphName -> (markClassName, anchor)
+        self.bases = {}  # glyphName -> {markClassName: anchor}
+
+    def equals(self, other):
+        return (
+            LookupBuilder.equals(self, other)
+            and self.marks == other.marks
+            and self.bases == other.bases
+        )
+
+    def inferGlyphClasses(self):
+        result = {glyph: 1 for glyph in self.bases}
+        result.update({glyph: 3 for glyph in self.marks})
+        return result
+
+    def build(self):
+        """Build the lookup.
+
+        Returns:
+            An ``otTables.Lookup`` object representing the mark-to-base
+            positioning lookup.
+        """
+        markClasses = self.buildMarkClasses_(self.marks)
+        marks = {
+            mark: (markClasses[mc], anchor) for mark, (mc, anchor) in self.marks.items()
+        }
+        bases = {}
+        for glyph, anchors in self.bases.items():
+            bases[glyph] = {markClasses[mc]: anchor for (mc, anchor) in anchors.items()}
+        subtables = buildMarkBasePos(marks, bases, self.glyphMap)
+        return self.buildLookup_(subtables)
+
+
+class MarkLigPosBuilder(LookupBuilder):
+    """Builds a Mark-To-Ligature Positioning (GPOS5) lookup.
+
+    Users are expected to manually add marks and bases to the ``marks``
+    and ``ligatures`` attributes after the object has been initialized, e.g.::
+
+        builder.marks["acute"]   = (0, a1)
+        builder.marks["grave"]   = (0, a1)
+        builder.marks["cedilla"] = (1, a2)
+        builder.ligatures["f_i"] = [
+            { 0: a3, 1: a5 }, # f
+            { 0: a4, 1: a5 }  # i
+        ]
+
+    Attributes:
+        font (``fontTools.TTLib.TTFont``): A font object.
+        location: A string or tuple representing the location in the original
+            source which produced this lookup.
+        marks: An dictionary mapping a glyph name to a two-element
+            tuple containing a mark class ID and ``otTables.Anchor`` object.
+        ligatures: An dictionary mapping a glyph name to an array with one
+            element for each ligature component. Each array element should be
+            a dictionary mapping mark class IDs to ``otTables.Anchor`` objects.
+        lookupflag (int): The lookup's flag
+        markFilterSet: Either ``None`` if no mark filtering set is used, or
+            an integer representing the filtering set to be used for this
+            lookup. If a mark filtering set is provided,
+            `LOOKUP_FLAG_USE_MARK_FILTERING_SET` will be set on the lookup's
+            flags.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, font, location):
+        LookupBuilder.__init__(self, font, location, "GPOS", 5)
+        self.marks = {}  # glyphName -> (markClassName, anchor)
+        self.ligatures = {}  # glyphName -> [{markClassName: anchor}, ...]
+
+    def equals(self, other):
+        return (
+            LookupBuilder.equals(self, other)
+            and self.marks == other.marks
+            and self.ligatures == other.ligatures
+        )
+
+    def inferGlyphClasses(self):
+        result = {glyph: 2 for glyph in self.ligatures}
+        result.update({glyph: 3 for glyph in self.marks})
+        return result
+
+    def build(self):
+        """Build the lookup.
+
+        Returns:
+            An ``otTables.Lookup`` object representing the mark-to-ligature
+            positioning lookup.
+        """
+        markClasses = self.buildMarkClasses_(self.marks)
+        marks = {
+            mark: (markClasses[mc], anchor) for mark, (mc, anchor) in self.marks.items()
+        }
+        ligs = {}
+        for lig, components in self.ligatures.items():
+            ligs[lig] = []
+            for c in components:
+                ligs[lig].append({markClasses[mc]: a for mc, a in c.items()})
+        subtables = buildMarkLigPos(marks, ligs, self.glyphMap)
+        return self.buildLookup_(subtables)
+
+
+class MarkMarkPosBuilder(LookupBuilder):
+    """Builds a Mark-To-Mark Positioning (GPOS6) lookup.
+
+    Users are expected to manually add marks and bases to the ``marks``
+    and ``baseMarks`` attributes after the object has been initialized, e.g.::
+
+        builder.marks["acute"]     = (0, a1)
+        builder.marks["grave"]     = (0, a1)
+        builder.marks["cedilla"]   = (1, a2)
+        builder.baseMarks["acute"] = {0: a3}
+
+    Attributes:
+        font (``fontTools.TTLib.TTFont``): A font object.
+        location: A string or tuple representing the location in the original
+            source which produced this lookup.
+        marks: An dictionary mapping a glyph name to a two-element
+            tuple containing a mark class ID and ``otTables.Anchor`` object.
+        baseMarks: An dictionary mapping a glyph name to a dictionary
+            containing one item: a mark class ID and a ``otTables.Anchor`` object.
+        lookupflag (int): The lookup's flag
+        markFilterSet: Either ``None`` if no mark filtering set is used, or
+            an integer representing the filtering set to be used for this
+            lookup. If a mark filtering set is provided,
+            `LOOKUP_FLAG_USE_MARK_FILTERING_SET` will be set on the lookup's
+            flags.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, font, location):
+        LookupBuilder.__init__(self, font, location, "GPOS", 6)
+        self.marks = {}  # glyphName -> (markClassName, anchor)
+        self.baseMarks = {}  # glyphName -> {markClassName: anchor}
+
+    def equals(self, other):
+        return (
+            LookupBuilder.equals(self, other)
+            and self.marks == other.marks
+            and self.baseMarks == other.baseMarks
+        )
+
+    def inferGlyphClasses(self):
+        result = {glyph: 3 for glyph in self.baseMarks}
+        result.update({glyph: 3 for glyph in self.marks})
+        return result
+
+    def build(self):
+        """Build the lookup.
+
+        Returns:
+            An ``otTables.Lookup`` object representing the mark-to-mark
+            positioning lookup.
+        """
+        markClasses = self.buildMarkClasses_(self.marks)
+        markClassList = sorted(markClasses.keys(), key=markClasses.get)
+        marks = {
+            mark: (markClasses[mc], anchor) for mark, (mc, anchor) in self.marks.items()
+        }
+
+        st = ot.MarkMarkPos()
+        st.Format = 1
+        st.ClassCount = len(markClasses)
+        st.Mark1Coverage = buildCoverage(marks, self.glyphMap)
+        st.Mark2Coverage = buildCoverage(self.baseMarks, self.glyphMap)
+        st.Mark1Array = buildMarkArray(marks, self.glyphMap)
+        st.Mark2Array = ot.Mark2Array()
+        st.Mark2Array.Mark2Count = len(st.Mark2Coverage.glyphs)
+        st.Mark2Array.Mark2Record = []
+        for base in st.Mark2Coverage.glyphs:
+            anchors = [self.baseMarks[base].get(mc) for mc in markClassList]
+            st.Mark2Array.Mark2Record.append(buildMark2Record(anchors))
+        return self.buildLookup_([st])
+
+
+class ReverseChainSingleSubstBuilder(LookupBuilder):
+    """Builds a Reverse Chaining Contextual Single Substitution (GSUB8) lookup.
+
+    Users are expected to manually add substitutions to the ``substitutions``
+    attribute after the object has been initialized, e.g.::
+
+        # reversesub [a e n] d' by d.alt;
+        prefix = [ ["a", "e", "n"] ]
+        suffix = []
+        mapping = { "d": "d.alt" }
+        builder.substitutions.append( (prefix, suffix, mapping) )
+
+    Attributes:
+        font (``fontTools.TTLib.TTFont``): A font object.
+        location: A string or tuple representing the location in the original
+            source which produced this lookup.
+        substitutions: A three-element tuple consisting of a prefix sequence,
+            a suffix sequence, and a dictionary of single substitutions.
+        lookupflag (int): The lookup's flag
+        markFilterSet: Either ``None`` if no mark filtering set is used, or
+            an integer representing the filtering set to be used for this
+            lookup. If a mark filtering set is provided,
+            `LOOKUP_FLAG_USE_MARK_FILTERING_SET` will be set on the lookup's
+            flags.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, font, location):
+        LookupBuilder.__init__(self, font, location, "GSUB", 8)
+        self.rules = []  # (prefix, suffix, mapping)
+
+    def equals(self, other):
+        return LookupBuilder.equals(self, other) and self.rules == other.rules
+
+    def build(self):
+        """Build the lookup.
+
+        Returns:
+            An ``otTables.Lookup`` object representing the chained
+            contextual substitution lookup.
+        """
+        subtables = []
+        for prefix, suffix, mapping in self.rules:
+            st = ot.ReverseChainSingleSubst()
+            st.Format = 1
+            self.setBacktrackCoverage_(prefix, st)
+            self.setLookAheadCoverage_(suffix, st)
+            st.Coverage = buildCoverage(mapping.keys(), self.glyphMap)
+            st.GlyphCount = len(mapping)
+            st.Substitute = [mapping[g] for g in st.Coverage.glyphs]
+            subtables.append(st)
+        return self.buildLookup_(subtables)
+
+    def add_subtable_break(self, location):
+        # Nothing to do here, each substitution is in its own subtable.
+        pass
+
+
+class SingleSubstBuilder(LookupBuilder):
+    """Builds a Single Substitution (GSUB1) lookup.
+
+    Users are expected to manually add substitutions to the ``mapping``
+    attribute after the object has been initialized, e.g.::
+
+        # sub x by y;
+        builder.mapping["x"] = "y"
+
+    Attributes:
+        font (``fontTools.TTLib.TTFont``): A font object.
+        location: A string or tuple representing the location in the original
+            source which produced this lookup.
+        mapping: A dictionary mapping a single glyph name to another glyph name.
+        lookupflag (int): The lookup's flag
+        markFilterSet: Either ``None`` if no mark filtering set is used, or
+            an integer representing the filtering set to be used for this
+            lookup. If a mark filtering set is provided,
+            `LOOKUP_FLAG_USE_MARK_FILTERING_SET` will be set on the lookup's
+            flags.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, font, location):
+        LookupBuilder.__init__(self, font, location, "GSUB", 1)
+        self.mapping = OrderedDict()
+
+    def equals(self, other):
+        return LookupBuilder.equals(self, other) and self.mapping == other.mapping
+
+    def build(self):
+        """Build the lookup.
+
+        Returns:
+            An ``otTables.Lookup`` object representing the multiple
+            substitution lookup.
+        """
+        subtables = self.build_subst_subtables(self.mapping, buildSingleSubstSubtable)
+        return self.buildLookup_(subtables)
+
+    def getAlternateGlyphs(self):
+        return {glyph: set([repl]) for glyph, repl in self.mapping.items()}
+
+    def add_subtable_break(self, location):
+        self.mapping[(self.SUBTABLE_BREAK_, location)] = self.SUBTABLE_BREAK_
+
+
+class ClassPairPosSubtableBuilder(object):
+    """Builds class-based Pair Positioning (GPOS2 format 2) subtables.
+
+    Note that this does *not* build a GPOS2 ``otTables.Lookup`` directly,
+    but builds a list of ``otTables.PairPos`` subtables. It is used by the
+    :class:`PairPosBuilder` below.
+
+    Attributes:
+        builder (PairPosBuilder): A pair positioning lookup builder.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, builder):
+        self.builder_ = builder
+        self.classDef1_, self.classDef2_ = None, None
+        self.values_ = {}  # (glyphclass1, glyphclass2) --> (value1, value2)
+        self.forceSubtableBreak_ = False
+        self.subtables_ = []
+
+    def addPair(self, gc1, value1, gc2, value2):
+        """Add a pair positioning rule.
+
+        Args:
+            gc1: A set of glyph names for the "left" glyph
+            value1: An ``otTables.ValueRecord`` object for the left glyph's
+                positioning.
+            gc2: A set of glyph names for the "right" glyph
+            value2: An ``otTables.ValueRecord`` object for the right glyph's
+                positioning.
+        """
+        mergeable = (
+            not self.forceSubtableBreak_
+            and self.classDef1_ is not None
+            and self.classDef1_.canAdd(gc1)
+            and self.classDef2_ is not None
+            and self.classDef2_.canAdd(gc2)
+        )
+        if not mergeable:
+            self.flush_()
+            self.classDef1_ = ClassDefBuilder(useClass0=True)
+            self.classDef2_ = ClassDefBuilder(useClass0=False)
+            self.values_ = {}
+        self.classDef1_.add(gc1)
+        self.classDef2_.add(gc2)
+        self.values_[(gc1, gc2)] = (value1, value2)
+
+    def addSubtableBreak(self):
+        """Add an explicit subtable break at this point."""
+        self.forceSubtableBreak_ = True
+
+    def subtables(self):
+        """Return the list of ``otTables.PairPos`` subtables constructed."""
+        self.flush_()
+        return self.subtables_
+
+    def flush_(self):
+        if self.classDef1_ is None or self.classDef2_ is None:
+            return
+        st = buildPairPosClassesSubtable(self.values_, self.builder_.glyphMap)
+        if st.Coverage is None:
+            return
+        self.subtables_.append(st)
+        self.forceSubtableBreak_ = False
+
+
+class PairPosBuilder(LookupBuilder):
+    """Builds a Pair Positioning (GPOS2) lookup.
+
+    Attributes:
+        font (``fontTools.TTLib.TTFont``): A font object.
+        location: A string or tuple representing the location in the original
+            source which produced this lookup.
+        pairs: An array of class-based pair positioning tuples. Usually
+            manipulated with the :meth:`addClassPair` method below.
+        glyphPairs: A dictionary mapping a tuple of glyph names to a tuple
+            of ``otTables.ValueRecord`` objects. Usually manipulated with the
+            :meth:`addGlyphPair` method below.
+        lookupflag (int): The lookup's flag
+        markFilterSet: Either ``None`` if no mark filtering set is used, or
+            an integer representing the filtering set to be used for this
+            lookup. If a mark filtering set is provided,
+            `LOOKUP_FLAG_USE_MARK_FILTERING_SET` will be set on the lookup's
+            flags.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, font, location):
+        LookupBuilder.__init__(self, font, location, "GPOS", 2)
+        self.pairs = []  # [(gc1, value1, gc2, value2)*]
+        self.glyphPairs = {}  # (glyph1, glyph2) --> (value1, value2)
+        self.locations = {}  # (gc1, gc2) --> (filepath, line, column)
+
+    def addClassPair(self, location, glyphclass1, value1, glyphclass2, value2):
+        """Add a class pair positioning rule to the current lookup.
+
+        Args:
+            location: A string or tuple representing the location in the
+                original source which produced this rule. Unused.
+            glyphclass1: A set of glyph names for the "left" glyph in the pair.
+            value1: A ``otTables.ValueRecord`` for positioning the left glyph.
+            glyphclass2: A set of glyph names for the "right" glyph in the pair.
+            value2: A ``otTables.ValueRecord`` for positioning the right glyph.
+        """
+        self.pairs.append((glyphclass1, value1, glyphclass2, value2))
+
+    def addGlyphPair(self, location, glyph1, value1, glyph2, value2):
+        """Add a glyph pair positioning rule to the current lookup.
+
+        Args:
+            location: A string or tuple representing the location in the
+                original source which produced this rule.
+            glyph1: A glyph name for the "left" glyph in the pair.
+            value1: A ``otTables.ValueRecord`` for positioning the left glyph.
+            glyph2: A glyph name for the "right" glyph in the pair.
+            value2: A ``otTables.ValueRecord`` for positioning the right glyph.
+        """
+        key = (glyph1, glyph2)
+        oldValue = self.glyphPairs.get(key, None)
+        if oldValue is not None:
+            # the Feature File spec explicitly allows specific pairs generated
+            # by an 'enum' rule to be overridden by preceding single pairs
+            otherLoc = self.locations[key]
+            log.debug(
+                "Already defined position for pair %s %s at %s; "
+                "choosing the first value",
+                glyph1,
+                glyph2,
+                otherLoc,
+            )
+        else:
+            self.glyphPairs[key] = (value1, value2)
+            self.locations[key] = location
+
+    def add_subtable_break(self, location):
+        self.pairs.append(
+            (
+                self.SUBTABLE_BREAK_,
+                self.SUBTABLE_BREAK_,
+                self.SUBTABLE_BREAK_,
+                self.SUBTABLE_BREAK_,
+            )
+        )
+
+    def equals(self, other):
+        return (
+            LookupBuilder.equals(self, other)
+            and self.glyphPairs == other.glyphPairs
+            and self.pairs == other.pairs
+        )
+
+    def build(self):
+        """Build the lookup.
+
+        Returns:
+            An ``otTables.Lookup`` object representing the pair positioning
+            lookup.
+        """
+        builders = {}
+        builder = None
+        for glyphclass1, value1, glyphclass2, value2 in self.pairs:
+            if glyphclass1 is self.SUBTABLE_BREAK_:
+                if builder is not None:
+                    builder.addSubtableBreak()
+                continue
+            valFormat1, valFormat2 = 0, 0
+            if value1:
+                valFormat1 = value1.getFormat()
+            if value2:
+                valFormat2 = value2.getFormat()
+            builder = builders.get((valFormat1, valFormat2))
+            if builder is None:
+                builder = ClassPairPosSubtableBuilder(self)
+                builders[(valFormat1, valFormat2)] = builder
+            builder.addPair(glyphclass1, value1, glyphclass2, value2)
+        subtables = []
+        if self.glyphPairs:
+            subtables.extend(buildPairPosGlyphs(self.glyphPairs, self.glyphMap))
+        for key in sorted(builders.keys()):
+            subtables.extend(builders[key].subtables())
+        lookup = self.buildLookup_(subtables)
+
+        # Compact the lookup
+        # This is a good moment to do it because the compaction should create
+        # smaller subtables, which may prevent overflows from happening.
+        mode = os.environ.get(GPOS_COMPACT_MODE_ENV_KEY, GPOS_COMPACT_MODE_DEFAULT)
+        if mode and mode != "0":
+            log.info("Compacting GPOS...")
+            compact_lookup(self.font, mode, lookup)
+
+        return lookup
+
+
+class SinglePosBuilder(LookupBuilder):
+    """Builds a Single Positioning (GPOS1) lookup.
+
+    Attributes:
+        font (``fontTools.TTLib.TTFont``): A font object.
+        location: A string or tuple representing the location in the original
+            source which produced this lookup.
+        mapping: A dictionary mapping a glyph name to a ``otTables.ValueRecord``
+            objects. Usually manipulated with the :meth:`add_pos` method below.
+        lookupflag (int): The lookup's flag
+        markFilterSet: Either ``None`` if no mark filtering set is used, or
+            an integer representing the filtering set to be used for this
+            lookup. If a mark filtering set is provided,
+            `LOOKUP_FLAG_USE_MARK_FILTERING_SET` will be set on the lookup's
+            flags.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, font, location):
+        LookupBuilder.__init__(self, font, location, "GPOS", 1)
+        self.locations = {}  # glyph -> (filename, line, column)
+        self.mapping = {}  # glyph -> ot.ValueRecord
+
+    def add_pos(self, location, glyph, otValueRecord):
+        """Add a single positioning rule.
+
+        Args:
+            location: A string or tuple representing the location in the
+                original source which produced this lookup.
+            glyph: A glyph name.
+            otValueRection: A ``otTables.ValueRecord`` used to position the
+                glyph.
+        """
+        if not self.can_add(glyph, otValueRecord):
+            otherLoc = self.locations[glyph]
+            raise OpenTypeLibError(
+                'Already defined different position for glyph "%s" at %s'
+                % (glyph, otherLoc),
+                location,
+            )
+        if otValueRecord:
+            self.mapping[glyph] = otValueRecord
+        self.locations[glyph] = location
+
+    def can_add(self, glyph, value):
+        assert isinstance(value, ValueRecord)
+        curValue = self.mapping.get(glyph)
+        return curValue is None or curValue == value
+
+    def equals(self, other):
+        return LookupBuilder.equals(self, other) and self.mapping == other.mapping
+
+    def build(self):
+        """Build the lookup.
+
+        Returns:
+            An ``otTables.Lookup`` object representing the single positioning
+            lookup.
+        """
+        subtables = buildSinglePos(self.mapping, self.glyphMap)
+        return self.buildLookup_(subtables)
+
+
 # GSUB
 
 
 def buildSingleSubstSubtable(mapping):
+    """Builds a single substitution (GSUB1) subtable.
+
+    Note that if you are implementing a layout compiler, you may find it more
+    flexible to use
+    :py:class:`fontTools.otlLib.lookupBuilders.SingleSubstBuilder` instead.
+
+    Args:
+        mapping: A dictionary mapping input glyph names to output glyph names.
+
+    Returns:
+        An ``otTables.SingleSubst`` object, or ``None`` if the mapping dictionary
+        is empty.
+    """
     if not mapping:
         return None
     self = ot.SingleSubst()
@@ -58,6 +1475,30 @@
 
 
 def buildMultipleSubstSubtable(mapping):
+    """Builds a multiple substitution (GSUB2) subtable.
+
+    Note that if you are implementing a layout compiler, you may find it more
+    flexible to use
+    :py:class:`fontTools.otlLib.lookupBuilders.MultipleSubstBuilder` instead.
+
+    Example::
+
+        # sub uni06C0 by uni06D5.fina hamza.above
+        # sub uni06C2 by uni06C1.fina hamza.above;
+
+        subtable = buildMultipleSubstSubtable({
+            "uni06C0": [ "uni06D5.fina", "hamza.above"],
+            "uni06C2": [ "uni06D1.fina", "hamza.above"]
+        })
+
+    Args:
+        mapping: A dictionary mapping input glyph names to a list of output
+            glyph names.
+
+    Returns:
+        An ``otTables.MultipleSubst`` object or ``None`` if the mapping dictionary
+        is empty.
+    """
     if not mapping:
         return None
     self = ot.MultipleSubst()
@@ -66,6 +1507,20 @@
 
 
 def buildAlternateSubstSubtable(mapping):
+    """Builds an alternate substitution (GSUB3) subtable.
+
+    Note that if you are implementing a layout compiler, you may find it more
+    flexible to use
+    :py:class:`fontTools.otlLib.lookupBuilders.AlternateSubstBuilder` instead.
+
+    Args:
+        mapping: A dictionary mapping input glyph names to a list of output
+            glyph names.
+
+    Returns:
+        An ``otTables.AlternateSubst`` object or ``None`` if the mapping dictionary
+        is empty.
+    """
     if not mapping:
         return None
     self = ot.AlternateSubst()
@@ -74,20 +1529,44 @@
 
 
 def _getLigatureKey(components):
-    """Computes a key for ordering ligatures in a GSUB Type-4 lookup.
+    # Computes a key for ordering ligatures in a GSUB Type-4 lookup.
 
-    When building the OpenType lookup, we need to make sure that
-    the longest sequence of components is listed first, so we
-    use the negative length as the primary key for sorting.
-    To make buildLigatureSubstSubtable() deterministic, we use the
-    component sequence as the secondary key.
+    # When building the OpenType lookup, we need to make sure that
+    # the longest sequence of components is listed first, so we
+    # use the negative length as the primary key for sorting.
+    # To make buildLigatureSubstSubtable() deterministic, we use the
+    # component sequence as the secondary key.
 
-    For example, this will sort (f,f,f) < (f,f,i) < (f,f) < (f,i) < (f,l).
-    """
+    # For example, this will sort (f,f,f) < (f,f,i) < (f,f) < (f,i) < (f,l).
     return (-len(components), components)
 
 
 def buildLigatureSubstSubtable(mapping):
+    """Builds a ligature substitution (GSUB4) subtable.
+
+    Note that if you are implementing a layout compiler, you may find it more
+    flexible to use
+    :py:class:`fontTools.otlLib.lookupBuilders.LigatureSubstBuilder` instead.
+
+    Example::
+
+        # sub f f i by f_f_i;
+        # sub f i by f_i;
+
+        subtable = buildLigatureSubstSubtable({
+            ("f", "f", "i"): "f_f_i",
+            ("f", "i"): "f_i",
+        })
+
+    Args:
+        mapping: A dictionary mapping tuples of glyph names to output
+            glyph names.
+
+    Returns:
+        An ``otTables.LigatureSubst`` object or ``None`` if the mapping dictionary
+        is empty.
+    """
+
     if not mapping:
         return None
     self = ot.LigatureSubst()
@@ -109,6 +1588,20 @@
 
 
 def buildAnchor(x, y, point=None, deviceX=None, deviceY=None):
+    """Builds an Anchor table.
+
+    This determines the appropriate anchor format based on the passed parameters.
+
+    Args:
+        x (int): X coordinate.
+        y (int): Y coordinate.
+        point (int): Index of glyph contour point, if provided.
+        deviceX (``otTables.Device``): X coordinate device table, if provided.
+        deviceY (``otTables.Device``): Y coordinate device table, if provided.
+
+    Returns:
+        An ``otTables.Anchor`` object.
+    """
     self = ot.Anchor()
     self.XCoordinate, self.YCoordinate = x, y
     self.Format = 1
@@ -116,8 +1609,9 @@
         self.AnchorPoint = point
         self.Format = 2
     if deviceX is not None or deviceY is not None:
-        assert self.Format == 1, \
-            "Either point, or both of deviceX/deviceY, must be None."
+        assert (
+            self.Format == 1
+        ), "Either point, or both of deviceX/deviceY, must be None."
         self.XDeviceTable = deviceX
         self.YDeviceTable = deviceY
         self.Format = 3
@@ -125,6 +1619,31 @@
 
 
 def buildBaseArray(bases, numMarkClasses, glyphMap):
+    """Builds a base array record.
+
+    As part of building mark-to-base positioning rules, you will need to define
+    a ``BaseArray`` record, which "defines for each base glyph an array of
+    anchors, one for each mark class." This function builds the base array
+    subtable.
+
+    Example::
+
+        bases = {"a": {0: a3, 1: a5}, "b": {0: a4, 1: a5}}
+        basearray = buildBaseArray(bases, 2, font.getReverseGlyphMap())
+
+    Args:
+        bases (dict): A dictionary mapping anchors to glyphs; the keys being
+            glyph names, and the values being dictionaries mapping mark class ID
+            to the appropriate ``otTables.Anchor`` object used for attaching marks
+            of that class.
+        numMarkClasses (int): The total number of mark classes for which anchors
+            are defined.
+        glyphMap: a glyph name to ID map, typically returned from
+            ``font.getReverseGlyphMap()``.
+
+    Returns:
+        An ``otTables.BaseArray`` object.
+    """
     self = ot.BaseArray()
     self.BaseRecord = []
     for base in sorted(bases, key=glyphMap.__getitem__):
@@ -136,14 +1655,27 @@
 
 
 def buildBaseRecord(anchors):
-    """[otTables.Anchor, otTables.Anchor, ...] --> otTables.BaseRecord"""
+    # [otTables.Anchor, otTables.Anchor, ...] --> otTables.BaseRecord
     self = ot.BaseRecord()
     self.BaseAnchor = anchors
     return self
 
 
 def buildComponentRecord(anchors):
-    """[otTables.Anchor, otTables.Anchor, ...] --> otTables.ComponentRecord"""
+    """Builds a component record.
+
+    As part of building mark-to-ligature positioning rules, you will need to
+    define ``ComponentRecord`` objects, which contain "an array of offsets...
+    to the Anchor tables that define all the attachment points used to attach
+    marks to the component." This function builds the component record.
+
+    Args:
+        anchors: A list of ``otTables.Anchor`` objects or ``None``.
+
+    Returns:
+        A ``otTables.ComponentRecord`` object or ``None`` if no anchors are
+        supplied.
+    """
     if not anchors:
         return None
     self = ot.ComponentRecord()
@@ -152,7 +1684,30 @@
 
 
 def buildCursivePosSubtable(attach, glyphMap):
-    """{"alef": (entry, exit)} --> otTables.CursivePos"""
+    """Builds a cursive positioning (GPOS3) subtable.
+
+    Cursive positioning lookups are made up of a coverage table of glyphs,
+    and a set of ``EntryExitRecord`` records containing the anchors for
+    each glyph. This function builds the cursive positioning subtable.
+
+    Example::
+
+        subtable = buildCursivePosSubtable({
+            "AlifIni": (None, buildAnchor(0, 50)),
+            "BehMed": (buildAnchor(500,250), buildAnchor(0,50)),
+            # ...
+        }, font.getReverseGlyphMap())
+
+    Args:
+        attach (dict): A mapping between glyph names and a tuple of two
+            ``otTables.Anchor`` objects representing entry and exit anchors.
+        glyphMap: a glyph name to ID map, typically returned from
+            ``font.getReverseGlyphMap()``.
+
+    Returns:
+        An ``otTables.CursivePos`` object, or ``None`` if the attachment
+        dictionary was empty.
+    """
     if not attach:
         return None
     self = ot.CursivePos()
@@ -170,7 +1725,22 @@
 
 
 def buildDevice(deltas):
-    """{8:+1, 10:-3, ...} --> otTables.Device"""
+    """Builds a Device record as part of a ValueRecord or Anchor.
+
+    Device tables specify size-specific adjustments to value records
+    and anchors to reflect changes based on the resolution of the output.
+    For example, one could specify that an anchor's Y position should be
+    increased by 1 pixel when displayed at 8 pixels per em. This routine
+    builds device records.
+
+    Args:
+        deltas: A dictionary mapping pixels-per-em sizes to the delta
+            adjustment in pixels when the font is displayed at that size.
+
+    Returns:
+        An ``otTables.Device`` object if any deltas were supplied, or
+        ``None`` otherwise.
+    """
     if not deltas:
         return None
     self = ot.Device()
@@ -179,8 +1749,8 @@
     self.EndSize = endSize = max(keys)
     assert 0 <= startSize <= endSize
     self.DeltaValue = deltaValues = [
-        deltas.get(size, 0)
-        for size in range(startSize, endSize + 1)]
+        deltas.get(size, 0) for size in range(startSize, endSize + 1)
+    ]
     maxDelta = max(deltaValues)
     minDelta = min(deltaValues)
     assert minDelta > -129 and maxDelta < 128
@@ -194,6 +1764,36 @@
 
 
 def buildLigatureArray(ligs, numMarkClasses, glyphMap):
+    """Builds a LigatureArray subtable.
+
+    As part of building a mark-to-ligature lookup, you will need to define
+    the set of anchors (for each mark class) on each component of the ligature
+    where marks can be attached. For example, for an Arabic divine name ligature
+    (lam lam heh), you may want to specify mark attachment positioning for
+    superior marks (fatha, etc.) and inferior marks (kasra, etc.) on each glyph
+    of the ligature. This routine builds the ligature array record.
+
+    Example::
+
+        buildLigatureArray({
+            "lam-lam-heh": [
+                { 0: superiorAnchor1, 1: inferiorAnchor1 }, # attach points for lam1
+                { 0: superiorAnchor2, 1: inferiorAnchor2 }, # attach points for lam2
+                { 0: superiorAnchor3, 1: inferiorAnchor3 }, # attach points for heh
+            ]
+        }, 2, font.getReverseGlyphMap())
+
+    Args:
+        ligs (dict): A mapping of ligature names to an array of dictionaries:
+            for each component glyph in the ligature, an dictionary mapping
+            mark class IDs to anchors.
+        numMarkClasses (int): The number of mark classes.
+        glyphMap: a glyph name to ID map, typically returned from
+            ``font.getReverseGlyphMap()``.
+
+    Returns:
+        An ``otTables.LigatureArray`` object if deltas were supplied.
+    """
     self = ot.LigatureArray()
     self.LigatureAttach = []
     for lig in sorted(ligs, key=glyphMap.__getitem__):
@@ -206,7 +1806,7 @@
 
 
 def buildLigatureAttach(components):
-    """[[Anchor, Anchor], [Anchor, Anchor, Anchor]] --> LigatureAttach"""
+    # [[Anchor, Anchor], [Anchor, Anchor, Anchor]] --> LigatureAttach
     self = ot.LigatureAttach()
     self.ComponentRecord = [buildComponentRecord(c) for c in components]
     self.ComponentCount = len(self.ComponentRecord)
@@ -214,7 +1814,31 @@
 
 
 def buildMarkArray(marks, glyphMap):
-    """{"acute": (markClass, otTables.Anchor)} --> otTables.MarkArray"""
+    """Builds a mark array subtable.
+
+    As part of building mark-to-* positioning rules, you will need to define
+    a MarkArray subtable, which "defines the class and the anchor point
+    for a mark glyph." This function builds the mark array subtable.
+
+    Example::
+
+        mark = {
+            "acute": (0, buildAnchor(300,712)),
+            # ...
+        }
+        markarray = buildMarkArray(marks, font.getReverseGlyphMap())
+
+    Args:
+        marks (dict): A dictionary mapping anchors to glyphs; the keys being
+            glyph names, and the values being a tuple of mark class number and
+            an ``otTables.Anchor`` object representing the mark's attachment
+            point.
+        glyphMap: a glyph name to ID map, typically returned from
+            ``font.getReverseGlyphMap()``.
+
+    Returns:
+        An ``otTables.MarkArray`` object.
+    """
     self = ot.MarkArray()
     self.MarkRecord = []
     for mark in sorted(marks.keys(), key=glyphMap.__getitem__):
@@ -226,11 +1850,40 @@
 
 
 def buildMarkBasePos(marks, bases, glyphMap):
-    """Build a list of MarkBasePos subtables.
+    """Build a list of MarkBasePos (GPOS4) subtables.
 
-    a1, a2, a3, a4, a5 = buildAnchor(500, 100), ...
-    marks = {"acute": (0, a1), "grave": (0, a1), "cedilla": (1, a2)}
-    bases = {"a": {0: a3, 1: a5}, "b": {0: a4, 1: a5}}
+    This routine turns a set of marks and bases into a list of mark-to-base
+    positioning subtables. Currently the list will contain a single subtable
+    containing all marks and bases, although at a later date it may return the
+    optimal list of subtables subsetting the marks and bases into groups which
+    save space. See :func:`buildMarkBasePosSubtable` below.
+
+    Note that if you are implementing a layout compiler, you may find it more
+    flexible to use
+    :py:class:`fontTools.otlLib.lookupBuilders.MarkBasePosBuilder` instead.
+
+    Example::
+
+        # a1, a2, a3, a4, a5 = buildAnchor(500, 100), ...
+
+        marks = {"acute": (0, a1), "grave": (0, a1), "cedilla": (1, a2)}
+        bases = {"a": {0: a3, 1: a5}, "b": {0: a4, 1: a5}}
+        markbaseposes = buildMarkBasePos(marks, bases, font.getReverseGlyphMap())
+
+    Args:
+        marks (dict): A dictionary mapping anchors to glyphs; the keys being
+            glyph names, and the values being a tuple of mark class number and
+            an ``otTables.Anchor`` object representing the mark's attachment
+            point. (See :func:`buildMarkArray`.)
+        bases (dict): A dictionary mapping anchors to glyphs; the keys being
+            glyph names, and the values being dictionaries mapping mark class ID
+            to the appropriate ``otTables.Anchor`` object used for attaching marks
+            of that class. (See :func:`buildBaseArray`.)
+        glyphMap: a glyph name to ID map, typically returned from
+            ``font.getReverseGlyphMap()``.
+
+    Returns:
+        A list of ``otTables.MarkBasePos`` objects.
     """
     # TODO: Consider emitting multiple subtables to save space.
     # Partition the marks and bases into disjoint subsets, so that
@@ -247,11 +1900,25 @@
 
 
 def buildMarkBasePosSubtable(marks, bases, glyphMap):
-    """Build a single MarkBasePos subtable.
+    """Build a single MarkBasePos (GPOS4) subtable.
 
-    a1, a2, a3, a4, a5 = buildAnchor(500, 100), ...
-    marks = {"acute": (0, a1), "grave": (0, a1), "cedilla": (1, a2)}
-    bases = {"a": {0: a3, 1: a5}, "b": {0: a4, 1: a5}}
+    This builds a mark-to-base lookup subtable containing all of the referenced
+    marks and bases. See :func:`buildMarkBasePos`.
+
+    Args:
+        marks (dict): A dictionary mapping anchors to glyphs; the keys being
+            glyph names, and the values being a tuple of mark class number and
+            an ``otTables.Anchor`` object representing the mark's attachment
+            point. (See :func:`buildMarkArray`.)
+        bases (dict): A dictionary mapping anchors to glyphs; the keys being
+            glyph names, and the values being dictionaries mapping mark class ID
+            to the appropriate ``otTables.Anchor`` object used for attaching marks
+            of that class. (See :func:`buildBaseArray`.)
+        glyphMap: a glyph name to ID map, typically returned from
+            ``font.getReverseGlyphMap()``.
+
+    Returns:
+        A ``otTables.MarkBasePos`` object.
     """
     self = ot.MarkBasePos()
     self.Format = 1
@@ -264,11 +1931,50 @@
 
 
 def buildMarkLigPos(marks, ligs, glyphMap):
-    """Build a list of MarkLigPos subtables.
+    """Build a list of MarkLigPos (GPOS5) subtables.
 
-    a1, a2, a3, a4, a5 = buildAnchor(500, 100), ...
-    marks = {"acute": (0, a1), "grave": (0, a1), "cedilla": (1, a2)}
-    ligs = {"f_i": [{0: a3, 1: a5},  {0: a4, 1: a5}], "c_t": [{...}, {...}]}
+    This routine turns a set of marks and ligatures into a list of mark-to-ligature
+    positioning subtables. Currently the list will contain a single subtable
+    containing all marks and ligatures, although at a later date it may return
+    the optimal list of subtables subsetting the marks and ligatures into groups
+    which save space. See :func:`buildMarkLigPosSubtable` below.
+
+    Note that if you are implementing a layout compiler, you may find it more
+    flexible to use
+    :py:class:`fontTools.otlLib.lookupBuilders.MarkLigPosBuilder` instead.
+
+    Example::
+
+        # a1, a2, a3, a4, a5 = buildAnchor(500, 100), ...
+        marks = {
+            "acute": (0, a1),
+            "grave": (0, a1),
+            "cedilla": (1, a2)
+        }
+        ligs = {
+            "f_i": [
+                { 0: a3, 1: a5 }, # f
+                { 0: a4, 1: a5 }  # i
+                ],
+        #   "c_t": [{...}, {...}]
+        }
+        markligposes = buildMarkLigPos(marks, ligs,
+            font.getReverseGlyphMap())
+
+    Args:
+        marks (dict): A dictionary mapping anchors to glyphs; the keys being
+            glyph names, and the values being a tuple of mark class number and
+            an ``otTables.Anchor`` object representing the mark's attachment
+            point. (See :func:`buildMarkArray`.)
+        ligs (dict): A mapping of ligature names to an array of dictionaries:
+            for each component glyph in the ligature, an dictionary mapping
+            mark class IDs to anchors. (See :func:`buildLigatureArray`.)
+        glyphMap: a glyph name to ID map, typically returned from
+            ``font.getReverseGlyphMap()``.
+
+    Returns:
+        A list of ``otTables.MarkLigPos`` objects.
+
     """
     # TODO: Consider splitting into multiple subtables to save space,
     # as with MarkBasePos, this would be a trade-off that would need
@@ -278,11 +1984,24 @@
 
 
 def buildMarkLigPosSubtable(marks, ligs, glyphMap):
-    """Build a single MarkLigPos subtable.
+    """Build a single MarkLigPos (GPOS5) subtable.
 
-    a1, a2, a3, a4, a5 = buildAnchor(500, 100), ...
-    marks = {"acute": (0, a1), "grave": (0, a1), "cedilla": (1, a2)}
-    ligs = {"f_i": [{0: a3, 1: a5},  {0: a4, 1: a5}], "c_t": [{...}, {...}]}
+    This builds a mark-to-base lookup subtable containing all of the referenced
+    marks and bases. See :func:`buildMarkLigPos`.
+
+    Args:
+        marks (dict): A dictionary mapping anchors to glyphs; the keys being
+            glyph names, and the values being a tuple of mark class number and
+            an ``otTables.Anchor`` object representing the mark's attachment
+            point. (See :func:`buildMarkArray`.)
+        ligs (dict): A mapping of ligature names to an array of dictionaries:
+            for each component glyph in the ligature, an dictionary mapping
+            mark class IDs to anchors. (See :func:`buildLigatureArray`.)
+        glyphMap: a glyph name to ID map, typically returned from
+            ``font.getReverseGlyphMap()``.
+
+    Returns:
+        A ``otTables.MarkLigPos`` object.
     """
     self = ot.MarkLigPos()
     self.Format = 1
@@ -304,14 +2023,14 @@
 
 
 def buildMark2Record(anchors):
-    """[otTables.Anchor, otTables.Anchor, ...] --> otTables.Mark2Record"""
+    # [otTables.Anchor, otTables.Anchor, ...] --> otTables.Mark2Record
     self = ot.Mark2Record()
     self.Mark2Anchor = anchors
     return self
 
 
 def _getValueFormat(f, values, i):
-    """Helper for buildPairPos{Glyphs|Classes}Subtable."""
+    # Helper for buildPairPos{Glyphs|Classes}Subtable.
     if f is not None:
         return f
     mask = 0
@@ -321,8 +2040,45 @@
     return mask
 
 
-def buildPairPosClassesSubtable(pairs, glyphMap,
-                                valueFormat1=None, valueFormat2=None):
+def buildPairPosClassesSubtable(pairs, glyphMap, valueFormat1=None, valueFormat2=None):
+    """Builds a class pair adjustment (GPOS2 format 2) subtable.
+
+    Kerning tables are generally expressed as pair positioning tables using
+    class-based pair adjustments. This routine builds format 2 PairPos
+    subtables.
+
+    Note that if you are implementing a layout compiler, you may find it more
+    flexible to use
+    :py:class:`fontTools.otlLib.lookupBuilders.ClassPairPosSubtableBuilder`
+    instead, as this takes care of ensuring that the supplied pairs can be
+    formed into non-overlapping classes and emitting individual subtables
+    whenever the non-overlapping requirement means that a new subtable is
+    required.
+
+    Example::
+
+        pairs = {}
+
+        pairs[(
+            [ "K", "X" ],
+            [ "W", "V" ]
+        )] = ( buildValue(xAdvance=+5), buildValue() )
+        # pairs[(... , ...)] = (..., ...)
+
+        pairpos = buildPairPosClassesSubtable(pairs, font.getReverseGlyphMap())
+
+    Args:
+        pairs (dict): Pair positioning data; the keys being a two-element
+            tuple of lists of glyphnames, and the values being a two-element
+            tuple of ``otTables.ValueRecord`` objects.
+        glyphMap: a glyph name to ID map, typically returned from
+            ``font.getReverseGlyphMap()``.
+        valueFormat1: Force the "left" value records to the given format.
+        valueFormat2: Force the "right" value records to the given format.
+
+    Returns:
+        A ``otTables.PairPos`` object.
+    """
     coverage = set()
     classDef1 = ClassDefBuilder(useClass0=True)
     classDef2 = ClassDefBuilder(useClass0=False)
@@ -332,8 +2088,8 @@
         classDef2.add(gc2)
     self = ot.PairPos()
     self.Format = 2
-    self.ValueFormat1 = _getValueFormat(valueFormat1, pairs.values(), 0)
-    self.ValueFormat2 = _getValueFormat(valueFormat2, pairs.values(), 1)
+    valueFormat1 = self.ValueFormat1 = _getValueFormat(valueFormat1, pairs.values(), 0)
+    valueFormat2 = self.ValueFormat2 = _getValueFormat(valueFormat2, pairs.values(), 1)
     self.Coverage = buildCoverage(coverage, glyphMap)
     self.ClassDef1 = classDef1.build()
     self.ClassDef2 = classDef2.build()
@@ -346,7 +2102,9 @@
         self.Class1Record.append(rec1)
         for c2 in classes2:
             rec2 = ot.Class2Record()
-            rec2.Value1, rec2.Value2 = pairs.get((c1, c2), (None, None))
+            val1, val2 = pairs.get((c1, c2), (None, None))
+            rec2.Value1 = ValueRecord(src=val1, valueFormat=valueFormat1) if valueFormat1 else None
+            rec2.Value2 = ValueRecord(src=val2, valueFormat=valueFormat2) if valueFormat2 else None
             rec1.Class2Record.append(rec2)
     self.Class1Count = len(self.Class1Record)
     self.Class2Count = len(classes2)
@@ -354,6 +2112,37 @@
 
 
 def buildPairPosGlyphs(pairs, glyphMap):
+    """Builds a list of glyph-based pair adjustment (GPOS2 format 1) subtables.
+
+    This organises a list of pair positioning adjustments into subtables based
+    on common value record formats.
+
+    Note that if you are implementing a layout compiler, you may find it more
+    flexible to use
+    :py:class:`fontTools.otlLib.lookupBuilders.PairPosBuilder`
+    instead.
+
+    Example::
+
+        pairs = {
+            ("K", "W"): ( buildValue(xAdvance=+5), buildValue() ),
+            ("K", "V"): ( buildValue(xAdvance=+5), buildValue() ),
+            # ...
+        }
+
+        subtables = buildPairPosGlyphs(pairs, font.getReverseGlyphMap())
+
+    Args:
+        pairs (dict): Pair positioning data; the keys being a two-element
+            tuple of glyphnames, and the values being a two-element
+            tuple of ``otTables.ValueRecord`` objects.
+        glyphMap: a glyph name to ID map, typically returned from
+            ``font.getReverseGlyphMap()``.
+
+    Returns:
+        A list of ``otTables.PairPos`` objects.
+    """
+
     p = {}  # (formatA, formatB) --> {(glyphA, glyphB): (valA, valB)}
     for (glyphA, glyphB), (valA, valB) in pairs.items():
         formatA = valA.getFormat() if valA is not None else 0
@@ -362,15 +2151,46 @@
         pos[(glyphA, glyphB)] = (valA, valB)
     return [
         buildPairPosGlyphsSubtable(pos, glyphMap, formatA, formatB)
-        for ((formatA, formatB), pos) in sorted(p.items())]
+        for ((formatA, formatB), pos) in sorted(p.items())
+    ]
 
 
-def buildPairPosGlyphsSubtable(pairs, glyphMap,
-                               valueFormat1=None, valueFormat2=None):
+def buildPairPosGlyphsSubtable(pairs, glyphMap, valueFormat1=None, valueFormat2=None):
+    """Builds a single glyph-based pair adjustment (GPOS2 format 1) subtable.
+
+    This builds a PairPos subtable from a dictionary of glyph pairs and
+    their positioning adjustments. See also :func:`buildPairPosGlyphs`.
+
+    Note that if you are implementing a layout compiler, you may find it more
+    flexible to use
+    :py:class:`fontTools.otlLib.lookupBuilders.PairPosBuilder` instead.
+
+    Example::
+
+        pairs = {
+            ("K", "W"): ( buildValue(xAdvance=+5), buildValue() ),
+            ("K", "V"): ( buildValue(xAdvance=+5), buildValue() ),
+            # ...
+        }
+
+        pairpos = buildPairPosGlyphsSubtable(pairs, font.getReverseGlyphMap())
+
+    Args:
+        pairs (dict): Pair positioning data; the keys being a two-element
+            tuple of glyphnames, and the values being a two-element
+            tuple of ``otTables.ValueRecord`` objects.
+        glyphMap: a glyph name to ID map, typically returned from
+            ``font.getReverseGlyphMap()``.
+        valueFormat1: Force the "left" value records to the given format.
+        valueFormat2: Force the "right" value records to the given format.
+
+    Returns:
+        A ``otTables.PairPos`` object.
+    """
     self = ot.PairPos()
     self.Format = 1
-    self.ValueFormat1 = _getValueFormat(valueFormat1, pairs.values(), 0)
-    self.ValueFormat2 = _getValueFormat(valueFormat2, pairs.values(), 1)
+    valueFormat1 = self.ValueFormat1 = _getValueFormat(valueFormat1, pairs.values(), 0)
+    valueFormat2 = self.ValueFormat2 = _getValueFormat(valueFormat2, pairs.values(), 1)
     p = {}
     for (glyphA, glyphB), (valA, valB) in pairs.items():
         p.setdefault(glyphA, []).append((glyphB, valA, valB))
@@ -380,12 +2200,11 @@
         ps = ot.PairSet()
         ps.PairValueRecord = []
         self.PairSet.append(ps)
-        for glyph2, val1, val2 in \
-                sorted(p[glyph], key=lambda x: glyphMap[x[0]]):
+        for glyph2, val1, val2 in sorted(p[glyph], key=lambda x: glyphMap[x[0]]):
             pvr = ot.PairValueRecord()
             pvr.SecondGlyph = glyph2
-            pvr.Value1 = val1 if val1 and val1.getFormat() != 0 else None
-            pvr.Value2 = val2 if val2 and val2.getFormat() != 0 else None
+            pvr.Value1 = ValueRecord(src=val1, valueFormat=valueFormat1) if valueFormat1 else None
+            pvr.Value2 = ValueRecord(src=val2, valueFormat=valueFormat2) if valueFormat2 else None
             ps.PairValueRecord.append(pvr)
         ps.PairValueCount = len(ps.PairValueRecord)
     self.PairSetCount = len(self.PairSet)
@@ -393,7 +2212,35 @@
 
 
 def buildSinglePos(mapping, glyphMap):
-    """{"glyph": ValueRecord} --> [otTables.SinglePos*]"""
+    """Builds a list of single adjustment (GPOS1) subtables.
+
+    This builds a list of SinglePos subtables from a dictionary of glyph
+    names and their positioning adjustments. The format of the subtables are
+    determined to optimize the size of the resulting subtables.
+    See also :func:`buildSinglePosSubtable`.
+
+    Note that if you are implementing a layout compiler, you may find it more
+    flexible to use
+    :py:class:`fontTools.otlLib.lookupBuilders.SinglePosBuilder` instead.
+
+    Example::
+
+        mapping = {
+            "V": buildValue({ "xAdvance" : +5 }),
+            # ...
+        }
+
+        subtables = buildSinglePos(pairs, font.getReverseGlyphMap())
+
+    Args:
+        mapping (dict): A mapping between glyphnames and
+            ``otTables.ValueRecord`` objects.
+        glyphMap: a glyph name to ID map, typically returned from
+            ``font.getReverseGlyphMap()``.
+
+    Returns:
+        A list of ``otTables.SinglePos`` objects.
+    """
     result, handled = [], set()
     # In SinglePos format 1, the covered glyphs all share the same ValueRecord.
     # In format 2, each glyph has its own ValueRecord, but these records
@@ -408,7 +2255,8 @@
     # If a ValueRecord is shared between multiple glyphs, we generate
     # a SinglePos format 1 subtable; that is the most compact form.
     for key, glyphs in coverages.items():
-        if len(glyphs) > 1:
+        # 5 ushorts is the length of introducing another sublookup
+        if len(glyphs) * _getSinglePosValueSize(key) > 5:
             format1Mapping = {g: values[key] for g in glyphs}
             result.append(buildSinglePosSubtable(format1Mapping, glyphMap))
             handled.add(key)
@@ -419,17 +2267,18 @@
     for valueFormat, keys in masks.items():
         f2 = [k for k in keys if k not in handled]
         if len(f2) > 1:
-            format2Mapping = {coverages[k][0]: values[k] for k in f2}
+            format2Mapping = {}
+            for k in f2:
+                format2Mapping.update((g, values[k]) for g in coverages[k])
             result.append(buildSinglePosSubtable(format2Mapping, glyphMap))
             handled.update(f2)
 
-    # The remaining ValueRecords are singletons in the sense that
-    # they are only used by a single glyph, and their valueFormat
-    # is unique as well. We encode these in format 1 again.
+    # The remaining ValueRecords are only used by a few glyphs, normally
+    # one. We encode these in format 1 again.
     for key, glyphs in coverages.items():
         if key not in handled:
-            assert len(glyphs) == 1, glyphs
-            st = buildSinglePosSubtable({glyphs[0]: values[key]}, glyphMap)
+            for g in glyphs:
+                st = buildSinglePosSubtable({g: values[key]}, glyphMap)
             result.append(st)
 
     # When the OpenType layout engine traverses the subtables, it will
@@ -445,13 +2294,39 @@
 
 
 def buildSinglePosSubtable(values, glyphMap):
-    """{glyphName: otBase.ValueRecord} --> otTables.SinglePos"""
+    """Builds a single adjustment (GPOS1) subtable.
+
+    This builds a list of SinglePos subtables from a dictionary of glyph
+    names and their positioning adjustments. The format of the subtable is
+    determined to optimize the size of the output.
+    See also :func:`buildSinglePos`.
+
+    Note that if you are implementing a layout compiler, you may find it more
+    flexible to use
+    :py:class:`fontTools.otlLib.lookupBuilders.SinglePosBuilder` instead.
+
+    Example::
+
+        mapping = {
+            "V": buildValue({ "xAdvance" : +5 }),
+            # ...
+        }
+
+        subtable = buildSinglePos(pairs, font.getReverseGlyphMap())
+
+    Args:
+        mapping (dict): A mapping between glyphnames and
+            ``otTables.ValueRecord`` objects.
+        glyphMap: a glyph name to ID map, typically returned from
+            ``font.getReverseGlyphMap()``.
+
+    Returns:
+        A ``otTables.SinglePos`` object.
+    """
     self = ot.SinglePos()
     self.Coverage = buildCoverage(values.keys(), glyphMap)
-    valueRecords = [values[g] for g in self.Coverage.glyphs]
-    self.ValueFormat = 0
-    for v in valueRecords:
-        self.ValueFormat |= v.getFormat()
+    valueFormat = self.ValueFormat = reduce(int.__or__, [v.getFormat() for v in values.values()], 0)
+    valueRecords = [ValueRecord(src=values[g], valueFormat=valueFormat) for g in self.Coverage.glyphs]
     if all(v == valueRecords[0] for v in valueRecords):
         self.Format = 1
         if self.ValueFormat != 0:
@@ -472,7 +2347,7 @@
 
 
 def _getSinglePosValueKey(valueRecord):
-    """otBase.ValueRecord --> (2, ("YPlacement": 12))"""
+    # otBase.ValueRecord --> (2, ("YPlacement": 12))
     assert isinstance(valueRecord, ValueRecord), valueRecord
     valueFormat, result = 0, []
     for name, value in valueRecord.__dict__.items():
@@ -486,13 +2361,52 @@
     return tuple(result)
 
 
+_DeviceTuple = namedtuple("_DeviceTuple", "DeltaFormat StartSize EndSize DeltaValue")
+
+
 def _makeDeviceTuple(device):
-    """otTables.Device --> tuple, for making device tables unique"""
-    return (device.DeltaFormat, device.StartSize, device.EndSize,
-            tuple(device.DeltaValue))
+    # otTables.Device --> tuple, for making device tables unique
+    return _DeviceTuple(
+        device.DeltaFormat,
+        device.StartSize,
+        device.EndSize,
+        () if device.DeltaFormat & 0x8000 else tuple(device.DeltaValue),
+    )
+
+
+def _getSinglePosValueSize(valueKey):
+    # Returns how many ushorts this valueKey (short form of ValueRecord) takes up
+    count = 0
+    for _, v in valueKey[1:]:
+        if isinstance(v, _DeviceTuple):
+            count += len(v.DeltaValue) + 3
+        else:
+            count += 1
+    return count
 
 
 def buildValue(value):
+    """Builds a positioning value record.
+
+    Value records are used to specify coordinates and adjustments for
+    positioning and attaching glyphs. Many of the positioning functions
+    in this library take ``otTables.ValueRecord`` objects as arguments.
+    This function builds value records from dictionaries.
+
+    Args:
+        value (dict): A dictionary with zero or more of the following keys:
+            - ``xPlacement``
+            - ``yPlacement``
+            - ``xAdvance``
+            - ``yAdvance``
+            - ``xPlaDevice``
+            - ``yPlaDevice``
+            - ``xAdvDevice``
+            - ``yAdvDevice``
+
+    Returns:
+        An ``otTables.ValueRecord`` object.
+    """
     self = ValueRecord()
     for k, v in value.items():
         setattr(self, k, v)
@@ -501,20 +2415,34 @@
 
 # GDEF
 
+
 def buildAttachList(attachPoints, glyphMap):
-    """{"glyphName": [4, 23]} --> otTables.AttachList, or None"""
+    """Builds an AttachList subtable.
+
+    A GDEF table may contain an Attachment Point List table (AttachList)
+    which stores the contour indices of attachment points for glyphs with
+    attachment points. This routine builds AttachList subtables.
+
+    Args:
+        attachPoints (dict): A mapping between glyph names and a list of
+            contour indices.
+
+    Returns:
+        An ``otTables.AttachList`` object if attachment points are supplied,
+            or ``None`` otherwise.
+    """
     if not attachPoints:
         return None
     self = ot.AttachList()
     self.Coverage = buildCoverage(attachPoints.keys(), glyphMap)
-    self.AttachPoint = [buildAttachPoint(attachPoints[g])
-                        for g in self.Coverage.glyphs]
+    self.AttachPoint = [buildAttachPoint(attachPoints[g]) for g in self.Coverage.glyphs]
     self.GlyphCount = len(self.AttachPoint)
     return self
 
 
 def buildAttachPoint(points):
-    """[4, 23, 41] --> otTables.AttachPoint"""
+    # [4, 23, 41] --> otTables.AttachPoint
+    # Only used by above.
     if not points:
         return None
     self = ot.AttachPoint()
@@ -524,7 +2452,7 @@
 
 
 def buildCaretValueForCoord(coord):
-    """500 --> otTables.CaretValue, format 1"""
+    # 500 --> otTables.CaretValue, format 1
     self = ot.CaretValue()
     self.Format = 1
     self.Coordinate = coord
@@ -532,7 +2460,7 @@
 
 
 def buildCaretValueForPoint(point):
-    """4 --> otTables.CaretValue, format 2"""
+    # 4 --> otTables.CaretValue, format 2
     self = ot.CaretValue()
     self.Format = 2
     self.CaretValuePoint = point
@@ -540,7 +2468,37 @@
 
 
 def buildLigCaretList(coords, points, glyphMap):
-    """{"f_f_i":[300,600]}, {"c_t":[28]} --> otTables.LigCaretList, or None"""
+    """Builds a ligature caret list table.
+
+    Ligatures appear as a single glyph representing multiple characters; however
+    when, for example, editing text containing a ``f_i`` ligature, the user may
+    want to place the cursor between the ``f`` and the ``i``. The ligature caret
+    list in the GDEF table specifies the position to display the "caret" (the
+    character insertion indicator, typically a flashing vertical bar) "inside"
+    the ligature to represent an insertion point. The insertion positions may
+    be specified either by coordinate or by contour point.
+
+    Example::
+
+        coords = {
+            "f_f_i": [300, 600] # f|fi cursor at 300 units, ff|i cursor at 600.
+        }
+        points = {
+            "c_t": [28] # c|t cursor appears at coordinate of contour point 28.
+        }
+        ligcaretlist = buildLigCaretList(coords, points, font.getReverseGlyphMap())
+
+    Args:
+        coords: A mapping between glyph names and a list of coordinates for
+            the insertion point of each ligature component after the first one.
+        points: A mapping between glyph names and a list of contour points for
+            the insertion point of each ligature component after the first one.
+        glyphMap: a glyph name to ID map, typically returned from
+            ``font.getReverseGlyphMap()``.
+
+    Returns:
+        A ``otTables.LigCaretList`` object if any carets are present, or
+            ``None`` otherwise."""
     glyphs = set(coords.keys()) if coords else set()
     if points:
         glyphs.update(points.keys())
@@ -556,7 +2514,7 @@
 
 
 def buildLigGlyph(coords, points):
-    """([500], [4]) --> otTables.LigGlyph; None for empty coords/points"""
+    # ([500], [4]) --> otTables.LigGlyph; None for empty coords/points
     carets = []
     if coords:
         carets.extend([buildCaretValueForCoord(c) for c in sorted(coords)])
@@ -571,7 +2529,30 @@
 
 
 def buildMarkGlyphSetsDef(markSets, glyphMap):
-    """[{"acute","grave"}, {"caron","grave"}] --> otTables.MarkGlyphSetsDef"""
+    """Builds a mark glyph sets definition table.
+
+    OpenType Layout lookups may choose to use mark filtering sets to consider
+    or ignore particular combinations of marks. These sets are specified by
+    setting a flag on the lookup, but the mark filtering sets are defined in
+    the ``GDEF`` table. This routine builds the subtable containing the mark
+    glyph set definitions.
+
+    Example::
+
+        set0 = set("acute", "grave")
+        set1 = set("caron", "grave")
+
+        markglyphsets = buildMarkGlyphSetsDef([set0, set1], font.getReverseGlyphMap())
+
+    Args:
+
+        markSets: A list of sets of glyphnames.
+        glyphMap: a glyph name to ID map, typically returned from
+            ``font.getReverseGlyphMap()``.
+
+    Returns
+        An ``otTables.MarkGlyphSetsDef`` object.
+    """
     if not markSets:
         return None
     self = ot.MarkGlyphSetsDef()
@@ -583,6 +2564,7 @@
 
 class ClassDefBuilder(object):
     """Helper for building ClassDef tables."""
+
     def __init__(self, useClass0):
         self.classes_ = set()
         self.glyphs_ = {}
@@ -607,7 +2589,10 @@
             return
         self.classes_.add(glyphs)
         for glyph in glyphs:
-            assert glyph not in self.glyphs_
+            if glyph in self.glyphs_:
+                raise OpenTypeLibError(
+                    f"Glyph {glyph} is already present in class.", None
+                )
             self.glyphs_[glyph] = glyphs
 
     def classes(self):
@@ -638,3 +2623,211 @@
         classDef = ot.ClassDef()
         classDef.classDefs = glyphClasses
         return classDef
+
+
+AXIS_VALUE_NEGATIVE_INFINITY = fixedToFloat(-0x80000000, 16)
+AXIS_VALUE_POSITIVE_INFINITY = fixedToFloat(0x7FFFFFFF, 16)
+
+
+def buildStatTable(ttFont, axes, locations=None, elidedFallbackName=2):
+    """Add a 'STAT' table to 'ttFont'.
+
+    'axes' is a list of dictionaries describing axes and their
+    values.
+
+    Example::
+
+        axes = [
+            dict(
+                tag="wght",
+                name="Weight",
+                ordering=0,  # optional
+                values=[
+                    dict(value=100, name='Thin'),
+                    dict(value=300, name='Light'),
+                    dict(value=400, name='Regular', flags=0x2),
+                    dict(value=900, name='Black'),
+                ],
+            )
+        ]
+
+    Each axis dict must have 'tag' and 'name' items. 'tag' maps
+    to the 'AxisTag' field. 'name' can be a name ID (int), a string,
+    or a dictionary containing multilingual names (see the
+    addMultilingualName() name table method), and will translate to
+    the AxisNameID field.
+
+    An axis dict may contain an 'ordering' item that maps to the
+    AxisOrdering field. If omitted, the order of the axes list is
+    used to calculate AxisOrdering fields.
+
+    The axis dict may contain a 'values' item, which is a list of
+    dictionaries describing AxisValue records belonging to this axis.
+
+    Each value dict must have a 'name' item, which can be a name ID
+    (int), a string, or a dictionary containing multilingual names,
+    like the axis name. It translates to the ValueNameID field.
+
+    Optionally the value dict can contain a 'flags' item. It maps to
+    the AxisValue Flags field, and will be 0 when omitted.
+
+    The format of the AxisValue is determined by the remaining contents
+    of the value dictionary:
+
+    If the value dict contains a 'value' item, an AxisValue record
+    Format 1 is created. If in addition to the 'value' item it contains
+    a 'linkedValue' item, an AxisValue record Format 3 is built.
+
+    If the value dict contains a 'nominalValue' item, an AxisValue
+    record Format 2 is built. Optionally it may contain 'rangeMinValue'
+    and 'rangeMaxValue' items. These map to -Infinity and +Infinity
+    respectively if omitted.
+
+    You cannot specify Format 4 AxisValue tables this way, as they are
+    not tied to a single axis, and specify a name for a location that
+    is defined by multiple axes values. Instead, you need to supply the
+    'locations' argument.
+
+    The optional 'locations' argument specifies AxisValue Format 4
+    tables. It should be a list of dicts, where each dict has a 'name'
+    item, which works just like the value dicts above, an optional
+    'flags' item (defaulting to 0x0), and a 'location' dict. A
+    location dict key is an axis tag, and the associated value is the
+    location on the specified axis. They map to the AxisIndex and Value
+    fields of the AxisValueRecord.
+
+    Example::
+
+        locations = [
+            dict(name='Regular ABCD', location=dict(wght=300, ABCD=100)),
+            dict(name='Bold ABCD XYZ', location=dict(wght=600, ABCD=200)),
+        ]
+
+    The optional 'elidedFallbackName' argument can be a name ID (int),
+    a string, a dictionary containing multilingual names, or a list of
+    STATNameStatements. It translates to the ElidedFallbackNameID field.
+
+    The 'ttFont' argument must be a TTFont instance that already has a
+    'name' table. If a 'STAT' table already exists, it will be
+    overwritten by the newly created one.
+    """
+    ttFont["STAT"] = ttLib.newTable("STAT")
+    statTable = ttFont["STAT"].table = ot.STAT()
+    nameTable = ttFont["name"]
+    statTable.ElidedFallbackNameID = _addName(nameTable, elidedFallbackName)
+
+    # 'locations' contains data for AxisValue Format 4
+    axisRecords, axisValues = _buildAxisRecords(axes, nameTable)
+    if not locations:
+        statTable.Version = 0x00010001
+    else:
+        # We'll be adding Format 4 AxisValue records, which
+        # requires a higher table version
+        statTable.Version = 0x00010002
+        multiAxisValues = _buildAxisValuesFormat4(locations, axes, nameTable)
+        axisValues = multiAxisValues + axisValues
+
+    # Store AxisRecords
+    axisRecordArray = ot.AxisRecordArray()
+    axisRecordArray.Axis = axisRecords
+    # XXX these should not be hard-coded but computed automatically
+    statTable.DesignAxisRecordSize = 8
+    statTable.DesignAxisRecord = axisRecordArray
+    statTable.DesignAxisCount = len(axisRecords)
+
+    if axisValues:
+        # Store AxisValueRecords
+        axisValueArray = ot.AxisValueArray()
+        axisValueArray.AxisValue = axisValues
+        statTable.AxisValueArray = axisValueArray
+        statTable.AxisValueCount = len(axisValues)
+
+
+def _buildAxisRecords(axes, nameTable):
+    axisRecords = []
+    axisValues = []
+    for axisRecordIndex, axisDict in enumerate(axes):
+        axis = ot.AxisRecord()
+        axis.AxisTag = axisDict["tag"]
+        axis.AxisNameID = _addName(nameTable, axisDict["name"], 256)
+        axis.AxisOrdering = axisDict.get("ordering", axisRecordIndex)
+        axisRecords.append(axis)
+
+        for axisVal in axisDict.get("values", ()):
+            axisValRec = ot.AxisValue()
+            axisValRec.AxisIndex = axisRecordIndex
+            axisValRec.Flags = axisVal.get("flags", 0)
+            axisValRec.ValueNameID = _addName(nameTable, axisVal["name"])
+
+            if "value" in axisVal:
+                axisValRec.Value = axisVal["value"]
+                if "linkedValue" in axisVal:
+                    axisValRec.Format = 3
+                    axisValRec.LinkedValue = axisVal["linkedValue"]
+                else:
+                    axisValRec.Format = 1
+            elif "nominalValue" in axisVal:
+                axisValRec.Format = 2
+                axisValRec.NominalValue = axisVal["nominalValue"]
+                axisValRec.RangeMinValue = axisVal.get(
+                    "rangeMinValue", AXIS_VALUE_NEGATIVE_INFINITY
+                )
+                axisValRec.RangeMaxValue = axisVal.get(
+                    "rangeMaxValue", AXIS_VALUE_POSITIVE_INFINITY
+                )
+            else:
+                raise ValueError("Can't determine format for AxisValue")
+
+            axisValues.append(axisValRec)
+    return axisRecords, axisValues
+
+
+def _buildAxisValuesFormat4(locations, axes, nameTable):
+    axisTagToIndex = {}
+    for axisRecordIndex, axisDict in enumerate(axes):
+        axisTagToIndex[axisDict["tag"]] = axisRecordIndex
+
+    axisValues = []
+    for axisLocationDict in locations:
+        axisValRec = ot.AxisValue()
+        axisValRec.Format = 4
+        axisValRec.ValueNameID = _addName(nameTable, axisLocationDict["name"])
+        axisValRec.Flags = axisLocationDict.get("flags", 0)
+        axisValueRecords = []
+        for tag, value in axisLocationDict["location"].items():
+            avr = ot.AxisValueRecord()
+            avr.AxisIndex = axisTagToIndex[tag]
+            avr.Value = value
+            axisValueRecords.append(avr)
+        axisValueRecords.sort(key=lambda avr: avr.AxisIndex)
+        axisValRec.AxisCount = len(axisValueRecords)
+        axisValRec.AxisValueRecord = axisValueRecords
+        axisValues.append(axisValRec)
+    return axisValues
+
+
+def _addName(nameTable, value, minNameID=0):
+    if isinstance(value, int):
+        # Already a nameID
+        return value
+    if isinstance(value, str):
+        names = dict(en=value)
+    elif isinstance(value, dict):
+        names = value
+    elif isinstance(value, list):
+        nameID = nameTable._findUnusedNameID()
+        for nameRecord in value:
+            if isinstance(nameRecord, STATNameStatement):
+                nameTable.setName(
+                    nameRecord.string,
+                    nameID,
+                    nameRecord.platformID,
+                    nameRecord.platEncID,
+                    nameRecord.langID,
+                )
+            else:
+                raise TypeError("value must be a list of STATNameStatements")
+        return nameID
+    else:
+        raise TypeError("value must be int, str, dict or list")
+    return nameTable.addMultilingualName(names, minNameID=minNameID)
diff --git a/Lib/fontTools/otlLib/error.py b/Lib/fontTools/otlLib/error.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1cbef57
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Lib/fontTools/otlLib/error.py
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+class OpenTypeLibError(Exception):
+    def __init__(self, message, location):
+        Exception.__init__(self, message)
+        self.location = location
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        message = Exception.__str__(self)
+        if self.location:
+            return f"{self.location}: {message}"
+        else:
+            return message
diff --git a/Lib/fontTools/otlLib/maxContextCalc.py b/Lib/fontTools/otlLib/maxContextCalc.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..03e7561
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Lib/fontTools/otlLib/maxContextCalc.py
@@ -0,0 +1,96 @@
+__all__ = ["maxCtxFont"]
+
+
+def maxCtxFont(font):
+    """Calculate the usMaxContext value for an entire font."""
+
+    maxCtx = 0
+    for tag in ("GSUB", "GPOS"):
+        if tag not in font:
+            continue
+        table = font[tag].table
+        if not table.LookupList:
+            continue
+        for lookup in table.LookupList.Lookup:
+            for st in lookup.SubTable:
+                maxCtx = maxCtxSubtable(maxCtx, tag, lookup.LookupType, st)
+    return maxCtx
+
+
+def maxCtxSubtable(maxCtx, tag, lookupType, st):
+    """Calculate usMaxContext based on a single lookup table (and an existing
+    max value).
+    """
+
+    # single positioning, single / multiple substitution
+    if (tag == "GPOS" and lookupType == 1) or (
+        tag == "GSUB" and lookupType in (1, 2, 3)
+    ):
+        maxCtx = max(maxCtx, 1)
+
+    # pair positioning
+    elif tag == "GPOS" and lookupType == 2:
+        maxCtx = max(maxCtx, 2)
+
+    # ligatures
+    elif tag == "GSUB" and lookupType == 4:
+        for ligatures in st.ligatures.values():
+            for ligature in ligatures:
+                maxCtx = max(maxCtx, ligature.CompCount)
+
+    # context
+    elif (tag == "GPOS" and lookupType == 7) or (tag == "GSUB" and lookupType == 5):
+        maxCtx = maxCtxContextualSubtable(maxCtx, st, "Pos" if tag == "GPOS" else "Sub")
+
+    # chained context
+    elif (tag == "GPOS" and lookupType == 8) or (tag == "GSUB" and lookupType == 6):
+        maxCtx = maxCtxContextualSubtable(
+            maxCtx, st, "Pos" if tag == "GPOS" else "Sub", "Chain"
+        )
+
+    # extensions
+    elif (tag == "GPOS" and lookupType == 9) or (tag == "GSUB" and lookupType == 7):
+        maxCtx = maxCtxSubtable(maxCtx, tag, st.ExtensionLookupType, st.ExtSubTable)
+
+    # reverse-chained context
+    elif tag == "GSUB" and lookupType == 8:
+        maxCtx = maxCtxContextualRule(maxCtx, st, "Reverse")
+
+    return maxCtx
+
+
+def maxCtxContextualSubtable(maxCtx, st, ruleType, chain=""):
+    """Calculate usMaxContext based on a contextual feature subtable."""
+
+    if st.Format == 1:
+        for ruleset in getattr(st, "%s%sRuleSet" % (chain, ruleType)):
+            if ruleset is None:
+                continue
+            for rule in getattr(ruleset, "%s%sRule" % (chain, ruleType)):
+                if rule is None:
+                    continue
+                maxCtx = maxCtxContextualRule(maxCtx, rule, chain)
+
+    elif st.Format == 2:
+        for ruleset in getattr(st, "%s%sClassSet" % (chain, ruleType)):
+            if ruleset is None:
+                continue
+            for rule in getattr(ruleset, "%s%sClassRule" % (chain, ruleType)):
+                if rule is None:
+                    continue
+                maxCtx = maxCtxContextualRule(maxCtx, rule, chain)
+
+    elif st.Format == 3:
+        maxCtx = maxCtxContextualRule(maxCtx, st, chain)
+
+    return maxCtx
+
+
+def maxCtxContextualRule(maxCtx, st, chain):
+    """Calculate usMaxContext based on a contextual feature rule."""
+
+    if not chain:
+        return max(maxCtx, st.GlyphCount)
+    elif chain == "Reverse":
+        return max(maxCtx, st.GlyphCount + st.LookAheadGlyphCount)
+    return max(maxCtx, st.InputGlyphCount + st.LookAheadGlyphCount)
diff --git a/Lib/fontTools/otlLib/optimize/__init__.py b/Lib/fontTools/otlLib/optimize/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5c007e8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Lib/fontTools/otlLib/optimize/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,68 @@
+from argparse import RawTextHelpFormatter
+from textwrap import dedent
+
+from fontTools.ttLib import TTFont
+from fontTools.otlLib.optimize.gpos import compact, GPOS_COMPACT_MODE_DEFAULT
+
+def main(args=None):
+    """Optimize the layout tables of an existing font."""
+    from argparse import ArgumentParser
+    from fontTools import configLogger
+
+    parser = ArgumentParser(prog="otlLib.optimize", description=main.__doc__, formatter_class=RawTextHelpFormatter)
+    parser.add_argument("font")
+    parser.add_argument(
+        "-o", metavar="OUTPUTFILE", dest="outfile", default=None, help="output file"
+    )
+    parser.add_argument(
+        "--gpos-compact-mode",
+        help=dedent(
+            f"""\
+            GPOS Lookup type 2 (PairPos) compaction mode:
+                0 = do not attempt to compact PairPos lookups;
+                1 to 8 = create at most 1 to 8 new subtables for each existing
+                    subtable, provided that it would yield a 50%% file size saving;
+                9 = create as many new subtables as needed to yield a file size saving.
+            Default: {GPOS_COMPACT_MODE_DEFAULT}.
+
+            This compaction aims to save file size, by splitting large class
+            kerning subtables (Format 2) that contain many zero values into
+            smaller and denser subtables. It's a trade-off between the overhead
+            of several subtables versus the sparseness of one big subtable.
+
+            See the pull request: https://github.com/fonttools/fonttools/pull/2326
+            """
+        ),
+        default=int(GPOS_COMPACT_MODE_DEFAULT),
+        choices=list(range(10)),
+        type=int,
+    )
+    logging_group = parser.add_mutually_exclusive_group(required=False)
+    logging_group.add_argument(
+        "-v", "--verbose", action="store_true", help="Run more verbosely."
+    )
+    logging_group.add_argument(
+        "-q", "--quiet", action="store_true", help="Turn verbosity off."
+    )
+    options = parser.parse_args(args)
+
+    configLogger(
+        level=("DEBUG" if options.verbose else "ERROR" if options.quiet else "INFO")
+    )
+
+    font = TTFont(options.font)
+    # TODO: switch everything to have type(mode) = int when using the Config class
+    compact(font, str(options.gpos_compact_mode))
+    font.save(options.outfile or options.font)
+
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    import sys
+
+    if len(sys.argv) > 1:
+        sys.exit(main())
+    import doctest
+
+    sys.exit(doctest.testmod().failed)
+
diff --git a/Lib/fontTools/otlLib/optimize/__main__.py b/Lib/fontTools/otlLib/optimize/__main__.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..03027ec
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Lib/fontTools/otlLib/optimize/__main__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+import sys
+from fontTools.otlLib.optimize import main
+
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+	sys.exit(main())
diff --git a/Lib/fontTools/otlLib/optimize/gpos.py b/Lib/fontTools/otlLib/optimize/gpos.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..79873fa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Lib/fontTools/otlLib/optimize/gpos.py
@@ -0,0 +1,439 @@
+import logging
+from collections import defaultdict, namedtuple
+from functools import reduce
+from itertools import chain
+from math import log2
+from typing import DefaultDict, Dict, Iterable, List, Sequence, Tuple
+
+from fontTools.misc.intTools import bit_count, bit_indices
+from fontTools.ttLib import TTFont
+from fontTools.ttLib.tables import otBase, otTables
+
+# NOTE: activating this optimization via the environment variable is
+# experimental and may not be supported once an alternative mechanism
+# is in place. See: https://github.com/fonttools/fonttools/issues/2349
+GPOS_COMPACT_MODE_ENV_KEY = "FONTTOOLS_GPOS_COMPACT_MODE"
+GPOS_COMPACT_MODE_DEFAULT = "0"
+
+log = logging.getLogger("fontTools.otlLib.optimize.gpos")
+
+
+def compact(font: TTFont, mode: str) -> TTFont:
+    # Ideal plan:
+    #  1. Find lookups of Lookup Type 2: Pair Adjustment Positioning Subtable
+    #     https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/typography/opentype/spec/gpos#lookup-type-2-pair-adjustment-positioning-subtable
+    #  2. Extract glyph-glyph kerning and class-kerning from all present subtables
+    #  3. Regroup into different subtable arrangements
+    #  4. Put back into the lookup
+    #
+    # Actual implementation:
+    #  2. Only class kerning is optimized currently
+    #  3. If the input kerning is already in several subtables, the subtables
+    #     are not grouped together first; instead each subtable is treated
+    #     independently, so currently this step is:
+    #     Split existing subtables into more smaller subtables
+    gpos = font["GPOS"]
+    for lookup in gpos.table.LookupList.Lookup:
+        if lookup.LookupType == 2:
+            compact_lookup(font, mode, lookup)
+        elif lookup.LookupType == 9 and lookup.SubTable[0].ExtensionLookupType == 2:
+            compact_ext_lookup(font, mode, lookup)
+    return font
+
+
+def compact_lookup(font: TTFont, mode: str, lookup: otTables.Lookup) -> None:
+    new_subtables = compact_pair_pos(font, mode, lookup.SubTable)
+    lookup.SubTable = new_subtables
+    lookup.SubTableCount = len(new_subtables)
+
+
+def compact_ext_lookup(font: TTFont, mode: str, lookup: otTables.Lookup) -> None:
+    new_subtables = compact_pair_pos(
+        font, mode, [ext_subtable.ExtSubTable for ext_subtable in lookup.SubTable]
+    )
+    new_ext_subtables = []
+    for subtable in new_subtables:
+        ext_subtable = otTables.ExtensionPos()
+        ext_subtable.Format = 1
+        ext_subtable.ExtSubTable = subtable
+        new_ext_subtables.append(ext_subtable)
+    lookup.SubTable = new_ext_subtables
+    lookup.SubTableCount = len(new_ext_subtables)
+
+
+def compact_pair_pos(
+    font: TTFont, mode: str, subtables: Sequence[otTables.PairPos]
+) -> Sequence[otTables.PairPos]:
+    new_subtables = []
+    for subtable in subtables:
+        if subtable.Format == 1:
+            # Not doing anything to Format 1 (yet?)
+            new_subtables.append(subtable)
+        elif subtable.Format == 2:
+            new_subtables.extend(compact_class_pairs(font, mode, subtable))
+    return new_subtables
+
+
+def compact_class_pairs(
+    font: TTFont, mode: str, subtable: otTables.PairPos
+) -> List[otTables.PairPos]:
+    from fontTools.otlLib.builder import buildPairPosClassesSubtable
+
+    subtables = []
+    classes1: DefaultDict[int, List[str]] = defaultdict(list)
+    for g in subtable.Coverage.glyphs:
+        classes1[subtable.ClassDef1.classDefs.get(g, 0)].append(g)
+    classes2: DefaultDict[int, List[str]] = defaultdict(list)
+    for g, i in subtable.ClassDef2.classDefs.items():
+        classes2[i].append(g)
+    all_pairs = {}
+    for i, class1 in enumerate(subtable.Class1Record):
+        for j, class2 in enumerate(class1.Class2Record):
+            if is_really_zero(class2):
+                continue
+            all_pairs[(tuple(sorted(classes1[i])), tuple(sorted(classes2[j])))] = (
+                getattr(class2, "Value1", None),
+                getattr(class2, "Value2", None),
+            )
+
+    if len(mode) == 1 and mode in "123456789":
+        grouped_pairs = cluster_pairs_by_class2_coverage_custom_cost(
+            font, all_pairs, int(mode)
+        )
+        for pairs in grouped_pairs:
+            subtables.append(
+                buildPairPosClassesSubtable(pairs, font.getReverseGlyphMap())
+            )
+    else:
+        raise ValueError(f"Bad {GPOS_COMPACT_MODE_ENV_KEY}={mode}")
+    return subtables
+
+
+def is_really_zero(class2: otTables.Class2Record) -> bool:
+    v1 = getattr(class2, "Value1", None)
+    v2 = getattr(class2, "Value2", None)
+    return (v1 is None or v1.getEffectiveFormat() == 0) and (
+        v2 is None or v2.getEffectiveFormat() == 0
+    )
+
+
+Pairs = Dict[
+    Tuple[Tuple[str, ...], Tuple[str, ...]],
+    Tuple[otBase.ValueRecord, otBase.ValueRecord],
+]
+
+# Adapted from https://github.com/fonttools/fonttools/blob/f64f0b42f2d1163b2d85194e0979def539f5dca3/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/tables/otTables.py#L935-L958
+def _getClassRanges(glyphIDs: Iterable[int]):
+    glyphIDs = sorted(glyphIDs)
+    last = glyphIDs[0]
+    ranges = [[last]]
+    for glyphID in glyphIDs[1:]:
+        if glyphID != last + 1:
+            ranges[-1].append(last)
+            ranges.append([glyphID])
+        last = glyphID
+    ranges[-1].append(last)
+    return ranges, glyphIDs[0], glyphIDs[-1]
+
+
+# Adapted from https://github.com/fonttools/fonttools/blob/f64f0b42f2d1163b2d85194e0979def539f5dca3/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/tables/otTables.py#L960-L989
+def _classDef_bytes(
+    class_data: List[Tuple[List[Tuple[int, int]], int, int]],
+    class_ids: List[int],
+    coverage=False,
+):
+    if not class_ids:
+        return 0
+    first_ranges, min_glyph_id, max_glyph_id = class_data[class_ids[0]]
+    range_count = len(first_ranges)
+    for i in class_ids[1:]:
+        data = class_data[i]
+        range_count += len(data[0])
+        min_glyph_id = min(min_glyph_id, data[1])
+        max_glyph_id = max(max_glyph_id, data[2])
+    glyphCount = max_glyph_id - min_glyph_id + 1
+    # https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/typography/opentype/spec/chapter2#class-definition-table-format-1
+    format1_bytes = 6 + glyphCount * 2
+    # https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/typography/opentype/spec/chapter2#class-definition-table-format-2
+    format2_bytes = 4 + range_count * 6
+    return min(format1_bytes, format2_bytes)
+
+
+ClusteringContext = namedtuple(
+    "ClusteringContext",
+    [
+        "lines",
+        "all_class1",
+        "all_class1_data",
+        "all_class2_data",
+        "valueFormat1_bytes",
+        "valueFormat2_bytes",
+    ],
+)
+
+
+class Cluster:
+    # TODO(Python 3.7): Turn this into a dataclass
+    # ctx: ClusteringContext
+    # indices: int
+    # Caches
+    # TODO(Python 3.8): use functools.cached_property instead of the
+    # manually cached properties, and remove the cache fields listed below.
+    # _indices: Optional[List[int]] = None
+    # _column_indices: Optional[List[int]] = None
+    # _cost: Optional[int] = None
+
+    __slots__ = "ctx", "indices_bitmask", "_indices", "_column_indices", "_cost"
+
+    def __init__(self, ctx: ClusteringContext, indices_bitmask: int):
+        self.ctx = ctx
+        self.indices_bitmask = indices_bitmask
+        self._indices = None
+        self._column_indices = None
+        self._cost = None
+
+    @property
+    def indices(self):
+        if self._indices is None:
+            self._indices = bit_indices(self.indices_bitmask)
+        return self._indices
+
+    @property
+    def column_indices(self):
+        if self._column_indices is None:
+            # Indices of columns that have a 1 in at least 1 line
+            #   => binary OR all the lines
+            bitmask = reduce(int.__or__, (self.ctx.lines[i] for i in self.indices))
+            self._column_indices = bit_indices(bitmask)
+        return self._column_indices
+
+    @property
+    def width(self):
+        # Add 1 because Class2=0 cannot be used but needs to be encoded.
+        return len(self.column_indices) + 1
+
+    @property
+    def cost(self):
+        if self._cost is None:
+            self._cost = (
+                # 2 bytes to store the offset to this subtable in the Lookup table above
+                2
+                # Contents of the subtable
+                # From: https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/typography/opentype/spec/gpos#pair-adjustment-positioning-format-2-class-pair-adjustment
+                # uint16	posFormat	Format identifier: format = 2
+                + 2
+                # Offset16	coverageOffset	Offset to Coverage table, from beginning of PairPos subtable.
+                + 2
+                + self.coverage_bytes
+                # uint16	valueFormat1	ValueRecord definition — for the first glyph of the pair (may be zero).
+                + 2
+                # uint16	valueFormat2	ValueRecord definition — for the second glyph of the pair (may be zero).
+                + 2
+                # Offset16	classDef1Offset	Offset to ClassDef table, from beginning of PairPos subtable — for the first glyph of the pair.
+                + 2
+                + self.classDef1_bytes
+                # Offset16	classDef2Offset	Offset to ClassDef table, from beginning of PairPos subtable — for the second glyph of the pair.
+                + 2
+                + self.classDef2_bytes
+                # uint16	class1Count	Number of classes in classDef1 table — includes Class 0.
+                + 2
+                # uint16	class2Count	Number of classes in classDef2 table — includes Class 0.
+                + 2
+                # Class1Record	class1Records[class1Count]	Array of Class1 records, ordered by classes in classDef1.
+                + (self.ctx.valueFormat1_bytes + self.ctx.valueFormat2_bytes)
+                * len(self.indices)
+                * self.width
+            )
+        return self._cost
+
+    @property
+    def coverage_bytes(self):
+        format1_bytes = (
+            # From https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/typography/opentype/spec/chapter2#coverage-format-1
+            # uint16	coverageFormat	Format identifier — format = 1
+            # uint16	glyphCount	Number of glyphs in the glyph array
+            4
+            # uint16	glyphArray[glyphCount]	Array of glyph IDs — in numerical order
+            + sum(len(self.ctx.all_class1[i]) for i in self.indices) * 2
+        )
+        ranges = sorted(
+            chain.from_iterable(self.ctx.all_class1_data[i][0] for i in self.indices)
+        )
+        merged_range_count = 0
+        last = None
+        for (start, end) in ranges:
+            if last is not None and start != last + 1:
+                merged_range_count += 1
+            last = end
+        format2_bytes = (
+            # From https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/typography/opentype/spec/chapter2#coverage-format-2
+            # uint16	coverageFormat	Format identifier — format = 2
+            # uint16	rangeCount	Number of RangeRecords
+            4
+            # RangeRecord	rangeRecords[rangeCount]	Array of glyph ranges — ordered by startGlyphID.
+            # uint16	startGlyphID	First glyph ID in the range
+            # uint16	endGlyphID	Last glyph ID in the range
+            # uint16	startCoverageIndex	Coverage Index of first glyph ID in range
+            + merged_range_count * 6
+        )
+        return min(format1_bytes, format2_bytes)
+
+    @property
+    def classDef1_bytes(self):
+        # We can skip encoding one of the Class1 definitions, and use
+        # Class1=0 to represent it instead, because Class1 is gated by the
+        # Coverage definition. Use Class1=0 for the highest byte savings.
+        # Going through all options takes too long, pick the biggest class
+        # = what happens in otlLib.builder.ClassDefBuilder.classes()
+        biggest_index = max(self.indices, key=lambda i: len(self.ctx.all_class1[i]))
+        return _classDef_bytes(
+            self.ctx.all_class1_data, [i for i in self.indices if i != biggest_index]
+        )
+
+    @property
+    def classDef2_bytes(self):
+        # All Class2 need to be encoded because we can't use Class2=0
+        return _classDef_bytes(self.ctx.all_class2_data, self.column_indices)
+
+
+def cluster_pairs_by_class2_coverage_custom_cost(
+    font: TTFont,
+    pairs: Pairs,
+    compression: int = 5,
+) -> List[Pairs]:
+    if not pairs:
+        # The subtable was actually empty?
+        return [pairs]
+
+    # Sorted for reproducibility/determinism
+    all_class1 = sorted(set(pair[0] for pair in pairs))
+    all_class2 = sorted(set(pair[1] for pair in pairs))
+
+    # Use Python's big ints for binary vectors representing each line
+    lines = [
+        sum(
+            1 << i if (class1, class2) in pairs else 0
+            for i, class2 in enumerate(all_class2)
+        )
+        for class1 in all_class1
+    ]
+
+    # Map glyph names to ids and work with ints throughout for ClassDef formats
+    name_to_id = font.getReverseGlyphMap()
+    # Each entry in the arrays below is (range_count, min_glyph_id, max_glyph_id)
+    all_class1_data = [
+        _getClassRanges(name_to_id[name] for name in cls) for cls in all_class1
+    ]
+    all_class2_data = [
+        _getClassRanges(name_to_id[name] for name in cls) for cls in all_class2
+    ]
+
+    format1 = 0
+    format2 = 0
+    for pair, value in pairs.items():
+        format1 |= value[0].getEffectiveFormat() if value[0] else 0
+        format2 |= value[1].getEffectiveFormat() if value[1] else 0
+    valueFormat1_bytes = bit_count(format1) * 2
+    valueFormat2_bytes = bit_count(format2) * 2
+
+    ctx = ClusteringContext(
+        lines,
+        all_class1,
+        all_class1_data,
+        all_class2_data,
+        valueFormat1_bytes,
+        valueFormat2_bytes,
+    )
+
+    cluster_cache: Dict[int, Cluster] = {}
+
+    def make_cluster(indices: int) -> Cluster:
+        cluster = cluster_cache.get(indices, None)
+        if cluster is not None:
+            return cluster
+        cluster = Cluster(ctx, indices)
+        cluster_cache[indices] = cluster
+        return cluster
+
+    def merge(cluster: Cluster, other: Cluster) -> Cluster:
+        return make_cluster(cluster.indices_bitmask | other.indices_bitmask)
+
+    # Agglomerative clustering by hand, checking the cost gain of the new
+    # cluster against the previously separate clusters
+    # Start with 1 cluster per line
+    # cluster = set of lines = new subtable
+    clusters = [make_cluster(1 << i) for i in range(len(lines))]
+
+    # Cost of 1 cluster with everything
+    # `(1 << len) - 1` gives a bitmask full of 1's of length `len`
+    cost_before_splitting = make_cluster((1 << len(lines)) - 1).cost
+    log.debug(f"        len(clusters) = {len(clusters)}")
+
+    while len(clusters) > 1:
+        lowest_cost_change = None
+        best_cluster_index = None
+        best_other_index = None
+        best_merged = None
+        for i, cluster in enumerate(clusters):
+            for j, other in enumerate(clusters[i + 1 :]):
+                merged = merge(cluster, other)
+                cost_change = merged.cost - cluster.cost - other.cost
+                if lowest_cost_change is None or cost_change < lowest_cost_change:
+                    lowest_cost_change = cost_change
+                    best_cluster_index = i
+                    best_other_index = i + 1 + j
+                    best_merged = merged
+        assert lowest_cost_change is not None
+        assert best_cluster_index is not None
+        assert best_other_index is not None
+        assert best_merged is not None
+
+        # If the best merge we found is still taking down the file size, then
+        # there's no question: we must do it, because it's beneficial in both
+        # ways (lower file size and lower number of subtables).  However, if the
+        # best merge we found is not reducing file size anymore, then we need to
+        # look at the other stop criteria = the compression factor.
+        if lowest_cost_change > 0:
+            # Stop critera: check whether we should keep merging.
+            # Compute size reduction brought by splitting
+            cost_after_splitting = sum(c.cost for c in clusters)
+            # size_reduction so that after = before * (1 - size_reduction)
+            # E.g. before = 1000, after = 800, 1 - 800/1000 = 0.2
+            size_reduction = 1 - cost_after_splitting / cost_before_splitting
+
+            # Force more merging by taking into account the compression number.
+            # Target behaviour: compression number = 1 to 9, default 5 like gzip
+            #   - 1 = accept to add 1 subtable to reduce size by 50%
+            #   - 5 = accept to add 5 subtables to reduce size by 50%
+            # See https://github.com/harfbuzz/packtab/blob/master/Lib/packTab/__init__.py#L690-L691
+            # Given the size reduction we have achieved so far, compute how many
+            # new subtables are acceptable.
+            max_new_subtables = -log2(1 - size_reduction) * compression
+            log.debug(
+                f"            len(clusters) = {len(clusters):3d}    size_reduction={size_reduction:5.2f}    max_new_subtables={max_new_subtables}",
+            )
+            if compression == 9:
+                # Override level 9 to mean: create any number of subtables
+                max_new_subtables = len(clusters)
+
+            # If we have managed to take the number of new subtables below the
+            # threshold, then we can stop.
+            if len(clusters) <= max_new_subtables + 1:
+                break
+
+        # No reason to stop yet, do the merge and move on to the next.
+        del clusters[best_other_index]
+        clusters[best_cluster_index] = best_merged
+
+    # All clusters are final; turn bitmasks back into the "Pairs" format
+    pairs_by_class1: Dict[Tuple[str, ...], Pairs] = defaultdict(dict)
+    for pair, values in pairs.items():
+        pairs_by_class1[pair[0]][pair] = values
+    pairs_groups: List[Pairs] = []
+    for cluster in clusters:
+        pairs_group: Pairs = dict()
+        for i in cluster.indices:
+            class1 = all_class1[i]
+            pairs_group.update(pairs_by_class1[class1])
+        pairs_groups.append(pairs_group)
+    return pairs_groups
diff --git a/Lib/fontTools/pens/__init__.py b/Lib/fontTools/pens/__init__.py
index 3f9abc9..156cb23 100644
--- a/Lib/fontTools/pens/__init__.py
+++ b/Lib/fontTools/pens/__init__.py
@@ -1,4 +1 @@
 """Empty __init__.py file to signal Python this directory is a package."""
-
-from __future__ import print_function, division, absolute_import
-from fontTools.misc.py23 import *
diff --git a/Lib/fontTools/pens/areaPen.py b/Lib/fontTools/pens/areaPen.py
index 564caa4..403afe7 100644
--- a/Lib/fontTools/pens/areaPen.py
+++ b/Lib/fontTools/pens/areaPen.py
@@ -1,7 +1,5 @@
 """Calculate the area of a glyph."""
 
-from __future__ import print_function, division, absolute_import
-from fontTools.misc.py23 import *
 from fontTools.pens.basePen import BasePen
 
 
diff --git a/Lib/fontTools/pens/basePen.py b/Lib/fontTools/pens/basePen.py
index e0d3ae0..72e3918 100644
--- a/Lib/fontTools/pens/basePen.py
+++ b/Lib/fontTools/pens/basePen.py
@@ -36,27 +36,31 @@
 sequence of length 2 will do.
 """
 
-from __future__ import print_function, division, absolute_import
-from fontTools.misc.py23 import *
+from typing import Tuple
+
 from fontTools.misc.loggingTools import LogMixin
 
-__all__ =  ["AbstractPen", "NullPen", "BasePen",
+__all__ =  ["AbstractPen", "NullPen", "BasePen", "PenError",
 			"decomposeSuperBezierSegment", "decomposeQuadraticSegment"]
 
 
-class AbstractPen(object):
+class PenError(Exception):
+	"""Represents an error during penning."""
 
-	def moveTo(self, pt):
+
+class AbstractPen:
+
+	def moveTo(self, pt: Tuple[float, float]) -> None:
 		"""Begin a new sub path, set the current point to 'pt'. You must
 		end each sub path with a call to pen.closePath() or pen.endPath().
 		"""
 		raise NotImplementedError
 
-	def lineTo(self, pt):
+	def lineTo(self, pt: Tuple[float, float]) -> None:
 		"""Draw a straight line from the current point to 'pt'."""
 		raise NotImplementedError
 
-	def curveTo(self, *points):
+	def curveTo(self, *points: Tuple[float, float]) -> None:
 		"""Draw a cubic bezier with an arbitrary number of control points.
 
 		The last point specified is on-curve, all others are off-curve
@@ -77,7 +81,7 @@
 		"""
 		raise NotImplementedError
 
-	def qCurveTo(self, *points):
+	def qCurveTo(self, *points: Tuple[float, float]) -> None:
 		"""Draw a whole string of quadratic curve segments.
 
 		The last point specified is on-curve, all others are off-curve
@@ -94,19 +98,23 @@
 		"""
 		raise NotImplementedError
 
-	def closePath(self):
+	def closePath(self) -> None:
 		"""Close the current sub path. You must call either pen.closePath()
 		or pen.endPath() after each sub path.
 		"""
 		pass
 
-	def endPath(self):
+	def endPath(self) -> None:
 		"""End the current sub path, but don't close it. You must call
 		either pen.closePath() or pen.endPath() after each sub path.
 		"""
 		pass
 
-	def addComponent(self, glyphName, transformation):
+	def addComponent(
+		self,
+		glyphName: str,
+		transformation: Tuple[float, float, float, float, float, float]
+	) -> None:
 		"""Add a sub glyph. The 'transformation' argument must be a 6-tuple
 		containing an affine transformation, or a Transform object from the
 		fontTools.misc.transform module. More precisely: it should be a
@@ -115,7 +123,7 @@
 		raise NotImplementedError
 
 
-class NullPen(object):
+class NullPen(AbstractPen):
 
 	"""A pen that does nothing.
 	"""
@@ -148,6 +156,10 @@
 	pass
 
 
+class MissingComponentError(KeyError):
+	"""Indicates a component pointing to a non-existent glyph in the glyphset."""
+
+
 class DecomposingPen(LoggingPen):
 
 	""" Implements a 'addComponent' method that decomposes components
@@ -156,10 +168,12 @@
 
 	You must override moveTo, lineTo, curveTo and qCurveTo. You may
 	additionally override closePath, endPath and addComponent.
+
+	By default a warning message is logged when a base glyph is missing;
+	set the class variable ``skipMissingComponents`` to False if you want
+	to raise a :class:`MissingComponentError` exception.
 	"""
 
-	# By default a warning message is logged when a base glyph is missing;
-	# set this to False if you want to raise a 'KeyError' exception
 	skipMissingComponents = True
 
 	def __init__(self, glyphSet):
@@ -177,7 +191,7 @@
 			glyph = self.glyphSet[glyphName]
 		except KeyError:
 			if not self.skipMissingComponents:
-				raise
+				raise MissingComponentError(glyphName)
 			self.log.warning(
 				"glyph '%s' is missing from glyphSet; skipped" % glyphName)
 		else:
diff --git a/Lib/fontTools/pens/boundsPen.py b/Lib/fontTools/pens/boundsPen.py
index 3a103e3..810715c 100644
--- a/Lib/fontTools/pens/boundsPen.py
+++ b/Lib/fontTools/pens/boundsPen.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import print_function, division, absolute_import
-from fontTools.misc.py23 import *
 from fontTools.misc.arrayTools import updateBounds, pointInRect, unionRect
 from fontTools.misc.bezierTools import calcCubicBounds, calcQuadraticBounds
 from fontTools.pens.basePen import BasePen
diff --git a/Lib/fontTools/pens/cocoaPen.py b/Lib/fontTools/pens/cocoaPen.py
index 9920ab0..67482b4 100644
--- a/Lib/fontTools/pens/cocoaPen.py
+++ b/Lib/fontTools/pens/cocoaPen.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import print_function, division, absolute_import
-from fontTools.misc.py23 import *
 from fontTools.pens.basePen import BasePen
 
 
diff --git a/Lib/fontTools/pens/cu2quPen.py b/Lib/fontTools/pens/cu2quPen.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..497585b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Lib/fontTools/pens/cu2quPen.py
@@ -0,0 +1,257 @@
+# Copyright 2016 Google Inc. All Rights Reserved.
+#
+# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+# You may obtain a copy of the License at
+#
+#     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+#
+# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+# limitations under the License.
+
+from fontTools.cu2qu import curve_to_quadratic
+from fontTools.pens.basePen import AbstractPen, decomposeSuperBezierSegment
+from fontTools.pens.reverseContourPen import ReverseContourPen
+from fontTools.pens.pointPen import BasePointToSegmentPen
+from fontTools.pens.pointPen import ReverseContourPointPen
+
+
+class Cu2QuPen(AbstractPen):
+    """ A filter pen to convert cubic bezier curves to quadratic b-splines
+    using the FontTools SegmentPen protocol.
+
+    other_pen: another SegmentPen used to draw the transformed outline.
+    max_err: maximum approximation error in font units. For optimal results,
+        if you know the UPEM of the font, we recommend setting this to a
+        value equal, or close to UPEM / 1000.
+    reverse_direction: flip the contours' direction but keep starting point.
+    stats: a dictionary counting the point numbers of quadratic segments.
+    ignore_single_points: don't emit contours containing only a single point
+
+    NOTE: The "ignore_single_points" argument is deprecated since v1.3.0,
+    which dropped Robofab subpport. It's no longer needed to special-case
+    UFO2-style anchors (aka "named points") when using ufoLib >= 2.0,
+    as these are no longer drawn onto pens as single-point contours,
+    but are handled separately as anchors.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, other_pen, max_err, reverse_direction=False,
+                 stats=None, ignore_single_points=False):
+        if reverse_direction:
+            self.pen = ReverseContourPen(other_pen)
+        else:
+            self.pen = other_pen
+        self.max_err = max_err
+        self.stats = stats
+        if ignore_single_points:
+            import warnings
+            warnings.warn("ignore_single_points is deprecated and "
+                          "will be removed in future versions",
+                          UserWarning, stacklevel=2)
+        self.ignore_single_points = ignore_single_points
+        self.start_pt = None
+        self.current_pt = None
+
+    def _check_contour_is_open(self):
+        if self.current_pt is None:
+            raise AssertionError("moveTo is required")
+
+    def _check_contour_is_closed(self):
+        if self.current_pt is not None:
+            raise AssertionError("closePath or endPath is required")
+
+    def _add_moveTo(self):
+        if self.start_pt is not None:
+            self.pen.moveTo(self.start_pt)
+            self.start_pt = None
+
+    def moveTo(self, pt):
+        self._check_contour_is_closed()
+        self.start_pt = self.current_pt = pt
+        if not self.ignore_single_points:
+            self._add_moveTo()
+
+    def lineTo(self, pt):
+        self._check_contour_is_open()
+        self._add_moveTo()
+        self.pen.lineTo(pt)
+        self.current_pt = pt
+
+    def qCurveTo(self, *points):
+        self._check_contour_is_open()
+        n = len(points)
+        if n == 1:
+            self.lineTo(points[0])
+        elif n > 1:
+            self._add_moveTo()
+            self.pen.qCurveTo(*points)
+            self.current_pt = points[-1]
+        else:
+            raise AssertionError("illegal qcurve segment point count: %d" % n)
+
+    def _curve_to_quadratic(self, pt1, pt2, pt3):
+        curve = (self.current_pt, pt1, pt2, pt3)
+        quadratic = curve_to_quadratic(curve, self.max_err)
+        if self.stats is not None:
+            n = str(len(quadratic) - 2)
+            self.stats[n] = self.stats.get(n, 0) + 1
+        self.qCurveTo(*quadratic[1:])
+
+    def curveTo(self, *points):
+        self._check_contour_is_open()
+        n = len(points)
+        if n == 3:
+            # this is the most common case, so we special-case it
+            self._curve_to_quadratic(*points)
+        elif n > 3:
+            for segment in decomposeSuperBezierSegment(points):
+                self._curve_to_quadratic(*segment)
+        elif n == 2:
+            self.qCurveTo(*points)
+        elif n == 1:
+            self.lineTo(points[0])
+        else:
+            raise AssertionError("illegal curve segment point count: %d" % n)
+
+    def closePath(self):
+        self._check_contour_is_open()
+        if self.start_pt is None:
+            # if 'start_pt' is _not_ None, we are ignoring single-point paths
+            self.pen.closePath()
+        self.current_pt = self.start_pt = None
+
+    def endPath(self):
+        self._check_contour_is_open()
+        if self.start_pt is None:
+            self.pen.endPath()
+        self.current_pt = self.start_pt = None
+
+    def addComponent(self, glyphName, transformation):
+        self._check_contour_is_closed()
+        self.pen.addComponent(glyphName, transformation)
+
+
+class Cu2QuPointPen(BasePointToSegmentPen):
+    """ A filter pen to convert cubic bezier curves to quadratic b-splines
+    using the RoboFab PointPen protocol.
+
+    other_point_pen: another PointPen used to draw the transformed outline.
+    max_err: maximum approximation error in font units. For optimal results,
+        if you know the UPEM of the font, we recommend setting this to a
+        value equal, or close to UPEM / 1000.
+    reverse_direction: reverse the winding direction of all contours.
+    stats: a dictionary counting the point numbers of quadratic segments.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, other_point_pen, max_err, reverse_direction=False,
+                 stats=None):
+        BasePointToSegmentPen.__init__(self)
+        if reverse_direction:
+            self.pen = ReverseContourPointPen(other_point_pen)
+        else:
+            self.pen = other_point_pen
+        self.max_err = max_err
+        self.stats = stats
+
+    def _flushContour(self, segments):
+        assert len(segments) >= 1
+        closed = segments[0][0] != "move"
+        new_segments = []
+        prev_points = segments[-1][1]
+        prev_on_curve = prev_points[-1][0]
+        for segment_type, points in segments:
+            if segment_type == 'curve':
+                for sub_points in self._split_super_bezier_segments(points):
+                    on_curve, smooth, name, kwargs = sub_points[-1]
+                    bcp1, bcp2 = sub_points[0][0], sub_points[1][0]
+                    cubic = [prev_on_curve, bcp1, bcp2, on_curve]
+                    quad = curve_to_quadratic(cubic, self.max_err)
+                    if self.stats is not None:
+                        n = str(len(quad) - 2)
+                        self.stats[n] = self.stats.get(n, 0) + 1
+                    new_points = [(pt, False, None, {}) for pt in quad[1:-1]]
+                    new_points.append((on_curve, smooth, name, kwargs))
+                    new_segments.append(["qcurve", new_points])
+                    prev_on_curve = sub_points[-1][0]
+            else:
+                new_segments.append([segment_type, points])
+                prev_on_curve = points[-1][0]
+        if closed:
+            # the BasePointToSegmentPen.endPath method that calls _flushContour
+            # rotates the point list of closed contours so that they end with
+            # the first on-curve point. We restore the original starting point.
+            new_segments = new_segments[-1:] + new_segments[:-1]
+        self._drawPoints(new_segments)
+
+    def _split_super_bezier_segments(self, points):
+        sub_segments = []
+        # n is the number of control points
+        n = len(points) - 1
+        if n == 2:
+            # a simple bezier curve segment
+            sub_segments.append(points)
+        elif n > 2:
+            # a "super" bezier; decompose it
+            on_curve, smooth, name, kwargs = points[-1]
+            num_sub_segments = n - 1
+            for i, sub_points in enumerate(decomposeSuperBezierSegment([
+                    pt for pt, _, _, _ in points])):
+                new_segment = []
+                for point in sub_points[:-1]:
+                    new_segment.append((point, False, None, {}))
+                if i == (num_sub_segments - 1):
+                    # the last on-curve keeps its original attributes
+                    new_segment.append((on_curve, smooth, name, kwargs))
+                else:
+                    # on-curves of sub-segments are always "smooth"
+                    new_segment.append((sub_points[-1], True, None, {}))
+                sub_segments.append(new_segment)
+        else:
+            raise AssertionError(
+                "expected 2 control points, found: %d" % n)
+        return sub_segments
+
+    def _drawPoints(self, segments):
+        pen = self.pen
+        pen.beginPath()
+        last_offcurves = []
+        for i, (segment_type, points) in enumerate(segments):
+            if segment_type in ("move", "line"):
+                assert len(points) == 1, (
+                    "illegal line segment point count: %d" % len(points))
+                pt, smooth, name, kwargs = points[0]
+                pen.addPoint(pt, segment_type, smooth, name, **kwargs)
+            elif segment_type == "qcurve":
+                assert len(points) >= 2, (
+                    "illegal qcurve segment point count: %d" % len(points))
+                offcurves = points[:-1]
+                if offcurves:
+                    if i == 0:
+                        # any off-curve points preceding the first on-curve
+                        # will be appended at the end of the contour
+                        last_offcurves = offcurves
+                    else:
+                        for (pt, smooth, name, kwargs) in offcurves:
+                            pen.addPoint(pt, None, smooth, name, **kwargs)
+                pt, smooth, name, kwargs = points[-1]
+                if pt is None:
+                    # special quadratic contour with no on-curve points:
+                    # we need to skip the "None" point. See also the Pen
+                    # protocol's qCurveTo() method and fontTools.pens.basePen
+                    pass
+                else:
+                    pen.addPoint(pt, segment_type, smooth, name, **kwargs)
+            else:
+                # 'curve' segments must have been converted to 'qcurve' by now
+                raise AssertionError(
+                    "unexpected segment type: %r" % segment_type)
+        for (pt, smooth, name, kwargs) in last_offcurves:
+            pen.addPoint(pt, None, smooth, name, **kwargs)
+        pen.endPath()
+
+    def addComponent(self, baseGlyphName, transformation):
+        assert self.currentPath is None
+        self.pen.addComponent(baseGlyphName, transformation)
diff --git a/Lib/fontTools/pens/filterPen.py b/Lib/fontTools/pens/filterPen.py
index 2f94550..4355ba4 100644
--- a/Lib/fontTools/pens/filterPen.py
+++ b/Lib/fontTools/pens/filterPen.py
@@ -1,13 +1,12 @@
-from __future__ import print_function, division, absolute_import
-from fontTools.misc.py23 import *
 from fontTools.pens.basePen import AbstractPen
+from fontTools.pens.pointPen import AbstractPointPen
 from fontTools.pens.recordingPen import RecordingPen
 
 
 class _PassThruComponentsMixin(object):
 
-    def addComponent(self, glyphName, transformation):
-        self._outPen.addComponent(glyphName, transformation)
+    def addComponent(self, glyphName, transformation, **kwargs):
+        self._outPen.addComponent(glyphName, transformation, **kwargs)
 
 
 class FilterPen(_PassThruComponentsMixin, AbstractPen):
@@ -119,3 +118,41 @@
         Otherwise, the return value is drawn with the output pen.
         """
         return  # or return contour
+
+
+class FilterPointPen(_PassThruComponentsMixin, AbstractPointPen):
+    """ Baseclass for point pens that apply some transformation to the
+    coordinates they receive and pass them to another point pen.
+
+    You can override any of its methods. The default implementation does
+    nothing, but passes the commands unmodified to the other pen.
+
+    >>> from fontTools.pens.recordingPen import RecordingPointPen
+    >>> rec = RecordingPointPen()
+    >>> pen = FilterPointPen(rec)
+    >>> v = iter(rec.value)
+    >>> pen.beginPath(identifier="abc")
+    >>> next(v)
+    ('beginPath', (), {'identifier': 'abc'})
+    >>> pen.addPoint((1, 2), "line", False)
+    >>> next(v)
+    ('addPoint', ((1, 2), 'line', False, None), {})
+    >>> pen.addComponent("a", (2, 0, 0, 2, 10, -10), identifier="0001")
+    >>> next(v)
+    ('addComponent', ('a', (2, 0, 0, 2, 10, -10)), {'identifier': '0001'})
+    >>> pen.endPath()
+    >>> next(v)
+    ('endPath', (), {})
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, outPointPen):
+        self._outPen = outPointPen
+
+    def beginPath(self, **kwargs):
+        self._outPen.beginPath(**kwargs)
+
+    def endPath(self):
+        self._outPen.endPath()
+
+    def addPoint(self, pt, segmentType=None, smooth=False, name=None, **kwargs):
+        self._outPen.addPoint(pt, segmentType, smooth, name, **kwargs)
diff --git a/Lib/fontTools/pens/hashPointPen.py b/Lib/fontTools/pens/hashPointPen.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9aef5d8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Lib/fontTools/pens/hashPointPen.py
@@ -0,0 +1,77 @@
+# Modified from https://github.com/adobe-type-tools/psautohint/blob/08b346865710ed3c172f1eb581d6ef243b203f99/python/psautohint/ufoFont.py#L800-L838
+import hashlib
+
+from fontTools.pens.basePen import MissingComponentError
+from fontTools.pens.pointPen import AbstractPointPen
+
+
+class HashPointPen(AbstractPointPen):
+    """
+    This pen can be used to check if a glyph's contents (outlines plus
+    components) have changed.
+
+    Components are added as the original outline plus each composite's
+    transformation.
+
+    Example: You have some TrueType hinting code for a glyph which you want to
+    compile. The hinting code specifies a hash value computed with HashPointPen
+    that was valid for the glyph's outlines at the time the hinting code was
+    written. Now you can calculate the hash for the glyph's current outlines to
+    check if the outlines have changed, which would probably make the hinting
+    code invalid.
+
+    > glyph = ufo[name]
+    > hash_pen = HashPointPen(glyph.width, ufo)
+    > glyph.drawPoints(hash_pen)
+    > ttdata = glyph.lib.get("public.truetype.instructions", None)
+    > stored_hash = ttdata.get("id", None)  # The hash is stored in the "id" key
+    > if stored_hash is None or stored_hash != hash_pen.hash:
+    >    logger.error(f"Glyph hash mismatch, glyph '{name}' will have no instructions in font.")
+    > else:
+    >    # The hash values are identical, the outline has not changed.
+    >    # Compile the hinting code ...
+    >    pass
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, glyphWidth=0, glyphSet=None):
+        self.glyphset = glyphSet
+        self.data = ["w%s" % round(glyphWidth, 9)]
+
+    @property
+    def hash(self):
+        data = "".join(self.data)
+        if len(data) >= 128:
+            data = hashlib.sha512(data.encode("ascii")).hexdigest()
+        return data
+
+    def beginPath(self, identifier=None, **kwargs):
+        pass
+
+    def endPath(self):
+        self.data.append("|")
+
+    def addPoint(
+        self,
+        pt,
+        segmentType=None,
+        smooth=False,
+        name=None,
+        identifier=None,
+        **kwargs,
+    ):
+        if segmentType is None:
+            pt_type = "o"  # offcurve
+        else:
+            pt_type = segmentType[0]
+        self.data.append(f"{pt_type}{pt[0]:g}{pt[1]:+g}")
+
+    def addComponent(
+        self, baseGlyphName, transformation, identifier=None, **kwargs
+    ):
+        tr = "".join([f"{t:+}" for t in transformation])
+        self.data.append("[")
+        try:
+            self.glyphset[baseGlyphName].drawPoints(self)
+        except KeyError:
+            raise MissingComponentError(baseGlyphName)
+        self.data.append(f"({tr})]")
diff --git a/Lib/fontTools/pens/momentsPen.py b/Lib/fontTools/pens/momentsPen.py
index b83102c..8c90f70 100644
--- a/Lib/fontTools/pens/momentsPen.py
+++ b/Lib/fontTools/pens/momentsPen.py
@@ -1,13 +1,15 @@
 """Pen calculating 0th, 1st, and 2nd moments of area of glyph shapes.
 This is low-level, autogenerated pen. Use statisticsPen instead."""
-from __future__ import print_function, division, absolute_import
-from fontTools.misc.py23 import *
 from fontTools.pens.basePen import BasePen
 
 
 __all__ = ["MomentsPen"]
 
 
+class OpenContourError(NotImplementedError):
+    pass
+
+
 class MomentsPen(BasePen):
 
 	def __init__(self, glyphset=None):
@@ -31,8 +33,9 @@
 	def _endPath(self):
 		p0 = self._getCurrentPoint()
 		if p0 != self.__startPoint:
-			# Green theorem is not defined on open contours.
-			raise NotImplementedError
+			raise OpenContourError(
+							"Green theorem is not defined on open contours."
+			)
 
 	def _lineTo(self, p1):
 		x0,y0 = self._getCurrentPoint()
diff --git a/Lib/fontTools/pens/perimeterPen.py b/Lib/fontTools/pens/perimeterPen.py
index 10a2ff3..9a09cb8 100644
--- a/Lib/fontTools/pens/perimeterPen.py
+++ b/Lib/fontTools/pens/perimeterPen.py
@@ -1,10 +1,8 @@
 # -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 """Calculate the perimeter of a glyph."""
 
-from __future__ import print_function, division, absolute_import
-from fontTools.misc.py23 import *
 from fontTools.pens.basePen import BasePen
-from fontTools.misc.bezierTools import splitQuadraticAtT, splitCubicAtT, approximateQuadraticArcLengthC, calcQuadraticArcLengthC, approximateCubicArcLengthC
+from fontTools.misc.bezierTools import approximateQuadraticArcLengthC, calcQuadraticArcLengthC, approximateCubicArcLengthC, calcCubicArcLengthC
 import math
 
 
@@ -14,18 +12,12 @@
 def _distance(p0, p1):
 	return math.hypot(p0[0] - p1[0], p0[1] - p1[1])
 
-def _split_cubic_into_two(p0, p1, p2, p3):
-    mid = (p0 + 3 * (p1 + p2) + p3) * .125
-    deriv3 = (p3 + p2 - p1 - p0) * .125
-    return ((p0, (p0 + p1) * .5, mid - deriv3, mid),
-            (mid, mid + deriv3, (p2 + p3) * .5, p3))
-
 class PerimeterPen(BasePen):
 
 	def __init__(self, glyphset=None, tolerance=0.005):
 		BasePen.__init__(self, glyphset)
 		self.value = 0
-		self._mult = 1.+1.5*tolerance # The 1.5 is a empirical hack; no math
+		self.tolerance = tolerance
 
 		# Choose which algorithm to use for quadratic and for cubic.
 		# Quadrature is faster but has fixed error characteristic with no strong
@@ -55,15 +47,8 @@
 		p0 = self._getCurrentPoint()
 		self._addQuadratic(complex(*p0), complex(*p1), complex(*p2))
 
-	def _addCubicRecursive(self, p0, p1, p2, p3):
-		arch = abs(p0-p3)
-		box = abs(p0-p1) + abs(p1-p2) + abs(p2-p3)
-		if arch * self._mult >= box:
-			self.value += (arch + box) * .5
-		else:
-			one,two = _split_cubic_into_two(p0,p1,p2,p3)
-			self._addCubicRecursive(*one)
-			self._addCubicRecursive(*two)
+	def _addCubicRecursive(self, c0, c1, c2, c3):
+		self.value += calcCubicArcLengthC(c0, c1, c2, c3, self.tolerance)
 
 	def _addCubicQuadrature(self, c0, c1, c2, c3):
 		self.value += approximateCubicArcLengthC(c0, c1, c2, c3)
diff --git a/Lib/fontTools/pens/pointInsidePen.py b/Lib/fontTools/pens/pointInsidePen.py
index 3311841..34597f4 100644
--- a/Lib/fontTools/pens/pointInsidePen.py
+++ b/Lib/fontTools/pens/pointInsidePen.py
@@ -2,8 +2,6 @@
 for shapes.
 """
 
-from __future__ import print_function, division, absolute_import
-from fontTools.misc.py23 import *
 from fontTools.pens.basePen import BasePen
 from fontTools.misc.bezierTools import solveQuadratic, solveCubic
 
diff --git a/Lib/fontTools/pens/pointPen.py b/Lib/fontTools/pens/pointPen.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4c3148b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Lib/fontTools/pens/pointPen.py
@@ -0,0 +1,493 @@
+"""
+=========
+PointPens
+=========
+
+Where **SegmentPens** have an intuitive approach to drawing
+(if you're familiar with postscript anyway), the **PointPen**
+is geared towards accessing all the data in the contours of
+the glyph. A PointPen has a very simple interface, it just
+steps through all the points in a call from glyph.drawPoints().
+This allows the caller to provide more data for each point.
+For instance, whether or not a point is smooth, and its name.
+"""
+
+import math
+from typing import Any, Optional, Tuple
+
+from fontTools.pens.basePen import AbstractPen, PenError
+
+__all__ = [
+	"AbstractPointPen",
+	"BasePointToSegmentPen",
+	"PointToSegmentPen",
+	"SegmentToPointPen",
+	"GuessSmoothPointPen",
+	"ReverseContourPointPen",
+]
+
+
+class AbstractPointPen:
+	"""Baseclass for all PointPens."""
+
+	def beginPath(self, identifier: Optional[str] = None, **kwargs: Any) -> None:
+		"""Start a new sub path."""
+		raise NotImplementedError
+
+	def endPath(self) -> None:
+		"""End the current sub path."""
+		raise NotImplementedError
+
+	def addPoint(
+		self,
+		pt: Tuple[float, float],
+		segmentType: Optional[str] = None,
+		smooth: bool = False,
+		name: Optional[str] = None,
+		identifier: Optional[str] = None,
+		**kwargs: Any
+	) -> None:
+		"""Add a point to the current sub path."""
+		raise NotImplementedError
+
+	def addComponent(
+		self,
+		baseGlyphName: str,
+		transformation: Tuple[float, float, float, float, float, float],
+		identifier: Optional[str] = None,
+		**kwargs: Any
+	) -> None:
+		"""Add a sub glyph."""
+		raise NotImplementedError
+
+
+class BasePointToSegmentPen(AbstractPointPen):
+	"""
+	Base class for retrieving the outline in a segment-oriented
+	way. The PointPen protocol is simple yet also a little tricky,
+	so when you need an outline presented as segments but you have
+	as points, do use this base implementation as it properly takes
+	care of all the edge cases.
+	"""
+
+	def __init__(self):
+		self.currentPath = None
+
+	def beginPath(self, identifier=None, **kwargs):
+		if self.currentPath is not None:
+			raise PenError("Path already begun.")
+		self.currentPath = []
+
+	def _flushContour(self, segments):
+		"""Override this method.
+
+		It will be called for each non-empty sub path with a list
+		of segments: the 'segments' argument.
+
+		The segments list contains tuples of length 2:
+			(segmentType, points)
+
+		segmentType is one of "move", "line", "curve" or "qcurve".
+		"move" may only occur as the first segment, and it signifies
+		an OPEN path. A CLOSED path does NOT start with a "move", in
+		fact it will not contain a "move" at ALL.
+
+		The 'points' field in the 2-tuple is a list of point info
+		tuples. The list has 1 or more items, a point tuple has
+		four items:
+			(point, smooth, name, kwargs)
+		'point' is an (x, y) coordinate pair.
+
+		For a closed path, the initial moveTo point is defined as
+		the last point of the last segment.
+
+		The 'points' list of "move" and "line" segments always contains
+		exactly one point tuple.
+		"""
+		raise NotImplementedError
+
+	def endPath(self):
+		if self.currentPath is None:
+			raise PenError("Path not begun.")
+		points = self.currentPath
+		self.currentPath = None
+		if not points:
+			return
+		if len(points) == 1:
+			# Not much more we can do than output a single move segment.
+			pt, segmentType, smooth, name, kwargs = points[0]
+			segments = [("move", [(pt, smooth, name, kwargs)])]
+			self._flushContour(segments)
+			return
+		segments = []
+		if points[0][1] == "move":
+			# It's an open contour, insert a "move" segment for the first
+			# point and remove that first point from the point list.
+			pt, segmentType, smooth, name, kwargs = points[0]
+			segments.append(("move", [(pt, smooth, name, kwargs)]))
+			points.pop(0)
+		else:
+			# It's a closed contour. Locate the first on-curve point, and
+			# rotate the point list so that it _ends_ with an on-curve
+			# point.
+			firstOnCurve = None
+			for i in range(len(points)):
+				segmentType = points[i][1]
+				if segmentType is not None:
+					firstOnCurve = i
+					break
+			if firstOnCurve is None:
+				# Special case for quadratics: a contour with no on-curve
+				# points. Add a "None" point. (See also the Pen protocol's
+				# qCurveTo() method and fontTools.pens.basePen.py.)
+				points.append((None, "qcurve", None, None, None))
+			else:
+				points = points[firstOnCurve+1:] + points[:firstOnCurve+1]
+
+		currentSegment = []
+		for pt, segmentType, smooth, name, kwargs in points:
+			currentSegment.append((pt, smooth, name, kwargs))
+			if segmentType is None:
+				continue
+			segments.append((segmentType, currentSegment))
+			currentSegment = []
+
+		self._flushContour(segments)
+
+	def addPoint(self, pt, segmentType=None, smooth=False, name=None,
+				 identifier=None, **kwargs):
+		if self.currentPath is None:
+			raise PenError("Path not begun")
+		self.currentPath.append((pt, segmentType, smooth, name, kwargs))
+
+
+class PointToSegmentPen(BasePointToSegmentPen):
+	"""
+	Adapter class that converts the PointPen protocol to the
+	(Segment)Pen protocol.
+
+	NOTE: The segment pen does not support and will drop point names, identifiers
+	and kwargs.
+	"""
+
+	def __init__(self, segmentPen, outputImpliedClosingLine=False):
+		BasePointToSegmentPen.__init__(self)
+		self.pen = segmentPen
+		self.outputImpliedClosingLine = outputImpliedClosingLine
+
+	def _flushContour(self, segments):
+		if not segments:
+			raise PenError("Must have at least one segment.")
+		pen = self.pen
+		if segments[0][0] == "move":
+			# It's an open path.
+			closed = False
+			points = segments[0][1]
+			if len(points) != 1:
+				raise PenError(f"Illegal move segment point count: {len(points)}")
+			movePt, _, _ , _ = points[0]
+			del segments[0]
+		else:
+			# It's a closed path, do a moveTo to the last
+			# point of the last segment.
+			closed = True
+			segmentType, points = segments[-1]
+			movePt, _, _ , _ = points[-1]
+		if movePt is None:
+			# quad special case: a contour with no on-curve points contains
+			# one "qcurve" segment that ends with a point that's None. We
+			# must not output a moveTo() in that case.
+			pass
+		else:
+			pen.moveTo(movePt)
+		outputImpliedClosingLine = self.outputImpliedClosingLine
+		nSegments = len(segments)
+		lastPt = movePt
+		for i in range(nSegments):
+			segmentType, points = segments[i]
+			points = [pt for pt, _, _ , _ in points]
+			if segmentType == "line":
+				if len(points) != 1:
+					raise PenError(f"Illegal line segment point count: {len(points)}")
+				pt = points[0]
+				# For closed contours, a 'lineTo' is always implied from the last oncurve
+				# point to the starting point, thus we can omit it when the last and
+				# starting point don't overlap.
+				# However, when the last oncurve point is a "line" segment and has same
+				# coordinates as the starting point of a closed contour, we need to output
+				# the closing 'lineTo' explicitly (regardless of the value of the
+				# 'outputImpliedClosingLine' option) in order to disambiguate this case from
+				# the implied closing 'lineTo', otherwise the duplicate point would be lost.
+				# See https://github.com/googlefonts/fontmake/issues/572.
+				if (
+					i + 1 != nSegments
+					or outputImpliedClosingLine
+					or not closed
+					or pt == lastPt
+				):
+					pen.lineTo(pt)
+					lastPt = pt
+			elif segmentType == "curve":
+				pen.curveTo(*points)
+				lastPt = points[-1]
+			elif segmentType == "qcurve":
+				pen.qCurveTo(*points)
+				lastPt = points[-1]
+			else:
+				raise PenError(f"Illegal segmentType: {segmentType}")
+		if closed:
+			pen.closePath()
+		else:
+			pen.endPath()
+
+	def addComponent(self, glyphName, transform, identifier=None, **kwargs):
+		del identifier  # unused
+		del kwargs  # unused
+		self.pen.addComponent(glyphName, transform)
+
+
+class SegmentToPointPen(AbstractPen):
+	"""
+	Adapter class that converts the (Segment)Pen protocol to the
+	PointPen protocol.
+	"""
+
+	def __init__(self, pointPen, guessSmooth=True):
+		if guessSmooth:
+			self.pen = GuessSmoothPointPen(pointPen)
+		else:
+			self.pen = pointPen
+		self.contour = None
+
+	def _flushContour(self):
+		pen = self.pen
+		pen.beginPath()
+		for pt, segmentType in self.contour:
+			pen.addPoint(pt, segmentType=segmentType)
+		pen.endPath()
+
+	def moveTo(self, pt):
+		self.contour = []
+		self.contour.append((pt, "move"))
+
+	def lineTo(self, pt):
+		if self.contour is None:
+			raise PenError("Contour missing required initial moveTo")
+		self.contour.append((pt, "line"))
+
+	def curveTo(self, *pts):
+		if not pts:
+			raise TypeError("Must pass in at least one point")
+		if self.contour is None:
+			raise PenError("Contour missing required initial moveTo")
+		for pt in pts[:-1]:
+			self.contour.append((pt, None))
+		self.contour.append((pts[-1], "curve"))
+
+	def qCurveTo(self, *pts):
+		if not pts:
+			raise TypeError("Must pass in at least one point")
+		if pts[-1] is None:
+			self.contour = []
+		else:
+			if self.contour is None:
+				raise PenError("Contour missing required initial moveTo")
+		for pt in pts[:-1]:
+			self.contour.append((pt, None))
+		if pts[-1] is not None:
+			self.contour.append((pts[-1], "qcurve"))
+
+	def closePath(self):
+		if self.contour is None:
+			raise PenError("Contour missing required initial moveTo")
+		if len(self.contour) > 1 and self.contour[0][0] == self.contour[-1][0]:
+			self.contour[0] = self.contour[-1]
+			del self.contour[-1]
+		else:
+			# There's an implied line at the end, replace "move" with "line"
+			# for the first point
+			pt, tp = self.contour[0]
+			if tp == "move":
+				self.contour[0] = pt, "line"
+		self._flushContour()
+		self.contour = None
+
+	def endPath(self):
+		if self.contour is None:
+			raise PenError("Contour missing required initial moveTo")
+		self._flushContour()
+		self.contour = None
+
+	def addComponent(self, glyphName, transform):
+		if self.contour is not None:
+			raise PenError("Components must be added before or after contours")
+		self.pen.addComponent(glyphName, transform)
+
+
+class GuessSmoothPointPen(AbstractPointPen):
+	"""
+	Filtering PointPen that tries to determine whether an on-curve point
+	should be "smooth", ie. that it's a "tangent" point or a "curve" point.
+	"""
+
+	def __init__(self, outPen, error=0.05):
+		self._outPen = outPen
+		self._error = error
+		self._points = None
+
+	def _flushContour(self):
+		if self._points is None:
+			raise PenError("Path not begun")
+		points = self._points
+		nPoints = len(points)
+		if not nPoints:
+			return
+		if points[0][1] == "move":
+			# Open path.
+			indices = range(1, nPoints - 1)
+		elif nPoints > 1:
+			# Closed path. To avoid having to mod the contour index, we
+			# simply abuse Python's negative index feature, and start at -1
+			indices = range(-1, nPoints - 1)
+		else:
+			# closed path containing 1 point (!), ignore.
+			indices = []
+		for i in indices:
+			pt, segmentType, _, name, kwargs = points[i]
+			if segmentType is None:
+				continue
+			prev = i - 1
+			next = i + 1
+			if points[prev][1] is not None and points[next][1] is not None:
+				continue
+			# At least one of our neighbors is an off-curve point
+			pt = points[i][0]
+			prevPt = points[prev][0]
+			nextPt = points[next][0]
+			if pt != prevPt and pt != nextPt:
+				dx1, dy1 = pt[0] - prevPt[0], pt[1] - prevPt[1]
+				dx2, dy2 = nextPt[0] - pt[0], nextPt[1] - pt[1]
+				a1 = math.atan2(dy1, dx1)
+				a2 = math.atan2(dy2, dx2)
+				if abs(a1 - a2) < self._error:
+					points[i] = pt, segmentType, True, name, kwargs
+
+		for pt, segmentType, smooth, name, kwargs in points:
+			self._outPen.addPoint(pt, segmentType, smooth, name, **kwargs)
+
+	def beginPath(self, identifier=None, **kwargs):
+		if self._points is not None:
+			raise PenError("Path already begun")
+		self._points = []
+		if identifier is not None:
+			kwargs["identifier"] = identifier
+		self._outPen.beginPath(**kwargs)
+
+	def endPath(self):
+		self._flushContour()
+		self._outPen.endPath()
+		self._points = None
+
+	def addPoint(self, pt, segmentType=None, smooth=False, name=None,
+				 identifier=None, **kwargs):
+		if self._points is None:
+			raise PenError("Path not begun")
+		if identifier is not None:
+			kwargs["identifier"] = identifier
+		self._points.append((pt, segmentType, False, name, kwargs))
+
+	def addComponent(self, glyphName, transformation, identifier=None, **kwargs):
+		if self._points is not None:
+			raise PenError("Components must be added before or after contours")
+		if identifier is not None:
+			kwargs["identifier"] = identifier
+		self._outPen.addComponent(glyphName, transformation, **kwargs)
+
+
+class ReverseContourPointPen(AbstractPointPen):
+	"""
+	This is a PointPen that passes outline data to another PointPen, but
+	reversing the winding direction of all contours. Components are simply
+	passed through unchanged.
+
+	Closed contours are reversed in such a way that the first point remains
+	the first point.
+	"""
+
+	def __init__(self, outputPointPen):
+		self.pen = outputPointPen
+		# a place to store the points for the current sub path
+		self.currentContour = None
+
+	def _flushContour(self):
+		pen = self.pen
+		contour = self.currentContour
+		if not contour:
+			pen.beginPath(identifier=self.currentContourIdentifier)
+			pen.endPath()
+			return
+
+		closed = contour[0][1] != "move"
+		if not closed:
+			lastSegmentType = "move"
+		else:
+			# Remove the first point and insert it at the end. When
+			# the list of points gets reversed, this point will then
+			# again be at the start. In other words, the following
+			# will hold:
+			#   for N in range(len(originalContour)):
+			#       originalContour[N] == reversedContour[-N]
+			contour.append(contour.pop(0))
+			# Find the first on-curve point.
+			firstOnCurve = None
+			for i in range(len(contour)):
+				if contour[i][1] is not None:
+					firstOnCurve = i
+					break
+			if firstOnCurve is None:
+				# There are no on-curve points, be basically have to
+				# do nothing but contour.reverse().
+				lastSegmentType = None
+			else:
+				lastSegmentType = contour[firstOnCurve][1]
+
+		contour.reverse()
+		if not closed:
+			# Open paths must start with a move, so we simply dump
+			# all off-curve points leading up to the first on-curve.
+			while contour[0][1] is None:
+				contour.pop(0)
+		pen.beginPath(identifier=self.currentContourIdentifier)
+		for pt, nextSegmentType, smooth, name, kwargs in contour:
+			if nextSegmentType is not None:
+				segmentType = lastSegmentType
+				lastSegmentType = nextSegmentType
+			else:
+				segmentType = None
+			pen.addPoint(pt, segmentType=segmentType, smooth=smooth, name=name, **kwargs)
+		pen.endPath()
+
+	def beginPath(self, identifier=None, **kwargs):
+		if self.currentContour is not None:
+			raise PenError("Path already begun")
+		self.currentContour = []
+		self.currentContourIdentifier = identifier
+		self.onCurve = []
+
+	def endPath(self):
+		if self.currentContour is None:
+			raise PenError("Path not begun")
+		self._flushContour()
+		self.currentContour = None
+
+	def addPoint(self, pt, segmentType=None, smooth=False, name=None, identifier=None, **kwargs):
+		if self.currentContour is None:
+			raise PenError("Path not begun")
+		if identifier is not None:
+			kwargs["identifier"] = identifier
+		self.currentContour.append((pt, segmentType, smooth, name, kwargs))
+
+	def addComponent(self, glyphName, transform, identifier=None, **kwargs):
+		if self.currentContour is not None:
+			raise PenError("Components must be added before or after contours")
+		self.pen.addComponent(glyphName, transform, identifier=identifier, **kwargs)
diff --git a/Lib/fontTools/pens/qtPen.py b/Lib/fontTools/pens/qtPen.py
index 01cb37a..3473645 100644
--- a/Lib/fontTools/pens/qtPen.py
+++ b/Lib/fontTools/pens/qtPen.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import print_function, division, absolute_import
-from fontTools.misc.py23 import *
 from fontTools.pens.basePen import BasePen
 
 
diff --git a/Lib/fontTools/pens/quartzPen.py b/Lib/fontTools/pens/quartzPen.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..16b9c2d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Lib/fontTools/pens/quartzPen.py
@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+from fontTools.pens.basePen import BasePen
+
+from Quartz.CoreGraphics import CGPathCreateMutable, CGPathMoveToPoint
+from Quartz.CoreGraphics import CGPathAddLineToPoint, CGPathAddCurveToPoint
+from Quartz.CoreGraphics import CGPathAddQuadCurveToPoint, CGPathCloseSubpath
+	
+
+__all__ = ["QuartzPen"]
+
+
+class QuartzPen(BasePen):
+	
+	"""A pen that creates a CGPath
+	
+	Parameters
+	- path: an optional CGPath to add to
+	- xform: an optional CGAffineTransform to apply to the path
+	"""
+
+	def __init__(self, glyphSet, path=None, xform=None):
+		BasePen.__init__(self, glyphSet)
+		if path is None:
+			path = CGPathCreateMutable()
+		self.path = path
+		self.xform = xform
+
+	def _moveTo(self, pt):
+		x, y = pt
+		CGPathMoveToPoint(self.path, self.xform, x, y)
+
+	def _lineTo(self, pt):
+		x, y = pt
+		CGPathAddLineToPoint(self.path, self.xform, x, y)
+
+	def _curveToOne(self, p1, p2, p3):
+		(x1, y1), (x2, y2), (x3, y3) = p1, p2, p3
+		CGPathAddCurveToPoint(self.path, self.xform, x1, y1, x2, y2, x3, y3)
+		
+	def _qCurveToOne(self, p1, p2):
+		(x1, y1), (x2, y2) = p1, p2
+		CGPathAddQuadCurveToPoint(self.path, self.xform, x1, y1, x2, y2)
+	
+	def _closePath(self):
+		CGPathCloseSubpath(self.path)
+
diff --git a/Lib/fontTools/pens/recordingPen.py b/Lib/fontTools/pens/recordingPen.py
index e583c8f..203082a 100644
--- a/Lib/fontTools/pens/recordingPen.py
+++ b/Lib/fontTools/pens/recordingPen.py
@@ -1,10 +1,14 @@
 """Pen recording operations that can be accessed or replayed."""
-from __future__ import print_function, division, absolute_import
-from fontTools.misc.py23 import *
 from fontTools.pens.basePen import AbstractPen, DecomposingPen
+from fontTools.pens.pointPen import AbstractPointPen
 
 
-__all__ = ["replayRecording", "RecordingPen", "DecomposingRecordingPen"]
+__all__ = [
+	"replayRecording",
+	"RecordingPen",
+	"DecomposingRecordingPen",
+	"RecordingPointPen",
+]
 
 
 def replayRecording(recording, pen):
@@ -90,8 +94,58 @@
 	skipMissingComponents = False
 
 
+class RecordingPointPen(AbstractPointPen):
+	"""PointPen recording operations that can be accessed or replayed.
+
+	The recording can be accessed as pen.value; or replayed using
+	pointPen.replay(otherPointPen).
+
+	Usage example:
+	==============
+	from defcon import Font
+	from fontTools.pens.recordingPen import RecordingPointPen
+
+	glyph_name = 'a'
+	font_path = 'MyFont.ufo'
+
+	font = Font(font_path)
+	glyph = font[glyph_name]
+
+	pen = RecordingPointPen()
+	glyph.drawPoints(pen)
+	print(pen.value)
+
+	new_glyph = font.newGlyph('b')
+	pen.replay(new_glyph.getPointPen())
+	"""
+
+	def __init__(self):
+		self.value = []
+
+	def beginPath(self, identifier=None, **kwargs):
+		if identifier is not None:
+			kwargs["identifier"] = identifier
+		self.value.append(("beginPath", (), kwargs))
+
+	def endPath(self):
+		self.value.append(("endPath", (), {}))
+
+	def addPoint(self, pt, segmentType=None, smooth=False, name=None, identifier=None, **kwargs):
+		if identifier is not None:
+			kwargs["identifier"] = identifier
+		self.value.append(("addPoint", (pt, segmentType, smooth, name), kwargs))
+
+	def addComponent(self, baseGlyphName, transformation, identifier=None, **kwargs):
+		if identifier is not None:
+			kwargs["identifier"] = identifier
+		self.value.append(("addComponent", (baseGlyphName, transformation), kwargs))
+
+	def replay(self, pointPen):
+		for operator, args, kwargs in self.value:
+			getattr(pointPen, operator)(*args, **kwargs)
+
+
 if __name__ == "__main__":
-	from fontTools.pens.basePen import _TestPen
 	pen = RecordingPen()
 	pen.moveTo((0, 0))
 	pen.lineTo((0, 100))
diff --git a/Lib/fontTools/pens/reportLabPen.py b/Lib/fontTools/pens/reportLabPen.py
index 2068b25..c0a4610 100644
--- a/Lib/fontTools/pens/reportLabPen.py
+++ b/Lib/fontTools/pens/reportLabPen.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import print_function, division, absolute_import
-from fontTools.misc.py23 import *
 from fontTools.pens.basePen import BasePen
 from reportlab.graphics.shapes import Path
 
diff --git a/Lib/fontTools/pens/reverseContourPen.py b/Lib/fontTools/pens/reverseContourPen.py
index 27e54d7..9b3241b 100644
--- a/Lib/fontTools/pens/reverseContourPen.py
+++ b/Lib/fontTools/pens/reverseContourPen.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import print_function, division, absolute_import
-from fontTools.misc.py23 import *
 from fontTools.misc.arrayTools import pairwise
 from fontTools.pens.filterPen import ContourFilterPen
 
diff --git a/Lib/fontTools/pens/roundingPen.py b/Lib/fontTools/pens/roundingPen.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2a7c476
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Lib/fontTools/pens/roundingPen.py
@@ -0,0 +1,112 @@
+from fontTools.misc.roundTools import otRound
+from fontTools.misc.transform import Transform
+from fontTools.pens.filterPen import FilterPen, FilterPointPen
+
+
+__all__ = ["RoundingPen", "RoundingPointPen"]
+
+
+class RoundingPen(FilterPen):
+    """
+    Filter pen that rounds point coordinates and component XY offsets to integer.
+
+    >>> from fontTools.pens.recordingPen import RecordingPen
+    >>> recpen = RecordingPen()
+    >>> roundpen = RoundingPen(recpen)
+    >>> roundpen.moveTo((0.4, 0.6))
+    >>> roundpen.lineTo((1.6, 2.5))
+    >>> roundpen.qCurveTo((2.4, 4.6), (3.3, 5.7), (4.9, 6.1))
+    >>> roundpen.curveTo((6.4, 8.6), (7.3, 9.7), (8.9, 10.1))
+    >>> roundpen.addComponent("a", (1.5, 0, 0, 1.5, 10.5, -10.5))
+    >>> recpen.value == [
+    ...     ('moveTo', ((0, 1),)),
+    ...     ('lineTo', ((2, 3),)),
+    ...     ('qCurveTo', ((2, 5), (3, 6), (5, 6))),
+    ...     ('curveTo', ((6, 9), (7, 10), (9, 10))),
+    ...     ('addComponent', ('a', (1.5, 0, 0, 1.5, 11, -10))),
+    ... ]
+    True
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, outPen, roundFunc=otRound):
+        super().__init__(outPen)
+        self.roundFunc = roundFunc
+
+    def moveTo(self, pt):
+        self._outPen.moveTo((self.roundFunc(pt[0]), self.roundFunc(pt[1])))
+
+    def lineTo(self, pt):
+        self._outPen.lineTo((self.roundFunc(pt[0]), self.roundFunc(pt[1])))
+
+    def curveTo(self, *points):
+        self._outPen.curveTo(
+            *((self.roundFunc(x), self.roundFunc(y)) for x, y in points)
+        )
+
+    def qCurveTo(self, *points):
+        self._outPen.qCurveTo(
+            *((self.roundFunc(x), self.roundFunc(y)) for x, y in points)
+        )
+
+    def addComponent(self, glyphName, transformation):
+        self._outPen.addComponent(
+            glyphName,
+            Transform(
+                *transformation[:4],
+                self.roundFunc(transformation[4]),
+                self.roundFunc(transformation[5]),
+            ),
+        )
+
+
+class RoundingPointPen(FilterPointPen):
+    """
+    Filter point pen that rounds point coordinates and component XY offsets to integer.
+
+    >>> from fontTools.pens.recordingPen import RecordingPointPen
+    >>> recpen = RecordingPointPen()
+    >>> roundpen = RoundingPointPen(recpen)
+    >>> roundpen.beginPath()
+    >>> roundpen.addPoint((0.4, 0.6), 'line')
+    >>> roundpen.addPoint((1.6, 2.5), 'line')
+    >>> roundpen.addPoint((2.4, 4.6))
+    >>> roundpen.addPoint((3.3, 5.7))
+    >>> roundpen.addPoint((4.9, 6.1), 'qcurve')
+    >>> roundpen.endPath()
+    >>> roundpen.addComponent("a", (1.5, 0, 0, 1.5, 10.5, -10.5))
+    >>> recpen.value == [
+    ...     ('beginPath', (), {}),
+    ...     ('addPoint', ((0, 1), 'line', False, None), {}),
+    ...     ('addPoint', ((2, 3), 'line', False, None), {}),
+    ...     ('addPoint', ((2, 5), None, False, None), {}),
+    ...     ('addPoint', ((3, 6), None, False, None), {}),
+    ...     ('addPoint', ((5, 6), 'qcurve', False, None), {}),
+    ...     ('endPath', (), {}),
+    ...     ('addComponent', ('a', (1.5, 0, 0, 1.5, 11, -10)), {}),
+    ... ]
+    True
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, outPen, roundFunc=otRound):
+        super().__init__(outPen)
+        self.roundFunc = roundFunc
+
+    def addPoint(self, pt, segmentType=None, smooth=False, name=None, **kwargs):
+        self._outPen.addPoint(
+            (self.roundFunc(pt[0]), self.roundFunc(pt[1])),
+            segmentType=segmentType,
+            smooth=smooth,
+            name=name,
+            **kwargs,
+        )
+
+    def addComponent(self, baseGlyphName, transformation, **kwargs):
+        self._outPen.addComponent(
+            baseGlyphName,
+            Transform(
+                *transformation[:4],
+                self.roundFunc(transformation[4]),
+                self.roundFunc(transformation[5]),
+            ),
+            **kwargs,
+        )
diff --git a/Lib/fontTools/pens/statisticsPen.py b/Lib/fontTools/pens/statisticsPen.py
index 7c2e85c..abd6ff5 100644
--- a/Lib/fontTools/pens/statisticsPen.py
+++ b/Lib/fontTools/pens/statisticsPen.py
@@ -1,7 +1,5 @@
 """Pen calculating area, center of mass, variance and standard-deviation,
 covariance and correlation, and slant, of glyph shapes."""
-from __future__ import print_function, division, absolute_import
-from fontTools.misc.py23 import *
 import math
 from fontTools.pens.momentsPen import MomentsPen
 
diff --git a/Lib/fontTools/pens/svgPathPen.py b/Lib/fontTools/pens/svgPathPen.py
index 17e4ccc..4352ba4 100644
--- a/Lib/fontTools/pens/svgPathPen.py
+++ b/Lib/fontTools/pens/svgPathPen.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import print_function, division, absolute_import
-from fontTools.misc.py23 import *
 from fontTools.pens.basePen import BasePen
 
 
diff --git a/Lib/fontTools/pens/t2CharStringPen.py b/Lib/fontTools/pens/t2CharStringPen.py
index d23fae1..0fddec1 100644
--- a/Lib/fontTools/pens/t2CharStringPen.py
+++ b/Lib/fontTools/pens/t2CharStringPen.py
@@ -1,37 +1,12 @@
 # Copyright (c) 2009 Type Supply LLC
 # Author: Tal Leming
 
-from __future__ import print_function, division, absolute_import
-from fontTools.misc.py23 import *
+from fontTools.misc.roundTools import otRound, roundFunc
 from fontTools.misc.psCharStrings import T2CharString
 from fontTools.pens.basePen import BasePen
 from fontTools.cffLib.specializer import specializeCommands, commandsToProgram
 
 
-def makeRoundFunc(tolerance):
-    if tolerance < 0:
-        raise ValueError("Rounding tolerance must be positive")
-
-    def _round(number):
-        if tolerance == 0:
-            return number  # no-op
-        rounded = round(number)
-        # return rounded integer if the tolerance >= 0.5, or if the absolute
-        # difference between the original float and the rounded integer is
-        # within the tolerance
-        if tolerance >= .5 or abs(rounded - number) <= tolerance:
-            return rounded
-        else:
-            # else return the value un-rounded
-            return number
-
-    def roundPoint(point):
-        x, y = point
-        return _round(x), _round(y)
-
-    return roundPoint
-
-
 class T2CharStringPen(BasePen):
     """Pen to draw Type 2 CharStrings.
 
@@ -45,7 +20,7 @@
 
     def __init__(self, width, glyphSet, roundTolerance=0.5, CFF2=False):
         super(T2CharStringPen, self).__init__(glyphSet)
-        self.roundPoint = makeRoundFunc(roundTolerance)
+        self.round = roundFunc(roundTolerance)
         self._CFF2 = CFF2
         self._width = width
         self._commands = []
@@ -53,7 +28,7 @@
 
     def _p(self, pt):
         p0 = self._p0
-        pt = self._p0 = self.roundPoint(pt)
+        pt = self._p0 = (self.round(pt[0]), self.round(pt[1]))
         return [pt[0]-p0[0], pt[1]-p0[1]]
 
     def _moveTo(self, pt):
@@ -82,7 +57,7 @@
         program = commandsToProgram(commands)
         if self._width is not None:
             assert not self._CFF2, "CFF2 does not allow encoding glyph width in CharString."
-            program.insert(0, round(self._width))
+            program.insert(0, otRound(self._width))
         if not self._CFF2:
             program.append('endchar')
         charString = T2CharString(
diff --git a/Lib/fontTools/pens/teePen.py b/Lib/fontTools/pens/teePen.py
index ce22c85..2f30e92 100644
--- a/Lib/fontTools/pens/teePen.py
+++ b/Lib/fontTools/pens/teePen.py
@@ -1,6 +1,4 @@
 """Pen multiplexing drawing to one or more pens."""
-from __future__ import print_function, division, absolute_import
-from fontTools.misc.py23 import *
 from fontTools.pens.basePen import AbstractPen
 
 
diff --git a/Lib/fontTools/pens/transformPen.py b/Lib/fontTools/pens/transformPen.py
index 8f4fcd0..93d1919 100644
--- a/Lib/fontTools/pens/transformPen.py
+++ b/Lib/fontTools/pens/transformPen.py
@@ -1,9 +1,7 @@
-from __future__ import print_function, division, absolute_import
-from fontTools.misc.py23 import *
-from fontTools.pens.filterPen import FilterPen
+from fontTools.pens.filterPen import FilterPen, FilterPointPen
 
 
-__all__ = ["TransformPen"]
+__all__ = ["TransformPen", "TransformPointPen"]
 
 
 class TransformPen(FilterPen):
@@ -56,6 +54,51 @@
 		self._outPen.addComponent(glyphName, transformation)
 
 
+class TransformPointPen(FilterPointPen):
+	"""PointPen that transforms all coordinates using a Affine transformation,
+	and passes them to another PointPen.
+
+	>>> from fontTools.pens.recordingPen import RecordingPointPen
+	>>> rec = RecordingPointPen()
+	>>> pen = TransformPointPen(rec, (2, 0, 0, 2, -10, 5))
+	>>> v = iter(rec.value)
+	>>> pen.beginPath(identifier="contour-0")
+	>>> next(v)
+	('beginPath', (), {'identifier': 'contour-0'})
+	>>> pen.addPoint((100, 100), "line")
+	>>> next(v)
+	('addPoint', ((190, 205), 'line', False, None), {})
+	>>> pen.endPath()
+	>>> next(v)
+	('endPath', (), {})
+	>>> pen.addComponent("a", (1, 0, 0, 1, -10, 5), identifier="component-0")
+	>>> next(v)
+	('addComponent', ('a', <Transform [2 0 0 2 -30 15]>), {'identifier': 'component-0'})
+	"""
+
+	def __init__(self, outPointPen, transformation):
+		"""The 'outPointPen' argument is another point pen object.
+		It will receive the transformed coordinates.
+		The 'transformation' argument can either be a six-tuple, or a
+		fontTools.misc.transform.Transform object.
+		"""
+		super().__init__(outPointPen)
+		if not hasattr(transformation, "transformPoint"):
+			from fontTools.misc.transform import Transform
+			transformation = Transform(*transformation)
+		self._transformation = transformation
+		self._transformPoint = transformation.transformPoint
+
+	def addPoint(self, pt, segmentType=None, smooth=False, name=None, **kwargs):
+		self._outPen.addPoint(
+			self._transformPoint(pt), segmentType, smooth, name, **kwargs
+		)
+
+	def addComponent(self, baseGlyphName, transformation, **kwargs):
+		transformation = self._transformation.transform(transformation)
+		self._outPen.addComponent(baseGlyphName, transformation, **kwargs)
+
+
 if __name__ == "__main__":
 	from fontTools.pens.basePen import _TestPen
 	pen = TransformPen(_TestPen(None), (2, 0, 0.5, 2, -10, 0))
diff --git a/Lib/fontTools/pens/ttGlyphPen.py b/Lib/fontTools/pens/ttGlyphPen.py
index 09fa188..5087e15 100644
--- a/Lib/fontTools/pens/ttGlyphPen.py
+++ b/Lib/fontTools/pens/ttGlyphPen.py
@@ -1,51 +1,194 @@
-from __future__ import print_function, division, absolute_import
-from fontTools.misc.py23 import *
 from array import array
-from fontTools.pens.basePen import AbstractPen
-from fontTools.pens.transformPen import TransformPen
+from typing import Any, Dict, Optional, Tuple
+from fontTools.misc.fixedTools import MAX_F2DOT14, floatToFixedToFloat
+from fontTools.misc.loggingTools import LogMixin
+from fontTools.pens.pointPen import AbstractPointPen
+from fontTools.misc.roundTools import otRound
+from fontTools.pens.basePen import LoggingPen, PenError
+from fontTools.pens.transformPen import TransformPen, TransformPointPen
 from fontTools.ttLib.tables import ttProgram
 from fontTools.ttLib.tables._g_l_y_f import Glyph
 from fontTools.ttLib.tables._g_l_y_f import GlyphComponent
 from fontTools.ttLib.tables._g_l_y_f import GlyphCoordinates
 
 
-__all__ = ["TTGlyphPen"]
+__all__ = ["TTGlyphPen", "TTGlyphPointPen"]
 
 
-class TTGlyphPen(AbstractPen):
-    """Pen used for drawing to a TrueType glyph."""
+class _TTGlyphBasePen:
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        glyphSet: Optional[Dict[str, Any]],
+        handleOverflowingTransforms: bool = True,
+    ) -> None:
+        """
+        Construct a new pen.
 
-    def __init__(self, glyphSet):
+        Args:
+            glyphSet (Dict[str, Any]): A glyphset object, used to resolve components.
+            handleOverflowingTransforms (bool): See below.
+
+        If ``handleOverflowingTransforms`` is True, the components' transform values
+        are checked that they don't overflow the limits of a F2Dot14 number:
+        -2.0 <= v < +2.0. If any transform value exceeds these, the composite
+        glyph is decomposed.
+
+        An exception to this rule is done for values that are very close to +2.0
+        (both for consistency with the -2.0 case, and for the relative frequency
+        these occur in real fonts). When almost +2.0 values occur (and all other
+        values are within the range -2.0 <= x <= +2.0), they are clamped to the
+        maximum positive value that can still be encoded as an F2Dot14: i.e.
+        1.99993896484375.
+
+        If False, no check is done and all components are translated unmodified
+        into the glyf table, followed by an inevitable ``struct.error`` once an
+        attempt is made to compile them.
+
+        If both contours and components are present in a glyph, the components
+        are decomposed.
+        """
         self.glyphSet = glyphSet
+        self.handleOverflowingTransforms = handleOverflowingTransforms
         self.init()
 
-    def init(self):
+    def _decompose(
+        self,
+        glyphName: str,
+        transformation: Tuple[float, float, float, float, float, float],
+    ):
+        tpen = self.transformPen(self, transformation)
+        getattr(self.glyphSet[glyphName], self.drawMethod)(tpen)
+
+    def _isClosed(self):
+        """
+        Check if the current path is closed.
+        """
+        raise NotImplementedError
+
+    def init(self) -> None:
         self.points = []
         self.endPts = []
         self.types = []
         self.components = []
 
-    def _addPoint(self, pt, onCurve):
+    def addComponent(
+        self,
+        baseGlyphName: str,
+        transformation: Tuple[float, float, float, float, float, float],
+        identifier: Optional[str] = None,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> None:
+        """
+        Add a sub glyph.
+        """
+        self.components.append((baseGlyphName, transformation))
+
+    def _buildComponents(self, componentFlags):
+        if self.handleOverflowingTransforms:
+            # we can't encode transform values > 2 or < -2 in F2Dot14,
+            # so we must decompose the glyph if any transform exceeds these
+            overflowing = any(
+                s > 2 or s < -2
+                for (glyphName, transformation) in self.components
+                for s in transformation[:4]
+            )
+        components = []
+        for glyphName, transformation in self.components:
+            if glyphName not in self.glyphSet:
+                self.log.warning(f"skipped non-existing component '{glyphName}'")
+                continue
+            if self.points or (self.handleOverflowingTransforms and overflowing):
+                # can't have both coordinates and components, so decompose
+                self._decompose(glyphName, transformation)
+                continue
+
+            component = GlyphComponent()
+            component.glyphName = glyphName
+            component.x, component.y = (otRound(v) for v in transformation[4:])
+            # quantize floats to F2Dot14 so we get same values as when decompiled
+            # from a binary glyf table
+            transformation = tuple(
+                floatToFixedToFloat(v, 14) for v in transformation[:4]
+            )
+            if transformation != (1, 0, 0, 1):
+                if self.handleOverflowingTransforms and any(
+                    MAX_F2DOT14 < s <= 2 for s in transformation
+                ):
+                    # clamp values ~= +2.0 so we can keep the component
+                    transformation = tuple(
+                        MAX_F2DOT14 if MAX_F2DOT14 < s <= 2 else s
+                        for s in transformation
+                    )
+                component.transform = (transformation[:2], transformation[2:])
+            component.flags = componentFlags
+            components.append(component)
+        return components
+
+    def glyph(self, componentFlags: int = 0x4) -> Glyph:
+        """
+        Returns a :py:class:`~._g_l_y_f.Glyph` object representing the glyph.
+        """
+        if not self._isClosed():
+            raise PenError("Didn't close last contour.")
+        components = self._buildComponents(componentFlags)
+
+        glyph = Glyph()
+        glyph.coordinates = GlyphCoordinates(self.points)
+        glyph.coordinates.toInt()
+        glyph.endPtsOfContours = self.endPts
+        glyph.flags = array("B", self.types)
+        self.init()
+
+        if components:
+            # If both components and contours were present, they have by now
+            # been decomposed by _buildComponents.
+            glyph.components = components
+            glyph.numberOfContours = -1
+        else:
+            glyph.numberOfContours = len(glyph.endPtsOfContours)
+            glyph.program = ttProgram.Program()
+            glyph.program.fromBytecode(b"")
+
+        return glyph
+
+
+class TTGlyphPen(_TTGlyphBasePen, LoggingPen):
+    """
+    Pen used for drawing to a TrueType glyph.
+
+    This pen can be used to construct or modify glyphs in a TrueType format
+    font. After using the pen to draw, use the ``.glyph()`` method to retrieve
+    a :py:class:`~._g_l_y_f.Glyph` object representing the glyph.
+    """
+
+    drawMethod = "draw"
+    transformPen = TransformPen
+
+    def _addPoint(self, pt: Tuple[float, float], onCurve: int) -> None:
         self.points.append(pt)
         self.types.append(onCurve)
 
-    def _popPoint(self):
+    def _popPoint(self) -> None:
         self.points.pop()
         self.types.pop()
 
-    def _isClosed(self):
-        return (
-            (not self.points) or
-            (self.endPts and self.endPts[-1] == len(self.points) - 1))
+    def _isClosed(self) -> bool:
+        return (not self.points) or (
+            self.endPts and self.endPts[-1] == len(self.points) - 1
+        )
 
-    def lineTo(self, pt):
+    def lineTo(self, pt: Tuple[float, float]) -> None:
         self._addPoint(pt, 1)
 
-    def moveTo(self, pt):
-        assert self._isClosed(), '"move"-type point must begin a new contour.'
+    def moveTo(self, pt: Tuple[float, float]) -> None:
+        if not self._isClosed():
+            raise PenError('"move"-type point must begin a new contour.')
         self._addPoint(pt, 1)
 
-    def qCurveTo(self, *points):
+    def curveTo(self, *points) -> None:
+        raise NotImplementedError
+
+    def qCurveTo(self, *points) -> None:
         assert len(points) >= 1
         for pt in points[:-1]:
             self._addPoint(pt, 0)
@@ -54,7 +197,7 @@
         if points[-1] is not None:
             self._addPoint(points[-1], 1)
 
-    def closePath(self):
+    def closePath(self) -> None:
         endPt = len(self.points) - 1
 
         # ignore anchors (one-point paths)
@@ -72,44 +215,71 @@
 
         self.endPts.append(endPt)
 
-    def endPath(self):
+    def endPath(self) -> None:
         # TrueType contours are always "closed"
         self.closePath()
 
-    def addComponent(self, glyphName, transformation):
-        self.components.append((glyphName, transformation))
 
-    def glyph(self, componentFlags=0x4):
-        assert self._isClosed(), "Didn't close last contour."
+class TTGlyphPointPen(_TTGlyphBasePen, LogMixin, AbstractPointPen):
+    """
+    Point pen used for drawing to a TrueType glyph.
 
-        components = []
-        for glyphName, transformation in self.components:
-            if self.points:
-                # can't have both, so decompose the glyph
-                tpen = TransformPen(self, transformation)
-                self.glyphSet[glyphName].draw(tpen)
-                continue
+    This pen can be used to construct or modify glyphs in a TrueType format
+    font. After using the pen to draw, use the ``.glyph()`` method to retrieve
+    a :py:class:`~._g_l_y_f.Glyph` object representing the glyph.
+    """
 
-            component = GlyphComponent()
-            component.glyphName = glyphName
-            if transformation[:4] != (1, 0, 0, 1):
-                component.transform = (transformation[:2], transformation[2:4])
-            component.x, component.y = transformation[4:]
-            component.flags = componentFlags
-            components.append(component)
+    drawMethod = "drawPoints"
+    transformPen = TransformPointPen
 
-        glyph = Glyph()
-        glyph.coordinates = GlyphCoordinates(self.points)
-        glyph.endPtsOfContours = self.endPts
-        glyph.flags = array("B", self.types)
-        self.init()
+    def init(self) -> None:
+        super().init()
+        self._currentContourStartIndex = None
 
-        if components:
-            glyph.components = components
-            glyph.numberOfContours = -1
+    def _isClosed(self) -> bool:
+        return self._currentContourStartIndex is None
+
+    def beginPath(self, identifier: Optional[str] = None, **kwargs: Any) -> None:
+        """
+        Start a new sub path.
+        """
+        if not self._isClosed():
+            raise PenError("Didn't close previous contour.")
+        self._currentContourStartIndex = len(self.points)
+
+    def endPath(self) -> None:
+        """
+        End the current sub path.
+        """
+        # TrueType contours are always "closed"
+        if self._isClosed():
+            raise PenError("Contour is already closed.")
+        if self._currentContourStartIndex == len(self.points):
+            raise PenError("Tried to end an empty contour.")
+        self.endPts.append(len(self.points) - 1)
+        self._currentContourStartIndex = None
+
+    def addPoint(
+        self,
+        pt: Tuple[float, float],
+        segmentType: Optional[str] = None,
+        smooth: bool = False,
+        name: Optional[str] = None,
+        identifier: Optional[str] = None,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> None:
+        """
+        Add a point to the current sub path.
+        """
+        if self._isClosed():
+            raise PenError("Can't add a point to a closed contour.")
+        if segmentType is None:
+            self.types.append(0)  # offcurve
+        elif segmentType in ("qcurve", "line", "move"):
+            self.types.append(1)  # oncurve
+        elif segmentType == "curve":
+            raise NotImplementedError("cubic curves are not supported")
         else:
-            glyph.numberOfContours = len(glyph.endPtsOfContours)
-            glyph.program = ttProgram.Program()
-            glyph.program.fromBytecode(b"")
+            raise AssertionError(segmentType)
 
-        return glyph
+        self.points.append(pt)
diff --git a/Lib/fontTools/pens/wxPen.py b/Lib/fontTools/pens/wxPen.py
index 8e0e463..1504f08 100644
--- a/Lib/fontTools/pens/wxPen.py
+++ b/Lib/fontTools/pens/wxPen.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import print_function, division, absolute_import
-from fontTools.misc.py23 import *
 from fontTools.pens.basePen import BasePen
 
 
diff --git a/Lib/fontTools/subset/__init__.py b/Lib/fontTools/subset/__init__.py
index c2fc098..8616053 100644
--- a/Lib/fontTools/subset/__init__.py
+++ b/Lib/fontTools/subset/__init__.py
@@ -2,18 +2,19 @@
 #
 # Google Author(s): Behdad Esfahbod
 
-from __future__ import print_function, division, absolute_import
-from fontTools.misc.py23 import *
+from fontTools.misc.roundTools import otRound
 from fontTools import ttLib
 from fontTools.ttLib.tables import otTables
-from fontTools.misc import psCharStrings
+from fontTools.otlLib.maxContextCalc import maxCtxFont
 from fontTools.pens.basePen import NullPen
 from fontTools.misc.loggingTools import Timer
+from fontTools.subset.cff import *
 import sys
 import struct
 import array
 import logging
-from collections import Counter
+from collections import Counter, defaultdict
+from functools import reduce
 from types import MethodType
 
 __usage__ = "pyftsubset font-file [glyph...] [--option=value]..."
@@ -100,7 +101,7 @@
     $ pyftsubset --glyph-names?
     Current setting for 'glyph-names' is: False
     $ ./pyftsubset --name-IDs=?
-    Current setting for 'name-IDs' is: [1, 2]
+    Current setting for 'name-IDs' is: [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]
     $ ./pyftsubset --hinting? --no-hinting --hinting?
     Current setting for 'hinting' is: True
     Current setting for 'hinting' is: False
@@ -121,6 +122,8 @@
 
 Glyph set expansion:
   These options control how additional glyphs are added to the subset.
+  --retain-gids
+      Retain glyph indices; just empty glyphs not needed in-place.
   --notdef-glyph
       Add the '.notdef' glyph to the subset (ie, keep it). [default]
   --no-notdef-glyph
@@ -143,6 +146,10 @@
   --no-recommended-glyphs
       Do not add glyphs 0, 1, 2, and 3 to the subset, unless specified in
       glyph set. [default]
+  --no-layout-closure
+      Do not expand glyph set to add glyphs produced by OpenType layout
+      features.  Instead, OpenType layout features will be subset to only
+      rules that are relevant to the otherwise-specified glyph set.
   --layout-features[+|-]=<feature>[,<feature>...]
       Specify (=), add to (+=) or exclude from (-=) the comma-separated
       set of OpenType layout feature tags that will be preserved.
@@ -166,6 +173,11 @@
             * Keep all features.
         --layout-features+=aalt --layout-features-=vrt2
             * Keep default set of features plus 'aalt', but drop 'vrt2'.
+  --layout-scripts[+|-]=<script>[,<script>...]
+      Specify (=), add to (+=) or exclude from (-=) the comma-separated
+      set of OpenType layout script tags that will be preserved. LangSys tags
+      can be appended to script tag, separated by '.', for example:
+      'arab.dflt,arab.URD,latn.TRK'. By default all scripts are retained ('*').
 
 Hinting options:
   --hinting
@@ -195,8 +207,7 @@
       set of tables that will be be dropped.
       By default, the following tables are dropped:
       'BASE', 'JSTF', 'DSIG', 'EBDT', 'EBLC', 'EBSC', 'SVG ', 'PCLT', 'LTSH'
-      and Graphite tables: 'Feat', 'Glat', 'Gloc', 'Silf', 'Sill'
-      and color tables: 'CBLC', 'CBDT', 'sbix'.
+      and Graphite tables: 'Feat', 'Glat', 'Gloc', 'Silf', 'Sill'.
       The tool will attempt to subset the remaining tables.
       Examples:
         --drop-tables-='SVG '
@@ -211,8 +222,8 @@
       Add to the set of tables that will not be subsetted.
       By default, the following tables are included in this list, as
       they do not need subsetting (ignore the fact that 'loca' is listed
-      here): 'gasp', 'head', 'hhea', 'maxp', 'vhea', 'OS/2', 'loca',
-      'name', 'cvt ', 'fpgm', 'prep', 'VMDX', 'DSIG', 'CPAL', 'MVAR', 'STAT'.
+      here): 'gasp', 'head', 'hhea', 'maxp', 'vhea', 'OS/2', 'loca', 'name',
+      'cvt ', 'fpgm', 'prep', 'VMDX', 'DSIG', 'CPAL', 'MVAR', 'cvar', 'STAT'.
       By default, tables that the tool does not know how to subset and are not
       specified here will be dropped from the font, unless --passthrough-tables
       option is passed.
@@ -242,11 +253,11 @@
   codes, see: http://www.microsoft.com/typography/otspec/name.htm
   --name-IDs[+|-]=<nameID>[,<nameID>...]
       Specify (=), add to (+=) or exclude from (-=) the set of 'name' table
-      entry nameIDs that will be preserved. By default only nameID 1 (Family)
-      and nameID 2 (Style) are preserved. Use '*' to keep all entries.
+      entry nameIDs that will be preserved. By default, only nameIDs between 0
+      and 6 are preserved, the rest are dropped. Use '*' to keep all entries.
       Examples:
-        --name-IDs+=0,4,6
-            * Also keep Copyright, Full name and PostScript name entry.
+        --name-IDs+=7,8,9
+            * Also keep Trademark, Manufacturer and Designer name entries.
         --name-IDs=''
             * Drop all 'name' table entries.
         --name-IDs='*'
@@ -254,7 +265,7 @@
   --name-legacy
       Keep legacy (non-Unicode) 'name' table entries (0.x, 1.x etc.).
       XXX Note: This might be needed for some fonts that have no Unicode name
-      entires for English. See: https://github.com/behdad/fonttools/issues/146
+      entires for English. See: https://github.com/fonttools/fonttools/issues/146
   --no-name-legacy
       Drop legacy (non-Unicode) 'name' table entries [default]
   --name-languages[+|-]=<langID>[,<langID>]
@@ -310,6 +321,12 @@
       Update the 'OS/2 xAvgCharWidth' field after subsetting.
   --no-recalc-average-width
       Don't change the 'OS/2 xAvgCharWidth' field. [default]
+  --recalc-max-context
+      Update the 'OS/2 usMaxContext' field after subsetting.
+  --no-recalc-max-context
+      Don't change the 'OS/2 usMaxContext' field. [default]
+  --font-number=<number>
+      Select font number for TrueType Collection (.ttc/.otc), starting from 0.
 
 Application options:
   --verbose
@@ -333,10 +350,10 @@
 log = logging.getLogger("fontTools.subset")
 
 def _log_glyphs(self, glyphs, font=None):
-    self.info("Glyph names: %s", sorted(glyphs))
-    if font:
-        reverseGlyphMap = font.getReverseGlyphMap()
-        self.info("Glyph IDs:   %s", sorted(reverseGlyphMap[g] for g in glyphs))
+	self.info("Glyph names: %s", sorted(glyphs))
+	if font:
+		reverseGlyphMap = font.getReverseGlyphMap()
+		self.info("Glyph IDs:   %s", sorted(reverseGlyphMap[g] for g in glyphs))
 
 # bind "glyphs" function to 'log' object
 log.glyphs = MethodType(_log_glyphs, log)
@@ -347,2203 +364,2121 @@
 
 
 def _add_method(*clazzes):
-    """Returns a decorator function that adds a new method to one or
-    more classes."""
-    def wrapper(method):
-        done = []
-        for clazz in clazzes:
-            if clazz in done: continue # Support multiple names of a clazz
-            done.append(clazz)
-            assert clazz.__name__ != 'DefaultTable', \
-                    'Oops, table class not found.'
-            assert not hasattr(clazz, method.__name__), \
-                    "Oops, class '%s' has method '%s'." % (clazz.__name__,
-                                                           method.__name__)
-            setattr(clazz, method.__name__, method)
-        return None
-    return wrapper
+	"""Returns a decorator function that adds a new method to one or
+	more classes."""
+	def wrapper(method):
+		done = []
+		for clazz in clazzes:
+			if clazz in done: continue # Support multiple names of a clazz
+			done.append(clazz)
+			assert clazz.__name__ != 'DefaultTable', \
+					'Oops, table class not found.'
+			assert not hasattr(clazz, method.__name__), \
+					"Oops, class '%s' has method '%s'." % (clazz.__name__,
+									       method.__name__)
+			setattr(clazz, method.__name__, method)
+		return None
+	return wrapper
 
 def _uniq_sort(l):
-    return sorted(set(l))
-
-def _set_update(s, *others):
-    # Jython's set.update only takes one other argument.
-    # Emulate real set.update...
-    for other in others:
-        s.update(other)
+	return sorted(set(l))
 
 def _dict_subset(d, glyphs):
-    return {g:d[g] for g in glyphs}
+	return {g:d[g] for g in glyphs}
 
+def _list_subset(l, indices):
+	count = len(l)
+	return [l[i] for i in indices if i < count]
 
 @_add_method(otTables.Coverage)
 def intersect(self, glyphs):
-    """Returns ascending list of matching coverage values."""
-    return [i for i,g in enumerate(self.glyphs) if g in glyphs]
+	"""Returns ascending list of matching coverage values."""
+	return [i for i,g in enumerate(self.glyphs) if g in glyphs]
 
 @_add_method(otTables.Coverage)
 def intersect_glyphs(self, glyphs):
-    """Returns set of intersecting glyphs."""
-    return set(g for g in self.glyphs if g in glyphs)
+	"""Returns set of intersecting glyphs."""
+	return set(g for g in self.glyphs if g in glyphs)
 
 @_add_method(otTables.Coverage)
 def subset(self, glyphs):
-    """Returns ascending list of remaining coverage values."""
-    indices = self.intersect(glyphs)
-    self.glyphs = [g for g in self.glyphs if g in glyphs]
-    return indices
+	"""Returns ascending list of remaining coverage values."""
+	indices = self.intersect(glyphs)
+	self.glyphs = [g for g in self.glyphs if g in glyphs]
+	return indices
 
 @_add_method(otTables.Coverage)
 def remap(self, coverage_map):
-    """Remaps coverage."""
-    self.glyphs = [self.glyphs[i] for i in coverage_map]
+	"""Remaps coverage."""
+	self.glyphs = [self.glyphs[i] for i in coverage_map]
 
 @_add_method(otTables.ClassDef)
 def intersect(self, glyphs):
-    """Returns ascending list of matching class values."""
-    return _uniq_sort(
-         ([0] if any(g not in self.classDefs for g in glyphs) else []) +
-            [v for g,v in self.classDefs.items() if g in glyphs])
+	"""Returns ascending list of matching class values."""
+	return _uniq_sort(
+		 ([0] if any(g not in self.classDefs for g in glyphs) else []) +
+			[v for g,v in self.classDefs.items() if g in glyphs])
 
 @_add_method(otTables.ClassDef)
 def intersect_class(self, glyphs, klass):
-    """Returns set of glyphs matching class."""
-    if klass == 0:
-        return set(g for g in glyphs if g not in self.classDefs)
-    return set(g for g,v in self.classDefs.items()
-                            if v == klass and g in glyphs)
+	"""Returns set of glyphs matching class."""
+	if klass == 0:
+		return set(g for g in glyphs if g not in self.classDefs)
+	return set(g for g,v in self.classDefs.items()
+		     if v == klass and g in glyphs)
 
 @_add_method(otTables.ClassDef)
-def subset(self, glyphs, remap=False):
-    """Returns ascending list of remaining classes."""
-    self.classDefs = {g:v for g,v in self.classDefs.items() if g in glyphs}
-    # Note: while class 0 has the special meaning of "not matched",
-    # if no glyph will ever /not match/, we can optimize class 0 out too.
-    indices = _uniq_sort(
-         ([0] if any(g not in self.classDefs for g in glyphs) else []) +
-            list(self.classDefs.values()))
-    if remap:
-        self.remap(indices)
-    return indices
+def subset(self, glyphs, remap=False, useClass0=True):
+	"""Returns ascending list of remaining classes."""
+	self.classDefs = {g:v for g,v in self.classDefs.items() if g in glyphs}
+	# Note: while class 0 has the special meaning of "not matched",
+	# if no glyph will ever /not match/, we can optimize class 0 out too.
+	# Only do this if allowed.
+	indices = _uniq_sort(
+		 ([0] if ((not useClass0) or any(g not in self.classDefs for g in glyphs)) else []) +
+			list(self.classDefs.values()))
+	if remap:
+		self.remap(indices)
+	return indices
 
 @_add_method(otTables.ClassDef)
 def remap(self, class_map):
-    """Remaps classes."""
-    self.classDefs = {g:class_map.index(v) for g,v in self.classDefs.items()}
+	"""Remaps classes."""
+	self.classDefs = {g:class_map.index(v) for g,v in self.classDefs.items()}
 
 @_add_method(otTables.SingleSubst)
 def closure_glyphs(self, s, cur_glyphs):
-    s.glyphs.update(v for g,v in self.mapping.items() if g in cur_glyphs)
+	s.glyphs.update(v for g,v in self.mapping.items() if g in cur_glyphs)
 
 @_add_method(otTables.SingleSubst)
 def subset_glyphs(self, s):
-    self.mapping = {g:v for g,v in self.mapping.items()
-                    if g in s.glyphs and v in s.glyphs}
-    return bool(self.mapping)
+	self.mapping = {g:v for g,v in self.mapping.items()
+					if g in s.glyphs and v in s.glyphs}
+	return bool(self.mapping)
 
 @_add_method(otTables.MultipleSubst)
 def closure_glyphs(self, s, cur_glyphs):
-    for glyph, subst in self.mapping.items():
-        if glyph in cur_glyphs:
-            _set_update(s.glyphs, subst)
+	for glyph, subst in self.mapping.items():
+		if glyph in cur_glyphs:
+			s.glyphs.update(subst)
 
 @_add_method(otTables.MultipleSubst)
 def subset_glyphs(self, s):
-    self.mapping = {g:v for g,v in self.mapping.items()
-                    if g in s.glyphs and all(sub in s.glyphs for sub in v)}
-    return bool(self.mapping)
+	self.mapping = {g:v for g,v in self.mapping.items()
+					if g in s.glyphs and all(sub in s.glyphs for sub in v)}
+	return bool(self.mapping)
 
 @_add_method(otTables.AlternateSubst)
 def closure_glyphs(self, s, cur_glyphs):
-    _set_update(s.glyphs, *(vlist for g,vlist in self.alternates.items()
-                            if g in cur_glyphs))
+	s.glyphs.update(*(vlist for g,vlist in self.alternates.items()
+				if g in cur_glyphs))
 
 @_add_method(otTables.AlternateSubst)
 def subset_glyphs(self, s):
-    self.alternates = {g:vlist
-                       for g,vlist in self.alternates.items()
-                       if g in s.glyphs and
-                       all(v in s.glyphs for v in vlist)}
-    return bool(self.alternates)
+	self.alternates = {g:[v for v in vlist if v in s.glyphs]
+					   for g,vlist in self.alternates.items()
+					   if g in s.glyphs and
+					   any(v in s.glyphs for v in vlist)}
+	return bool(self.alternates)
 
 @_add_method(otTables.LigatureSubst)
 def closure_glyphs(self, s, cur_glyphs):
-    _set_update(s.glyphs, *([seq.LigGlyph for seq in seqs
-                             if all(c in s.glyphs for c in seq.Component)]
-                            for g,seqs in self.ligatures.items()
-                            if g in cur_glyphs))
+	s.glyphs.update(*([seq.LigGlyph for seq in seqs
+					if all(c in s.glyphs for c in seq.Component)]
+			  for g,seqs in self.ligatures.items()
+			  if g in cur_glyphs))
 
 @_add_method(otTables.LigatureSubst)
 def subset_glyphs(self, s):
-    self.ligatures = {g:v for g,v in self.ligatures.items()
-                      if g in s.glyphs}
-    self.ligatures = {g:[seq for seq in seqs
-                             if seq.LigGlyph in s.glyphs and
-                                all(c in s.glyphs for c in seq.Component)]
-                      for g,seqs in self.ligatures.items()}
-    self.ligatures = {g:v for g,v in self.ligatures.items() if v}
-    return bool(self.ligatures)
+	self.ligatures = {g:v for g,v in self.ligatures.items()
+					  if g in s.glyphs}
+	self.ligatures = {g:[seq for seq in seqs
+				 if seq.LigGlyph in s.glyphs and
+					all(c in s.glyphs for c in seq.Component)]
+			  for g,seqs in self.ligatures.items()}
+	self.ligatures = {g:v for g,v in self.ligatures.items() if v}
+	return bool(self.ligatures)
 
 @_add_method(otTables.ReverseChainSingleSubst)
 def closure_glyphs(self, s, cur_glyphs):
-    if self.Format == 1:
-        indices = self.Coverage.intersect(cur_glyphs)
-        if(not indices or
-           not all(c.intersect(s.glyphs)
-                   for c in self.LookAheadCoverage + self.BacktrackCoverage)):
-            return
-        s.glyphs.update(self.Substitute[i] for i in indices)
-    else:
-        assert 0, "unknown format: %s" % self.Format
+	if self.Format == 1:
+		indices = self.Coverage.intersect(cur_glyphs)
+		if(not indices or
+		   not all(c.intersect(s.glyphs)
+				   for c in self.LookAheadCoverage + self.BacktrackCoverage)):
+			return
+		s.glyphs.update(self.Substitute[i] for i in indices)
+	else:
+		assert 0, "unknown format: %s" % self.Format
 
 @_add_method(otTables.ReverseChainSingleSubst)
 def subset_glyphs(self, s):
-    if self.Format == 1:
-        indices = self.Coverage.subset(s.glyphs)
-        self.Substitute = [self.Substitute[i] for i in indices]
-        # Now drop rules generating glyphs we don't want
-        indices = [i for i,sub in enumerate(self.Substitute)
-                 if sub in s.glyphs]
-        self.Substitute = [self.Substitute[i] for i in indices]
-        self.Coverage.remap(indices)
-        self.GlyphCount = len(self.Substitute)
-        return bool(self.GlyphCount and
-                    all(c.subset(s.glyphs)
-                        for c in self.LookAheadCoverage+self.BacktrackCoverage))
-    else:
-        assert 0, "unknown format: %s" % self.Format
+	if self.Format == 1:
+		indices = self.Coverage.subset(s.glyphs)
+		self.Substitute = _list_subset(self.Substitute, indices)
+		# Now drop rules generating glyphs we don't want
+		indices = [i for i,sub in enumerate(self.Substitute)
+				 if sub in s.glyphs]
+		self.Substitute = _list_subset(self.Substitute, indices)
+		self.Coverage.remap(indices)
+		self.GlyphCount = len(self.Substitute)
+		return bool(self.GlyphCount and
+			    all(c.subset(s.glyphs)
+				for c in self.LookAheadCoverage+self.BacktrackCoverage))
+	else:
+		assert 0, "unknown format: %s" % self.Format
+
+@_add_method(otTables.Device)
+def is_hinting(self):
+	return self.DeltaFormat in (1,2,3)
+
+@_add_method(otTables.ValueRecord)
+def prune_hints(self):
+	for name in ['XPlaDevice', 'YPlaDevice', 'XAdvDevice', 'YAdvDevice']:
+		v = getattr(self, name, None)
+		if v is not None and v.is_hinting():
+			delattr(self, name)
 
 @_add_method(otTables.SinglePos)
 def subset_glyphs(self, s):
-    if self.Format == 1:
-        return len(self.Coverage.subset(s.glyphs))
-    elif self.Format == 2:
-        indices = self.Coverage.subset(s.glyphs)
-        values = self.Value
-        count = len(values)
-        self.Value = [values[i] for i in indices if i < count]
-        self.ValueCount = len(self.Value)
-        return bool(self.ValueCount)
-    else:
-        assert 0, "unknown format: %s" % self.Format
+	if self.Format == 1:
+		return len(self.Coverage.subset(s.glyphs))
+	elif self.Format == 2:
+		indices = self.Coverage.subset(s.glyphs)
+		values = self.Value
+		count = len(values)
+		self.Value = [values[i] for i in indices if i < count]
+		self.ValueCount = len(self.Value)
+		return bool(self.ValueCount)
+	else:
+		assert 0, "unknown format: %s" % self.Format
 
 @_add_method(otTables.SinglePos)
-def prune_post_subset(self, options):
-    if not options.hinting:
-        # Drop device tables
-        self.ValueFormat &= ~0x00F0
-    return True
+def prune_post_subset(self, font, options):
+	if self.Value is None:
+		assert self.ValueFormat == 0
+		return True
+
+	# Shrink ValueFormat
+	if self.Format == 1:
+		if not options.hinting:
+			self.Value.prune_hints()
+		self.ValueFormat = self.Value.getEffectiveFormat()
+	elif self.Format == 2:
+		if not options.hinting:
+			for v in self.Value:
+				v.prune_hints()
+		self.ValueFormat = reduce(int.__or__, [v.getEffectiveFormat() for v in self.Value], 0)
+
+	# Downgrade to Format 1 if all ValueRecords are the same
+	if self.Format == 2 and all(v == self.Value[0] for v in self.Value):
+		self.Format = 1
+		self.Value = self.Value[0] if self.ValueFormat != 0 else None
+		del self.ValueCount
+
+	return True
 
 @_add_method(otTables.PairPos)
 def subset_glyphs(self, s):
-    if self.Format == 1:
-        indices = self.Coverage.subset(s.glyphs)
-        pairs = self.PairSet
-        count = len(pairs)
-        self.PairSet = [pairs[i] for i in indices if i < count]
-        for p in self.PairSet:
-            p.PairValueRecord = [r for r in p.PairValueRecord if r.SecondGlyph in s.glyphs]
-            p.PairValueCount = len(p.PairValueRecord)
-        # Remove empty pairsets
-        indices = [i for i,p in enumerate(self.PairSet) if p.PairValueCount]
-        self.Coverage.remap(indices)
-        self.PairSet = [self.PairSet[i] for i in indices]
-        self.PairSetCount = len(self.PairSet)
-        return bool(self.PairSetCount)
-    elif self.Format == 2:
-        class1_map = [c for c in self.ClassDef1.subset(s.glyphs, remap=True) if c < self.Class1Count]
-        class2_map = [c for c in self.ClassDef2.subset(s.glyphs, remap=True) if c < self.Class2Count]
-        self.Class1Record = [self.Class1Record[i] for i in class1_map]
-        for c in self.Class1Record:
-            c.Class2Record = [c.Class2Record[i] for i in class2_map]
-        self.Class1Count = len(class1_map)
-        self.Class2Count = len(class2_map)
-        return bool(self.Class1Count and
-                    self.Class2Count and
-                    self.Coverage.subset(s.glyphs))
-    else:
-        assert 0, "unknown format: %s" % self.Format
+	if self.Format == 1:
+		indices = self.Coverage.subset(s.glyphs)
+		pairs = self.PairSet
+		count = len(pairs)
+		self.PairSet = [pairs[i] for i in indices if i < count]
+		for p in self.PairSet:
+			p.PairValueRecord = [r for r in p.PairValueRecord if r.SecondGlyph in s.glyphs]
+			p.PairValueCount = len(p.PairValueRecord)
+		# Remove empty pairsets
+		indices = [i for i,p in enumerate(self.PairSet) if p.PairValueCount]
+		self.Coverage.remap(indices)
+		self.PairSet = _list_subset(self.PairSet, indices)
+		self.PairSetCount = len(self.PairSet)
+		return bool(self.PairSetCount)
+	elif self.Format == 2:
+		class1_map = [c for c in self.ClassDef1.subset(s.glyphs.intersection(self.Coverage.glyphs), remap=True) if c < self.Class1Count]
+		class2_map = [c for c in self.ClassDef2.subset(s.glyphs, remap=True, useClass0=False) if c < self.Class2Count]
+		self.Class1Record = [self.Class1Record[i] for i in class1_map]
+		for c in self.Class1Record:
+			c.Class2Record = [c.Class2Record[i] for i in class2_map]
+		self.Class1Count = len(class1_map)
+		self.Class2Count = len(class2_map)
+		# If only Class2 0 left, no need to keep anything.
+		return bool(self.Class1Count and
+					(self.Class2Count > 1) and
+					self.Coverage.subset(s.glyphs))
+	else:
+		assert 0, "unknown format: %s" % self.Format
 
 @_add_method(otTables.PairPos)
-def prune_post_subset(self, options):
-    if not options.hinting:
-        # Drop device tables
-        self.ValueFormat1 &= ~0x00F0
-        self.ValueFormat2 &= ~0x00F0
-    return True
+def prune_post_subset(self, font, options):
+	if not options.hinting:
+		attr1, attr2 = {
+			1: ('PairSet', 'PairValueRecord'),
+			2: ('Class1Record', 'Class2Record'),
+		}[self.Format]
+
+		self.ValueFormat1 = self.ValueFormat2 = 0
+		for row in getattr(self, attr1):
+			for r in getattr(row, attr2):
+				if r.Value1:
+					r.Value1.prune_hints()
+					self.ValueFormat1 |= r.Value1.getEffectiveFormat()
+				if r.Value2:
+					r.Value2.prune_hints()
+					self.ValueFormat2 |= r.Value2.getEffectiveFormat()
+
+	return bool(self.ValueFormat1 | self.ValueFormat2)
 
 @_add_method(otTables.CursivePos)
 def subset_glyphs(self, s):
-    if self.Format == 1:
-        indices = self.Coverage.subset(s.glyphs)
-        records = self.EntryExitRecord
-        count = len(records)
-        self.EntryExitRecord = [records[i] for i in indices if i < count]
-        self.EntryExitCount = len(self.EntryExitRecord)
-        return bool(self.EntryExitCount)
-    else:
-        assert 0, "unknown format: %s" % self.Format
+	if self.Format == 1:
+		indices = self.Coverage.subset(s.glyphs)
+		records = self.EntryExitRecord
+		count = len(records)
+		self.EntryExitRecord = [records[i] for i in indices if i < count]
+		self.EntryExitCount = len(self.EntryExitRecord)
+		return bool(self.EntryExitCount)
+	else:
+		assert 0, "unknown format: %s" % self.Format
 
 @_add_method(otTables.Anchor)
 def prune_hints(self):
-    # Drop device tables / contour anchor point
-    self.ensureDecompiled()
-    self.Format = 1
+	if self.Format == 2:
+		self.Format = 1
+	elif self.Format == 3:
+		for name in ('XDeviceTable', 'YDeviceTable'):
+			v = getattr(self, name, None)
+			if v is not None and v.is_hinting():
+				setattr(self, name, None)
+		if self.XDeviceTable is None and self.YDeviceTable is None:
+			self.Format = 1
 
 @_add_method(otTables.CursivePos)
-def prune_post_subset(self, options):
-    if not options.hinting:
-        for rec in self.EntryExitRecord:
-            if rec.EntryAnchor: rec.EntryAnchor.prune_hints()
-            if rec.ExitAnchor: rec.ExitAnchor.prune_hints()
-    return True
+def prune_post_subset(self, font, options):
+	if not options.hinting:
+		for rec in self.EntryExitRecord:
+			if rec.EntryAnchor: rec.EntryAnchor.prune_hints()
+			if rec.ExitAnchor: rec.ExitAnchor.prune_hints()
+	return True
 
 @_add_method(otTables.MarkBasePos)
 def subset_glyphs(self, s):
-    if self.Format == 1:
-        mark_indices = self.MarkCoverage.subset(s.glyphs)
-        self.MarkArray.MarkRecord = [self.MarkArray.MarkRecord[i] for i in mark_indices]
-        self.MarkArray.MarkCount = len(self.MarkArray.MarkRecord)
-        base_indices = self.BaseCoverage.subset(s.glyphs)
-        self.BaseArray.BaseRecord = [self.BaseArray.BaseRecord[i] for i in base_indices]
-        self.BaseArray.BaseCount = len(self.BaseArray.BaseRecord)
-        # Prune empty classes
-        class_indices = _uniq_sort(v.Class for v in self.MarkArray.MarkRecord)
-        self.ClassCount = len(class_indices)
-        for m in self.MarkArray.MarkRecord:
-            m.Class = class_indices.index(m.Class)
-        for b in self.BaseArray.BaseRecord:
-            b.BaseAnchor = [b.BaseAnchor[i] for i in class_indices]
-        return bool(self.ClassCount and
-                    self.MarkArray.MarkCount and
-                    self.BaseArray.BaseCount)
-    else:
-        assert 0, "unknown format: %s" % self.Format
+	if self.Format == 1:
+		mark_indices = self.MarkCoverage.subset(s.glyphs)
+		self.MarkArray.MarkRecord = _list_subset(self.MarkArray.MarkRecord, mark_indices)
+		self.MarkArray.MarkCount = len(self.MarkArray.MarkRecord)
+		base_indices = self.BaseCoverage.subset(s.glyphs)
+		self.BaseArray.BaseRecord = _list_subset(self.BaseArray.BaseRecord, base_indices)
+		self.BaseArray.BaseCount = len(self.BaseArray.BaseRecord)
+		# Prune empty classes
+		class_indices = _uniq_sort(v.Class for v in self.MarkArray.MarkRecord)
+		self.ClassCount = len(class_indices)
+		for m in self.MarkArray.MarkRecord:
+			m.Class = class_indices.index(m.Class)
+		for b in self.BaseArray.BaseRecord:
+			b.BaseAnchor = _list_subset(b.BaseAnchor, class_indices)
+		return bool(self.ClassCount and
+			    self.MarkArray.MarkCount and
+			    self.BaseArray.BaseCount)
+	else:
+		assert 0, "unknown format: %s" % self.Format
 
 @_add_method(otTables.MarkBasePos)
-def prune_post_subset(self, options):
-        if not options.hinting:
-            for m in self.MarkArray.MarkRecord:
-                if m.MarkAnchor:
-                    m.MarkAnchor.prune_hints()
-            for b in self.BaseArray.BaseRecord:
-                for a in b.BaseAnchor:
-                    if a:
-                        a.prune_hints()
-        return True
+def prune_post_subset(self, font, options):
+		if not options.hinting:
+			for m in self.MarkArray.MarkRecord:
+				if m.MarkAnchor:
+					m.MarkAnchor.prune_hints()
+			for b in self.BaseArray.BaseRecord:
+				for a in b.BaseAnchor:
+					if a:
+						a.prune_hints()
+		return True
 
 @_add_method(otTables.MarkLigPos)
 def subset_glyphs(self, s):
-    if self.Format == 1:
-        mark_indices = self.MarkCoverage.subset(s.glyphs)
-        self.MarkArray.MarkRecord = [self.MarkArray.MarkRecord[i] for i in mark_indices]
-        self.MarkArray.MarkCount = len(self.MarkArray.MarkRecord)
-        ligature_indices = self.LigatureCoverage.subset(s.glyphs)
-        self.LigatureArray.LigatureAttach = [self.LigatureArray.LigatureAttach[i] for i in ligature_indices]
-        self.LigatureArray.LigatureCount = len(self.LigatureArray.LigatureAttach)
-        # Prune empty classes
-        class_indices = _uniq_sort(v.Class for v in self.MarkArray.MarkRecord)
-        self.ClassCount = len(class_indices)
-        for m in self.MarkArray.MarkRecord:
-            m.Class = class_indices.index(m.Class)
-        for l in self.LigatureArray.LigatureAttach:
-            for c in l.ComponentRecord:
-                c.LigatureAnchor = [c.LigatureAnchor[i] for i in class_indices]
-        return bool(self.ClassCount and
-                    self.MarkArray.MarkCount and
-                    self.LigatureArray.LigatureCount)
-    else:
-        assert 0, "unknown format: %s" % self.Format
+	if self.Format == 1:
+		mark_indices = self.MarkCoverage.subset(s.glyphs)
+		self.MarkArray.MarkRecord = _list_subset(self.MarkArray.MarkRecord, mark_indices)
+		self.MarkArray.MarkCount = len(self.MarkArray.MarkRecord)
+		ligature_indices = self.LigatureCoverage.subset(s.glyphs)
+		self.LigatureArray.LigatureAttach = _list_subset(self.LigatureArray.LigatureAttach, ligature_indices)
+		self.LigatureArray.LigatureCount = len(self.LigatureArray.LigatureAttach)
+		# Prune empty classes
+		class_indices = _uniq_sort(v.Class for v in self.MarkArray.MarkRecord)
+		self.ClassCount = len(class_indices)
+		for m in self.MarkArray.MarkRecord:
+			m.Class = class_indices.index(m.Class)
+		for l in self.LigatureArray.LigatureAttach:
+			for c in l.ComponentRecord:
+				c.LigatureAnchor = _list_subset(c.LigatureAnchor, class_indices)
+		return bool(self.ClassCount and
+			    self.MarkArray.MarkCount and
+			    self.LigatureArray.LigatureCount)
+	else:
+		assert 0, "unknown format: %s" % self.Format
 
 @_add_method(otTables.MarkLigPos)
-def prune_post_subset(self, options):
-        if not options.hinting:
-            for m in self.MarkArray.MarkRecord:
-                if m.MarkAnchor:
-                    m.MarkAnchor.prune_hints()
-            for l in self.LigatureArray.LigatureAttach:
-                for c in l.ComponentRecord:
-                    for a in c.LigatureAnchor:
-                        if a:
-                            a.prune_hints()
-        return True
+def prune_post_subset(self, font, options):
+		if not options.hinting:
+			for m in self.MarkArray.MarkRecord:
+				if m.MarkAnchor:
+					m.MarkAnchor.prune_hints()
+			for l in self.LigatureArray.LigatureAttach:
+				for c in l.ComponentRecord:
+					for a in c.LigatureAnchor:
+						if a:
+							a.prune_hints()
+		return True
 
 @_add_method(otTables.MarkMarkPos)
 def subset_glyphs(self, s):
-    if self.Format == 1:
-        mark1_indices = self.Mark1Coverage.subset(s.glyphs)
-        self.Mark1Array.MarkRecord = [self.Mark1Array.MarkRecord[i] for i in mark1_indices]
-        self.Mark1Array.MarkCount = len(self.Mark1Array.MarkRecord)
-        mark2_indices = self.Mark2Coverage.subset(s.glyphs)
-        self.Mark2Array.Mark2Record = [self.Mark2Array.Mark2Record[i] for i in mark2_indices]
-        self.Mark2Array.MarkCount = len(self.Mark2Array.Mark2Record)
-        # Prune empty classes
-        class_indices = _uniq_sort(v.Class for v in self.Mark1Array.MarkRecord)
-        self.ClassCount = len(class_indices)
-        for m in self.Mark1Array.MarkRecord:
-            m.Class = class_indices.index(m.Class)
-        for b in self.Mark2Array.Mark2Record:
-            b.Mark2Anchor = [b.Mark2Anchor[i] for i in class_indices]
-        return bool(self.ClassCount and
-                    self.Mark1Array.MarkCount and
-                    self.Mark2Array.MarkCount)
-    else:
-        assert 0, "unknown format: %s" % self.Format
+	if self.Format == 1:
+		mark1_indices = self.Mark1Coverage.subset(s.glyphs)
+		self.Mark1Array.MarkRecord = _list_subset(self.Mark1Array.MarkRecord, mark1_indices)
+		self.Mark1Array.MarkCount = len(self.Mark1Array.MarkRecord)
+		mark2_indices = self.Mark2Coverage.subset(s.glyphs)
+		self.Mark2Array.Mark2Record = _list_subset(self.Mark2Array.Mark2Record, mark2_indices)
+		self.Mark2Array.MarkCount = len(self.Mark2Array.Mark2Record)
+		# Prune empty classes
+		class_indices = _uniq_sort(v.Class for v in self.Mark1Array.MarkRecord)
+		self.ClassCount = len(class_indices)
+		for m in self.Mark1Array.MarkRecord:
+			m.Class = class_indices.index(m.Class)
+		for b in self.Mark2Array.Mark2Record:
+			b.Mark2Anchor = _list_subset(b.Mark2Anchor, class_indices)
+		return bool(self.ClassCount and
+			    self.Mark1Array.MarkCount and
+			    self.Mark2Array.MarkCount)
+	else:
+		assert 0, "unknown format: %s" % self.Format
 
 @_add_method(otTables.MarkMarkPos)
-def prune_post_subset(self, options):
-        if not options.hinting:
-            # Drop device tables or contour anchor point
-            for m in self.Mark1Array.MarkRecord:
-                if m.MarkAnchor:
-                    m.MarkAnchor.prune_hints()
-            for b in self.Mark2Array.Mark2Record:
-                for m in b.Mark2Anchor:
-                    if m:
-                        m.prune_hints()
-        return True
+def prune_post_subset(self, font, options):
+		if not options.hinting:
+			for m in self.Mark1Array.MarkRecord:
+				if m.MarkAnchor:
+					m.MarkAnchor.prune_hints()
+			for b in self.Mark2Array.Mark2Record:
+				for m in b.Mark2Anchor:
+					if m:
+						m.prune_hints()
+		return True
 
 @_add_method(otTables.SingleSubst,
-             otTables.MultipleSubst,
-             otTables.AlternateSubst,
-             otTables.LigatureSubst,
-             otTables.ReverseChainSingleSubst,
-             otTables.SinglePos,
-             otTables.PairPos,
-             otTables.CursivePos,
-             otTables.MarkBasePos,
-             otTables.MarkLigPos,
-             otTables.MarkMarkPos)
+			 otTables.MultipleSubst,
+			 otTables.AlternateSubst,
+			 otTables.LigatureSubst,
+			 otTables.ReverseChainSingleSubst,
+			 otTables.SinglePos,
+			 otTables.PairPos,
+			 otTables.CursivePos,
+			 otTables.MarkBasePos,
+			 otTables.MarkLigPos,
+			 otTables.MarkMarkPos)
 def subset_lookups(self, lookup_indices):
-    pass
+	pass
 
 @_add_method(otTables.SingleSubst,
-             otTables.MultipleSubst,
-             otTables.AlternateSubst,
-             otTables.LigatureSubst,
-             otTables.ReverseChainSingleSubst,
-             otTables.SinglePos,
-             otTables.PairPos,
-             otTables.CursivePos,
-             otTables.MarkBasePos,
-             otTables.MarkLigPos,
-             otTables.MarkMarkPos)
+			 otTables.MultipleSubst,
+			 otTables.AlternateSubst,
+			 otTables.LigatureSubst,
+			 otTables.ReverseChainSingleSubst,
+			 otTables.SinglePos,
+			 otTables.PairPos,
+			 otTables.CursivePos,
+			 otTables.MarkBasePos,
+			 otTables.MarkLigPos,
+			 otTables.MarkMarkPos)
 def collect_lookups(self):
-    return []
+	return []
 
 @_add_method(otTables.SingleSubst,
-             otTables.MultipleSubst,
-             otTables.AlternateSubst,
-             otTables.LigatureSubst,
-             otTables.ReverseChainSingleSubst,
-             otTables.ContextSubst,
-             otTables.ChainContextSubst,
-             otTables.ContextPos,
-             otTables.ChainContextPos)
-def prune_post_subset(self, options):
-    return True
+			 otTables.MultipleSubst,
+			 otTables.AlternateSubst,
+			 otTables.LigatureSubst,
+			 otTables.ReverseChainSingleSubst,
+			 otTables.ContextSubst,
+			 otTables.ChainContextSubst,
+			 otTables.ContextPos,
+			 otTables.ChainContextPos)
+def prune_post_subset(self, font, options):
+	return True
 
 @_add_method(otTables.SingleSubst,
-             otTables.AlternateSubst,
-             otTables.ReverseChainSingleSubst)
+			 otTables.AlternateSubst,
+			 otTables.ReverseChainSingleSubst)
 def may_have_non_1to1(self):
-    return False
+	return False
 
 @_add_method(otTables.MultipleSubst,
-             otTables.LigatureSubst,
-             otTables.ContextSubst,
-             otTables.ChainContextSubst)
+			 otTables.LigatureSubst,
+			 otTables.ContextSubst,
+			 otTables.ChainContextSubst)
 def may_have_non_1to1(self):
-    return True
+	return True
 
 @_add_method(otTables.ContextSubst,
-             otTables.ChainContextSubst,
-             otTables.ContextPos,
-             otTables.ChainContextPos)
+			 otTables.ChainContextSubst,
+			 otTables.ContextPos,
+			 otTables.ChainContextPos)
 def __subset_classify_context(self):
 
-    class ContextHelper(object):
-        def __init__(self, klass, Format):
-            if klass.__name__.endswith('Subst'):
-                Typ = 'Sub'
-                Type = 'Subst'
-            else:
-                Typ = 'Pos'
-                Type = 'Pos'
-            if klass.__name__.startswith('Chain'):
-                Chain = 'Chain'
-                InputIdx = 1
-                DataLen = 3
-            else:
-                Chain = ''
-                InputIdx = 0
-                DataLen = 1
-            ChainTyp = Chain+Typ
+	class ContextHelper(object):
+		def __init__(self, klass, Format):
+			if klass.__name__.endswith('Subst'):
+				Typ = 'Sub'
+				Type = 'Subst'
+			else:
+				Typ = 'Pos'
+				Type = 'Pos'
+			if klass.__name__.startswith('Chain'):
+				Chain = 'Chain'
+				InputIdx = 1
+				DataLen = 3
+			else:
+				Chain = ''
+				InputIdx = 0
+				DataLen = 1
+			ChainTyp = Chain+Typ
 
-            self.Typ = Typ
-            self.Type = Type
-            self.Chain = Chain
-            self.ChainTyp = ChainTyp
-            self.InputIdx = InputIdx
-            self.DataLen = DataLen
+			self.Typ = Typ
+			self.Type = Type
+			self.Chain = Chain
+			self.ChainTyp = ChainTyp
+			self.InputIdx = InputIdx
+			self.DataLen = DataLen
 
-            self.LookupRecord = Type+'LookupRecord'
+			self.LookupRecord = Type+'LookupRecord'
 
-            if Format == 1:
-                Coverage = lambda r: r.Coverage
-                ChainCoverage = lambda r: r.Coverage
-                ContextData = lambda r:(None,)
-                ChainContextData = lambda r:(None, None, None)
-                SetContextData = None
-                SetChainContextData = None
-                RuleData = lambda r:(r.Input,)
-                ChainRuleData = lambda r:(r.Backtrack, r.Input, r.LookAhead)
-                def SetRuleData(r, d):
-                    (r.Input,) = d
-                    (r.GlyphCount,) = (len(x)+1 for x in d)
-                def ChainSetRuleData(r, d):
-                    (r.Backtrack, r.Input, r.LookAhead) = d
-                    (r.BacktrackGlyphCount,r.InputGlyphCount,r.LookAheadGlyphCount,) = (len(d[0]),len(d[1])+1,len(d[2]))
-            elif Format == 2:
-                Coverage = lambda r: r.Coverage
-                ChainCoverage = lambda r: r.Coverage
-                ContextData = lambda r:(r.ClassDef,)
-                ChainContextData = lambda r:(r.BacktrackClassDef,
-                                             r.InputClassDef,
-                                             r.LookAheadClassDef)
-                def SetContextData(r, d):
-                    (r.ClassDef,) = d
-                def SetChainContextData(r, d):
-                    (r.BacktrackClassDef,
-                     r.InputClassDef,
-                     r.LookAheadClassDef) = d
-                RuleData = lambda r:(r.Class,)
-                ChainRuleData = lambda r:(r.Backtrack, r.Input, r.LookAhead)
-                def SetRuleData(r, d):
-                    (r.Class,) = d
-                    (r.GlyphCount,) = (len(x)+1 for x in d)
-                def ChainSetRuleData(r, d):
-                    (r.Backtrack, r.Input, r.LookAhead) = d
-                    (r.BacktrackGlyphCount,r.InputGlyphCount,r.LookAheadGlyphCount,) = (len(d[0]),len(d[1])+1,len(d[2]))
-            elif Format == 3:
-                Coverage = lambda r: r.Coverage[0]
-                ChainCoverage = lambda r: r.InputCoverage[0]
-                ContextData = None
-                ChainContextData = None
-                SetContextData = None
-                SetChainContextData = None
-                RuleData = lambda r: r.Coverage
-                ChainRuleData = lambda r:(r.BacktrackCoverage +
-                                          r.InputCoverage +
-                                          r.LookAheadCoverage)
-                def SetRuleData(r, d):
-                    (r.Coverage,) = d
-                    (r.GlyphCount,) = (len(x) for x in d)
-                def ChainSetRuleData(r, d):
-                    (r.BacktrackCoverage, r.InputCoverage, r.LookAheadCoverage) = d
-                    (r.BacktrackGlyphCount,r.InputGlyphCount,r.LookAheadGlyphCount,) = (len(x) for x in d)
-            else:
-                assert 0, "unknown format: %s" % Format
+			if Format == 1:
+				Coverage = lambda r: r.Coverage
+				ChainCoverage = lambda r: r.Coverage
+				ContextData = lambda r:(None,)
+				ChainContextData = lambda r:(None, None, None)
+				SetContextData = None
+				SetChainContextData = None
+				RuleData = lambda r:(r.Input,)
+				ChainRuleData = lambda r:(r.Backtrack, r.Input, r.LookAhead)
+				def SetRuleData(r, d):
+					(r.Input,) = d
+					(r.GlyphCount,) = (len(x)+1 for x in d)
+				def ChainSetRuleData(r, d):
+					(r.Backtrack, r.Input, r.LookAhead) = d
+					(r.BacktrackGlyphCount,r.InputGlyphCount,r.LookAheadGlyphCount,) = (len(d[0]),len(d[1])+1,len(d[2]))
+			elif Format == 2:
+				Coverage = lambda r: r.Coverage
+				ChainCoverage = lambda r: r.Coverage
+				ContextData = lambda r:(r.ClassDef,)
+				ChainContextData = lambda r:(r.BacktrackClassDef,
+							     r.InputClassDef,
+							     r.LookAheadClassDef)
+				def SetContextData(r, d):
+					(r.ClassDef,) = d
+				def SetChainContextData(r, d):
+					(r.BacktrackClassDef,
+					 r.InputClassDef,
+					 r.LookAheadClassDef) = d
+				RuleData = lambda r:(r.Class,)
+				ChainRuleData = lambda r:(r.Backtrack, r.Input, r.LookAhead)
+				def SetRuleData(r, d):
+					(r.Class,) = d
+					(r.GlyphCount,) = (len(x)+1 for x in d)
+				def ChainSetRuleData(r, d):
+					(r.Backtrack, r.Input, r.LookAhead) = d
+					(r.BacktrackGlyphCount,r.InputGlyphCount,r.LookAheadGlyphCount,) = (len(d[0]),len(d[1])+1,len(d[2]))
+			elif Format == 3:
+				Coverage = lambda r: r.Coverage[0]
+				ChainCoverage = lambda r: r.InputCoverage[0]
+				ContextData = None
+				ChainContextData = None
+				SetContextData = None
+				SetChainContextData = None
+				RuleData = lambda r: r.Coverage
+				ChainRuleData = lambda r:(r.BacktrackCoverage +
+							  r.InputCoverage +
+							  r.LookAheadCoverage)
+				def SetRuleData(r, d):
+					(r.Coverage,) = d
+					(r.GlyphCount,) = (len(x) for x in d)
+				def ChainSetRuleData(r, d):
+					(r.BacktrackCoverage, r.InputCoverage, r.LookAheadCoverage) = d
+					(r.BacktrackGlyphCount,r.InputGlyphCount,r.LookAheadGlyphCount,) = (len(x) for x in d)
+			else:
+				assert 0, "unknown format: %s" % Format
 
-            if Chain:
-                self.Coverage = ChainCoverage
-                self.ContextData = ChainContextData
-                self.SetContextData = SetChainContextData
-                self.RuleData = ChainRuleData
-                self.SetRuleData = ChainSetRuleData
-            else:
-                self.Coverage = Coverage
-                self.ContextData = ContextData
-                self.SetContextData = SetContextData
-                self.RuleData = RuleData
-                self.SetRuleData = SetRuleData
+			if Chain:
+				self.Coverage = ChainCoverage
+				self.ContextData = ChainContextData
+				self.SetContextData = SetChainContextData
+				self.RuleData = ChainRuleData
+				self.SetRuleData = ChainSetRuleData
+			else:
+				self.Coverage = Coverage
+				self.ContextData = ContextData
+				self.SetContextData = SetContextData
+				self.RuleData = RuleData
+				self.SetRuleData = SetRuleData
 
-            if Format == 1:
-                self.Rule = ChainTyp+'Rule'
-                self.RuleCount = ChainTyp+'RuleCount'
-                self.RuleSet = ChainTyp+'RuleSet'
-                self.RuleSetCount = ChainTyp+'RuleSetCount'
-                self.Intersect = lambda glyphs, c, r: [r] if r in glyphs else []
-            elif Format == 2:
-                self.Rule = ChainTyp+'ClassRule'
-                self.RuleCount = ChainTyp+'ClassRuleCount'
-                self.RuleSet = ChainTyp+'ClassSet'
-                self.RuleSetCount = ChainTyp+'ClassSetCount'
-                self.Intersect = lambda glyphs, c, r: (c.intersect_class(glyphs, r) if c
-                                                                                             else (set(glyphs) if r == 0 else set()))
+			if Format == 1:
+				self.Rule = ChainTyp+'Rule'
+				self.RuleCount = ChainTyp+'RuleCount'
+				self.RuleSet = ChainTyp+'RuleSet'
+				self.RuleSetCount = ChainTyp+'RuleSetCount'
+				self.Intersect = lambda glyphs, c, r: [r] if r in glyphs else []
+			elif Format == 2:
+				self.Rule = ChainTyp+'ClassRule'
+				self.RuleCount = ChainTyp+'ClassRuleCount'
+				self.RuleSet = ChainTyp+'ClassSet'
+				self.RuleSetCount = ChainTyp+'ClassSetCount'
+				self.Intersect = lambda glyphs, c, r: (c.intersect_class(glyphs, r) if c
+								       else (set(glyphs) if r == 0 else set()))
 
-                self.ClassDef = 'InputClassDef' if Chain else 'ClassDef'
-                self.ClassDefIndex = 1 if Chain else 0
-                self.Input = 'Input' if Chain else 'Class'
+				self.ClassDef = 'InputClassDef' if Chain else 'ClassDef'
+				self.ClassDefIndex = 1 if Chain else 0
+				self.Input = 'Input' if Chain else 'Class'
+			elif Format == 3:
+				self.Input = 'InputCoverage' if Chain else 'Coverage'
 
-    if self.Format not in [1, 2, 3]:
-        return None    # Don't shoot the messenger; let it go
-    if not hasattr(self.__class__, "__ContextHelpers"):
-        self.__class__.__ContextHelpers = {}
-    if self.Format not in self.__class__.__ContextHelpers:
-        helper = ContextHelper(self.__class__, self.Format)
-        self.__class__.__ContextHelpers[self.Format] = helper
-    return self.__class__.__ContextHelpers[self.Format]
+	if self.Format not in [1, 2, 3]:
+		return None	# Don't shoot the messenger; let it go
+	if not hasattr(self.__class__, "_subset__ContextHelpers"):
+		self.__class__._subset__ContextHelpers = {}
+	if self.Format not in self.__class__._subset__ContextHelpers:
+		helper = ContextHelper(self.__class__, self.Format)
+		self.__class__._subset__ContextHelpers[self.Format] = helper
+	return self.__class__._subset__ContextHelpers[self.Format]
 
 @_add_method(otTables.ContextSubst,
-             otTables.ChainContextSubst)
+			 otTables.ChainContextSubst)
 def closure_glyphs(self, s, cur_glyphs):
-    c = self.__subset_classify_context()
+	c = self.__subset_classify_context()
 
-    indices = c.Coverage(self).intersect(cur_glyphs)
-    if not indices:
-        return []
-    cur_glyphs = c.Coverage(self).intersect_glyphs(cur_glyphs)
+	indices = c.Coverage(self).intersect(cur_glyphs)
+	if not indices:
+		return []
+	cur_glyphs = c.Coverage(self).intersect_glyphs(cur_glyphs)
 
-    if self.Format == 1:
-        ContextData = c.ContextData(self)
-        rss = getattr(self, c.RuleSet)
-        rssCount = getattr(self, c.RuleSetCount)
-        for i in indices:
-            if i >= rssCount or not rss[i]: continue
-            for r in getattr(rss[i], c.Rule):
-                if not r: continue
-                if not all(all(c.Intersect(s.glyphs, cd, k) for k in klist)
-                           for cd,klist in zip(ContextData, c.RuleData(r))):
-                    continue
-                chaos = set()
-                for ll in getattr(r, c.LookupRecord):
-                    if not ll: continue
-                    seqi = ll.SequenceIndex
-                    if seqi in chaos:
-                        # TODO Can we improve this?
-                        pos_glyphs = None
-                    else:
-                        if seqi == 0:
-                            pos_glyphs = frozenset([c.Coverage(self).glyphs[i]])
-                        else:
-                            pos_glyphs = frozenset([r.Input[seqi - 1]])
-                    lookup = s.table.LookupList.Lookup[ll.LookupListIndex]
-                    chaos.add(seqi)
-                    if lookup.may_have_non_1to1():
-                        chaos.update(range(seqi, len(r.Input)+2))
-                    lookup.closure_glyphs(s, cur_glyphs=pos_glyphs)
-    elif self.Format == 2:
-        ClassDef = getattr(self, c.ClassDef)
-        indices = ClassDef.intersect(cur_glyphs)
-        ContextData = c.ContextData(self)
-        rss = getattr(self, c.RuleSet)
-        rssCount = getattr(self, c.RuleSetCount)
-        for i in indices:
-            if i >= rssCount or not rss[i]: continue
-            for r in getattr(rss[i], c.Rule):
-                if not r: continue
-                if not all(all(c.Intersect(s.glyphs, cd, k) for k in klist)
-                           for cd,klist in zip(ContextData, c.RuleData(r))):
-                    continue
-                chaos = set()
-                for ll in getattr(r, c.LookupRecord):
-                    if not ll: continue
-                    seqi = ll.SequenceIndex
-                    if seqi in chaos:
-                        # TODO Can we improve this?
-                        pos_glyphs = None
-                    else:
-                        if seqi == 0:
-                            pos_glyphs = frozenset(ClassDef.intersect_class(cur_glyphs, i))
-                        else:
-                            pos_glyphs = frozenset(ClassDef.intersect_class(s.glyphs, getattr(r, c.Input)[seqi - 1]))
-                    lookup = s.table.LookupList.Lookup[ll.LookupListIndex]
-                    chaos.add(seqi)
-                    if lookup.may_have_non_1to1():
-                        chaos.update(range(seqi, len(getattr(r, c.Input))+2))
-                    lookup.closure_glyphs(s, cur_glyphs=pos_glyphs)
-    elif self.Format == 3:
-        if not all(x.intersect(s.glyphs) for x in c.RuleData(self)):
-            return []
-        r = self
-        chaos = set()
-        for ll in getattr(r, c.LookupRecord):
-            if not ll: continue
-            seqi = ll.SequenceIndex
-            if seqi in chaos:
-                # TODO Can we improve this?
-                pos_glyphs = None
-            else:
-                if seqi == 0:
-                    pos_glyphs = frozenset(cur_glyphs)
-                else:
-                    pos_glyphs = frozenset(r.InputCoverage[seqi].intersect_glyphs(s.glyphs))
-            lookup = s.table.LookupList.Lookup[ll.LookupListIndex]
-            chaos.add(seqi)
-            if lookup.may_have_non_1to1():
-                chaos.update(range(seqi, len(r.InputCoverage)+1))
-            lookup.closure_glyphs(s, cur_glyphs=pos_glyphs)
-    else:
-        assert 0, "unknown format: %s" % self.Format
+	if self.Format == 1:
+		ContextData = c.ContextData(self)
+		rss = getattr(self, c.RuleSet)
+		rssCount = getattr(self, c.RuleSetCount)
+		for i in indices:
+			if i >= rssCount or not rss[i]: continue
+			for r in getattr(rss[i], c.Rule):
+				if not r: continue
+				if not all(all(c.Intersect(s.glyphs, cd, k) for k in klist)
+					   for cd,klist in zip(ContextData, c.RuleData(r))):
+					continue
+				chaos = set()
+				for ll in getattr(r, c.LookupRecord):
+					if not ll: continue
+					seqi = ll.SequenceIndex
+					if seqi in chaos:
+						# TODO Can we improve this?
+						pos_glyphs = None
+					else:
+						if seqi == 0:
+							pos_glyphs = frozenset([c.Coverage(self).glyphs[i]])
+						else:
+							pos_glyphs = frozenset([r.Input[seqi - 1]])
+					lookup = s.table.LookupList.Lookup[ll.LookupListIndex]
+					chaos.add(seqi)
+					if lookup.may_have_non_1to1():
+						chaos.update(range(seqi, len(r.Input)+2))
+					lookup.closure_glyphs(s, cur_glyphs=pos_glyphs)
+	elif self.Format == 2:
+		ClassDef = getattr(self, c.ClassDef)
+		indices = ClassDef.intersect(cur_glyphs)
+		ContextData = c.ContextData(self)
+		rss = getattr(self, c.RuleSet)
+		rssCount = getattr(self, c.RuleSetCount)
+		for i in indices:
+			if i >= rssCount or not rss[i]: continue
+			for r in getattr(rss[i], c.Rule):
+				if not r: continue
+				if not all(all(c.Intersect(s.glyphs, cd, k) for k in klist)
+						   for cd,klist in zip(ContextData, c.RuleData(r))):
+					continue
+				chaos = set()
+				for ll in getattr(r, c.LookupRecord):
+					if not ll: continue
+					seqi = ll.SequenceIndex
+					if seqi in chaos:
+						# TODO Can we improve this?
+						pos_glyphs = None
+					else:
+						if seqi == 0:
+							pos_glyphs = frozenset(ClassDef.intersect_class(cur_glyphs, i))
+						else:
+							pos_glyphs = frozenset(ClassDef.intersect_class(s.glyphs, getattr(r, c.Input)[seqi - 1]))
+					lookup = s.table.LookupList.Lookup[ll.LookupListIndex]
+					chaos.add(seqi)
+					if lookup.may_have_non_1to1():
+						chaos.update(range(seqi, len(getattr(r, c.Input))+2))
+					lookup.closure_glyphs(s, cur_glyphs=pos_glyphs)
+	elif self.Format == 3:
+		if not all(x.intersect(s.glyphs) for x in c.RuleData(self)):
+			return []
+		r = self
+		input_coverages = getattr(r, c.Input)
+		chaos = set()
+		for ll in getattr(r, c.LookupRecord):
+			if not ll: continue
+			seqi = ll.SequenceIndex
+			if seqi in chaos:
+				# TODO Can we improve this?
+				pos_glyphs = None
+			else:
+				if seqi == 0:
+					pos_glyphs = frozenset(cur_glyphs)
+				else:
+					pos_glyphs = frozenset(input_coverages[seqi].intersect_glyphs(s.glyphs))
+			lookup = s.table.LookupList.Lookup[ll.LookupListIndex]
+			chaos.add(seqi)
+			if lookup.may_have_non_1to1():
+				chaos.update(range(seqi, len(input_coverages)+1))
+			lookup.closure_glyphs(s, cur_glyphs=pos_glyphs)
+	else:
+		assert 0, "unknown format: %s" % self.Format
 
 @_add_method(otTables.ContextSubst,
-             otTables.ContextPos,
-             otTables.ChainContextSubst,
-             otTables.ChainContextPos)
+			 otTables.ContextPos,
+			 otTables.ChainContextSubst,
+			 otTables.ChainContextPos)
 def subset_glyphs(self, s):
-    c = self.__subset_classify_context()
+	c = self.__subset_classify_context()
 
-    if self.Format == 1:
-        indices = self.Coverage.subset(s.glyphs)
-        rss = getattr(self, c.RuleSet)
-        rssCount = getattr(self, c.RuleSetCount)
-        rss = [rss[i] for i in indices if i < rssCount]
-        for rs in rss:
-            if not rs: continue
-            ss = getattr(rs, c.Rule)
-            ss = [r for r in ss
-                  if r and all(all(g in s.glyphs for g in glist)
-                               for glist in c.RuleData(r))]
-            setattr(rs, c.Rule, ss)
-            setattr(rs, c.RuleCount, len(ss))
-        # Prune empty rulesets
-        indices = [i for i,rs in enumerate(rss) if rs and getattr(rs, c.Rule)]
-        self.Coverage.remap(indices)
-        rss = [rss[i] for i in indices]
-        setattr(self, c.RuleSet, rss)
-        setattr(self, c.RuleSetCount, len(rss))
-        return bool(rss)
-    elif self.Format == 2:
-        if not self.Coverage.subset(s.glyphs):
-            return False
-        ContextData = c.ContextData(self)
-        klass_maps = [x.subset(s.glyphs, remap=True) if x else None for x in ContextData]
+	if self.Format == 1:
+		indices = self.Coverage.subset(s.glyphs)
+		rss = getattr(self, c.RuleSet)
+		rssCount = getattr(self, c.RuleSetCount)
+		rss = [rss[i] for i in indices if i < rssCount]
+		for rs in rss:
+			if not rs: continue
+			ss = getattr(rs, c.Rule)
+			ss = [r for r in ss
+				  if r and all(all(g in s.glyphs for g in glist)
+					       for glist in c.RuleData(r))]
+			setattr(rs, c.Rule, ss)
+			setattr(rs, c.RuleCount, len(ss))
+		# Prune empty rulesets
+		indices = [i for i,rs in enumerate(rss) if rs and getattr(rs, c.Rule)]
+		self.Coverage.remap(indices)
+		rss = _list_subset(rss, indices)
+		setattr(self, c.RuleSet, rss)
+		setattr(self, c.RuleSetCount, len(rss))
+		return bool(rss)
+	elif self.Format == 2:
+		if not self.Coverage.subset(s.glyphs):
+			return False
+		ContextData = c.ContextData(self)
+		klass_maps = [x.subset(s.glyphs, remap=True) if x else None for x in ContextData]
 
-        # Keep rulesets for class numbers that survived.
-        indices = klass_maps[c.ClassDefIndex]
-        rss = getattr(self, c.RuleSet)
-        rssCount = getattr(self, c.RuleSetCount)
-        rss = [rss[i] for i in indices if i < rssCount]
-        del rssCount
-        # Delete, but not renumber, unreachable rulesets.
-        indices = getattr(self, c.ClassDef).intersect(self.Coverage.glyphs)
-        rss = [rss if i in indices else None for i,rss in enumerate(rss)]
+		# Keep rulesets for class numbers that survived.
+		indices = klass_maps[c.ClassDefIndex]
+		rss = getattr(self, c.RuleSet)
+		rssCount = getattr(self, c.RuleSetCount)
+		rss = [rss[i] for i in indices if i < rssCount]
+		del rssCount
+		# Delete, but not renumber, unreachable rulesets.
+		indices = getattr(self, c.ClassDef).intersect(self.Coverage.glyphs)
+		rss = [rss if i in indices else None for i,rss in enumerate(rss)]
 
-        for rs in rss:
-            if not rs: continue
-            ss = getattr(rs, c.Rule)
-            ss = [r for r in ss
-                  if r and all(all(k in klass_map for k in klist)
-                               for klass_map,klist in zip(klass_maps, c.RuleData(r)))]
-            setattr(rs, c.Rule, ss)
-            setattr(rs, c.RuleCount, len(ss))
+		for rs in rss:
+			if not rs: continue
+			ss = getattr(rs, c.Rule)
+			ss = [r for r in ss
+				  if r and all(all(k in klass_map for k in klist)
+					       for klass_map,klist in zip(klass_maps, c.RuleData(r)))]
+			setattr(rs, c.Rule, ss)
+			setattr(rs, c.RuleCount, len(ss))
 
-            # Remap rule classes
-            for r in ss:
-                c.SetRuleData(r, [[klass_map.index(k) for k in klist]
-                                  for klass_map,klist in zip(klass_maps, c.RuleData(r))])
+			# Remap rule classes
+			for r in ss:
+				c.SetRuleData(r, [[klass_map.index(k) for k in klist]
+						  for klass_map,klist in zip(klass_maps, c.RuleData(r))])
 
-        # Prune empty rulesets
-        rss = [rs if rs and getattr(rs, c.Rule) else None for rs in rss]
-        while rss and rss[-1] is None:
-            del rss[-1]
-        setattr(self, c.RuleSet, rss)
-        setattr(self, c.RuleSetCount, len(rss))
+		# Prune empty rulesets
+		rss = [rs if rs and getattr(rs, c.Rule) else None for rs in rss]
+		while rss and rss[-1] is None:
+			del rss[-1]
+		setattr(self, c.RuleSet, rss)
+		setattr(self, c.RuleSetCount, len(rss))
 
-        # TODO: We can do a second round of remapping class values based
-        # on classes that are actually used in at least one rule.    Right
-        # now we subset classes to c.glyphs only.    Or better, rewrite
-        # the above to do that.
+		# TODO: We can do a second round of remapping class values based
+		# on classes that are actually used in at least one rule.	Right
+		# now we subset classes to c.glyphs only.	Or better, rewrite
+		# the above to do that.
 
-        return bool(rss)
-    elif self.Format == 3:
-        return all(x.subset(s.glyphs) for x in c.RuleData(self))
-    else:
-        assert 0, "unknown format: %s" % self.Format
+		return bool(rss)
+	elif self.Format == 3:
+		return all(x.subset(s.glyphs) for x in c.RuleData(self))
+	else:
+		assert 0, "unknown format: %s" % self.Format
 
 @_add_method(otTables.ContextSubst,
-             otTables.ChainContextSubst,
-             otTables.ContextPos,
-             otTables.ChainContextPos)
+			 otTables.ChainContextSubst,
+			 otTables.ContextPos,
+			 otTables.ChainContextPos)
 def subset_lookups(self, lookup_indices):
-    c = self.__subset_classify_context()
+	c = self.__subset_classify_context()
 
-    if self.Format in [1, 2]:
-        for rs in getattr(self, c.RuleSet):
-            if not rs: continue
-            for r in getattr(rs, c.Rule):
-                if not r: continue
-                setattr(r, c.LookupRecord,
-                        [ll for ll in getattr(r, c.LookupRecord)
-                         if ll and ll.LookupListIndex in lookup_indices])
-                for ll in getattr(r, c.LookupRecord):
-                    if not ll: continue
-                    ll.LookupListIndex = lookup_indices.index(ll.LookupListIndex)
-    elif self.Format == 3:
-        setattr(self, c.LookupRecord,
-                [ll for ll in getattr(self, c.LookupRecord)
-                 if ll and ll.LookupListIndex in lookup_indices])
-        for ll in getattr(self, c.LookupRecord):
-            if not ll: continue
-            ll.LookupListIndex = lookup_indices.index(ll.LookupListIndex)
-    else:
-        assert 0, "unknown format: %s" % self.Format
+	if self.Format in [1, 2]:
+		for rs in getattr(self, c.RuleSet):
+			if not rs: continue
+			for r in getattr(rs, c.Rule):
+				if not r: continue
+				setattr(r, c.LookupRecord,
+					[ll for ll in getattr(r, c.LookupRecord)
+					 if ll and ll.LookupListIndex in lookup_indices])
+				for ll in getattr(r, c.LookupRecord):
+					if not ll: continue
+					ll.LookupListIndex = lookup_indices.index(ll.LookupListIndex)
+	elif self.Format == 3:
+		setattr(self, c.LookupRecord,
+				[ll for ll in getattr(self, c.LookupRecord)
+				 if ll and ll.LookupListIndex in lookup_indices])
+		for ll in getattr(self, c.LookupRecord):
+			if not ll: continue
+			ll.LookupListIndex = lookup_indices.index(ll.LookupListIndex)
+	else:
+		assert 0, "unknown format: %s" % self.Format
 
 @_add_method(otTables.ContextSubst,
-             otTables.ChainContextSubst,
-             otTables.ContextPos,
-             otTables.ChainContextPos)
+			 otTables.ChainContextSubst,
+			 otTables.ContextPos,
+			 otTables.ChainContextPos)
 def collect_lookups(self):
-    c = self.__subset_classify_context()
+	c = self.__subset_classify_context()
 
-    if self.Format in [1, 2]:
-        return [ll.LookupListIndex
-            for rs in getattr(self, c.RuleSet) if rs
-            for r in getattr(rs, c.Rule) if r
-            for ll in getattr(r, c.LookupRecord) if ll]
-    elif self.Format == 3:
-        return [ll.LookupListIndex
-            for ll in getattr(self, c.LookupRecord) if ll]
-    else:
-        assert 0, "unknown format: %s" % self.Format
+	if self.Format in [1, 2]:
+		return [ll.LookupListIndex
+			for rs in getattr(self, c.RuleSet) if rs
+			for r in getattr(rs, c.Rule) if r
+			for ll in getattr(r, c.LookupRecord) if ll]
+	elif self.Format == 3:
+		return [ll.LookupListIndex
+			for ll in getattr(self, c.LookupRecord) if ll]
+	else:
+		assert 0, "unknown format: %s" % self.Format
 
 @_add_method(otTables.ExtensionSubst)
 def closure_glyphs(self, s, cur_glyphs):
-    if self.Format == 1:
-        self.ExtSubTable.closure_glyphs(s, cur_glyphs)
-    else:
-        assert 0, "unknown format: %s" % self.Format
+	if self.Format == 1:
+		self.ExtSubTable.closure_glyphs(s, cur_glyphs)
+	else:
+		assert 0, "unknown format: %s" % self.Format
 
 @_add_method(otTables.ExtensionSubst)
 def may_have_non_1to1(self):
-    if self.Format == 1:
-        return self.ExtSubTable.may_have_non_1to1()
-    else:
-        assert 0, "unknown format: %s" % self.Format
+	if self.Format == 1:
+		return self.ExtSubTable.may_have_non_1to1()
+	else:
+		assert 0, "unknown format: %s" % self.Format
 
 @_add_method(otTables.ExtensionSubst,
-             otTables.ExtensionPos)
+			 otTables.ExtensionPos)
 def subset_glyphs(self, s):
-    if self.Format == 1:
-        return self.ExtSubTable.subset_glyphs(s)
-    else:
-        assert 0, "unknown format: %s" % self.Format
+	if self.Format == 1:
+		return self.ExtSubTable.subset_glyphs(s)
+	else:
+		assert 0, "unknown format: %s" % self.Format
 
 @_add_method(otTables.ExtensionSubst,
-             otTables.ExtensionPos)
-def prune_post_subset(self, options):
-    if self.Format == 1:
-        return self.ExtSubTable.prune_post_subset(options)
-    else:
-        assert 0, "unknown format: %s" % self.Format
+			 otTables.ExtensionPos)
+def prune_post_subset(self, font, options):
+	if self.Format == 1:
+		return self.ExtSubTable.prune_post_subset(font, options)
+	else:
+		assert 0, "unknown format: %s" % self.Format
 
 @_add_method(otTables.ExtensionSubst,
-             otTables.ExtensionPos)
+			 otTables.ExtensionPos)
 def subset_lookups(self, lookup_indices):
-    if self.Format == 1:
-        return self.ExtSubTable.subset_lookups(lookup_indices)
-    else:
-        assert 0, "unknown format: %s" % self.Format
+	if self.Format == 1:
+		return self.ExtSubTable.subset_lookups(lookup_indices)
+	else:
+		assert 0, "unknown format: %s" % self.Format
 
 @_add_method(otTables.ExtensionSubst,
-             otTables.ExtensionPos)
+			 otTables.ExtensionPos)
 def collect_lookups(self):
-    if self.Format == 1:
-        return self.ExtSubTable.collect_lookups()
-    else:
-        assert 0, "unknown format: %s" % self.Format
+	if self.Format == 1:
+		return self.ExtSubTable.collect_lookups()
+	else:
+		assert 0, "unknown format: %s" % self.Format
 
 @_add_method(otTables.Lookup)
 def closure_glyphs(self, s, cur_glyphs=None):
-    if cur_glyphs is None:
-        cur_glyphs = frozenset(s.glyphs)
+	if cur_glyphs is None:
+		cur_glyphs = frozenset(s.glyphs)
 
-    # Memoize
-    if (id(self), cur_glyphs) in s._doneLookups:
-        return
-    s._doneLookups.add((id(self), cur_glyphs))
+	# Memoize
+	key = id(self)
+	doneLookups = s._doneLookups
+	count,covered = doneLookups.get(key, (0, None))
+	if count != len(s.glyphs):
+		count,covered = doneLookups[key] = (len(s.glyphs), set())
+	if cur_glyphs.issubset(covered):
+		return
+	covered.update(cur_glyphs)
 
-    if self in s._activeLookups:
-        raise Exception("Circular loop in lookup recursion")
-    s._activeLookups.append(self)
-    for st in self.SubTable:
-        if not st: continue
-        st.closure_glyphs(s, cur_glyphs)
-    assert(s._activeLookups[-1] == self)
-    del s._activeLookups[-1]
+	for st in self.SubTable:
+		if not st: continue
+		st.closure_glyphs(s, cur_glyphs)
 
 @_add_method(otTables.Lookup)
 def subset_glyphs(self, s):
-    self.SubTable = [st for st in self.SubTable if st and st.subset_glyphs(s)]
-    self.SubTableCount = len(self.SubTable)
-    return bool(self.SubTableCount)
+	self.SubTable = [st for st in self.SubTable if st and st.subset_glyphs(s)]
+	self.SubTableCount = len(self.SubTable)
+	return bool(self.SubTableCount)
 
 @_add_method(otTables.Lookup)
-def prune_post_subset(self, options):
-    ret = False
-    for st in self.SubTable:
-        if not st: continue
-        if st.prune_post_subset(options): ret = True
-    return ret
+def prune_post_subset(self, font, options):
+	ret = False
+	for st in self.SubTable:
+		if not st: continue
+		if st.prune_post_subset(font, options): ret = True
+	return ret
 
 @_add_method(otTables.Lookup)
 def subset_lookups(self, lookup_indices):
-    for s in self.SubTable:
-        s.subset_lookups(lookup_indices)
+	for s in self.SubTable:
+		s.subset_lookups(lookup_indices)
 
 @_add_method(otTables.Lookup)
 def collect_lookups(self):
-    return sum((st.collect_lookups() for st in self.SubTable if st), [])
+	return sum((st.collect_lookups() for st in self.SubTable if st), [])
 
 @_add_method(otTables.Lookup)
 def may_have_non_1to1(self):
-    return any(st.may_have_non_1to1() for st in self.SubTable if st)
+	return any(st.may_have_non_1to1() for st in self.SubTable if st)
 
 @_add_method(otTables.LookupList)
 def subset_glyphs(self, s):
-    """Returns the indices of nonempty lookups."""
-    return [i for i,l in enumerate(self.Lookup) if l and l.subset_glyphs(s)]
+	"""Returns the indices of nonempty lookups."""
+	return [i for i,l in enumerate(self.Lookup) if l and l.subset_glyphs(s)]
 
 @_add_method(otTables.LookupList)
-def prune_post_subset(self, options):
-    ret = False
-    for l in self.Lookup:
-        if not l: continue
-        if l.prune_post_subset(options): ret = True
-    return ret
+def prune_post_subset(self, font, options):
+	ret = False
+	for l in self.Lookup:
+		if not l: continue
+		if l.prune_post_subset(font, options): ret = True
+	return ret
 
 @_add_method(otTables.LookupList)
 def subset_lookups(self, lookup_indices):
-    self.ensureDecompiled()
-    self.Lookup = [self.Lookup[i] for i in lookup_indices
-                   if i < self.LookupCount]
-    self.LookupCount = len(self.Lookup)
-    for l in self.Lookup:
-        l.subset_lookups(lookup_indices)
+	self.ensureDecompiled()
+	self.Lookup = [self.Lookup[i] for i in lookup_indices
+				   if i < self.LookupCount]
+	self.LookupCount = len(self.Lookup)
+	for l in self.Lookup:
+		l.subset_lookups(lookup_indices)
 
 @_add_method(otTables.LookupList)
 def neuter_lookups(self, lookup_indices):
-    """Sets lookups not in lookup_indices to None."""
-    self.ensureDecompiled()
-    self.Lookup = [l if i in lookup_indices else None for i,l in enumerate(self.Lookup)]
+	"""Sets lookups not in lookup_indices to None."""
+	self.ensureDecompiled()
+	self.Lookup = [l if i in lookup_indices else None for i,l in enumerate(self.Lookup)]
 
 @_add_method(otTables.LookupList)
 def closure_lookups(self, lookup_indices):
-    """Returns sorted index of all lookups reachable from lookup_indices."""
-    lookup_indices = _uniq_sort(lookup_indices)
-    recurse = lookup_indices
-    while True:
-        recurse_lookups = sum((self.Lookup[i].collect_lookups()
-                               for i in recurse if i < self.LookupCount), [])
-        recurse_lookups = [l for l in recurse_lookups
-                           if l not in lookup_indices and l < self.LookupCount]
-        if not recurse_lookups:
-            return _uniq_sort(lookup_indices)
-        recurse_lookups = _uniq_sort(recurse_lookups)
-        lookup_indices.extend(recurse_lookups)
-        recurse = recurse_lookups
+	"""Returns sorted index of all lookups reachable from lookup_indices."""
+	lookup_indices = _uniq_sort(lookup_indices)
+	recurse = lookup_indices
+	while True:
+		recurse_lookups = sum((self.Lookup[i].collect_lookups()
+				       for i in recurse if i < self.LookupCount), [])
+		recurse_lookups = [l for l in recurse_lookups
+				     if l not in lookup_indices and l < self.LookupCount]
+		if not recurse_lookups:
+			return _uniq_sort(lookup_indices)
+		recurse_lookups = _uniq_sort(recurse_lookups)
+		lookup_indices.extend(recurse_lookups)
+		recurse = recurse_lookups
 
 @_add_method(otTables.Feature)
 def subset_lookups(self, lookup_indices):
-    """"Returns True if feature is non-empty afterwards."""
-    self.LookupListIndex = [l for l in self.LookupListIndex
-                            if l in lookup_indices]
-    # Now map them.
-    self.LookupListIndex = [lookup_indices.index(l)
-                            for l in self.LookupListIndex]
-    self.LookupCount = len(self.LookupListIndex)
-    return self.LookupCount or self.FeatureParams
+	""""Returns True if feature is non-empty afterwards."""
+	self.LookupListIndex = [l for l in self.LookupListIndex
+				  if l in lookup_indices]
+	# Now map them.
+	self.LookupListIndex = [lookup_indices.index(l)
+				for l in self.LookupListIndex]
+	self.LookupCount = len(self.LookupListIndex)
+	# keep 'size' feature even if it contains no lookups; but drop any other
+	# empty feature (e.g. FeatureParams for stylistic set names)
+	# https://github.com/fonttools/fonttools/issues/2324
+	return (
+	  self.LookupCount or
+	  isinstance(self.FeatureParams, otTables.FeatureParamsSize)
+	)
 
 @_add_method(otTables.FeatureList)
 def subset_lookups(self, lookup_indices):
-    """Returns the indices of nonempty features."""
-    # Note: Never ever drop feature 'pref', even if it's empty.
-    # HarfBuzz chooses shaper for Khmer based on presence of this
-    # feature.    See thread at:
-    # http://lists.freedesktop.org/archives/harfbuzz/2012-November/002660.html
-    return [i for i,f in enumerate(self.FeatureRecord)
-            if (f.Feature.subset_lookups(lookup_indices) or
-                f.FeatureTag == 'pref')]
+	"""Returns the indices of nonempty features."""
+	# Note: Never ever drop feature 'pref', even if it's empty.
+	# HarfBuzz chooses shaper for Khmer based on presence of this
+	# feature.	See thread at:
+	# http://lists.freedesktop.org/archives/harfbuzz/2012-November/002660.html
+	return [i for i,f in enumerate(self.FeatureRecord)
+			if (f.Feature.subset_lookups(lookup_indices) or
+				f.FeatureTag == 'pref')]
 
 @_add_method(otTables.FeatureList)
 def collect_lookups(self, feature_indices):
-    return sum((self.FeatureRecord[i].Feature.LookupListIndex
-                for i in feature_indices
-                if i < self.FeatureCount), [])
+	return sum((self.FeatureRecord[i].Feature.LookupListIndex
+				for i in feature_indices
+				if i < self.FeatureCount), [])
 
 @_add_method(otTables.FeatureList)
 def subset_features(self, feature_indices):
-    self.ensureDecompiled()
-    self.FeatureRecord = [self.FeatureRecord[i] for i in feature_indices]
-    self.FeatureCount = len(self.FeatureRecord)
-    return bool(self.FeatureCount)
+	self.ensureDecompiled()
+	self.FeatureRecord = _list_subset(self.FeatureRecord, feature_indices)
+	self.FeatureCount = len(self.FeatureRecord)
+	return bool(self.FeatureCount)
 
 @_add_method(otTables.FeatureTableSubstitution)
 def subset_lookups(self, lookup_indices):
-    """Returns the indices of nonempty features."""
-    return [r.FeatureIndex for r in self.SubstitutionRecord
-            if r.Feature.subset_lookups(lookup_indices)]
+	"""Returns the indices of nonempty features."""
+	return [r.FeatureIndex for r in self.SubstitutionRecord
+			if r.Feature.subset_lookups(lookup_indices)]
 
 @_add_method(otTables.FeatureVariations)
 def subset_lookups(self, lookup_indices):
-    """Returns the indices of nonempty features."""
-    return sum((f.FeatureTableSubstitution.subset_lookups(lookup_indices)
-                for f in self.FeatureVariationRecord), [])
+	"""Returns the indices of nonempty features."""
+	return sum((f.FeatureTableSubstitution.subset_lookups(lookup_indices)
+				for f in self.FeatureVariationRecord), [])
 
 @_add_method(otTables.FeatureVariations)
 def collect_lookups(self, feature_indices):
-    return sum((r.Feature.LookupListIndex
-                for vr in self.FeatureVariationRecord
-                for r in vr.FeatureTableSubstitution.SubstitutionRecord
-                if r.FeatureIndex in feature_indices), [])
+	return sum((r.Feature.LookupListIndex
+				for vr in self.FeatureVariationRecord
+				for r in vr.FeatureTableSubstitution.SubstitutionRecord
+				if r.FeatureIndex in feature_indices), [])
 
 @_add_method(otTables.FeatureTableSubstitution)
 def subset_features(self, feature_indices):
-    self.ensureDecompiled()
-    self.SubstitutionRecord = [r for r in self.SubstitutionRecord
-                               if r.FeatureIndex in feature_indices]
-    self.SubstitutionCount = len(self.SubstitutionRecord)
-    return bool(self.SubstitutionCount)
+	self.ensureDecompiled()
+	self.SubstitutionRecord = [r for r in self.SubstitutionRecord
+				     if r.FeatureIndex in feature_indices]
+	# remap feature indices
+	for r in self.SubstitutionRecord:
+		r.FeatureIndex = feature_indices.index(r.FeatureIndex)
+	self.SubstitutionCount = len(self.SubstitutionRecord)
+	return bool(self.SubstitutionCount)
 
 @_add_method(otTables.FeatureVariations)
 def subset_features(self, feature_indices):
-    self.ensureDecompiled()
-    self.FeaturVariationRecord = [r for r in self.FeatureVariationRecord
-                                  if r.FeatureTableSubstitution.subset_features(feature_indices)]
-    self.FeatureVariationCount = len(self.FeatureVariationRecord)
-    return bool(self.FeatureVariationCount)
+	self.ensureDecompiled()
+	for r in self.FeatureVariationRecord:
+		r.FeatureTableSubstitution.subset_features(feature_indices)
+	# Prune empty records at the end only
+	# https://github.com/fonttools/fonttools/issues/1881
+	while (self.FeatureVariationRecord and
+		not self.FeatureVariationRecord[-1]
+			.FeatureTableSubstitution.SubstitutionCount):
+		self.FeatureVariationRecord.pop()
+	self.FeatureVariationCount = len(self.FeatureVariationRecord)
+	return bool(self.FeatureVariationCount)
 
 @_add_method(otTables.DefaultLangSys,
-             otTables.LangSys)
+			 otTables.LangSys)
 def subset_features(self, feature_indices):
-    if self.ReqFeatureIndex in feature_indices:
-        self.ReqFeatureIndex = feature_indices.index(self.ReqFeatureIndex)
-    else:
-        self.ReqFeatureIndex = 65535
-    self.FeatureIndex = [f for f in self.FeatureIndex if f in feature_indices]
-    # Now map them.
-    self.FeatureIndex = [feature_indices.index(f) for f in self.FeatureIndex
-                         if f in feature_indices]
-    self.FeatureCount = len(self.FeatureIndex)
-    return bool(self.FeatureCount or self.ReqFeatureIndex != 65535)
+	if self.ReqFeatureIndex in feature_indices:
+		self.ReqFeatureIndex = feature_indices.index(self.ReqFeatureIndex)
+	else:
+		self.ReqFeatureIndex = 65535
+	self.FeatureIndex = [f for f in self.FeatureIndex if f in feature_indices]
+	# Now map them.
+	self.FeatureIndex = [feature_indices.index(f) for f in self.FeatureIndex
+						      if f in feature_indices]
+	self.FeatureCount = len(self.FeatureIndex)
+	return bool(self.FeatureCount or self.ReqFeatureIndex != 65535)
 
 @_add_method(otTables.DefaultLangSys,
-             otTables.LangSys)
+			 otTables.LangSys)
 def collect_features(self):
-    feature_indices = self.FeatureIndex[:]
-    if self.ReqFeatureIndex != 65535:
-        feature_indices.append(self.ReqFeatureIndex)
-    return _uniq_sort(feature_indices)
+	feature_indices = self.FeatureIndex[:]
+	if self.ReqFeatureIndex != 65535:
+		feature_indices.append(self.ReqFeatureIndex)
+	return _uniq_sort(feature_indices)
 
 @_add_method(otTables.Script)
 def subset_features(self, feature_indices, keepEmptyDefaultLangSys=False):
-    if(self.DefaultLangSys and
-       not self.DefaultLangSys.subset_features(feature_indices) and
-       not keepEmptyDefaultLangSys):
-        self.DefaultLangSys = None
-    self.LangSysRecord = [l for l in self.LangSysRecord
-                          if l.LangSys.subset_features(feature_indices)]
-    self.LangSysCount = len(self.LangSysRecord)
-    return bool(self.LangSysCount or self.DefaultLangSys)
+	if(self.DefaultLangSys and
+	   not self.DefaultLangSys.subset_features(feature_indices) and
+	   not keepEmptyDefaultLangSys):
+		self.DefaultLangSys = None
+	self.LangSysRecord = [l for l in self.LangSysRecord
+				if l.LangSys.subset_features(feature_indices)]
+	self.LangSysCount = len(self.LangSysRecord)
+	return bool(self.LangSysCount or self.DefaultLangSys)
 
 @_add_method(otTables.Script)
 def collect_features(self):
-    feature_indices = [l.LangSys.collect_features() for l in self.LangSysRecord]
-    if self.DefaultLangSys:
-        feature_indices.append(self.DefaultLangSys.collect_features())
-    return _uniq_sort(sum(feature_indices, []))
+	feature_indices = [l.LangSys.collect_features() for l in self.LangSysRecord]
+	if self.DefaultLangSys:
+		feature_indices.append(self.DefaultLangSys.collect_features())
+	return _uniq_sort(sum(feature_indices, []))
 
 @_add_method(otTables.ScriptList)
 def subset_features(self, feature_indices, retain_empty):
-    # https://bugzilla.mozilla.org/show_bug.cgi?id=1331737#c32
-    self.ScriptRecord = [s for s in self.ScriptRecord
-                         if s.Script.subset_features(feature_indices, s.ScriptTag=='DFLT') or
-                            retain_empty]
-    self.ScriptCount = len(self.ScriptRecord)
-    return bool(self.ScriptCount)
+	# https://bugzilla.mozilla.org/show_bug.cgi?id=1331737#c32
+	self.ScriptRecord = [s for s in self.ScriptRecord
+			       if s.Script.subset_features(feature_indices, s.ScriptTag=='DFLT') or
+				  retain_empty]
+	self.ScriptCount = len(self.ScriptRecord)
+	return bool(self.ScriptCount)
 
 @_add_method(otTables.ScriptList)
 def collect_features(self):
-    return _uniq_sort(sum((s.Script.collect_features()
-                           for s in self.ScriptRecord), []))
+	return _uniq_sort(sum((s.Script.collect_features()
+			       for s in self.ScriptRecord), []))
 
 # CBLC will inherit it
 @_add_method(ttLib.getTableClass('EBLC'))
 def subset_glyphs(self, s):
-  for strike in self.strikes:
-    for indexSubTable in strike.indexSubTables:
-      indexSubTable.names = [n for n in indexSubTable.names if n in s.glyphs]
-    strike.indexSubTables = [i for i in strike.indexSubTables if i.names]
-  self.strikes = [s for s in self.strikes if s.indexSubTables]
+	for strike in self.strikes:
+		for indexSubTable in strike.indexSubTables:
+			indexSubTable.names = [n for n in indexSubTable.names if n in s.glyphs]
+		strike.indexSubTables = [i for i in strike.indexSubTables if i.names]
+	self.strikes = [s for s in self.strikes if s.indexSubTables]
 
-  return True
+	return True
 
-# CBDC will inherit it
+# CBDT will inherit it
 @_add_method(ttLib.getTableClass('EBDT'))
 def subset_glyphs(self, s):
-  self.strikeData = [{g: strike[g] for g in s.glyphs if g in strike}
-                     for strike in self.strikeData]
-  return True
+	strikeData = [
+		{g: strike[g] for g in s.glyphs if g in strike}
+		for strike in self.strikeData
+	]
+	# Prune empty strikes
+	# https://github.com/fonttools/fonttools/issues/1633
+	self.strikeData = [strike for strike in strikeData if strike]
+	return True
+
+@_add_method(ttLib.getTableClass('sbix'))
+def subset_glyphs(self, s):
+	for strike in self.strikes.values():
+		strike.glyphs = {g: strike.glyphs[g] for g in s.glyphs if g in strike.glyphs}
+
+	return True
 
 @_add_method(ttLib.getTableClass('GSUB'))
 def closure_glyphs(self, s):
-    s.table = self.table
-    if self.table.ScriptList:
-        feature_indices = self.table.ScriptList.collect_features()
-    else:
-        feature_indices = []
-    if self.table.FeatureList:
-        lookup_indices = self.table.FeatureList.collect_lookups(feature_indices)
-    else:
-        lookup_indices = []
-    if getattr(self.table, 'FeatureVariations', None):
-        lookup_indices += self.table.FeatureVariations.collect_lookups(feature_indices)
-    lookup_indices = _uniq_sort(lookup_indices)
-    if self.table.LookupList:
-        while True:
-            orig_glyphs = frozenset(s.glyphs)
-            s._activeLookups = []
-            s._doneLookups = set()
-            for i in lookup_indices:
-                if i >= self.table.LookupList.LookupCount: continue
-                if not self.table.LookupList.Lookup[i]: continue
-                self.table.LookupList.Lookup[i].closure_glyphs(s)
-            del s._activeLookups, s._doneLookups
-            if orig_glyphs == s.glyphs:
-                break
-    del s.table
+	s.table = self.table
+	if self.table.ScriptList:
+		feature_indices = self.table.ScriptList.collect_features()
+	else:
+		feature_indices = []
+	if self.table.FeatureList:
+		lookup_indices = self.table.FeatureList.collect_lookups(feature_indices)
+	else:
+		lookup_indices = []
+	if getattr(self.table, 'FeatureVariations', None):
+		lookup_indices += self.table.FeatureVariations.collect_lookups(feature_indices)
+	lookup_indices = _uniq_sort(lookup_indices)
+	if self.table.LookupList:
+		s._doneLookups = {}
+		while True:
+			orig_glyphs = frozenset(s.glyphs)
+			for i in lookup_indices:
+				if i >= self.table.LookupList.LookupCount: continue
+				if not self.table.LookupList.Lookup[i]: continue
+				self.table.LookupList.Lookup[i].closure_glyphs(s)
+			if orig_glyphs == s.glyphs:
+				break
+		del s._doneLookups
+	del s.table
 
 @_add_method(ttLib.getTableClass('GSUB'),
-             ttLib.getTableClass('GPOS'))
+	     ttLib.getTableClass('GPOS'))
 def subset_glyphs(self, s):
-    s.glyphs = s.glyphs_gsubed
-    if self.table.LookupList:
-        lookup_indices = self.table.LookupList.subset_glyphs(s)
-    else:
-        lookup_indices = []
-    self.subset_lookups(lookup_indices)
-    return True
+	s.glyphs = s.glyphs_gsubed
+	if self.table.LookupList:
+		lookup_indices = self.table.LookupList.subset_glyphs(s)
+	else:
+		lookup_indices = []
+	self.subset_lookups(lookup_indices)
+	return True
 
 @_add_method(ttLib.getTableClass('GSUB'),
-             ttLib.getTableClass('GPOS'))
+	     ttLib.getTableClass('GPOS'))
 def retain_empty_scripts(self):
-    # https://github.com/behdad/fonttools/issues/518
-    # https://bugzilla.mozilla.org/show_bug.cgi?id=1080739#c15
-    return self.__class__ == ttLib.getTableClass('GSUB')
+	# https://github.com/fonttools/fonttools/issues/518
+	# https://bugzilla.mozilla.org/show_bug.cgi?id=1080739#c15
+	return self.__class__ == ttLib.getTableClass('GSUB')
 
 @_add_method(ttLib.getTableClass('GSUB'),
-             ttLib.getTableClass('GPOS'))
+	     ttLib.getTableClass('GPOS'))
 def subset_lookups(self, lookup_indices):
-    """Retains specified lookups, then removes empty features, language
-    systems, and scripts."""
-    if self.table.LookupList:
-        self.table.LookupList.subset_lookups(lookup_indices)
-    if self.table.FeatureList:
-        feature_indices = self.table.FeatureList.subset_lookups(lookup_indices)
-    else:
-        feature_indices = []
-    if getattr(self.table, 'FeatureVariations', None):
-        feature_indices += self.table.FeatureVariations.subset_lookups(lookup_indices)
-    feature_indices = _uniq_sort(feature_indices)
-    if self.table.FeatureList:
-        self.table.FeatureList.subset_features(feature_indices)
-    if getattr(self.table, 'FeatureVariations', None):
-        self.table.FeatureVariations.subset_features(feature_indices)
-    if self.table.ScriptList:
-        self.table.ScriptList.subset_features(feature_indices, self.retain_empty_scripts())
+	"""Retains specified lookups, then removes empty features, language
+	systems, and scripts."""
+	if self.table.LookupList:
+		self.table.LookupList.subset_lookups(lookup_indices)
+	if self.table.FeatureList:
+		feature_indices = self.table.FeatureList.subset_lookups(lookup_indices)
+	else:
+		feature_indices = []
+	if getattr(self.table, 'FeatureVariations', None):
+		feature_indices += self.table.FeatureVariations.subset_lookups(lookup_indices)
+	feature_indices = _uniq_sort(feature_indices)
+	if self.table.FeatureList:
+		self.table.FeatureList.subset_features(feature_indices)
+	if getattr(self.table, 'FeatureVariations', None):
+		self.table.FeatureVariations.subset_features(feature_indices)
+	if self.table.ScriptList:
+		self.table.ScriptList.subset_features(feature_indices, self.retain_empty_scripts())
 
 @_add_method(ttLib.getTableClass('GSUB'),
-             ttLib.getTableClass('GPOS'))
+	     ttLib.getTableClass('GPOS'))
 def neuter_lookups(self, lookup_indices):
-    """Sets lookups not in lookup_indices to None."""
-    if self.table.LookupList:
-        self.table.LookupList.neuter_lookups(lookup_indices)
+	"""Sets lookups not in lookup_indices to None."""
+	if self.table.LookupList:
+		self.table.LookupList.neuter_lookups(lookup_indices)
 
 @_add_method(ttLib.getTableClass('GSUB'),
-             ttLib.getTableClass('GPOS'))
+	     ttLib.getTableClass('GPOS'))
 def prune_lookups(self, remap=True):
-    """Remove (default) or neuter unreferenced lookups"""
-    if self.table.ScriptList:
-        feature_indices = self.table.ScriptList.collect_features()
-    else:
-        feature_indices = []
-    if self.table.FeatureList:
-        lookup_indices = self.table.FeatureList.collect_lookups(feature_indices)
-    else:
-        lookup_indices = []
-    if getattr(self.table, 'FeatureVariations', None):
-        lookup_indices += self.table.FeatureVariations.collect_lookups(feature_indices)
-    lookup_indices = _uniq_sort(lookup_indices)
-    if self.table.LookupList:
-        lookup_indices = self.table.LookupList.closure_lookups(lookup_indices)
-    else:
-        lookup_indices = []
-    if remap:
-        self.subset_lookups(lookup_indices)
-    else:
-        self.neuter_lookups(lookup_indices)
+	"""Remove (default) or neuter unreferenced lookups"""
+	if self.table.ScriptList:
+		feature_indices = self.table.ScriptList.collect_features()
+	else:
+		feature_indices = []
+	if self.table.FeatureList:
+		lookup_indices = self.table.FeatureList.collect_lookups(feature_indices)
+	else:
+		lookup_indices = []
+	if getattr(self.table, 'FeatureVariations', None):
+		lookup_indices += self.table.FeatureVariations.collect_lookups(feature_indices)
+	lookup_indices = _uniq_sort(lookup_indices)
+	if self.table.LookupList:
+		lookup_indices = self.table.LookupList.closure_lookups(lookup_indices)
+	else:
+		lookup_indices = []
+	if remap:
+		self.subset_lookups(lookup_indices)
+	else:
+		self.neuter_lookups(lookup_indices)
 
 @_add_method(ttLib.getTableClass('GSUB'),
-             ttLib.getTableClass('GPOS'))
+	     ttLib.getTableClass('GPOS'))
 def subset_feature_tags(self, feature_tags):
-    if self.table.FeatureList:
-        feature_indices = \
-            [i for i,f in enumerate(self.table.FeatureList.FeatureRecord)
-             if f.FeatureTag in feature_tags]
-        self.table.FeatureList.subset_features(feature_indices)
-        if getattr(self.table, 'FeatureVariations', None):
-            self.table.FeatureVariations.subset_features(feature_indices)
-    else:
-        feature_indices = []
-    if self.table.ScriptList:
-        self.table.ScriptList.subset_features(feature_indices, self.retain_empty_scripts())
+	if self.table.FeatureList:
+		feature_indices = \
+			[i for i,f in enumerate(self.table.FeatureList.FeatureRecord)
+			 if f.FeatureTag in feature_tags]
+		self.table.FeatureList.subset_features(feature_indices)
+		if getattr(self.table, 'FeatureVariations', None):
+			self.table.FeatureVariations.subset_features(feature_indices)
+	else:
+		feature_indices = []
+	if self.table.ScriptList:
+		self.table.ScriptList.subset_features(feature_indices, self.retain_empty_scripts())
 
 @_add_method(ttLib.getTableClass('GSUB'),
-             ttLib.getTableClass('GPOS'))
+	     ttLib.getTableClass('GPOS'))
+def subset_script_tags(self, tags):
+	langsys = {}
+	script_tags = set()
+	for tag in tags:
+		script_tag, lang_tag = tag.split(".") if "." in tag else (tag, '*')
+		script_tags.add(script_tag.ljust(4))
+		langsys.setdefault(script_tag, set()).add(lang_tag.ljust(4))
+
+	if self.table.ScriptList:
+		self.table.ScriptList.ScriptRecord = \
+			[s for s in self.table.ScriptList.ScriptRecord
+			 if s.ScriptTag in script_tags]
+		self.table.ScriptList.ScriptCount = len(self.table.ScriptList.ScriptRecord)
+
+		for record in self.table.ScriptList.ScriptRecord:
+			if record.ScriptTag in langsys and '*   ' not in langsys[record.ScriptTag]:
+				record.Script.LangSysRecord = \
+					[l for l in record.Script.LangSysRecord
+					 if l.LangSysTag in langsys[record.ScriptTag]]
+				record.Script.LangSysCount = len(record.Script.LangSysRecord)
+				if "dflt" not in langsys[record.ScriptTag]:
+					record.Script.DefaultLangSys = None
+
+@_add_method(ttLib.getTableClass('GSUB'),
+			 ttLib.getTableClass('GPOS'))
 def prune_features(self):
-    """Remove unreferenced features"""
-    if self.table.ScriptList:
-        feature_indices = self.table.ScriptList.collect_features()
-    else:
-        feature_indices = []
-    if self.table.FeatureList:
-        self.table.FeatureList.subset_features(feature_indices)
-    if getattr(self.table, 'FeatureVariations', None):
-        self.table.FeatureVariations.subset_features(feature_indices)
-    if self.table.ScriptList:
-        self.table.ScriptList.subset_features(feature_indices, self.retain_empty_scripts())
+	"""Remove unreferenced features"""
+	if self.table.ScriptList:
+		feature_indices = self.table.ScriptList.collect_features()
+	else:
+		feature_indices = []
+	if self.table.FeatureList:
+		self.table.FeatureList.subset_features(feature_indices)
+	if getattr(self.table, 'FeatureVariations', None):
+		self.table.FeatureVariations.subset_features(feature_indices)
+	if self.table.ScriptList:
+		self.table.ScriptList.subset_features(feature_indices, self.retain_empty_scripts())
 
 @_add_method(ttLib.getTableClass('GSUB'),
-             ttLib.getTableClass('GPOS'))
+	     ttLib.getTableClass('GPOS'))
 def prune_pre_subset(self, font, options):
-    # Drop undesired features
-    if '*' not in options.layout_features:
-        self.subset_feature_tags(options.layout_features)
-    # Neuter unreferenced lookups
-    self.prune_lookups(remap=False)
-    return True
+	# Drop undesired features
+	if '*' not in options.layout_scripts:
+		self.subset_script_tags(options.layout_scripts)
+	if '*' not in options.layout_features:
+		self.subset_feature_tags(options.layout_features)
+	# Neuter unreferenced lookups
+	self.prune_lookups(remap=False)
+	return True
 
 @_add_method(ttLib.getTableClass('GSUB'),
-             ttLib.getTableClass('GPOS'))
+	     ttLib.getTableClass('GPOS'))
 def remove_redundant_langsys(self):
-    table = self.table
-    if not table.ScriptList or not table.FeatureList:
-        return
+	table = self.table
+	if not table.ScriptList or not table.FeatureList:
+		return
 
-    features = table.FeatureList.FeatureRecord
+	features = table.FeatureList.FeatureRecord
 
-    for s in table.ScriptList.ScriptRecord:
-        d = s.Script.DefaultLangSys
-        if not d:
-            continue
-        for lr in s.Script.LangSysRecord[:]:
-            l = lr.LangSys
-            # Compare d and l
-            if len(d.FeatureIndex) != len(l.FeatureIndex):
-                continue
-            if (d.ReqFeatureIndex == 65535) != (l.ReqFeatureIndex == 65535):
-                continue
+	for s in table.ScriptList.ScriptRecord:
+		d = s.Script.DefaultLangSys
+		if not d:
+			continue
+		for lr in s.Script.LangSysRecord[:]:
+			l = lr.LangSys
+			# Compare d and l
+			if len(d.FeatureIndex) != len(l.FeatureIndex):
+				continue
+			if (d.ReqFeatureIndex == 65535) != (l.ReqFeatureIndex == 65535):
+				continue
 
-            if d.ReqFeatureIndex != 65535:
-                if features[d.ReqFeatureIndex] != features[l.ReqFeatureIndex]:
-                    continue
+			if d.ReqFeatureIndex != 65535:
+				if features[d.ReqFeatureIndex] != features[l.ReqFeatureIndex]:
+					continue
 
-            for i in range(len(d.FeatureIndex)):
-                if features[d.FeatureIndex[i]] != features[l.FeatureIndex[i]]:
-                    break
-            else:
-                # LangSys and default are equal; delete LangSys
-                s.Script.LangSysRecord.remove(lr)
+			for i in range(len(d.FeatureIndex)):
+				if features[d.FeatureIndex[i]] != features[l.FeatureIndex[i]]:
+					break
+			else:
+				# LangSys and default are equal; delete LangSys
+				s.Script.LangSysRecord.remove(lr)
 
 @_add_method(ttLib.getTableClass('GSUB'),
-             ttLib.getTableClass('GPOS'))
-def prune_post_subset(self, options):
-    table = self.table
+	     ttLib.getTableClass('GPOS'))
+def prune_post_subset(self, font, options):
+	table = self.table
 
-    self.prune_lookups() # XXX Is this actually needed?!
+	self.prune_lookups() # XXX Is this actually needed?!
 
-    if table.LookupList:
-        table.LookupList.prune_post_subset(options)
-        # XXX Next two lines disabled because OTS is stupid and
-        # doesn't like NULL offsets here.
-        #if not table.LookupList.Lookup:
-        #    table.LookupList = None
+	if table.LookupList:
+		table.LookupList.prune_post_subset(font, options)
+		# XXX Next two lines disabled because OTS is stupid and
+		# doesn't like NULL offsets here.
+		#if not table.LookupList.Lookup:
+		#	table.LookupList = None
 
-    if not table.LookupList:
-        table.FeatureList = None
+	if not table.LookupList:
+		table.FeatureList = None
 
 
-    if table.FeatureList:
-        self.remove_redundant_langsys()
-        # Remove unreferenced features
-        self.prune_features()
+	if table.FeatureList:
+		self.remove_redundant_langsys()
+		# Remove unreferenced features
+		self.prune_features()
 
-    # XXX Next two lines disabled because OTS is stupid and
-    # doesn't like NULL offsets here.
-    #if table.FeatureList and not table.FeatureList.FeatureRecord:
-    #    table.FeatureList = None
+	# XXX Next two lines disabled because OTS is stupid and
+	# doesn't like NULL offsets here.
+	#if table.FeatureList and not table.FeatureList.FeatureRecord:
+	#	table.FeatureList = None
 
-    # Never drop scripts themselves as them just being available
-    # holds semantic significance.
-    # XXX Next two lines disabled because OTS is stupid and
-    # doesn't like NULL offsets here.
-    #if table.ScriptList and not table.ScriptList.ScriptRecord:
-    #    table.ScriptList = None
+	# Never drop scripts themselves as them just being available
+	# holds semantic significance.
+	# XXX Next two lines disabled because OTS is stupid and
+	# doesn't like NULL offsets here.
+	#if table.ScriptList and not table.ScriptList.ScriptRecord:
+	#	table.ScriptList = None
 
-    if not table.FeatureList and hasattr(table, 'FeatureVariations'):
-        table.FeatureVariations = None
+	if hasattr(table, 'FeatureVariations'):
+		# drop FeatureVariations if there are no features to substitute
+		if table.FeatureVariations and not (
+			table.FeatureList and table.FeatureVariations.FeatureVariationRecord
+		):
+			table.FeatureVariations = None
 
-    if hasattr(table, 'FeatureVariations') and not table.FeatureVariations:
-        if table.Version == 0x00010001:
-            table.Version = 0x00010000
+		# downgrade table version if there are no FeatureVariations
+		if not table.FeatureVariations and table.Version == 0x00010001:
+			table.Version = 0x00010000
 
-    return True
+	return True
 
 @_add_method(ttLib.getTableClass('GDEF'))
 def subset_glyphs(self, s):
-    glyphs = s.glyphs_gsubed
-    table = self.table
-    if table.LigCaretList:
-        indices = table.LigCaretList.Coverage.subset(glyphs)
-        table.LigCaretList.LigGlyph = [table.LigCaretList.LigGlyph[i] for i in indices]
-        table.LigCaretList.LigGlyphCount = len(table.LigCaretList.LigGlyph)
-    if table.MarkAttachClassDef:
-        table.MarkAttachClassDef.classDefs = \
-            {g:v for g,v in table.MarkAttachClassDef.classDefs.items()
-             if g in glyphs}
-    if table.GlyphClassDef:
-        table.GlyphClassDef.classDefs = \
-            {g:v for g,v in table.GlyphClassDef.classDefs.items()
-             if g in glyphs}
-    if table.AttachList:
-        indices = table.AttachList.Coverage.subset(glyphs)
-        GlyphCount = table.AttachList.GlyphCount
-        table.AttachList.AttachPoint = [table.AttachList.AttachPoint[i]
-                                        for i in indices if i < GlyphCount]
-        table.AttachList.GlyphCount = len(table.AttachList.AttachPoint)
-    if hasattr(table, "MarkGlyphSetsDef") and table.MarkGlyphSetsDef:
-        for coverage in table.MarkGlyphSetsDef.Coverage:
-            coverage.subset(glyphs)
-        # TODO: The following is disabled. If enabling, we need to go fixup all
-        # lookups that use MarkFilteringSet and map their set.
-        # indices = table.MarkGlyphSetsDef.Coverage = \
-        #   [c for c in table.MarkGlyphSetsDef.Coverage if c.glyphs]
-    return True
+	glyphs = s.glyphs_gsubed
+	table = self.table
+	if table.LigCaretList:
+		indices = table.LigCaretList.Coverage.subset(glyphs)
+		table.LigCaretList.LigGlyph = _list_subset(table.LigCaretList.LigGlyph, indices)
+		table.LigCaretList.LigGlyphCount = len(table.LigCaretList.LigGlyph)
+	if table.MarkAttachClassDef:
+		table.MarkAttachClassDef.classDefs = \
+			{g:v for g,v in table.MarkAttachClassDef.classDefs.items()
+			 if g in glyphs}
+	if table.GlyphClassDef:
+		table.GlyphClassDef.classDefs = \
+			{g:v for g,v in table.GlyphClassDef.classDefs.items()
+			 if g in glyphs}
+	if table.AttachList:
+		indices = table.AttachList.Coverage.subset(glyphs)
+		GlyphCount = table.AttachList.GlyphCount
+		table.AttachList.AttachPoint = [table.AttachList.AttachPoint[i]
+						for i in indices if i < GlyphCount]
+		table.AttachList.GlyphCount = len(table.AttachList.AttachPoint)
+	if hasattr(table, "MarkGlyphSetsDef") and table.MarkGlyphSetsDef:
+		for coverage in table.MarkGlyphSetsDef.Coverage:
+			if coverage:
+				coverage.subset(glyphs)
+
+		# TODO: The following is disabled. If enabling, we need to go fixup all
+		# lookups that use MarkFilteringSet and map their set.
+		# indices = table.MarkGlyphSetsDef.Coverage = \
+		#   [c for c in table.MarkGlyphSetsDef.Coverage if c.glyphs]
+		# TODO: The following is disabled, as ots doesn't like it. Phew...
+		# https://github.com/khaledhosny/ots/issues/172
+		# table.MarkGlyphSetsDef.Coverage = [c if c.glyphs else None for c in table.MarkGlyphSetsDef.Coverage]
+	return True
+
+
+def _pruneGDEF(font):
+	if 'GDEF' not in font: return
+	gdef = font['GDEF']
+	table = gdef.table
+	if not hasattr(table, 'VarStore'): return
+
+	store = table.VarStore
+
+	usedVarIdxes = set()
+
+	# Collect.
+	table.collect_device_varidxes(usedVarIdxes)
+	if 'GPOS' in font:
+		font['GPOS'].table.collect_device_varidxes(usedVarIdxes)
+
+	# Subset.
+	varidx_map = store.subset_varidxes(usedVarIdxes)
+
+	# Map.
+	table.remap_device_varidxes(varidx_map)
+	if 'GPOS' in font:
+		font['GPOS'].table.remap_device_varidxes(varidx_map)
 
 @_add_method(ttLib.getTableClass('GDEF'))
-def prune_post_subset(self, options):
-    table = self.table
-    # XXX check these against OTS
-    if table.LigCaretList and not table.LigCaretList.LigGlyphCount:
-        table.LigCaretList = None
-    if table.MarkAttachClassDef and not table.MarkAttachClassDef.classDefs:
-        table.MarkAttachClassDef = None
-    if table.GlyphClassDef and not table.GlyphClassDef.classDefs:
-        table.GlyphClassDef = None
-    if table.AttachList and not table.AttachList.GlyphCount:
-        table.AttachList = None
-    if (hasattr(table, "MarkGlyphSetsDef") and
-        table.MarkGlyphSetsDef and
-        not table.MarkGlyphSetsDef.Coverage):
-        table.MarkGlyphSetsDef = None
-        if table.Version == 0x00010002:
-            table.Version = 0x00010000
-    return bool(table.LigCaretList or
-                table.MarkAttachClassDef or
-                table.GlyphClassDef or
-                table.AttachList or
-                (table.Version >= 0x00010002 and table.MarkGlyphSetsDef))
+def prune_post_subset(self, font, options):
+	table = self.table
+	# XXX check these against OTS
+	if table.LigCaretList and not table.LigCaretList.LigGlyphCount:
+		table.LigCaretList = None
+	if table.MarkAttachClassDef and not table.MarkAttachClassDef.classDefs:
+		table.MarkAttachClassDef = None
+	if table.GlyphClassDef and not table.GlyphClassDef.classDefs:
+		table.GlyphClassDef = None
+	if table.AttachList and not table.AttachList.GlyphCount:
+		table.AttachList = None
+	if hasattr(table, "VarStore"):
+		_pruneGDEF(font)
+		if table.VarStore.VarDataCount == 0:
+			if table.Version == 0x00010003:
+				table.Version = 0x00010002
+	if (not hasattr(table, "MarkGlyphSetsDef") or
+		not table.MarkGlyphSetsDef or
+		not table.MarkGlyphSetsDef.Coverage):
+		table.MarkGlyphSetsDef = None
+		if table.Version == 0x00010002:
+			table.Version = 0x00010000
+	return bool(table.LigCaretList or
+		    table.MarkAttachClassDef or
+		    table.GlyphClassDef or
+		    table.AttachList or
+		    (table.Version >= 0x00010002 and table.MarkGlyphSetsDef) or
+		    (table.Version >= 0x00010003 and table.VarStore))
 
 @_add_method(ttLib.getTableClass('kern'))
 def prune_pre_subset(self, font, options):
-    # Prune unknown kern table types
-    self.kernTables = [t for t in self.kernTables if hasattr(t, 'kernTable')]
-    return bool(self.kernTables)
+	# Prune unknown kern table types
+	self.kernTables = [t for t in self.kernTables if hasattr(t, 'kernTable')]
+	return bool(self.kernTables)
 
 @_add_method(ttLib.getTableClass('kern'))
 def subset_glyphs(self, s):
-    glyphs = s.glyphs_gsubed
-    for t in self.kernTables:
-        t.kernTable = {(a,b):v for (a,b),v in t.kernTable.items()
-                                           if a in glyphs and b in glyphs}
-    self.kernTables = [t for t in self.kernTables if t.kernTable]
-    return bool(self.kernTables)
+	glyphs = s.glyphs_gsubed
+	for t in self.kernTables:
+		t.kernTable = {(a,b):v for (a,b),v in t.kernTable.items()
+				       if a in glyphs and b in glyphs}
+	self.kernTables = [t for t in self.kernTables if t.kernTable]
+	return bool(self.kernTables)
 
 @_add_method(ttLib.getTableClass('vmtx'))
 def subset_glyphs(self, s):
-    self.metrics = _dict_subset(self.metrics, s.glyphs)
-    return bool(self.metrics)
+	self.metrics = _dict_subset(self.metrics, s.glyphs)
+	for g in s.glyphs_emptied:
+		self.metrics[g] = (0,0)
+	return bool(self.metrics)
 
 @_add_method(ttLib.getTableClass('hmtx'))
 def subset_glyphs(self, s):
-    self.metrics = _dict_subset(self.metrics, s.glyphs)
-    return True # Required table
+	self.metrics = _dict_subset(self.metrics, s.glyphs)
+	for g in s.glyphs_emptied:
+		self.metrics[g] = (0,0)
+	return True # Required table
 
 @_add_method(ttLib.getTableClass('hdmx'))
 def subset_glyphs(self, s):
-    self.hdmx = {sz:_dict_subset(l, s.glyphs) for sz,l in self.hdmx.items()}
-    return bool(self.hdmx)
+	self.hdmx = {sz:_dict_subset(l, s.glyphs) for sz,l in self.hdmx.items()}
+	for sz in self.hdmx:
+		for g in s.glyphs_emptied:
+			self.hdmx[sz][g] = 0
+	return bool(self.hdmx)
 
 @_add_method(ttLib.getTableClass('ankr'))
 def subset_glyphs(self, s):
-    table = self.table.AnchorPoints
-    assert table.Format == 0, "unknown 'ankr' format %s" % table.Format
-    table.Anchors = {glyph: table.Anchors[glyph] for glyph in s.glyphs
-                     if glyph in table.Anchors}
-    return len(table.Anchors) > 0
+	table = self.table.AnchorPoints
+	assert table.Format == 0, "unknown 'ankr' format %s" % table.Format
+	table.Anchors = {glyph: table.Anchors[glyph] for glyph in s.glyphs
+					 if glyph in table.Anchors}
+	return len(table.Anchors) > 0
 
 @_add_method(ttLib.getTableClass('bsln'))
 def closure_glyphs(self, s):
-    table = self.table.Baseline
-    if table.Format in (2, 3):
-        s.glyphs.add(table.StandardGlyph)
+	table = self.table.Baseline
+	if table.Format in (2, 3):
+		s.glyphs.add(table.StandardGlyph)
 
 @_add_method(ttLib.getTableClass('bsln'))
 def subset_glyphs(self, s):
-    table = self.table.Baseline
-    if table.Format in (1, 3):
-        baselines = {glyph: table.BaselineValues.get(glyph, table.DefaultBaseline)
-                     for glyph in s.glyphs}
-        if len(baselines) > 0:
-            mostCommon, _cnt = Counter(baselines.values()).most_common(1)[0]
-            table.DefaultBaseline = mostCommon
-            baselines = {glyph: b for glyph, b in baselines.items()
-                         if b != mostCommon}
-        if len(baselines) > 0:
-            table.BaselineValues = baselines
-        else:
-            table.Format = {1: 0, 3: 2}[table.Format]
-            del table.BaselineValues
-    return True
+	table = self.table.Baseline
+	if table.Format in (1, 3):
+		baselines = {glyph: table.BaselineValues.get(glyph, table.DefaultBaseline)
+					 for glyph in s.glyphs}
+		if len(baselines) > 0:
+			mostCommon, _cnt = Counter(baselines.values()).most_common(1)[0]
+			table.DefaultBaseline = mostCommon
+			baselines = {glyph: b for glyph, b in baselines.items()
+					      if b != mostCommon}
+		if len(baselines) > 0:
+			table.BaselineValues = baselines
+		else:
+			table.Format = {1: 0, 3: 2}[table.Format]
+			del table.BaselineValues
+	return True
 
 @_add_method(ttLib.getTableClass('lcar'))
 def subset_glyphs(self, s):
-    table = self.table.LigatureCarets
-    if table.Format in (0, 1):
-        table.Carets = {glyph: table.Carets[glyph] for glyph in s.glyphs
-                        if glyph in table.Carets}
-        return len(table.Carets) > 0
-    else:
-        assert False, "unknown 'lcar' format %s" % table.Format
+	table = self.table.LigatureCarets
+	if table.Format in (0, 1):
+		table.Carets = {glyph: table.Carets[glyph] for glyph in s.glyphs
+							   if glyph in table.Carets}
+		return len(table.Carets) > 0
+	else:
+		assert False, "unknown 'lcar' format %s" % table.Format
 
 @_add_method(ttLib.getTableClass('gvar'))
 def prune_pre_subset(self, font, options):
-    if options.notdef_glyph and not options.notdef_outline:
-        self.variations[font.glyphOrder[0]] = []
-    return True
+	if options.notdef_glyph and not options.notdef_outline:
+		self.variations[font.glyphOrder[0]] = []
+	return True
 
 @_add_method(ttLib.getTableClass('gvar'))
 def subset_glyphs(self, s):
-    self.variations = _dict_subset(self.variations, s.glyphs)
-    self.glyphCount = len(self.variations)
-    return bool(self.variations)
+	self.variations = _dict_subset(self.variations, s.glyphs)
+	self.glyphCount = len(self.variations)
+	return bool(self.variations)
+
+def _remap_index_map(s, varidx_map, table_map):
+	map_ = {k:varidx_map[v] for k,v in table_map.mapping.items()}
+	# Emptied glyphs are remapped to:
+	# if GID <= last retained GID, 0/0: delta set for 0/0 is expected to exist & zeros compress well
+	# if GID > last retained GID, major/minor of the last retained glyph: will be optimized out by table compiler
+	last_idx = varidx_map[table_map.mapping[s.last_retained_glyph]]
+	for g,i in s.reverseEmptiedGlyphMap.items():
+		map_[g] = last_idx if i > s.last_retained_order else 0
+	return map_
+
+@_add_method(ttLib.getTableClass('HVAR'))
+def subset_glyphs(self, s):
+	table = self.table
+
+	used = set()
+	advIdxes_ = set()
+	retainAdvMap = False
+
+	if table.AdvWidthMap:
+		table.AdvWidthMap.mapping = _dict_subset(table.AdvWidthMap.mapping, s.glyphs)
+		used.update(table.AdvWidthMap.mapping.values())
+	else:
+		used.update(s.reverseOrigGlyphMap.values())
+		advIdxes_ = used.copy()
+		retainAdvMap = s.options.retain_gids
+
+	if table.LsbMap:
+		table.LsbMap.mapping = _dict_subset(table.LsbMap.mapping, s.glyphs)
+		used.update(table.LsbMap.mapping.values())
+	if table.RsbMap:
+		table.RsbMap.mapping = _dict_subset(table.RsbMap.mapping, s.glyphs)
+		used.update(table.RsbMap.mapping.values())
+
+	varidx_map = table.VarStore.subset_varidxes(used, retainFirstMap=retainAdvMap, advIdxes=advIdxes_)
+
+	if table.AdvWidthMap:
+		table.AdvWidthMap.mapping = _remap_index_map(s, varidx_map, table.AdvWidthMap)
+	if table.LsbMap:
+		table.LsbMap.mapping = _remap_index_map(s, varidx_map, table.LsbMap)
+	if table.RsbMap:
+		table.RsbMap.mapping = _remap_index_map(s, varidx_map, table.RsbMap)
+
+	# TODO Return emptiness...
+	return True
+
+@_add_method(ttLib.getTableClass('VVAR'))
+def subset_glyphs(self, s):
+	table = self.table
+
+	used = set()
+	advIdxes_ = set()
+	retainAdvMap = False
+
+	if table.AdvHeightMap:
+		table.AdvHeightMap.mapping = _dict_subset(table.AdvHeightMap.mapping, s.glyphs)
+		used.update(table.AdvHeightMap.mapping.values())
+	else:
+		used.update(s.reverseOrigGlyphMap.values())
+		advIdxes_ = used.copy()
+		retainAdvMap = s.options.retain_gids
+
+	if table.TsbMap:
+		table.TsbMap.mapping = _dict_subset(table.TsbMap.mapping, s.glyphs)
+		used.update(table.TsbMap.mapping.values())
+	if table.BsbMap:
+		table.BsbMap.mapping = _dict_subset(table.BsbMap.mapping, s.glyphs)
+		used.update(table.BsbMap.mapping.values())
+	if table.VOrgMap:
+		table.VOrgMap.mapping = _dict_subset(table.VOrgMap.mapping, s.glyphs)
+		used.update(table.VOrgMap.mapping.values())
+
+	varidx_map = table.VarStore.subset_varidxes(used, retainFirstMap=retainAdvMap, advIdxes=advIdxes_)
+
+	if table.AdvHeightMap:
+		table.AdvHeightMap.mapping = _remap_index_map(s, varidx_map, table.AdvHeightMap)
+	if table.TsbMap:
+		table.TsbMap.mapping = _remap_index_map(s, varidx_map, table.TsbMap)
+	if table.BsbMap:
+		table.BsbMap.mapping = _remap_index_map(s, varidx_map, table.BsbMap)
+	if table.VOrgMap:
+		table.VOrgMap.mapping = _remap_index_map(s, varidx_map, table.VOrgMap)
+
+	# TODO Return emptiness...
+	return True
 
 @_add_method(ttLib.getTableClass('VORG'))
 def subset_glyphs(self, s):
-    self.VOriginRecords = {g:v for g,v in self.VOriginRecords.items()
-                               if g in s.glyphs}
-    self.numVertOriginYMetrics = len(self.VOriginRecords)
-    return True    # Never drop; has default metrics
+	self.VOriginRecords = {g:v for g,v in self.VOriginRecords.items()
+				   if g in s.glyphs}
+	self.numVertOriginYMetrics = len(self.VOriginRecords)
+	return True	# Never drop; has default metrics
 
 @_add_method(ttLib.getTableClass('opbd'))
 def subset_glyphs(self, s):
-    table = self.table.OpticalBounds
-    if table.Format == 0:
-        table.OpticalBoundsDeltas = {glyph: table.OpticalBoundsDeltas[glyph]
-                                     for glyph in s.glyphs
-                                     if glyph in table.OpticalBoundsDeltas}
-        return len(table.OpticalBoundsDeltas) > 0
-    elif table.Format == 1:
-        table.OpticalBoundsPoints = {glyph: table.OpticalBoundsPoints[glyph]
-                                     for glyph in s.glyphs
-                                     if glyph in table.OpticalBoundsPoints}
-        return len(table.OpticalBoundsPoints) > 0
-    else:
-        assert False, "unknown 'opbd' format %s" % table.Format
+	table = self.table.OpticalBounds
+	if table.Format == 0:
+		table.OpticalBoundsDeltas = {glyph: table.OpticalBoundsDeltas[glyph]
+					     for glyph in s.glyphs
+					     if glyph in table.OpticalBoundsDeltas}
+		return len(table.OpticalBoundsDeltas) > 0
+	elif table.Format == 1:
+		table.OpticalBoundsPoints = {glyph: table.OpticalBoundsPoints[glyph]
+					     for glyph in s.glyphs
+					     if glyph in table.OpticalBoundsPoints}
+		return len(table.OpticalBoundsPoints) > 0
+	else:
+		assert False, "unknown 'opbd' format %s" % table.Format
 
 @_add_method(ttLib.getTableClass('post'))
 def prune_pre_subset(self, font, options):
-    if not options.glyph_names:
-        self.formatType = 3.0
-    return True # Required table
+	if not options.glyph_names:
+		self.formatType = 3.0
+	return True # Required table
 
 @_add_method(ttLib.getTableClass('post'))
 def subset_glyphs(self, s):
-    self.extraNames = []    # This seems to do it
-    return True # Required table
+	self.extraNames = []	# This seems to do it
+	return True # Required table
 
 @_add_method(ttLib.getTableClass('prop'))
 def subset_glyphs(self, s):
-    prop = self.table.GlyphProperties
-    if prop.Format == 0:
-        return prop.DefaultProperties != 0
-    elif prop.Format == 1:
-        prop.Properties = {g: prop.Properties.get(g, prop.DefaultProperties)
-                           for g in s.glyphs}
-        mostCommon, _cnt = Counter(prop.Properties.values()).most_common(1)[0]
-        prop.DefaultProperties = mostCommon
-        prop.Properties = {g: prop for g, prop in prop.Properties.items()
-                           if prop != mostCommon}
-        if len(prop.Properties) == 0:
-            del prop.Properties
-            prop.Format = 0
-            return prop.DefaultProperties != 0
-        return True
-    else:
-        assert False, "unknown 'prop' format %s" % prop.Format
+	prop = self.table.GlyphProperties
+	if prop.Format == 0:
+		return prop.DefaultProperties != 0
+	elif prop.Format == 1:
+		prop.Properties = {g: prop.Properties.get(g, prop.DefaultProperties)
+				   for g in s.glyphs}
+		mostCommon, _cnt = Counter(prop.Properties.values()).most_common(1)[0]
+		prop.DefaultProperties = mostCommon
+		prop.Properties = {g: prop for g, prop in prop.Properties.items()
+				   if prop != mostCommon}
+		if len(prop.Properties) == 0:
+			del prop.Properties
+			prop.Format = 0
+			return prop.DefaultProperties != 0
+		return True
+	else:
+		assert False, "unknown 'prop' format %s" % prop.Format
+
+def _paint_glyph_names(paint, colr):
+	result = set()
+
+	def callback(paint):
+		if paint.Format in {
+			otTables.PaintFormat.PaintGlyph,
+			otTables.PaintFormat.PaintColrGlyph,
+		}:
+			result.add(paint.Glyph)
+
+	paint.traverse(colr, callback)
+	return result
 
 @_add_method(ttLib.getTableClass('COLR'))
 def closure_glyphs(self, s):
-    decompose = s.glyphs
-    while decompose:
-        layers = set()
-        for g in decompose:
-            for l in self.ColorLayers.get(g, []):
-                layers.add(l.name)
-        layers -= s.glyphs
-        s.glyphs.update(layers)
-        decompose = layers
+	if self.version > 0:
+		# on decompiling COLRv1, we only keep around the raw otTables
+		# but for subsetting we need dicts with fully decompiled layers;
+		# we store them temporarily in the C_O_L_R_ instance and delete
+		# them after we have finished subsetting.
+		self.ColorLayers = self._decompileColorLayersV0(self.table)
+		self.ColorLayersV1 = {
+			rec.BaseGlyph: rec.Paint
+			for rec in self.table.BaseGlyphList.BaseGlyphPaintRecord
+		}
+
+	decompose = s.glyphs
+	while decompose:
+		layers = set()
+		for g in decompose:
+			for layer in self.ColorLayers.get(g, []):
+				layers.add(layer.name)
+
+			if self.version > 0:
+				paint = self.ColorLayersV1.get(g)
+				if paint is not None:
+					layers.update(_paint_glyph_names(paint, self.table))
+
+		layers -= s.glyphs
+		s.glyphs.update(layers)
+		decompose = layers
 
 @_add_method(ttLib.getTableClass('COLR'))
 def subset_glyphs(self, s):
-    self.ColorLayers = {g: self.ColorLayers[g] for g in s.glyphs if g in self.ColorLayers}
-    return bool(self.ColorLayers)
+	from fontTools.colorLib.unbuilder import unbuildColrV1
+	from fontTools.colorLib.builder import buildColrV1, populateCOLRv0
 
-# TODO: prune unused palettes
+	self.ColorLayers = {g: self.ColorLayers[g] for g in s.glyphs if g in self.ColorLayers}
+	if self.version == 0:
+		return bool(self.ColorLayers)
+
+	colorGlyphsV1 = unbuildColrV1(self.table.LayerList, self.table.BaseGlyphList)
+	self.table.LayerList, self.table.BaseGlyphList = buildColrV1(
+		{g: colorGlyphsV1[g] for g in colorGlyphsV1 if g in s.glyphs}
+	)
+	del self.ColorLayersV1
+
+	layersV0 = self.ColorLayers
+	if not self.table.BaseGlyphList.BaseGlyphPaintRecord:
+		# no more COLRv1 glyphs: downgrade to version 0
+		self.version = 0
+		del self.table
+		return bool(layersV0)
+
+	populateCOLRv0(
+		self.table,
+		{
+			g: [(layer.name, layer.colorID) for layer in layersV0[g]]
+			for g in layersV0
+		},
+	)
+	del self.ColorLayers
+
+	# TODO: also prune ununsed varIndices in COLR.VarStore
+	return True
+
 @_add_method(ttLib.getTableClass('CPAL'))
-def prune_post_subset(self, options):
-    return True
+def prune_post_subset(self, font, options):
+	colr = font.get("COLR")
+	if not colr:  # drop CPAL if COLR was subsetted to empty
+		return False
+
+	colors_by_index = defaultdict(list)
+
+	def collect_colors_by_index(paint):
+		if hasattr(paint, "PaletteIndex"):  # either solid colors...
+			colors_by_index[paint.PaletteIndex].append(paint)
+		elif hasattr(paint, "ColorLine"):  # ... or gradient color stops
+			for stop in paint.ColorLine.ColorStop:
+				colors_by_index[stop.PaletteIndex].append(stop)
+
+	if colr.version == 0:
+		for layers in colr.ColorLayers.values():
+			for layer in layers:
+				colors_by_index[layer.colorID].append(layer)
+	else:
+		if colr.table.LayerRecordArray:
+			for layer in colr.table.LayerRecordArray.LayerRecord:
+				colors_by_index[layer.PaletteIndex].append(layer)
+		for record in colr.table.BaseGlyphList.BaseGlyphPaintRecord:
+			record.Paint.traverse(colr.table, collect_colors_by_index)
+
+	# don't remap palette entry index 0xFFFF, this is always the foreground color
+	# https://github.com/fonttools/fonttools/issues/2257
+	retained_palette_indices = set(colors_by_index.keys()) - {0xFFFF}
+	for palette in self.palettes:
+		palette[:] = [c for i, c in enumerate(palette) if i in retained_palette_indices]
+		assert len(palette) == len(retained_palette_indices)
+
+	for new_index, old_index in enumerate(sorted(retained_palette_indices)):
+		for record in colors_by_index[old_index]:
+			if hasattr(record, "colorID"):  # v0
+				record.colorID = new_index
+			elif hasattr(record, "PaletteIndex"):  # v1
+				record.PaletteIndex = new_index
+			else:
+				raise AssertionError(record)
+
+	self.numPaletteEntries = len(self.palettes[0])
+
+	if self.version == 1:
+		self.paletteEntryLabels = [
+			label for i, label in self.paletteEntryLabels if i in retained_palette_indices
+		]
+	return bool(self.numPaletteEntries)
 
 @_add_method(otTables.MathGlyphConstruction)
 def closure_glyphs(self, glyphs):
-    variants = set()
-    for v in self.MathGlyphVariantRecord:
-        variants.add(v.VariantGlyph)
-    if self.GlyphAssembly:
-        for p in self.GlyphAssembly.PartRecords:
-            variants.add(p.glyph)
-    return variants
+	variants = set()
+	for v in self.MathGlyphVariantRecord:
+		variants.add(v.VariantGlyph)
+	if self.GlyphAssembly:
+		for p in self.GlyphAssembly.PartRecords:
+			variants.add(p.glyph)
+	return variants
 
 @_add_method(otTables.MathVariants)
 def closure_glyphs(self, s):
-    glyphs = frozenset(s.glyphs)
-    variants = set()
+	glyphs = frozenset(s.glyphs)
+	variants = set()
 
-    if self.VertGlyphCoverage:
-        indices = self.VertGlyphCoverage.intersect(glyphs)
-        for i in indices:
-            variants.update(self.VertGlyphConstruction[i].closure_glyphs(glyphs))
+	if self.VertGlyphCoverage:
+		indices = self.VertGlyphCoverage.intersect(glyphs)
+		for i in indices:
+			variants.update(self.VertGlyphConstruction[i].closure_glyphs(glyphs))
 
-    if self.HorizGlyphCoverage:
-        indices = self.HorizGlyphCoverage.intersect(glyphs)
-        for i in indices:
-            variants.update(self.HorizGlyphConstruction[i].closure_glyphs(glyphs))
+	if self.HorizGlyphCoverage:
+		indices = self.HorizGlyphCoverage.intersect(glyphs)
+		for i in indices:
+			variants.update(self.HorizGlyphConstruction[i].closure_glyphs(glyphs))
 
-    s.glyphs.update(variants)
+	s.glyphs.update(variants)
 
 @_add_method(ttLib.getTableClass('MATH'))
 def closure_glyphs(self, s):
-    self.table.MathVariants.closure_glyphs(s)
+	if self.table.MathVariants:
+		self.table.MathVariants.closure_glyphs(s)
 
 @_add_method(otTables.MathItalicsCorrectionInfo)
 def subset_glyphs(self, s):
-    indices = self.Coverage.subset(s.glyphs)
-    self.ItalicsCorrection = [self.ItalicsCorrection[i] for i in indices]
-    self.ItalicsCorrectionCount = len(self.ItalicsCorrection)
-    return bool(self.ItalicsCorrectionCount)
+	indices = self.Coverage.subset(s.glyphs)
+	self.ItalicsCorrection = _list_subset(self.ItalicsCorrection, indices)
+	self.ItalicsCorrectionCount = len(self.ItalicsCorrection)
+	return bool(self.ItalicsCorrectionCount)
 
 @_add_method(otTables.MathTopAccentAttachment)
 def subset_glyphs(self, s):
-    indices = self.TopAccentCoverage.subset(s.glyphs)
-    self.TopAccentAttachment = [self.TopAccentAttachment[i] for i in indices]
-    self.TopAccentAttachmentCount = len(self.TopAccentAttachment)
-    return bool(self.TopAccentAttachmentCount)
+	indices = self.TopAccentCoverage.subset(s.glyphs)
+	self.TopAccentAttachment = _list_subset(self.TopAccentAttachment, indices)
+	self.TopAccentAttachmentCount = len(self.TopAccentAttachment)
+	return bool(self.TopAccentAttachmentCount)
 
 @_add_method(otTables.MathKernInfo)
 def subset_glyphs(self, s):
-    indices = self.MathKernCoverage.subset(s.glyphs)
-    self.MathKernInfoRecords = [self.MathKernInfoRecords[i] for i in indices]
-    self.MathKernCount = len(self.MathKernInfoRecords)
-    return bool(self.MathKernCount)
+	indices = self.MathKernCoverage.subset(s.glyphs)
+	self.MathKernInfoRecords = _list_subset(self.MathKernInfoRecords, indices)
+	self.MathKernCount = len(self.MathKernInfoRecords)
+	return bool(self.MathKernCount)
 
 @_add_method(otTables.MathGlyphInfo)
 def subset_glyphs(self, s):
-    if self.MathItalicsCorrectionInfo:
-        self.MathItalicsCorrectionInfo.subset_glyphs(s)
-    if self.MathTopAccentAttachment:
-        self.MathTopAccentAttachment.subset_glyphs(s)
-    if self.MathKernInfo:
-        self.MathKernInfo.subset_glyphs(s)
-    if self.ExtendedShapeCoverage:
-        self.ExtendedShapeCoverage.subset(s.glyphs)
-    return True
+	if self.MathItalicsCorrectionInfo:
+		self.MathItalicsCorrectionInfo.subset_glyphs(s)
+	if self.MathTopAccentAttachment:
+		self.MathTopAccentAttachment.subset_glyphs(s)
+	if self.MathKernInfo:
+		self.MathKernInfo.subset_glyphs(s)
+	if self.ExtendedShapeCoverage:
+		self.ExtendedShapeCoverage.subset(s.glyphs)
+	return True
 
 @_add_method(otTables.MathVariants)
 def subset_glyphs(self, s):
-    if self.VertGlyphCoverage:
-        indices = self.VertGlyphCoverage.subset(s.glyphs)
-        self.VertGlyphConstruction = [self.VertGlyphConstruction[i] for i in indices]
-        self.VertGlyphCount = len(self.VertGlyphConstruction)
+	if self.VertGlyphCoverage:
+		indices = self.VertGlyphCoverage.subset(s.glyphs)
+		self.VertGlyphConstruction = _list_subset(self.VertGlyphConstruction, indices)
+		self.VertGlyphCount = len(self.VertGlyphConstruction)
 
-    if self.HorizGlyphCoverage:
-        indices = self.HorizGlyphCoverage.subset(s.glyphs)
-        self.HorizGlyphConstruction = [self.HorizGlyphConstruction[i] for i in indices]
-        self.HorizGlyphCount = len(self.HorizGlyphConstruction)
+	if self.HorizGlyphCoverage:
+		indices = self.HorizGlyphCoverage.subset(s.glyphs)
+		self.HorizGlyphConstruction = _list_subset(self.HorizGlyphConstruction, indices)
+		self.HorizGlyphCount = len(self.HorizGlyphConstruction)
 
-    return True
+	return True
 
 @_add_method(ttLib.getTableClass('MATH'))
 def subset_glyphs(self, s):
-    s.glyphs = s.glyphs_mathed
-    self.table.MathGlyphInfo.subset_glyphs(s)
-    self.table.MathVariants.subset_glyphs(s)
-    return True
+	s.glyphs = s.glyphs_mathed
+	if self.table.MathGlyphInfo:
+		self.table.MathGlyphInfo.subset_glyphs(s)
+	if self.table.MathVariants:
+		self.table.MathVariants.subset_glyphs(s)
+	return True
 
 @_add_method(ttLib.getTableModule('glyf').Glyph)
-def remapComponentsFast(self, indices):
-    if not self.data or struct.unpack(">h", self.data[:2])[0] >= 0:
-        return    # Not composite
-    data = array.array("B", self.data)
-    i = 10
-    more = 1
-    while more:
-        flags =(data[i] << 8) | data[i+1]
-        glyphID =(data[i+2] << 8) | data[i+3]
-        # Remap
-        glyphID = indices.index(glyphID)
-        data[i+2] = glyphID >> 8
-        data[i+3] = glyphID & 0xFF
-        i += 4
-        flags = int(flags)
+def remapComponentsFast(self, glyphidmap):
+	if not self.data or struct.unpack(">h", self.data[:2])[0] >= 0:
+		return	# Not composite
+	data = self.data = bytearray(self.data)
+	i = 10
+	more = 1
+	while more:
+		flags =(data[i] << 8) | data[i+1]
+		glyphID =(data[i+2] << 8) | data[i+3]
+		# Remap
+		glyphID = glyphidmap[glyphID]
+		data[i+2] = glyphID >> 8
+		data[i+3] = glyphID & 0xFF
+		i += 4
+		flags = int(flags)
 
-        if flags & 0x0001: i += 4    # ARG_1_AND_2_ARE_WORDS
-        else: i += 2
-        if flags & 0x0008: i += 2    # WE_HAVE_A_SCALE
-        elif flags & 0x0040: i += 4    # WE_HAVE_AN_X_AND_Y_SCALE
-        elif flags & 0x0080: i += 8    # WE_HAVE_A_TWO_BY_TWO
-        more = flags & 0x0020    # MORE_COMPONENTS
-
-    self.data = data.tostring()
+		if flags & 0x0001: i += 4	# ARG_1_AND_2_ARE_WORDS
+		else: i += 2
+		if flags & 0x0008: i += 2	# WE_HAVE_A_SCALE
+		elif flags & 0x0040: i += 4	# WE_HAVE_AN_X_AND_Y_SCALE
+		elif flags & 0x0080: i += 8	# WE_HAVE_A_TWO_BY_TWO
+		more = flags & 0x0020	# MORE_COMPONENTS
 
 @_add_method(ttLib.getTableClass('glyf'))
 def closure_glyphs(self, s):
-    decompose = s.glyphs
-    while decompose:
-        components = set()
-        for g in decompose:
-            if g not in self.glyphs:
-                continue
-            gl = self.glyphs[g]
-            for c in gl.getComponentNames(self):
-                components.add(c)
-        components -= s.glyphs
-        s.glyphs.update(components)
-        decompose = components
+	glyphSet = self.glyphs
+	decompose = s.glyphs
+	while decompose:
+		components = set()
+		for g in decompose:
+			if g not in glyphSet:
+				continue
+			gl = glyphSet[g]
+			for c in gl.getComponentNames(self):
+				components.add(c)
+		components -= s.glyphs
+		s.glyphs.update(components)
+		decompose = components
 
 @_add_method(ttLib.getTableClass('glyf'))
 def prune_pre_subset(self, font, options):
-    if options.notdef_glyph and not options.notdef_outline:
-        g = self[self.glyphOrder[0]]
-        # Yay, easy!
-        g.__dict__.clear()
-        g.data = ""
-    return True
+	if options.notdef_glyph and not options.notdef_outline:
+		g = self[self.glyphOrder[0]]
+		# Yay, easy!
+		g.__dict__.clear()
+		g.data = b''
+	return True
 
 @_add_method(ttLib.getTableClass('glyf'))
 def subset_glyphs(self, s):
-    self.glyphs = _dict_subset(self.glyphs, s.glyphs)
-    indices = [i for i,g in enumerate(self.glyphOrder) if g in s.glyphs]
-    for v in self.glyphs.values():
-        if hasattr(v, "data"):
-            v.remapComponentsFast(indices)
-        else:
-            pass    # No need
-    self.glyphOrder = [g for g in self.glyphOrder if g in s.glyphs]
-    # Don't drop empty 'glyf' tables, otherwise 'loca' doesn't get subset.
-    return True
+	self.glyphs = _dict_subset(self.glyphs, s.glyphs)
+	if not s.options.retain_gids:
+		indices = [i for i,g in enumerate(self.glyphOrder) if g in s.glyphs]
+		glyphmap = {o:n for n,o in enumerate(indices)}
+		for v in self.glyphs.values():
+			if hasattr(v, "data"):
+				v.remapComponentsFast(glyphmap)
+	Glyph = ttLib.getTableModule('glyf').Glyph
+	for g in s.glyphs_emptied:
+		self.glyphs[g] = Glyph()
+		self.glyphs[g].data = b''
+	self.glyphOrder = [g for g in self.glyphOrder if g in s.glyphs or g in s.glyphs_emptied]
+	# Don't drop empty 'glyf' tables, otherwise 'loca' doesn't get subset.
+	return True
 
 @_add_method(ttLib.getTableClass('glyf'))
-def prune_post_subset(self, options):
-    remove_hinting = not options.hinting
-    for v in self.glyphs.values():
-        v.trim(remove_hinting=remove_hinting)
-    return True
-
-@_add_method(ttLib.getTableClass('CFF '))
-def prune_pre_subset(self, font, options):
-    cff = self.cff
-    # CFF table must have one font only
-    cff.fontNames = cff.fontNames[:1]
-
-    if options.notdef_glyph and not options.notdef_outline:
-        for fontname in cff.keys():
-            font = cff[fontname]
-            c, fdSelectIndex = font.CharStrings.getItemAndSelector('.notdef')
-            if hasattr(font, 'FDArray') and font.FDArray is not None:
-                private = font.FDArray[fdSelectIndex].Private
-            else:
-                private = font.Private
-            dfltWdX = private.defaultWidthX
-            nmnlWdX = private.nominalWidthX
-            pen = NullPen()
-            c.draw(pen)  # this will set the charstring's width
-            if c.width != dfltWdX:
-                c.program = [c.width - nmnlWdX, 'endchar']
-            else:
-                c.program = ['endchar']
-
-    # Clear useless Encoding
-    for fontname in cff.keys():
-        font = cff[fontname]
-        # https://github.com/behdad/fonttools/issues/620
-        font.Encoding = "StandardEncoding"
-
-    return True # bool(cff.fontNames)
-
-@_add_method(ttLib.getTableClass('CFF '))
-def subset_glyphs(self, s):
-    cff = self.cff
-    for fontname in cff.keys():
-        font = cff[fontname]
-        cs = font.CharStrings
-
-        # Load all glyphs
-        for g in font.charset:
-            if g not in s.glyphs: continue
-            c, _ = cs.getItemAndSelector(g)
-
-        if cs.charStringsAreIndexed:
-            indices = [i for i,g in enumerate(font.charset) if g in s.glyphs]
-            csi = cs.charStringsIndex
-            csi.items = [csi.items[i] for i in indices]
-            del csi.file, csi.offsets
-            if hasattr(font, "FDSelect"):
-                sel = font.FDSelect
-                # XXX We want to set sel.format to None, such that the
-                # most compact format is selected. However, OTS was
-                # broken and couldn't parse a FDSelect format 0 that
-                # happened before CharStrings. As such, always force
-                # format 3 until we fix cffLib to always generate
-                # FDSelect after CharStrings.
-                # https://github.com/khaledhosny/ots/pull/31
-                #sel.format = None
-                sel.format = 3
-                sel.gidArray = [sel.gidArray[i] for i in indices]
-            cs.charStrings = {g:indices.index(v)
-                              for g,v in cs.charStrings.items()
-                              if g in s.glyphs}
-        else:
-            cs.charStrings = {g:v
-                              for g,v in cs.charStrings.items()
-                              if g in s.glyphs}
-        font.charset = [g for g in font.charset if g in s.glyphs]
-        font.numGlyphs = len(font.charset)
-
-    return True # any(cff[fontname].numGlyphs for fontname in cff.keys())
-
-@_add_method(psCharStrings.T2CharString)
-def subset_subroutines(self, subrs, gsubrs):
-    p = self.program
-    assert len(p)
-    for i in range(1, len(p)):
-        if p[i] == 'callsubr':
-            assert isinstance(p[i-1], int)
-            p[i-1] = subrs._used.index(p[i-1] + subrs._old_bias) - subrs._new_bias
-        elif p[i] == 'callgsubr':
-            assert isinstance(p[i-1], int)
-            p[i-1] = gsubrs._used.index(p[i-1] + gsubrs._old_bias) - gsubrs._new_bias
-
-@_add_method(psCharStrings.T2CharString)
-def drop_hints(self):
-    hints = self._hints
-
-    if hints.deletions:
-        p = self.program
-        for idx in reversed(hints.deletions):
-            del p[idx-2:idx]
-
-    if hints.has_hint:
-        assert not hints.deletions or hints.last_hint <= hints.deletions[0]
-        self.program = self.program[hints.last_hint:]
-        if hasattr(self, 'width'):
-            # Insert width back if needed
-            if self.width != self.private.defaultWidthX:
-                self.program.insert(0, self.width - self.private.nominalWidthX)
-
-    if hints.has_hintmask:
-        i = 0
-        p = self.program
-        while i < len(p):
-            if p[i] in ['hintmask', 'cntrmask']:
-                assert i + 1 <= len(p)
-                del p[i:i+2]
-                continue
-            i += 1
-
-    assert len(self.program)
-
-    del self._hints
-
-class _MarkingT2Decompiler(psCharStrings.SimpleT2Decompiler):
-
-    def __init__(self, localSubrs, globalSubrs):
-        psCharStrings.SimpleT2Decompiler.__init__(self,
-                                                  localSubrs,
-                                                  globalSubrs)
-        for subrs in [localSubrs, globalSubrs]:
-            if subrs and not hasattr(subrs, "_used"):
-                subrs._used = set()
-
-    def op_callsubr(self, index):
-        self.localSubrs._used.add(self.operandStack[-1]+self.localBias)
-        psCharStrings.SimpleT2Decompiler.op_callsubr(self, index)
-
-    def op_callgsubr(self, index):
-        self.globalSubrs._used.add(self.operandStack[-1]+self.globalBias)
-        psCharStrings.SimpleT2Decompiler.op_callgsubr(self, index)
-
-class _DehintingT2Decompiler(psCharStrings.T2WidthExtractor):
-
-    class Hints(object):
-        def __init__(self):
-            # Whether calling this charstring produces any hint stems
-            # Note that if a charstring starts with hintmask, it will
-            # have has_hint set to True, because it *might* produce an
-            # implicit vstem if called under certain conditions.
-            self.has_hint = False
-            # Index to start at to drop all hints
-            self.last_hint = 0
-            # Index up to which we know more hints are possible.
-            # Only relevant if status is 0 or 1.
-            self.last_checked = 0
-            # The status means:
-            # 0: after dropping hints, this charstring is empty
-            # 1: after dropping hints, there may be more hints
-            #    continuing after this
-            # 2: no more hints possible after this charstring
-            self.status = 0
-            # Has hintmask instructions; not recursive
-            self.has_hintmask = False
-            # List of indices of calls to empty subroutines to remove.
-            self.deletions = []
-        pass
-
-    def __init__(self, css, localSubrs, globalSubrs, nominalWidthX, defaultWidthX):
-        self._css = css
-        psCharStrings.T2WidthExtractor.__init__(
-            self, localSubrs, globalSubrs, nominalWidthX, defaultWidthX)
-
-    def execute(self, charString):
-        old_hints = charString._hints if hasattr(charString, '_hints') else None
-        charString._hints = self.Hints()
-
-        psCharStrings.T2WidthExtractor.execute(self, charString)
-
-        hints = charString._hints
-
-        if hints.has_hint or hints.has_hintmask:
-            self._css.add(charString)
-
-        if hints.status != 2:
-            # Check from last_check, make sure we didn't have any operators.
-            for i in range(hints.last_checked, len(charString.program) - 1):
-                if isinstance(charString.program[i], str):
-                    hints.status = 2
-                    break
-                else:
-                    hints.status = 1 # There's *something* here
-            hints.last_checked = len(charString.program)
-
-        if old_hints:
-            assert hints.__dict__ == old_hints.__dict__
-
-    def op_callsubr(self, index):
-        subr = self.localSubrs[self.operandStack[-1]+self.localBias]
-        psCharStrings.T2WidthExtractor.op_callsubr(self, index)
-        self.processSubr(index, subr)
-
-    def op_callgsubr(self, index):
-        subr = self.globalSubrs[self.operandStack[-1]+self.globalBias]
-        psCharStrings.T2WidthExtractor.op_callgsubr(self, index)
-        self.processSubr(index, subr)
-
-    def op_hstem(self, index):
-        psCharStrings.T2WidthExtractor.op_hstem(self, index)
-        self.processHint(index)
-    def op_vstem(self, index):
-        psCharStrings.T2WidthExtractor.op_vstem(self, index)
-        self.processHint(index)
-    def op_hstemhm(self, index):
-        psCharStrings.T2WidthExtractor.op_hstemhm(self, index)
-        self.processHint(index)
-    def op_vstemhm(self, index):
-        psCharStrings.T2WidthExtractor.op_vstemhm(self, index)
-        self.processHint(index)
-    def op_hintmask(self, index):
-        rv = psCharStrings.T2WidthExtractor.op_hintmask(self, index)
-        self.processHintmask(index)
-        return rv
-    def op_cntrmask(self, index):
-        rv = psCharStrings.T2WidthExtractor.op_cntrmask(self, index)
-        self.processHintmask(index)
-        return rv
-
-    def processHintmask(self, index):
-        cs = self.callingStack[-1]
-        hints = cs._hints
-        hints.has_hintmask = True
-        if hints.status != 2:
-            # Check from last_check, see if we may be an implicit vstem
-            for i in range(hints.last_checked, index - 1):
-                if isinstance(cs.program[i], str):
-                    hints.status = 2
-                    break
-            else:
-                # We are an implicit vstem
-                hints.has_hint = True
-                hints.last_hint = index + 1
-                hints.status = 0
-        hints.last_checked = index + 1
-
-    def processHint(self, index):
-        cs = self.callingStack[-1]
-        hints = cs._hints
-        hints.has_hint = True
-        hints.last_hint = index
-        hints.last_checked = index
-
-    def processSubr(self, index, subr):
-        cs = self.callingStack[-1]
-        hints = cs._hints
-        subr_hints = subr._hints
-
-        # Check from last_check, make sure we didn't have
-        # any operators.
-        if hints.status != 2:
-            for i in range(hints.last_checked, index - 1):
-                if isinstance(cs.program[i], str):
-                    hints.status = 2
-                    break
-            hints.last_checked = index
-
-        if hints.status != 2:
-            if subr_hints.has_hint:
-                hints.has_hint = True
-
-            # Decide where to chop off from
-            if subr_hints.status == 0:
-                hints.last_hint = index
-            else:
-                hints.last_hint = index - 2 # Leave the subr call in
-        elif subr_hints.status == 0:
-            hints.deletions.append(index)
-
-        hints.status = max(hints.status, subr_hints.status)
-
-class _DesubroutinizingT2Decompiler(psCharStrings.SimpleT2Decompiler):
-
-    def __init__(self, localSubrs, globalSubrs):
-        psCharStrings.SimpleT2Decompiler.__init__(self,
-                                                  localSubrs,
-                                                  globalSubrs)
-
-    def execute(self, charString):
-        # Note: Currently we recompute _desubroutinized each time.
-        # This is more robust in some cases, but in other places we assume
-        # that each subroutine always expands to the same code, so
-        # maybe it doesn't matter. To speed up we can just not
-        # recompute _desubroutinized if it's there. For now I just
-        # double-check that it desubroutinized to the same thing.
-        old_desubroutinized = charString._desubroutinized if hasattr(charString, '_desubroutinized') else None
-
-        charString._patches = []
-        psCharStrings.SimpleT2Decompiler.execute(self, charString)
-        desubroutinized = charString.program[:]
-        for idx,expansion in reversed (charString._patches):
-            assert idx >= 2
-            assert desubroutinized[idx - 1] in ['callsubr', 'callgsubr'], desubroutinized[idx - 1]
-            assert type(desubroutinized[idx - 2]) == int
-            if expansion[-1] == 'return':
-                expansion = expansion[:-1]
-            desubroutinized[idx-2:idx] = expansion
-        if 'endchar' in desubroutinized:
-            # Cut off after first endchar
-            desubroutinized = desubroutinized[:desubroutinized.index('endchar') + 1]
-        else:
-            if not len(desubroutinized) or desubroutinized[-1] != 'return':
-                desubroutinized.append('return')
-
-        charString._desubroutinized = desubroutinized
-        del charString._patches
-
-        if old_desubroutinized:
-            assert desubroutinized == old_desubroutinized
-
-    def op_callsubr(self, index):
-        subr = self.localSubrs[self.operandStack[-1]+self.localBias]
-        psCharStrings.SimpleT2Decompiler.op_callsubr(self, index)
-        self.processSubr(index, subr)
-
-    def op_callgsubr(self, index):
-        subr = self.globalSubrs[self.operandStack[-1]+self.globalBias]
-        psCharStrings.SimpleT2Decompiler.op_callgsubr(self, index)
-        self.processSubr(index, subr)
-
-    def processSubr(self, index, subr):
-        cs = self.callingStack[-1]
-        cs._patches.append((index, subr._desubroutinized))
-
-
-@_add_method(ttLib.getTableClass('CFF '))
-def prune_post_subset(self, options):
-    cff = self.cff
-    for fontname in cff.keys():
-        font = cff[fontname]
-        cs = font.CharStrings
-
-        # Drop unused FontDictionaries
-        if hasattr(font, "FDSelect"):
-            sel = font.FDSelect
-            indices = _uniq_sort(sel.gidArray)
-            sel.gidArray = [indices.index (ss) for ss in sel.gidArray]
-            arr = font.FDArray
-            arr.items = [arr[i] for i in indices]
-            del arr.file, arr.offsets
-
-        # Desubroutinize if asked for
-        if options.desubroutinize:
-            for g in font.charset:
-                c, _ = cs.getItemAndSelector(g)
-                c.decompile()
-                subrs = getattr(c.private, "Subrs", [])
-                decompiler = _DesubroutinizingT2Decompiler(subrs, c.globalSubrs)
-                decompiler.execute(c)
-                c.program = c._desubroutinized
-
-        # Drop hints if not needed
-        if not options.hinting:
-
-            # This can be tricky, but doesn't have to. What we do is:
-            #
-            # - Run all used glyph charstrings and recurse into subroutines,
-            # - For each charstring (including subroutines), if it has any
-            #   of the hint stem operators, we mark it as such.
-            #   Upon returning, for each charstring we note all the
-            #   subroutine calls it makes that (recursively) contain a stem,
-            # - Dropping hinting then consists of the following two ops:
-            #     * Drop the piece of the program in each charstring before the
-            #         last call to a stem op or a stem-calling subroutine,
-            #     * Drop all hintmask operations.
-            # - It's trickier... A hintmask right after hints and a few numbers
-            #     will act as an implicit vstemhm. As such, we track whether
-            #     we have seen any non-hint operators so far and do the right
-            #     thing, recursively... Good luck understanding that :(
-            css = set()
-            for g in font.charset:
-                c, _ = cs.getItemAndSelector(g)
-                c.decompile()
-                subrs = getattr(c.private, "Subrs", [])
-                decompiler = _DehintingT2Decompiler(css, subrs, c.globalSubrs,
-                                                    c.private.nominalWidthX,
-                                                    c.private.defaultWidthX)
-                decompiler.execute(c)
-                c.width = decompiler.width
-            for charstring in css:
-                charstring.drop_hints()
-            del css
-
-            # Drop font-wide hinting values
-            all_privs = []
-            if hasattr(font, 'FDSelect'):
-                all_privs.extend(fd.Private for fd in font.FDArray)
-            else:
-                all_privs.append(font.Private)
-            for priv in all_privs:
-                for k in ['BlueValues', 'OtherBlues',
-                          'FamilyBlues', 'FamilyOtherBlues',
-                          'BlueScale', 'BlueShift', 'BlueFuzz',
-                          'StemSnapH', 'StemSnapV', 'StdHW', 'StdVW']:
-                    if hasattr(priv, k):
-                        setattr(priv, k, None)
-
-        # Renumber subroutines to remove unused ones
-
-        # Mark all used subroutines
-        for g in font.charset:
-            c, _ = cs.getItemAndSelector(g)
-            subrs = getattr(c.private, "Subrs", [])
-            decompiler = _MarkingT2Decompiler(subrs, c.globalSubrs)
-            decompiler.execute(c)
-
-        all_subrs = [font.GlobalSubrs]
-        if hasattr(font, 'FDSelect'):
-            all_subrs.extend(fd.Private.Subrs for fd in font.FDArray if hasattr(fd.Private, 'Subrs') and fd.Private.Subrs)
-        elif hasattr(font.Private, 'Subrs') and font.Private.Subrs:
-            all_subrs.append(font.Private.Subrs)
-
-        subrs = set(subrs) # Remove duplicates
-
-        # Prepare
-        for subrs in all_subrs:
-            if not hasattr(subrs, '_used'):
-                subrs._used = set()
-            subrs._used = _uniq_sort(subrs._used)
-            subrs._old_bias = psCharStrings.calcSubrBias(subrs)
-            subrs._new_bias = psCharStrings.calcSubrBias(subrs._used)
-
-        # Renumber glyph charstrings
-        for g in font.charset:
-            c, _ = cs.getItemAndSelector(g)
-            subrs = getattr(c.private, "Subrs", [])
-            c.subset_subroutines (subrs, font.GlobalSubrs)
-
-        # Renumber subroutines themselves
-        for subrs in all_subrs:
-            if subrs == font.GlobalSubrs:
-                if not hasattr(font, 'FDSelect') and hasattr(font.Private, 'Subrs'):
-                    local_subrs = font.Private.Subrs
-                else:
-                    local_subrs = []
-            else:
-                local_subrs = subrs
-
-            subrs.items = [subrs.items[i] for i in subrs._used]
-            if hasattr(subrs, 'file'):
-                del subrs.file
-            if hasattr(subrs, 'offsets'):
-                del subrs.offsets
-
-            for subr in subrs.items:
-                subr.subset_subroutines (local_subrs, font.GlobalSubrs)
-
-        # Delete local SubrsIndex if empty
-        if hasattr(font, 'FDSelect'):
-            for fd in font.FDArray:
-                _delete_empty_subrs(fd.Private)
-        else:
-            _delete_empty_subrs(font.Private)
-
-        # Cleanup
-        for subrs in all_subrs:
-            del subrs._used, subrs._old_bias, subrs._new_bias
-
-    return True
-
-
-def _delete_empty_subrs(private_dict):
-    if hasattr(private_dict, 'Subrs') and not private_dict.Subrs:
-        if 'Subrs' in private_dict.rawDict:
-            del private_dict.rawDict['Subrs']
-        del private_dict.Subrs
+def prune_post_subset(self, font, options):
+	remove_hinting = not options.hinting
+	for v in self.glyphs.values():
+		v.trim(remove_hinting=remove_hinting)
+	return True
 
 
 @_add_method(ttLib.getTableClass('cmap'))
 def closure_glyphs(self, s):
-    tables = [t for t in self.tables if t.isUnicode()]
+	tables = [t for t in self.tables if t.isUnicode()]
 
-    # Close glyphs
-    for table in tables:
-        if table.format == 14:
-            for cmap in table.uvsDict.values():
-                glyphs = {g for u,g in cmap if u in s.unicodes_requested}
-                if None in glyphs:
-                    glyphs.remove(None)
-                s.glyphs.update(glyphs)
-        else:
-            cmap = table.cmap
-            intersection = s.unicodes_requested.intersection(cmap.keys())
-            s.glyphs.update(cmap[u] for u in intersection)
+	# Close glyphs
+	for table in tables:
+		if table.format == 14:
+			for cmap in table.uvsDict.values():
+				glyphs = {g for u,g in cmap if u in s.unicodes_requested}
+				if None in glyphs:
+					glyphs.remove(None)
+				s.glyphs.update(glyphs)
+		else:
+			cmap = table.cmap
+			intersection = s.unicodes_requested.intersection(cmap.keys())
+			s.glyphs.update(cmap[u] for u in intersection)
 
-    # Calculate unicodes_missing
-    s.unicodes_missing = s.unicodes_requested.copy()
-    for table in tables:
-        s.unicodes_missing.difference_update(table.cmap)
+	# Calculate unicodes_missing
+	s.unicodes_missing = s.unicodes_requested.copy()
+	for table in tables:
+		s.unicodes_missing.difference_update(table.cmap)
 
 @_add_method(ttLib.getTableClass('cmap'))
 def prune_pre_subset(self, font, options):
-    if not options.legacy_cmap:
-        # Drop non-Unicode / non-Symbol cmaps
-        self.tables = [t for t in self.tables if t.isUnicode() or t.isSymbol()]
-    if not options.symbol_cmap:
-        self.tables = [t for t in self.tables if not t.isSymbol()]
-    # TODO(behdad) Only keep one subtable?
-    # For now, drop format=0 which can't be subset_glyphs easily?
-    self.tables = [t for t in self.tables if t.format != 0]
-    self.numSubTables = len(self.tables)
-    return True # Required table
+	if not options.legacy_cmap:
+		# Drop non-Unicode / non-Symbol cmaps
+		self.tables = [t for t in self.tables if t.isUnicode() or t.isSymbol()]
+	if not options.symbol_cmap:
+		self.tables = [t for t in self.tables if not t.isSymbol()]
+	# TODO(behdad) Only keep one subtable?
+	# For now, drop format=0 which can't be subset_glyphs easily?
+	self.tables = [t for t in self.tables if t.format != 0]
+	self.numSubTables = len(self.tables)
+	return True # Required table
 
 @_add_method(ttLib.getTableClass('cmap'))
 def subset_glyphs(self, s):
-    s.glyphs = None # We use s.glyphs_requested and s.unicodes_requested only
-    for t in self.tables:
-        if t.format == 14:
-            # TODO(behdad) We drop all the default-UVS mappings
-            # for glyphs_requested.  So it's the caller's responsibility to make
-            # sure those are included.
-            t.uvsDict = {v:[(u,g) for u,g in l
-                                  if g in s.glyphs_requested or u in s.unicodes_requested]
-                         for v,l in t.uvsDict.items()}
-            t.uvsDict = {v:l for v,l in t.uvsDict.items() if l}
-        elif t.isUnicode():
-            t.cmap = {u:g for u,g in t.cmap.items()
-                          if g in s.glyphs_requested or u in s.unicodes_requested}
-        else:
-            t.cmap = {u:g for u,g in t.cmap.items()
-                          if g in s.glyphs_requested}
-    self.tables = [t for t in self.tables
-                   if (t.cmap if t.format != 14 else t.uvsDict)]
-    self.numSubTables = len(self.tables)
-    # TODO(behdad) Convert formats when needed.
-    # In particular, if we have a format=12 without non-BMP
-    # characters, either drop format=12 one or convert it
-    # to format=4 if there's not one.
-    return True # Required table
+	s.glyphs = None # We use s.glyphs_requested and s.unicodes_requested only
+
+	tables_format12_bmp = []
+	table_plat0_enc3 = {}  # Unicode platform, Unicode BMP only, keyed by language
+	table_plat3_enc1 = {}  # Windows platform, Unicode BMP, keyed by language
+
+	for t in self.tables:
+		if t.platformID == 0 and t.platEncID == 3:
+			table_plat0_enc3[t.language] = t
+		if t.platformID == 3 and t.platEncID == 1:
+			table_plat3_enc1[t.language] = t
+
+		if t.format == 14:
+			# TODO(behdad) We drop all the default-UVS mappings
+			# for glyphs_requested.  So it's the caller's responsibility to make
+			# sure those are included.
+			t.uvsDict = {v:[(u,g) for u,g in l
+					      if g in s.glyphs_requested or u in s.unicodes_requested]
+				     for v,l in t.uvsDict.items()}
+			t.uvsDict = {v:l for v,l in t.uvsDict.items() if l}
+		elif t.isUnicode():
+			t.cmap = {u:g for u,g in t.cmap.items()
+				      if g in s.glyphs_requested or u in s.unicodes_requested}
+			# Collect format 12 tables that hold only basic multilingual plane
+			# codepoints.
+			if t.format == 12 and t.cmap and max(t.cmap.keys()) < 0x10000:
+				tables_format12_bmp.append(t)
+		else:
+			t.cmap = {u:g for u,g in t.cmap.items()
+				      if g in s.glyphs_requested}
+
+	# Fomat 12 tables are redundant if they contain just the same BMP codepoints
+	# their little BMP-only encoding siblings contain.
+	for t in tables_format12_bmp:
+		if (
+			t.platformID == 0  # Unicode platform
+			and t.platEncID == 4  # Unicode full repertoire
+			and t.language in table_plat0_enc3  # Have a BMP-only sibling?
+			and table_plat0_enc3[t.language].cmap == t.cmap
+		):
+			t.cmap.clear()
+		elif (
+			t.platformID == 3  # Windows platform
+			and t.platEncID == 10  # Unicode full repertoire
+			and t.language in table_plat3_enc1  # Have a BMP-only sibling?
+			and table_plat3_enc1[t.language].cmap == t.cmap
+		):
+			t.cmap.clear()
+
+	self.tables = [t for t in self.tables
+			 if (t.cmap if t.format != 14 else t.uvsDict)]
+	self.numSubTables = len(self.tables)
+	# TODO(behdad) Convert formats when needed.
+	# In particular, if we have a format=12 without non-BMP
+	# characters, convert it to format=4 if there's not one.
+	return True # Required table
 
 @_add_method(ttLib.getTableClass('DSIG'))
 def prune_pre_subset(self, font, options):
-    # Drop all signatures since they will be invalid
-    self.usNumSigs = 0
-    self.signatureRecords = []
-    return True
+	# Drop all signatures since they will be invalid
+	self.usNumSigs = 0
+	self.signatureRecords = []
+	return True
 
 @_add_method(ttLib.getTableClass('maxp'))
 def prune_pre_subset(self, font, options):
-    if not options.hinting:
-        if self.tableVersion == 0x00010000:
-            self.maxZones = 1
-            self.maxTwilightPoints = 0
-            self.maxStorage = 0
-            self.maxFunctionDefs = 0
-            self.maxInstructionDefs = 0
-            self.maxStackElements = 0
-            self.maxSizeOfInstructions = 0
-    return True
+	if not options.hinting:
+		if self.tableVersion == 0x00010000:
+			self.maxZones = 1
+			self.maxTwilightPoints = 0
+			self.maxStorage = 0
+			self.maxFunctionDefs = 0
+			self.maxInstructionDefs = 0
+			self.maxStackElements = 0
+			self.maxSizeOfInstructions = 0
+	return True
 
 @_add_method(ttLib.getTableClass('name'))
 def prune_pre_subset(self, font, options):
-    nameIDs = set(options.name_IDs)
-    fvar = font.get('fvar')
-    if fvar:
-        nameIDs.update([axis.axisNameID for axis in fvar.axes])
-        nameIDs.update([inst.subfamilyNameID for inst in fvar.instances])
-        nameIDs.update([inst.postscriptNameID for inst in fvar.instances
-                        if inst.postscriptNameID != 0xFFFF])
-    if '*' not in options.name_IDs:
-        self.names = [n for n in self.names if n.nameID in nameIDs]
-    if not options.name_legacy:
-        # TODO(behdad) Sometimes (eg Apple Color Emoji) there's only a macroman
-        # entry for Latin and no Unicode names.
-        self.names = [n for n in self.names if n.isUnicode()]
-    # TODO(behdad) Option to keep only one platform's
-    if '*' not in options.name_languages:
-        # TODO(behdad) This is Windows-platform specific!
-        self.names = [n for n in self.names
-                      if n.langID in options.name_languages]
-    if options.obfuscate_names:
-        namerecs = []
-        for n in self.names:
-            if n.nameID in [1, 4]:
-                n.string = ".\x7f".encode('utf_16_be') if n.isUnicode() else ".\x7f"
-            elif n.nameID in [2, 6]:
-                n.string = "\x7f".encode('utf_16_be') if n.isUnicode() else "\x7f"
-            elif n.nameID == 3:
-                n.string = ""
-            elif n.nameID in [16, 17, 18]:
-                continue
-            namerecs.append(n)
-        self.names = namerecs
-    return True    # Required table
+	nameIDs = set(options.name_IDs)
+	fvar = font.get('fvar')
+	if fvar:
+		nameIDs.update([axis.axisNameID for axis in fvar.axes])
+		nameIDs.update([inst.subfamilyNameID for inst in fvar.instances])
+		nameIDs.update([inst.postscriptNameID for inst in fvar.instances
+				if inst.postscriptNameID != 0xFFFF])
+	stat = font.get('STAT')
+	if stat:
+		if stat.table.AxisValueArray:
+			nameIDs.update([val_rec.ValueNameID for val_rec in stat.table.AxisValueArray.AxisValue])
+		nameIDs.update([axis_rec.AxisNameID for axis_rec in stat.table.DesignAxisRecord.Axis])
+	if '*' not in options.name_IDs:
+		self.names = [n for n in self.names if n.nameID in nameIDs]
+	if not options.name_legacy:
+		# TODO(behdad) Sometimes (eg Apple Color Emoji) there's only a macroman
+		# entry for Latin and no Unicode names.
+		self.names = [n for n in self.names if n.isUnicode()]
+	# TODO(behdad) Option to keep only one platform's
+	if '*' not in options.name_languages:
+		# TODO(behdad) This is Windows-platform specific!
+		self.names = [n for n in self.names
+				if n.langID in options.name_languages]
+	if options.obfuscate_names:
+		namerecs = []
+		for n in self.names:
+			if n.nameID in [1, 4]:
+				n.string = ".\x7f".encode('utf_16_be') if n.isUnicode() else ".\x7f"
+			elif n.nameID in [2, 6]:
+				n.string = "\x7f".encode('utf_16_be') if n.isUnicode() else "\x7f"
+			elif n.nameID == 3:
+				n.string = ""
+			elif n.nameID in [16, 17, 18]:
+				continue
+			namerecs.append(n)
+		self.names = namerecs
+	return True	# Required table
+
+
+@_add_method(ttLib.getTableClass('head'))
+def prune_post_subset(self, font, options):
+	# Force re-compiling head table, to update any recalculated values.
+	return True
 
 
 # TODO(behdad) OS/2 ulCodePageRange?
@@ -2561,586 +2496,636 @@
 
 class Options(object):
 
-    class OptionError(Exception): pass
-    class UnknownOptionError(OptionError): pass
+	class OptionError(Exception): pass
+	class UnknownOptionError(OptionError): pass
 
-    # spaces in tag names (e.g. "SVG ", "cvt ") are stripped by the argument parser
-    _drop_tables_default = ['BASE', 'JSTF', 'DSIG', 'EBDT', 'EBLC',
-                            'EBSC', 'SVG', 'PCLT', 'LTSH']
-    _drop_tables_default += ['Feat', 'Glat', 'Gloc', 'Silf', 'Sill']  # Graphite
-    _drop_tables_default += ['sbix']  # Color
-    _no_subset_tables_default = ['avar', 'fvar',
-                                 'gasp', 'head', 'hhea', 'maxp',
-                                 'vhea', 'OS/2', 'loca', 'name', 'cvt',
-                                 'fpgm', 'prep', 'VDMX', 'DSIG', 'CPAL',
-                                 'MVAR', 'STAT']
-    _hinting_tables_default = ['cvar', 'cvt', 'fpgm', 'prep', 'hdmx', 'VDMX']
+	# spaces in tag names (e.g. "SVG ", "cvt ") are stripped by the argument parser
+	_drop_tables_default = ['BASE', 'JSTF', 'DSIG', 'EBDT', 'EBLC',
+				'EBSC', 'SVG', 'PCLT', 'LTSH']
+	_drop_tables_default += ['Feat', 'Glat', 'Gloc', 'Silf', 'Sill']  # Graphite
+	_no_subset_tables_default = ['avar', 'fvar',
+				     'gasp', 'head', 'hhea', 'maxp',
+				     'vhea', 'OS/2', 'loca', 'name', 'cvt',
+				     'fpgm', 'prep', 'VDMX', 'DSIG', 'CPAL',
+				     'MVAR', 'cvar', 'STAT']
+	_hinting_tables_default = ['cvt', 'cvar', 'fpgm', 'prep', 'hdmx', 'VDMX']
 
-    # Based on HarfBuzz shapers
-    _layout_features_groups = {
-        # Default shaper
-        'common': ['rvrn', 'ccmp', 'liga', 'locl', 'mark', 'mkmk', 'rlig'],
-        'fractions': ['frac', 'numr', 'dnom'],
-        'horizontal': ['calt', 'clig', 'curs', 'kern', 'rclt'],
-        'vertical': ['valt', 'vert', 'vkrn', 'vpal', 'vrt2'],
-        'ltr': ['ltra', 'ltrm'],
-        'rtl': ['rtla', 'rtlm'],
-        # Complex shapers
-        'arabic': ['init', 'medi', 'fina', 'isol', 'med2', 'fin2', 'fin3',
-                   'cswh', 'mset', 'stch'],
-        'hangul': ['ljmo', 'vjmo', 'tjmo'],
-        'tibetan': ['abvs', 'blws', 'abvm', 'blwm'],
-        'indic': ['nukt', 'akhn', 'rphf', 'rkrf', 'pref', 'blwf', 'half',
-                  'abvf', 'pstf', 'cfar', 'vatu', 'cjct', 'init', 'pres',
-                  'abvs', 'blws', 'psts', 'haln', 'dist', 'abvm', 'blwm'],
-    }
-    _layout_features_default = _uniq_sort(sum(
-            iter(_layout_features_groups.values()), []))
+	# Based on HarfBuzz shapers
+	_layout_features_groups = {
+		# Default shaper
+		'common': ['rvrn', 'ccmp', 'liga', 'locl', 'mark', 'mkmk', 'rlig'],
+		'fractions': ['frac', 'numr', 'dnom'],
+		'horizontal': ['calt', 'clig', 'curs', 'kern', 'rclt'],
+		'vertical': ['valt', 'vert', 'vkrn', 'vpal', 'vrt2'],
+		'ltr': ['ltra', 'ltrm'],
+		'rtl': ['rtla', 'rtlm'],
+		# Complex shapers
+		'arabic': ['init', 'medi', 'fina', 'isol', 'med2', 'fin2', 'fin3',
+			   'cswh', 'mset', 'stch'],
+		'hangul': ['ljmo', 'vjmo', 'tjmo'],
+		'tibetan': ['abvs', 'blws', 'abvm', 'blwm'],
+		'indic': ['nukt', 'akhn', 'rphf', 'rkrf', 'pref', 'blwf', 'half',
+			  'abvf', 'pstf', 'cfar', 'vatu', 'cjct', 'init', 'pres',
+			  'abvs', 'blws', 'psts', 'haln', 'dist', 'abvm', 'blwm'],
+	}
+	_layout_features_default = _uniq_sort(sum(
+			iter(_layout_features_groups.values()), []))
 
-    def __init__(self, **kwargs):
+	def __init__(self, **kwargs):
 
-        self.drop_tables = self._drop_tables_default[:]
-        self.no_subset_tables = self._no_subset_tables_default[:]
-        self.passthrough_tables = False  # keep/drop tables we can't subset
-        self.hinting_tables = self._hinting_tables_default[:]
-        self.legacy_kern = False    # drop 'kern' table if GPOS available
-        self.layout_features = self._layout_features_default[:]
-        self.ignore_missing_glyphs = False
-        self.ignore_missing_unicodes = True
-        self.hinting = True
-        self.glyph_names = False
-        self.legacy_cmap = False
-        self.symbol_cmap = False
-        self.name_IDs = [1, 2]    # Family and Style
-        self.name_legacy = False
-        self.name_languages = [0x0409]    # English
-        self.obfuscate_names = False    # to make webfont unusable as a system font
-        self.notdef_glyph = True # gid0 for TrueType / .notdef for CFF
-        self.notdef_outline = False # No need for notdef to have an outline really
-        self.recommended_glyphs = False    # gid1, gid2, gid3 for TrueType
-        self.recalc_bounds = False # Recalculate font bounding boxes
-        self.recalc_timestamp = False # Recalculate font modified timestamp
-        self.prune_unicode_ranges = True  # Clear unused 'ulUnicodeRange' bits
-        self.recalc_average_width = False  # update 'xAvgCharWidth'
-        self.canonical_order = None # Order tables as recommended
-        self.flavor = None  # May be 'woff' or 'woff2'
-        self.with_zopfli = False  # use zopfli instead of zlib for WOFF 1.0
-        self.desubroutinize = False # Desubroutinize CFF CharStrings
-        self.verbose = False
-        self.timing = False
-        self.xml = False
+		self.drop_tables = self._drop_tables_default[:]
+		self.no_subset_tables = self._no_subset_tables_default[:]
+		self.passthrough_tables = False  # keep/drop tables we can't subset
+		self.hinting_tables = self._hinting_tables_default[:]
+		self.legacy_kern = False # drop 'kern' table if GPOS available
+		self.layout_closure = True
+		self.layout_features = self._layout_features_default[:]
+		self.layout_scripts = ['*']
+		self.ignore_missing_glyphs = False
+		self.ignore_missing_unicodes = True
+		self.hinting = True
+		self.glyph_names = False
+		self.legacy_cmap = False
+		self.symbol_cmap = False
+		self.name_IDs = [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6] # https://github.com/fonttools/fonttools/issues/1170#issuecomment-364631225
+		self.name_legacy = False
+		self.name_languages = [0x0409] # English
+		self.obfuscate_names = False # to make webfont unusable as a system font
+		self.retain_gids = False
+		self.notdef_glyph = True # gid0 for TrueType / .notdef for CFF
+		self.notdef_outline = False # No need for notdef to have an outline really
+		self.recommended_glyphs = False # gid1, gid2, gid3 for TrueType
+		self.recalc_bounds = False # Recalculate font bounding boxes
+		self.recalc_timestamp = False # Recalculate font modified timestamp
+		self.prune_unicode_ranges = True # Clear unused 'ulUnicodeRange' bits
+		self.recalc_average_width = False # update 'xAvgCharWidth'
+		self.recalc_max_context = False # update 'usMaxContext'
+		self.canonical_order = None # Order tables as recommended
+		self.flavor = None  # May be 'woff' or 'woff2'
+		self.with_zopfli = False  # use zopfli instead of zlib for WOFF 1.0
+		self.desubroutinize = False # Desubroutinize CFF CharStrings
+		self.verbose = False
+		self.timing = False
+		self.xml = False
+		self.font_number = -1
 
-        self.set(**kwargs)
+		self.set(**kwargs)
 
-    def set(self, **kwargs):
-        for k,v in kwargs.items():
-            if not hasattr(self, k):
-                raise self.UnknownOptionError("Unknown option '%s'" % k)
-            setattr(self, k, v)
+	def set(self, **kwargs):
+		for k,v in kwargs.items():
+			if not hasattr(self, k):
+				raise self.UnknownOptionError("Unknown option '%s'" % k)
+			setattr(self, k, v)
 
-    def parse_opts(self, argv, ignore_unknown=[]):
-        posargs = []
-        passthru_options = []
-        for a in argv:
-            orig_a = a
-            if not a.startswith('--'):
-                posargs.append(a)
-                continue
-            a = a[2:]
-            i = a.find('=')
-            op = '='
-            if i == -1:
-                if a.startswith("no-"):
-                    k = a[3:]
-                    if k == "canonical-order":
-                        # reorderTables=None is faster than False (the latter
-                        # still reorders to "keep" the original table order)
-                        v = None
-                    else:
-                        v = False
-                else:
-                    k = a
-                    v = True
-                if k.endswith("?"):
-                    k = k[:-1]
-                    v = '?'
-            else:
-                k = a[:i]
-                if k[-1] in "-+":
-                    op = k[-1]+'='    # Op is '-=' or '+=' now.
-                    k = k[:-1]
-                v = a[i+1:]
-            ok = k
-            k = k.replace('-', '_')
-            if not hasattr(self, k):
-                if ignore_unknown is True or ok in ignore_unknown:
-                    passthru_options.append(orig_a)
-                    continue
-                else:
-                    raise self.UnknownOptionError("Unknown option '%s'" % a)
+	def parse_opts(self, argv, ignore_unknown=[]):
+		posargs = []
+		passthru_options = []
+		for a in argv:
+			orig_a = a
+			if not a.startswith('--'):
+				posargs.append(a)
+				continue
+			a = a[2:]
+			i = a.find('=')
+			op = '='
+			if i == -1:
+				if a.startswith("no-"):
+					k = a[3:]
+					if k == "canonical-order":
+						# reorderTables=None is faster than False (the latter
+						# still reorders to "keep" the original table order)
+						v = None
+					else:
+						v = False
+				else:
+					k = a
+					v = True
+				if k.endswith("?"):
+					k = k[:-1]
+					v = '?'
+			else:
+				k = a[:i]
+				if k[-1] in "-+":
+					op = k[-1]+'='	# Op is '-=' or '+=' now.
+					k = k[:-1]
+				v = a[i+1:]
+			ok = k
+			k = k.replace('-', '_')
+			if not hasattr(self, k):
+				if ignore_unknown is True or ok in ignore_unknown:
+					passthru_options.append(orig_a)
+					continue
+				else:
+					raise self.UnknownOptionError("Unknown option '%s'" % a)
 
-            ov = getattr(self, k)
-            if v == '?':
-                    print("Current setting for '%s' is: %s" % (ok, ov))
-                    continue
-            if isinstance(ov, bool):
-                v = bool(v)
-            elif isinstance(ov, int):
-                v = int(v)
-            elif isinstance(ov, str):
-                v = str(v) # redundant
-            elif isinstance(ov, list):
-                if isinstance(v, bool):
-                    raise self.OptionError("Option '%s' requires values to be specified using '='" % a)
-                vv = v.replace(',', ' ').split()
-                if vv == ['']:
-                    vv = []
-                vv = [int(x, 0) if len(x) and x[0] in "0123456789" else x for x in vv]
-                if op == '=':
-                    v = vv
-                elif op == '+=':
-                    v = ov
-                    v.extend(vv)
-                elif op == '-=':
-                    v = ov
-                    for x in vv:
-                        if x in v:
-                            v.remove(x)
-                else:
-                    assert False
+			ov = getattr(self, k)
+			if v == '?':
+					print("Current setting for '%s' is: %s" % (ok, ov))
+					continue
+			if isinstance(ov, bool):
+				v = bool(v)
+			elif isinstance(ov, int):
+				v = int(v)
+			elif isinstance(ov, str):
+				v = str(v) # redundant
+			elif isinstance(ov, list):
+				if isinstance(v, bool):
+					raise self.OptionError("Option '%s' requires values to be specified using '='" % a)
+				vv = v.replace(',', ' ').split()
+				if vv == ['']:
+					vv = []
+				vv = [int(x, 0) if len(x) and x[0] in "0123456789" else x for x in vv]
+				if op == '=':
+					v = vv
+				elif op == '+=':
+					v = ov
+					v.extend(vv)
+				elif op == '-=':
+					v = ov
+					for x in vv:
+						if x in v:
+							v.remove(x)
+				else:
+					assert False
 
-            setattr(self, k, v)
+			setattr(self, k, v)
 
-        return posargs + passthru_options
+		return posargs + passthru_options
 
 
 class Subsetter(object):
 
-    class SubsettingError(Exception): pass
-    class MissingGlyphsSubsettingError(SubsettingError): pass
-    class MissingUnicodesSubsettingError(SubsettingError): pass
+	class SubsettingError(Exception): pass
+	class MissingGlyphsSubsettingError(SubsettingError): pass
+	class MissingUnicodesSubsettingError(SubsettingError): pass
 
-    def __init__(self, options=None):
+	def __init__(self, options=None):
 
-        if not options:
-            options = Options()
+		if not options:
+			options = Options()
 
-        self.options = options
-        self.unicodes_requested = set()
-        self.glyph_names_requested = set()
-        self.glyph_ids_requested = set()
+		self.options = options
+		self.unicodes_requested = set()
+		self.glyph_names_requested = set()
+		self.glyph_ids_requested = set()
 
-    def populate(self, glyphs=[], gids=[], unicodes=[], text=""):
-        self.unicodes_requested.update(unicodes)
-        if isinstance(text, bytes):
-            text = text.decode("utf_8")
-        text_utf32 = text.encode("utf-32-be")
-        nchars = len(text_utf32)//4
-        for u in struct.unpack('>%dL' % nchars, text_utf32):
-            self.unicodes_requested.add(u)
-        self.glyph_names_requested.update(glyphs)
-        self.glyph_ids_requested.update(gids)
+	def populate(self, glyphs=[], gids=[], unicodes=[], text=""):
+		self.unicodes_requested.update(unicodes)
+		if isinstance(text, bytes):
+			text = text.decode("utf_8")
+		text_utf32 = text.encode("utf-32-be")
+		nchars = len(text_utf32)//4
+		for u in struct.unpack('>%dL' % nchars, text_utf32):
+			self.unicodes_requested.add(u)
+		self.glyph_names_requested.update(glyphs)
+		self.glyph_ids_requested.update(gids)
 
-    def _prune_pre_subset(self, font):
-        for tag in self._sort_tables(font):
-            if(tag.strip() in self.options.drop_tables or
-                 (tag.strip() in self.options.hinting_tables and not self.options.hinting) or
-                 (tag == 'kern' and (not self.options.legacy_kern and 'GPOS' in font))):
-                log.info("%s dropped", tag)
-                del font[tag]
-                continue
+	def _prune_pre_subset(self, font):
+		for tag in self._sort_tables(font):
+			if (tag.strip() in self.options.drop_tables or
+			    (tag.strip() in self.options.hinting_tables and not self.options.hinting) or
+			    (tag == 'kern' and (not self.options.legacy_kern and 'GPOS' in font))):
+				log.info("%s dropped", tag)
+				del font[tag]
+				continue
 
-            clazz = ttLib.getTableClass(tag)
+			clazz = ttLib.getTableClass(tag)
 
-            if hasattr(clazz, 'prune_pre_subset'):
-                with timer("load '%s'" % tag):
-                    table = font[tag]
-                with timer("prune '%s'" % tag):
-                    retain = table.prune_pre_subset(font, self.options)
-                if not retain:
-                    log.info("%s pruned to empty; dropped", tag)
-                    del font[tag]
-                    continue
-                else:
-                    log.info("%s pruned", tag)
+			if hasattr(clazz, 'prune_pre_subset'):
+				with timer("load '%s'" % tag):
+					table = font[tag]
+				with timer("prune '%s'" % tag):
+					retain = table.prune_pre_subset(font, self.options)
+				if not retain:
+					log.info("%s pruned to empty; dropped", tag)
+					del font[tag]
+					continue
+				else:
+					log.info("%s pruned", tag)
 
-    def _closure_glyphs(self, font):
+	def _closure_glyphs(self, font):
 
-        realGlyphs = set(font.getGlyphOrder())
-        glyph_order = font.getGlyphOrder()
+		realGlyphs = set(font.getGlyphOrder())
+		glyph_order = font.getGlyphOrder()
 
-        self.glyphs_requested = set()
-        self.glyphs_requested.update(self.glyph_names_requested)
-        self.glyphs_requested.update(glyph_order[i]
-                                     for i in self.glyph_ids_requested
-                                     if i < len(glyph_order))
+		self.glyphs_requested = set()
+		self.glyphs_requested.update(self.glyph_names_requested)
+		self.glyphs_requested.update(glyph_order[i]
+					     for i in self.glyph_ids_requested
+					     if i < len(glyph_order))
 
-        self.glyphs_missing = set()
-        self.glyphs_missing.update(self.glyphs_requested.difference(realGlyphs))
-        self.glyphs_missing.update(i for i in self.glyph_ids_requested
-                                   if i >= len(glyph_order))
-        if self.glyphs_missing:
-            log.info("Missing requested glyphs: %s", self.glyphs_missing)
-            if not self.options.ignore_missing_glyphs:
-                raise self.MissingGlyphsSubsettingError(self.glyphs_missing)
+		self.glyphs_missing = set()
+		self.glyphs_missing.update(self.glyphs_requested.difference(realGlyphs))
+		self.glyphs_missing.update(i for i in self.glyph_ids_requested
+					     if i >= len(glyph_order))
+		if self.glyphs_missing:
+			log.info("Missing requested glyphs: %s", self.glyphs_missing)
+			if not self.options.ignore_missing_glyphs:
+				raise self.MissingGlyphsSubsettingError(self.glyphs_missing)
 
-        self.glyphs = self.glyphs_requested.copy()
+		self.glyphs = self.glyphs_requested.copy()
 
-        self.unicodes_missing = set()
-        if 'cmap' in font:
-            with timer("close glyph list over 'cmap'"):
-                font['cmap'].closure_glyphs(self)
-                self.glyphs.intersection_update(realGlyphs)
-        self.glyphs_cmaped = frozenset(self.glyphs)
-        if self.unicodes_missing:
-            missing = ["U+%04X" % u for u in self.unicodes_missing]
-            log.info("Missing glyphs for requested Unicodes: %s", missing)
-            if not self.options.ignore_missing_unicodes:
-                raise self.MissingUnicodesSubsettingError(missing)
-            del missing
+		self.unicodes_missing = set()
+		if 'cmap' in font:
+			with timer("close glyph list over 'cmap'"):
+				font['cmap'].closure_glyphs(self)
+				self.glyphs.intersection_update(realGlyphs)
+		self.glyphs_cmaped = frozenset(self.glyphs)
+		if self.unicodes_missing:
+			missing = ["U+%04X" % u for u in self.unicodes_missing]
+			log.info("Missing glyphs for requested Unicodes: %s", missing)
+			if not self.options.ignore_missing_unicodes:
+				raise self.MissingUnicodesSubsettingError(missing)
+			del missing
 
-        if self.options.notdef_glyph:
-            if 'glyf' in font:
-                self.glyphs.add(font.getGlyphName(0))
-                log.info("Added gid0 to subset")
-            else:
-                self.glyphs.add('.notdef')
-                log.info("Added .notdef to subset")
-        if self.options.recommended_glyphs:
-            if 'glyf' in font:
-                for i in range(min(4, len(font.getGlyphOrder()))):
-                    self.glyphs.add(font.getGlyphName(i))
-                log.info("Added first four glyphs to subset")
+		if self.options.notdef_glyph:
+			if 'glyf' in font:
+				self.glyphs.add(font.getGlyphName(0))
+				log.info("Added gid0 to subset")
+			else:
+				self.glyphs.add('.notdef')
+				log.info("Added .notdef to subset")
+		if self.options.recommended_glyphs:
+			if 'glyf' in font:
+				for i in range(min(4, len(font.getGlyphOrder()))):
+					self.glyphs.add(font.getGlyphName(i))
+				log.info("Added first four glyphs to subset")
 
-        if 'GSUB' in font:
-            with timer("close glyph list over 'GSUB'"):
-                log.info("Closing glyph list over 'GSUB': %d glyphs before",
-                         len(self.glyphs))
-                log.glyphs(self.glyphs, font=font)
-                font['GSUB'].closure_glyphs(self)
-                self.glyphs.intersection_update(realGlyphs)
-                log.info("Closed glyph list over 'GSUB': %d glyphs after",
-                         len(self.glyphs))
-                log.glyphs(self.glyphs, font=font)
-        self.glyphs_gsubed = frozenset(self.glyphs)
+		if self.options.layout_closure and 'GSUB' in font:
+			with timer("close glyph list over 'GSUB'"):
+				log.info("Closing glyph list over 'GSUB': %d glyphs before",
+						 len(self.glyphs))
+				log.glyphs(self.glyphs, font=font)
+				font['GSUB'].closure_glyphs(self)
+				self.glyphs.intersection_update(realGlyphs)
+				log.info("Closed glyph list over 'GSUB': %d glyphs after",
+						 len(self.glyphs))
+				log.glyphs(self.glyphs, font=font)
+		self.glyphs_gsubed = frozenset(self.glyphs)
 
-        if 'MATH' in font:
-            with timer("close glyph list over 'MATH'"):
-                log.info("Closing glyph list over 'MATH': %d glyphs before",
-                         len(self.glyphs))
-                log.glyphs(self.glyphs, font=font)
-                font['MATH'].closure_glyphs(self)
-                self.glyphs.intersection_update(realGlyphs)
-                log.info("Closed glyph list over 'MATH': %d glyphs after",
-                         len(self.glyphs))
-                log.glyphs(self.glyphs, font=font)
-        self.glyphs_mathed = frozenset(self.glyphs)
+		if 'MATH' in font:
+			with timer("close glyph list over 'MATH'"):
+				log.info("Closing glyph list over 'MATH': %d glyphs before",
+						 len(self.glyphs))
+				log.glyphs(self.glyphs, font=font)
+				font['MATH'].closure_glyphs(self)
+				self.glyphs.intersection_update(realGlyphs)
+				log.info("Closed glyph list over 'MATH': %d glyphs after",
+						 len(self.glyphs))
+				log.glyphs(self.glyphs, font=font)
+		self.glyphs_mathed = frozenset(self.glyphs)
 
-        for table in ('COLR', 'bsln'):
-            if table in font:
-                with timer("close glyph list over '%s'" % table):
-                    log.info("Closing glyph list over '%s': %d glyphs before",
-                             table, len(self.glyphs))
-                    log.glyphs(self.glyphs, font=font)
-                    font[table].closure_glyphs(self)
-                    self.glyphs.intersection_update(realGlyphs)
-                    log.info("Closed glyph list over '%s': %d glyphs after",
-                             table, len(self.glyphs))
-                    log.glyphs(self.glyphs, font=font)
+		for table in ('COLR', 'bsln'):
+			if table in font:
+				with timer("close glyph list over '%s'" % table):
+					log.info("Closing glyph list over '%s': %d glyphs before",
+							 table, len(self.glyphs))
+					log.glyphs(self.glyphs, font=font)
+					font[table].closure_glyphs(self)
+					self.glyphs.intersection_update(realGlyphs)
+					log.info("Closed glyph list over '%s': %d glyphs after",
+							 table, len(self.glyphs))
+					log.glyphs(self.glyphs, font=font)
 
-        if 'glyf' in font:
-            with timer("close glyph list over 'glyf'"):
-                log.info("Closing glyph list over 'glyf': %d glyphs before",
-                         len(self.glyphs))
-                log.glyphs(self.glyphs, font=font)
-                font['glyf'].closure_glyphs(self)
-                self.glyphs.intersection_update(realGlyphs)
-                log.info("Closed glyph list over 'glyf': %d glyphs after",
-                         len(self.glyphs))
-                log.glyphs(self.glyphs, font=font)
-        self.glyphs_glyfed = frozenset(self.glyphs)
+		if 'glyf' in font:
+			with timer("close glyph list over 'glyf'"):
+				log.info("Closing glyph list over 'glyf': %d glyphs before",
+						 len(self.glyphs))
+				log.glyphs(self.glyphs, font=font)
+				font['glyf'].closure_glyphs(self)
+				self.glyphs.intersection_update(realGlyphs)
+				log.info("Closed glyph list over 'glyf': %d glyphs after",
+						 len(self.glyphs))
+				log.glyphs(self.glyphs, font=font)
+		self.glyphs_glyfed = frozenset(self.glyphs)
 
-        self.glyphs_all = frozenset(self.glyphs)
+		if 'CFF ' in font:
+			with timer("close glyph list over 'CFF '"):
+				log.info("Closing glyph list over 'CFF ': %d glyphs before",
+						 len(self.glyphs))
+				log.glyphs(self.glyphs, font=font)
+				font['CFF '].closure_glyphs(self)
+				self.glyphs.intersection_update(realGlyphs)
+				log.info("Closed glyph list over 'CFF ': %d glyphs after",
+						 len(self.glyphs))
+				log.glyphs(self.glyphs, font=font)
+		self.glyphs_cffed = frozenset(self.glyphs)
 
-        log.info("Retaining %d glyphs", len(self.glyphs_all))
+		self.glyphs_retained = frozenset(self.glyphs)
 
-        del self.glyphs
+		order = font.getReverseGlyphMap()
+		self.reverseOrigGlyphMap = {g:order[g] for g in self.glyphs_retained}
 
-    def _subset_glyphs(self, font):
-        for tag in self._sort_tables(font):
-            clazz = ttLib.getTableClass(tag)
+		self.last_retained_order = max(self.reverseOrigGlyphMap.values())
+		self.last_retained_glyph = font.getGlyphOrder()[self.last_retained_order]
 
-            if tag.strip() in self.options.no_subset_tables:
-                log.info("%s subsetting not needed", tag)
-            elif hasattr(clazz, 'subset_glyphs'):
-                with timer("subset '%s'" % tag):
-                    table = font[tag]
-                    self.glyphs = self.glyphs_all
-                    retain = table.subset_glyphs(self)
-                    del self.glyphs
-                if not retain:
-                    log.info("%s subsetted to empty; dropped", tag)
-                    del font[tag]
-                else:
-                    log.info("%s subsetted", tag)
-            elif self.options.passthrough_tables:
-                log.info("%s NOT subset; don't know how to subset", tag)
-            else:
-                log.info("%s NOT subset; don't know how to subset; dropped", tag)
-                del font[tag]
+		self.glyphs_emptied = frozenset()
+		if self.options.retain_gids:
+			self.glyphs_emptied = {g for g in realGlyphs - self.glyphs_retained if order[g] <= self.last_retained_order}
 
-        with timer("subset GlyphOrder"):
-            glyphOrder = font.getGlyphOrder()
-            glyphOrder = [g for g in glyphOrder if g in self.glyphs_all]
-            font.setGlyphOrder(glyphOrder)
-            font._buildReverseGlyphOrderDict()
+		self.reverseEmptiedGlyphMap = {g:order[g] for g in self.glyphs_emptied}
 
-    def _prune_post_subset(self, font):
-        for tag in font.keys():
-            if tag == 'GlyphOrder': continue
-            if tag == 'OS/2' and self.options.prune_unicode_ranges:
-                old_uniranges = font[tag].getUnicodeRanges()
-                new_uniranges = font[tag].recalcUnicodeRanges(font, pruneOnly=True)
-                if old_uniranges != new_uniranges:
-                    log.info("%s Unicode ranges pruned: %s", tag, sorted(new_uniranges))
-                if self.options.recalc_average_width:
-                    widths = [m[0] for m in font["hmtx"].metrics.values() if m[0] > 0]
-                    avg_width = round(sum(widths) / len(widths))
-                    if avg_width != font[tag].xAvgCharWidth:
-                        font[tag].xAvgCharWidth = avg_width
-                        log.info("%s xAvgCharWidth updated: %d", tag, avg_width)
-            clazz = ttLib.getTableClass(tag)
-            if hasattr(clazz, 'prune_post_subset'):
-                with timer("prune '%s'" % tag):
-                    table = font[tag]
-                    retain = table.prune_post_subset(self.options)
-                if not retain:
-                    log.info("%s pruned to empty; dropped", tag)
-                    del font[tag]
-                else:
-                    log.info("%s pruned", tag)
 
-    def _sort_tables(self, font):
-        tagOrder = ['fvar', 'avar', 'gvar', 'name', 'glyf']
-        tagOrder = {t: i + 1 for i, t in enumerate(tagOrder)}
-        tags = sorted(font.keys(), key=lambda tag: tagOrder.get(tag, 0))
-        return [t for t in tags if t != 'GlyphOrder']
+		log.info("Retaining %d glyphs", len(self.glyphs_retained))
 
-    def subset(self, font):
-        self._prune_pre_subset(font)
-        self._closure_glyphs(font)
-        self._subset_glyphs(font)
-        self._prune_post_subset(font)
+		del self.glyphs
+
+	def _subset_glyphs(self, font):
+		for tag in self._sort_tables(font):
+			clazz = ttLib.getTableClass(tag)
+
+			if tag.strip() in self.options.no_subset_tables:
+				log.info("%s subsetting not needed", tag)
+			elif hasattr(clazz, 'subset_glyphs'):
+				with timer("subset '%s'" % tag):
+					table = font[tag]
+					self.glyphs = self.glyphs_retained
+					retain = table.subset_glyphs(self)
+					del self.glyphs
+				if not retain:
+					log.info("%s subsetted to empty; dropped", tag)
+					del font[tag]
+				else:
+					log.info("%s subsetted", tag)
+			elif self.options.passthrough_tables:
+				log.info("%s NOT subset; don't know how to subset", tag)
+			else:
+				log.warning("%s NOT subset; don't know how to subset; dropped", tag)
+				del font[tag]
+
+		with timer("subset GlyphOrder"):
+			glyphOrder = font.getGlyphOrder()
+			if not self.options.retain_gids:
+				glyphOrder = [g for g in glyphOrder if g in self.glyphs_retained]
+			else:
+				glyphOrder = [g for g in glyphOrder if font.getGlyphID(g) <= self.last_retained_order]
+
+			font.setGlyphOrder(glyphOrder)
+			font._buildReverseGlyphOrderDict()
+
+
+	def _prune_post_subset(self, font):
+		for tag in font.keys():
+			if tag == 'GlyphOrder': continue
+			if tag == 'OS/2' and self.options.prune_unicode_ranges:
+				old_uniranges = font[tag].getUnicodeRanges()
+				new_uniranges = font[tag].recalcUnicodeRanges(font, pruneOnly=True)
+				if old_uniranges != new_uniranges:
+					log.info("%s Unicode ranges pruned: %s", tag, sorted(new_uniranges))
+				if self.options.recalc_average_width:
+					widths = [m[0] for m in font["hmtx"].metrics.values() if m[0] > 0]
+					avg_width = otRound(sum(widths) / len(widths))
+					if avg_width != font[tag].xAvgCharWidth:
+						font[tag].xAvgCharWidth = avg_width
+						log.info("%s xAvgCharWidth updated: %d", tag, avg_width)
+				if self.options.recalc_max_context:
+					max_context = maxCtxFont(font)
+					if max_context != font[tag].usMaxContext:
+						font[tag].usMaxContext = max_context
+						log.info("%s usMaxContext updated: %d", tag, max_context)
+			clazz = ttLib.getTableClass(tag)
+			if hasattr(clazz, 'prune_post_subset'):
+				with timer("prune '%s'" % tag):
+					table = font[tag]
+					retain = table.prune_post_subset(font, self.options)
+				if not retain:
+					log.info("%s pruned to empty; dropped", tag)
+					del font[tag]
+				else:
+					log.info("%s pruned", tag)
+
+	def _sort_tables(self, font):
+		tagOrder = ['fvar', 'avar', 'gvar', 'name', 'glyf']
+		tagOrder = {t: i + 1 for i, t in enumerate(tagOrder)}
+		tags = sorted(font.keys(), key=lambda tag: tagOrder.get(tag, 0))
+		return [t for t in tags if t != 'GlyphOrder']
+
+	def subset(self, font):
+		self._prune_pre_subset(font)
+		self._closure_glyphs(font)
+		self._subset_glyphs(font)
+		self._prune_post_subset(font)
 
 
 @timer("load font")
 def load_font(fontFile,
-              options,
-              allowVID=False,
-              checkChecksums=False,
-              dontLoadGlyphNames=False,
-              lazy=True):
+	      options,
+	      allowVID=False,
+	      checkChecksums=0,
+	      dontLoadGlyphNames=False,
+	      lazy=True):
 
-    font = ttLib.TTFont(fontFile,
-                        allowVID=allowVID,
-                        checkChecksums=checkChecksums,
-                        recalcBBoxes=options.recalc_bounds,
-                        recalcTimestamp=options.recalc_timestamp,
-                        lazy=lazy)
+	font = ttLib.TTFont(fontFile,
+			    allowVID=allowVID,
+			    checkChecksums=checkChecksums,
+			    recalcBBoxes=options.recalc_bounds,
+			    recalcTimestamp=options.recalc_timestamp,
+			    lazy=lazy,
+			    fontNumber=options.font_number)
 
-    # Hack:
-    #
-    # If we don't need glyph names, change 'post' class to not try to
-    # load them.    It avoid lots of headache with broken fonts as well
-    # as loading time.
-    #
-    # Ideally ttLib should provide a way to ask it to skip loading
-    # glyph names.    But it currently doesn't provide such a thing.
-    #
-    if dontLoadGlyphNames:
-        post = ttLib.getTableClass('post')
-        saved = post.decode_format_2_0
-        post.decode_format_2_0 = post.decode_format_3_0
-        f = font['post']
-        if f.formatType == 2.0:
-            f.formatType = 3.0
-        post.decode_format_2_0 = saved
+	# Hack:
+	#
+	# If we don't need glyph names, change 'post' class to not try to
+	# load them.	It avoid lots of headache with broken fonts as well
+	# as loading time.
+	#
+	# Ideally ttLib should provide a way to ask it to skip loading
+	# glyph names.	But it currently doesn't provide such a thing.
+	#
+	if dontLoadGlyphNames:
+		post = ttLib.getTableClass('post')
+		saved = post.decode_format_2_0
+		post.decode_format_2_0 = post.decode_format_3_0
+		f = font['post']
+		if f.formatType == 2.0:
+			f.formatType = 3.0
+		post.decode_format_2_0 = saved
 
-    return font
+	return font
 
 @timer("compile and save font")
 def save_font(font, outfile, options):
-    if options.flavor and not hasattr(font, 'flavor'):
-        raise Exception("fonttools version does not support flavors.")
-    if options.with_zopfli and options.flavor == "woff":
-        from fontTools.ttLib import sfnt
-        sfnt.USE_ZOPFLI = True
-    font.flavor = options.flavor
-    font.save(outfile, reorderTables=options.canonical_order)
+	if options.with_zopfli and options.flavor == "woff":
+		from fontTools.ttLib import sfnt
+		sfnt.USE_ZOPFLI = True
+	font.flavor = options.flavor
+	font.save(outfile, reorderTables=options.canonical_order)
 
 def parse_unicodes(s):
-    import re
-    s = re.sub (r"0[xX]", " ", s)
-    s = re.sub (r"[<+>,;&#\\xXuU\n    ]", " ", s)
-    l = []
-    for item in s.split():
-        fields = item.split('-')
-        if len(fields) == 1:
-            l.append(int(item, 16))
-        else:
-            start,end = fields
-            l.extend(range(int(start, 16), int(end, 16)+1))
-    return l
+	import re
+	s = re.sub (r"0[xX]", " ", s)
+	s = re.sub (r"[<+>,;&#\\xXuU\n	]", " ", s)
+	l = []
+	for item in s.split():
+		fields = item.split('-')
+		if len(fields) == 1:
+			l.append(int(item, 16))
+		else:
+			start,end = fields
+			l.extend(range(int(start, 16), int(end, 16)+1))
+	return l
 
 def parse_gids(s):
-    l = []
-    for item in s.replace(',', ' ').split():
-        fields = item.split('-')
-        if len(fields) == 1:
-            l.append(int(fields[0]))
-        else:
-            l.extend(range(int(fields[0]), int(fields[1])+1))
-    return l
+	l = []
+	for item in s.replace(',', ' ').split():
+		fields = item.split('-')
+		if len(fields) == 1:
+			l.append(int(fields[0]))
+		else:
+			l.extend(range(int(fields[0]), int(fields[1])+1))
+	return l
 
 def parse_glyphs(s):
-    return s.replace(',', ' ').split()
+	return s.replace(',', ' ').split()
 
 def usage():
-    print("usage:", __usage__, file=sys.stderr)
-    print("Try pyftsubset --help for more information.\n", file=sys.stderr)
+	print("usage:", __usage__, file=sys.stderr)
+	print("Try pyftsubset --help for more information.\n", file=sys.stderr)
 
 @timer("make one with everything (TOTAL TIME)")
 def main(args=None):
-    from os.path import splitext
-    from fontTools import configLogger
+	"""OpenType font subsetter and optimizer"""
+	from os.path import splitext
+	from fontTools import configLogger
 
-    if args is None:
-        args = sys.argv[1:]
+	if args is None:
+		args = sys.argv[1:]
 
-    if '--help' in args:
-        print(__doc__)
-        return 0
+	if '--help' in args:
+		print(__doc__)
+		return 0
 
-    options = Options()
-    try:
-        args = options.parse_opts(args,
-            ignore_unknown=['gids', 'gids-file',
-                            'glyphs', 'glyphs-file',
-                            'text', 'text-file',
-                            'unicodes', 'unicodes-file',
-                            'output-file'])
-    except options.OptionError as e:
-        usage()
-        print("ERROR:", e, file=sys.stderr)
-        return 2
+	options = Options()
+	try:
+		args = options.parse_opts(args,
+			ignore_unknown=['gids', 'gids-file',
+							'glyphs', 'glyphs-file',
+							'text', 'text-file',
+							'unicodes', 'unicodes-file',
+							'output-file'])
+	except options.OptionError as e:
+		usage()
+		print("ERROR:", e, file=sys.stderr)
+		return 2
 
-    if len(args) < 2:
-        usage()
-        return 1
+	if len(args) < 2:
+		usage()
+		return 1
 
-    configLogger(level=logging.INFO if options.verbose else logging.WARNING)
-    if options.timing:
-        timer.logger.setLevel(logging.DEBUG)
-    else:
-        timer.logger.disabled = True
+	configLogger(level=logging.INFO if options.verbose else logging.WARNING)
+	if options.timing:
+		timer.logger.setLevel(logging.DEBUG)
+	else:
+		timer.logger.disabled = True
 
-    fontfile = args[0]
-    args = args[1:]
+	fontfile = args[0]
+	args = args[1:]
 
-    subsetter = Subsetter(options=options)
-    basename, extension = splitext(fontfile)
-    outfile = basename + '.subset' + extension
-    glyphs = []
-    gids = []
-    unicodes = []
-    wildcard_glyphs = False
-    wildcard_unicodes = False
-    text = ""
-    for g in args:
-        if g == '*':
-            wildcard_glyphs = True
-            continue
-        if g.startswith('--output-file='):
-            outfile = g[14:]
-            continue
-        if g.startswith('--text='):
-            text += g[7:]
-            continue
-        if g.startswith('--text-file='):
-            text += open(g[12:], encoding='utf-8').read().replace('\n', '')
-            continue
-        if g.startswith('--unicodes='):
-            if g[11:] == '*':
-                wildcard_unicodes = True
-            else:
-                unicodes.extend(parse_unicodes(g[11:]))
-            continue
-        if g.startswith('--unicodes-file='):
-            for line in open(g[16:]).readlines():
-                unicodes.extend(parse_unicodes(line.split('#')[0]))
-            continue
-        if g.startswith('--gids='):
-            gids.extend(parse_gids(g[7:]))
-            continue
-        if g.startswith('--gids-file='):
-            for line in open(g[12:]).readlines():
-                gids.extend(parse_gids(line.split('#')[0]))
-            continue
-        if g.startswith('--glyphs='):
-            if g[9:] == '*':
-                wildcard_glyphs = True
-            else:
-                glyphs.extend(parse_glyphs(g[9:]))
-            continue
-        if g.startswith('--glyphs-file='):
-            for line in open(g[14:]).readlines():
-                glyphs.extend(parse_glyphs(line.split('#')[0]))
-            continue
-        glyphs.append(g)
+	subsetter = Subsetter(options=options)
+	outfile = None
+	glyphs = []
+	gids = []
+	unicodes = []
+	wildcard_glyphs = False
+	wildcard_unicodes = False
+	text = ""
+	for g in args:
+		if g == '*':
+			wildcard_glyphs = True
+			continue
+		if g.startswith('--output-file='):
+			outfile = g[14:]
+			continue
+		if g.startswith('--text='):
+			text += g[7:]
+			continue
+		if g.startswith('--text-file='):
+			with open(g[12:], encoding='utf-8') as f:
+				text += f.read().replace('\n', '')
+			continue
+		if g.startswith('--unicodes='):
+			if g[11:] == '*':
+				wildcard_unicodes = True
+			else:
+				unicodes.extend(parse_unicodes(g[11:]))
+			continue
+		if g.startswith('--unicodes-file='):
+			with open(g[16:]) as f:
+				for line in f.readlines():
+					unicodes.extend(parse_unicodes(line.split('#')[0]))
+			continue
+		if g.startswith('--gids='):
+			gids.extend(parse_gids(g[7:]))
+			continue
+		if g.startswith('--gids-file='):
+			with open(g[12:]) as f:
+				for line in f.readlines():
+					gids.extend(parse_gids(line.split('#')[0]))
+			continue
+		if g.startswith('--glyphs='):
+			if g[9:] == '*':
+				wildcard_glyphs = True
+			else:
+				glyphs.extend(parse_glyphs(g[9:]))
+			continue
+		if g.startswith('--glyphs-file='):
+			with open(g[14:]) as f:
+				for line in f.readlines():
+					glyphs.extend(parse_glyphs(line.split('#')[0]))
+			continue
+		glyphs.append(g)
 
-    dontLoadGlyphNames = not options.glyph_names and not glyphs
-    font = load_font(fontfile, options, dontLoadGlyphNames=dontLoadGlyphNames)
+	dontLoadGlyphNames = not options.glyph_names and not glyphs
+	font = load_font(fontfile, options, dontLoadGlyphNames=dontLoadGlyphNames)
 
-    with timer("compile glyph list"):
-        if wildcard_glyphs:
-            glyphs.extend(font.getGlyphOrder())
-        if wildcard_unicodes:
-            for t in font['cmap'].tables:
-                if t.isUnicode():
-                    unicodes.extend(t.cmap.keys())
-        assert '' not in glyphs
+	if outfile is None:
+		basename, _ = splitext(fontfile)
+		if options.flavor is not None:
+			ext = "." + options.flavor.lower()
+		else:
+			ext = ".ttf" if font.sfntVersion == "\0\1\0\0" else ".otf"
+		outfile = basename + ".subset" + ext
 
-    log.info("Text: '%s'" % text)
-    log.info("Unicodes: %s", unicodes)
-    log.info("Glyphs: %s", glyphs)
-    log.info("Gids: %s", gids)
+	with timer("compile glyph list"):
+		if wildcard_glyphs:
+			glyphs.extend(font.getGlyphOrder())
+		if wildcard_unicodes:
+			for t in font['cmap'].tables:
+				if t.isUnicode():
+					unicodes.extend(t.cmap.keys())
+		assert '' not in glyphs
 
-    subsetter.populate(glyphs=glyphs, gids=gids, unicodes=unicodes, text=text)
-    subsetter.subset(font)
+	log.info("Text: '%s'" % text)
+	log.info("Unicodes: %s", unicodes)
+	log.info("Glyphs: %s", glyphs)
+	log.info("Gids: %s", gids)
 
-    save_font(font, outfile, options)
+	subsetter.populate(glyphs=glyphs, gids=gids, unicodes=unicodes, text=text)
+	subsetter.subset(font)
 
-    if options.verbose:
-        import os
-        log.info("Input font:% 7d bytes: %s" % (os.path.getsize(fontfile), fontfile))
-        log.info("Subset font:% 7d bytes: %s" % (os.path.getsize(outfile), outfile))
+	save_font(font, outfile, options)
 
-    if options.xml:
-        font.saveXML(sys.stdout)
+	if options.verbose:
+		import os
+		log.info("Input font:% 7d bytes: %s" % (os.path.getsize(fontfile), fontfile))
+		log.info("Subset font:% 7d bytes: %s" % (os.path.getsize(outfile), outfile))
 
-    font.close()
+	if options.xml:
+		font.saveXML(sys.stdout)
+
+	font.close()
 
 
 __all__ = [
-    'Options',
-    'Subsetter',
-    'load_font',
-    'save_font',
-    'parse_gids',
-    'parse_glyphs',
-    'parse_unicodes',
-    'main'
+	'Options',
+	'Subsetter',
+	'load_font',
+	'save_font',
+	'parse_gids',
+	'parse_glyphs',
+	'parse_unicodes',
+	'main'
 ]
 
 if __name__ == '__main__':
-    sys.exit(main())
+	sys.exit(main())
diff --git a/Lib/fontTools/subset/__main__.py b/Lib/fontTools/subset/__main__.py
index 10e470f..2203847 100644
--- a/Lib/fontTools/subset/__main__.py
+++ b/Lib/fontTools/subset/__main__.py
@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
-from __future__ import print_function, division, absolute_import
-from fontTools.misc.py23 import *
 import sys
 from fontTools.subset import main
 
+
 if __name__ == '__main__':
     sys.exit(main())
diff --git a/Lib/fontTools/subset/cff.py b/Lib/fontTools/subset/cff.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b59c6b9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Lib/fontTools/subset/cff.py
@@ -0,0 +1,631 @@
+from fontTools.misc import psCharStrings
+from fontTools import ttLib
+from fontTools.pens.basePen import NullPen
+from fontTools.misc.roundTools import otRound
+from fontTools.varLib.varStore import VarStoreInstancer
+
+def _add_method(*clazzes):
+	"""Returns a decorator function that adds a new method to one or
+	more classes."""
+	def wrapper(method):
+		done = []
+		for clazz in clazzes:
+			if clazz in done: continue # Support multiple names of a clazz
+			done.append(clazz)
+			assert clazz.__name__ != 'DefaultTable', \
+					'Oops, table class not found.'
+			assert not hasattr(clazz, method.__name__), \
+					"Oops, class '%s' has method '%s'." % (clazz.__name__,
+									       method.__name__)
+			setattr(clazz, method.__name__, method)
+		return None
+	return wrapper
+
+def _uniq_sort(l):
+	return sorted(set(l))
+
+class _ClosureGlyphsT2Decompiler(psCharStrings.SimpleT2Decompiler):
+
+	def __init__(self, components, localSubrs, globalSubrs):
+		psCharStrings.SimpleT2Decompiler.__init__(self,
+							  localSubrs,
+							  globalSubrs)
+		self.components = components
+
+	def op_endchar(self, index):
+		args = self.popall()
+		if len(args) >= 4:
+			from fontTools.encodings.StandardEncoding import StandardEncoding
+			# endchar can do seac accent bulding; The T2 spec says it's deprecated,
+			# but recent software that shall remain nameless does output it.
+			adx, ady, bchar, achar = args[-4:]
+			baseGlyph = StandardEncoding[bchar]
+			accentGlyph = StandardEncoding[achar]
+			self.components.add(baseGlyph)
+			self.components.add(accentGlyph)
+
+@_add_method(ttLib.getTableClass('CFF '))
+def closure_glyphs(self, s):
+	cff = self.cff
+	assert len(cff) == 1
+	font = cff[cff.keys()[0]]
+	glyphSet = font.CharStrings
+
+	decompose = s.glyphs
+	while decompose:
+		components = set()
+		for g in decompose:
+			if g not in glyphSet:
+				continue
+			gl = glyphSet[g]
+
+			subrs = getattr(gl.private, "Subrs", [])
+			decompiler = _ClosureGlyphsT2Decompiler(components, subrs, gl.globalSubrs)
+			decompiler.execute(gl)
+		components -= s.glyphs
+		s.glyphs.update(components)
+		decompose = components
+
+def _empty_charstring(font, glyphName, isCFF2, ignoreWidth=False):
+	c, fdSelectIndex = font.CharStrings.getItemAndSelector(glyphName)
+	if isCFF2 or ignoreWidth:
+		# CFF2 charstrings have no widths nor 'endchar' operators
+		c.decompile()
+		c.program = [] if isCFF2 else ['endchar']
+	else:
+		if hasattr(font, 'FDArray') and font.FDArray is not None:
+			private = font.FDArray[fdSelectIndex].Private
+		else:
+			private = font.Private
+		dfltWdX = private.defaultWidthX
+		nmnlWdX = private.nominalWidthX
+		pen = NullPen()
+		c.draw(pen)  # this will set the charstring's width
+		if c.width != dfltWdX:
+			c.program = [c.width - nmnlWdX, 'endchar']
+		else:
+			c.program = ['endchar']
+
+@_add_method(ttLib.getTableClass('CFF '))
+def prune_pre_subset(self, font, options):
+	cff = self.cff
+	# CFF table must have one font only
+	cff.fontNames = cff.fontNames[:1]
+
+	if options.notdef_glyph and not options.notdef_outline:
+		isCFF2 = cff.major > 1
+		for fontname in cff.keys():
+			font = cff[fontname]
+			_empty_charstring(font, ".notdef", isCFF2=isCFF2)
+
+	# Clear useless Encoding
+	for fontname in cff.keys():
+		font = cff[fontname]
+		# https://github.com/fonttools/fonttools/issues/620
+		font.Encoding = "StandardEncoding"
+
+	return True # bool(cff.fontNames)
+
+@_add_method(ttLib.getTableClass('CFF '))
+def subset_glyphs(self, s):
+	cff = self.cff
+	for fontname in cff.keys():
+		font = cff[fontname]
+		cs = font.CharStrings
+
+		glyphs = s.glyphs.union(s.glyphs_emptied)
+
+		# Load all glyphs
+		for g in font.charset:
+			if g not in glyphs: continue
+			c, _ = cs.getItemAndSelector(g)
+
+		if cs.charStringsAreIndexed:
+			indices = [i for i,g in enumerate(font.charset) if g in glyphs]
+			csi = cs.charStringsIndex
+			csi.items = [csi.items[i] for i in indices]
+			del csi.file, csi.offsets
+			if hasattr(font, "FDSelect"):
+				sel = font.FDSelect
+				# XXX We want to set sel.format to None, such that the
+				# most compact format is selected. However, OTS was
+				# broken and couldn't parse a FDSelect format 0 that
+				# happened before CharStrings. As such, always force
+				# format 3 until we fix cffLib to always generate
+				# FDSelect after CharStrings.
+				# https://github.com/khaledhosny/ots/pull/31
+				#sel.format = None
+				sel.format = 3
+				sel.gidArray = [sel.gidArray[i] for i in indices]
+			cs.charStrings = {g:indices.index(v)
+					  for g,v in cs.charStrings.items()
+					  if g in glyphs}
+		else:
+			cs.charStrings = {g:v
+					  for g,v in cs.charStrings.items()
+					  if g in glyphs}
+		font.charset = [g for g in font.charset if g in glyphs]
+		font.numGlyphs = len(font.charset)
+
+
+		if s.options.retain_gids:
+			isCFF2 = cff.major > 1
+			for g in s.glyphs_emptied:
+				_empty_charstring(font, g, isCFF2=isCFF2, ignoreWidth=True)
+
+
+	return True # any(cff[fontname].numGlyphs for fontname in cff.keys())
+
+@_add_method(psCharStrings.T2CharString)
+def subset_subroutines(self, subrs, gsubrs):
+	p = self.program
+	for i in range(1, len(p)):
+		if p[i] == 'callsubr':
+			assert isinstance(p[i-1], int)
+			p[i-1] = subrs._used.index(p[i-1] + subrs._old_bias) - subrs._new_bias
+		elif p[i] == 'callgsubr':
+			assert isinstance(p[i-1], int)
+			p[i-1] = gsubrs._used.index(p[i-1] + gsubrs._old_bias) - gsubrs._new_bias
+
+@_add_method(psCharStrings.T2CharString)
+def drop_hints(self):
+	hints = self._hints
+
+	if hints.deletions:
+		p = self.program
+		for idx in reversed(hints.deletions):
+			del p[idx-2:idx]
+
+	if hints.has_hint:
+		assert not hints.deletions or hints.last_hint <= hints.deletions[0]
+		self.program = self.program[hints.last_hint:]
+		if not self.program:
+			# TODO CFF2 no need for endchar.
+			self.program.append('endchar')
+		if hasattr(self, 'width'):
+			# Insert width back if needed
+			if self.width != self.private.defaultWidthX:
+				# For CFF2 charstrings, this should never happen
+				assert self.private.defaultWidthX is not None, "CFF2 CharStrings must not have an initial width value"
+				self.program.insert(0, self.width - self.private.nominalWidthX)
+
+	if hints.has_hintmask:
+		i = 0
+		p = self.program
+		while i < len(p):
+			if p[i] in ['hintmask', 'cntrmask']:
+				assert i + 1 <= len(p)
+				del p[i:i+2]
+				continue
+			i += 1
+
+	assert len(self.program)
+
+	del self._hints
+
+class _MarkingT2Decompiler(psCharStrings.SimpleT2Decompiler):
+
+	def __init__(self, localSubrs, globalSubrs, private):
+		psCharStrings.SimpleT2Decompiler.__init__(self,
+							  localSubrs,
+							  globalSubrs,
+							  private)
+		for subrs in [localSubrs, globalSubrs]:
+			if subrs and not hasattr(subrs, "_used"):
+				subrs._used = set()
+
+	def op_callsubr(self, index):
+		self.localSubrs._used.add(self.operandStack[-1]+self.localBias)
+		psCharStrings.SimpleT2Decompiler.op_callsubr(self, index)
+
+	def op_callgsubr(self, index):
+		self.globalSubrs._used.add(self.operandStack[-1]+self.globalBias)
+		psCharStrings.SimpleT2Decompiler.op_callgsubr(self, index)
+
+class _DehintingT2Decompiler(psCharStrings.T2WidthExtractor):
+
+	class Hints(object):
+		def __init__(self):
+			# Whether calling this charstring produces any hint stems
+			# Note that if a charstring starts with hintmask, it will
+			# have has_hint set to True, because it *might* produce an
+			# implicit vstem if called under certain conditions.
+			self.has_hint = False
+			# Index to start at to drop all hints
+			self.last_hint = 0
+			# Index up to which we know more hints are possible.
+			# Only relevant if status is 0 or 1.
+			self.last_checked = 0
+			# The status means:
+			# 0: after dropping hints, this charstring is empty
+			# 1: after dropping hints, there may be more hints
+			#	continuing after this, or there might be
+			#	other things.  Not clear yet.
+			# 2: no more hints possible after this charstring
+			self.status = 0
+			# Has hintmask instructions; not recursive
+			self.has_hintmask = False
+			# List of indices of calls to empty subroutines to remove.
+			self.deletions = []
+		pass
+
+	def __init__(self, css, localSubrs, globalSubrs, nominalWidthX, defaultWidthX, private=None):
+		self._css = css
+		psCharStrings.T2WidthExtractor.__init__(
+			self, localSubrs, globalSubrs, nominalWidthX, defaultWidthX)
+		self.private = private
+
+	def execute(self, charString):
+		old_hints = charString._hints if hasattr(charString, '_hints') else None
+		charString._hints = self.Hints()
+
+		psCharStrings.T2WidthExtractor.execute(self, charString)
+
+		hints = charString._hints
+
+		if hints.has_hint or hints.has_hintmask:
+			self._css.add(charString)
+
+		if hints.status != 2:
+			# Check from last_check, make sure we didn't have any operators.
+			for i in range(hints.last_checked, len(charString.program) - 1):
+				if isinstance(charString.program[i], str):
+					hints.status = 2
+					break
+				else:
+					hints.status = 1 # There's *something* here
+			hints.last_checked = len(charString.program)
+
+		if old_hints:
+			assert hints.__dict__ == old_hints.__dict__
+
+	def op_callsubr(self, index):
+		subr = self.localSubrs[self.operandStack[-1]+self.localBias]
+		psCharStrings.T2WidthExtractor.op_callsubr(self, index)
+		self.processSubr(index, subr)
+
+	def op_callgsubr(self, index):
+		subr = self.globalSubrs[self.operandStack[-1]+self.globalBias]
+		psCharStrings.T2WidthExtractor.op_callgsubr(self, index)
+		self.processSubr(index, subr)
+
+	def op_hstem(self, index):
+		psCharStrings.T2WidthExtractor.op_hstem(self, index)
+		self.processHint(index)
+	def op_vstem(self, index):
+		psCharStrings.T2WidthExtractor.op_vstem(self, index)
+		self.processHint(index)
+	def op_hstemhm(self, index):
+		psCharStrings.T2WidthExtractor.op_hstemhm(self, index)
+		self.processHint(index)
+	def op_vstemhm(self, index):
+		psCharStrings.T2WidthExtractor.op_vstemhm(self, index)
+		self.processHint(index)
+	def op_hintmask(self, index):
+		rv = psCharStrings.T2WidthExtractor.op_hintmask(self, index)
+		self.processHintmask(index)
+		return rv
+	def op_cntrmask(self, index):
+		rv = psCharStrings.T2WidthExtractor.op_cntrmask(self, index)
+		self.processHintmask(index)
+		return rv
+
+	def processHintmask(self, index):
+		cs = self.callingStack[-1]
+		hints = cs._hints
+		hints.has_hintmask = True
+		if hints.status != 2:
+			# Check from last_check, see if we may be an implicit vstem
+			for i in range(hints.last_checked, index - 1):
+				if isinstance(cs.program[i], str):
+					hints.status = 2
+					break
+			else:
+				# We are an implicit vstem
+				hints.has_hint = True
+				hints.last_hint = index + 1
+				hints.status = 0
+		hints.last_checked = index + 1
+
+	def processHint(self, index):
+		cs = self.callingStack[-1]
+		hints = cs._hints
+		hints.has_hint = True
+		hints.last_hint = index
+		hints.last_checked = index
+
+	def processSubr(self, index, subr):
+		cs = self.callingStack[-1]
+		hints = cs._hints
+		subr_hints = subr._hints
+
+		# Check from last_check, make sure we didn't have
+		# any operators.
+		if hints.status != 2:
+			for i in range(hints.last_checked, index - 1):
+				if isinstance(cs.program[i], str):
+					hints.status = 2
+					break
+			hints.last_checked = index
+
+		if hints.status != 2:
+			if subr_hints.has_hint:
+				hints.has_hint = True
+
+				# Decide where to chop off from
+				if subr_hints.status == 0:
+					hints.last_hint = index
+				else:
+					hints.last_hint = index - 2  # Leave the subr call in
+
+		elif subr_hints.status == 0:
+			hints.deletions.append(index)
+
+		hints.status = max(hints.status, subr_hints.status)
+
+class StopHintCountEvent(Exception):
+	pass
+
+
+
+
+class _DesubroutinizingT2Decompiler(psCharStrings.SimpleT2Decompiler):
+	stop_hintcount_ops = ("op_hintmask", "op_cntrmask", "op_rmoveto", "op_hmoveto",
+							"op_vmoveto")
+
+	def __init__(self, localSubrs, globalSubrs, private=None):
+		psCharStrings.SimpleT2Decompiler.__init__(self, localSubrs, globalSubrs,
+												private)
+
+	def execute(self, charString):
+		self.need_hintcount = True  # until proven otherwise
+		for op_name in self.stop_hintcount_ops:
+			setattr(self, op_name, self.stop_hint_count)
+
+		if hasattr(charString, '_desubroutinized'):
+			# If a charstring has already been desubroutinized, we will still
+			# need to execute it if we need to count hints in order to
+			# compute the byte length for mask arguments, and haven't finished
+			# counting hints pairs.
+			if self.need_hintcount and self.callingStack:
+				try:
+					psCharStrings.SimpleT2Decompiler.execute(self, charString)
+				except StopHintCountEvent:
+					del self.callingStack[-1]
+			return
+
+		charString._patches = []
+		psCharStrings.SimpleT2Decompiler.execute(self, charString)
+		desubroutinized = charString.program[:]
+		for idx, expansion in reversed(charString._patches):
+			assert idx >= 2
+			assert desubroutinized[idx - 1] in ['callsubr', 'callgsubr'], desubroutinized[idx - 1]
+			assert type(desubroutinized[idx - 2]) == int
+			if expansion[-1] == 'return':
+				expansion = expansion[:-1]
+			desubroutinized[idx-2:idx] = expansion
+		if not self.private.in_cff2:
+			if 'endchar' in desubroutinized:
+				# Cut off after first endchar
+				desubroutinized = desubroutinized[:desubroutinized.index('endchar') + 1]
+			else:
+				if not len(desubroutinized) or desubroutinized[-1] != 'return':
+					desubroutinized.append('return')
+
+		charString._desubroutinized = desubroutinized
+		del charString._patches
+
+	def op_callsubr(self, index):
+		subr = self.localSubrs[self.operandStack[-1]+self.localBias]
+		psCharStrings.SimpleT2Decompiler.op_callsubr(self, index)
+		self.processSubr(index, subr)
+
+	def op_callgsubr(self, index):
+		subr = self.globalSubrs[self.operandStack[-1]+self.globalBias]
+		psCharStrings.SimpleT2Decompiler.op_callgsubr(self, index)
+		self.processSubr(index, subr)
+
+	def stop_hint_count(self, *args):
+		self.need_hintcount = False
+		for op_name in self.stop_hintcount_ops:
+			setattr(self, op_name, None)
+		cs = self.callingStack[-1]
+		if hasattr(cs, '_desubroutinized'):
+			raise StopHintCountEvent()
+
+	def op_hintmask(self, index):
+		psCharStrings.SimpleT2Decompiler.op_hintmask(self, index)
+		if self.need_hintcount:
+			self.stop_hint_count()
+
+	def processSubr(self, index, subr):
+		cs = self.callingStack[-1]
+		if not hasattr(cs, '_desubroutinized'):
+			cs._patches.append((index, subr._desubroutinized))
+
+
+@_add_method(ttLib.getTableClass('CFF '))
+def prune_post_subset(self, ttfFont, options):
+	cff = self.cff
+	for fontname in cff.keys():
+		font = cff[fontname]
+		cs = font.CharStrings
+
+		# Drop unused FontDictionaries
+		if hasattr(font, "FDSelect"):
+			sel = font.FDSelect
+			indices = _uniq_sort(sel.gidArray)
+			sel.gidArray = [indices.index (ss) for ss in sel.gidArray]
+			arr = font.FDArray
+			arr.items = [arr[i] for i in indices]
+			del arr.file, arr.offsets
+
+	# Desubroutinize if asked for
+	if options.desubroutinize:
+		self.desubroutinize()
+
+	# Drop hints if not needed
+	if not options.hinting:
+		self.remove_hints()
+	elif not options.desubroutinize:
+		self.remove_unused_subroutines()
+	return True
+
+
+def _delete_empty_subrs(private_dict):
+	if hasattr(private_dict, 'Subrs') and not private_dict.Subrs:
+		if 'Subrs' in private_dict.rawDict:
+			del private_dict.rawDict['Subrs']
+		del private_dict.Subrs
+
+@_add_method(ttLib.getTableClass('CFF '))
+def desubroutinize(self):
+	cff = self.cff
+	for fontname in cff.keys():
+		font = cff[fontname]
+		cs = font.CharStrings
+		for g in font.charset:
+			c, _ = cs.getItemAndSelector(g)
+			c.decompile()
+			subrs = getattr(c.private, "Subrs", [])
+			decompiler = _DesubroutinizingT2Decompiler(subrs, c.globalSubrs, c.private)
+			decompiler.execute(c)
+			c.program = c._desubroutinized
+			del c._desubroutinized
+		# Delete all the local subrs
+		if hasattr(font, 'FDArray'):
+			for fd in font.FDArray:
+				pd = fd.Private
+				if hasattr(pd, 'Subrs'):
+					del pd.Subrs
+				if 'Subrs' in pd.rawDict:
+					del pd.rawDict['Subrs']
+		else:
+			pd = font.Private
+			if hasattr(pd, 'Subrs'):
+				del pd.Subrs
+			if 'Subrs' in pd.rawDict:
+				del pd.rawDict['Subrs']
+	# as well as the global subrs
+	cff.GlobalSubrs.clear()
+
+
+@_add_method(ttLib.getTableClass('CFF '))
+def remove_hints(self):
+	cff = self.cff
+	for fontname in cff.keys():
+		font = cff[fontname]
+		cs = font.CharStrings
+		# This can be tricky, but doesn't have to. What we do is:
+		#
+		# - Run all used glyph charstrings and recurse into subroutines,
+		# - For each charstring (including subroutines), if it has any
+		#   of the hint stem operators, we mark it as such.
+		#   Upon returning, for each charstring we note all the
+		#   subroutine calls it makes that (recursively) contain a stem,
+		# - Dropping hinting then consists of the following two ops:
+		#   * Drop the piece of the program in each charstring before the
+		#     last call to a stem op or a stem-calling subroutine,
+		#   * Drop all hintmask operations.
+		# - It's trickier... A hintmask right after hints and a few numbers
+		#    will act as an implicit vstemhm. As such, we track whether
+		#    we have seen any non-hint operators so far and do the right
+		#    thing, recursively... Good luck understanding that :(
+		css = set()
+		for g in font.charset:
+			c, _ = cs.getItemAndSelector(g)
+			c.decompile()
+			subrs = getattr(c.private, "Subrs", [])
+			decompiler = _DehintingT2Decompiler(css, subrs, c.globalSubrs,
+								c.private.nominalWidthX,
+								c.private.defaultWidthX,
+								c.private)
+			decompiler.execute(c)
+			c.width = decompiler.width
+		for charstring in css:
+			charstring.drop_hints()
+		del css
+
+		# Drop font-wide hinting values
+		all_privs = []
+		if hasattr(font, 'FDArray'):
+			all_privs.extend(fd.Private for fd in font.FDArray)
+		else:
+			all_privs.append(font.Private)
+		for priv in all_privs:
+			for k in ['BlueValues', 'OtherBlues',
+				  'FamilyBlues', 'FamilyOtherBlues',
+				  'BlueScale', 'BlueShift', 'BlueFuzz',
+				  'StemSnapH', 'StemSnapV', 'StdHW', 'StdVW',
+				  'ForceBold', 'LanguageGroup', 'ExpansionFactor']:
+				if hasattr(priv, k):
+					setattr(priv, k, None)
+	self.remove_unused_subroutines()
+
+
+@_add_method(ttLib.getTableClass('CFF '))
+def remove_unused_subroutines(self):
+	cff = self.cff
+	for fontname in cff.keys():
+		font = cff[fontname]
+		cs = font.CharStrings
+		# Renumber subroutines to remove unused ones
+
+		# Mark all used subroutines
+		for g in font.charset:
+			c, _ = cs.getItemAndSelector(g)
+			subrs = getattr(c.private, "Subrs", [])
+			decompiler = _MarkingT2Decompiler(subrs, c.globalSubrs, c.private)
+			decompiler.execute(c)
+
+		all_subrs = [font.GlobalSubrs]
+		if hasattr(font, 'FDArray'):
+			all_subrs.extend(fd.Private.Subrs for fd in font.FDArray if hasattr(fd.Private, 'Subrs') and fd.Private.Subrs)
+		elif hasattr(font.Private, 'Subrs') and font.Private.Subrs:
+			all_subrs.append(font.Private.Subrs)
+
+		subrs = set(subrs) # Remove duplicates
+
+		# Prepare
+		for subrs in all_subrs:
+			if not hasattr(subrs, '_used'):
+				subrs._used = set()
+			subrs._used = _uniq_sort(subrs._used)
+			subrs._old_bias = psCharStrings.calcSubrBias(subrs)
+			subrs._new_bias = psCharStrings.calcSubrBias(subrs._used)
+
+		# Renumber glyph charstrings
+		for g in font.charset:
+			c, _ = cs.getItemAndSelector(g)
+			subrs = getattr(c.private, "Subrs", [])
+			c.subset_subroutines (subrs, font.GlobalSubrs)
+
+		# Renumber subroutines themselves
+		for subrs in all_subrs:
+			if subrs == font.GlobalSubrs:
+				if not hasattr(font, 'FDArray') and hasattr(font.Private, 'Subrs'):
+					local_subrs = font.Private.Subrs
+				else:
+					local_subrs = []
+			else:
+				local_subrs = subrs
+
+			subrs.items = [subrs.items[i] for i in subrs._used]
+			if hasattr(subrs, 'file'):
+				del subrs.file
+			if hasattr(subrs, 'offsets'):
+				del subrs.offsets
+
+			for subr in subrs.items:
+				subr.subset_subroutines (local_subrs, font.GlobalSubrs)
+
+		# Delete local SubrsIndex if empty
+		if hasattr(font, 'FDArray'):
+			for fd in font.FDArray:
+				_delete_empty_subrs(fd.Private)
+		else:
+			_delete_empty_subrs(font.Private)
+
+		# Cleanup
+		for subrs in all_subrs:
+			del subrs._used, subrs._old_bias, subrs._new_bias
diff --git a/Lib/fontTools/svgLib/__init__.py b/Lib/fontTools/svgLib/__init__.py
index b301a3b..c049006 100644
--- a/Lib/fontTools/svgLib/__init__.py
+++ b/Lib/fontTools/svgLib/__init__.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import print_function, division, absolute_import
-from fontTools.misc.py23 import *
-
 from .path import SVGPath, parse_path
 
 __all__ = ["SVGPath", "parse_path"]
diff --git a/Lib/fontTools/svgLib/path/__init__.py b/Lib/fontTools/svgLib/path/__init__.py
index 4f17e76..9440429 100644
--- a/Lib/fontTools/svgLib/path/__init__.py
+++ b/Lib/fontTools/svgLib/path/__init__.py
@@ -1,14 +1,9 @@
-from __future__ import (
-    print_function, division, absolute_import, unicode_literals)
-from fontTools.misc.py23 import *
+from fontTools.misc.py23 import tostr
 
 from fontTools.pens.transformPen import TransformPen
+from fontTools.misc import etree
 from .parser import parse_path
-
-try:
-    from xml.etree import cElementTree as ElementTree  # python 2
-except ImportError:  # pragma nocover
-    from xml.etree import ElementTree  # python 3
+from .shapes import PathBuilder
 
 
 __all__ = [tostr(s) for s in ("SVGPath", "parse_path")]
@@ -39,20 +34,29 @@
 
     def __init__(self, filename=None, transform=None):
         if filename is None:
-            self.root = ElementTree.ElementTree()
+            self.root = etree.ElementTree()
         else:
-            tree = ElementTree.parse(filename)
+            tree = etree.parse(filename)
             self.root = tree.getroot()
         self.transform = transform
 
     @classmethod
     def fromstring(cls, data, transform=None):
         self = cls(transform=transform)
-        self.root = ElementTree.fromstring(data)
+        self.root = etree.fromstring(data)
         return self
 
     def draw(self, pen):
         if self.transform:
             pen = TransformPen(pen, self.transform)
-        for el in self.root.findall(".//{http://www.w3.org/2000/svg}path[@d]"):
-            parse_path(el.get("d"), pen)
+        pb = PathBuilder()
+        # xpath | doesn't seem to reliable work so just walk it
+        for el in self.root.iter():
+            pb.add_path_from_element(el)
+        original_pen = pen
+        for path, transform in zip(pb.paths, pb.transforms):
+            if transform:
+                pen = TransformPen(original_pen, transform)
+            else:
+                pen = original_pen
+            parse_path(path, pen)
diff --git a/Lib/fontTools/svgLib/path/arc.py b/Lib/fontTools/svgLib/path/arc.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3181071
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Lib/fontTools/svgLib/path/arc.py
@@ -0,0 +1,154 @@
+"""Convert SVG Path's elliptical arcs to Bezier curves.
+
+The code is mostly adapted from Blink's SVGPathNormalizer::DecomposeArcToCubic
+https://github.com/chromium/chromium/blob/93831f2/third_party/
+blink/renderer/core/svg/svg_path_parser.cc#L169-L278
+"""
+from fontTools.misc.transform import Identity, Scale
+from math import atan2, ceil, cos, fabs, isfinite, pi, radians, sin, sqrt, tan
+
+
+TWO_PI = 2 * pi
+PI_OVER_TWO = 0.5 * pi
+
+
+def _map_point(matrix, pt):
+    # apply Transform matrix to a point represented as a complex number
+    r = matrix.transformPoint((pt.real, pt.imag))
+    return r[0] + r[1] * 1j
+
+
+class EllipticalArc(object):
+
+    def __init__(self, current_point, rx, ry, rotation, large, sweep, target_point):
+        self.current_point = current_point
+        self.rx = rx
+        self.ry = ry
+        self.rotation = rotation
+        self.large = large
+        self.sweep = sweep
+        self.target_point = target_point
+
+        # SVG arc's rotation angle is expressed in degrees, whereas Transform.rotate
+        # uses radians
+        self.angle = radians(rotation)
+
+        # these derived attributes are computed by the _parametrize method
+        self.center_point = self.theta1 = self.theta2 = self.theta_arc = None
+
+    def _parametrize(self):
+        # convert from endopoint to center parametrization:
+        # https://www.w3.org/TR/SVG/implnote.html#ArcConversionEndpointToCenter
+
+        # If rx = 0 or ry = 0 then this arc is treated as a straight line segment (a
+        # "lineto") joining the endpoints.
+        # http://www.w3.org/TR/SVG/implnote.html#ArcOutOfRangeParameters
+        rx = fabs(self.rx)
+        ry = fabs(self.ry)
+        if not (rx and ry):
+            return False
+
+        # If the current point and target point for the arc are identical, it should
+        # be treated as a zero length path. This ensures continuity in animations.
+        if self.target_point == self.current_point:
+            return False
+
+        mid_point_distance = (self.current_point - self.target_point) * 0.5
+
+        point_transform = Identity.rotate(-self.angle)
+
+        transformed_mid_point = _map_point(point_transform, mid_point_distance)
+        square_rx = rx * rx
+        square_ry = ry * ry
+        square_x = transformed_mid_point.real * transformed_mid_point.real
+        square_y = transformed_mid_point.imag * transformed_mid_point.imag
+
+        # Check if the radii are big enough to draw the arc, scale radii if not.
+        # http://www.w3.org/TR/SVG/implnote.html#ArcCorrectionOutOfRangeRadii
+        radii_scale = square_x / square_rx + square_y / square_ry
+        if radii_scale > 1:
+            rx *= sqrt(radii_scale)
+            ry *= sqrt(radii_scale)
+            self.rx, self.ry = rx, ry
+
+        point_transform = Scale(1 / rx, 1 / ry).rotate(-self.angle)
+
+        point1 = _map_point(point_transform, self.current_point)
+        point2 = _map_point(point_transform, self.target_point)
+        delta = point2 - point1
+
+        d = delta.real * delta.real + delta.imag * delta.imag
+        scale_factor_squared = max(1 / d - 0.25, 0.0)
+
+        scale_factor = sqrt(scale_factor_squared)
+        if self.sweep == self.large:
+            scale_factor = -scale_factor
+
+        delta *= scale_factor
+        center_point = (point1 + point2) * 0.5
+        center_point += complex(-delta.imag, delta.real)
+        point1 -= center_point
+        point2 -= center_point
+
+        theta1 = atan2(point1.imag, point1.real)
+        theta2 = atan2(point2.imag, point2.real)
+
+        theta_arc = theta2 - theta1
+        if theta_arc < 0 and self.sweep:
+            theta_arc += TWO_PI
+        elif theta_arc > 0 and not self.sweep:
+            theta_arc -= TWO_PI
+
+        self.theta1 = theta1
+        self.theta2 = theta1 + theta_arc
+        self.theta_arc = theta_arc
+        self.center_point = center_point
+
+        return True
+
+    def _decompose_to_cubic_curves(self):
+        if self.center_point is None and not self._parametrize():
+            return
+
+        point_transform = Identity.rotate(self.angle).scale(self.rx, self.ry)
+
+        # Some results of atan2 on some platform implementations are not exact
+        # enough. So that we get more cubic curves than expected here. Adding 0.001f
+        # reduces the count of sgements to the correct count.
+        num_segments = int(ceil(fabs(self.theta_arc / (PI_OVER_TWO + 0.001))))
+        for i in range(num_segments):
+            start_theta = self.theta1 + i * self.theta_arc / num_segments
+            end_theta = self.theta1 + (i + 1) * self.theta_arc / num_segments
+
+            t = (4 / 3) * tan(0.25 * (end_theta - start_theta))
+            if not isfinite(t):
+                return
+
+            sin_start_theta = sin(start_theta)
+            cos_start_theta = cos(start_theta)
+            sin_end_theta = sin(end_theta)
+            cos_end_theta = cos(end_theta)
+
+            point1 = complex(
+                cos_start_theta - t * sin_start_theta,
+                sin_start_theta + t * cos_start_theta,
+            )
+            point1 += self.center_point
+            target_point = complex(cos_end_theta, sin_end_theta)
+            target_point += self.center_point
+            point2 = target_point
+            point2 += complex(t * sin_end_theta, -t * cos_end_theta)
+
+            point1 = _map_point(point_transform, point1)
+            point2 = _map_point(point_transform, point2)
+            target_point = _map_point(point_transform, target_point)
+
+            yield point1, point2, target_point
+
+    def draw(self, pen):
+        for point1, point2, target_point in self._decompose_to_cubic_curves():
+            pen.curveTo(
+                (point1.real, point1.imag),
+                (point2.real, point2.imag),
+                (target_point.real, target_point.imag),
+            )
diff --git a/Lib/fontTools/svgLib/path/parser.py b/Lib/fontTools/svgLib/path/parser.py
index 4daefca..1fcf899 100644
--- a/Lib/fontTools/svgLib/path/parser.py
+++ b/Lib/fontTools/svgLib/path/parser.py
@@ -7,27 +7,89 @@
 # Copyright (c) 2013-2014 Lennart Regebro
 # License: MIT
 
-from __future__ import (
-    print_function, division, absolute_import, unicode_literals)
-from fontTools.misc.py23 import *
+from .arc import EllipticalArc
 import re
 
+
 COMMANDS = set('MmZzLlHhVvCcSsQqTtAa')
+ARC_COMMANDS = set("Aa")
 UPPERCASE = set('MZLHVCSQTA')
 
 COMMAND_RE = re.compile("([MmZzLlHhVvCcSsQqTtAa])")
-FLOAT_RE = re.compile("[-+]?[0-9]*\.?[0-9]+(?:[eE][-+]?[0-9]+)?")
+FLOAT_RE = re.compile(
+    r"[-+]?"  # optional sign
+    r"(?:"
+    r"(?:0|[1-9][0-9]*)(?:\.[0-9]+(?:[eE][-+]?[0-9]+)?)?"  # int/float
+    r"|"
+    r"(?:\.[0-9]+(?:[eE][-+]?[0-9]+)?)"  # float with leading dot (e.g. '.42')
+    r")"
+)
+BOOL_RE = re.compile("^[01]")
+SEPARATOR_RE = re.compile(f"[, \t]")
 
 
 def _tokenize_path(pathdef):
+    arc_cmd = None
     for x in COMMAND_RE.split(pathdef):
         if x in COMMANDS:
+            arc_cmd = x if x in ARC_COMMANDS else None
             yield x
-        for token in FLOAT_RE.findall(x):
-            yield token
+            continue
+
+        if arc_cmd:
+            try:
+                yield from _tokenize_arc_arguments(x)
+            except ValueError as e:
+                raise ValueError(f"Invalid arc command: '{arc_cmd}{x}'") from e
+        else:
+            for token in FLOAT_RE.findall(x):
+                yield token
 
 
-def parse_path(pathdef, pen, current_pos=(0, 0)):
+ARC_ARGUMENT_TYPES = (
+    ("rx", FLOAT_RE),
+    ("ry", FLOAT_RE),
+    ("x-axis-rotation", FLOAT_RE),
+    ("large-arc-flag", BOOL_RE),
+    ("sweep-flag", BOOL_RE),
+    ("x", FLOAT_RE),
+    ("y", FLOAT_RE),
+)
+
+
+def _tokenize_arc_arguments(arcdef):
+    raw_args = [s for s in SEPARATOR_RE.split(arcdef) if s]
+    if not raw_args:
+        raise ValueError(f"Not enough arguments: '{arcdef}'")
+    raw_args.reverse()
+
+    i = 0
+    while raw_args:
+        arg = raw_args.pop()
+
+        name, pattern = ARC_ARGUMENT_TYPES[i]
+        match = pattern.search(arg)
+        if not match:
+            raise ValueError(f"Invalid argument for '{name}' parameter: {arg!r}")
+
+        j, k = match.span()
+        yield arg[j:k]
+        arg = arg[k:]
+
+        if arg:
+            raw_args.append(arg)
+
+        # wrap around every 7 consecutive arguments
+        if i == 6:
+            i = 0
+        else:
+            i += 1
+
+    if i != 0:
+        raise ValueError(f"Not enough arguments: '{arcdef}'")
+
+
+def parse_path(pathdef, pen, current_pos=(0, 0), arc_class=EllipticalArc):
     """ Parse SVG path definition (i.e. "d" attribute of <path> elements)
     and call a 'pen' object's moveTo, lineTo, curveTo, qCurveTo and closePath
     methods.
@@ -35,8 +97,13 @@
     If 'current_pos' (2-float tuple) is provided, the initial moveTo will
     be relative to that instead being absolute.
 
-    Arc segments (commands "A" or "a") are not currently supported, and raise
-    NotImplementedError.
+    If the pen has an "arcTo" method, it is called with the original values
+    of the elliptical arc curve commands:
+
+        pen.arcTo(rx, ry, rotation, arc_large, arc_sweep, (x, y))
+
+    Otherwise, the arcs are approximated by series of cubic Bezier segments
+    ("curveTo"), one every 90 degrees.
     """
     # In the SVG specs, initial movetos are absolute, even if
     # specified as 'm'. This is the default behavior here as well.
@@ -52,6 +119,8 @@
     command = None
     last_control = None
 
+    have_arcTo = hasattr(pen, "arcTo")
+
     while elements:
 
         if elements[-1] in COMMANDS:
@@ -209,7 +278,34 @@
             last_control = control
 
         elif command == 'A':
-            raise NotImplementedError('arcs are not supported')
+            rx = float(elements.pop())
+            ry = float(elements.pop())
+            rotation = float(elements.pop())
+            arc_large = bool(int(elements.pop()))
+            arc_sweep = bool(int(elements.pop()))
+            end = float(elements.pop()) + float(elements.pop()) * 1j
+
+            if not absolute:
+                end += current_pos
+
+            # if the pen supports arcs, pass the values unchanged, otherwise
+            # approximate the arc with a series of cubic bezier curves
+            if have_arcTo:
+                pen.arcTo(
+                    rx,
+                    ry,
+                    rotation,
+                    arc_large,
+                    arc_sweep,
+                    (end.real, end.imag),
+                )
+            else:
+                arc = arc_class(
+                    current_pos, rx, ry, rotation, arc_large, arc_sweep, end
+                )
+                arc.draw(pen)
+
+            current_pos = end
 
     # no final Z command, it's an open path
     if start_pos is not None:
diff --git a/Lib/fontTools/svgLib/path/shapes.py b/Lib/fontTools/svgLib/path/shapes.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4cc633a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Lib/fontTools/svgLib/path/shapes.py
@@ -0,0 +1,181 @@
+import re
+
+
+def _prefer_non_zero(*args):
+    for arg in args:
+        if arg != 0:
+            return arg
+    return 0.
+
+
+def _ntos(n):
+    # %f likes to add unnecessary 0's, %g isn't consistent about # decimals
+    return ('%.3f' % n).rstrip('0').rstrip('.')
+
+
+def _strip_xml_ns(tag):
+    # ElementTree API doesn't provide a way to ignore XML namespaces in tags
+    # so we here strip them ourselves: cf. https://bugs.python.org/issue18304
+    return tag.split('}', 1)[1] if '}' in tag else tag
+
+
+def _transform(raw_value):
+    # TODO assumes a 'matrix' transform.
+    # No other transform functions are supported at the moment.
+    # https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/SVG/Attribute/transform
+    # start simple: if you aren't exactly matrix(...) then no love
+    match = re.match(r'matrix\((.*)\)', raw_value)
+    if not match:
+        raise NotImplementedError
+    matrix = tuple(float(p) for p in re.split(r'\s+|,', match.group(1)))
+    if len(matrix) != 6:
+        raise ValueError('wrong # of terms in %s' % raw_value)
+    return matrix
+
+
+class PathBuilder(object):
+    def __init__(self):
+        self.paths = []
+        self.transforms = []
+
+    def _start_path(self, initial_path=''):
+        self.paths.append(initial_path)
+        self.transforms.append(None)
+
+    def _end_path(self):
+        self._add('z')
+
+    def _add(self, path_snippet):
+        path = self.paths[-1]
+        if path:
+            path += ' ' + path_snippet
+        else:
+            path = path_snippet
+        self.paths[-1] = path
+
+    def _move(self, c, x, y):
+        self._add('%s%s,%s' % (c, _ntos(x), _ntos(y)))
+
+    def M(self, x, y):
+        self._move('M', x, y)
+
+    def m(self, x, y):
+        self._move('m', x, y)
+
+    def _arc(self, c, rx, ry, x, y, large_arc):
+        self._add('%s%s,%s 0 %d 1 %s,%s' % (c, _ntos(rx), _ntos(ry), large_arc,
+                                            _ntos(x), _ntos(y)))
+
+    def A(self, rx, ry, x, y, large_arc=0):
+        self._arc('A', rx, ry, x, y, large_arc)
+
+    def a(self, rx, ry, x, y, large_arc=0):
+        self._arc('a', rx, ry, x, y, large_arc)
+
+    def _vhline(self, c, x):
+        self._add('%s%s' % (c, _ntos(x)))
+
+    def H(self, x):
+        self._vhline('H', x)
+
+    def h(self, x):
+        self._vhline('h', x)
+
+    def V(self, y):
+        self._vhline('V', y)
+
+    def v(self, y):
+        self._vhline('v', y)
+
+    def _line(self, c, x, y):
+        self._add('%s%s,%s' % (c, _ntos(x), _ntos(y)))
+
+    def L(self, x, y):
+        self._line('L', x, y)
+
+    def l(self, x, y):
+        self._line('l', x, y)
+
+    def _parse_line(self, line):
+        x1 = float(line.attrib.get('x1', 0))
+        y1 = float(line.attrib.get('y1', 0))
+        x2 = float(line.attrib.get('x2', 0))
+        y2 = float(line.attrib.get('y2', 0))
+
+        self._start_path()
+        self.M(x1, y1)
+        self.L(x2, y2)
+
+    def _parse_rect(self, rect):
+        x = float(rect.attrib.get('x', 0))
+        y = float(rect.attrib.get('y', 0))
+        w = float(rect.attrib.get('width'))
+        h = float(rect.attrib.get('height'))
+        rx = float(rect.attrib.get('rx', 0))
+        ry = float(rect.attrib.get('ry', 0))
+
+        rx = _prefer_non_zero(rx, ry)
+        ry = _prefer_non_zero(ry, rx)
+        # TODO there are more rules for adjusting rx, ry
+
+        self._start_path()
+        self.M(x + rx, y)
+        self.H(x + w - rx)
+        if rx > 0:
+            self.A(rx, ry, x + w, y + ry)
+        self.V(y + h - ry)
+        if rx > 0:
+            self.A(rx, ry, x + w - rx, y + h)
+        self.H(x + rx)
+        if rx > 0:
+            self.A(rx, ry, x, y + h - ry)
+        self.V(y + ry)
+        if rx > 0:
+            self.A(rx, ry, x + rx, y)
+        self._end_path()
+
+    def _parse_path(self, path):
+        if 'd' in path.attrib:
+            self._start_path(initial_path=path.attrib['d'])
+
+    def _parse_polygon(self, poly):
+        if 'points' in poly.attrib:
+            self._start_path('M' + poly.attrib['points'])
+            self._end_path()
+
+    def _parse_polyline(self, poly):
+        if 'points' in poly.attrib:
+            self._start_path('M' + poly.attrib['points'])
+
+    def _parse_circle(self, circle):
+        cx = float(circle.attrib.get('cx', 0))
+        cy = float(circle.attrib.get('cy', 0))
+        r = float(circle.attrib.get('r'))
+
+        # arc doesn't seem to like being a complete shape, draw two halves
+        self._start_path()
+        self.M(cx - r, cy)
+        self.A(r, r, cx + r, cy, large_arc=1)
+        self.A(r, r, cx - r, cy, large_arc=1)
+
+    def _parse_ellipse(self, ellipse):
+        cx = float(ellipse.attrib.get('cx', 0))
+        cy = float(ellipse.attrib.get('cy', 0))
+        rx = float(ellipse.attrib.get('rx'))
+        ry = float(ellipse.attrib.get('ry'))
+
+        # arc doesn't seem to like being a complete shape, draw two halves
+        self._start_path()
+        self.M(cx - rx, cy)
+        self.A(rx, ry, cx + rx, cy, large_arc=1)
+        self.A(rx, ry, cx - rx, cy, large_arc=1)
+
+    def add_path_from_element(self, el):
+        tag = _strip_xml_ns(el.tag)
+        parse_fn = getattr(self, '_parse_%s' % tag.lower(), None)
+        if not callable(parse_fn):
+            return False
+        parse_fn(el)
+        if 'transform' in el.attrib:
+            self.transforms[-1] = _transform(el.attrib['transform'])
+        return True
diff --git a/Lib/fontTools/t1Lib/__init__.py b/Lib/fontTools/t1Lib/__init__.py
index 6632b05..e1d94d3 100644
--- a/Lib/fontTools/t1Lib/__init__.py
+++ b/Lib/fontTools/t1Lib/__init__.py
@@ -15,8 +15,7 @@
 	part should be written as hexadecimal or binary, but only if kind
 	is 'OTHER'.
 """
-from __future__ import print_function, division, absolute_import
-from fontTools.misc.py23 import *
+from fontTools.misc.py23 import bytechr, byteord, bytesjoin
 from fontTools.misc import eexec
 from fontTools.misc.macCreatorType import getMacCreatorAndType
 import os
@@ -49,11 +48,18 @@
 	Type 1 fonts.
 	"""
 
-	def __init__(self, path=None):
-		if path is not None:
-			self.data, type = read(path)
+	def __init__(self, path, encoding="ascii", kind=None):
+		if kind is None:
+			self.data, _ = read(path)
+		elif kind == "LWFN":
+			self.data = readLWFN(path)
+		elif kind == "PFB":
+			self.data = readPFB(path)
+		elif kind == "OTHER":
+			self.data = readOther(path)
 		else:
-			pass # XXX
+			raise ValueError(kind)
+		self.encoding = encoding
 
 	def saveAs(self, path, type, dohex=False):
 		write(path, self.getData(), type, dohex)
@@ -82,7 +88,7 @@
 	def parse(self):
 		from fontTools.misc import psLib
 		from fontTools.misc import psCharStrings
-		self.font = psLib.suckfont(self.data)
+		self.font = psLib.suckfont(self.data, self.encoding)
 		charStrings = self.font["CharStrings"]
 		lenIV = self.font["Private"].get("lenIV", 4)
 		assert lenIV >= 0
@@ -101,11 +107,12 @@
 
 def read(path, onlyHeader=False):
 	"""reads any Type 1 font file, returns raw data"""
-	normpath = path.lower()
+	_, ext = os.path.splitext(path)
+	ext = ext.lower()
 	creator, typ = getMacCreatorAndType(path)
 	if typ == 'LWFN':
 		return readLWFN(path, onlyHeader), 'LWFN'
-	if normpath[-4:] == '.pfb':
+	if ext == '.pfb':
 		return readPFB(path, onlyHeader), 'PFB'
 	else:
 		return readOther(path), 'OTHER'
@@ -157,9 +164,8 @@
 			elif code in [3, 5]:
 				break
 			elif code == 4:
-				f = open(path, "rb")
-				data.append(f.read())
-				f.close()
+				with open(path, "rb") as f:
+					data.append(f.read())
 			elif code == 0:
 				pass # comment, ignore
 			else:
@@ -172,35 +178,32 @@
 
 def readPFB(path, onlyHeader=False):
 	"""reads a PFB font file, returns raw data"""
-	f = open(path, "rb")
 	data = []
-	while True:
-		if f.read(1) != bytechr(128):
-			raise T1Error('corrupt PFB file')
-		code = byteord(f.read(1))
-		if code in [1, 2]:
-			chunklen = stringToLong(f.read(4))
-			chunk = f.read(chunklen)
-			assert len(chunk) == chunklen
-			data.append(chunk)
-		elif code == 3:
-			break
-		else:
-			raise T1Error('bad chunk code: ' + repr(code))
-		if onlyHeader:
-			break
-	f.close()
+	with open(path, "rb") as f:
+		while True:
+			if f.read(1) != bytechr(128):
+				raise T1Error('corrupt PFB file')
+			code = byteord(f.read(1))
+			if code in [1, 2]:
+				chunklen = stringToLong(f.read(4))
+				chunk = f.read(chunklen)
+				assert len(chunk) == chunklen
+				data.append(chunk)
+			elif code == 3:
+				break
+			else:
+				raise T1Error('bad chunk code: ' + repr(code))
+			if onlyHeader:
+				break
 	data = bytesjoin(data)
 	assertType1(data)
 	return data
 
 def readOther(path):
 	"""reads any (font) file, returns raw data"""
-	f = open(path, "rb")
-	data = f.read()
-	f.close()
+	with open(path, "rb") as f:
+		data = f.read()
 	assertType1(data)
-
 	chunks = findEncryptedChunks(data)
 	data = []
 	for isEncrypted, chunk in chunks:
@@ -237,8 +240,7 @@
 
 def writePFB(path, data):
 	chunks = findEncryptedChunks(data)
-	f = open(path, "wb")
-	try:
+	with open(path, "wb") as f:
 		for isEncrypted, chunk in chunks:
 			if isEncrypted:
 				code = 2
@@ -248,13 +250,10 @@
 			f.write(longToString(len(chunk)))
 			f.write(chunk)
 		f.write(bytechr(128) + bytechr(3))
-	finally:
-		f.close()
 
 def writeOther(path, data, dohex=False):
 	chunks = findEncryptedChunks(data)
-	f = open(path, "wb")
-	try:
+	with open(path, "wb") as f:
 		hexlinelen = HEXLINELENGTH // 2
 		for isEncrypted, chunk in chunks:
 			if isEncrypted:
@@ -268,14 +267,14 @@
 					chunk = chunk[hexlinelen:]
 			else:
 				f.write(chunk)
-	finally:
-		f.close()
 
 
 # decryption tools
 
 EEXECBEGIN = b"currentfile eexec"
-EEXECEND = b'0' * 64
+# The spec allows for 512 ASCII zeros interrupted by arbitrary whitespace to
+# follow eexec
+EEXECEND = re.compile(b'(0[ \t\r\n]*){512}', flags=re.M)
 EEXECINTERNALEND = b"currentfile closefile"
 EEXECBEGINMARKER = b"%-- eexec start\r"
 EEXECENDMARKER = b"%-- eexec end\r"
@@ -314,9 +313,10 @@
 		if eBegin < 0:
 			break
 		eBegin = eBegin + len(EEXECBEGIN) + 1
-		eEnd = data.find(EEXECEND, eBegin)
-		if eEnd < 0:
+		endMatch = EEXECEND.search(data, eBegin)
+		if endMatch is None:
 			raise T1Error("can't find end of eexec part")
+		eEnd = endMatch.start()
 		cypherText = data[eBegin:eEnd + 2]
 		if isHex(cypherText[:4]):
 			cypherText = deHexString(cypherText)
diff --git a/Lib/fontTools/tfmLib.py b/Lib/fontTools/tfmLib.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..673373f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Lib/fontTools/tfmLib.py
@@ -0,0 +1,460 @@
+"""Module for reading TFM (TeX Font Metrics) files.
+
+The TFM format is described in the TFtoPL WEB source code, whose typeset form
+can be found on `CTAN <http://mirrors.ctan.org/info/knuth-pdf/texware/tftopl.pdf>`_.
+
+	>>> from fontTools.tfmLib import TFM
+	>>> tfm = TFM("Tests/tfmLib/data/cmr10.tfm")
+	>>>
+	>>> # Accessing an attribute gets you metadata.
+	>>> tfm.checksum
+	1274110073
+	>>> tfm.designsize
+	10.0
+	>>> tfm.codingscheme
+	'TeX text'
+	>>> tfm.family
+	'CMR'
+	>>> tfm.seven_bit_safe_flag
+	False
+	>>> tfm.face
+	234
+	>>> tfm.extraheader
+	{}
+	>>> tfm.fontdimens
+	{'SLANT': 0.0, 'SPACE': 0.33333396911621094, 'STRETCH': 0.16666698455810547, 'SHRINK': 0.11111164093017578, 'XHEIGHT': 0.4305553436279297, 'QUAD': 1.0000028610229492, 'EXTRASPACE': 0.11111164093017578}
+	>>> # Accessing a character gets you its metrics.
+	>>> # “width” is always available, other metrics are available only when
+	>>> # applicable. All values are relative to “designsize”.
+	>>> tfm.chars[ord("g")]
+	{'width': 0.5000019073486328, 'height': 0.4305553436279297, 'depth': 0.1944446563720703, 'italic': 0.013888359069824219}
+	>>> # Kerning and ligature can be accessed as well.
+	>>> tfm.kerning[ord("c")]
+	{104: -0.02777862548828125, 107: -0.02777862548828125}
+	>>> tfm.ligatures[ord("f")]
+	{105: ('LIG', 12), 102: ('LIG', 11), 108: ('LIG', 13)}
+"""
+
+from types import SimpleNamespace
+
+from fontTools.misc.sstruct import calcsize, unpack, unpack2
+
+SIZES_FORMAT = """
+    >
+    lf: h    # length of the entire file, in words
+    lh: h    # length of the header data, in words
+    bc: h    # smallest character code in the font
+    ec: h    # largest character code in the font
+    nw: h    # number of words in the width table
+    nh: h    # number of words in the height table
+    nd: h    # number of words in the depth table
+    ni: h    # number of words in the italic correction table
+    nl: h    # number of words in the ligature/kern table
+    nk: h    # number of words in the kern table
+    ne: h    # number of words in the extensible character table
+    np: h    # number of font parameter words
+"""
+
+SIZES_SIZE = calcsize(SIZES_FORMAT)
+
+FIXED_FORMAT = "12.20F"
+
+HEADER_FORMAT1 = f"""
+    >
+    checksum:            L
+    designsize:          {FIXED_FORMAT}
+"""
+
+HEADER_FORMAT2 = f"""
+    {HEADER_FORMAT1}
+    codingscheme:        40p
+"""
+
+HEADER_FORMAT3 = f"""
+    {HEADER_FORMAT2}
+    family:              20p
+"""
+
+HEADER_FORMAT4 = f"""
+    {HEADER_FORMAT3}
+    seven_bit_safe_flag: ?
+    ignored:             x
+    ignored:             x
+    face:                B
+"""
+
+HEADER_SIZE1 = calcsize(HEADER_FORMAT1)
+HEADER_SIZE2 = calcsize(HEADER_FORMAT2)
+HEADER_SIZE3 = calcsize(HEADER_FORMAT3)
+HEADER_SIZE4 = calcsize(HEADER_FORMAT4)
+
+LIG_KERN_COMMAND = """
+    >
+    skip_byte: B
+    next_char: B
+    op_byte: B
+    remainder: B
+"""
+
+BASE_PARAMS = [
+    "SLANT",
+    "SPACE",
+    "STRETCH",
+    "SHRINK",
+    "XHEIGHT",
+    "QUAD",
+    "EXTRASPACE",
+]
+
+MATHSY_PARAMS = [
+    "NUM1",
+    "NUM2",
+    "NUM3",
+    "DENOM1",
+    "DENOM2",
+    "SUP1",
+    "SUP2",
+    "SUP3",
+    "SUB1",
+    "SUB2",
+    "SUPDROP",
+    "SUBDROP",
+    "DELIM1",
+    "DELIM2",
+    "AXISHEIGHT",
+]
+
+MATHEX_PARAMS = [
+    "DEFAULTRULETHICKNESS",
+    "BIGOPSPACING1",
+    "BIGOPSPACING2",
+    "BIGOPSPACING3",
+    "BIGOPSPACING4",
+    "BIGOPSPACING5",
+]
+
+VANILLA = 0
+MATHSY = 1
+MATHEX = 2
+
+UNREACHABLE = 0
+PASSTHROUGH = 1
+ACCESSABLE = 2
+
+NO_TAG = 0
+LIG_TAG = 1
+LIST_TAG = 2
+EXT_TAG = 3
+
+STOP_FLAG = 128
+KERN_FLAG = 128
+
+
+class TFMException(Exception):
+    def __init__(self, message):
+        super().__init__(message)
+
+
+class TFM:
+    def __init__(self, file):
+        self._read(file)
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return (
+            f"<TFM"
+            f" for {self.family}"
+            f" in {self.codingscheme}"
+            f" at {self.designsize:g}pt>"
+        )
+
+    def _read(self, file):
+        if hasattr(file, "read"):
+            data = file.read()
+        else:
+            with open(file, "rb") as fp:
+                data = fp.read()
+
+        self._data = data
+
+        if len(data) < SIZES_SIZE:
+            raise TFMException("Too short input file")
+
+        sizes = SimpleNamespace()
+        unpack2(SIZES_FORMAT, data, sizes)
+
+        # Do some file structure sanity checks.
+        # TeX and TFtoPL do additional functional checks and might even correct
+        # “errors” in the input file, but we instead try to output the file as
+        # it is as long as it is parsable, even if the data make no sense.
+
+        if sizes.lf < 0:
+            raise TFMException("The file claims to have negative or zero length!")
+
+        if len(data) < sizes.lf * 4:
+            raise TFMException("The file has fewer bytes than it claims!")
+
+        for name, length in vars(sizes).items():
+            if length < 0:
+                raise TFMException("The subfile size: '{name}' is negative!")
+
+        if sizes.lh < 2:
+            raise TFMException(f"The header length is only {sizes.lh}!")
+
+        if sizes.bc > sizes.ec + 1 or sizes.ec > 255:
+            raise TFMException(
+                f"The character code range {sizes.bc}..{sizes.ec} is illegal!"
+            )
+
+        if sizes.nw == 0 or sizes.nh == 0 or sizes.nd == 0 or sizes.ni == 0:
+            raise TFMException("Incomplete subfiles for character dimensions!")
+
+        if sizes.ne > 256:
+            raise TFMException(f"There are {ne} extensible recipes!")
+
+        if sizes.lf != (
+            6
+            + sizes.lh
+            + (sizes.ec - sizes.bc + 1)
+            + sizes.nw
+            + sizes.nh
+            + sizes.nd
+            + sizes.ni
+            + sizes.nl
+            + sizes.nk
+            + sizes.ne
+            + sizes.np
+        ):
+            raise TFMException("Subfile sizes don’t add up to the stated total")
+
+        # Subfile offsets, used in the helper function below. These all are
+        # 32-bit word offsets not 8-bit byte offsets.
+        char_base = 6 + sizes.lh - sizes.bc
+        width_base = char_base + sizes.ec + 1
+        height_base = width_base + sizes.nw
+        depth_base = height_base + sizes.nh
+        italic_base = depth_base + sizes.nd
+        lig_kern_base = italic_base + sizes.ni
+        kern_base = lig_kern_base + sizes.nl
+        exten_base = kern_base + sizes.nk
+        param_base = exten_base + sizes.ne
+
+        # Helper functions for accessing individual data. If this looks
+        # nonidiomatic Python, I blame the effect of reading the literate WEB
+        # documentation of TFtoPL.
+        def char_info(c):
+            return 4 * (char_base + c)
+
+        def width_index(c):
+            return data[char_info(c)]
+
+        def noneexistent(c):
+            return c < sizes.bc or c > sizes.ec or width_index(c) == 0
+
+        def height_index(c):
+            return data[char_info(c) + 1] // 16
+
+        def depth_index(c):
+            return data[char_info(c) + 1] % 16
+
+        def italic_index(c):
+            return data[char_info(c) + 2] // 4
+
+        def tag(c):
+            return data[char_info(c) + 2] % 4
+
+        def remainder(c):
+            return data[char_info(c) + 3]
+
+        def width(c):
+            r = 4 * (width_base + width_index(c))
+            return read_fixed(r, "v")["v"]
+
+        def height(c):
+            r = 4 * (height_base + height_index(c))
+            return read_fixed(r, "v")["v"]
+
+        def depth(c):
+            r = 4 * (depth_base + depth_index(c))
+            return read_fixed(r, "v")["v"]
+
+        def italic(c):
+            r = 4 * (italic_base + italic_index(c))
+            return read_fixed(r, "v")["v"]
+
+        def exten(c):
+            return 4 * (exten_base + remainder(c))
+
+        def lig_step(i):
+            return 4 * (lig_kern_base + i)
+
+        def lig_kern_command(i):
+            command = SimpleNamespace()
+            unpack2(LIG_KERN_COMMAND, data[i:], command)
+            return command
+
+        def kern(i):
+            r = 4 * (kern_base + i)
+            return read_fixed(r, "v")["v"]
+
+        def param(i):
+            return 4 * (param_base + i)
+
+        def read_fixed(index, key, obj=None):
+            ret = unpack2(f">;{key}:{FIXED_FORMAT}", data[index:], obj)
+            return ret[0]
+
+        # Set all attributes to empty values regardless of the header size.
+        unpack(HEADER_FORMAT4, [0] * HEADER_SIZE4, self)
+
+        offset = 24
+        length = sizes.lh * 4
+        self.extraheader = {}
+        if length >= HEADER_SIZE4:
+            rest = unpack2(HEADER_FORMAT4, data[offset:], self)[1]
+            if self.face < 18:
+                s = self.face % 2
+                b = self.face // 2
+                self.face = "MBL"[b % 3] + "RI"[s] + "RCE"[b // 3]
+            for i in range(sizes.lh - HEADER_SIZE4 // 4):
+                rest = unpack2(f">;HEADER{i + 18}:l", rest, self.extraheader)[1]
+        elif length >= HEADER_SIZE3:
+            unpack2(HEADER_FORMAT3, data[offset:], self)
+        elif length >= HEADER_SIZE2:
+            unpack2(HEADER_FORMAT2, data[offset:], self)
+        elif length >= HEADER_SIZE1:
+            unpack2(HEADER_FORMAT1, data[offset:], self)
+
+        self.fonttype = VANILLA
+        scheme = self.codingscheme.upper()
+        if scheme.startswith("TEX MATH SY"):
+            self.fonttype = MATHSY
+        elif scheme.startswith("TEX MATH EX"):
+            self.fonttype = MATHEX
+
+        self.fontdimens = {}
+        for i in range(sizes.np):
+            name = f"PARAMETER{i+1}"
+            if i <= 6:
+                name = BASE_PARAMS[i]
+            elif self.fonttype == MATHSY and i <= 21:
+                name = MATHSY_PARAMS[i - 7]
+            elif self.fonttype == MATHEX and i <= 12:
+                name = MATHEX_PARAMS[i - 7]
+            read_fixed(param(i), name, self.fontdimens)
+
+        lig_kern_map = {}
+        self.right_boundary_char = None
+        self.left_boundary_char = None
+        if sizes.nl > 0:
+            cmd = lig_kern_command(lig_step(0))
+            if cmd.skip_byte == 255:
+                self.right_boundary_char = cmd.next_char
+
+            cmd = lig_kern_command(lig_step((sizes.nl - 1)))
+            if cmd.skip_byte == 255:
+                self.left_boundary_char = 256
+                r = 256 * cmd.op_byte + cmd.remainder
+                lig_kern_map[self.left_boundary_char] = r
+
+        self.chars = {}
+        for c in range(sizes.bc, sizes.ec + 1):
+            if width_index(c) > 0:
+                self.chars[c] = info = {}
+                info["width"] = width(c)
+                if height_index(c) > 0:
+                    info["height"] = height(c)
+                if depth_index(c) > 0:
+                    info["depth"] = depth(c)
+                if italic_index(c) > 0:
+                    info["italic"] = italic(c)
+                char_tag = tag(c)
+                if char_tag == NO_TAG:
+                    pass
+                elif char_tag == LIG_TAG:
+                    lig_kern_map[c] = remainder(c)
+                elif char_tag == LIST_TAG:
+                    info["nextlarger"] = remainder(c)
+                elif char_tag == EXT_TAG:
+                    info["varchar"] = varchar = {}
+                    for i in range(4):
+                        part = data[exten(c) + i]
+                        if i == 3 or part > 0:
+                            name = "rep"
+                            if i == 0:
+                                name = "top"
+                            elif i == 1:
+                                name = "mid"
+                            elif i == 2:
+                                name = "bot"
+                            if noneexistent(part):
+                                varchar[name] = c
+                            else:
+                                varchar[name] = part
+
+        self.ligatures = {}
+        self.kerning = {}
+        for c, i in sorted(lig_kern_map.items()):
+            cmd = lig_kern_command(lig_step(i))
+            if cmd.skip_byte > STOP_FLAG:
+                i = 256 * cmd.op_byte + cmd.remainder
+
+            while i < sizes.nl:
+                cmd = lig_kern_command(lig_step(i))
+                if cmd.skip_byte > STOP_FLAG:
+                    pass
+                else:
+                    if cmd.op_byte >= KERN_FLAG:
+                        r = 256 * (cmd.op_byte - KERN_FLAG) + cmd.remainder
+                        self.kerning.setdefault(c, {})[cmd.next_char] = kern(r)
+                    else:
+                        r = cmd.op_byte
+                        if r == 4 or (r > 7 and r != 11):
+                            # Ligature step with nonstandard code, we output
+                            # the code verbatim.
+                            lig = r
+                        else:
+                            lig = ""
+                            if r % 4 > 1:
+                                lig += "/"
+                            lig += "LIG"
+                            if r % 2 != 0:
+                                lig += "/"
+                            while r > 3:
+                                lig += ">"
+                                r -= 4
+                        self.ligatures.setdefault(c, {})[cmd.next_char] = (
+                            lig,
+                            cmd.remainder,
+                        )
+
+                if cmd.skip_byte >= STOP_FLAG:
+                    break
+                i += cmd.skip_byte + 1
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    import sys
+
+    tfm = TFM(sys.argv[1])
+    print(
+        "\n".join(
+            x
+            for x in [
+                f"tfm.checksum={tfm.checksum}",
+                f"tfm.designsize={tfm.designsize}",
+                f"tfm.codingscheme={tfm.codingscheme}",
+                f"tfm.fonttype={tfm.fonttype}",
+                f"tfm.family={tfm.family}",
+                f"tfm.seven_bit_safe_flag={tfm.seven_bit_safe_flag}",
+                f"tfm.face={tfm.face}",
+                f"tfm.extraheader={tfm.extraheader}",
+                f"tfm.fontdimens={tfm.fontdimens}",
+                f"tfm.right_boundary_char={tfm.right_boundary_char}",
+                f"tfm.left_boundary_char={tfm.left_boundary_char}",
+                f"tfm.kerning={tfm.kerning}",
+                f"tfm.ligatures={tfm.ligatures}",
+                f"tfm.chars={tfm.chars}",
+            ]
+        )
+    )
+    print(tfm)
diff --git a/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/__init__.py b/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/__init__.py
index 100903f..16417e7 100644
--- a/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/__init__.py
+++ b/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/__init__.py
@@ -41,11 +41,7 @@
 
 """
 
-from __future__ import print_function, division, absolute_import
-from fontTools.misc.py23 import *
-from fontTools.misc.loggingTools import deprecateArgument, deprecateFunction
-import os
-import sys
+from fontTools.misc.loggingTools import deprecateFunction
 import logging
 
 
@@ -53,983 +49,10 @@
 
 class TTLibError(Exception): pass
 
-
-class TTFont(object):
-
-	"""The main font object. It manages file input and output, and offers
-	a convenient way of accessing tables.
-	Tables will be only decompiled when necessary, ie. when they're actually
-	accessed. This means that simple operations can be extremely fast.
-	"""
-
-	def __init__(self, file=None, res_name_or_index=None,
-			sfntVersion="\000\001\000\000", flavor=None, checkChecksums=False,
-			verbose=None, recalcBBoxes=True, allowVID=False, ignoreDecompileErrors=False,
-			recalcTimestamp=True, fontNumber=-1, lazy=None, quiet=None):
-
-		"""The constructor can be called with a few different arguments.
-		When reading a font from disk, 'file' should be either a pathname
-		pointing to a file, or a readable file object.
-
-		It we're running on a Macintosh, 'res_name_or_index' maybe an sfnt
-		resource name or an sfnt resource index number or zero. The latter
-		case will cause TTLib to autodetect whether the file is a flat file
-		or a suitcase. (If it's a suitcase, only the first 'sfnt' resource
-		will be read!)
-
-		The 'checkChecksums' argument is used to specify how sfnt
-		checksums are treated upon reading a file from disk:
-			0: don't check (default)
-			1: check, print warnings if a wrong checksum is found
-			2: check, raise an exception if a wrong checksum is found.
-
-		The TTFont constructor can also be called without a 'file'
-		argument: this is the way to create a new empty font.
-		In this case you can optionally supply the 'sfntVersion' argument,
-		and a 'flavor' which can be None, 'woff', or 'woff2'.
-
-		If the recalcBBoxes argument is false, a number of things will *not*
-		be recalculated upon save/compile:
-			1) 'glyf' glyph bounding boxes
-			2) 'CFF ' font bounding box
-			3) 'head' font bounding box
-			4) 'hhea' min/max values
-			5) 'vhea' min/max values
-		(1) is needed for certain kinds of CJK fonts (ask Werner Lemberg ;-).
-		Additionally, upon importing an TTX file, this option cause glyphs
-		to be compiled right away. This should reduce memory consumption
-		greatly, and therefore should have some impact on the time needed
-		to parse/compile large fonts.
-
-		If the recalcTimestamp argument is false, the modified timestamp in the
-		'head' table will *not* be recalculated upon save/compile.
-
-		If the allowVID argument is set to true, then virtual GID's are
-		supported. Asking for a glyph ID with a glyph name or GID that is not in
-		the font will return a virtual GID.   This is valid for GSUB and cmap
-		tables. For SING glyphlets, the cmap table is used to specify Unicode
-		values for virtual GI's used in GSUB/GPOS rules. If the gid N is requested
-		and does not exist in the font, or the glyphname has the form glyphN
-		and does not exist in the font, then N is used as the virtual GID.
-		Else, the first virtual GID is assigned as 0x1000 -1; for subsequent new
-		virtual GIDs, the next is one less than the previous.
-
-		If ignoreDecompileErrors is set to True, exceptions raised in
-		individual tables during decompilation will be ignored, falling
-		back to the DefaultTable implementation, which simply keeps the
-		binary data.
-
-		If lazy is set to True, many data structures are loaded lazily, upon
-		access only.  If it is set to False, many data structures are loaded
-		immediately.  The default is lazy=None which is somewhere in between.
-		"""
-
-		from fontTools.ttLib import sfnt
-
-		for name in ("verbose", "quiet"):
-			val = locals().get(name)
-			if val is not None:
-				deprecateArgument(name, "configure logging instead")
-			setattr(self, name, val)
-
-		self.lazy = lazy
-		self.recalcBBoxes = recalcBBoxes
-		self.recalcTimestamp = recalcTimestamp
-		self.tables = {}
-		self.reader = None
-
-		# Permit the user to reference glyphs that are not int the font.
-		self.last_vid = 0xFFFE # Can't make it be 0xFFFF, as the world is full unsigned short integer counters that get incremented after the last seen GID value.
-		self.reverseVIDDict = {}
-		self.VIDDict = {}
-		self.allowVID = allowVID
-		self.ignoreDecompileErrors = ignoreDecompileErrors
-
-		if not file:
-			self.sfntVersion = sfntVersion
-			self.flavor = flavor
-			self.flavorData = None
-			return
-		if not hasattr(file, "read"):
-			closeStream = True
-			# assume file is a string
-			if res_name_or_index is not None:
-				# see if it contains 'sfnt' resources in the resource or data fork
-				from . import macUtils
-				if res_name_or_index == 0:
-					if macUtils.getSFNTResIndices(file):
-						# get the first available sfnt font.
-						file = macUtils.SFNTResourceReader(file, 1)
-					else:
-						file = open(file, "rb")
-				else:
-					file = macUtils.SFNTResourceReader(file, res_name_or_index)
-			else:
-				file = open(file, "rb")
-
-		else:
-			# assume "file" is a readable file object
-			closeStream = False
-		if not self.lazy:
-			# read input file in memory and wrap a stream around it to allow overwriting
-			tmp = BytesIO(file.read())
-			if hasattr(file, 'name'):
-				# save reference to input file name
-				tmp.name = file.name
-			if closeStream:
-				file.close()
-			file = tmp
-		self.reader = sfnt.SFNTReader(file, checkChecksums, fontNumber=fontNumber)
-		self.sfntVersion = self.reader.sfntVersion
-		self.flavor = self.reader.flavor
-		self.flavorData = self.reader.flavorData
-
-	def close(self):
-		"""If we still have a reader object, close it."""
-		if self.reader is not None:
-			self.reader.close()
-
-	def save(self, file, reorderTables=True):
-		"""Save the font to disk. Similarly to the constructor,
-		the 'file' argument can be either a pathname or a writable
-		file object.
-		"""
-		from fontTools.ttLib import sfnt
-		if not hasattr(file, "write"):
-			if self.lazy and self.reader.file.name == file:
-				raise TTLibError(
-					"Can't overwrite TTFont when 'lazy' attribute is True")
-			closeStream = True
-			file = open(file, "wb")
-		else:
-			# assume "file" is a writable file object
-			closeStream = False
-
-		if self.recalcTimestamp and 'head' in self:
-			self['head']  # make sure 'head' is loaded so the recalculation is actually done
-
-		tags = list(self.keys())
-		if "GlyphOrder" in tags:
-			tags.remove("GlyphOrder")
-		numTables = len(tags)
-		# write to a temporary stream to allow saving to unseekable streams
-		tmp = BytesIO()
-		writer = sfnt.SFNTWriter(tmp, numTables, self.sfntVersion, self.flavor, self.flavorData)
-
-		done = []
-		for tag in tags:
-			self._writeTable(tag, writer, done)
-
-		writer.close()
-
-		if (reorderTables is None or writer.reordersTables() or
-				(reorderTables is False and self.reader is None)):
-			# don't reorder tables and save as is
-			file.write(tmp.getvalue())
-			tmp.close()
-		else:
-			if reorderTables is False:
-				# sort tables using the original font's order
-				tableOrder = list(self.reader.keys())
-			else:
-				# use the recommended order from the OpenType specification
-				tableOrder = None
-			tmp.flush()
-			tmp.seek(0)
-			tmp2 = BytesIO()
-			reorderFontTables(tmp, tmp2, tableOrder)
-			file.write(tmp2.getvalue())
-			tmp.close()
-			tmp2.close()
-
-		if closeStream:
-			file.close()
-
-	def saveXML(self, fileOrPath, progress=None, quiet=None,
-			tables=None, skipTables=None, splitTables=False, disassembleInstructions=True,
-			splitGlyphs=False, bitmapGlyphDataFormat='raw', newlinestr=None):
-
-		"""Export the font as TTX (an XML-based text file), or as a series of text
-		files when splitTables is true. In the latter case, the 'fileOrPath'
-		argument should be a path to a directory.
-		The 'tables' argument must either be false (dump all tables) or a
-		list of tables to dump. The 'skipTables' argument may be a list of tables
-		to skip, but only when the 'tables' argument is false.
-		"""
-		from fontTools import version
-		from fontTools.misc import xmlWriter
-
-		# only write the MAJOR.MINOR version in the 'ttLibVersion' attribute of
-		# TTX files' root element (without PATCH or .dev suffixes)
-		version = ".".join(version.split('.')[:2])
-
-		if quiet is not None:
-			deprecateArgument("quiet", "configure logging instead")
-
-		self.disassembleInstructions = disassembleInstructions
-		self.bitmapGlyphDataFormat = bitmapGlyphDataFormat
-		if not tables:
-			tables = list(self.keys())
-			if "GlyphOrder" not in tables:
-				tables = ["GlyphOrder"] + tables
-			if skipTables:
-				for tag in skipTables:
-					if tag in tables:
-						tables.remove(tag)
-		numTables = len(tables)
-		if progress:
-			progress.set(0, numTables)
-			idlefunc = getattr(progress, "idle", None)
-		else:
-			idlefunc = None
-
-		writer = xmlWriter.XMLWriter(fileOrPath, idlefunc=idlefunc,
-				newlinestr=newlinestr)
-		writer.begintag("ttFont", sfntVersion=repr(tostr(self.sfntVersion))[1:-1],
-				ttLibVersion=version)
-		writer.newline()
-
-		if not splitTables:
-			writer.newline()
-		if splitTables or splitGlyphs:
-			# 'fileOrPath' must now be a path
-			path, ext = os.path.splitext(fileOrPath)
-			fileNameTemplate = path + ".%s" + ext
-
-		for i in range(numTables):
-			if progress:
-				progress.set(i)
-			tag = tables[i]
-			if splitTables or (splitGlyphs and tag == 'glyf'):
-				tablePath = fileNameTemplate % tagToIdentifier(tag)
-			else:
-				tablePath = None
-			if splitTables:
-				tableWriter = xmlWriter.XMLWriter(tablePath, idlefunc=idlefunc,
-						newlinestr=newlinestr)
-				tableWriter.begintag("ttFont", ttLibVersion=version)
-				tableWriter.newline()
-				tableWriter.newline()
-				writer.simpletag(tagToXML(tag), src=os.path.basename(tablePath))
-				writer.newline()
-			else:
-				tableWriter = writer
-			self._tableToXML(tableWriter, tag, progress, splitGlyphs=splitGlyphs)
-			if splitTables:
-				tableWriter.endtag("ttFont")
-				tableWriter.newline()
-				tableWriter.close()
-		if progress:
-			progress.set((i + 1))
-		writer.endtag("ttFont")
-		writer.newline()
-		# close if 'fileOrPath' is a path; leave it open if it's a file.
-		# The special string "-" means standard output so leave that open too
-		if not hasattr(fileOrPath, "write") and fileOrPath != "-":
-			writer.close()
-
-	def _tableToXML(self, writer, tag, progress, splitGlyphs=False, quiet=None):
-		if quiet is not None:
-			deprecateArgument("quiet", "configure logging instead")
-		if tag in self:
-			table = self[tag]
-			report = "Dumping '%s' table..." % tag
-		else:
-			report = "No '%s' table found." % tag
-		if progress:
-			progress.setLabel(report)
-		log.info(report)
-		if tag not in self:
-			return
-		xmlTag = tagToXML(tag)
-		attrs = dict()
-		if hasattr(table, "ERROR"):
-			attrs['ERROR'] = "decompilation error"
-		from .tables.DefaultTable import DefaultTable
-		if table.__class__ == DefaultTable:
-			attrs['raw'] = True
-		writer.begintag(xmlTag, **attrs)
-		writer.newline()
-		if tag == "glyf":
-			table.toXML(writer, self, progress, splitGlyphs)
-		elif tag == "CFF ":
-			table.toXML(writer, self, progress)
-		else:
-			table.toXML(writer, self)
-		writer.endtag(xmlTag)
-		writer.newline()
-		writer.newline()
-
-	def importXML(self, fileOrPath, progress=None, quiet=None):
-		"""Import a TTX file (an XML-based text format), so as to recreate
-		a font object.
-		"""
-		if quiet is not None:
-			deprecateArgument("quiet", "configure logging instead")
-
-		if "maxp" in self and "post" in self:
-			# Make sure the glyph order is loaded, as it otherwise gets
-			# lost if the XML doesn't contain the glyph order, yet does
-			# contain the table which was originally used to extract the
-			# glyph names from (ie. 'post', 'cmap' or 'CFF ').
-			self.getGlyphOrder()
-
-		from fontTools.misc import xmlReader
-
-		reader = xmlReader.XMLReader(fileOrPath, self, progress)
-		reader.read()
-
-	def isLoaded(self, tag):
-		"""Return true if the table identified by 'tag' has been
-		decompiled and loaded into memory."""
-		return tag in self.tables
-
-	def has_key(self, tag):
-		if self.isLoaded(tag):
-			return True
-		elif self.reader and tag in self.reader:
-			return True
-		elif tag == "GlyphOrder":
-			return True
-		else:
-			return False
-
-	__contains__ = has_key
-
-	def keys(self):
-		keys = list(self.tables.keys())
-		if self.reader:
-			for key in list(self.reader.keys()):
-				if key not in keys:
-					keys.append(key)
-
-		if "GlyphOrder" in keys:
-			keys.remove("GlyphOrder")
-		keys = sortedTagList(keys)
-		return ["GlyphOrder"] + keys
-
-	def __len__(self):
-		return len(list(self.keys()))
-
-	def __getitem__(self, tag):
-		tag = Tag(tag)
-		try:
-			return self.tables[tag]
-		except KeyError:
-			if tag == "GlyphOrder":
-				table = GlyphOrder(tag)
-				self.tables[tag] = table
-				return table
-			if self.reader is not None:
-				import traceback
-				log.debug("Reading '%s' table from disk", tag)
-				data = self.reader[tag]
-				tableClass = getTableClass(tag)
-				table = tableClass(tag)
-				self.tables[tag] = table
-				log.debug("Decompiling '%s' table", tag)
-				try:
-					table.decompile(data, self)
-				except:
-					if not self.ignoreDecompileErrors:
-						raise
-					# fall back to DefaultTable, retaining the binary table data
-					log.exception(
-						"An exception occurred during the decompilation of the '%s' table", tag)
-					from .tables.DefaultTable import DefaultTable
-					file = StringIO()
-					traceback.print_exc(file=file)
-					table = DefaultTable(tag)
-					table.ERROR = file.getvalue()
-					self.tables[tag] = table
-					table.decompile(data, self)
-				return table
-			else:
-				raise KeyError("'%s' table not found" % tag)
-
-	def __setitem__(self, tag, table):
-		self.tables[Tag(tag)] = table
-
-	def __delitem__(self, tag):
-		if tag not in self:
-			raise KeyError("'%s' table not found" % tag)
-		if tag in self.tables:
-			del self.tables[tag]
-		if self.reader and tag in self.reader:
-			del self.reader[tag]
-
-	def get(self, tag, default=None):
-		try:
-			return self[tag]
-		except KeyError:
-			return default
-
-	def setGlyphOrder(self, glyphOrder):
-		self.glyphOrder = glyphOrder
-
-	def getGlyphOrder(self):
-		try:
-			return self.glyphOrder
-		except AttributeError:
-			pass
-		if 'CFF ' in self:
-			cff = self['CFF ']
-			self.glyphOrder = cff.getGlyphOrder()
-		elif 'post' in self:
-			# TrueType font
-			glyphOrder = self['post'].getGlyphOrder()
-			if glyphOrder is None:
-				#
-				# No names found in the 'post' table.
-				# Try to create glyph names from the unicode cmap (if available)
-				# in combination with the Adobe Glyph List (AGL).
-				#
-				self._getGlyphNamesFromCmap()
-			else:
-				self.glyphOrder = glyphOrder
-		else:
-			self._getGlyphNamesFromCmap()
-		return self.glyphOrder
-
-	def _getGlyphNamesFromCmap(self):
-		#
-		# This is rather convoluted, but then again, it's an interesting problem:
-		# - we need to use the unicode values found in the cmap table to
-		#   build glyph names (eg. because there is only a minimal post table,
-		#   or none at all).
-		# - but the cmap parser also needs glyph names to work with...
-		# So here's what we do:
-		# - make up glyph names based on glyphID
-		# - load a temporary cmap table based on those names
-		# - extract the unicode values, build the "real" glyph names
-		# - unload the temporary cmap table
-		#
-		if self.isLoaded("cmap"):
-			# Bootstrapping: we're getting called by the cmap parser
-			# itself. This means self.tables['cmap'] contains a partially
-			# loaded cmap, making it impossible to get at a unicode
-			# subtable here. We remove the partially loaded cmap and
-			# restore it later.
-			# This only happens if the cmap table is loaded before any
-			# other table that does f.getGlyphOrder()  or f.getGlyphName().
-			cmapLoading = self.tables['cmap']
-			del self.tables['cmap']
-		else:
-			cmapLoading = None
-		# Make up glyph names based on glyphID, which will be used by the
-		# temporary cmap and by the real cmap in case we don't find a unicode
-		# cmap.
-		numGlyphs = int(self['maxp'].numGlyphs)
-		glyphOrder = [None] * numGlyphs
-		glyphOrder[0] = ".notdef"
-		for i in range(1, numGlyphs):
-			glyphOrder[i] = "glyph%.5d" % i
-		# Set the glyph order, so the cmap parser has something
-		# to work with (so we don't get called recursively).
-		self.glyphOrder = glyphOrder
-
-		# Make up glyph names based on the reversed cmap table. Because some
-		# glyphs (eg. ligatures or alternates) may not be reachable via cmap,
-		# this naming table will usually not cover all glyphs in the font.
-		# If the font has no Unicode cmap table, reversecmap will be empty.
-		reversecmap = self['cmap'].buildReversed()
-		useCount = {}
-		for i in range(numGlyphs):
-			tempName = glyphOrder[i]
-			if tempName in reversecmap:
-				# If a font maps both U+0041 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A and
-				# U+0391 GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA to the same glyph,
-				# we prefer naming the glyph as "A".
-				glyphName = self._makeGlyphName(min(reversecmap[tempName]))
-				numUses = useCount[glyphName] = useCount.get(glyphName, 0) + 1
-				if numUses > 1:
-					glyphName = "%s.alt%d" % (glyphName, numUses - 1)
-				glyphOrder[i] = glyphName
-
-		# Delete the temporary cmap table from the cache, so it can
-		# be parsed again with the right names.
-		del self.tables['cmap']
-		self.glyphOrder = glyphOrder
-		if cmapLoading:
-			# restore partially loaded cmap, so it can continue loading
-			# using the proper names.
-			self.tables['cmap'] = cmapLoading
-
-	@staticmethod
-	def _makeGlyphName(codepoint):
-		from fontTools import agl  # Adobe Glyph List
-		if codepoint in agl.UV2AGL:
-			return agl.UV2AGL[codepoint]
-		elif codepoint <= 0xFFFF:
-			return "uni%04X" % codepoint
-		else:
-			return "u%X" % codepoint
-
-	def getGlyphNames(self):
-		"""Get a list of glyph names, sorted alphabetically."""
-		glyphNames = sorted(self.getGlyphOrder())
-		return glyphNames
-
-	def getGlyphNames2(self):
-		"""Get a list of glyph names, sorted alphabetically,
-		but not case sensitive.
-		"""
-		from fontTools.misc import textTools
-		return textTools.caselessSort(self.getGlyphOrder())
-
-	def getGlyphName(self, glyphID, requireReal=False):
-		try:
-			return self.getGlyphOrder()[glyphID]
-		except IndexError:
-			if requireReal or not self.allowVID:
-				# XXX The ??.W8.otf font that ships with OSX uses higher glyphIDs in
-				# the cmap table than there are glyphs. I don't think it's legal...
-				return "glyph%.5d" % glyphID
-			else:
-				# user intends virtual GID support
-				try:
-					glyphName = self.VIDDict[glyphID]
-				except KeyError:
-					glyphName  ="glyph%.5d" % glyphID
-					self.last_vid = min(glyphID, self.last_vid )
-					self.reverseVIDDict[glyphName] = glyphID
-					self.VIDDict[glyphID] = glyphName
-				return glyphName
-
-	def getGlyphID(self, glyphName, requireReal=False):
-		if not hasattr(self, "_reverseGlyphOrderDict"):
-			self._buildReverseGlyphOrderDict()
-		glyphOrder = self.getGlyphOrder()
-		d = self._reverseGlyphOrderDict
-		if glyphName not in d:
-			if glyphName in glyphOrder:
-				self._buildReverseGlyphOrderDict()
-				return self.getGlyphID(glyphName)
-			else:
-				if requireReal:
-					raise KeyError(glyphName)
-				elif not self.allowVID:
-					# Handle glyphXXX only
-					if glyphName[:5] == "glyph":
-						try:
-							return int(glyphName[5:])
-						except (NameError, ValueError):
-							raise KeyError(glyphName)
-				else:
-					# user intends virtual GID support
-					try:
-						glyphID = self.reverseVIDDict[glyphName]
-					except KeyError:
-						# if name is in glyphXXX format, use the specified name.
-						if glyphName[:5] == "glyph":
-							try:
-								glyphID = int(glyphName[5:])
-							except (NameError, ValueError):
-								glyphID = None
-						if glyphID is None:
-							glyphID = self.last_vid -1
-							self.last_vid = glyphID
-						self.reverseVIDDict[glyphName] = glyphID
-						self.VIDDict[glyphID] = glyphName
-					return glyphID
-
-		glyphID = d[glyphName]
-		if glyphName != glyphOrder[glyphID]:
-			self._buildReverseGlyphOrderDict()
-			return self.getGlyphID(glyphName)
-		return glyphID
-
-	def getReverseGlyphMap(self, rebuild=False):
-		if rebuild or not hasattr(self, "_reverseGlyphOrderDict"):
-			self._buildReverseGlyphOrderDict()
-		return self._reverseGlyphOrderDict
-
-	def _buildReverseGlyphOrderDict(self):
-		self._reverseGlyphOrderDict = d = {}
-		glyphOrder = self.getGlyphOrder()
-		for glyphID in range(len(glyphOrder)):
-			d[glyphOrder[glyphID]] = glyphID
-
-	def _writeTable(self, tag, writer, done):
-		"""Internal helper function for self.save(). Keeps track of
-		inter-table dependencies.
-		"""
-		if tag in done:
-			return
-		tableClass = getTableClass(tag)
-		for masterTable in tableClass.dependencies:
-			if masterTable not in done:
-				if masterTable in self:
-					self._writeTable(masterTable, writer, done)
-				else:
-					done.append(masterTable)
-		tabledata = self.getTableData(tag)
-		log.debug("writing '%s' table to disk", tag)
-		writer[tag] = tabledata
-		done.append(tag)
-
-	def getTableData(self, tag):
-		"""Returns raw table data, whether compiled or directly read from disk.
-		"""
-		tag = Tag(tag)
-		if self.isLoaded(tag):
-			log.debug("compiling '%s' table", tag)
-			return self.tables[tag].compile(self)
-		elif self.reader and tag in self.reader:
-			log.debug("Reading '%s' table from disk", tag)
-			return self.reader[tag]
-		else:
-			raise KeyError(tag)
-
-	def getGlyphSet(self, preferCFF=True):
-		"""Return a generic GlyphSet, which is a dict-like object
-		mapping glyph names to glyph objects. The returned glyph objects
-		have a .draw() method that supports the Pen protocol, and will
-		have an attribute named 'width'.
-
-		If the font is CFF-based, the outlines will be taken from the 'CFF ' or
-		'CFF2' tables. Otherwise the outlines will be taken from the 'glyf' table.
-		If the font contains both a 'CFF '/'CFF2' and a 'glyf' table, you can use
-		the 'preferCFF' argument to specify which one should be taken. If the
-		font contains both a 'CFF ' and a 'CFF2' table, the latter is taken.
-		"""
-		glyphs = None
-		if (preferCFF and any(tb in self for tb in ["CFF ", "CFF2"]) or
-		   ("glyf" not in self and any(tb in self for tb in ["CFF ", "CFF2"]))):
-			table_tag = "CFF2" if "CFF2" in self else "CFF "
-			glyphs = _TTGlyphSet(self,
-			    list(self[table_tag].cff.values())[0].CharStrings, _TTGlyphCFF)
-
-		if glyphs is None and "glyf" in self:
-			glyphs = _TTGlyphSet(self, self["glyf"], _TTGlyphGlyf)
-
-		if glyphs is None:
-			raise TTLibError("Font contains no outlines")
-
-		return glyphs
-
-	def getBestCmap(self, cmapPreferences=((3, 10), (0, 6), (0, 4), (3, 1), (0, 3), (0, 2), (0, 1), (0, 0))):
-		"""Return the 'best' unicode cmap dictionary available in the font,
-		or None, if no unicode cmap subtable is available.
-
-		By default it will search for the following (platformID, platEncID)
-		pairs:
-			(3, 10), (0, 6), (0, 4), (3, 1), (0, 3), (0, 2), (0, 1), (0, 0)
-		This can be customized via the cmapPreferences argument.
-		"""
-		return self["cmap"].getBestCmap(cmapPreferences=cmapPreferences)
-
-
-class _TTGlyphSet(object):
-
-	"""Generic dict-like GlyphSet class that pulls metrics from hmtx and
-	glyph shape from TrueType or CFF.
-	"""
-
-	def __init__(self, ttFont, glyphs, glyphType):
-		self._glyphs = glyphs
-		self._hmtx = ttFont['hmtx']
-		self._vmtx = ttFont['vmtx'] if 'vmtx' in ttFont else None
-		self._glyphType = glyphType
-
-	def keys(self):
-		return list(self._glyphs.keys())
-
-	def has_key(self, glyphName):
-		return glyphName in self._glyphs
-
-	__contains__ = has_key
-
-	def __getitem__(self, glyphName):
-		horizontalMetrics = self._hmtx[glyphName]
-		verticalMetrics = self._vmtx[glyphName] if self._vmtx else None
-		return self._glyphType(
-			self, self._glyphs[glyphName], horizontalMetrics, verticalMetrics)
-
-	def get(self, glyphName, default=None):
-		try:
-			return self[glyphName]
-		except KeyError:
-			return default
-
-class _TTGlyph(object):
-
-	"""Wrapper for a TrueType glyph that supports the Pen protocol, meaning
-	that it has a .draw() method that takes a pen object as its only
-	argument. Additionally there are 'width' and 'lsb' attributes, read from
-	the 'hmtx' table.
-
-	If the font contains a 'vmtx' table, there will also be 'height' and 'tsb'
-	attributes.
-	"""
-
-	def __init__(self, glyphset, glyph, horizontalMetrics, verticalMetrics=None):
-		self._glyphset = glyphset
-		self._glyph = glyph
-		self.width, self.lsb = horizontalMetrics
-		if verticalMetrics:
-			self.height, self.tsb = verticalMetrics
-		else:
-			self.height, self.tsb = None, None
-
-	def draw(self, pen):
-		"""Draw the glyph onto Pen. See fontTools.pens.basePen for details
-		how that works.
-		"""
-		self._glyph.draw(pen)
-
-class _TTGlyphCFF(_TTGlyph):
-	pass
-
-class _TTGlyphGlyf(_TTGlyph):
-
-	def draw(self, pen):
-		"""Draw the glyph onto Pen. See fontTools.pens.basePen for details
-		how that works.
-		"""
-		glyfTable = self._glyphset._glyphs
-		glyph = self._glyph
-		offset = self.lsb - glyph.xMin if hasattr(glyph, "xMin") else 0
-		glyph.draw(pen, glyfTable, offset)
-
-
-class GlyphOrder(object):
-
-	"""A pseudo table. The glyph order isn't in the font as a separate
-	table, but it's nice to present it as such in the TTX format.
-	"""
-
-	def __init__(self, tag=None):
-		pass
-
-	def toXML(self, writer, ttFont):
-		glyphOrder = ttFont.getGlyphOrder()
-		writer.comment("The 'id' attribute is only for humans; "
-				"it is ignored when parsed.")
-		writer.newline()
-		for i in range(len(glyphOrder)):
-			glyphName = glyphOrder[i]
-			writer.simpletag("GlyphID", id=i, name=glyphName)
-			writer.newline()
-
-	def fromXML(self, name, attrs, content, ttFont):
-		if not hasattr(self, "glyphOrder"):
-			self.glyphOrder = []
-			ttFont.setGlyphOrder(self.glyphOrder)
-		if name == "GlyphID":
-			self.glyphOrder.append(attrs["name"])
-
-
-def getTableModule(tag):
-	"""Fetch the packer/unpacker module for a table.
-	Return None when no module is found.
-	"""
-	from . import tables
-	pyTag = tagToIdentifier(tag)
-	try:
-		__import__("fontTools.ttLib.tables." + pyTag)
-	except ImportError as err:
-		# If pyTag is found in the ImportError message,
-		# means table is not implemented.  If it's not
-		# there, then some other module is missing, don't
-		# suppress the error.
-		if str(err).find(pyTag) >= 0:
-			return None
-		else:
-			raise err
-	else:
-		return getattr(tables, pyTag)
-
-
-def getTableClass(tag):
-	"""Fetch the packer/unpacker class for a table.
-	Return None when no class is found.
-	"""
-	module = getTableModule(tag)
-	if module is None:
-		from .tables.DefaultTable import DefaultTable
-		return DefaultTable
-	pyTag = tagToIdentifier(tag)
-	tableClass = getattr(module, "table_" + pyTag)
-	return tableClass
-
-
-def getClassTag(klass):
-	"""Fetch the table tag for a class object."""
-	name = klass.__name__
-	assert name[:6] == 'table_'
-	name = name[6:] # Chop 'table_'
-	return identifierToTag(name)
-
-
-def newTable(tag):
-	"""Return a new instance of a table."""
-	tableClass = getTableClass(tag)
-	return tableClass(tag)
-
-
-def _escapechar(c):
-	"""Helper function for tagToIdentifier()"""
-	import re
-	if re.match("[a-z0-9]", c):
-		return "_" + c
-	elif re.match("[A-Z]", c):
-		return c + "_"
-	else:
-		return hex(byteord(c))[2:]
-
-
-def nameToIdentifier(name):
-	"""Convert a name to a valid (but UGLY) python identifier,
-	as well as a filename that's guaranteed to be unique even on a
-	caseless file system. Each character is mapped to two characters.
-	Lowercase letters get an underscore before the letter, uppercase
-	letters get an underscore after the letter. Trailing spaces are
-	trimmed. Illegal characters are escaped as two hex bytes. If the
-	result starts with a number (as the result of a hex escape), an
-	extra underscore is prepended. Examples:
-		'glyf' -> '_g_l_y_f'
-		'cvt ' -> '_c_v_t'
-		'OS/2' -> 'O_S_2f_2'
-	"""
-	import re
-	while len(name) > 1 and name[-1] == ' ':
-		name = name[:-1]
-	ident = ""
-	for c in name:
-		ident = ident + _escapechar(c)
-	if re.match("[0-9]", ident):
-		ident = "_" + ident
-	return ident
-
-def tagToIdentifier(tag):
-	"""This performs the same conversion which nameToIdentifiier does
-	with the additional assertion that the source tag is 4 characters
-	long which is criteria for a valid tag name.
-	"""
-	if tag == "GlyphOrder":
-		return tag
-	ret = nameToIdentifier(tag)
-	assert len(tag) == 4, "tag should be 4 characters long"
-	return ret
-
-def identifierToTag(ident):
-	"""the opposite of tagToIdentifier()"""
-	if ident == "GlyphOrder":
-		return ident
-	if len(ident) % 2 and ident[0] == "_":
-		ident = ident[1:]
-	assert not (len(ident) % 2)
-	tag = ""
-	for i in range(0, len(ident), 2):
-		if ident[i] == "_":
-			tag = tag + ident[i+1]
-		elif ident[i+1] == "_":
-			tag = tag + ident[i]
-		else:
-			# assume hex
-			tag = tag + chr(int(ident[i:i+2], 16))
-	# append trailing spaces
-	tag = tag + (4 - len(tag)) * ' '
-	return Tag(tag)
-
-
-def tagToXML(tag):
-	"""Similarly to tagToIdentifier(), this converts a TT tag
-	to a valid XML element name. Since XML element names are
-	case sensitive, this is a fairly simple/readable translation.
-	"""
-	import re
-	tag = Tag(tag)
-	if tag == "OS/2":
-		return "OS_2"
-	elif tag == "GlyphOrder":
-		return tag
-	if re.match("[A-Za-z_][A-Za-z_0-9]* *$", tag):
-		return tag.strip()
-	else:
-		return tagToIdentifier(tag)
-
-
-def xmlToTag(tag):
-	"""The opposite of tagToXML()"""
-	if tag == "OS_2":
-		return Tag("OS/2")
-	if len(tag) == 8:
-		return identifierToTag(tag)
-	else:
-		return Tag(tag + " " * (4 - len(tag)))
-
-
 @deprecateFunction("use logging instead", category=DeprecationWarning)
 def debugmsg(msg):
 	import time
 	print(msg + time.strftime("  (%H:%M:%S)", time.localtime(time.time())))
 
-
-# Table order as recommended in the OpenType specification 1.4
-TTFTableOrder = ["head", "hhea", "maxp", "OS/2", "hmtx", "LTSH", "VDMX",
-				"hdmx", "cmap", "fpgm", "prep", "cvt ", "loca", "glyf",
-				"kern", "name", "post", "gasp", "PCLT"]
-
-OTFTableOrder = ["head", "hhea", "maxp", "OS/2", "name", "cmap", "post",
-				"CFF "]
-
-def sortedTagList(tagList, tableOrder=None):
-	"""Return a sorted copy of tagList, sorted according to the OpenType
-	specification, or according to a custom tableOrder. If given and not
-	None, tableOrder needs to be a list of tag names.
-	"""
-	tagList = sorted(tagList)
-	if tableOrder is None:
-		if "DSIG" in tagList:
-			# DSIG should be last (XXX spec reference?)
-			tagList.remove("DSIG")
-			tagList.append("DSIG")
-		if "CFF " in tagList:
-			tableOrder = OTFTableOrder
-		else:
-			tableOrder = TTFTableOrder
-	orderedTables = []
-	for tag in tableOrder:
-		if tag in tagList:
-			orderedTables.append(tag)
-			tagList.remove(tag)
-	orderedTables.extend(tagList)
-	return orderedTables
-
-
-def reorderFontTables(inFile, outFile, tableOrder=None, checkChecksums=False):
-	"""Rewrite a font file, ordering the tables as recommended by the
-	OpenType specification 1.4.
-	"""
-	from fontTools.ttLib.sfnt import SFNTReader, SFNTWriter
-	reader = SFNTReader(inFile, checkChecksums=checkChecksums)
-	writer = SFNTWriter(outFile, len(reader.tables), reader.sfntVersion, reader.flavor, reader.flavorData)
-	tables = list(reader.keys())
-	for tag in sortedTagList(tables, tableOrder):
-		writer[tag] = reader[tag]
-	writer.close()
-
-
-def maxPowerOfTwo(x):
-	"""Return the highest exponent of two, so that
-	(2 ** exponent) <= x.  Return 0 if x is 0.
-	"""
-	exponent = 0
-	while x:
-		x = x >> 1
-		exponent = exponent + 1
-	return max(exponent - 1, 0)
-
-
-def getSearchRange(n, itemSize=16):
-	"""Calculate searchRange, entrySelector, rangeShift.
-	"""
-	# itemSize defaults to 16, for backward compatibility
-	# with upstream fonttools.
-	exponent = maxPowerOfTwo(n)
-	searchRange = (2 ** exponent) * itemSize
-	entrySelector = exponent
-	rangeShift = max(0, n * itemSize - searchRange)
-	return searchRange, entrySelector, rangeShift
+from fontTools.ttLib.ttFont import *
+from fontTools.ttLib.ttCollection import TTCollection
diff --git a/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/macUtils.py b/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/macUtils.py
index 17dd5ef..496fb67 100644
--- a/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/macUtils.py
+++ b/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/macUtils.py
@@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
 """ttLib.macUtils.py -- Various Mac-specific stuff."""
-from __future__ import print_function, division, absolute_import
-from fontTools.misc.py23 import *
+from io import BytesIO
 from fontTools.misc.macRes import ResourceReader, ResourceError
 
 
@@ -41,7 +40,7 @@
 	def __init__(self, path, res_name_or_index):
 		from fontTools import ttLib
 		reader = ResourceReader(path)
-		if isinstance(res_name_or_index, basestring):
+		if isinstance(res_name_or_index, str):
 			rsrc = reader.getNamedResource('sfnt', res_name_or_index)
 		else:
 			rsrc = reader.getIndResource('sfnt', res_name_or_index)
diff --git a/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/removeOverlaps.py b/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/removeOverlaps.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..624cd47
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/removeOverlaps.py
@@ -0,0 +1,248 @@
+""" Simplify TrueType glyphs by merging overlapping contours/components.
+
+Requires https://github.com/fonttools/skia-pathops
+"""
+
+import itertools
+import logging
+from typing import Callable, Iterable, Optional, Mapping
+
+from fontTools.misc.roundTools import otRound
+from fontTools.ttLib import ttFont
+from fontTools.ttLib.tables import _g_l_y_f
+from fontTools.ttLib.tables import _h_m_t_x
+from fontTools.pens.ttGlyphPen import TTGlyphPen
+
+import pathops
+
+
+__all__ = ["removeOverlaps"]
+
+
+class RemoveOverlapsError(Exception):
+    pass
+
+
+log = logging.getLogger("fontTools.ttLib.removeOverlaps")
+
+_TTGlyphMapping = Mapping[str, ttFont._TTGlyph]
+
+
+def skPathFromGlyph(glyphName: str, glyphSet: _TTGlyphMapping) -> pathops.Path:
+    path = pathops.Path()
+    pathPen = path.getPen(glyphSet=glyphSet)
+    glyphSet[glyphName].draw(pathPen)
+    return path
+
+
+def skPathFromGlyphComponent(
+    component: _g_l_y_f.GlyphComponent, glyphSet: _TTGlyphMapping
+):
+    baseGlyphName, transformation = component.getComponentInfo()
+    path = skPathFromGlyph(baseGlyphName, glyphSet)
+    return path.transform(*transformation)
+
+
+def componentsOverlap(glyph: _g_l_y_f.Glyph, glyphSet: _TTGlyphMapping) -> bool:
+    if not glyph.isComposite():
+        raise ValueError("This method only works with TrueType composite glyphs")
+    if len(glyph.components) < 2:
+        return False  # single component, no overlaps
+
+    component_paths = {}
+
+    def _get_nth_component_path(index: int) -> pathops.Path:
+        if index not in component_paths:
+            component_paths[index] = skPathFromGlyphComponent(
+                glyph.components[index], glyphSet
+            )
+        return component_paths[index]
+
+    return any(
+        pathops.op(
+            _get_nth_component_path(i),
+            _get_nth_component_path(j),
+            pathops.PathOp.INTERSECTION,
+            fix_winding=False,
+            keep_starting_points=False,
+        )
+        for i, j in itertools.combinations(range(len(glyph.components)), 2)
+    )
+
+
+def ttfGlyphFromSkPath(path: pathops.Path) -> _g_l_y_f.Glyph:
+    # Skia paths have no 'components', no need for glyphSet
+    ttPen = TTGlyphPen(glyphSet=None)
+    path.draw(ttPen)
+    glyph = ttPen.glyph()
+    assert not glyph.isComposite()
+    # compute glyph.xMin (glyfTable parameter unused for non composites)
+    glyph.recalcBounds(glyfTable=None)
+    return glyph
+
+
+def _round_path(
+    path: pathops.Path, round: Callable[[float], float] = otRound
+) -> pathops.Path:
+    rounded_path = pathops.Path()
+    for verb, points in path:
+        rounded_path.add(verb, *((round(p[0]), round(p[1])) for p in points))
+    return rounded_path
+
+
+def _simplify(path: pathops.Path, debugGlyphName: str) -> pathops.Path:
+    # skia-pathops has a bug where it sometimes fails to simplify paths when there
+    # are float coordinates and control points are very close to one another.
+    # Rounding coordinates to integers works around the bug.
+    # Since we are going to round glyf coordinates later on anyway, here it is
+    # ok(-ish) to also round before simplify. Better than failing the whole process
+    # for the entire font.
+    # https://bugs.chromium.org/p/skia/issues/detail?id=11958
+    # https://github.com/google/fonts/issues/3365
+    # TODO(anthrotype): remove once this Skia bug is fixed
+    try:
+        return pathops.simplify(path, clockwise=path.clockwise)
+    except pathops.PathOpsError:
+        pass
+
+    path = _round_path(path)
+    try:
+        path = pathops.simplify(path, clockwise=path.clockwise)
+        log.debug(
+            "skia-pathops failed to simplify '%s' with float coordinates, "
+            "but succeded using rounded integer coordinates",
+            debugGlyphName,
+        )
+        return path
+    except pathops.PathOpsError as e:
+        if log.isEnabledFor(logging.DEBUG):
+            path.dump()
+        raise RemoveOverlapsError(
+            f"Failed to remove overlaps from glyph {debugGlyphName!r}"
+        ) from e
+
+    raise AssertionError("Unreachable")
+
+
+def removeTTGlyphOverlaps(
+    glyphName: str,
+    glyphSet: _TTGlyphMapping,
+    glyfTable: _g_l_y_f.table__g_l_y_f,
+    hmtxTable: _h_m_t_x.table__h_m_t_x,
+    removeHinting: bool = True,
+) -> bool:
+    glyph = glyfTable[glyphName]
+    # decompose composite glyphs only if components overlap each other
+    if (
+        glyph.numberOfContours > 0
+        or glyph.isComposite()
+        and componentsOverlap(glyph, glyphSet)
+    ):
+        path = skPathFromGlyph(glyphName, glyphSet)
+
+        # remove overlaps
+        path2 = _simplify(path, glyphName)
+
+        # replace TTGlyph if simplified path is different (ignoring contour order)
+        if {tuple(c) for c in path.contours} != {tuple(c) for c in path2.contours}:
+            glyfTable[glyphName] = glyph = ttfGlyphFromSkPath(path2)
+            # simplified glyph is always unhinted
+            assert not glyph.program
+            # also ensure hmtx LSB == glyph.xMin so glyph origin is at x=0
+            width, lsb = hmtxTable[glyphName]
+            if lsb != glyph.xMin:
+                hmtxTable[glyphName] = (width, glyph.xMin)
+            return True
+
+    if removeHinting:
+        glyph.removeHinting()
+    return False
+
+
+def removeOverlaps(
+    font: ttFont.TTFont,
+    glyphNames: Optional[Iterable[str]] = None,
+    removeHinting: bool = True,
+    ignoreErrors=False,
+) -> None:
+    """Simplify glyphs in TTFont by merging overlapping contours.
+
+    Overlapping components are first decomposed to simple contours, then merged.
+
+    Currently this only works with TrueType fonts with 'glyf' table.
+    Raises NotImplementedError if 'glyf' table is absent.
+
+    Note that removing overlaps invalidates the hinting. By default we drop hinting
+    from all glyphs whether or not overlaps are removed from a given one, as it would
+    look weird if only some glyphs are left (un)hinted.
+
+    Args:
+        font: input TTFont object, modified in place.
+        glyphNames: optional iterable of glyph names (str) to remove overlaps from.
+            By default, all glyphs in the font are processed.
+        removeHinting (bool): set to False to keep hinting for unmodified glyphs.
+        ignoreErrors (bool): set to True to ignore errors while removing overlaps,
+            thus keeping the tricky glyphs unchanged (fonttools/fonttools#2363).
+    """
+    try:
+        glyfTable = font["glyf"]
+    except KeyError:
+        raise NotImplementedError("removeOverlaps currently only works with TTFs")
+
+    hmtxTable = font["hmtx"]
+    # wraps the underlying glyf Glyphs, takes care of interfacing with drawing pens
+    glyphSet = font.getGlyphSet()
+
+    if glyphNames is None:
+        glyphNames = font.getGlyphOrder()
+
+    # process all simple glyphs first, then composites with increasing component depth,
+    # so that by the time we test for component intersections the respective base glyphs
+    # have already been simplified
+    glyphNames = sorted(
+        glyphNames,
+        key=lambda name: (
+            glyfTable[name].getCompositeMaxpValues(glyfTable).maxComponentDepth
+            if glyfTable[name].isComposite()
+            else 0,
+            name,
+        ),
+    )
+    modified = set()
+    for glyphName in glyphNames:
+        try:
+            if removeTTGlyphOverlaps(
+                glyphName, glyphSet, glyfTable, hmtxTable, removeHinting
+            ):
+                modified.add(glyphName)
+        except RemoveOverlapsError:
+            if not ignoreErrors:
+                raise
+            log.error("Failed to remove overlaps for '%s'", glyphName)
+
+    log.debug("Removed overlaps for %s glyphs:\n%s", len(modified), " ".join(modified))
+
+
+def main(args=None):
+    import sys
+
+    if args is None:
+        args = sys.argv[1:]
+
+    if len(args) < 2:
+        print(
+            f"usage: fonttools ttLib.removeOverlaps INPUT.ttf OUTPUT.ttf [GLYPHS ...]"
+        )
+        sys.exit(1)
+
+    src = args[0]
+    dst = args[1]
+    glyphNames = args[2:] or None
+
+    with ttFont.TTFont(src) as f:
+        removeOverlaps(f, glyphNames)
+        f.save(dst)
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    main()
diff --git a/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/sfnt.py b/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/sfnt.py
index 60df7e3..d609dc5 100644
--- a/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/sfnt.py
+++ b/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/sfnt.py
@@ -12,10 +12,11 @@
 a table's length chages you need to rewrite the whole file anyway.
 """
 
-from __future__ import print_function, division, absolute_import
-from fontTools.misc.py23 import *
+from io import BytesIO
+from types import SimpleNamespace
+from fontTools.misc.py23 import Tag
 from fontTools.misc import sstruct
-from fontTools.ttLib import getSearchRange
+from fontTools.ttLib import TTLibError
 import struct
 from collections import OrderedDict
 import logging
@@ -32,6 +33,7 @@
 		"""
 		if args and cls is SFNTReader:
 			infile = args[0]
+			infile.seek(0)
 			sfntVersion = Tag(infile.read(4))
 			infile.seek(0)
 			if sfntVersion == "wOF2":
@@ -41,53 +43,43 @@
 		# return default object
 		return object.__new__(cls)
 
-	def __init__(self, file, checkChecksums=1, fontNumber=-1):
+	def __init__(self, file, checkChecksums=0, fontNumber=-1):
 		self.file = file
 		self.checkChecksums = checkChecksums
 
 		self.flavor = None
 		self.flavorData = None
 		self.DirectoryEntry = SFNTDirectoryEntry
+		self.file.seek(0)
 		self.sfntVersion = self.file.read(4)
 		self.file.seek(0)
 		if self.sfntVersion == b"ttcf":
-			data = self.file.read(ttcHeaderSize)
-			if len(data) != ttcHeaderSize:
-				from fontTools import ttLib
-				raise ttLib.TTLibError("Not a Font Collection (not enough data)")
-			sstruct.unpack(ttcHeaderFormat, data, self)
-			assert self.Version == 0x00010000 or self.Version == 0x00020000, "unrecognized TTC version 0x%08x" % self.Version
-			if not 0 <= fontNumber < self.numFonts:
-				from fontTools import ttLib
-				raise ttLib.TTLibError("specify a font number between 0 and %d (inclusive)" % (self.numFonts - 1))
-			offsetTable = struct.unpack(">%dL" % self.numFonts, self.file.read(self.numFonts * 4))
-			if self.Version == 0x00020000:
-				pass # ignoring version 2.0 signatures
-			self.file.seek(offsetTable[fontNumber])
+			header = readTTCHeader(self.file)
+			numFonts = header.numFonts
+			if not 0 <= fontNumber < numFonts:
+				raise TTLibError("specify a font number between 0 and %d (inclusive)" % (numFonts - 1))
+			self.numFonts = numFonts
+			self.file.seek(header.offsetTable[fontNumber])
 			data = self.file.read(sfntDirectorySize)
 			if len(data) != sfntDirectorySize:
-				from fontTools import ttLib
-				raise ttLib.TTLibError("Not a Font Collection (not enough data)")
+				raise TTLibError("Not a Font Collection (not enough data)")
 			sstruct.unpack(sfntDirectoryFormat, data, self)
 		elif self.sfntVersion == b"wOFF":
 			self.flavor = "woff"
 			self.DirectoryEntry = WOFFDirectoryEntry
 			data = self.file.read(woffDirectorySize)
 			if len(data) != woffDirectorySize:
-				from fontTools import ttLib
-				raise ttLib.TTLibError("Not a WOFF font (not enough data)")
+				raise TTLibError("Not a WOFF font (not enough data)")
 			sstruct.unpack(woffDirectoryFormat, data, self)
 		else:
 			data = self.file.read(sfntDirectorySize)
 			if len(data) != sfntDirectorySize:
-				from fontTools import ttLib
-				raise ttLib.TTLibError("Not a TrueType or OpenType font (not enough data)")
+				raise TTLibError("Not a TrueType or OpenType font (not enough data)")
 			sstruct.unpack(sfntDirectoryFormat, data, self)
 		self.sfntVersion = Tag(self.sfntVersion)
 
 		if self.sfntVersion not in ("\x00\x01\x00\x00", "OTTO", "true"):
-			from fontTools import ttLib
-			raise ttLib.TTLibError("Not a TrueType or OpenType font (bad sfntVersion)")
+			raise TTLibError("Not a TrueType or OpenType font (bad sfntVersion)")
 		tables = {}
 		for i in range(self.numTables):
 			entry = self.DirectoryEntry()
@@ -132,6 +124,30 @@
 	def close(self):
 		self.file.close()
 
+	# We define custom __getstate__ and __setstate__ to make SFNTReader pickle-able
+	# and deepcopy-able. When a TTFont is loaded as lazy=True, SFNTReader holds a
+	# reference to an external file object which is not pickleable. So in __getstate__
+	# we store the file name and current position, and in __setstate__ we reopen the
+	# same named file after unpickling.
+
+	def __getstate__(self):
+		if isinstance(self.file, BytesIO):
+			# BytesIO is already pickleable, return the state unmodified
+			return self.__dict__
+
+		# remove unpickleable file attribute, and only store its name and pos
+		state = self.__dict__.copy()
+		del state["file"]
+		state["_filename"] = self.file.name
+		state["_filepos"] = self.file.tell()
+		return state
+
+	def __setstate__(self, state):
+		if "file" not in state:
+			self.file = open(state.pop("_filename"), "rb")
+			self.file.seek(state.pop("_filepos"))
+		self.__dict__.update(state)
+
 
 # default compression level for WOFF 1.0 tables and metadata
 ZLIB_COMPRESSION_LEVEL = 6
@@ -215,20 +231,27 @@
 			self.directorySize = sfntDirectorySize
 			self.DirectoryEntry = SFNTDirectoryEntry
 
+			from fontTools.ttLib import getSearchRange
 			self.searchRange, self.entrySelector, self.rangeShift = getSearchRange(numTables, 16)
 
-		self.nextTableOffset = self.directorySize + numTables * self.DirectoryEntry.formatSize
+		self.directoryOffset = self.file.tell()
+		self.nextTableOffset = self.directoryOffset + self.directorySize + numTables * self.DirectoryEntry.formatSize
 		# clear out directory area
 		self.file.seek(self.nextTableOffset)
 		# make sure we're actually where we want to be. (old cStringIO bug)
 		self.file.write(b'\0' * (self.nextTableOffset - self.file.tell()))
 		self.tables = OrderedDict()
 
+	def setEntry(self, tag, entry):
+		if tag in self.tables:
+			raise TTLibError("cannot rewrite '%s' table" % tag)
+
+		self.tables[tag] = entry
+
 	def __setitem__(self, tag, data):
 		"""Write raw table data to disk."""
 		if tag in self.tables:
-			from fontTools import ttLib
-			raise ttLib.TTLibError("cannot rewrite '%s' table" % tag)
+			raise TTLibError("cannot rewrite '%s' table" % tag)
 
 		entry = self.DirectoryEntry()
 		entry.tag = tag
@@ -253,7 +276,10 @@
 		self.file.write(b'\0' * (self.nextTableOffset - self.file.tell()))
 		assert self.nextTableOffset == self.file.tell()
 
-		self.tables[tag] = entry
+		self.setEntry(tag, entry)
+
+	def __getitem__(self, tag):
+		return self.tables[tag]
 
 	def close(self):
 		"""All tables must have been written to disk. Now write the
@@ -261,8 +287,7 @@
 		"""
 		tables = sorted(self.tables.items())
 		if len(tables) != self.numTables:
-			from fontTools import ttLib
-			raise ttLib.TTLibError("wrong number of tables; expected %d, found %d" % (self.numTables, len(tables)))
+			raise TTLibError("wrong number of tables; expected %d, found %d" % (self.numTables, len(tables)))
 
 		if self.flavor == "woff":
 			self.signature = b"wOFF"
@@ -311,7 +336,7 @@
 
 		directory = sstruct.pack(self.directoryFormat, self)
 
-		self.file.seek(self.directorySize)
+		self.file.seek(self.directoryOffset + self.directorySize)
 		seenHead = 0
 		for tag, entry in tables:
 			if tag == "head":
@@ -319,7 +344,7 @@
 			directory = directory + entry.toString()
 		if seenHead:
 			self.writeMasterChecksum(directory)
-		self.file.seek(0)
+		self.file.seek(self.directoryOffset)
 		self.file.write(directory)
 
 	def _calcMasterChecksum(self, directory):
@@ -331,6 +356,7 @@
 
 		if self.DirectoryEntry != SFNTDirectoryEntry:
 			# Create a SFNT directory for checksum calculation purposes
+			from fontTools.ttLib import getSearchRange
 			self.searchRange, self.entrySelector, self.rangeShift = getSearchRange(self.numTables, 16)
 			directory = sstruct.pack(sfntDirectoryFormat, self)
 			tables = sorted(self.tables.items())
@@ -529,8 +555,7 @@
 				reader.file.seek(reader.metaOffset)
 				rawData = reader.file.read(reader.metaLength)
 				assert len(rawData) == reader.metaLength
-				import zlib
-				data = zlib.decompress(rawData)
+				data = self._decompress(rawData)
 				assert len(data) == reader.metaOrigLength
 				self.metaData = data
 			if reader.privLength:
@@ -539,6 +564,10 @@
 				assert len(data) == reader.privLength
 				self.privData = data
 
+	def _decompress(self, rawData):
+		import zlib
+		return zlib.decompress(rawData)
+
 
 def calcChecksum(data):
 	"""Calculate the checksum for an arbitrary block of data.
@@ -566,6 +595,31 @@
 		value = (value + sum(longs)) & 0xffffffff
 	return value
 
+def readTTCHeader(file):
+	file.seek(0)
+	data = file.read(ttcHeaderSize)
+	if len(data) != ttcHeaderSize:
+		raise TTLibError("Not a Font Collection (not enough data)")
+	self = SimpleNamespace()
+	sstruct.unpack(ttcHeaderFormat, data, self)
+	if self.TTCTag != "ttcf":
+		raise TTLibError("Not a Font Collection")
+	assert self.Version == 0x00010000 or self.Version == 0x00020000, "unrecognized TTC version 0x%08x" % self.Version
+	self.offsetTable = struct.unpack(">%dL" % self.numFonts, file.read(self.numFonts * 4))
+	if self.Version == 0x00020000:
+		pass # ignoring version 2.0 signatures
+	return self
+
+def writeTTCHeader(file, numFonts):
+	self = SimpleNamespace()
+	self.TTCTag = 'ttcf'
+	self.Version = 0x00010000
+	self.numFonts = numFonts
+	file.seek(0)
+	file.write(sstruct.pack(ttcHeaderFormat, self))
+	offset = file.tell()
+	file.write(struct.pack(">%dL" % self.numFonts, *([0] * self.numFonts)))
+	return offset
 
 if __name__ == "__main__":
 	import sys
diff --git a/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/standardGlyphOrder.py b/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/standardGlyphOrder.py
index 510773a..1f980e4 100644
--- a/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/standardGlyphOrder.py
+++ b/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/standardGlyphOrder.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import print_function, division, absolute_import
-from fontTools.misc.py23 import *
-
 #
 # 'post' table formats 1.0 and 2.0 rely on this list of "standard"
 # glyphs.
diff --git a/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/tables/B_A_S_E_.py b/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/tables/B_A_S_E_.py
index 14906b4..9551e2c 100644
--- a/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/tables/B_A_S_E_.py
+++ b/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/tables/B_A_S_E_.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import print_function, division, absolute_import
-from fontTools.misc.py23 import *
 from .otBase import BaseTTXConverter
 
 
diff --git a/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/tables/BitmapGlyphMetrics.py b/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/tables/BitmapGlyphMetrics.py
index 685979a..9197923 100644
--- a/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/tables/BitmapGlyphMetrics.py
+++ b/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/tables/BitmapGlyphMetrics.py
@@ -1,7 +1,5 @@
 # Since bitmap glyph metrics are shared between EBLC and EBDT
 # this class gets its own python file.
-from __future__ import print_function, division, absolute_import
-from fontTools.misc.py23 import *
 from fontTools.misc import sstruct
 from fontTools.misc.textTools import safeEval
 import logging
diff --git a/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/tables/C_B_D_T_.py b/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/tables/C_B_D_T_.py
index ba02910..11bb60b 100644
--- a/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/tables/C_B_D_T_.py
+++ b/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/tables/C_B_D_T_.py
@@ -3,8 +3,7 @@
 # Google Author(s): Matt Fontaine
 
 
-from __future__ import print_function, division, absolute_import
-from fontTools.misc.py23 import *
+from fontTools.misc.py23 import bytesjoin
 from fontTools.misc import sstruct
 from . import E_B_D_T_
 from .BitmapGlyphMetrics import BigGlyphMetrics, bigGlyphMetricsFormat, SmallGlyphMetrics, smallGlyphMetricsFormat
diff --git a/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/tables/C_B_L_C_.py b/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/tables/C_B_L_C_.py
index 3d67dd0..2f78571 100644
--- a/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/tables/C_B_L_C_.py
+++ b/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/tables/C_B_L_C_.py
@@ -2,8 +2,6 @@
 #
 # Google Author(s): Matt Fontaine
 
-from __future__ import print_function, division, absolute_import
-from fontTools.misc.py23 import *
 from . import E_B_L_C_
 
 class table_C_B_L_C_(E_B_L_C_.table_E_B_L_C_):
diff --git a/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/tables/C_F_F_.py b/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/tables/C_F_F_.py
index 126fd89..d12b89d 100644
--- a/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/tables/C_F_F_.py
+++ b/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/tables/C_F_F_.py
@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
-from __future__ import print_function, division, absolute_import
-from fontTools.misc.py23 import *
+from io import BytesIO
 from fontTools import cffLib
 from . import DefaultTable
 
@@ -38,8 +37,8 @@
 		# XXX
 		#self.cff[self.cff.fontNames[0]].setGlyphOrder(glyphOrder)
 
-	def toXML(self, writer, otFont, progress=None):
-		self.cff.toXML(writer, progress)
+	def toXML(self, writer, otFont):
+		self.cff.toXML(writer)
 
 	def fromXML(self, name, attrs, content, otFont):
 		if not hasattr(self, "cff"):
diff --git a/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/tables/C_F_F__2.py b/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/tables/C_F_F__2.py
index 7e30c8f..6217ebb 100644
--- a/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/tables/C_F_F__2.py
+++ b/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/tables/C_F_F__2.py
@@ -1,6 +1,4 @@
-from __future__ import print_function, division, absolute_import
-from fontTools.misc.py23 import *
-from fontTools import cffLib
+from io import BytesIO
 from fontTools.ttLib.tables.C_F_F_ import table_C_F_F_
 
 
diff --git a/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/tables/C_O_L_R_.py b/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/tables/C_O_L_R_.py
index 743fa91..4004d41 100644
--- a/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/tables/C_O_L_R_.py
+++ b/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/tables/C_O_L_R_.py
@@ -2,12 +2,8 @@
 #
 # Google Author(s): Behdad Esfahbod
 
-from __future__ import print_function, division, absolute_import
-from fontTools.misc.py23 import *
 from fontTools.misc.textTools import safeEval
 from . import DefaultTable
-import operator
-import struct
 
 
 class table_C_O_L_R_(DefaultTable.DefaultTable):
@@ -17,127 +13,132 @@
 	ttFont['COLR'][<glyphName>] = <value> will set the color layers for any glyph.
 	"""
 
-	def decompile(self, data, ttFont):
-		self.getGlyphName = ttFont.getGlyphName # for use in get/set item functions, for access by GID
-		self.version, numBaseGlyphRecords, offsetBaseGlyphRecord, offsetLayerRecord, numLayerRecords = struct.unpack(">HHLLH", data[:14])
-		assert (self.version == 0), "Version of COLR table is higher than I know how to handle"
-		glyphOrder = ttFont.getGlyphOrder()
-		gids = []
-		layerLists = []
-		glyphPos = offsetBaseGlyphRecord
-		for i in range(numBaseGlyphRecords):
-			gid, firstLayerIndex, numLayers = struct.unpack(">HHH", data[glyphPos:glyphPos+6])
-			glyphPos += 6
-			gids.append(gid)
+	@staticmethod
+	def _decompileColorLayersV0(table):
+		if not table.LayerRecordArray:
+			return {}
+		colorLayerLists = {}
+		layerRecords = table.LayerRecordArray.LayerRecord
+		numLayerRecords = len(layerRecords)
+		for baseRec in table.BaseGlyphRecordArray.BaseGlyphRecord:
+			baseGlyph = baseRec.BaseGlyph
+			firstLayerIndex = baseRec.FirstLayerIndex
+			numLayers = baseRec.NumLayers
 			assert (firstLayerIndex + numLayers <= numLayerRecords)
-			layerPos = offsetLayerRecord + firstLayerIndex * 4
 			layers = []
-			for j in range(numLayers):
-				layerGid, colorID = struct.unpack(">HH", data[layerPos:layerPos+4])
-				try:
-					layerName = glyphOrder[layerGid]
-				except IndexError:
-					layerName = self.getGlyphName(layerGid)
-				layerPos += 4
-				layers.append(LayerRecord(layerName, colorID))
-			layerLists.append(layers)
+			for i in range(firstLayerIndex, firstLayerIndex+numLayers):
+				layerRec = layerRecords[i]
+				layers.append(
+					LayerRecord(layerRec.LayerGlyph, layerRec.PaletteIndex)
+				)
+			colorLayerLists[baseGlyph] = layers
+		return colorLayerLists
 
-		self.ColorLayers = colorLayerLists = {}
-		try:
-			names = list(map(operator.getitem, [glyphOrder]*numBaseGlyphRecords, gids))
-		except IndexError:
-			getGlyphName = self.getGlyphName
-			names = list(map(getGlyphName, gids ))
+	def _toOTTable(self, ttFont):
+		from . import otTables
+		from fontTools.colorLib.builder import populateCOLRv0
 
-		list(map(operator.setitem, [colorLayerLists]*numBaseGlyphRecords, names, layerLists))
+		tableClass = getattr(otTables, self.tableTag)
+		table = tableClass()
+		table.Version = self.version
+
+		populateCOLRv0(
+			table,
+			{
+				baseGlyph: [(layer.name, layer.colorID) for layer in layers]
+				for baseGlyph, layers in self.ColorLayers.items()
+			},
+			glyphMap=ttFont.getReverseGlyphMap(rebuild=True),
+		)
+		return table
+
+	def decompile(self, data, ttFont):
+		from .otBase import OTTableReader
+		from . import otTables
+
+		# We use otData to decompile, but we adapt the decompiled otTables to the
+		# existing COLR v0 API for backward compatibility.
+		reader = OTTableReader(data, tableTag=self.tableTag)
+		tableClass = getattr(otTables, self.tableTag)
+		table = tableClass()
+		table.decompile(reader, ttFont)
+
+		self.version = table.Version
+		if self.version == 0:
+			self.ColorLayers = self._decompileColorLayersV0(table)
+		else:
+			# for new versions, keep the raw otTables around
+			self.table = table
 
 	def compile(self, ttFont):
-		ordered = []
-		ttFont.getReverseGlyphMap(rebuild=True)
-		glyphNames = self.ColorLayers.keys()
-		for glyphName in glyphNames:
-			try:
-				gid = ttFont.getGlyphID(glyphName)
-			except:
-				assert 0, "COLR table contains a glyph name not in ttFont.getGlyphNames(): " + str(glyphName)
-			ordered.append([gid, glyphName, self.ColorLayers[glyphName]])
-		ordered.sort()
+		from .otBase import OTTableWriter
 
-		glyphMap = []
-		layerMap = []
-		for (gid, glyphName, layers) in ordered:
-			glyphMap.append(struct.pack(">HHH", gid, len(layerMap), len(layers)))
-			for layer in layers:
-				layerMap.append(struct.pack(">HH", ttFont.getGlyphID(layer.name), layer.colorID))
+		if hasattr(self, "table"):
+			table = self.table
+		else:
+			table = self._toOTTable(ttFont)
 
-		dataList = [struct.pack(">HHLLH", self.version, len(glyphMap), 14, 14+6*len(glyphMap), len(layerMap))]
-		dataList.extend(glyphMap)
-		dataList.extend(layerMap)
-		data = bytesjoin(dataList)
-		return data
+		writer = OTTableWriter(tableTag=self.tableTag)
+		table.compile(writer, ttFont)
+		return writer.getAllData()
 
 	def toXML(self, writer, ttFont):
-		writer.simpletag("version", value=self.version)
-		writer.newline()
-		ordered = []
-		glyphNames = self.ColorLayers.keys()
-		for glyphName in glyphNames:
-			try:
-				gid = ttFont.getGlyphID(glyphName)
-			except:
-				assert 0, "COLR table contains a glyph name not in ttFont.getGlyphNames(): " + str(glyphName)
-			ordered.append([gid, glyphName, self.ColorLayers[glyphName]])
-		ordered.sort()
-		for entry in ordered:
-			writer.begintag("ColorGlyph", name=entry[1])
+		if hasattr(self, "table"):
+			self.table.toXML2(writer, ttFont)
+		else:
+			writer.simpletag("version", value=self.version)
 			writer.newline()
-			for layer in entry[2]:
-				layer.toXML(writer, ttFont)
-			writer.endtag("ColorGlyph")
-			writer.newline()
+			for baseGlyph in sorted(self.ColorLayers.keys(), key=ttFont.getGlyphID):
+				writer.begintag("ColorGlyph", name=baseGlyph)
+				writer.newline()
+				for layer in self.ColorLayers[baseGlyph]:
+					layer.toXML(writer, ttFont)
+				writer.endtag("ColorGlyph")
+				writer.newline()
 
 	def fromXML(self, name, attrs, content, ttFont):
-		if not hasattr(self, "ColorLayers"):
-			self.ColorLayers = {}
-		self.getGlyphName = ttFont.getGlyphName # for use in get/set item functions, for access by GID
-		if name == "ColorGlyph":
+		if name == "version":  # old COLR v0 API
+			setattr(self, name, safeEval(attrs["value"]))
+		elif name == "ColorGlyph":
+			if not hasattr(self, "ColorLayers"):
+				self.ColorLayers = {}
 			glyphName = attrs["name"]
 			for element in content:
-				if isinstance(element, basestring):
+				if isinstance(element, str):
 					continue
 			layers = []
 			for element in content:
-				if isinstance(element, basestring):
+				if isinstance(element, str):
 					continue
 				layer = LayerRecord()
 				layer.fromXML(element[0], element[1], element[2], ttFont)
 				layers.append (layer)
-			operator.setitem(self, glyphName, layers)
-		elif "value" in attrs:
-			setattr(self, name, safeEval(attrs["value"]))
+			self.ColorLayers[glyphName] = layers
+		else:  # new COLR v1 API
+			from . import otTables
 
-	def __getitem__(self, glyphSelector):
-		if isinstance(glyphSelector, int):
-			# its a gid, convert to glyph name
-			glyphSelector = self.getGlyphName(glyphSelector)
+			if not hasattr(self, "table"):
+				tableClass = getattr(otTables, self.tableTag)
+				self.table = tableClass()
+			self.table.fromXML(name, attrs, content, ttFont)
+			self.table.populateDefaults()
+			self.version = self.table.Version
 
-		if glyphSelector not in self.ColorLayers:
-			return None
+	def __getitem__(self, glyphName):
+		if not isinstance(glyphName, str):
+			raise TypeError(f"expected str, found {type(glyphName).__name__}")
+		return self.ColorLayers[glyphName]
 
-		return self.ColorLayers[glyphSelector]
+	def __setitem__(self, glyphName, value):
+		if not isinstance(glyphName, str):
+			raise TypeError(f"expected str, found {type(glyphName).__name__}")
+		if value is not None:
+			self.ColorLayers[glyphName] = value
+		elif glyphName in self.ColorLayers:
+			del self.ColorLayers[glyphName]
 
-	def __setitem__(self, glyphSelector, value):
-		if isinstance(glyphSelector, int):
-			# its a gid, convert to glyph name
-			glyphSelector = self.getGlyphName(glyphSelector)
-
-		if  value:
-			self.ColorLayers[glyphSelector] = value
-		elif glyphSelector in self.ColorLayers:
-			del self.ColorLayers[glyphSelector]
-
-	def __delitem__(self, glyphSelector):
-		del self.ColorLayers[glyphSelector]
+	def __delitem__(self, glyphName):
+		del self.ColorLayers[glyphName]
 
 class LayerRecord(object):
 
@@ -152,8 +153,6 @@
 	def fromXML(self, eltname, attrs, content, ttFont):
 		for (name, value) in attrs.items():
 			if name == "name":
-				if isinstance(value, int):
-					value = ttFont.getGlyphName(value)
 				setattr(self, name, value)
 			else:
 				setattr(self, name, safeEval(value))
diff --git a/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/tables/C_P_A_L_.py b/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/tables/C_P_A_L_.py
index 25d50a5..c095095 100644
--- a/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/tables/C_P_A_L_.py
+++ b/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/tables/C_P_A_L_.py
@@ -2,17 +2,20 @@
 #
 # Google Author(s): Behdad Esfahbod
 
-from __future__ import print_function, division, absolute_import
-from fontTools.misc.py23 import *
+from fontTools.misc.py23 import bytesjoin
 from fontTools.misc.textTools import safeEval
 from . import DefaultTable
 import array
+from collections import namedtuple
 import struct
 import sys
 
 
 class table_C_P_A_L_(DefaultTable.DefaultTable):
 
+	NO_NAME_ID = 0xFFFF
+	DEFAULT_PALETTE_TYPE = 0
+
 	def __init__(self, tag=None):
 		DefaultTable.DefaultTable.__init__(self, tag)
 		self.palettes = []
@@ -45,28 +48,27 @@
 			offsetToPaletteEntryLabelArray) = (
 				struct.unpack(">LLL", data[pos:pos+12]))
 		self.paletteTypes = self._decompileUInt32Array(
-			data, offsetToPaletteTypeArray, numPalettes)
+			data, offsetToPaletteTypeArray, numPalettes,
+			default=self.DEFAULT_PALETTE_TYPE)
 		self.paletteLabels = self._decompileUInt16Array(
-			data, offsetToPaletteLabelArray, numPalettes)
+			data, offsetToPaletteLabelArray, numPalettes, default=self.NO_NAME_ID)
 		self.paletteEntryLabels = self._decompileUInt16Array(
 			data, offsetToPaletteEntryLabelArray,
-			self.numPaletteEntries)
+			self.numPaletteEntries, default=self.NO_NAME_ID)
 
-	def _decompileUInt16Array(self, data, offset, numElements):
+	def _decompileUInt16Array(self, data, offset, numElements, default=0):
 		if offset == 0:
-			return [0] * numElements
+			return [default] * numElements
 		result = array.array("H", data[offset : offset + 2 * numElements])
-		if sys.byteorder != "big":
-			result.byteswap()
+		if sys.byteorder != "big": result.byteswap()
 		assert len(result) == numElements, result
 		return result.tolist()
 
-	def _decompileUInt32Array(self, data, offset, numElements):
+	def _decompileUInt32Array(self, data, offset, numElements, default=0):
 		if offset == 0:
-			return [0] * numElements
+			return [default] * numElements
 		result = array.array("I", data[offset : offset + 4 * numElements])
-		if sys.byteorder != "big":
-			result.byteswap()
+		if sys.byteorder != "big": result.byteswap()
 		assert len(result) == numElements, result
 		return result.tolist()
 
@@ -138,7 +140,7 @@
 		return result
 
 	def _compilePaletteLabels(self):
-		if self.version == 0 or not any(self.paletteLabels):
+		if self.version == 0 or all(l == self.NO_NAME_ID for l in self.paletteLabels):
 			return b''
 		assert len(self.paletteLabels) == len(self.palettes)
 		result = bytesjoin([struct.pack(">H", label)
@@ -147,7 +149,7 @@
 		return result
 
 	def _compilePaletteEntryLabels(self):
-		if self.version == 0 or not any(self.paletteEntryLabels):
+		if self.version == 0 or all(l == self.NO_NAME_ID for l in self.paletteEntryLabels):
 			return b''
 		assert len(self.paletteEntryLabels) == self.numPaletteEntries
 		result = bytesjoin([struct.pack(">H", label)
@@ -167,15 +169,15 @@
 		writer.newline()
 		for index, palette in enumerate(self.palettes):
 			attrs = {"index": index}
-			paletteType = paletteTypes.get(index)
-			paletteLabel = paletteLabels.get(index)
-			if self.version > 0 and paletteLabel is not None:
+			paletteType = paletteTypes.get(index, self.DEFAULT_PALETTE_TYPE)
+			paletteLabel = paletteLabels.get(index, self.NO_NAME_ID)
+			if self.version > 0 and paletteLabel != self.NO_NAME_ID:
 				attrs["label"] = paletteLabel
-			if self.version > 0 and paletteType is not None:
+			if self.version > 0 and paletteType != self.DEFAULT_PALETTE_TYPE:
 				attrs["type"] = paletteType
 			writer.begintag("palette", **attrs)
 			writer.newline()
-			if (self.version > 0 and paletteLabel and
+			if (self.version > 0 and paletteLabel != self.NO_NAME_ID and
 			    ttFont and "name" in ttFont):
 				name = ttFont["name"].getDebugName(paletteLabel)
 				if name is not None:
@@ -186,11 +188,11 @@
 				color.toXML(writer, ttFont, cindex)
 			writer.endtag("palette")
 			writer.newline()
-		if self.version > 0 and any(self.paletteEntryLabels):
+		if self.version > 0 and not all(l == self.NO_NAME_ID for l in self.paletteEntryLabels):
 			writer.begintag("paletteEntryLabels")
 			writer.newline()
 			for index, label in enumerate(self.paletteEntryLabels):
-				if label:
+				if label != self.NO_NAME_ID:
 					writer.simpletag("label", index=index, value=label)
 					if (self.version > 0 and label and ttFont and "name" in ttFont):
 						name = ttFont["name"].getDebugName(label)
@@ -202,20 +204,20 @@
 
 	def fromXML(self, name, attrs, content, ttFont):
 		if name == "palette":
-			self.paletteLabels.append(int(attrs.get("label", "0")))
-			self.paletteTypes.append(int(attrs.get("type", "0")))
+			self.paletteLabels.append(int(attrs.get("label", self.NO_NAME_ID)))
+			self.paletteTypes.append(int(attrs.get("type", self.DEFAULT_PALETTE_TYPE)))
 			palette = []
 			for element in content:
-				if isinstance(element, basestring):
+				if isinstance(element, str):
 					continue
-				color = Color()
-				color.fromXML(element[0], element[1], element[2], ttFont)
+				attrs = element[1]
+				color = Color.fromHex(attrs["value"])
 				palette.append(color)
 			self.palettes.append(palette)
 		elif name == "paletteEntryLabels":
 			colorLabels = {}
 			for element in content:
-				if isinstance(element, basestring):
+				if isinstance(element, str):
 					continue
 				elementName, elementAttr, _ = element
 				if elementName == "label":
@@ -223,22 +225,16 @@
 					nameID = safeEval(elementAttr["value"])
 					colorLabels[labelIndex] = nameID
 			self.paletteEntryLabels = [
-				colorLabels.get(i, 0)
+				colorLabels.get(i, self.NO_NAME_ID)
 				for i in range(self.numPaletteEntries)]
 		elif "value" in attrs:
 			value = safeEval(attrs["value"])
 			setattr(self, name, value)
 			if name == "numPaletteEntries":
-				self.paletteEntryLabels = [0] * self.numPaletteEntries
+				self.paletteEntryLabels = [self.NO_NAME_ID] * self.numPaletteEntries
 
 
-class Color(object):
-
-	def __init__(self, blue=None, green=None, red=None, alpha=None):
-		self.blue = blue
-		self.green = green
-		self.red = red
-		self.alpha = alpha
+class Color(namedtuple("Color", "blue green red alpha")):
 
 	def hex(self):
 		return "#%02X%02X%02X%02X" % (self.red, self.green, self.blue, self.alpha)
@@ -250,11 +246,16 @@
 		writer.simpletag("color", value=self.hex(), index=index)
 		writer.newline()
 
-	def fromXML(self, eltname, attrs, content, ttFont):
-		value = attrs["value"]
+	@classmethod
+	def fromHex(cls, value):
 		if value[0] == '#':
 			value = value[1:]
-		self.red = int(value[0:2], 16)
-		self.green = int(value[2:4], 16)
-		self.blue = int(value[4:6], 16)
-		self.alpha = int(value[6:8], 16) if len (value) >= 8 else 0xFF
+		red = int(value[0:2], 16)
+		green = int(value[2:4], 16)
+		blue = int(value[4:6], 16)
+		alpha = int(value[6:8], 16) if len (value) >= 8 else 0xFF
+		return cls(red=red, green=green, blue=blue, alpha=alpha)
+
+	@classmethod
+	def fromRGBA(cls, red, green, blue, alpha):
+		return cls(red=red, green=green, blue=blue, alpha=alpha)
diff --git a/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/tables/D_S_I_G_.py b/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/tables/D_S_I_G_.py
index af802b9..1a520ca 100644
--- a/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/tables/D_S_I_G_.py
+++ b/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/tables/D_S_I_G_.py
@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
-from __future__ import print_function, division, absolute_import
-from fontTools.misc.py23 import *
+from fontTools.misc.py23 import bytesjoin, strjoin, tobytes, tostr
 from fontTools.misc.textTools import safeEval
 from fontTools.misc import sstruct
 from . import DefaultTable
diff --git a/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/tables/D__e_b_g.py b/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/tables/D__e_b_g.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ff64a9b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/tables/D__e_b_g.py
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+import json
+
+from . import DefaultTable
+
+
+class table_D__e_b_g(DefaultTable.DefaultTable):
+    def decompile(self, data, ttFont):
+        self.data = json.loads(data)
+
+    def compile(self, ttFont):
+        return json.dumps(self.data).encode("utf-8")
+
+    def toXML(self, writer, ttFont):
+        writer.writecdata(json.dumps(self.data))
+
+    def fromXML(self, name, attrs, content, ttFont):
+        self.data = json.loads(content)
diff --git a/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/tables/DefaultTable.py b/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/tables/DefaultTable.py
index 1a34da3..c70480a 100644
--- a/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/tables/DefaultTable.py
+++ b/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/tables/DefaultTable.py
@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
-from __future__ import print_function, division, absolute_import
-from fontTools.misc.py23 import *
+from fontTools.misc.py23 import Tag
 from fontTools.ttLib import getClassTag
 
 class DefaultTable(object):
@@ -17,7 +16,7 @@
 	def compile(self, ttFont):
 		return self.data
 
-	def toXML(self, writer, ttFont, progress=None):
+	def toXML(self, writer, ttFont, **kwargs):
 		if hasattr(self, "ERROR"):
 			writer.comment("An error occurred during the decompilation of this table")
 			writer.newline()
diff --git a/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/tables/E_B_D_T_.py b/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/tables/E_B_D_T_.py
index 3a316e5..5d9e724 100644
--- a/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/tables/E_B_D_T_.py
+++ b/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/tables/E_B_D_T_.py
@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
-from __future__ import print_function, division, absolute_import
-from fontTools.misc.py23 import *
+from fontTools.misc.py23 import bytechr, byteord, bytesjoin, strjoin
 from fontTools.misc import sstruct
 from fontTools.misc.textTools import safeEval, readHex, hexStr, deHexStr
 from .BitmapGlyphMetrics import BigGlyphMetrics, bigGlyphMetricsFormat, SmallGlyphMetrics, smallGlyphMetricsFormat
diff --git a/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/tables/E_B_L_C_.py b/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/tables/E_B_L_C_.py
index 0c53e7d..94d40d9 100644
--- a/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/tables/E_B_L_C_.py
+++ b/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/tables/E_B_L_C_.py
@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
-from __future__ import print_function, division, absolute_import
-from fontTools.misc.py23 import *
+from fontTools.misc.py23 import bytesjoin
 from fontTools.misc import sstruct
 from . import DefaultTable
 from fontTools.misc.textTools import safeEval
@@ -115,7 +114,7 @@
 				indexSubTable.indexFormat = indexFormat
 				indexSubTable.imageFormat = imageFormat
 				indexSubTable.imageDataOffset = imageDataOffset
-				indexSubTable.decompile() # https://github.com/behdad/fonttools/issues/317
+				indexSubTable.decompile() # https://github.com/fonttools/fonttools/issues/317
 				curStrike.indexSubTables.append(indexSubTable)
 
 	def compile(self, ttFont):
@@ -155,7 +154,7 @@
 		# (2) Build each bitmapSizeTable.
 		# (3) Consolidate all the data into the main dataList in the correct order.
 
-		for curStrike in self.strikes:
+		for _ in self.strikes:
 			dataSize += sstruct.calcsize(bitmapSizeTableFormatPart1)
 			dataSize += len(('hori', 'vert')) * sstruct.calcsize(sbitLineMetricsFormat)
 			dataSize += sstruct.calcsize(bitmapSizeTableFormatPart2)
@@ -483,7 +482,7 @@
 			dataList = [EblcIndexSubTable.compile(self, ttFont)]
 			dataList += [struct.pack(dataFormat, offsetValue) for offsetValue in offsetArray]
 			# Take care of any padding issues. Only occurs in format 3.
-			if offsetDataSize * len(dataList) % 4 != 0:
+			if offsetDataSize * len(offsetArray) % 4 != 0:
 				dataList.append(struct.pack(dataFormat, 0))
 			return bytesjoin(dataList)
 
diff --git a/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/tables/F_F_T_M_.py b/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/tables/F_F_T_M_.py
index 3d110bd..2376f2d 100644
--- a/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/tables/F_F_T_M_.py
+++ b/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/tables/F_F_T_M_.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import print_function, division, absolute_import
-from fontTools.misc.py23 import *
 from fontTools.misc import sstruct
 from fontTools.misc.textTools import safeEval
 from fontTools.misc.timeTools import timestampFromString, timestampToString
diff --git a/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/tables/F__e_a_t.py b/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/tables/F__e_a_t.py
index 22be4f6..7e51061 100644
--- a/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/tables/F__e_a_t.py
+++ b/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/tables/F__e_a_t.py
@@ -1,8 +1,6 @@
-from __future__ import print_function, division, absolute_import
-from fontTools.misc.py23 import *
 from fontTools.misc import sstruct
+from fontTools.misc.fixedTools import floatToFixedToStr
 from fontTools.misc.textTools import safeEval
-from .otBase import BaseTTXConverter
 from . import DefaultTable
 from . import grUtils
 import struct
@@ -20,6 +18,7 @@
 
     def decompile(self, data, ttFont):
         (_, data) = sstruct.unpack2(Feat_hdr_format, data, self)
+        self.version = float(floatToFixedToStr(self.version, precisionBits=16))
         numFeats, = struct.unpack('>H', data[:2])
         data = data[8:]
         allfeats = []
@@ -58,8 +57,8 @@
                     fobj.default = vid
 
     def compile(self, ttFont):
-        fdat = ""
-        vdat = ""
+        fdat = b""
+        vdat = b""
         offset = 0
         for f, v in sorted(self.features.items(), key=lambda x:x[1].index):
             fnum = grUtils.tag2num(f)
diff --git a/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/tables/G_D_E_F_.py b/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/tables/G_D_E_F_.py
index 08faf62..d4a5741 100644
--- a/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/tables/G_D_E_F_.py
+++ b/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/tables/G_D_E_F_.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import print_function, division, absolute_import
-from fontTools.misc.py23 import *
 from .otBase import BaseTTXConverter
 
 
diff --git a/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/tables/G_M_A_P_.py b/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/tables/G_M_A_P_.py
index afa8c4d..5b30dcf 100644
--- a/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/tables/G_M_A_P_.py
+++ b/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/tables/G_M_A_P_.py
@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
-from __future__ import print_function, division, absolute_import
-from fontTools.misc.py23 import *
+from fontTools.misc.py23 import tobytes, tostr
 from fontTools.misc import sstruct
 from fontTools.misc.textTools import safeEval
 from . import DefaultTable
@@ -116,7 +115,7 @@
 			gmapRecord = GMAPRecord()
 			self.gmapRecords.append(gmapRecord)
 			for element in content:
-				if isinstance(element, basestring):
+				if isinstance(element, str):
 					continue
 				name, attrs, content = element
 				gmapRecord.fromXML(name, attrs, content, ttFont)
diff --git a/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/tables/G_P_K_G_.py b/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/tables/G_P_K_G_.py
index 4e13830..7598a62 100644
--- a/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/tables/G_P_K_G_.py
+++ b/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/tables/G_P_K_G_.py
@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
-from __future__ import print_function, division, absolute_import
-from fontTools.misc.py23 import *
+from fontTools.misc.py23 import bytesjoin
 from fontTools.misc import sstruct
 from fontTools.misc.textTools import safeEval, readHex
 from . import DefaultTable
@@ -24,9 +23,8 @@
 
 		GMAPoffsets = array.array("I")
 		endPos = (self.numGMAPs+1) * 4
-		GMAPoffsets.fromstring(newData[:endPos])
-		if sys.byteorder != "big":
-			GMAPoffsets.byteswap()
+		GMAPoffsets.frombytes(newData[:endPos])
+		if sys.byteorder != "big": GMAPoffsets.byteswap()
 		self.GMAPs = []
 		for i in range(self.numGMAPs):
 			start = GMAPoffsets[i]
@@ -35,9 +33,8 @@
 		pos = endPos
 		endPos = pos + (self.numGlyplets + 1)*4
 		glyphletOffsets = array.array("I")
-		glyphletOffsets.fromstring(newData[pos:endPos])
-		if sys.byteorder != "big":
-			glyphletOffsets.byteswap()
+		glyphletOffsets.frombytes(newData[pos:endPos])
+		if sys.byteorder != "big": glyphletOffsets.byteswap()
 		self.glyphlets = []
 		for i in range(self.numGlyplets):
 			start = glyphletOffsets[i]
@@ -58,18 +55,16 @@
 			pos += len(self.GMAPs[i-1])
 			GMAPoffsets[i] = pos
 		gmapArray = array.array("I", GMAPoffsets)
-		if sys.byteorder != "big":
-			gmapArray.byteswap()
-		dataList.append(gmapArray.tostring())
+		if sys.byteorder != "big": gmapArray.byteswap()
+		dataList.append(gmapArray.tobytes())
 
 		glyphletOffsets[0] = pos
 		for i in range(1, self.numGlyplets +1):
 			pos += len(self.glyphlets[i-1])
 			glyphletOffsets[i] = pos
 		glyphletArray = array.array("I", glyphletOffsets)
-		if sys.byteorder != "big":
-			glyphletArray.byteswap()
-		dataList.append(glyphletArray.tostring())
+		if sys.byteorder != "big": glyphletArray.byteswap()
+		dataList.append(glyphletArray.tobytes())
 		dataList += self.GMAPs
 		dataList += self.glyphlets
 		data = bytesjoin(dataList)
@@ -111,7 +106,7 @@
 			if not hasattr(self, "GMAPs"):
 				self.GMAPs = []
 			for element in content:
-				if isinstance(element, basestring):
+				if isinstance(element, str):
 					continue
 				itemName, itemAttrs, itemContent = element
 				if itemName == "hexdata":
@@ -120,7 +115,7 @@
 			if not hasattr(self, "glyphlets"):
 				self.glyphlets = []
 			for element in content:
-				if isinstance(element, basestring):
+				if isinstance(element, str):
 					continue
 				itemName, itemAttrs, itemContent = element
 				if itemName == "hexdata":
diff --git a/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/tables/G_P_O_S_.py b/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/tables/G_P_O_S_.py
index 1c36061..013c820 100644
--- a/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/tables/G_P_O_S_.py
+++ b/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/tables/G_P_O_S_.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import print_function, division, absolute_import
-from fontTools.misc.py23 import *
 from .otBase import BaseTTXConverter
 
 
diff --git a/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/tables/G_S_U_B_.py b/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/tables/G_S_U_B_.py
index d23e8ba..4403649 100644
--- a/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/tables/G_S_U_B_.py
+++ b/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/tables/G_S_U_B_.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import print_function, division, absolute_import
-from fontTools.misc.py23 import *
 from .otBase import BaseTTXConverter
 
 
diff --git a/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/tables/G__l_a_t.py b/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/tables/G__l_a_t.py
index 36ed6df..a4e8e38 100644
--- a/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/tables/G__l_a_t.py
+++ b/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/tables/G__l_a_t.py
@@ -1,16 +1,11 @@
-from __future__ import print_function, division, absolute_import
-from fontTools.misc.py23 import *
 from fontTools.misc import sstruct
+from fontTools.misc.fixedTools import floatToFixedToStr
 from fontTools.misc.textTools import safeEval
-from itertools import *
+# from itertools import *
 from functools import partial
 from . import DefaultTable
 from . import grUtils
-import struct, operator, warnings
-try:
-    import lz4
-except: 
-    lz4 = None
+import struct
 
 
 Glat_format_0 = """
@@ -73,6 +68,7 @@
 
     def decompile(self, data, ttFont):
         sstruct.unpack2(Glat_format_0, data, self)
+        self.version = float(floatToFixedToStr(self.version, precisionBits=16))
         if self.version <= 1.9:
             decoder = partial(self.decompileAttributes12,fmt=Glat_format_1_entry)
         elif self.version <= 2.9:   
@@ -139,11 +135,11 @@
         return data
 
     def compileAttributes12(self, attrs, fmt):
-        data = []
+        data = b""
         for e in grUtils.entries(attrs):
-            data.extend(sstruct.pack(fmt, {'attNum' : e[0], 'num' : e[1]}))
-            data.extend(struct.pack(('>%dh' % len(e[2])), *e[2]))
-        return "".join(data)
+            data += sstruct.pack(fmt, {'attNum' : e[0], 'num' : e[1]}) + \
+                    struct.pack(('>%dh' % len(e[2])), *e[2])
+        return data
     
     def compileAttributes3(self, attrs):
         if self.hasOctaboxes:
@@ -168,7 +164,7 @@
                 vals = {}
                 for k in names:
                     if k == 'subboxBitmap': continue
-                    vals[k] = "{:.3f}%".format(getattr(o, k) * 100. / 256)
+                    vals[k] = "{:.3f}%".format(getattr(o, k) * 100. / 255)
                 vals['bitmap'] = "{:0X}".format(o.subboxBitmap)
                 writer.begintag('octaboxes', **vals)
                 writer.newline()
@@ -176,7 +172,7 @@
                 for s in o.subboxes:
                     vals = {}
                     for k in names:
-                        vals[k] = "{:.3f}%".format(getattr(s, k) * 100. / 256)
+                        vals[k] = "{:.3f}%".format(getattr(s, k) * 100. / 255)
                     writer.simpletag('octabox', **vals)
                     writer.newline()
                 writer.endtag('octaboxes')
@@ -190,6 +186,7 @@
     def fromXML(self, name, attrs, content, ttFont):
         if name == 'version' :
             self.version = float(safeEval(attrs['version']))
+            self.scheme = int(safeEval(attrs['compressionScheme']))
         if name != 'glyph' : return
         if not hasattr(self, 'attributes'):
             self.attributes = {}
@@ -209,13 +206,13 @@
                 o.subboxes = []
                 del attrs['bitmap']
                 for k, v in attrs.items():
-                    setattr(o, k, int(float(v[:-1]) * 256. / 100. + 0.5))
+                    setattr(o, k, int(float(v[:-1]) * 255. / 100. + 0.5))
                 for element in subcontent:
                     if not isinstance(element, tuple): continue
                     (tag, attrs, subcontent) = element
                     so = _Object()
                     for k, v in attrs.items():
-                        setattr(so, k, int(float(v[:-1]) * 256. / 100. + 0.5))
+                        setattr(so, k, int(float(v[:-1]) * 255. / 100. + 0.5))
                     o.subboxes.append(so)
                 attributes.octabox = o
         self.attributes[gname] = attributes
diff --git a/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/tables/G__l_o_c.py b/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/tables/G__l_o_c.py
index d77c483..fa114a3 100644
--- a/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/tables/G__l_o_c.py
+++ b/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/tables/G__l_o_c.py
@@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
-from __future__ import print_function, division, absolute_import
-from fontTools.misc.py23 import *
 from fontTools.misc import sstruct
 from fontTools.misc.textTools import safeEval
 from . import DefaultTable
 import array
+import sys
+
 
 Gloc_header = '''
     >        # big endian
@@ -29,24 +29,24 @@
         flags = self.flags
         del self.flags
         self.locations = array.array('I' if flags & 1 else 'H')
-        self.locations.fromstring(data[:len(data) - self.numAttribs * (flags & 2)])
-        self.locations.byteswap()
+        self.locations.frombytes(data[:len(data) - self.numAttribs * (flags & 2)])
+        if sys.byteorder != "big": self.locations.byteswap()
         self.attribIds = array.array('H')
         if flags & 2:
-            self.attribIds.fromstring(data[-self.numAttribs * 2:])
-            self.attribIds.byteswap()
+            self.attribIds.frombytes(data[-self.numAttribs * 2:])
+            if sys.byteorder != "big": self.attribIds.byteswap()
 
     def compile(self, ttFont):
         data = sstruct.pack(Gloc_header, dict(version=1.0,
                 flags=(bool(self.attribIds) << 1) + (self.locations.typecode == 'I'),
                 numAttribs=self.numAttribs))
-        self.locations.byteswap()
-        data += self.locations.tostring()
-        self.locations.byteswap()
+        if sys.byteorder != "big": self.locations.byteswap()
+        data += self.locations.tobytes()
+        if sys.byteorder != "big": self.locations.byteswap()
         if self.attribIds:
-            self.attribIds.byteswap()
-            data += self.attribIds.tostring()
-            self.attribIds.byteswap()
+            if sys.byteorder != "big": self.attribIds.byteswap()
+            data += self.attribIds.tobytes()
+            if sys.byteorder != "big": self.attribIds.byteswap()
         return data
 
     def set(self, locations):
diff --git a/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/tables/H_V_A_R_.py b/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/tables/H_V_A_R_.py
index efab4e7..56992ad 100644
--- a/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/tables/H_V_A_R_.py
+++ b/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/tables/H_V_A_R_.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import print_function, division, absolute_import
-from fontTools.misc.py23 import *
 from .otBase import BaseTTXConverter
 
 
diff --git a/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/tables/J_S_T_F_.py b/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/tables/J_S_T_F_.py
index dffd08b..ddf5405 100644
--- a/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/tables/J_S_T_F_.py
+++ b/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/tables/J_S_T_F_.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import print_function, division, absolute_import
-from fontTools.misc.py23 import *
 from .otBase import BaseTTXConverter
 
 
diff --git a/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/tables/L_T_S_H_.py b/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/tables/L_T_S_H_.py
index dd0f195..94c2c22 100644
--- a/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/tables/L_T_S_H_.py
+++ b/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/tables/L_T_S_H_.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import print_function, division, absolute_import
-from fontTools.misc.py23 import *
 from fontTools.misc.textTools import safeEval
 from . import DefaultTable
 import struct
@@ -19,7 +17,7 @@
 		# ouch: the assertion is not true in Chicago!
 		#assert numGlyphs == ttFont['maxp'].numGlyphs
 		yPels = array.array("B")
-		yPels.fromstring(data)
+		yPels.frombytes(data)
 		self.yPels = {}
 		for i in range(numGlyphs):
 			self.yPels[ttFont.getGlyphName(i)] = yPels[i]
@@ -34,7 +32,7 @@
 		for name in names:
 			yPels[ttFont.getGlyphID(name)] = self.yPels[name]
 		yPels = array.array("B", yPels)
-		return struct.pack(">HH", version, numGlyphs) + yPels.tostring()
+		return struct.pack(">HH", version, numGlyphs) + yPels.tobytes()
 
 	def toXML(self, writer, ttFont):
 		names = sorted(self.yPels.keys())
diff --git a/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/tables/M_A_T_H_.py b/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/tables/M_A_T_H_.py
index 8c329ba..d894c08 100644
--- a/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/tables/M_A_T_H_.py
+++ b/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/tables/M_A_T_H_.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import print_function, division, absolute_import
-from fontTools.misc.py23 import *
 from .otBase import BaseTTXConverter
 
 
diff --git a/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/tables/M_E_T_A_.py b/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/tables/M_E_T_A_.py
index 3eb6550..d4f6bc8 100644
--- a/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/tables/M_E_T_A_.py
+++ b/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/tables/M_E_T_A_.py
@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
-from __future__ import print_function, division, absolute_import
-from fontTools.misc.py23 import *
+from fontTools.misc.py23 import byteord
 from fontTools.misc import sstruct
 from fontTools.misc.textTools import safeEval
 from . import DefaultTable
@@ -174,7 +173,7 @@
 			glyphRec = GlyphRecord()
 			self.glyphRecords.append(glyphRec)
 			for element in content:
-				if isinstance(element, basestring):
+				if isinstance(element, str):
 					continue
 				name, attrs, content = element
 				glyphRec.fromXML(name, attrs, content, ttFont)
@@ -208,7 +207,7 @@
 			stringRec = StringRecord()
 			self.stringRecs.append(stringRec)
 			for element in content:
-				if isinstance(element, basestring):
+				if isinstance(element, str):
 					continue
 				stringRec.fromXML(name, attrs, content, ttFont)
 			stringRec.stringLen = len(stringRec.string)
@@ -230,7 +229,7 @@
 # XXX The following two functions are really broken around UTF-8 vs Unicode
 
 def mapXMLToUTF8(string):
-	uString = unicode()
+	uString = str()
 	strLen = len(string)
 	i = 0
 	while i < strLen:
@@ -246,9 +245,9 @@
 				i = i+1
 			valStr = string[j:i]
 
-			uString = uString + unichr(eval('0x' + valStr))
+			uString = uString + chr(eval('0x' + valStr))
 		else:
-			uString = uString + unichr(byteord(string[i]))
+			uString = uString + chr(byteord(string[i]))
 		i = i +1
 
 	return uString.encode('utf_8')
@@ -282,7 +281,7 @@
 
 	def fromXML(self, name, attrs, content, ttFont):
 		for element in content:
-			if isinstance(element, basestring):
+			if isinstance(element, str):
 				continue
 			name, attrs, content = element
 			value = attrs["value"]
diff --git a/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/tables/M_V_A_R_.py b/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/tables/M_V_A_R_.py
index 8659ae8..34ab20f 100644
--- a/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/tables/M_V_A_R_.py
+++ b/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/tables/M_V_A_R_.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import print_function, division, absolute_import
-from fontTools.misc.py23 import *
 from .otBase import BaseTTXConverter
 
 
diff --git a/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/tables/O_S_2f_2.py b/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/tables/O_S_2f_2.py
index 3e2c30c..a576522 100644
--- a/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/tables/O_S_2f_2.py
+++ b/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/tables/O_S_2f_2.py
@@ -1,8 +1,7 @@
-from __future__ import print_function, division, absolute_import
-from fontTools.misc.py23 import *
 from fontTools.misc import sstruct
 from fontTools.misc.textTools import safeEval, num2binary, binary2num
 from fontTools.ttLib.tables import DefaultTable
+import bisect
 import logging
 
 
@@ -43,7 +42,7 @@
 	xAvgCharWidth:          h       # average character width
 	usWeightClass:          H       # degree of thickness of strokes
 	usWidthClass:           H       # aspect ratio
-	fsType:                 h       # type flags
+	fsType:                 H       # type flags
 	ySubscriptXSize:        h       # subscript horizontal font size
 	ySubscriptYSize:        h       # subscript vertical font size
 	ySubscriptXOffset:      h       # subscript x offset
@@ -476,22 +475,19 @@
 )
 
 
-_unicodeRangeSets = []
+_unicodeStarts = []
+_unicodeValues = [None]
 
-def _getUnicodeRangeSets():
-	# build the sets of codepoints for each unicode range bit, and cache result
-	if not _unicodeRangeSets:
-		for bit, blocks in enumerate(OS2_UNICODE_RANGES):
-			rangeset = set()
-			for _, (start, stop) in blocks:
-				rangeset.update(set(range(start, stop+1)))
-			if bit == 57:
-				# The spec says that bit 57 ("Non Plane 0") implies that there's
-				# at least one codepoint beyond the BMP; so I also include all
-				# the non-BMP codepoints here
-				rangeset.update(set(range(0x10000, 0x110000)))
-			_unicodeRangeSets.append(rangeset)
-	return _unicodeRangeSets
+def _getUnicodeRanges():
+	# build the ranges of codepoints for each unicode range bit, and cache result
+	if not _unicodeStarts:
+		unicodeRanges = [
+			(start, (stop, bit)) for bit, blocks in enumerate(OS2_UNICODE_RANGES)
+			for _, (start, stop) in blocks]
+		for start, (stop, bit) in sorted(unicodeRanges):
+			_unicodeStarts.append(start)
+			_unicodeValues.append((stop, bit))
+	return _unicodeStarts, _unicodeValues
 
 
 def intersectUnicodeRanges(unicodes, inverse=False):
@@ -505,15 +501,22 @@
 	>>> intersectUnicodeRanges([0x0410, 0x1F000]) == {9, 57, 122}
 	True
 	>>> intersectUnicodeRanges([0x0410, 0x1F000], inverse=True) == (
-	...     set(range(123)) - {9, 57, 122})
+	...     set(range(len(OS2_UNICODE_RANGES))) - {9, 57, 122})
 	True
 	"""
 	unicodes = set(unicodes)
-	uniranges = _getUnicodeRangeSets()
-	bits = set([
-		bit for bit, unirange in enumerate(uniranges)
-		if not unirange.isdisjoint(unicodes) ^ inverse])
-	return bits
+	unicodestarts, unicodevalues = _getUnicodeRanges()
+	bits = set()
+	for code in unicodes:
+		stop, bit = unicodevalues[bisect.bisect(unicodestarts, code)]
+		if code <= stop:
+			bits.add(bit)
+	# The spec says that bit 57 ("Non Plane 0") implies that there's
+	# at least one codepoint beyond the BMP; so I also include all
+	# the non-BMP codepoints here
+	if any(0x10000 <= code < 0x110000 for code in unicodes):
+		bits.add(57)
+	return set(range(len(OS2_UNICODE_RANGES))) - bits if inverse else bits
 
 
 if __name__ == "__main__":
diff --git a/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/tables/S_I_N_G_.py b/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/tables/S_I_N_G_.py
index 413ae48..dd9b63c 100644
--- a/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/tables/S_I_N_G_.py
+++ b/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/tables/S_I_N_G_.py
@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
-from __future__ import print_function, division, absolute_import
-from fontTools.misc.py23 import *
+from fontTools.misc.py23 import bytechr, byteord, tobytes, tostr
 from fontTools.misc import sstruct
 from fontTools.misc.textTools import safeEval
 from . import DefaultTable
diff --git a/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/tables/S_T_A_T_.py b/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/tables/S_T_A_T_.py
index 1e044cf..1769de9 100644
--- a/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/tables/S_T_A_T_.py
+++ b/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/tables/S_T_A_T_.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import print_function, division, absolute_import
-from fontTools.misc.py23 import *
 from .otBase import BaseTTXConverter
 
 
diff --git a/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/tables/S_V_G_.py b/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/tables/S_V_G_.py
index 3827c9e..135f271 100644
--- a/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/tables/S_V_G_.py
+++ b/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/tables/S_V_G_.py
@@ -1,13 +1,12 @@
-from __future__ import print_function, division, absolute_import
-from fontTools.misc.py23 import *
+from fontTools.misc.py23 import bytesjoin, strjoin, tobytes, tostr
 from fontTools.misc import sstruct
 from . import DefaultTable
 try:
 	import xml.etree.cElementTree as ET
 except ImportError:
 	import xml.etree.ElementTree as ET
+from io import BytesIO
 import struct
-import re
 import logging
 
 
@@ -285,7 +284,7 @@
 			writer.newline()
 			for uiNameID in self.colorPalettes.colorParamUINameIDs:
 				writer.begintag("colorParamUINameID")
-				writer.writeraw(str(uiNameID))
+				writer._writeraw(str(uiNameID))
 				writer.endtag("colorParamUINameID")
 				writer.newline()
 			for colorPalette in self.colorPalettes.colorPaletteList:
@@ -343,8 +342,7 @@
 
 	def fromXML(self, name, attrs, content, ttFont):
 		for element in content:
-			element = element.strip()
-			if not element:
+			if not isinstance(element, tuple):
 				continue
 			name, attrib, content = element
 			if name == "colorParamUINameID":
@@ -353,7 +351,7 @@
 			elif name == "colorPalette":
 				colorPalette = ColorPalette()
 				self.colorPaletteList.append(colorPalette)
-				colorPalette.fromXML((name, attrib, content), ttFont)
+				colorPalette.fromXML(name, attrib, content, ttFont)
 
 		self.numColorParams = len(self.colorParamUINameIDs)
 		self.numColorPalettes = len(self.colorPaletteList)
diff --git a/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/tables/S__i_l_f.py b/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/tables/S__i_l_f.py
index 2afd71e..95880b0 100644
--- a/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/tables/S__i_l_f.py
+++ b/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/tables/S__i_l_f.py
@@ -1,12 +1,13 @@
-from __future__ import print_function, division, absolute_import
-from fontTools.misc.py23 import *
+from fontTools.misc.py23 import byteord
 from fontTools.misc import sstruct
+from fontTools.misc.fixedTools import floatToFixedToStr
 from fontTools.misc.textTools import safeEval
-from itertools import *
+# from itertools import *
 from . import DefaultTable
 from . import grUtils
 from array import array
-import struct, operator, warnings, re, sys
+from functools import reduce
+import struct, re, sys
 
 Silf_hdr_format = '''
     >
@@ -81,6 +82,12 @@
     nPseudo:            H
 '''
 
+Silf_pseudomap_format_h = '''
+    >
+    unicode:            H
+    nPseudo:            H
+'''
+
 Silf_classmap_format = '''
     >
     numClass:           H
@@ -218,25 +225,25 @@
         pc += struct.calcsize(fmt)
     return res
 
-instre = re.compile("^\s*([^(]+)\s*(?:\(([^)]+)\))?")
+instre = re.compile(r"^\s*([^(]+)\s*(?:\(([^)]+)\))?")
 def assemble(instrs):
-    res = []
+    res = b""
     for inst in instrs:
         m = instre.match(inst)
         if not m or not m.group(1) in aCode_map:
             continue
         opcode, parmfmt = aCode_map[m.group(1)]
-        res.append(struct.pack("B", opcode))
+        res += struct.pack("B", opcode)
         if m.group(2):
             if parmfmt == 0:
                 continue
-            parms = [int(x) for x in re.split(",\s*", m.group(2))]
+            parms = [int(x) for x in re.split(r",\s*", m.group(2))]
             if parmfmt == -1:
                 l = len(parms)
-                res.append(struct.pack(("%dB" % (l+1)), l, *parms))
+                res += struct.pack(("%dB" % (l+1)), l, *parms)
             else:
-                res.append(struct.pack(parmfmt, *parms))
-    return b"".join(res)
+                res += struct.pack(parmfmt, *parms)
+    return res
 
 def writecode(tag, writer, instrs):
     writer.begintag(tag)
@@ -306,6 +313,7 @@
 
     def decompile(self, data, ttFont):
         sstruct.unpack2(Silf_hdr_format, data, self)
+        self.version = float(floatToFixedToStr(self.version, precisionBits=16))
         if self.version >= 5.0:
             (data, self.scheme) = grUtils.decompress(data)
             sstruct.unpack2(Silf_hdr_format_3, data, self)
@@ -334,7 +342,7 @@
         else:
             hdr = sstruct.pack(Silf_hdr_format_3, self)
         offset = len(hdr) + 4 * self.numSilf
-        data = ""
+        data = b""
         for s in self.silfs:
             hdr += struct.pack(">L", offset)
             subdata = s.compile(ttFont, self.version)
@@ -384,6 +392,7 @@
     def decompile(self, data, ttFont, version=2.0):
         if version >= 3.0 :
             _, data = sstruct.unpack2(Silf_part1_format_v3, data, self)
+            self.ruleVersion = float(floatToFixedToStr(self.ruleVersion, precisionBits=16))
         _, data = sstruct.unpack2(Silf_part1_format, data, self)
         for jlevel in range(self.numJLevels):
             j, data = sstruct.unpack2(Silf_justify_format, data, _Object())
@@ -394,7 +403,7 @@
         data = data[self.numCritFeatures * 2 + 1:]
         (numScriptTag,) = struct.unpack_from('B', data)
         if numScriptTag:
-            self.scriptTags = [struct.unpack("4s", data[x:x+4])[0] for x in range(1, 1 + 4 * numScriptTag, 4)]
+            self.scriptTags = [struct.unpack("4s", data[x:x+4])[0].decode("ascii") for x in range(1, 1 + 4 * numScriptTag, 4)]
         data = data[1 + 4 * numScriptTag:]
         (self.lbGID,) = struct.unpack('>H', data[:2])
         if self.numPasses:
@@ -405,7 +414,7 @@
             if version >= 3.0:
                 pseudo = sstruct.unpack(Silf_pseudomap_format, data[8+6*i:14+6*i], _Object())
             else:
-                pseudo = struct.unpack('>HH', data[8+4*i:12+4*i], _Object())
+                pseudo = sstruct.unpack(Silf_pseudomap_format_h, data[8+4*i:12+4*i], _Object())
             self.pMap[pseudo.unicode] = ttFont.getGlyphName(pseudo.nPseudo)
         data = data[8 + 6 * numPseudo:]
         currpos = (sstruct.calcsize(Silf_part1_format)
@@ -427,7 +436,7 @@
         self.numJLevels = len(self.jLevels)
         self.numCritFeatures = len(self.critFeatures)
         numPseudo = len(self.pMap)
-        data = ""
+        data = b""
         if version >= 3.0:
             hdroffset = sstruct.calcsize(Silf_part1_format_v3)
         else:
@@ -440,8 +449,8 @@
             data += struct.pack((">%dH" % self.numCritFeaturs), *self.critFeatures)
         data += struct.pack("BB", 0, len(self.scriptTags))
         if len(self.scriptTags):
-            tdata = [struct.pack("4s", x) for x in self.scriptTags]
-            data += "".join(tdata)
+            tdata = [struct.pack("4s", x.encode("ascii")) for x in self.scriptTags]
+            data += b"".join(tdata)
         data += struct.pack(">H", self.lbGID)
         self.passOffset = len(data)
 
@@ -453,8 +462,8 @@
                                 u, ttFont.getGlyphID(p))
         data1 += self.classes.compile(ttFont, version)
         currpos += len(data1)
-        data2 = ""
-        datao = ""
+        data2 = b""
+        datao = b""
         for i, p in enumerate(self.passes):
             base = currpos + len(data2)
             datao += struct.pack(">L", base)
@@ -464,7 +473,7 @@
         if version >= 3.0:
             data3 = sstruct.pack(Silf_part1_format_v3, self)
         else:
-            data3 = ""
+            data3 = b""
         return data3 + data + datao + data1 + data2
 
 
@@ -592,8 +601,8 @@
             oClasses = struct.unpack((">%dH" % (self.numClass+1)),
                                         data[4:6+2*self.numClass])
         for s,e in zip(oClasses[:self.numLinear], oClasses[1:self.numLinear+1]):
-            self.linear.append(map(ttFont.getGlyphName,
-                                   struct.unpack((">%dH" % ((e-s)/2)), data[s:e])))
+            self.linear.append(ttFont.getGlyphName(x) for x in
+                                   struct.unpack((">%dH" % ((e-s)/2)), data[s:e]))
         for s,e in zip(oClasses[self.numLinear:self.numClass],
                         oClasses[self.numLinear+1:self.numClass+1]):
             nonLinids = [struct.unpack(">HH", data[x:x+4]) for x in range(s+8, e, 4)]
@@ -601,7 +610,7 @@
             self.nonLinear.append(nonLin)
 
     def compile(self, ttFont, version=2.0):
-        data = ""
+        data = b""
         oClasses = []
         if version >= 4.0:
             offset = 8 + 4 * (len(self.linear) + len(self.nonLinear))
@@ -609,13 +618,13 @@
             offset = 6 + 2 * (len(self.linear) + len(self.nonLinear))
         for l in self.linear:
             oClasses.append(len(data) + offset)
-            gs = map(ttFont.getGlyphID, l)
+            gs = [ttFont.getGlyphID(x) for x in l]
             data += struct.pack((">%dH" % len(l)), *gs)
         for l in self.nonLinear:
             oClasses.append(len(data) + offset)
             gs = [(ttFont.getGlyphID(x[0]), x[1]) for x in l.items()]
             data += grUtils.bininfo(len(gs))
-            data += "".join([struct.pack(">HH", *x) for x in sorted(gs)])
+            data += b"".join([struct.pack(">HH", *x) for x in sorted(gs)])
         oClasses.append(len(data) + offset)
         self.numClass = len(oClasses) - 1
         self.numLinear = len(self.linear)
@@ -680,7 +689,7 @@
         self.rulePreContexts = []
         self.ruleSortKeys = []
         self.ruleConstraints = []
-        self.passConstraints = ""
+        self.passConstraints = b""
         self.actions = []
         self.stateTrans = []
         self.startStates = []
@@ -717,7 +726,7 @@
         data = data[2 * self.numRules + 2:]
         for i in range(self.numTransitional):
             a = array("H", data[i*self.numColumns*2:(i+1)*self.numColumns*2])
-            a.byteswap()
+            if sys.byteorder != "big": a.byteswap()
             self.stateTrans.append(a)
         data = data[self.numTransitional * self.numColumns * 2 + 1:]
         self.passConstraints = data[:pConstraint]
@@ -725,7 +734,7 @@
         for i in range(len(oConstraints)-2,-1,-1):
             if oConstraints[i] == 0 :
                 oConstraints[i] = oConstraints[i+1]
-        self.ruleConstraints = [(data[s:e] if (e-s > 1) else "") for (s,e) in zip(oConstraints, oConstraints[1:])]
+        self.ruleConstraints = [(data[s:e] if (e-s > 1) else b"") for (s,e) in zip(oConstraints, oConstraints[1:])]
         data = data[oConstraints[-1]:]
         self.actions = [(data[s:e] if (e-s > 1) else "") for (s,e) in zip(oActions, oActions[1:])]
         data = data[oActions[-1]:]
@@ -733,14 +742,14 @@
 
     def compile(self, ttFont, base, version=2.0):
         # build it all up backwards
-        oActions = reduce(lambda a, x: (a[0]+len(x), a[1]+[a[0]]), self.actions + [""], (0, []))[1]
-        oConstraints = reduce(lambda a, x: (a[0]+len(x), a[1]+[a[0]]), self.ruleConstraints + [""], (1, []))[1]
-        constraintCode = "\000" + "".join(self.ruleConstraints)
+        oActions = reduce(lambda a, x: (a[0]+len(x), a[1]+[a[0]]), self.actions + [b""], (0, []))[1]
+        oConstraints = reduce(lambda a, x: (a[0]+len(x), a[1]+[a[0]]), self.ruleConstraints + [b""], (1, []))[1]
+        constraintCode = b"\000" + b"".join(self.ruleConstraints)
         transes = []
         for t in self.stateTrans:
-            t.byteswap()
-            transes.append(t.tostring())
-            t.byteswap()
+            if sys.byteorder != "big": t.byteswap()
+            transes.append(t.tobytes())
+            if sys.byteorder != "big": t.byteswap()
         if not len(transes):
             self.startStates = [0]
         oRuleMap = reduce(lambda a, x: (a[0]+len(x), a[1]+[a[0]]), self.rules+[[]], (0, []))[1]
@@ -761,7 +770,7 @@
         # now generate output
         data = sstruct.pack(Silf_pass_format, self)
         data += grUtils.bininfo(len(passRanges), 6)
-        data += "".join(struct.pack(">3H", *p) for p in passRanges)
+        data += b"".join(struct.pack(">3H", *p) for p in passRanges)
         data += struct.pack((">%dH" % len(oRuleMap)), *oRuleMap)
         flatrules = reduce(lambda a,x: a+x, self.rules, [])
         data += struct.pack((">%dH" % oRuleMap[-1]), *flatrules)
@@ -772,8 +781,8 @@
         data += struct.pack(">BH", self.collisionThreshold, len(self.passConstraints))
         data += struct.pack((">%dH" % (self.numRules+1)), *oConstraints)
         data += struct.pack((">%dH" % (self.numRules+1)), *oActions)
-        return data + "".join(transes) + struct.pack("B", 0) + \
-                self.passConstraints + constraintCode + "".join(self.actions)
+        return data + b"".join(transes) + struct.pack("B", 0) + \
+                self.passConstraints + constraintCode + b"".join(self.actions)
 
     def toXML(self, writer, ttFont, version=2.0):
         writesimple('info', self, writer, *pass_attrs_info)
@@ -839,7 +848,7 @@
                 if not isinstance(e, tuple): continue
                 tag, a, c = e
                 if tag == 'state':
-                    self.rules.append(map(int, a['rules'].split(" ")))
+                    self.rules.append([int(x) for x in a['rules'].split(" ")])
         elif name == 'rules':
             for element in content:
                 if not isinstance(element, tuple): continue
@@ -847,8 +856,8 @@
                 if tag != 'rule': continue
                 self.rulePreContexts.append(int(a['precontext']))
                 self.ruleSortKeys.append(int(a['sortkey']))
-                con = ""
-                act = ""
+                con = b""
+                act = b""
                 for e in c:
                     if not isinstance(e, tuple): continue
                     tag, a, subc = e
diff --git a/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/tables/S__i_l_l.py b/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/tables/S__i_l_l.py
index 7acef1d..5ab9ee3 100644
--- a/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/tables/S__i_l_l.py
+++ b/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/tables/S__i_l_l.py
@@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
-from __future__ import print_function, division, absolute_import
-from fontTools.misc.py23 import *
 from fontTools.misc import sstruct
+from fontTools.misc.fixedTools import floatToFixedToStr
 from fontTools.misc.textTools import safeEval
 from . import DefaultTable
 from . import grUtils
@@ -19,6 +18,7 @@
 
     def decompile(self, data, ttFont):
         (_, data) = sstruct.unpack2(Sill_hdr, data, self)
+        self.version = float(floatToFixedToStr(self.version, precisionBits=16))
         numLangs, = struct.unpack('>H', data[:2])
         data = data[8:]
         maxsetting = 0
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@
                                                         data[i * 8:(i+1) * 8])
             offset = int(offset / 8) - (numLangs + 1)
             langcode = langcode.replace(b'\000', b'')
-            langinfo.append((langcode, numsettings, offset))
+            langinfo.append((langcode.decode("utf-8"), numsettings, offset))
             maxsetting = max(maxsetting, offset + numsettings)
         data = data[numLangs * 8:]
         finfo = []
@@ -42,14 +42,15 @@
                 self.langs[c].append(finfo[i])
 
     def compile(self, ttFont):
-        ldat = ""
-        fdat = ""
-        offset = 0
+        ldat = b""
+        fdat = b""
+        offset = len(self.langs)
         for c, inf in sorted(self.langs.items()):
-            ldat += struct.pack(">4sHH", c.encode('utf8'), len(inf), 8 * (offset + len(self.langs) + 1))
+            ldat += struct.pack(">4sHH", c.encode('utf8'), len(inf), 8 * offset + 20)
             for fid, val in inf:
                 fdat += struct.pack(">LHH", fid, val, 0)
             offset += len(inf)
+        ldat += struct.pack(">LHH", 0x80808080, 0, 8 * offset + 20)
         return sstruct.pack(Sill_hdr, self) + grUtils.bininfo(len(self.langs)) + \
                 ldat + fdat
 
diff --git a/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/tables/T_S_I_B_.py b/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/tables/T_S_I_B_.py
index 7d47e3a..25d4310 100644
--- a/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/tables/T_S_I_B_.py
+++ b/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/tables/T_S_I_B_.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import print_function, division, absolute_import
-from fontTools.misc.py23 import *
 from .T_S_I_V_ import table_T_S_I_V_
 
 class table_T_S_I_B_(table_T_S_I_V_):
diff --git a/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/tables/T_S_I_C_.py b/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/tables/T_S_I_C_.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..573b3f9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/tables/T_S_I_C_.py
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+from .otBase import BaseTTXConverter
+
+
+class table_T_S_I_C_(BaseTTXConverter):
+    pass
diff --git a/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/tables/T_S_I_D_.py b/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/tables/T_S_I_D_.py
index f989c9e..310eb17 100644
--- a/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/tables/T_S_I_D_.py
+++ b/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/tables/T_S_I_D_.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import print_function, division, absolute_import
-from fontTools.misc.py23 import *
 from .T_S_I_V_ import table_T_S_I_V_
 
 class table_T_S_I_D_(table_T_S_I_V_):
diff --git a/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/tables/T_S_I_J_.py b/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/tables/T_S_I_J_.py
index ca538ba..c1a46ba 100644
--- a/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/tables/T_S_I_J_.py
+++ b/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/tables/T_S_I_J_.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import print_function, division, absolute_import
-from fontTools.misc.py23 import *
 from .T_S_I_V_ import table_T_S_I_V_
 
 class table_T_S_I_J_(table_T_S_I_V_):
diff --git a/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/tables/T_S_I_P_.py b/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/tables/T_S_I_P_.py
index 062d332..778974c 100644
--- a/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/tables/T_S_I_P_.py
+++ b/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/tables/T_S_I_P_.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import print_function, division, absolute_import
-from fontTools.misc.py23 import *
 from .T_S_I_V_ import table_T_S_I_V_
 
 class table_T_S_I_P_(table_T_S_I_V_):
diff --git a/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/tables/T_S_I_S_.py b/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/tables/T_S_I_S_.py
index 68e22ce..61c9f76 100644
--- a/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/tables/T_S_I_S_.py
+++ b/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/tables/T_S_I_S_.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import print_function, division, absolute_import
-from fontTools.misc.py23 import *
 from .T_S_I_V_ import table_T_S_I_V_
 
 class table_T_S_I_S_(table_T_S_I_V_):
diff --git a/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/tables/T_S_I_V_.py b/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/tables/T_S_I_V_.py
index 46b2182..8021445 100644
--- a/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/tables/T_S_I_V_.py
+++ b/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/tables/T_S_I_V_.py
@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
-from __future__ import print_function, division, absolute_import
-from fontTools.misc.py23 import *
+from fontTools.misc.py23 import strjoin, tobytes, tostr
 from . import asciiTable
 
 class table_T_S_I_V_(asciiTable.asciiTable):
diff --git a/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/tables/T_S_I__0.py b/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/tables/T_S_I__0.py
index 81808ee..b187f42 100644
--- a/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/tables/T_S_I__0.py
+++ b/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/tables/T_S_I__0.py
@@ -5,8 +5,6 @@
 programs and 'extra' programs ('fpgm', 'prep', and 'cvt') that are contained
 in the TSI1 table.
 """
-from __future__ import print_function, division, absolute_import
-from fontTools.misc.py23 import *
 from . import DefaultTable
 import struct
 
diff --git a/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/tables/T_S_I__1.py b/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/tables/T_S_I__1.py
index 5ef944a..9ae7acd 100644
--- a/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/tables/T_S_I__1.py
+++ b/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/tables/T_S_I__1.py
@@ -4,8 +4,7 @@
 TSI1 contains the text of the glyph programs in the form of low-level assembly
 code, as well as the 'extra' programs 'fpgm', 'ppgm' (i.e. 'prep'), and 'cvt'.
 """
-from __future__ import print_function, division, absolute_import
-from fontTools.misc.py23 import *
+from fontTools.misc.py23 import strjoin, tobytes, tostr
 from . import DefaultTable
 from fontTools.misc.loggingTools import LogMixin
 
@@ -69,7 +68,7 @@
 						"%r textLength (%d) must not be > 32768" % (name, textLength))
 				text = data[textOffset:textOffset+textLength]
 				assert len(text) == textLength
-				text = tounicode(text, encoding='utf-8')
+				text = tostr(text, encoding='utf-8')
 				if text:
 					programs[name] = text
 			if isExtra:
diff --git a/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/tables/T_S_I__2.py b/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/tables/T_S_I__2.py
index 7d41ee8..036c981 100644
--- a/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/tables/T_S_I__2.py
+++ b/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/tables/T_S_I__2.py
@@ -5,8 +5,6 @@
 programs that are contained in the TSI3 table. It uses the same format as
 the TSI0 table.
 """
-from __future__ import print_function, division, absolute_import
-from fontTools.misc.py23 import *
 from fontTools import ttLib
 
 superclass = ttLib.getTableClass("TSI0")
diff --git a/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/tables/T_S_I__3.py b/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/tables/T_S_I__3.py
index ee95d06..a249014 100644
--- a/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/tables/T_S_I__3.py
+++ b/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/tables/T_S_I__3.py
@@ -3,8 +3,6 @@
 
 TSI3 contains the text of the glyph programs in the form of 'VTTTalk' code.
 """
-from __future__ import print_function, division, absolute_import
-from fontTools.misc.py23 import *
 from fontTools import ttLib
 
 superclass = ttLib.getTableClass("TSI1")
diff --git a/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/tables/T_S_I__5.py b/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/tables/T_S_I__5.py
index dbf9e5a..7be09f9 100644
--- a/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/tables/T_S_I__5.py
+++ b/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/tables/T_S_I__5.py
@@ -3,8 +3,6 @@
 
 TSI5 contains the VTT character groups.
 """
-from __future__ import print_function, division, absolute_import
-from fontTools.misc.py23 import *
 from fontTools.misc.textTools import safeEval
 from . import DefaultTable
 import sys
@@ -17,9 +15,8 @@
 		numGlyphs = ttFont['maxp'].numGlyphs
 		assert len(data) == 2 * numGlyphs
 		a = array.array("H")
-		a.fromstring(data)
-		if sys.byteorder != "big":
-			a.byteswap()
+		a.frombytes(data)
+		if sys.byteorder != "big": a.byteswap()
 		self.glyphGrouping = {}
 		for i in range(numGlyphs):
 			self.glyphGrouping[ttFont.getGlyphName(i)] = a[i]
@@ -29,9 +26,8 @@
 		a = array.array("H")
 		for i in range(len(glyphNames)):
 			a.append(self.glyphGrouping.get(glyphNames[i], 0))
-		if sys.byteorder != "big":
-			a.byteswap()
-		return a.tostring()
+		if sys.byteorder != "big": a.byteswap()
+		return a.tobytes()
 
 	def toXML(self, writer, ttFont):
 		names = sorted(self.glyphGrouping.keys())
diff --git a/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/tables/T_T_F_A_.py b/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/tables/T_T_F_A_.py
index 8ff8d1b..8446dfc 100644
--- a/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/tables/T_T_F_A_.py
+++ b/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/tables/T_T_F_A_.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import print_function, division, absolute_import
-from fontTools.misc.py23 import *
 from . import asciiTable
 
 class table_T_T_F_A_(asciiTable.asciiTable):
diff --git a/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/tables/TupleVariation.py b/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/tables/TupleVariation.py
index b94cfd4..9c2895e 100644
--- a/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/tables/TupleVariation.py
+++ b/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/tables/TupleVariation.py
@@ -1,8 +1,13 @@
-from __future__ import print_function, division, absolute_import
-from fontTools.misc.py23 import *
-from fontTools.misc.fixedTools import fixedToFloat, floatToFixed
+from fontTools.misc.fixedTools import (
+    fixedToFloat as fi2fl,
+    floatToFixed as fl2fi,
+    floatToFixedToStr as fl2str,
+    strToFixedToFloat as str2fl,
+    otRound,
+)
 from fontTools.misc.textTools import safeEval
 import array
+from collections import Counter, defaultdict
 import io
 import logging
 import struct
@@ -30,9 +35,10 @@
 
 
 class TupleVariation(object):
+
 	def __init__(self, axes, coordinates):
 		self.axes = axes.copy()
-		self.coordinates = coordinates[:]
+		self.coordinates = list(coordinates)
 
 	def __repr__(self):
 		axes = ",".join(sorted(["%s=%s" % (name, value) for (name, value) in self.axes.items()]))
@@ -42,11 +48,12 @@
 		return self.coordinates == other.coordinates and self.axes == other.axes
 
 	def getUsedPoints(self):
-		result = set()
-		for i, point in enumerate(self.coordinates):
-			if point is not None:
-				result.add(i)
-		return result
+		# Empty set means "all points used".
+		if None not in self.coordinates:
+			return frozenset()
+		used = frozenset([i for i,p in enumerate(self.coordinates) if p is not None])
+		# Return None if no points used.
+		return used if used else None
 
 	def hasImpact(self):
 		"""Returns True if this TupleVariation has any visible impact.
@@ -54,10 +61,7 @@
 		If the result is False, the TupleVariation can be omitted from the font
 		without making any visible difference.
 		"""
-		for c in self.coordinates:
-			if c is not None:
-				return True
-		return False
+		return any(c is not None for c in self.coordinates)
 
 	def toXML(self, writer, axisTags):
 		writer.begintag("tuple")
@@ -65,13 +69,19 @@
 		for axis in axisTags:
 			value = self.axes.get(axis)
 			if value is not None:
-				minValue, value, maxValue = (float(v) for v in value)
+				minValue, value, maxValue = value
 				defaultMinValue = min(value, 0.0)  # -0.3 --> -0.3; 0.7 --> 0.0
 				defaultMaxValue = max(value, 0.0)  # -0.3 -->  0.0; 0.7 --> 0.7
 				if minValue == defaultMinValue and maxValue == defaultMaxValue:
-					writer.simpletag("coord", axis=axis, value=value)
+					writer.simpletag("coord", axis=axis, value=fl2str(value, 14))
 				else:
-					writer.simpletag("coord", axis=axis, value=value, min=minValue, max=maxValue)
+					attrs = [
+						("axis", axis),
+						("min", fl2str(minValue, 14)),
+						("value", fl2str(value, 14)),
+						("max", fl2str(maxValue, 14)),
+				        ]
+					writer.simpletag("coord", attrs)
 				writer.newline()
 		wrote_any_deltas = False
 		for i, delta in enumerate(self.coordinates):
@@ -97,11 +107,11 @@
 	def fromXML(self, name, attrs, _content):
 		if name == "coord":
 			axis = attrs["axis"]
-			value = float(attrs["value"])
+			value = str2fl(attrs["value"], 14)
 			defaultMinValue = min(value, 0.0)  # -0.3 --> -0.3; 0.7 --> 0.0
 			defaultMaxValue = max(value, 0.0)  # -0.3 -->  0.0; 0.7 --> 0.7
-			minValue = float(attrs.get("min", defaultMinValue))
-			maxValue = float(attrs.get("max", defaultMaxValue))
+			minValue = str2fl(attrs.get("min", defaultMinValue), 14)
+			maxValue = str2fl(attrs.get("max", defaultMaxValue), 14)
 			self.axes[axis] = (minValue, value, maxValue)
 		elif name == "delta":
 			if "pt" in attrs:
@@ -117,15 +127,21 @@
 				log.warning("bad delta format: %s" %
 				            ", ".join(sorted(attrs.keys())))
 
-	def compile(self, axisTags, sharedCoordIndices, sharedPoints):
-		tupleData = []
+	def compile(self, axisTags, sharedCoordIndices={}, pointData=None):
+		assert set(self.axes.keys()) <= set(axisTags), ("Unknown axis tag found.", self.axes.keys(), axisTags)
 
-		assert all(tag in axisTags for tag in self.axes.keys()), ("Unknown axis tag found.", self.axes.keys(), axisTags)
+		tupleData = []
+		auxData = []
+
+		if pointData is None:
+			usedPoints = self.getUsedPoints()
+			if usedPoints is None: # Nothing to encode
+				return b'', b''
+			pointData = self.compilePoints(usedPoints)
 
 		coord = self.compileCoord(axisTags)
-		if coord in sharedCoordIndices:
-			flags = sharedCoordIndices[coord]
-		else:
+		flags = sharedCoordIndices.get(coord)
+		if flags is None:
 			flags = EMBEDDED_PEAK_TUPLE
 			tupleData.append(coord)
 
@@ -134,26 +150,27 @@
 			flags |= INTERMEDIATE_REGION
 			tupleData.append(intermediateCoord)
 
-		points = self.getUsedPoints()
-		if sharedPoints == points:
-			# Only use the shared points if they are identical to the actually used points
-			auxData = self.compileDeltas(sharedPoints)
-			usesSharedPoints = True
-		else:
+		# pointData of b'' implies "use shared points".
+		if pointData:
 			flags |= PRIVATE_POINT_NUMBERS
-			numPointsInGlyph = len(self.coordinates)
-			auxData = self.compilePoints(points, numPointsInGlyph) + self.compileDeltas(points)
-			usesSharedPoints = False
+			auxData.append(pointData)
 
-		tupleData = struct.pack('>HH', len(auxData), flags) + bytesjoin(tupleData)
-		return (tupleData, auxData, usesSharedPoints)
+		auxData.append(self.compileDeltas())
+		auxData = b''.join(auxData)
+
+		tupleData.insert(0, struct.pack('>HH', len(auxData), flags))
+		return b''.join(tupleData), auxData
 
 	def compileCoord(self, axisTags):
-		result = []
+		result = bytearray()
+		axes = self.axes
 		for axis in axisTags:
-			_minValue, value, _maxValue = self.axes.get(axis, (0.0, 0.0, 0.0))
-			result.append(struct.pack(">h", floatToFixed(value, 14)))
-		return bytesjoin(result)
+			triple = axes.get(axis)
+			if triple is None:
+				result.extend(b'\0\0')
+			else:
+				result.extend(struct.pack(">h", fl2fi(triple[1], 14)))
+		return bytes(result)
 
 	def compileIntermediateCoord(self, axisTags):
 		needed = False
@@ -166,29 +183,33 @@
 				break
 		if not needed:
 			return None
-		minCoords = []
-		maxCoords = []
+		minCoords = bytearray()
+		maxCoords = bytearray()
 		for axis in axisTags:
 			minValue, value, maxValue = self.axes.get(axis, (0.0, 0.0, 0.0))
-			minCoords.append(struct.pack(">h", floatToFixed(minValue, 14)))
-			maxCoords.append(struct.pack(">h", floatToFixed(maxValue, 14)))
-		return bytesjoin(minCoords + maxCoords)
+			minCoords.extend(struct.pack(">h", fl2fi(minValue, 14)))
+			maxCoords.extend(struct.pack(">h", fl2fi(maxValue, 14)))
+		return minCoords + maxCoords
 
 	@staticmethod
 	def decompileCoord_(axisTags, data, offset):
 		coord = {}
 		pos = offset
 		for axis in axisTags:
-			coord[axis] = fixedToFloat(struct.unpack(">h", data[pos:pos+2])[0], 14)
+			coord[axis] = fi2fl(struct.unpack(">h", data[pos:pos+2])[0], 14)
 			pos += 2
 		return coord, pos
 
 	@staticmethod
-	def compilePoints(points, numPointsInGlyph):
+	def compilePoints(points):
 		# If the set consists of all points in the glyph, it gets encoded with
 		# a special encoding: a single zero byte.
-		if len(points) == numPointsInGlyph:
-			return b"\0"
+		#
+		# To use this optimization, points passed in must be empty set.
+		# The following two lines are not strictly necessary as the main code
+		# below would emit the same. But this is most common and faster.
+		if not points:
+			return b'\0'
 
 		# In the 'gvar' table, the packing of point numbers is a little surprising.
 		# It consists of multiple runs, each being a delta-encoded list of integers.
@@ -200,19 +221,24 @@
 		points.sort()
 		numPoints = len(points)
 
+		result = bytearray()
 		# The binary representation starts with the total number of points in the set,
 		# encoded into one or two bytes depending on the value.
 		if numPoints < 0x80:
-			result = [bytechr(numPoints)]
+			result.append(numPoints)
 		else:
-			result = [bytechr((numPoints >> 8) | 0x80) + bytechr(numPoints & 0xff)]
+			result.append((numPoints >> 8) | 0x80)
+			result.append(numPoints & 0xff)
 
 		MAX_RUN_LENGTH = 127
 		pos = 0
 		lastValue = 0
 		while pos < numPoints:
-			run = io.BytesIO()
 			runLength = 0
+
+			headerPos = len(result)
+			result.append(0)
+
 			useByteEncoding = None
 			while pos < numPoints and runLength <= MAX_RUN_LENGTH:
 				curValue = points[pos]
@@ -225,38 +251,36 @@
 				# TODO This never switches back to a byte-encoding from a short-encoding.
 				# That's suboptimal.
 				if useByteEncoding:
-					run.write(bytechr(delta))
+					result.append(delta)
 				else:
-					run.write(bytechr(delta >> 8))
-					run.write(bytechr(delta & 0xff))
+					result.append(delta >> 8)
+					result.append(delta & 0xff)
 				lastValue = curValue
 				pos += 1
 				runLength += 1
 			if useByteEncoding:
-				runHeader = bytechr(runLength - 1)
+				result[headerPos] = runLength - 1
 			else:
-				runHeader = bytechr((runLength - 1) | POINTS_ARE_WORDS)
-			result.append(runHeader)
-			result.append(run.getvalue())
+				result[headerPos] = (runLength - 1) | POINTS_ARE_WORDS
 
-		return bytesjoin(result)
+		return result
 
 	@staticmethod
 	def decompilePoints_(numPoints, data, offset, tableTag):
 		"""(numPoints, data, offset, tableTag) --> ([point1, point2, ...], newOffset)"""
 		assert tableTag in ('cvar', 'gvar')
 		pos = offset
-		numPointsInData = byteord(data[pos])
+		numPointsInData = data[pos]
 		pos += 1
 		if (numPointsInData & POINTS_ARE_WORDS) != 0:
-			numPointsInData = (numPointsInData & POINT_RUN_COUNT_MASK) << 8 | byteord(data[pos])
+			numPointsInData = (numPointsInData & POINT_RUN_COUNT_MASK) << 8 | data[pos]
 			pos += 1
 		if numPointsInData == 0:
 			return (range(numPoints), pos)
 
 		result = []
 		while len(result) < numPointsInData:
-			runHeader = byteord(data[pos])
+			runHeader = data[pos]
 			pos += 1
 			numPointsInRun = (runHeader & POINT_RUN_COUNT_MASK) + 1
 			point = 0
@@ -266,9 +290,8 @@
 			else:
 				points = array.array("B")
 				pointsSize = numPointsInRun
-			points.fromstring(data[pos:pos+pointsSize])
-			if sys.byteorder != "big":
-				points.byteswap()
+			points.frombytes(data[pos:pos+pointsSize])
+			if sys.byteorder != "big": points.byteswap()
 
 			assert len(points) == numPointsInRun
 			pos += pointsSize
@@ -290,23 +313,28 @@
 			            (",".join(sorted(badPoints)), tableTag))
 		return (result, pos)
 
-	def compileDeltas(self, points):
+	def compileDeltas(self):
 		deltaX = []
 		deltaY = []
-		for p in sorted(list(points)):
-			c = self.coordinates[p]
-			if type(c) is tuple and len(c) == 2:
+		if self.getCoordWidth() == 2:
+			for c in self.coordinates:
+				if c is None:
+					continue
 				deltaX.append(c[0])
 				deltaY.append(c[1])
-			elif type(c) is int:
+		else:
+			for c in self.coordinates:
+				if c is None:
+					continue
 				deltaX.append(c)
-			elif c is not None:
-				raise ValueError("invalid type of delta: %s" % type(c))
-		return self.compileDeltaValues_(deltaX) + self.compileDeltaValues_(deltaY)
+		bytearr = bytearray()
+		self.compileDeltaValues_(deltaX, bytearr)
+		self.compileDeltaValues_(deltaY, bytearr)
+		return bytearr
 
 	@staticmethod
-	def compileDeltaValues_(deltas):
-		"""[value1, value2, value3, ...] --> bytestring
+	def compileDeltaValues_(deltas, bytearr=None):
+		"""[value1, value2, value3, ...] --> bytearray
 
 		Emits a sequence of runs. Each run starts with a
 		byte-sized header whose 6 least significant bits
@@ -321,38 +349,41 @@
 		bytes; if (header & 0x40) is set, the delta values are
 		signed 16-bit integers.
 		"""  # Explaining the format because the 'gvar' spec is hard to understand.
-		stream = io.BytesIO()
+		if bytearr is None:
+			bytearr = bytearray()
 		pos = 0
-		while pos < len(deltas):
+		numDeltas = len(deltas)
+		while pos < numDeltas:
 			value = deltas[pos]
 			if value == 0:
-				pos = TupleVariation.encodeDeltaRunAsZeroes_(deltas, pos, stream)
-			elif value >= -128 and value <= 127:
-				pos = TupleVariation.encodeDeltaRunAsBytes_(deltas, pos, stream)
+				pos = TupleVariation.encodeDeltaRunAsZeroes_(deltas, pos, bytearr)
+			elif -128 <= value <= 127:
+				pos = TupleVariation.encodeDeltaRunAsBytes_(deltas, pos, bytearr)
 			else:
-				pos = TupleVariation.encodeDeltaRunAsWords_(deltas, pos, stream)
-		return stream.getvalue()
+				pos = TupleVariation.encodeDeltaRunAsWords_(deltas, pos, bytearr)
+		return bytearr
 
 	@staticmethod
-	def encodeDeltaRunAsZeroes_(deltas, offset, stream):
-		runLength = 0
+	def encodeDeltaRunAsZeroes_(deltas, offset, bytearr):
 		pos = offset
 		numDeltas = len(deltas)
-		while pos < numDeltas and runLength < 64 and deltas[pos] == 0:
+		while pos < numDeltas and deltas[pos] == 0:
 			pos += 1
-			runLength += 1
-		assert runLength >= 1 and runLength <= 64
-		stream.write(bytechr(DELTAS_ARE_ZERO | (runLength - 1)))
+		runLength = pos - offset
+		while runLength >= 64:
+			bytearr.append(DELTAS_ARE_ZERO | 63)
+			runLength -= 64
+		if runLength:
+			bytearr.append(DELTAS_ARE_ZERO | (runLength - 1))
 		return pos
 
 	@staticmethod
-	def encodeDeltaRunAsBytes_(deltas, offset, stream):
-		runLength = 0
+	def encodeDeltaRunAsBytes_(deltas, offset, bytearr):
 		pos = offset
 		numDeltas = len(deltas)
-		while pos < numDeltas and runLength < 64:
+		while pos < numDeltas:
 			value = deltas[pos]
-			if value < -128 or value > 127:
+			if not (-128 <= value <= 127):
 				break
 			# Within a byte-encoded run of deltas, a single zero
 			# is best stored literally as 0x00 value. However,
@@ -365,19 +396,22 @@
 			if value == 0 and pos+1 < numDeltas and deltas[pos+1] == 0:
 				break
 			pos += 1
-			runLength += 1
-		assert runLength >= 1 and runLength <= 64
-		stream.write(bytechr(runLength - 1))
-		for i in range(offset, pos):
-			stream.write(struct.pack('b', round(deltas[i])))
+		runLength = pos - offset
+		while runLength >= 64:
+			bytearr.append(63)
+			bytearr.extend(array.array('b', deltas[offset:offset+64]))
+			offset += 64
+			runLength -= 64
+		if runLength:
+			bytearr.append(runLength - 1)
+			bytearr.extend(array.array('b', deltas[offset:pos]))
 		return pos
 
 	@staticmethod
-	def encodeDeltaRunAsWords_(deltas, offset, stream):
-		runLength = 0
+	def encodeDeltaRunAsWords_(deltas, offset, bytearr):
 		pos = offset
 		numDeltas = len(deltas)
-		while pos < numDeltas and runLength < 64:
+		while pos < numDeltas:
 			value = deltas[pos]
 			# Within a word-encoded run of deltas, it is easiest
 			# to start a new run (with a different encoding)
@@ -395,15 +429,22 @@
 			# [0x6666, 2, 0x7777] becomes 7 bytes when storing
 			# the value literally (42 66 66 00 02 77 77), but 8 bytes
 			# when starting a new run (40 66 66 00 02 40 77 77).
-			isByteEncodable = lambda value: value >= -128 and value <= 127
-			if isByteEncodable(value) and pos+1 < numDeltas and isByteEncodable(deltas[pos+1]):
+			if (-128 <= value <= 127) and pos+1 < numDeltas and (-128 <= deltas[pos+1] <= 127):
 				break
 			pos += 1
-			runLength += 1
-		assert runLength >= 1 and runLength <= 64
-		stream.write(bytechr(DELTAS_ARE_WORDS | (runLength - 1)))
-		for i in range(offset, pos):
-			stream.write(struct.pack('>h', round(deltas[i])))
+		runLength = pos - offset
+		while runLength >= 64:
+			bytearr.append(DELTAS_ARE_WORDS | 63)
+			a = array.array('h', deltas[offset:offset+64])
+			if sys.byteorder != "big": a.byteswap()
+			bytearr.extend(a)
+			offset += 64
+			runLength -= 64
+		if runLength:
+			bytearr.append(DELTAS_ARE_WORDS | (runLength - 1))
+			a = array.array('h', deltas[offset:pos])
+			if sys.byteorder != "big": a.byteswap()
+			bytearr.extend(a)
 		return pos
 
 	@staticmethod
@@ -412,7 +453,7 @@
 		result = []
 		pos = offset
 		while len(result) < numDeltas:
-			runHeader = byteord(data[pos])
+			runHeader = data[pos]
 			pos += 1
 			numDeltasInRun = (runHeader & DELTA_RUN_COUNT_MASK) + 1
 			if (runHeader & DELTAS_ARE_ZERO) != 0:
@@ -424,9 +465,8 @@
 				else:
 					deltas = array.array("b")
 					deltasSize = numDeltasInRun
-				deltas.fromstring(data[pos:pos+deltasSize])
-				if sys.byteorder != "big":
-					deltas.byteswap()
+				deltas.frombytes(data[pos:pos+deltasSize])
+				if sys.byteorder != "big": deltas.byteswap()
 				assert len(deltas) == numDeltasInRun
 				pos += deltasSize
 				result.extend(deltas)
@@ -442,6 +482,125 @@
 			size += axisCount * 4
 		return size
 
+	def getCoordWidth(self):
+		""" Return 2 if coordinates are (x, y) as in gvar, 1 if single values
+		as in cvar, or 0 if empty.
+		"""
+		firstDelta = next((c for c in self.coordinates if c is not None), None)
+		if firstDelta is None:
+			return 0  # empty or has no impact
+		if type(firstDelta) in (int, float):
+			return 1
+		if type(firstDelta) is tuple and len(firstDelta) == 2:
+			return 2
+		raise TypeError(
+			"invalid type of delta; expected (int or float) number, or "
+			"Tuple[number, number]: %r" % firstDelta
+		)
+
+	def scaleDeltas(self, scalar):
+		if scalar == 1.0:
+			return  # no change
+		coordWidth = self.getCoordWidth()
+		self.coordinates = [
+			None
+			if d is None
+			else d * scalar
+			if coordWidth == 1
+			else (d[0] * scalar, d[1] * scalar)
+			for d in self.coordinates
+		]
+
+	def roundDeltas(self):
+		coordWidth = self.getCoordWidth()
+		self.coordinates = [
+			None
+			if d is None
+			else otRound(d)
+			if coordWidth == 1
+			else (otRound(d[0]), otRound(d[1]))
+			for d in self.coordinates
+		]
+
+	def calcInferredDeltas(self, origCoords, endPts):
+		from fontTools.varLib.iup import iup_delta
+
+		if self.getCoordWidth() == 1:
+			raise TypeError(
+				"Only 'gvar' TupleVariation can have inferred deltas"
+			)
+		if None in self.coordinates:
+			if len(self.coordinates) != len(origCoords):
+				raise ValueError(
+					"Expected len(origCoords) == %d; found %d"
+					% (len(self.coordinates), len(origCoords))
+				)
+			self.coordinates = iup_delta(self.coordinates, origCoords, endPts)
+
+	def optimize(self, origCoords, endPts, tolerance=0.5, isComposite=False):
+		from fontTools.varLib.iup import iup_delta_optimize
+
+		if None in self.coordinates:
+			return  # already optimized
+
+		deltaOpt = iup_delta_optimize(
+		    self.coordinates, origCoords, endPts, tolerance=tolerance
+		)
+		if None in deltaOpt:
+			if isComposite and all(d is None for d in deltaOpt):
+				# Fix for macOS composites
+				# https://github.com/fonttools/fonttools/issues/1381
+				deltaOpt = [(0, 0)] + [None] * (len(deltaOpt) - 1)
+			# Use "optimized" version only if smaller...
+			varOpt = TupleVariation(self.axes, deltaOpt)
+
+			# Shouldn't matter that this is different from fvar...?
+			axisTags = sorted(self.axes.keys())
+			tupleData, auxData = self.compile(axisTags)
+			unoptimizedLength = len(tupleData) + len(auxData)
+			tupleData, auxData = varOpt.compile(axisTags)
+			optimizedLength = len(tupleData) + len(auxData)
+
+			if optimizedLength < unoptimizedLength:
+				self.coordinates = varOpt.coordinates
+
+	def __iadd__(self, other):
+		if not isinstance(other, TupleVariation):
+			return NotImplemented
+		deltas1 = self.coordinates
+		length = len(deltas1)
+		deltas2 = other.coordinates
+		if len(deltas2) != length:
+			raise ValueError(
+				"cannot sum TupleVariation deltas with different lengths"
+			)
+		# 'None' values have different meanings in gvar vs cvar TupleVariations:
+		# within the gvar, when deltas are not provided explicitly for some points,
+		# they need to be inferred; whereas for the 'cvar' table, if deltas are not
+		# provided for some CVT values, then no adjustments are made (i.e. None == 0).
+		# Thus, we cannot sum deltas for gvar TupleVariations if they contain
+		# inferred inferred deltas (the latter need to be computed first using
+		# 'calcInferredDeltas' method), but we can treat 'None' values in cvar
+		# deltas as if they are zeros.
+		if self.getCoordWidth() == 2:
+			for i, d2 in zip(range(length), deltas2):
+				d1 = deltas1[i]
+				try:
+					deltas1[i] = (d1[0] + d2[0], d1[1] + d2[1])
+				except TypeError:
+					raise ValueError(
+						"cannot sum gvar deltas with inferred points"
+					)
+		else:
+			for i, d2 in zip(range(length), deltas2):
+				d1 = deltas1[i]
+				if d1 is not None and d2 is not None:
+					deltas1[i] = d1 + d2
+				elif d1 is None and d2 is not None:
+					deltas1[i] = d2
+				# elif d2 is None do nothing
+		return self
+
 
 def decompileSharedTuples(axisTags, sharedTupleCount, data, offset):
 	result = []
@@ -451,87 +610,77 @@
 	return result
 
 
-def compileSharedTuples(axisTags, variations):
-	coordCount = {}
+def compileSharedTuples(axisTags, variations,
+			MAX_NUM_SHARED_COORDS = TUPLE_INDEX_MASK + 1):
+	coordCount = Counter()
 	for var in variations:
 		coord = var.compileCoord(axisTags)
-		coordCount[coord] = coordCount.get(coord, 0) + 1
-	sharedCoords = [(count, coord)
-					for (coord, count) in coordCount.items() if count > 1]
-	sharedCoords.sort(reverse=True)
-	MAX_NUM_SHARED_COORDS = TUPLE_INDEX_MASK + 1
-	sharedCoords = sharedCoords[:MAX_NUM_SHARED_COORDS]
-	return [c[1] for c in sharedCoords]  # Strip off counts.
+		coordCount[coord] += 1
+	# In python < 3.7, most_common() ordering is non-deterministic
+	# so apply a sort to make sure the ordering is consistent.
+	sharedCoords = sorted(
+		coordCount.most_common(MAX_NUM_SHARED_COORDS),
+		key=lambda item: (-item[1], item[0]),
+	)
+	return [c[0] for c in sharedCoords if c[1] > 1]
 
 
 def compileTupleVariationStore(variations, pointCount,
                                axisTags, sharedTupleIndices,
                                useSharedPoints=True):
-	variations = [v for v in variations if v.hasImpact()]
-	if len(variations) == 0:
+	newVariations = []
+	pointDatas = []
+	# Compile all points and figure out sharing if desired
+	sharedPoints = None
+
+	# Collect, count, and compile point-sets for all variation sets
+	pointSetCount = defaultdict(int)
+	for v in variations:
+		points = v.getUsedPoints()
+		if points is None: # Empty variations
+			continue
+		pointSetCount[points] += 1
+		newVariations.append(v)
+		pointDatas.append(points)
+	variations = newVariations
+	del newVariations
+
+	if not variations:
 		return (0, b"", b"")
 
-	# Each glyph variation tuples modifies a set of control points. To
-	# indicate which exact points are getting modified, a single tuple
-	# can either refer to a shared set of points, or the tuple can
-	# supply its private point numbers.  Because the impact of sharing
-	# can be positive (no need for a private point list) or negative
-	# (need to supply 0,0 deltas for unused points), it is not obvious
-	# how to determine which tuples should take their points from the
-	# shared pool versus have their own. Perhaps we should resort to
-	# brute force, and try all combinations? However, if a glyph has n
-	# variation tuples, we would need to try 2^n combinations (because
-	# each tuple may or may not be part of the shared set). How many
-	# variations tuples do glyphs have?
-	#
-	#   Skia.ttf: {3: 1, 5: 11, 6: 41, 7: 62, 8: 387, 13: 1, 14: 3}
-	#   JamRegular.ttf: {3: 13, 4: 122, 5: 1, 7: 4, 8: 1, 9: 1, 10: 1}
-	#   BuffaloGalRegular.ttf: {1: 16, 2: 13, 4: 2, 5: 4, 6: 19, 7: 1, 8: 3, 9: 8}
-	#   (Reading example: In Skia.ttf, 41 glyphs have 6 variation tuples).
-	#
+	n = len(variations[0].coordinates)
+	assert all(len(v.coordinates) == n for v in variations), "Variation sets have different sizes"
 
-	# Is this even worth optimizing? If we never use a shared point
-	# list, the private lists will consume 112K for Skia, 5K for
-	# BuffaloGalRegular, and 15K for JamRegular. If we always use a
-	# shared point list, the shared lists will consume 16K for Skia,
-	# 3K for BuffaloGalRegular, and 10K for JamRegular. However, in
-	# the latter case the delta arrays will become larger, but I
-	# haven't yet measured by how much. From gut feeling (which may be
-	# wrong), the optimum is to share some but not all points;
-	# however, then we would need to try all combinations.
-	#
-	# For the time being, we try two variants and then pick the better one:
-	# (a) each tuple supplies its own private set of points;
-	# (b) all tuples refer to a shared set of points, which consists of
-	#     "every control point in the glyph that has explicit deltas".
-	usedPoints = set()
-	for v in variations:
-		usedPoints |= v.getUsedPoints()
+	compiledPoints = {pointSet:TupleVariation.compilePoints(pointSet)
+			  for pointSet in pointSetCount}
+
+	tupleVariationCount = len(variations)
 	tuples = []
 	data = []
-	someTuplesSharePoints = False
-	sharedPointVariation = None # To keep track of a variation that uses shared points
-	for v in variations:
-		privateTuple, privateData, _ = v.compile(
-			axisTags, sharedTupleIndices, sharedPoints=None)
-		sharedTuple, sharedData, usesSharedPoints = v.compile(
-			axisTags, sharedTupleIndices, sharedPoints=usedPoints)
-		if useSharedPoints and (len(sharedTuple) + len(sharedData)) < (len(privateTuple) + len(privateData)):
-			tuples.append(sharedTuple)
-			data.append(sharedData)
-			someTuplesSharePoints |= usesSharedPoints
-			sharedPointVariation = v
-		else:
-			tuples.append(privateTuple)
-			data.append(privateData)
-	if someTuplesSharePoints:
-		# Use the last of the variations that share points for compiling the packed point data
-		data = sharedPointVariation.compilePoints(usedPoints, len(sharedPointVariation.coordinates)) + bytesjoin(data)
-		tupleVariationCount = TUPLES_SHARE_POINT_NUMBERS | len(tuples)
-	else:
-		data = bytesjoin(data)
-		tupleVariationCount = len(tuples)
-	tuples = bytesjoin(tuples)
+
+	if useSharedPoints:
+		# Find point-set which saves most bytes.
+		def key(pn):
+			pointSet = pn[0]
+			count = pn[1]
+			return len(compiledPoints[pointSet]) * (count - 1)
+		sharedPoints = max(pointSetCount.items(), key=key)[0]
+
+		data.append(compiledPoints[sharedPoints])
+		tupleVariationCount |= TUPLES_SHARE_POINT_NUMBERS
+
+	# b'' implies "use shared points"
+	pointDatas = [compiledPoints[points] if points != sharedPoints else b''
+		     for points in pointDatas]
+
+	for v,p in zip(variations, pointDatas):
+		thisTuple, thisData = v.compile(axisTags, sharedTupleIndices, pointData=p)
+
+		tuples.append(thisTuple)
+		data.append(thisData)
+
+	tuples = b''.join(tuples)
+	data = b''.join(data)
 	return tupleVariationCount, tuples, data
 
 
diff --git a/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/tables/V_D_M_X_.py b/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/tables/V_D_M_X_.py
index abca3bf..ba8593f 100644
--- a/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/tables/V_D_M_X_.py
+++ b/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/tables/V_D_M_X_.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import print_function, division, absolute_import
-from fontTools.misc.py23 import *
 from . import DefaultTable
 from fontTools.misc import sstruct
 from fontTools.misc.textTools import safeEval
diff --git a/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/tables/V_O_R_G_.py b/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/tables/V_O_R_G_.py
index 8b2c317..0b7fe95 100644
--- a/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/tables/V_O_R_G_.py
+++ b/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/tables/V_O_R_G_.py
@@ -1,8 +1,6 @@
-from __future__ import print_function, division, absolute_import
-from fontTools.misc.py23 import *
+from fontTools.misc.py23 import bytesjoin
 from fontTools.misc.textTools import safeEval
 from . import DefaultTable
-import operator
 import struct
 
 
@@ -30,27 +28,27 @@
 		self.VOriginRecords = vOrig = {}
 		glyphOrder = ttFont.getGlyphOrder()
 		try:
-			names = map(operator.getitem, [glyphOrder]*self.numVertOriginYMetrics, gids)
+			names = [glyphOrder[gid] for gid in gids]
 		except IndexError:
 			getGlyphName = self.getGlyphName
-			names = map(getGlyphName, gids )
+			names = map(getGlyphName, gids)
 
-		list(map(operator.setitem, [vOrig]*self.numVertOriginYMetrics, names, vids))
+		for name, vid in zip(names, vids):
+			vOrig[name] = vid
 
 	def compile(self, ttFont):
 		vorgs = list(self.VOriginRecords.values())
 		names = list(self.VOriginRecords.keys())
 		nameMap = ttFont.getReverseGlyphMap()
-		lenRecords = len(vorgs)
 		try:
-			gids = map(operator.getitem, [nameMap]*lenRecords, names)
+			gids = [nameMap[name] for name in names]
 		except KeyError:
 			nameMap = ttFont.getReverseGlyphMap(rebuild=True)
-			gids = map(operator.getitem, [nameMap]*lenRecords, names)
+			gids = [nameMap[name] for name in names]
 		vOriginTable = list(zip(gids, vorgs))
-		self.numVertOriginYMetrics = lenRecords
+		self.numVertOriginYMetrics = len(vorgs)
 		vOriginTable.sort() # must be in ascending GID order
-		dataList = [ struct.pack(">Hh", rec[0], rec[1]) for rec in vOriginTable]
+		dataList = [struct.pack(">Hh", rec[0], rec[1]) for rec in vOriginTable]
 		header = struct.pack(">HHhH", self.majorVersion, self.minorVersion, self.defaultVertOriginY, self.numVertOriginYMetrics)
 		dataList.insert(0, header)
 		data = bytesjoin(dataList)
@@ -85,7 +83,7 @@
 		if name == "VOriginRecord":
 			vOriginRec = VOriginRecord()
 			for element in content:
-				if isinstance(element, basestring):
+				if isinstance(element, str):
 					continue
 				name, attrs, content = element
 				vOriginRec.fromXML(name, attrs, content, ttFont)
diff --git a/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/tables/V_V_A_R_.py b/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/tables/V_V_A_R_.py
index 530f0e3..88f3055 100644
--- a/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/tables/V_V_A_R_.py
+++ b/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/tables/V_V_A_R_.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import print_function, division, absolute_import
-from fontTools.misc.py23 import *
 from .otBase import BaseTTXConverter
 
 
diff --git a/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/tables/__init__.py b/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/tables/__init__.py
index 79a50fd..bbfb8b7 100644
--- a/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/tables/__init__.py
+++ b/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/tables/__init__.py
@@ -1,7 +1,4 @@
 
-from __future__ import print_function, division, absolute_import
-from fontTools.misc.py23 import *
-
 # DON'T EDIT! This file is generated by MetaTools/buildTableList.py.
 def _moduleFinderHint():
 	"""Dummy function to let modulefinder know what tables may be
@@ -17,6 +14,7 @@
 	from . import C_O_L_R_
 	from . import C_P_A_L_
 	from . import D_S_I_G_
+	from . import D__e_b_g
 	from . import E_B_D_T_
 	from . import E_B_L_C_
 	from . import F_F_T_M_
@@ -41,6 +39,7 @@
 	from . import S__i_l_f
 	from . import S__i_l_l
 	from . import T_S_I_B_
+	from . import T_S_I_C_
 	from . import T_S_I_D_
 	from . import T_S_I_J_
 	from . import T_S_I_P_
diff --git a/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/tables/_a_n_k_r.py b/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/tables/_a_n_k_r.py
index 3a1aa08..1f2946c 100644
--- a/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/tables/_a_n_k_r.py
+++ b/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/tables/_a_n_k_r.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import print_function, division, absolute_import
-from fontTools.misc.py23 import *
 from .otBase import BaseTTXConverter
 
 
diff --git a/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/tables/_a_v_a_r.py b/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/tables/_a_v_a_r.py
index eb774ad..2b6a40e 100644
--- a/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/tables/_a_v_a_r.py
+++ b/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/tables/_a_v_a_r.py
@@ -1,12 +1,13 @@
-from __future__ import print_function, division, absolute_import
-from fontTools.misc.py23 import *
-from fontTools import ttLib
+from fontTools.misc.py23 import bytesjoin
 from fontTools.misc import sstruct
-from fontTools.misc.fixedTools import fixedToFloat, floatToFixed
-from fontTools.misc.textTools import safeEval
+from fontTools.misc.fixedTools import (
+    fixedToFloat as fi2fl,
+    floatToFixed as fl2fi,
+    floatToFixedToStr as fl2str,
+    strToFixedToFloat as str2fl,
+)
 from fontTools.ttLib import TTLibError
 from . import DefaultTable
-import array
 import struct
 import logging
 
@@ -47,8 +48,8 @@
             mappings = sorted(self.segments[axis].items())
             result.append(struct.pack(">H", len(mappings)))
             for key, value in mappings:
-                fixedKey = floatToFixed(key, 14)
-                fixedValue = floatToFixed(value, 14)
+                fixedKey = fl2fi(key, 14)
+                fixedValue = fl2fi(value, 14)
                 result.append(struct.pack(">hh", fixedKey, fixedValue))
         return bytesjoin(result)
 
@@ -67,19 +68,17 @@
             pos = pos + 2
             for _ in range(numPairs):
                 fromValue, toValue = struct.unpack(">hh", data[pos:pos+4])
-                segments[fixedToFloat(fromValue, 14)] = fixedToFloat(toValue, 14)
+                segments[fi2fl(fromValue, 14)] = fi2fl(toValue, 14)
                 pos = pos + 4
 
-    def toXML(self, writer, ttFont, progress=None):
+    def toXML(self, writer, ttFont):
         axisTags = [axis.axisTag for axis in ttFont["fvar"].axes]
         for axis in axisTags:
             writer.begintag("segment", axis=axis)
             writer.newline()
             for key, value in sorted(self.segments[axis].items()):
-                # roundtrip float -> fixed -> float to normalize TTX output
-                # as dumped after decompiling or straight from varLib
-                key = fixedToFloat(floatToFixed(key, 14), 14)
-                value = fixedToFloat(floatToFixed(value, 14), 14)
+                key = fl2str(key, 14)
+                value = fl2str(value, 14)
                 writer.simpletag("mapping", **{"from": key, "to": value})
                 writer.newline()
             writer.endtag("segment")
@@ -93,8 +92,8 @@
                 if isinstance(element, tuple):
                     elementName, elementAttrs, _ = element
                     if elementName == "mapping":
-                        fromValue = safeEval(elementAttrs["from"])
-                        toValue = safeEval(elementAttrs["to"])
+                        fromValue = str2fl(elementAttrs["from"], 14)
+                        toValue = str2fl(elementAttrs["to"], 14)
                         if fromValue in segment:
                             log.warning("duplicate entry for %s in axis '%s'",
                                         fromValue, axis)
diff --git a/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/tables/_b_s_l_n.py b/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/tables/_b_s_l_n.py
index 31d8399..8e266fa 100644
--- a/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/tables/_b_s_l_n.py
+++ b/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/tables/_b_s_l_n.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import print_function, division, absolute_import
-from fontTools.misc.py23 import *
 from .otBase import BaseTTXConverter
 
 
diff --git a/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/tables/_c_i_d_g.py b/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/tables/_c_i_d_g.py
index 1d6c502..de83d4d 100644
--- a/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/tables/_c_i_d_g.py
+++ b/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/tables/_c_i_d_g.py
@@ -1,6 +1,4 @@
 # coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import print_function, division, absolute_import
-from fontTools.misc.py23 import *
 from .otBase import BaseTTXConverter
 
 
diff --git a/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/tables/_c_m_a_p.py b/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/tables/_c_m_a_p.py
index 888eb26..a65a0c2 100644
--- a/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/tables/_c_m_a_p.py
+++ b/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/tables/_c_m_a_p.py
@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
-from __future__ import print_function, division, absolute_import
-from fontTools.misc.py23 import *
+from fontTools.misc.py23 import bytesjoin
 from fontTools.misc.textTools import safeEval, readHex
 from fontTools.misc.encodingTools import getEncoding
 from fontTools.ttLib import getSearchRange
@@ -8,7 +7,6 @@
 import sys
 import struct
 import array
-import operator
 import logging
 
 
@@ -20,7 +18,7 @@
 	cmap = {}
 	glyphOrder = font.getGlyphOrder()
 	for char,gid in zip(chars,gids):
-		if gid is 0:
+		if gid == 0:
 			continue
 		try:
 			name = glyphOrder[gid]
@@ -104,7 +102,7 @@
 			tables.append(table)
 
 	def compile(self, ttFont):
-		self.tables.sort()    # sort according to the spec; see CmapSubtable.__lt__()
+		self.tables.sort()  # sort according to the spec; see CmapSubtable.__lt__()
 		numSubTables = len(self.tables)
 		totalOffset = 4 + 8 * numSubTables
 		data = struct.pack(">HH", self.tableVersion, numSubTables)
@@ -246,7 +244,7 @@
 
 	def decompile(self, data, ttFont):
 		# we usually get here indirectly from the subtable __getattr__ function, in which case both args must be None.
-		# If not, someone is calling  the subtable decompile() directly, and must provide both args.
+		# If not, someone is calling the subtable decompile() directly, and must provide both args.
 		if data is not None and ttFont is not None:
 			self.decompileHeader(data, ttFont)
 		else:
@@ -254,7 +252,7 @@
 		data = self.data # decompileHeader assigns the data after the header to self.data
 		assert 262 == self.length, "Format 0 cmap subtable not 262 bytes"
 		gids = array.array("B")
-		gids.fromstring(self.data)
+		gids.frombytes(self.data)
 		charCodes = list(range(len(gids)))
 		self.cmap = _make_map(self.ttFont, charCodes, gids)
 
@@ -268,7 +266,7 @@
 		valueList = [getGlyphID(cmap[i]) if i in cmap else 0 for i in range(256)]
 
 		gids = array.array("B", valueList)
-		data = struct.pack(">HHH", 0, 262, self.language) + gids.tostring()
+		data = struct.pack(">HHH", 0, 262, self.language) + gids.tobytes()
 		assert len(data) == 262
 		return data
 
@@ -310,15 +308,15 @@
 		# so that we are more likely to be able to combine glypharray GID subranges.
 		# This means that we have a problem when minGI is > 32K
 		# Since the final gi is reconstructed from the glyphArray GID by:
-		#    (short)finalGID = (gid +  idDelta) % 0x10000),
+		#    (short)finalGID = (gid + idDelta) % 0x10000),
 		# we can get from a glypharray GID of 1 to a final GID of 65K by subtracting 2, and casting the
 		# negative number to an unsigned short.
 
-		if  (minGI > 1):
-			if  minGI > 0x7FFF:
+		if (minGI > 1):
+			if minGI > 0x7FFF:
 				subHeader.idDelta = -(0x10000 - minGI) -1
 			else:
-				subHeader.idDelta =  minGI -1
+				subHeader.idDelta = minGI -1
 			idDelta = subHeader.idDelta
 			for i in range(subHeader.entryCount):
 				gid = subHeader.glyphIndexArray[i]
@@ -327,7 +325,7 @@
 
 	def decompile(self, data, ttFont):
 		# we usually get here indirectly from the subtable __getattr__ function, in which case both args must be None.
-		# If not, someone is calling  the subtable decompile() directly, and must provide both args.
+		# If not, someone is calling the subtable decompile() directly, and must provide both args.
 		if data is not None and ttFont is not None:
 			self.decompileHeader(data, ttFont)
 		else:
@@ -338,10 +336,9 @@
 		maxSubHeaderindex = 0
 		# get the key array, and determine the number of subHeaders.
 		allKeys = array.array("H")
-		allKeys.fromstring(data[:512])
+		allKeys.frombytes(data[:512])
 		data = data[512:]
-		if sys.byteorder != "big":
-			allKeys.byteswap()
+		if sys.byteorder != "big": allKeys.byteswap()
 		subHeaderKeys = [ key//8 for key in allKeys]
 		maxSubHeaderindex = max(subHeaderKeys)
 
@@ -355,14 +352,13 @@
 			pos += 8
 			giDataPos = pos + subHeader.idRangeOffset-2
 			giList = array.array("H")
-			giList.fromstring(data[giDataPos:giDataPos + subHeader.entryCount*2])
-			if sys.byteorder != "big":
-				giList.byteswap()
+			giList.frombytes(data[giDataPos:giDataPos + subHeader.entryCount*2])
+			if sys.byteorder != "big": giList.byteswap()
 			subHeader.glyphIndexArray = giList
 			subHeaderList.append(subHeader)
 		# How this gets processed.
 		# Charcodes may be one or two bytes.
-		# The first byte of a charcode is mapped through the  subHeaderKeys, to select
+		# The first byte of a charcode is mapped through the subHeaderKeys, to select
 		# a subHeader. For any subheader but 0, the next byte is then mapped through the
 		# selected subheader. If subheader Index 0 is selected, then the byte itself is
 		# mapped through the subheader, and there is no second byte.
@@ -444,13 +440,12 @@
 		charCodes = [item[0] for item in items]
 		names = [item[1] for item in items]
 		nameMap = ttFont.getReverseGlyphMap()
-		lenCharCodes = len(charCodes)
 		try:
-			gids = list(map(operator.getitem, [nameMap]*lenCharCodes, names))
+			gids = [nameMap[name] for name in names]
 		except KeyError:
 			nameMap = ttFont.getReverseGlyphMap(rebuild=True)
 			try:
-				gids = list(map(operator.getitem, [nameMap]*lenCharCodes, names))
+				gids = [nameMap[name] for name in names]
 			except KeyError:
 				# allow virtual GIDs in format 2 tables
 				gids = []
@@ -460,7 +455,7 @@
 					except KeyError:
 						try:
 							if (name[:3] == 'gid'):
-								gid = eval(name[3:])
+								gid = int(name[3:])
 							else:
 								gid = ttFont.getGlyphID(name)
 						except:
@@ -468,17 +463,17 @@
 
 					gids.append(gid)
 
-		# Process the (char code to gid) item list  in char code order.
+		# Process the (char code to gid) item list in char code order.
 		# By definition, all one byte char codes map to subheader 0.
 		# For all the two byte char codes, we assume that the first byte maps maps to the empty subhead (with an entry count of 0,
 		# which defines all char codes in its range to map to notdef) unless proven otherwise.
 		# Note that since the char code items are processed in char code order, all the char codes with the
 		# same first byte are in sequential order.
 
-		subHeaderKeys = [ kEmptyTwoCharCodeRange for x in  range(256)] # list of indices into subHeaderList.
+		subHeaderKeys = [kEmptyTwoCharCodeRange for x in range(256)] # list of indices into subHeaderList.
 		subHeaderList = []
 
-		# We force this subheader entry 0  to exist in the subHeaderList in the case where some one comes up
+		# We force this subheader entry 0 to exist in the subHeaderList in the case where some one comes up
 		# with a cmap where all the one byte char codes map to notdef,
 		# with the result that the subhead 0 would not get created just by processing the item list.
 		charCode = charCodes[0]
@@ -551,7 +546,7 @@
 		for index in range(subheadRangeLen):
 			subHeader = subHeaderList[index]
 			subHeader.idRangeOffset = 0
-			for j  in range(index):
+			for j in range(index):
 				prevSubhead = subHeaderList[j]
 				if prevSubhead.glyphIndexArray == subHeader.glyphIndexArray: # use the glyphIndexArray subarray
 					subHeader.idRangeOffset = prevSubhead.idRangeOffset - (index-j)*8
@@ -686,7 +681,7 @@
 
 	def decompile(self, data, ttFont):
 		# we usually get here indirectly from the subtable __getattr__ function, in which case both args must be None.
-		# If not, someone is calling  the subtable decompile() directly, and must provide both args.
+		# If not, someone is calling the subtable decompile() directly, and must provide both args.
 		if data is not None and ttFont is not None:
 			self.decompileHeader(data, ttFont)
 		else:
@@ -699,11 +694,10 @@
 		segCount = segCountX2 // 2
 
 		allCodes = array.array("H")
-		allCodes.fromstring(data)
+		allCodes.frombytes(data)
 		self.data = data = None
 
-		if sys.byteorder != "big":
-			allCodes.byteswap()
+		if sys.byteorder != "big": allCodes.byteswap()
 
 		# divide the data
 		endCode = allCodes[:segCount]
@@ -733,7 +727,7 @@
 			else:
 				for charCode in rangeCharCodes:
 					index = charCode + partial
-					assert (index < lenGIArray), "In format 4 cmap, range (%d), the calculated index (%d) into the glyph index array  is not less than the length of the array (%d) !" % (i, index, lenGIArray)
+					assert (index < lenGIArray), "In format 4 cmap, range (%d), the calculated index (%d) into the glyph index array is not less than the length of the array (%d) !" % (i, index, lenGIArray)
 					if glyphIndexArray[index] != 0:  # if not missing glyph
 						glyphID = glyphIndexArray[index] + delta
 					else:
@@ -747,20 +741,19 @@
 			return struct.pack(">HHH", self.format, self.length, self.language) + self.data
 
 		charCodes = list(self.cmap.keys())
-		lenCharCodes = len(charCodes)
-		if lenCharCodes == 0:
+		if not charCodes:
 			startCode = [0xffff]
 			endCode = [0xffff]
 		else:
 			charCodes.sort()
-			names = list(map(operator.getitem, [self.cmap]*lenCharCodes, charCodes))
+			names = [self.cmap[code] for code in charCodes]
 			nameMap = ttFont.getReverseGlyphMap()
 			try:
-				gids = list(map(operator.getitem, [nameMap]*lenCharCodes, names))
+				gids = [nameMap[name] for name in names]
 			except KeyError:
 				nameMap = ttFont.getReverseGlyphMap(rebuild=True)
 				try:
-					gids = list(map(operator.getitem, [nameMap]*lenCharCodes, names))
+					gids = [nameMap[name] for name in names]
 				except KeyError:
 					# allow virtual GIDs in format 4 tables
 					gids = []
@@ -770,7 +763,7 @@
 						except KeyError:
 							try:
 								if (name[:3] == 'gid'):
-									gid = eval(name[3:])
+									gid = int(name[3:])
 								else:
 									gid = ttFont.getGlyphID(name)
 							except:
@@ -778,7 +771,8 @@
 
 						gids.append(gid)
 			cmap = {}  # code:glyphID mapping
-			list(map(operator.setitem, [cmap]*len(charCodes), charCodes, gids))
+			for code, gid in zip(charCodes, gids):
+				cmap[code] = gid
 
 			# Build startCode and endCode lists.
 			# Split the char codes in ranges of consecutive char codes, then split
@@ -810,7 +804,7 @@
 			indices = []
 			for charCode in range(startCode[i], endCode[i] + 1):
 				indices.append(cmap[charCode])
-			if  (indices == list(range(indices[0], indices[0] + len(indices)))):
+			if (indices == list(range(indices[0], indices[0] + len(indices)))):
 				idDelta.append((indices[0] - startCode[i]) % 0x10000)
 				idRangeOffset.append(0)
 			else:
@@ -829,11 +823,10 @@
 		charCodeArray = array.array("H", endCode + [0] + startCode)
 		idDeltaArray = array.array("H", idDelta)
 		restArray = array.array("H", idRangeOffset + glyphIndexArray)
-		if sys.byteorder != "big":
-			charCodeArray.byteswap()
-			idDeltaArray.byteswap()
-			restArray.byteswap()
-		data = charCodeArray.tostring() + idDeltaArray.tostring() + restArray.tostring()
+		if sys.byteorder != "big": charCodeArray.byteswap()
+		if sys.byteorder != "big": idDeltaArray.byteswap()
+		if sys.byteorder != "big": restArray.byteswap()
+		data = charCodeArray.tobytes() + idDeltaArray.tobytes() + restArray.tobytes()
 
 		length = struct.calcsize(cmap_format_4_format) + len(data)
 		header = struct.pack(cmap_format_4_format, self.format, length, self.language,
@@ -859,7 +852,7 @@
 
 	def decompile(self, data, ttFont):
 		# we usually get here indirectly from the subtable __getattr__ function, in which case both args must be None.
-		# If not, someone is calling  the subtable decompile() directly, and must provide both args.
+		# If not, someone is calling the subtable decompile() directly, and must provide both args.
 		if data is not None and ttFont is not None:
 			self.decompileHeader(data, ttFont)
 		else:
@@ -871,9 +864,8 @@
 		data = data[4:]
 		#assert len(data) == 2 * entryCount  # XXX not true in Apple's Helvetica!!!
 		gids = array.array("H")
-		gids.fromstring(data[:2 * int(entryCount)])
-		if sys.byteorder != "big":
-			gids.byteswap()
+		gids.frombytes(data[:2 * int(entryCount)])
+		if sys.byteorder != "big": gids.byteswap()
 		self.data = data = None
 
 		charCodes = list(range(firstCode, firstCode + len(gids)))
@@ -887,12 +879,13 @@
 		if codes: # yes, there are empty cmap tables.
 			codes = list(range(codes[0], codes[-1] + 1))
 			firstCode = codes[0]
-			valueList = [cmap.get(code, ".notdef") for code in codes]
-			valueList = map(ttFont.getGlyphID, valueList)
+			valueList = [
+				ttFont.getGlyphID(cmap[code]) if code in cmap else 0
+				for code in codes
+			]
 			gids = array.array("H", valueList)
-			if sys.byteorder != "big":
-				gids.byteswap()
-			data = gids.tostring()
+			if sys.byteorder != "big": gids.byteswap()
+			data = gids.tobytes()
 		else:
 			data = b""
 			firstCode = 0
@@ -936,7 +929,7 @@
 
 	def decompile(self, data, ttFont):
 		# we usually get here indirectly from the subtable __getattr__ function, in which case both args must be None.
-		# If not, someone is calling  the subtable decompile() directly, and must provide both args.
+		# If not, someone is calling the subtable decompile() directly, and must provide both args.
 		if data is not None and ttFont is not None:
 			self.decompileHeader(data, ttFont)
 		else:
@@ -959,15 +952,14 @@
 		if self.data:
 			return struct.pack(">HHLLL", self.format, self.reserved, self.length, self.language, self.nGroups) + self.data
 		charCodes = list(self.cmap.keys())
-		lenCharCodes = len(charCodes)
 		names = list(self.cmap.values())
 		nameMap = ttFont.getReverseGlyphMap()
 		try:
-			gids = list(map(operator.getitem, [nameMap]*lenCharCodes, names))
+			gids = [nameMap[name] for name in names]
 		except KeyError:
 			nameMap = ttFont.getReverseGlyphMap(rebuild=True)
 			try:
-				gids = list(map(operator.getitem, [nameMap]*lenCharCodes, names))
+				gids = [nameMap[name] for name in names]
 			except KeyError:
 				# allow virtual GIDs in format 12 tables
 				gids = []
@@ -977,7 +969,7 @@
 					except KeyError:
 						try:
 							if (name[:3] == 'gid'):
-								gid = eval(name[3:])
+								gid = int(name[3:])
 							else:
 								gid = ttFont.getGlyphID(name)
 						except:
@@ -986,7 +978,8 @@
 					gids.append(gid)
 
 		cmap = {}  # code:glyphID mapping
-		list(map(operator.setitem, [cmap]*len(charCodes), charCodes, gids))
+		for code, gid in zip(charCodes, gids):
+			cmap[code] = gid
 
 		charCodes.sort()
 		index = 0
@@ -995,7 +988,7 @@
 		lastGlyphID = startGlyphID - self._format_step
 		lastCharCode = startCharCode - 1
 		nGroups = 0
-		dataList =  []
+		dataList = []
 		maxIndex = len(charCodes)
 		for index in range(maxIndex):
 			charCode = charCodes[index]
@@ -1077,12 +1070,12 @@
 		return (glyphID == lastGlyphID) and (charCode == 1 + lastCharCode)
 
 
-def  cvtToUVS(threeByteString):
+def cvtToUVS(threeByteString):
 	data = b"\0" + threeByteString
 	val, = struct.unpack(">L", data)
 	return val
 
-def  cvtFromUVS(val):
+def cvtFromUVS(val):
 	assert 0 <= val < 0x1000000
 	fourByteString = struct.pack(">L", val)
 	return fourByteString[1:]
@@ -1109,7 +1102,7 @@
 		uvsDict = {}
 		recOffset = 0
 		for n in range(self.numVarSelectorRecords):
-			uvs, defOVSOffset, nonDefUVSOffset =  struct.unpack(">3sLL", data[recOffset:recOffset +11])
+			uvs, defOVSOffset, nonDefUVSOffset = struct.unpack(">3sLL", data[recOffset:recOffset +11])
 			recOffset += 11
 			varUVS = cvtToUVS(uvs)
 			if defOVSOffset:
@@ -1139,7 +1132,7 @@
 					startOffset += 5
 					uv = cvtToUVS(uv)
 					glyphName = self.ttFont.getGlyphName(gid)
-					localUVList.append( [uv, glyphName] )
+					localUVList.append((uv, glyphName))
 				try:
 					uvsDict[varUVS].extend(localUVList)
 				except KeyError:
@@ -1151,9 +1144,6 @@
 		writer.begintag(self.__class__.__name__, [
 				("platformID", self.platformID),
 				("platEncID", self.platEncID),
-				("format", self.format),
-				("length", self.length),
-				("numVarSelectorRecords", self.numVarSelectorRecords),
 				])
 		writer.newline()
 		uvsDict = self.uvsDict
@@ -1162,25 +1152,27 @@
 			uvList = uvsDict[uvs]
 			uvList.sort(key=lambda item: (item[1] is not None, item[0], item[1]))
 			for uv, gname in uvList:
-				if gname is None:
-					gname = "None"
-				# I use the arg rather than th keyword syntax in order to preserve the attribute order.
-				writer.simpletag("map", [ ("uvs",hex(uvs)), ("uv",hex(uv)), ("name", gname)]  )
+				attrs = [("uv", hex(uv)), ("uvs", hex(uvs))]
+				if gname is not None:
+					attrs.append(("name", gname))
+				writer.simpletag("map", attrs)
 				writer.newline()
 		writer.endtag(self.__class__.__name__)
 		writer.newline()
 
 	def fromXML(self, name, attrs, content, ttFont):
-		self.format = safeEval(attrs["format"])
-		self.length = safeEval(attrs["length"])
-		self.numVarSelectorRecords = safeEval(attrs["numVarSelectorRecords"])
-		self.language = 0xFF # provide a value so that  CmapSubtable.__lt__() won't fail
+		self.language = 0xFF # provide a value so that CmapSubtable.__lt__() won't fail
 		if not hasattr(self, "cmap"):
 			self.cmap = {} # so that clients that expect this to exist in a cmap table won't fail.
 		if not hasattr(self, "uvsDict"):
 			self.uvsDict = {}
 			uvsDict = self.uvsDict
 
+		# For backwards compatibility reasons we accept "None" as an indicator
+		# for "default mapping", unless the font actually has a glyph named
+		# "None".
+		_hasGlyphNamedNone = None
+
 		for element in content:
 			if not isinstance(element, tuple):
 				continue
@@ -1189,13 +1181,16 @@
 				continue
 			uvs = safeEval(attrs["uvs"])
 			uv = safeEval(attrs["uv"])
-			gname = attrs["name"]
+			gname = attrs.get("name")
 			if gname == "None":
-				gname = None
+				if _hasGlyphNamedNone is None:
+					_hasGlyphNamedNone = "None" in ttFont.getGlyphOrder()
+				if not _hasGlyphNamedNone:
+					gname = None
 			try:
-				uvsDict[uvs].append( [uv, gname])
+				uvsDict[uvs].append((uv, gname))
 			except KeyError:
-				uvsDict[uvs] = [ [uv, gname] ]
+				uvsDict[uvs] = [(uv, gname)]
 
 	def compile(self, ttFont):
 		if self.data:
@@ -1285,7 +1280,7 @@
 
 	def decompile(self, data, ttFont):
 		# we usually get here indirectly from the subtable __getattr__ function, in which case both args must be None.
-		# If not, someone is calling  the subtable decompile() directly, and must provide both args.
+		# If not, someone is calling the subtable decompile() directly, and must provide both args.
 		if data is not None and ttFont is not None:
 			self.decompileHeader(data, ttFont)
 		else:
diff --git a/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/tables/_c_v_a_r.py b/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/tables/_c_v_a_r.py
index d7e5553..a5f1acf 100644
--- a/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/tables/_c_v_a_r.py
+++ b/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/tables/_c_v_a_r.py
@@ -1,6 +1,4 @@
-from __future__ import \
-    print_function, division, absolute_import, unicode_literals
-from fontTools.misc.py23 import *
+from fontTools.misc.py23 import bytesjoin
 from . import DefaultTable
 from fontTools.misc import sstruct
 from fontTools.ttLib.tables.TupleVariation import \
@@ -43,7 +41,7 @@
             "tupleVariationCount": tupleVariationCount,
             "offsetToData": CVAR_HEADER_SIZE + len(tuples),
         }
-        return bytesjoin([
+        return b''.join([
             sstruct.pack(CVAR_HEADER_FORMAT, header),
             tuples,
             data
@@ -75,7 +73,7 @@
                     tupleName, tupleAttrs, tupleContent = tupleElement
                     var.fromXML(tupleName, tupleAttrs, tupleContent)
 
-    def toXML(self, writer, ttFont, progress=None):
+    def toXML(self, writer, ttFont):
         axisTags = [axis.axisTag for axis in ttFont["fvar"].axes]
         writer.simpletag("version",
                          major=self.majorVersion, minor=self.minorVersion)
diff --git a/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/tables/_c_v_t.py b/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/tables/_c_v_t.py
index 4fbee7b..26395c9 100644
--- a/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/tables/_c_v_t.py
+++ b/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/tables/_c_v_t.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import print_function, division, absolute_import
-from fontTools.misc.py23 import *
 from fontTools.misc.textTools import safeEval
 from . import DefaultTable
 import sys
@@ -9,16 +7,14 @@
 
 	def decompile(self, data, ttFont):
 		values = array.array("h")
-		values.fromstring(data)
-		if sys.byteorder != "big":
-			values.byteswap()
+		values.frombytes(data)
+		if sys.byteorder != "big": values.byteswap()
 		self.values = values
 
 	def compile(self, ttFont):
 		values = self.values[:]
-		if sys.byteorder != "big":
-			values.byteswap()
-		return values.tostring()
+		if sys.byteorder != "big": values.byteswap()
+		return values.tobytes()
 
 	def toXML(self, writer, ttFont):
 		for i in range(len(self.values)):
diff --git a/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/tables/_f_e_a_t.py b/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/tables/_f_e_a_t.py
index 3715271..eb03f8b 100644
--- a/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/tables/_f_e_a_t.py
+++ b/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/tables/_f_e_a_t.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import print_function, division, absolute_import
-from fontTools.misc.py23 import *
 from .otBase import BaseTTXConverter
 
 
diff --git a/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/tables/_f_p_g_m.py b/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/tables/_f_p_g_m.py
index 6536dba..ec3576c 100644
--- a/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/tables/_f_p_g_m.py
+++ b/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/tables/_f_p_g_m.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import print_function, division, absolute_import
-from fontTools.misc.py23 import *
 from . import DefaultTable
 from . import ttProgram
 
diff --git a/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/tables/_f_v_a_r.py b/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/tables/_f_v_a_r.py
index 50ae736..7487da6 100644
--- a/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/tables/_f_v_a_r.py
+++ b/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/tables/_f_v_a_r.py
@@ -1,8 +1,12 @@
-from __future__ import print_function, division, absolute_import
-from fontTools.misc.py23 import *
+from fontTools.misc.py23 import Tag, bytesjoin
 from fontTools.misc import sstruct
-from fontTools.misc.fixedTools import fixedToFloat, floatToFixed
-from fontTools.misc.textTools import safeEval, num2binary, binary2num
+from fontTools.misc.fixedTools import (
+    fixedToFloat as fi2fl,
+    floatToFixed as fl2fi,
+    floatToFixedToStr as fl2str,
+    strToFixedToFloat as str2fl,
+)
+from fontTools.misc.textTools import safeEval
 from fontTools.ttLib import TTLibError
 from . import DefaultTable
 import struct
@@ -89,7 +93,7 @@
             self.instances.append(instance)
             pos += instanceSize
 
-    def toXML(self, writer, ttFont, progress=None):
+    def toXML(self, writer, ttFont):
         for axis in self.axes:
             axis.toXML(writer, ttFont)
         for instance in self.instances:
@@ -130,9 +134,9 @@
         writer.newline()
         for tag, value in [("AxisTag", self.axisTag),
                            ("Flags", "0x%X" % self.flags),
-                           ("MinValue", str(self.minValue)),
-                           ("DefaultValue", str(self.defaultValue)),
-                           ("MaxValue", str(self.maxValue)),
+                           ("MinValue", fl2str(self.minValue, 16)),
+                           ("DefaultValue", fl2str(self.defaultValue, 16)),
+                           ("MaxValue", fl2str(self.maxValue, 16)),
                            ("AxisNameID", str(self.axisNameID))]:
             writer.begintag(tag)
             writer.write(value)
@@ -149,7 +153,11 @@
                 self.axisTag = Tag(value)
             elif tag in {"Flags", "MinValue", "DefaultValue", "MaxValue",
                          "AxisNameID"}:
-                setattr(self, tag[0].lower() + tag[1:], safeEval(value))
+                setattr(
+                    self,
+                    tag[0].lower() + tag[1:],
+                    str2fl(value, 16) if tag.endswith("Value") else safeEval(value)
+                )
 
 
 class NamedInstance(object):
@@ -162,7 +170,7 @@
     def compile(self, axisTags, includePostScriptName):
         result = [sstruct.pack(FVAR_INSTANCE_FORMAT, self)]
         for axis in axisTags:
-            fixedCoord = floatToFixed(self.coordinates[axis], 16)
+            fixedCoord = fl2fi(self.coordinates[axis], 16)
             result.append(struct.pack(">l", fixedCoord))
         if includePostScriptName:
             result.append(struct.pack(">H", self.postscriptNameID))
@@ -173,7 +181,7 @@
         pos = sstruct.calcsize(FVAR_INSTANCE_FORMAT)
         for axis in axisTags:
             value = struct.unpack(">l", data[pos : pos + 4])[0]
-            self.coordinates[axis] = fixedToFloat(value, 16)
+            self.coordinates[axis] = fi2fl(value, 16)
             pos += 4
         if pos + 2 <= len(data):
           self.postscriptNameID = struct.unpack(">H", data[pos : pos + 2])[0]
@@ -200,7 +208,7 @@
         writer.newline()
         for axis in ttFont["fvar"].axes:
             writer.simpletag("coord", axis=axis.axisTag,
-                             value=self.coordinates[axis.axisTag])
+                             value=fl2str(self.coordinates[axis.axisTag], 16))
             writer.newline()
         writer.endtag("NamedInstance")
         writer.newline()
@@ -216,4 +224,5 @@
 
         for tag, elementAttrs, _ in filter(lambda t: type(t) is tuple, content):
             if tag == "coord":
-                self.coordinates[elementAttrs["axis"]] = safeEval(elementAttrs["value"])
+                value = str2fl(elementAttrs["value"], 16)
+                self.coordinates[elementAttrs["axis"]] = value
diff --git a/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/tables/_g_a_s_p.py b/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/tables/_g_a_s_p.py
index dce3569..2c80913 100644
--- a/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/tables/_g_a_s_p.py
+++ b/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/tables/_g_a_s_p.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import print_function, division, absolute_import
-from fontTools.misc.py23 import *
 from fontTools.misc.textTools import safeEval
 from . import DefaultTable
 import struct
diff --git a/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/tables/_g_c_i_d.py b/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/tables/_g_c_i_d.py
index f8b57e2..2e746c8 100644
--- a/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/tables/_g_c_i_d.py
+++ b/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/tables/_g_c_i_d.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import print_function, division, absolute_import
-from fontTools.misc.py23 import *
 from .otBase import BaseTTXConverter
 
 
diff --git a/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/tables/_g_l_y_f.py b/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/tables/_g_l_y_f.py
index 7acf677..e3bbddb 100644
--- a/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/tables/_g_l_y_f.py
+++ b/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/tables/_g_l_y_f.py
@@ -1,15 +1,20 @@
 """_g_l_y_f.py -- Converter classes for the 'glyf' table."""
 
-from __future__ import print_function, division, absolute_import
 from collections import namedtuple
-from fontTools.misc.py23 import *
+from fontTools.misc.py23 import tostr
 from fontTools.misc import sstruct
 from fontTools import ttLib
 from fontTools import version
 from fontTools.misc.textTools import safeEval, pad
-from fontTools.misc.arrayTools import calcBounds, calcIntBounds, pointInRect
+from fontTools.misc.arrayTools import calcIntBounds, pointInRect
 from fontTools.misc.bezierTools import calcQuadraticBounds
-from fontTools.misc.fixedTools import fixedToFloat as fi2fl, floatToFixed as fl2fi
+from fontTools.misc.fixedTools import (
+	fixedToFloat as fi2fl,
+	floatToFixed as fl2fi,
+	floatToFixedToStr as fl2str,
+	strToFixedToFloat as str2fl,
+	otRound,
+)
 from numbers import Number
 from . import DefaultTable
 from . import ttProgram
@@ -19,7 +24,8 @@
 import logging
 import os
 from fontTools.misc import xmlWriter
-from fontTools.ttLib import nameToIdentifier
+from fontTools.misc.filenames import userNameToFileName
+from fontTools.misc.loggingTools import deprecateFunction
 
 log = logging.getLogger(__name__)
 
@@ -51,7 +57,8 @@
 
 	def decompile(self, data, ttFont):
 		loca = ttFont['loca']
-		last = int(loca[0])
+		pos = int(loca[0])
+		nextPos = 0
 		noname = 0
 		self.glyphs = {}
 		self.glyphOrder = glyphOrder = ttFont.getGlyphOrder()
@@ -61,17 +68,17 @@
 			except IndexError:
 				noname = noname + 1
 				glyphName = 'ttxautoglyph%s' % i
-			next = int(loca[i+1])
-			glyphdata = data[last:next]
-			if len(glyphdata) != (next - last):
+			nextPos = int(loca[i+1])
+			glyphdata = data[pos:nextPos]
+			if len(glyphdata) != (nextPos - pos):
 				raise ttLib.TTLibError("not enough 'glyf' table data")
 			glyph = Glyph(glyphdata)
 			self.glyphs[glyphName] = glyph
-			last = next
-		if len(data) - next >= 4:
+			pos = nextPos
+		if len(data) - nextPos >= 4:
 			log.warning(
 				"too much 'glyf' table data: expected %d, received %d bytes",
-				next, len(data))
+				nextPos, len(data))
 		if noname:
 			log.warning('%s glyphs have no name', noname)
 		if ttFont.lazy is False: # Be lazy for None and True
@@ -111,14 +118,20 @@
 					currentLocation += len(glyphData)
 				locations[len(dataList)] = currentLocation
 
-		data = bytesjoin(dataList)
+		data = b''.join(dataList)
 		if 'loca' in ttFont:
 			ttFont['loca'].set(locations)
 		if 'maxp' in ttFont:
 			ttFont['maxp'].numGlyphs = len(self.glyphs)
+		if not data:
+		# As a special case when all glyph in the font are empty, add a zero byte
+		# to the table, so that OTS doesn’t reject it, and to make the table work
+		# on Windows as well.
+		# See https://github.com/khaledhosny/ots/issues/52
+			data = b"\0"
 		return data
 
-	def toXML(self, writer, ttFont, progress=None, splitGlyphs=False):
+	def toXML(self, writer, ttFont, splitGlyphs=False):
 		notice = (
 			"The xMin, yMin, xMax and yMax values\n"
 			"will be recalculated by the compiler.")
@@ -128,20 +141,23 @@
 			writer.comment(notice)
 			writer.newline()
 			writer.newline()
-		counter = 0
-		progressStep = 10
 		numGlyphs = len(glyphNames)
+		if splitGlyphs:
+			path, ext = os.path.splitext(writer.file.name)
+			existingGlyphFiles = set()
 		for glyphName in glyphNames:
-			if not counter % progressStep and progress is not None:
-				progress.setLabel("Dumping 'glyf' table... (%s)" % glyphName)
-				progress.increment(progressStep / numGlyphs)
-			counter = counter + 1
-			glyph = self[glyphName]
+			glyph = self.get(glyphName)
+			if glyph is None:
+				log.warning("glyph '%s' does not exist in glyf table", glyphName)
+				continue
 			if glyph.numberOfContours:
 				if splitGlyphs:
-					path, ext = os.path.splitext(writer.file.name)
-					fileNameTemplate = path + ".%s" + ext
-					glyphPath = fileNameTemplate % nameToIdentifier(glyphName)
+					glyphPath = userNameToFileName(
+						tostr(glyphName, 'utf-8'),
+						existingGlyphFiles,
+						prefix=path + ".",
+						suffix=ext)
+					existingGlyphFiles.add(glyphPath.lower())
 					glyphWriter = xmlWriter.XMLWriter(
 						glyphPath, idlefunc=writer.idlefunc,
 						newlinestr=writer.newlinestr)
@@ -221,6 +237,12 @@
 
 	__contains__ = has_key
 
+	def get(self, glyphName, default=None):
+		glyph = self.glyphs.get(glyphName, default)
+		if glyph is not None:
+			glyph.expand(self)
+		return glyph
+
 	def __getitem__(self, glyphName):
 		glyph = self.glyphs[glyphName]
 		glyph.expand(self)
@@ -239,6 +261,193 @@
 		assert len(self.glyphOrder) == len(self.glyphs)
 		return len(self.glyphs)
 
+	def _getPhantomPoints(self, glyphName, hMetrics, vMetrics=None):
+		"""Compute the four "phantom points" for the given glyph from its bounding box
+		and the horizontal and vertical advance widths and sidebearings stored in the
+		ttFont's "hmtx" and "vmtx" tables.
+
+		'hMetrics' should be ttFont['hmtx'].metrics.
+
+		'vMetrics' should be ttFont['vmtx'].metrics if there is "vmtx" or None otherwise.
+		If there is no vMetrics passed in, vertical phantom points are set to the zero coordinate.
+
+		https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/typography/opentype/spec/tt_instructing_glyphs#phantoms
+		"""
+		glyph = self[glyphName]
+		if not hasattr(glyph, 'xMin'):
+			glyph.recalcBounds(self)
+
+		horizontalAdvanceWidth, leftSideBearing = hMetrics[glyphName]
+		leftSideX = glyph.xMin - leftSideBearing
+		rightSideX = leftSideX + horizontalAdvanceWidth
+
+		if vMetrics:
+			verticalAdvanceWidth, topSideBearing = vMetrics[glyphName]
+			topSideY = topSideBearing + glyph.yMax
+			bottomSideY = topSideY - verticalAdvanceWidth
+		else:
+			bottomSideY = topSideY = 0
+
+		return [
+			(leftSideX, 0),
+			(rightSideX, 0),
+			(0, topSideY),
+			(0, bottomSideY),
+		]
+
+	def _getCoordinatesAndControls(self, glyphName, hMetrics, vMetrics=None):
+		"""Return glyph coordinates and controls as expected by "gvar" table.
+
+		The coordinates includes four "phantom points" for the glyph metrics,
+		as mandated by the "gvar" spec.
+
+		The glyph controls is a namedtuple with the following attributes:
+			- numberOfContours: -1 for composite glyphs.
+			- endPts: list of indices of end points for each contour in simple
+			glyphs, or component indices in composite glyphs (used for IUP
+			optimization).
+			- flags: array of contour point flags for simple glyphs (None for
+			composite glyphs).
+			- components: list of base glyph names (str) for each component in
+			composite glyphs (None for simple glyphs).
+
+		The "hMetrics" and vMetrics are used to compute the "phantom points" (see
+		the "_getPhantomPoints" method).
+
+		Return None if the requested glyphName is not present.
+		"""
+		glyph = self.get(glyphName)
+		if glyph is None:
+			return None
+		if glyph.isComposite():
+			coords = GlyphCoordinates(
+				[(getattr(c, 'x', 0), getattr(c, 'y', 0)) for c in glyph.components]
+			)
+			controls = _GlyphControls(
+				numberOfContours=glyph.numberOfContours,
+				endPts=list(range(len(glyph.components))),
+				flags=None,
+				components=[c.glyphName for c in glyph.components],
+			)
+		else:
+			coords, endPts, flags = glyph.getCoordinates(self)
+			coords = coords.copy()
+			controls = _GlyphControls(
+				numberOfContours=glyph.numberOfContours,
+				endPts=endPts,
+				flags=flags,
+				components=None,
+			)
+		# Add phantom points for (left, right, top, bottom) positions.
+		phantomPoints = self._getPhantomPoints(glyphName, hMetrics, vMetrics)
+		coords.extend(phantomPoints)
+		return coords, controls
+
+	def _setCoordinates(self, glyphName, coord, hMetrics, vMetrics=None):
+		"""Set coordinates and metrics for the given glyph.
+
+		"coord" is an array of GlyphCoordinates which must include the "phantom
+		points" as the last four coordinates.
+
+		Both the horizontal/vertical advances and left/top sidebearings in "hmtx"
+		and "vmtx" tables (if any) are updated from four phantom points and
+		the glyph's bounding boxes.
+
+		The "hMetrics" and vMetrics are used to propagate "phantom points"
+		into "hmtx" and "vmtx" tables if desired.  (see the "_getPhantomPoints"
+		method).
+		"""
+		glyph = self[glyphName]
+
+		# Handle phantom points for (left, right, top, bottom) positions.
+		assert len(coord) >= 4
+		leftSideX = coord[-4][0]
+		rightSideX = coord[-3][0]
+		topSideY = coord[-2][1]
+		bottomSideY = coord[-1][1]
+
+		coord = coord[:-4]
+
+		if glyph.isComposite():
+			assert len(coord) == len(glyph.components)
+			for p, comp in zip(coord, glyph.components):
+				if hasattr(comp, 'x'):
+					comp.x, comp.y = p
+		elif glyph.numberOfContours == 0:
+			assert len(coord) == 0
+		else:
+			assert len(coord) == len(glyph.coordinates)
+			glyph.coordinates = GlyphCoordinates(coord)
+
+		glyph.recalcBounds(self)
+
+		horizontalAdvanceWidth = otRound(rightSideX - leftSideX)
+		if horizontalAdvanceWidth < 0:
+			# unlikely, but it can happen, see:
+			# https://github.com/fonttools/fonttools/pull/1198
+			horizontalAdvanceWidth = 0
+		leftSideBearing = otRound(glyph.xMin - leftSideX)
+		hMetrics[glyphName] = horizontalAdvanceWidth, leftSideBearing
+
+		if vMetrics is not None:
+			verticalAdvanceWidth = otRound(topSideY - bottomSideY)
+			if verticalAdvanceWidth < 0:  # unlikely but do the same as horizontal
+				verticalAdvanceWidth = 0
+			topSideBearing = otRound(topSideY - glyph.yMax)
+			vMetrics[glyphName] = verticalAdvanceWidth, topSideBearing
+
+
+	# Deprecated
+
+	def _synthesizeVMetrics(self, glyphName, ttFont, defaultVerticalOrigin):
+		"""This method is wrong and deprecated.
+		For rationale see:
+		https://github.com/fonttools/fonttools/pull/2266/files#r613569473
+		"""
+		vMetrics = getattr(ttFont.get('vmtx'), 'metrics', None)
+		if vMetrics is None:
+			verticalAdvanceWidth = ttFont["head"].unitsPerEm
+			topSideY = getattr(ttFont.get('hhea'), 'ascent', None)
+			if topSideY is None:
+				if defaultVerticalOrigin is not None:
+					topSideY = defaultVerticalOrigin
+				else:
+					topSideY = verticalAdvanceWidth
+			glyph = self[glyphName]
+			glyph.recalcBounds(self)
+			topSideBearing = otRound(topSideY - glyph.yMax)
+			vMetrics = {glyphName: (verticalAdvanceWidth, topSideBearing)}
+		return vMetrics
+
+	@deprecateFunction("use '_getPhantomPoints' instead", category=DeprecationWarning)
+	def getPhantomPoints(self, glyphName, ttFont, defaultVerticalOrigin=None):
+		"""Old public name for self._getPhantomPoints().
+		See: https://github.com/fonttools/fonttools/pull/2266"""
+		hMetrics = ttFont['hmtx'].metrics
+		vMetrics = self._synthesizeVMetrics(glyphName, ttFont, defaultVerticalOrigin)
+		return self._getPhantomPoints(glyphName, hMetrics, vMetrics)
+
+	@deprecateFunction("use '_getCoordinatesAndControls' instead", category=DeprecationWarning)
+	def getCoordinatesAndControls(self, glyphName, ttFont, defaultVerticalOrigin=None):
+		"""Old public name for self._getCoordinatesAndControls().
+		See: https://github.com/fonttools/fonttools/pull/2266"""
+		hMetrics = ttFont['hmtx'].metrics
+		vMetrics = self._synthesizeVMetrics(glyphName, ttFont, defaultVerticalOrigin)
+		return self._getCoordinatesAndControls(glyphName, hMetrics, vMetrics)
+
+	@deprecateFunction("use '_setCoordinates' instead", category=DeprecationWarning)
+	def setCoordinates(self, glyphName, ttFont):
+		"""Old public name for self._setCoordinates().
+		See: https://github.com/fonttools/fonttools/pull/2266"""
+		hMetrics = ttFont['hmtx'].metrics
+		vMetrics = getattr(ttFont.get('vmtx'), 'metrics', None)
+		self._setCoordinates(glyphName, hMetrics, vMetrics)
+
+
+_GlyphControls = namedtuple(
+	"_GlyphControls", "numberOfContours endPts flags components"
+)
+
 
 glyphHeaderFormat = """
 		>	# big endian
@@ -256,8 +465,11 @@
 flagRepeat = 0x08
 flagXsame =  0x10
 flagYsame = 0x20
-flagReserved1 = 0x40
-flagReserved2 = 0x80
+flagOverlapSimple = 0x40
+flagReserved = 0x80
+
+# These flags are kept for XML output after decompiling the coordinates
+keepFlags = flagOnCurve + flagOverlapSimple
 
 _flagSignBytes = {
 	0: 2,
@@ -314,8 +526,7 @@
 	elif byteCount == -1:
 		coordBytes.append(-coord)
 	elif byteCount == 2:
-		coordBytes.append((coord >> 8) & 0xFF)
-		coordBytes.append(coord & 0xFF)
+		coordBytes.extend(struct.pack('>h', coord))
 
 def flagEncodeCoords(flag, x, y, xBytes, yBytes):
 	flagEncodeCoord(flag, flagXsame|flagXShort, x, xBytes)
@@ -342,7 +553,7 @@
 
 class Glyph(object):
 
-	def __init__(self, data=""):
+	def __init__(self, data=b""):
 		if not data:
 			# empty char
 			self.numberOfContours = 0
@@ -383,7 +594,7 @@
 			else:
 				return self.data
 		if self.numberOfContours == 0:
-			return ""
+			return b''
 		if recalcBBoxes:
 			self.recalcBounds(glyfTable)
 		data = sstruct.pack(glyphHeaderFormat, self)
@@ -404,10 +615,15 @@
 				writer.begintag("contour")
 				writer.newline()
 				for j in range(last, self.endPtsOfContours[i] + 1):
-					writer.simpletag("pt", [
+					attrs = [
 							("x", self.coordinates[j][0]),
 							("y", self.coordinates[j][1]),
-							("on", self.flags[j] & flagOnCurve)])
+							("on", self.flags[j] & flagOnCurve),
+						]
+					if self.flags[j] & flagOverlapSimple:
+						# Apple's rasterizer uses flagOverlapSimple in the first contour/first pt to flag glyphs that contain overlapping contours
+						attrs.append(("overlap", 1))
+					writer.simpletag("pt", attrs)
 					writer.newline()
 				last = self.endPtsOfContours[i] + 1
 				writer.endtag("contour")
@@ -429,7 +645,7 @@
 				raise ttLib.TTLibError("can't mix composites and contours in glyph")
 			self.numberOfContours = self.numberOfContours + 1
 			coordinates = GlyphCoordinates()
-			flags = []
+			flags = bytearray()
 			for element in content:
 				if not isinstance(element, tuple):
 					continue
@@ -437,8 +653,10 @@
 				if name != "pt":
 					continue  # ignore anything but "pt"
 				coordinates.append((safeEval(attrs["x"]), safeEval(attrs["y"])))
-				flags.append(not not safeEval(attrs["on"]))
-			flags = array.array("B", flags)
+				flag = bool(safeEval(attrs["on"]))
+				if "overlap" in attrs and bool(safeEval(attrs["overlap"])):
+					flag |= flagOverlapSimple
+				flags.append(flag)
 			if not hasattr(self, "coordinates"):
 				self.coordinates = coordinates
 				self.flags = flags
@@ -468,6 +686,7 @@
 		assert self.isComposite()
 		nContours = 0
 		nPoints = 0
+		initialMaxComponentDepth = maxComponentDepth
 		for compo in self.components:
 			baseGlyph = glyfTable[compo.glyphName]
 			if baseGlyph.numberOfContours == 0:
@@ -475,8 +694,9 @@
 			elif baseGlyph.numberOfContours > 0:
 				nP, nC = baseGlyph.getMaxpValues()
 			else:
-				nP, nC, maxComponentDepth = baseGlyph.getCompositeMaxpValues(
-						glyfTable, maxComponentDepth + 1)
+				nP, nC, componentDepth = baseGlyph.getCompositeMaxpValues(
+						glyfTable, initialMaxComponentDepth + 1)
+				maxComponentDepth = max(maxComponentDepth, componentDepth)
 			nPoints = nPoints + nP
 			nContours = nContours + nC
 		return CompositeMaxpValues(nPoints, nContours, maxComponentDepth)
@@ -507,21 +727,18 @@
 
 	def decompileCoordinates(self, data):
 		endPtsOfContours = array.array("h")
-		endPtsOfContours.fromstring(data[:2*self.numberOfContours])
-		if sys.byteorder != "big":
-			endPtsOfContours.byteswap()
+		endPtsOfContours.frombytes(data[:2*self.numberOfContours])
+		if sys.byteorder != "big": endPtsOfContours.byteswap()
 		self.endPtsOfContours = endPtsOfContours.tolist()
 
-		data = data[2*self.numberOfContours:]
-
-		instructionLength, = struct.unpack(">h", data[:2])
-		data = data[2:]
+		pos = 2*self.numberOfContours
+		instructionLength, = struct.unpack(">h", data[pos:pos+2])
 		self.program = ttProgram.Program()
-		self.program.fromBytecode(data[:instructionLength])
-		data = data[instructionLength:]
+		self.program.fromBytecode(data[pos+2:pos+2+instructionLength])
+		pos += 2 + instructionLength
 		nCoordinates = self.endPtsOfContours[-1] + 1
 		flags, xCoordinates, yCoordinates = \
-				self.decompileCoordinatesRaw(nCoordinates, data)
+				self.decompileCoordinatesRaw(nCoordinates, data, pos)
 
 		# fill in repetitions and apply signs
 		self.coordinates = coordinates = GlyphCoordinates.zeros(nCoordinates)
@@ -557,25 +774,27 @@
 		assert xIndex == len(xCoordinates)
 		assert yIndex == len(yCoordinates)
 		coordinates.relativeToAbsolute()
-		# discard all flags but for "flagOnCurve"
-		self.flags = array.array("B", (f & flagOnCurve for f in flags))
+		# discard all flags except "keepFlags"
+		for i in range(len(flags)):
+			flags[i] &= keepFlags
+		self.flags = flags
 
-	def decompileCoordinatesRaw(self, nCoordinates, data):
+	def decompileCoordinatesRaw(self, nCoordinates, data, pos=0):
 		# unpack flags and prepare unpacking of coordinates
-		flags = array.array("B", [0] * nCoordinates)
+		flags = bytearray(nCoordinates)
 		# Warning: deep Python trickery going on. We use the struct module to unpack
 		# the coordinates. We build a format string based on the flags, so we can
 		# unpack the coordinates in one struct.unpack() call.
 		xFormat = ">" # big endian
 		yFormat = ">" # big endian
-		i = j = 0
+		j = 0
 		while True:
-			flag = byteord(data[i])
-			i = i + 1
+			flag = data[pos]
+			pos += 1
 			repeat = 1
 			if flag & flagRepeat:
-				repeat = byteord(data[i]) + 1
-				i = i + 1
+				repeat = data[pos] + 1
+				pos += 1
 			for k in range(repeat):
 				if flag & flagXShort:
 					xFormat = xFormat + 'B'
@@ -590,15 +809,14 @@
 			if j >= nCoordinates:
 				break
 		assert j == nCoordinates, "bad glyph flags"
-		data = data[i:]
 		# unpack raw coordinates, krrrrrr-tching!
 		xDataLen = struct.calcsize(xFormat)
 		yDataLen = struct.calcsize(yFormat)
-		if len(data) - (xDataLen + yDataLen) >= 4:
+		if len(data) - pos - (xDataLen + yDataLen) >= 4:
 			log.warning(
-				"too much glyph data: %d excess bytes", len(data) - (xDataLen + yDataLen))
-		xCoordinates = struct.unpack(xFormat, data[:xDataLen])
-		yCoordinates = struct.unpack(yFormat, data[xDataLen:xDataLen+yDataLen])
+				"too much glyph data: %d excess bytes", len(data) - pos - (xDataLen + yDataLen))
+		xCoordinates = struct.unpack(xFormat, data[pos:pos+xDataLen])
+		yCoordinates = struct.unpack(yFormat, data[pos+xDataLen:pos+xDataLen+yDataLen])
 		return flags, xCoordinates, yCoordinates
 
 	def compileComponents(self, glyfTable):
@@ -621,17 +839,14 @@
 		assert len(self.coordinates) == len(self.flags)
 		data = []
 		endPtsOfContours = array.array("h", self.endPtsOfContours)
-		if sys.byteorder != "big":
-			endPtsOfContours.byteswap()
-		data.append(endPtsOfContours.tostring())
+		if sys.byteorder != "big": endPtsOfContours.byteswap()
+		data.append(endPtsOfContours.tobytes())
 		instructions = self.program.getBytecode()
 		data.append(struct.pack(">h", len(instructions)))
 		data.append(instructions)
 
 		deltas = self.coordinates.copy()
-		if deltas.isFloat():
-			# Warn?
-			deltas.toInt()
+		deltas.toInt()
 		deltas.absoluteToRelative()
 
 		# TODO(behdad): Add a configuration option for this?
@@ -639,14 +854,14 @@
 		#deltas = self.compileDeltasOptimal(self.flags, deltas)
 
 		data.extend(deltas)
-		return bytesjoin(data)
+		return b''.join(data)
 
 	def compileDeltasGreedy(self, flags, deltas):
 		# Implements greedy algorithm for packing coordinate deltas:
 		# uses shortest representation one coordinate at a time.
-		compressedflags = []
-		xPoints = []
-		yPoints = []
+		compressedFlags = bytearray()
+		compressedXs = bytearray()
+		compressedYs = bytearray()
 		lastflag = None
 		repeat = 0
 		for flag,(x,y) in zip(flags, deltas):
@@ -660,9 +875,9 @@
 					flag = flag | flagXsame
 				else:
 					x = -x
-				xPoints.append(bytechr(x))
+				compressedXs.append(x)
 			else:
-				xPoints.append(struct.pack(">h", x))
+				compressedXs.extend(struct.pack('>h', x))
 			# do y
 			if y == 0:
 				flag = flag | flagYsame
@@ -672,24 +887,21 @@
 					flag = flag | flagYsame
 				else:
 					y = -y
-				yPoints.append(bytechr(y))
+				compressedYs.append(y)
 			else:
-				yPoints.append(struct.pack(">h", y))
+				compressedYs.extend(struct.pack('>h', y))
 			# handle repeating flags
 			if flag == lastflag and repeat != 255:
 				repeat = repeat + 1
 				if repeat == 1:
-					compressedflags.append(flag)
+					compressedFlags.append(flag)
 				else:
-					compressedflags[-2] = flag | flagRepeat
-					compressedflags[-1] = repeat
+					compressedFlags[-2] = flag | flagRepeat
+					compressedFlags[-1] = repeat
 			else:
 				repeat = 0
-				compressedflags.append(flag)
+				compressedFlags.append(flag)
 			lastflag = flag
-		compressedFlags = array.array("B", compressedflags).tostring()
-		compressedXs = bytesjoin(xPoints)
-		compressedYs = bytesjoin(yPoints)
 		return (compressedFlags, compressedXs, compressedYs)
 
 	def compileDeltasOptimal(self, flags, deltas):
@@ -720,9 +932,9 @@
 			flags.append(flag)
 		flags.reverse()
 
-		compressedFlags = array.array("B")
-		compressedXs = array.array("B")
-		compressedYs = array.array("B")
+		compressedFlags = bytearray()
+		compressedXs = bytearray()
+		compressedYs = bytearray()
 		coords = iter(deltas)
 		ff = []
 		for flag in flags:
@@ -742,69 +954,12 @@
 			raise Exception("internal error")
 		except StopIteration:
 			pass
-		compressedFlags = compressedFlags.tostring()
-		compressedXs = compressedXs.tostring()
-		compressedYs = compressedYs.tostring()
 
 		return (compressedFlags, compressedXs, compressedYs)
 
 	def recalcBounds(self, glyfTable):
 		coords, endPts, flags = self.getCoordinates(glyfTable)
-		if len(coords) > 0:
-			if 0:
-				# This branch calculates exact glyph outline bounds
-				# analytically, handling cases without on-curve
-				# extremas, etc.  However, the glyf table header
-				# simply says that the bounds should be min/max x/y
-				# "for coordinate data", so I suppose that means no
-				# fancy thing here, just get extremas of all coord
-				# points (on and off).  As such, this branch is
-				# disabled.
-
-				# Collect on-curve points
-				onCurveCoords = [coords[j] for j in range(len(coords))
-								if flags[j] & flagOnCurve]
-				# Add implicit on-curve points
-				start = 0
-				for end in endPts:
-					last = end
-					for j in range(start, end + 1):
-						if not ((flags[j] | flags[last]) & flagOnCurve):
-							x = (coords[last][0] + coords[j][0]) / 2
-							y = (coords[last][1] + coords[j][1]) / 2
-							onCurveCoords.append((x,y))
-						last = j
-					start = end + 1
-				# Add bounds for curves without an explicit extrema
-				start = 0
-				for end in endPts:
-					last = end
-					for j in range(start, end + 1):
-						if not (flags[j] & flagOnCurve):
-							next = j + 1 if j < end else start
-							bbox = calcBounds([coords[last], coords[next]])
-							if not pointInRect(coords[j], bbox):
-								# Ouch!
-								log.warning("Outline has curve with implicit extrema.")
-								# Ouch!  Find analytical curve bounds.
-								pthis = coords[j]
-								plast = coords[last]
-								if not (flags[last] & flagOnCurve):
-									plast = ((pthis[0]+plast[0])/2, (pthis[1]+plast[1])/2)
-								pnext = coords[next]
-								if not (flags[next] & flagOnCurve):
-									pnext = ((pthis[0]+pnext[0])/2, (pthis[1]+pnext[1])/2)
-								bbox = calcQuadraticBounds(plast, pthis, pnext)
-								onCurveCoords.append((bbox[0],bbox[1]))
-								onCurveCoords.append((bbox[2],bbox[3]))
-						last = j
-					start = end + 1
-
-				self.xMin, self.yMin, self.xMax, self.yMax = calcIntBounds(onCurveCoords)
-			else:
-				self.xMin, self.yMin, self.xMax, self.yMax = calcIntBounds(coords)
-		else:
-			self.xMin, self.yMin, self.xMax, self.yMax = (0, 0, 0, 0)
+		self.xMin, self.yMin, self.xMax, self.yMax = calcIntBounds(coords)
 
 	def isComposite(self):
 		"""Can be called on compact or expanded glyph."""
@@ -824,45 +979,52 @@
 		elif self.isComposite():
 			# it's a composite
 			allCoords = GlyphCoordinates()
-			allFlags = array.array("B")
+			allFlags = bytearray()
 			allEndPts = []
 			for compo in self.components:
 				g = glyfTable[compo.glyphName]
-				coordinates, endPts, flags = g.getCoordinates(glyfTable)
+				try:
+					coordinates, endPts, flags = g.getCoordinates(glyfTable)
+				except RecursionError:
+					raise ttLib.TTLibError("glyph '%s' contains a recursive component reference" % compo.glyphName)
+				coordinates = GlyphCoordinates(coordinates)
 				if hasattr(compo, "firstPt"):
-					# move according to two reference points
+					# component uses two reference points: we apply the transform _before_
+					# computing the offset between the points
+					if hasattr(compo, "transform"):
+						coordinates.transform(compo.transform)
 					x1,y1 = allCoords[compo.firstPt]
 					x2,y2 = coordinates[compo.secondPt]
 					move = x1-x2, y1-y2
-				else:
-					move = compo.x, compo.y
-
-				coordinates = GlyphCoordinates(coordinates)
-				if not hasattr(compo, "transform"):
 					coordinates.translate(move)
 				else:
-					apple_way = compo.flags & SCALED_COMPONENT_OFFSET
-					ms_way = compo.flags & UNSCALED_COMPONENT_OFFSET
-					assert not (apple_way and ms_way)
-					if not (apple_way or ms_way):
-						scale_component_offset = SCALE_COMPONENT_OFFSET_DEFAULT  # see top of this file
-					else:
-						scale_component_offset = apple_way
-					if scale_component_offset:
-						# the Apple way: first move, then scale (ie. scale the component offset)
+					# component uses XY offsets
+					move = compo.x, compo.y
+					if not hasattr(compo, "transform"):
 						coordinates.translate(move)
-						coordinates.transform(compo.transform)
 					else:
-						# the MS way: first scale, then move
-						coordinates.transform(compo.transform)
-						coordinates.translate(move)
+						apple_way = compo.flags & SCALED_COMPONENT_OFFSET
+						ms_way = compo.flags & UNSCALED_COMPONENT_OFFSET
+						assert not (apple_way and ms_way)
+						if not (apple_way or ms_way):
+							scale_component_offset = SCALE_COMPONENT_OFFSET_DEFAULT  # see top of this file
+						else:
+							scale_component_offset = apple_way
+						if scale_component_offset:
+							# the Apple way: first move, then scale (ie. scale the component offset)
+							coordinates.translate(move)
+							coordinates.transform(compo.transform)
+						else:
+							# the MS way: first scale, then move
+							coordinates.transform(compo.transform)
+							coordinates.translate(move)
 				offset = len(allCoords)
 				allEndPts.extend(e + offset for e in endPts)
 				allCoords.extend(coordinates)
 				allFlags.extend(flags)
 			return allCoords, allEndPts, allFlags
 		else:
-			return GlyphCoordinates(), [], array.array("B")
+			return GlyphCoordinates(), [], bytearray()
 
 	def getComponentNames(self, glyfTable):
 		if not hasattr(self, "data"):
@@ -901,14 +1063,18 @@
 			expanding it."""
 		if not hasattr(self, "data"):
 			if remove_hinting:
-				self.program = ttProgram.Program()
-				self.program.fromBytecode([])
+				if self.isComposite():
+					if hasattr(self, "program"):
+						del self.program
+				else:
+					self.program = ttProgram.Program()
+					self.program.fromBytecode([])
 			# No padding to trim.
 			return
 		if not self.data:
 			return
 		numContours = struct.unpack(">h", self.data[:2])[0]
-		data = array.array("B", self.data)
+		data = bytearray(self.data)
 		i = 10
 		if numContours >= 0:
 			i += 2 * numContours # endPtsOfContours
@@ -977,7 +1143,7 @@
 			# Remove padding
 			data = data[:i]
 
-		self.data = data.tostring()
+		self.data = data
 
 	def removeHinting(self):
 		self.trim (remove_hinting=True)
@@ -998,7 +1164,7 @@
 		for end in endPts:
 			end = end + 1
 			contour = coordinates[start:end]
-			cFlags = flags[start:end]
+			cFlags = [flagOnCurve & f for f in flags[start:end]]
 			start = end
 			if 1 not in cFlags:
 				# There is not a single on-curve point on the curve,
@@ -1017,13 +1183,49 @@
 				while contour:
 					nextOnCurve = cFlags.index(1) + 1
 					if nextOnCurve == 1:
-						pen.lineTo(contour[0])
+						# Skip a final lineTo(), as it is implied by
+						# pen.closePath()
+						if len(contour) > 1:
+							pen.lineTo(contour[0])
 					else:
 						pen.qCurveTo(*contour[:nextOnCurve])
 					contour = contour[nextOnCurve:]
 					cFlags = cFlags[nextOnCurve:]
 			pen.closePath()
 
+	def drawPoints(self, pen, glyfTable, offset=0):
+		"""Draw the glyph using the supplied pointPen. Opposed to Glyph.draw(),
+		this will not change the point indices.
+		"""
+
+		if self.isComposite():
+			for component in self.components:
+				glyphName, transform = component.getComponentInfo()
+				pen.addComponent(glyphName, transform)
+			return
+
+		coordinates, endPts, flags = self.getCoordinates(glyfTable)
+		if offset:
+			coordinates = coordinates.copy()
+			coordinates.translate((offset, 0))
+		start = 0
+		for end in endPts:
+			end = end + 1
+			contour = coordinates[start:end]
+			cFlags = flags[start:end]
+			start = end
+			pen.beginPath()
+			# Start with the appropriate segment type based on the final segment
+			segmentType = "line" if cFlags[-1] == 1 else "qcurve"
+			for i, pt in enumerate(contour):
+				if cFlags[i] & flagOnCurve == 1:
+					pen.addPoint(pt, segmentType=segmentType)
+					segmentType = "line"
+				else:
+					pen.addPoint(pt)
+					segmentType = "qcurve"
+			pen.endPath()
+
 	def __eq__(self, other):
 		if type(self) != type(other):
 			return NotImplemented
@@ -1114,8 +1316,8 @@
 				data = data + struct.pack(">HH", self.firstPt, self.secondPt)
 				flags = flags | ARG_1_AND_2_ARE_WORDS
 		else:
-			x = round(self.x)
-			y = round(self.y)
+			x = otRound(self.x)
+			y = otRound(self.y)
 			flags = flags | ARGS_ARE_XY_VALUES
 			if (-128 <= x <= 127) and (-128 <= y <= 127):
 				data = data + struct.pack(">bb", x, y)
@@ -1153,15 +1355,18 @@
 			transform = self.transform
 			if transform[0][1] or transform[1][0]:
 				attrs = attrs + [
-						("scalex", transform[0][0]), ("scale01", transform[0][1]),
-						("scale10", transform[1][0]), ("scaley", transform[1][1]),
-						]
+					("scalex", fl2str(transform[0][0], 14)),
+					("scale01", fl2str(transform[0][1], 14)),
+					("scale10", fl2str(transform[1][0], 14)),
+					("scaley", fl2str(transform[1][1], 14)),
+				]
 			elif transform[0][0] != transform[1][1]:
 				attrs = attrs + [
-						("scalex", transform[0][0]), ("scaley", transform[1][1]),
-						]
+					("scalex", fl2str(transform[0][0], 14)),
+					("scaley", fl2str(transform[1][1], 14)),
+				]
 			else:
-				attrs = attrs + [("scale", transform[0][0])]
+				attrs = attrs + [("scale", fl2str(transform[0][0], 14))]
 		attrs = attrs + [("flags", hex(self.flags))]
 		writer.simpletag("component", attrs)
 		writer.newline()
@@ -1175,17 +1380,17 @@
 			self.x = safeEval(attrs["x"])
 			self.y = safeEval(attrs["y"])
 		if "scale01" in attrs:
-			scalex = safeEval(attrs["scalex"])
-			scale01 = safeEval(attrs["scale01"])
-			scale10 = safeEval(attrs["scale10"])
-			scaley = safeEval(attrs["scaley"])
+			scalex = str2fl(attrs["scalex"], 14)
+			scale01 = str2fl(attrs["scale01"], 14)
+			scale10 = str2fl(attrs["scale10"], 14)
+			scaley = str2fl(attrs["scaley"], 14)
 			self.transform = [[scalex, scale01], [scale10, scaley]]
 		elif "scalex" in attrs:
-			scalex = safeEval(attrs["scalex"])
-			scaley = safeEval(attrs["scaley"])
+			scalex = str2fl(attrs["scalex"], 14)
+			scaley = str2fl(attrs["scaley"], 14)
 			self.transform = [[scalex, 0], [0, scaley]]
 		elif "scale" in attrs:
-			scale = safeEval(attrs["scale"])
+			scale = str2fl(attrs["scale"], 14)
 			self.transform = [[scale, 0], [0, scale]]
 		self.flags = safeEval(attrs["flags"])
 
@@ -1200,38 +1405,22 @@
 
 class GlyphCoordinates(object):
 
-	def __init__(self, iterable=[], typecode="h"):
-		self._a = array.array(typecode)
+	def __init__(self, iterable=[]):
+		self._a = array.array('d')
 		self.extend(iterable)
 
 	@property
 	def array(self):
 		return self._a
 
-	def isFloat(self):
-		return self._a.typecode == 'd'
-
-	def _ensureFloat(self):
-		if self.isFloat():
-			return
-		# The conversion to list() is to work around Jython bug
-		self._a = array.array("d", list(self._a))
-
-	def _checkFloat(self, p):
-		if self.isFloat():
-			return p
-		if any(isinstance(v, float) for v in p):
-			p = [int(v) if int(v) == v else v for v in p]
-			if any(isinstance(v, float) for v in p):
-				self._ensureFloat()
-		return p
-
 	@staticmethod
 	def zeros(count):
-		return GlyphCoordinates([(0,0)] * count)
+		g = GlyphCoordinates()
+		g._a.frombytes(bytes(count * 2 * g._a.itemsize))
+		return g
 
 	def copy(self):
-		c = GlyphCoordinates(typecode=self._a.typecode)
+		c = GlyphCoordinates()
 		c._a.extend(self._a)
 		return c
 
@@ -1242,7 +1431,11 @@
 		if isinstance(k, slice):
 			indices = range(*k.indices(len(self)))
 			return [self[i] for i in indices]
-		return self._a[2*k],self._a[2*k+1]
+		a = self._a
+		x = a[2*k]
+		y = a[2*k+1]
+		return (int(x) if x.is_integer() else x,
+			int(y) if y.is_integer() else y)
 
 	def __setitem__(self, k, v):
 		if isinstance(k, slice):
@@ -1251,7 +1444,6 @@
 			for j,i in enumerate(indices):
 				self[i] = v[j]
 			return
-		v = self._checkFloat(v)
 		self._a[2*k],self._a[2*k+1] = v
 
 	def __delitem__(self, i):
@@ -1259,76 +1451,75 @@
 		del self._a[i]
 		del self._a[i]
 
-
 	def __repr__(self):
 		return 'GlyphCoordinates(['+','.join(str(c) for c in self)+'])'
 
 	def append(self, p):
-		p = self._checkFloat(p)
 		self._a.extend(tuple(p))
 
 	def extend(self, iterable):
 		for p in iterable:
-			p = self._checkFloat(p)
 			self._a.extend(p)
 
-	def toInt(self):
-		if not self.isFloat():
-			return
-		a = array.array("h")
-		for n in self._a:
-			a.append(round(n))
-		self._a = a
+	def toInt(self, *, round=otRound):
+		a = self._a
+		for i in range(len(a)):
+			a[i] = round(a[i])
 
 	def relativeToAbsolute(self):
 		a = self._a
 		x,y = 0,0
-		for i in range(len(a) // 2):
-			a[2*i  ] = x = a[2*i  ] + x
-			a[2*i+1] = y = a[2*i+1] + y
+		for i in range(0, len(a), 2):
+			a[i  ] = x = a[i  ] + x
+			a[i+1] = y = a[i+1] + y
 
 	def absoluteToRelative(self):
 		a = self._a
 		x,y = 0,0
-		for i in range(len(a) // 2):
-			dx = a[2*i  ] - x
-			dy = a[2*i+1] - y
-			x = a[2*i  ]
-			y = a[2*i+1]
-			a[2*i  ] = dx
-			a[2*i+1] = dy
+		for i in range(0, len(a), 2):
+			nx = a[i  ]
+			ny = a[i+1]
+			a[i]   = nx - x
+			a[i+1] = ny - y
+			x = nx
+			y = ny
 
 	def translate(self, p):
 		"""
 		>>> GlyphCoordinates([(1,2)]).translate((.5,0))
 		"""
-		(x,y) = self._checkFloat(p)
+		x,y = p
+		if x == 0 and y == 0:
+			return
 		a = self._a
-		for i in range(len(a) // 2):
-			a[2*i  ] += x
-			a[2*i+1] += y
+		for i in range(0, len(a), 2):
+			a[i]   += x
+			a[i+1] += y
 
 	def scale(self, p):
 		"""
 		>>> GlyphCoordinates([(1,2)]).scale((.5,0))
 		"""
-		(x,y) = self._checkFloat(p)
+		x,y = p
+		if x == 1 and y == 1:
+			return
 		a = self._a
-		for i in range(len(a) // 2):
-			a[2*i  ] *= x
-			a[2*i+1] *= y
+		for i in range(0, len(a), 2):
+			a[i]   *= x
+			a[i+1] *= y
 
 	def transform(self, t):
 		"""
 		>>> GlyphCoordinates([(1,2)]).transform(((.5,0),(.2,.5)))
 		"""
 		a = self._a
-		for i in range(len(a) // 2):
-			x = a[2*i  ]
-			y = a[2*i+1]
+		for i in range(0, len(a), 2):
+			x = a[i  ]
+			y = a[i+1]
 			px = x * t[0][0] + y * t[1][0]
 			py = x * t[0][1] + y * t[1][1]
-			self[i] = (px, py)
+			a[i]   = px
+			a[i+1] = py
 
 	def __eq__(self, other):
 		"""
@@ -1394,13 +1585,9 @@
 		for i in range(len(a)):
 			a[i] = -a[i]
 		return r
-	def __round__(self):
-		"""
-		Note: This is Python 3 only.  Python 2 does not call __round__.
-		As such, we cannot test this method either. :(
-		"""
+	def __round__(self, *, round=otRound):
 		r = self.copy()
-		r.toInt()
+		r.toInt(round=round)
 		return r
 
 	def __add__(self, other): return self.copy().__iadd__(other)
@@ -1417,18 +1604,17 @@
 		>>> g = GlyphCoordinates([(1,2)])
 		>>> g += (.5,0)
 		>>> g
-		GlyphCoordinates([(1.5, 2.0)])
+		GlyphCoordinates([(1.5, 2)])
 		>>> g2 = GlyphCoordinates([(3,4)])
 		>>> g += g2
 		>>> g
-		GlyphCoordinates([(4.5, 6.0)])
+		GlyphCoordinates([(4.5, 6)])
 		"""
 		if isinstance(other, tuple):
 			assert len(other) ==  2
 			self.translate(other)
 			return self
 		if isinstance(other, GlyphCoordinates):
-			if other.isFloat(): self._ensureFloat()
 			other = other._a
 			a = self._a
 			assert len(a) == len(other)
@@ -1442,18 +1628,17 @@
 		>>> g = GlyphCoordinates([(1,2)])
 		>>> g -= (.5,0)
 		>>> g
-		GlyphCoordinates([(0.5, 2.0)])
+		GlyphCoordinates([(0.5, 2)])
 		>>> g2 = GlyphCoordinates([(3,4)])
 		>>> g -= g2
 		>>> g
-		GlyphCoordinates([(-2.5, -2.0)])
+		GlyphCoordinates([(-2.5, -2)])
 		"""
 		if isinstance(other, tuple):
 			assert len(other) ==  2
 			self.translate((-other[0],-other[1]))
 			return self
 		if isinstance(other, GlyphCoordinates):
-			if other.isFloat(): self._ensureFloat()
 			other = other._a
 			a = self._a
 			assert len(a) == len(other)
@@ -1468,20 +1653,23 @@
 		>>> g *= (2,.5)
 		>>> g *= 2
 		>>> g
-		GlyphCoordinates([(4.0, 2.0)])
+		GlyphCoordinates([(4, 2)])
 		>>> g = GlyphCoordinates([(1,2)])
 		>>> g *= 2
 		>>> g
 		GlyphCoordinates([(2, 4)])
 		"""
-		if isinstance(other, Number):
-			other = (other, other)
 		if isinstance(other, tuple):
-			if other == (1,1):
-				return self
 			assert len(other) ==  2
 			self.scale(other)
 			return self
+		if isinstance(other, Number):
+			if other == 1:
+				return self
+			a = self._a
+			for i in range(len(a)):
+				a[i] *= other
+			return self
 		return NotImplemented
 
 	def __itruediv__(self, other):
@@ -1490,7 +1678,7 @@
 		>>> g /= (.5,1.5)
 		>>> g /= 2
 		>>> g
-		GlyphCoordinates([(1.0, 1.0)])
+		GlyphCoordinates([(1, 1)])
 		"""
 		if isinstance(other, Number):
 			other = (other, other)
@@ -1522,20 +1710,6 @@
 	__nonzero__ = __bool__
 
 
-def reprflag(flag):
-	bin = ""
-	if isinstance(flag, str):
-		flag = byteord(flag)
-	while flag:
-		if flag & 0x01:
-			bin = "1" + bin
-		else:
-			bin = "0" + bin
-		flag = flag >> 1
-	bin = (14 - len(bin)) * "0" + bin
-	return bin
-
-
 if __name__ == "__main__":
 	import doctest, sys
 	sys.exit(doctest.testmod().failed)
diff --git a/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/tables/_g_v_a_r.py b/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/tables/_g_v_a_r.py
index 85e83ca..bc283cf 100644
--- a/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/tables/_g_v_a_r.py
+++ b/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/tables/_g_v_a_r.py
@@ -1,9 +1,5 @@
-from __future__ import print_function, division, absolute_import
-from fontTools.misc.py23 import *
-from fontTools import ttLib
 from fontTools.misc import sstruct
 from fontTools.misc.textTools import safeEval
-from fontTools.ttLib import TTLibError
 from . import DefaultTable
 import array
 import itertools
@@ -79,12 +75,13 @@
 		result = [compiledHeader, compiledOffsets]
 		result.extend(sharedTuples)
 		result.extend(compiledGlyphs)
-		return bytesjoin(result)
+		return b''.join(result)
 
 	def compileGlyphs_(self, ttFont, axisTags, sharedCoordIndices):
 		result = []
+		glyf = ttFont['glyf']
 		for glyphName in ttFont.getGlyphOrder():
-			glyph = ttFont["glyf"][glyphName]
+			glyph = glyf[glyphName]
 			pointCount = self.getNumPoints_(glyph)
 			variations = self.variations.get(glyphName, [])
 			result.append(compileGlyph_(variations, pointCount,
@@ -102,13 +99,21 @@
 			axisTags, self.sharedTupleCount, data, self.offsetToSharedTuples)
 		self.variations = {}
 		offsetToData = self.offsetToGlyphVariationData
+		glyf = ttFont['glyf']
 		for i in range(self.glyphCount):
 			glyphName = glyphs[i]
-			glyph = ttFont["glyf"][glyphName]
+			glyph = glyf[glyphName]
 			numPointsInGlyph = self.getNumPoints_(glyph)
 			gvarData = data[offsetToData + offsets[i] : offsetToData + offsets[i + 1]]
-			self.variations[glyphName] = decompileGlyph_(
-				numPointsInGlyph, sharedCoords, axisTags, gvarData)
+			try:
+				self.variations[glyphName] = decompileGlyph_(
+					numPointsInGlyph, sharedCoords, axisTags, gvarData)
+			except Exception:
+				log.error(
+					"Failed to decompile deltas for glyph '%s' (%d points)",
+					glyphName, numPointsInGlyph,
+				)
+				raise
 
 	@staticmethod
 	def decompileOffsets_(data, tableFormat, glyphCount):
@@ -120,9 +125,8 @@
 			# Long format: array of UInt32
 			offsets = array.array("I")
 			offsetsSize = (glyphCount + 1) * 4
-		offsets.fromstring(data[0 : offsetsSize])
-		if sys.byteorder != "big":
-			offsets.byteswap()
+		offsets.frombytes(data[0 : offsetsSize])
+		if sys.byteorder != "big": offsets.byteswap()
 
 		# In the short format, offsets need to be multiplied by 2.
 		# This is not documented in Apple's TrueType specification,
@@ -152,17 +156,16 @@
 		else:
 			packed = array.array("I", offsets)
 			tableFormat = 1
-		if sys.byteorder != "big":
-			packed.byteswap()
-		return (packed.tostring(), tableFormat)
+		if sys.byteorder != "big": packed.byteswap()
+		return (packed.tobytes(), tableFormat)
 
-	def toXML(self, writer, ttFont, progress=None):
+	def toXML(self, writer, ttFont):
 		writer.simpletag("version", value=self.version)
 		writer.newline()
 		writer.simpletag("reserved", value=self.reserved)
 		writer.newline()
 		axisTags = [axis.axisTag for axis in ttFont["fvar"].axes]
-		for glyphName in ttFont.getGlyphOrder():
+		for glyphName in ttFont.getGlyphNames():
 			variations = self.variations.get(glyphName)
 			if not variations:
 				continue
@@ -212,11 +215,14 @@
 		variations, pointCount, axisTags, sharedCoordIndices)
 	if tupleVariationCount == 0:
 		return b""
-	result = (struct.pack(">HH", tupleVariationCount, 4 + len(tuples)) +
-	          tuples + data)
-	if len(result) % 2 != 0:
-		result = result + b"\0"  # padding
-	return result
+	result = [
+		struct.pack(">HH", tupleVariationCount, 4 + len(tuples)),
+		tuples,
+		data
+	]
+	if (len(tuples) + len(data)) % 2 != 0:
+		result.append(b"\0")  # padding
+	return b''.join(result)
 
 
 def decompileGlyph_(pointCount, sharedTuples, axisTags, data):
@@ -224,6 +230,8 @@
 		return []
 	tupleVariationCount, offsetToData = struct.unpack(">HH", data[:4])
 	dataPos = offsetToData
-	return tv.decompileTupleVariationStore("gvar", axisTags,
-                                           tupleVariationCount, pointCount,
-                                           sharedTuples, data, 4, offsetToData)
+	return tv.decompileTupleVariationStore(
+		"gvar", axisTags,
+		tupleVariationCount, pointCount,
+		sharedTuples, data, 4, offsetToData
+	)
diff --git a/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/tables/_h_d_m_x.py b/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/tables/_h_d_m_x.py
index e073325..954d1bc 100644
--- a/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/tables/_h_d_m_x.py
+++ b/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/tables/_h_d_m_x.py
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
-from __future__ import print_function, division, absolute_import
-from fontTools.misc.py23 import *
+from fontTools.misc.py23 import bytechr, byteord, strjoin
 from fontTools.misc import sstruct
 from . import DefaultTable
 import array
+from collections.abc import Mapping
 
 hdmxHeaderFormat = """
 	>   # big endian!
@@ -11,11 +11,6 @@
 	recordSize:	l
 """
 
-try:
-	from collections.abc import Mapping
-except:
-	from UserDict import DictMixin as Mapping
-
 class _GlyphnamedList(Mapping):
 
 	def __init__(self, reverseGlyphOrder, data):
diff --git a/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/tables/_h_e_a_d.py b/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/tables/_h_e_a_d.py
index 9275d41..4d19da0 100644
--- a/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/tables/_h_e_a_d.py
+++ b/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/tables/_h_e_a_d.py
@@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
-from __future__ import print_function, division, absolute_import
-from fontTools.misc.py23 import *
 from fontTools.misc import sstruct
+from fontTools.misc.fixedTools import floatToFixedToStr, strToFixedToFloat
 from fontTools.misc.textTools import safeEval, num2binary, binary2num
 from fontTools.misc.timeTools import timestampFromString, timestampToString, timestampNow
 from fontTools.misc.timeTools import epoch_diff as mac_epoch_diff # For backward compat
+from fontTools.misc.arrayTools import intRect, unionRect
 from . import DefaultTable
 import logging
 
@@ -33,20 +33,20 @@
 
 class table__h_e_a_d(DefaultTable.DefaultTable):
 
-	dependencies = ['maxp', 'loca', 'CFF ']
+	dependencies = ['maxp', 'loca', 'CFF ', 'CFF2']
 
 	def decompile(self, data, ttFont):
 		dummy, rest = sstruct.unpack2(headFormat, data, self)
 		if rest:
 			# this is quite illegal, but there seem to be fonts out there that do this
 			log.warning("extra bytes at the end of 'head' table")
-			assert rest == "\0\0"
+			assert rest == b"\0\0"
 
 		# For timestamp fields, ignore the top four bytes.  Some fonts have
 		# bogus values there.  Since till 2038 those bytes only can be zero,
 		# ignore them.
 		#
-		# https://github.com/behdad/fonttools/issues/99#issuecomment-66776810
+		# https://github.com/fonttools/fonttools/issues/99#issuecomment-66776810
 		for stamp in 'created', 'modified':
 			value = getattr(self, stamp)
 			if value > 0xFFFFFFFF:
@@ -63,7 +63,20 @@
 			# For TT-flavored fonts, xMin, yMin, xMax and yMax are set in table__m_a_x_p.recalc().
 			if 'CFF ' in ttFont:
 				topDict = ttFont['CFF '].cff.topDictIndex[0]
-				self.xMin, self.yMin, self.xMax, self.yMax = topDict.FontBBox
+				self.xMin, self.yMin, self.xMax, self.yMax = intRect(topDict.FontBBox)
+			elif 'CFF2' in ttFont:
+				topDict = ttFont['CFF2'].cff.topDictIndex[0]
+				charStrings = topDict.CharStrings
+				fontBBox = None
+				for charString in charStrings.values():
+					bounds = charString.calcBounds(charStrings)
+					if bounds is not None:
+						if fontBBox is not None:
+							fontBBox = unionRect(fontBBox, bounds)
+						else:
+							fontBBox = bounds
+				if fontBBox is not None:
+					self.xMin, self.yMin, self.xMax, self.yMax = intRect(fontBBox)
 		if ttFont.recalcTimestamp:
 			self.modified = timestampNow()
 		data = sstruct.pack(headFormat, self)
@@ -72,12 +85,14 @@
 	def toXML(self, writer, ttFont):
 		writer.comment("Most of this table will be recalculated by the compiler")
 		writer.newline()
-		formatstring, names, fixes = sstruct.getformat(headFormat)
+		_, names, fixes = sstruct.getformat(headFormat)
 		for name in names:
 			value = getattr(self, name)
-			if name in ("created", "modified"):
+			if name in fixes:
+				value = floatToFixedToStr(value, precisionBits=fixes[name])
+			elif name in ("created", "modified"):
 				value = timestampToString(value)
-			if name in ("magicNumber", "checkSumAdjustment"):
+			elif name in ("magicNumber", "checkSumAdjustment"):
 				if value < 0:
 					value = value + 0x100000000
 				value = hex(value)
@@ -90,7 +105,10 @@
 
 	def fromXML(self, name, attrs, content, ttFont):
 		value = attrs["value"]
-		if name in ("created", "modified"):
+		fixes = sstruct.getformat(headFormat)[2]
+		if name in fixes:
+			value = strToFixedToFloat(value, precisionBits=fixes[name])
+		elif name in ("created", "modified"):
 			value = timestampFromString(value)
 		elif name in ("macStyle", "flags"):
 			value = binary2num(value)
diff --git a/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/tables/_h_h_e_a.py b/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/tables/_h_h_e_a.py
index 9e9d085..9b8baaa 100644
--- a/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/tables/_h_h_e_a.py
+++ b/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/tables/_h_h_e_a.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import print_function, division, absolute_import
-from fontTools.misc.py23 import *
 from fontTools.misc import sstruct
 from fontTools.misc.textTools import safeEval
 from fontTools.misc.fixedTools import (
@@ -34,13 +32,26 @@
 
 	# Note: Keep in sync with table__v_h_e_a
 
-	dependencies = ['hmtx', 'glyf', 'CFF ']
+	dependencies = ['hmtx', 'glyf', 'CFF ', 'CFF2']
+
+	# OpenType spec renamed these, add aliases for compatibility
+	@property
+	def ascender(self): return self.ascent
+
+	@ascender.setter
+	def ascender(self,value): self.ascent = value
+
+	@property
+	def descender(self): return self.descent
+
+	@descender.setter
+	def descender(self,value): self.descent = value
 
 	def decompile(self, data, ttFont):
 		sstruct.unpack(hheaFormat, data, self)
 
 	def compile(self, ttFont):
-		if ttFont.recalcBBoxes and (ttFont.isLoaded('glyf') or ttFont.isLoaded('CFF ')):
+		if ttFont.recalcBBoxes and (ttFont.isLoaded('glyf') or ttFont.isLoaded('CFF ') or ttFont.isLoaded('CFF2')):
 			self.recalc(ttFont)
 		self.tableVersion = fi2ve(self.tableVersion)
 		return sstruct.pack(hheaFormat, self)
@@ -62,11 +73,15 @@
 					# Calculate those.
 					g.recalcBounds(glyfTable)
 				boundsWidthDict[name] = g.xMax - g.xMin
-		elif 'CFF ' in ttFont:
-			topDict = ttFont['CFF '].cff.topDictIndex[0]
+		elif 'CFF ' in ttFont or 'CFF2' in ttFont:
+			if 'CFF ' in ttFont:
+				topDict = ttFont['CFF '].cff.topDictIndex[0]
+			else:
+				topDict = ttFont['CFF2'].cff.topDictIndex[0]
+			charStrings = topDict.CharStrings
 			for name in ttFont.getGlyphOrder():
-				cs = topDict.CharStrings[name]
-				bounds = cs.calcBounds()
+				cs = charStrings[name]
+				bounds = cs.calcBounds(charStrings)
 				if bounds is not None:
 					boundsWidthDict[name] = int(
 						math.ceil(bounds[2]) - math.floor(bounds[0]))
diff --git a/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/tables/_h_m_t_x.py b/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/tables/_h_m_t_x.py
index 6673f4a..6980b8d 100644
--- a/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/tables/_h_m_t_x.py
+++ b/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/tables/_h_m_t_x.py
@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
-from __future__ import print_function, division, absolute_import
-from fontTools.misc.py23 import *
+from fontTools.misc.roundTools import otRound
 from fontTools import ttLib
 from fontTools.misc.textTools import safeEval
 from . import DefaultTable
@@ -22,7 +21,11 @@
 
 	def decompile(self, data, ttFont):
 		numGlyphs = ttFont['maxp'].numGlyphs
-		numberOfMetrics = int(getattr(ttFont[self.headerTag], self.numberOfMetricsName))
+		headerTable = ttFont.get(self.headerTag)
+		if headerTable is not None:
+			numberOfMetrics = int(getattr(headerTable, self.numberOfMetricsName))
+		else:
+			numberOfMetrics = numGlyphs
 		if numberOfMetrics > numGlyphs:
 			log.warning("The %s.%s exceeds the maxp.numGlyphs" % (
 				self.headerTag, self.numberOfMetricsName))
@@ -39,8 +42,7 @@
 		sideBearings = array.array("h", data[:2 * numberOfSideBearings])
 		data = data[2 * numberOfSideBearings:]
 
-		if sys.byteorder != "big":
-			sideBearings.byteswap()
+		if sys.byteorder != "big": sideBearings.byteswap()
 		if data:
 			log.warning("too much '%s' table data" % self.tableTag)
 		self.metrics = {}
@@ -69,23 +71,30 @@
 					glyphName, self.advanceName))
 				hasNegativeAdvances = True
 			metrics.append([advanceWidth, sideBearing])
-		lastAdvance = metrics[-1][0]
-		lastIndex = len(metrics)
-		while metrics[lastIndex-2][0] == lastAdvance:
-			lastIndex -= 1
-			if lastIndex <= 1:
-				# all advances are equal
-				lastIndex = 1
-				break
-		additionalMetrics = metrics[lastIndex:]
-		additionalMetrics = [round(sb) for _, sb in additionalMetrics]
-		metrics = metrics[:lastIndex]
-		numberOfMetrics = len(metrics)
-		setattr(ttFont[self.headerTag], self.numberOfMetricsName, numberOfMetrics)
+
+		headerTable = ttFont.get(self.headerTag)
+		if headerTable is not None:
+			lastAdvance = metrics[-1][0]
+			lastIndex = len(metrics)
+			while metrics[lastIndex-2][0] == lastAdvance:
+				lastIndex -= 1
+				if lastIndex <= 1:
+					# all advances are equal
+					lastIndex = 1
+					break
+			additionalMetrics = metrics[lastIndex:]
+			additionalMetrics = [otRound(sb) for _, sb in additionalMetrics]
+			metrics = metrics[:lastIndex]
+			numberOfMetrics = len(metrics)
+			setattr(headerTable, self.numberOfMetricsName, numberOfMetrics)
+		else:
+			# no hhea/vhea, can't store numberOfMetrics; assume == numGlyphs
+			numberOfMetrics = ttFont["maxp"].numGlyphs
+			additionalMetrics = []
 
 		allMetrics = []
 		for advance, sb in metrics:
-			allMetrics.extend([round(advance), round(sb)])
+			allMetrics.extend([otRound(advance), otRound(sb)])
 		metricsFmt = ">" + self.longMetricFormat * numberOfMetrics
 		try:
 			data = struct.pack(metricsFmt, *allMetrics)
@@ -97,9 +106,8 @@
 			else:
 				raise
 		additionalMetrics = array.array("h", additionalMetrics)
-		if sys.byteorder != "big":
-			additionalMetrics.byteswap()
-		data = data + additionalMetrics.tostring()
+		if sys.byteorder != "big": additionalMetrics.byteswap()
+		data = data + additionalMetrics.tobytes()
 		return data
 
 	def toXML(self, writer, ttFont):
diff --git a/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/tables/_k_e_r_n.py b/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/tables/_k_e_r_n.py
index 6e21a4b..f3f714b 100644
--- a/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/tables/_k_e_r_n.py
+++ b/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/tables/_k_e_r_n.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import print_function, division, absolute_import
-from fontTools.misc.py23 import *
 from fontTools.ttLib import getSearchRange
 from fontTools.misc.textTools import safeEval, readHex
 from fontTools.misc.fixedTools import (
@@ -48,6 +46,19 @@
 				# This "version" is always 0 so we ignore it here
 				_, length, subtableFormat, coverage = struct.unpack(
 					">HHBB", data[:6])
+				if nTables == 1 and subtableFormat == 0:
+					# The "length" value is ignored since some fonts
+					# (like OpenSans and Calibri) have a subtable larger than
+					# its value.
+					nPairs, = struct.unpack(">H", data[6:8])
+					calculated_length = (nPairs * 6) + 14
+					if length != calculated_length:
+						log.warning(
+							"'kern' subtable longer than defined: "
+							"%d bytes instead of %d bytes" %
+							(calculated_length, length)
+						)
+					length = calculated_length
 			if subtableFormat not in kern_classes:
 				subtable = KernTable_format_unkown(subtableFormat)
 			else:
@@ -128,10 +139,8 @@
 			">HHHH", data[:8])
 		data = data[8:]
 
-		nPairs = min(nPairs, len(data) // 6)
 		datas = array.array("H", data[:6 * nPairs])
-		if sys.byteorder != "big":  # pragma: no cover
-			datas.byteswap()
+		if sys.byteorder != "big": datas.byteswap()
 		it = iter(datas)
 		glyphOrder = ttFont.getGlyphOrder()
 		for k in range(nPairs):
@@ -154,6 +163,7 @@
 	def compile(self, ttFont):
 		nPairs = len(self.kernTable)
 		searchRange, entrySelector, rangeShift = getSearchRange(nPairs, 6)
+		searchRange &= 0xFFFF
 		data = struct.pack(
 			">HHHH", nPairs, searchRange, entrySelector, rangeShift)
 
@@ -176,6 +186,10 @@
 		if not self.apple:
 			version = 0
 			length = len(data) + 6
+			if length >= 0x10000:
+				log.warning('"kern" subtable overflow, '
+							'truncating length value while preserving pairs.')
+				length &= 0xFFFF
 			header = struct.pack(
 				">HHBB", version, length, self.format, self.coverage)
 		else:
diff --git a/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/tables/_l_c_a_r.py b/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/tables/_l_c_a_r.py
index 4b9c854..e63310e 100644
--- a/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/tables/_l_c_a_r.py
+++ b/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/tables/_l_c_a_r.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import print_function, division, absolute_import
-from fontTools.misc.py23 import *
 from .otBase import BaseTTXConverter
 
 
diff --git a/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/tables/_l_o_c_a.py b/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/tables/_l_o_c_a.py
index 2fcd528..6a8693e 100644
--- a/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/tables/_l_o_c_a.py
+++ b/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/tables/_l_o_c_a.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import print_function, division, absolute_import
-from fontTools.misc.py23 import *
 from . import DefaultTable
 import sys
 import array
@@ -20,9 +18,8 @@
 		else:
 			format = "H"
 		locations = array.array(format)
-		locations.fromstring(data)
-		if sys.byteorder != "big":
-			locations.byteswap()
+		locations.frombytes(data)
+		if sys.byteorder != "big": locations.byteswap()
 		if not longFormat:
 			l = array.array("I")
 			for i in range(len(locations)):
@@ -47,9 +44,8 @@
 		else:
 			locations = array.array("I", self.locations)
 			ttFont['head'].indexToLocFormat = 1
-		if sys.byteorder != "big":
-			locations.byteswap()
-		return locations.tostring()
+		if sys.byteorder != "big": locations.byteswap()
+		return locations.tobytes()
 
 	def set(self, locations):
 		self.locations = array.array("I", locations)
diff --git a/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/tables/_l_t_a_g.py b/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/tables/_l_t_a_g.py
index 59f8e72..caec72a 100644
--- a/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/tables/_l_t_a_g.py
+++ b/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/tables/_l_t_a_g.py
@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
-from __future__ import print_function, division, absolute_import
-from fontTools.misc.py23 import *
+from fontTools.misc.py23 import bytesjoin, tobytes
 from fontTools.misc.textTools import safeEval
 from . import DefaultTable
 import struct
diff --git a/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/tables/_m_a_x_p.py b/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/tables/_m_a_x_p.py
index a94a9cf..e810806 100644
--- a/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/tables/_m_a_x_p.py
+++ b/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/tables/_m_a_x_p.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import print_function, division, absolute_import
-from fontTools.misc.py23 import *
 from fontTools.misc import sstruct
 from fontTools.misc.textTools import safeEval
 from . import DefaultTable
@@ -107,6 +105,7 @@
 		self.maxContours = maxContours
 		self.maxCompositePoints = maxCompositePoints
 		self.maxCompositeContours = maxCompositeContours
+		self.maxComponentElements = maxComponentElements
 		self.maxComponentDepth = maxComponentDepth
 		if allXMinIsLsb:
 			headTable.flags = headTable.flags | 0x2
diff --git a/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/tables/_m_e_t_a.py b/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/tables/_m_e_t_a.py
index 33067fd..1a125f8 100644
--- a/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/tables/_m_e_t_a.py
+++ b/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/tables/_m_e_t_a.py
@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
-from __future__ import print_function, division, absolute_import
-from fontTools.misc.py23 import *
+from fontTools.misc.py23 import bytesjoin, strjoin
 from fontTools.misc import sstruct
 from fontTools.misc.textTools import readHex
 from fontTools.ttLib import TTLibError
@@ -74,7 +73,7 @@
             dataOffset += len(data)
         return bytesjoin([header] + dataMaps + dataBlocks)
 
-    def toXML(self, writer, ttFont, progress=None):
+    def toXML(self, writer, ttFont):
         for tag in sorted(self.data.keys()):
             if tag in ["dlng", "slng"]:
                 writer.begintag("text", tag=tag)
@@ -86,7 +85,11 @@
             else:
                 writer.begintag("hexdata", tag=tag)
                 writer.newline()
-                writer.dumphex(self.data[tag])
+                data = self.data[tag]
+                if min(data) >= 0x20 and max(data) <= 0x7E:
+                    writer.comment("ascii: " + data.decode("ascii"))
+                    writer.newline()
+                writer.dumphex(data)
                 writer.endtag("hexdata")
                 writer.newline()
 
diff --git a/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/tables/_m_o_r_t.py b/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/tables/_m_o_r_t.py
index b87b425..261e593 100644
--- a/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/tables/_m_o_r_t.py
+++ b/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/tables/_m_o_r_t.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import print_function, division, absolute_import
-from fontTools.misc.py23 import *
 from .otBase import BaseTTXConverter
 
 
diff --git a/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/tables/_m_o_r_x.py b/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/tables/_m_o_r_x.py
index 1619d8d..da299c6 100644
--- a/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/tables/_m_o_r_x.py
+++ b/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/tables/_m_o_r_x.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import print_function, division, absolute_import
-from fontTools.misc.py23 import *
 from .otBase import BaseTTXConverter
 
 
diff --git a/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/tables/_n_a_m_e.py b/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/tables/_n_a_m_e.py
index a30291c..206469d 100644
--- a/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/tables/_n_a_m_e.py
+++ b/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/tables/_n_a_m_e.py
@@ -1,7 +1,5 @@
 # -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
-from __future__ import print_function, division, absolute_import
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-from fontTools.misc.py23 import *
+from fontTools.misc.py23 import bytechr, byteord, bytesjoin, strjoin, tobytes, tostr
 from fontTools.misc import sstruct
 from fontTools.misc.textTools import safeEval
 from fontTools.misc.encodingTools import getEncoding
@@ -135,7 +133,7 @@
 		"""
 		if not hasattr(self, 'names'):
 			self.names = []
-		if not isinstance(string, unicode):
+		if not isinstance(string, str):
 			if isinstance(string, bytes):
 				log.warning(
 					"name string is bytes, ensure it's correctly encoded: %r", string)
@@ -149,6 +147,31 @@
 		else:
 			self.names.append(makeName(string, nameID, platformID, platEncID, langID))
 
+	def removeNames(self, nameID=None, platformID=None, platEncID=None, langID=None):
+		"""Remove any name records identified by the given combination of 'nameID',
+		'platformID', 'platEncID' and 'langID'.
+		"""
+		args = {
+			argName: argValue
+			for argName, argValue in (
+				("nameID", nameID),
+				("platformID", platformID),
+				("platEncID", platEncID),
+				("langID", langID),
+			)
+			if argValue is not None
+		}
+		if not args:
+			# no arguments, nothing to do
+			return
+		self.names = [
+			rec for rec in self.names
+			if any(
+				argValue != getattr(rec, argName)
+				for argName, argValue in args.items()
+			)
+		]
+
 	def _findUnusedNameID(self, minNameID=256):
 		"""Finds an unused name id.
 
@@ -161,7 +184,65 @@
 			raise ValueError("nameID must be less than 32768")
 		return nameID
 
-	def addMultilingualName(self, names, ttFont=None, nameID=None):
+	def findMultilingualName(self, names, windows=True, mac=True, minNameID=0):
+		"""Return the name ID of an existing multilingual name that
+		matches the 'names' dictionary, or None if not found.
+
+		'names' is a dictionary with the name in multiple languages,
+		such as {'en': 'Pale', 'de': 'Blaß', 'de-CH': 'Blass'}.
+		The keys can be arbitrary IETF BCP 47 language codes;
+		the values are Unicode strings.
+
+		If 'windows' is True, the returned name ID is guaranteed
+		exist for all requested languages for platformID=3 and
+		platEncID=1.
+		If 'mac' is True, the returned name ID is guaranteed to exist
+		for all requested languages for platformID=1 and platEncID=0.
+
+		The returned name ID will not be less than the 'minNameID'
+		argument.
+		"""
+		# Gather the set of requested
+		#   (string, platformID, platEncID, langID)
+		# tuples
+		reqNameSet = set()
+		for lang, name in sorted(names.items()):
+			if windows:
+				windowsName = _makeWindowsName(name, None, lang)
+				if windowsName is not None:
+					reqNameSet.add((windowsName.string,
+					                windowsName.platformID,
+					                windowsName.platEncID,
+					                windowsName.langID))
+			if mac:
+				macName = _makeMacName(name, None, lang)
+				if macName is not None:
+					reqNameSet.add((macName.string,
+				                    macName.platformID,
+				                    macName.platEncID,
+				                    macName.langID))
+
+		# Collect matching name IDs
+		matchingNames = dict()
+		for name in self.names:
+			try:
+				key = (name.toUnicode(), name.platformID,
+				       name.platEncID, name.langID)
+			except UnicodeDecodeError:
+				continue
+			if key in reqNameSet and name.nameID >= minNameID:
+				nameSet = matchingNames.setdefault(name.nameID, set())
+				nameSet.add(key)
+
+		# Return the first name ID that defines all requested strings
+		for nameID, nameSet in sorted(matchingNames.items()):
+			if nameSet == reqNameSet:
+				return nameID
+
+		return None  # not found
+
+	def addMultilingualName(self, names, ttFont=None, nameID=None,
+	                        windows=True, mac=True, minNameID=0):
 		"""Add a multilingual name, returning its name ID
 
 		'names' is a dictionary with the name in multiple languages,
@@ -175,24 +256,37 @@
 		names that otherwise cannot get encoded at all.
 
 		'nameID' is the name ID to be used, or None to let the library
-		pick an unused name ID.
+		find an existing set of name records that match, or pick an
+		unused name ID.
+
+		If 'windows' is True, a platformID=3 name record will be added.
+		If 'mac' is True, a platformID=1 name record will be added.
+
+		If the 'nameID' argument is None, the created nameID will not
+		be less than the 'minNameID' argument.
 		"""
 		if not hasattr(self, 'names'):
 			self.names = []
 		if nameID is None:
+			# Reuse nameID if possible
+			nameID = self.findMultilingualName(
+				names, windows=windows, mac=mac, minNameID=minNameID)
+			if nameID is not None:
+				return nameID
 			nameID = self._findUnusedNameID()
 		# TODO: Should minimize BCP 47 language codes.
 		# https://github.com/fonttools/fonttools/issues/930
 		for lang, name in sorted(names.items()):
-			# Apple platforms have been recognizing Windows names
-			# since early OSX (~2001), so we only add names
-			# for the Macintosh platform when we cannot not make
-			# a Windows name. This can happen for exotic BCP47
-			# language tags that have no Windows language code.
-			windowsName = _makeWindowsName(name, nameID, lang)
-			if windowsName is not None:
-				self.names.append(windowsName)
-			else:
+			if windows:
+				windowsName = _makeWindowsName(name, nameID, lang)
+				if windowsName is not None:
+					self.names.append(windowsName)
+				else:
+					# We cannot not make a Windows name: make sure we add a
+					# Mac name as a fallback. This can happen for exotic
+					# BCP47 language tags that have no Windows language code.
+					mac = True
+			if mac:
 				macName = _makeMacName(name, nameID, lang, ttFont)
 				if macName is not None:
 					self.names.append(macName)
@@ -216,10 +310,9 @@
 			"'platforms' must contain at least one (platformID, platEncID, langID) tuple"
 		if not hasattr(self, 'names'):
 			self.names = []
-		if not isinstance(string, unicode):
+		if not isinstance(string, str):
 			raise TypeError(
-				"expected %s, found %s: %r" % (
-					unicode.__name__, type(string).__name__,string ))
+				"expected str, found %s: %r" % (type(string).__name__, string))
 		nameID = self._findUnusedNameID(minNameID + 1)
 		for platformID, platEncID, langID in platforms:
 			self.names.append(makeName(string, nameID, platformID, platEncID, langID))
@@ -347,7 +440,7 @@
 		encoding = self.getEncoding()
 		string = self.string
 
-		if encoding == 'utf_16_be' and len(string) % 2 == 1:
+		if isinstance(string, bytes) and encoding == 'utf_16_be' and len(string) % 2 == 1:
 			# Recover badly encoded UTF-16 strings that have an odd number of bytes:
 			# - If the last byte is zero, drop it.  Otherwise,
 			# - If all the odd bytes are zero and all the even bytes are ASCII,
@@ -363,7 +456,7 @@
 			elif byteord(string[0]) == 0 and all(isascii(byteord(b)) for b in string[1:]):
 				string = bytesjoin(b'\0'+bytechr(byteord(b)) for b in string[1:])
 
-		string = tounicode(string, encoding=encoding, errors=errors)
+		string = tostr(string, encoding=encoding, errors=errors)
 
 		# If decoded strings still looks like UTF-16BE, it suggests a double-encoding.
 		# Fix it up.
@@ -387,13 +480,7 @@
 		"""
 		return tobytes(self.string, encoding=self.getEncoding(), errors=errors)
 
-	def toStr(self, errors='strict'):
-		if str == bytes:
-			# python 2
-			return self.toBytes(errors)
-		else:
-			# python 3
-			return self.toUnicode(errors)
+	toStr = toUnicode
 
 	def toXML(self, writer, ttFont):
 		try:
@@ -437,22 +524,32 @@
 		if type(self) != type(other):
 			return NotImplemented
 
-		# implemented so that list.sort() sorts according to the spec.
-		selfTuple = (
-			getattr(self, "platformID", None),
-			getattr(self, "platEncID", None),
-			getattr(self, "langID", None),
-			getattr(self, "nameID", None),
-			getattr(self, "string", None),
-		)
-		otherTuple = (
-			getattr(other, "platformID", None),
-			getattr(other, "platEncID", None),
-			getattr(other, "langID", None),
-			getattr(other, "nameID", None),
-			getattr(other, "string", None),
-		)
-		return selfTuple < otherTuple
+		try:
+			# implemented so that list.sort() sorts according to the spec.
+			selfTuple = (
+				self.platformID,
+				self.platEncID,
+				self.langID,
+				self.nameID,
+				self.toBytes(),
+			)
+			otherTuple = (
+				other.platformID,
+				other.platEncID,
+				other.langID,
+				other.nameID,
+				other.toBytes(),
+			)
+			return selfTuple < otherTuple
+		except (UnicodeEncodeError, AttributeError):
+			# This can only happen for
+			# 1) an object that is not a NameRecord, or
+			# 2) an unlikely incomplete NameRecord object which has not been
+			#    fully populated, or
+			# 3) when all IDs are identical but the strings can't be encoded
+			#    for their platform encoding.
+			# In all cases it is best to return NotImplemented.
+			return NotImplemented
 
 	def __repr__(self):
 		return "<NameRecord NameID=%d; PlatformID=%d; LanguageID=%d>" % (
diff --git a/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/tables/_o_p_b_d.py b/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/tables/_o_p_b_d.py
index 60bb6c5..b22af21 100644
--- a/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/tables/_o_p_b_d.py
+++ b/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/tables/_o_p_b_d.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import print_function, division, absolute_import
-from fontTools.misc.py23 import *
 from .otBase import BaseTTXConverter
 
 
diff --git a/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/tables/_p_o_s_t.py b/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/tables/_p_o_s_t.py
index ede62da..9bd4944 100644
--- a/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/tables/_p_o_s_t.py
+++ b/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/tables/_p_o_s_t.py
@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
-from __future__ import print_function, division, absolute_import
-from fontTools.misc.py23 import *
+from fontTools.misc.py23 import bytechr, byteord, tobytes, tostr
 from fontTools import ttLib
 from fontTools.ttLib.standardGlyphOrder import standardGlyphOrder
 from fontTools.misc import sstruct
@@ -8,7 +7,9 @@
 import sys
 import struct
 import array
+import logging
 
+log = logging.getLogger(__name__)
 
 postFormat = """
 	>
@@ -83,11 +84,11 @@
 			numGlyphs = ttFont['maxp'].numGlyphs
 		data = data[2:]
 		indices = array.array("H")
-		indices.fromstring(data[:2*numGlyphs])
-		if sys.byteorder != "big":
-			indices.byteswap()
+		indices.frombytes(data[:2*numGlyphs])
+		if sys.byteorder != "big": indices.byteswap()
 		data = data[2*numGlyphs:]
-		self.extraNames = extraNames = unpackPStrings(data)
+		maxIndex = max(indices)
+		self.extraNames = extraNames = unpackPStrings(data, maxIndex-257)
 		self.glyphOrder = glyphOrder = [""] * int(ttFont['maxp'].numGlyphs)
 		for glyphID in range(numGlyphs):
 			index = indices[glyphID]
@@ -133,9 +134,8 @@
 		from fontTools import agl
 		numGlyphs = ttFont['maxp'].numGlyphs
 		indices = array.array("H")
-		indices.fromstring(data)
-		if sys.byteorder != "big":
-			indices.byteswap()
+		indices.frombytes(data)
+		if sys.byteorder != "big": indices.byteswap()
 		# In some older fonts, the size of the post table doesn't match
 		# the number of glyphs. Sometimes it's bigger, sometimes smaller.
 		self.glyphOrder = glyphOrder = [''] * int(numGlyphs)
@@ -173,9 +173,8 @@
 				extraDict[psName] = len(extraNames)
 				extraNames.append(psName)
 			indices.append(index)
-		if sys.byteorder != "big":
-			indices.byteswap()
-		return struct.pack(">H", numGlyphs) + indices.tostring() + packPStrings(extraNames)
+		if sys.byteorder != "big": indices.byteswap()
+		return struct.pack(">H", numGlyphs) + indices.tobytes() + packPStrings(extraNames)
 
 	def encode_format_4_0(self, ttFont):
 		from fontTools import agl
@@ -191,9 +190,8 @@
 				indices.append(int(glyphID[3:],16))
 			else:
 				indices.append(0xFFFF)
-		if sys.byteorder != "big":
-			indices.byteswap()
-		return indices.tostring()
+		if sys.byteorder != "big": indices.byteswap()
+		return indices.tobytes()
 
 	def toXML(self, writer, ttFont):
 		formatstring, names, fixes = sstruct.getformat(postFormat)
@@ -257,14 +255,34 @@
 			self.data = readHex(content)
 
 
-def unpackPStrings(data):
+def unpackPStrings(data, n):
+        # extract n Pascal strings from data.
+        # if there is not enough data, use ""
+
 	strings = []
 	index = 0
 	dataLen = len(data)
-	while index < dataLen:
-		length = byteord(data[index])
-		strings.append(tostr(data[index+1:index+1+length], encoding="latin1"))
-		index = index + 1 + length
+
+	for _ in range(n):
+		if dataLen <= index:
+			length = 0
+		else:
+			length = byteord(data[index])
+		index += 1
+
+		if dataLen <= index + length - 1:
+			name = ""
+		else:
+			name = tostr(data[index:index+length], encoding="latin1")
+		strings.append (name)
+		index += length
+
+	if index < dataLen:
+		log.warning("%d extra bytes in post.stringData array", dataLen - index)
+
+	elif dataLen < index:
+		log.warning("not enough data in post.stringData array")
+
 	return strings
 
 
diff --git a/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/tables/_p_r_e_p.py b/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/tables/_p_r_e_p.py
index f4e8925..7f517fb 100644
--- a/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/tables/_p_r_e_p.py
+++ b/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/tables/_p_r_e_p.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import print_function, division, absolute_import
-from fontTools.misc.py23 import *
 from fontTools import ttLib
 
 superclass = ttLib.getTableClass("fpgm")
diff --git a/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/tables/_p_r_o_p.py b/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/tables/_p_r_o_p.py
index 7da18ea..aead9d7 100644
--- a/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/tables/_p_r_o_p.py
+++ b/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/tables/_p_r_o_p.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import print_function, division, absolute_import
-from fontTools.misc.py23 import *
 from .otBase import BaseTTXConverter
 
 
diff --git a/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/tables/_s_b_i_x.py b/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/tables/_s_b_i_x.py
index a8adc0c..c4b2ad3 100644
--- a/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/tables/_s_b_i_x.py
+++ b/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/tables/_s_b_i_x.py
@@ -1,10 +1,7 @@
-from __future__ import print_function, division, absolute_import
-from fontTools.misc.py23 import *
 from fontTools.misc import sstruct
 from fontTools.misc.textTools import safeEval, num2binary, binary2num
 from . import DefaultTable
-from .sbixGlyph import *
-from .sbixStrike import *
+from .sbixStrike import Strike
 
 
 sbixHeaderFormat = """
@@ -69,7 +66,7 @@
 		del self.numStrikes
 
 	def compile(self, ttFont):
-		sbixData = ""
+		sbixData = b""
 		self.numStrikes = len(self.strikes)
 		sbixHeader = sstruct.pack(sbixHeaderFormat, self)
 
diff --git a/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/tables/_t_r_a_k.py b/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/tables/_t_r_a_k.py
index 467375f..7f3227d 100644
--- a/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/tables/_t_r_a_k.py
+++ b/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/tables/_t_r_a_k.py
@@ -1,15 +1,16 @@
-from __future__ import print_function, division, absolute_import
-from fontTools.misc.py23 import *
+from fontTools.misc.py23 import bytesjoin
 from fontTools.misc import sstruct
-from fontTools.misc.fixedTools import fixedToFloat as fi2fl, floatToFixed as fl2fi
+from fontTools.misc.fixedTools import (
+	fixedToFloat as fi2fl,
+	floatToFixed as fl2fi,
+	floatToFixedToStr as fl2str,
+	strToFixedToFloat as str2fl,
+)
 from fontTools.misc.textTools import safeEval
 from fontTools.ttLib import TTLibError
 from . import DefaultTable
 import struct
-try:
-	from collections.abc import MutableMapping
-except ImportError:
-	from UserDict import DictMixin as MutableMapping
+from collections.abc import MutableMapping
 
 
 # Apple's documentation of 'trak':
@@ -92,7 +93,7 @@
 				trackData.decompile(data, offset)
 			setattr(self, direction + 'Data', trackData)
 
-	def toXML(self, writer, ttFont, progress=None):
+	def toXML(self, writer, ttFont):
 		writer.simpletag('version', value=self.version)
 		writer.newline()
 		writer.simpletag('format', value=self.format)
@@ -194,7 +195,7 @@
 			self[entry.track] = entry
 			offset += TRACK_TABLE_ENTRY_FORMAT_SIZE
 
-	def toXML(self, writer, ttFont, progress=None):
+	def toXML(self, writer, ttFont):
 		nTracks = len(self)
 		nSizes = len(self.sizes())
 		writer.comment("nTracks=%d, nSizes=%d" % (nTracks, nSizes))
@@ -254,23 +255,23 @@
 		self.nameIndex = nameIndex
 		self._map = dict(values)
 
-	def toXML(self, writer, ttFont, progress=None):
+	def toXML(self, writer, ttFont):
 		name = ttFont["name"].getDebugName(self.nameIndex)
 		writer.begintag(
 			"trackEntry",
-			(('value', self.track), ('nameIndex', self.nameIndex)))
+			(('value', fl2str(self.track, 16)), ('nameIndex', self.nameIndex)))
 		writer.newline()
 		if name:
 			writer.comment(name)
 			writer.newline()
 		for size, perSizeValue in sorted(self.items()):
-			writer.simpletag("track", size=size, value=perSizeValue)
+			writer.simpletag("track", size=fl2str(size, 16), value=perSizeValue)
 			writer.newline()
 		writer.endtag("trackEntry")
 		writer.newline()
 
 	def fromXML(self, name, attrs, content, ttFont):
-		self.track = safeEval(attrs['value'])
+		self.track = str2fl(attrs['value'], 16)
 		self.nameIndex = safeEval(attrs['nameIndex'])
 		for element in content:
 			if not isinstance(element, tuple):
@@ -278,7 +279,7 @@
 			name, attrs, _ = element
 			if name != 'track':
 				continue
-			size = safeEval(attrs['size'])
+			size = str2fl(attrs['size'], 16)
 			self[size] = safeEval(attrs['value'])
 
 	def __getitem__(self, size):
diff --git a/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/tables/_v_h_e_a.py b/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/tables/_v_h_e_a.py
index 5176951..2bb2466 100644
--- a/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/tables/_v_h_e_a.py
+++ b/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/tables/_v_h_e_a.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import print_function, division, absolute_import
-from fontTools.misc.py23 import *
 from fontTools.misc import sstruct
 from fontTools.misc.textTools import safeEval
 from fontTools.misc.fixedTools import (
@@ -33,13 +31,13 @@
 
 	# Note: Keep in sync with table__h_h_e_a
 
-	dependencies = ['vmtx', 'glyf', 'CFF ']
+	dependencies = ['vmtx', 'glyf', 'CFF ', 'CFF2']
 
 	def decompile(self, data, ttFont):
 		sstruct.unpack(vheaFormat, data, self)
 
 	def compile(self, ttFont):
-		if ttFont.recalcBBoxes and (ttFont.isLoaded('glyf') or ttFont.isLoaded('CFF ')):
+		if ttFont.recalcBBoxes and (ttFont.isLoaded('glyf') or ttFont.isLoaded('CFF ') or ttFont.isLoaded('CFF2')):
 			self.recalc(ttFont)
 		self.tableVersion = fi2ve(self.tableVersion)
 		return sstruct.pack(vheaFormat, self)
@@ -61,11 +59,15 @@
 					# Calculate those.
 					g.recalcBounds(glyfTable)
 				boundsHeightDict[name] = g.yMax - g.yMin
-		elif 'CFF ' in ttFont:
-			topDict = ttFont['CFF '].cff.topDictIndex[0]
+		elif 'CFF ' in ttFont or 'CFF2' in ttFont:
+			if 'CFF ' in ttFont:
+				topDict = ttFont['CFF '].cff.topDictIndex[0]
+			else:
+				topDict = ttFont['CFF2'].cff.topDictIndex[0]
+			charStrings = topDict.CharStrings
 			for name in ttFont.getGlyphOrder():
-				cs = topDict.CharStrings[name]
-				bounds = cs.calcBounds()
+				cs = charStrings[name]
+				bounds = cs.calcBounds(charStrings)
 				if bounds is not None:
 					boundsHeightDict[name] = int(
 						math.ceil(bounds[3]) - math.floor(bounds[1]))
diff --git a/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/tables/_v_m_t_x.py b/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/tables/_v_m_t_x.py
index 5573225..fc818d8 100644
--- a/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/tables/_v_m_t_x.py
+++ b/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/tables/_v_m_t_x.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import print_function, division, absolute_import
-from fontTools.misc.py23 import *
 from fontTools import ttLib
 
 superclass = ttLib.getTableClass("hmtx")
diff --git a/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/tables/asciiTable.py b/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/tables/asciiTable.py
index 87266a0..7b036c8 100644
--- a/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/tables/asciiTable.py
+++ b/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/tables/asciiTable.py
@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
-from __future__ import print_function, division, absolute_import
-from fontTools.misc.py23 import *
+from fontTools.misc.py23 import strjoin, tobytes, tostr
 from . import DefaultTable
 
 
diff --git a/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/tables/distillery/__init__.py b/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/tables/distillery/__init__.py
index 3eee741..d15706d 100644
--- a/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/tables/distillery/__init__.py
+++ b/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/tables/distillery/__init__.py
@@ -58,7 +58,7 @@
 		#self.awaitS = ObjectSet()
 
 	def _itemPriority(self, item):
-		leashLen = (65536)**2 if item.longOffset else 65536
+		leashLen = (65536)**2 if item.offsetSize == 4 else 65536
 		packedParentsPos = [p.pos for p in item.parents if p in self.packedS]
 		leashStart = min(packedParentsPos) if packedParentsPos else (65536)**2 * 2
 		itemLen = len(item)
diff --git a/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/tables/distillery/dot.py b/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/tables/distillery/dot.py
index 97da367..f89dbf3 100644
--- a/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/tables/distillery/dot.py
+++ b/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/tables/distillery/dot.py
@@ -56,7 +56,7 @@
 			for item in writer.items:
 				if not hasattr(item, "getData"):
 					continue
-				offsetSize = 4 if item.longOffset else 2
+				offsetSize = item.offsetSize
 				rhs = writerId(item)
 				f.write('  '+lhs+' -> '+rhs+';\n')
 
diff --git a/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/tables/grUtils.py b/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/tables/grUtils.py
index 1ce2c9e..a60df23 100644
--- a/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/tables/grUtils.py
+++ b/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/tables/grUtils.py
@@ -1,8 +1,10 @@
 import struct, warnings
 try:
     import lz4
-except: 
+except ImportError:
     lz4 = None
+else:
+    import lz4.block
 
 #old scheme for VERSION < 0.9 otherwise use lz4.block
 
@@ -13,7 +15,7 @@
     if scheme == 0:
         pass
     elif scheme == 1 and lz4:
-        res = lz4.decompress(struct.pack("<L", size) + data[8:])
+        res = lz4.block.decompress(struct.pack("<L", size) + data[8:])
         if len(res) != size:
             warnings.warn("Table decompression failed.")
         else:
@@ -27,8 +29,8 @@
     if scheme == 0 :
         return data
     elif scheme == 1 and lz4:
-        res = lz4.compress(hdr + data)
-        return res
+        res = lz4.block.compress(data, mode='high_compression', compression=16, store_size=False)
+        return hdr + res
     else:
         warnings.warn("Table failed to compress by unsupported compression scheme")
     return data
@@ -47,7 +49,7 @@
     yield (ak - len(vals) + 1, len(vals), vals)
 
 def entries(attributes, sameval = False):
-    g = _entries(sorted(attributes.iteritems(), key=lambda x:int(x[0])), sameval)
+    g = _entries(sorted(attributes.items(), key=lambda x:int(x[0])), sameval)
     return g
 
 def bininfo(num, size=1):
@@ -59,7 +61,7 @@
         srange *= 2
         select += 1
     select -= 1
-    srange /= 2
+    srange //= 2
     srange *= size
     shift = num * size - srange
     return struct.pack(">4H", num, srange, select, shift)
diff --git a/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/tables/otBase.py b/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/tables/otBase.py
index b20a0f7..fe77196 100644
--- a/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/tables/otBase.py
+++ b/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/tables/otBase.py
@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
-from __future__ import print_function, division, absolute_import
-from fontTools.misc.py23 import *
+from fontTools.misc.py23 import Tag, bytesjoin
 from .DefaultTable import DefaultTable
 import sys
 import array
@@ -43,7 +42,7 @@
 		self.table.decompile(reader, font)
 
 	def compile(self, font):
-		""" Create a top-level OTFWriter for the GPOS/GSUB table.
+		""" Create a top-level OTTableWriter for the GPOS/GSUB table.
 			Call the compile method for the the table
 				for each 'converter' record in the table converter list
 					call converter's write method for each item in the value.
@@ -89,7 +88,13 @@
 					from .otTables import fixSubTableOverFlows
 					ok = fixSubTableOverFlows(font, overflowRecord)
 				if not ok:
-					raise
+					# Try upgrading lookup to Extension and hope
+					# that cross-lookup sharing not happening would
+					# fix overflow...
+					from .otTables import fixLookupOverFlows
+					ok = fixLookupOverFlows(font, overflowRecord)
+					if not ok:
+						raise
 
 	def toXML(self, writer, font):
 		self.table.toXML2(writer, font)
@@ -100,8 +105,13 @@
 			tableClass = getattr(otTables, self.tableTag)
 			self.table = tableClass()
 		self.table.fromXML(name, attrs, content, font)
+		self.table.populateDefaults()
 
 
+# https://github.com/fonttools/fonttools/pull/2285#issuecomment-834652928
+assert len(struct.pack('i', 0)) == 4
+assert array.array('i').itemsize == 4, "Oops, file a bug against fonttools."
+
 class OTTableReader(object):
 
 	"""Helper class to retrieve data from an OpenType table."""
@@ -130,49 +140,49 @@
 		offset = self.offset + offset
 		return self.__class__(self.data, self.localState, offset, self.tableTag)
 
-	def readUShort(self):
+	def readValue(self, typecode, staticSize):
 		pos = self.pos
-		newpos = pos + 2
-		value, = struct.unpack(">H", self.data[pos:newpos])
+		newpos = pos + staticSize
+		value, = struct.unpack(f">{typecode}", self.data[pos:newpos])
 		self.pos = newpos
 		return value
-
-	def readUShortArray(self, count):
+	def readArray(self, typecode, staticSize, count):
 		pos = self.pos
-		newpos = pos + count * 2
-		value = array.array("H", self.data[pos:newpos])
-		if sys.byteorder != "big":
-			value.byteswap()
+		newpos = pos + count * staticSize
+		value = array.array(typecode, self.data[pos:newpos])
+		if sys.byteorder != "big": value.byteswap()
 		self.pos = newpos
-		return value
+		return value.tolist()
 
 	def readInt8(self):
-		pos = self.pos
-		newpos = pos + 1
-		value, = struct.unpack(">b", self.data[pos:newpos])
-		self.pos = newpos
-		return value
+		return self.readValue("b", staticSize=1)
+	def readInt8Array(self, count):
+		return self.readArray("b", staticSize=1, count=count)
 
 	def readShort(self):
-		pos = self.pos
-		newpos = pos + 2
-		value, = struct.unpack(">h", self.data[pos:newpos])
-		self.pos = newpos
-		return value
+		return self.readValue("h", staticSize=2)
+	def readShortArray(self, count):
+		return self.readArray("h", staticSize=2, count=count)
 
 	def readLong(self):
-		pos = self.pos
-		newpos = pos + 4
-		value, = struct.unpack(">l", self.data[pos:newpos])
-		self.pos = newpos
-		return value
+		return self.readValue("i", staticSize=4)
+	def readLongArray(self, count):
+		return self.readArray("i", staticSize=4, count=count)
 
 	def readUInt8(self):
-		pos = self.pos
-		newpos = pos + 1
-		value, = struct.unpack(">B", self.data[pos:newpos])
-		self.pos = newpos
-		return value
+		return self.readValue("B", staticSize=1)
+	def readUInt8Array(self, count):
+		return self.readArray("B", staticSize=1, count=count)
+
+	def readUShort(self):
+		return self.readValue("H", staticSize=2)
+	def readUShortArray(self, count):
+		return self.readArray("H", staticSize=2, count=count)
+
+	def readULong(self):
+		return self.readValue("I", staticSize=4)
+	def readULongArray(self, count):
+		return self.readArray("I", staticSize=4, count=count)
 
 	def readUInt24(self):
 		pos = self.pos
@@ -180,13 +190,8 @@
 		value, = struct.unpack(">l", b'\0'+self.data[pos:newpos])
 		self.pos = newpos
 		return value
-
-	def readULong(self):
-		pos = self.pos
-		newpos = pos + 4
-		value, = struct.unpack(">L", self.data[pos:newpos])
-		self.pos = newpos
-		return value
+	def readUInt24Array(self, count):
+		return [self.readUInt24() for _ in range(count)]
 
 	def readTag(self):
 		pos = self.pos
@@ -219,13 +224,14 @@
 
 	"""Helper class to gather and assemble data for OpenType tables."""
 
-	def __init__(self, localState=None, tableTag=None, name=''):
+	def __init__(self, localState=None, tableTag=None, name='', offsetSize=2):
 		self.localState = localState
 		self.tableTag = tableTag
 		self.name = name
-		self.longOffset = False
 		self.items = []
 		self.pos = None
+		self.offsetSize = offsetSize
+		self.parent = None
 
 	def __setitem__(self, name, value):
 		state = self.localState.copy() if self.localState else dict()
@@ -247,7 +253,7 @@
 			if hasattr(item, "getCountData"):
 				l += item.size
 			elif hasattr(item, "getData"):
-				l += 4 if item.longOffset else 2
+				l += item.offsetSize
 			else:
 				l = l + len(item)
 		return l
@@ -264,9 +270,9 @@
 		for i,item in enumerate(items):
 
 			if hasattr(item, "getData"):
-				if item.longOffset:
+				if item.offsetSize == 4:
 					items[i] = packULong(item.pos - pos)
-				else:
+				elif item.offsetSize == 2:
 					try:
 						items[i] = packUShort(item.pos - pos)
 					except struct.error:
@@ -274,6 +280,10 @@
 						overflowErrorRecord = self.getOverflowErrorRecord(item)
 
 						raise OTLOffsetOverflowError(overflowErrorRecord)
+				elif item.offsetSize == 3:
+					items[i] = packUInt24(item.pos - pos)
+				else:
+					raise ValueError(item.offsetSize)
 
 		return bytesjoin(items)
 
@@ -290,7 +300,9 @@
 	def __eq__(self, other):
 		if type(self) != type(other):
 			return NotImplemented
-		if len(self.items) != len(other.items) or self.longOffset != other.longOffset:
+		if len(self.items) != len(other.items):
+			return False
+		if self.offsetSize != other.offsetSize:
 			return False
 		return all(x is y if hasattr(x, 'getData') else x == y for x,y in zip(self.items, other.items))
 
@@ -311,12 +323,14 @@
 		# Certain versions of Uniscribe reject the font if the GSUB/GPOS top-level
 		# arrays (ScriptList, FeatureList, LookupList) point to the same, possibly
 		# empty, array.  So, we don't share those.
-		# See: https://github.com/behdad/fonttools/issues/518
+		# See: https://github.com/fonttools/fonttools/issues/518
 		dontShare = hasattr(self, 'DontShare')
 
 		items = self.items
 		for i in range(len(items)):
 			item = items[i]
+			if hasattr(item, "getCountData"):
+				items[i] = item.getCountData()
 			if not hasattr(item, "getData"):
 				continue
 
@@ -327,6 +341,60 @@
 					item = items[i] = internedItem
 				else:
 					internedTables[item] = item
+		self.items = tuple(items)
+
+	def _gatherTables(self, tables, extTables, done):
+		# Convert table references in self.items tree to a flat
+		# list of tables in depth-first traversal order.
+		# "tables" are OTTableWriter objects.
+		# We do the traversal in reverse order at each level, in order to
+		# resolve duplicate references to be the last reference in the list of tables.
+		# For extension lookups, duplicate references can be merged only within the
+		# writer tree under the  extension lookup.
+
+		done[id(self)] = True
+
+		numItems = len(self.items)
+		iRange = list(range(numItems))
+		iRange.reverse()
+
+		isExtension = hasattr(self, "Extension")
+
+		selfTables = tables
+
+		if isExtension:
+			assert extTables is not None, "Program or XML editing error. Extension subtables cannot contain extensions subtables"
+			tables, extTables, done = extTables, None, {}
+
+		# add Coverage table if it is sorted last.
+		sortCoverageLast = False
+		if hasattr(self, "sortCoverageLast"):
+			# Find coverage table
+			for i in range(numItems):
+				item = self.items[i]
+				if getattr(item, 'name', None) == "Coverage":
+					sortCoverageLast = True
+					break
+			if id(item) not in done:
+				item._gatherTables(tables, extTables, done)
+			else:
+				# We're a new parent of item
+				pass
+
+		for i in iRange:
+			item = self.items[i]
+			if not hasattr(item, "getData"):
+				continue
+
+			if sortCoverageLast and (i==1) and getattr(item, 'name', None) == 'Coverage':
+				# we've already 'gathered' it above
+				continue
+
+			if id(item) not in done:
+				item._gatherTables(tables, extTables, done)
+			else:
+				# Item is already written out by other parent
+				pass
 
 		self.items = tuple(items)
 
@@ -340,37 +408,63 @@
 
 	# interface for gathering data, as used by table.compile()
 
-	def getSubWriter(self, longOffset=False, name=''):
-		subwriter = self.__class__(self.localState, self.tableTag, name)
-		subwriter.longOffset = longOffset
+	def getSubWriter(self, offsetSize=2, name=''):
+		subwriter = self.__class__(self.localState, self.tableTag, name, offsetSize=offsetSize)
+		subwriter.offsetSize = offsetSize
+		subwriter.parent = self # because some subtables have idential values, we discard
+					# the duplicates under the getAllData method. Hence some
+					# subtable writers can have more than one parent writer.
+					# But we just care about first one right now.
 		return subwriter
 
-	def writeUShort(self, value):
-		assert 0 <= value < 0x10000, value
-		self.items.append(struct.pack(">H", value))
-
-	def writeShort(self, value):
-		assert -32768 <= value < 32768, value
-		self.items.append(struct.pack(">h", value))
-
-	def writeUInt8(self, value):
-		assert 0 <= value < 256, value
-		self.items.append(struct.pack(">B", value))
+	def writeValue(self, typecode, value):
+		self.items.append(struct.pack(f">{typecode}", value))
+	def writeArray(self, typecode, values):
+		a = array.array(typecode, values)
+		if sys.byteorder != "big": a.byteswap()
+		self.items.append(a.tobytes())
 
 	def writeInt8(self, value):
 		assert -128 <= value < 128, value
 		self.items.append(struct.pack(">b", value))
+	def writeInt8Array(self, values):
+		self.writeArray('b', values)
+
+	def writeShort(self, value):
+		assert -32768 <= value < 32768, value
+		self.items.append(struct.pack(">h", value))
+	def writeShortArray(self, values):
+		self.writeArray('h', values)
+
+	def writeLong(self, value):
+		self.items.append(struct.pack(">i", value))
+	def writeLongArray(self, values):
+		self.writeArray('i', values)
+
+	def writeUInt8(self, value):
+		assert 0 <= value < 256, value
+		self.items.append(struct.pack(">B", value))
+	def writeUInt8Array(self, values):
+		self.writeArray('B', values)
+
+	def writeUShort(self, value):
+		assert 0 <= value < 0x10000, value
+		self.items.append(struct.pack(">H", value))
+	def writeUShortArray(self, values):
+		self.writeArray('H', values)
+
+	def writeULong(self, value):
+		self.items.append(struct.pack(">I", value))
+	def writeULongArray(self, values):
+		self.writeArray('I', values)
 
 	def writeUInt24(self, value):
 		assert 0 <= value < 0x1000000, value
 		b = struct.pack(">L", value)
 		self.items.append(b[1:])
-
-	def writeLong(self, value):
-		self.items.append(struct.pack(">l", value))
-
-	def writeULong(self, value):
-		self.items.append(struct.pack(">L", value))
+	def writeUInt24Array(self, values):
+		for value in values:
+			self.writeUInt24(value)
 
 	def writeTag(self, tag):
 		tag = Tag(tag).tobytes()
@@ -441,6 +535,8 @@
 			table[name] = value
 		else:
 			assert table[name] == value, (name, table[name], value)
+	def getValue(self):
+		return self.table[self.name]
 	def getCountData(self):
 		v = self.table[self.name]
 		if v is None: v = 0
@@ -455,7 +551,11 @@
 
 def packULong(value):
 	assert 0 <= value < 0x100000000, value
-	return struct.pack(">L", value)
+	return struct.pack(">I", value)
+
+def packUInt24(value):
+	assert 0 <= value < 0x1000000, value
+	return struct.pack(">I", value)[1:]
 
 
 class BaseTable(object):
@@ -490,7 +590,7 @@
 			countValue = 1
 			if conv.repeat:
 				if conv.repeat in reader:
-					countValue = reader[conv.repeat]
+					countValue = reader[conv.repeat] + conv.aux
 				else:
 					return NotImplemented
 			totalSize += size * countValue
@@ -542,22 +642,27 @@
 			if conv.name == "SubStruct":
 				conv = conv.getConverter(reader.tableTag,
 				                         table["MorphType"])
-			if conv.repeat:
-				if isinstance(conv.repeat, int):
-					countValue = conv.repeat
-				elif conv.repeat in table:
-					countValue = table[conv.repeat]
+			try:
+				if conv.repeat:
+					if isinstance(conv.repeat, int):
+						countValue = conv.repeat
+					elif conv.repeat in table:
+						countValue = table[conv.repeat]
+					else:
+						# conv.repeat is a propagated count
+						countValue = reader[conv.repeat]
+					countValue += conv.aux
+					table[conv.name] = conv.readArray(reader, font, table, countValue)
 				else:
-					# conv.repeat is a propagated count
-					countValue = reader[conv.repeat]
-				countValue += conv.aux
-				table[conv.name] = conv.readArray(reader, font, table, countValue)
-			else:
-				if conv.aux and not eval(conv.aux, None, table):
-					continue
-				table[conv.name] = conv.read(reader, font, table)
-				if conv.isPropagated:
-					reader[conv.name] = table[conv.name]
+					if conv.aux and not eval(conv.aux, None, table):
+						continue
+					table[conv.name] = conv.read(reader, font, table)
+					if conv.isPropagated:
+						reader[conv.name] = table[conv.name]
+			except Exception as e:
+				name = conv.name
+				e.args = e.args + (name,)
+				raise
 
 		if hasattr(self, 'postRead'):
 			self.postRead(table, font)
@@ -568,11 +673,30 @@
 
 	def compile(self, writer, font):
 		self.ensureDecompiled()
+		# TODO Following hack to be removed by rewriting how FormatSwitching tables
+		# are handled.
+		# https://github.com/fonttools/fonttools/pull/2238#issuecomment-805192631
 		if hasattr(self, 'preWrite'):
+			deleteFormat = not hasattr(self, 'Format')
 			table = self.preWrite(font)
+			deleteFormat = deleteFormat and hasattr(self, 'Format')
 		else:
+			deleteFormat = False
 			table = self.__dict__.copy()
 
+		# some count references may have been initialized in a custom preWrite; we set
+		# these in the writer's state beforehand (instead of sequentially) so they will
+		# be propagated to all nested subtables even if the count appears in the current
+		# table only *after* the offset to the subtable that it is counting.
+		for conv in self.getConverters():
+			if conv.isCount and conv.isPropagated:
+				value = table.get(conv.name)
+				if isinstance(value, CountReference):
+					writer[conv.name] = value
+
+		if hasattr(self, 'sortCoverageLast'):
+			writer.sortCoverageLast = 1
+
 		if hasattr(self, 'DontShare'):
 			writer.DontShare = True
 
@@ -593,14 +717,11 @@
 				else:
 					# conv.repeat is a propagated count
 					writer[conv.repeat].setValue(countValue)
-				values = value
-				for i, value in enumerate(values):
-					try:
-						conv.write(writer, font, table, value, i)
-					except Exception as e:
-						name = value.__class__.__name__ if value is not None else conv.name
-						e.args = e.args + (name+'['+str(i)+']',)
-						raise
+				try:
+					conv.writeArray(writer, font, table, value)
+				except Exception as e:
+					e.args = e.args + (conv.name+'[]',)
+					raise
 			elif conv.isCount:
 				# Special-case Count values.
 				# Assumption: a Count field will *always* precede
@@ -609,8 +730,16 @@
 				# table. We will later store it here.
 				# We add a reference: by the time the data is assembled
 				# the Count value will be filled in.
-				ref = writer.writeCountReference(table, conv.name, conv.staticSize)
-				table[conv.name] = None
+				# We ignore the current count value since it will be recomputed,
+				# unless it's a CountReference that was already initialized in a custom preWrite.
+				if isinstance(value, CountReference):
+					ref = value
+					ref.size = conv.staticSize
+					writer.writeData(ref)
+					table[conv.name] = ref.getValue()
+				else:
+					ref = writer.writeCountReference(table, conv.name, conv.staticSize)
+					table[conv.name] = None
 				if conv.isPropagated:
 					writer[conv.name] = ref
 			elif conv.isLookupType:
@@ -633,6 +762,9 @@
 				if conv.isPropagated:
 					writer[conv.name] = value
 
+		if deleteFormat:
+			del self.Format
+
 	def readFormat(self, reader):
 		pass
 
@@ -707,7 +839,7 @@
 		return NotImplemented
 
 	def getConverters(self):
-		return self.converters[self.Format]
+		return self.converters.get(self.Format, [])
 
 	def getConverterByName(self, name):
 		return self.convertersByName[self.Format][name]
@@ -722,6 +854,26 @@
 		BaseTable.toXML(self, xmlWriter, font, attrs, name)
 
 
+class UInt8FormatSwitchingBaseTable(FormatSwitchingBaseTable):
+	def readFormat(self, reader):
+		self.Format = reader.readUInt8()
+
+	def writeFormat(self, writer):
+		writer.writeUInt8(self.Format)
+
+
+formatSwitchingBaseTables = {
+	"uint16": FormatSwitchingBaseTable,
+	"uint8": UInt8FormatSwitchingBaseTable,
+}
+
+def getFormatSwitchingBaseTableClass(formatType):
+	try:
+		return formatSwitchingBaseTables[formatType]
+	except KeyError:
+		raise TypeError(f"Unsupported format type: {formatType!r}")
+
+
 #
 # Support for ValueRecords
 #
@@ -822,7 +974,8 @@
 					setattr(self, name, None if isDevice else 0)
 			if src is not None:
 				for key,val in src.__dict__.items():
-					assert hasattr(self, key)
+					if not hasattr(self, key):
+						continue
 					setattr(self, key, val)
 		elif src is not None:
 			self.__dict__ = src.__dict__.copy()
@@ -833,6 +986,13 @@
 			format = format | valueRecordFormatDict[name][0]
 		return format
 
+	def getEffectiveFormat(self):
+		format = 0
+		for name,value in self.__dict__.items():
+			if value:
+				format = format | valueRecordFormatDict[name][0]
+		return format
+
 	def toXML(self, xmlWriter, font, valueName, attrs=None):
 		if attrs is None:
 			simpleItems = []
diff --git a/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/tables/otConverters.py b/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/tables/otConverters.py
index 8509de7..9cd9bfc 100644
--- a/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/tables/otConverters.py
+++ b/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/tables/otConverters.py
@@ -1,15 +1,23 @@
-from __future__ import print_function, division, absolute_import
-from fontTools.misc.py23 import *
+from fontTools.misc.py23 import bytesjoin, tobytes, tostr
 from fontTools.misc.fixedTools import (
-	fixedToFloat as fi2fl, floatToFixed as fl2fi, ensureVersionIsLong as fi2ve,
-	versionToFixed as ve2fi)
+	fixedToFloat as fi2fl,
+	floatToFixed as fl2fi,
+	floatToFixedToStr as fl2str,
+	strToFixedToFloat as str2fl,
+	ensureVersionIsLong as fi2ve,
+	versionToFixed as ve2fi,
+)
+from fontTools.misc.roundTools import nearestMultipleShortestRepr, otRound
 from fontTools.misc.textTools import pad, safeEval
 from fontTools.ttLib import getSearchRange
 from .otBase import (CountReference, FormatSwitchingBaseTable,
                      OTTableReader, OTTableWriter, ValueRecordFactory)
 from .otTables import (lookupTypes, AATStateTable, AATState, AATAction,
                        ContextualMorphAction, LigatureMorphAction,
-                       MorxSubtable)
+                       InsertionMorphAction, MorxSubtable,
+                       ExtendMode as _ExtendMode,
+                       CompositeMode as _CompositeMode)
+from itertools import zip_longest
 from functools import partial
 import struct
 import logging
@@ -52,14 +60,20 @@
 				converterClass = Struct
 			else:
 				converterClass = eval(tp, tableNamespace, converterMapping)
-		if tp in ('MortChain', 'MortSubtable', 'MorxChain'):
+
+		conv = converterClass(name, repeat, aux)
+
+		if conv.tableClass:
+			# A "template" such as OffsetTo(AType) knowss the table class already
+			tableClass = conv.tableClass
+		elif tp in ('MortChain', 'MortSubtable', 'MorxChain'):
 			tableClass = tableNamespace.get(tp)
 		else:
 			tableClass = tableNamespace.get(tableName)
-		if tableClass is not None:
-			conv = converterClass(name, repeat, aux, tableClass=tableClass)
-		else:
-			conv = converterClass(name, repeat, aux)
+
+		if not conv.tableClass:
+			conv.tableClass = tableClass
+
 		if name in ["SubTable", "ExtSubTable", "SubStruct"]:
 			conv.lookupTypes = tableNamespace['lookupTypes']
 			# also create reverse mapping
@@ -130,7 +144,22 @@
 		self.tableClass = tableClass
 		self.isCount = name.endswith("Count") or name in ['DesignAxisRecordSize', 'ValueRecordSize']
 		self.isLookupType = name.endswith("LookupType") or name == "MorphType"
-		self.isPropagated = name in ["ClassCount", "Class2Count", "FeatureTag", "SettingsCount", "VarRegionCount", "MappingCount", "RegionAxisCount", 'DesignAxisCount', 'DesignAxisRecordSize', 'AxisValueCount', 'ValueRecordSize']
+		self.isPropagated = name in [
+			"ClassCount",
+			"Class2Count",
+			"FeatureTag",
+			"SettingsCount",
+			"VarRegionCount",
+			"MappingCount",
+			"RegionAxisCount",
+			"DesignAxisCount",
+			"DesignAxisRecordSize",
+			"AxisValueCount",
+			"ValueRecordSize",
+			"AxisCount",
+			"BaseGlyphRecordCount",
+			"LayerRecordCount",
+		]
 
 	def readArray(self, reader, font, tableDict, count):
 		"""Read an array of values from the reader."""
@@ -164,8 +193,12 @@
 		raise NotImplementedError(self)
 
 	def writeArray(self, writer, font, tableDict, values):
-		for i, value in enumerate(values):
-			self.write(writer, font, tableDict, value, i)
+		try:
+			for i, value in enumerate(values):
+				self.write(writer, font, tableDict, value, i)
+		except Exception as e:
+			e.args = e.args + (i,)
+			raise
 
 	def write(self, writer, font, tableDict, value, repeatIndex=None):
 		"""Write a value to the writer."""
@@ -181,62 +214,108 @@
 
 
 class SimpleValue(BaseConverter):
+	@staticmethod
+	def toString(value):
+		return value
+	@staticmethod
+	def fromString(value):
+		return value
 	def xmlWrite(self, xmlWriter, font, value, name, attrs):
-		xmlWriter.simpletag(name, attrs + [("value", value)])
+		xmlWriter.simpletag(name, attrs + [("value", self.toString(value))])
 		xmlWriter.newline()
 	def xmlRead(self, attrs, content, font):
-		return attrs["value"]
+		return self.fromString(attrs["value"])
+
+class OptionalValue(SimpleValue):
+	DEFAULT = None
+	def xmlWrite(self, xmlWriter, font, value, name, attrs):
+		if value != self.DEFAULT:
+			attrs.append(("value", self.toString(value)))
+		xmlWriter.simpletag(name, attrs)
+		xmlWriter.newline()
+	def xmlRead(self, attrs, content, font):
+		if "value" in attrs:
+			return self.fromString(attrs["value"])
+		return self.DEFAULT
 
 class IntValue(SimpleValue):
-	def xmlRead(self, attrs, content, font):
-		return int(attrs["value"], 0)
+	@staticmethod
+	def fromString(value):
+		return int(value, 0)
 
 class Long(IntValue):
 	staticSize = 4
 	def read(self, reader, font, tableDict):
 		return reader.readLong()
+	def readArray(self, reader, font, tableDict, count):
+		return reader.readLongArray(count)
 	def write(self, writer, font, tableDict, value, repeatIndex=None):
 		writer.writeLong(value)
+	def writeArray(self, writer, font, tableDict, values):
+		writer.writeLongArray(values)
 
 class ULong(IntValue):
 	staticSize = 4
 	def read(self, reader, font, tableDict):
 		return reader.readULong()
+	def readArray(self, reader, font, tableDict, count):
+		return reader.readULongArray(count)
 	def write(self, writer, font, tableDict, value, repeatIndex=None):
 		writer.writeULong(value)
+	def writeArray(self, writer, font, tableDict, values):
+		writer.writeULongArray(values)
 
 class Flags32(ULong):
-	def xmlWrite(self, xmlWriter, font, value, name, attrs):
-		xmlWriter.simpletag(name, attrs + [("value", "0x%08X" % value)])
-		xmlWriter.newline()
+	@staticmethod
+	def toString(value):
+		return "0x%08X" % value
+
+class VarIndex(OptionalValue, ULong):
+	DEFAULT = 0xFFFFFFFF
 
 class Short(IntValue):
 	staticSize = 2
 	def read(self, reader, font, tableDict):
 		return reader.readShort()
+	def readArray(self, reader, font, tableDict, count):
+		return reader.readShortArray(count)
 	def write(self, writer, font, tableDict, value, repeatIndex=None):
 		writer.writeShort(value)
+	def writeArray(self, writer, font, tableDict, values):
+		writer.writeShortArray(values)
 
 class UShort(IntValue):
 	staticSize = 2
 	def read(self, reader, font, tableDict):
 		return reader.readUShort()
+	def readArray(self, reader, font, tableDict, count):
+		return reader.readUShortArray(count)
 	def write(self, writer, font, tableDict, value, repeatIndex=None):
 		writer.writeUShort(value)
+	def writeArray(self, writer, font, tableDict, values):
+		writer.writeUShortArray(values)
 
 class Int8(IntValue):
 	staticSize = 1
 	def read(self, reader, font, tableDict):
 		return reader.readInt8()
+	def readArray(self, reader, font, tableDict, count):
+		return reader.readInt8Array(count)
 	def write(self, writer, font, tableDict, value, repeatIndex=None):
 		writer.writeInt8(value)
+	def writeArray(self, writer, font, tableDict, values):
+		writer.writeInt8Array(values)
 
 class UInt8(IntValue):
 	staticSize = 1
 	def read(self, reader, font, tableDict):
 		return reader.readUInt8()
+	def readArray(self, reader, font, tableDict, count):
+		return reader.readUInt8Array(count)
 	def write(self, writer, font, tableDict, value, repeatIndex=None):
 		writer.writeUInt8(value)
+	def writeArray(self, writer, font, tableDict, values):
+		writer.writeUInt8Array(values)
 
 class UInt24(IntValue):
 	staticSize = 3
@@ -267,9 +346,10 @@
 
 class GlyphID(SimpleValue):
 	staticSize = 2
+	typecode = "H"
 	def readArray(self, reader, font, tableDict, count):
 		glyphOrder = font.getGlyphOrder()
-		gids = reader.readUShortArray(count)
+		gids = reader.readArray(self.typecode, self.staticSize, count)
 		try:
 			l = [glyphOrder[gid] for gid in gids]
 		except IndexError:
@@ -277,29 +357,56 @@
 			l = [font.getGlyphName(gid) for gid in gids]
 		return l
 	def read(self, reader, font, tableDict):
-		return font.getGlyphName(reader.readUShort())
+		return font.getGlyphName(reader.readValue(self.typecode, self.staticSize))
+	def writeArray(self, writer, font, tableDict, values):
+		glyphMap = font.getReverseGlyphMap()
+		try:
+			values = [glyphMap[glyphname] for glyphname in values]
+		except KeyError:
+			# Slower, but will not throw a KeyError on an out-of-range glyph name.
+			values = [font.getGlyphID(glyphname) for glyphname in values]
+		writer.writeArray(self.typecode, values)
 	def write(self, writer, font, tableDict, value, repeatIndex=None):
-		writer.writeUShort(font.getGlyphID(value))
+		writer.writeValue(self.typecode, font.getGlyphID(value))
+
+
+class GlyphID32(GlyphID):
+	staticSize = 4
+	typecode = "L"
 
 
 class NameID(UShort):
 	def xmlWrite(self, xmlWriter, font, value, name, attrs):
 		xmlWriter.simpletag(name, attrs + [("value", value)])
-		nameTable = font.get("name") if font else None
-		if nameTable:
-			name = nameTable.getDebugName(value)
-			xmlWriter.write("  ")
-			if name:
-				xmlWriter.comment(name)
-			else:
-				xmlWriter.comment("missing from name table")
-				log.warning("name id %d missing from name table" % value)
+		if font and value:
+			nameTable = font.get("name")
+			if nameTable:
+				name = nameTable.getDebugName(value)
+				xmlWriter.write("  ")
+				if name:
+					xmlWriter.comment(name)
+				else:
+					xmlWriter.comment("missing from name table")
+					log.warning("name id %d missing from name table" % value)
 		xmlWriter.newline()
 
+class STATFlags(UShort):
+	def xmlWrite(self, xmlWriter, font, value, name, attrs):
+		xmlWriter.simpletag(name, attrs + [("value", value)])
+		flags = []
+		if value & 0x01:
+			flags.append("OlderSiblingFontAttribute")
+		if value & 0x02:
+			flags.append("ElidableAxisValueName")
+		if flags:
+			xmlWriter.write("  ")
+			xmlWriter.comment(" ".join(flags))
+		xmlWriter.newline()
 
 class FloatValue(SimpleValue):
-	def xmlRead(self, attrs, content, font):
-		return float(attrs["value"])
+	@staticmethod
+	def fromString(value):
+		return float(value)
 
 class DeciPoints(FloatValue):
 	staticSize = 2
@@ -315,6 +422,12 @@
 		return  fi2fl(reader.readLong(), 16)
 	def write(self, writer, font, tableDict, value, repeatIndex=None):
 		writer.writeLong(fl2fi(value, 16))
+	@staticmethod
+	def fromString(value):
+		return str2fl(value, 16)
+	@staticmethod
+	def toString(value):
+		return fl2str(value, 16)
 
 class F2Dot14(FloatValue):
 	staticSize = 2
@@ -322,8 +435,30 @@
 		return  fi2fl(reader.readShort(), 14)
 	def write(self, writer, font, tableDict, value, repeatIndex=None):
 		writer.writeShort(fl2fi(value, 14))
+	@staticmethod
+	def fromString(value):
+		return str2fl(value, 14)
+	@staticmethod
+	def toString(value):
+		return fl2str(value, 14)
 
-class Version(BaseConverter):
+class Angle(F2Dot14):
+	# angles are specified in degrees, and encoded as F2Dot14 fractions of half
+	# circle: e.g. 1.0 => 180, -0.5 => -90, -2.0 => -360, etc.
+	factor = 1.0/(1<<14) * 180  # 0.010986328125
+	def read(self, reader, font, tableDict):
+		return super().read(reader, font, tableDict) * 180
+	def write(self, writer, font, tableDict, value, repeatIndex=None):
+		super().write(writer, font, tableDict, value / 180, repeatIndex=repeatIndex)
+	@classmethod
+	def fromString(cls, value):
+		# quantize to nearest multiples of minimum fixed-precision angle
+		return otRound(float(value) / cls.factor) * cls.factor
+	@classmethod
+	def toString(cls, value):
+		return nearestMultipleShortestRepr(value, cls.factor)
+
+class Version(SimpleValue):
 	staticSize = 4
 	def read(self, reader, font, tableDict):
 		value = reader.readLong()
@@ -333,16 +468,12 @@
 		value = fi2ve(value)
 		assert (value >> 16) == 1, "Unsupported version 0x%08x" % value
 		writer.writeLong(value)
-	def xmlRead(self, attrs, content, font):
-		value = attrs["value"]
-		value = ve2fi(value)
-		return value
-	def xmlWrite(self, xmlWriter, font, value, name, attrs):
-		value = fi2ve(value)
-		value = "0x%08x" % value
-		xmlWriter.simpletag(name, attrs + [("value", value)])
-		xmlWriter.newline()
-
+	@staticmethod
+	def fromString(value):
+		return ve2fi(value)
+	@staticmethod
+	def toString(value):
+		return "0x%08x" % value
 	@staticmethod
 	def fromFloat(v):
 		return fl2fi(v, 16)
@@ -361,8 +492,8 @@
 		zeroPos = data.find(b"\0")
 		if zeroPos >= 0:
 			data = data[:zeroPos]
-		s = tounicode(data, encoding="ascii", errors="replace")
-		if s != tounicode(data, encoding="ascii", errors="ignore"):
+		s = tostr(data, encoding="ascii", errors="replace")
+		if s != tostr(data, encoding="ascii", errors="ignore"):
 			log.warning('replaced non-ASCII characters in "%s"' %
 			            s)
 		return s
@@ -481,17 +612,13 @@
 
 class Table(Struct):
 
-	longOffset = False
 	staticSize = 2
 
 	def readOffset(self, reader):
 		return reader.readUShort()
 
 	def writeNullOffset(self, writer):
-		if self.longOffset:
-			writer.writeULong(0)
-		else:
-			writer.writeUShort(0)
+		writer.writeUShort(0)
 
 	def read(self, reader, font, tableDict):
 		offset = self.readOffset(reader)
@@ -510,7 +637,7 @@
 		if value is None:
 			self.writeNullOffset(writer)
 		else:
-			subWriter = writer.getSubWriter(self.longOffset, self.name)
+			subWriter = writer.getSubWriter(offsetSize=self.staticSize, name = self.name)
 			if repeatIndex is not None:
 				subWriter.repeatIndex = repeatIndex
 			writer.writeSubTable(subWriter)
@@ -518,12 +645,26 @@
 
 class LTable(Table):
 
-	longOffset = True
 	staticSize = 4
 
 	def readOffset(self, reader):
 		return reader.readULong()
 
+	def writeNullOffset(self, writer):
+		writer.writeULong(0)
+
+
+# Table pointed to by a 24-bit, 3-byte long offset
+class Table24(Table):
+
+	staticSize = 3
+
+	def readOffset(self, reader):
+		return reader.readUInt24()
+
+	def writeNullOffset(self, writer):
+		writer.writeUInt24(0)
+
 
 # TODO Clean / merge the SubTable and SubStruct
 
@@ -859,11 +1000,12 @@
 			offsetByGlyph[glyph] = offset
 		# For calculating the offsets to our AATLookup and data table,
 		# we can use the regular OTTableWriter infrastructure.
-		lookupWriter = writer.getSubWriter(True)
+		lookupWriter = writer.getSubWriter(offsetSize=4)
 		lookup = AATLookup('DataOffsets', None, None, UShort)
 		lookup.write(lookupWriter, font, tableDict, offsetByGlyph, None)
 
-		dataWriter = writer.getSubWriter(True)
+		dataWriter = writer.getSubWriter(offsetSize=4)
+
 		writer.writeSubTable(lookupWriter)
 		writer.writeSubTable(dataWriter)
 		for d in compiledData:
@@ -1050,6 +1192,9 @@
 			table.LigComponents = \
 				ligComponentReader.readUShortArray(numLigComponents)
 			table.Ligatures = self._readLigatures(ligaturesReader, font)
+		elif issubclass(self.tableClass, InsertionMorphAction):
+			actionReader = reader.getSubReader(0)
+			actionReader.seek(pos + reader.readULong())
 		table.GlyphClasses = self.classLookup.read(classTableReader,
 		                                           font, tableDict)
 		numStates = int((entryTableReader.pos - stateArrayReader.pos)
@@ -1114,19 +1259,15 @@
 		glyphClassWriter = OTTableWriter()
 		self.classLookup.write(glyphClassWriter, font, tableDict,
 		                       value.GlyphClasses, repeatIndex=None)
-		glyphClassData = pad(glyphClassWriter.getAllData(), 4)
+		glyphClassData = pad(glyphClassWriter.getAllData(), 2)
 		glyphClassCount = max(value.GlyphClasses.values()) + 1
 		glyphClassTableOffset = 16  # size of STXHeader
 		if self.perGlyphLookup is not None:
 			glyphClassTableOffset += 4
 
-		actionData, actionIndex = None, None
-		if issubclass(self.tableClass, LigatureMorphAction):
-			glyphClassTableOffset += 12
-			actionData, actionIndex = \
-				self._compileLigActions(value, font)
-			actionData = pad(actionData, 4)
-
+		glyphClassTableOffset += self.tableClass.actionHeaderSize
+		actionData, actionIndex = \
+			self.tableClass.compileActions(font, value.States)
 		stateArrayData, entryTableData = self._compileStates(
 			font, value.States, glyphClassCount, actionIndex)
 		stateArrayOffset = glyphClassTableOffset + len(glyphClassData)
@@ -1134,17 +1275,19 @@
 		perGlyphOffset = entryTableOffset + len(entryTableData)
 		perGlyphData = \
 			pad(self._compilePerGlyphLookups(value, font), 4)
+		if actionData is not None:
+			actionOffset = entryTableOffset + len(entryTableData)
+		else:
+			actionOffset = None
+
+		ligaturesOffset, ligComponentsOffset = None, None
 		ligComponentsData = self._compileLigComponents(value, font)
 		ligaturesData = self._compileLigatures(value, font)
-		if actionData is None:
-			actionOffset = None
-			ligComponentsOffset = None
-			ligaturesOffset = None
-		else:
+		if ligComponentsData is not None:
 			assert len(perGlyphData) == 0
-			actionOffset = entryTableOffset + len(entryTableData)
 			ligComponentsOffset = actionOffset + len(actionData)
 			ligaturesOffset = ligComponentsOffset + len(ligComponentsData)
+
 		writer.writeULong(glyphClassCount)
 		writer.writeULong(glyphClassTableOffset)
 		writer.writeULong(stateArrayOffset)
@@ -1153,6 +1296,7 @@
 			writer.writeULong(perGlyphOffset)
 		if actionOffset is not None:
 			writer.writeULong(actionOffset)
+		if ligComponentsOffset is not None:
 			writer.writeULong(ligComponentsOffset)
 			writer.writeULong(ligaturesOffset)
 		writer.writeData(glyphClassData)
@@ -1202,41 +1346,12 @@
 				(len(table.PerGlyphLookups), numLookups))
 		writer = OTTableWriter()
 		for lookup in table.PerGlyphLookups:
-			lookupWriter = writer.getSubWriter(True)
+			lookupWriter = writer.getSubWriter(offsetSize=4)
 			self.perGlyphLookup.write(lookupWriter, font,
 			                          {}, lookup, None)
 			writer.writeSubTable(lookupWriter)
 		return writer.getAllData()
 
-	def _compileLigActions(self, table, font):
-		assert issubclass(self.tableClass, LigatureMorphAction)
-		actions = set()
-		for state in table.States:
-			for _glyphClass, trans in state.Transitions.items():
-				actions.add(trans.compileLigActions())
-		result, actionIndex = b"", {}
-		# Sort the compiled actions in decreasing order of
-		# length, so that the longer sequence come before the
-		# shorter ones.  For each compiled action ABCD, its
-		# suffixes BCD, CD, and D do not be encoded separately
-		# (in case they occur); instead, we can just store an
-		# index that points into the middle of the longer
-		# sequence. Every compiled AAT ligature sequence is
-		# terminated with an end-of-sequence flag, which can
-		# only be set on the last element of the sequence.
-		# Therefore, it is sufficient to consider just the
-		# suffixes.
-		for a in sorted(actions, key=lambda x:(-len(x), x)):
-			if a not in actionIndex:
-				for i in range(0, len(a), 4):
-					suffix = a[i:]
-					suffixIndex = (len(result) + i) // 4
-					actionIndex.setdefault(
-						suffix, suffixIndex)
-				result += a
-		assert len(result) % self.tableClass.staticSize == 0
-		return (result, actionIndex)
-
 	def _compileLigComponents(self, table, font):
 		if not hasattr(table, "LigComponents"):
 			return None
@@ -1504,20 +1619,15 @@
 		outerShift = 16 - innerBits
 
 		entrySize = 1 + ((fmt & 0x0030) >> 4)
-		read = {
-			1: reader.readUInt8,
-			2: reader.readUShort,
-			3: reader.readUInt24,
-			4: reader.readULong,
+		readArray = {
+			1: reader.readUInt8Array,
+			2: reader.readUShortArray,
+			3: reader.readUInt24Array,
+			4: reader.readULongArray,
 		}[entrySize]
 
-		mapping = []
-		for i in range(nItems):
-			raw = read()
-			idx = ((raw & outerMask) << outerShift) | (raw & innerMask)
-			mapping.append(idx)
-
-		return mapping
+		return [(((raw & outerMask) << outerShift) | (raw & innerMask))
+			for raw in readArray(nItems)]
 
 	def write(self, writer, font, tableDict, value, repeatIndex=None):
 		fmt = tableDict['EntryFormat']
@@ -1529,16 +1639,15 @@
 		outerShift = 16 - innerBits
 
 		entrySize = 1 + ((fmt & 0x0030) >> 4)
-		write = {
-			1: writer.writeUInt8,
-			2: writer.writeUShort,
-			3: writer.writeUInt24,
-			4: writer.writeULong,
+		writeArray = {
+			1: writer.writeUInt8Array,
+			2: writer.writeUShortArray,
+			3: writer.writeUInt24Array,
+			4: writer.writeULongArray,
 		}[entrySize]
 
-		for idx in mapping:
-			raw = ((idx & 0xFFFF0000) >> outerShift) | (idx & innerMask)
-			write(raw)
+		writeArray([(((idx & 0xFFFF0000) >> outerShift) | (idx & innerMask))
+			    for idx in mapping])
 
 
 class VarDataValue(BaseConverter):
@@ -1547,27 +1656,43 @@
 		values = []
 
 		regionCount = tableDict["VarRegionCount"]
-		shortCount = tableDict["NumShorts"]
+		wordCount = tableDict["NumShorts"]
 
-		for i in range(min(regionCount, shortCount)):
-			values.append(reader.readShort())
-		for i in range(min(regionCount, shortCount), regionCount):
-			values.append(reader.readInt8())
-		for i in range(regionCount, shortCount):
-			reader.readInt8()
+		# https://github.com/fonttools/fonttools/issues/2279
+		longWords = bool(wordCount & 0x8000)
+		wordCount = wordCount & 0x7FFF
+
+		if longWords:
+			readBigArray, readSmallArray = reader.readLongArray, reader.readShortArray
+		else:
+			readBigArray, readSmallArray = reader.readShortArray, reader.readInt8Array
+
+		n1, n2 = min(regionCount, wordCount), max(regionCount, wordCount)
+		values.extend(readBigArray(n1))
+		values.extend(readSmallArray(n2 - n1))
+		if n2 > regionCount: # Padding
+			del values[regionCount:]
 
 		return values
 
-	def write(self, writer, font, tableDict, value, repeatIndex=None):
+	def write(self, writer, font, tableDict, values, repeatIndex=None):
 		regionCount = tableDict["VarRegionCount"]
-		shortCount = tableDict["NumShorts"]
+		wordCount = tableDict["NumShorts"]
 
-		for i in range(min(regionCount, shortCount)):
-			writer.writeShort(value[i])
-		for i in range(min(regionCount, shortCount), regionCount):
-			writer.writeInt8(value[i])
-		for i in range(regionCount, shortCount):
-			writer.writeInt8(0)
+		# https://github.com/fonttools/fonttools/issues/2279
+		longWords = bool(wordCount & 0x8000)
+		wordCount = wordCount & 0x7FFF
+
+		(writeBigArray, writeSmallArray) = {
+			False: (writer.writeShortArray, writer.writeInt8Array),
+			True:  (writer.writeLongArray,  writer.writeShortArray),
+		}[longWords]
+
+		n1, n2 = min(regionCount, wordCount), max(regionCount, wordCount)
+		writeBigArray(values[:n1])
+		writeSmallArray(values[n1:regionCount])
+		if n2 > regionCount: # Padding
+			writer.writeSmallArray([0] * (n2 - regionCount))
 
 	def xmlWrite(self, xmlWriter, font, value, name, attrs):
 		xmlWriter.simpletag(name, attrs + [("value", value)])
@@ -1576,32 +1701,74 @@
 	def xmlRead(self, attrs, content, font):
 		return safeEval(attrs["value"])
 
+class LookupFlag(UShort):
+	def xmlWrite(self, xmlWriter, font, value, name, attrs):
+		xmlWriter.simpletag(name, attrs + [("value", value)])
+		flags = []
+		if value & 0x01: flags.append("rightToLeft")
+		if value & 0x02: flags.append("ignoreBaseGlyphs")
+		if value & 0x04: flags.append("ignoreLigatures")
+		if value & 0x08: flags.append("ignoreMarks")
+		if value & 0x10: flags.append("useMarkFilteringSet")
+		if value & 0xff00: flags.append("markAttachmentType[%i]" % (value >> 8))
+		if flags:
+			xmlWriter.comment(" ".join(flags))
+		xmlWriter.newline()
+
+
+class _UInt8Enum(UInt8):
+	enumClass = NotImplemented
+
+	def read(self, reader, font, tableDict):
+		return self.enumClass(super().read(reader, font, tableDict))
+	@classmethod
+	def fromString(cls, value):
+		return getattr(cls.enumClass, value.upper())
+	@classmethod
+	def toString(cls, value):
+		return cls.enumClass(value).name.lower()
+
+
+class ExtendMode(_UInt8Enum):
+	enumClass = _ExtendMode
+
+
+class CompositeMode(_UInt8Enum):
+	enumClass = _CompositeMode
+
 
 converterMapping = {
 	# type		class
 	"int8":		Int8,
 	"int16":	Short,
 	"uint8":	UInt8,
-	"uint8":	UInt8,
 	"uint16":	UShort,
 	"uint24":	UInt24,
 	"uint32":	ULong,
 	"char64":	Char64,
 	"Flags32":	Flags32,
+	"VarIndex":	VarIndex,
 	"Version":	Version,
 	"Tag":		Tag,
 	"GlyphID":	GlyphID,
+	"GlyphID32":	GlyphID32,
 	"NameID":	NameID,
 	"DeciPoints":	DeciPoints,
 	"Fixed":	Fixed,
 	"F2Dot14":	F2Dot14,
+	"Angle":	Angle,
 	"struct":	Struct,
 	"Offset":	Table,
 	"LOffset":	LTable,
+	"Offset24":	Table24,
 	"ValueRecord":	ValueRecord,
 	"DeltaValue":	DeltaValue,
 	"VarIdxMapValue":	VarIdxMapValue,
 	"VarDataValue":	VarDataValue,
+	"LookupFlag": LookupFlag,
+	"ExtendMode": ExtendMode,
+	"CompositeMode": CompositeMode,
+	"STATFlags": STATFlags,
 
 	# AAT
 	"CIDGlyphMap":	CIDGlyphMap,
@@ -1617,4 +1784,5 @@
 	"STXHeader":	lambda C: partial(STXHeader, tableClass=C),
 	"OffsetTo":	lambda C: partial(Table, tableClass=C),
 	"LOffsetTo":	lambda C: partial(LTable, tableClass=C),
+	"LOffset24To":	lambda C: partial(Table24, tableClass=C),
 }
diff --git a/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/tables/otData.py b/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/tables/otData.py
index cf80098..dd4033e 100755
--- a/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/tables/otData.py
+++ b/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/tables/otData.py
@@ -1,7 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import print_function, division, absolute_import
-from fontTools.misc.py23 import *
-
 otData = [
 
 	#
@@ -88,7 +84,7 @@
 
 	('Lookup', [
 		('uint16', 'LookupType', None, None, 'Different enumerations for GSUB and GPOS'),
-		('uint16', 'LookupFlag', None, None, 'Lookup qualifiers'),
+		('LookupFlag', 'LookupFlag', None, None, 'Lookup qualifiers'),
 		('uint16', 'SubTableCount', None, None, 'Number of SubTables for this lookup'),
 		('Offset', 'SubTable', 'SubTableCount', 0, 'Array of offsets to SubTables-from beginning of Lookup table'),
 		('uint16', 'MarkFilteringSet', None, 'LookupFlag & 0x0010', 'If set, indicates that the lookup table structure is followed by a MarkFilteringSet field. The layout engine skips over all mark glyphs not in the mark filtering set indicated.'),
@@ -397,16 +393,16 @@
 		('LOffset', 'ExtSubTable', None, None, 'Offset to SubTable'),
 	]),
 
-	('ValueRecord', [
-		('int16', 'XPlacement', None, None, 'Horizontal adjustment for placement-in design units'),
-		('int16', 'YPlacement', None, None, 'Vertical adjustment for placement-in design units'),
-		('int16', 'XAdvance', None, None, 'Horizontal adjustment for advance-in design units (only used for horizontal writing)'),
-		('int16', 'YAdvance', None, None, 'Vertical adjustment for advance-in design units (only used for vertical writing)'),
-		('Offset', 'XPlaDevice', None, None, 'Offset to Device table for horizontal placement-measured from beginning of PosTable (may be NULL)'),
-		('Offset', 'YPlaDevice', None, None, 'Offset to Device table for vertical placement-measured from beginning of PosTable (may be NULL)'),
-		('Offset', 'XAdvDevice', None, None, 'Offset to Device table for horizontal advance-measured from beginning of PosTable (may be NULL)'),
-		('Offset', 'YAdvDevice', None, None, 'Offset to Device table for vertical advance-measured from beginning of PosTable (may be NULL)'),
-	]),
+#	('ValueRecord', [
+#		('int16', 'XPlacement', None, None, 'Horizontal adjustment for placement-in design units'),
+#		('int16', 'YPlacement', None, None, 'Vertical adjustment for placement-in design units'),
+#		('int16', 'XAdvance', None, None, 'Horizontal adjustment for advance-in design units (only used for horizontal writing)'),
+#		('int16', 'YAdvance', None, None, 'Vertical adjustment for advance-in design units (only used for vertical writing)'),
+#		('Offset', 'XPlaDevice', None, None, 'Offset to Device table for horizontal placement-measured from beginning of PosTable (may be NULL)'),
+#		('Offset', 'YPlaDevice', None, None, 'Offset to Device table for vertical placement-measured from beginning of PosTable (may be NULL)'),
+#		('Offset', 'XAdvDevice', None, None, 'Offset to Device table for horizontal advance-measured from beginning of PosTable (may be NULL)'),
+#		('Offset', 'YAdvDevice', None, None, 'Offset to Device table for vertical advance-measured from beginning of PosTable (may be NULL)'),
+#	]),
 
 	('AnchorFormat1', [
 		('uint16', 'AnchorFormat', None, None, 'Format identifier-format = 1'),
@@ -703,6 +699,7 @@
 		('Version', 'Version', None, None, 'Version of the BASE table-initially 0x00010000'),
 		('Offset', 'HorizAxis', None, None, 'Offset to horizontal Axis table-from beginning of BASE table-may be NULL'),
 		('Offset', 'VertAxis', None, None, 'Offset to vertical Axis table-from beginning of BASE table-may be NULL'),
+		('LOffset', 'VarStore', None, 'Version >= 0x00010001', 'Offset to variation store (may be NULL)'),
 	]),
 
 	('Axis', [
@@ -872,7 +869,7 @@
 	('AxisValueFormat1', [
 		('uint16', 'Format', None, None, 'Format, = 1'),
 		('uint16', 'AxisIndex', None, None, 'Index into the axis record array identifying the axis of design variation to which the axis value record applies.'),
-		('uint16', 'Flags', None, None, 'Flags.'),
+		('STATFlags', 'Flags', None, None, 'Flags.'),
 		('NameID', 'ValueNameID', None, None, ''),
 		('Fixed', 'Value', None, None, ''),
 	]),
@@ -880,7 +877,7 @@
 	('AxisValueFormat2', [
 		('uint16', 'Format', None, None, 'Format, = 2'),
 		('uint16', 'AxisIndex', None, None, 'Index into the axis record array identifying the axis of design variation to which the axis value record applies.'),
-		('uint16', 'Flags', None, None, 'Flags.'),
+		('STATFlags', 'Flags', None, None, 'Flags.'),
 		('NameID', 'ValueNameID', None, None, ''),
 		('Fixed', 'NominalValue', None, None, ''),
 		('Fixed', 'RangeMinValue', None, None, ''),
@@ -890,7 +887,7 @@
 	('AxisValueFormat3', [
 		('uint16', 'Format', None, None, 'Format, = 3'),
 		('uint16', 'AxisIndex', None, None, 'Index into the axis record array identifying the axis of design variation to which the axis value record applies.'),
-		('uint16', 'Flags', None, None, 'Flags.'),
+		('STATFlags', 'Flags', None, None, 'Flags.'),
 		('NameID', 'ValueNameID', None, None, ''),
 		('Fixed', 'Value', None, None, ''),
 		('Fixed', 'LinkedValue', None, None, ''),
@@ -899,7 +896,7 @@
 	('AxisValueFormat4', [
 		('uint16', 'Format', None, None, 'Format, = 4'),
 		('uint16', 'AxisCount', None, None, 'The total number of axes contributing to this axis-values combination.'),
-		('uint16', 'Flags', None, None, 'Flags.'),
+		('STATFlags', 'Flags', None, None, 'Flags.'),
 		('NameID', 'ValueNameID', None, None, ''),
 		('struct', 'AxisValueRecord', 'AxisCount', 0, 'Array of AxisValue records that provide the combination of axis values, one for each contributing axis. '),
 	]),
@@ -970,7 +967,7 @@
 
 	('VarData', [
 		('uint16', 'ItemCount', None, None, ''),
-		('uint16', 'NumShorts', None, None, ''), # Automatically computed
+		('uint16', 'NumShorts', None, None, ''),
 		('uint16', 'VarRegionCount', None, None, ''),
 		('uint16', 'VarRegionIndex', 'VarRegionCount', 0, ''),
 		('VarDataValue', 'Item', 'ItemCount', 0, ''),
@@ -991,6 +988,20 @@
 		('VarIdxMapValue', 'mapping', '', 0, 'Array of compressed data'),
 	]),
 
+	('DeltaSetIndexMapFormat0', [
+		('uint8', 'Format', None, None, 'Format of the DeltaSetIndexMap = 0'),
+		('uint8', 'EntryFormat', None, None, ''), # Automatically computed
+		('uint16', 'MappingCount', None, None, ''), # Automatically computed
+		('VarIdxMapValue', 'mapping', '', 0, 'Array of compressed data'),
+	]),
+
+	('DeltaSetIndexMapFormat1', [
+		('uint8', 'Format', None, None, 'Format of the DeltaSetIndexMap = 1'),
+		('uint8', 'EntryFormat', None, None, ''), # Automatically computed
+		('uint32', 'MappingCount', None, None, ''), # Automatically computed
+		('VarIdxMapValue', 'mapping', '', 0, 'Array of compressed data'),
+	]),
+
 	# Glyph advance variations
 
 	('HVAR', [
@@ -1445,8 +1456,7 @@
         ]),
 
 	('InsertionMorph', [
-		('struct', 'StateHeader', None, None, 'Header.'),
-		# TODO: Add missing parts.
+		('STXHeader(InsertionMorphAction)', 'StateTable', None, None, 'Finite-state transducer for glyph insertion.'),
 	]),
 
 	('MorphClass', [
@@ -1513,4 +1523,435 @@
 		('int16', 'Bottom', None, None, 'Control point index for the bottom-side optical edge, or -1 if this glyph has none.'),
 	]),
 
+	#
+	# TSIC
+	#
+	('TSIC', [
+		('Version', 'Version', None, None, 'Version of table initially set to 0x00010000.'),
+		('uint16', 'Flags', None, None, 'TSIC flags - set to 0'),
+		('uint16', 'AxisCount', None, None, 'Axis count from fvar'),
+		('uint16', 'RecordCount', None, None, 'TSIC record count'),
+		('uint16', 'Reserved', None, None, 'Set to 0'),
+		('Tag', 'AxisArray', 'AxisCount', 0, 'Array of axis tags in fvar order'),
+		('LocationRecord', 'RecordLocations', 'RecordCount', 0, 'Location in variation space of TSIC record'),
+		('TSICRecord', 'Record', 'RecordCount', 0, 'Array of TSIC records'),
+	]),
+
+	('LocationRecord', [
+		('F2Dot14', 'Axis', 'AxisCount', 0, 'Axis record'),
+	]),
+
+	('TSICRecord', [
+		('uint16', 'Flags', None, None, 'Record flags - set to 0'),
+		('uint16', 'NumCVTEntries', None, None, 'Number of CVT number value pairs'),
+		('uint16', 'NameLength', None, None, 'Length of optional user record name'),
+		('uint16', 'NameArray', 'NameLength', 0, 'Unicode 16 name'),
+		('uint16', 'CVTArray', 'NumCVTEntries', 0, 'CVT number array'),
+		('int16', 'CVTValueArray', 'NumCVTEntries', 0, 'CVT value'),
+	]),
+
+	#
+	# COLR
+	#
+
+	('COLR', [
+		('uint16', 'Version', None, None, 'Table version number (starts at 0).'),
+		('uint16', 'BaseGlyphRecordCount', None, None, 'Number of Base Glyph Records.'),
+		('LOffset', 'BaseGlyphRecordArray', None, None, 'Offset (from beginning of COLR table) to Base Glyph records.'),
+		('LOffset', 'LayerRecordArray', None, None, 'Offset (from beginning of COLR table) to Layer Records.'),
+		('uint16', 'LayerRecordCount', None, None, 'Number of Layer Records.'),
+		('LOffset', 'BaseGlyphList', None, 'Version >= 1', 'Offset (from beginning of COLR table) to array of Version-1 Base Glyph records.'),
+		('LOffset', 'LayerList', None, 'Version >= 1', 'Offset (from beginning of COLR table) to LayerList.'),
+		('LOffset', 'ClipList', None, 'Version >= 1', 'Offset to ClipList table (may be NULL)'),
+		('LOffsetTo(DeltaSetIndexMap)', 'VarIndexMap', None, 'Version >= 1', 'Offset to DeltaSetIndexMap table (may be NULL)'),
+		('LOffset', 'VarStore', None, 'Version >= 1', 'Offset to variation store (may be NULL)'),
+	]),
+
+	('BaseGlyphRecordArray', [
+		('BaseGlyphRecord', 'BaseGlyphRecord', 'BaseGlyphRecordCount', 0, 'Base Glyph records.'),
+	]),
+
+	('BaseGlyphRecord', [
+		('GlyphID', 'BaseGlyph', None, None, 'Glyph ID of reference glyph. This glyph is for reference only and is not rendered for color.'),
+		('uint16', 'FirstLayerIndex', None, None, 'Index (from beginning of the Layer Records) to the layer record. There will be numLayers consecutive entries for this base glyph.'),
+		('uint16', 'NumLayers', None, None, 'Number of color layers associated with this glyph.'),
+	]),
+
+	('LayerRecordArray', [
+		('LayerRecord', 'LayerRecord', 'LayerRecordCount', 0, 'Layer records.'),
+	]),
+
+	('LayerRecord', [
+		('GlyphID', 'LayerGlyph', None, None, 'Glyph ID of layer glyph (must be in z-order from bottom to top).'),
+		('uint16', 'PaletteIndex', None, None, 'Index value to use with a selected color palette.'),
+	]),
+
+	('BaseGlyphList', [
+		('uint32', 'BaseGlyphCount', None, None, 'Number of Version-1 Base Glyph records'),
+		('struct', 'BaseGlyphPaintRecord', 'BaseGlyphCount', 0, 'Array of Version-1 Base Glyph records'),
+	]),
+
+	('BaseGlyphPaintRecord', [
+		('GlyphID', 'BaseGlyph', None, None, 'Glyph ID of reference glyph.'),
+		('LOffset', 'Paint', None, None, 'Offset (from beginning of BaseGlyphPaintRecord) to Paint, typically a PaintColrLayers.'),
+	]),
+
+	('LayerList', [
+		('uint32', 'LayerCount', None, None, 'Number of Version-1 Layers'),
+		('LOffset', 'Paint', 'LayerCount', 0, 'Array of offsets to Paint tables, from the start of the LayerList table.'),
+	]),
+
+	('ClipListFormat1', [
+		('uint8', 'Format', None, None, 'Format for ClipList with 16bit glyph IDs: 1'),
+		('uint32', 'ClipCount', None, None, 'Number of Clip records.'),
+		('struct', 'ClipRecord', 'ClipCount', 0, 'Array of Clip records sorted by glyph ID.'),
+	]),
+
+	('ClipRecord', [
+		('uint16', 'StartGlyphID', None, None, 'First glyph ID in the range.'),
+		('uint16', 'EndGlyphID', None, None, 'Last glyph ID in the range.'),
+		('Offset24', 'ClipBox', None, None, 'Offset to a ClipBox table.'),
+	]),
+
+	('ClipBoxFormat1', [
+		('uint8', 'Format', None, None, 'Format for ClipBox without variation: set to 1.'),
+		('int16', 'xMin', None, None, 'Minimum x of clip box.'),
+		('int16', 'yMin', None, None, 'Minimum y of clip box.'),
+		('int16', 'xMax', None, None, 'Maximum x of clip box.'),
+		('int16', 'yMax', None, None, 'Maximum y of clip box.'),
+	]),
+
+	('ClipBoxFormat2', [
+		('uint8', 'Format', None, None, 'Format for variable ClipBox: set to 2.'),
+		('int16', 'xMin', None, None, 'Minimum x of clip box.'),
+		('int16', 'yMin', None, None, 'Minimum y of clip box.'),
+		('int16', 'xMax', None, None, 'Maximum x of clip box.'),
+		('int16', 'yMax', None, None, 'Maximum y of clip box.'),
+		('VarIndex', 'VarIndexBase', None, None, 'Base index into DeltaSetIndexMap.'),
+	]),
+
+	# COLRv1 Affine2x3 uses the same column-major order to serialize a 2D
+	# Affine Transformation as the one used by fontTools.misc.transform.
+	# However, for historical reasons, the labels 'xy' and 'yx' are swapped.
+	# Their fundamental meaning is the same though.
+	# COLRv1 Affine2x3 follows the names found in FreeType and Cairo.
+	# In all case, the second element in the 6-tuple correspond to the
+	# y-part of the x basis vector, and the third to the x-part of the y
+	# basis vector.
+	# See https://github.com/googlefonts/colr-gradients-spec/pull/85
+	('Affine2x3', [
+		('Fixed', 'xx', None, None, 'x-part of x basis vector'),
+		('Fixed', 'yx', None, None, 'y-part of x basis vector'),
+		('Fixed', 'xy', None, None, 'x-part of y basis vector'),
+		('Fixed', 'yy', None, None, 'y-part of y basis vector'),
+		('Fixed', 'dx', None, None, 'Translation in x direction'),
+		('Fixed', 'dy', None, None, 'Translation in y direction'),
+	]),
+	('VarAffine2x3', [
+		('Fixed', 'xx', None, None, 'x-part of x basis vector'),
+		('Fixed', 'yx', None, None, 'y-part of x basis vector'),
+		('Fixed', 'xy', None, None, 'x-part of y basis vector'),
+		('Fixed', 'yy', None, None, 'y-part of y basis vector'),
+		('Fixed', 'dx', None, None, 'Translation in x direction'),
+		('Fixed', 'dy', None, None, 'Translation in y direction'),
+		('VarIndex', 'VarIndexBase', None, None, 'Base index into DeltaSetIndexMap.'),
+	]),
+
+	('ColorStop', [
+		('F2Dot14', 'StopOffset', None, None, ''),
+		('uint16', 'PaletteIndex', None, None, 'Index for a CPAL palette entry.'),
+		('F2Dot14', 'Alpha', None, None, 'Values outsided [0.,1.] reserved'),
+	]),
+	('VarColorStop', [
+		('F2Dot14', 'StopOffset', None, None, 'VarIndexBase + 0'),
+		('uint16', 'PaletteIndex', None, None, 'Index for a CPAL palette entry.'),
+		('F2Dot14', 'Alpha', None, None, 'Values outsided [0.,1.] reserved. VarIndexBase + 1'),
+		('VarIndex', 'VarIndexBase', None, None, 'Base index into DeltaSetIndexMap.'),
+	]),
+
+	('ColorLine', [
+		('ExtendMode', 'Extend', None, None, 'Enum {PAD = 0, REPEAT = 1, REFLECT = 2}'),
+		('uint16', 'StopCount', None, None, 'Number of Color stops.'),
+		('ColorStop', 'ColorStop', 'StopCount', 0, 'Array of Color stops.'),
+	]),
+	('VarColorLine', [
+		('ExtendMode', 'Extend', None, None, 'Enum {PAD = 0, REPEAT = 1, REFLECT = 2}'),
+		('uint16', 'StopCount', None, None, 'Number of Color stops.'),
+		('VarColorStop', 'ColorStop', 'StopCount', 0, 'Array of Color stops.'),
+	]),
+
+	# PaintColrLayers
+	('PaintFormat1', [
+		('uint8', 'PaintFormat', None, None, 'Format identifier-format = 1'),
+		('uint8', 'NumLayers', None, None, 'Number of offsets to Paint to read from LayerList.'),
+		('uint32', 'FirstLayerIndex', None, None, 'Index into LayerList.'),
+	]),
+
+	# PaintSolid
+	('PaintFormat2', [
+		('uint8', 'PaintFormat', None, None, 'Format identifier-format = 2'),
+		('uint16', 'PaletteIndex', None, None, 'Index for a CPAL palette entry.'),
+		('F2Dot14', 'Alpha', None, None, 'Values outsided [0.,1.] reserved'),
+	]),
+	# PaintVarSolid
+	('PaintFormat3', [
+		('uint8', 'PaintFormat', None, None, 'Format identifier-format = 3'),
+		('uint16', 'PaletteIndex', None, None, 'Index for a CPAL palette entry.'),
+		('F2Dot14', 'Alpha', None, None, 'Values outsided [0.,1.] reserved. VarIndexBase + 0'),
+		('VarIndex', 'VarIndexBase', None, None, 'Base index into DeltaSetIndexMap.'),
+	]),
+
+	# PaintLinearGradient
+	('PaintFormat4', [
+		('uint8', 'PaintFormat', None, None, 'Format identifier-format = 4'),
+		('Offset24', 'ColorLine', None, None, 'Offset (from beginning of PaintLinearGradient table) to ColorLine subtable.'),
+		('int16', 'x0', None, None, ''),
+		('int16', 'y0', None, None, ''),
+		('int16', 'x1', None, None, ''),
+		('int16', 'y1', None, None, ''),
+		('int16', 'x2', None, None, ''),
+		('int16', 'y2', None, None, ''),
+	]),
+	# PaintVarLinearGradient
+	('PaintFormat5', [
+		('uint8', 'PaintFormat', None, None, 'Format identifier-format = 5'),
+		('LOffset24To(VarColorLine)', 'ColorLine', None, None, 'Offset (from beginning of PaintVarLinearGradient table) to VarColorLine subtable.'),
+		('int16', 'x0', None, None, ''),
+		('int16', 'y0', None, None, ''),
+		('int16', 'x1', None, None, ''),
+		('int16', 'y1', None, None, ''),
+		('int16', 'x2', None, None, ''),
+		('int16', 'y2', None, None, ''),
+		('VarIndex', 'VarIndexBase', None, None, 'Base index into DeltaSetIndexMap.'),
+	]),
+
+	# PaintRadialGradient
+	('PaintFormat6', [
+		('uint8', 'PaintFormat', None, None, 'Format identifier-format = 6'),
+		('Offset24', 'ColorLine', None, None, 'Offset (from beginning of PaintRadialGradient table) to ColorLine subtable.'),
+		('int16', 'x0', None, None, ''),
+		('int16', 'y0', None, None, ''),
+		('uint16', 'r0', None, None, ''),
+		('int16', 'x1', None, None, ''),
+		('int16', 'y1', None, None, ''),
+		('uint16', 'r1', None, None, ''),
+	]),
+	# PaintVarRadialGradient
+	('PaintFormat7', [
+		('uint8', 'PaintFormat', None, None, 'Format identifier-format = 7'),
+		('LOffset24To(VarColorLine)', 'ColorLine', None, None, 'Offset (from beginning of PaintVarRadialGradient table) to VarColorLine subtable.'),
+		('int16', 'x0', None, None, ''),
+		('int16', 'y0', None, None, ''),
+		('uint16', 'r0', None, None, ''),
+		('int16', 'x1', None, None, ''),
+		('int16', 'y1', None, None, ''),
+		('uint16', 'r1', None, None, ''),
+		('VarIndex', 'VarIndexBase', None, None, 'Base index into DeltaSetIndexMap.'),
+	]),
+
+	# PaintSweepGradient
+	('PaintFormat8', [
+		('uint8', 'PaintFormat', None, None, 'Format identifier-format = 8'),
+		('Offset24', 'ColorLine', None, None, 'Offset (from beginning of PaintSweepGradient table) to ColorLine subtable.'),
+		('int16', 'centerX', None, None, 'Center x coordinate.'),
+		('int16', 'centerY', None, None, 'Center y coordinate.'),
+		('Angle', 'startAngle', None, None, 'Start of the angular range of the gradient.'),
+		('Angle', 'endAngle', None, None, 'End of the angular range of the gradient.'),
+	]),
+	# PaintVarSweepGradient
+	('PaintFormat9', [
+		('uint8', 'PaintFormat', None, None, 'Format identifier-format = 9'),
+		('LOffset24To(VarColorLine)', 'ColorLine', None, None, 'Offset (from beginning of PaintVarSweepGradient table) to VarColorLine subtable.'),
+		('int16', 'centerX', None, None, 'Center x coordinate.'),
+		('int16', 'centerY', None, None, 'Center y coordinate.'),
+		('Angle', 'startAngle', None, None, 'Start of the angular range of the gradient.'),
+		('Angle', 'endAngle', None, None, 'End of the angular range of the gradient.'),
+		('VarIndex', 'VarIndexBase', None, None, 'Base index into DeltaSetIndexMap.'),
+	]),
+
+	# PaintGlyph
+	('PaintFormat10', [
+		('uint8', 'PaintFormat', None, None, 'Format identifier-format = 10'),
+		('Offset24', 'Paint', None, None, 'Offset (from beginning of PaintGlyph table) to Paint subtable.'),
+		('GlyphID', 'Glyph', None, None, 'Glyph ID for the source outline.'),
+	]),
+
+	# PaintColrGlyph
+	('PaintFormat11', [
+		('uint8', 'PaintFormat', None, None, 'Format identifier-format = 11'),
+		('GlyphID', 'Glyph', None, None, 'Virtual glyph ID for a BaseGlyphList base glyph.'),
+	]),
+
+	# PaintTransform
+	('PaintFormat12', [
+		('uint8', 'PaintFormat', None, None, 'Format identifier-format = 12'),
+		('Offset24', 'Paint', None, None, 'Offset (from beginning of PaintTransform table) to Paint subtable.'),
+		('LOffset24To(Affine2x3)', 'Transform', None, None, '2x3 matrix for 2D affine transformations.'),
+	]),
+	# PaintVarTransform
+	('PaintFormat13', [
+		('uint8', 'PaintFormat', None, None, 'Format identifier-format = 13'),
+		('Offset24', 'Paint', None, None, 'Offset (from beginning of PaintVarTransform table) to Paint subtable.'),
+		('LOffset24To(VarAffine2x3)', 'Transform', None, None, '2x3 matrix for 2D affine transformations.'),
+	]),
+
+	# PaintTranslate
+	('PaintFormat14', [
+		('uint8', 'PaintFormat', None, None, 'Format identifier-format = 14'),
+		('Offset24', 'Paint', None, None, 'Offset (from beginning of PaintTranslate table) to Paint subtable.'),
+		('int16', 'dx', None, None, 'Translation in x direction.'),
+		('int16', 'dy', None, None, 'Translation in y direction.'),
+	]),
+	# PaintVarTranslate
+	('PaintFormat15', [
+		('uint8', 'PaintFormat', None, None, 'Format identifier-format = 15'),
+		('Offset24', 'Paint', None, None, 'Offset (from beginning of PaintVarTranslate table) to Paint subtable.'),
+		('int16', 'dx', None, None, 'Translation in x direction.'),
+		('int16', 'dy', None, None, 'Translation in y direction.'),
+		('VarIndex', 'VarIndexBase', None, None, 'Base index into DeltaSetIndexMap.'),
+	]),
+
+	# PaintScale
+	('PaintFormat16', [
+		('uint8', 'PaintFormat', None, None, 'Format identifier-format = 16'),
+		('Offset24', 'Paint', None, None, 'Offset (from beginning of PaintScale table) to Paint subtable.'),
+		('F2Dot14', 'scaleX', None, None, ''),
+		('F2Dot14', 'scaleY', None, None, ''),
+	]),
+	# PaintVarScale
+	('PaintFormat17', [
+		('uint8', 'PaintFormat', None, None, 'Format identifier-format = 17'),
+		('Offset24', 'Paint', None, None, 'Offset (from beginning of PaintVarScale table) to Paint subtable.'),
+		('F2Dot14', 'scaleX', None, None, ''),
+		('F2Dot14', 'scaleY', None, None, ''),
+		('VarIndex', 'VarIndexBase', None, None, 'Base index into DeltaSetIndexMap.'),
+	]),
+
+	# PaintScaleAroundCenter
+	('PaintFormat18', [
+		('uint8', 'PaintFormat', None, None, 'Format identifier-format = 18'),
+		('Offset24', 'Paint', None, None, 'Offset (from beginning of PaintScaleAroundCenter table) to Paint subtable.'),
+		('F2Dot14', 'scaleX', None, None, ''),
+		('F2Dot14', 'scaleY', None, None, ''),
+		('int16', 'centerX', None, None, ''),
+		('int16', 'centerY', None, None, ''),
+	]),
+	# PaintVarScaleAroundCenter
+	('PaintFormat19', [
+		('uint8', 'PaintFormat', None, None, 'Format identifier-format = 19'),
+		('Offset24', 'Paint', None, None, 'Offset (from beginning of PaintVarScaleAroundCenter table) to Paint subtable.'),
+		('F2Dot14', 'scaleX', None, None, ''),
+		('F2Dot14', 'scaleY', None, None, ''),
+		('int16', 'centerX', None, None, ''),
+		('int16', 'centerY', None, None, ''),
+		('VarIndex', 'VarIndexBase', None, None, 'Base index into DeltaSetIndexMap.'),
+	]),
+
+	# PaintScaleUniform
+	('PaintFormat20', [
+		('uint8', 'PaintFormat', None, None, 'Format identifier-format = 20'),
+		('Offset24', 'Paint', None, None, 'Offset (from beginning of PaintScaleUniform table) to Paint subtable.'),
+		('F2Dot14', 'scale', None, None, ''),
+	]),
+	# PaintVarScaleUniform
+	('PaintFormat21', [
+		('uint8', 'PaintFormat', None, None, 'Format identifier-format = 21'),
+		('Offset24', 'Paint', None, None, 'Offset (from beginning of PaintVarScaleUniform table) to Paint subtable.'),
+		('F2Dot14', 'scale', None, None, ''),
+		('VarIndex', 'VarIndexBase', None, None, 'Base index into DeltaSetIndexMap.'),
+	]),
+
+	# PaintScaleUniformAroundCenter
+	('PaintFormat22', [
+		('uint8', 'PaintFormat', None, None, 'Format identifier-format = 22'),
+		('Offset24', 'Paint', None, None, 'Offset (from beginning of PaintScaleUniformAroundCenter table) to Paint subtable.'),
+		('F2Dot14', 'scale', None, None, ''),
+		('int16', 'centerX', None, None, ''),
+		('int16', 'centerY', None, None, ''),
+	]),
+	# PaintVarScaleUniformAroundCenter
+	('PaintFormat23', [
+		('uint8', 'PaintFormat', None, None, 'Format identifier-format = 23'),
+		('Offset24', 'Paint', None, None, 'Offset (from beginning of PaintVarScaleUniformAroundCenter table) to Paint subtable.'),
+		('F2Dot14', 'scale', None, None, ''),
+		('int16', 'centerX', None, None, ''),
+		('int16', 'centerY', None, None, ''),
+		('VarIndex', 'VarIndexBase', None, None, 'Base index into DeltaSetIndexMap.'),
+	]),
+
+	# PaintRotate
+	('PaintFormat24', [
+		('uint8', 'PaintFormat', None, None, 'Format identifier-format = 24'),
+		('Offset24', 'Paint', None, None, 'Offset (from beginning of PaintRotate table) to Paint subtable.'),
+		('Angle', 'angle', None, None, ''),
+	]),
+	# PaintVarRotate
+	('PaintFormat25', [
+		('uint8', 'PaintFormat', None, None, 'Format identifier-format = 25'),
+		('Offset24', 'Paint', None, None, 'Offset (from beginning of PaintVarRotate table) to Paint subtable.'),
+		('Angle', 'angle', None, None, ''),
+		('VarIndex', 'VarIndexBase', None, None, 'Base index into DeltaSetIndexMap.'),
+	]),
+
+	# PaintRotateAroundCenter
+	('PaintFormat26', [
+		('uint8', 'PaintFormat', None, None, 'Format identifier-format = 26'),
+		('Offset24', 'Paint', None, None, 'Offset (from beginning of PaintRotateAroundCenter table) to Paint subtable.'),
+		('Angle', 'angle', None, None, ''),
+		('int16', 'centerX', None, None, ''),
+		('int16', 'centerY', None, None, ''),
+	]),
+	# PaintVarRotateAroundCenter
+	('PaintFormat27', [
+		('uint8', 'PaintFormat', None, None, 'Format identifier-format = 27'),
+		('Offset24', 'Paint', None, None, 'Offset (from beginning of PaintVarRotateAroundCenter table) to Paint subtable.'),
+		('Angle', 'angle', None, None, ''),
+		('int16', 'centerX', None, None, ''),
+		('int16', 'centerY', None, None, ''),
+		('VarIndex', 'VarIndexBase', None, None, 'Base index into DeltaSetIndexMap.'),
+	]),
+
+	# PaintSkew
+	('PaintFormat28', [
+		('uint8', 'PaintFormat', None, None, 'Format identifier-format = 28'),
+		('Offset24', 'Paint', None, None, 'Offset (from beginning of PaintSkew table) to Paint subtable.'),
+		('Angle', 'xSkewAngle', None, None, ''),
+		('Angle', 'ySkewAngle', None, None, ''),
+	]),
+	# PaintVarSkew
+	('PaintFormat29', [
+		('uint8', 'PaintFormat', None, None, 'Format identifier-format = 29'),
+		('Offset24', 'Paint', None, None, 'Offset (from beginning of PaintVarSkew table) to Paint subtable.'),
+		('Angle', 'xSkewAngle', None, None, ''),
+		('Angle', 'ySkewAngle', None, None, ''),
+		('VarIndex', 'VarIndexBase', None, None, 'Base index into DeltaSetIndexMap.'),
+	]),
+
+	# PaintSkewAroundCenter
+	('PaintFormat30', [
+		('uint8', 'PaintFormat', None, None, 'Format identifier-format = 30'),
+		('Offset24', 'Paint', None, None, 'Offset (from beginning of PaintSkewAroundCenter table) to Paint subtable.'),
+		('Angle', 'xSkewAngle', None, None, ''),
+		('Angle', 'ySkewAngle', None, None, ''),
+		('int16', 'centerX', None, None, ''),
+		('int16', 'centerY', None, None, ''),
+	]),
+	# PaintVarSkewAroundCenter
+	('PaintFormat31', [
+		('uint8', 'PaintFormat', None, None, 'Format identifier-format = 31'),
+		('Offset24', 'Paint', None, None, 'Offset (from beginning of PaintVarSkewAroundCenter table) to Paint subtable.'),
+		('Angle', 'xSkewAngle', None, None, ''),
+		('Angle', 'ySkewAngle', None, None, ''),
+		('int16', 'centerX', None, None, ''),
+		('int16', 'centerY', None, None, ''),
+		('VarIndex', 'VarIndexBase', None, None, 'Base index into DeltaSetIndexMap.'),
+	]),
+
+	# PaintComposite
+	('PaintFormat32', [
+		('uint8', 'PaintFormat', None, None, 'Format identifier-format = 32'),
+		('LOffset24To(Paint)', 'SourcePaint', None, None, 'Offset (from beginning of PaintComposite table) to source Paint subtable.'),
+		('CompositeMode', 'CompositeMode', None, None, 'A CompositeMode enumeration value.'),
+		('LOffset24To(Paint)', 'BackdropPaint', None, None, 'Offset (from beginning of PaintComposite table) to backdrop Paint subtable.'),
+	]),
 ]
diff --git a/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/tables/otTables.py b/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/tables/otTables.py
index 78db748..c2d53d1 100644
--- a/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/tables/otTables.py
+++ b/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/tables/otTables.py
@@ -5,11 +5,18 @@
 Most are constructed upon import from data in otData.py, all are populated with
 converter objects from otConverters.py.
 """
-from __future__ import print_function, division, absolute_import, unicode_literals
-from fontTools.misc.py23 import *
-from fontTools.misc.textTools import safeEval
-from .otBase import BaseTable, FormatSwitchingBaseTable
-import operator
+import copy
+from enum import IntEnum
+import itertools
+from collections import defaultdict, namedtuple
+from fontTools.misc.py23 import bytesjoin
+from fontTools.misc.roundTools import otRound
+from fontTools.misc.textTools import pad, safeEval
+from .otBase import (
+	BaseTable, FormatSwitchingBaseTable, ValueRecord, CountReference,
+	getFormatSwitchingBaseTableClass,
+)
+from fontTools.feaLib.lookupDebugInfo import LookupDebugInfo, LOOKUP_DEBUG_INFO_KEY
 import logging
 import struct
 
@@ -32,6 +39,10 @@
 class AATAction(object):
 	_FLAGS = None
 
+	@staticmethod
+	def compileActions(font, states):
+		return (None, None)
+
 	def _writeFlagsToXML(self, xmlWriter):
 		flags = [f for f in self._FLAGS if self.__dict__[f]]
 		if flags:
@@ -50,6 +61,7 @@
 
 class RearrangementMorphAction(AATAction):
 	staticSize = 4
+	actionHeaderSize = 0
 	_FLAGS = ["MarkFirst", "DontAdvance", "MarkLast"]
 
 	_VERBS = {
@@ -131,6 +143,7 @@
 
 class ContextualMorphAction(AATAction):
 	staticSize = 8
+	actionHeaderSize = 0
 	_FLAGS = ["SetMark", "DontAdvance"]
 
 	def __init__(self):
@@ -209,6 +222,10 @@
 
 class LigatureMorphAction(AATAction):
 	staticSize = 6
+
+	# 4 bytes for each of {action,ligComponents,ligatures}Offset
+	actionHeaderSize = 12
+
 	_FLAGS = ["SetComponent", "DontAdvance"]
 
 	def __init__(self):
@@ -251,6 +268,34 @@
 		else:
 			self.Actions = []
 
+	@staticmethod
+	def compileActions(font, states):
+		result, actions, actionIndex = b"", set(), {}
+		for state in states:
+			for _glyphClass, trans in state.Transitions.items():
+				actions.add(trans.compileLigActions())
+		# Sort the compiled actions in decreasing order of
+		# length, so that the longer sequence come before the
+		# shorter ones.  For each compiled action ABCD, its
+		# suffixes BCD, CD, and D do not be encoded separately
+		# (in case they occur); instead, we can just store an
+		# index that points into the middle of the longer
+		# sequence. Every compiled AAT ligature sequence is
+		# terminated with an end-of-sequence flag, which can
+		# only be set on the last element of the sequence.
+		# Therefore, it is sufficient to consider just the
+		# suffixes.
+		for a in sorted(actions, key=lambda x:(-len(x), x)):
+			if a not in actionIndex:
+				for i in range(0, len(a), 4):
+					suffix = a[i:]
+					suffixIndex = (len(result) + i) // 4
+					actionIndex.setdefault(
+						suffix, suffixIndex)
+				result += a
+		result = pad(result, 4)
+		return (result, actionIndex)
+
 	def compileLigActions(self):
 		result = []
 		for i, action in enumerate(self.Actions):
@@ -319,7 +364,7 @@
 
 class InsertionMorphAction(AATAction):
 	staticSize = 8
-
+	actionHeaderSize = 4  # 4 bytes for actionOffset
 	_FLAGS = ["SetMark", "DontAdvance",
 	          "CurrentIsKashidaLike", "MarkedIsKashidaLike",
 	          "CurrentInsertBefore", "MarkedInsertBefore"]
@@ -417,6 +462,37 @@
 			else:
 				assert False, eltName
 
+	@staticmethod
+	def compileActions(font, states):
+		actions, actionIndex, result = set(), {}, b""
+		for state in states:
+			for _glyphClass, trans in state.Transitions.items():
+				if trans.CurrentInsertionAction is not None:
+					actions.add(tuple(trans.CurrentInsertionAction))
+				if trans.MarkedInsertionAction is not None:
+					actions.add(tuple(trans.MarkedInsertionAction))
+		# Sort the compiled actions in decreasing order of
+		# length, so that the longer sequence come before the
+		# shorter ones.
+		for action in sorted(actions, key=lambda x:(-len(x), x)):
+			# We insert all sub-sequences of the action glyph sequence
+			# into actionIndex. For example, if one action triggers on
+			# glyph sequence [A, B, C, D, E] and another action triggers
+			# on [C, D], we return result=[A, B, C, D, E] (as list of
+			# encoded glyph IDs), and actionIndex={('A','B','C','D','E'): 0,
+			# ('C','D'): 2}.
+			if action in actionIndex:
+				continue
+			for start in range(0, len(action)):
+				startIndex = (len(result) // 2) + start
+				for limit in range(start, len(action)):
+					glyphs = action[start : limit + 1]
+					actionIndex.setdefault(glyphs, startIndex)
+			for glyph in action:
+				glyphID = font.getGlyphID(glyph)
+				result += struct.pack(">H", glyphID)
+		return result, actionIndex
+
 
 class FeatureParams(BaseTable):
 
@@ -481,7 +557,9 @@
 					endID = len(glyphOrder)
 				glyphs.extend(glyphOrder[glyphID] for glyphID in range(startID, endID))
 		else:
-			assert 0, "unknown format: %s" % self.Format
+			self.glyphs = []
+			log.warning("Unknown Coverage format: %s", self.Format)
+		del self.Format # Don't need this anymore
 
 	def preWrite(self, font):
 		glyphs = getattr(self, "glyphs", None)
@@ -541,7 +619,7 @@
 		glyphs.append(attrs["value"])
 
 
-class VarIdxMap(BaseTable):
+class DeltaSetIndexMap(getFormatSwitchingBaseTableClass("uint8")):
 
 	def populateDefaults(self, propagator=None):
 		if not hasattr(self, 'mapping'):
@@ -551,15 +629,8 @@
 		assert (rawTable['EntryFormat'] & 0xFFC0) == 0
 		self.mapping = rawTable['mapping']
 
-	def preWrite(self, font):
-		mapping = getattr(self, "mapping", None)
-		if mapping is None:
-			mapping = self.mapping = []
-		rawTable = { 'mapping': mapping }
-		rawTable['MappingCount'] = len(mapping)
-
-		# TODO Remove this abstraction/optimization and move it varLib.builder?
-
+	@staticmethod
+	def getEntryFormat(mapping):
 		ored = 0
 		for idx in mapping:
 			ored |= idx
@@ -582,9 +653,16 @@
 		else:
 			entrySize = 4
 
-		entryFormat = ((entrySize - 1) << 4) | (innerBits - 1)
+		return ((entrySize - 1) << 4) | (innerBits - 1)
 
-		rawTable['EntryFormat'] = entryFormat
+	def preWrite(self, font):
+		mapping = getattr(self, "mapping", None)
+		if mapping is None:
+			mapping = self.mapping = []
+		self.Format = 1 if len(mapping) > 0xFFFF else 0
+		rawTable = self.__dict__.copy()
+		rawTable['MappingCount'] = len(mapping)
+		rawTable['EntryFormat'] = self.getEntryFormat(mapping)
 		return rawTable
 
 	def toXML2(self, xmlWriter, font):
@@ -600,12 +678,84 @@
 	def fromXML(self, name, attrs, content, font):
 		mapping = getattr(self, "mapping", None)
 		if mapping is None:
-			mapping = []
-			self.mapping = mapping
+			self.mapping = mapping = []
+		index = safeEval(attrs['index'])
 		outer = safeEval(attrs['outer'])
 		inner = safeEval(attrs['inner'])
 		assert inner <= 0xFFFF
-		mapping.append((outer << 16) | inner)
+		mapping.insert(index, (outer << 16) | inner)
+
+
+class VarIdxMap(BaseTable):
+
+	def populateDefaults(self, propagator=None):
+		if not hasattr(self, 'mapping'):
+			self.mapping = {}
+
+	def postRead(self, rawTable, font):
+		assert (rawTable['EntryFormat'] & 0xFFC0) == 0
+		glyphOrder = font.getGlyphOrder()
+		mapList = rawTable['mapping']
+		mapList.extend([mapList[-1]] * (len(glyphOrder) - len(mapList)))
+		self.mapping = dict(zip(glyphOrder, mapList))
+
+	def preWrite(self, font):
+		mapping = getattr(self, "mapping", None)
+		if mapping is None:
+			mapping = self.mapping = {}
+
+		glyphOrder = font.getGlyphOrder()
+		mapping = [mapping[g] for g in glyphOrder]
+		while len(mapping) > 1 and mapping[-2] == mapping[-1]:
+			del mapping[-1]
+
+		rawTable = {'mapping': mapping}
+		rawTable['MappingCount'] = len(mapping)
+		rawTable['EntryFormat'] = DeltaSetIndexMap.getEntryFormat(mapping)
+		return rawTable
+
+	def toXML2(self, xmlWriter, font):
+		for glyph, value in sorted(getattr(self, "mapping", {}).items()):
+			attrs = (
+				('glyph', glyph),
+				('outer', value >> 16),
+				('inner', value & 0xFFFF),
+			)
+			xmlWriter.simpletag("Map", attrs)
+			xmlWriter.newline()
+
+	def fromXML(self, name, attrs, content, font):
+		mapping = getattr(self, "mapping", None)
+		if mapping is None:
+			mapping = {}
+			self.mapping = mapping
+		try:
+			glyph = attrs['glyph']
+		except: # https://github.com/fonttools/fonttools/commit/21cbab8ce9ded3356fef3745122da64dcaf314e9#commitcomment-27649836
+			glyph = font.getGlyphOrder()[attrs['index']]
+		outer = safeEval(attrs['outer'])
+		inner = safeEval(attrs['inner'])
+		assert inner <= 0xFFFF
+		mapping[glyph] = (outer << 16) | inner
+
+
+class VarRegionList(BaseTable):
+
+	def preWrite(self, font):
+		# The OT spec says VarStore.VarRegionList.RegionAxisCount should always
+		# be equal to the fvar.axisCount, and OTS < v8.0.0 enforces this rule
+		# even when the VarRegionList is empty. We can't treat RegionAxisCount
+		# like a normal propagated count (== len(Region[i].VarRegionAxis)),
+		# otherwise it would default to 0 if VarRegionList is empty.
+		# Thus, we force it to always be equal to fvar.axisCount.
+		# https://github.com/khaledhosny/ots/pull/192
+		fvarTable = font.get("fvar")
+		if fvarTable:
+			self.RegionAxisCount = len(fvarTable.axes)
+		return {
+			**self.__dict__,
+			"RegionAxisCount": CountReference(self.__dict__, "RegionAxisCount")
+		}
 
 
 class SingleSubst(FormatSwitchingBaseTable):
@@ -617,21 +767,23 @@
 	def postRead(self, rawTable, font):
 		mapping = {}
 		input = _getGlyphsFromCoverageTable(rawTable["Coverage"])
-		lenMapping = len(input)
 		if self.Format == 1:
 			delta = rawTable["DeltaGlyphID"]
 			inputGIDS =  [ font.getGlyphID(name) for name in input ]
 			outGIDS = [ (glyphID + delta) % 65536 for glyphID in inputGIDS ]
 			outNames = [ font.getGlyphName(glyphID) for glyphID in outGIDS ]
-			list(map(operator.setitem, [mapping]*lenMapping, input, outNames))
+			for inp, out in zip(input, outNames):
+				mapping[inp] = out
 		elif self.Format == 2:
 			assert len(input) == rawTable["GlyphCount"], \
 					"invalid SingleSubstFormat2 table"
 			subst = rawTable["Substitute"]
-			list(map(operator.setitem, [mapping]*lenMapping, input, subst))
+			for inp, sub in zip(input, subst):
+				mapping[inp] = sub
 		else:
 			assert 0, "unknown format: %s" % self.Format
 		self.mapping = mapping
+		del self.Format # Don't need this anymore
 
 	def preWrite(self, font):
 		mapping = getattr(self, "mapping", None)
@@ -702,6 +854,7 @@
 		else:
 			assert 0, "unknown format: %s" % self.Format
 		self.mapping = mapping
+		del self.Format # Don't need this anymore
 
 	def preWrite(self, font):
 		mapping = getattr(self, "mapping", None)
@@ -818,8 +971,9 @@
 					if cls:
 						classDefs[glyphOrder[glyphID]] = cls
 		else:
-			assert 0, "unknown format: %s" % self.Format
+			log.warning("Unknown ClassDef format: %s", self.Format)
 		self.classDefs = classDefs
+		del self.Format # Don't need this anymore
 
 	def _getClassRanges(self, font):
 		classDefs = getattr(self, "classDefs", None)
@@ -908,6 +1062,7 @@
 		else:
 			assert 0, "unknown format: %s" % self.Format
 		self.alternates = alternates
+		del self.Format # Don't need this anymore
 
 	def preWrite(self, font):
 		self.Format = 1
@@ -972,6 +1127,7 @@
 		else:
 			assert 0, "unknown format: %s" % self.Format
 		self.ligatures = ligatures
+		del self.Format # Don't need this anymore
 
 	def preWrite(self, font):
 		self.Format = 1
@@ -1039,9 +1195,390 @@
 			lig.LigGlyph = attrs["glyph"]
 			components = attrs["components"]
 			lig.Component = components.split(",") if components else []
+			lig.CompCount = len(lig.Component)
 			ligs.append(lig)
 
 
+class COLR(BaseTable):
+
+	def decompile(self, reader, font):
+		# COLRv0 is exceptional in that LayerRecordCount appears *after* the
+		# LayerRecordArray it counts, but the parser logic expects Count fields
+		# to always precede the arrays. Here we work around this by parsing the
+		# LayerRecordCount before the rest of the table, and storing it in
+		# the reader's local state.
+		subReader = reader.getSubReader(offset=0)
+		for conv in self.getConverters():
+			if conv.name != "LayerRecordCount":
+				subReader.advance(conv.staticSize)
+				continue
+			conv = self.getConverterByName("LayerRecordCount")
+			reader[conv.name] = conv.read(subReader, font, tableDict={})
+			break
+		else:
+			raise AssertionError("LayerRecordCount converter not found")
+		return BaseTable.decompile(self, reader, font)
+
+	def preWrite(self, font):
+		# The writer similarly assumes Count values precede the things counted,
+		# thus here we pre-initialize a CountReference; the actual count value
+		# will be set to the lenght of the array by the time this is assembled.
+		self.LayerRecordCount = None
+		return {
+			**self.__dict__,
+			"LayerRecordCount": CountReference(self.__dict__, "LayerRecordCount")
+		}
+
+
+class LookupList(BaseTable):
+	@property
+	def table(self):
+		for l in self.Lookup:
+			for st in l.SubTable:
+				if type(st).__name__.endswith("Subst"):
+					return "GSUB"
+				if type(st).__name__.endswith("Pos"):
+					return "GPOS"
+		raise ValueError
+
+	def toXML2(self, xmlWriter, font):
+		if not font or "Debg" not in font or LOOKUP_DEBUG_INFO_KEY not in font["Debg"].data:
+			return super().toXML2(xmlWriter, font)
+		debugData = font["Debg"].data[LOOKUP_DEBUG_INFO_KEY][self.table]
+		for conv in self.getConverters():
+			if conv.repeat:
+				value = getattr(self, conv.name, [])
+				for lookupIndex, item in enumerate(value):
+					if str(lookupIndex) in debugData:
+						info = LookupDebugInfo(*debugData[str(lookupIndex)])
+						tag = info.location
+						if info.name:
+							tag = f'{info.name}: {tag}'
+						if info.feature:
+							script,language,feature = info.feature
+							tag = f'{tag} in {feature} ({script}/{language})'
+						xmlWriter.comment(tag)
+						xmlWriter.newline()
+
+					conv.xmlWrite(xmlWriter, font, item, conv.name,
+							[("index", lookupIndex)])
+			else:
+				if conv.aux and not eval(conv.aux, None, vars(self)):
+					continue
+				value = getattr(self, conv.name, None) # TODO Handle defaults instead of defaulting to None!
+				conv.xmlWrite(xmlWriter, font, value, conv.name, [])
+
+class BaseGlyphRecordArray(BaseTable):
+
+	def preWrite(self, font):
+		self.BaseGlyphRecord = sorted(
+			self.BaseGlyphRecord,
+			key=lambda rec: font.getGlyphID(rec.BaseGlyph)
+		)
+		return self.__dict__.copy()
+
+
+class BaseGlyphList(BaseTable):
+
+	def preWrite(self, font):
+		self.BaseGlyphPaintRecord = sorted(
+			self.BaseGlyphPaintRecord,
+			key=lambda rec: font.getGlyphID(rec.BaseGlyph)
+		)
+		return self.__dict__.copy()
+
+
+class ClipBox(getFormatSwitchingBaseTableClass("uint8")):
+
+	def as_tuple(self):
+		return tuple(getattr(self, conv.name) for conv in self.getConverters())
+
+	def __repr__(self):
+		return f"{self.__class__.__name__}{self.as_tuple()}"
+
+
+class ClipList(getFormatSwitchingBaseTableClass("uint8")):
+
+	def populateDefaults(self, propagator=None):
+		if not hasattr(self, "clips"):
+			self.clips = {}
+
+	def postRead(self, rawTable, font):
+		clips = {}
+		glyphOrder = font.getGlyphOrder()
+		for i, rec in enumerate(rawTable["ClipRecord"]):
+			if rec.StartGlyphID > rec.EndGlyphID:
+				log.warning(
+					"invalid ClipRecord[%i].StartGlyphID (%i) > "
+					"EndGlyphID (%i); skipped",
+					i,
+					rec.StartGlyphID,
+					rec.EndGlyphID,
+				)
+				continue
+			redefinedGlyphs = []
+			missingGlyphs = []
+			for glyphID in range(rec.StartGlyphID, rec.EndGlyphID + 1):
+				try:
+					glyph = glyphOrder[glyphID]
+				except IndexError:
+					missingGlyphs.append(glyphID)
+					continue
+				if glyph not in clips:
+					clips[glyph] = copy.copy(rec.ClipBox)
+				else:
+					redefinedGlyphs.append(glyphID)
+			if redefinedGlyphs:
+				log.warning(
+					"ClipRecord[%i] overlaps previous records; "
+					"ignoring redefined clip boxes for the "
+					"following glyph ID range: [%i-%i]",
+					i,
+					min(redefinedGlyphs),
+					max(redefinedGlyphs),
+				)
+			if missingGlyphs:
+				log.warning(
+					"ClipRecord[%i] range references missing "
+					"glyph IDs: [%i-%i]",
+					i,
+					min(missingGlyphs),
+					max(missingGlyphs),
+				)
+		self.clips = clips
+
+	def groups(self):
+		glyphsByClip = defaultdict(list)
+		uniqueClips = {}
+		for glyphName, clipBox in self.clips.items():
+			key = clipBox.as_tuple()
+			glyphsByClip[key].append(glyphName)
+			if key not in uniqueClips:
+				uniqueClips[key] = clipBox
+		return {
+			frozenset(glyphs): uniqueClips[key]
+			for key, glyphs in glyphsByClip.items()
+		}
+
+	def preWrite(self, font):
+		if not hasattr(self, "clips"):
+			self.clips = {}
+		clipBoxRanges = {}
+		glyphMap = font.getReverseGlyphMap()
+		for glyphs, clipBox in self.groups().items():
+			glyphIDs = sorted(
+				glyphMap[glyphName] for glyphName in glyphs
+				if glyphName in glyphMap
+			)
+			if not glyphIDs:
+				continue
+			last = glyphIDs[0]
+			ranges = [[last]]
+			for glyphID in glyphIDs[1:]:
+				if glyphID != last + 1:
+					ranges[-1].append(last)
+					ranges.append([glyphID])
+				last = glyphID
+			ranges[-1].append(last)
+			for start, end in ranges:
+				assert (start, end) not in clipBoxRanges
+				clipBoxRanges[(start, end)] = clipBox
+
+		clipRecords = []
+		for (start, end), clipBox in sorted(clipBoxRanges.items()):
+			record = ClipRecord()
+			record.StartGlyphID = start
+			record.EndGlyphID = end
+			record.ClipBox = clipBox
+			clipRecords.append(record)
+		rawTable = {
+			"ClipCount": len(clipRecords),
+			"ClipRecord": clipRecords,
+		}
+		return rawTable
+
+	def toXML(self, xmlWriter, font, attrs=None, name=None):
+		tableName = name if name else self.__class__.__name__
+		if attrs is None:
+			attrs = []
+		if hasattr(self, "Format"):
+			attrs.append(("Format", self.Format))
+		xmlWriter.begintag(tableName, attrs)
+		xmlWriter.newline()
+		# sort clips alphabetically to ensure deterministic XML dump
+		for glyphs, clipBox in sorted(
+			self.groups().items(), key=lambda item: min(item[0])
+		):
+			xmlWriter.begintag("Clip")
+			xmlWriter.newline()
+			for glyphName in sorted(glyphs):
+				xmlWriter.simpletag("Glyph", value=glyphName)
+				xmlWriter.newline()
+			xmlWriter.begintag("ClipBox", [("Format", clipBox.Format)])
+			xmlWriter.newline()
+			clipBox.toXML2(xmlWriter, font)
+			xmlWriter.endtag("ClipBox")
+			xmlWriter.newline()
+			xmlWriter.endtag("Clip")
+			xmlWriter.newline()
+		xmlWriter.endtag(tableName)
+		xmlWriter.newline()
+
+	def fromXML(self, name, attrs, content, font):
+		clips = getattr(self, "clips", None)
+		if clips is None:
+			self.clips = clips = {}
+		assert name == "Clip"
+		glyphs = []
+		clipBox = None
+		for elem in content:
+			if not isinstance(elem, tuple):
+				continue
+			name, attrs, content = elem
+			if name == "Glyph":
+				glyphs.append(attrs["value"])
+			elif name == "ClipBox":
+				clipBox = ClipBox()
+				clipBox.Format = safeEval(attrs["Format"])
+				for elem in content:
+					if not isinstance(elem, tuple):
+						continue
+					name, attrs, content = elem
+					clipBox.fromXML(name, attrs, content, font)
+		if clipBox:
+			for glyphName in glyphs:
+				clips[glyphName] = clipBox
+
+
+class ExtendMode(IntEnum):
+	PAD = 0
+	REPEAT = 1
+	REFLECT = 2
+
+
+# Porter-Duff modes for COLRv1 PaintComposite:
+# https://github.com/googlefonts/colr-gradients-spec/tree/off_sub_1#compositemode-enumeration
+class CompositeMode(IntEnum):
+	CLEAR = 0
+	SRC = 1
+	DEST = 2
+	SRC_OVER = 3
+	DEST_OVER = 4
+	SRC_IN = 5
+	DEST_IN = 6
+	SRC_OUT = 7
+	DEST_OUT = 8
+	SRC_ATOP = 9
+	DEST_ATOP = 10
+	XOR = 11
+	PLUS = 12
+	SCREEN = 13
+	OVERLAY = 14
+	DARKEN = 15
+	LIGHTEN = 16
+	COLOR_DODGE = 17
+	COLOR_BURN = 18
+	HARD_LIGHT = 19
+	SOFT_LIGHT = 20
+	DIFFERENCE = 21
+	EXCLUSION = 22
+	MULTIPLY = 23
+	HSL_HUE = 24
+	HSL_SATURATION = 25
+	HSL_COLOR = 26
+	HSL_LUMINOSITY = 27
+
+
+class PaintFormat(IntEnum):
+	PaintColrLayers = 1
+	PaintSolid = 2
+	PaintVarSolid = 3,
+	PaintLinearGradient = 4
+	PaintVarLinearGradient = 5
+	PaintRadialGradient = 6
+	PaintVarRadialGradient = 7
+	PaintSweepGradient = 8
+	PaintVarSweepGradient = 9
+	PaintGlyph = 10
+	PaintColrGlyph = 11
+	PaintTransform = 12
+	PaintVarTransform = 13
+	PaintTranslate = 14
+	PaintVarTranslate = 15
+	PaintScale = 16
+	PaintVarScale = 17
+	PaintScaleAroundCenter = 18
+	PaintVarScaleAroundCenter = 19
+	PaintScaleUniform = 20
+	PaintVarScaleUniform = 21
+	PaintScaleUniformAroundCenter = 22
+	PaintVarScaleUniformAroundCenter = 23
+	PaintRotate = 24
+	PaintVarRotate = 25
+	PaintRotateAroundCenter = 26
+	PaintVarRotateAroundCenter = 27
+	PaintSkew = 28
+	PaintVarSkew = 29
+	PaintSkewAroundCenter = 30
+	PaintVarSkewAroundCenter = 31
+	PaintComposite = 32
+
+
+class Paint(getFormatSwitchingBaseTableClass("uint8")):
+
+	def getFormatName(self):
+		try:
+			return PaintFormat(self.Format).name
+		except ValueError:
+			raise NotImplementedError(f"Unknown Paint format: {self.Format}")
+
+	def toXML(self, xmlWriter, font, attrs=None, name=None):
+		tableName = name if name else self.__class__.__name__
+		if attrs is None:
+			attrs = []
+		attrs.append(("Format", self.Format))
+		xmlWriter.begintag(tableName, attrs)
+		xmlWriter.comment(self.getFormatName())
+		xmlWriter.newline()
+		self.toXML2(xmlWriter, font)
+		xmlWriter.endtag(tableName)
+		xmlWriter.newline()
+
+	def getChildren(self, colr):
+		if self.Format == PaintFormat.PaintColrLayers:
+			return colr.LayerList.Paint[
+				self.FirstLayerIndex : self.FirstLayerIndex + self.NumLayers
+			]
+
+		if self.Format == PaintFormat.PaintColrGlyph:
+			for record in colr.BaseGlyphList.BaseGlyphPaintRecord:
+				if record.BaseGlyph == self.Glyph:
+					return [record.Paint]
+			else:
+				raise KeyError(f"{self.Glyph!r} not in colr.BaseGlyphList")
+
+		children = []
+		for conv in self.getConverters():
+			if conv.tableClass is not None and issubclass(conv.tableClass, type(self)):
+				children.append(getattr(self, conv.name))
+
+		return children
+
+	def traverse(self, colr: COLR, callback):
+		"""Depth-first traversal of graph rooted at self, callback on each node."""
+		if not callable(callback):
+			raise TypeError("callback must be callable")
+		stack = [self]
+		visited = set()
+		while stack:
+			current = stack.pop()
+			if id(current) in visited:
+				continue
+			callback(current)
+			visited.add(id(current))
+			stack.extend(reversed(current.getChildren(colr)))
+
+
 # For each subtable format there is a class. However, we don't really distinguish
 # between "field name" and "format name": often these are the same. Yet there's
 # a whole bunch of fields with different names. The following dict is a mapping
@@ -1135,9 +1672,36 @@
 	ok = 1
 	return ok
 
+def splitMultipleSubst(oldSubTable, newSubTable, overflowRecord):
+	ok = 1
+	oldMapping = sorted(oldSubTable.mapping.items())
+	oldLen = len(oldMapping)
+
+	if overflowRecord.itemName in ['Coverage', 'RangeRecord']:
+		# Coverage table is written last. Overflow is to or within the
+		# the coverage table. We will just cut the subtable in half.
+		newLen = oldLen // 2
+
+	elif overflowRecord.itemName == 'Sequence':
+		# We just need to back up by two items from the overflowed
+		# Sequence index to make sure the offset to the Coverage table
+		# doesn't overflow.
+		newLen = overflowRecord.itemIndex - 1
+
+	newSubTable.mapping = {}
+	for i in range(newLen, oldLen):
+		item = oldMapping[i]
+		key = item[0]
+		newSubTable.mapping[key] = item[1]
+		del oldSubTable.mapping[key]
+
+	return ok
+
 def splitAlternateSubst(oldSubTable, newSubTable, overflowRecord):
 	ok = 1
 	newSubTable.Format = oldSubTable.Format
+	if hasattr(oldSubTable, 'sortCoverageLast'):
+		newSubTable.sortCoverageLast = oldSubTable.sortCoverageLast
 
 	oldAlts = sorted(oldSubTable.alternates.items())
 	oldLen = len(oldAlts)
@@ -1165,7 +1729,6 @@
 
 def splitLigatureSubst(oldSubTable, newSubTable, overflowRecord):
 	ok = 1
-	newSubTable.Format = oldSubTable.Format
 	oldLigs = sorted(oldSubTable.ligatures.items())
 	oldLen = len(oldLigs)
 
@@ -1257,9 +1820,70 @@
 	return ok
 
 
+def splitMarkBasePos(oldSubTable, newSubTable, overflowRecord):
+	# split half of the mark classes to the new subtable
+	classCount = oldSubTable.ClassCount
+	if classCount < 2:
+		# oh well, not much left to split...
+		return False
+
+	oldClassCount = classCount // 2
+	newClassCount = classCount - oldClassCount
+
+	oldMarkCoverage, oldMarkRecords = [], []
+	newMarkCoverage, newMarkRecords = [], []
+	for glyphName, markRecord in zip(
+		oldSubTable.MarkCoverage.glyphs,
+		oldSubTable.MarkArray.MarkRecord
+	):
+		if markRecord.Class < oldClassCount:
+			oldMarkCoverage.append(glyphName)
+			oldMarkRecords.append(markRecord)
+		else:
+			markRecord.Class -= oldClassCount
+			newMarkCoverage.append(glyphName)
+			newMarkRecords.append(markRecord)
+
+	oldBaseRecords, newBaseRecords = [], []
+	for rec in oldSubTable.BaseArray.BaseRecord:
+		oldBaseRecord, newBaseRecord = rec.__class__(), rec.__class__()
+		oldBaseRecord.BaseAnchor = rec.BaseAnchor[:oldClassCount]
+		newBaseRecord.BaseAnchor = rec.BaseAnchor[oldClassCount:]
+		oldBaseRecords.append(oldBaseRecord)
+		newBaseRecords.append(newBaseRecord)
+
+	newSubTable.Format = oldSubTable.Format
+
+	oldSubTable.MarkCoverage.glyphs = oldMarkCoverage
+	newSubTable.MarkCoverage = oldSubTable.MarkCoverage.__class__()
+	newSubTable.MarkCoverage.glyphs = newMarkCoverage
+
+	# share the same BaseCoverage in both halves
+	newSubTable.BaseCoverage = oldSubTable.BaseCoverage
+
+	oldSubTable.ClassCount = oldClassCount
+	newSubTable.ClassCount = newClassCount
+
+	oldSubTable.MarkArray.MarkRecord = oldMarkRecords
+	newSubTable.MarkArray = oldSubTable.MarkArray.__class__()
+	newSubTable.MarkArray.MarkRecord = newMarkRecords
+
+	oldSubTable.MarkArray.MarkCount = len(oldMarkRecords)
+	newSubTable.MarkArray.MarkCount = len(newMarkRecords)
+
+	oldSubTable.BaseArray.BaseRecord = oldBaseRecords
+	newSubTable.BaseArray = oldSubTable.BaseArray.__class__()
+	newSubTable.BaseArray.BaseRecord = newBaseRecords
+
+	oldSubTable.BaseArray.BaseCount = len(oldBaseRecords)
+	newSubTable.BaseArray.BaseCount = len(newBaseRecords)
+
+	return True
+
+
 splitTable = {	'GSUB': {
 #					1: splitSingleSubst,
-#					2: splitMultipleSubst,
+					2: splitMultipleSubst,
 					3: splitAlternateSubst,
 					4: splitLigatureSubst,
 #					5: splitContextSubst,
@@ -1271,7 +1895,7 @@
 #					1: splitSinglePos,
 					2: splitPairPos,
 #					3: splitCursivePos,
-#					4: splitMarkBasePos,
+					4: splitMarkBasePos,
 #					5: splitMarkLigPos,
 #					6: splitMarkMarkPos,
 #					7: splitContextPos,
@@ -1285,7 +1909,6 @@
 	"""
 	An offset has overflowed within a sub-table. We need to divide this subtable into smaller parts.
 	"""
-	ok = 0
 	table = ttf[overflowRecord.tableType].table
 	lookup = table.LookupList.Lookup[overflowRecord.LookupListIndex]
 	subIndex = overflowRecord.SubTableIndex
@@ -1306,7 +1929,7 @@
 		newExtSubTableClass = lookupTypes[overflowRecord.tableType][extSubTable.__class__.LookupType]
 		newExtSubTable = newExtSubTableClass()
 		newExtSubTable.Format = extSubTable.Format
-		lookup.SubTable.insert(subIndex + 1, newExtSubTable)
+		toInsert = newExtSubTable
 
 		newSubTableClass = lookupTypes[overflowRecord.tableType][subTableType]
 		newSubTable = newSubTableClass()
@@ -1315,7 +1938,7 @@
 		subTableType = subtable.__class__.LookupType
 		newSubTableClass = lookupTypes[overflowRecord.tableType][subTableType]
 		newSubTable = newSubTableClass()
-		lookup.SubTable.insert(subIndex + 1, newSubTable)
+		toInsert = newSubTable
 
 	if hasattr(lookup, 'SubTableCount'): # may not be defined yet.
 		lookup.SubTableCount = lookup.SubTableCount + 1
@@ -1323,9 +1946,16 @@
 	try:
 		splitFunc = splitTable[overflowRecord.tableType][subTableType]
 	except KeyError:
-		return ok
+		log.error(
+			"Don't know how to split %s lookup type %s",
+			overflowRecord.tableType,
+			subTableType,
+		)
+		return False
 
 	ok = splitFunc(subtable, newSubTable, overflowRecord)
+	if ok:
+		lookup.SubTable.insert(subIndex + 1, toInsert)
 	return ok
 
 # End of OverFlow logic
@@ -1335,7 +1965,7 @@
 	import re
 	from .otData import otData
 
-	formatPat = re.compile("([A-Za-z0-9]+)Format(\d+)$")
+	formatPat = re.compile(r"([A-Za-z0-9]+)Format(\d+)$")
 	namespace = globals()
 
 	# populate module with classes
@@ -1345,7 +1975,11 @@
 		if m:
 			# XxxFormatN subtable, we only add the "base" table
 			name = m.group(1)
-			baseClass = FormatSwitchingBaseTable
+			# the first row of a format-switching otData table describes the Format;
+			# the first column defines the type of the Format field.
+			# Currently this can be either 'uint16' or 'uint8'.
+			formatType = table[0][0]
+			baseClass = getFormatSwitchingBaseTableClass(formatType)
 		if name not in namespace:
 			# the class doesn't exist yet, so the base implementation is used.
 			cls = type(name, (baseClass,), {})
@@ -1390,7 +2024,7 @@
 			2: LigatureMorph,
 			# 3: Reserved,
 			4: NoncontextualMorph,
-			# 5: InsertionMorph,
+			5: InsertionMorph,
 		},
 	}
 	lookupTypes['JSTF'] = lookupTypes['GPOS']  # JSTF contains GPOS
diff --git a/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/tables/sbixGlyph.py b/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/tables/sbixGlyph.py
index 7c27306..fe29c09 100644
--- a/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/tables/sbixGlyph.py
+++ b/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/tables/sbixGlyph.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import print_function, division, absolute_import
-from fontTools.misc.py23 import *
 from fontTools.misc import sstruct
 from fontTools.misc.textTools import readHex, safeEval
 import struct
@@ -75,7 +73,7 @@
 			# (needed if you just want to compile the sbix table on its own)
 		self.gid = struct.pack(">H", ttFont.getGlyphID(self.glyphName))
 		if self.graphicType is None:
-			self.rawdata = ""
+			self.rawdata = b""
 		else:
 			self.rawdata = sstruct.pack(sbixGlyphHeaderFormat, self) + self.imageData
 
diff --git a/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/tables/sbixStrike.py b/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/tables/sbixStrike.py
index 746b938..b367a99 100644
--- a/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/tables/sbixStrike.py
+++ b/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/tables/sbixStrike.py
@@ -1,8 +1,6 @@
-from __future__ import print_function, division, absolute_import
-from fontTools.misc.py23 import *
 from fontTools.misc import sstruct
-from fontTools.misc.textTools import readHex
-from .sbixGlyph import *
+from fontTools.misc.textTools import safeEval
+from .sbixGlyph import Glyph
 import struct
 
 sbixStrikeHeaderFormat = """
@@ -65,8 +63,8 @@
 		del self.data
 
 	def compile(self, ttFont):
-		self.glyphDataOffsets = ""
-		self.bitmapData = ""
+		self.glyphDataOffsets = b""
+		self.bitmapData = b""
 
 		glyphOrder = ttFont.getGlyphOrder()
 
diff --git a/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/tables/ttProgram.py b/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/tables/ttProgram.py
index 182982f..a1dfa3c 100644
--- a/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/tables/ttProgram.py
+++ b/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/tables/ttProgram.py
@@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
 """ttLib.tables.ttProgram.py -- Assembler/disassembler for TrueType bytecode programs."""
 
-from __future__ import print_function, division, absolute_import
-from fontTools.misc.py23 import *
+from fontTools.misc.py23 import strjoin
 from fontTools.misc.textTools import num2binary, binary2num, readHex
 import array
+from io import StringIO
 import re
 import logging
 
@@ -63,6 +63,7 @@
 	(0x66,	'FLOOR',	0,	'Floor',		1, 1),	#                                    n        floor(n)
 	(0x46,	'GC',		1,	'GetCoordOnPVector',	1, 1),	#                                    p               c
 	(0x88,	'GETINFO',	0,	'GetInfo',		1, 1),	#                             selector          result
+        (0x91,  'GETVARIATION', 0,      'GetVariation',         0, -1), #                                    -        a1,..,an
 	(0x0d,	'GFV',		0,	'GetFVector',		0, 2),	#                                    -          px, py
 	(0x0c,	'GPV',		0,	'GetPVector',		0, 2),	#                                    -          px, py
 	(0x52,	'GT',		0,	'GreaterThan',		2, 1),	#                               e2, e1               b
@@ -158,7 +159,7 @@
 	return s
 
 
-_mnemonicPat = re.compile("[A-Z][A-Z0-9]*$")
+_mnemonicPat = re.compile(r"[A-Z][A-Z0-9]*$")
 
 def _makeDict(instructionList):
 	opcodeDict = {}
@@ -194,8 +195,8 @@
 
 _pushCountPat = re.compile(r"[A-Z][A-Z0-9]*\s*\[.*?\]\s*/\* ([0-9]+).*?\*/")
 
-_indentRE = re.compile("^FDEF|IF|ELSE\[ \]\t.+")
-_unindentRE = re.compile("^ELSE|ENDF|EIF\[ \]\t.+")
+_indentRE = re.compile(r"^FDEF|IF|ELSE\[ \]\t.+")
+_unindentRE = re.compile(r"^ELSE|ENDF|EIF\[ \]\t.+")
 
 def _skipWhite(data, pos):
 	m = _whiteRE.match(data, pos)
@@ -222,7 +223,7 @@
 	def getBytecode(self):
 		if not hasattr(self, "bytecode"):
 			self._assemble()
-		return self.bytecode.tostring()
+		return self.bytecode.tobytes()
 
 	def getAssembly(self, preserve=True):
 		if not hasattr(self, "assembly"):
diff --git a/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/ttCollection.py b/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/ttCollection.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0cc11be
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/ttCollection.py
@@ -0,0 +1,116 @@
+from fontTools.ttLib.ttFont import TTFont
+from fontTools.ttLib.sfnt import readTTCHeader, writeTTCHeader
+from io import BytesIO
+import struct
+import logging
+
+log = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+
+class TTCollection(object):
+
+	"""Object representing a TrueType Collection / OpenType Collection.
+	The main API is self.fonts being a list of TTFont instances.
+
+	If shareTables is True, then different fonts in the collection
+	might point to the same table object if the data for the table was
+	the same in the font file.  Note, however, that this might result
+	in suprises and incorrect behavior if the different fonts involved
+	have different GlyphOrder.  Use only if you know what you are doing.
+	"""
+
+	def __init__(self, file=None, shareTables=False, **kwargs):
+		fonts = self.fonts = []
+		if file is None:
+			return
+
+		assert 'fontNumber' not in kwargs, kwargs
+
+		if not hasattr(file, "read"):
+			file = open(file, "rb")
+
+		tableCache = {} if shareTables else None
+
+		header = readTTCHeader(file)
+		for i in range(header.numFonts):
+			font = TTFont(file, fontNumber=i, _tableCache=tableCache, **kwargs)
+			fonts.append(font)
+			
+	def __enter__(self):
+		return self
+	
+	def __exit__(self, type, value, traceback):
+		self.close()
+		
+	def close(self):
+		for font in self.fonts:
+			font.close()
+
+	def save(self, file, shareTables=True):
+		"""Save the font to disk. Similarly to the constructor,
+		the 'file' argument can be either a pathname or a writable
+		file object.
+		"""
+		if not hasattr(file, "write"):
+			final = None
+			file = open(file, "wb")
+		else:
+			# assume "file" is a writable file object
+			# write to a temporary stream to allow saving to unseekable streams
+			final = file
+			file = BytesIO()
+
+		tableCache = {} if shareTables else None
+
+		offsets_offset = writeTTCHeader(file, len(self.fonts))
+		offsets = []
+		for font in self.fonts:
+			offsets.append(file.tell())
+			font._save(file, tableCache=tableCache)
+			file.seek(0,2)
+
+		file.seek(offsets_offset)
+		file.write(struct.pack(">%dL" % len(self.fonts), *offsets))
+
+		if final:
+			final.write(file.getvalue())
+		file.close()
+
+	def saveXML(self, fileOrPath, newlinestr="\n", writeVersion=True, **kwargs):
+
+		from fontTools.misc import xmlWriter
+		writer = xmlWriter.XMLWriter(fileOrPath, newlinestr=newlinestr)
+
+		if writeVersion:
+			from fontTools import version
+			version = ".".join(version.split('.')[:2])
+			writer.begintag("ttCollection", ttLibVersion=version)
+		else:
+			writer.begintag("ttCollection")
+		writer.newline()
+		writer.newline()
+
+		for font in self.fonts:
+			font._saveXML(writer, writeVersion=False, **kwargs)
+			writer.newline()
+
+		writer.endtag("ttCollection")
+		writer.newline()
+
+		writer.close()
+
+
+	def __getitem__(self, item):
+		return self.fonts[item]
+
+	def __setitem__(self, item, value):
+		self.fonts[item] = value
+
+	def __delitem__(self, item):
+		return self.fonts[item]
+
+	def __len__(self):
+		return len(self.fonts)
+
+	def __iter__(self):
+		return iter(self.fonts)
diff --git a/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/ttFont.py b/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/ttFont.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5ccd182
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/ttFont.py
@@ -0,0 +1,1068 @@
+from fontTools.misc import xmlWriter
+from fontTools.misc.py23 import Tag, byteord, tostr
+from fontTools.misc.loggingTools import deprecateArgument
+from fontTools.ttLib import TTLibError
+from fontTools.ttLib.sfnt import SFNTReader, SFNTWriter
+from io import BytesIO, StringIO
+import os
+import logging
+import traceback
+
+log = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+class TTFont(object):
+
+	"""The main font object. It manages file input and output, and offers
+	a convenient way of accessing tables.
+	Tables will be only decompiled when necessary, ie. when they're actually
+	accessed. This means that simple operations can be extremely fast.
+	"""
+
+	def __init__(self, file=None, res_name_or_index=None,
+			sfntVersion="\000\001\000\000", flavor=None, checkChecksums=0,
+			verbose=None, recalcBBoxes=True, allowVID=False, ignoreDecompileErrors=False,
+			recalcTimestamp=True, fontNumber=-1, lazy=None, quiet=None,
+			_tableCache=None):
+
+		"""The constructor can be called with a few different arguments.
+		When reading a font from disk, 'file' should be either a pathname
+		pointing to a file, or a readable file object.
+
+		It we're running on a Macintosh, 'res_name_or_index' maybe an sfnt
+		resource name or an sfnt resource index number or zero. The latter
+		case will cause TTLib to autodetect whether the file is a flat file
+		or a suitcase. (If it's a suitcase, only the first 'sfnt' resource
+		will be read!)
+
+		The 'checkChecksums' argument is used to specify how sfnt
+		checksums are treated upon reading a file from disk:
+			0: don't check (default)
+			1: check, print warnings if a wrong checksum is found
+			2: check, raise an exception if a wrong checksum is found.
+
+		The TTFont constructor can also be called without a 'file'
+		argument: this is the way to create a new empty font.
+		In this case you can optionally supply the 'sfntVersion' argument,
+		and a 'flavor' which can be None, 'woff', or 'woff2'.
+
+		If the recalcBBoxes argument is false, a number of things will *not*
+		be recalculated upon save/compile:
+			1) 'glyf' glyph bounding boxes
+			2) 'CFF ' font bounding box
+			3) 'head' font bounding box
+			4) 'hhea' min/max values
+			5) 'vhea' min/max values
+		(1) is needed for certain kinds of CJK fonts (ask Werner Lemberg ;-).
+		Additionally, upon importing an TTX file, this option cause glyphs
+		to be compiled right away. This should reduce memory consumption
+		greatly, and therefore should have some impact on the time needed
+		to parse/compile large fonts.
+
+		If the recalcTimestamp argument is false, the modified timestamp in the
+		'head' table will *not* be recalculated upon save/compile.
+
+		If the allowVID argument is set to true, then virtual GID's are
+		supported. Asking for a glyph ID with a glyph name or GID that is not in
+		the font will return a virtual GID.   This is valid for GSUB and cmap
+		tables. For SING glyphlets, the cmap table is used to specify Unicode
+		values for virtual GI's used in GSUB/GPOS rules. If the gid N is requested
+		and does not exist in the font, or the glyphname has the form glyphN
+		and does not exist in the font, then N is used as the virtual GID.
+		Else, the first virtual GID is assigned as 0x1000 -1; for subsequent new
+		virtual GIDs, the next is one less than the previous.
+
+		If ignoreDecompileErrors is set to True, exceptions raised in
+		individual tables during decompilation will be ignored, falling
+		back to the DefaultTable implementation, which simply keeps the
+		binary data.
+
+		If lazy is set to True, many data structures are loaded lazily, upon
+		access only.  If it is set to False, many data structures are loaded
+		immediately.  The default is lazy=None which is somewhere in between.
+		"""
+
+		for name in ("verbose", "quiet"):
+			val = locals().get(name)
+			if val is not None:
+				deprecateArgument(name, "configure logging instead")
+			setattr(self, name, val)
+
+		self.lazy = lazy
+		self.recalcBBoxes = recalcBBoxes
+		self.recalcTimestamp = recalcTimestamp
+		self.tables = {}
+		self.reader = None
+
+		# Permit the user to reference glyphs that are not int the font.
+		self.last_vid = 0xFFFE # Can't make it be 0xFFFF, as the world is full unsigned short integer counters that get incremented after the last seen GID value.
+		self.reverseVIDDict = {}
+		self.VIDDict = {}
+		self.allowVID = allowVID
+		self.ignoreDecompileErrors = ignoreDecompileErrors
+
+		if not file:
+			self.sfntVersion = sfntVersion
+			self.flavor = flavor
+			self.flavorData = None
+			return
+		if not hasattr(file, "read"):
+			closeStream = True
+			# assume file is a string
+			if res_name_or_index is not None:
+				# see if it contains 'sfnt' resources in the resource or data fork
+				from . import macUtils
+				if res_name_or_index == 0:
+					if macUtils.getSFNTResIndices(file):
+						# get the first available sfnt font.
+						file = macUtils.SFNTResourceReader(file, 1)
+					else:
+						file = open(file, "rb")
+				else:
+					file = macUtils.SFNTResourceReader(file, res_name_or_index)
+			else:
+				file = open(file, "rb")
+		else:
+			# assume "file" is a readable file object
+			closeStream = False
+			file.seek(0)
+
+		if not self.lazy:
+			# read input file in memory and wrap a stream around it to allow overwriting
+			file.seek(0)
+			tmp = BytesIO(file.read())
+			if hasattr(file, 'name'):
+				# save reference to input file name
+				tmp.name = file.name
+			if closeStream:
+				file.close()
+			file = tmp
+		self._tableCache = _tableCache
+		self.reader = SFNTReader(file, checkChecksums, fontNumber=fontNumber)
+		self.sfntVersion = self.reader.sfntVersion
+		self.flavor = self.reader.flavor
+		self.flavorData = self.reader.flavorData
+
+	def __enter__(self):
+		return self
+
+	def __exit__(self, type, value, traceback):
+		self.close()
+
+	def close(self):
+		"""If we still have a reader object, close it."""
+		if self.reader is not None:
+			self.reader.close()
+
+	def save(self, file, reorderTables=True):
+		"""Save the font to disk. Similarly to the constructor,
+		the 'file' argument can be either a pathname or a writable
+		file object.
+		"""
+		if not hasattr(file, "write"):
+			if self.lazy and self.reader.file.name == file:
+				raise TTLibError(
+					"Can't overwrite TTFont when 'lazy' attribute is True")
+			createStream = True
+		else:
+			# assume "file" is a writable file object
+			createStream = False
+
+		tmp = BytesIO()
+
+		writer_reordersTables = self._save(tmp)
+
+		if not (reorderTables is None or writer_reordersTables or
+				(reorderTables is False and self.reader is None)):
+			if reorderTables is False:
+				# sort tables using the original font's order
+				tableOrder = list(self.reader.keys())
+			else:
+				# use the recommended order from the OpenType specification
+				tableOrder = None
+			tmp.flush()
+			tmp2 = BytesIO()
+			reorderFontTables(tmp, tmp2, tableOrder)
+			tmp.close()
+			tmp = tmp2
+
+		if createStream:
+			# "file" is a path
+			with open(file, "wb") as file:
+				file.write(tmp.getvalue())
+		else:
+			file.write(tmp.getvalue())
+
+		tmp.close()
+
+	def _save(self, file, tableCache=None):
+		"""Internal function, to be shared by save() and TTCollection.save()"""
+
+		if self.recalcTimestamp and 'head' in self:
+			self['head']  # make sure 'head' is loaded so the recalculation is actually done
+
+		tags = list(self.keys())
+		if "GlyphOrder" in tags:
+			tags.remove("GlyphOrder")
+		numTables = len(tags)
+		# write to a temporary stream to allow saving to unseekable streams
+		writer = SFNTWriter(file, numTables, self.sfntVersion, self.flavor, self.flavorData)
+
+		done = []
+		for tag in tags:
+			self._writeTable(tag, writer, done, tableCache)
+
+		writer.close()
+
+		return writer.reordersTables()
+
+	def saveXML(self, fileOrPath, newlinestr="\n", **kwargs):
+		"""Export the font as TTX (an XML-based text file), or as a series of text
+		files when splitTables is true. In the latter case, the 'fileOrPath'
+		argument should be a path to a directory.
+		The 'tables' argument must either be false (dump all tables) or a
+		list of tables to dump. The 'skipTables' argument may be a list of tables
+		to skip, but only when the 'tables' argument is false.
+		"""
+
+		writer = xmlWriter.XMLWriter(fileOrPath, newlinestr=newlinestr)
+		self._saveXML(writer, **kwargs)
+		writer.close()
+
+	def _saveXML(self, writer,
+		     writeVersion=True,
+		     quiet=None, tables=None, skipTables=None, splitTables=False,
+		     splitGlyphs=False, disassembleInstructions=True,
+		     bitmapGlyphDataFormat='raw'):
+
+		if quiet is not None:
+			deprecateArgument("quiet", "configure logging instead")
+
+		self.disassembleInstructions = disassembleInstructions
+		self.bitmapGlyphDataFormat = bitmapGlyphDataFormat
+		if not tables:
+			tables = list(self.keys())
+			if "GlyphOrder" not in tables:
+				tables = ["GlyphOrder"] + tables
+			if skipTables:
+				for tag in skipTables:
+					if tag in tables:
+						tables.remove(tag)
+		numTables = len(tables)
+
+		if writeVersion:
+			from fontTools import version
+			version = ".".join(version.split('.')[:2])
+			writer.begintag("ttFont", sfntVersion=repr(tostr(self.sfntVersion))[1:-1],
+					ttLibVersion=version)
+		else:
+			writer.begintag("ttFont", sfntVersion=repr(tostr(self.sfntVersion))[1:-1])
+		writer.newline()
+
+		# always splitTables if splitGlyphs is enabled
+		splitTables = splitTables or splitGlyphs
+
+		if not splitTables:
+			writer.newline()
+		else:
+			path, ext = os.path.splitext(writer.filename)
+			fileNameTemplate = path + ".%s" + ext
+
+		for i in range(numTables):
+			tag = tables[i]
+			if splitTables:
+				tablePath = fileNameTemplate % tagToIdentifier(tag)
+				tableWriter = xmlWriter.XMLWriter(tablePath,
+						newlinestr=writer.newlinestr)
+				tableWriter.begintag("ttFont", ttLibVersion=version)
+				tableWriter.newline()
+				tableWriter.newline()
+				writer.simpletag(tagToXML(tag), src=os.path.basename(tablePath))
+				writer.newline()
+			else:
+				tableWriter = writer
+			self._tableToXML(tableWriter, tag, splitGlyphs=splitGlyphs)
+			if splitTables:
+				tableWriter.endtag("ttFont")
+				tableWriter.newline()
+				tableWriter.close()
+		writer.endtag("ttFont")
+		writer.newline()
+
+	def _tableToXML(self, writer, tag, quiet=None, splitGlyphs=False):
+		if quiet is not None:
+			deprecateArgument("quiet", "configure logging instead")
+		if tag in self:
+			table = self[tag]
+			report = "Dumping '%s' table..." % tag
+		else:
+			report = "No '%s' table found." % tag
+		log.info(report)
+		if tag not in self:
+			return
+		xmlTag = tagToXML(tag)
+		attrs = dict()
+		if hasattr(table, "ERROR"):
+			attrs['ERROR'] = "decompilation error"
+		from .tables.DefaultTable import DefaultTable
+		if table.__class__ == DefaultTable:
+			attrs['raw'] = True
+		writer.begintag(xmlTag, **attrs)
+		writer.newline()
+		if tag == "glyf":
+			table.toXML(writer, self, splitGlyphs=splitGlyphs)
+		else:
+			table.toXML(writer, self)
+		writer.endtag(xmlTag)
+		writer.newline()
+		writer.newline()
+
+	def importXML(self, fileOrPath, quiet=None):
+		"""Import a TTX file (an XML-based text format), so as to recreate
+		a font object.
+		"""
+		if quiet is not None:
+			deprecateArgument("quiet", "configure logging instead")
+
+		if "maxp" in self and "post" in self:
+			# Make sure the glyph order is loaded, as it otherwise gets
+			# lost if the XML doesn't contain the glyph order, yet does
+			# contain the table which was originally used to extract the
+			# glyph names from (ie. 'post', 'cmap' or 'CFF ').
+			self.getGlyphOrder()
+
+		from fontTools.misc import xmlReader
+
+		reader = xmlReader.XMLReader(fileOrPath, self)
+		reader.read()
+
+	def isLoaded(self, tag):
+		"""Return true if the table identified by 'tag' has been
+		decompiled and loaded into memory."""
+		return tag in self.tables
+
+	def has_key(self, tag):
+		if self.isLoaded(tag):
+			return True
+		elif self.reader and tag in self.reader:
+			return True
+		elif tag == "GlyphOrder":
+			return True
+		else:
+			return False
+
+	__contains__ = has_key
+
+	def keys(self):
+		keys = list(self.tables.keys())
+		if self.reader:
+			for key in list(self.reader.keys()):
+				if key not in keys:
+					keys.append(key)
+
+		if "GlyphOrder" in keys:
+			keys.remove("GlyphOrder")
+		keys = sortedTagList(keys)
+		return ["GlyphOrder"] + keys
+
+	def __len__(self):
+		return len(list(self.keys()))
+
+	def __getitem__(self, tag):
+		tag = Tag(tag)
+		table = self.tables.get(tag)
+		if table is None:
+			if tag == "GlyphOrder":
+				table = GlyphOrder(tag)
+				self.tables[tag] = table
+			elif self.reader is not None:
+				table = self._readTable(tag)
+			else:
+				raise KeyError("'%s' table not found" % tag)
+		return table
+
+	def _readTable(self, tag):
+		log.debug("Reading '%s' table from disk", tag)
+		data = self.reader[tag]
+		if self._tableCache is not None:
+			table = self._tableCache.get((tag, data))
+			if table is not None:
+				return table
+		tableClass = getTableClass(tag)
+		table = tableClass(tag)
+		self.tables[tag] = table
+		log.debug("Decompiling '%s' table", tag)
+		try:
+			table.decompile(data, self)
+		except Exception:
+			if not self.ignoreDecompileErrors:
+				raise
+			# fall back to DefaultTable, retaining the binary table data
+			log.exception(
+				"An exception occurred during the decompilation of the '%s' table", tag)
+			from .tables.DefaultTable import DefaultTable
+			file = StringIO()
+			traceback.print_exc(file=file)
+			table = DefaultTable(tag)
+			table.ERROR = file.getvalue()
+			self.tables[tag] = table
+			table.decompile(data, self)
+		if self._tableCache is not None:
+			self._tableCache[(tag, data)] = table
+		return table
+
+	def __setitem__(self, tag, table):
+		self.tables[Tag(tag)] = table
+
+	def __delitem__(self, tag):
+		if tag not in self:
+			raise KeyError("'%s' table not found" % tag)
+		if tag in self.tables:
+			del self.tables[tag]
+		if self.reader and tag in self.reader:
+			del self.reader[tag]
+
+	def get(self, tag, default=None):
+		try:
+			return self[tag]
+		except KeyError:
+			return default
+
+	def setGlyphOrder(self, glyphOrder):
+		self.glyphOrder = glyphOrder
+
+	def getGlyphOrder(self):
+		try:
+			return self.glyphOrder
+		except AttributeError:
+			pass
+		if 'CFF ' in self:
+			cff = self['CFF ']
+			self.glyphOrder = cff.getGlyphOrder()
+		elif 'post' in self:
+			# TrueType font
+			glyphOrder = self['post'].getGlyphOrder()
+			if glyphOrder is None:
+				#
+				# No names found in the 'post' table.
+				# Try to create glyph names from the unicode cmap (if available)
+				# in combination with the Adobe Glyph List (AGL).
+				#
+				self._getGlyphNamesFromCmap()
+			else:
+				self.glyphOrder = glyphOrder
+		else:
+			self._getGlyphNamesFromCmap()
+		return self.glyphOrder
+
+	def _getGlyphNamesFromCmap(self):
+		#
+		# This is rather convoluted, but then again, it's an interesting problem:
+		# - we need to use the unicode values found in the cmap table to
+		#   build glyph names (eg. because there is only a minimal post table,
+		#   or none at all).
+		# - but the cmap parser also needs glyph names to work with...
+		# So here's what we do:
+		# - make up glyph names based on glyphID
+		# - load a temporary cmap table based on those names
+		# - extract the unicode values, build the "real" glyph names
+		# - unload the temporary cmap table
+		#
+		if self.isLoaded("cmap"):
+			# Bootstrapping: we're getting called by the cmap parser
+			# itself. This means self.tables['cmap'] contains a partially
+			# loaded cmap, making it impossible to get at a unicode
+			# subtable here. We remove the partially loaded cmap and
+			# restore it later.
+			# This only happens if the cmap table is loaded before any
+			# other table that does f.getGlyphOrder()  or f.getGlyphName().
+			cmapLoading = self.tables['cmap']
+			del self.tables['cmap']
+		else:
+			cmapLoading = None
+		# Make up glyph names based on glyphID, which will be used by the
+		# temporary cmap and by the real cmap in case we don't find a unicode
+		# cmap.
+		numGlyphs = int(self['maxp'].numGlyphs)
+		glyphOrder = [None] * numGlyphs
+		glyphOrder[0] = ".notdef"
+		for i in range(1, numGlyphs):
+			glyphOrder[i] = "glyph%.5d" % i
+		# Set the glyph order, so the cmap parser has something
+		# to work with (so we don't get called recursively).
+		self.glyphOrder = glyphOrder
+
+		# Make up glyph names based on the reversed cmap table. Because some
+		# glyphs (eg. ligatures or alternates) may not be reachable via cmap,
+		# this naming table will usually not cover all glyphs in the font.
+		# If the font has no Unicode cmap table, reversecmap will be empty.
+		if 'cmap' in self:
+			reversecmap = self['cmap'].buildReversed()
+		else:
+			reversecmap = {}
+		useCount = {}
+		for i in range(numGlyphs):
+			tempName = glyphOrder[i]
+			if tempName in reversecmap:
+				# If a font maps both U+0041 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A and
+				# U+0391 GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA to the same glyph,
+				# we prefer naming the glyph as "A".
+				glyphName = self._makeGlyphName(min(reversecmap[tempName]))
+				numUses = useCount[glyphName] = useCount.get(glyphName, 0) + 1
+				if numUses > 1:
+					glyphName = "%s.alt%d" % (glyphName, numUses - 1)
+				glyphOrder[i] = glyphName
+
+		if 'cmap' in self:
+			# Delete the temporary cmap table from the cache, so it can
+			# be parsed again with the right names.
+			del self.tables['cmap']
+			self.glyphOrder = glyphOrder
+			if cmapLoading:
+				# restore partially loaded cmap, so it can continue loading
+				# using the proper names.
+				self.tables['cmap'] = cmapLoading
+
+	@staticmethod
+	def _makeGlyphName(codepoint):
+		from fontTools import agl  # Adobe Glyph List
+		if codepoint in agl.UV2AGL:
+			return agl.UV2AGL[codepoint]
+		elif codepoint <= 0xFFFF:
+			return "uni%04X" % codepoint
+		else:
+			return "u%X" % codepoint
+
+	def getGlyphNames(self):
+		"""Get a list of glyph names, sorted alphabetically."""
+		glyphNames = sorted(self.getGlyphOrder())
+		return glyphNames
+
+	def getGlyphNames2(self):
+		"""Get a list of glyph names, sorted alphabetically,
+		but not case sensitive.
+		"""
+		from fontTools.misc import textTools
+		return textTools.caselessSort(self.getGlyphOrder())
+
+	def getGlyphName(self, glyphID, requireReal=False):
+		try:
+			return self.getGlyphOrder()[glyphID]
+		except IndexError:
+			if requireReal or not self.allowVID:
+				# XXX The ??.W8.otf font that ships with OSX uses higher glyphIDs in
+				# the cmap table than there are glyphs. I don't think it's legal...
+				return "glyph%.5d" % glyphID
+			else:
+				# user intends virtual GID support
+				try:
+					glyphName = self.VIDDict[glyphID]
+				except KeyError:
+					glyphName  ="glyph%.5d" % glyphID
+					self.last_vid = min(glyphID, self.last_vid )
+					self.reverseVIDDict[glyphName] = glyphID
+					self.VIDDict[glyphID] = glyphName
+				return glyphName
+
+	def getGlyphID(self, glyphName, requireReal=False):
+		if not hasattr(self, "_reverseGlyphOrderDict"):
+			self._buildReverseGlyphOrderDict()
+		glyphOrder = self.getGlyphOrder()
+		d = self._reverseGlyphOrderDict
+		if glyphName not in d:
+			if glyphName in glyphOrder:
+				self._buildReverseGlyphOrderDict()
+				return self.getGlyphID(glyphName)
+			else:
+				if requireReal:
+					raise KeyError(glyphName)
+				elif not self.allowVID:
+					# Handle glyphXXX only
+					if glyphName[:5] == "glyph":
+						try:
+							return int(glyphName[5:])
+						except (NameError, ValueError):
+							raise KeyError(glyphName)
+				else:
+					# user intends virtual GID support
+					try:
+						glyphID = self.reverseVIDDict[glyphName]
+					except KeyError:
+						# if name is in glyphXXX format, use the specified name.
+						if glyphName[:5] == "glyph":
+							try:
+								glyphID = int(glyphName[5:])
+							except (NameError, ValueError):
+								glyphID = None
+						if glyphID is None:
+							glyphID = self.last_vid -1
+							self.last_vid = glyphID
+						self.reverseVIDDict[glyphName] = glyphID
+						self.VIDDict[glyphID] = glyphName
+					return glyphID
+
+		glyphID = d[glyphName]
+		if glyphName != glyphOrder[glyphID]:
+			self._buildReverseGlyphOrderDict()
+			return self.getGlyphID(glyphName)
+		return glyphID
+
+	def getReverseGlyphMap(self, rebuild=False):
+		if rebuild or not hasattr(self, "_reverseGlyphOrderDict"):
+			self._buildReverseGlyphOrderDict()
+		return self._reverseGlyphOrderDict
+
+	def _buildReverseGlyphOrderDict(self):
+		self._reverseGlyphOrderDict = d = {}
+		glyphOrder = self.getGlyphOrder()
+		for glyphID in range(len(glyphOrder)):
+			d[glyphOrder[glyphID]] = glyphID
+
+	def _writeTable(self, tag, writer, done, tableCache=None):
+		"""Internal helper function for self.save(). Keeps track of
+		inter-table dependencies.
+		"""
+		if tag in done:
+			return
+		tableClass = getTableClass(tag)
+		for masterTable in tableClass.dependencies:
+			if masterTable not in done:
+				if masterTable in self:
+					self._writeTable(masterTable, writer, done, tableCache)
+				else:
+					done.append(masterTable)
+		done.append(tag)
+		tabledata = self.getTableData(tag)
+		if tableCache is not None:
+			entry = tableCache.get((Tag(tag), tabledata))
+			if entry is not None:
+				log.debug("reusing '%s' table", tag)
+				writer.setEntry(tag, entry)
+				return
+		log.debug("Writing '%s' table to disk", tag)
+		writer[tag] = tabledata
+		if tableCache is not None:
+			tableCache[(Tag(tag), tabledata)] = writer[tag]
+
+	def getTableData(self, tag):
+		"""Returns raw table data, whether compiled or directly read from disk.
+		"""
+		tag = Tag(tag)
+		if self.isLoaded(tag):
+			log.debug("Compiling '%s' table", tag)
+			return self.tables[tag].compile(self)
+		elif self.reader and tag in self.reader:
+			log.debug("Reading '%s' table from disk", tag)
+			return self.reader[tag]
+		else:
+			raise KeyError(tag)
+
+	def getGlyphSet(self, preferCFF=True):
+		"""Return a generic GlyphSet, which is a dict-like object
+		mapping glyph names to glyph objects. The returned glyph objects
+		have a .draw() method that supports the Pen protocol, and will
+		have an attribute named 'width'.
+
+		If the font is CFF-based, the outlines will be taken from the 'CFF ' or
+		'CFF2' tables. Otherwise the outlines will be taken from the 'glyf' table.
+		If the font contains both a 'CFF '/'CFF2' and a 'glyf' table, you can use
+		the 'preferCFF' argument to specify which one should be taken. If the
+		font contains both a 'CFF ' and a 'CFF2' table, the latter is taken.
+		"""
+		glyphs = None
+		if (preferCFF and any(tb in self for tb in ["CFF ", "CFF2"]) or
+		   ("glyf" not in self and any(tb in self for tb in ["CFF ", "CFF2"]))):
+			table_tag = "CFF2" if "CFF2" in self else "CFF "
+			glyphs = _TTGlyphSet(self,
+			    list(self[table_tag].cff.values())[0].CharStrings, _TTGlyphCFF)
+
+		if glyphs is None and "glyf" in self:
+			glyphs = _TTGlyphSet(self, self["glyf"], _TTGlyphGlyf)
+
+		if glyphs is None:
+			raise TTLibError("Font contains no outlines")
+
+		return glyphs
+
+	def getBestCmap(self, cmapPreferences=((3, 10), (0, 6), (0, 4), (3, 1), (0, 3), (0, 2), (0, 1), (0, 0))):
+		"""Return the 'best' unicode cmap dictionary available in the font,
+		or None, if no unicode cmap subtable is available.
+
+		By default it will search for the following (platformID, platEncID)
+		pairs:
+			(3, 10), (0, 6), (0, 4), (3, 1), (0, 3), (0, 2), (0, 1), (0, 0)
+		This can be customized via the cmapPreferences argument.
+		"""
+		return self["cmap"].getBestCmap(cmapPreferences=cmapPreferences)
+
+
+class _TTGlyphSet(object):
+
+	"""Generic dict-like GlyphSet class that pulls metrics from hmtx and
+	glyph shape from TrueType or CFF.
+	"""
+
+	def __init__(self, ttFont, glyphs, glyphType):
+		"""Construct a new glyphset.
+
+		Args:
+			font (TTFont): The font object (used to get metrics).
+			glyphs (dict): A dictionary mapping glyph names to ``_TTGlyph`` objects.
+			glyphType (class): Either ``_TTGlyphCFF`` or ``_TTGlyphGlyf``.
+		"""
+		self._glyphs = glyphs
+		self._hmtx = ttFont['hmtx']
+		self._vmtx = ttFont['vmtx'] if 'vmtx' in ttFont else None
+		self._glyphType = glyphType
+
+	def keys(self):
+		return list(self._glyphs.keys())
+
+	def has_key(self, glyphName):
+		return glyphName in self._glyphs
+
+	__contains__ = has_key
+
+	def __getitem__(self, glyphName):
+		horizontalMetrics = self._hmtx[glyphName]
+		verticalMetrics = self._vmtx[glyphName] if self._vmtx else None
+		return self._glyphType(
+			self, self._glyphs[glyphName], horizontalMetrics, verticalMetrics)
+
+	def __len__(self):
+		return len(self._glyphs)
+
+	def get(self, glyphName, default=None):
+		try:
+			return self[glyphName]
+		except KeyError:
+			return default
+
+class _TTGlyph(object):
+
+	"""Wrapper for a TrueType glyph that supports the Pen protocol, meaning
+	that it has .draw() and .drawPoints() methods that take a pen object as
+	their only argument. Additionally there are 'width' and 'lsb' attributes,
+	read from the 'hmtx' table.
+
+	If the font contains a 'vmtx' table, there will also be 'height' and 'tsb'
+	attributes.
+	"""
+
+	def __init__(self, glyphset, glyph, horizontalMetrics, verticalMetrics=None):
+		"""Construct a new _TTGlyph.
+
+		Args:
+			glyphset (_TTGlyphSet): A glyphset object used to resolve components.
+			glyph (ttLib.tables._g_l_y_f.Glyph): The glyph object.
+			horizontalMetrics (int, int): The glyph's width and left sidebearing.
+		"""
+		self._glyphset = glyphset
+		self._glyph = glyph
+		self.width, self.lsb = horizontalMetrics
+		if verticalMetrics:
+			self.height, self.tsb = verticalMetrics
+		else:
+			self.height, self.tsb = None, None
+
+	def draw(self, pen):
+		"""Draw the glyph onto ``pen``. See fontTools.pens.basePen for details
+		how that works.
+		"""
+		self._glyph.draw(pen)
+
+	def drawPoints(self, pen):
+		# drawPoints is only implemented for _TTGlyphGlyf at this time.
+		raise NotImplementedError()
+
+class _TTGlyphCFF(_TTGlyph):
+	pass
+
+class _TTGlyphGlyf(_TTGlyph):
+
+	def draw(self, pen):
+		"""Draw the glyph onto Pen. See fontTools.pens.basePen for details
+		how that works.
+		"""
+		glyfTable = self._glyphset._glyphs
+		glyph = self._glyph
+		offset = self.lsb - glyph.xMin if hasattr(glyph, "xMin") else 0
+		glyph.draw(pen, glyfTable, offset)
+
+	def drawPoints(self, pen):
+		"""Draw the glyph onto PointPen. See fontTools.pens.pointPen
+		for details how that works.
+		"""
+		glyfTable = self._glyphset._glyphs
+		glyph = self._glyph
+		offset = self.lsb - glyph.xMin if hasattr(glyph, "xMin") else 0
+		glyph.drawPoints(pen, glyfTable, offset)
+
+
+class GlyphOrder(object):
+
+	"""A pseudo table. The glyph order isn't in the font as a separate
+	table, but it's nice to present it as such in the TTX format.
+	"""
+
+	def __init__(self, tag=None):
+		pass
+
+	def toXML(self, writer, ttFont):
+		glyphOrder = ttFont.getGlyphOrder()
+		writer.comment("The 'id' attribute is only for humans; "
+				"it is ignored when parsed.")
+		writer.newline()
+		for i in range(len(glyphOrder)):
+			glyphName = glyphOrder[i]
+			writer.simpletag("GlyphID", id=i, name=glyphName)
+			writer.newline()
+
+	def fromXML(self, name, attrs, content, ttFont):
+		if not hasattr(self, "glyphOrder"):
+			self.glyphOrder = []
+			ttFont.setGlyphOrder(self.glyphOrder)
+		if name == "GlyphID":
+			self.glyphOrder.append(attrs["name"])
+
+
+def getTableModule(tag):
+	"""Fetch the packer/unpacker module for a table.
+	Return None when no module is found.
+	"""
+	from . import tables
+	pyTag = tagToIdentifier(tag)
+	try:
+		__import__("fontTools.ttLib.tables." + pyTag)
+	except ImportError as err:
+		# If pyTag is found in the ImportError message,
+		# means table is not implemented.  If it's not
+		# there, then some other module is missing, don't
+		# suppress the error.
+		if str(err).find(pyTag) >= 0:
+			return None
+		else:
+			raise err
+	else:
+		return getattr(tables, pyTag)
+
+
+# Registry for custom table packer/unpacker classes. Keys are table
+# tags, values are (moduleName, className) tuples.
+# See registerCustomTableClass() and getCustomTableClass()
+_customTableRegistry = {}
+
+
+def registerCustomTableClass(tag, moduleName, className=None):
+	"""Register a custom packer/unpacker class for a table.
+	The 'moduleName' must be an importable module. If no 'className'
+	is given, it is derived from the tag, for example it will be
+	table_C_U_S_T_ for a 'CUST' tag.
+
+	The registered table class should be a subclass of
+	fontTools.ttLib.tables.DefaultTable.DefaultTable
+	"""
+	if className is None:
+		className = "table_" + tagToIdentifier(tag)
+	_customTableRegistry[tag] = (moduleName, className)
+
+
+def unregisterCustomTableClass(tag):
+	"""Unregister the custom packer/unpacker class for a table."""
+	del _customTableRegistry[tag]
+
+
+def getCustomTableClass(tag):
+	"""Return the custom table class for tag, if one has been registered
+	with 'registerCustomTableClass()'. Else return None.
+	"""
+	if tag not in _customTableRegistry:
+		return None
+	import importlib
+	moduleName, className = _customTableRegistry[tag]
+	module = importlib.import_module(moduleName)
+	return getattr(module, className)
+
+
+def getTableClass(tag):
+	"""Fetch the packer/unpacker class for a table."""
+	tableClass = getCustomTableClass(tag)
+	if tableClass is not None:
+		return tableClass
+	module = getTableModule(tag)
+	if module is None:
+		from .tables.DefaultTable import DefaultTable
+		return DefaultTable
+	pyTag = tagToIdentifier(tag)
+	tableClass = getattr(module, "table_" + pyTag)
+	return tableClass
+
+
+def getClassTag(klass):
+	"""Fetch the table tag for a class object."""
+	name = klass.__name__
+	assert name[:6] == 'table_'
+	name = name[6:] # Chop 'table_'
+	return identifierToTag(name)
+
+
+def newTable(tag):
+	"""Return a new instance of a table."""
+	tableClass = getTableClass(tag)
+	return tableClass(tag)
+
+
+def _escapechar(c):
+	"""Helper function for tagToIdentifier()"""
+	import re
+	if re.match("[a-z0-9]", c):
+		return "_" + c
+	elif re.match("[A-Z]", c):
+		return c + "_"
+	else:
+		return hex(byteord(c))[2:]
+
+
+def tagToIdentifier(tag):
+	"""Convert a table tag to a valid (but UGLY) python identifier,
+	as well as a filename that's guaranteed to be unique even on a
+	caseless file system. Each character is mapped to two characters.
+	Lowercase letters get an underscore before the letter, uppercase
+	letters get an underscore after the letter. Trailing spaces are
+	trimmed. Illegal characters are escaped as two hex bytes. If the
+	result starts with a number (as the result of a hex escape), an
+	extra underscore is prepended. Examples:
+		'glyf' -> '_g_l_y_f'
+		'cvt ' -> '_c_v_t'
+		'OS/2' -> 'O_S_2f_2'
+	"""
+	import re
+	tag = Tag(tag)
+	if tag == "GlyphOrder":
+		return tag
+	assert len(tag) == 4, "tag should be 4 characters long"
+	while len(tag) > 1 and tag[-1] == ' ':
+		tag = tag[:-1]
+	ident = ""
+	for c in tag:
+		ident = ident + _escapechar(c)
+	if re.match("[0-9]", ident):
+		ident = "_" + ident
+	return ident
+
+
+def identifierToTag(ident):
+	"""the opposite of tagToIdentifier()"""
+	if ident == "GlyphOrder":
+		return ident
+	if len(ident) % 2 and ident[0] == "_":
+		ident = ident[1:]
+	assert not (len(ident) % 2)
+	tag = ""
+	for i in range(0, len(ident), 2):
+		if ident[i] == "_":
+			tag = tag + ident[i+1]
+		elif ident[i+1] == "_":
+			tag = tag + ident[i]
+		else:
+			# assume hex
+			tag = tag + chr(int(ident[i:i+2], 16))
+	# append trailing spaces
+	tag = tag + (4 - len(tag)) * ' '
+	return Tag(tag)
+
+
+def tagToXML(tag):
+	"""Similarly to tagToIdentifier(), this converts a TT tag
+	to a valid XML element name. Since XML element names are
+	case sensitive, this is a fairly simple/readable translation.
+	"""
+	import re
+	tag = Tag(tag)
+	if tag == "OS/2":
+		return "OS_2"
+	elif tag == "GlyphOrder":
+		return tag
+	if re.match("[A-Za-z_][A-Za-z_0-9]* *$", tag):
+		return tag.strip()
+	else:
+		return tagToIdentifier(tag)
+
+
+def xmlToTag(tag):
+	"""The opposite of tagToXML()"""
+	if tag == "OS_2":
+		return Tag("OS/2")
+	if len(tag) == 8:
+		return identifierToTag(tag)
+	else:
+		return Tag(tag + " " * (4 - len(tag)))
+
+
+
+# Table order as recommended in the OpenType specification 1.4
+TTFTableOrder = ["head", "hhea", "maxp", "OS/2", "hmtx", "LTSH", "VDMX",
+				"hdmx", "cmap", "fpgm", "prep", "cvt ", "loca", "glyf",
+				"kern", "name", "post", "gasp", "PCLT"]
+
+OTFTableOrder = ["head", "hhea", "maxp", "OS/2", "name", "cmap", "post",
+				"CFF "]
+
+def sortedTagList(tagList, tableOrder=None):
+	"""Return a sorted copy of tagList, sorted according to the OpenType
+	specification, or according to a custom tableOrder. If given and not
+	None, tableOrder needs to be a list of tag names.
+	"""
+	tagList = sorted(tagList)
+	if tableOrder is None:
+		if "DSIG" in tagList:
+			# DSIG should be last (XXX spec reference?)
+			tagList.remove("DSIG")
+			tagList.append("DSIG")
+		if "CFF " in tagList:
+			tableOrder = OTFTableOrder
+		else:
+			tableOrder = TTFTableOrder
+	orderedTables = []
+	for tag in tableOrder:
+		if tag in tagList:
+			orderedTables.append(tag)
+			tagList.remove(tag)
+	orderedTables.extend(tagList)
+	return orderedTables
+
+
+def reorderFontTables(inFile, outFile, tableOrder=None, checkChecksums=False):
+	"""Rewrite a font file, ordering the tables as recommended by the
+	OpenType specification 1.4.
+	"""
+	inFile.seek(0)
+	outFile.seek(0)
+	reader = SFNTReader(inFile, checkChecksums=checkChecksums)
+	writer = SFNTWriter(outFile, len(reader.tables), reader.sfntVersion, reader.flavor, reader.flavorData)
+	tables = list(reader.keys())
+	for tag in sortedTagList(tables, tableOrder):
+		writer[tag] = reader[tag]
+	writer.close()
+
+
+def maxPowerOfTwo(x):
+	"""Return the highest exponent of two, so that
+	(2 ** exponent) <= x.  Return 0 if x is 0.
+	"""
+	exponent = 0
+	while x:
+		x = x >> 1
+		exponent = exponent + 1
+	return max(exponent - 1, 0)
+
+
+def getSearchRange(n, itemSize=16):
+	"""Calculate searchRange, entrySelector, rangeShift.
+	"""
+	# itemSize defaults to 16, for backward compatibility
+	# with upstream fonttools.
+	exponent = maxPowerOfTwo(n)
+	searchRange = (2 ** exponent) * itemSize
+	entrySelector = exponent
+	rangeShift = max(0, n * itemSize - searchRange)
+	return searchRange, entrySelector, rangeShift
diff --git a/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/woff2.py b/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/woff2.py
index 1952682..cc58afa 100644
--- a/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/woff2.py
+++ b/Lib/fontTools/ttLib/woff2.py
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
-from __future__ import print_function, division, absolute_import
-from fontTools.misc.py23 import *
+from fontTools.misc.py23 import Tag, bytechr, byteord, bytesjoin
+from io import BytesIO
 import sys
 import array
 import struct
@@ -12,15 +12,18 @@
 from fontTools.ttLib.sfnt import (SFNTReader, SFNTWriter, DirectoryEntry,
 	WOFFFlavorData, sfntDirectoryFormat, sfntDirectorySize, SFNTDirectoryEntry,
 	sfntDirectoryEntrySize, calcChecksum)
-from fontTools.ttLib.tables import ttProgram
+from fontTools.ttLib.tables import ttProgram, _g_l_y_f
 import logging
 
 
-log = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+log = logging.getLogger("fontTools.ttLib.woff2")
 
 haveBrotli = False
 try:
-	import brotli
+	try:
+		import brotlicffi as brotli
+	except ImportError:
+		import brotli
 	haveBrotli = True
 except ImportError:
 	pass
@@ -30,7 +33,7 @@
 
 	flavor = "woff2"
 
-	def __init__(self, file, checkChecksums=1, fontNumber=-1):
+	def __init__(self, file, checkChecksums=0, fontNumber=-1):
 		if not haveBrotli:
 			log.error(
 				'The WOFF2 decoder requires the Brotli Python extension, available at: '
@@ -82,7 +85,7 @@
 		"""Fetch the raw table data. Reconstruct transformed tables."""
 		entry = self.tables[Tag(tag)]
 		if not hasattr(entry, 'data'):
-			if tag in woff2TransformedTableTags:
+			if entry.transformed:
 				entry.data = self.reconstructTable(tag)
 			else:
 				entry.data = entry.loadData(self.transformBuffer)
@@ -90,8 +93,6 @@
 
 	def reconstructTable(self, tag):
 		"""Reconstruct table named 'tag' from transformed data."""
-		if tag not in woff2TransformedTableTags:
-			raise TTLibError("transform for table '%s' is unknown" % tag)
 		entry = self.tables[Tag(tag)]
 		rawData = entry.loadData(self.transformBuffer)
 		if tag == 'glyf':
@@ -100,8 +101,10 @@
 			data = self._reconstructGlyf(rawData, padding)
 		elif tag == 'loca':
 			data = self._reconstructLoca()
+		elif tag == 'hmtx':
+			data = self._reconstructHmtx(rawData)
 		else:
-			raise NotImplementedError
+			raise TTLibError("transform for table '%s' is unknown" % tag)
 		return data
 
 	def _reconstructGlyf(self, data, padding=None):
@@ -130,6 +133,34 @@
 				% (self.tables['loca'].origLength, len(data)))
 		return data
 
+	def _reconstructHmtx(self, data):
+		""" Return reconstructed hmtx table data. """
+		# Before reconstructing 'hmtx' table we need to parse other tables:
+		# 'glyf' is required for reconstructing the sidebearings from the glyphs'
+		# bounding box; 'hhea' is needed for the numberOfHMetrics field.
+		if "glyf" in self.flavorData.transformedTables:
+			# transformed 'glyf' table is self-contained, thus 'loca' not needed
+			tableDependencies = ("maxp", "hhea", "glyf")
+		else:
+			# decompiling untransformed 'glyf' requires 'loca', which requires 'head'
+			tableDependencies = ("maxp", "head", "hhea", "loca", "glyf")
+		for tag in tableDependencies:
+			self._decompileTable(tag)
+		hmtxTable = self.ttFont["hmtx"] = WOFF2HmtxTable()
+		hmtxTable.reconstruct(data, self.ttFont)
+		data = hmtxTable.compile(self.ttFont)
+		return data
+
+	def _decompileTable(self, tag):
+		"""Decompile table data and store it inside self.ttFont."""
+		data = self[tag]
+		if self.ttFont.isLoaded(tag):
+			return self.ttFont[tag]
+		tableClass = getTableClass(tag)
+		table = tableClass(tag)
+		self.ttFont.tables[tag] = table
+		table.decompile(data, self.ttFont)
+
 
 class WOFF2Writer(SFNTWriter):
 
@@ -146,7 +177,7 @@
 		self.file = file
 		self.numTables = numTables
 		self.sfntVersion = Tag(sfntVersion)
-		self.flavorData = flavorData or WOFF2FlavorData()
+		self.flavorData = WOFF2FlavorData(data=flavorData)
 
 		self.directoryFormat = woff2DirectoryFormat
 		self.directorySize = woff2DirectorySize
@@ -199,7 +230,11 @@
 		# See:
 		# https://github.com/khaledhosny/ots/issues/60
 		# https://github.com/google/woff2/issues/15
-		if isTrueType:
+		if (
+			isTrueType
+			and "glyf" in self.flavorData.transformedTables
+			and "glyf" in self.tables
+		):
 			self._normaliseGlyfAndLoca(padding=4)
 		self._setHeadTransformFlag()
 
@@ -234,13 +269,7 @@
 		if self.sfntVersion == "OTTO":
 			return
 
-		# make up glyph names required to decompile glyf table
-		self._decompileTable('maxp')
-		numGlyphs = self.ttFont['maxp'].numGlyphs
-		glyphOrder = ['.notdef'] + ["glyph%.5d" % i for i in range(1, numGlyphs)]
-		self.ttFont.setGlyphOrder(glyphOrder)
-
-		for tag in ('head', 'loca', 'glyf'):
+		for tag in ('maxp', 'head', 'loca', 'glyf'):
 			self._decompileTable(tag)
 		self.ttFont['glyf'].padding = padding
 		for tag in ('glyf', 'loca'):
@@ -265,6 +294,8 @@
 			tableClass = WOFF2LocaTable
 		elif tag == 'glyf':
 			tableClass = WOFF2GlyfTable
+		elif tag == 'hmtx':
+			tableClass = WOFF2HmtxTable
 		else:
 			tableClass = getTableClass(tag)
 		table = tableClass(tag)
@@ -293,11 +324,17 @@
 
 	def _transformTables(self):
 		"""Return transformed font data."""
+		transformedTables = self.flavorData.transformedTables
 		for tag, entry in self.tables.items():
-			if tag in woff2TransformedTableTags:
+			data = None
+			if tag in transformedTables:
 				data = self.transformTable(tag)
-			else:
+				if data is not None:
+					entry.transformed = True
+			if data is None:
+				# pass-through the table data without transformation
 				data = entry.data
+				entry.transformed = False
 			entry.offset = self.nextTableOffset
 			entry.saveData(self.transformBuffer, data)
 			self.nextTableOffset += entry.length
@@ -306,9 +343,9 @@
 		return fontData
 
 	def transformTable(self, tag):
-		"""Return transformed table data."""
-		if tag not in woff2TransformedTableTags:
-			raise TTLibError("Transform for table '%s' is unknown" % tag)
+		"""Return transformed table data, or None if some pre-conditions aren't
+		met -- in which case, the non-transformed table data will be used.
+		"""
 		if tag == "loca":
 			data = b""
 		elif tag == "glyf":
@@ -316,8 +353,15 @@
 				self._decompileTable(tag)
 			glyfTable = self.ttFont['glyf']
 			data = glyfTable.transform(self.ttFont)
+		elif tag == "hmtx":
+			if "glyf" not in self.tables:
+				return
+			for tag in ("maxp", "head", "hhea", "loca", "glyf", "hmtx"):
+				self._decompileTable(tag)
+			hmtxTable = self.ttFont["hmtx"]
+			data = hmtxTable.transform(self.ttFont)  # can be None
 		else:
-			raise NotImplementedError
+			raise TTLibError("Transform for table '%s' is unknown" % tag)
 		return data
 
 	def _calcMasterChecksum(self):
@@ -533,11 +577,9 @@
 			# otherwise, tag is derived from a fixed 'Known Tags' table
 			self.tag = woff2KnownTags[self.flags & 0x3F]
 		self.tag = Tag(self.tag)
-		if self.flags & 0xC0 != 0:
-			raise TTLibError('bits 6-7 are reserved and must be 0')
 		self.origLength, data = unpackBase128(data)
 		self.length = self.origLength
-		if self.tag in woff2TransformedTableTags:
+		if self.transformed:
 			self.length, data = unpackBase128(data)
 			if self.tag == 'loca' and self.length != 0:
 				raise TTLibError(
@@ -550,10 +592,44 @@
 		if (self.flags & 0x3F) == 0x3F:
 			data += struct.pack('>4s', self.tag.tobytes())
 		data += packBase128(self.origLength)
-		if self.tag in woff2TransformedTableTags:
+		if self.transformed:
 			data += packBase128(self.length)
 		return data
 
+	@property
+	def transformVersion(self):
+		"""Return bits 6-7 of table entry's flags, which indicate the preprocessing
+		transformation version number (between 0 and 3).
+		"""
+		return self.flags >> 6
+
+	@transformVersion.setter
+	def transformVersion(self, value):
+		assert 0 <= value <= 3
+		self.flags |= value << 6
+
+	@property
+	def transformed(self):
+		"""Return True if the table has any transformation, else return False."""
+		# For all tables in a font, except for 'glyf' and 'loca', the transformation
+		# version 0 indicates the null transform (where the original table data is
+		# passed directly to the Brotli compressor). For 'glyf' and 'loca' tables,
+		# transformation version 3 indicates the null transform
+		if self.tag in {"glyf", "loca"}:
+			return self.transformVersion != 3
+		else:
+			return self.transformVersion != 0
+
+	@transformed.setter
+	def transformed(self, booleanValue):
+		# here we assume that a non-null transform means version 0 for 'glyf' and
+		# 'loca' and 1 for every other table (e.g. hmtx); but that may change as
+		# new transformation formats are introduced in the future (if ever).
+		if self.tag in {"glyf", "loca"}:
+			self.transformVersion = 3 if not booleanValue else 0
+		else:
+			self.transformVersion = int(booleanValue)
+
 
 class WOFF2LocaTable(getTableClass('loca')):
 	"""Same as parent class. The only difference is that it attempts to preserve
@@ -582,9 +658,8 @@
 					locations.append(self.locations[i] // 2)
 			else:
 				locations = array.array("I", self.locations)
-			if sys.byteorder != "big":
-				locations.byteswap()
-			data = locations.tostring()
+			if sys.byteorder != "big": locations.byteswap()
+			data = locations.tobytes()
 		else:
 			# use the most compact indexFormat given the current glyph offsets
 			data = super(WOFF2LocaTable, self).compile(ttFont)
@@ -627,8 +702,7 @@
 		self.bboxStream = self.bboxStream[bboxBitmapSize:]
 
 		self.nContourStream = array.array("h", self.nContourStream)
-		if sys.byteorder != "big":
-			self.nContourStream.byteswap()
+		if sys.byteorder != "big": self.nContourStream.byteswap()
 		assert len(self.nContourStream) == self.numGlyphs
 
 		if 'head' in ttFont:
@@ -654,19 +728,7 @@
 	def transform(self, ttFont):
 		""" Return transformed 'glyf' data """
 		self.numGlyphs = len(self.glyphs)
-		if not hasattr(self, "glyphOrder"):
-			try:
-				self.glyphOrder = ttFont.getGlyphOrder()
-			except:
-				self.glyphOrder = None
-			if self.glyphOrder is None:
-				self.glyphOrder = [".notdef"]
-				self.glyphOrder.extend(["glyph%.5d" % i for i in range(1, self.numGlyphs)])
-		if len(self.glyphOrder) != self.numGlyphs:
-			raise TTLibError(
-				"incorrect glyphOrder: expected %d glyphs, found %d" %
-				(len(self.glyphOrder), self.numGlyphs))
-
+		assert len(self.glyphOrder) == self.numGlyphs
 		if 'maxp' in ttFont:
 			ttFont['maxp'].numGlyphs = self.numGlyphs
 		self.indexFormat = ttFont['head'].indexToLocFormat
@@ -679,7 +741,7 @@
 		for glyphID in range(self.numGlyphs):
 			self._encodeGlyph(glyphID)
 
-		self.bboxStream = self.bboxBitmap.tostring() + self.bboxStream
+		self.bboxStream = self.bboxBitmap.tobytes() + self.bboxStream
 		for stream in self.subStreams:
 			setattr(self, stream + 'Size', len(getattr(self, stream)))
 		self.version = 0
@@ -873,7 +935,7 @@
 		flags = array.array('B')
 		triplets = array.array('B')
 		for i in range(len(coordinates)):
-			onCurve = glyph.flags[i]
+			onCurve = glyph.flags[i] & _g_l_y_f.flagOnCurve
 			x, y = coordinates[i]
 			absX = abs(x)
 			absY = abs(y)
@@ -907,36 +969,231 @@
 				triplets.append(absY >> 8)
 				triplets.append(absY & 0xff)
 
-		self.flagStream += flags.tostring()
-		self.glyphStream += triplets.tostring()
+		self.flagStream += flags.tobytes()
+		self.glyphStream += triplets.tobytes()
+
+
+class WOFF2HmtxTable(getTableClass("hmtx")):
+
+	def __init__(self, tag=None):
+		self.tableTag = Tag(tag or 'hmtx')
+
+	def reconstruct(self, data, ttFont):
+		flags, = struct.unpack(">B", data[:1])
+		data = data[1:]
+		if flags & 0b11111100 != 0:
+			raise TTLibError("Bits 2-7 of '%s' flags are reserved" % self.tableTag)
+
+		# When bit 0 is _not_ set, the lsb[] array is present
+		hasLsbArray = flags & 1 == 0
+		# When bit 1 is _not_ set, the leftSideBearing[] array is present
+		hasLeftSideBearingArray = flags & 2 == 0
+		if hasLsbArray and hasLeftSideBearingArray:
+			raise TTLibError(
+				"either bits 0 or 1 (or both) must set in transformed '%s' flags"
+				% self.tableTag
+			)
+
+		glyfTable = ttFont["glyf"]
+		headerTable = ttFont["hhea"]
+		glyphOrder = glyfTable.glyphOrder
+		numGlyphs = len(glyphOrder)
+		numberOfHMetrics = min(int(headerTable.numberOfHMetrics), numGlyphs)
+
+		assert len(data) >= 2 * numberOfHMetrics
+		advanceWidthArray = array.array("H", data[:2 * numberOfHMetrics])
+		if sys.byteorder != "big":
+			advanceWidthArray.byteswap()
+		data = data[2 * numberOfHMetrics:]
+
+		if hasLsbArray:
+			assert len(data) >= 2 * numberOfHMetrics
+			lsbArray = array.array("h", data[:2 * numberOfHMetrics])
+			if sys.byteorder != "big":
+				lsbArray.byteswap()
+			data = data[2 * numberOfHMetrics:]
+		else:
+			# compute (proportional) glyphs' lsb from their xMin
+			lsbArray = array.array("h")
+			for i, glyphName in enumerate(glyphOrder):
+				if i >= numberOfHMetrics:
+					break
+				glyph = glyfTable[glyphName]
+				xMin = getattr(glyph, "xMin", 0)
+				lsbArray.append(xMin)
+
+		numberOfSideBearings = numGlyphs - numberOfHMetrics
+		if hasLeftSideBearingArray:
+			assert len(data) >= 2 * numberOfSideBearings
+			leftSideBearingArray = array.array("h", data[:2 * numberOfSideBearings])
+			if sys.byteorder != "big":
+				leftSideBearingArray.byteswap()
+			data = data[2 * numberOfSideBearings:]
+		else:
+			# compute (monospaced) glyphs' leftSideBearing from their xMin
+			leftSideBearingArray = array.array("h")
+			for i, glyphName in enumerate(glyphOrder):
+				if i < numberOfHMetrics:
+					continue
+				glyph = glyfTable[glyphName]
+				xMin = getattr(glyph, "xMin", 0)
+				leftSideBearingArray.append(xMin)
+
+		if data:
+			raise TTLibError("too much '%s' table data" % self.tableTag)
+
+		self.metrics = {}
+		for i in range(numberOfHMetrics):
+			glyphName = glyphOrder[i]
+			advanceWidth, lsb = advanceWidthArray[i], lsbArray[i]
+			self.metrics[glyphName] = (advanceWidth, lsb)
+		lastAdvance = advanceWidthArray[-1]
+		for i in range(numberOfSideBearings):
+			glyphName = glyphOrder[i + numberOfHMetrics]
+			self.metrics[glyphName] = (lastAdvance, leftSideBearingArray[i])
+
+	def transform(self, ttFont):
+		glyphOrder = ttFont.getGlyphOrder()
+		glyf = ttFont["glyf"]
+		hhea = ttFont["hhea"]
+		numberOfHMetrics = hhea.numberOfHMetrics
+
+		# check if any of the proportional glyphs has left sidebearings that
+		# differ from their xMin bounding box values.
+		hasLsbArray = False
+		for i in range(numberOfHMetrics):
+			glyphName = glyphOrder[i]
+			lsb = self.metrics[glyphName][1]
+			if lsb != getattr(glyf[glyphName], "xMin", 0):
+				hasLsbArray = True
+				break
+
+		# do the same for the monospaced glyphs (if any) at the end of hmtx table
+		hasLeftSideBearingArray = False
+		for i in range(numberOfHMetrics, len(glyphOrder)):
+			glyphName = glyphOrder[i]
+			lsb = self.metrics[glyphName][1]
+			if lsb != getattr(glyf[glyphName], "xMin", 0):
+				hasLeftSideBearingArray = True
+				break
+
+		# if we need to encode both sidebearings arrays, then no transformation is
+		# applicable, and we must use the untransformed hmtx data
+		if hasLsbArray and hasLeftSideBearingArray:
+			return
+
+		# set bit 0 and 1 when the respective arrays are _not_ present
+		flags = 0
+		if not hasLsbArray:
+			flags |= 1 << 0
+		if not hasLeftSideBearingArray:
+			flags |= 1 << 1
+
+		data = struct.pack(">B", flags)
+
+		advanceWidthArray = array.array(
+			"H",
+			[
+				self.metrics[glyphName][0]
+				for i, glyphName in enumerate(glyphOrder)
+				if i < numberOfHMetrics
+			]
+		)
+		if sys.byteorder != "big":
+			advanceWidthArray.byteswap()
+		data += advanceWidthArray.tobytes()
+
+		if hasLsbArray:
+			lsbArray = array.array(
+				"h",
+				[
+					self.metrics[glyphName][1]
+					for i, glyphName in enumerate(glyphOrder)
+					if i < numberOfHMetrics
+				]
+			)
+			if sys.byteorder != "big":
+				lsbArray.byteswap()
+			data += lsbArray.tobytes()
+
+		if hasLeftSideBearingArray:
+			leftSideBearingArray = array.array(
+				"h",
+				[
+					self.metrics[glyphOrder[i]][1]
+					for i in range(numberOfHMetrics, len(glyphOrder))
+				]
+			)
+			if sys.byteorder != "big":
+				leftSideBearingArray.byteswap()
+			data += leftSideBearingArray.tobytes()
+
+		return data
 
 
 class WOFF2FlavorData(WOFFFlavorData):
 
 	Flavor = 'woff2'
 
-	def __init__(self, reader=None):
+	def __init__(self, reader=None, data=None, transformedTables=None):
+		"""Data class that holds the WOFF2 header major/minor version, any
+		metadata or private data (as bytes strings), and the set of
+		table tags that have transformations applied (if reader is not None),
+		or will have once the WOFF2 font is compiled.
+
+		Args:
+			reader: an SFNTReader (or subclass) object to read flavor data from.
+			data: another WOFFFlavorData object to initialise data from.
+			transformedTables: set of strings containing table tags to be transformed.
+
+		Raises:
+			ImportError if the brotli module is not installed.
+
+		NOTE: The 'reader' argument, on the one hand, and the 'data' and
+		'transformedTables' arguments, on the other hand, are mutually exclusive.
+		"""
 		if not haveBrotli:
 			raise ImportError("No module named brotli")
-		self.majorVersion = None
-		self.minorVersion = None
-		self.metaData = None
-		self.privData = None
+
+		if reader is not None:
+			if data is not None:
+				raise TypeError(
+					"'reader' and 'data' arguments are mutually exclusive"
+				)
+			if transformedTables is not None:
+				raise TypeError(
+					"'reader' and 'transformedTables' arguments are mutually exclusive"
+				)
+
+		if transformedTables is not None and (
+				"glyf" in transformedTables and "loca" not in transformedTables
+				or "loca" in transformedTables and "glyf" not in transformedTables
+			):
+				raise ValueError(
+					"'glyf' and 'loca' must be transformed (or not) together"
+				)
+		super(WOFF2FlavorData, self).__init__(reader=reader)
 		if reader:
-			self.majorVersion = reader.majorVersion
-			self.minorVersion = reader.minorVersion
-			if reader.metaLength:
-				reader.file.seek(reader.metaOffset)
-				rawData = reader.file.read(reader.metaLength)
-				assert len(rawData) == reader.metaLength
-				data = brotli.decompress(rawData)
-				assert len(data) == reader.metaOrigLength
-				self.metaData = data
-			if reader.privLength:
-				reader.file.seek(reader.privOffset)
-				data = reader.file.read(reader.privLength)
-				assert len(data) == reader.privLength
-				self.privData = data
+			transformedTables = [
+				tag
+				for tag, entry in reader.tables.items()
+				if entry.transformed
+			]
+		elif data:
+			self.majorVersion = data.majorVersion
+			self.majorVersion = data.minorVersion
+			self.metaData = data.metaData
+			self.privData = data.privData
+			if transformedTables is None and hasattr(data, "transformedTables"):
+				 transformedTables = data.transformedTables
+
+		if transformedTables is None:
+			transformedTables = woff2TransformedTableTags
+
+		self.transformedTables = set(transformedTables)
+
+	def _decompress(self, rawData):
+		return brotli.decompress(rawData)
 
 
 def unpackBase128(data):
@@ -1093,6 +1350,184 @@
 		return struct.pack(">BH", 253, value)
 
 
+def compress(input_file, output_file, transform_tables=None):
+	"""Compress OpenType font to WOFF2.
+
+	Args:
+		input_file: a file path, file or file-like object (open in binary mode)
+			containing an OpenType font (either CFF- or TrueType-flavored).
+		output_file: a file path, file or file-like object where to save the
+			compressed WOFF2 font.
+		transform_tables: Optional[Iterable[str]]: a set of table tags for which
+			to enable preprocessing transformations. By default, only 'glyf'
+			and 'loca' tables are transformed. An empty set means disable all
+			transformations.
+	"""
+	log.info("Processing %s => %s" % (input_file, output_file))
+
+	font = TTFont(input_file, recalcBBoxes=False, recalcTimestamp=False)
+	font.flavor = "woff2"
+
+	if transform_tables is not None:
+		font.flavorData = WOFF2FlavorData(
+			data=font.flavorData, transformedTables=transform_tables
+		)
+
+	font.save(output_file, reorderTables=False)
+
+
+def decompress(input_file, output_file):
+	"""Decompress WOFF2 font to OpenType font.
+
+	Args:
+		input_file: a file path, file or file-like object (open in binary mode)
+			containing a compressed WOFF2 font.
+		output_file: a file path, file or file-like object where to save the
+			decompressed OpenType font.
+	"""
+	log.info("Processing %s => %s" % (input_file, output_file))
+
+	font = TTFont(input_file, recalcBBoxes=False, recalcTimestamp=False)
+	font.flavor = None
+	font.flavorData = None
+	font.save(output_file, reorderTables=True)
+
+
+def main(args=None):
+	"""Compress and decompress WOFF2 fonts"""
+	import argparse
+	from fontTools import configLogger
+	from fontTools.ttx import makeOutputFileName
+
+	class _HelpAction(argparse._HelpAction):
+
+		def __call__(self, parser, namespace, values, option_string=None):
+			subparsers_actions = [
+					action for action in parser._actions
+					if isinstance(action, argparse._SubParsersAction)]
+			for subparsers_action in subparsers_actions:
+					for choice, subparser in subparsers_action.choices.items():
+							print(subparser.format_help())
+			parser.exit()
+
+	class _NoGlyfTransformAction(argparse.Action):
+		def __call__(self, parser, namespace, values, option_string=None):
+			namespace.transform_tables.difference_update({"glyf", "loca"})
+
+	class _HmtxTransformAction(argparse.Action):
+		def __call__(self, parser, namespace, values, option_string=None):
+			namespace.transform_tables.add("hmtx")
+
+	parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(
+		prog="fonttools ttLib.woff2",
+		description=main.__doc__,
+		add_help = False
+	)
+
+	parser.add_argument('-h', '--help', action=_HelpAction,
+		help='show this help message and exit')
+
+	parser_group = parser.add_subparsers(title="sub-commands")
+	parser_compress = parser_group.add_parser("compress",
+		description = "Compress a TTF or OTF font to WOFF2")
+	parser_decompress = parser_group.add_parser("decompress",
+		description = "Decompress a WOFF2 font to OTF")
+
+	for subparser in (parser_compress, parser_decompress):
+		group = subparser.add_mutually_exclusive_group(required=False)
+		group.add_argument(
+			"-v",
+			"--verbose",
+			action="store_true",
+			help="print more messages to console",
+		)
+		group.add_argument(
+			"-q",
+			"--quiet",
+			action="store_true",
+			help="do not print messages to console",
+		)
+
+	parser_compress.add_argument(
+		"input_file",
+		metavar="INPUT",
+		help="the input OpenType font (.ttf or .otf)",
+	)
+	parser_decompress.add_argument(
+		"input_file",
+		metavar="INPUT",
+		help="the input WOFF2 font",
+	)
+
+	parser_compress.add_argument(
+		"-o",
+		"--output-file",
+		metavar="OUTPUT",
+		help="the output WOFF2 font",
+	)
+	parser_decompress.add_argument(
+		"-o",
+		"--output-file",
+		metavar="OUTPUT",
+		help="the output OpenType font",
+	)
+
+	transform_group = parser_compress.add_argument_group()
+	transform_group.add_argument(
+		"--no-glyf-transform",
+		dest="transform_tables",
+		nargs=0,
+		action=_NoGlyfTransformAction,
+		help="Do not transform glyf (and loca) tables",
+	)
+	transform_group.add_argument(
+		"--hmtx-transform",
+		dest="transform_tables",
+		nargs=0,
+		action=_HmtxTransformAction,
+		help="Enable optional transformation for 'hmtx' table",
+	)
+
+	parser_compress.set_defaults(
+		subcommand=compress,
+		transform_tables={"glyf", "loca"},
+	)
+	parser_decompress.set_defaults(subcommand=decompress)
+
+	options = vars(parser.parse_args(args))
+
+	subcommand = options.pop("subcommand", None)
+	if not subcommand:
+		parser.print_help()
+		return
+
+	quiet = options.pop("quiet")
+	verbose = options.pop("verbose")
+	configLogger(
+		level=("ERROR" if quiet else "DEBUG" if verbose else "INFO"),
+	)
+
+	if not options["output_file"]:
+		if subcommand is compress:
+			extension = ".woff2"
+		elif subcommand is decompress:
+			# choose .ttf/.otf file extension depending on sfntVersion
+			with open(options["input_file"], "rb") as f:
+				f.seek(4)  # skip 'wOF2' signature
+				sfntVersion = f.read(4)
+			assert len(sfntVersion) == 4, "not enough data"
+			extension = ".otf" if sfntVersion == b"OTTO" else ".ttf"
+		else:
+			raise AssertionError(subcommand)
+		options["output_file"] = makeOutputFileName(
+			options["input_file"], outputDir=None, extension=extension
+		)
+
+	try:
+		subcommand(**options)
+	except TTLibError as e:
+		parser.error(e)
+
+
 if __name__ == "__main__":
-	import doctest
-	sys.exit(doctest.testmod().failed)
+	sys.exit(main())
diff --git a/Lib/fontTools/ttx.py b/Lib/fontTools/ttx.py
index f695437..55b2751 100644
--- a/Lib/fontTools/ttx.py
+++ b/Lib/fontTools/ttx.py
@@ -41,6 +41,7 @@
     -g Split glyf table: Save the glyf data into separate TTX files
        per glyph and write a small TTX for the glyf table which
        contains references to the individual TTGlyph elements.
+       NOTE: specifying -g implies -s (no need for -s together with -g)
     -i Do NOT disassemble TT instructions: when this option is given,
        all TrueType programs (glyph programs, the font program and the
        pre-program) will be written to the TTX file as hex data
@@ -76,6 +77,7 @@
        file as-is.
     --recalc-timestamp Set font 'modified' timestamp to current time.
        By default, the modification time of the TTX file will be used.
+    --no-recalc-timestamp Keep the original font 'modified' timestamp.
     --flavor <type> Specify flavor of output font file. May be 'woff'
       or 'woff2'. Note that WOFF2 requires the Brotli Python extension,
       available at https://github.com/google/brotli
@@ -84,8 +86,7 @@
 """
 
 
-from __future__ import print_function, division, absolute_import
-from fontTools.misc.py23 import *
+from fontTools.misc.py23 import Tag, tostr
 from fontTools.ttLib import TTFont, TTLibError
 from fontTools.misc.macCreatorType import getMacCreatorAndType
 from fontTools.unicode import setUnicodeData
@@ -121,8 +122,8 @@
 	ignoreDecompileErrors = True
 	bitmapGlyphDataFormat = 'raw'
 	unicodedata = None
-	newlinestr = None
-	recalcTimestamp = False
+	newlinestr = "\n"
+	recalcTimestamp = None
 	flavor = None
 	useZopfli = False
 
@@ -165,7 +166,9 @@
 			elif option == "-s":
 				self.splitTables = True
 			elif option == "-g":
+				# -g implies (and forces) splitTables
 				self.splitGlyphs = True
+				self.splitTables = True
 			elif option == "-i":
 				self.disassembleInstructions = False
 			elif option == "-z":
@@ -201,6 +204,8 @@
 						% (value, ", ".join(map(repr, validOptions))))
 			elif option == "--recalc-timestamp":
 				self.recalcTimestamp = True
+			elif option == "--no-recalc-timestamp":
+				self.recalcTimestamp = False
 			elif option == "--flavor":
 				self.flavor = value
 			elif option == "--with-zopfli":
@@ -215,7 +220,6 @@
 			self.logLevel = logging.INFO
 		if self.mergeFile and self.flavor:
 			raise getopt.GetoptError("-m and --flavor options are mutually exclusive")
-			sys.exit(2)
 		if self.onlyTables and self.skipTables:
 			raise getopt.GetoptError("-t and -x options are mutually exclusive")
 		if self.mergeFile and numFiles > 1:
@@ -229,9 +233,9 @@
 	reader = ttf.reader
 	tags = sorted(reader.keys())
 	print('Listing table info for "%s":' % input)
-	format = "    %4s  %10s  %7s  %7s"
-	print(format % ("tag ", "  checksum", " length", " offset"))
-	print(format % ("----", "----------", "-------", "-------"))
+	format = "    %4s  %10s  %8s  %8s"
+	print(format % ("tag ", "  checksum", "  length", "  offset"))
+	print(format % ("----", "----------", "--------", "--------"))
 	for tag in tags:
 		entry = reader.tables[tag]
 		if ttf.flavor == "woff2":
@@ -280,7 +284,7 @@
 			allowVID=options.allowVID)
 	ttf.importXML(input)
 
-	if not options.recalcTimestamp and 'head' in ttf:
+	if options.recalcTimestamp is None and 'head' in ttf:
 		# use TTX file modification time for head "modified" timestamp
 		mtime = os.path.getmtime(input)
 		ttf['head'].modified = timestampSinceEpoch(mtime)
@@ -291,11 +295,11 @@
 def guessFileType(fileName):
 	base, ext = os.path.splitext(fileName)
 	try:
-		f = open(fileName, "rb")
+		with open(fileName, "rb") as f:
+			header = f.read(256)
 	except IOError:
 		return None
-	header = f.read(256)
-	f.close()
+
 	if header.startswith(b'\xef\xbb\xbf<?xml'):
 		header = header.lstrip(b'\xef\xbb\xbf')
 	cr, tp = getMacCreatorAndType(fileName)
@@ -326,8 +330,8 @@
 
 def parseOptions(args):
 	rawOptions, files = getopt.getopt(args, "ld:o:fvqht:x:sgim:z:baey:",
-			['unicodedata=', "recalc-timestamp", 'flavor=', 'version',
-			 'with-zopfli', 'newline='])
+			['unicodedata=', "recalc-timestamp", "no-recalc-timestamp",
+			 'flavor=', 'version', 'with-zopfli', 'newline='])
 
 	options = Options(rawOptions, len(files))
 	jobs = []
@@ -380,6 +384,7 @@
 
 
 def main(args=None):
+	"""Convert OpenType fonts to XML and back"""
 	from fontTools import configLogger
 
 	if args is None:
diff --git a/Lib/fontTools/ufoLib/__init__.py b/Lib/fontTools/ufoLib/__init__.py
new file mode 100755
index 0000000..e846d08
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Lib/fontTools/ufoLib/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,2308 @@
+import os
+from copy import deepcopy
+from os import fsdecode
+import logging
+import zipfile
+import enum
+from collections import OrderedDict
+import fs
+import fs.base
+import fs.subfs
+import fs.errors
+import fs.copy
+import fs.osfs
+import fs.zipfs
+import fs.tempfs
+import fs.tools
+from fontTools.misc import plistlib
+from fontTools.ufoLib.validators import *
+from fontTools.ufoLib.filenames import userNameToFileName
+from fontTools.ufoLib.converters import convertUFO1OrUFO2KerningToUFO3Kerning
+from fontTools.ufoLib.errors import UFOLibError
+from fontTools.ufoLib.utils import numberTypes, _VersionTupleEnumMixin
+
+"""
+A library for importing .ufo files and their descendants.
+Refer to http://unifiedfontobject.com for the UFO specification.
+
+The UFOReader and UFOWriter classes support versions 1, 2 and 3
+of the specification.
+
+Sets that list the font info attribute names for the fontinfo.plist
+formats are available for external use. These are:
+	fontInfoAttributesVersion1
+	fontInfoAttributesVersion2
+	fontInfoAttributesVersion3
+
+A set listing the fontinfo.plist attributes that were deprecated
+in version 2 is available for external use:
+	deprecatedFontInfoAttributesVersion2
+
+Functions that do basic validation on values for fontinfo.plist
+are available for external use. These are
+	validateFontInfoVersion2ValueForAttribute
+	validateFontInfoVersion3ValueForAttribute
+
+Value conversion functions are available for converting
+fontinfo.plist values between the possible format versions.
+	convertFontInfoValueForAttributeFromVersion1ToVersion2
+	convertFontInfoValueForAttributeFromVersion2ToVersion1
+	convertFontInfoValueForAttributeFromVersion2ToVersion3
+	convertFontInfoValueForAttributeFromVersion3ToVersion2
+"""
+
+__all__ = [
+	"makeUFOPath",
+	"UFOLibError",
+	"UFOReader",
+	"UFOWriter",
+	"UFOReaderWriter",
+	"UFOFileStructure",
+	"fontInfoAttributesVersion1",
+	"fontInfoAttributesVersion2",
+	"fontInfoAttributesVersion3",
+	"deprecatedFontInfoAttributesVersion2",
+	"validateFontInfoVersion2ValueForAttribute",
+	"validateFontInfoVersion3ValueForAttribute",
+	"convertFontInfoValueForAttributeFromVersion1ToVersion2",
+	"convertFontInfoValueForAttributeFromVersion2ToVersion1"
+]
+
+__version__ = "3.0.0"
+
+
+logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+
+# ---------
+# Constants
+# ---------
+
+DEFAULT_GLYPHS_DIRNAME = "glyphs"
+DATA_DIRNAME = "data"
+IMAGES_DIRNAME = "images"
+METAINFO_FILENAME = "metainfo.plist"
+FONTINFO_FILENAME = "fontinfo.plist"
+LIB_FILENAME = "lib.plist"
+GROUPS_FILENAME = "groups.plist"
+KERNING_FILENAME = "kerning.plist"
+FEATURES_FILENAME = "features.fea"
+LAYERCONTENTS_FILENAME = "layercontents.plist"
+LAYERINFO_FILENAME = "layerinfo.plist"
+
+DEFAULT_LAYER_NAME = "public.default"
+
+
+class UFOFormatVersion(tuple, _VersionTupleEnumMixin, enum.Enum):
+	FORMAT_1_0 = (1, 0)
+	FORMAT_2_0 = (2, 0)
+	FORMAT_3_0 = (3, 0)
+
+
+class UFOFileStructure(enum.Enum):
+	ZIP = "zip"
+	PACKAGE = "package"
+
+
+# --------------
+# Shared Methods
+# --------------
+
+
+class _UFOBaseIO:
+
+	def getFileModificationTime(self, path):
+		"""
+		Returns the modification time for the file at the given path, as a
+		floating point number giving the number of seconds since the epoch.
+		The path must be relative to the UFO path.
+		Returns None if the file does not exist.
+		"""
+		try:
+			dt = self.fs.getinfo(fsdecode(path), namespaces=["details"]).modified
+		except (fs.errors.MissingInfoNamespace, fs.errors.ResourceNotFound):
+			return None
+		else:
+			return dt.timestamp()
+
+	def _getPlist(self, fileName, default=None):
+		"""
+		Read a property list relative to the UFO filesystem's root.
+		Raises UFOLibError if the file is missing and default is None,
+		otherwise default is returned.
+
+		The errors that could be raised during the reading of a plist are
+		unpredictable and/or too large to list, so, a blind try: except:
+		is done. If an exception occurs, a UFOLibError will be raised.
+		"""
+		try:
+			with self.fs.open(fileName, "rb") as f:
+				return plistlib.load(f)
+		except fs.errors.ResourceNotFound:
+			if default is None:
+				raise UFOLibError(
+					"'%s' is missing on %s. This file is required"
+					% (fileName, self.fs)
+				)
+			else:
+				return default
+		except Exception as e:
+			# TODO(anthrotype): try to narrow this down a little
+			raise UFOLibError(
+				f"'{fileName}' could not be read on {self.fs}: {e}"
+			)
+
+	def _writePlist(self, fileName, obj):
+		"""
+		Write a property list to a file relative to the UFO filesystem's root.
+
+		Do this sort of atomically, making it harder to corrupt existing files,
+		for example when plistlib encounters an error halfway during write.
+		This also checks to see if text matches the text that is already in the
+		file at path. If so, the file is not rewritten so that the modification
+		date is preserved.
+
+		The errors that could be raised during the writing of a plist are
+		unpredictable and/or too large to list, so, a blind try: except: is done.
+		If an exception occurs, a UFOLibError will be raised.
+		"""
+		if self._havePreviousFile:
+			try:
+				data = plistlib.dumps(obj)
+			except Exception as e:
+				raise UFOLibError(
+					"'%s' could not be written on %s because "
+					"the data is not properly formatted: %s"
+					% (fileName, self.fs, e)
+				)
+			if self.fs.exists(fileName) and data == self.fs.readbytes(fileName):
+				return
+			self.fs.writebytes(fileName, data)
+		else:
+			with self.fs.openbin(fileName, mode="w") as fp:
+				try:
+					plistlib.dump(obj, fp)
+				except Exception as e:
+					raise UFOLibError(
+						"'%s' could not be written on %s because "
+						"the data is not properly formatted: %s"
+						% (fileName, self.fs, e)
+					)
+
+
+# ----------
+# UFO Reader
+# ----------
+
+class UFOReader(_UFOBaseIO):
+
+	"""
+	Read the various components of the .ufo.
+
+	By default read data is validated. Set ``validate`` to
+	``False`` to not validate the data.
+	"""
+
+	def __init__(self, path, validate=True):
+		if hasattr(path, "__fspath__"):  # support os.PathLike objects
+			path = path.__fspath__()
+
+		if isinstance(path, str):
+			structure = _sniffFileStructure(path)
+			try:
+				if structure is UFOFileStructure.ZIP:
+					parentFS = fs.zipfs.ZipFS(path, write=False, encoding="utf-8")
+				else:
+					parentFS = fs.osfs.OSFS(path)
+			except fs.errors.CreateFailed as e:
+				raise UFOLibError(f"unable to open '{path}': {e}")
+
+			if structure is UFOFileStructure.ZIP:
+				# .ufoz zip files must contain a single root directory, with arbitrary
+				# name, containing all the UFO files
+				rootDirs = [
+					p.name for p in parentFS.scandir("/")
+					# exclude macOS metadata contained in zip file
+					if p.is_dir and p.name != "__MACOSX"
+				]
+				if len(rootDirs) == 1:
+					# 'ClosingSubFS' ensures that the parent zip file is closed when
+					# its root subdirectory is closed
+					self.fs = parentFS.opendir(
+						rootDirs[0], factory=fs.subfs.ClosingSubFS
+					)
+				else:
+					raise UFOLibError(
+						"Expected exactly 1 root directory, found %d" % len(rootDirs)
+					)
+			else:
+				# normal UFO 'packages' are just a single folder
+				self.fs = parentFS
+			# when passed a path string, we make sure we close the newly opened fs
+			# upon calling UFOReader.close method or context manager's __exit__
+			self._shouldClose = True
+			self._fileStructure = structure
+		elif isinstance(path, fs.base.FS):
+			filesystem = path
+			try:
+				filesystem.check()
+			except fs.errors.FilesystemClosed:
+				raise UFOLibError("the filesystem '%s' is closed" % path)
+			else:
+				self.fs = filesystem
+			try:
+				path = filesystem.getsyspath("/")
+			except fs.errors.NoSysPath:
+				# network or in-memory FS may not map to the local one
+				path = str(filesystem)
+			# when user passed an already initialized fs instance, it is her
+			# responsibility to close it, thus UFOReader.close/__exit__ are no-op
+			self._shouldClose = False
+			# default to a 'package' structure
+			self._fileStructure = UFOFileStructure.PACKAGE
+		else:
+			raise TypeError(
+				"Expected a path string or fs.base.FS object, found '%s'"
+				% type(path).__name__
+			)
+		self._path = fsdecode(path)
+		self._validate = validate
+		self._upConvertedKerningData = None
+
+		try:
+			self.readMetaInfo(validate=validate)
+		except UFOLibError:
+			self.close()
+			raise
+
+	# properties
+
+	def _get_path(self):
+		import warnings
+
+		warnings.warn(
+			"The 'path' attribute is deprecated; use the 'fs' attribute instead",
+			DeprecationWarning,
+			stacklevel=2,
+		)
+		return self._path
+
+	path = property(_get_path, doc="The path of the UFO (DEPRECATED).")
+
+	def _get_formatVersion(self):
+		import warnings
+
+		warnings.warn(
+			"The 'formatVersion' attribute is deprecated; use the 'formatVersionTuple'",
+			DeprecationWarning,
+			stacklevel=2,
+		)
+		return self._formatVersion.major
+
+	formatVersion = property(
+		_get_formatVersion,
+		doc="The (major) format version of the UFO. DEPRECATED: Use formatVersionTuple"
+	)
+
+	@property
+	def formatVersionTuple(self):
+		"""The (major, minor) format version of the UFO.
+		This is determined by reading metainfo.plist during __init__.
+		"""
+		return self._formatVersion
+
+	def _get_fileStructure(self):
+		return self._fileStructure
+
+	fileStructure = property(
+		_get_fileStructure,
+		doc=(
+			"The file structure of the UFO: "
+			"either UFOFileStructure.ZIP or UFOFileStructure.PACKAGE"
+		)
+	)
+
+	# up conversion
+
+	def _upConvertKerning(self, validate):
+		"""
+		Up convert kerning and groups in UFO 1 and 2.
+		The data will be held internally until each bit of data
+		has been retrieved. The conversion of both must be done
+		at once, so the raw data is cached and an error is raised
+		if one bit of data becomes obsolete before it is called.
+
+		``validate`` will validate the data.
+		"""
+		if self._upConvertedKerningData:
+			testKerning = self._readKerning()
+			if testKerning != self._upConvertedKerningData["originalKerning"]:
+				raise UFOLibError("The data in kerning.plist has been modified since it was converted to UFO 3 format.")
+			testGroups = self._readGroups()
+			if testGroups != self._upConvertedKerningData["originalGroups"]:
+				raise UFOLibError("The data in groups.plist has been modified since it was converted to UFO 3 format.")
+		else:
+			groups = self._readGroups()
+			if validate:
+				invalidFormatMessage = "groups.plist is not properly formatted."
+				if not isinstance(groups, dict):
+					raise UFOLibError(invalidFormatMessage)
+				for groupName, glyphList in groups.items():
+					if not isinstance(groupName, str):
+						raise UFOLibError(invalidFormatMessage)
+					elif not isinstance(glyphList, list):
+						raise UFOLibError(invalidFormatMessage)
+					for glyphName in glyphList:
+						if not isinstance(glyphName, str):
+							raise UFOLibError(invalidFormatMessage)
+			self._upConvertedKerningData = dict(
+				kerning={},
+				originalKerning=self._readKerning(),
+				groups={},
+				originalGroups=groups
+			)
+			# convert kerning and groups
+			kerning, groups, conversionMaps = convertUFO1OrUFO2KerningToUFO3Kerning(
+				self._upConvertedKerningData["originalKerning"],
+				deepcopy(self._upConvertedKerningData["originalGroups"]),
+				self.getGlyphSet()
+			)
+			# store
+			self._upConvertedKerningData["kerning"] = kerning
+			self._upConvertedKerningData["groups"] = groups
+			self._upConvertedKerningData["groupRenameMaps"] = conversionMaps
+
+	# support methods
+
+	def readBytesFromPath(self, path):
+		"""
+		Returns the bytes in the file at the given path.
+		The path must be relative to the UFO's filesystem root.
+		Returns None if the file does not exist.
+		"""
+		try:
+			return self.fs.readbytes(fsdecode(path))
+		except fs.errors.ResourceNotFound:
+			return None
+
+	def getReadFileForPath(self, path, encoding=None):
+		"""
+		Returns a file (or file-like) object for the file at the given path.
+		The path must be relative to the UFO path.
+		Returns None if the file does not exist.
+		By default the file is opened in binary mode (reads bytes).
+		If encoding is passed, the file is opened in text mode (reads str).
+
+		Note: The caller is responsible for closing the open file.
+		"""
+		path = fsdecode(path)
+		try:
+			if encoding is None:
+				return self.fs.openbin(path)
+			else:
+				return self.fs.open(path, mode="r", encoding=encoding)
+		except fs.errors.ResourceNotFound:
+			return None
+	# metainfo.plist
+
+	def _readMetaInfo(self, validate=None):
+		"""
+		Read metainfo.plist and return raw data. Only used for internal operations.
+
+		``validate`` will validate the read data, by default it is set
+		to the class's validate value, can be overridden.
+		"""
+		if validate is None:
+			validate = self._validate
+		data = self._getPlist(METAINFO_FILENAME)
+		if validate and not isinstance(data, dict):
+			raise UFOLibError("metainfo.plist is not properly formatted.")
+		try:
+			formatVersionMajor = data["formatVersion"]
+		except KeyError:
+			raise UFOLibError(
+				f"Missing required formatVersion in '{METAINFO_FILENAME}' on {self.fs}"
+			)
+		formatVersionMinor = data.setdefault("formatVersionMinor", 0)
+
+		try:
+			formatVersion = UFOFormatVersion((formatVersionMajor, formatVersionMinor))
+		except ValueError as e:
+			unsupportedMsg = (
+				f"Unsupported UFO format ({formatVersionMajor}.{formatVersionMinor}) "
+				f"in '{METAINFO_FILENAME}' on {self.fs}"
+			)
+			if validate:
+				from fontTools.ufoLib.errors import UnsupportedUFOFormat
+
+				raise UnsupportedUFOFormat(unsupportedMsg) from e
+
+			formatVersion = UFOFormatVersion.default()
+			logger.warning(
+				"%s. Assuming the latest supported version (%s). "
+				"Some data may be skipped or parsed incorrectly",
+				unsupportedMsg, formatVersion
+			)
+		data["formatVersionTuple"] = formatVersion
+		return data
+
+	def readMetaInfo(self, validate=None):
+		"""
+		Read metainfo.plist and set formatVersion. Only used for internal operations.
+
+		``validate`` will validate the read data, by default it is set
+		to the class's validate value, can be overridden.
+		"""
+		data = self._readMetaInfo(validate=validate)
+		self._formatVersion = data["formatVersionTuple"]
+
+	# groups.plist
+
+	def _readGroups(self):
+		groups = self._getPlist(GROUPS_FILENAME, {})
+		# remove any duplicate glyphs in a kerning group
+		for groupName, glyphList in groups.items():
+			if groupName.startswith(('public.kern1.', 'public.kern2.')):
+				groups[groupName] = list(OrderedDict.fromkeys(glyphList))
+		return groups
+
+	def readGroups(self, validate=None):
+		"""
+		Read groups.plist. Returns a dict.
+		``validate`` will validate the read data, by default it is set to the
+		class's validate value, can be overridden.
+		"""
+		if validate is None:
+			validate = self._validate
+		# handle up conversion
+		if self._formatVersion < UFOFormatVersion.FORMAT_3_0:
+			self._upConvertKerning(validate)
+			groups = self._upConvertedKerningData["groups"]
+		# normal
+		else:
+			groups = self._readGroups()
+		if validate:
+			valid, message = groupsValidator(groups)
+			if not valid:
+				raise UFOLibError(message)
+		return groups
+
+	def getKerningGroupConversionRenameMaps(self, validate=None):
+		"""
+		Get maps defining the renaming that was done during any
+		needed kerning group conversion. This method returns a
+		dictionary of this form:
+
+			{
+				"side1" : {"old group name" : "new group name"},
+				"side2" : {"old group name" : "new group name"}
+			}
+
+		When no conversion has been performed, the side1 and side2
+		dictionaries will be empty.
+
+		``validate`` will validate the groups, by default it is set to the
+		class's validate value, can be overridden.
+		"""
+		if validate is None:
+			validate = self._validate
+		if self._formatVersion >= UFOFormatVersion.FORMAT_3_0:
+			return dict(side1={}, side2={})
+		# use the public group reader to force the load and
+		# conversion of the data if it hasn't happened yet.
+		self.readGroups(validate=validate)
+		return self._upConvertedKerningData["groupRenameMaps"]
+
+	# fontinfo.plist
+
+	def _readInfo(self, validate):
+		data = self._getPlist(FONTINFO_FILENAME, {})
+		if validate and not isinstance(data, dict):
+			raise UFOLibError("fontinfo.plist is not properly formatted.")
+		return data
+
+	def readInfo(self, info, validate=None):
+		"""
+		Read fontinfo.plist. It requires an object that allows
+		setting attributes with names that follow the fontinfo.plist
+		version 3 specification. This will write the attributes
+		defined in the file into the object.
+
+		``validate`` will validate the read data, by default it is set to the
+		class's validate value, can be overridden.
+		"""
+		if validate is None:
+			validate = self._validate
+		infoDict = self._readInfo(validate)
+		infoDataToSet = {}
+		# version 1
+		if self._formatVersion == UFOFormatVersion.FORMAT_1_0:
+			for attr in fontInfoAttributesVersion1:
+				value = infoDict.get(attr)
+				if value is not None:
+					infoDataToSet[attr] = value
+			infoDataToSet = _convertFontInfoDataVersion1ToVersion2(infoDataToSet)
+			infoDataToSet = _convertFontInfoDataVersion2ToVersion3(infoDataToSet)
+		# version 2
+		elif self._formatVersion == UFOFormatVersion.FORMAT_2_0:
+			for attr, dataValidationDict in list(fontInfoAttributesVersion2ValueData.items()):
+				value = infoDict.get(attr)
+				if value is None:
+					continue
+				infoDataToSet[attr] = value
+			infoDataToSet = _convertFontInfoDataVersion2ToVersion3(infoDataToSet)
+		# version 3.x
+		elif self._formatVersion.major == UFOFormatVersion.FORMAT_3_0.major:
+			for attr, dataValidationDict in list(fontInfoAttributesVersion3ValueData.items()):
+				value = infoDict.get(attr)
+				if value is None:
+					continue
+				infoDataToSet[attr] = value
+		# unsupported version
+		else:
+			raise NotImplementedError(self._formatVersion)
+		# validate data
+		if validate:
+			infoDataToSet = validateInfoVersion3Data(infoDataToSet)
+		# populate the object
+		for attr, value in list(infoDataToSet.items()):
+			try:
+				setattr(info, attr, value)
+			except AttributeError:
+				raise UFOLibError("The supplied info object does not support setting a necessary attribute (%s)." % attr)
+
+	# kerning.plist
+
+	def _readKerning(self):
+		data = self._getPlist(KERNING_FILENAME, {})
+		return data
+
+	def readKerning(self, validate=None):
+		"""
+		Read kerning.plist. Returns a dict.
+
+		``validate`` will validate the kerning data, by default it is set to the
+		class's validate value, can be overridden.
+		"""
+		if validate is None:
+			validate = self._validate
+		# handle up conversion
+		if self._formatVersion < UFOFormatVersion.FORMAT_3_0:
+			self._upConvertKerning(validate)
+			kerningNested = self._upConvertedKerningData["kerning"]
+		# normal
+		else:
+			kerningNested = self._readKerning()
+		if validate:
+			valid, message = kerningValidator(kerningNested)
+			if not valid:
+				raise UFOLibError(message)
+		# flatten
+		kerning = {}
+		for left in kerningNested:
+			for right in kerningNested[left]:
+				value = kerningNested[left][right]
+				kerning[left, right] = value
+		return kerning
+
+	# lib.plist
+
+	def readLib(self, validate=None):
+		"""
+		Read lib.plist. Returns a dict.
+
+		``validate`` will validate the data, by default it is set to the
+		class's validate value, can be overridden.
+		"""
+		if validate is None:
+			validate = self._validate
+		data = self._getPlist(LIB_FILENAME, {})
+		if validate:
+			valid, message = fontLibValidator(data)
+			if not valid:
+				raise UFOLibError(message)
+		return data
+
+	# features.fea
+
+	def readFeatures(self):
+		"""
+		Read features.fea. Return a string.
+		The returned string is empty if the file is missing.
+		"""
+		try:
+			with self.fs.open(FEATURES_FILENAME, "r", encoding="utf-8") as f:
+				return f.read()
+		except fs.errors.ResourceNotFound:
+			return ""
+
+	# glyph sets & layers
+
+	def _readLayerContents(self, validate):
+		"""
+		Rebuild the layer contents list by checking what glyphsets
+		are available on disk.
+
+		``validate`` will validate the layer contents.
+		"""
+		if self._formatVersion < UFOFormatVersion.FORMAT_3_0:
+			return [(DEFAULT_LAYER_NAME, DEFAULT_GLYPHS_DIRNAME)]
+		contents = self._getPlist(LAYERCONTENTS_FILENAME)
+		if validate:
+			valid, error = layerContentsValidator(contents, self.fs)
+			if not valid:
+				raise UFOLibError(error)
+		return contents
+
+	def getLayerNames(self, validate=None):
+		"""
+		Get the ordered layer names from layercontents.plist.
+
+		``validate`` will validate the data, by default it is set to the
+		class's validate value, can be overridden.
+		"""
+		if validate is None:
+			validate = self._validate
+		layerContents = self._readLayerContents(validate)
+		layerNames = [layerName for layerName, directoryName in layerContents]
+		return layerNames
+
+	def getDefaultLayerName(self, validate=None):
+		"""
+		Get the default layer name from layercontents.plist.
+
+		``validate`` will validate the data, by default it is set to the
+		class's validate value, can be overridden.
+		"""
+		if validate is None:
+			validate = self._validate
+		layerContents = self._readLayerContents(validate)
+		for layerName, layerDirectory in layerContents:
+			if layerDirectory == DEFAULT_GLYPHS_DIRNAME:
+				return layerName
+		# this will already have been raised during __init__
+		raise UFOLibError("The default layer is not defined in layercontents.plist.")
+
+	def getGlyphSet(self, layerName=None, validateRead=None, validateWrite=None):
+		"""
+		Return the GlyphSet associated with the
+		glyphs directory mapped to layerName
+		in the UFO. If layerName is not provided,
+		the name retrieved with getDefaultLayerName
+		will be used.
+
+		``validateRead`` will validate the read data, by default it is set to the
+		class's validate value, can be overridden.
+		``validateWrite`` will validate the written data, by default it is set to the
+		class's validate value, can be overridden.
+		"""
+		from fontTools.ufoLib.glifLib import GlyphSet
+
+		if validateRead is None:
+			validateRead = self._validate
+		if validateWrite is None:
+			validateWrite = self._validate
+		if layerName is None:
+			layerName = self.getDefaultLayerName(validate=validateRead)
+		directory = None
+		layerContents = self._readLayerContents(validateRead)
+		for storedLayerName, storedLayerDirectory in layerContents:
+			if layerName == storedLayerName:
+				directory = storedLayerDirectory
+				break
+		if directory is None:
+			raise UFOLibError("No glyphs directory is mapped to \"%s\"." % layerName)
+		try:
+			glyphSubFS = self.fs.opendir(directory)
+		except fs.errors.ResourceNotFound:
+			raise UFOLibError(
+				f"No '{directory}' directory for layer '{layerName}'"
+			)
+		return GlyphSet(
+			glyphSubFS,
+			ufoFormatVersion=self._formatVersion,
+			validateRead=validateRead,
+			validateWrite=validateWrite,
+			expectContentsFile=True
+		)
+
+	def getCharacterMapping(self, layerName=None, validate=None):
+		"""
+		Return a dictionary that maps unicode values (ints) to
+		lists of glyph names.
+		"""
+		if validate is None:
+			validate = self._validate
+		glyphSet = self.getGlyphSet(layerName, validateRead=validate, validateWrite=True)
+		allUnicodes = glyphSet.getUnicodes()
+		cmap = {}
+		for glyphName, unicodes in allUnicodes.items():
+			for code in unicodes:
+				if code in cmap:
+					cmap[code].append(glyphName)
+				else:
+					cmap[code] = [glyphName]
+		return cmap
+
+	# /data
+
+	def getDataDirectoryListing(self):
+		"""
+		Returns a list of all files in the data directory.
+		The returned paths will be relative to the UFO.
+		This will not list directory names, only file names.
+		Thus, empty directories will be skipped.
+		"""
+		try:
+			self._dataFS = self.fs.opendir(DATA_DIRNAME)
+		except fs.errors.ResourceNotFound:
+			return []
+		except fs.errors.DirectoryExpected:
+			raise UFOLibError("The UFO contains a \"data\" file instead of a directory.")
+		try:
+			# fs Walker.files method returns "absolute" paths (in terms of the
+			# root of the 'data' SubFS), so we strip the leading '/' to make
+			# them relative
+			return [
+				p.lstrip("/") for p in self._dataFS.walk.files()
+			]
+		except fs.errors.ResourceError:
+			return []
+
+	def getImageDirectoryListing(self, validate=None):
+		"""
+		Returns a list of all image file names in
+		the images directory. Each of the images will
+		have been verified to have the PNG signature.
+
+		``validate`` will validate the data, by default it is set to the
+		class's validate value, can be overridden.
+		"""
+		if self._formatVersion < UFOFormatVersion.FORMAT_3_0:
+			return []
+		if validate is None:
+			validate = self._validate
+		try:
+			self._imagesFS = imagesFS = self.fs.opendir(IMAGES_DIRNAME)
+		except fs.errors.ResourceNotFound:
+			return []
+		except fs.errors.DirectoryExpected:
+			raise UFOLibError("The UFO contains an \"images\" file instead of a directory.")
+		result = []
+		for path in imagesFS.scandir("/"):
+			if path.is_dir:
+				# silently skip this as version control
+				# systems often have hidden directories
+				continue
+			if validate:
+				with imagesFS.openbin(path.name) as fp:
+					valid, error = pngValidator(fileObj=fp)
+				if valid:
+					result.append(path.name)
+			else:
+				result.append(path.name)
+		return result
+
+	def readData(self, fileName):
+		"""
+		Return bytes for the file named 'fileName' inside the 'data/' directory.
+		"""
+		fileName = fsdecode(fileName)
+		try:
+			try:
+				dataFS = self._dataFS
+			except AttributeError:
+				# in case readData is called before getDataDirectoryListing
+				dataFS = self.fs.opendir(DATA_DIRNAME)
+			data = dataFS.readbytes(fileName)
+		except fs.errors.ResourceNotFound:
+			raise UFOLibError(f"No data file named '{fileName}' on {self.fs}")
+		return data
+
+	def readImage(self, fileName, validate=None):
+		"""
+		Return image data for the file named fileName.
+
+		``validate`` will validate the data, by default it is set to the
+		class's validate value, can be overridden.
+		"""
+		if validate is None:
+			validate = self._validate
+		if self._formatVersion < UFOFormatVersion.FORMAT_3_0:
+			raise UFOLibError(
+				f"Reading images is not allowed in UFO {self._formatVersion.major}."
+			)
+		fileName = fsdecode(fileName)
+		try:
+			try:
+				imagesFS = self._imagesFS
+			except AttributeError:
+				# in case readImage is called before getImageDirectoryListing
+				imagesFS = self.fs.opendir(IMAGES_DIRNAME)
+			data = imagesFS.readbytes(fileName)
+		except fs.errors.ResourceNotFound:
+			raise UFOLibError(f"No image file named '{fileName}' on {self.fs}")
+		if validate:
+			valid, error = pngValidator(data=data)
+			if not valid:
+				raise UFOLibError(error)
+		return data
+
+	def close(self):
+		if self._shouldClose:
+			self.fs.close()
+
+	def __enter__(self):
+		return self
+
+	def __exit__(self, exc_type, exc_value, exc_tb):
+		self.close()
+
+
+# ----------
+# UFO Writer
+# ----------
+
+class UFOWriter(UFOReader):
+
+	"""
+	Write the various components of the .ufo.
+
+	By default, the written data will be validated before writing. Set ``validate`` to
+	``False`` if you do not want to validate the data. Validation can also be overriden
+	on a per method level if desired.
+
+	The ``formatVersion`` argument allows to specify the UFO format version as a tuple
+	of integers (major, minor), or as a single integer for the major digit only (minor
+	is implied as 0). By default the latest formatVersion will be used; currently it's
+	3.0, which is equivalent to formatVersion=(3, 0).
+
+	An UnsupportedUFOFormat exception is raised if the requested UFO formatVersion is
+	not supported.
+	"""
+
+	def __init__(
+		self,
+		path,
+		formatVersion=None,
+		fileCreator="com.github.fonttools.ufoLib",
+		structure=None,
+		validate=True,
+	):
+		try:
+			formatVersion = UFOFormatVersion(formatVersion)
+		except ValueError as e:
+			from fontTools.ufoLib.errors import UnsupportedUFOFormat
+
+			raise UnsupportedUFOFormat(f"Unsupported UFO format: {formatVersion!r}") from e
+
+		if hasattr(path, "__fspath__"):  # support os.PathLike objects
+			path = path.__fspath__()
+
+		if isinstance(path, str):
+			# normalize path by removing trailing or double slashes
+			path = os.path.normpath(path)
+			havePreviousFile = os.path.exists(path)
+			if havePreviousFile:
+				# ensure we use the same structure as the destination
+				existingStructure = _sniffFileStructure(path)
+				if structure is not None:
+					try:
+						structure = UFOFileStructure(structure)
+					except ValueError:
+						raise UFOLibError(
+							"Invalid or unsupported structure: '%s'" % structure
+						)
+					if structure is not existingStructure:
+						raise UFOLibError(
+							"A UFO with a different structure (%s) already exists "
+							"at the given path: '%s'" % (existingStructure, path)
+						)
+				else:
+					structure = existingStructure
+			else:
+				# if not exists, default to 'package' structure
+				if structure is None:
+					structure = UFOFileStructure.PACKAGE
+				dirName = os.path.dirname(path)
+				if dirName and not os.path.isdir(dirName):
+					raise UFOLibError(
+						"Cannot write to '%s': directory does not exist" % path
+					)
+			if structure is UFOFileStructure.ZIP:
+				if havePreviousFile:
+					# we can't write a zip in-place, so we have to copy its
+					# contents to a temporary location and work from there, then
+					# upon closing UFOWriter we create the final zip file
+					parentFS = fs.tempfs.TempFS()
+					with fs.zipfs.ZipFS(path, encoding="utf-8") as origFS:
+						fs.copy.copy_fs(origFS, parentFS)
+					# if output path is an existing zip, we require that it contains
+					# one, and only one, root directory (with arbitrary name), in turn
+					# containing all the existing UFO contents
+					rootDirs = [
+						p.name for p in parentFS.scandir("/")
+						# exclude macOS metadata contained in zip file
+						if p.is_dir and p.name != "__MACOSX"
+					]
+					if len(rootDirs) != 1:
+						raise UFOLibError(
+							"Expected exactly 1 root directory, found %d" % len(rootDirs)
+						)
+					else:
+						# 'ClosingSubFS' ensures that the parent filesystem is closed
+						# when its root subdirectory is closed
+						self.fs = parentFS.opendir(
+							rootDirs[0], factory=fs.subfs.ClosingSubFS
+						)
+				else:
+					# if the output zip file didn't exist, we create the root folder;
+					# we name it the same as input 'path', but with '.ufo' extension
+					rootDir = os.path.splitext(os.path.basename(path))[0] + ".ufo"
+					parentFS = fs.zipfs.ZipFS(path, write=True, encoding="utf-8")
+					parentFS.makedir(rootDir)
+					self.fs = parentFS.opendir(rootDir, factory=fs.subfs.ClosingSubFS)
+			else:
+				self.fs = fs.osfs.OSFS(path, create=True)
+			self._fileStructure = structure
+			self._havePreviousFile = havePreviousFile
+			self._shouldClose = True
+		elif isinstance(path, fs.base.FS):
+			filesystem = path
+			try:
+				filesystem.check()
+			except fs.errors.FilesystemClosed:
+				raise UFOLibError("the filesystem '%s' is closed" % path)
+			else:
+				self.fs = filesystem
+			try:
+				path = filesystem.getsyspath("/")
+			except fs.errors.NoSysPath:
+				# network or in-memory FS may not map to the local one
+				path = str(filesystem)
+			# if passed an FS object, always use 'package' structure
+			if structure and structure is not UFOFileStructure.PACKAGE:
+				import warnings
+
+				warnings.warn(
+					"The 'structure' argument is not used when input is an FS object",
+					UserWarning,
+					stacklevel=2,
+				)
+			self._fileStructure = UFOFileStructure.PACKAGE
+			# if FS contains a "metainfo.plist", we consider it non-empty
+			self._havePreviousFile = filesystem.exists(METAINFO_FILENAME)
+			# the user is responsible for closing the FS object
+			self._shouldClose = False
+		else:
+			raise TypeError(
+				"Expected a path string or fs object, found %s"
+				% type(path).__name__
+			)
+
+		# establish some basic stuff
+		self._path = fsdecode(path)
+		self._formatVersion = formatVersion
+		self._fileCreator = fileCreator
+		self._downConversionKerningData = None
+		self._validate = validate
+		# if the file already exists, get the format version.
+		# this will be needed for up and down conversion.
+		previousFormatVersion = None
+		if self._havePreviousFile:
+			metaInfo = self._readMetaInfo(validate=validate)
+			previousFormatVersion = metaInfo["formatVersionTuple"]
+			# catch down conversion
+			if previousFormatVersion > formatVersion:
+				from fontTools.ufoLib.errors import UnsupportedUFOFormat
+
+				raise UnsupportedUFOFormat(
+					"The UFO located at this path is a higher version "
+					f"({previousFormatVersion}) than the version ({formatVersion}) "
+					"that is trying to be written. This is not supported."
+				)
+		# handle the layer contents
+		self.layerContents = {}
+		if previousFormatVersion is not None and previousFormatVersion.major >= 3:
+			# already exists
+			self.layerContents = OrderedDict(self._readLayerContents(validate))
+		else:
+			# previous < 3
+			# imply the layer contents
+			if self.fs.exists(DEFAULT_GLYPHS_DIRNAME):
+				self.layerContents = {DEFAULT_LAYER_NAME : DEFAULT_GLYPHS_DIRNAME}
+		# write the new metainfo
+		self._writeMetaInfo()
+
+	# properties
+
+	def _get_fileCreator(self):
+		return self._fileCreator
+
+	fileCreator = property(_get_fileCreator, doc="The file creator of the UFO. This is set into metainfo.plist during __init__.")
+
+	# support methods for file system interaction
+
+	def copyFromReader(self, reader, sourcePath, destPath):
+		"""
+		Copy the sourcePath in the provided UFOReader to destPath
+		in this writer. The paths must be relative. This works with
+		both individual files and directories.
+		"""
+		if not isinstance(reader, UFOReader):
+			raise UFOLibError("The reader must be an instance of UFOReader.")
+		sourcePath = fsdecode(sourcePath)
+		destPath = fsdecode(destPath)
+		if not reader.fs.exists(sourcePath):
+			raise UFOLibError("The reader does not have data located at \"%s\"." % sourcePath)
+		if self.fs.exists(destPath):
+			raise UFOLibError("A file named \"%s\" already exists." % destPath)
+		# create the destination directory if it doesn't exist
+		self.fs.makedirs(fs.path.dirname(destPath), recreate=True)
+		if reader.fs.isdir(sourcePath):
+			fs.copy.copy_dir(reader.fs, sourcePath, self.fs, destPath)
+		else:
+			fs.copy.copy_file(reader.fs, sourcePath, self.fs, destPath)
+
+	def writeBytesToPath(self, path, data):
+		"""
+		Write bytes to a path relative to the UFO filesystem's root.
+		If writing to an existing UFO, check to see if data matches the data
+		that is already in the file at path; if so, the file is not rewritten
+		so that the modification date is preserved.
+		If needed, the directory tree for the given path will be built.
+		"""
+		path = fsdecode(path)
+		if self._havePreviousFile:
+			if self.fs.isfile(path) and data == self.fs.readbytes(path):
+				return
+		try:
+			self.fs.writebytes(path, data)
+		except fs.errors.FileExpected:
+			raise UFOLibError("A directory exists at '%s'" % path)
+		except fs.errors.ResourceNotFound:
+			self.fs.makedirs(fs.path.dirname(path), recreate=True)
+			self.fs.writebytes(path, data)
+
+	def getFileObjectForPath(self, path, mode="w", encoding=None):
+		"""
+		Returns a file (or file-like) object for the
+		file at the given path. The path must be relative
+		to the UFO path. Returns None if the file does
+		not exist and the mode is "r" or "rb.
+		An encoding may be passed if the file is opened in text mode.
+
+		Note: The caller is responsible for closing the open file.
+		"""
+		path = fsdecode(path)
+		try:
+			return self.fs.open(path, mode=mode, encoding=encoding)
+		except fs.errors.ResourceNotFound as e:
+			m = mode[0]
+			if m == "r":
+				# XXX I think we should just let it raise. The docstring,
+				# however, says that this returns None if mode is 'r'
+				return None
+			elif m == "w" or m == "a" or m == "x":
+				self.fs.makedirs(fs.path.dirname(path), recreate=True)
+				return self.fs.open(path, mode=mode, encoding=encoding)
+		except fs.errors.ResourceError as e:
+			return UFOLibError(
+				f"unable to open '{path}' on {self.fs}: {e}"
+			)
+
+	def removePath(self, path, force=False, removeEmptyParents=True):
+		"""
+		Remove the file (or directory) at path. The path
+		must be relative to the UFO.
+		Raises UFOLibError if the path doesn't exist.
+		If force=True, ignore non-existent paths.
+		If the directory where 'path' is located becomes empty, it will
+		be automatically removed, unless 'removeEmptyParents' is False.
+		"""
+		path = fsdecode(path)
+		try:
+			self.fs.remove(path)
+		except fs.errors.FileExpected:
+			self.fs.removetree(path)
+		except fs.errors.ResourceNotFound:
+			if not force:
+				raise UFOLibError(
+					f"'{path}' does not exist on {self.fs}"
+				)
+		if removeEmptyParents:
+			parent = fs.path.dirname(path)
+			if parent:
+				fs.tools.remove_empty(self.fs, parent)
+
+	# alias kept for backward compatibility with old API
+	removeFileForPath = removePath
+
+	# UFO mod time
+
+	def setModificationTime(self):
+		"""
+		Set the UFO modification time to the current time.
+		This is never called automatically. It is up to the
+		caller to call this when finished working on the UFO.
+		"""
+		path = self._path
+		if path is not None and os.path.exists(path):
+			try:
+				# this may fail on some filesystems (e.g. SMB servers)
+				os.utime(path, None)
+			except OSError as e:
+				logger.warning("Failed to set modified time: %s", e)
+
+	# metainfo.plist
+
+	def _writeMetaInfo(self):
+		metaInfo = dict(
+			creator=self._fileCreator,
+			formatVersion=self._formatVersion.major,
+		)
+		if self._formatVersion.minor != 0:
+			metaInfo["formatVersionMinor"] = self._formatVersion.minor
+		self._writePlist(METAINFO_FILENAME, metaInfo)
+
+	# groups.plist
+
+	def setKerningGroupConversionRenameMaps(self, maps):
+		"""
+		Set maps defining the renaming that should be done
+		when writing groups and kerning in UFO 1 and UFO 2.
+		This will effectively undo the conversion done when
+		UFOReader reads this data. The dictionary should have
+		this form:
+
+			{
+				"side1" : {"group name to use when writing" : "group name in data"},
+				"side2" : {"group name to use when writing" : "group name in data"}
+			}
+
+		This is the same form returned by UFOReader's
+		getKerningGroupConversionRenameMaps method.
+		"""
+		if self._formatVersion >= UFOFormatVersion.FORMAT_3_0:
+			return # XXX raise an error here
+		# flip the dictionaries
+		remap = {}
+		for side in ("side1", "side2"):
+			for writeName, dataName in list(maps[side].items()):
+				remap[dataName] = writeName
+		self._downConversionKerningData = dict(groupRenameMap=remap)
+
+	def writeGroups(self, groups, validate=None):
+		"""
+		Write groups.plist. This method requires a
+		dict of glyph groups as an argument.
+
+		``validate`` will validate the data, by default it is set to the
+		class's validate value, can be overridden.
+		"""
+		if validate is None:
+			validate = self._validate
+		# validate the data structure
+		if validate:
+			valid, message = groupsValidator(groups)
+			if not valid:
+				raise UFOLibError(message)
+		# down convert
+		if (
+			self._formatVersion < UFOFormatVersion.FORMAT_3_0
+			and self._downConversionKerningData is not None
+		):
+			remap = self._downConversionKerningData["groupRenameMap"]
+			remappedGroups = {}
+			# there are some edge cases here that are ignored:
+			# 1. if a group is being renamed to a name that
+			#    already exists, the existing group is always
+			#    overwritten. (this is why there are two loops
+			#    below.) there doesn't seem to be a logical
+			#    solution to groups mismatching and overwriting
+			#    with the specifiecd group seems like a better
+			#    solution than throwing an error.
+			# 2. if side 1 and side 2 groups are being renamed
+			#    to the same group name there is no check to
+			#    ensure that the contents are identical. that
+			#    is left up to the caller.
+			for name, contents in list(groups.items()):
+				if name in remap:
+					continue
+				remappedGroups[name] = contents
+			for name, contents in list(groups.items()):
+				if name not in remap:
+					continue
+				name = remap[name]
+				remappedGroups[name] = contents
+			groups = remappedGroups
+		# pack and write
+		groupsNew = {}
+		for key, value in groups.items():
+			groupsNew[key] = list(value)
+		if groupsNew:
+			self._writePlist(GROUPS_FILENAME, groupsNew)
+		elif self._havePreviousFile:
+			self.removePath(GROUPS_FILENAME, force=True, removeEmptyParents=False)
+
+	# fontinfo.plist
+
+	def writeInfo(self, info, validate=None):
+		"""
+		Write info.plist. This method requires an object
+		that supports getting attributes that follow the
+		fontinfo.plist version 2 specification. Attributes
+		will be taken from the given object and written
+		into the file.
+
+		``validate`` will validate the data, by default it is set to the
+		class's validate value, can be overridden.
+		"""
+		if validate is None:
+			validate = self._validate
+		# gather version 3 data
+		infoData = {}
+		for attr in list(fontInfoAttributesVersion3ValueData.keys()):
+			if hasattr(info, attr):
+				try:
+					value = getattr(info, attr)
+				except AttributeError:
+					raise UFOLibError("The supplied info object does not support getting a necessary attribute (%s)." % attr)
+				if value is None:
+					continue
+				infoData[attr] = value
+		# down convert data if necessary and validate
+		if self._formatVersion == UFOFormatVersion.FORMAT_3_0:
+			if validate:
+				infoData = validateInfoVersion3Data(infoData)
+		elif self._formatVersion == UFOFormatVersion.FORMAT_2_0:
+			infoData = _convertFontInfoDataVersion3ToVersion2(infoData)
+			if validate:
+				infoData = validateInfoVersion2Data(infoData)
+		elif self._formatVersion == UFOFormatVersion.FORMAT_1_0:
+			infoData = _convertFontInfoDataVersion3ToVersion2(infoData)
+			if validate:
+				infoData = validateInfoVersion2Data(infoData)
+			infoData = _convertFontInfoDataVersion2ToVersion1(infoData)
+		# write file if there is anything to write
+		if infoData:
+			self._writePlist(FONTINFO_FILENAME, infoData)
+
+	# kerning.plist
+
+	def writeKerning(self, kerning, validate=None):
+		"""
+		Write kerning.plist. This method requires a
+		dict of kerning pairs as an argument.
+
+		This performs basic structural validation of the kerning,
+		but it does not check for compliance with the spec in
+		regards to conflicting pairs. The assumption is that the
+		kerning data being passed is standards compliant.
+
+		``validate`` will validate the data, by default it is set to the
+		class's validate value, can be overridden.
+		"""
+		if validate is None:
+			validate = self._validate
+		# validate the data structure
+		if validate:
+			invalidFormatMessage = "The kerning is not properly formatted."
+			if not isDictEnough(kerning):
+				raise UFOLibError(invalidFormatMessage)
+			for pair, value in list(kerning.items()):
+				if not isinstance(pair, (list, tuple)):
+					raise UFOLibError(invalidFormatMessage)
+				if not len(pair) == 2:
+					raise UFOLibError(invalidFormatMessage)
+				if not isinstance(pair[0], str):
+					raise UFOLibError(invalidFormatMessage)
+				if not isinstance(pair[1], str):
+					raise UFOLibError(invalidFormatMessage)
+				if not isinstance(value, numberTypes):
+					raise UFOLibError(invalidFormatMessage)
+		# down convert
+		if (
+			self._formatVersion < UFOFormatVersion.FORMAT_3_0
+			and self._downConversionKerningData is not None
+		):
+			remap = self._downConversionKerningData["groupRenameMap"]
+			remappedKerning = {}
+			for (side1, side2), value in list(kerning.items()):
+				side1 = remap.get(side1, side1)
+				side2 = remap.get(side2, side2)
+				remappedKerning[side1, side2] = value
+			kerning = remappedKerning
+		# pack and write
+		kerningDict = {}
+		for left, right in kerning.keys():
+			value = kerning[left, right]
+			if left not in kerningDict:
+				kerningDict[left] = {}
+			kerningDict[left][right] = value
+		if kerningDict:
+			self._writePlist(KERNING_FILENAME, kerningDict)
+		elif self._havePreviousFile:
+			self.removePath(KERNING_FILENAME, force=True, removeEmptyParents=False)
+
+	# lib.plist
+
+	def writeLib(self, libDict, validate=None):
+		"""
+		Write lib.plist. This method requires a
+		lib dict as an argument.
+
+		``validate`` will validate the data, by default it is set to the
+		class's validate value, can be overridden.
+		"""
+		if validate is None:
+			validate = self._validate
+		if validate:
+			valid, message = fontLibValidator(libDict)
+			if not valid:
+				raise UFOLibError(message)
+		if libDict:
+			self._writePlist(LIB_FILENAME, libDict)
+		elif self._havePreviousFile:
+			self.removePath(LIB_FILENAME, force=True, removeEmptyParents=False)
+
+	# features.fea
+
+	def writeFeatures(self, features, validate=None):
+		"""
+		Write features.fea. This method requires a
+		features string as an argument.
+		"""
+		if validate is None:
+			validate = self._validate
+		if self._formatVersion == UFOFormatVersion.FORMAT_1_0:
+			raise UFOLibError("features.fea is not allowed in UFO Format Version 1.")
+		if validate:
+			if not isinstance(features, str):
+				raise UFOLibError("The features are not text.")
+		if features:
+			self.writeBytesToPath(FEATURES_FILENAME, features.encode("utf8"))
+		elif self._havePreviousFile:
+			self.removePath(FEATURES_FILENAME, force=True, removeEmptyParents=False)
+
+	# glyph sets & layers
+
+	def writeLayerContents(self, layerOrder=None, validate=None):
+		"""
+		Write the layercontents.plist file. This method  *must* be called
+		after all glyph sets have been written.
+		"""
+		if validate is None:
+			validate = self._validate
+		if self._formatVersion < UFOFormatVersion.FORMAT_3_0:
+			return
+		if layerOrder is not None:
+			newOrder = []
+			for layerName in layerOrder:
+				if layerName is None:
+					layerName = DEFAULT_LAYER_NAME
+				newOrder.append(layerName)
+			layerOrder = newOrder
+		else:
+			layerOrder = list(self.layerContents.keys())
+		if validate and set(layerOrder) != set(self.layerContents.keys()):
+			raise UFOLibError("The layer order content does not match the glyph sets that have been created.")
+		layerContents = [(layerName, self.layerContents[layerName]) for layerName in layerOrder]
+		self._writePlist(LAYERCONTENTS_FILENAME, layerContents)
+
+	def _findDirectoryForLayerName(self, layerName):
+		foundDirectory = None
+		for existingLayerName, directoryName in list(self.layerContents.items()):
+			if layerName is None and directoryName == DEFAULT_GLYPHS_DIRNAME:
+				foundDirectory = directoryName
+				break
+			elif existingLayerName == layerName:
+				foundDirectory = directoryName
+				break
+		if not foundDirectory:
+			raise UFOLibError("Could not locate a glyph set directory for the layer named %s." % layerName)
+		return foundDirectory
+
+	def getGlyphSet(
+		self,
+		layerName=None,
+		defaultLayer=True,
+		glyphNameToFileNameFunc=None,
+		validateRead=None,
+		validateWrite=None,
+		expectContentsFile=False,
+	):
+		"""
+		Return the GlyphSet object associated with the
+		appropriate glyph directory in the .ufo.
+		If layerName is None, the default glyph set
+		will be used. The defaultLayer flag indictes
+		that the layer should be saved into the default
+		glyphs directory.
+
+		``validateRead`` will validate the read data, by default it is set to the
+		class's validate value, can be overridden.
+		``validateWrte`` will validate the written data, by default it is set to the
+		class's validate value, can be overridden.
+		``expectContentsFile`` will raise a GlifLibError if a contents.plist file is
+		not found on the glyph set file system. This should be set to ``True`` if you
+		are reading an existing UFO and ``False`` if you use ``getGlyphSet`` to create
+		a fresh	glyph set.
+		"""
+		if validateRead is None:
+			validateRead = self._validate
+		if validateWrite is None:
+			validateWrite = self._validate
+		# only default can be written in < 3
+		if (
+			self._formatVersion < UFOFormatVersion.FORMAT_3_0
+			and (not defaultLayer or layerName is not None)
+		):
+			raise UFOLibError(
+				f"Only the default layer can be writen in UFO {self._formatVersion.major}."
+			)
+		# locate a layer name when None has been given
+		if layerName is None and defaultLayer:
+			for existingLayerName, directory in self.layerContents.items():
+				if directory == DEFAULT_GLYPHS_DIRNAME:
+					layerName = existingLayerName
+			if layerName is None:
+				layerName = DEFAULT_LAYER_NAME
+		elif layerName is None and not defaultLayer:
+			raise UFOLibError("A layer name must be provided for non-default layers.")
+		# move along to format specific writing
+		if self._formatVersion < UFOFormatVersion.FORMAT_3_0:
+			return self._getDefaultGlyphSet(
+				validateRead,
+				validateWrite,
+				glyphNameToFileNameFunc=glyphNameToFileNameFunc,
+				expectContentsFile=expectContentsFile
+			)
+		elif self._formatVersion.major == UFOFormatVersion.FORMAT_3_0.major:
+			return self._getGlyphSetFormatVersion3(
+				validateRead,
+				validateWrite,
+				layerName=layerName,
+				defaultLayer=defaultLayer,
+				glyphNameToFileNameFunc=glyphNameToFileNameFunc,
+				expectContentsFile=expectContentsFile,
+			)
+		else:
+			raise NotImplementedError(self._formatVersion)
+
+	def _getDefaultGlyphSet(
+		self,
+		validateRead,
+		validateWrite,
+		glyphNameToFileNameFunc=None,
+		expectContentsFile=False,
+	):
+		from fontTools.ufoLib.glifLib import GlyphSet
+
+		glyphSubFS = self.fs.makedir(DEFAULT_GLYPHS_DIRNAME, recreate=True)
+		return GlyphSet(
+			glyphSubFS,
+			glyphNameToFileNameFunc=glyphNameToFileNameFunc,
+			ufoFormatVersion=self._formatVersion,
+			validateRead=validateRead,
+			validateWrite=validateWrite,
+			expectContentsFile=expectContentsFile,
+		)
+
+	def _getGlyphSetFormatVersion3(
+		self,
+		validateRead,
+		validateWrite,
+		layerName=None,
+		defaultLayer=True,
+		glyphNameToFileNameFunc=None,
+		expectContentsFile=False,
+	):
+		from fontTools.ufoLib.glifLib import GlyphSet
+
+		# if the default flag is on, make sure that the default in the file
+		# matches the default being written. also make sure that this layer
+		# name is not already linked to a non-default layer.
+		if defaultLayer:
+			for existingLayerName, directory in self.layerContents.items():
+				if directory == DEFAULT_GLYPHS_DIRNAME:
+					if existingLayerName != layerName:
+						raise UFOLibError(
+							"Another layer ('%s') is already mapped to the default directory."
+							% existingLayerName
+						)
+				elif existingLayerName == layerName:
+					raise UFOLibError("The layer name is already mapped to a non-default layer.")
+		# get an existing directory name
+		if layerName in self.layerContents:
+			directory = self.layerContents[layerName]
+		# get a  new directory name
+		else:
+			if defaultLayer:
+				directory = DEFAULT_GLYPHS_DIRNAME
+			else:
+				# not caching this could be slightly expensive,
+				# but caching it will be cumbersome
+				existing = {d.lower() for d in self.layerContents.values()}
+				directory = userNameToFileName(layerName, existing=existing, prefix="glyphs.")
+		# make the directory
+		glyphSubFS = self.fs.makedir(directory, recreate=True)
+		# store the mapping
+		self.layerContents[layerName] = directory
+		# load the glyph set
+		return GlyphSet(
+			glyphSubFS,
+			glyphNameToFileNameFunc=glyphNameToFileNameFunc,
+			ufoFormatVersion=self._formatVersion,
+			validateRead=validateRead,
+			validateWrite=validateWrite,
+			expectContentsFile=expectContentsFile,
+		)
+
+	def renameGlyphSet(self, layerName, newLayerName, defaultLayer=False):
+		"""
+		Rename a glyph set.
+
+		Note: if a GlyphSet object has already been retrieved for
+		layerName, it is up to the caller to inform that object that
+		the directory it represents has changed.
+		"""
+		if self._formatVersion < UFOFormatVersion.FORMAT_3_0:
+			# ignore renaming glyph sets for UFO1 UFO2
+			# just write the data from the default layer
+			return
+		# the new and old names can be the same
+		# as long as the default is being switched
+		if layerName == newLayerName:
+			# if the default is off and the layer is already not the default, skip
+			if self.layerContents[layerName] != DEFAULT_GLYPHS_DIRNAME and not defaultLayer:
+				return
+			# if the default is on and the layer is already the default, skip
+			if self.layerContents[layerName] == DEFAULT_GLYPHS_DIRNAME and defaultLayer:
+				return
+		else:
+			# make sure the new layer name doesn't already exist
+			if newLayerName is None:
+				newLayerName = DEFAULT_LAYER_NAME
+			if newLayerName in self.layerContents:
+				raise UFOLibError("A layer named %s already exists." % newLayerName)
+			# make sure the default layer doesn't already exist
+			if defaultLayer and DEFAULT_GLYPHS_DIRNAME in self.layerContents.values():
+				raise UFOLibError("A default layer already exists.")
+		# get the paths
+		oldDirectory = self._findDirectoryForLayerName(layerName)
+		if defaultLayer:
+			newDirectory = DEFAULT_GLYPHS_DIRNAME
+		else:
+			existing = {name.lower() for name in self.layerContents.values()}
+			newDirectory = userNameToFileName(newLayerName, existing=existing, prefix="glyphs.")
+		# update the internal mapping
+		del self.layerContents[layerName]
+		self.layerContents[newLayerName] = newDirectory
+		# do the file system copy
+		self.fs.movedir(oldDirectory, newDirectory, create=True)
+
+	def deleteGlyphSet(self, layerName):
+		"""
+		Remove the glyph set matching layerName.
+		"""
+		if self._formatVersion < UFOFormatVersion.FORMAT_3_0:
+			# ignore deleting glyph sets for UFO1 UFO2 as there are no layers
+			# just write the data from the default layer
+			return
+		foundDirectory = self._findDirectoryForLayerName(layerName)
+		self.removePath(foundDirectory, removeEmptyParents=False)
+		del self.layerContents[layerName]
+
+	def writeData(self, fileName, data):
+		"""
+		Write data to fileName in the 'data' directory.
+		The data must be a bytes string.
+		"""
+		self.writeBytesToPath(f"{DATA_DIRNAME}/{fsdecode(fileName)}", data)
+
+	def removeData(self, fileName):
+		"""
+		Remove the file named fileName from the data directory.
+		"""
+		self.removePath(f"{DATA_DIRNAME}/{fsdecode(fileName)}")
+
+	# /images
+
+	def writeImage(self, fileName, data, validate=None):
+		"""
+		Write data to fileName in the images directory.
+		The data must be a valid PNG.
+		"""
+		if validate is None:
+			validate = self._validate
+		if self._formatVersion < UFOFormatVersion.FORMAT_3_0:
+			raise UFOLibError(
+				f"Images are not allowed in UFO {self._formatVersion.major}."
+			)
+		fileName = fsdecode(fileName)
+		if validate:
+			valid, error = pngValidator(data=data)
+			if not valid:
+				raise UFOLibError(error)
+		self.writeBytesToPath(f"{IMAGES_DIRNAME}/{fileName}", data)
+
+	def removeImage(self, fileName, validate=None):  # XXX remove unused 'validate'?
+		"""
+		Remove the file named fileName from the
+		images directory.
+		"""
+		if self._formatVersion < UFOFormatVersion.FORMAT_3_0:
+			raise UFOLibError(
+				f"Images are not allowed in UFO {self._formatVersion.major}."
+			)
+		self.removePath(f"{IMAGES_DIRNAME}/{fsdecode(fileName)}")
+
+	def copyImageFromReader(self, reader, sourceFileName, destFileName, validate=None):
+		"""
+		Copy the sourceFileName in the provided UFOReader to destFileName
+		in this writer. This uses the most memory efficient method possible
+		for copying the data possible.
+		"""
+		if validate is None:
+			validate = self._validate
+		if self._formatVersion < UFOFormatVersion.FORMAT_3_0:
+			raise UFOLibError(
+				f"Images are not allowed in UFO {self._formatVersion.major}."
+			)
+		sourcePath = f"{IMAGES_DIRNAME}/{fsdecode(sourceFileName)}"
+		destPath = f"{IMAGES_DIRNAME}/{fsdecode(destFileName)}"
+		self.copyFromReader(reader, sourcePath, destPath)
+
+	def close(self):
+		if self._havePreviousFile and self._fileStructure is UFOFileStructure.ZIP:
+			# if we are updating an existing zip file, we can now compress the
+			# contents of the temporary filesystem in the destination path
+			rootDir = os.path.splitext(os.path.basename(self._path))[0] + ".ufo"
+			with fs.zipfs.ZipFS(self._path, write=True, encoding="utf-8") as destFS:
+				fs.copy.copy_fs(self.fs, destFS.makedir(rootDir))
+		super().close()
+
+
+# just an alias, makes it more explicit
+UFOReaderWriter = UFOWriter
+
+
+# ----------------
+# Helper Functions
+# ----------------
+
+
+def _sniffFileStructure(ufo_path):
+	"""Return UFOFileStructure.ZIP if the UFO at path 'ufo_path' (str)
+	is a zip file, else return UFOFileStructure.PACKAGE if 'ufo_path' is a
+	directory.
+	Raise UFOLibError if it is a file with unknown structure, or if the path
+	does not exist.
+	"""
+	if zipfile.is_zipfile(ufo_path):
+		return UFOFileStructure.ZIP
+	elif os.path.isdir(ufo_path):
+		return UFOFileStructure.PACKAGE
+	elif os.path.isfile(ufo_path):
+		raise UFOLibError(
+			"The specified UFO does not have a known structure: '%s'" % ufo_path
+		)
+	else:
+		raise UFOLibError("No such file or directory: '%s'" % ufo_path)
+
+
+def makeUFOPath(path):
+	"""
+	Return a .ufo pathname.
+
+	>>> makeUFOPath("directory/something.ext") == (
+	... 	os.path.join('directory', 'something.ufo'))
+	True
+	>>> makeUFOPath("directory/something.another.thing.ext") == (
+	... 	os.path.join('directory', 'something.another.thing.ufo'))
+	True
+	"""
+	dir, name = os.path.split(path)
+	name = ".".join([".".join(name.split(".")[:-1]), "ufo"])
+	return os.path.join(dir, name)
+
+# ----------------------
+# fontinfo.plist Support
+# ----------------------
+
+# Version Validators
+
+# There is no version 1 validator and there shouldn't be.
+# The version 1 spec was very loose and there were numerous
+# cases of invalid values.
+
+def validateFontInfoVersion2ValueForAttribute(attr, value):
+	"""
+	This performs very basic validation of the value for attribute
+	following the UFO 2 fontinfo.plist specification. The results
+	of this should not be interpretted as *correct* for the font
+	that they are part of. This merely indicates that the value
+	is of the proper type and, where the specification defines
+	a set range of possible values for an attribute, that the
+	value is in the accepted range.
+	"""
+	dataValidationDict = fontInfoAttributesVersion2ValueData[attr]
+	valueType = dataValidationDict.get("type")
+	validator = dataValidationDict.get("valueValidator")
+	valueOptions = dataValidationDict.get("valueOptions")
+	# have specific options for the validator
+	if valueOptions is not None:
+		isValidValue = validator(value, valueOptions)
+	# no specific options
+	else:
+		if validator == genericTypeValidator:
+			isValidValue = validator(value, valueType)
+		else:
+			isValidValue = validator(value)
+	return isValidValue
+
+def validateInfoVersion2Data(infoData):
+	"""
+	This performs very basic validation of the value for infoData
+	following the UFO 2 fontinfo.plist specification. The results
+	of this should not be interpretted as *correct* for the font
+	that they are part of. This merely indicates that the values
+	are of the proper type and, where the specification defines
+	a set range of possible values for an attribute, that the
+	value is in the accepted range.
+	"""
+	validInfoData = {}
+	for attr, value in list(infoData.items()):
+		isValidValue = validateFontInfoVersion2ValueForAttribute(attr, value)
+		if not isValidValue:
+			raise UFOLibError(f"Invalid value for attribute {attr} ({value!r}).")
+		else:
+			validInfoData[attr] = value
+	return validInfoData
+
+def validateFontInfoVersion3ValueForAttribute(attr, value):
+	"""
+	This performs very basic validation of the value for attribute
+	following the UFO 3 fontinfo.plist specification. The results
+	of this should not be interpretted as *correct* for the font
+	that they are part of. This merely indicates that the value
+	is of the proper type and, where the specification defines
+	a set range of possible values for an attribute, that the
+	value is in the accepted range.
+	"""
+	dataValidationDict = fontInfoAttributesVersion3ValueData[attr]
+	valueType = dataValidationDict.get("type")
+	validator = dataValidationDict.get("valueValidator")
+	valueOptions = dataValidationDict.get("valueOptions")
+	# have specific options for the validator
+	if valueOptions is not None:
+		isValidValue = validator(value, valueOptions)
+	# no specific options
+	else:
+		if validator == genericTypeValidator:
+			isValidValue = validator(value, valueType)
+		else:
+			isValidValue = validator(value)
+	return isValidValue
+
+def validateInfoVersion3Data(infoData):
+	"""
+	This performs very basic validation of the value for infoData
+	following the UFO 3 fontinfo.plist specification. The results
+	of this should not be interpretted as *correct* for the font
+	that they are part of. This merely indicates that the values
+	are of the proper type and, where the specification defines
+	a set range of possible values for an attribute, that the
+	value is in the accepted range.
+	"""
+	validInfoData = {}
+	for attr, value in list(infoData.items()):
+		isValidValue = validateFontInfoVersion3ValueForAttribute(attr, value)
+		if not isValidValue:
+			raise UFOLibError(f"Invalid value for attribute {attr} ({value!r}).")
+		else:
+			validInfoData[attr] = value
+	return validInfoData
+
+# Value Options
+
+fontInfoOpenTypeHeadFlagsOptions = list(range(0, 15))
+fontInfoOpenTypeOS2SelectionOptions = [1, 2, 3, 4, 7, 8, 9]
+fontInfoOpenTypeOS2UnicodeRangesOptions = list(range(0, 128))
+fontInfoOpenTypeOS2CodePageRangesOptions = list(range(0, 64))
+fontInfoOpenTypeOS2TypeOptions = [0, 1, 2, 3, 8, 9]
+
+# Version Attribute Definitions
+# This defines the attributes, types and, in some
+# cases the possible values, that can exist is
+# fontinfo.plist.
+
+fontInfoAttributesVersion1 = {
+	"familyName",
+	"styleName",
+	"fullName",
+	"fontName",
+	"menuName",
+	"fontStyle",
+	"note",
+	"versionMajor",
+	"versionMinor",
+	"year",
+	"copyright",
+	"notice",
+	"trademark",
+	"license",
+	"licenseURL",
+	"createdBy",
+	"designer",
+	"designerURL",
+	"vendorURL",
+	"unitsPerEm",
+	"ascender",
+	"descender",
+	"capHeight",
+	"xHeight",
+	"defaultWidth",
+	"slantAngle",
+	"italicAngle",
+	"widthName",
+	"weightName",
+	"weightValue",
+	"fondName",
+	"otFamilyName",
+	"otStyleName",
+	"otMacName",
+	"msCharSet",
+	"fondID",
+	"uniqueID",
+	"ttVendor",
+	"ttUniqueID",
+	"ttVersion",
+}
+
+fontInfoAttributesVersion2ValueData = {
+	"familyName"							: dict(type=str),
+	"styleName"								: dict(type=str),
+	"styleMapFamilyName"					: dict(type=str),
+	"styleMapStyleName"						: dict(type=str, valueValidator=fontInfoStyleMapStyleNameValidator),
+	"versionMajor"							: dict(type=int),
+	"versionMinor"							: dict(type=int),
+	"year"									: dict(type=int),
+	"copyright"								: dict(type=str),
+	"trademark"								: dict(type=str),
+	"unitsPerEm"							: dict(type=(int, float)),
+	"descender"								: dict(type=(int, float)),
+	"xHeight"								: dict(type=(int, float)),
+	"capHeight"								: dict(type=(int, float)),
+	"ascender"								: dict(type=(int, float)),
+	"italicAngle"							: dict(type=(float, int)),
+	"note"									: dict(type=str),
+	"openTypeHeadCreated"					: dict(type=str, valueValidator=fontInfoOpenTypeHeadCreatedValidator),
+	"openTypeHeadLowestRecPPEM"				: dict(type=(int, float)),
+	"openTypeHeadFlags"						: dict(type="integerList", valueValidator=genericIntListValidator, valueOptions=fontInfoOpenTypeHeadFlagsOptions),
+	"openTypeHheaAscender"					: dict(type=(int, float)),
+	"openTypeHheaDescender"					: dict(type=(int, float)),
+	"openTypeHheaLineGap"					: dict(type=(int, float)),
+	"openTypeHheaCaretSlopeRise"			: dict(type=int),
+	"openTypeHheaCaretSlopeRun"				: dict(type=int),
+	"openTypeHheaCaretOffset"				: dict(type=(int, float)),
+	"openTypeNameDesigner"					: dict(type=str),
+	"openTypeNameDesignerURL"				: dict(type=str),
+	"openTypeNameManufacturer"				: dict(type=str),
+	"openTypeNameManufacturerURL"			: dict(type=str),
+	"openTypeNameLicense"					: dict(type=str),
+	"openTypeNameLicenseURL"				: dict(type=str),
+	"openTypeNameVersion"					: dict(type=str),
+	"openTypeNameUniqueID"					: dict(type=str),
+	"openTypeNameDescription"				: dict(type=str),
+	"openTypeNamePreferredFamilyName"		: dict(type=str),
+	"openTypeNamePreferredSubfamilyName"	: dict(type=str),
+	"openTypeNameCompatibleFullName"		: dict(type=str),
+	"openTypeNameSampleText"				: dict(type=str),
+	"openTypeNameWWSFamilyName"				: dict(type=str),
+	"openTypeNameWWSSubfamilyName"			: dict(type=str),
+	"openTypeOS2WidthClass"					: dict(type=int, valueValidator=fontInfoOpenTypeOS2WidthClassValidator),
+	"openTypeOS2WeightClass"				: dict(type=int, valueValidator=fontInfoOpenTypeOS2WeightClassValidator),
+	"openTypeOS2Selection"					: dict(type="integerList", valueValidator=genericIntListValidator, valueOptions=fontInfoOpenTypeOS2SelectionOptions),
+	"openTypeOS2VendorID"					: dict(type=str),
+	"openTypeOS2Panose"						: dict(type="integerList", valueValidator=fontInfoVersion2OpenTypeOS2PanoseValidator),
+	"openTypeOS2FamilyClass"				: dict(type="integerList", valueValidator=fontInfoOpenTypeOS2FamilyClassValidator),
+	"openTypeOS2UnicodeRanges"				: dict(type="integerList", valueValidator=genericIntListValidator, valueOptions=fontInfoOpenTypeOS2UnicodeRangesOptions),
+	"openTypeOS2CodePageRanges"				: dict(type="integerList", valueValidator=genericIntListValidator, valueOptions=fontInfoOpenTypeOS2CodePageRangesOptions),
+	"openTypeOS2TypoAscender"				: dict(type=(int, float)),
+	"openTypeOS2TypoDescender"				: dict(type=(int, float)),
+	"openTypeOS2TypoLineGap"				: dict(type=(int, float)),
+	"openTypeOS2WinAscent"					: dict(type=(int, float)),
+	"openTypeOS2WinDescent"					: dict(type=(int, float)),
+	"openTypeOS2Type"						: dict(type="integerList", valueValidator=genericIntListValidator, valueOptions=fontInfoOpenTypeOS2TypeOptions),
+	"openTypeOS2SubscriptXSize"				: dict(type=(int, float)),
+	"openTypeOS2SubscriptYSize"				: dict(type=(int, float)),
+	"openTypeOS2SubscriptXOffset"			: dict(type=(int, float)),
+	"openTypeOS2SubscriptYOffset"			: dict(type=(int, float)),
+	"openTypeOS2SuperscriptXSize"			: dict(type=(int, float)),
+	"openTypeOS2SuperscriptYSize"			: dict(type=(int, float)),
+	"openTypeOS2SuperscriptXOffset"			: dict(type=(int, float)),
+	"openTypeOS2SuperscriptYOffset"			: dict(type=(int, float)),
+	"openTypeOS2StrikeoutSize"				: dict(type=(int, float)),
+	"openTypeOS2StrikeoutPosition"			: dict(type=(int, float)),
+	"openTypeVheaVertTypoAscender"			: dict(type=(int, float)),
+	"openTypeVheaVertTypoDescender"			: dict(type=(int, float)),
+	"openTypeVheaVertTypoLineGap"			: dict(type=(int, float)),
+	"openTypeVheaCaretSlopeRise"			: dict(type=int),
+	"openTypeVheaCaretSlopeRun"				: dict(type=int),
+	"openTypeVheaCaretOffset"				: dict(type=(int, float)),
+	"postscriptFontName"					: dict(type=str),
+	"postscriptFullName"					: dict(type=str),
+	"postscriptSlantAngle"					: dict(type=(float, int)),
+	"postscriptUniqueID"					: dict(type=int),
+	"postscriptUnderlineThickness"			: dict(type=(int, float)),
+	"postscriptUnderlinePosition"			: dict(type=(int, float)),
+	"postscriptIsFixedPitch"				: dict(type=bool),
+	"postscriptBlueValues"					: dict(type="integerList", valueValidator=fontInfoPostscriptBluesValidator),
+	"postscriptOtherBlues"					: dict(type="integerList", valueValidator=fontInfoPostscriptOtherBluesValidator),
+	"postscriptFamilyBlues"					: dict(type="integerList", valueValidator=fontInfoPostscriptBluesValidator),
+	"postscriptFamilyOtherBlues"			: dict(type="integerList", valueValidator=fontInfoPostscriptOtherBluesValidator),
+	"postscriptStemSnapH"					: dict(type="integerList", valueValidator=fontInfoPostscriptStemsValidator),
+	"postscriptStemSnapV"					: dict(type="integerList", valueValidator=fontInfoPostscriptStemsValidator),
+	"postscriptBlueFuzz"					: dict(type=(int, float)),
+	"postscriptBlueShift"					: dict(type=(int, float)),
+	"postscriptBlueScale"					: dict(type=(float, int)),
+	"postscriptForceBold"					: dict(type=bool),
+	"postscriptDefaultWidthX"				: dict(type=(int, float)),
+	"postscriptNominalWidthX"				: dict(type=(int, float)),
+	"postscriptWeightName"					: dict(type=str),
+	"postscriptDefaultCharacter"			: dict(type=str),
+	"postscriptWindowsCharacterSet"			: dict(type=int, valueValidator=fontInfoPostscriptWindowsCharacterSetValidator),
+	"macintoshFONDFamilyID"					: dict(type=int),
+	"macintoshFONDName"						: dict(type=str),
+}
+fontInfoAttributesVersion2 = set(fontInfoAttributesVersion2ValueData.keys())
+
+fontInfoAttributesVersion3ValueData = deepcopy(fontInfoAttributesVersion2ValueData)
+fontInfoAttributesVersion3ValueData.update({
+	"versionMinor"							: dict(type=int, valueValidator=genericNonNegativeIntValidator),
+	"unitsPerEm"							: dict(type=(int, float), valueValidator=genericNonNegativeNumberValidator),
+	"openTypeHeadLowestRecPPEM"				: dict(type=int, valueValidator=genericNonNegativeNumberValidator),
+	"openTypeHheaAscender"					: dict(type=int),
+	"openTypeHheaDescender"					: dict(type=int),
+	"openTypeHheaLineGap"					: dict(type=int),
+	"openTypeHheaCaretOffset"				: dict(type=int),
+	"openTypeOS2Panose"						: dict(type="integerList", valueValidator=fontInfoVersion3OpenTypeOS2PanoseValidator),
+	"openTypeOS2TypoAscender"				: dict(type=int),
+	"openTypeOS2TypoDescender"				: dict(type=int),
+	"openTypeOS2TypoLineGap"				: dict(type=int),
+	"openTypeOS2WinAscent"					: dict(type=int, valueValidator=genericNonNegativeNumberValidator),
+	"openTypeOS2WinDescent"					: dict(type=int, valueValidator=genericNonNegativeNumberValidator),
+	"openTypeOS2SubscriptXSize"				: dict(type=int),
+	"openTypeOS2SubscriptYSize"				: dict(type=int),
+	"openTypeOS2SubscriptXOffset"			: dict(type=int),
+	"openTypeOS2SubscriptYOffset"			: dict(type=int),
+	"openTypeOS2SuperscriptXSize"			: dict(type=int),
+	"openTypeOS2SuperscriptYSize"			: dict(type=int),
+	"openTypeOS2SuperscriptXOffset"			: dict(type=int),
+	"openTypeOS2SuperscriptYOffset"			: dict(type=int),
+	"openTypeOS2StrikeoutSize"				: dict(type=int),
+	"openTypeOS2StrikeoutPosition"			: dict(type=int),
+	"openTypeGaspRangeRecords"				: dict(type="dictList", valueValidator=fontInfoOpenTypeGaspRangeRecordsValidator),
+	"openTypeNameRecords"					: dict(type="dictList", valueValidator=fontInfoOpenTypeNameRecordsValidator),
+	"openTypeVheaVertTypoAscender"			: dict(type=int),
+	"openTypeVheaVertTypoDescender"			: dict(type=int),
+	"openTypeVheaVertTypoLineGap"			: dict(type=int),
+	"openTypeVheaCaretOffset"				: dict(type=int),
+	"woffMajorVersion"						: dict(type=int, valueValidator=genericNonNegativeIntValidator),
+	"woffMinorVersion"						: dict(type=int, valueValidator=genericNonNegativeIntValidator),
+	"woffMetadataUniqueID"					: dict(type=dict, valueValidator=fontInfoWOFFMetadataUniqueIDValidator),
+	"woffMetadataVendor"					: dict(type=dict, valueValidator=fontInfoWOFFMetadataVendorValidator),
+	"woffMetadataCredits"					: dict(type=dict, valueValidator=fontInfoWOFFMetadataCreditsValidator),
+	"woffMetadataDescription"				: dict(type=dict, valueValidator=fontInfoWOFFMetadataDescriptionValidator),
+	"woffMetadataLicense"					: dict(type=dict, valueValidator=fontInfoWOFFMetadataLicenseValidator),
+	"woffMetadataCopyright"					: dict(type=dict, valueValidator=fontInfoWOFFMetadataCopyrightValidator),
+	"woffMetadataTrademark"					: dict(type=dict, valueValidator=fontInfoWOFFMetadataTrademarkValidator),
+	"woffMetadataLicensee"					: dict(type=dict, valueValidator=fontInfoWOFFMetadataLicenseeValidator),
+	"woffMetadataExtensions"				: dict(type=list, valueValidator=fontInfoWOFFMetadataExtensionsValidator),
+	"guidelines"							: dict(type=list, valueValidator=guidelinesValidator)
+})
+fontInfoAttributesVersion3 = set(fontInfoAttributesVersion3ValueData.keys())
+
+# insert the type validator for all attrs that
+# have no defined validator.
+for attr, dataDict in list(fontInfoAttributesVersion2ValueData.items()):
+	if "valueValidator" not in dataDict:
+		dataDict["valueValidator"] = genericTypeValidator
+
+for attr, dataDict in list(fontInfoAttributesVersion3ValueData.items()):
+	if "valueValidator" not in dataDict:
+		dataDict["valueValidator"] = genericTypeValidator
+
+# Version Conversion Support
+# These are used from converting from version 1
+# to version 2 or vice-versa.
+
+def _flipDict(d):
+	flipped = {}
+	for key, value in list(d.items()):
+		flipped[value] = key
+	return flipped
+
+fontInfoAttributesVersion1To2 = {
+	"menuName"		: "styleMapFamilyName",
+	"designer"		: "openTypeNameDesigner",
+	"designerURL"	: "openTypeNameDesignerURL",
+	"createdBy"		: "openTypeNameManufacturer",
+	"vendorURL"		: "openTypeNameManufacturerURL",
+	"license"		: "openTypeNameLicense",
+	"licenseURL"	: "openTypeNameLicenseURL",
+	"ttVersion"		: "openTypeNameVersion",
+	"ttUniqueID"	: "openTypeNameUniqueID",
+	"notice"		: "openTypeNameDescription",
+	"otFamilyName"	: "openTypeNamePreferredFamilyName",
+	"otStyleName"	: "openTypeNamePreferredSubfamilyName",
+	"otMacName"		: "openTypeNameCompatibleFullName",
+	"weightName"	: "postscriptWeightName",
+	"weightValue"	: "openTypeOS2WeightClass",
+	"ttVendor"		: "openTypeOS2VendorID",
+	"uniqueID"		: "postscriptUniqueID",
+	"fontName"		: "postscriptFontName",
+	"fondID"		: "macintoshFONDFamilyID",
+	"fondName"		: "macintoshFONDName",
+	"defaultWidth"	: "postscriptDefaultWidthX",
+	"slantAngle"	: "postscriptSlantAngle",
+	"fullName"		: "postscriptFullName",
+	# require special value conversion
+	"fontStyle"		: "styleMapStyleName",
+	"widthName"		: "openTypeOS2WidthClass",
+	"msCharSet"		: "postscriptWindowsCharacterSet"
+}
+fontInfoAttributesVersion2To1 = _flipDict(fontInfoAttributesVersion1To2)
+deprecatedFontInfoAttributesVersion2 = set(fontInfoAttributesVersion1To2.keys())
+
+_fontStyle1To2 = {
+	64 : "regular",
+	1  : "italic",
+	32 : "bold",
+	33 : "bold italic"
+}
+_fontStyle2To1 = _flipDict(_fontStyle1To2)
+# Some UFO 1 files have 0
+_fontStyle1To2[0] = "regular"
+
+_widthName1To2 = {
+	"Ultra-condensed" : 1,
+	"Extra-condensed" : 2,
+	"Condensed"		  : 3,
+	"Semi-condensed"  : 4,
+	"Medium (normal)" : 5,
+	"Semi-expanded"	  : 6,
+	"Expanded"		  : 7,
+	"Extra-expanded"  : 8,
+	"Ultra-expanded"  : 9
+}
+_widthName2To1 = _flipDict(_widthName1To2)
+# FontLab's default width value is "Normal".
+# Many format version 1 UFOs will have this.
+_widthName1To2["Normal"] = 5
+# FontLab has an "All" width value. In UFO 1
+# move this up to "Normal".
+_widthName1To2["All"] = 5
+# "medium" appears in a lot of UFO 1 files.
+_widthName1To2["medium"] = 5
+# "Medium" appears in a lot of UFO 1 files.
+_widthName1To2["Medium"] = 5
+
+_msCharSet1To2 = {
+	0	: 1,
+	1	: 2,
+	2	: 3,
+	77	: 4,
+	128 : 5,
+	129 : 6,
+	130 : 7,
+	134 : 8,
+	136 : 9,
+	161 : 10,
+	162 : 11,
+	163 : 12,
+	177 : 13,
+	178 : 14,
+	186 : 15,
+	200 : 16,
+	204 : 17,
+	222 : 18,
+	238 : 19,
+	255 : 20
+}
+_msCharSet2To1 = _flipDict(_msCharSet1To2)
+
+# 1 <-> 2
+
+def convertFontInfoValueForAttributeFromVersion1ToVersion2(attr, value):
+	"""
+	Convert value from version 1 to version 2 format.
+	Returns the new attribute name and the converted value.
+	If the value is None, None will be returned for the new value.
+	"""
+	# convert floats to ints if possible
+	if isinstance(value, float):
+		if int(value) == value:
+			value = int(value)
+	if value is not None:
+		if attr == "fontStyle":
+			v = _fontStyle1To2.get(value)
+			if v is None:
+				raise UFOLibError(f"Cannot convert value ({value!r}) for attribute {attr}.")
+			value = v
+		elif attr == "widthName":
+			v = _widthName1To2.get(value)
+			if v is None:
+				raise UFOLibError(f"Cannot convert value ({value!r}) for attribute {attr}.")
+			value = v
+		elif attr == "msCharSet":
+			v = _msCharSet1To2.get(value)
+			if v is None:
+				raise UFOLibError(f"Cannot convert value ({value!r}) for attribute {attr}.")
+			value = v
+	attr = fontInfoAttributesVersion1To2.get(attr, attr)
+	return attr, value
+
+def convertFontInfoValueForAttributeFromVersion2ToVersion1(attr, value):
+	"""
+	Convert value from version 2 to version 1 format.
+	Returns the new attribute name and the converted value.
+	If the value is None, None will be returned for the new value.
+	"""
+	if value is not None:
+		if attr == "styleMapStyleName":
+			value = _fontStyle2To1.get(value)
+		elif attr == "openTypeOS2WidthClass":
+			value = _widthName2To1.get(value)
+		elif attr == "postscriptWindowsCharacterSet":
+			value = _msCharSet2To1.get(value)
+	attr = fontInfoAttributesVersion2To1.get(attr, attr)
+	return attr, value
+
+def _convertFontInfoDataVersion1ToVersion2(data):
+	converted = {}
+	for attr, value in list(data.items()):
+		# FontLab gives -1 for the weightValue
+		# for fonts wil no defined value. Many
+		# format version 1 UFOs will have this.
+		if attr == "weightValue" and value == -1:
+			continue
+		newAttr, newValue = convertFontInfoValueForAttributeFromVersion1ToVersion2(attr, value)
+		# skip if the attribute is not part of version 2
+		if newAttr not in fontInfoAttributesVersion2:
+			continue
+		# catch values that can't be converted
+		if value is None:
+			raise UFOLibError(f"Cannot convert value ({value!r}) for attribute {newAttr}.")
+		# store
+		converted[newAttr] = newValue
+	return converted
+
+def _convertFontInfoDataVersion2ToVersion1(data):
+	converted = {}
+	for attr, value in list(data.items()):
+		newAttr, newValue = convertFontInfoValueForAttributeFromVersion2ToVersion1(attr, value)
+		# only take attributes that are registered for version 1
+		if newAttr not in fontInfoAttributesVersion1:
+			continue
+		# catch values that can't be converted
+		if value is None:
+			raise UFOLibError(f"Cannot convert value ({value!r}) for attribute {newAttr}.")
+		# store
+		converted[newAttr] = newValue
+	return converted
+
+# 2 <-> 3
+
+_ufo2To3NonNegativeInt = {
+	"versionMinor",
+	"openTypeHeadLowestRecPPEM",
+	"openTypeOS2WinAscent",
+	"openTypeOS2WinDescent"
+}
+_ufo2To3NonNegativeIntOrFloat = {
+	"unitsPerEm",
+}
+_ufo2To3FloatToInt = {
+	"openTypeHeadLowestRecPPEM",
+	"openTypeHheaAscender",
+	"openTypeHheaDescender",
+	"openTypeHheaLineGap",
+	"openTypeHheaCaretOffset",
+	"openTypeOS2TypoAscender",
+	"openTypeOS2TypoDescender",
+	"openTypeOS2TypoLineGap",
+	"openTypeOS2WinAscent",
+	"openTypeOS2WinDescent",
+	"openTypeOS2SubscriptXSize",
+	"openTypeOS2SubscriptYSize",
+	"openTypeOS2SubscriptXOffset",
+	"openTypeOS2SubscriptYOffset",
+	"openTypeOS2SuperscriptXSize",
+	"openTypeOS2SuperscriptYSize",
+	"openTypeOS2SuperscriptXOffset",
+	"openTypeOS2SuperscriptYOffset",
+	"openTypeOS2StrikeoutSize",
+	"openTypeOS2StrikeoutPosition",
+	"openTypeVheaVertTypoAscender",
+	"openTypeVheaVertTypoDescender",
+	"openTypeVheaVertTypoLineGap",
+	"openTypeVheaCaretOffset"
+}
+
+def convertFontInfoValueForAttributeFromVersion2ToVersion3(attr, value):
+	"""
+	Convert value from version 2 to version 3 format.
+	Returns the new attribute name and the converted value.
+	If the value is None, None will be returned for the new value.
+	"""
+	if attr in _ufo2To3FloatToInt:
+		try:
+			value = round(value)
+		except (ValueError, TypeError):
+			raise UFOLibError("Could not convert value for %s." % attr)
+	if attr in _ufo2To3NonNegativeInt:
+		try:
+			value = int(abs(value))
+		except (ValueError, TypeError):
+			raise UFOLibError("Could not convert value for %s." % attr)
+	elif attr in _ufo2To3NonNegativeIntOrFloat:
+		try:
+			v = float(abs(value))
+		except (ValueError, TypeError):
+			raise UFOLibError("Could not convert value for %s." % attr)
+		if v == int(v):
+			v = int(v)
+		if v != value:
+			value = v
+	return attr, value
+
+def convertFontInfoValueForAttributeFromVersion3ToVersion2(attr, value):
+	"""
+	Convert value from version 3 to version 2 format.
+	Returns the new attribute name and the converted value.
+	If the value is None, None will be returned for the new value.
+	"""
+	return attr, value
+
+def _convertFontInfoDataVersion3ToVersion2(data):
+	converted = {}
+	for attr, value in list(data.items()):
+		newAttr, newValue = convertFontInfoValueForAttributeFromVersion3ToVersion2(attr, value)
+		if newAttr not in fontInfoAttributesVersion2:
+			continue
+		converted[newAttr] = newValue
+	return converted
+
+def _convertFontInfoDataVersion2ToVersion3(data):
+	converted = {}
+	for attr, value in list(data.items()):
+		attr, value = convertFontInfoValueForAttributeFromVersion2ToVersion3(attr, value)
+		converted[attr] = value
+	return converted
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+	import doctest
+	doctest.testmod()
diff --git a/Lib/fontTools/ufoLib/converters.py b/Lib/fontTools/ufoLib/converters.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3b8112c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Lib/fontTools/ufoLib/converters.py
@@ -0,0 +1,335 @@
+"""
+Conversion functions.
+"""
+
+
+
+# adapted from the UFO spec
+
+def convertUFO1OrUFO2KerningToUFO3Kerning(kerning, groups, glyphSet=()):
+    # gather known kerning groups based on the prefixes
+    firstReferencedGroups, secondReferencedGroups = findKnownKerningGroups(groups)
+    # Make lists of groups referenced in kerning pairs.
+    for first, seconds in list(kerning.items()):
+        if first in groups and first not in glyphSet:
+            if not first.startswith("public.kern1."):
+                firstReferencedGroups.add(first)
+        for second in list(seconds.keys()):
+            if second in groups and second not in glyphSet:
+                if not second.startswith("public.kern2."):
+                    secondReferencedGroups.add(second)
+    # Create new names for these groups.
+    firstRenamedGroups = {}
+    for first in firstReferencedGroups:
+        # Make a list of existing group names.
+        existingGroupNames = list(groups.keys()) + list(firstRenamedGroups.keys())
+        # Remove the old prefix from the name
+        newName = first.replace("@MMK_L_", "")
+        # Add the new prefix to the name.
+        newName = "public.kern1." + newName
+        # Make a unique group name.
+        newName = makeUniqueGroupName(newName, existingGroupNames)
+        # Store for use later.
+        firstRenamedGroups[first] = newName
+    secondRenamedGroups = {}
+    for second in secondReferencedGroups:
+        # Make a list of existing group names.
+        existingGroupNames = list(groups.keys()) + list(secondRenamedGroups.keys())
+        # Remove the old prefix from the name
+        newName = second.replace("@MMK_R_", "")
+        # Add the new prefix to the name.
+        newName = "public.kern2." + newName
+        # Make a unique group name.
+        newName = makeUniqueGroupName(newName, existingGroupNames)
+        # Store for use later.
+        secondRenamedGroups[second] = newName
+    # Populate the new group names into the kerning dictionary as needed.
+    newKerning = {}
+    for first, seconds in list(kerning.items()):
+        first = firstRenamedGroups.get(first, first)
+        newSeconds = {}
+        for second, value in list(seconds.items()):
+            second = secondRenamedGroups.get(second, second)
+            newSeconds[second] = value
+        newKerning[first] = newSeconds
+    # Make copies of the referenced groups and store them
+    # under the new names in the overall groups dictionary.
+    allRenamedGroups = list(firstRenamedGroups.items())
+    allRenamedGroups += list(secondRenamedGroups.items())
+    for oldName, newName in allRenamedGroups:
+        group = list(groups[oldName])
+        groups[newName] = group
+    # Return the kerning and the groups.
+    return newKerning, groups, dict(side1=firstRenamedGroups, side2=secondRenamedGroups)
+
+def findKnownKerningGroups(groups):
+    """
+    This will find kerning groups with known prefixes.
+    In some cases not all kerning groups will be referenced
+    by the kerning pairs. The algorithm for locating groups
+    in convertUFO1OrUFO2KerningToUFO3Kerning will miss these
+    unreferenced groups. By scanning for known prefixes
+    this function will catch all of the prefixed groups.
+
+    These are the prefixes and sides that are handled:
+    @MMK_L_ - side 1
+    @MMK_R_ - side 2
+
+    >>> testGroups = {
+    ...     "@MMK_L_1" : None,
+    ...     "@MMK_L_2" : None,
+    ...     "@MMK_L_3" : None,
+    ...     "@MMK_R_1" : None,
+    ...     "@MMK_R_2" : None,
+    ...     "@MMK_R_3" : None,
+    ...     "@MMK_l_1" : None,
+    ...     "@MMK_r_1" : None,
+    ...     "@MMK_X_1" : None,
+    ...     "foo" : None,
+    ... }
+    >>> first, second = findKnownKerningGroups(testGroups)
+    >>> sorted(first) == ['@MMK_L_1', '@MMK_L_2', '@MMK_L_3']
+    True
+    >>> sorted(second) == ['@MMK_R_1', '@MMK_R_2', '@MMK_R_3']
+    True
+    """
+    knownFirstGroupPrefixes = [
+        "@MMK_L_"
+    ]
+    knownSecondGroupPrefixes = [
+        "@MMK_R_"
+    ]
+    firstGroups = set()
+    secondGroups = set()
+    for groupName in list(groups.keys()):
+        for firstPrefix in knownFirstGroupPrefixes:
+            if groupName.startswith(firstPrefix):
+                firstGroups.add(groupName)
+                break
+        for secondPrefix in knownSecondGroupPrefixes:
+            if groupName.startswith(secondPrefix):
+                secondGroups.add(groupName)
+                break
+    return firstGroups, secondGroups
+
+
+def makeUniqueGroupName(name, groupNames, counter=0):
+    # Add a number to the name if the counter is higher than zero.
+    newName = name
+    if counter > 0:
+        newName = "%s%d" % (newName, counter)
+    # If the new name is in the existing group names, recurse.
+    if newName in groupNames:
+        return makeUniqueGroupName(name, groupNames, counter + 1)
+    # Otherwise send back the new name.
+    return newName
+
+def test():
+    """
+    No known prefixes.
+
+    >>> testKerning = {
+    ...     "A" : {
+    ...         "A" : 1,
+    ...         "B" : 2,
+    ...         "CGroup" : 3,
+    ...         "DGroup" : 4
+    ...     },
+    ...     "BGroup" : {
+    ...         "A" : 5,
+    ...         "B" : 6,
+    ...         "CGroup" : 7,
+    ...         "DGroup" : 8
+    ...     },
+    ...     "CGroup" : {
+    ...         "A" : 9,
+    ...         "B" : 10,
+    ...         "CGroup" : 11,
+    ...         "DGroup" : 12
+    ...     },
+    ... }
+    >>> testGroups = {
+    ...     "BGroup" : ["B"],
+    ...     "CGroup" : ["C"],
+    ...     "DGroup" : ["D"],
+    ... }
+    >>> kerning, groups, maps = convertUFO1OrUFO2KerningToUFO3Kerning(
+    ...     testKerning, testGroups, [])
+    >>> expected = {
+    ...     "A" : {
+    ...         "A": 1,
+    ...         "B": 2,
+    ...         "public.kern2.CGroup": 3,
+    ...         "public.kern2.DGroup": 4
+    ...     },
+    ...     "public.kern1.BGroup": {
+    ...         "A": 5,
+    ...         "B": 6,
+    ...         "public.kern2.CGroup": 7,
+    ...         "public.kern2.DGroup": 8
+    ...     },
+    ...     "public.kern1.CGroup": {
+    ...         "A": 9,
+    ...         "B": 10,
+    ...         "public.kern2.CGroup": 11,
+    ...         "public.kern2.DGroup": 12
+    ...     }
+    ... }
+    >>> kerning == expected
+    True
+    >>> expected = {
+    ...     "BGroup": ["B"],
+    ...     "CGroup": ["C"],
+    ...     "DGroup": ["D"],
+    ...     "public.kern1.BGroup": ["B"],
+    ...     "public.kern1.CGroup": ["C"],
+    ...     "public.kern2.CGroup": ["C"],
+    ...     "public.kern2.DGroup": ["D"],
+    ... }
+    >>> groups == expected
+    True
+
+    Known prefixes.
+
+    >>> testKerning = {
+    ...     "A" : {
+    ...         "A" : 1,
+    ...         "B" : 2,
+    ...         "@MMK_R_CGroup" : 3,
+    ...         "@MMK_R_DGroup" : 4
+    ...     },
+    ...     "@MMK_L_BGroup" : {
+    ...         "A" : 5,
+    ...         "B" : 6,
+    ...         "@MMK_R_CGroup" : 7,
+    ...         "@MMK_R_DGroup" : 8
+    ...     },
+    ...     "@MMK_L_CGroup" : {
+    ...         "A" : 9,
+    ...         "B" : 10,
+    ...         "@MMK_R_CGroup" : 11,
+    ...         "@MMK_R_DGroup" : 12
+    ...     },
+    ... }
+    >>> testGroups = {
+    ...     "@MMK_L_BGroup" : ["B"],
+    ...     "@MMK_L_CGroup" : ["C"],
+    ...     "@MMK_L_XGroup" : ["X"],
+    ...     "@MMK_R_CGroup" : ["C"],
+    ...     "@MMK_R_DGroup" : ["D"],
+    ...     "@MMK_R_XGroup" : ["X"],
+    ... }
+    >>> kerning, groups, maps = convertUFO1OrUFO2KerningToUFO3Kerning(
+    ...     testKerning, testGroups, [])
+    >>> expected = {
+    ...     "A" : {
+    ...         "A": 1,
+    ...         "B": 2,
+    ...         "public.kern2.CGroup": 3,
+    ...         "public.kern2.DGroup": 4
+    ...     },
+    ...     "public.kern1.BGroup": {
+    ...         "A": 5,
+    ...         "B": 6,
+    ...         "public.kern2.CGroup": 7,
+    ...         "public.kern2.DGroup": 8
+    ...     },
+    ...     "public.kern1.CGroup": {
+    ...         "A": 9,
+    ...         "B": 10,
+    ...         "public.kern2.CGroup": 11,
+    ...         "public.kern2.DGroup": 12
+    ...     }
+    ... }
+    >>> kerning == expected
+    True
+    >>> expected = {
+    ...     "@MMK_L_BGroup": ["B"],
+    ...     "@MMK_L_CGroup": ["C"],
+    ...     "@MMK_L_XGroup": ["X"],
+    ...     "@MMK_R_CGroup": ["C"],
+    ...     "@MMK_R_DGroup": ["D"],
+    ...     "@MMK_R_XGroup": ["X"],
+    ...     "public.kern1.BGroup": ["B"],
+    ...     "public.kern1.CGroup": ["C"],
+    ...     "public.kern1.XGroup": ["X"],
+    ...     "public.kern2.CGroup": ["C"],
+    ...     "public.kern2.DGroup": ["D"],
+    ...     "public.kern2.XGroup": ["X"],
+    ... }
+    >>> groups == expected
+    True
+
+    >>> from .validators import kerningValidator
+    >>> kerningValidator(kerning)
+    (True, None)
+
+    Mixture of known prefixes and groups without prefixes.
+
+    >>> testKerning = {
+    ...     "A" : {
+    ...         "A" : 1,
+    ...         "B" : 2,
+    ...         "@MMK_R_CGroup" : 3,
+    ...         "DGroup" : 4
+    ...     },
+    ...     "BGroup" : {
+    ...         "A" : 5,
+    ...         "B" : 6,
+    ...         "@MMK_R_CGroup" : 7,
+    ...         "DGroup" : 8
+    ...     },
+    ...     "@MMK_L_CGroup" : {
+    ...         "A" : 9,
+    ...         "B" : 10,
+    ...         "@MMK_R_CGroup" : 11,
+    ...         "DGroup" : 12
+    ...     },
+    ... }
+    >>> testGroups = {
+    ...     "BGroup" : ["B"],
+    ...     "@MMK_L_CGroup" : ["C"],
+    ...     "@MMK_R_CGroup" : ["C"],
+    ...     "DGroup" : ["D"],
+    ... }
+    >>> kerning, groups, maps = convertUFO1OrUFO2KerningToUFO3Kerning(
+    ...     testKerning, testGroups, [])
+    >>> expected = {
+    ...     "A" : {
+    ...         "A": 1,
+    ...         "B": 2,
+    ...         "public.kern2.CGroup": 3,
+    ...         "public.kern2.DGroup": 4
+    ...     },
+    ...     "public.kern1.BGroup": {
+    ...         "A": 5,
+    ...         "B": 6,
+    ...         "public.kern2.CGroup": 7,
+    ...         "public.kern2.DGroup": 8
+    ...     },
+    ...     "public.kern1.CGroup": {
+    ...         "A": 9,
+    ...         "B": 10,
+    ...         "public.kern2.CGroup": 11,
+    ...         "public.kern2.DGroup": 12
+    ...     }
+    ... }
+    >>> kerning == expected
+    True
+    >>> expected = {
+    ...     "BGroup": ["B"],
+    ...     "@MMK_L_CGroup": ["C"],
+    ...     "@MMK_R_CGroup": ["C"],
+    ...     "DGroup": ["D"],
+    ...     "public.kern1.BGroup": ["B"],
+    ...     "public.kern1.CGroup": ["C"],
+    ...     "public.kern2.CGroup": ["C"],
+    ...     "public.kern2.DGroup": ["D"],
+    ... }
+    >>> groups == expected
+    True
+    """
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    import doctest
+    doctest.testmod()
diff --git a/Lib/fontTools/ufoLib/errors.py b/Lib/fontTools/ufoLib/errors.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..304345e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Lib/fontTools/ufoLib/errors.py
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+
+
+class UFOLibError(Exception):
+    pass
+
+
+class UnsupportedUFOFormat(UFOLibError):
+    pass
+
+
+class GlifLibError(UFOLibError):
+    pass
+
+
+class UnsupportedGLIFFormat(GlifLibError):
+    pass
diff --git a/Lib/fontTools/ufoLib/etree.py b/Lib/fontTools/ufoLib/etree.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5054f81
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Lib/fontTools/ufoLib/etree.py
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+"""DEPRECATED - This module is kept here only as a backward compatibility shim
+for the old ufoLib.etree module, which was moved to fontTools.misc.etree.
+Please use the latter instead.
+"""
+from fontTools.misc.etree import *
diff --git a/Lib/fontTools/ufoLib/filenames.py b/Lib/fontTools/ufoLib/filenames.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2815469
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Lib/fontTools/ufoLib/filenames.py
@@ -0,0 +1,211 @@
+"""
+User name to file name conversion.
+This was taken from the UFO 3 spec.
+"""
+
+illegalCharacters = r"\" * + / : < > ? [ \ ] | \0".split(" ")
+illegalCharacters += [chr(i) for i in range(1, 32)]
+illegalCharacters += [chr(0x7F)]
+reservedFileNames = "CON PRN AUX CLOCK$ NUL A:-Z: COM1".lower().split(" ")
+reservedFileNames += "LPT1 LPT2 LPT3 COM2 COM3 COM4".lower().split(" ")
+maxFileNameLength = 255
+
+
+class NameTranslationError(Exception):
+	pass
+
+
+def userNameToFileName(userName: str, existing=[], prefix="", suffix=""):
+	"""
+	existing should be a case-insensitive list
+	of all existing file names.
+
+	>>> userNameToFileName("a") == "a"
+	True
+	>>> userNameToFileName("A") == "A_"
+	True
+	>>> userNameToFileName("AE") == "A_E_"
+	True
+	>>> userNameToFileName("Ae") == "A_e"
+	True
+	>>> userNameToFileName("ae") == "ae"
+	True
+	>>> userNameToFileName("aE") == "aE_"
+	True
+	>>> userNameToFileName("a.alt") == "a.alt"
+	True
+	>>> userNameToFileName("A.alt") == "A_.alt"
+	True
+	>>> userNameToFileName("A.Alt") == "A_.A_lt"
+	True
+	>>> userNameToFileName("A.aLt") == "A_.aL_t"
+	True
+	>>> userNameToFileName(u"A.alT") == "A_.alT_"
+	True
+	>>> userNameToFileName("T_H") == "T__H_"
+	True
+	>>> userNameToFileName("T_h") == "T__h"
+	True
+	>>> userNameToFileName("t_h") == "t_h"
+	True
+	>>> userNameToFileName("F_F_I") == "F__F__I_"
+	True
+	>>> userNameToFileName("f_f_i") == "f_f_i"
+	True
+	>>> userNameToFileName("Aacute_V.swash") == "A_acute_V_.swash"
+	True
+	>>> userNameToFileName(".notdef") == "_notdef"
+	True
+	>>> userNameToFileName("con") == "_con"
+	True
+	>>> userNameToFileName("CON") == "C_O_N_"
+	True
+	>>> userNameToFileName("con.alt") == "_con.alt"
+	True
+	>>> userNameToFileName("alt.con") == "alt._con"
+	True
+	"""
+	# the incoming name must be a string
+	if not isinstance(userName, str):
+		raise ValueError("The value for userName must be a string.")
+	# establish the prefix and suffix lengths
+	prefixLength = len(prefix)
+	suffixLength = len(suffix)
+	# replace an initial period with an _
+	# if no prefix is to be added
+	if not prefix and userName[0] == ".":
+		userName = "_" + userName[1:]
+	# filter the user name
+	filteredUserName = []
+	for character in userName:
+		# replace illegal characters with _
+		if character in illegalCharacters:
+			character = "_"
+		# add _ to all non-lower characters
+		elif character != character.lower():
+			character += "_"
+		filteredUserName.append(character)
+	userName = "".join(filteredUserName)
+	# clip to 255
+	sliceLength = maxFileNameLength - prefixLength - suffixLength
+	userName = userName[:sliceLength]
+	# test for illegal files names
+	parts = []
+	for part in userName.split("."):
+		if part.lower() in reservedFileNames:
+			part = "_" + part
+		parts.append(part)
+	userName = ".".join(parts)
+	# test for clash
+	fullName = prefix + userName + suffix
+	if fullName.lower() in existing:
+		fullName = handleClash1(userName, existing, prefix, suffix)
+	# finished
+	return fullName
+
+def handleClash1(userName, existing=[], prefix="", suffix=""):
+	"""
+	existing should be a case-insensitive list
+	of all existing file names.
+
+	>>> prefix = ("0" * 5) + "."
+	>>> suffix = "." + ("0" * 10)
+	>>> existing = ["a" * 5]
+
+	>>> e = list(existing)
+	>>> handleClash1(userName="A" * 5, existing=e,
+	...		prefix=prefix, suffix=suffix) == (
+	... 	'00000.AAAAA000000000000001.0000000000')
+	True
+
+	>>> e = list(existing)
+	>>> e.append(prefix + "aaaaa" + "1".zfill(15) + suffix)
+	>>> handleClash1(userName="A" * 5, existing=e,
+	...		prefix=prefix, suffix=suffix) == (
+	... 	'00000.AAAAA000000000000002.0000000000')
+	True
+
+	>>> e = list(existing)
+	>>> e.append(prefix + "AAAAA" + "2".zfill(15) + suffix)
+	>>> handleClash1(userName="A" * 5, existing=e,
+	...		prefix=prefix, suffix=suffix) == (
+	... 	'00000.AAAAA000000000000001.0000000000')
+	True
+	"""
+	# if the prefix length + user name length + suffix length + 15 is at
+	# or past the maximum length, silce 15 characters off of the user name
+	prefixLength = len(prefix)
+	suffixLength = len(suffix)
+	if prefixLength + len(userName) + suffixLength + 15 > maxFileNameLength:
+		l = (prefixLength + len(userName) + suffixLength + 15)
+		sliceLength = maxFileNameLength - l
+		userName = userName[:sliceLength]
+	finalName = None
+	# try to add numbers to create a unique name
+	counter = 1
+	while finalName is None:
+		name = userName + str(counter).zfill(15)
+		fullName = prefix + name + suffix
+		if fullName.lower() not in existing:
+			finalName = fullName
+			break
+		else:
+			counter += 1
+		if counter >= 999999999999999:
+			break
+	# if there is a clash, go to the next fallback
+	if finalName is None:
+		finalName = handleClash2(existing, prefix, suffix)
+	# finished
+	return finalName
+
+def handleClash2(existing=[], prefix="", suffix=""):
+	"""
+	existing should be a case-insensitive list
+	of all existing file names.
+
+	>>> prefix = ("0" * 5) + "."
+	>>> suffix = "." + ("0" * 10)
+	>>> existing = [prefix + str(i) + suffix for i in range(100)]
+
+	>>> e = list(existing)
+	>>> handleClash2(existing=e, prefix=prefix, suffix=suffix) == (
+	... 	'00000.100.0000000000')
+	True
+
+	>>> e = list(existing)
+	>>> e.remove(prefix + "1" + suffix)
+	>>> handleClash2(existing=e, prefix=prefix, suffix=suffix) == (
+	... 	'00000.1.0000000000')
+	True
+
+	>>> e = list(existing)
+	>>> e.remove(prefix + "2" + suffix)
+	>>> handleClash2(existing=e, prefix=prefix, suffix=suffix) == (
+	... 	'00000.2.0000000000')
+	True
+	"""
+	# calculate the longest possible string
+	maxLength = maxFileNameLength - len(prefix) - len(suffix)
+	maxValue = int("9" * maxLength)
+	# try to find a number
+	finalName = None
+	counter = 1
+	while finalName is None:
+		fullName = prefix + str(counter) + suffix
+		if fullName.lower() not in existing:
+			finalName = fullName
+			break
+		else:
+			counter += 1
+		if counter >= maxValue:
+			break
+	# raise an error if nothing has been found
+	if finalName is None:
+		raise NameTranslationError("No unique name could be found.")
+	# finished
+	return finalName
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+	import doctest
+	doctest.testmod()
diff --git a/Lib/fontTools/ufoLib/glifLib.py b/Lib/fontTools/ufoLib/glifLib.py
new file mode 100755
index 0000000..3003110
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Lib/fontTools/ufoLib/glifLib.py
@@ -0,0 +1,1768 @@
+"""
+glifLib.py -- Generic module for reading and writing the .glif format.
+
+More info about the .glif format (GLyphInterchangeFormat) can be found here:
+
+	http://unifiedfontobject.org
+
+The main class in this module is GlyphSet. It manages a set of .glif files
+in a folder. It offers two ways to read glyph data, and one way to write
+glyph data. See the class doc string for details.
+"""
+
+import logging
+import enum
+from warnings import warn
+from collections import OrderedDict
+import fs
+import fs.base
+import fs.errors
+import fs.osfs
+import fs.path
+from fontTools.misc.py23 import tobytes
+from fontTools.misc import plistlib
+from fontTools.pens.pointPen import AbstractPointPen, PointToSegmentPen
+from fontTools.ufoLib.errors import GlifLibError
+from fontTools.ufoLib.filenames import userNameToFileName
+from fontTools.ufoLib.validators import (
+	genericTypeValidator,
+	colorValidator,
+	guidelinesValidator,
+	anchorsValidator,
+	identifierValidator,
+	imageValidator,
+	glyphLibValidator,
+)
+from fontTools.misc import etree
+from fontTools.ufoLib import _UFOBaseIO, UFOFormatVersion
+from fontTools.ufoLib.utils import numberTypes, _VersionTupleEnumMixin
+
+
+__all__ = [
+	"GlyphSet",
+	"GlifLibError",
+	"readGlyphFromString", "writeGlyphToString",
+	"glyphNameToFileName"
+]
+
+logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+
+# ---------
+# Constants
+# ---------
+
+CONTENTS_FILENAME = "contents.plist"
+LAYERINFO_FILENAME = "layerinfo.plist"
+
+
+class GLIFFormatVersion(tuple, _VersionTupleEnumMixin, enum.Enum):
+	FORMAT_1_0 = (1, 0)
+	FORMAT_2_0 = (2, 0)
+
+	@classmethod
+	def default(cls, ufoFormatVersion=None):
+		if ufoFormatVersion is not None:
+			return max(cls.supported_versions(ufoFormatVersion))
+		return super().default()
+
+	@classmethod
+	def supported_versions(cls, ufoFormatVersion=None):
+		if ufoFormatVersion is None:
+			# if ufo format unspecified, return all the supported GLIF formats
+			return super().supported_versions()
+		# else only return the GLIF formats supported by the given UFO format
+		versions = {cls.FORMAT_1_0}
+		if ufoFormatVersion >= UFOFormatVersion.FORMAT_3_0:
+			versions.add(cls.FORMAT_2_0)
+		return frozenset(versions)
+
+
+# ------------
+# Simple Glyph
+# ------------
+
+class Glyph:
+
+	"""
+	Minimal glyph object. It has no glyph attributes until either
+	the draw() or the drawPoints() method has been called.
+	"""
+
+	def __init__(self, glyphName, glyphSet):
+		self.glyphName = glyphName
+		self.glyphSet = glyphSet
+
+	def draw(self, pen):
+		"""
+		Draw this glyph onto a *FontTools* Pen.
+		"""
+		pointPen = PointToSegmentPen(pen)
+		self.drawPoints(pointPen)
+
+	def drawPoints(self, pointPen):
+		"""
+		Draw this glyph onto a PointPen.
+		"""
+		self.glyphSet.readGlyph(self.glyphName, self, pointPen)
+
+
+# ---------
+# Glyph Set
+# ---------
+
+class GlyphSet(_UFOBaseIO):
+
+	"""
+	GlyphSet manages a set of .glif files inside one directory.
+
+	GlyphSet's constructor takes a path to an existing directory as it's
+	first argument. Reading glyph data can either be done through the
+	readGlyph() method, or by using GlyphSet's dictionary interface, where
+	the keys are glyph names and the values are (very) simple glyph objects.
+
+	To write a glyph to the glyph set, you use the writeGlyph() method.
+	The simple glyph objects returned through the dict interface do not
+	support writing, they are just a convenient way to get at the glyph data.
+	"""
+
+	glyphClass = Glyph
+
+	def __init__(
+		self,
+		path,
+		glyphNameToFileNameFunc=None,
+		ufoFormatVersion=None,
+		validateRead=True,
+		validateWrite=True,
+		expectContentsFile=False,
+	):
+		"""
+		'path' should be a path (string) to an existing local directory, or
+		an instance of fs.base.FS class.
+
+		The optional 'glyphNameToFileNameFunc' argument must be a callback
+		function that takes two arguments: a glyph name and a list of all
+		existing filenames (if any exist). It should return a file name
+		(including the .glif extension). The glyphNameToFileName function
+		is called whenever a file name is created for a given glyph name.
+
+		``validateRead`` will validate read operations. Its default is ``True``.
+		``validateWrite`` will validate write operations. Its default is ``True``.
+		``expectContentsFile`` will raise a GlifLibError if a contents.plist file is
+		not found on the glyph set file system. This should be set to ``True`` if you
+		are reading an existing UFO and ``False`` if you create a fresh	glyph set.
+		"""
+		try:
+			ufoFormatVersion = UFOFormatVersion(ufoFormatVersion)
+		except ValueError as e:
+			from fontTools.ufoLib.errors import UnsupportedUFOFormat
+
+			raise UnsupportedUFOFormat(
+				f"Unsupported UFO format: {ufoFormatVersion!r}"
+			) from e
+
+		if hasattr(path, "__fspath__"):  # support os.PathLike objects
+			path = path.__fspath__()
+
+		if isinstance(path, str):
+			try:
+				filesystem = fs.osfs.OSFS(path)
+			except fs.errors.CreateFailed:
+				raise GlifLibError("No glyphs directory '%s'" % path)
+			self._shouldClose = True
+		elif isinstance(path, fs.base.FS):
+			filesystem = path
+			try:
+				filesystem.check()
+			except fs.errors.FilesystemClosed:
+				raise GlifLibError("the filesystem '%s' is closed" % filesystem)
+			self._shouldClose = False
+		else:
+			raise TypeError(
+				"Expected a path string or fs object, found %s"
+				% type(path).__name__
+			)
+		try:
+			path = filesystem.getsyspath("/")
+		except fs.errors.NoSysPath:
+			# network or in-memory FS may not map to the local one
+			path = str(filesystem)
+		# 'dirName' is kept for backward compatibility only, but it's DEPRECATED
+		# as it's not guaranteed that it maps to an existing OSFS directory.
+		# Client could use the FS api via the `self.fs` attribute instead.
+		self.dirName = fs.path.parts(path)[-1]
+		self.fs = filesystem
+		# if glyphSet contains no 'contents.plist', we consider it empty
+		self._havePreviousFile = filesystem.exists(CONTENTS_FILENAME)
+		if expectContentsFile and not self._havePreviousFile:
+			raise GlifLibError(f"{CONTENTS_FILENAME} is missing.")
+		# attribute kept for backward compatibility
+		self.ufoFormatVersion = ufoFormatVersion.major
+		self.ufoFormatVersionTuple = ufoFormatVersion
+		if glyphNameToFileNameFunc is None:
+			glyphNameToFileNameFunc = glyphNameToFileName
+		self.glyphNameToFileName = glyphNameToFileNameFunc
+		self._validateRead = validateRead
+		self._validateWrite = validateWrite
+		self._existingFileNames = None
+		self._reverseContents = None
+
+		self.rebuildContents()
+
+	def rebuildContents(self, validateRead=None):
+		"""
+		Rebuild the contents dict by loading contents.plist.
+
+		``validateRead`` will validate the data, by default it is set to the
+		class's ``validateRead`` value, can be overridden.
+		"""
+		if validateRead is None:
+			validateRead = self._validateRead
+		contents = self._getPlist(CONTENTS_FILENAME, {})
+		# validate the contents
+		if validateRead:
+			invalidFormat = False
+			if not isinstance(contents, dict):
+				invalidFormat = True
+			else:
+				for name, fileName in contents.items():
+					if not isinstance(name, str):
+						invalidFormat = True
+					if not isinstance(fileName, str):
+						invalidFormat = True
+					elif not self.fs.exists(fileName):
+						raise GlifLibError(
+							"%s references a file that does not exist: %s"
+							% (CONTENTS_FILENAME, fileName)
+						)
+			if invalidFormat:
+				raise GlifLibError("%s is not properly formatted" % CONTENTS_FILENAME)
+		self.contents = contents
+		self._existingFileNames = None
+		self._reverseContents = None
+
+	def getReverseContents(self):
+		"""
+		Return a reversed dict of self.contents, mapping file names to
+		glyph names. This is primarily an aid for custom glyph name to file
+		name schemes that want to make sure they don't generate duplicate
+		file names. The file names are converted to lowercase so we can
+		reliably check for duplicates that only differ in case, which is
+		important for case-insensitive file systems.
+		"""
+		if self._reverseContents is None:
+			d = {}
+			for k, v in self.contents.items():
+				d[v.lower()] = k
+			self._reverseContents = d
+		return self._reverseContents
+
+	def writeContents(self):
+		"""
+		Write the contents.plist file out to disk. Call this method when
+		you're done writing glyphs.
+		"""
+		self._writePlist(CONTENTS_FILENAME, self.contents)
+
+	# layer info
+
+	def readLayerInfo(self, info, validateRead=None):
+		"""
+		``validateRead`` will validate the data, by default it is set to the
+		class's ``validateRead`` value, can be overridden.
+		"""
+		if validateRead is None:
+			validateRead = self._validateRead
+		infoDict = self._getPlist(LAYERINFO_FILENAME, {})
+		if validateRead:
+			if not isinstance(infoDict, dict):
+				raise GlifLibError("layerinfo.plist is not properly formatted.")
+			infoDict = validateLayerInfoVersion3Data(infoDict)
+		# populate the object
+		for attr, value in infoDict.items():
+			try:
+				setattr(info, attr, value)
+			except AttributeError:
+				raise GlifLibError("The supplied layer info object does not support setting a necessary attribute (%s)." % attr)
+
+	def writeLayerInfo(self, info, validateWrite=None):
+		"""
+		``validateWrite`` will validate the data, by default it is set to the
+		class's ``validateWrite`` value, can be overridden.
+		"""
+		if validateWrite is None:
+			validateWrite = self._validateWrite
+		if self.ufoFormatVersionTuple.major < 3:
+			raise GlifLibError(
+				"layerinfo.plist is not allowed in UFO %d." % self.ufoFormatVersionTuple.major
+			)
+		# gather data
+		infoData = {}
+		for attr in layerInfoVersion3ValueData.keys():
+			if hasattr(info, attr):
+				try:
+					value = getattr(info, attr)
+				except AttributeError:
+					raise GlifLibError("The supplied info object does not support getting a necessary attribute (%s)." % attr)
+				if value is None or (attr == 'lib' and not value):
+					continue
+				infoData[attr] = value
+		if infoData:
+			# validate
+			if validateWrite:
+				infoData = validateLayerInfoVersion3Data(infoData)
+			# write file
+			self._writePlist(LAYERINFO_FILENAME, infoData)
+		elif self._havePreviousFile and self.fs.exists(LAYERINFO_FILENAME):
+			# data empty, remove existing file
+			self.fs.remove(LAYERINFO_FILENAME)
+
+	def getGLIF(self, glyphName):
+		"""
+		Get the raw GLIF text for a given glyph name. This only works
+		for GLIF files that are already on disk.
+
+		This method is useful in situations when the raw XML needs to be
+		read from a glyph set for a particular glyph before fully parsing
+		it into an object structure via the readGlyph method.
+
+		Raises KeyError if 'glyphName' is not in contents.plist, or
+		GlifLibError if the file associated with can't be found.
+		"""
+		fileName = self.contents[glyphName]
+		try:
+			return self.fs.readbytes(fileName)
+		except fs.errors.ResourceNotFound:
+			raise GlifLibError(
+				"The file '%s' associated with glyph '%s' in contents.plist "
+				"does not exist on %s" % (fileName, glyphName, self.fs)
+			)
+
+	def getGLIFModificationTime(self, glyphName):
+		"""
+		Returns the modification time for the GLIF file with 'glyphName', as
+		a floating point number giving the number of seconds since the epoch.
+		Return None if the associated file does not exist or the underlying
+		filesystem does not support getting modified times.
+		Raises KeyError if the glyphName is not in contents.plist.
+		"""
+		fileName = self.contents[glyphName]
+		return self.getFileModificationTime(fileName)
+
+	# reading/writing API
+
+	def readGlyph(self, glyphName, glyphObject=None, pointPen=None, validate=None):
+		"""
+		Read a .glif file for 'glyphName' from the glyph set. The
+		'glyphObject' argument can be any kind of object (even None);
+		the readGlyph() method will attempt to set the following
+		attributes on it:
+			"width"      the advance width of the glyph
+			"height"     the advance height of the glyph
+			"unicodes"   a list of unicode values for this glyph
+			"note"       a string
+			"lib"        a dictionary containing custom data
+			"image"      a dictionary containing image data
+			"guidelines" a list of guideline data dictionaries
+			"anchors"    a list of anchor data dictionaries
+
+		All attributes are optional, in two ways:
+			1) An attribute *won't* be set if the .glif file doesn't
+			   contain data for it. 'glyphObject' will have to deal
+			   with default values itself.
+			2) If setting the attribute fails with an AttributeError
+			   (for example if the 'glyphObject' attribute is read-
+			   only), readGlyph() will not propagate that exception,
+			   but ignore that attribute.
+
+		To retrieve outline information, you need to pass an object
+		conforming to the PointPen protocol as the 'pointPen' argument.
+		This argument may be None if you don't need the outline data.
+
+		readGlyph() will raise KeyError if the glyph is not present in
+		the glyph set.
+
+		``validate`` will validate the data, by default it is set to the
+		class's ``validateRead`` value, can be overridden.
+		"""
+		if validate is None:
+			validate = self._validateRead
+		text = self.getGLIF(glyphName)
+		tree = _glifTreeFromString(text)
+		formatVersions = GLIFFormatVersion.supported_versions(self.ufoFormatVersionTuple)
+		_readGlyphFromTree(tree, glyphObject, pointPen, formatVersions=formatVersions, validate=validate)
+
+	def writeGlyph(self, glyphName, glyphObject=None, drawPointsFunc=None, formatVersion=None, validate=None):
+		"""
+		Write a .glif file for 'glyphName' to the glyph set. The
+		'glyphObject' argument can be any kind of object (even None);
+		the writeGlyph() method will attempt to get the following
+		attributes from it:
+			"width"      the advance with of the glyph
+			"height"     the advance height of the glyph
+			"unicodes"   a list of unicode values for this glyph
+			"note"       a string
+			"lib"        a dictionary containing custom data
+			"image"      a dictionary containing image data
+			"guidelines" a list of guideline data dictionaries
+			"anchors"    a list of anchor data dictionaries
+
+		All attributes are optional: if 'glyphObject' doesn't
+		have the attribute, it will simply be skipped.
+
+		To write outline data to the .glif file, writeGlyph() needs
+		a function (any callable object actually) that will take one
+		argument: an object that conforms to the PointPen protocol.
+		The function will be called by writeGlyph(); it has to call the
+		proper PointPen methods to transfer the outline to the .glif file.
+
+		The GLIF format version will be chosen based on the ufoFormatVersion
+		passed during the creation of this object. If a particular format
+		version is desired, it can be passed with the formatVersion argument.
+		The formatVersion argument accepts either a tuple of integers for
+		(major, minor), or a single integer for the major digit only (with
+		minor digit implied as 0).
+
+		An UnsupportedGLIFFormat exception is raised if the requested GLIF
+		formatVersion is not supported.
+
+		``validate`` will validate the data, by default it is set to the
+		class's ``validateWrite`` value, can be overridden.
+		"""
+		if formatVersion is None:
+			formatVersion = GLIFFormatVersion.default(self.ufoFormatVersionTuple)
+		else:
+			try:
+				formatVersion = GLIFFormatVersion(formatVersion)
+			except ValueError as e:
+				from fontTools.ufoLib.errors import UnsupportedGLIFFormat
+
+				raise UnsupportedGLIFFormat(
+					f"Unsupported GLIF format version: {formatVersion!r}"
+				) from e
+		if formatVersion not in GLIFFormatVersion.supported_versions(
+			self.ufoFormatVersionTuple
+		):
+			from fontTools.ufoLib.errors import UnsupportedGLIFFormat
+
+			raise UnsupportedGLIFFormat(
+				f"Unsupported GLIF format version ({formatVersion!s}) "
+				f"for UFO format version {self.ufoFormatVersionTuple!s}."
+			)
+		if validate is None:
+			validate = self._validateWrite
+		fileName = self.contents.get(glyphName)
+		if fileName is None:
+			if self._existingFileNames is None:
+				self._existingFileNames = {}
+				for fileName in self.contents.values():
+					self._existingFileNames[fileName] = fileName.lower()
+			fileName = self.glyphNameToFileName(glyphName, self._existingFileNames.values())
+			self.contents[glyphName] = fileName
+			self._existingFileNames[fileName] = fileName.lower()
+			if self._reverseContents is not None:
+				self._reverseContents[fileName.lower()] = glyphName
+		data = _writeGlyphToBytes(
+			glyphName,
+			glyphObject,
+			drawPointsFunc,
+			formatVersion=formatVersion,
+			validate=validate,
+		)
+		if (
+			self._havePreviousFile
+			and self.fs.exists(fileName)
+			and data == self.fs.readbytes(fileName)
+		):
+			return
+		self.fs.writebytes(fileName, data)
+
+	def deleteGlyph(self, glyphName):
+		"""Permanently delete the glyph from the glyph set on disk. Will
+		raise KeyError if the glyph is not present in the glyph set.
+		"""
+		fileName = self.contents[glyphName]
+		self.fs.remove(fileName)
+		if self._existingFileNames is not None:
+			del self._existingFileNames[fileName]
+		if self._reverseContents is not None:
+			del self._reverseContents[self.contents[glyphName].lower()]
+		del self.contents[glyphName]
+
+	# dict-like support
+
+	def keys(self):
+		return list(self.contents.keys())
+
+	def has_key(self, glyphName):
+		return glyphName in self.contents
+
+	__contains__ = has_key
+
+	def __len__(self):
+		return len(self.contents)
+
+	def __getitem__(self, glyphName):
+		if glyphName not in self.contents:
+			raise KeyError(glyphName)
+		return self.glyphClass(glyphName, self)
+
+	# quickly fetch unicode values
+
+	def getUnicodes(self, glyphNames=None):
+		"""
+		Return a dictionary that maps glyph names to lists containing
+		the unicode value[s] for that glyph, if any. This parses the .glif
+		files partially, so it is a lot faster than parsing all files completely.
+		By default this checks all glyphs, but a subset can be passed with glyphNames.
+		"""
+		unicodes = {}
+		if glyphNames is None:
+			glyphNames = self.contents.keys()
+		for glyphName in glyphNames:
+			text = self.getGLIF(glyphName)
+			unicodes[glyphName] = _fetchUnicodes(text)
+		return unicodes
+
+	def getComponentReferences(self, glyphNames=None):
+		"""
+		Return a dictionary that maps glyph names to lists containing the
+		base glyph name of components in the glyph. This parses the .glif
+		files partially, so it is a lot faster than parsing all files completely.
+		By default this checks all glyphs, but a subset can be passed with glyphNames.
+		"""
+		components = {}
+		if glyphNames is None:
+			glyphNames = self.contents.keys()
+		for glyphName in glyphNames:
+			text = self.getGLIF(glyphName)
+			components[glyphName] = _fetchComponentBases(text)
+		return components
+
+	def getImageReferences(self, glyphNames=None):
+		"""
+		Return a dictionary that maps glyph names to the file name of the image
+		referenced by the glyph. This parses the .glif files partially, so it is a
+		lot faster than parsing all files completely.
+		By default this checks all glyphs, but a subset can be passed with glyphNames.
+		"""
+		images = {}
+		if glyphNames is None:
+			glyphNames = self.contents.keys()
+		for glyphName in glyphNames:
+			text = self.getGLIF(glyphName)
+			images[glyphName] = _fetchImageFileName(text)
+		return images
+
+	def close(self):
+		if self._shouldClose:
+			self.fs.close()
+
+	def __enter__(self):
+		return self
+
+	def __exit__(self, exc_type, exc_value, exc_tb):
+		self.close()
+
+
+# -----------------------
+# Glyph Name to File Name
+# -----------------------
+
+def glyphNameToFileName(glyphName, existingFileNames):
+	"""
+	Wrapper around the userNameToFileName function in filenames.py
+	"""
+	if existingFileNames is None:
+		existingFileNames = []
+	return userNameToFileName(glyphName, existing=existingFileNames, suffix=".glif")
+
+# -----------------------
+# GLIF To and From String
+# -----------------------
+
+def readGlyphFromString(
+	aString,
+	glyphObject=None,
+	pointPen=None,
+	formatVersions=None,
+	validate=True,
+):
+	"""
+	Read .glif data from a string into a glyph object.
+
+	The 'glyphObject' argument can be any kind of object (even None);
+	the readGlyphFromString() method will attempt to set the following
+	attributes on it:
+		"width"      the advance with of the glyph
+		"height"     the advance height of the glyph
+		"unicodes"   a list of unicode values for this glyph
+		"note"       a string
+		"lib"        a dictionary containing custom data
+		"image"      a dictionary containing image data
+		"guidelines" a list of guideline data dictionaries
+		"anchors"    a list of anchor data dictionaries
+
+	All attributes are optional, in two ways:
+		1) An attribute *won't* be set if the .glif file doesn't
+		   contain data for it. 'glyphObject' will have to deal
+		   with default values itself.
+		2) If setting the attribute fails with an AttributeError
+		   (for example if the 'glyphObject' attribute is read-
+		   only), readGlyphFromString() will not propagate that
+		   exception, but ignore that attribute.
+
+	To retrieve outline information, you need to pass an object
+	conforming to the PointPen protocol as the 'pointPen' argument.
+	This argument may be None if you don't need the outline data.
+
+	The formatVersions optional argument define the GLIF format versions
+	that are allowed to be read.
+	The type is Optional[Iterable[Tuple[int, int], int]]. It can contain
+	either integers (for the major versions to be allowed, with minor
+	digits defaulting to 0), or tuples of integers to specify both
+	(major, minor) versions.
+	By default when formatVersions is None all the GLIF format versions
+	currently defined are allowed to be read.
+
+	``validate`` will validate the read data. It is set to ``True`` by default.
+	"""
+	tree = _glifTreeFromString(aString)
+
+	if formatVersions is None:
+		validFormatVersions = GLIFFormatVersion.supported_versions()
+	else:
+		validFormatVersions, invalidFormatVersions = set(), set()
+		for v in formatVersions:
+			try:
+				formatVersion = GLIFFormatVersion(v)
+			except ValueError:
+				invalidFormatVersions.add(v)
+			else:
+				validFormatVersions.add(formatVersion)
+		if not validFormatVersions:
+			raise ValueError(
+				"None of the requested GLIF formatVersions are supported: "
+				f"{formatVersions!r}"
+			)
+
+	_readGlyphFromTree(
+		tree, glyphObject, pointPen, formatVersions=validFormatVersions, validate=validate
+	)
+
+
+def _writeGlyphToBytes(
+		glyphName,
+		glyphObject=None,
+		drawPointsFunc=None,
+		writer=None,
+		formatVersion=None,
+		validate=True,
+):
+	"""Return .glif data for a glyph as a UTF-8 encoded bytes string."""
+	try:
+		formatVersion = GLIFFormatVersion(formatVersion)
+	except ValueError:
+		from fontTools.ufoLib.errors import UnsupportedGLIFFormat
+
+		raise UnsupportedGLIFFormat("Unsupported GLIF format version: {formatVersion!r}")
+	# start
+	if validate and not isinstance(glyphName, str):
+		raise GlifLibError("The glyph name is not properly formatted.")
+	if validate and len(glyphName) == 0:
+		raise GlifLibError("The glyph name is empty.")
+	glyphAttrs = OrderedDict([("name", glyphName), ("format", repr(formatVersion.major))])
+	if formatVersion.minor != 0:
+		glyphAttrs["formatMinor"] = repr(formatVersion.minor)
+	root = etree.Element("glyph", glyphAttrs)
+	identifiers = set()
+	# advance
+	_writeAdvance(glyphObject, root, validate)
+	# unicodes
+	if getattr(glyphObject, "unicodes", None):
+		_writeUnicodes(glyphObject, root, validate)
+	# note
+	if getattr(glyphObject, "note", None):
+		_writeNote(glyphObject, root, validate)
+	# image
+	if formatVersion.major >= 2 and getattr(glyphObject, "image", None):
+		_writeImage(glyphObject, root, validate)
+	# guidelines
+	if formatVersion.major >= 2 and getattr(glyphObject, "guidelines", None):
+		_writeGuidelines(glyphObject, root, identifiers, validate)
+	# anchors
+	anchors = getattr(glyphObject, "anchors", None)
+	if formatVersion.major >= 2 and anchors:
+		_writeAnchors(glyphObject, root, identifiers, validate)
+	# outline
+	if drawPointsFunc is not None:
+		outline = etree.SubElement(root, "outline")
+		pen = GLIFPointPen(outline, identifiers=identifiers, validate=validate)
+		drawPointsFunc(pen)
+		if formatVersion.major == 1 and anchors:
+			_writeAnchorsFormat1(pen, anchors, validate)
+		# prevent lxml from writing self-closing tags
+		if not len(outline):
+			outline.text = "\n  "
+	# lib
+	if getattr(glyphObject, "lib", None):
+		_writeLib(glyphObject, root, validate)
+	# return the text
+	data = etree.tostring(
+		root, encoding="UTF-8", xml_declaration=True, pretty_print=True
+	)
+	return data
+
+
+def writeGlyphToString(
+	glyphName,
+	glyphObject=None,
+	drawPointsFunc=None,
+	formatVersion=None,
+	validate=True,
+):
+	"""
+	Return .glif data for a glyph as a string. The XML declaration's
+	encoding is always set to "UTF-8".
+	The 'glyphObject' argument can be any kind of object (even None);
+	the writeGlyphToString() method will attempt to get the following
+	attributes from it:
+		"width"      the advance width of the glyph
+		"height"     the advance height of the glyph
+		"unicodes"   a list of unicode values for this glyph
+		"note"       a string
+		"lib"        a dictionary containing custom data
+		"image"      a dictionary containing image data
+		"guidelines" a list of guideline data dictionaries
+		"anchors"    a list of anchor data dictionaries
+
+	All attributes are optional: if 'glyphObject' doesn't
+	have the attribute, it will simply be skipped.
+
+	To write outline data to the .glif file, writeGlyphToString() needs
+	a function (any callable object actually) that will take one
+	argument: an object that conforms to the PointPen protocol.
+	The function will be called by writeGlyphToString(); it has to call the
+	proper PointPen methods to transfer the outline to the .glif file.
+
+	The GLIF format version can be specified with the formatVersion argument.
+	This accepts either a tuple of integers for (major, minor), or a single
+	integer for the major digit only (with minor digit implied as 0).
+	By default when formatVesion is None the latest GLIF format version will
+	be used; currently it's 2.0, which is equivalent to formatVersion=(2, 0).
+
+	An UnsupportedGLIFFormat exception is raised if the requested UFO
+	formatVersion is not supported.
+
+	``validate`` will validate the written data. It is set to ``True`` by default.
+	"""
+	data = _writeGlyphToBytes(
+		glyphName,
+		glyphObject=glyphObject,
+		drawPointsFunc=drawPointsFunc,
+		formatVersion=formatVersion,
+		validate=validate,
+	)
+	return data.decode("utf-8")
+
+
+def _writeAdvance(glyphObject, element, validate):
+	width = getattr(glyphObject, "width", None)
+	if width is not None:
+		if validate and not isinstance(width, numberTypes):
+			raise GlifLibError("width attribute must be int or float")
+		if width == 0:
+			width = None
+	height = getattr(glyphObject, "height", None)
+	if height is not None:
+		if validate and not isinstance(height, numberTypes):
+			raise GlifLibError("height attribute must be int or float")
+		if height == 0:
+			height = None
+	if width is not None and height is not None:
+		etree.SubElement(element, "advance", OrderedDict([("height", repr(height)), ("width", repr(width))]))
+	elif width is not None:
+		etree.SubElement(element, "advance", dict(width=repr(width)))
+	elif height is not None:
+		etree.SubElement(element, "advance", dict(height=repr(height)))
+
+def _writeUnicodes(glyphObject, element, validate):
+	unicodes = getattr(glyphObject, "unicodes", None)
+	if validate and isinstance(unicodes, int):
+		unicodes = [unicodes]
+	seen = set()
+	for code in unicodes:
+		if validate and not isinstance(code, int):
+			raise GlifLibError("unicode values must be int")
+		if code in seen:
+			continue
+		seen.add(code)
+		hexCode = "%04X" % code
+		etree.SubElement(element, "unicode", dict(hex=hexCode))
+
+def _writeNote(glyphObject, element, validate):
+	note = getattr(glyphObject, "note", None)
+	if validate and not isinstance(note, str):
+		raise GlifLibError("note attribute must be str")
+	note = note.strip()
+	note = "\n" + note + "\n"
+	etree.SubElement(element, "note").text = note
+
+def _writeImage(glyphObject, element, validate):
+	image = getattr(glyphObject, "image", None)
+	if validate and not imageValidator(image):
+		raise GlifLibError("image attribute must be a dict or dict-like object with the proper structure.")
+	attrs = OrderedDict([("fileName", image["fileName"])])
+	for attr, default in _transformationInfo:
+		value = image.get(attr, default)
+		if value != default:
+			attrs[attr] = repr(value)
+	color = image.get("color")
+	if color is not None:
+		attrs["color"] = color
+	etree.SubElement(element, "image", attrs)
+
+def _writeGuidelines(glyphObject, element, identifiers, validate):
+	guidelines = getattr(glyphObject, "guidelines", [])
+	if validate and not guidelinesValidator(guidelines):
+		raise GlifLibError("guidelines attribute does not have the proper structure.")
+	for guideline in guidelines:
+		attrs = OrderedDict()
+		x = guideline.get("x")
+		if x is not None:
+			attrs["x"] = repr(x)
+		y = guideline.get("y")
+		if y is not None:
+			attrs["y"] = repr(y)
+		angle = guideline.get("angle")
+		if angle is not None:
+			attrs["angle"] = repr(angle)
+		name = guideline.get("name")
+		if name is not None:
+			attrs["name"] = name
+		color = guideline.get("color")
+		if color is not None:
+			attrs["color"] = color
+		identifier = guideline.get("identifier")
+		if identifier is not None:
+			if validate and identifier in identifiers:
+				raise GlifLibError("identifier used more than once: %s" % identifier)
+			attrs["identifier"] = identifier
+			identifiers.add(identifier)
+		etree.SubElement(element, "guideline", attrs)
+
+def _writeAnchorsFormat1(pen, anchors, validate):
+	if validate and not anchorsValidator(anchors):
+		raise GlifLibError("anchors attribute does not have the proper structure.")
+	for anchor in anchors:
+		attrs = {}
+		x = anchor["x"]
+		attrs["x"] = repr(x)
+		y = anchor["y"]
+		attrs["y"] = repr(y)
+		name = anchor.get("name")
+		if name is not None:
+			attrs["name"] = name
+		pen.beginPath()
+		pen.addPoint((x, y), segmentType="move", name=name)
+		pen.endPath()
+
+def _writeAnchors(glyphObject, element, identifiers, validate):
+	anchors = getattr(glyphObject, "anchors", [])
+	if validate and not anchorsValidator(anchors):
+		raise GlifLibError("anchors attribute does not have the proper structure.")
+	for anchor in anchors:
+		attrs = OrderedDict()
+		x = anchor["x"]
+		attrs["x"] = repr(x)
+		y = anchor["y"]
+		attrs["y"] = repr(y)
+		name = anchor.get("name")
+		if name is not None:
+			attrs["name"] = name
+		color = anchor.get("color")
+		if color is not None:
+			attrs["color"] = color
+		identifier = anchor.get("identifier")
+		if identifier is not None:
+			if validate and identifier in identifiers:
+				raise GlifLibError("identifier used more than once: %s" % identifier)
+			attrs["identifier"] = identifier
+			identifiers.add(identifier)
+		etree.SubElement(element, "anchor", attrs)
+
+def _writeLib(glyphObject, element, validate):
+	lib = getattr(glyphObject, "lib", None)
+	if not lib:
+		# don't write empty lib
+		return
+	if validate:
+		valid, message = glyphLibValidator(lib)
+		if not valid:
+			raise GlifLibError(message)
+	if not isinstance(lib, dict):
+		lib = dict(lib)
+	# plist inside GLIF begins with 2 levels of indentation
+	e = plistlib.totree(lib, indent_level=2)
+	etree.SubElement(element, "lib").append(e)
+
+# -----------------------
+# layerinfo.plist Support
+# -----------------------
+
+layerInfoVersion3ValueData = {
+	"color"			: dict(type=str, valueValidator=colorValidator),
+	"lib"			: dict(type=dict, valueValidator=genericTypeValidator)
+}
+
+def validateLayerInfoVersion3ValueForAttribute(attr, value):
+	"""
+	This performs very basic validation of the value for attribute
+	following the UFO 3 fontinfo.plist specification. The results
+	of this should not be interpretted as *correct* for the font
+	that they are part of. This merely indicates that the value
+	is of the proper type and, where the specification defines
+	a set range of possible values for an attribute, that the
+	value is in the accepted range.
+	"""
+	if attr not in layerInfoVersion3ValueData:
+		return False
+	dataValidationDict = layerInfoVersion3ValueData[attr]
+	valueType = dataValidationDict.get("type")
+	validator = dataValidationDict.get("valueValidator")
+	valueOptions = dataValidationDict.get("valueOptions")
+	# have specific options for the validator
+	if valueOptions is not None:
+		isValidValue = validator(value, valueOptions)
+	# no specific options
+	else:
+		if validator == genericTypeValidator:
+			isValidValue = validator(value, valueType)
+		else:
+			isValidValue = validator(value)
+	return isValidValue
+
+def validateLayerInfoVersion3Data(infoData):
+	"""
+	This performs very basic validation of the value for infoData
+	following the UFO 3 layerinfo.plist specification. The results
+	of this should not be interpretted as *correct* for the font
+	that they are part of. This merely indicates that the values
+	are of the proper type and, where the specification defines
+	a set range of possible values for an attribute, that the
+	value is in the accepted range.
+	"""
+	for attr, value in infoData.items():
+		if attr not in layerInfoVersion3ValueData:
+			raise GlifLibError("Unknown attribute %s." % attr)
+		isValidValue = validateLayerInfoVersion3ValueForAttribute(attr, value)
+		if not isValidValue:
+			raise GlifLibError(f"Invalid value for attribute {attr} ({value!r}).")
+	return infoData
+
+# -----------------
+# GLIF Tree Support
+# -----------------
+
+def _glifTreeFromFile(aFile):
+	if etree._have_lxml:
+		tree = etree.parse(aFile, parser=etree.XMLParser(remove_comments=True))
+	else:
+		tree = etree.parse(aFile)
+	root = tree.getroot()
+	if root.tag != "glyph":
+		raise GlifLibError("The GLIF is not properly formatted.")
+	if root.text and root.text.strip() != '':
+		raise GlifLibError("Invalid GLIF structure.")
+	return root
+
+
+def _glifTreeFromString(aString):
+	data = tobytes(aString, encoding="utf-8")
+	if etree._have_lxml:
+		root = etree.fromstring(data, parser=etree.XMLParser(remove_comments=True))
+	else:
+		root = etree.fromstring(data)
+	if root.tag != "glyph":
+		raise GlifLibError("The GLIF is not properly formatted.")
+	if root.text and root.text.strip() != '':
+		raise GlifLibError("Invalid GLIF structure.")
+	return root
+
+
+def _readGlyphFromTree(
+	tree,
+	glyphObject=None,
+	pointPen=None,
+	formatVersions=GLIFFormatVersion.supported_versions(),
+	validate=True,
+):
+	# check the format version
+	formatVersionMajor = tree.get("format")
+	if validate and formatVersionMajor is None:
+		raise GlifLibError("Unspecified format version in GLIF.")
+	formatVersionMinor = tree.get("formatMinor", 0)
+	try:
+		formatVersion = GLIFFormatVersion((int(formatVersionMajor), int(formatVersionMinor)))
+	except ValueError as e:
+		msg = "Unsupported GLIF format: %s.%s" % (formatVersionMajor, formatVersionMinor)
+		if validate:
+			from fontTools.ufoLib.errors import UnsupportedGLIFFormat
+
+			raise UnsupportedGLIFFormat(msg) from e
+		# warn but continue using the latest supported format
+		formatVersion = GLIFFormatVersion.default()
+		logger.warning(
+			"%s. Assuming the latest supported version (%s). "
+			"Some data may be skipped or parsed incorrectly.",
+			msg,
+			formatVersion,
+		)
+
+	if validate and formatVersion not in formatVersions:
+		raise GlifLibError(f"Forbidden GLIF format version: {formatVersion!s}")
+
+	try:
+		readGlyphFromTree = _READ_GLYPH_FROM_TREE_FUNCS[formatVersion]
+	except KeyError:
+		raise NotImplementedError(formatVersion)
+
+	readGlyphFromTree(
+		tree=tree,
+		glyphObject=glyphObject,
+		pointPen=pointPen,
+		validate=validate,
+		formatMinor=formatVersion.minor,
+	)
+
+
+def _readGlyphFromTreeFormat1(tree, glyphObject=None, pointPen=None, validate=None, **kwargs):
+	# get the name
+	_readName(glyphObject, tree, validate)
+	# populate the sub elements
+	unicodes = []
+	haveSeenAdvance = haveSeenOutline = haveSeenLib = haveSeenNote = False
+	for element in tree:
+		if element.tag == "outline":
+			if validate:
+				if haveSeenOutline:
+					raise GlifLibError("The outline element occurs more than once.")
+				if element.attrib:
+					raise GlifLibError("The outline element contains unknown attributes.")
+				if element.text and element.text.strip() != '':
+					raise GlifLibError("Invalid outline structure.")
+			haveSeenOutline = True
+			buildOutlineFormat1(glyphObject, pointPen, element, validate)
+		elif glyphObject is None:
+			continue
+		elif element.tag == "advance":
+			if validate and haveSeenAdvance:
+				raise GlifLibError("The advance element occurs more than once.")
+			haveSeenAdvance = True
+			_readAdvance(glyphObject, element)
+		elif element.tag == "unicode":
+			try:
+				v = element.get("hex")
+				v = int(v, 16)
+				if v not in unicodes:
+					unicodes.append(v)
+			except ValueError:
+				raise GlifLibError("Illegal value for hex attribute of unicode element.")
+		elif element.tag == "note":
+			if validate and haveSeenNote:
+				raise GlifLibError("The note element occurs more than once.")
+			haveSeenNote = True
+			_readNote(glyphObject, element)
+		elif element.tag == "lib":
+			if validate and haveSeenLib:
+				raise GlifLibError("The lib element occurs more than once.")
+			haveSeenLib = True
+			_readLib(glyphObject, element, validate)
+		else:
+			raise GlifLibError("Unknown element in GLIF: %s" % element)
+	# set the collected unicodes
+	if unicodes:
+		_relaxedSetattr(glyphObject, "unicodes", unicodes)
+
+def _readGlyphFromTreeFormat2(
+	tree, glyphObject=None, pointPen=None, validate=None, formatMinor=0
+):
+	# get the name
+	_readName(glyphObject, tree, validate)
+	# populate the sub elements
+	unicodes = []
+	guidelines = []
+	anchors = []
+	haveSeenAdvance = haveSeenImage = haveSeenOutline = haveSeenLib = haveSeenNote = False
+	identifiers = set()
+	for element in tree:
+		if element.tag == "outline":
+			if validate:
+				if haveSeenOutline:
+					raise GlifLibError("The outline element occurs more than once.")
+				if element.attrib:
+					raise GlifLibError("The outline element contains unknown attributes.")
+				if element.text and element.text.strip() != '':
+					raise GlifLibError("Invalid outline structure.")
+			haveSeenOutline = True
+			if pointPen is not None:
+				buildOutlineFormat2(glyphObject, pointPen, element, identifiers, validate)
+		elif glyphObject is None:
+			continue
+		elif element.tag == "advance":
+			if validate and haveSeenAdvance:
+				raise GlifLibError("The advance element occurs more than once.")
+			haveSeenAdvance = True
+			_readAdvance(glyphObject, element)
+		elif element.tag == "unicode":
+			try:
+				v = element.get("hex")
+				v = int(v, 16)
+				if v not in unicodes:
+					unicodes.append(v)
+			except ValueError:
+				raise GlifLibError("Illegal value for hex attribute of unicode element.")
+		elif element.tag == "guideline":
+			if validate and len(element):
+				raise GlifLibError("Unknown children in guideline element.")
+			attrib = dict(element.attrib)
+			for attr in ("x", "y", "angle"):
+				if attr in attrib:
+					attrib[attr] = _number(attrib[attr])
+			guidelines.append(attrib)
+		elif element.tag == "anchor":
+			if validate and len(element):
+				raise GlifLibError("Unknown children in anchor element.")
+			attrib = dict(element.attrib)
+			for attr in ("x", "y"):
+				if attr in element.attrib:
+					attrib[attr] = _number(attrib[attr])
+			anchors.append(attrib)
+		elif element.tag == "image":
+			if validate:
+				if haveSeenImage:
+					raise GlifLibError("The image element occurs more than once.")
+				if len(element):
+					raise GlifLibError("Unknown children in image element.")
+			haveSeenImage = True
+			_readImage(glyphObject, element, validate)
+		elif element.tag == "note":
+			if validate and haveSeenNote:
+				raise GlifLibError("The note element occurs more than once.")
+			haveSeenNote = True
+			_readNote(glyphObject, element)
+		elif element.tag == "lib":
+			if validate and haveSeenLib:
+				raise GlifLibError("The lib element occurs more than once.")
+			haveSeenLib = True
+			_readLib(glyphObject, element, validate)
+		else:
+			raise GlifLibError("Unknown element in GLIF: %s" % element)
+	# set the collected unicodes
+	if unicodes:
+		_relaxedSetattr(glyphObject, "unicodes", unicodes)
+	# set the collected guidelines
+	if guidelines:
+		if validate and not guidelinesValidator(guidelines, identifiers):
+			raise GlifLibError("The guidelines are improperly formatted.")
+		_relaxedSetattr(glyphObject, "guidelines", guidelines)
+	# set the collected anchors
+	if anchors:
+		if validate and not anchorsValidator(anchors, identifiers):
+			raise GlifLibError("The anchors are improperly formatted.")
+		_relaxedSetattr(glyphObject, "anchors", anchors)
+
+
+_READ_GLYPH_FROM_TREE_FUNCS = {
+	GLIFFormatVersion.FORMAT_1_0: _readGlyphFromTreeFormat1,
+	GLIFFormatVersion.FORMAT_2_0: _readGlyphFromTreeFormat2,
+}
+
+
+def _readName(glyphObject, root, validate):
+	glyphName = root.get("name")
+	if validate and not glyphName:
+		raise GlifLibError("Empty glyph name in GLIF.")
+	if glyphName and glyphObject is not None:
+		_relaxedSetattr(glyphObject, "name", glyphName)
+
+def _readAdvance(glyphObject, advance):
+	width = _number(advance.get("width", 0))
+	_relaxedSetattr(glyphObject, "width", width)
+	height = _number(advance.get("height", 0))
+	_relaxedSetattr(glyphObject, "height", height)
+
+def _readNote(glyphObject, note):
+	lines = note.text.split("\n")
+	note = "\n".join(line.strip() for line in lines if line.strip())
+	_relaxedSetattr(glyphObject, "note", note)
+
+def _readLib(glyphObject, lib, validate):
+	assert len(lib) == 1
+	child = lib[0]
+	plist = plistlib.fromtree(child)
+	if validate:
+		valid, message = glyphLibValidator(plist)
+		if not valid:
+			raise GlifLibError(message)
+	_relaxedSetattr(glyphObject, "lib", plist)
+
+def _readImage(glyphObject, image, validate):
+	imageData = dict(image.attrib)
+	for attr, default in _transformationInfo:
+		value = imageData.get(attr, default)
+		imageData[attr] = _number(value)
+	if validate and not imageValidator(imageData):
+		raise GlifLibError("The image element is not properly formatted.")
+	_relaxedSetattr(glyphObject, "image", imageData)
+
+# ----------------
+# GLIF to PointPen
+# ----------------
+
+contourAttributesFormat2 = {"identifier"}
+componentAttributesFormat1 = {"base", "xScale", "xyScale", "yxScale", "yScale", "xOffset", "yOffset"}
+componentAttributesFormat2 = componentAttributesFormat1 | {"identifier"}
+pointAttributesFormat1 = {"x", "y", "type", "smooth", "name"}
+pointAttributesFormat2 = pointAttributesFormat1 | {"identifier"}
+pointSmoothOptions = {"no", "yes"}
+pointTypeOptions = {"move", "line", "offcurve", "curve", "qcurve"}
+
+# format 1
+
+def buildOutlineFormat1(glyphObject, pen, outline, validate):
+	anchors = []
+	for element in outline:
+		if element.tag == "contour":
+			if len(element) == 1:
+				point = element[0]
+				if point.tag == "point":
+					anchor = _buildAnchorFormat1(point, validate)
+					if anchor is not None:
+						anchors.append(anchor)
+						continue
+			if pen is not None:
+				_buildOutlineContourFormat1(pen, element, validate)
+		elif element.tag == "component":
+			if pen is not None:
+				_buildOutlineComponentFormat1(pen, element, validate)
+		else:
+			raise GlifLibError("Unknown element in outline element: %s" % element)
+	if glyphObject is not None and anchors:
+		if validate and not anchorsValidator(anchors):
+			raise GlifLibError("GLIF 1 anchors are not properly formatted.")
+		_relaxedSetattr(glyphObject, "anchors", anchors)
+
+def _buildAnchorFormat1(point, validate):
+	if point.get("type") != "move":
+		return None
+	name = point.get("name")
+	if name is None:
+		return None
+	x = point.get("x")
+	y = point.get("y")
+	if validate and x is None:
+		raise GlifLibError("Required x attribute is missing in point element.")
+	if validate and y is None:
+		raise GlifLibError("Required y attribute is missing in point element.")
+	x = _number(x)
+	y = _number(y)
+	anchor = dict(x=x, y=y, name=name)
+	return anchor
+
+def _buildOutlineContourFormat1(pen, contour, validate):
+	if validate and contour.attrib:
+		raise GlifLibError("Unknown attributes in contour element.")
+	pen.beginPath()
+	if len(contour):
+		massaged = _validateAndMassagePointStructures(contour, pointAttributesFormat1, openContourOffCurveLeniency=True, validate=validate)
+		_buildOutlinePointsFormat1(pen, massaged)
+	pen.endPath()
+
+def _buildOutlinePointsFormat1(pen, contour):
+	for point in contour:
+		x = point["x"]
+		y = point["y"]
+		segmentType = point["segmentType"]
+		smooth = point["smooth"]
+		name = point["name"]
+		pen.addPoint((x, y), segmentType=segmentType, smooth=smooth, name=name)
+
+def _buildOutlineComponentFormat1(pen, component, validate):
+	if validate:
+		if len(component):
+			raise GlifLibError("Unknown child elements of component element.")
+		for attr in component.attrib.keys():
+			if attr not in componentAttributesFormat1:
+				raise GlifLibError("Unknown attribute in component element: %s" % attr)
+	baseGlyphName = component.get("base")
+	if validate and baseGlyphName is None:
+		raise GlifLibError("The base attribute is not defined in the component.")
+	transformation = []
+	for attr, default in _transformationInfo:
+		value = component.get(attr)
+		if value is None:
+			value = default
+		else:
+			value = _number(value)
+		transformation.append(value)
+	pen.addComponent(baseGlyphName, tuple(transformation))
+
+# format 2
+
+def buildOutlineFormat2(glyphObject, pen, outline, identifiers, validate):
+	for element in outline:
+		if element.tag == "contour":
+			_buildOutlineContourFormat2(pen, element, identifiers, validate)
+		elif element.tag == "component":
+			_buildOutlineComponentFormat2(pen, element, identifiers, validate)
+		else:
+			raise GlifLibError("Unknown element in outline element: %s" % element.tag)
+
+def _buildOutlineContourFormat2(pen, contour, identifiers, validate):
+	if validate:
+		for attr in contour.attrib.keys():
+			if attr not in contourAttributesFormat2:
+				raise GlifLibError("Unknown attribute in contour element: %s" % attr)
+	identifier = contour.get("identifier")
+	if identifier is not None:
+		if validate:
+			if identifier in identifiers:
+				raise GlifLibError("The identifier %s is used more than once." % identifier)
+			if not identifierValidator(identifier):
+				raise GlifLibError("The contour identifier %s is not valid." % identifier)
+		identifiers.add(identifier)
+	try:
+		pen.beginPath(identifier=identifier)
+	except TypeError:
+		pen.beginPath()
+		warn("The beginPath method needs an identifier kwarg. The contour's identifier value has been discarded.", DeprecationWarning)
+	if len(contour):
+		massaged = _validateAndMassagePointStructures(contour, pointAttributesFormat2, validate=validate)
+		_buildOutlinePointsFormat2(pen, massaged, identifiers, validate)
+	pen.endPath()
+
+def _buildOutlinePointsFormat2(pen, contour, identifiers, validate):
+	for point in contour:
+		x = point["x"]
+		y = point["y"]
+		segmentType = point["segmentType"]
+		smooth = point["smooth"]
+		name = point["name"]
+		identifier = point.get("identifier")
+		if identifier is not None:
+			if validate:
+				if identifier in identifiers:
+					raise GlifLibError("The identifier %s is used more than once." % identifier)
+				if not identifierValidator(identifier):
+					raise GlifLibError("The identifier %s is not valid." % identifier)
+			identifiers.add(identifier)
+		try:
+			pen.addPoint((x, y), segmentType=segmentType, smooth=smooth, name=name, identifier=identifier)
+		except TypeError:
+			pen.addPoint((x, y), segmentType=segmentType, smooth=smooth, name=name)
+			warn("The addPoint method needs an identifier kwarg. The point's identifier value has been discarded.", DeprecationWarning)
+
+def _buildOutlineComponentFormat2(pen, component, identifiers, validate):
+	if validate:
+		if len(component):
+			raise GlifLibError("Unknown child elements of component element.")
+		for attr in component.attrib.keys():
+			if attr not in componentAttributesFormat2:
+				raise GlifLibError("Unknown attribute in component element: %s" % attr)
+	baseGlyphName = component.get("base")
+	if validate and baseGlyphName is None:
+		raise GlifLibError("The base attribute is not defined in the component.")
+	transformation = []
+	for attr, default in _transformationInfo:
+		value = component.get(attr)
+		if value is None:
+			value = default
+		else:
+			value = _number(value)
+		transformation.append(value)
+	identifier = component.get("identifier")
+	if identifier is not None:
+		if validate:
+			if identifier in identifiers:
+				raise GlifLibError("The identifier %s is used more than once." % identifier)
+			if validate and not identifierValidator(identifier):
+				raise GlifLibError("The identifier %s is not valid." % identifier)
+		identifiers.add(identifier)
+	try:
+		pen.addComponent(baseGlyphName, tuple(transformation), identifier=identifier)
+	except TypeError:
+		pen.addComponent(baseGlyphName, tuple(transformation))
+		warn("The addComponent method needs an identifier kwarg. The component's identifier value has been discarded.", DeprecationWarning)
+
+# all formats
+
+def _validateAndMassagePointStructures(contour, pointAttributes, openContourOffCurveLeniency=False, validate=True):
+	if not len(contour):
+		return
+	# store some data for later validation
+	lastOnCurvePoint = None
+	haveOffCurvePoint = False
+	# validate and massage the individual point elements
+	massaged = []
+	for index, element in enumerate(contour):
+		# not <point>
+		if element.tag != "point":
+			raise GlifLibError("Unknown child element (%s) of contour element." % element.tag)
+		point = dict(element.attrib)
+		massaged.append(point)
+		if validate:
+			# unknown attributes
+			for attr in point.keys():
+				if attr not in pointAttributes:
+					raise GlifLibError("Unknown attribute in point element: %s" % attr)
+			# search for unknown children
+			if len(element):
+				raise GlifLibError("Unknown child elements in point element.")
+		# x and y are required
+		for attr in ("x", "y"):
+			try:
+				point[attr] = _number(point[attr])
+			except KeyError as e:
+				raise GlifLibError(f"Required {attr} attribute is missing in point element.") from e
+		# segment type
+		pointType = point.pop("type", "offcurve")
+		if validate and pointType not in pointTypeOptions:
+			raise GlifLibError("Unknown point type: %s" % pointType)
+		if pointType == "offcurve":
+			pointType = None
+		point["segmentType"] = pointType
+		if pointType is None:
+			haveOffCurvePoint = True
+		else:
+			lastOnCurvePoint = index
+		# move can only occur as the first point
+		if validate and pointType == "move" and index != 0:
+			raise GlifLibError("A move point occurs after the first point in the contour.")
+		# smooth is optional
+		smooth = point.get("smooth", "no")
+		if validate and smooth is not None:
+			if smooth not in pointSmoothOptions:
+				raise GlifLibError("Unknown point smooth value: %s" % smooth)
+		smooth = smooth == "yes"
+		point["smooth"] = smooth
+		# smooth can only be applied to curve and qcurve
+		if validate and smooth and pointType is None:
+			raise GlifLibError("smooth attribute set in an offcurve point.")
+		# name is optional
+		if "name" not in element.attrib:
+			point["name"] = None
+	if openContourOffCurveLeniency:
+		# remove offcurves that precede a move. this is technically illegal,
+		# but we let it slide because there are fonts out there in the wild like this.
+		if massaged[0]["segmentType"] == "move":
+			count = 0
+			for point in reversed(massaged):
+				if point["segmentType"] is None:
+					count += 1
+				else:
+					break
+			if count:
+				massaged = massaged[:-count]
+	# validate the off-curves in the segments
+	if validate and haveOffCurvePoint and lastOnCurvePoint is not None:
+		# we only care about how many offCurves there are before an onCurve
+		# filter out the trailing offCurves
+		offCurvesCount = len(massaged) - 1 - lastOnCurvePoint
+		for point in massaged:
+			segmentType = point["segmentType"]
+			if segmentType is None:
+				offCurvesCount += 1
+			else:
+				if offCurvesCount:
+					# move and line can't be preceded by off-curves
+					if segmentType == "move":
+						# this will have been filtered out already
+						raise GlifLibError("move can not have an offcurve.")
+					elif segmentType == "line":
+						raise GlifLibError("line can not have an offcurve.")
+					elif segmentType == "curve":
+						if offCurvesCount > 2:
+							raise GlifLibError("Too many offcurves defined for curve.")
+					elif segmentType == "qcurve":
+						pass
+					else:
+						# unknown segment type. it'll be caught later.
+						pass
+				offCurvesCount = 0
+	return massaged
+
+# ---------------------
+# Misc Helper Functions
+# ---------------------
+
+def _relaxedSetattr(object, attr, value):
+	try:
+		setattr(object, attr, value)
+	except AttributeError:
+		pass
+
+def _number(s):
+	"""
+	Given a numeric string, return an integer or a float, whichever
+	the string indicates. _number("1") will return the integer 1,
+	_number("1.0") will return the float 1.0.
+
+	>>> _number("1")
+	1
+	>>> _number("1.0")
+	1.0
+	>>> _number("a")  # doctest: +IGNORE_EXCEPTION_DETAIL
+	Traceback (most recent call last):
+	    ...
+	GlifLibError: Could not convert a to an int or float.
+	"""
+	try:
+		n = int(s)
+		return n
+	except ValueError:
+		pass
+	try:
+		n = float(s)
+		return n
+	except ValueError:
+		raise GlifLibError("Could not convert %s to an int or float." % s)
+
+# --------------------
+# Rapid Value Fetching
+# --------------------
+
+# base
+
+class _DoneParsing(Exception): pass
+
+class _BaseParser:
+
+	def __init__(self):
+		self._elementStack = []
+
+	def parse(self, text):
+		from xml.parsers.expat import ParserCreate
+		parser = ParserCreate()
+		parser.StartElementHandler = self.startElementHandler
+		parser.EndElementHandler = self.endElementHandler
+		parser.Parse(text)
+
+	def startElementHandler(self, name, attrs):
+		self._elementStack.append(name)
+
+	def endElementHandler(self, name):
+		other = self._elementStack.pop(-1)
+		assert other == name
+
+
+# unicodes
+
+def _fetchUnicodes(glif):
+	"""
+	Get a list of unicodes listed in glif.
+	"""
+	parser = _FetchUnicodesParser()
+	parser.parse(glif)
+	return parser.unicodes
+
+class _FetchUnicodesParser(_BaseParser):
+
+	def __init__(self):
+		self.unicodes = []
+		super().__init__()
+
+	def startElementHandler(self, name, attrs):
+		if name == "unicode" and self._elementStack and self._elementStack[-1] == "glyph":
+			value = attrs.get("hex")
+			if value is not None:
+				try:
+					value = int(value, 16)
+					if value not in self.unicodes:
+						self.unicodes.append(value)
+				except ValueError:
+					pass
+		super().startElementHandler(name, attrs)
+
+# image
+
+def _fetchImageFileName(glif):
+	"""
+	The image file name (if any) from glif.
+	"""
+	parser = _FetchImageFileNameParser()
+	try:
+		parser.parse(glif)
+	except _DoneParsing:
+		pass
+	return parser.fileName
+
+class _FetchImageFileNameParser(_BaseParser):
+
+	def __init__(self):
+		self.fileName = None
+		super().__init__()
+
+	def startElementHandler(self, name, attrs):
+		if name == "image" and self._elementStack and self._elementStack[-1] == "glyph":
+			self.fileName = attrs.get("fileName")
+			raise _DoneParsing
+		super().startElementHandler(name, attrs)
+
+# component references
+
+def _fetchComponentBases(glif):
+	"""
+	Get a list of component base glyphs listed in glif.
+	"""
+	parser = _FetchComponentBasesParser()
+	try:
+		parser.parse(glif)
+	except _DoneParsing:
+		pass
+	return list(parser.bases)
+
+class _FetchComponentBasesParser(_BaseParser):
+
+	def __init__(self):
+		self.bases = []
+		super().__init__()
+
+	def startElementHandler(self, name, attrs):
+		if name == "component" and self._elementStack and self._elementStack[-1] == "outline":
+			base = attrs.get("base")
+			if base is not None:
+				self.bases.append(base)
+		super().startElementHandler(name, attrs)
+
+	def endElementHandler(self, name):
+		if name == "outline":
+			raise _DoneParsing
+		super().endElementHandler(name)
+
+# --------------
+# GLIF Point Pen
+# --------------
+
+_transformationInfo = [
+	# field name, default value
+	("xScale",    1),
+	("xyScale",   0),
+	("yxScale",   0),
+	("yScale",    1),
+	("xOffset",   0),
+	("yOffset",   0),
+]
+
+class GLIFPointPen(AbstractPointPen):
+
+	"""
+	Helper class using the PointPen protocol to write the <outline>
+	part of .glif files.
+	"""
+
+	def __init__(self, element, formatVersion=None, identifiers=None, validate=True):
+		if identifiers is None:
+			identifiers = set()
+		self.formatVersion = GLIFFormatVersion(formatVersion)
+		self.identifiers = identifiers
+		self.outline = element
+		self.contour = None
+		self.prevOffCurveCount = 0
+		self.prevPointTypes = []
+		self.validate = validate
+
+	def beginPath(self, identifier=None, **kwargs):
+		attrs = OrderedDict()
+		if identifier is not None and self.formatVersion.major >= 2:
+			if self.validate:
+				if identifier in self.identifiers:
+					raise GlifLibError("identifier used more than once: %s" % identifier)
+				if not identifierValidator(identifier):
+					raise GlifLibError("identifier not formatted properly: %s" % identifier)
+			attrs["identifier"] = identifier
+			self.identifiers.add(identifier)
+		self.contour = etree.SubElement(self.outline, "contour", attrs)
+		self.prevOffCurveCount = 0
+
+	def endPath(self):
+		if self.prevPointTypes and self.prevPointTypes[0] == "move":
+			if self.validate and self.prevPointTypes[-1] == "offcurve":
+				raise GlifLibError("open contour has loose offcurve point")
+		# prevent lxml from writing self-closing tags
+		if not len(self.contour):
+			self.contour.text = "\n  "
+		self.contour = None
+		self.prevPointType = None
+		self.prevOffCurveCount = 0
+		self.prevPointTypes = []
+
+	def addPoint(self, pt, segmentType=None, smooth=None, name=None, identifier=None, **kwargs):
+		attrs = OrderedDict()
+		# coordinates
+		if pt is not None:
+			if self.validate:
+				for coord in pt:
+					if not isinstance(coord, numberTypes):
+						raise GlifLibError("coordinates must be int or float")
+			attrs["x"] = repr(pt[0])
+			attrs["y"] = repr(pt[1])
+		# segment type
+		if segmentType == "offcurve":
+			segmentType = None
+		if self.validate:
+			if segmentType == "move" and self.prevPointTypes:
+				raise GlifLibError("move occurs after a point has already been added to the contour.")
+			if segmentType in ("move", "line") and self.prevPointTypes and self.prevPointTypes[-1] == "offcurve":
+				raise GlifLibError("offcurve occurs before %s point." % segmentType)
+			if segmentType == "curve" and self.prevOffCurveCount > 2:
+				raise GlifLibError("too many offcurve points before curve point.")
+		if segmentType is not None:
+			attrs["type"] = segmentType
+		else:
+			segmentType = "offcurve"
+		if segmentType == "offcurve":
+			self.prevOffCurveCount += 1
+		else:
+			self.prevOffCurveCount = 0
+		self.prevPointTypes.append(segmentType)
+		# smooth
+		if smooth:
+			if self.validate and segmentType == "offcurve":
+				raise GlifLibError("can't set smooth in an offcurve point.")
+			attrs["smooth"] = "yes"
+		# name
+		if name is not None:
+			attrs["name"] = name
+		# identifier
+		if identifier is not None and self.formatVersion.major >= 2:
+			if self.validate:
+				if identifier in self.identifiers:
+					raise GlifLibError("identifier used more than once: %s" % identifier)
+				if not identifierValidator(identifier):
+					raise GlifLibError("identifier not formatted properly: %s" % identifier)
+			attrs["identifier"] = identifier
+			self.identifiers.add(identifier)
+		etree.SubElement(self.contour, "point", attrs)
+
+	def addComponent(self, glyphName, transformation, identifier=None, **kwargs):
+		attrs = OrderedDict([("base", glyphName)])
+		for (attr, default), value in zip(_transformationInfo, transformation):
+			if self.validate and not isinstance(value, numberTypes):
+				raise GlifLibError("transformation values must be int or float")
+			if value != default:
+				attrs[attr] = repr(value)
+		if identifier is not None and self.formatVersion.major >= 2:
+			if self.validate:
+				if identifier in self.identifiers:
+					raise GlifLibError("identifier used more than once: %s" % identifier)
+				if self.validate and not identifierValidator(identifier):
+					raise GlifLibError("identifier not formatted properly: %s" % identifier)
+			attrs["identifier"] = identifier
+			self.identifiers.add(identifier)
+		etree.SubElement(self.outline, "component", attrs)
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+	import doctest
+	doctest.testmod()
diff --git a/Lib/fontTools/ufoLib/kerning.py b/Lib/fontTools/ufoLib/kerning.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..947222a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Lib/fontTools/ufoLib/kerning.py
@@ -0,0 +1,89 @@
+
+
+def lookupKerningValue(pair, kerning, groups, fallback=0, glyphToFirstGroup=None, glyphToSecondGroup=None):
+	"""
+	Note: This expects kerning to be a flat dictionary
+	of kerning pairs, not the nested structure used
+	in kerning.plist.
+
+	>>> groups = {
+	...     "public.kern1.O" : ["O", "D", "Q"],
+	...     "public.kern2.E" : ["E", "F"]
+	... }
+	>>> kerning = {
+	...     ("public.kern1.O", "public.kern2.E") : -100,
+	...     ("public.kern1.O", "F") : -200,
+	...     ("D", "F") : -300
+	... }
+	>>> lookupKerningValue(("D", "F"), kerning, groups)
+	-300
+	>>> lookupKerningValue(("O", "F"), kerning, groups)
+	-200
+	>>> lookupKerningValue(("O", "E"), kerning, groups)
+	-100
+	>>> lookupKerningValue(("O", "O"), kerning, groups)
+	0
+	>>> lookupKerningValue(("E", "E"), kerning, groups)
+	0
+	>>> lookupKerningValue(("E", "O"), kerning, groups)
+	0
+	>>> lookupKerningValue(("X", "X"), kerning, groups)
+	0
+	>>> lookupKerningValue(("public.kern1.O", "public.kern2.E"),
+	...     kerning, groups)
+	-100
+	>>> lookupKerningValue(("public.kern1.O", "F"), kerning, groups)
+	-200
+	>>> lookupKerningValue(("O", "public.kern2.E"), kerning, groups)
+	-100
+	>>> lookupKerningValue(("public.kern1.X", "public.kern2.X"), kerning, groups)
+	0
+	"""
+	# quickly check to see if the pair is in the kerning dictionary
+	if pair in kerning:
+		return kerning[pair]
+	# create glyph to group mapping
+	if glyphToFirstGroup is not None:
+		assert glyphToSecondGroup is not None
+	if glyphToSecondGroup is not None:
+		assert glyphToFirstGroup is not None
+	if glyphToFirstGroup is None:
+		glyphToFirstGroup = {}
+		glyphToSecondGroup = {}
+		for group, groupMembers in groups.items():
+			if group.startswith("public.kern1."):
+				for glyph in groupMembers:
+					glyphToFirstGroup[glyph] = group
+			elif group.startswith("public.kern2."):
+				for glyph in groupMembers:
+					glyphToSecondGroup[glyph] = group
+	# get group names and make sure first and second are glyph names
+	first, second = pair
+	firstGroup = secondGroup = None
+	if first.startswith("public.kern1."):
+		firstGroup = first
+		first = None
+	else:
+		firstGroup = glyphToFirstGroup.get(first)
+	if second.startswith("public.kern2."):
+		secondGroup = second
+		second = None
+	else:
+		secondGroup = glyphToSecondGroup.get(second)
+	# make an ordered list of pairs to look up
+	pairs = [
+		(first, second),
+		(first, secondGroup),
+		(firstGroup, second),
+		(firstGroup, secondGroup)
+	]
+	# look up the pairs and return any matches
+	for pair in pairs:
+		if pair in kerning:
+			return kerning[pair]
+	# use the fallback value
+	return fallback
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+	import doctest
+	doctest.testmod()
diff --git a/Lib/fontTools/ufoLib/plistlib.py b/Lib/fontTools/ufoLib/plistlib.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7638168
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Lib/fontTools/ufoLib/plistlib.py
@@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
+"""DEPRECATED - This module is kept here only as a backward compatibility shim
+for the old ufoLib.plistlib module, which was moved to fontTools.misc.plistlib.
+Please use the latter instead.
+"""
+from fontTools.misc.plistlib import dump, dumps, load, loads
+from fontTools.misc.py23 import tobytes
+
+# The following functions were part of the old py2-like ufoLib.plistlib API.
+# They are kept only for backward compatiblity.
+from fontTools.ufoLib.utils import deprecated
+
+
+@deprecated("Use 'fontTools.misc.plistlib.load' instead")
+def readPlist(path_or_file):
+    did_open = False
+    if isinstance(path_or_file, str):
+        path_or_file = open(path_or_file, "rb")
+        did_open = True
+    try:
+        return load(path_or_file, use_builtin_types=False)
+    finally:
+        if did_open:
+            path_or_file.close()
+
+
+@deprecated("Use 'fontTools.misc.plistlib.dump' instead")
+def writePlist(value, path_or_file):
+    did_open = False
+    if isinstance(path_or_file, str):
+        path_or_file = open(path_or_file, "wb")
+        did_open = True
+    try:
+        dump(value, path_or_file, use_builtin_types=False)
+    finally:
+        if did_open:
+            path_or_file.close()
+
+
+@deprecated("Use 'fontTools.misc.plistlib.loads' instead")
+def readPlistFromString(data):
+    return loads(tobytes(data, encoding="utf-8"), use_builtin_types=False)
+
+
+@deprecated("Use 'fontTools.misc.plistlib.dumps' instead")
+def writePlistToString(value):
+    return dumps(value, use_builtin_types=False)
diff --git a/Lib/fontTools/ufoLib/pointPen.py b/Lib/fontTools/ufoLib/pointPen.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3433fdb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Lib/fontTools/ufoLib/pointPen.py
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+"""DEPRECATED - This module is kept here only as a backward compatibility shim
+for the old ufoLib.pointPen module, which was moved to fontTools.pens.pointPen.
+Please use the latter instead.
+"""
+from fontTools.pens.pointPen import *
diff --git a/Lib/fontTools/ufoLib/utils.py b/Lib/fontTools/ufoLib/utils.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..85878b4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Lib/fontTools/ufoLib/utils.py
@@ -0,0 +1,75 @@
+"""The module contains miscellaneous helpers.
+It's not considered part of the public ufoLib API.
+"""
+import warnings
+import functools
+
+
+numberTypes = (int, float)
+
+
+def deprecated(msg=""):
+    """Decorator factory to mark functions as deprecated with given message.
+
+    >>> @deprecated("Enough!")
+    ... def some_function():
+    ...    "I just print 'hello world'."
+    ...    print("hello world")
+    >>> some_function()
+    hello world
+    >>> some_function.__doc__ == "I just print 'hello world'."
+    True
+    """
+
+    def deprecated_decorator(func):
+        @functools.wraps(func)
+        def wrapper(*args, **kwargs):
+            warnings.warn(
+                f"{func.__name__} function is a deprecated. {msg}",
+                category=DeprecationWarning,
+                stacklevel=2,
+            )
+            return func(*args, **kwargs)
+
+        return wrapper
+
+    return deprecated_decorator
+
+
+# To be mixed with enum.Enum in UFOFormatVersion and GLIFFormatVersion
+class _VersionTupleEnumMixin:
+    @property
+    def major(self):
+        return self.value[0]
+
+    @property
+    def minor(self):
+        return self.value[1]
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _missing_(cls, value):
+        # allow to initialize a version enum from a single (major) integer
+        if isinstance(value, int):
+            return cls((value, 0))
+        # or from None to obtain the current default version
+        if value is None:
+            return cls.default()
+        return super()._missing_(value)
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        return f"{self.major}.{self.minor}"
+
+    @classmethod
+    def default(cls):
+        # get the latest defined version (i.e. the max of all versions)
+        return max(cls.__members__.values())
+
+    @classmethod
+    def supported_versions(cls):
+        return frozenset(cls.__members__.values())
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    import doctest
+
+    doctest.testmod()
diff --git a/Lib/fontTools/ufoLib/validators.py b/Lib/fontTools/ufoLib/validators.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..49cb0e4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Lib/fontTools/ufoLib/validators.py
@@ -0,0 +1,1060 @@
+"""Various low level data validators."""
+
+import calendar
+from io import open
+import fs.base
+import fs.osfs
+
+from collections.abc import Mapping
+from fontTools.ufoLib.utils import numberTypes
+
+
+# -------
+# Generic
+# -------
+
+def isDictEnough(value):
+    """
+    Some objects will likely come in that aren't
+    dicts but are dict-ish enough.
+    """
+    if isinstance(value, Mapping):
+        return True
+    for attr in ("keys", "values", "items"):
+        if not hasattr(value, attr):
+            return False
+    return True
+
+def genericTypeValidator(value, typ):
+	"""
+	Generic. (Added at version 2.)
+	"""
+	return isinstance(value, typ)
+
+def genericIntListValidator(values, validValues):
+	"""
+	Generic. (Added at version 2.)
+	"""
+	if not isinstance(values, (list, tuple)):
+		return False
+	valuesSet = set(values)
+	validValuesSet = set(validValues)
+	if valuesSet - validValuesSet:
+		return False
+	for value in values:
+		if not isinstance(value, int):
+			return False
+	return True
+
+def genericNonNegativeIntValidator(value):
+	"""
+	Generic. (Added at version 3.)
+	"""
+	if not isinstance(value, int):
+		return False
+	if value < 0:
+		return False
+	return True
+
+def genericNonNegativeNumberValidator(value):
+	"""
+	Generic. (Added at version 3.)
+	"""
+	if not isinstance(value, numberTypes):
+		return False
+	if value < 0:
+		return False
+	return True
+
+def genericDictValidator(value, prototype):
+	"""
+	Generic. (Added at version 3.)
+	"""
+	# not a dict
+	if not isinstance(value, Mapping):
+		return False
+	# missing required keys
+	for key, (typ, required) in prototype.items():
+		if not required:
+			continue
+		if key not in value:
+			return False
+	# unknown keys
+	for key in value.keys():
+		if key not in prototype:
+			return False
+	# incorrect types
+	for key, v in value.items():
+		prototypeType, required = prototype[key]
+		if v is None and not required:
+			continue
+		if not isinstance(v, prototypeType):
+			return False
+	return True
+
+# --------------
+# fontinfo.plist
+# --------------
+
+# Data Validators
+
+def fontInfoStyleMapStyleNameValidator(value):
+	"""
+	Version 2+.
+	"""
+	options = ["regular", "italic", "bold", "bold italic"]
+	return value in options
+
+def fontInfoOpenTypeGaspRangeRecordsValidator(value):
+	"""
+	Version 3+.
+	"""
+	if not isinstance(value, list):
+		return False
+	if len(value) == 0:
+		return True
+	validBehaviors = [0, 1, 2, 3]
+	dictPrototype = dict(rangeMaxPPEM=(int, True), rangeGaspBehavior=(list, True))
+	ppemOrder = []
+	for rangeRecord in value:
+		if not genericDictValidator(rangeRecord, dictPrototype):
+			return False
+		ppem = rangeRecord["rangeMaxPPEM"]
+		behavior = rangeRecord["rangeGaspBehavior"]
+		ppemValidity = genericNonNegativeIntValidator(ppem)
+		if not ppemValidity:
+			return False
+		behaviorValidity = genericIntListValidator(behavior, validBehaviors)
+		if not behaviorValidity:
+			return False
+		ppemOrder.append(ppem)
+	if ppemOrder != sorted(ppemOrder):
+		return False
+	return True
+
+def fontInfoOpenTypeHeadCreatedValidator(value):
+	"""
+	Version 2+.
+	"""
+	# format: 0000/00/00 00:00:00
+	if not isinstance(value, str):
+		return False
+	# basic formatting
+	if not len(value) == 19:
+		return False
+	if value.count(" ") != 1:
+		return False
+	date, time = value.split(" ")
+	if date.count("/") != 2:
+		return False
+	if time.count(":") != 2:
+		return False
+	# date
+	year, month, day = date.split("/")
+	if len(year) != 4:
+		return False
+	if len(month) != 2:
+		return False
+	if len(day) != 2:
+		return False
+	try:
+		year = int(year)
+		month = int(month)
+		day = int(day)
+	except ValueError:
+		return False
+	if month < 1 or month > 12:
+		return False
+	monthMaxDay = calendar.monthrange(year, month)[1]
+	if day < 1 or day > monthMaxDay:
+		return False
+	# time
+	hour, minute, second = time.split(":")
+	if len(hour) != 2:
+		return False
+	if len(minute) != 2:
+		return False
+	if len(second) != 2:
+		return False
+	try:
+		hour = int(hour)
+		minute = int(minute)
+		second = int(second)
+	except ValueError:
+		return False
+	if hour < 0 or hour > 23:
+		return False
+	if minute < 0 or minute > 59:
+		return False
+	if second < 0 or second > 59:
+		return False
+	# fallback
+	return True
+
+def fontInfoOpenTypeNameRecordsValidator(value):
+	"""
+	Version 3+.
+	"""
+	if not isinstance(value, list):
+		return False
+	dictPrototype = dict(nameID=(int, True), platformID=(int, True), encodingID=(int, True), languageID=(int, True), string=(str, True))
+	for nameRecord in value:
+		if not genericDictValidator(nameRecord, dictPrototype):
+			return False
+	return True
+
+def fontInfoOpenTypeOS2WeightClassValidator(value):
+	"""
+	Version 2+.
+	"""
+	if not isinstance(value, int):
+		return False
+	if value < 0:
+		return False
+	return True
+
+def fontInfoOpenTypeOS2WidthClassValidator(value):
+	"""
+	Version 2+.
+	"""
+	if not isinstance(value, int):
+		return False
+	if value < 1:
+		return False
+	if value > 9:
+		return False
+	return True
+
+def fontInfoVersion2OpenTypeOS2PanoseValidator(values):
+	"""
+	Version 2.
+	"""
+	if not isinstance(values, (list, tuple)):
+		return False
+	if len(values) != 10:
+		return False
+	for value in values:
+		if not isinstance(value, int):
+			return False
+	# XXX further validation?
+	return True
+
+def fontInfoVersion3OpenTypeOS2PanoseValidator(values):
+	"""
+	Version 3+.
+	"""
+	if not isinstance(values, (list, tuple)):
+		return False
+	if len(values) != 10:
+		return False
+	for value in values:
+		if not isinstance(value, int):
+			return False
+		if value < 0:
+			return False
+	# XXX further validation?
+	return True
+
+def fontInfoOpenTypeOS2FamilyClassValidator(values):
+	"""
+	Version 2+.
+	"""
+	if not isinstance(values, (list, tuple)):
+		return False
+	if len(values) != 2:
+		return False
+	for value in values:
+		if not isinstance(value, int):
+			return False
+	classID, subclassID = values
+	if classID < 0 or classID > 14:
+		return False
+	if subclassID < 0 or subclassID > 15:
+		return False
+	return True
+
+def fontInfoPostscriptBluesValidator(values):
+	"""
+	Version 2+.
+	"""
+	if not isinstance(values, (list, tuple)):
+		return False
+	if len(values) > 14:
+		return False
+	if len(values) % 2:
+		return False
+	for value in values:
+		if not isinstance(value, numberTypes):
+			return False
+	return True
+
+def fontInfoPostscriptOtherBluesValidator(values):
+	"""
+	Version 2+.
+	"""
+	if not isinstance(values, (list, tuple)):
+		return False
+	if len(values) > 10:
+		return False
+	if len(values) % 2:
+		return False
+	for value in values:
+		if not isinstance(value, numberTypes):
+			return False
+	return True
+
+def fontInfoPostscriptStemsValidator(values):
+	"""
+	Version 2+.
+	"""
+	if not isinstance(values, (list, tuple)):
+		return False
+	if len(values) > 12:
+		return False
+	for value in values:
+		if not isinstance(value, numberTypes):
+			return False
+	return True
+
+def fontInfoPostscriptWindowsCharacterSetValidator(value):
+	"""
+	Version 2+.
+	"""
+	validValues = list(range(1, 21))
+	if value not in validValues:
+		return False
+	return True
+
+def fontInfoWOFFMetadataUniqueIDValidator(value):
+	"""
+	Version 3+.
+	"""
+	dictPrototype = dict(id=(str, True))
+	if not genericDictValidator(value, dictPrototype):
+		return False
+	return True
+
+def fontInfoWOFFMetadataVendorValidator(value):
+	"""
+	Version 3+.
+	"""
+	dictPrototype = {"name" : (str, True), "url" : (str, False), "dir" : (str, False), "class" : (str, False)}
+	if not genericDictValidator(value, dictPrototype):
+		return False
+	if "dir" in value and value.get("dir") not in ("ltr", "rtl"):
+		return False
+	return True
+
+def fontInfoWOFFMetadataCreditsValidator(value):
+	"""
+	Version 3+.
+	"""
+	dictPrototype = dict(credits=(list, True))
+	if not genericDictValidator(value, dictPrototype):
+		return False
+	if not len(value["credits"]):
+		return False
+	dictPrototype = {"name" : (str, True), "url" : (str, False), "role" : (str, False), "dir" : (str, False), "class" : (str, False)}
+	for credit in value["credits"]:
+		if not genericDictValidator(credit, dictPrototype):
+			return False
+		if "dir" in credit and credit.get("dir") not in ("ltr", "rtl"):
+			return False
+	return True
+
+def fontInfoWOFFMetadataDescriptionValidator(value):
+	"""
+	Version 3+.
+	"""
+	dictPrototype = dict(url=(str, False), text=(list, True))
+	if not genericDictValidator(value, dictPrototype):
+		return False
+	for text in value["text"]:
+		if not fontInfoWOFFMetadataTextValue(text):
+			return False
+	return True
+
+def fontInfoWOFFMetadataLicenseValidator(value):
+	"""
+	Version 3+.
+	"""
+	dictPrototype = dict(url=(str, False), text=(list, False), id=(str, False))
+	if not genericDictValidator(value, dictPrototype):
+		return False
+	if "text" in value:
+		for text in value["text"]:
+			if not fontInfoWOFFMetadataTextValue(text):
+				return False
+	return True
+
+def fontInfoWOFFMetadataTrademarkValidator(value):
+	"""
+	Version 3+.
+	"""
+	dictPrototype = dict(text=(list, True))
+	if not genericDictValidator(value, dictPrototype):
+		return False
+	for text in value["text"]:
+		if not fontInfoWOFFMetadataTextValue(text):
+			return False
+	return True
+
+def fontInfoWOFFMetadataCopyrightValidator(value):
+	"""
+	Version 3+.
+	"""
+	dictPrototype = dict(text=(list, True))
+	if not genericDictValidator(value, dictPrototype):
+		return False
+	for text in value["text"]:
+		if not fontInfoWOFFMetadataTextValue(text):
+			return False
+	return True
+
+def fontInfoWOFFMetadataLicenseeValidator(value):
+	"""
+	Version 3+.
+	"""
+	dictPrototype = {"name" : (str, True), "dir" : (str, False), "class" : (str, False)}
+	if not genericDictValidator(value, dictPrototype):
+		return False
+	if "dir" in value and value.get("dir") not in ("ltr", "rtl"):
+		return False
+	return True
+
+def fontInfoWOFFMetadataTextValue(value):
+	"""
+	Version 3+.
+	"""
+	dictPrototype = {"text" : (str, True), "language" : (str, False), "dir" : (str, False), "class" : (str, False)}
+	if not genericDictValidator(value, dictPrototype):
+		return False
+	if "dir" in value and value.get("dir") not in ("ltr", "rtl"):
+		return False
+	return True
+
+def fontInfoWOFFMetadataExtensionsValidator(value):
+	"""
+	Version 3+.
+	"""
+	if not isinstance(value, list):
+		return False
+	if not value:
+		return False
+	for extension in value:
+		if not fontInfoWOFFMetadataExtensionValidator(extension):
+			return False
+	return True
+
+def fontInfoWOFFMetadataExtensionValidator(value):
+	"""
+	Version 3+.
+	"""
+	dictPrototype = dict(names=(list, False), items=(list, True), id=(str, False))
+	if not genericDictValidator(value, dictPrototype):
+		return False
+	if "names" in value:
+		for name in value["names"]:
+			if not fontInfoWOFFMetadataExtensionNameValidator(name):
+				return False
+	for item in value["items"]:
+		if not fontInfoWOFFMetadataExtensionItemValidator(item):
+			return False
+	return True
+
+def fontInfoWOFFMetadataExtensionItemValidator(value):
+	"""
+	Version 3+.
+	"""
+	dictPrototype = dict(id=(str, False), names=(list, True), values=(list, True))
+	if not genericDictValidator(value, dictPrototype):
+		return False
+	for name in value["names"]:
+		if not fontInfoWOFFMetadataExtensionNameValidator(name):
+			return False
+	for val in value["values"]:
+		if not fontInfoWOFFMetadataExtensionValueValidator(val):
+			return False
+	return True
+
+def fontInfoWOFFMetadataExtensionNameValidator(value):
+	"""
+	Version 3+.
+	"""
+	dictPrototype = {"text" : (str, True), "language" : (str, False), "dir" : (str, False), "class" : (str, False)}
+	if not genericDictValidator(value, dictPrototype):
+		return False
+	if "dir" in value and value.get("dir") not in ("ltr", "rtl"):
+		return False
+	return True
+
+def fontInfoWOFFMetadataExtensionValueValidator(value):
+	"""
+	Version 3+.
+	"""
+	dictPrototype = {"text" : (str, True), "language" : (str, False), "dir" : (str, False), "class" : (str, False)}
+	if not genericDictValidator(value, dictPrototype):
+		return False
+	if "dir" in value and value.get("dir") not in ("ltr", "rtl"):
+		return False
+	return True
+
+# ----------
+# Guidelines
+# ----------
+
+def guidelinesValidator(value, identifiers=None):
+	"""
+	Version 3+.
+	"""
+	if not isinstance(value, list):
+		return False
+	if identifiers is None:
+		identifiers = set()
+	for guide in value:
+		if not guidelineValidator(guide):
+			return False
+		identifier = guide.get("identifier")
+		if identifier is not None:
+			if identifier in identifiers:
+				return False
+			identifiers.add(identifier)
+	return True
+
+_guidelineDictPrototype = dict(
+	x=((int, float), False), y=((int, float), False), angle=((int, float), False),
+	name=(str, False), color=(str, False), identifier=(str, False)
+)
+
+def guidelineValidator(value):
+	"""
+	Version 3+.
+	"""
+	if not genericDictValidator(value, _guidelineDictPrototype):
+		return False
+	x = value.get("x")
+	y = value.get("y")
+	angle = value.get("angle")
+	# x or y must be present
+	if x is None and y is None:
+		return False
+	# if x or y are None, angle must not be present
+	if x is None or y is None:
+		if angle is not None:
+			return False
+	# if x and y are defined, angle must be defined
+	if x is not None and y is not None and angle is None:
+		return False
+	# angle must be between 0 and 360
+	if angle is not None:
+		if angle < 0:
+			return False
+		if angle > 360:
+			return False
+	# identifier must be 1 or more characters
+	identifier = value.get("identifier")
+	if identifier is not None and not identifierValidator(identifier):
+		return False
+	# color must follow the proper format
+	color = value.get("color")
+	if color is not None and not colorValidator(color):
+		return False
+	return True
+
+# -------
+# Anchors
+# -------
+
+def anchorsValidator(value, identifiers=None):
+	"""
+	Version 3+.
+	"""
+	if not isinstance(value, list):
+		return False
+	if identifiers is None:
+		identifiers = set()
+	for anchor in value:
+		if not anchorValidator(anchor):
+			return False
+		identifier = anchor.get("identifier")
+		if identifier is not None:
+			if identifier in identifiers:
+				return False
+			identifiers.add(identifier)
+	return True
+
+_anchorDictPrototype = dict(
+	x=((int, float), False), y=((int, float), False),
+	name=(str, False), color=(str, False),
+	identifier=(str, False)
+)
+
+def anchorValidator(value):
+	"""
+	Version 3+.
+	"""
+	if not genericDictValidator(value, _anchorDictPrototype):
+		return False
+	x = value.get("x")
+	y = value.get("y")
+	# x and y must be present
+	if x is None or y is None:
+		return False
+	# identifier must be 1 or more characters
+	identifier = value.get("identifier")
+	if identifier is not None and not identifierValidator(identifier):
+		return False
+	# color must follow the proper format
+	color = value.get("color")
+	if color is not None and not colorValidator(color):
+		return False
+	return True
+
+# ----------
+# Identifier
+# ----------
+
+def identifierValidator(value):
+	"""
+	Version 3+.
+
+	>>> identifierValidator("a")
+	True
+	>>> identifierValidator("")
+	False
+	>>> identifierValidator("a" * 101)
+	False
+	"""
+	validCharactersMin = 0x20
+	validCharactersMax = 0x7E
+	if not isinstance(value, str):
+		return False
+	if not value:
+		return False
+	if len(value) > 100:
+		return False
+	for c in value:
+		c = ord(c)
+		if c < validCharactersMin or c > validCharactersMax:
+			return False
+	return True
+
+# -----
+# Color
+# -----
+
+def colorValidator(value):
+	"""
+	Version 3+.
+
+	>>> colorValidator("0,0,0,0")
+	True
+	>>> colorValidator(".5,.5,.5,.5")
+	True
+	>>> colorValidator("0.5,0.5,0.5,0.5")
+	True
+	>>> colorValidator("1,1,1,1")
+	True
+
+	>>> colorValidator("2,0,0,0")
+	False
+	>>> colorValidator("0,2,0,0")
+	False
+	>>> colorValidator("0,0,2,0")
+	False
+	>>> colorValidator("0,0,0,2")
+	False
+
+	>>> colorValidator("1r,1,1,1")
+	False
+	>>> colorValidator("1,1g,1,1")
+	False
+	>>> colorValidator("1,1,1b,1")
+	False
+	>>> colorValidator("1,1,1,1a")
+	False
+
+	>>> colorValidator("1 1 1 1")
+	False
+	>>> colorValidator("1 1,1,1")
+	False
+	>>> colorValidator("1,1 1,1")
+	False
+	>>> colorValidator("1,1,1 1")
+	False
+
+	>>> colorValidator("1, 1, 1, 1")
+	True
+	"""
+	if not isinstance(value, str):
+		return False
+	parts = value.split(",")
+	if len(parts) != 4:
+		return False
+	for part in parts:
+		part = part.strip()
+		converted = False
+		try:
+			part = int(part)
+			converted = True
+		except ValueError:
+			pass
+		if not converted:
+			try:
+				part = float(part)
+				converted = True
+			except ValueError:
+				pass
+		if not converted:
+			return False
+		if part < 0:
+			return False
+		if part > 1:
+			return False
+	return True
+
+# -----
+# image
+# -----
+
+pngSignature = b"\x89PNG\r\n\x1a\n"
+
+_imageDictPrototype = dict(
+	fileName=(str, True),
+	xScale=((int, float), False), xyScale=((int, float), False),
+	yxScale=((int, float), False), yScale=((int, float), False),
+	xOffset=((int, float), False), yOffset=((int, float), False),
+	color=(str, False)
+)
+
+def imageValidator(value):
+	"""
+	Version 3+.
+	"""
+	if not genericDictValidator(value, _imageDictPrototype):
+		return False
+	# fileName must be one or more characters
+	if not value["fileName"]:
+		return False
+	# color must follow the proper format
+	color = value.get("color")
+	if color is not None and not colorValidator(color):
+		return False
+	return True
+
+def pngValidator(path=None, data=None, fileObj=None):
+	"""
+	Version 3+.
+
+	This checks the signature of the image data.
+	"""
+	assert path is not None or data is not None or fileObj is not None
+	if path is not None:
+		with open(path, "rb") as f:
+			signature = f.read(8)
+	elif data is not None:
+		signature = data[:8]
+	elif fileObj is not None:
+		pos = fileObj.tell()
+		signature = fileObj.read(8)
+		fileObj.seek(pos)
+	if signature != pngSignature:
+		return False, "Image does not begin with the PNG signature."
+	return True, None
+
+# -------------------
+# layercontents.plist
+# -------------------
+
+def layerContentsValidator(value, ufoPathOrFileSystem):
+	"""
+	Check the validity of layercontents.plist.
+	Version 3+.
+	"""
+	if isinstance(ufoPathOrFileSystem, fs.base.FS):
+		fileSystem = ufoPathOrFileSystem
+	else:
+		fileSystem = fs.osfs.OSFS(ufoPathOrFileSystem)
+
+	bogusFileMessage = "layercontents.plist in not in the correct format."
+	# file isn't in the right format
+	if not isinstance(value, list):
+		return False, bogusFileMessage
+	# work through each entry
+	usedLayerNames = set()
+	usedDirectories = set()
+	contents = {}
+	for entry in value:
+		# layer entry in the incorrect format
+		if not isinstance(entry, list):
+			return False, bogusFileMessage
+		if not len(entry) == 2:
+			return False, bogusFileMessage
+		for i in entry:
+			if not isinstance(i, str):
+				return False, bogusFileMessage
+		layerName, directoryName = entry
+		# check directory naming
+		if directoryName != "glyphs":
+			if not directoryName.startswith("glyphs."):
+				return False, "Invalid directory name (%s) in layercontents.plist." % directoryName
+		if len(layerName) == 0:
+			return False, "Empty layer name in layercontents.plist."
+		# directory doesn't exist
+		if not fileSystem.exists(directoryName):
+			return False, "A glyphset does not exist at %s." % directoryName
+		# default layer name
+		if layerName == "public.default" and directoryName != "glyphs":
+			return False, "The name public.default is being used by a layer that is not the default."
+		# check usage
+		if layerName in usedLayerNames:
+			return False, "The layer name %s is used by more than one layer." % layerName
+		usedLayerNames.add(layerName)
+		if directoryName in usedDirectories:
+			return False, "The directory %s is used by more than one layer." % directoryName
+		usedDirectories.add(directoryName)
+		# store
+		contents[layerName] = directoryName
+	# missing default layer
+	foundDefault = "glyphs" in contents.values()
+	if not foundDefault:
+		return False, "The required default glyph set is not in the UFO."
+	return True, None
+
+# ------------
+# groups.plist
+# ------------
+
+def groupsValidator(value):
+	"""
+	Check the validity of the groups.
+	Version 3+ (though it's backwards compatible with UFO 1 and UFO 2).
+
+	>>> groups = {"A" : ["A", "A"], "A2" : ["A"]}
+	>>> groupsValidator(groups)
+	(True, None)
+
+	>>> groups = {"" : ["A"]}
+	>>> valid, msg = groupsValidator(groups)
+	>>> valid
+	False
+	>>> print(msg)
+	A group has an empty name.
+
+	>>> groups = {"public.awesome" : ["A"]}
+	>>> groupsValidator(groups)
+	(True, None)
+
+	>>> groups = {"public.kern1." : ["A"]}
+	>>> valid, msg = groupsValidator(groups)
+	>>> valid
+	False
+	>>> print(msg)
+	The group data contains a kerning group with an incomplete name.
+	>>> groups = {"public.kern2." : ["A"]}
+	>>> valid, msg = groupsValidator(groups)
+	>>> valid
+	False
+	>>> print(msg)
+	The group data contains a kerning group with an incomplete name.
+
+	>>> groups = {"public.kern1.A" : ["A"], "public.kern2.A" : ["A"]}
+	>>> groupsValidator(groups)
+	(True, None)
+
+	>>> groups = {"public.kern1.A1" : ["A"], "public.kern1.A2" : ["A"]}
+	>>> valid, msg = groupsValidator(groups)
+	>>> valid
+	False
+	>>> print(msg)
+	The glyph "A" occurs in too many kerning groups.
+	"""
+	bogusFormatMessage = "The group data is not in the correct format."
+	if not isDictEnough(value):
+		return False, bogusFormatMessage
+	firstSideMapping = {}
+	secondSideMapping = {}
+	for groupName, glyphList in value.items():
+		if not isinstance(groupName, (str)):
+			return False, bogusFormatMessage
+		if not isinstance(glyphList, (list, tuple)):
+			return False, bogusFormatMessage
+		if not groupName:
+			return False, "A group has an empty name."
+		if groupName.startswith("public."):
+			if not groupName.startswith("public.kern1.") and not groupName.startswith("public.kern2."):
+				# unknown public.* name. silently skip.
+				continue
+			else:
+				if len("public.kernN.") == len(groupName):
+					return False, "The group data contains a kerning group with an incomplete name."
+			if groupName.startswith("public.kern1."):
+				d = firstSideMapping
+			else:
+				d = secondSideMapping
+			for glyphName in glyphList:
+				if not isinstance(glyphName, str):
+					return False, "The group data %s contains an invalid member." % groupName
+				if glyphName in d:
+					return False, "The glyph \"%s\" occurs in too many kerning groups." % glyphName
+				d[glyphName] = groupName
+	return True, None
+
+# -------------
+# kerning.plist
+# -------------
+
+def kerningValidator(data):
+	"""
+	Check the validity of the kerning data structure.
+	Version 3+ (though it's backwards compatible with UFO 1 and UFO 2).
+
+	>>> kerning = {"A" : {"B" : 100}}
+	>>> kerningValidator(kerning)
+	(True, None)
+
+	>>> kerning = {"A" : ["B"]}
+	>>> valid, msg = kerningValidator(kerning)
+	>>> valid
+	False
+	>>> print(msg)
+	The kerning data is not in the correct format.
+
+	>>> kerning = {"A" : {"B" : "100"}}
+	>>> valid, msg = kerningValidator(kerning)
+	>>> valid
+	False
+	>>> print(msg)
+	The kerning data is not in the correct format.
+	"""
+	bogusFormatMessage = "The kerning data is not in the correct format."
+	if not isinstance(data, Mapping):
+		return False, bogusFormatMessage
+	for first, secondDict in data.items():
+		if not isinstance(first, str):
+			return False, bogusFormatMessage
+		elif not isinstance(secondDict, Mapping):
+			return False, bogusFormatMessage
+		for second, value in secondDict.items():
+			if not isinstance(second, str):
+				return False, bogusFormatMessage
+			elif not isinstance(value, numberTypes):
+				return False, bogusFormatMessage
+	return True, None
+
+# -------------
+# lib.plist/lib
+# -------------
+
+_bogusLibFormatMessage = "The lib data is not in the correct format: %s"
+
+def fontLibValidator(value):
+	"""
+	Check the validity of the lib.
+	Version 3+ (though it's backwards compatible with UFO 1 and UFO 2).
+
+	>>> lib = {"foo" : "bar"}
+	>>> fontLibValidator(lib)
+	(True, None)
+
+	>>> lib = {"public.awesome" : "hello"}
+	>>> fontLibValidator(lib)
+	(True, None)
+
+	>>> lib = {"public.glyphOrder" : ["A", "C", "B"]}
+	>>> fontLibValidator(lib)
+	(True, None)
+
+	>>> lib = "hello"
+	>>> valid, msg = fontLibValidator(lib)
+	>>> valid
+	False
+	>>> print(msg)  # doctest: +ELLIPSIS
+	The lib data is not in the correct format: expected a dictionary, ...
+
+	>>> lib = {1: "hello"}
+	>>> valid, msg = fontLibValidator(lib)
+	>>> valid
+	False
+	>>> print(msg)
+	The lib key is not properly formatted: expected str, found int: 1
+
+	>>> lib = {"public.glyphOrder" : "hello"}
+	>>> valid, msg = fontLibValidator(lib)
+	>>> valid
+	False
+	>>> print(msg)  # doctest: +ELLIPSIS
+	public.glyphOrder is not properly formatted: expected list or tuple,...
+
+	>>> lib = {"public.glyphOrder" : ["A", 1, "B"]}
+	>>> valid, msg = fontLibValidator(lib)
+	>>> valid
+	False
+	>>> print(msg)  # doctest: +ELLIPSIS
+	public.glyphOrder is not properly formatted: expected str,...
+	"""
+	if not isDictEnough(value):
+		reason = "expected a dictionary, found %s" % type(value).__name__
+		return False, _bogusLibFormatMessage % reason
+	for key, value in value.items():
+		if not isinstance(key, str):
+			return False, (
+				"The lib key is not properly formatted: expected str, found %s: %r" %
+				(type(key).__name__, key))
+		# public.glyphOrder
+		if key == "public.glyphOrder":
+			bogusGlyphOrderMessage = "public.glyphOrder is not properly formatted: %s"
+			if not isinstance(value, (list, tuple)):
+				reason = "expected list or tuple, found %s" % type(value).__name__
+				return False, bogusGlyphOrderMessage % reason
+			for glyphName in value:
+				if not isinstance(glyphName, str):
+					reason = "expected str, found %s" % type(glyphName).__name__
+					return False, bogusGlyphOrderMessage % reason
+	return True, None
+
+# --------
+# GLIF lib
+# --------
+
+def glyphLibValidator(value):
+	"""
+	Check the validity of the lib.
+	Version 3+ (though it's backwards compatible with UFO 1 and UFO 2).
+
+	>>> lib = {"foo" : "bar"}
+	>>> glyphLibValidator(lib)
+	(True, None)
+
+	>>> lib = {"public.awesome" : "hello"}
+	>>> glyphLibValidator(lib)
+	(True, None)
+
+	>>> lib = {"public.markColor" : "1,0,0,0.5"}
+	>>> glyphLibValidator(lib)
+	(True, None)
+
+	>>> lib = {"public.markColor" : 1}
+	>>> valid, msg = glyphLibValidator(lib)
+	>>> valid
+	False
+	>>> print(msg)
+	public.markColor is not properly formatted.
+	"""
+	if not isDictEnough(value):
+		reason = "expected a dictionary, found %s" % type(value).__name__
+		return False, _bogusLibFormatMessage % reason
+	for key, value in value.items():
+		if not isinstance(key, str):
+			reason = "key (%s) should be a string" % key
+			return False, _bogusLibFormatMessage % reason
+		# public.markColor
+		if key == "public.markColor":
+			if not colorValidator(value):
+				return False, "public.markColor is not properly formatted."
+	return True, None
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+	import doctest
+	doctest.testmod()
diff --git a/Lib/fontTools/unicode.py b/Lib/fontTools/unicode.py
index 50dfc53..e0867aa 100644
--- a/Lib/fontTools/unicode.py
+++ b/Lib/fontTools/unicode.py
@@ -1,8 +1,4 @@
-from __future__ import print_function, division, absolute_import
-from fontTools.misc.py23 import *
-
 def _makeunicodes(f):
-	import re
 	lines = iter(f.readlines())
 	unicodes = {}
 	for line in lines:
@@ -17,9 +13,12 @@
 class _UnicodeCustom(object):
 
 	def __init__(self, f):
-		if isinstance(f, basestring):
-			f = open(f)
-		self.codes = _makeunicodes(f)
+		if isinstance(f, str):
+			with open(f) as fd:
+				codes = _makeunicodes(fd)
+		else:
+			codes = _makeunicodes(f)
+		self.codes = codes
 
 	def __getitem__(self, charCode):
 		try:
@@ -37,7 +36,7 @@
 		except ImportError: 
 			import unicodedata
 		try:
-			return unicodedata.name(unichr(charCode))
+			return unicodedata.name(chr(charCode))
 		except ValueError:
 			return "????"
 
diff --git a/Lib/fontTools/unicodedata/Blocks.py b/Lib/fontTools/unicodedata/Blocks.py
index cba4e9e..0755074 100644
--- a/Lib/fontTools/unicodedata/Blocks.py
+++ b/Lib/fontTools/unicodedata/Blocks.py
@@ -4,9 +4,9 @@
 # Source: https://unicode.org/Public/UNIDATA/Blocks.txt
 # License: http://unicode.org/copyright.html#License
 #
-# Blocks-10.0.0.txt
-# Date: 2017-04-12, 17:30:00 GMT [KW]
-# © 2017 Unicode®, Inc.
+# Blocks-13.0.0.txt
+# Date: 2019-07-10, 19:06:00 GMT [KW]
+# © 2019 Unicode®, Inc.
 # For terms of use, see http://www.unicode.org/terms_of_use.html
 #
 # Unicode Character Database
@@ -81,7 +81,7 @@
     0x1C00,  # .. 0x1C4F ; Lepcha
     0x1C50,  # .. 0x1C7F ; Ol Chiki
     0x1C80,  # .. 0x1C8F ; Cyrillic Extended-C
-    0x1C90,  # .. 0x1CBF ; No_Block
+    0x1C90,  # .. 0x1CBF ; Georgian Extended
     0x1CC0,  # .. 0x1CCF ; Sundanese Supplement
     0x1CD0,  # .. 0x1CFF ; Vedic Extensions
     0x1D00,  # .. 0x1D7F ; Phonetic Extensions
@@ -231,9 +231,16 @@
     0x10C00,  # .. 0x10C4F ; Old Turkic
     0x10C50,  # .. 0x10C7F ; No_Block
     0x10C80,  # .. 0x10CFF ; Old Hungarian
-    0x10D00,  # .. 0x10E5F ; No_Block
+    0x10D00,  # .. 0x10D3F ; Hanifi Rohingya
+    0x10D40,  # .. 0x10E5F ; No_Block
     0x10E60,  # .. 0x10E7F ; Rumi Numeral Symbols
-    0x10E80,  # .. 0x10FFF ; No_Block
+    0x10E80,  # .. 0x10EBF ; Yezidi
+    0x10EC0,  # .. 0x10EFF ; No_Block
+    0x10F00,  # .. 0x10F2F ; Old Sogdian
+    0x10F30,  # .. 0x10F6F ; Sogdian
+    0x10F70,  # .. 0x10FAF ; No_Block
+    0x10FB0,  # .. 0x10FDF ; Chorasmian
+    0x10FE0,  # .. 0x10FFF ; Elymaic
     0x11000,  # .. 0x1107F ; Brahmi
     0x11080,  # .. 0x110CF ; Kaithi
     0x110D0,  # .. 0x110FF ; Sora Sompeng
@@ -256,9 +263,13 @@
     0x11680,  # .. 0x116CF ; Takri
     0x116D0,  # .. 0x116FF ; No_Block
     0x11700,  # .. 0x1173F ; Ahom
-    0x11740,  # .. 0x1189F ; No_Block
+    0x11740,  # .. 0x117FF ; No_Block
+    0x11800,  # .. 0x1184F ; Dogra
+    0x11850,  # .. 0x1189F ; No_Block
     0x118A0,  # .. 0x118FF ; Warang Citi
-    0x11900,  # .. 0x119FF ; No_Block
+    0x11900,  # .. 0x1195F ; Dives Akuru
+    0x11960,  # .. 0x1199F ; No_Block
+    0x119A0,  # .. 0x119FF ; Nandinagari
     0x11A00,  # .. 0x11A4F ; Zanabazar Square
     0x11A50,  # .. 0x11AAF ; Soyombo
     0x11AB0,  # .. 0x11ABF ; No_Block
@@ -268,13 +279,19 @@
     0x11C70,  # .. 0x11CBF ; Marchen
     0x11CC0,  # .. 0x11CFF ; No_Block
     0x11D00,  # .. 0x11D5F ; Masaram Gondi
-    0x11D60,  # .. 0x11FFF ; No_Block
+    0x11D60,  # .. 0x11DAF ; Gunjala Gondi
+    0x11DB0,  # .. 0x11EDF ; No_Block
+    0x11EE0,  # .. 0x11EFF ; Makasar
+    0x11F00,  # .. 0x11FAF ; No_Block
+    0x11FB0,  # .. 0x11FBF ; Lisu Supplement
+    0x11FC0,  # .. 0x11FFF ; Tamil Supplement
     0x12000,  # .. 0x123FF ; Cuneiform
     0x12400,  # .. 0x1247F ; Cuneiform Numbers and Punctuation
     0x12480,  # .. 0x1254F ; Early Dynastic Cuneiform
     0x12550,  # .. 0x12FFF ; No_Block
     0x13000,  # .. 0x1342F ; Egyptian Hieroglyphs
-    0x13430,  # .. 0x143FF ; No_Block
+    0x13430,  # .. 0x1343F ; Egyptian Hieroglyph Format Controls
+    0x13440,  # .. 0x143FF ; No_Block
     0x14400,  # .. 0x1467F ; Anatolian Hieroglyphs
     0x14680,  # .. 0x167FF ; No_Block
     0x16800,  # .. 0x16A3F ; Bamum Supplement
@@ -282,16 +299,20 @@
     0x16A70,  # .. 0x16ACF ; No_Block
     0x16AD0,  # .. 0x16AFF ; Bassa Vah
     0x16B00,  # .. 0x16B8F ; Pahawh Hmong
-    0x16B90,  # .. 0x16EFF ; No_Block
+    0x16B90,  # .. 0x16E3F ; No_Block
+    0x16E40,  # .. 0x16E9F ; Medefaidrin
+    0x16EA0,  # .. 0x16EFF ; No_Block
     0x16F00,  # .. 0x16F9F ; Miao
     0x16FA0,  # .. 0x16FDF ; No_Block
     0x16FE0,  # .. 0x16FFF ; Ideographic Symbols and Punctuation
     0x17000,  # .. 0x187FF ; Tangut
     0x18800,  # .. 0x18AFF ; Tangut Components
-    0x18B00,  # .. 0x1AFFF ; No_Block
+    0x18B00,  # .. 0x18CFF ; Khitan Small Script
+    0x18D00,  # .. 0x18D8F ; Tangut Supplement
+    0x18D90,  # .. 0x1AFFF ; No_Block
     0x1B000,  # .. 0x1B0FF ; Kana Supplement
     0x1B100,  # .. 0x1B12F ; Kana Extended-A
-    0x1B130,  # .. 0x1B16F ; No_Block
+    0x1B130,  # .. 0x1B16F ; Small Kana Extension
     0x1B170,  # .. 0x1B2FF ; Nushu
     0x1B300,  # .. 0x1BBFF ; No_Block
     0x1BC00,  # .. 0x1BC9F ; Duployan
@@ -300,7 +321,8 @@
     0x1D000,  # .. 0x1D0FF ; Byzantine Musical Symbols
     0x1D100,  # .. 0x1D1FF ; Musical Symbols
     0x1D200,  # .. 0x1D24F ; Ancient Greek Musical Notation
-    0x1D250,  # .. 0x1D2FF ; No_Block
+    0x1D250,  # .. 0x1D2DF ; No_Block
+    0x1D2E0,  # .. 0x1D2FF ; Mayan Numerals
     0x1D300,  # .. 0x1D35F ; Tai Xuan Jing Symbols
     0x1D360,  # .. 0x1D37F ; Counting Rod Numerals
     0x1D380,  # .. 0x1D3FF ; No_Block
@@ -308,11 +330,19 @@
     0x1D800,  # .. 0x1DAAF ; Sutton SignWriting
     0x1DAB0,  # .. 0x1DFFF ; No_Block
     0x1E000,  # .. 0x1E02F ; Glagolitic Supplement
-    0x1E030,  # .. 0x1E7FF ; No_Block
+    0x1E030,  # .. 0x1E0FF ; No_Block
+    0x1E100,  # .. 0x1E14F ; Nyiakeng Puachue Hmong
+    0x1E150,  # .. 0x1E2BF ; No_Block
+    0x1E2C0,  # .. 0x1E2FF ; Wancho
+    0x1E300,  # .. 0x1E7FF ; No_Block
     0x1E800,  # .. 0x1E8DF ; Mende Kikakui
     0x1E8E0,  # .. 0x1E8FF ; No_Block
     0x1E900,  # .. 0x1E95F ; Adlam
-    0x1E960,  # .. 0x1EDFF ; No_Block
+    0x1E960,  # .. 0x1EC6F ; No_Block
+    0x1EC70,  # .. 0x1ECBF ; Indic Siyaq Numbers
+    0x1ECC0,  # .. 0x1ECFF ; No_Block
+    0x1ED00,  # .. 0x1ED4F ; Ottoman Siyaq Numbers
+    0x1ED50,  # .. 0x1EDFF ; No_Block
     0x1EE00,  # .. 0x1EEFF ; Arabic Mathematical Alphabetic Symbols
     0x1EF00,  # .. 0x1EFFF ; No_Block
     0x1F000,  # .. 0x1F02F ; Mahjong Tiles
@@ -328,7 +358,10 @@
     0x1F780,  # .. 0x1F7FF ; Geometric Shapes Extended
     0x1F800,  # .. 0x1F8FF ; Supplemental Arrows-C
     0x1F900,  # .. 0x1F9FF ; Supplemental Symbols and Pictographs
-    0x1FA00,  # .. 0x1FFFF ; No_Block
+    0x1FA00,  # .. 0x1FA6F ; Chess Symbols
+    0x1FA70,  # .. 0x1FAFF ; Symbols and Pictographs Extended-A
+    0x1FB00,  # .. 0x1FBFF ; Symbols for Legacy Computing
+    0x1FC00,  # .. 0x1FFFF ; No_Block
     0x20000,  # .. 0x2A6DF ; CJK Unified Ideographs Extension B
     0x2A6E0,  # .. 0x2A6FF ; No_Block
     0x2A700,  # .. 0x2B73F ; CJK Unified Ideographs Extension C
@@ -337,7 +370,9 @@
     0x2CEB0,  # .. 0x2EBEF ; CJK Unified Ideographs Extension F
     0x2EBF0,  # .. 0x2F7FF ; No_Block
     0x2F800,  # .. 0x2FA1F ; CJK Compatibility Ideographs Supplement
-    0x2FA20,  # .. 0xDFFFF ; No_Block
+    0x2FA20,  # .. 0x2FFFF ; No_Block
+    0x30000,  # .. 0x3134F ; CJK Unified Ideographs Extension G
+    0x31350,  # .. 0xDFFFF ; No_Block
     0xE0000,  # .. 0xE007F ; Tags
     0xE0080,  # .. 0xE00FF ; No_Block
     0xE0100,  # .. 0xE01EF ; Variation Selectors Supplement
@@ -411,7 +446,7 @@
     'Lepcha',                                          # 1C00..1C4F
     'Ol Chiki',                                        # 1C50..1C7F
     'Cyrillic Extended-C',                             # 1C80..1C8F
-    'No_Block',                                        # 1C90..1CBF
+    'Georgian Extended',                               # 1C90..1CBF
     'Sundanese Supplement',                            # 1CC0..1CCF
     'Vedic Extensions',                                # 1CD0..1CFF
     'Phonetic Extensions',                             # 1D00..1D7F
@@ -561,9 +596,16 @@
     'Old Turkic',                                      # 10C00..10C4F
     'No_Block',                                        # 10C50..10C7F
     'Old Hungarian',                                   # 10C80..10CFF
-    'No_Block',                                        # 10D00..10E5F
+    'Hanifi Rohingya',                                 # 10D00..10D3F
+    'No_Block',                                        # 10D40..10E5F
     'Rumi Numeral Symbols',                            # 10E60..10E7F
-    'No_Block',                                        # 10E80..10FFF
+    'Yezidi',                                          # 10E80..10EBF
+    'No_Block',                                        # 10EC0..10EFF
+    'Old Sogdian',                                     # 10F00..10F2F
+    'Sogdian',                                         # 10F30..10F6F
+    'No_Block',                                        # 10F70..10FAF
+    'Chorasmian',                                      # 10FB0..10FDF
+    'Elymaic',                                         # 10FE0..10FFF
     'Brahmi',                                          # 11000..1107F
     'Kaithi',                                          # 11080..110CF
     'Sora Sompeng',                                    # 110D0..110FF
@@ -586,9 +628,13 @@
     'Takri',                                           # 11680..116CF
     'No_Block',                                        # 116D0..116FF
     'Ahom',                                            # 11700..1173F
-    'No_Block',                                        # 11740..1189F
+    'No_Block',                                        # 11740..117FF
+    'Dogra',                                           # 11800..1184F
+    'No_Block',                                        # 11850..1189F
     'Warang Citi',                                     # 118A0..118FF
-    'No_Block',                                        # 11900..119FF
+    'Dives Akuru',                                     # 11900..1195F
+    'No_Block',                                        # 11960..1199F
+    'Nandinagari',                                     # 119A0..119FF
     'Zanabazar Square',                                # 11A00..11A4F
     'Soyombo',                                         # 11A50..11AAF
     'No_Block',                                        # 11AB0..11ABF
@@ -598,13 +644,19 @@
     'Marchen',                                         # 11C70..11CBF
     'No_Block',                                        # 11CC0..11CFF
     'Masaram Gondi',                                   # 11D00..11D5F
-    'No_Block',                                        # 11D60..11FFF
+    'Gunjala Gondi',                                   # 11D60..11DAF
+    'No_Block',                                        # 11DB0..11EDF
+    'Makasar',                                         # 11EE0..11EFF
+    'No_Block',                                        # 11F00..11FAF
+    'Lisu Supplement',                                 # 11FB0..11FBF
+    'Tamil Supplement',                                # 11FC0..11FFF
     'Cuneiform',                                       # 12000..123FF
     'Cuneiform Numbers and Punctuation',               # 12400..1247F
     'Early Dynastic Cuneiform',                        # 12480..1254F
     'No_Block',                                        # 12550..12FFF
     'Egyptian Hieroglyphs',                            # 13000..1342F
-    'No_Block',                                        # 13430..143FF
+    'Egyptian Hieroglyph Format Controls',             # 13430..1343F
+    'No_Block',                                        # 13440..143FF
     'Anatolian Hieroglyphs',                           # 14400..1467F
     'No_Block',                                        # 14680..167FF
     'Bamum Supplement',                                # 16800..16A3F
@@ -612,16 +664,20 @@
     'No_Block',                                        # 16A70..16ACF
     'Bassa Vah',                                       # 16AD0..16AFF
     'Pahawh Hmong',                                    # 16B00..16B8F
-    'No_Block',                                        # 16B90..16EFF
+    'No_Block',                                        # 16B90..16E3F
+    'Medefaidrin',                                     # 16E40..16E9F
+    'No_Block',                                        # 16EA0..16EFF
     'Miao',                                            # 16F00..16F9F
     'No_Block',                                        # 16FA0..16FDF
     'Ideographic Symbols and Punctuation',             # 16FE0..16FFF
     'Tangut',                                          # 17000..187FF
     'Tangut Components',                               # 18800..18AFF
-    'No_Block',                                        # 18B00..1AFFF
+    'Khitan Small Script',                             # 18B00..18CFF
+    'Tangut Supplement',                               # 18D00..18D8F
+    'No_Block',                                        # 18D90..1AFFF
     'Kana Supplement',                                 # 1B000..1B0FF
     'Kana Extended-A',                                 # 1B100..1B12F
-    'No_Block',                                        # 1B130..1B16F
+    'Small Kana Extension',                            # 1B130..1B16F
     'Nushu',                                           # 1B170..1B2FF
     'No_Block',                                        # 1B300..1BBFF
     'Duployan',                                        # 1BC00..1BC9F
@@ -630,7 +686,8 @@
     'Byzantine Musical Symbols',                       # 1D000..1D0FF
     'Musical Symbols',                                 # 1D100..1D1FF
     'Ancient Greek Musical Notation',                  # 1D200..1D24F
-    'No_Block',                                        # 1D250..1D2FF
+    'No_Block',                                        # 1D250..1D2DF
+    'Mayan Numerals',                                  # 1D2E0..1D2FF
     'Tai Xuan Jing Symbols',                           # 1D300..1D35F
     'Counting Rod Numerals',                           # 1D360..1D37F
     'No_Block',                                        # 1D380..1D3FF
@@ -638,11 +695,19 @@
     'Sutton SignWriting',                              # 1D800..1DAAF
     'No_Block',                                        # 1DAB0..1DFFF
     'Glagolitic Supplement',                           # 1E000..1E02F
-    'No_Block',                                        # 1E030..1E7FF
+    'No_Block',                                        # 1E030..1E0FF
+    'Nyiakeng Puachue Hmong',                          # 1E100..1E14F
+    'No_Block',                                        # 1E150..1E2BF
+    'Wancho',                                          # 1E2C0..1E2FF
+    'No_Block',                                        # 1E300..1E7FF
     'Mende Kikakui',                                   # 1E800..1E8DF
     'No_Block',                                        # 1E8E0..1E8FF
     'Adlam',                                           # 1E900..1E95F
-    'No_Block',                                        # 1E960..1EDFF
+    'No_Block',                                        # 1E960..1EC6F
+    'Indic Siyaq Numbers',                             # 1EC70..1ECBF
+    'No_Block',                                        # 1ECC0..1ECFF
+    'Ottoman Siyaq Numbers',                           # 1ED00..1ED4F
+    'No_Block',                                        # 1ED50..1EDFF
     'Arabic Mathematical Alphabetic Symbols',          # 1EE00..1EEFF
     'No_Block',                                        # 1EF00..1EFFF
     'Mahjong Tiles',                                   # 1F000..1F02F
@@ -658,7 +723,10 @@
     'Geometric Shapes Extended',                       # 1F780..1F7FF
     'Supplemental Arrows-C',                           # 1F800..1F8FF
     'Supplemental Symbols and Pictographs',            # 1F900..1F9FF
-    'No_Block',                                        # 1FA00..1FFFF
+    'Chess Symbols',                                   # 1FA00..1FA6F
+    'Symbols and Pictographs Extended-A',              # 1FA70..1FAFF
+    'Symbols for Legacy Computing',                    # 1FB00..1FBFF
+    'No_Block',                                        # 1FC00..1FFFF
     'CJK Unified Ideographs Extension B',              # 20000..2A6DF
     'No_Block',                                        # 2A6E0..2A6FF
     'CJK Unified Ideographs Extension C',              # 2A700..2B73F
@@ -667,7 +735,9 @@
     'CJK Unified Ideographs Extension F',              # 2CEB0..2EBEF
     'No_Block',                                        # 2EBF0..2F7FF
     'CJK Compatibility Ideographs Supplement',         # 2F800..2FA1F
-    'No_Block',                                        # 2FA20..DFFFF
+    'No_Block',                                        # 2FA20..2FFFF
+    'CJK Unified Ideographs Extension G',              # 30000..3134F
+    'No_Block',                                        # 31350..DFFFF
     'Tags',                                            # E0000..E007F
     'No_Block',                                        # E0080..E00FF
     'Variation Selectors Supplement',                  # E0100..E01EF
diff --git a/Lib/fontTools/unicodedata/OTTags.py b/Lib/fontTools/unicodedata/OTTags.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3922680
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Lib/fontTools/unicodedata/OTTags.py
@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+# Data updated to OpenType 1.8.2 as of January 2018.
+
+# Complete list of OpenType script tags at:
+# https://www.microsoft.com/typography/otspec/scripttags.htm
+
+# Most of the script tags are the same as the ISO 15924 tag but lowercased,
+# so we only have to handle the exceptional cases:
+# - KATAKANA and HIRAGANA both map to 'kana';
+# - spaces at the end are preserved, unlike ISO 15924;
+# - we map special script codes for Inherited, Common and Unknown to DFLT.
+
+DEFAULT_SCRIPT = "DFLT"
+
+SCRIPT_EXCEPTIONS = {
+    "Hira": "kana",
+    "Hrkt": "kana",
+    "Laoo": "lao ",
+    "Yiii": "yi  ",
+    "Nkoo": "nko ",
+    "Vaii": "vai ",
+    "Zinh": DEFAULT_SCRIPT,
+    "Zyyy": DEFAULT_SCRIPT,
+    "Zzzz": DEFAULT_SCRIPT,
+}
+
+NEW_SCRIPT_TAGS = {
+    "Beng": ("bng2",),
+    "Deva": ("dev2",),
+    "Gujr": ("gjr2",),
+    "Guru": ("gur2",),
+    "Knda": ("knd2",),
+    "Mlym": ("mlm2",),
+    "Orya": ("ory2",),
+    "Taml": ("tml2",),
+    "Telu": ("tel2",),
+    "Mymr": ("mym2",),
+}
+
+NEW_SCRIPT_TAGS_REVERSED = {
+    value: key for key, values in NEW_SCRIPT_TAGS.items() for value in values
+}
diff --git a/Lib/fontTools/unicodedata/ScriptExtensions.py b/Lib/fontTools/unicodedata/ScriptExtensions.py
index a92cc80..b4e09cd 100644
--- a/Lib/fontTools/unicodedata/ScriptExtensions.py
+++ b/Lib/fontTools/unicodedata/ScriptExtensions.py
@@ -4,9 +4,9 @@
 # Source: https://unicode.org/Public/UNIDATA/ScriptExtensions.txt
 # License: http://unicode.org/copyright.html#License
 #
-# ScriptExtensions-10.0.0.txt
-# Date: 2017-05-31, 01:07:00 GMT [RP]
-# © 2017 Unicode®, Inc.
+# ScriptExtensions-13.0.0.txt
+# Date: 2020-01-22, 00:07:43 GMT
+# © 2020 Unicode®, Inc.
 # Unicode and the Unicode Logo are registered trademarks of Unicode, Inc. in the U.S. and other countries.
 # For terms of use, see http://www.unicode.org/terms_of_use.html
 #
@@ -52,42 +52,41 @@
     0x0484,  # .. 0x0484 ; {'Cyrl', 'Glag'}
     0x0485,  # .. 0x0486 ; {'Cyrl', 'Latn'}
     0x0487,  # .. 0x0487 ; {'Cyrl', 'Glag'}
-    0x0488,  # .. 0x0588 ; None
-    0x0589,  # .. 0x0589 ; {'Armn', 'Geor'}
-    0x058A,  # .. 0x060B ; None
-    0x060C,  # .. 0x060C ; {'Arab', 'Syrc', 'Thaa'}
+    0x0488,  # .. 0x060B ; None
+    0x060C,  # .. 0x060C ; {'Arab', 'Rohg', 'Syrc', 'Thaa', 'Yezi'}
     0x060D,  # .. 0x061A ; None
-    0x061B,  # .. 0x061C ; {'Arab', 'Syrc', 'Thaa'}
+    0x061B,  # .. 0x061B ; {'Arab', 'Rohg', 'Syrc', 'Thaa', 'Yezi'}
+    0x061C,  # .. 0x061C ; {'Arab', 'Syrc', 'Thaa'}
     0x061D,  # .. 0x061E ; None
-    0x061F,  # .. 0x061F ; {'Arab', 'Syrc', 'Thaa'}
+    0x061F,  # .. 0x061F ; {'Arab', 'Rohg', 'Syrc', 'Thaa', 'Yezi'}
     0x0620,  # .. 0x063F ; None
-    0x0640,  # .. 0x0640 ; {'Adlm', 'Arab', 'Mand', 'Mani', 'Phlp', 'Syrc'}
+    0x0640,  # .. 0x0640 ; {'Adlm', 'Arab', 'Mand', 'Mani', 'Phlp', 'Rohg', 'Sogd', 'Syrc'}
     0x0641,  # .. 0x064A ; None
     0x064B,  # .. 0x0655 ; {'Arab', 'Syrc'}
     0x0656,  # .. 0x065F ; None
-    0x0660,  # .. 0x0669 ; {'Arab', 'Thaa'}
+    0x0660,  # .. 0x0669 ; {'Arab', 'Thaa', 'Yezi'}
     0x066A,  # .. 0x066F ; None
     0x0670,  # .. 0x0670 ; {'Arab', 'Syrc'}
-    0x0671,  # .. 0x0950 ; None
-    0x0951,  # .. 0x0951 ; {'Beng', 'Deva', 'Gran', 'Gujr', 'Guru', 'Knda', 'Latn', 'Mlym', 'Orya', 'Shrd', 'Taml', 'Telu'}
-    0x0952,  # .. 0x0952 ; {'Beng', 'Deva', 'Gran', 'Gujr', 'Guru', 'Knda', 'Latn', 'Mlym', 'Orya', 'Taml', 'Telu'}
+    0x0671,  # .. 0x06D3 ; None
+    0x06D4,  # .. 0x06D4 ; {'Arab', 'Rohg'}
+    0x06D5,  # .. 0x0950 ; None
+    0x0951,  # .. 0x0951 ; {'Beng', 'Deva', 'Gran', 'Gujr', 'Guru', 'Knda', 'Latn', 'Mlym', 'Orya', 'Shrd', 'Taml', 'Telu', 'Tirh'}
+    0x0952,  # .. 0x0952 ; {'Beng', 'Deva', 'Gran', 'Gujr', 'Guru', 'Knda', 'Latn', 'Mlym', 'Orya', 'Taml', 'Telu', 'Tirh'}
     0x0953,  # .. 0x0963 ; None
-    0x0964,  # .. 0x0964 ; {'Beng', 'Deva', 'Gran', 'Gujr', 'Guru', 'Knda', 'Mahj', 'Mlym', 'Orya', 'Sind', 'Sinh', 'Sylo', 'Takr', 'Taml', 'Telu', 'Tirh'}
-    0x0965,  # .. 0x0965 ; {'Beng', 'Deva', 'Gran', 'Gujr', 'Guru', 'Knda', 'Limb', 'Mahj', 'Mlym', 'Orya', 'Sind', 'Sinh', 'Sylo', 'Takr', 'Taml', 'Telu', 'Tirh'}
-    0x0966,  # .. 0x096F ; {'Deva', 'Kthi', 'Mahj'}
+    0x0964,  # .. 0x0964 ; {'Beng', 'Deva', 'Dogr', 'Gong', 'Gonm', 'Gran', 'Gujr', 'Guru', 'Knda', 'Mahj', 'Mlym', 'Nand', 'Orya', 'Sind', 'Sinh', 'Sylo', 'Takr', 'Taml', 'Telu', 'Tirh'}
+    0x0965,  # .. 0x0965 ; {'Beng', 'Deva', 'Dogr', 'Gong', 'Gonm', 'Gran', 'Gujr', 'Guru', 'Knda', 'Limb', 'Mahj', 'Mlym', 'Nand', 'Orya', 'Sind', 'Sinh', 'Sylo', 'Takr', 'Taml', 'Telu', 'Tirh'}
+    0x0966,  # .. 0x096F ; {'Deva', 'Dogr', 'Kthi', 'Mahj'}
     0x0970,  # .. 0x09E5 ; None
     0x09E6,  # .. 0x09EF ; {'Beng', 'Cakm', 'Sylo'}
     0x09F0,  # .. 0x0A65 ; None
     0x0A66,  # .. 0x0A6F ; {'Guru', 'Mult'}
     0x0A70,  # .. 0x0AE5 ; None
     0x0AE6,  # .. 0x0AEF ; {'Gujr', 'Khoj'}
-    0x0AF0,  # .. 0x0BA9 ; None
-    0x0BAA,  # .. 0x0BAA ; {'Gran', 'Taml'}
-    0x0BAB,  # .. 0x0BB4 ; None
-    0x0BB5,  # .. 0x0BB5 ; {'Gran', 'Taml'}
-    0x0BB6,  # .. 0x0BE5 ; None
-    0x0BE6,  # .. 0x0BF2 ; {'Gran', 'Taml'}
-    0x0BF3,  # .. 0x103F ; None
+    0x0AF0,  # .. 0x0BE5 ; None
+    0x0BE6,  # .. 0x0BF3 ; {'Gran', 'Taml'}
+    0x0BF4,  # .. 0x0CE5 ; None
+    0x0CE6,  # .. 0x0CEF ; {'Knda', 'Nand'}
+    0x0CF0,  # .. 0x103F ; None
     0x1040,  # .. 0x1049 ; {'Cakm', 'Mymr', 'Tale'}
     0x104A,  # .. 0x10FA ; None
     0x10FB,  # .. 0x10FB ; {'Geor', 'Latn'}
@@ -98,27 +97,41 @@
     0x1804,  # .. 0x1804 ; None
     0x1805,  # .. 0x1805 ; {'Mong', 'Phag'}
     0x1806,  # .. 0x1CCF ; None
-    0x1CD0,  # .. 0x1CD0 ; {'Deva', 'Gran'}
+    0x1CD0,  # .. 0x1CD0 ; {'Beng', 'Deva', 'Gran', 'Knda'}
     0x1CD1,  # .. 0x1CD1 ; {'Deva'}
-    0x1CD2,  # .. 0x1CD3 ; {'Deva', 'Gran'}
-    0x1CD4,  # .. 0x1CD6 ; {'Deva'}
+    0x1CD2,  # .. 0x1CD2 ; {'Beng', 'Deva', 'Gran', 'Knda'}
+    0x1CD3,  # .. 0x1CD3 ; {'Deva', 'Gran'}
+    0x1CD4,  # .. 0x1CD4 ; {'Deva'}
+    0x1CD5,  # .. 0x1CD6 ; {'Beng', 'Deva'}
     0x1CD7,  # .. 0x1CD7 ; {'Deva', 'Shrd'}
-    0x1CD8,  # .. 0x1CD8 ; {'Deva'}
+    0x1CD8,  # .. 0x1CD8 ; {'Beng', 'Deva'}
     0x1CD9,  # .. 0x1CD9 ; {'Deva', 'Shrd'}
-    0x1CDA,  # .. 0x1CDA ; {'Deva', 'Knda', 'Mlym', 'Taml', 'Telu'}
+    0x1CDA,  # .. 0x1CDA ; {'Deva', 'Knda', 'Mlym', 'Orya', 'Taml', 'Telu'}
     0x1CDB,  # .. 0x1CDB ; {'Deva'}
     0x1CDC,  # .. 0x1CDD ; {'Deva', 'Shrd'}
     0x1CDE,  # .. 0x1CDF ; {'Deva'}
     0x1CE0,  # .. 0x1CE0 ; {'Deva', 'Shrd'}
-    0x1CE1,  # .. 0x1CF1 ; {'Deva'}
-    0x1CF2,  # .. 0x1CF4 ; {'Deva', 'Gran'}
-    0x1CF5,  # .. 0x1CF5 ; {'Deva', 'Knda'}
-    0x1CF6,  # .. 0x1CF6 ; {'Deva'}
+    0x1CE1,  # .. 0x1CE1 ; {'Beng', 'Deva'}
+    0x1CE2,  # .. 0x1CE8 ; {'Deva'}
+    0x1CE9,  # .. 0x1CE9 ; {'Deva', 'Nand'}
+    0x1CEA,  # .. 0x1CEA ; {'Beng', 'Deva'}
+    0x1CEB,  # .. 0x1CEC ; {'Deva'}
+    0x1CED,  # .. 0x1CED ; {'Beng', 'Deva'}
+    0x1CEE,  # .. 0x1CF1 ; {'Deva'}
+    0x1CF2,  # .. 0x1CF2 ; {'Beng', 'Deva', 'Gran', 'Knda', 'Nand', 'Orya', 'Telu', 'Tirh'}
+    0x1CF3,  # .. 0x1CF3 ; {'Deva', 'Gran'}
+    0x1CF4,  # .. 0x1CF4 ; {'Deva', 'Gran', 'Knda'}
+    0x1CF5,  # .. 0x1CF6 ; {'Beng', 'Deva'}
     0x1CF7,  # .. 0x1CF7 ; {'Beng'}
     0x1CF8,  # .. 0x1CF9 ; {'Deva', 'Gran'}
-    0x1CFA,  # .. 0x1DBF ; None
+    0x1CFA,  # .. 0x1CFA ; {'Nand'}
+    0x1CFB,  # .. 0x1DBF ; None
     0x1DC0,  # .. 0x1DC1 ; {'Grek'}
-    0x1DC2,  # .. 0x20EF ; None
+    0x1DC2,  # .. 0x1DF7 ; None
+    0x1DF8,  # .. 0x1DF8 ; {'Cyrl', 'Syrc'}
+    0x1DF9,  # .. 0x202E ; None
+    0x202F,  # .. 0x202F ; {'Latn', 'Mong'}
+    0x2030,  # .. 0x20EF ; None
     0x20F0,  # .. 0x20F0 ; {'Deva', 'Gran', 'Latn'}
     0x20F1,  # .. 0x2E42 ; None
     0x2E43,  # .. 0x2E43 ; {'Cyrl', 'Glag'}
@@ -160,7 +173,9 @@
     0x3280,  # .. 0x32B0 ; {'Hani'}
     0x32B1,  # .. 0x32BF ; None
     0x32C0,  # .. 0x32CB ; {'Hani'}
-    0x32CC,  # .. 0x3357 ; None
+    0x32CC,  # .. 0x32FE ; None
+    0x32FF,  # .. 0x32FF ; {'Hani'}
+    0x3300,  # .. 0x3357 ; None
     0x3358,  # .. 0x3370 ; {'Hani'}
     0x3371,  # .. 0x337A ; None
     0x337B,  # .. 0x337F ; {'Hani'}
@@ -168,9 +183,12 @@
     0x33E0,  # .. 0x33FE ; {'Hani'}
     0x33FF,  # .. 0xA66E ; None
     0xA66F,  # .. 0xA66F ; {'Cyrl', 'Glag'}
-    0xA670,  # .. 0xA82F ; None
-    0xA830,  # .. 0xA835 ; {'Deva', 'Gujr', 'Guru', 'Knda', 'Kthi', 'Mahj', 'Modi', 'Sind', 'Takr', 'Tirh'}
-    0xA836,  # .. 0xA839 ; {'Deva', 'Gujr', 'Guru', 'Kthi', 'Mahj', 'Modi', 'Sind', 'Takr', 'Tirh'}
+    0xA670,  # .. 0xA6FF ; None
+    0xA700,  # .. 0xA707 ; {'Hani', 'Latn'}
+    0xA708,  # .. 0xA82F ; None
+    0xA830,  # .. 0xA832 ; {'Deva', 'Dogr', 'Gujr', 'Guru', 'Khoj', 'Knda', 'Kthi', 'Mahj', 'Mlym', 'Modi', 'Nand', 'Sind', 'Takr', 'Tirh'}
+    0xA833,  # .. 0xA835 ; {'Deva', 'Dogr', 'Gujr', 'Guru', 'Khoj', 'Knda', 'Kthi', 'Mahj', 'Modi', 'Nand', 'Sind', 'Takr', 'Tirh'}
+    0xA836,  # .. 0xA839 ; {'Deva', 'Dogr', 'Gujr', 'Guru', 'Khoj', 'Kthi', 'Mahj', 'Modi', 'Sind', 'Takr', 'Tirh'}
     0xA83A,  # .. 0xA8F0 ; None
     0xA8F1,  # .. 0xA8F1 ; {'Beng', 'Deva'}
     0xA8F2,  # .. 0xA8F2 ; None
@@ -203,9 +221,13 @@
     0x11301,  # .. 0x11301 ; {'Gran', 'Taml'}
     0x11302,  # .. 0x11302 ; None
     0x11303,  # .. 0x11303 ; {'Gran', 'Taml'}
-    0x11304,  # .. 0x1133B ; None
-    0x1133C,  # .. 0x1133C ; {'Gran', 'Taml'}
-    0x1133D,  # .. 0x1BC9F ; None
+    0x11304,  # .. 0x1133A ; None
+    0x1133B,  # .. 0x1133C ; {'Gran', 'Taml'}
+    0x1133D,  # .. 0x11FCF ; None
+    0x11FD0,  # .. 0x11FD1 ; {'Gran', 'Taml'}
+    0x11FD2,  # .. 0x11FD2 ; None
+    0x11FD3,  # .. 0x11FD3 ; {'Gran', 'Taml'}
+    0x11FD4,  # .. 0x1BC9F ; None
     0x1BCA0,  # .. 0x1BCA3 ; {'Dupl'}
     0x1BCA4,  # .. 0x1D35F ; None
     0x1D360,  # .. 0x1D371 ; {'Hani'}
@@ -226,42 +248,41 @@
     {'Cyrl', 'Glag'},                                          # 0484..0484
     {'Cyrl', 'Latn'},                                          # 0485..0486
     {'Cyrl', 'Glag'},                                          # 0487..0487
-    None,                                                      # 0488..0588
-    {'Armn', 'Geor'},                                          # 0589..0589
-    None,                                                      # 058A..060B
-    {'Arab', 'Syrc', 'Thaa'},                                  # 060C..060C
+    None,                                                      # 0488..060B
+    {'Arab', 'Rohg', 'Syrc', 'Thaa', 'Yezi'},                  # 060C..060C
     None,                                                      # 060D..061A
-    {'Arab', 'Syrc', 'Thaa'},                                  # 061B..061C
+    {'Arab', 'Rohg', 'Syrc', 'Thaa', 'Yezi'},                  # 061B..061B
+    {'Arab', 'Syrc', 'Thaa'},                                  # 061C..061C
     None,                                                      # 061D..061E
-    {'Arab', 'Syrc', 'Thaa'},                                  # 061F..061F
+    {'Arab', 'Rohg', 'Syrc', 'Thaa', 'Yezi'},                  # 061F..061F
     None,                                                      # 0620..063F
-    {'Adlm', 'Arab', 'Mand', 'Mani', 'Phlp', 'Syrc'},          # 0640..0640
+    {'Adlm', 'Arab', 'Mand', 'Mani', 'Phlp', 'Rohg', 'Sogd', 'Syrc'},  # 0640..0640
     None,                                                      # 0641..064A
     {'Arab', 'Syrc'},                                          # 064B..0655
     None,                                                      # 0656..065F
-    {'Arab', 'Thaa'},                                          # 0660..0669
+    {'Arab', 'Thaa', 'Yezi'},                                  # 0660..0669
     None,                                                      # 066A..066F
     {'Arab', 'Syrc'},                                          # 0670..0670
-    None,                                                      # 0671..0950
-    {'Beng', 'Deva', 'Gran', 'Gujr', 'Guru', 'Knda', 'Latn', 'Mlym', 'Orya', 'Shrd', 'Taml', 'Telu'},  # 0951..0951
-    {'Beng', 'Deva', 'Gran', 'Gujr', 'Guru', 'Knda', 'Latn', 'Mlym', 'Orya', 'Taml', 'Telu'},  # 0952..0952
+    None,                                                      # 0671..06D3
+    {'Arab', 'Rohg'},                                          # 06D4..06D4
+    None,                                                      # 06D5..0950
+    {'Beng', 'Deva', 'Gran', 'Gujr', 'Guru', 'Knda', 'Latn', 'Mlym', 'Orya', 'Shrd', 'Taml', 'Telu', 'Tirh'},  # 0951..0951
+    {'Beng', 'Deva', 'Gran', 'Gujr', 'Guru', 'Knda', 'Latn', 'Mlym', 'Orya', 'Taml', 'Telu', 'Tirh'},  # 0952..0952
     None,                                                      # 0953..0963
-    {'Beng', 'Deva', 'Gran', 'Gujr', 'Guru', 'Knda', 'Mahj', 'Mlym', 'Orya', 'Sind', 'Sinh', 'Sylo', 'Takr', 'Taml', 'Telu', 'Tirh'},  # 0964..0964
-    {'Beng', 'Deva', 'Gran', 'Gujr', 'Guru', 'Knda', 'Limb', 'Mahj', 'Mlym', 'Orya', 'Sind', 'Sinh', 'Sylo', 'Takr', 'Taml', 'Telu', 'Tirh'},  # 0965..0965
-    {'Deva', 'Kthi', 'Mahj'},                                  # 0966..096F
+    {'Beng', 'Deva', 'Dogr', 'Gong', 'Gonm', 'Gran', 'Gujr', 'Guru', 'Knda', 'Mahj', 'Mlym', 'Nand', 'Orya', 'Sind', 'Sinh', 'Sylo', 'Takr', 'Taml', 'Telu', 'Tirh'},  # 0964..0964
+    {'Beng', 'Deva', 'Dogr', 'Gong', 'Gonm', 'Gran', 'Gujr', 'Guru', 'Knda', 'Limb', 'Mahj', 'Mlym', 'Nand', 'Orya', 'Sind', 'Sinh', 'Sylo', 'Takr', 'Taml', 'Telu', 'Tirh'},  # 0965..0965
+    {'Deva', 'Dogr', 'Kthi', 'Mahj'},                          # 0966..096F
     None,                                                      # 0970..09E5
     {'Beng', 'Cakm', 'Sylo'},                                  # 09E6..09EF
     None,                                                      # 09F0..0A65
     {'Guru', 'Mult'},                                          # 0A66..0A6F
     None,                                                      # 0A70..0AE5
     {'Gujr', 'Khoj'},                                          # 0AE6..0AEF
-    None,                                                      # 0AF0..0BA9
-    {'Gran', 'Taml'},                                          # 0BAA..0BAA
-    None,                                                      # 0BAB..0BB4
-    {'Gran', 'Taml'},                                          # 0BB5..0BB5
-    None,                                                      # 0BB6..0BE5
-    {'Gran', 'Taml'},                                          # 0BE6..0BF2
-    None,                                                      # 0BF3..103F
+    None,                                                      # 0AF0..0BE5
+    {'Gran', 'Taml'},                                          # 0BE6..0BF3
+    None,                                                      # 0BF4..0CE5
+    {'Knda', 'Nand'},                                          # 0CE6..0CEF
+    None,                                                      # 0CF0..103F
     {'Cakm', 'Mymr', 'Tale'},                                  # 1040..1049
     None,                                                      # 104A..10FA
     {'Geor', 'Latn'},                                          # 10FB..10FB
@@ -272,27 +293,41 @@
     None,                                                      # 1804..1804
     {'Mong', 'Phag'},                                          # 1805..1805
     None,                                                      # 1806..1CCF
-    {'Deva', 'Gran'},                                          # 1CD0..1CD0
+    {'Beng', 'Deva', 'Gran', 'Knda'},                          # 1CD0..1CD0
     {'Deva'},                                                  # 1CD1..1CD1
-    {'Deva', 'Gran'},                                          # 1CD2..1CD3
-    {'Deva'},                                                  # 1CD4..1CD6
+    {'Beng', 'Deva', 'Gran', 'Knda'},                          # 1CD2..1CD2
+    {'Deva', 'Gran'},                                          # 1CD3..1CD3
+    {'Deva'},                                                  # 1CD4..1CD4
+    {'Beng', 'Deva'},                                          # 1CD5..1CD6
     {'Deva', 'Shrd'},                                          # 1CD7..1CD7
-    {'Deva'},                                                  # 1CD8..1CD8
+    {'Beng', 'Deva'},                                          # 1CD8..1CD8
     {'Deva', 'Shrd'},                                          # 1CD9..1CD9
-    {'Deva', 'Knda', 'Mlym', 'Taml', 'Telu'},                  # 1CDA..1CDA
+    {'Deva', 'Knda', 'Mlym', 'Orya', 'Taml', 'Telu'},          # 1CDA..1CDA
     {'Deva'},                                                  # 1CDB..1CDB
     {'Deva', 'Shrd'},                                          # 1CDC..1CDD
     {'Deva'},                                                  # 1CDE..1CDF
     {'Deva', 'Shrd'},                                          # 1CE0..1CE0
-    {'Deva'},                                                  # 1CE1..1CF1
-    {'Deva', 'Gran'},                                          # 1CF2..1CF4
-    {'Deva', 'Knda'},                                          # 1CF5..1CF5
-    {'Deva'},                                                  # 1CF6..1CF6
+    {'Beng', 'Deva'},                                          # 1CE1..1CE1
+    {'Deva'},                                                  # 1CE2..1CE8
+    {'Deva', 'Nand'},                                          # 1CE9..1CE9
+    {'Beng', 'Deva'},                                          # 1CEA..1CEA
+    {'Deva'},                                                  # 1CEB..1CEC
+    {'Beng', 'Deva'},                                          # 1CED..1CED
+    {'Deva'},                                                  # 1CEE..1CF1
+    {'Beng', 'Deva', 'Gran', 'Knda', 'Nand', 'Orya', 'Telu', 'Tirh'},  # 1CF2..1CF2
+    {'Deva', 'Gran'},                                          # 1CF3..1CF3
+    {'Deva', 'Gran', 'Knda'},                                  # 1CF4..1CF4
+    {'Beng', 'Deva'},                                          # 1CF5..1CF6
     {'Beng'},                                                  # 1CF7..1CF7
     {'Deva', 'Gran'},                                          # 1CF8..1CF9
-    None,                                                      # 1CFA..1DBF
+    {'Nand'},                                                  # 1CFA..1CFA
+    None,                                                      # 1CFB..1DBF
     {'Grek'},                                                  # 1DC0..1DC1
-    None,                                                      # 1DC2..20EF
+    None,                                                      # 1DC2..1DF7
+    {'Cyrl', 'Syrc'},                                          # 1DF8..1DF8
+    None,                                                      # 1DF9..202E
+    {'Latn', 'Mong'},                                          # 202F..202F
+    None,                                                      # 2030..20EF
     {'Deva', 'Gran', 'Latn'},                                  # 20F0..20F0
     None,                                                      # 20F1..2E42
     {'Cyrl', 'Glag'},                                          # 2E43..2E43
@@ -334,7 +369,9 @@
     {'Hani'},                                                  # 3280..32B0
     None,                                                      # 32B1..32BF
     {'Hani'},                                                  # 32C0..32CB
-    None,                                                      # 32CC..3357
+    None,                                                      # 32CC..32FE
+    {'Hani'},                                                  # 32FF..32FF
+    None,                                                      # 3300..3357
     {'Hani'},                                                  # 3358..3370
     None,                                                      # 3371..337A
     {'Hani'},                                                  # 337B..337F
@@ -342,9 +379,12 @@
     {'Hani'},                                                  # 33E0..33FE
     None,                                                      # 33FF..A66E
     {'Cyrl', 'Glag'},                                          # A66F..A66F
-    None,                                                      # A670..A82F
-    {'Deva', 'Gujr', 'Guru', 'Knda', 'Kthi', 'Mahj', 'Modi', 'Sind', 'Takr', 'Tirh'},  # A830..A835
-    {'Deva', 'Gujr', 'Guru', 'Kthi', 'Mahj', 'Modi', 'Sind', 'Takr', 'Tirh'},  # A836..A839
+    None,                                                      # A670..A6FF
+    {'Hani', 'Latn'},                                          # A700..A707
+    None,                                                      # A708..A82F
+    {'Deva', 'Dogr', 'Gujr', 'Guru', 'Khoj', 'Knda', 'Kthi', 'Mahj', 'Mlym', 'Modi', 'Nand', 'Sind', 'Takr', 'Tirh'},  # A830..A832
+    {'Deva', 'Dogr', 'Gujr', 'Guru', 'Khoj', 'Knda', 'Kthi', 'Mahj', 'Modi', 'Nand', 'Sind', 'Takr', 'Tirh'},  # A833..A835
+    {'Deva', 'Dogr', 'Gujr', 'Guru', 'Khoj', 'Kthi', 'Mahj', 'Modi', 'Sind', 'Takr', 'Tirh'},  # A836..A839
     None,                                                      # A83A..A8F0
     {'Beng', 'Deva'},                                          # A8F1..A8F1
     None,                                                      # A8F2..A8F2
@@ -377,9 +417,13 @@
     {'Gran', 'Taml'},                                          # 11301..11301
     None,                                                      # 11302..11302
     {'Gran', 'Taml'},                                          # 11303..11303
-    None,                                                      # 11304..1133B
-    {'Gran', 'Taml'},                                          # 1133C..1133C
-    None,                                                      # 1133D..1BC9F
+    None,                                                      # 11304..1133A
+    {'Gran', 'Taml'},                                          # 1133B..1133C
+    None,                                                      # 1133D..11FCF
+    {'Gran', 'Taml'},                                          # 11FD0..11FD1
+    None,                                                      # 11FD2..11FD2
+    {'Gran', 'Taml'},                                          # 11FD3..11FD3
+    None,                                                      # 11FD4..1BC9F
     {'Dupl'},                                                  # 1BCA0..1BCA3
     None,                                                      # 1BCA4..1D35F
     {'Hani'},                                                  # 1D360..1D371
diff --git a/Lib/fontTools/unicodedata/Scripts.py b/Lib/fontTools/unicodedata/Scripts.py
index f39b430..12f9a0e 100644
--- a/Lib/fontTools/unicodedata/Scripts.py
+++ b/Lib/fontTools/unicodedata/Scripts.py
@@ -4,9 +4,9 @@
 # Source: https://unicode.org/Public/UNIDATA/Scripts.txt
 # License: http://unicode.org/copyright.html#License
 #
-# Scripts-10.0.0.txt
-# Date: 2017-03-11, 06:40:37 GMT
-# © 2017 Unicode®, Inc.
+# Scripts-13.0.0.txt
+# Date: 2020-01-22, 00:07:43 GMT
+# © 2020 Unicode®, Inc.
 # Unicode and the Unicode Logo are registered trademarks of Unicode, Inc. in the U.S. and other countries.
 # For terms of use, see http://www.unicode.org/terms_of_use.html
 #
@@ -68,20 +68,15 @@
     0x0530,  # .. 0x0530 ; Unknown
     0x0531,  # .. 0x0556 ; Armenian
     0x0557,  # .. 0x0558 ; Unknown
-    0x0559,  # .. 0x055F ; Armenian
-    0x0560,  # .. 0x0560 ; Unknown
-    0x0561,  # .. 0x0587 ; Armenian
-    0x0588,  # .. 0x0588 ; Unknown
-    0x0589,  # .. 0x0589 ; Common
-    0x058A,  # .. 0x058A ; Armenian
+    0x0559,  # .. 0x058A ; Armenian
     0x058B,  # .. 0x058C ; Unknown
     0x058D,  # .. 0x058F ; Armenian
     0x0590,  # .. 0x0590 ; Unknown
     0x0591,  # .. 0x05C7 ; Hebrew
     0x05C8,  # .. 0x05CF ; Unknown
     0x05D0,  # .. 0x05EA ; Hebrew
-    0x05EB,  # .. 0x05EF ; Unknown
-    0x05F0,  # .. 0x05F4 ; Hebrew
+    0x05EB,  # .. 0x05EE ; Unknown
+    0x05EF,  # .. 0x05F4 ; Hebrew
     0x05F5,  # .. 0x05FF ; Unknown
     0x0600,  # .. 0x0604 ; Arabic
     0x0605,  # .. 0x0605 ; Common
@@ -111,7 +106,8 @@
     0x0780,  # .. 0x07B1 ; Thaana
     0x07B2,  # .. 0x07BF ; Unknown
     0x07C0,  # .. 0x07FA ; Nko
-    0x07FB,  # .. 0x07FF ; Unknown
+    0x07FB,  # .. 0x07FC ; Unknown
+    0x07FD,  # .. 0x07FF ; Nko
     0x0800,  # .. 0x082D ; Samaritan
     0x082E,  # .. 0x082F ; Unknown
     0x0830,  # .. 0x083E ; Samaritan
@@ -124,14 +120,14 @@
     0x086B,  # .. 0x089F ; Unknown
     0x08A0,  # .. 0x08B4 ; Arabic
     0x08B5,  # .. 0x08B5 ; Unknown
-    0x08B6,  # .. 0x08BD ; Arabic
-    0x08BE,  # .. 0x08D3 ; Unknown
-    0x08D4,  # .. 0x08E1 ; Arabic
+    0x08B6,  # .. 0x08C7 ; Arabic
+    0x08C8,  # .. 0x08D2 ; Unknown
+    0x08D3,  # .. 0x08E1 ; Arabic
     0x08E2,  # .. 0x08E2 ; Common
     0x08E3,  # .. 0x08FF ; Arabic
     0x0900,  # .. 0x0950 ; Devanagari
-    0x0951,  # .. 0x0952 ; Inherited
-    0x0953,  # .. 0x0963 ; Devanagari
+    0x0951,  # .. 0x0954 ; Inherited
+    0x0955,  # .. 0x0963 ; Devanagari
     0x0964,  # .. 0x0965 ; Common
     0x0966,  # .. 0x097F ; Devanagari
     0x0980,  # .. 0x0983 ; Bengali
@@ -160,8 +156,8 @@
     0x09DE,  # .. 0x09DE ; Unknown
     0x09DF,  # .. 0x09E3 ; Bengali
     0x09E4,  # .. 0x09E5 ; Unknown
-    0x09E6,  # .. 0x09FD ; Bengali
-    0x09FE,  # .. 0x0A00 ; Unknown
+    0x09E6,  # .. 0x09FE ; Bengali
+    0x09FF,  # .. 0x0A00 ; Unknown
     0x0A01,  # .. 0x0A03 ; Gurmukhi
     0x0A04,  # .. 0x0A04 ; Unknown
     0x0A05,  # .. 0x0A0A ; Gurmukhi
@@ -192,8 +188,8 @@
     0x0A5D,  # .. 0x0A5D ; Unknown
     0x0A5E,  # .. 0x0A5E ; Gurmukhi
     0x0A5F,  # .. 0x0A65 ; Unknown
-    0x0A66,  # .. 0x0A75 ; Gurmukhi
-    0x0A76,  # .. 0x0A80 ; Unknown
+    0x0A66,  # .. 0x0A76 ; Gurmukhi
+    0x0A77,  # .. 0x0A80 ; Unknown
     0x0A81,  # .. 0x0A83 ; Gujarati
     0x0A84,  # .. 0x0A84 ; Unknown
     0x0A85,  # .. 0x0A8D ; Gujarati
@@ -241,8 +237,8 @@
     0x0B47,  # .. 0x0B48 ; Oriya
     0x0B49,  # .. 0x0B4A ; Unknown
     0x0B4B,  # .. 0x0B4D ; Oriya
-    0x0B4E,  # .. 0x0B55 ; Unknown
-    0x0B56,  # .. 0x0B57 ; Oriya
+    0x0B4E,  # .. 0x0B54 ; Unknown
+    0x0B55,  # .. 0x0B57 ; Oriya
     0x0B58,  # .. 0x0B5B ; Unknown
     0x0B5C,  # .. 0x0B5D ; Oriya
     0x0B5E,  # .. 0x0B5E ; Unknown
@@ -282,9 +278,7 @@
     0x0BD8,  # .. 0x0BE5 ; Unknown
     0x0BE6,  # .. 0x0BFA ; Tamil
     0x0BFB,  # .. 0x0BFF ; Unknown
-    0x0C00,  # .. 0x0C03 ; Telugu
-    0x0C04,  # .. 0x0C04 ; Unknown
-    0x0C05,  # .. 0x0C0C ; Telugu
+    0x0C00,  # .. 0x0C0C ; Telugu
     0x0C0D,  # .. 0x0C0D ; Unknown
     0x0C0E,  # .. 0x0C10 ; Telugu
     0x0C11,  # .. 0x0C11 ; Unknown
@@ -305,11 +299,9 @@
     0x0C60,  # .. 0x0C63 ; Telugu
     0x0C64,  # .. 0x0C65 ; Unknown
     0x0C66,  # .. 0x0C6F ; Telugu
-    0x0C70,  # .. 0x0C77 ; Unknown
-    0x0C78,  # .. 0x0C7F ; Telugu
-    0x0C80,  # .. 0x0C83 ; Kannada
-    0x0C84,  # .. 0x0C84 ; Unknown
-    0x0C85,  # .. 0x0C8C ; Kannada
+    0x0C70,  # .. 0x0C76 ; Unknown
+    0x0C77,  # .. 0x0C7F ; Telugu
+    0x0C80,  # .. 0x0C8C ; Kannada
     0x0C8D,  # .. 0x0C8D ; Unknown
     0x0C8E,  # .. 0x0C90 ; Kannada
     0x0C91,  # .. 0x0C91 ; Unknown
@@ -335,9 +327,7 @@
     0x0CF0,  # .. 0x0CF0 ; Unknown
     0x0CF1,  # .. 0x0CF2 ; Kannada
     0x0CF3,  # .. 0x0CFF ; Unknown
-    0x0D00,  # .. 0x0D03 ; Malayalam
-    0x0D04,  # .. 0x0D04 ; Unknown
-    0x0D05,  # .. 0x0D0C ; Malayalam
+    0x0D00,  # .. 0x0D0C ; Malayalam
     0x0D0D,  # .. 0x0D0D ; Unknown
     0x0D0E,  # .. 0x0D10 ; Malayalam
     0x0D11,  # .. 0x0D11 ; Unknown
@@ -350,8 +340,8 @@
     0x0D54,  # .. 0x0D63 ; Malayalam
     0x0D64,  # .. 0x0D65 ; Unknown
     0x0D66,  # .. 0x0D7F ; Malayalam
-    0x0D80,  # .. 0x0D81 ; Unknown
-    0x0D82,  # .. 0x0D83 ; Sinhala
+    0x0D80,  # .. 0x0D80 ; Unknown
+    0x0D81,  # .. 0x0D83 ; Sinhala
     0x0D84,  # .. 0x0D84 ; Unknown
     0x0D85,  # .. 0x0D96 ; Sinhala
     0x0D97,  # .. 0x0D99 ; Unknown
@@ -383,28 +373,14 @@
     0x0E81,  # .. 0x0E82 ; Lao
     0x0E83,  # .. 0x0E83 ; Unknown
     0x0E84,  # .. 0x0E84 ; Lao
-    0x0E85,  # .. 0x0E86 ; Unknown
-    0x0E87,  # .. 0x0E88 ; Lao
-    0x0E89,  # .. 0x0E89 ; Unknown
-    0x0E8A,  # .. 0x0E8A ; Lao
-    0x0E8B,  # .. 0x0E8C ; Unknown
-    0x0E8D,  # .. 0x0E8D ; Lao
-    0x0E8E,  # .. 0x0E93 ; Unknown
-    0x0E94,  # .. 0x0E97 ; Lao
-    0x0E98,  # .. 0x0E98 ; Unknown
-    0x0E99,  # .. 0x0E9F ; Lao
-    0x0EA0,  # .. 0x0EA0 ; Unknown
-    0x0EA1,  # .. 0x0EA3 ; Lao
+    0x0E85,  # .. 0x0E85 ; Unknown
+    0x0E86,  # .. 0x0E8A ; Lao
+    0x0E8B,  # .. 0x0E8B ; Unknown
+    0x0E8C,  # .. 0x0EA3 ; Lao
     0x0EA4,  # .. 0x0EA4 ; Unknown
     0x0EA5,  # .. 0x0EA5 ; Lao
     0x0EA6,  # .. 0x0EA6 ; Unknown
-    0x0EA7,  # .. 0x0EA7 ; Lao
-    0x0EA8,  # .. 0x0EA9 ; Unknown
-    0x0EAA,  # .. 0x0EAB ; Lao
-    0x0EAC,  # .. 0x0EAC ; Unknown
-    0x0EAD,  # .. 0x0EB9 ; Lao
-    0x0EBA,  # .. 0x0EBA ; Unknown
-    0x0EBB,  # .. 0x0EBD ; Lao
+    0x0EA7,  # .. 0x0EBD ; Lao
     0x0EBE,  # .. 0x0EBF ; Unknown
     0x0EC0,  # .. 0x0EC4 ; Lao
     0x0EC5,  # .. 0x0EC5 ; Unknown
@@ -517,8 +493,8 @@
     0x180F,  # .. 0x180F ; Unknown
     0x1810,  # .. 0x1819 ; Mongolian
     0x181A,  # .. 0x181F ; Unknown
-    0x1820,  # .. 0x1877 ; Mongolian
-    0x1878,  # .. 0x187F ; Unknown
+    0x1820,  # .. 0x1878 ; Mongolian
+    0x1879,  # .. 0x187F ; Unknown
     0x1880,  # .. 0x18AA ; Mongolian
     0x18AB,  # .. 0x18AF ; Unknown
     0x18B0,  # .. 0x18F5 ; Canadian_Aboriginal
@@ -557,8 +533,8 @@
     0x1A9A,  # .. 0x1A9F ; Unknown
     0x1AA0,  # .. 0x1AAD ; Tai_Tham
     0x1AAE,  # .. 0x1AAF ; Unknown
-    0x1AB0,  # .. 0x1ABE ; Inherited
-    0x1ABF,  # .. 0x1AFF ; Unknown
+    0x1AB0,  # .. 0x1AC0 ; Inherited
+    0x1AC1,  # .. 0x1AFF ; Unknown
     0x1B00,  # .. 0x1B4B ; Balinese
     0x1B4C,  # .. 0x1B4F ; Unknown
     0x1B50,  # .. 0x1B7C ; Balinese
@@ -574,7 +550,10 @@
     0x1C4D,  # .. 0x1C4F ; Lepcha
     0x1C50,  # .. 0x1C7F ; Ol_Chiki
     0x1C80,  # .. 0x1C88 ; Cyrillic
-    0x1C89,  # .. 0x1CBF ; Unknown
+    0x1C89,  # .. 0x1C8F ; Unknown
+    0x1C90,  # .. 0x1CBA ; Georgian
+    0x1CBB,  # .. 0x1CBC ; Unknown
+    0x1CBD,  # .. 0x1CBF ; Georgian
     0x1CC0,  # .. 0x1CC7 ; Sundanese
     0x1CC8,  # .. 0x1CCF ; Unknown
     0x1CD0,  # .. 0x1CD2 ; Inherited
@@ -588,7 +567,8 @@
     0x1CF4,  # .. 0x1CF4 ; Inherited
     0x1CF5,  # .. 0x1CF7 ; Common
     0x1CF8,  # .. 0x1CF9 ; Inherited
-    0x1CFA,  # .. 0x1CFF ; Unknown
+    0x1CFA,  # .. 0x1CFA ; Common
+    0x1CFB,  # .. 0x1CFF ; Unknown
     0x1D00,  # .. 0x1D25 ; Latin
     0x1D26,  # .. 0x1D2A ; Greek
     0x1D2B,  # .. 0x1D2B ; Cyrillic
@@ -674,15 +654,8 @@
     0x2900,  # .. 0x2B73 ; Common
     0x2B74,  # .. 0x2B75 ; Unknown
     0x2B76,  # .. 0x2B95 ; Common
-    0x2B96,  # .. 0x2B97 ; Unknown
-    0x2B98,  # .. 0x2BB9 ; Common
-    0x2BBA,  # .. 0x2BBC ; Unknown
-    0x2BBD,  # .. 0x2BC8 ; Common
-    0x2BC9,  # .. 0x2BC9 ; Unknown
-    0x2BCA,  # .. 0x2BD2 ; Common
-    0x2BD3,  # .. 0x2BEB ; Unknown
-    0x2BEC,  # .. 0x2BEF ; Common
-    0x2BF0,  # .. 0x2BFF ; Unknown
+    0x2B96,  # .. 0x2B96 ; Unknown
+    0x2B97,  # .. 0x2BFF ; Common
     0x2C00,  # .. 0x2C2E ; Glagolitic
     0x2C2F,  # .. 0x2C2F ; Unknown
     0x2C30,  # .. 0x2C5E ; Glagolitic
@@ -721,8 +694,8 @@
     0x2DD8,  # .. 0x2DDE ; Ethiopic
     0x2DDF,  # .. 0x2DDF ; Unknown
     0x2DE0,  # .. 0x2DFF ; Cyrillic
-    0x2E00,  # .. 0x2E49 ; Common
-    0x2E4A,  # .. 0x2E7F ; Unknown
+    0x2E00,  # .. 0x2E52 ; Common
+    0x2E53,  # .. 0x2E7F ; Unknown
     0x2E80,  # .. 0x2E99 ; Han
     0x2E9A,  # .. 0x2E9A ; Unknown
     0x2E9B,  # .. 0x2EF3 ; Han
@@ -753,13 +726,12 @@
     0x30FB,  # .. 0x30FC ; Common
     0x30FD,  # .. 0x30FF ; Katakana
     0x3100,  # .. 0x3104 ; Unknown
-    0x3105,  # .. 0x312E ; Bopomofo
-    0x312F,  # .. 0x3130 ; Unknown
+    0x3105,  # .. 0x312F ; Bopomofo
+    0x3130,  # .. 0x3130 ; Unknown
     0x3131,  # .. 0x318E ; Hangul
     0x318F,  # .. 0x318F ; Unknown
     0x3190,  # .. 0x319F ; Common
-    0x31A0,  # .. 0x31BA ; Bopomofo
-    0x31BB,  # .. 0x31BF ; Unknown
+    0x31A0,  # .. 0x31BF ; Bopomofo
     0x31C0,  # .. 0x31E3 ; Common
     0x31E4,  # .. 0x31EF ; Unknown
     0x31F0,  # .. 0x31FF ; Katakana
@@ -769,14 +741,13 @@
     0x3260,  # .. 0x327E ; Hangul
     0x327F,  # .. 0x32CF ; Common
     0x32D0,  # .. 0x32FE ; Katakana
-    0x32FF,  # .. 0x32FF ; Unknown
+    0x32FF,  # .. 0x32FF ; Common
     0x3300,  # .. 0x3357 ; Katakana
     0x3358,  # .. 0x33FF ; Common
-    0x3400,  # .. 0x4DB5 ; Han
-    0x4DB6,  # .. 0x4DBF ; Unknown
+    0x3400,  # .. 0x4DBF ; Han
     0x4DC0,  # .. 0x4DFF ; Common
-    0x4E00,  # .. 0x9FEA ; Han
-    0x9FEB,  # .. 0x9FFF ; Unknown
+    0x4E00,  # .. 0x9FFC ; Han
+    0x9FFD,  # .. 0x9FFF ; Unknown
     0xA000,  # .. 0xA48C ; Yi
     0xA48D,  # .. 0xA48F ; Unknown
     0xA490,  # .. 0xA4C6 ; Yi
@@ -790,13 +761,13 @@
     0xA700,  # .. 0xA721 ; Common
     0xA722,  # .. 0xA787 ; Latin
     0xA788,  # .. 0xA78A ; Common
-    0xA78B,  # .. 0xA7AE ; Latin
-    0xA7AF,  # .. 0xA7AF ; Unknown
-    0xA7B0,  # .. 0xA7B7 ; Latin
-    0xA7B8,  # .. 0xA7F6 ; Unknown
-    0xA7F7,  # .. 0xA7FF ; Latin
-    0xA800,  # .. 0xA82B ; Syloti_Nagri
-    0xA82C,  # .. 0xA82F ; Unknown
+    0xA78B,  # .. 0xA7BF ; Latin
+    0xA7C0,  # .. 0xA7C1 ; Unknown
+    0xA7C2,  # .. 0xA7CA ; Latin
+    0xA7CB,  # .. 0xA7F4 ; Unknown
+    0xA7F5,  # .. 0xA7FF ; Latin
+    0xA800,  # .. 0xA82C ; Syloti_Nagri
+    0xA82D,  # .. 0xA82F ; Unknown
     0xA830,  # .. 0xA839 ; Common
     0xA83A,  # .. 0xA83F ; Unknown
     0xA840,  # .. 0xA877 ; Phags_Pa
@@ -805,8 +776,7 @@
     0xA8C6,  # .. 0xA8CD ; Unknown
     0xA8CE,  # .. 0xA8D9 ; Saurashtra
     0xA8DA,  # .. 0xA8DF ; Unknown
-    0xA8E0,  # .. 0xA8FD ; Devanagari
-    0xA8FE,  # .. 0xA8FF ; Unknown
+    0xA8E0,  # .. 0xA8FF ; Devanagari
     0xA900,  # .. 0xA92D ; Kayah_Li
     0xA92E,  # .. 0xA92E ; Common
     0xA92F,  # .. 0xA92F ; Kayah_Li
@@ -850,7 +820,9 @@
     0xAB5B,  # .. 0xAB5B ; Common
     0xAB5C,  # .. 0xAB64 ; Latin
     0xAB65,  # .. 0xAB65 ; Greek
-    0xAB66,  # .. 0xAB6F ; Unknown
+    0xAB66,  # .. 0xAB69 ; Latin
+    0xAB6A,  # .. 0xAB6B ; Common
+    0xAB6C,  # .. 0xAB6F ; Unknown
     0xAB70,  # .. 0xABBF ; Cherokee
     0xABC0,  # .. 0xABED ; Meetei_Mayek
     0xABEE,  # .. 0xABEF ; Unknown
@@ -955,8 +927,8 @@
     0x10137,  # .. 0x1013F ; Common
     0x10140,  # .. 0x1018E ; Greek
     0x1018F,  # .. 0x1018F ; Unknown
-    0x10190,  # .. 0x1019B ; Common
-    0x1019C,  # .. 0x1019F ; Unknown
+    0x10190,  # .. 0x1019C ; Common
+    0x1019D,  # .. 0x1019F ; Unknown
     0x101A0,  # .. 0x101A0 ; Greek
     0x101A1,  # .. 0x101CF ; Unknown
     0x101D0,  # .. 0x101FC ; Common
@@ -1050,12 +1022,12 @@
     0x10A14,  # .. 0x10A14 ; Unknown
     0x10A15,  # .. 0x10A17 ; Kharoshthi
     0x10A18,  # .. 0x10A18 ; Unknown
-    0x10A19,  # .. 0x10A33 ; Kharoshthi
-    0x10A34,  # .. 0x10A37 ; Unknown
+    0x10A19,  # .. 0x10A35 ; Kharoshthi
+    0x10A36,  # .. 0x10A37 ; Unknown
     0x10A38,  # .. 0x10A3A ; Kharoshthi
     0x10A3B,  # .. 0x10A3E ; Unknown
-    0x10A3F,  # .. 0x10A47 ; Kharoshthi
-    0x10A48,  # .. 0x10A4F ; Unknown
+    0x10A3F,  # .. 0x10A48 ; Kharoshthi
+    0x10A49,  # .. 0x10A4F ; Unknown
     0x10A50,  # .. 0x10A58 ; Kharoshthi
     0x10A59,  # .. 0x10A5F ; Unknown
     0x10A60,  # .. 0x10A7F ; Old_South_Arabian
@@ -1087,29 +1059,46 @@
     0x10CC0,  # .. 0x10CF2 ; Old_Hungarian
     0x10CF3,  # .. 0x10CF9 ; Unknown
     0x10CFA,  # .. 0x10CFF ; Old_Hungarian
-    0x10D00,  # .. 0x10E5F ; Unknown
+    0x10D00,  # .. 0x10D27 ; Hanifi_Rohingya
+    0x10D28,  # .. 0x10D2F ; Unknown
+    0x10D30,  # .. 0x10D39 ; Hanifi_Rohingya
+    0x10D3A,  # .. 0x10E5F ; Unknown
     0x10E60,  # .. 0x10E7E ; Arabic
-    0x10E7F,  # .. 0x10FFF ; Unknown
+    0x10E7F,  # .. 0x10E7F ; Unknown
+    0x10E80,  # .. 0x10EA9 ; Yezidi
+    0x10EAA,  # .. 0x10EAA ; Unknown
+    0x10EAB,  # .. 0x10EAD ; Yezidi
+    0x10EAE,  # .. 0x10EAF ; Unknown
+    0x10EB0,  # .. 0x10EB1 ; Yezidi
+    0x10EB2,  # .. 0x10EFF ; Unknown
+    0x10F00,  # .. 0x10F27 ; Old_Sogdian
+    0x10F28,  # .. 0x10F2F ; Unknown
+    0x10F30,  # .. 0x10F59 ; Sogdian
+    0x10F5A,  # .. 0x10FAF ; Unknown
+    0x10FB0,  # .. 0x10FCB ; Chorasmian
+    0x10FCC,  # .. 0x10FDF ; Unknown
+    0x10FE0,  # .. 0x10FF6 ; Elymaic
+    0x10FF7,  # .. 0x10FFF ; Unknown
     0x11000,  # .. 0x1104D ; Brahmi
     0x1104E,  # .. 0x11051 ; Unknown
     0x11052,  # .. 0x1106F ; Brahmi
     0x11070,  # .. 0x1107E ; Unknown
     0x1107F,  # .. 0x1107F ; Brahmi
     0x11080,  # .. 0x110C1 ; Kaithi
-    0x110C2,  # .. 0x110CF ; Unknown
+    0x110C2,  # .. 0x110CC ; Unknown
+    0x110CD,  # .. 0x110CD ; Kaithi
+    0x110CE,  # .. 0x110CF ; Unknown
     0x110D0,  # .. 0x110E8 ; Sora_Sompeng
     0x110E9,  # .. 0x110EF ; Unknown
     0x110F0,  # .. 0x110F9 ; Sora_Sompeng
     0x110FA,  # .. 0x110FF ; Unknown
     0x11100,  # .. 0x11134 ; Chakma
     0x11135,  # .. 0x11135 ; Unknown
-    0x11136,  # .. 0x11143 ; Chakma
-    0x11144,  # .. 0x1114F ; Unknown
+    0x11136,  # .. 0x11147 ; Chakma
+    0x11148,  # .. 0x1114F ; Unknown
     0x11150,  # .. 0x11176 ; Mahajani
     0x11177,  # .. 0x1117F ; Unknown
-    0x11180,  # .. 0x111CD ; Sharada
-    0x111CE,  # .. 0x111CF ; Unknown
-    0x111D0,  # .. 0x111DF ; Sharada
+    0x11180,  # .. 0x111DF ; Sharada
     0x111E0,  # .. 0x111E0 ; Unknown
     0x111E1,  # .. 0x111F4 ; Sinhala
     0x111F5,  # .. 0x111FF ; Unknown
@@ -1144,7 +1133,8 @@
     0x11332,  # .. 0x11333 ; Grantha
     0x11334,  # .. 0x11334 ; Unknown
     0x11335,  # .. 0x11339 ; Grantha
-    0x1133A,  # .. 0x1133B ; Unknown
+    0x1133A,  # .. 0x1133A ; Unknown
+    0x1133B,  # .. 0x1133B ; Inherited
     0x1133C,  # .. 0x11344 ; Grantha
     0x11345,  # .. 0x11346 ; Unknown
     0x11347,  # .. 0x11348 ; Grantha
@@ -1161,12 +1151,10 @@
     0x1136D,  # .. 0x1136F ; Unknown
     0x11370,  # .. 0x11374 ; Grantha
     0x11375,  # .. 0x113FF ; Unknown
-    0x11400,  # .. 0x11459 ; Newa
-    0x1145A,  # .. 0x1145A ; Unknown
-    0x1145B,  # .. 0x1145B ; Newa
+    0x11400,  # .. 0x1145B ; Newa
     0x1145C,  # .. 0x1145C ; Unknown
-    0x1145D,  # .. 0x1145D ; Newa
-    0x1145E,  # .. 0x1147F ; Unknown
+    0x1145D,  # .. 0x11461 ; Newa
+    0x11462,  # .. 0x1147F ; Unknown
     0x11480,  # .. 0x114C7 ; Tirhuta
     0x114C8,  # .. 0x114CF ; Unknown
     0x114D0,  # .. 0x114D9 ; Tirhuta
@@ -1181,27 +1169,46 @@
     0x1165A,  # .. 0x1165F ; Unknown
     0x11660,  # .. 0x1166C ; Mongolian
     0x1166D,  # .. 0x1167F ; Unknown
-    0x11680,  # .. 0x116B7 ; Takri
-    0x116B8,  # .. 0x116BF ; Unknown
+    0x11680,  # .. 0x116B8 ; Takri
+    0x116B9,  # .. 0x116BF ; Unknown
     0x116C0,  # .. 0x116C9 ; Takri
     0x116CA,  # .. 0x116FF ; Unknown
-    0x11700,  # .. 0x11719 ; Ahom
-    0x1171A,  # .. 0x1171C ; Unknown
+    0x11700,  # .. 0x1171A ; Ahom
+    0x1171B,  # .. 0x1171C ; Unknown
     0x1171D,  # .. 0x1172B ; Ahom
     0x1172C,  # .. 0x1172F ; Unknown
     0x11730,  # .. 0x1173F ; Ahom
-    0x11740,  # .. 0x1189F ; Unknown
+    0x11740,  # .. 0x117FF ; Unknown
+    0x11800,  # .. 0x1183B ; Dogra
+    0x1183C,  # .. 0x1189F ; Unknown
     0x118A0,  # .. 0x118F2 ; Warang_Citi
     0x118F3,  # .. 0x118FE ; Unknown
     0x118FF,  # .. 0x118FF ; Warang_Citi
-    0x11900,  # .. 0x119FF ; Unknown
+    0x11900,  # .. 0x11906 ; Dives_Akuru
+    0x11907,  # .. 0x11908 ; Unknown
+    0x11909,  # .. 0x11909 ; Dives_Akuru
+    0x1190A,  # .. 0x1190B ; Unknown
+    0x1190C,  # .. 0x11913 ; Dives_Akuru
+    0x11914,  # .. 0x11914 ; Unknown
+    0x11915,  # .. 0x11916 ; Dives_Akuru
+    0x11917,  # .. 0x11917 ; Unknown
+    0x11918,  # .. 0x11935 ; Dives_Akuru
+    0x11936,  # .. 0x11936 ; Unknown
+    0x11937,  # .. 0x11938 ; Dives_Akuru
+    0x11939,  # .. 0x1193A ; Unknown
+    0x1193B,  # .. 0x11946 ; Dives_Akuru
+    0x11947,  # .. 0x1194F ; Unknown
+    0x11950,  # .. 0x11959 ; Dives_Akuru
+    0x1195A,  # .. 0x1199F ; Unknown
+    0x119A0,  # .. 0x119A7 ; Nandinagari
+    0x119A8,  # .. 0x119A9 ; Unknown
+    0x119AA,  # .. 0x119D7 ; Nandinagari
+    0x119D8,  # .. 0x119D9 ; Unknown
+    0x119DA,  # .. 0x119E4 ; Nandinagari
+    0x119E5,  # .. 0x119FF ; Unknown
     0x11A00,  # .. 0x11A47 ; Zanabazar_Square
     0x11A48,  # .. 0x11A4F ; Unknown
-    0x11A50,  # .. 0x11A83 ; Soyombo
-    0x11A84,  # .. 0x11A85 ; Unknown
-    0x11A86,  # .. 0x11A9C ; Soyombo
-    0x11A9D,  # .. 0x11A9D ; Unknown
-    0x11A9E,  # .. 0x11AA2 ; Soyombo
+    0x11A50,  # .. 0x11AA2 ; Soyombo
     0x11AA3,  # .. 0x11ABF ; Unknown
     0x11AC0,  # .. 0x11AF8 ; Pau_Cin_Hau
     0x11AF9,  # .. 0x11BFF ; Unknown
@@ -1232,7 +1239,26 @@
     0x11D3F,  # .. 0x11D47 ; Masaram_Gondi
     0x11D48,  # .. 0x11D4F ; Unknown
     0x11D50,  # .. 0x11D59 ; Masaram_Gondi
-    0x11D5A,  # .. 0x11FFF ; Unknown
+    0x11D5A,  # .. 0x11D5F ; Unknown
+    0x11D60,  # .. 0x11D65 ; Gunjala_Gondi
+    0x11D66,  # .. 0x11D66 ; Unknown
+    0x11D67,  # .. 0x11D68 ; Gunjala_Gondi
+    0x11D69,  # .. 0x11D69 ; Unknown
+    0x11D6A,  # .. 0x11D8E ; Gunjala_Gondi
+    0x11D8F,  # .. 0x11D8F ; Unknown
+    0x11D90,  # .. 0x11D91 ; Gunjala_Gondi
+    0x11D92,  # .. 0x11D92 ; Unknown
+    0x11D93,  # .. 0x11D98 ; Gunjala_Gondi
+    0x11D99,  # .. 0x11D9F ; Unknown
+    0x11DA0,  # .. 0x11DA9 ; Gunjala_Gondi
+    0x11DAA,  # .. 0x11EDF ; Unknown
+    0x11EE0,  # .. 0x11EF8 ; Makasar
+    0x11EF9,  # .. 0x11FAF ; Unknown
+    0x11FB0,  # .. 0x11FB0 ; Lisu
+    0x11FB1,  # .. 0x11FBF ; Unknown
+    0x11FC0,  # .. 0x11FF1 ; Tamil
+    0x11FF2,  # .. 0x11FFE ; Unknown
+    0x11FFF,  # .. 0x11FFF ; Tamil
     0x12000,  # .. 0x12399 ; Cuneiform
     0x1239A,  # .. 0x123FF ; Unknown
     0x12400,  # .. 0x1246E ; Cuneiform
@@ -1242,7 +1268,9 @@
     0x12480,  # .. 0x12543 ; Cuneiform
     0x12544,  # .. 0x12FFF ; Unknown
     0x13000,  # .. 0x1342E ; Egyptian_Hieroglyphs
-    0x1342F,  # .. 0x143FF ; Unknown
+    0x1342F,  # .. 0x1342F ; Unknown
+    0x13430,  # .. 0x13438 ; Egyptian_Hieroglyphs
+    0x13439,  # .. 0x143FF ; Unknown
     0x14400,  # .. 0x14646 ; Anatolian_Hieroglyphs
     0x14647,  # .. 0x167FF ; Unknown
     0x16800,  # .. 0x16A38 ; Bamum
@@ -1266,23 +1294,36 @@
     0x16B63,  # .. 0x16B77 ; Pahawh_Hmong
     0x16B78,  # .. 0x16B7C ; Unknown
     0x16B7D,  # .. 0x16B8F ; Pahawh_Hmong
-    0x16B90,  # .. 0x16EFF ; Unknown
-    0x16F00,  # .. 0x16F44 ; Miao
-    0x16F45,  # .. 0x16F4F ; Unknown
-    0x16F50,  # .. 0x16F7E ; Miao
-    0x16F7F,  # .. 0x16F8E ; Unknown
+    0x16B90,  # .. 0x16E3F ; Unknown
+    0x16E40,  # .. 0x16E9A ; Medefaidrin
+    0x16E9B,  # .. 0x16EFF ; Unknown
+    0x16F00,  # .. 0x16F4A ; Miao
+    0x16F4B,  # .. 0x16F4E ; Unknown
+    0x16F4F,  # .. 0x16F87 ; Miao
+    0x16F88,  # .. 0x16F8E ; Unknown
     0x16F8F,  # .. 0x16F9F ; Miao
     0x16FA0,  # .. 0x16FDF ; Unknown
     0x16FE0,  # .. 0x16FE0 ; Tangut
     0x16FE1,  # .. 0x16FE1 ; Nushu
-    0x16FE2,  # .. 0x16FFF ; Unknown
-    0x17000,  # .. 0x187EC ; Tangut
-    0x187ED,  # .. 0x187FF ; Unknown
-    0x18800,  # .. 0x18AF2 ; Tangut
-    0x18AF3,  # .. 0x1AFFF ; Unknown
+    0x16FE2,  # .. 0x16FE3 ; Common
+    0x16FE4,  # .. 0x16FE4 ; Khitan_Small_Script
+    0x16FE5,  # .. 0x16FEF ; Unknown
+    0x16FF0,  # .. 0x16FF1 ; Han
+    0x16FF2,  # .. 0x16FFF ; Unknown
+    0x17000,  # .. 0x187F7 ; Tangut
+    0x187F8,  # .. 0x187FF ; Unknown
+    0x18800,  # .. 0x18AFF ; Tangut
+    0x18B00,  # .. 0x18CD5 ; Khitan_Small_Script
+    0x18CD6,  # .. 0x18CFF ; Unknown
+    0x18D00,  # .. 0x18D08 ; Tangut
+    0x18D09,  # .. 0x1AFFF ; Unknown
     0x1B000,  # .. 0x1B000 ; Katakana
     0x1B001,  # .. 0x1B11E ; Hiragana
-    0x1B11F,  # .. 0x1B16F ; Unknown
+    0x1B11F,  # .. 0x1B14F ; Unknown
+    0x1B150,  # .. 0x1B152 ; Hiragana
+    0x1B153,  # .. 0x1B163 ; Unknown
+    0x1B164,  # .. 0x1B167 ; Katakana
+    0x1B168,  # .. 0x1B16F ; Unknown
     0x1B170,  # .. 0x1B2FB ; Nushu
     0x1B2FC,  # .. 0x1BBFF ; Unknown
     0x1BC00,  # .. 0x1BC6A ; Duployan
@@ -1311,11 +1352,13 @@
     0x1D1AE,  # .. 0x1D1E8 ; Common
     0x1D1E9,  # .. 0x1D1FF ; Unknown
     0x1D200,  # .. 0x1D245 ; Greek
-    0x1D246,  # .. 0x1D2FF ; Unknown
+    0x1D246,  # .. 0x1D2DF ; Unknown
+    0x1D2E0,  # .. 0x1D2F3 ; Common
+    0x1D2F4,  # .. 0x1D2FF ; Unknown
     0x1D300,  # .. 0x1D356 ; Common
     0x1D357,  # .. 0x1D35F ; Unknown
-    0x1D360,  # .. 0x1D371 ; Common
-    0x1D372,  # .. 0x1D3FF ; Unknown
+    0x1D360,  # .. 0x1D378 ; Common
+    0x1D379,  # .. 0x1D3FF ; Unknown
     0x1D400,  # .. 0x1D454 ; Common
     0x1D455,  # .. 0x1D455 ; Unknown
     0x1D456,  # .. 0x1D49C ; Common
@@ -1372,17 +1415,33 @@
     0x1E023,  # .. 0x1E024 ; Glagolitic
     0x1E025,  # .. 0x1E025 ; Unknown
     0x1E026,  # .. 0x1E02A ; Glagolitic
-    0x1E02B,  # .. 0x1E7FF ; Unknown
+    0x1E02B,  # .. 0x1E0FF ; Unknown
+    0x1E100,  # .. 0x1E12C ; Nyiakeng_Puachue_Hmong
+    0x1E12D,  # .. 0x1E12F ; Unknown
+    0x1E130,  # .. 0x1E13D ; Nyiakeng_Puachue_Hmong
+    0x1E13E,  # .. 0x1E13F ; Unknown
+    0x1E140,  # .. 0x1E149 ; Nyiakeng_Puachue_Hmong
+    0x1E14A,  # .. 0x1E14D ; Unknown
+    0x1E14E,  # .. 0x1E14F ; Nyiakeng_Puachue_Hmong
+    0x1E150,  # .. 0x1E2BF ; Unknown
+    0x1E2C0,  # .. 0x1E2F9 ; Wancho
+    0x1E2FA,  # .. 0x1E2FE ; Unknown
+    0x1E2FF,  # .. 0x1E2FF ; Wancho
+    0x1E300,  # .. 0x1E7FF ; Unknown
     0x1E800,  # .. 0x1E8C4 ; Mende_Kikakui
     0x1E8C5,  # .. 0x1E8C6 ; Unknown
     0x1E8C7,  # .. 0x1E8D6 ; Mende_Kikakui
     0x1E8D7,  # .. 0x1E8FF ; Unknown
-    0x1E900,  # .. 0x1E94A ; Adlam
-    0x1E94B,  # .. 0x1E94F ; Unknown
+    0x1E900,  # .. 0x1E94B ; Adlam
+    0x1E94C,  # .. 0x1E94F ; Unknown
     0x1E950,  # .. 0x1E959 ; Adlam
     0x1E95A,  # .. 0x1E95D ; Unknown
     0x1E95E,  # .. 0x1E95F ; Adlam
-    0x1E960,  # .. 0x1EDFF ; Unknown
+    0x1E960,  # .. 0x1EC70 ; Unknown
+    0x1EC71,  # .. 0x1ECB4 ; Common
+    0x1ECB5,  # .. 0x1ED00 ; Unknown
+    0x1ED01,  # .. 0x1ED3D ; Common
+    0x1ED3E,  # .. 0x1EDFF ; Unknown
     0x1EE00,  # .. 0x1EE03 ; Arabic
     0x1EE04,  # .. 0x1EE04 ; Unknown
     0x1EE05,  # .. 0x1EE1F ; Arabic
@@ -1463,14 +1522,8 @@
     0x1F0D0,  # .. 0x1F0D0 ; Unknown
     0x1F0D1,  # .. 0x1F0F5 ; Common
     0x1F0F6,  # .. 0x1F0FF ; Unknown
-    0x1F100,  # .. 0x1F10C ; Common
-    0x1F10D,  # .. 0x1F10F ; Unknown
-    0x1F110,  # .. 0x1F12E ; Common
-    0x1F12F,  # .. 0x1F12F ; Unknown
-    0x1F130,  # .. 0x1F16B ; Common
-    0x1F16C,  # .. 0x1F16F ; Unknown
-    0x1F170,  # .. 0x1F1AC ; Common
-    0x1F1AD,  # .. 0x1F1E5 ; Unknown
+    0x1F100,  # .. 0x1F1AD ; Common
+    0x1F1AE,  # .. 0x1F1E5 ; Unknown
     0x1F1E6,  # .. 0x1F1FF ; Common
     0x1F200,  # .. 0x1F200 ; Hiragana
     0x1F201,  # .. 0x1F202 ; Common
@@ -1483,16 +1536,18 @@
     0x1F252,  # .. 0x1F25F ; Unknown
     0x1F260,  # .. 0x1F265 ; Common
     0x1F266,  # .. 0x1F2FF ; Unknown
-    0x1F300,  # .. 0x1F6D4 ; Common
-    0x1F6D5,  # .. 0x1F6DF ; Unknown
+    0x1F300,  # .. 0x1F6D7 ; Common
+    0x1F6D8,  # .. 0x1F6DF ; Unknown
     0x1F6E0,  # .. 0x1F6EC ; Common
     0x1F6ED,  # .. 0x1F6EF ; Unknown
-    0x1F6F0,  # .. 0x1F6F8 ; Common
-    0x1F6F9,  # .. 0x1F6FF ; Unknown
+    0x1F6F0,  # .. 0x1F6FC ; Common
+    0x1F6FD,  # .. 0x1F6FF ; Unknown
     0x1F700,  # .. 0x1F773 ; Common
     0x1F774,  # .. 0x1F77F ; Unknown
-    0x1F780,  # .. 0x1F7D4 ; Common
-    0x1F7D5,  # .. 0x1F7FF ; Unknown
+    0x1F780,  # .. 0x1F7D8 ; Common
+    0x1F7D9,  # .. 0x1F7DF ; Unknown
+    0x1F7E0,  # .. 0x1F7EB ; Common
+    0x1F7EC,  # .. 0x1F7FF ; Unknown
     0x1F800,  # .. 0x1F80B ; Common
     0x1F80C,  # .. 0x1F80F ; Unknown
     0x1F810,  # .. 0x1F847 ; Common
@@ -1502,23 +1557,39 @@
     0x1F860,  # .. 0x1F887 ; Common
     0x1F888,  # .. 0x1F88F ; Unknown
     0x1F890,  # .. 0x1F8AD ; Common
-    0x1F8AE,  # .. 0x1F8FF ; Unknown
-    0x1F900,  # .. 0x1F90B ; Common
-    0x1F90C,  # .. 0x1F90F ; Unknown
-    0x1F910,  # .. 0x1F93E ; Common
-    0x1F93F,  # .. 0x1F93F ; Unknown
-    0x1F940,  # .. 0x1F94C ; Common
-    0x1F94D,  # .. 0x1F94F ; Unknown
-    0x1F950,  # .. 0x1F96B ; Common
-    0x1F96C,  # .. 0x1F97F ; Unknown
-    0x1F980,  # .. 0x1F997 ; Common
-    0x1F998,  # .. 0x1F9BF ; Unknown
-    0x1F9C0,  # .. 0x1F9C0 ; Common
-    0x1F9C1,  # .. 0x1F9CF ; Unknown
-    0x1F9D0,  # .. 0x1F9E6 ; Common
-    0x1F9E7,  # .. 0x1FFFF ; Unknown
-    0x20000,  # .. 0x2A6D6 ; Han
-    0x2A6D7,  # .. 0x2A6FF ; Unknown
+    0x1F8AE,  # .. 0x1F8AF ; Unknown
+    0x1F8B0,  # .. 0x1F8B1 ; Common
+    0x1F8B2,  # .. 0x1F8FF ; Unknown
+    0x1F900,  # .. 0x1F978 ; Common
+    0x1F979,  # .. 0x1F979 ; Unknown
+    0x1F97A,  # .. 0x1F9CB ; Common
+    0x1F9CC,  # .. 0x1F9CC ; Unknown
+    0x1F9CD,  # .. 0x1FA53 ; Common
+    0x1FA54,  # .. 0x1FA5F ; Unknown
+    0x1FA60,  # .. 0x1FA6D ; Common
+    0x1FA6E,  # .. 0x1FA6F ; Unknown
+    0x1FA70,  # .. 0x1FA74 ; Common
+    0x1FA75,  # .. 0x1FA77 ; Unknown
+    0x1FA78,  # .. 0x1FA7A ; Common
+    0x1FA7B,  # .. 0x1FA7F ; Unknown
+    0x1FA80,  # .. 0x1FA86 ; Common
+    0x1FA87,  # .. 0x1FA8F ; Unknown
+    0x1FA90,  # .. 0x1FAA8 ; Common
+    0x1FAA9,  # .. 0x1FAAF ; Unknown
+    0x1FAB0,  # .. 0x1FAB6 ; Common
+    0x1FAB7,  # .. 0x1FABF ; Unknown
+    0x1FAC0,  # .. 0x1FAC2 ; Common
+    0x1FAC3,  # .. 0x1FACF ; Unknown
+    0x1FAD0,  # .. 0x1FAD6 ; Common
+    0x1FAD7,  # .. 0x1FAFF ; Unknown
+    0x1FB00,  # .. 0x1FB92 ; Common
+    0x1FB93,  # .. 0x1FB93 ; Unknown
+    0x1FB94,  # .. 0x1FBCA ; Common
+    0x1FBCB,  # .. 0x1FBEF ; Unknown
+    0x1FBF0,  # .. 0x1FBF9 ; Common
+    0x1FBFA,  # .. 0x1FFFF ; Unknown
+    0x20000,  # .. 0x2A6DD ; Han
+    0x2A6DE,  # .. 0x2A6FF ; Unknown
     0x2A700,  # .. 0x2B734 ; Han
     0x2B735,  # .. 0x2B73F ; Unknown
     0x2B740,  # .. 0x2B81D ; Han
@@ -1528,7 +1599,9 @@
     0x2CEB0,  # .. 0x2EBE0 ; Han
     0x2EBE1,  # .. 0x2F7FF ; Unknown
     0x2F800,  # .. 0x2FA1D ; Han
-    0x2FA1E,  # .. 0xE0000 ; Unknown
+    0x2FA1E,  # .. 0x2FFFF ; Unknown
+    0x30000,  # .. 0x3134A ; Han
+    0x3134B,  # .. 0xE0000 ; Unknown
     0xE0001,  # .. 0xE0001 ; Common
     0xE0002,  # .. 0xE001F ; Unknown
     0xE0020,  # .. 0xE007F ; Common
@@ -1585,20 +1658,15 @@
     'Zzzz',  # 0530..0530 ; Unknown
     'Armn',  # 0531..0556 ; Armenian
     'Zzzz',  # 0557..0558 ; Unknown
-    'Armn',  # 0559..055F ; Armenian
-    'Zzzz',  # 0560..0560 ; Unknown
-    'Armn',  # 0561..0587 ; Armenian
-    'Zzzz',  # 0588..0588 ; Unknown
-    'Zyyy',  # 0589..0589 ; Common
-    'Armn',  # 058A..058A ; Armenian
+    'Armn',  # 0559..058A ; Armenian
     'Zzzz',  # 058B..058C ; Unknown
     'Armn',  # 058D..058F ; Armenian
     'Zzzz',  # 0590..0590 ; Unknown
     'Hebr',  # 0591..05C7 ; Hebrew
     'Zzzz',  # 05C8..05CF ; Unknown
     'Hebr',  # 05D0..05EA ; Hebrew
-    'Zzzz',  # 05EB..05EF ; Unknown
-    'Hebr',  # 05F0..05F4 ; Hebrew
+    'Zzzz',  # 05EB..05EE ; Unknown
+    'Hebr',  # 05EF..05F4 ; Hebrew
     'Zzzz',  # 05F5..05FF ; Unknown
     'Arab',  # 0600..0604 ; Arabic
     'Zyyy',  # 0605..0605 ; Common
@@ -1628,7 +1696,8 @@
     'Thaa',  # 0780..07B1 ; Thaana
     'Zzzz',  # 07B2..07BF ; Unknown
     'Nkoo',  # 07C0..07FA ; Nko
-    'Zzzz',  # 07FB..07FF ; Unknown
+    'Zzzz',  # 07FB..07FC ; Unknown
+    'Nkoo',  # 07FD..07FF ; Nko
     'Samr',  # 0800..082D ; Samaritan
     'Zzzz',  # 082E..082F ; Unknown
     'Samr',  # 0830..083E ; Samaritan
@@ -1641,14 +1710,14 @@
     'Zzzz',  # 086B..089F ; Unknown
     'Arab',  # 08A0..08B4 ; Arabic
     'Zzzz',  # 08B5..08B5 ; Unknown
-    'Arab',  # 08B6..08BD ; Arabic
-    'Zzzz',  # 08BE..08D3 ; Unknown
-    'Arab',  # 08D4..08E1 ; Arabic
+    'Arab',  # 08B6..08C7 ; Arabic
+    'Zzzz',  # 08C8..08D2 ; Unknown
+    'Arab',  # 08D3..08E1 ; Arabic
     'Zyyy',  # 08E2..08E2 ; Common
     'Arab',  # 08E3..08FF ; Arabic
     'Deva',  # 0900..0950 ; Devanagari
-    'Zinh',  # 0951..0952 ; Inherited
-    'Deva',  # 0953..0963 ; Devanagari
+    'Zinh',  # 0951..0954 ; Inherited
+    'Deva',  # 0955..0963 ; Devanagari
     'Zyyy',  # 0964..0965 ; Common
     'Deva',  # 0966..097F ; Devanagari
     'Beng',  # 0980..0983 ; Bengali
@@ -1677,8 +1746,8 @@
     'Zzzz',  # 09DE..09DE ; Unknown
     'Beng',  # 09DF..09E3 ; Bengali
     'Zzzz',  # 09E4..09E5 ; Unknown
-    'Beng',  # 09E6..09FD ; Bengali
-    'Zzzz',  # 09FE..0A00 ; Unknown
+    'Beng',  # 09E6..09FE ; Bengali
+    'Zzzz',  # 09FF..0A00 ; Unknown
     'Guru',  # 0A01..0A03 ; Gurmukhi
     'Zzzz',  # 0A04..0A04 ; Unknown
     'Guru',  # 0A05..0A0A ; Gurmukhi
@@ -1709,8 +1778,8 @@
     'Zzzz',  # 0A5D..0A5D ; Unknown
     'Guru',  # 0A5E..0A5E ; Gurmukhi
     'Zzzz',  # 0A5F..0A65 ; Unknown
-    'Guru',  # 0A66..0A75 ; Gurmukhi
-    'Zzzz',  # 0A76..0A80 ; Unknown
+    'Guru',  # 0A66..0A76 ; Gurmukhi
+    'Zzzz',  # 0A77..0A80 ; Unknown
     'Gujr',  # 0A81..0A83 ; Gujarati
     'Zzzz',  # 0A84..0A84 ; Unknown
     'Gujr',  # 0A85..0A8D ; Gujarati
@@ -1758,8 +1827,8 @@
     'Orya',  # 0B47..0B48 ; Oriya
     'Zzzz',  # 0B49..0B4A ; Unknown
     'Orya',  # 0B4B..0B4D ; Oriya
-    'Zzzz',  # 0B4E..0B55 ; Unknown
-    'Orya',  # 0B56..0B57 ; Oriya
+    'Zzzz',  # 0B4E..0B54 ; Unknown
+    'Orya',  # 0B55..0B57 ; Oriya
     'Zzzz',  # 0B58..0B5B ; Unknown
     'Orya',  # 0B5C..0B5D ; Oriya
     'Zzzz',  # 0B5E..0B5E ; Unknown
@@ -1799,9 +1868,7 @@
     'Zzzz',  # 0BD8..0BE5 ; Unknown
     'Taml',  # 0BE6..0BFA ; Tamil
     'Zzzz',  # 0BFB..0BFF ; Unknown
-    'Telu',  # 0C00..0C03 ; Telugu
-    'Zzzz',  # 0C04..0C04 ; Unknown
-    'Telu',  # 0C05..0C0C ; Telugu
+    'Telu',  # 0C00..0C0C ; Telugu
     'Zzzz',  # 0C0D..0C0D ; Unknown
     'Telu',  # 0C0E..0C10 ; Telugu
     'Zzzz',  # 0C11..0C11 ; Unknown
@@ -1822,11 +1889,9 @@
     'Telu',  # 0C60..0C63 ; Telugu
     'Zzzz',  # 0C64..0C65 ; Unknown
     'Telu',  # 0C66..0C6F ; Telugu
-    'Zzzz',  # 0C70..0C77 ; Unknown
-    'Telu',  # 0C78..0C7F ; Telugu
-    'Knda',  # 0C80..0C83 ; Kannada
-    'Zzzz',  # 0C84..0C84 ; Unknown
-    'Knda',  # 0C85..0C8C ; Kannada
+    'Zzzz',  # 0C70..0C76 ; Unknown
+    'Telu',  # 0C77..0C7F ; Telugu
+    'Knda',  # 0C80..0C8C ; Kannada
     'Zzzz',  # 0C8D..0C8D ; Unknown
     'Knda',  # 0C8E..0C90 ; Kannada
     'Zzzz',  # 0C91..0C91 ; Unknown
@@ -1852,9 +1917,7 @@
     'Zzzz',  # 0CF0..0CF0 ; Unknown
     'Knda',  # 0CF1..0CF2 ; Kannada
     'Zzzz',  # 0CF3..0CFF ; Unknown
-    'Mlym',  # 0D00..0D03 ; Malayalam
-    'Zzzz',  # 0D04..0D04 ; Unknown
-    'Mlym',  # 0D05..0D0C ; Malayalam
+    'Mlym',  # 0D00..0D0C ; Malayalam
     'Zzzz',  # 0D0D..0D0D ; Unknown
     'Mlym',  # 0D0E..0D10 ; Malayalam
     'Zzzz',  # 0D11..0D11 ; Unknown
@@ -1867,8 +1930,8 @@
     'Mlym',  # 0D54..0D63 ; Malayalam
     'Zzzz',  # 0D64..0D65 ; Unknown
     'Mlym',  # 0D66..0D7F ; Malayalam
-    'Zzzz',  # 0D80..0D81 ; Unknown
-    'Sinh',  # 0D82..0D83 ; Sinhala
+    'Zzzz',  # 0D80..0D80 ; Unknown
+    'Sinh',  # 0D81..0D83 ; Sinhala
     'Zzzz',  # 0D84..0D84 ; Unknown
     'Sinh',  # 0D85..0D96 ; Sinhala
     'Zzzz',  # 0D97..0D99 ; Unknown
@@ -1900,28 +1963,14 @@
     'Laoo',  # 0E81..0E82 ; Lao
     'Zzzz',  # 0E83..0E83 ; Unknown
     'Laoo',  # 0E84..0E84 ; Lao
-    'Zzzz',  # 0E85..0E86 ; Unknown
-    'Laoo',  # 0E87..0E88 ; Lao
-    'Zzzz',  # 0E89..0E89 ; Unknown
-    'Laoo',  # 0E8A..0E8A ; Lao
-    'Zzzz',  # 0E8B..0E8C ; Unknown
-    'Laoo',  # 0E8D..0E8D ; Lao
-    'Zzzz',  # 0E8E..0E93 ; Unknown
-    'Laoo',  # 0E94..0E97 ; Lao
-    'Zzzz',  # 0E98..0E98 ; Unknown
-    'Laoo',  # 0E99..0E9F ; Lao
-    'Zzzz',  # 0EA0..0EA0 ; Unknown
-    'Laoo',  # 0EA1..0EA3 ; Lao
+    'Zzzz',  # 0E85..0E85 ; Unknown
+    'Laoo',  # 0E86..0E8A ; Lao
+    'Zzzz',  # 0E8B..0E8B ; Unknown
+    'Laoo',  # 0E8C..0EA3 ; Lao
     'Zzzz',  # 0EA4..0EA4 ; Unknown
     'Laoo',  # 0EA5..0EA5 ; Lao
     'Zzzz',  # 0EA6..0EA6 ; Unknown
-    'Laoo',  # 0EA7..0EA7 ; Lao
-    'Zzzz',  # 0EA8..0EA9 ; Unknown
-    'Laoo',  # 0EAA..0EAB ; Lao
-    'Zzzz',  # 0EAC..0EAC ; Unknown
-    'Laoo',  # 0EAD..0EB9 ; Lao
-    'Zzzz',  # 0EBA..0EBA ; Unknown
-    'Laoo',  # 0EBB..0EBD ; Lao
+    'Laoo',  # 0EA7..0EBD ; Lao
     'Zzzz',  # 0EBE..0EBF ; Unknown
     'Laoo',  # 0EC0..0EC4 ; Lao
     'Zzzz',  # 0EC5..0EC5 ; Unknown
@@ -2034,8 +2083,8 @@
     'Zzzz',  # 180F..180F ; Unknown
     'Mong',  # 1810..1819 ; Mongolian
     'Zzzz',  # 181A..181F ; Unknown
-    'Mong',  # 1820..1877 ; Mongolian
-    'Zzzz',  # 1878..187F ; Unknown
+    'Mong',  # 1820..1878 ; Mongolian
+    'Zzzz',  # 1879..187F ; Unknown
     'Mong',  # 1880..18AA ; Mongolian
     'Zzzz',  # 18AB..18AF ; Unknown
     'Cans',  # 18B0..18F5 ; Canadian_Aboriginal
@@ -2074,8 +2123,8 @@
     'Zzzz',  # 1A9A..1A9F ; Unknown
     'Lana',  # 1AA0..1AAD ; Tai_Tham
     'Zzzz',  # 1AAE..1AAF ; Unknown
-    'Zinh',  # 1AB0..1ABE ; Inherited
-    'Zzzz',  # 1ABF..1AFF ; Unknown
+    'Zinh',  # 1AB0..1AC0 ; Inherited
+    'Zzzz',  # 1AC1..1AFF ; Unknown
     'Bali',  # 1B00..1B4B ; Balinese
     'Zzzz',  # 1B4C..1B4F ; Unknown
     'Bali',  # 1B50..1B7C ; Balinese
@@ -2091,7 +2140,10 @@
     'Lepc',  # 1C4D..1C4F ; Lepcha
     'Olck',  # 1C50..1C7F ; Ol_Chiki
     'Cyrl',  # 1C80..1C88 ; Cyrillic
-    'Zzzz',  # 1C89..1CBF ; Unknown
+    'Zzzz',  # 1C89..1C8F ; Unknown
+    'Geor',  # 1C90..1CBA ; Georgian
+    'Zzzz',  # 1CBB..1CBC ; Unknown
+    'Geor',  # 1CBD..1CBF ; Georgian
     'Sund',  # 1CC0..1CC7 ; Sundanese
     'Zzzz',  # 1CC8..1CCF ; Unknown
     'Zinh',  # 1CD0..1CD2 ; Inherited
@@ -2105,7 +2157,8 @@
     'Zinh',  # 1CF4..1CF4 ; Inherited
     'Zyyy',  # 1CF5..1CF7 ; Common
     'Zinh',  # 1CF8..1CF9 ; Inherited
-    'Zzzz',  # 1CFA..1CFF ; Unknown
+    'Zyyy',  # 1CFA..1CFA ; Common
+    'Zzzz',  # 1CFB..1CFF ; Unknown
     'Latn',  # 1D00..1D25 ; Latin
     'Grek',  # 1D26..1D2A ; Greek
     'Cyrl',  # 1D2B..1D2B ; Cyrillic
@@ -2191,15 +2244,8 @@
     'Zyyy',  # 2900..2B73 ; Common
     'Zzzz',  # 2B74..2B75 ; Unknown
     'Zyyy',  # 2B76..2B95 ; Common
-    'Zzzz',  # 2B96..2B97 ; Unknown
-    'Zyyy',  # 2B98..2BB9 ; Common
-    'Zzzz',  # 2BBA..2BBC ; Unknown
-    'Zyyy',  # 2BBD..2BC8 ; Common
-    'Zzzz',  # 2BC9..2BC9 ; Unknown
-    'Zyyy',  # 2BCA..2BD2 ; Common
-    'Zzzz',  # 2BD3..2BEB ; Unknown
-    'Zyyy',  # 2BEC..2BEF ; Common
-    'Zzzz',  # 2BF0..2BFF ; Unknown
+    'Zzzz',  # 2B96..2B96 ; Unknown
+    'Zyyy',  # 2B97..2BFF ; Common
     'Glag',  # 2C00..2C2E ; Glagolitic
     'Zzzz',  # 2C2F..2C2F ; Unknown
     'Glag',  # 2C30..2C5E ; Glagolitic
@@ -2238,8 +2284,8 @@
     'Ethi',  # 2DD8..2DDE ; Ethiopic
     'Zzzz',  # 2DDF..2DDF ; Unknown
     'Cyrl',  # 2DE0..2DFF ; Cyrillic
-    'Zyyy',  # 2E00..2E49 ; Common
-    'Zzzz',  # 2E4A..2E7F ; Unknown
+    'Zyyy',  # 2E00..2E52 ; Common
+    'Zzzz',  # 2E53..2E7F ; Unknown
     'Hani',  # 2E80..2E99 ; Han
     'Zzzz',  # 2E9A..2E9A ; Unknown
     'Hani',  # 2E9B..2EF3 ; Han
@@ -2270,13 +2316,12 @@
     'Zyyy',  # 30FB..30FC ; Common
     'Kana',  # 30FD..30FF ; Katakana
     'Zzzz',  # 3100..3104 ; Unknown
-    'Bopo',  # 3105..312E ; Bopomofo
-    'Zzzz',  # 312F..3130 ; Unknown
+    'Bopo',  # 3105..312F ; Bopomofo
+    'Zzzz',  # 3130..3130 ; Unknown
     'Hang',  # 3131..318E ; Hangul
     'Zzzz',  # 318F..318F ; Unknown
     'Zyyy',  # 3190..319F ; Common
-    'Bopo',  # 31A0..31BA ; Bopomofo
-    'Zzzz',  # 31BB..31BF ; Unknown
+    'Bopo',  # 31A0..31BF ; Bopomofo
     'Zyyy',  # 31C0..31E3 ; Common
     'Zzzz',  # 31E4..31EF ; Unknown
     'Kana',  # 31F0..31FF ; Katakana
@@ -2286,14 +2331,13 @@
     'Hang',  # 3260..327E ; Hangul
     'Zyyy',  # 327F..32CF ; Common
     'Kana',  # 32D0..32FE ; Katakana
-    'Zzzz',  # 32FF..32FF ; Unknown
+    'Zyyy',  # 32FF..32FF ; Common
     'Kana',  # 3300..3357 ; Katakana
     'Zyyy',  # 3358..33FF ; Common
-    'Hani',  # 3400..4DB5 ; Han
-    'Zzzz',  # 4DB6..4DBF ; Unknown
+    'Hani',  # 3400..4DBF ; Han
     'Zyyy',  # 4DC0..4DFF ; Common
-    'Hani',  # 4E00..9FEA ; Han
-    'Zzzz',  # 9FEB..9FFF ; Unknown
+    'Hani',  # 4E00..9FFC ; Han
+    'Zzzz',  # 9FFD..9FFF ; Unknown
     'Yiii',  # A000..A48C ; Yi
     'Zzzz',  # A48D..A48F ; Unknown
     'Yiii',  # A490..A4C6 ; Yi
@@ -2307,13 +2351,13 @@
     'Zyyy',  # A700..A721 ; Common
     'Latn',  # A722..A787 ; Latin
     'Zyyy',  # A788..A78A ; Common
-    'Latn',  # A78B..A7AE ; Latin
-    'Zzzz',  # A7AF..A7AF ; Unknown
-    'Latn',  # A7B0..A7B7 ; Latin
-    'Zzzz',  # A7B8..A7F6 ; Unknown
-    'Latn',  # A7F7..A7FF ; Latin
-    'Sylo',  # A800..A82B ; Syloti_Nagri
-    'Zzzz',  # A82C..A82F ; Unknown
+    'Latn',  # A78B..A7BF ; Latin
+    'Zzzz',  # A7C0..A7C1 ; Unknown
+    'Latn',  # A7C2..A7CA ; Latin
+    'Zzzz',  # A7CB..A7F4 ; Unknown
+    'Latn',  # A7F5..A7FF ; Latin
+    'Sylo',  # A800..A82C ; Syloti_Nagri
+    'Zzzz',  # A82D..A82F ; Unknown
     'Zyyy',  # A830..A839 ; Common
     'Zzzz',  # A83A..A83F ; Unknown
     'Phag',  # A840..A877 ; Phags_Pa
@@ -2322,8 +2366,7 @@
     'Zzzz',  # A8C6..A8CD ; Unknown
     'Saur',  # A8CE..A8D9 ; Saurashtra
     'Zzzz',  # A8DA..A8DF ; Unknown
-    'Deva',  # A8E0..A8FD ; Devanagari
-    'Zzzz',  # A8FE..A8FF ; Unknown
+    'Deva',  # A8E0..A8FF ; Devanagari
     'Kali',  # A900..A92D ; Kayah_Li
     'Zyyy',  # A92E..A92E ; Common
     'Kali',  # A92F..A92F ; Kayah_Li
@@ -2367,7 +2410,9 @@
     'Zyyy',  # AB5B..AB5B ; Common
     'Latn',  # AB5C..AB64 ; Latin
     'Grek',  # AB65..AB65 ; Greek
-    'Zzzz',  # AB66..AB6F ; Unknown
+    'Latn',  # AB66..AB69 ; Latin
+    'Zyyy',  # AB6A..AB6B ; Common
+    'Zzzz',  # AB6C..AB6F ; Unknown
     'Cher',  # AB70..ABBF ; Cherokee
     'Mtei',  # ABC0..ABED ; Meetei_Mayek
     'Zzzz',  # ABEE..ABEF ; Unknown
@@ -2472,8 +2517,8 @@
     'Zyyy',  # 10137..1013F ; Common
     'Grek',  # 10140..1018E ; Greek
     'Zzzz',  # 1018F..1018F ; Unknown
-    'Zyyy',  # 10190..1019B ; Common
-    'Zzzz',  # 1019C..1019F ; Unknown
+    'Zyyy',  # 10190..1019C ; Common
+    'Zzzz',  # 1019D..1019F ; Unknown
     'Grek',  # 101A0..101A0 ; Greek
     'Zzzz',  # 101A1..101CF ; Unknown
     'Zyyy',  # 101D0..101FC ; Common
@@ -2567,12 +2612,12 @@
     'Zzzz',  # 10A14..10A14 ; Unknown
     'Khar',  # 10A15..10A17 ; Kharoshthi
     'Zzzz',  # 10A18..10A18 ; Unknown
-    'Khar',  # 10A19..10A33 ; Kharoshthi
-    'Zzzz',  # 10A34..10A37 ; Unknown
+    'Khar',  # 10A19..10A35 ; Kharoshthi
+    'Zzzz',  # 10A36..10A37 ; Unknown
     'Khar',  # 10A38..10A3A ; Kharoshthi
     'Zzzz',  # 10A3B..10A3E ; Unknown
-    'Khar',  # 10A3F..10A47 ; Kharoshthi
-    'Zzzz',  # 10A48..10A4F ; Unknown
+    'Khar',  # 10A3F..10A48 ; Kharoshthi
+    'Zzzz',  # 10A49..10A4F ; Unknown
     'Khar',  # 10A50..10A58 ; Kharoshthi
     'Zzzz',  # 10A59..10A5F ; Unknown
     'Sarb',  # 10A60..10A7F ; Old_South_Arabian
@@ -2604,29 +2649,46 @@
     'Hung',  # 10CC0..10CF2 ; Old_Hungarian
     'Zzzz',  # 10CF3..10CF9 ; Unknown
     'Hung',  # 10CFA..10CFF ; Old_Hungarian
-    'Zzzz',  # 10D00..10E5F ; Unknown
+    'Rohg',  # 10D00..10D27 ; Hanifi_Rohingya
+    'Zzzz',  # 10D28..10D2F ; Unknown
+    'Rohg',  # 10D30..10D39 ; Hanifi_Rohingya
+    'Zzzz',  # 10D3A..10E5F ; Unknown
     'Arab',  # 10E60..10E7E ; Arabic
-    'Zzzz',  # 10E7F..10FFF ; Unknown
+    'Zzzz',  # 10E7F..10E7F ; Unknown
+    'Yezi',  # 10E80..10EA9 ; Yezidi
+    'Zzzz',  # 10EAA..10EAA ; Unknown
+    'Yezi',  # 10EAB..10EAD ; Yezidi
+    'Zzzz',  # 10EAE..10EAF ; Unknown
+    'Yezi',  # 10EB0..10EB1 ; Yezidi
+    'Zzzz',  # 10EB2..10EFF ; Unknown
+    'Sogo',  # 10F00..10F27 ; Old_Sogdian
+    'Zzzz',  # 10F28..10F2F ; Unknown
+    'Sogd',  # 10F30..10F59 ; Sogdian
+    'Zzzz',  # 10F5A..10FAF ; Unknown
+    'Chrs',  # 10FB0..10FCB ; Chorasmian
+    'Zzzz',  # 10FCC..10FDF ; Unknown
+    'Elym',  # 10FE0..10FF6 ; Elymaic
+    'Zzzz',  # 10FF7..10FFF ; Unknown
     'Brah',  # 11000..1104D ; Brahmi
     'Zzzz',  # 1104E..11051 ; Unknown
     'Brah',  # 11052..1106F ; Brahmi
     'Zzzz',  # 11070..1107E ; Unknown
     'Brah',  # 1107F..1107F ; Brahmi
     'Kthi',  # 11080..110C1 ; Kaithi
-    'Zzzz',  # 110C2..110CF ; Unknown
+    'Zzzz',  # 110C2..110CC ; Unknown
+    'Kthi',  # 110CD..110CD ; Kaithi
+    'Zzzz',  # 110CE..110CF ; Unknown
     'Sora',  # 110D0..110E8 ; Sora_Sompeng
     'Zzzz',  # 110E9..110EF ; Unknown
     'Sora',  # 110F0..110F9 ; Sora_Sompeng
     'Zzzz',  # 110FA..110FF ; Unknown
     'Cakm',  # 11100..11134 ; Chakma
     'Zzzz',  # 11135..11135 ; Unknown
-    'Cakm',  # 11136..11143 ; Chakma
-    'Zzzz',  # 11144..1114F ; Unknown
+    'Cakm',  # 11136..11147 ; Chakma
+    'Zzzz',  # 11148..1114F ; Unknown
     'Mahj',  # 11150..11176 ; Mahajani
     'Zzzz',  # 11177..1117F ; Unknown
-    'Shrd',  # 11180..111CD ; Sharada
-    'Zzzz',  # 111CE..111CF ; Unknown
-    'Shrd',  # 111D0..111DF ; Sharada
+    'Shrd',  # 11180..111DF ; Sharada
     'Zzzz',  # 111E0..111E0 ; Unknown
     'Sinh',  # 111E1..111F4 ; Sinhala
     'Zzzz',  # 111F5..111FF ; Unknown
@@ -2661,7 +2723,8 @@
     'Gran',  # 11332..11333 ; Grantha
     'Zzzz',  # 11334..11334 ; Unknown
     'Gran',  # 11335..11339 ; Grantha
-    'Zzzz',  # 1133A..1133B ; Unknown
+    'Zzzz',  # 1133A..1133A ; Unknown
+    'Zinh',  # 1133B..1133B ; Inherited
     'Gran',  # 1133C..11344 ; Grantha
     'Zzzz',  # 11345..11346 ; Unknown
     'Gran',  # 11347..11348 ; Grantha
@@ -2678,12 +2741,10 @@
     'Zzzz',  # 1136D..1136F ; Unknown
     'Gran',  # 11370..11374 ; Grantha
     'Zzzz',  # 11375..113FF ; Unknown
-    'Newa',  # 11400..11459 ; Newa
-    'Zzzz',  # 1145A..1145A ; Unknown
-    'Newa',  # 1145B..1145B ; Newa
+    'Newa',  # 11400..1145B ; Newa
     'Zzzz',  # 1145C..1145C ; Unknown
-    'Newa',  # 1145D..1145D ; Newa
-    'Zzzz',  # 1145E..1147F ; Unknown
+    'Newa',  # 1145D..11461 ; Newa
+    'Zzzz',  # 11462..1147F ; Unknown
     'Tirh',  # 11480..114C7 ; Tirhuta
     'Zzzz',  # 114C8..114CF ; Unknown
     'Tirh',  # 114D0..114D9 ; Tirhuta
@@ -2698,27 +2759,46 @@
     'Zzzz',  # 1165A..1165F ; Unknown
     'Mong',  # 11660..1166C ; Mongolian
     'Zzzz',  # 1166D..1167F ; Unknown
-    'Takr',  # 11680..116B7 ; Takri
-    'Zzzz',  # 116B8..116BF ; Unknown
+    'Takr',  # 11680..116B8 ; Takri
+    'Zzzz',  # 116B9..116BF ; Unknown
     'Takr',  # 116C0..116C9 ; Takri
     'Zzzz',  # 116CA..116FF ; Unknown
-    'Ahom',  # 11700..11719 ; Ahom
-    'Zzzz',  # 1171A..1171C ; Unknown
+    'Ahom',  # 11700..1171A ; Ahom
+    'Zzzz',  # 1171B..1171C ; Unknown
     'Ahom',  # 1171D..1172B ; Ahom
     'Zzzz',  # 1172C..1172F ; Unknown
     'Ahom',  # 11730..1173F ; Ahom
-    'Zzzz',  # 11740..1189F ; Unknown
+    'Zzzz',  # 11740..117FF ; Unknown
+    'Dogr',  # 11800..1183B ; Dogra
+    'Zzzz',  # 1183C..1189F ; Unknown
     'Wara',  # 118A0..118F2 ; Warang_Citi
     'Zzzz',  # 118F3..118FE ; Unknown
     'Wara',  # 118FF..118FF ; Warang_Citi
-    'Zzzz',  # 11900..119FF ; Unknown
+    'Diak',  # 11900..11906 ; Dives_Akuru
+    'Zzzz',  # 11907..11908 ; Unknown
+    'Diak',  # 11909..11909 ; Dives_Akuru
+    'Zzzz',  # 1190A..1190B ; Unknown
+    'Diak',  # 1190C..11913 ; Dives_Akuru
+    'Zzzz',  # 11914..11914 ; Unknown
+    'Diak',  # 11915..11916 ; Dives_Akuru
+    'Zzzz',  # 11917..11917 ; Unknown
+    'Diak',  # 11918..11935 ; Dives_Akuru
+    'Zzzz',  # 11936..11936 ; Unknown
+    'Diak',  # 11937..11938 ; Dives_Akuru
+    'Zzzz',  # 11939..1193A ; Unknown
+    'Diak',  # 1193B..11946 ; Dives_Akuru
+    'Zzzz',  # 11947..1194F ; Unknown
+    'Diak',  # 11950..11959 ; Dives_Akuru
+    'Zzzz',  # 1195A..1199F ; Unknown
+    'Nand',  # 119A0..119A7 ; Nandinagari
+    'Zzzz',  # 119A8..119A9 ; Unknown
+    'Nand',  # 119AA..119D7 ; Nandinagari
+    'Zzzz',  # 119D8..119D9 ; Unknown
+    'Nand',  # 119DA..119E4 ; Nandinagari
+    'Zzzz',  # 119E5..119FF ; Unknown
     'Zanb',  # 11A00..11A47 ; Zanabazar_Square
     'Zzzz',  # 11A48..11A4F ; Unknown
-    'Soyo',  # 11A50..11A83 ; Soyombo
-    'Zzzz',  # 11A84..11A85 ; Unknown
-    'Soyo',  # 11A86..11A9C ; Soyombo
-    'Zzzz',  # 11A9D..11A9D ; Unknown
-    'Soyo',  # 11A9E..11AA2 ; Soyombo
+    'Soyo',  # 11A50..11AA2 ; Soyombo
     'Zzzz',  # 11AA3..11ABF ; Unknown
     'Pauc',  # 11AC0..11AF8 ; Pau_Cin_Hau
     'Zzzz',  # 11AF9..11BFF ; Unknown
@@ -2749,7 +2829,26 @@
     'Gonm',  # 11D3F..11D47 ; Masaram_Gondi
     'Zzzz',  # 11D48..11D4F ; Unknown
     'Gonm',  # 11D50..11D59 ; Masaram_Gondi
-    'Zzzz',  # 11D5A..11FFF ; Unknown
+    'Zzzz',  # 11D5A..11D5F ; Unknown
+    'Gong',  # 11D60..11D65 ; Gunjala_Gondi
+    'Zzzz',  # 11D66..11D66 ; Unknown
+    'Gong',  # 11D67..11D68 ; Gunjala_Gondi
+    'Zzzz',  # 11D69..11D69 ; Unknown
+    'Gong',  # 11D6A..11D8E ; Gunjala_Gondi
+    'Zzzz',  # 11D8F..11D8F ; Unknown
+    'Gong',  # 11D90..11D91 ; Gunjala_Gondi
+    'Zzzz',  # 11D92..11D92 ; Unknown
+    'Gong',  # 11D93..11D98 ; Gunjala_Gondi
+    'Zzzz',  # 11D99..11D9F ; Unknown
+    'Gong',  # 11DA0..11DA9 ; Gunjala_Gondi
+    'Zzzz',  # 11DAA..11EDF ; Unknown
+    'Maka',  # 11EE0..11EF8 ; Makasar
+    'Zzzz',  # 11EF9..11FAF ; Unknown
+    'Lisu',  # 11FB0..11FB0 ; Lisu
+    'Zzzz',  # 11FB1..11FBF ; Unknown
+    'Taml',  # 11FC0..11FF1 ; Tamil
+    'Zzzz',  # 11FF2..11FFE ; Unknown
+    'Taml',  # 11FFF..11FFF ; Tamil
     'Xsux',  # 12000..12399 ; Cuneiform
     'Zzzz',  # 1239A..123FF ; Unknown
     'Xsux',  # 12400..1246E ; Cuneiform
@@ -2759,7 +2858,9 @@
     'Xsux',  # 12480..12543 ; Cuneiform
     'Zzzz',  # 12544..12FFF ; Unknown
     'Egyp',  # 13000..1342E ; Egyptian_Hieroglyphs
-    'Zzzz',  # 1342F..143FF ; Unknown
+    'Zzzz',  # 1342F..1342F ; Unknown
+    'Egyp',  # 13430..13438 ; Egyptian_Hieroglyphs
+    'Zzzz',  # 13439..143FF ; Unknown
     'Hluw',  # 14400..14646 ; Anatolian_Hieroglyphs
     'Zzzz',  # 14647..167FF ; Unknown
     'Bamu',  # 16800..16A38 ; Bamum
@@ -2783,23 +2884,36 @@
     'Hmng',  # 16B63..16B77 ; Pahawh_Hmong
     'Zzzz',  # 16B78..16B7C ; Unknown
     'Hmng',  # 16B7D..16B8F ; Pahawh_Hmong
-    'Zzzz',  # 16B90..16EFF ; Unknown
-    'Plrd',  # 16F00..16F44 ; Miao
-    'Zzzz',  # 16F45..16F4F ; Unknown
-    'Plrd',  # 16F50..16F7E ; Miao
-    'Zzzz',  # 16F7F..16F8E ; Unknown
+    'Zzzz',  # 16B90..16E3F ; Unknown
+    'Medf',  # 16E40..16E9A ; Medefaidrin
+    'Zzzz',  # 16E9B..16EFF ; Unknown
+    'Plrd',  # 16F00..16F4A ; Miao
+    'Zzzz',  # 16F4B..16F4E ; Unknown
+    'Plrd',  # 16F4F..16F87 ; Miao
+    'Zzzz',  # 16F88..16F8E ; Unknown
     'Plrd',  # 16F8F..16F9F ; Miao
     'Zzzz',  # 16FA0..16FDF ; Unknown
     'Tang',  # 16FE0..16FE0 ; Tangut
     'Nshu',  # 16FE1..16FE1 ; Nushu
-    'Zzzz',  # 16FE2..16FFF ; Unknown
-    'Tang',  # 17000..187EC ; Tangut
-    'Zzzz',  # 187ED..187FF ; Unknown
-    'Tang',  # 18800..18AF2 ; Tangut
-    'Zzzz',  # 18AF3..1AFFF ; Unknown
+    'Zyyy',  # 16FE2..16FE3 ; Common
+    'Kits',  # 16FE4..16FE4 ; Khitan_Small_Script
+    'Zzzz',  # 16FE5..16FEF ; Unknown
+    'Hani',  # 16FF0..16FF1 ; Han
+    'Zzzz',  # 16FF2..16FFF ; Unknown
+    'Tang',  # 17000..187F7 ; Tangut
+    'Zzzz',  # 187F8..187FF ; Unknown
+    'Tang',  # 18800..18AFF ; Tangut
+    'Kits',  # 18B00..18CD5 ; Khitan_Small_Script
+    'Zzzz',  # 18CD6..18CFF ; Unknown
+    'Tang',  # 18D00..18D08 ; Tangut
+    'Zzzz',  # 18D09..1AFFF ; Unknown
     'Kana',  # 1B000..1B000 ; Katakana
     'Hira',  # 1B001..1B11E ; Hiragana
-    'Zzzz',  # 1B11F..1B16F ; Unknown
+    'Zzzz',  # 1B11F..1B14F ; Unknown
+    'Hira',  # 1B150..1B152 ; Hiragana
+    'Zzzz',  # 1B153..1B163 ; Unknown
+    'Kana',  # 1B164..1B167 ; Katakana
+    'Zzzz',  # 1B168..1B16F ; Unknown
     'Nshu',  # 1B170..1B2FB ; Nushu
     'Zzzz',  # 1B2FC..1BBFF ; Unknown
     'Dupl',  # 1BC00..1BC6A ; Duployan
@@ -2828,11 +2942,13 @@
     'Zyyy',  # 1D1AE..1D1E8 ; Common
     'Zzzz',  # 1D1E9..1D1FF ; Unknown
     'Grek',  # 1D200..1D245 ; Greek
-    'Zzzz',  # 1D246..1D2FF ; Unknown
+    'Zzzz',  # 1D246..1D2DF ; Unknown
+    'Zyyy',  # 1D2E0..1D2F3 ; Common
+    'Zzzz',  # 1D2F4..1D2FF ; Unknown
     'Zyyy',  # 1D300..1D356 ; Common
     'Zzzz',  # 1D357..1D35F ; Unknown
-    'Zyyy',  # 1D360..1D371 ; Common
-    'Zzzz',  # 1D372..1D3FF ; Unknown
+    'Zyyy',  # 1D360..1D378 ; Common
+    'Zzzz',  # 1D379..1D3FF ; Unknown
     'Zyyy',  # 1D400..1D454 ; Common
     'Zzzz',  # 1D455..1D455 ; Unknown
     'Zyyy',  # 1D456..1D49C ; Common
@@ -2889,17 +3005,33 @@
     'Glag',  # 1E023..1E024 ; Glagolitic
     'Zzzz',  # 1E025..1E025 ; Unknown
     'Glag',  # 1E026..1E02A ; Glagolitic
-    'Zzzz',  # 1E02B..1E7FF ; Unknown
+    'Zzzz',  # 1E02B..1E0FF ; Unknown
+    'Hmnp',  # 1E100..1E12C ; Nyiakeng_Puachue_Hmong
+    'Zzzz',  # 1E12D..1E12F ; Unknown
+    'Hmnp',  # 1E130..1E13D ; Nyiakeng_Puachue_Hmong
+    'Zzzz',  # 1E13E..1E13F ; Unknown
+    'Hmnp',  # 1E140..1E149 ; Nyiakeng_Puachue_Hmong
+    'Zzzz',  # 1E14A..1E14D ; Unknown
+    'Hmnp',  # 1E14E..1E14F ; Nyiakeng_Puachue_Hmong
+    'Zzzz',  # 1E150..1E2BF ; Unknown
+    'Wcho',  # 1E2C0..1E2F9 ; Wancho
+    'Zzzz',  # 1E2FA..1E2FE ; Unknown
+    'Wcho',  # 1E2FF..1E2FF ; Wancho
+    'Zzzz',  # 1E300..1E7FF ; Unknown
     'Mend',  # 1E800..1E8C4 ; Mende_Kikakui
     'Zzzz',  # 1E8C5..1E8C6 ; Unknown
     'Mend',  # 1E8C7..1E8D6 ; Mende_Kikakui
     'Zzzz',  # 1E8D7..1E8FF ; Unknown
-    'Adlm',  # 1E900..1E94A ; Adlam
-    'Zzzz',  # 1E94B..1E94F ; Unknown
+    'Adlm',  # 1E900..1E94B ; Adlam
+    'Zzzz',  # 1E94C..1E94F ; Unknown
     'Adlm',  # 1E950..1E959 ; Adlam
     'Zzzz',  # 1E95A..1E95D ; Unknown
     'Adlm',  # 1E95E..1E95F ; Adlam
-    'Zzzz',  # 1E960..1EDFF ; Unknown
+    'Zzzz',  # 1E960..1EC70 ; Unknown
+    'Zyyy',  # 1EC71..1ECB4 ; Common
+    'Zzzz',  # 1ECB5..1ED00 ; Unknown
+    'Zyyy',  # 1ED01..1ED3D ; Common
+    'Zzzz',  # 1ED3E..1EDFF ; Unknown
     'Arab',  # 1EE00..1EE03 ; Arabic
     'Zzzz',  # 1EE04..1EE04 ; Unknown
     'Arab',  # 1EE05..1EE1F ; Arabic
@@ -2980,14 +3112,8 @@
     'Zzzz',  # 1F0D0..1F0D0 ; Unknown
     'Zyyy',  # 1F0D1..1F0F5 ; Common
     'Zzzz',  # 1F0F6..1F0FF ; Unknown
-    'Zyyy',  # 1F100..1F10C ; Common
-    'Zzzz',  # 1F10D..1F10F ; Unknown
-    'Zyyy',  # 1F110..1F12E ; Common
-    'Zzzz',  # 1F12F..1F12F ; Unknown
-    'Zyyy',  # 1F130..1F16B ; Common
-    'Zzzz',  # 1F16C..1F16F ; Unknown
-    'Zyyy',  # 1F170..1F1AC ; Common
-    'Zzzz',  # 1F1AD..1F1E5 ; Unknown
+    'Zyyy',  # 1F100..1F1AD ; Common
+    'Zzzz',  # 1F1AE..1F1E5 ; Unknown
     'Zyyy',  # 1F1E6..1F1FF ; Common
     'Hira',  # 1F200..1F200 ; Hiragana
     'Zyyy',  # 1F201..1F202 ; Common
@@ -3000,16 +3126,18 @@
     'Zzzz',  # 1F252..1F25F ; Unknown
     'Zyyy',  # 1F260..1F265 ; Common
     'Zzzz',  # 1F266..1F2FF ; Unknown
-    'Zyyy',  # 1F300..1F6D4 ; Common
-    'Zzzz',  # 1F6D5..1F6DF ; Unknown
+    'Zyyy',  # 1F300..1F6D7 ; Common
+    'Zzzz',  # 1F6D8..1F6DF ; Unknown
     'Zyyy',  # 1F6E0..1F6EC ; Common
     'Zzzz',  # 1F6ED..1F6EF ; Unknown
-    'Zyyy',  # 1F6F0..1F6F8 ; Common
-    'Zzzz',  # 1F6F9..1F6FF ; Unknown
+    'Zyyy',  # 1F6F0..1F6FC ; Common
+    'Zzzz',  # 1F6FD..1F6FF ; Unknown
     'Zyyy',  # 1F700..1F773 ; Common
     'Zzzz',  # 1F774..1F77F ; Unknown
-    'Zyyy',  # 1F780..1F7D4 ; Common
-    'Zzzz',  # 1F7D5..1F7FF ; Unknown
+    'Zyyy',  # 1F780..1F7D8 ; Common
+    'Zzzz',  # 1F7D9..1F7DF ; Unknown
+    'Zyyy',  # 1F7E0..1F7EB ; Common
+    'Zzzz',  # 1F7EC..1F7FF ; Unknown
     'Zyyy',  # 1F800..1F80B ; Common
     'Zzzz',  # 1F80C..1F80F ; Unknown
     'Zyyy',  # 1F810..1F847 ; Common
@@ -3019,23 +3147,39 @@
     'Zyyy',  # 1F860..1F887 ; Common
     'Zzzz',  # 1F888..1F88F ; Unknown
     'Zyyy',  # 1F890..1F8AD ; Common
-    'Zzzz',  # 1F8AE..1F8FF ; Unknown
-    'Zyyy',  # 1F900..1F90B ; Common
-    'Zzzz',  # 1F90C..1F90F ; Unknown
-    'Zyyy',  # 1F910..1F93E ; Common
-    'Zzzz',  # 1F93F..1F93F ; Unknown
-    'Zyyy',  # 1F940..1F94C ; Common
-    'Zzzz',  # 1F94D..1F94F ; Unknown
-    'Zyyy',  # 1F950..1F96B ; Common
-    'Zzzz',  # 1F96C..1F97F ; Unknown
-    'Zyyy',  # 1F980..1F997 ; Common
-    'Zzzz',  # 1F998..1F9BF ; Unknown
-    'Zyyy',  # 1F9C0..1F9C0 ; Common
-    'Zzzz',  # 1F9C1..1F9CF ; Unknown
-    'Zyyy',  # 1F9D0..1F9E6 ; Common
-    'Zzzz',  # 1F9E7..1FFFF ; Unknown
-    'Hani',  # 20000..2A6D6 ; Han
-    'Zzzz',  # 2A6D7..2A6FF ; Unknown
+    'Zzzz',  # 1F8AE..1F8AF ; Unknown
+    'Zyyy',  # 1F8B0..1F8B1 ; Common
+    'Zzzz',  # 1F8B2..1F8FF ; Unknown
+    'Zyyy',  # 1F900..1F978 ; Common
+    'Zzzz',  # 1F979..1F979 ; Unknown
+    'Zyyy',  # 1F97A..1F9CB ; Common
+    'Zzzz',  # 1F9CC..1F9CC ; Unknown
+    'Zyyy',  # 1F9CD..1FA53 ; Common
+    'Zzzz',  # 1FA54..1FA5F ; Unknown
+    'Zyyy',  # 1FA60..1FA6D ; Common
+    'Zzzz',  # 1FA6E..1FA6F ; Unknown
+    'Zyyy',  # 1FA70..1FA74 ; Common
+    'Zzzz',  # 1FA75..1FA77 ; Unknown
+    'Zyyy',  # 1FA78..1FA7A ; Common
+    'Zzzz',  # 1FA7B..1FA7F ; Unknown
+    'Zyyy',  # 1FA80..1FA86 ; Common
+    'Zzzz',  # 1FA87..1FA8F ; Unknown
+    'Zyyy',  # 1FA90..1FAA8 ; Common
+    'Zzzz',  # 1FAA9..1FAAF ; Unknown
+    'Zyyy',  # 1FAB0..1FAB6 ; Common
+    'Zzzz',  # 1FAB7..1FABF ; Unknown
+    'Zyyy',  # 1FAC0..1FAC2 ; Common
+    'Zzzz',  # 1FAC3..1FACF ; Unknown
+    'Zyyy',  # 1FAD0..1FAD6 ; Common
+    'Zzzz',  # 1FAD7..1FAFF ; Unknown
+    'Zyyy',  # 1FB00..1FB92 ; Common
+    'Zzzz',  # 1FB93..1FB93 ; Unknown
+    'Zyyy',  # 1FB94..1FBCA ; Common
+    'Zzzz',  # 1FBCB..1FBEF ; Unknown
+    'Zyyy',  # 1FBF0..1FBF9 ; Common
+    'Zzzz',  # 1FBFA..1FFFF ; Unknown
+    'Hani',  # 20000..2A6DD ; Han
+    'Zzzz',  # 2A6DE..2A6FF ; Unknown
     'Hani',  # 2A700..2B734 ; Han
     'Zzzz',  # 2B735..2B73F ; Unknown
     'Hani',  # 2B740..2B81D ; Han
@@ -3045,7 +3189,9 @@
     'Hani',  # 2CEB0..2EBE0 ; Han
     'Zzzz',  # 2EBE1..2F7FF ; Unknown
     'Hani',  # 2F800..2FA1D ; Han
-    'Zzzz',  # 2FA1E..E0000 ; Unknown
+    'Zzzz',  # 2FA1E..2FFFF ; Unknown
+    'Hani',  # 30000..3134A ; Han
+    'Zzzz',  # 3134B..E0000 ; Unknown
     'Zyyy',  # E0001..E0001 ; Common
     'Zzzz',  # E0002..E001F ; Unknown
     'Zyyy',  # E0020..E007F ; Common
@@ -3078,17 +3224,22 @@
     'Cari': 'Carian',
     'Cham': 'Cham',
     'Cher': 'Cherokee',
+    'Chrs': 'Chorasmian',
     'Copt': 'Coptic',
     'Cprt': 'Cypriot',
     'Cyrl': 'Cyrillic',
     'Deva': 'Devanagari',
+    'Diak': 'Dives_Akuru',
+    'Dogr': 'Dogra',
     'Dsrt': 'Deseret',
     'Dupl': 'Duployan',
     'Egyp': 'Egyptian_Hieroglyphs',
     'Elba': 'Elbasan',
+    'Elym': 'Elymaic',
     'Ethi': 'Ethiopic',
     'Geor': 'Georgian',
     'Glag': 'Glagolitic',
+    'Gong': 'Gunjala_Gondi',
     'Gonm': 'Masaram_Gondi',
     'Goth': 'Gothic',
     'Gran': 'Grantha',
@@ -3103,6 +3254,7 @@
     'Hira': 'Hiragana',
     'Hluw': 'Anatolian_Hieroglyphs',
     'Hmng': 'Pahawh_Hmong',
+    'Hmnp': 'Nyiakeng_Puachue_Hmong',
     'Hrkt': 'Katakana_Or_Hiragana',
     'Hung': 'Old_Hungarian',
     'Ital': 'Old_Italic',
@@ -3112,6 +3264,7 @@
     'Khar': 'Kharoshthi',
     'Khmr': 'Khmer',
     'Khoj': 'Khojki',
+    'Kits': 'Khitan_Small_Script',
     'Knda': 'Kannada',
     'Kthi': 'Kaithi',
     'Lana': 'Tai_Tham',
@@ -3125,9 +3278,11 @@
     'Lyci': 'Lycian',
     'Lydi': 'Lydian',
     'Mahj': 'Mahajani',
+    'Maka': 'Makasar',
     'Mand': 'Mandaic',
     'Mani': 'Manichaean',
     'Marc': 'Marchen',
+    'Medf': 'Medefaidrin',
     'Mend': 'Mende_Kikakui',
     'Merc': 'Meroitic_Cursive',
     'Mero': 'Meroitic_Hieroglyphs',
@@ -3138,6 +3293,7 @@
     'Mtei': 'Meetei_Mayek',
     'Mult': 'Multani',
     'Mymr': 'Myanmar',
+    'Nand': 'Nandinagari',
     'Narb': 'Old_North_Arabian',
     'Nbat': 'Nabataean',
     'Newa': 'Newa',
@@ -3159,6 +3315,7 @@
     'Plrd': 'Miao',
     'Prti': 'Inscriptional_Parthian',
     'Rjng': 'Rejang',
+    'Rohg': 'Hanifi_Rohingya',
     'Runr': 'Runic',
     'Samr': 'Samaritan',
     'Sarb': 'Old_South_Arabian',
@@ -3169,6 +3326,8 @@
     'Sidd': 'Siddham',
     'Sind': 'Khudawadi',
     'Sinh': 'Sinhala',
+    'Sogd': 'Sogdian',
+    'Sogo': 'Old_Sogdian',
     'Sora': 'Sora_Sompeng',
     'Soyo': 'Soyombo',
     'Sund': 'Sundanese',
@@ -3191,8 +3350,10 @@
     'Ugar': 'Ugaritic',
     'Vaii': 'Vai',
     'Wara': 'Warang_Citi',
+    'Wcho': 'Wancho',
     'Xpeo': 'Old_Persian',
     'Xsux': 'Cuneiform',
+    'Yezi': 'Yezidi',
     'Yiii': 'Yi',
     'Zanb': 'Zanabazar_Square',
     'Zinh': 'Inherited',
diff --git a/Lib/fontTools/unicodedata/__init__.py b/Lib/fontTools/unicodedata/__init__.py
index c2bc29e..8845b82 100644
--- a/Lib/fontTools/unicodedata/__init__.py
+++ b/Lib/fontTools/unicodedata/__init__.py
@@ -1,6 +1,4 @@
-from __future__ import (
-    print_function, division, absolute_import, unicode_literals)
-from fontTools.misc.py23 import *
+from fontTools.misc.py23 import byteord, tostr
 
 import re
 from bisect import bisect_right
@@ -13,7 +11,7 @@
     # fall back to built-in unicodedata (possibly outdated)
     from unicodedata import *
 
-from . import Blocks, Scripts, ScriptExtensions
+from . import Blocks, Scripts, ScriptExtensions, OTTags
 
 
 __all__ = [tostr(s) for s in (
@@ -38,6 +36,9 @@
     "script_extension",
     "script_name",
     "script_code",
+    "script_horizontal_direction",
+    "ot_tags_from_script",
+    "ot_tag_to_script",
 )]
 
 
@@ -49,7 +50,7 @@
     'Latn'
     >>> script(",")
     'Zyyy'
-    >>> script(unichr(0x10FFFF))
+    >>> script(chr(0x10FFFF))
     'Zzzz'
     """
     code = byteord(char)
@@ -72,9 +73,9 @@
 
     >>> script_extension("a") == {'Latn'}
     True
-    >>> script_extension(unichr(0x060C)) == {'Arab', 'Syrc', 'Thaa'}
+    >>> script_extension(chr(0x060C)) == {'Rohg', 'Syrc', 'Yezi', 'Arab', 'Thaa'}
     True
-    >>> script_extension(unichr(0x10FFFF)) == {'Zzzz'}
+    >>> script_extension(chr(0x10FFFF)) == {'Zzzz'}
     True
     """
     code = byteord(char)
@@ -133,17 +134,151 @@
         return default
 
 
+# The data on script direction is taken from CLDR 37:
+# https://github.com/unicode-org/cldr/blob/release-37/common/properties/scriptMetadata.txt
+RTL_SCRIPTS = {
+    # Unicode-1.1 additions
+    'Arab',  # Arabic
+    'Hebr',  # Hebrew
+
+    # Unicode-3.0 additions
+    'Syrc',  # Syriac
+    'Thaa',  # Thaana
+
+    # Unicode-4.0 additions
+    'Cprt',  # Cypriot
+
+    # Unicode-4.1 additions
+    'Khar',  # Kharoshthi
+
+    # Unicode-5.0 additions
+    'Phnx',  # Phoenician
+    'Nkoo',  # Nko
+
+    # Unicode-5.1 additions
+    'Lydi',  # Lydian
+
+    # Unicode-5.2 additions
+    'Avst',  # Avestan
+    'Armi',  # Imperial Aramaic
+    'Phli',  # Inscriptional Pahlavi
+    'Prti',  # Inscriptional Parthian
+    'Sarb',  # Old South Arabian
+    'Orkh',  # Old Turkic
+    'Samr',  # Samaritan
+
+    # Unicode-6.0 additions
+    'Mand',  # Mandaic
+
+    # Unicode-6.1 additions
+    'Merc',  # Meroitic Cursive
+    'Mero',  # Meroitic Hieroglyphs
+
+    # Unicode-7.0 additions
+    'Mani',  # Manichaean
+    'Mend',  # Mende Kikakui
+    'Nbat',  # Nabataean
+    'Narb',  # Old North Arabian
+    'Palm',  # Palmyrene
+    'Phlp',  # Psalter Pahlavi
+
+    # Unicode-8.0 additions
+    'Hatr',  # Hatran
+    'Hung',  # Old Hungarian
+
+    # Unicode-9.0 additions
+    'Adlm',  # Adlam
+
+    # Unicode-11.0 additions
+    'Rohg',  # Hanifi Rohingya
+    'Sogo',  # Old Sogdian
+    'Sogd',  # Sogdian
+
+    # Unicode-12.0 additions
+    'Elym',  # Elymaic
+
+    # Unicode-13.0 additions
+    'Chrs',  # Chorasmian
+    'Yezi',  # Yezidi
+}
+
+def script_horizontal_direction(script_code, default=KeyError):
+    """ Return "RTL" for scripts that contain right-to-left characters
+    according to the Bidi_Class property. Otherwise return "LTR".
+    """
+    if script_code not in Scripts.NAMES:
+        if isinstance(default, type) and issubclass(default, KeyError):
+            raise default(script_code)
+        return default
+    return str("RTL") if script_code in RTL_SCRIPTS else str("LTR")
+
+
 def block(char):
     """ Return the block property assigned to the Unicode character 'char'
     as a string.
 
     >>> block("a")
     'Basic Latin'
-    >>> block(unichr(0x060C))
+    >>> block(chr(0x060C))
     'Arabic'
-    >>> block(unichr(0xEFFFF))
+    >>> block(chr(0xEFFFF))
     'No_Block'
     """
     code = byteord(char)
     i = bisect_right(Blocks.RANGES, code)
     return Blocks.VALUES[i-1]
+
+
+def ot_tags_from_script(script_code):
+    """ Return a list of OpenType script tags associated with a given
+    Unicode script code.
+    Return ['DFLT'] script tag for invalid/unknown script codes.
+    """
+    if script_code not in Scripts.NAMES:
+        return [OTTags.DEFAULT_SCRIPT]
+
+    script_tags = [
+        OTTags.SCRIPT_EXCEPTIONS.get(
+            script_code,
+            script_code[0].lower() + script_code[1:]
+        )
+    ]
+    if script_code in OTTags.NEW_SCRIPT_TAGS:
+        script_tags.extend(OTTags.NEW_SCRIPT_TAGS[script_code])
+        script_tags.reverse()  # last in, first out
+
+    return script_tags
+
+
+def ot_tag_to_script(tag):
+    """ Return the Unicode script code for the given OpenType script tag, or
+    None for "DFLT" tag or if there is no Unicode script associated with it.
+    Raises ValueError if the tag is invalid.
+    """
+    tag = tostr(tag).strip()
+    if not tag or " " in tag or len(tag) > 4:
+        raise ValueError("invalid OpenType tag: %r" % tag)
+
+    while len(tag) != 4:
+        tag += str(" ")  # pad with spaces
+
+    if tag == OTTags.DEFAULT_SCRIPT:
+        # it's unclear which Unicode script the "DFLT" OpenType tag maps to,
+        # so here we return None
+        return None
+
+    if tag in OTTags.NEW_SCRIPT_TAGS_REVERSED:
+        return OTTags.NEW_SCRIPT_TAGS_REVERSED[tag]
+
+    # This side of the conversion is fully algorithmic
+
+    # Any spaces at the end of the tag are replaced by repeating the last
+    # letter. Eg 'nko ' -> 'Nkoo'.
+    # Change first char to uppercase
+    script_code = tag[0].upper() + tag[1]
+    for i in range(2, 4):
+        script_code += (script_code[i-1] if tag[i] == " " else tag[i])
+
+    if script_code not in Scripts.NAMES:
+        return None
+    return script_code
diff --git a/Lib/fontTools/varLib/__init__.py b/Lib/fontTools/varLib/__init__.py
index 589b96f..9d39747 100644
--- a/Lib/fontTools/varLib/__init__.py
+++ b/Lib/fontTools/varLib/__init__.py
@@ -10,39 +10,44 @@
 them.  Such ttf-interpolatable and designspace files can be generated from
 a Glyphs source, eg., using noto-source as an example:
 
-  $ fontmake -o ttf-interpolatable -g NotoSansArabic-MM.glyphs
+	$ fontmake -o ttf-interpolatable -g NotoSansArabic-MM.glyphs
 
 Then you can make a variable-font this way:
 
-  $ fonttools varLib master_ufo/NotoSansArabic.designspace
+	$ fonttools varLib master_ufo/NotoSansArabic.designspace
 
 API *will* change in near future.
 """
-from __future__ import print_function, division, absolute_import
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-from fontTools.misc.py23 import *
-from fontTools.misc.arrayTools import Vector
+from fontTools.misc.py23 import Tag, tostr
+from fontTools.misc.roundTools import noRound, otRound
+from fontTools.misc.vector import Vector
 from fontTools.ttLib import TTFont, newTable
-from fontTools.ttLib.tables._n_a_m_e import NameRecord
 from fontTools.ttLib.tables._f_v_a_r import Axis, NamedInstance
 from fontTools.ttLib.tables._g_l_y_f import GlyphCoordinates
 from fontTools.ttLib.tables.ttProgram import Program
 from fontTools.ttLib.tables.TupleVariation import TupleVariation
 from fontTools.ttLib.tables import otTables as ot
-from fontTools.varLib import builder, designspace, models, varStore
-from fontTools.varLib.merger import VariationMerger, _all_equal
+from fontTools.ttLib.tables.otBase import OTTableWriter
+from fontTools.varLib import builder, models, varStore
+from fontTools.varLib.merger import VariationMerger
 from fontTools.varLib.mvar import MVAR_ENTRIES
 from fontTools.varLib.iup import iup_delta_optimize
-from collections import OrderedDict
+from fontTools.varLib.featureVars import addFeatureVariations
+from fontTools.designspaceLib import DesignSpaceDocument
+from functools import partial
+from collections import OrderedDict, namedtuple
 import os.path
 import logging
+from copy import deepcopy
 from pprint import pformat
+from .errors import VarLibError, VarLibValidationError
 
 log = logging.getLogger("fontTools.varLib")
 
-
-class VarLibError(Exception):
-	pass
+# This is a lib key for the designspace document. The value should be
+# an OpenType feature tag, to be used as the FeatureVariations feature.
+# If present, the DesignSpace <rules processing="..."> flag is ignored.
+FEAVAR_FEATURETAG_LIB_KEY = "com.github.fonttools.varLib.featureVarsFeatureTag"
 
 #
 # Creation routines
@@ -71,23 +76,31 @@
 		axis.axisTag = Tag(a.tag)
 		# TODO Skip axes that have no variation.
 		axis.minValue, axis.defaultValue, axis.maxValue = a.minimum, a.default, a.maximum
-		axis.axisNameID = nameTable.addName(tounicode(a.labelname['en']))
-		# TODO:
-		# Replace previous line with the following when the following issues are resolved:
-		# https://github.com/fonttools/fonttools/issues/930
-		# https://github.com/fonttools/fonttools/issues/931
-		# axis.axisNameID = nameTable.addMultilingualName(a.labelname, font)
+		axis.axisNameID = nameTable.addMultilingualName(a.labelNames, font, minNameID=256)
+		axis.flags = int(a.hidden)
 		fvar.axes.append(axis)
 
 	for instance in instances:
-		coordinates = instance['location']
-		name = tounicode(instance['stylename'])
-		psname = instance.get('postscriptfontname')
+		coordinates = instance.location
+
+		if "en" not in instance.localisedStyleName:
+			if not instance.styleName:
+				raise VarLibValidationError(
+					f"Instance at location '{coordinates}' must have a default English "
+					"style name ('stylename' attribute on the instance element or a "
+					"stylename element with an 'xml:lang=\"en\"' attribute)."
+				)
+			localisedStyleName = dict(instance.localisedStyleName)
+			localisedStyleName["en"] = tostr(instance.styleName)
+		else:
+			localisedStyleName = instance.localisedStyleName
+
+		psname = instance.postScriptFontName
 
 		inst = NamedInstance()
-		inst.subfamilyNameID = nameTable.addName(name)
+		inst.subfamilyNameID = nameTable.addMultilingualName(localisedStyleName)
 		if psname is not None:
-			psname = tounicode(psname)
+			psname = tostr(psname)
 			inst.postscriptNameID = nameTable.addName(psname)
 		inst.coordinates = {axes[k].tag:axes[k].map_backward(v) for k,v in coordinates.items()}
 		#inst.coordinates = {axes[k].tag:v for k,v in coordinates.items()}
@@ -102,7 +115,7 @@
 	"""
 	Add 'avar' table to font.
 
-	axes is an ordered dictionary of DesignspaceAxis objects.
+	axes is an ordered dictionary of AxisDescriptor objects.
 	"""
 
 	assert axes
@@ -125,21 +138,39 @@
 		if not axis.map:
 			continue
 
-		items = sorted(axis.map.items())
+		items = sorted(axis.map)
 		keys = [item[0] for item in items]
 		vals = [item[1] for item in items]
 
 		# Current avar requirements.  We don't have to enforce
 		# these on the designer and can deduce some ourselves,
 		# but for now just enforce them.
-		assert axis.minimum == min(keys)
-		assert axis.maximum == max(keys)
-		assert axis.default in keys
-		# No duplicates
-		assert len(set(keys)) == len(keys)
-		assert len(set(vals)) == len(vals)
+		if axis.minimum != min(keys):
+			raise VarLibValidationError(
+				f"Axis '{axis.name}': there must be a mapping for the axis minimum "
+				f"value {axis.minimum} and it must be the lowest input mapping value."
+			)
+		if axis.maximum != max(keys):
+			raise VarLibValidationError(
+				f"Axis '{axis.name}': there must be a mapping for the axis maximum "
+				f"value {axis.maximum} and it must be the highest input mapping value."
+			)
+		if axis.default not in keys:
+			raise VarLibValidationError(
+				f"Axis '{axis.name}': there must be a mapping for the axis default "
+				f"value {axis.default}."
+			)
+		# No duplicate input values (output values can be >= their preceeding value).
+		if len(set(keys)) != len(keys):
+			raise VarLibValidationError(
+				f"Axis '{axis.name}': All axis mapping input='...' values must be "
+				"unique, but we found duplicates."
+			)
 		# Ascending values
-		assert sorted(vals) == vals
+		if sorted(vals) != vals:
+			raise VarLibValidationError(
+				f"Axis '{axis.name}': mapping output values must be in ascending order."
+			)
 
 		keys_triple = (axis.minimum, axis.default, axis.maximum)
 		vals_triple = tuple(axis.map_forward(v) for v in keys_triple)
@@ -168,148 +199,98 @@
 	return avar
 
 def _add_stat(font, axes):
+	# for now we just get the axis tags and nameIDs from the fvar,
+	# so we can reuse the same nameIDs which were defined in there.
+	# TODO make use of 'axes' once it adds style attributes info:
+	# https://github.com/LettError/designSpaceDocument/issues/8
 
-	nameTable = font['name']
+	if "STAT" in font:
+		return
 
-	assert "STAT" not in font
-	STAT = font["STAT"] = newTable('STAT')
-	stat = STAT.table = ot.STAT()
-	stat.Version = 0x00010000
+	from ..otlLib.builder import buildStatTable
+	fvarTable = font['fvar']
+	axes = [dict(tag=a.axisTag, name=a.axisNameID) for a in fvarTable.axes]
+	buildStatTable(font, axes)
 
-	axisRecords = []
-	for i,a in enumerate(axes.values()):
-		axis = ot.AxisRecord()
-		axis.AxisTag = Tag(a.tag)
-		# Meh. Reuse fvar nameID!
-		axis.AxisNameID = nameTable.addName(tounicode(a.labelname['en']))
-		axis.AxisOrdering = i
-		axisRecords.append(axis)
+_MasterData = namedtuple('_MasterData', ['glyf', 'hMetrics', 'vMetrics'])
 
-	axisRecordArray = ot.AxisRecordArray()
-	axisRecordArray.Axis = axisRecords
-	# XXX these should not be hard-coded but computed automatically
-	stat.DesignAxisRecordSize = 8
-	stat.DesignAxisCount = len(axisRecords)
-	stat.DesignAxisRecord = axisRecordArray
-
-# TODO Move to glyf or gvar table proper
-def _GetCoordinates(font, glyphName):
-	"""font, glyphName --> glyph coordinates as expected by "gvar" table
-
-	The result includes four "phantom points" for the glyph metrics,
-	as mandated by the "gvar" spec.
-	"""
-	glyf = font["glyf"]
-	if glyphName not in glyf.glyphs: return None
-	glyph = glyf[glyphName]
-	if glyph.isComposite():
-		coord = GlyphCoordinates([(getattr(c, 'x', 0),getattr(c, 'y', 0)) for c in glyph.components])
-		control = (glyph.numberOfContours,[c.glyphName for c in glyph.components])
-	else:
-		allData = glyph.getCoordinates(glyf)
-		coord = allData[0]
-		control = (glyph.numberOfContours,)+allData[1:]
-
-	# Add phantom points for (left, right, top, bottom) positions.
-	horizontalAdvanceWidth, leftSideBearing = font["hmtx"].metrics[glyphName]
-	if not hasattr(glyph, 'xMin'):
-		glyph.recalcBounds(glyf)
-	leftSideX = glyph.xMin - leftSideBearing
-	rightSideX = leftSideX + horizontalAdvanceWidth
-	# XXX these are incorrect.  Load vmtx and fix.
-	topSideY = glyph.yMax
-	bottomSideY = -glyph.yMin
-	coord = coord.copy()
-	coord.extend([(leftSideX, 0),
-	              (rightSideX, 0),
-	              (0, topSideY),
-	              (0, bottomSideY)])
-
-	return coord, control
-
-# TODO Move to glyf or gvar table proper
-def _SetCoordinates(font, glyphName, coord):
-	glyf = font["glyf"]
-	assert glyphName in glyf.glyphs
-	glyph = glyf[glyphName]
-
-	# Handle phantom points for (left, right, top, bottom) positions.
-	assert len(coord) >= 4
-	if not hasattr(glyph, 'xMin'):
-		glyph.recalcBounds(glyf)
-	leftSideX = coord[-4][0]
-	rightSideX = coord[-3][0]
-	topSideY = coord[-2][1]
-	bottomSideY = coord[-1][1]
-
-	for _ in range(4):
-		del coord[-1]
-
-	if glyph.isComposite():
-		assert len(coord) == len(glyph.components)
-		for p,comp in zip(coord, glyph.components):
-			if hasattr(comp, 'x'):
-				comp.x,comp.y = p
-	elif glyph.numberOfContours is 0:
-		assert len(coord) == 0
-	else:
-		assert len(coord) == len(glyph.coordinates)
-		glyph.coordinates = coord
-
-	glyph.recalcBounds(glyf)
-
-	horizontalAdvanceWidth = round(rightSideX - leftSideX)
-	leftSideBearing = round(glyph.xMin - leftSideX)
-	# XXX Handle vertical
-	font["hmtx"].metrics[glyphName] = horizontalAdvanceWidth, leftSideBearing
-
-def _add_gvar(font, model, master_ttfs, tolerance=0.5, optimize=True):
-
-	assert tolerance >= 0
+def _add_gvar(font, masterModel, master_ttfs, tolerance=0.5, optimize=True):
+	if tolerance < 0:
+		raise ValueError("`tolerance` must be a positive number.")
 
 	log.info("Generating gvar")
 	assert "gvar" not in font
 	gvar = font["gvar"] = newTable('gvar')
-	gvar.version = 1
-	gvar.reserved = 0
-	gvar.variations = {}
+	glyf = font['glyf']
+	defaultMasterIndex = masterModel.reverseMapping[0]
+
+	master_datas = [_MasterData(m['glyf'],
+				    m['hmtx'].metrics,
+				    getattr(m.get('vmtx'), 'metrics', None))
+			for m in master_ttfs]
 
 	for glyph in font.getGlyphOrder():
 
-		allData = [_GetCoordinates(m, glyph) for m in master_ttfs]
+		isComposite = glyf[glyph].isComposite()
+
+		allData = [
+			m.glyf._getCoordinatesAndControls(glyph, m.hMetrics, m.vMetrics)
+			for m in master_datas
+		]
+
+		if allData[defaultMasterIndex][1].numberOfContours != 0:
+			# If the default master is not empty, interpret empty non-default masters
+			# as missing glyphs from a sparse master
+			allData = [
+				d if d is not None and d[1].numberOfContours != 0 else None
+				for d in allData
+			]
+
+		model, allData = masterModel.getSubModel(allData)
+
 		allCoords = [d[0] for d in allData]
 		allControls = [d[1] for d in allData]
 		control = allControls[0]
-		if (any(c != control for c in allControls)):
+		if not models.allEqual(allControls):
 			log.warning("glyph %s has incompatible masters; skipping" % glyph)
 			continue
 		del allControls
 
 		# Update gvar
 		gvar.variations[glyph] = []
-		deltas = model.getDeltas(allCoords)
+		deltas = model.getDeltas(allCoords, round=partial(GlyphCoordinates.__round__, round=round))
 		supports = model.supports
 		assert len(deltas) == len(supports)
 
 		# Prepare for IUP optimization
 		origCoords = deltas[0]
-		endPts = control[1] if control[0] >= 1 else list(range(len(control[1])))
+		endPts = control.endPts
 
 		for i,(delta,support) in enumerate(zip(deltas[1:], supports[1:])):
-			if all(abs(v) <= tolerance for v in delta.array):
+			if all(v == 0 for v in delta.array) and not isComposite:
 				continue
 			var = TupleVariation(support, delta)
 			if optimize:
 				delta_opt = iup_delta_optimize(delta, origCoords, endPts, tolerance=tolerance)
 
 				if None in delta_opt:
+					"""In composite glyphs, there should be one 0 entry
+					to make sure the gvar entry is written to the font.
+
+					This is to work around an issue with macOS 10.14 and can be
+					removed once the behaviour of macOS is changed.
+
+					https://github.com/fonttools/fonttools/issues/1381
+					"""
+					if all(d is None for d in delta_opt):
+						delta_opt = [(0, 0)] + [None] * (len(delta_opt) - 1)
 					# Use "optimized" version only if smaller...
 					var_opt = TupleVariation(support, delta_opt)
 
 					axis_tags = sorted(support.keys()) # Shouldn't matter that this is different from fvar...?
-					tupleData, auxData, _ = var.compile(axis_tags, [], None)
+					tupleData, auxData = var.compile(axis_tags)
 					unoptimized_len = len(tupleData) + len(auxData)
-					tupleData, auxData, _ = var_opt.compile(axis_tags, [], None)
+					tupleData, auxData = var_opt.compile(axis_tags)
 					optimized_len = len(tupleData) + len(auxData)
 
 					if optimized_len < unoptimized_len:
@@ -317,17 +298,19 @@
 
 			gvar.variations[glyph].append(var)
 
+
 def _remove_TTHinting(font):
 	for tag in ("cvar", "cvt ", "fpgm", "prep"):
 		if tag in font:
 			del font[tag]
+	maxp = font['maxp']
 	for attr in ("maxTwilightPoints", "maxStorage", "maxFunctionDefs", "maxInstructionDefs", "maxStackElements", "maxSizeOfInstructions"):
-		setattr(font["maxp"], attr, 0)
-	font["maxp"].maxZones = 1
+		setattr(maxp, attr, 0)
+	maxp.maxZones = 1
 	font["glyf"].removeHinting()
 	# TODO: Modify gasp table to deactivate gridfitting for all ranges?
 
-def _merge_TTHinting(font, model, master_ttfs, tolerance=0.5):
+def _merge_TTHinting(font, masterModel, master_ttfs):
 
 	log.info("Merging TT hinting")
 	assert "cvar" not in font
@@ -338,12 +321,9 @@
 
 	for tag in ("fpgm", "prep"):
 		all_pgms = [m[tag].program for m in master_ttfs if tag in m]
-		if len(all_pgms) == 0:
+		if not all_pgms:
 			continue
-		if tag in font:
-			font_pgm = font[tag].program
-		else:
-			font_pgm = Program()
+		font_pgm = getattr(font.get(tag), 'program', None)
 		if any(pgm != font_pgm for pgm in all_pgms):
 			log.warning("Masters have incompatible %s tables, hinting is discarded." % tag)
 			_remove_TTHinting(font)
@@ -351,134 +331,238 @@
 
 	# glyf table
 
-	for name, glyph in font["glyf"].glyphs.items():
+	font_glyf = font['glyf']
+	master_glyfs = [m['glyf'] for m in master_ttfs]
+	for name, glyph in font_glyf.glyphs.items():
 		all_pgms = [
-			m["glyf"][name].program
-			for m in master_ttfs
-			if hasattr(m["glyf"][name], "program")
+			getattr(glyf.get(name), 'program', None)
+			for glyf in master_glyfs
 		]
 		if not any(all_pgms):
 			continue
-		glyph.expand(font["glyf"])
-		if hasattr(glyph, "program"):
-			font_pgm = glyph.program
-		else:
-			font_pgm = Program()
+		glyph.expand(font_glyf)
+		font_pgm = getattr(glyph, 'program', None)
 		if any(pgm != font_pgm for pgm in all_pgms if pgm):
 			log.warning("Masters have incompatible glyph programs in glyph '%s', hinting is discarded." % name)
+			# TODO Only drop hinting from this glyph.
 			_remove_TTHinting(font)
 			return
 
 	# cvt table
 
-	all_cvs = [Vector(m["cvt "].values) for m in master_ttfs if "cvt " in m]
-	
-	if len(all_cvs) == 0:
+	all_cvs = [Vector(m["cvt "].values) if 'cvt ' in m else None
+		   for m in master_ttfs]
+
+	nonNone_cvs = models.nonNone(all_cvs)
+	if not nonNone_cvs:
 		# There is no cvt table to make a cvar table from, we're done here.
 		return
 
-	if len(all_cvs) != len(master_ttfs):
-		log.warning("Some masters have no cvt table, hinting is discarded.")
-		_remove_TTHinting(font)
-		return
-
-	num_cvt0 = len(all_cvs[0])
-	if (any(len(c) != num_cvt0 for c in all_cvs)):
+	if not models.allEqual(len(c) for c in nonNone_cvs):
 		log.warning("Masters have incompatible cvt tables, hinting is discarded.")
 		_remove_TTHinting(font)
 		return
 
-	# We can build the cvar table now.
-
-	cvar = font["cvar"] = newTable('cvar')
-	cvar.version = 1
-	cvar.variations = []
-
-	deltas = model.getDeltas(all_cvs)
-	supports = model.supports
+	variations = []
+	deltas, supports = masterModel.getDeltasAndSupports(all_cvs, round=round) # builtin round calls into Vector.__round__, which uses builtin round as we like
 	for i,(delta,support) in enumerate(zip(deltas[1:], supports[1:])):
-		delta = [round(d) for d in delta]
-		if all(abs(v) <= tolerance for v in delta):
+		if all(v == 0 for v in delta):
 			continue
 		var = TupleVariation(support, delta)
-		cvar.variations.append(var)
+		variations.append(var)
 
-def _add_HVAR(font, model, master_ttfs, axisTags):
+	# We can build the cvar table now.
+	if variations:
+		cvar = font["cvar"] = newTable('cvar')
+		cvar.version = 1
+		cvar.variations = variations
 
-	log.info("Generating HVAR")
 
-	hAdvanceDeltas = {}
-	metricses = [m["hmtx"].metrics for m in master_ttfs]
-	for glyph in font.getGlyphOrder():
-		hAdvances = [metrics[glyph][0] for metrics in metricses]
-		# TODO move round somewhere else?
-		hAdvanceDeltas[glyph] = tuple(round(d) for d in model.getDeltas(hAdvances)[1:])
+_MetricsFields = namedtuple('_MetricsFields',
+	['tableTag', 'metricsTag', 'sb1', 'sb2', 'advMapping', 'vOrigMapping'])
 
-	# We only support the direct mapping right now.
+HVAR_FIELDS = _MetricsFields(tableTag='HVAR', metricsTag='hmtx', sb1='LsbMap',
+	sb2='RsbMap', advMapping='AdvWidthMap', vOrigMapping=None)
 
-	supports = model.supports[1:]
-	varTupleList = builder.buildVarRegionList(supports, axisTags)
-	varTupleIndexes = list(range(len(supports)))
-	n = len(supports)
-	items = []
-	zeroes = [0]*n
-	for glyphName in font.getGlyphOrder():
-		items.append(hAdvanceDeltas.get(glyphName, zeroes))
-	while items and items[-1] is zeroes:
-		del items[-1]
+VVAR_FIELDS = _MetricsFields(tableTag='VVAR', metricsTag='vmtx', sb1='TsbMap',
+	sb2='BsbMap', advMapping='AdvHeightMap', vOrigMapping='VOrgMap')
 
-	advanceMapping = None
-	# Add indirect mapping to save on duplicates
-	uniq = set(items)
-	# TODO Improve heuristic
-	if (len(items) - len(uniq)) * len(varTupleIndexes) > len(items):
-		newItems = sorted(uniq)
-		mapper = {v:i for i,v in enumerate(newItems)}
-		mapping = [mapper[item] for item in items]
-		while len(mapping) > 1 and mapping[-1] == mapping[-2]:
-			del mapping[-1]
-		advanceMapping = builder.buildVarIdxMap(mapping)
-		items = newItems
-		del mapper, mapping, newItems
-	del uniq
+def _add_HVAR(font, masterModel, master_ttfs, axisTags):
+	_add_VHVAR(font, masterModel, master_ttfs, axisTags, HVAR_FIELDS)
 
-	varData = builder.buildVarData(varTupleIndexes, items)
-	varstore = builder.buildVarStore(varTupleList, [varData])
+def _add_VVAR(font, masterModel, master_ttfs, axisTags):
+	_add_VHVAR(font, masterModel, master_ttfs, axisTags, VVAR_FIELDS)
 
-	assert "HVAR" not in font
-	HVAR = font["HVAR"] = newTable('HVAR')
-	hvar = HVAR.table = ot.HVAR()
-	hvar.Version = 0x00010000
-	hvar.VarStore = varstore
-	hvar.AdvWidthMap = advanceMapping
-	hvar.LsbMap = hvar.RsbMap = None
+def _add_VHVAR(font, masterModel, master_ttfs, axisTags, tableFields):
 
-def _add_MVAR(font, model, master_ttfs, axisTags):
+	tableTag = tableFields.tableTag
+	assert tableTag not in font
+	log.info("Generating " + tableTag)
+	VHVAR = newTable(tableTag)
+	tableClass = getattr(ot, tableTag)
+	vhvar = VHVAR.table = tableClass()
+	vhvar.Version = 0x00010000
+
+	glyphOrder = font.getGlyphOrder()
+
+	# Build list of source font advance widths for each glyph
+	metricsTag = tableFields.metricsTag
+	advMetricses = [m[metricsTag].metrics for m in master_ttfs]
+
+	# Build list of source font vertical origin coords for each glyph
+	if tableTag == 'VVAR' and 'VORG' in master_ttfs[0]:
+		vOrigMetricses = [m['VORG'].VOriginRecords for m in master_ttfs]
+		defaultYOrigs = [m['VORG'].defaultVertOriginY for m in master_ttfs]
+		vOrigMetricses = list(zip(vOrigMetricses, defaultYOrigs))
+	else:
+		vOrigMetricses = None
+
+	metricsStore, advanceMapping, vOrigMapping = _get_advance_metrics(font,
+		masterModel, master_ttfs, axisTags, glyphOrder, advMetricses,
+		vOrigMetricses)
+
+	vhvar.VarStore = metricsStore
+	if advanceMapping is None:
+		setattr(vhvar, tableFields.advMapping, None)
+	else:
+		setattr(vhvar, tableFields.advMapping, advanceMapping)
+	if vOrigMapping is not None:
+		setattr(vhvar, tableFields.vOrigMapping, vOrigMapping)
+	setattr(vhvar, tableFields.sb1, None)
+	setattr(vhvar, tableFields.sb2, None)
+
+	font[tableTag] = VHVAR
+	return
+
+def _get_advance_metrics(font, masterModel, master_ttfs,
+		axisTags, glyphOrder, advMetricses, vOrigMetricses=None):
+
+	vhAdvanceDeltasAndSupports = {}
+	vOrigDeltasAndSupports = {}
+	for glyph in glyphOrder:
+		vhAdvances = [metrics[glyph][0] if glyph in metrics else None for metrics in advMetricses]
+		vhAdvanceDeltasAndSupports[glyph] = masterModel.getDeltasAndSupports(vhAdvances, round=round)
+
+	singleModel = models.allEqual(id(v[1]) for v in vhAdvanceDeltasAndSupports.values())
+
+	if vOrigMetricses:
+		singleModel = False
+		for glyph in glyphOrder:
+			# We need to supply a vOrigs tuple with non-None default values
+			# for each glyph. vOrigMetricses contains values only for those
+			# glyphs which have a non-default vOrig.
+			vOrigs = [metrics[glyph] if glyph in metrics else defaultVOrig
+				for metrics, defaultVOrig in vOrigMetricses]
+			vOrigDeltasAndSupports[glyph] = masterModel.getDeltasAndSupports(vOrigs, round=round)
+
+	directStore = None
+	if singleModel:
+		# Build direct mapping
+		supports = next(iter(vhAdvanceDeltasAndSupports.values()))[1][1:]
+		varTupleList = builder.buildVarRegionList(supports, axisTags)
+		varTupleIndexes = list(range(len(supports)))
+		varData = builder.buildVarData(varTupleIndexes, [], optimize=False)
+		for glyphName in glyphOrder:
+			varData.addItem(vhAdvanceDeltasAndSupports[glyphName][0], round=noRound)
+		varData.optimize()
+		directStore = builder.buildVarStore(varTupleList, [varData])
+
+	# Build optimized indirect mapping
+	storeBuilder = varStore.OnlineVarStoreBuilder(axisTags)
+	advMapping = {}
+	for glyphName in glyphOrder:
+		deltas, supports = vhAdvanceDeltasAndSupports[glyphName]
+		storeBuilder.setSupports(supports)
+		advMapping[glyphName] = storeBuilder.storeDeltas(deltas, round=noRound)
+
+	if vOrigMetricses:
+		vOrigMap = {}
+		for glyphName in glyphOrder:
+			deltas, supports = vOrigDeltasAndSupports[glyphName]
+			storeBuilder.setSupports(supports)
+			vOrigMap[glyphName] = storeBuilder.storeDeltas(deltas, round=noRound)
+
+	indirectStore = storeBuilder.finish()
+	mapping2 = indirectStore.optimize()
+	advMapping = [mapping2[advMapping[g]] for g in glyphOrder]
+	advanceMapping = builder.buildVarIdxMap(advMapping, glyphOrder)
+
+	if vOrigMetricses:
+		vOrigMap = [mapping2[vOrigMap[g]] for g in glyphOrder]
+
+	useDirect = False
+	vOrigMapping = None
+	if directStore:
+		# Compile both, see which is more compact
+
+		writer = OTTableWriter()
+		directStore.compile(writer, font)
+		directSize = len(writer.getAllData())
+
+		writer = OTTableWriter()
+		indirectStore.compile(writer, font)
+		advanceMapping.compile(writer, font)
+		indirectSize = len(writer.getAllData())
+
+		useDirect = directSize < indirectSize
+
+	if useDirect:
+		metricsStore = directStore
+		advanceMapping = None
+	else:
+		metricsStore = indirectStore
+		if vOrigMetricses:
+			vOrigMapping = builder.buildVarIdxMap(vOrigMap, glyphOrder)
+
+	return metricsStore, advanceMapping, vOrigMapping
+
+def _add_MVAR(font, masterModel, master_ttfs, axisTags):
 
 	log.info("Generating MVAR")
 
 	store_builder = varStore.OnlineVarStoreBuilder(axisTags)
-	store_builder.setModel(model)
 
 	records = []
 	lastTableTag = None
 	fontTable = None
 	tables = None
+	# HACK: we need to special-case post.underlineThickness and .underlinePosition
+	# and unilaterally/arbitrarily define a sentinel value to distinguish the case
+	# when a post table is present in a given master simply because that's where
+	# the glyph names in TrueType must be stored, but the underline values are not
+	# meant to be used for building MVAR's deltas. The value of -0x8000 (-36768)
+	# the minimum FWord (int16) value, was chosen for its unlikelyhood to appear
+	# in real-world underline position/thickness values.
+	specialTags = {"unds": -0x8000, "undo": -0x8000}
+
 	for tag, (tableTag, itemName) in sorted(MVAR_ENTRIES.items(), key=lambda kv: kv[1]):
+		# For each tag, fetch the associated table from all fonts (or not when we are
+		# still looking at a tag from the same tables) and set up the variation model
+		# for them.
 		if tableTag != lastTableTag:
 			tables = fontTable = None
 			if tableTag in font:
-				# TODO Check all masters have same table set?
 				fontTable = font[tableTag]
-				tables = [master[tableTag] for master in master_ttfs]
+				tables = []
+				for master in master_ttfs:
+					if tableTag not in master or (
+						tag in specialTags
+						and getattr(master[tableTag], itemName) == specialTags[tag]
+					):
+						tables.append(None)
+					else:
+						tables.append(master[tableTag])
+				model, tables = masterModel.getSubModel(tables)
+				store_builder.setModel(model)
 			lastTableTag = tableTag
-		if tables is None:
+
+		if tables is None:  # Tag not applicable to the master font.
 			continue
 
 		# TODO support gasp entries
 
 		master_values = [getattr(table, itemName) for table in tables]
-		if _all_equal(master_values):
+		if models.allEqual(master_values):
 			base, varIdx = master_values[0], None
 		else:
 			base, varIdx = store_builder.storeMasters(master_values)
@@ -494,167 +578,215 @@
 
 	assert "MVAR" not in font
 	if records:
+		store = store_builder.finish()
+		# Optimize
+		mapping = store.optimize()
+		for rec in records:
+			rec.VarIdx = mapping[rec.VarIdx]
+
 		MVAR = font["MVAR"] = newTable('MVAR')
 		mvar = MVAR.table = ot.MVAR()
 		mvar.Version = 0x00010000
 		mvar.Reserved = 0
-		mvar.VarStore = store_builder.finish()
+		mvar.VarStore = store
 		# XXX these should not be hard-coded but computed automatically
 		mvar.ValueRecordSize = 8
 		mvar.ValueRecordCount = len(records)
 		mvar.ValueRecord = sorted(records, key=lambda r: r.ValueTag)
 
 
+def _add_BASE(font, masterModel, master_ttfs, axisTags):
+
+	log.info("Generating BASE")
+
+	merger = VariationMerger(masterModel, axisTags, font)
+	merger.mergeTables(font, master_ttfs, ['BASE'])
+	store = merger.store_builder.finish()
+
+	if not store.VarData:
+		return
+	base = font['BASE'].table
+	assert base.Version == 0x00010000
+	base.Version = 0x00010001
+	base.VarStore = store
+
+
 def _merge_OTL(font, model, master_fonts, axisTags):
 
 	log.info("Merging OpenType Layout tables")
 	merger = VariationMerger(model, axisTags, font)
 
-	merger.mergeTables(font, master_fonts, ['GPOS'])
+	merger.mergeTables(font, master_fonts, ['GSUB', 'GDEF', 'GPOS'])
 	store = merger.store_builder.finish()
+	if not store.VarData:
+		return
 	try:
 		GDEF = font['GDEF'].table
 		assert GDEF.Version <= 0x00010002
 	except KeyError:
-		font['GDEF']= newTable('GDEF')
+		font['GDEF'] = newTable('GDEF')
 		GDEFTable = font["GDEF"] = newTable('GDEF')
 		GDEF = GDEFTable.table = ot.GDEF()
+		GDEF.GlyphClassDef = None
+		GDEF.AttachList = None
+		GDEF.LigCaretList = None
+		GDEF.MarkAttachClassDef = None
+		GDEF.MarkGlyphSetsDef = None
+
 	GDEF.Version = 0x00010003
 	GDEF.VarStore = store
 
+	# Optimize
+	varidx_map = store.optimize()
+	GDEF.remap_device_varidxes(varidx_map)
+	if 'GPOS' in font:
+		font['GPOS'].table.remap_device_varidxes(varidx_map)
 
 
-# Pretty much all of this file should be redesigned and moved inot submodules...
-# Such a mess right now, but kludging along...
-class _DesignspaceAxis(object):
+def _add_GSUB_feature_variations(font, axes, internal_axis_supports, rules, featureTag):
 
-	def __repr__(self):
-		return repr(self.__dict__)
+	def normalize(name, value):
+		return models.normalizeLocation(
+			{name: value}, internal_axis_supports
+		)[name]
 
-	@staticmethod
-	def _map(v, map):
-		keys = map.keys()
-		if not keys:
-			return v
-		if v in keys:
-			return map[v]
-		k = min(keys)
-		if v < k:
-			return v + map[k] - k
-		k = max(keys)
-		if v > k:
-			return v + map[k] - k
-		# Interpolate
-		a = max(k for k in keys if k < v)
-		b = min(k for k in keys if k > v)
-		va = map[a]
-		vb = map[b]
-		return va + (vb - va) * (v - a) / (b - a)
+	log.info("Generating GSUB FeatureVariations")
 
-	def map_forward(self, v):
-		if self.map is None: return v
-		return self._map(v, self.map)
+	axis_tags = {name: axis.tag for name, axis in axes.items()}
 
-	def map_backward(self, v):
-		if self.map is None: return v
-		map = {v:k for k,v in self.map.items()}
-		return self._map(v, map)
+	conditional_subs = []
+	for rule in rules:
+
+		region = []
+		for conditions in rule.conditionSets:
+			space = {}
+			for condition in conditions:
+				axis_name = condition["name"]
+				if condition["minimum"] is not None:
+					minimum = normalize(axis_name, condition["minimum"])
+				else:
+					minimum = -1.0
+				if condition["maximum"] is not None:
+					maximum = normalize(axis_name, condition["maximum"])
+				else:
+					maximum = 1.0
+				tag = axis_tags[axis_name]
+				space[tag] = (minimum, maximum)
+			region.append(space)
+
+		subs = {k: v for k, v in rule.subs}
+
+		conditional_subs.append((region, subs))
+
+	addFeatureVariations(font, conditional_subs, featureTag)
 
 
-def load_designspace(designspace_filename):
+_DesignSpaceData = namedtuple(
+	"_DesignSpaceData",
+	[
+		"axes",
+		"internal_axis_supports",
+		"base_idx",
+		"normalized_master_locs",
+		"masters",
+		"instances",
+		"rules",
+		"rulesProcessingLast",
+		"lib",
+	],
+)
 
-	ds = designspace.load(designspace_filename)
-	axes = ds.get('axes')
-	masters = ds.get('sources')
+
+def _add_CFF2(varFont, model, master_fonts):
+	from .cff import merge_region_fonts
+	glyphOrder = varFont.getGlyphOrder()
+	if "CFF2" not in varFont:
+		from .cff import convertCFFtoCFF2
+		convertCFFtoCFF2(varFont)
+	ordered_fonts_list = model.reorderMasters(master_fonts, model.reverseMapping)
+	# re-ordering the master list simplifies building the CFF2 data item lists.
+	merge_region_fonts(varFont, model, ordered_fonts_list, glyphOrder)
+
+
+def load_designspace(designspace):
+	# TODO: remove this and always assume 'designspace' is a DesignSpaceDocument,
+	# never a file path, as that's already handled by caller
+	if hasattr(designspace, "sources"):  # Assume a DesignspaceDocument
+		ds = designspace
+	else:  # Assume a file path
+		ds = DesignSpaceDocument.fromfile(designspace)
+
+	masters = ds.sources
 	if not masters:
-		raise VarLibError("no sources found in .designspace")
-	instances = ds.get('instances', [])
+		raise VarLibValidationError("Designspace must have at least one source.")
+	instances = ds.instances
 
+	# TODO: Use fontTools.designspaceLib.tagForAxisName instead.
 	standard_axis_map = OrderedDict([
-		('weight',  ('wght', {'en':'Weight'})),
-		('width',   ('wdth', {'en':'Width'})),
-		('slant',   ('slnt', {'en':'Slant'})),
-		('optical', ('opsz', {'en':'Optical Size'})),
+		('weight',  ('wght', {'en': u'Weight'})),
+		('width',   ('wdth', {'en': u'Width'})),
+		('slant',   ('slnt', {'en': u'Slant'})),
+		('optical', ('opsz', {'en': u'Optical Size'})),
+		('italic',  ('ital', {'en': u'Italic'})),
 		])
 
-
 	# Setup axes
-	axis_objects = OrderedDict()
-	if axes is not None:
-		for axis_dict in axes:
-			axis_name = axis_dict.get('name')
-			if not axis_name:
-				axis_name = axis_dict['name'] = axis_dict['tag']
-			if 'map' not in axis_dict:
-				axis_dict['map'] = None
-			else:
-				axis_dict['map'] = {m['input']:m['output'] for m in axis_dict['map']}
+	if not ds.axes:
+		raise VarLibValidationError(f"Designspace must have at least one axis.")
 
-			if axis_name in standard_axis_map:
-				if 'tag' not in axis_dict:
-					axis_dict['tag'] = standard_axis_map[axis_name][0]
-				if 'labelname' not in axis_dict:
-					axis_dict['labelname'] = standard_axis_map[axis_name][1].copy()
+	axes = OrderedDict()
+	for axis_index, axis in enumerate(ds.axes):
+		axis_name = axis.name
+		if not axis_name:
+			if not axis.tag:
+				raise VarLibValidationError(f"Axis at index {axis_index} needs a tag.")
+			axis_name = axis.name = axis.tag
 
-			axis = _DesignspaceAxis()
-			for item in ['name', 'tag', 'minimum', 'default', 'maximum', 'map']:
-				assert item in axis_dict, 'Axis does not have "%s"' % item
-			if 'labelname' not in axis_dict:
-				axis_dict['labelname'] = {'en': axis_name}
-			axis.__dict__ = axis_dict
-			axis_objects[axis_name] = axis
-	else:
-		# No <axes> element. Guess things...
-		base_idx = None
-		for i,m in enumerate(masters):
-			if 'info' in m and m['info']['copy']:
-				assert base_idx is None
-				base_idx = i
-		assert base_idx is not None, "Cannot find 'base' master; Either add <axes> element to .designspace document, or add <info> element to one of the sources in the .designspace document."
+		if axis_name in standard_axis_map:
+			if axis.tag is None:
+				axis.tag = standard_axis_map[axis_name][0]
+			if not axis.labelNames:
+				axis.labelNames.update(standard_axis_map[axis_name][1])
+		else:
+			if not axis.tag:
+				raise VarLibValidationError(f"Axis at index {axis_index} needs a tag.")
+			if not axis.labelNames:
+				axis.labelNames["en"] = tostr(axis_name)
 
-		master_locs = [o['location'] for o in masters]
-		base_loc = master_locs[base_idx]
-		axis_names = set(base_loc.keys())
-		assert all(name in standard_axis_map for name in axis_names), "Non-standard axis found and there exist no <axes> element."
-
-		for name,(tag,labelname) in standard_axis_map.items():
-			if name not in axis_names:
-				continue
-
-			axis = _DesignspaceAxis()
-			axis.name = name
-			axis.tag = tag
-			axis.labelname = labelname.copy()
-			axis.default = base_loc[name]
-			axis.minimum = min(m[name] for m in master_locs if name in m)
-			axis.maximum = max(m[name] for m in master_locs if name in m)
-			axis.map = None
-			# TODO Fill in weight / width mapping from OS/2 table? Need loading fonts...
-			axis_objects[name] = axis
-		del base_idx, base_loc, axis_names, master_locs
-	axes = axis_objects
-	del axis_objects
-	log.info("Axes:\n%s", pformat(axes))
-
+		axes[axis_name] = axis
+	log.info("Axes:\n%s", pformat([axis.asdict() for axis in axes.values()]))
 
 	# Check all master and instance locations are valid and fill in defaults
 	for obj in masters+instances:
-		obj_name = obj.get('name', obj.get('stylename', ''))
-		loc = obj['location']
+		obj_name = obj.name or obj.styleName or ''
+		loc = obj.location
+		if loc is None:
+			raise VarLibValidationError(
+				f"Source or instance '{obj_name}' has no location."
+			)
 		for axis_name in loc.keys():
-			assert axis_name in axes, "Location axis '%s' unknown for '%s'." % (axis_name, obj_name)
+			if axis_name not in axes:
+				raise VarLibValidationError(
+					f"Location axis '{axis_name}' unknown for '{obj_name}'."
+				)
 		for axis_name,axis in axes.items():
 			if axis_name not in loc:
-				loc[axis_name] = axis.default
+				# NOTE: `axis.default` is always user-space, but `obj.location` always design-space.
+				loc[axis_name] = axis.map_forward(axis.default)
 			else:
 				v = axis.map_backward(loc[axis_name])
-				assert axis.minimum <= v <= axis.maximum, "Location for axis '%s' (mapped to %s) out of range for '%s' [%s..%s]" % (axis_name, v, obj_name, axis.minimum, axis.maximum)
-
+				if not (axis.minimum <= v <= axis.maximum):
+					raise VarLibValidationError(
+						f"Source or instance '{obj_name}' has out-of-range location "
+						f"for axis '{axis_name}': is mapped to {v} but must be in "
+						f"mapped range [{axis.minimum}..{axis.maximum}] (NOTE: all "
+						"values are in user-space)."
+					)
 
 	# Normalize master locations
 
-	normalized_master_locs = [o['location'] for o in masters]
-	log.info("Internal master locations:\n%s", pformat(normalized_master_locs))
+	internal_master_locs = [o.location for o in masters]
+	log.info("Internal master locations:\n%s", pformat(internal_master_locs))
 
 	# TODO This mapping should ideally be moved closer to logic in _add_fvar/avar
 	internal_axis_supports = {}
@@ -663,23 +795,77 @@
 		internal_axis_supports[axis.name] = [axis.map_forward(v) for v in triple]
 	log.info("Internal axis supports:\n%s", pformat(internal_axis_supports))
 
-	normalized_master_locs = [models.normalizeLocation(m, internal_axis_supports) for m in normalized_master_locs]
+	normalized_master_locs = [models.normalizeLocation(m, internal_axis_supports) for m in internal_master_locs]
 	log.info("Normalized master locations:\n%s", pformat(normalized_master_locs))
 
-
 	# Find base master
 	base_idx = None
 	for i,m in enumerate(normalized_master_locs):
 		if all(v == 0 for v in m.values()):
-			assert base_idx is None
+			if base_idx is not None:
+				raise VarLibValidationError(
+					"More than one base master found in Designspace."
+				)
 			base_idx = i
-	assert base_idx is not None, "Base master not found; no master at default location?"
+	if base_idx is None:
+		raise VarLibValidationError(
+			"Base master not found; no master at default location?"
+		)
 	log.info("Index of base master: %s", base_idx)
 
-	return axes, internal_axis_supports, base_idx, normalized_master_locs, masters, instances
+	return _DesignSpaceData(
+		axes,
+		internal_axis_supports,
+		base_idx,
+		normalized_master_locs,
+		masters,
+		instances,
+		ds.rules,
+		ds.rulesProcessingLast,
+		ds.lib,
+	)
 
 
-def build(designspace_filename, master_finder=lambda s:s):
+# https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/typography/opentype/spec/os2#uswidthclass
+WDTH_VALUE_TO_OS2_WIDTH_CLASS = {
+	50: 1,
+	62.5: 2,
+	75: 3,
+	87.5: 4,
+	100: 5,
+	112.5: 6,
+	125: 7,
+	150: 8,
+	200: 9,
+}
+
+
+def set_default_weight_width_slant(font, location):
+	if "OS/2" in font:
+		if "wght" in location:
+			weight_class = otRound(max(1, min(location["wght"], 1000)))
+			if font["OS/2"].usWeightClass != weight_class:
+				log.info("Setting OS/2.usWeightClass = %s", weight_class)
+				font["OS/2"].usWeightClass = weight_class
+
+		if "wdth" in location:
+			# map 'wdth' axis (50..200) to OS/2.usWidthClass (1..9), rounding to closest
+			widthValue = min(max(location["wdth"], 50), 200)
+			widthClass = otRound(
+				models.piecewiseLinearMap(widthValue, WDTH_VALUE_TO_OS2_WIDTH_CLASS)
+			)
+			if font["OS/2"].usWidthClass != widthClass:
+				log.info("Setting OS/2.usWidthClass = %s", widthClass)
+				font["OS/2"].usWidthClass = widthClass
+
+	if "slnt" in location and "post" in font:
+		italicAngle = max(-90, min(location["slnt"], 90))
+		if font["post"].italicAngle != italicAngle:
+			log.info("Setting post.italicAngle = %s", italicAngle)
+			font["post"].italicAngle = italicAngle
+
+
+def build(designspace, master_finder=lambda s:s, exclude=[], optimize=True):
 	"""
 	Build variation font from a designspace file.
 
@@ -687,60 +873,228 @@
 	filename as found in designspace file and map it to master font
 	binary as to be opened (eg. .ttf or .otf).
 	"""
+	if hasattr(designspace, "sources"):  # Assume a DesignspaceDocument
+		pass
+	else:  # Assume a file path
+		designspace = DesignSpaceDocument.fromfile(designspace)
 
-	axes, internal_axis_supports, base_idx, normalized_master_locs, masters, instances = load_designspace(designspace_filename)
-
+	ds = load_designspace(designspace)
 	log.info("Building variable font")
+
 	log.info("Loading master fonts")
-	basedir = os.path.dirname(designspace_filename)
-	master_ttfs = [master_finder(os.path.join(basedir, m['filename'])) for m in masters]
-	master_fonts = [TTFont(ttf_path) for ttf_path in master_ttfs]
-	# Reload base font as target font
-	vf = TTFont(master_ttfs[base_idx])
+	master_fonts = load_masters(designspace, master_finder)
+
+	# TODO: 'master_ttfs' is unused except for return value, remove later
+	master_ttfs = []
+	for master in master_fonts:
+		try:
+			master_ttfs.append(master.reader.file.name)
+		except AttributeError:
+			master_ttfs.append(None)  # in-memory fonts have no path
+
+	# Copy the base master to work from it
+	vf = deepcopy(master_fonts[ds.base_idx])
 
 	# TODO append masters as named-instances as well; needs .designspace change.
-	fvar = _add_fvar(vf, axes, instances)
-	_add_stat(vf, axes)
-	_add_avar(vf, axes)
-	del instances
+	fvar = _add_fvar(vf, ds.axes, ds.instances)
+	if 'STAT' not in exclude:
+		_add_stat(vf, ds.axes)
+	if 'avar' not in exclude:
+		_add_avar(vf, ds.axes)
 
 	# Map from axis names to axis tags...
-	normalized_master_locs = [{axes[k].tag:v for k,v in loc.items()} for loc in normalized_master_locs]
-	#del axes
+	normalized_master_locs = [
+		{ds.axes[k].tag: v for k,v in loc.items()} for loc in ds.normalized_master_locs
+	]
 	# From here on, we use fvar axes only
 	axisTags = [axis.axisTag for axis in fvar.axes]
 
 	# Assume single-model for now.
 	model = models.VariationModel(normalized_master_locs, axisOrder=axisTags)
-	assert 0 == model.mapping[base_idx]
+	assert 0 == model.mapping[ds.base_idx]
 
 	log.info("Building variations tables")
-	_add_MVAR(vf, model, master_fonts, axisTags)
-	_add_HVAR(vf, model, master_fonts, axisTags)
-	_merge_OTL(vf, model, master_fonts, axisTags)
-	if 'glyf' in vf:
-		_add_gvar(vf, model, master_fonts)
+	if 'BASE' not in exclude and 'BASE' in vf:
+		_add_BASE(vf, model, master_fonts, axisTags)
+	if 'MVAR' not in exclude:
+		_add_MVAR(vf, model, master_fonts, axisTags)
+	if 'HVAR' not in exclude:
+		_add_HVAR(vf, model, master_fonts, axisTags)
+	if 'VVAR' not in exclude and 'vmtx' in vf:
+		_add_VVAR(vf, model, master_fonts, axisTags)
+	if 'GDEF' not in exclude or 'GPOS' not in exclude:
+		_merge_OTL(vf, model, master_fonts, axisTags)
+	if 'gvar' not in exclude and 'glyf' in vf:
+		_add_gvar(vf, model, master_fonts, optimize=optimize)
+	if 'cvar' not in exclude and 'glyf' in vf:
 		_merge_TTHinting(vf, model, master_fonts)
+	if 'GSUB' not in exclude and ds.rules:
+		featureTag = ds.lib.get(
+			FEAVAR_FEATURETAG_LIB_KEY,
+			"rclt" if ds.rulesProcessingLast else "rvrn"
+		)
+		_add_GSUB_feature_variations(vf, ds.axes, ds.internal_axis_supports, ds.rules, featureTag)
+	if 'CFF2' not in exclude and ('CFF ' in vf or 'CFF2' in vf):
+		_add_CFF2(vf, model, master_fonts)
+		if "post" in vf:
+			# set 'post' to format 2 to keep the glyph names dropped from CFF2
+			post = vf["post"]
+			if post.formatType != 2.0:
+				post.formatType = 2.0
+				post.extraNames = []
+				post.mapping = {}
 
+	set_default_weight_width_slant(
+		vf, location={axis.axisTag: axis.defaultValue for axis in vf["fvar"].axes}
+	)
+
+	for tag in exclude:
+		if tag in vf:
+			del vf[tag]
+
+	# TODO: Only return vf for 4.0+, the rest is unused.
 	return vf, model, master_ttfs
 
 
+def _open_font(path, master_finder=lambda s: s):
+	# load TTFont masters from given 'path': this can be either a .TTX or an
+	# OpenType binary font; or if neither of these, try use the 'master_finder'
+	# callable to resolve the path to a valid .TTX or OpenType font binary.
+	from fontTools.ttx import guessFileType
+
+	master_path = os.path.normpath(path)
+	tp = guessFileType(master_path)
+	if tp is None:
+		# not an OpenType binary/ttx, fall back to the master finder.
+		master_path = master_finder(master_path)
+		tp = guessFileType(master_path)
+	if tp in ("TTX", "OTX"):
+		font = TTFont()
+		font.importXML(master_path)
+	elif tp in ("TTF", "OTF", "WOFF", "WOFF2"):
+		font = TTFont(master_path)
+	else:
+		raise VarLibValidationError("Invalid master path: %r" % master_path)
+	return font
+
+
+def load_masters(designspace, master_finder=lambda s: s):
+	"""Ensure that all SourceDescriptor.font attributes have an appropriate TTFont
+	object loaded, or else open TTFont objects from the SourceDescriptor.path
+	attributes.
+
+	The paths can point to either an OpenType font, a TTX file, or a UFO. In the
+	latter case, use the provided master_finder callable to map from UFO paths to
+	the respective master font binaries (e.g. .ttf, .otf or .ttx).
+
+	Return list of master TTFont objects in the same order they are listed in the
+	DesignSpaceDocument.
+	"""
+	for master in designspace.sources:
+		# If a SourceDescriptor has a layer name, demand that the compiled TTFont
+		# be supplied by the caller. This spares us from modifying MasterFinder.
+		if master.layerName and master.font is None:
+			raise VarLibValidationError(
+				f"Designspace source '{master.name or '<Unknown>'}' specified a "
+				"layer name but lacks the required TTFont object in the 'font' "
+				"attribute."
+			)
+
+	return designspace.loadSourceFonts(_open_font, master_finder=master_finder)
+
+
+class MasterFinder(object):
+
+	def __init__(self, template):
+		self.template = template
+
+	def __call__(self, src_path):
+		fullname = os.path.abspath(src_path)
+		dirname, basename = os.path.split(fullname)
+		stem, ext = os.path.splitext(basename)
+		path = self.template.format(
+			fullname=fullname,
+			dirname=dirname,
+			basename=basename,
+			stem=stem,
+			ext=ext,
+		)
+		return os.path.normpath(path)
+
+
 def main(args=None):
+	"""Build a variable font from a designspace file and masters"""
 	from argparse import ArgumentParser
 	from fontTools import configLogger
 
-	parser = ArgumentParser(prog='varLib')
+	parser = ArgumentParser(prog='varLib', description = main.__doc__)
 	parser.add_argument('designspace')
+	parser.add_argument(
+		'-o',
+		metavar='OUTPUTFILE',
+		dest='outfile',
+		default=None,
+		help='output file'
+	)
+	parser.add_argument(
+		'-x',
+		metavar='TAG',
+		dest='exclude',
+		action='append',
+		default=[],
+		help='exclude table'
+	)
+	parser.add_argument(
+		'--disable-iup',
+		dest='optimize',
+		action='store_false',
+		help='do not perform IUP optimization'
+	)
+	parser.add_argument(
+		'--master-finder',
+		default='master_ttf_interpolatable/{stem}.ttf',
+		help=(
+			'templated string used for finding binary font '
+			'files given the source file names defined in the '
+			'designspace document. The following special strings '
+			'are defined: {fullname} is the absolute source file '
+			'name; {basename} is the file name without its '
+			'directory; {stem} is the basename without the file '
+			'extension; {ext} is the source file extension; '
+			'{dirname} is the directory of the absolute file '
+			'name. The default value is "%(default)s".'
+		)
+	)
+	logging_group = parser.add_mutually_exclusive_group(required=False)
+	logging_group.add_argument(
+		"-v", "--verbose",
+                action="store_true",
+                help="Run more verbosely.")
+	logging_group.add_argument(
+		"-q", "--quiet",
+                action="store_true",
+                help="Turn verbosity off.")
 	options = parser.parse_args(args)
 
-	# TODO: allow user to configure logging via command-line options
-	configLogger(level="INFO")
+	configLogger(level=(
+		"DEBUG" if options.verbose else
+		"ERROR" if options.quiet else
+		"INFO"))
 
 	designspace_filename = options.designspace
-	finder = lambda s: s.replace('master_ufo', 'master_ttf_interpolatable').replace('.ufo', '.ttf')
-	outfile = os.path.splitext(designspace_filename)[0] + '-VF.ttf'
+	finder = MasterFinder(options.master_finder)
 
-	vf, model, master_ttfs = build(designspace_filename, finder)
+	vf, _, _ = build(
+		designspace_filename,
+		finder,
+		exclude=options.exclude,
+		optimize=options.optimize
+	)
+
+	outfile = options.outfile
+	if outfile is None:
+		ext = "otf" if vf.sfntVersion == "OTTO" else "ttf"
+		outfile = os.path.splitext(designspace_filename)[0] + '-VF.' + ext
 
 	log.info("Saving variation font %s", outfile)
 	vf.save(outfile)
diff --git a/Lib/fontTools/varLib/__main__.py b/Lib/fontTools/varLib/__main__.py
index 5cf05e5..4b3a0f5 100644
--- a/Lib/fontTools/varLib/__main__.py
+++ b/Lib/fontTools/varLib/__main__.py
@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
-from __future__ import print_function, division, absolute_import
-from fontTools.misc.py23 import *
 import sys
 from fontTools.varLib import main
 
+
 if __name__ == '__main__':
 	sys.exit(main())
diff --git a/Lib/fontTools/varLib/builder.py b/Lib/fontTools/varLib/builder.py
index 388f247..60d7172 100644
--- a/Lib/fontTools/varLib/builder.py
+++ b/Lib/fontTools/varLib/builder.py
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import print_function, division, absolute_import
 from fontTools import ttLib
 from fontTools.ttLib.tables import otTables as ot
 
@@ -15,7 +14,6 @@
 	self.VarRegionAxis = []
 	for tag in axisTags:
 		self.VarRegionAxis.append(buildVarRegionAxis(support.get(tag, (0,0,0))))
-	self.VarRegionAxisCount = len(self.VarRegionAxis)
 	return self
 
 def buildVarRegionList(supports, axisTags):
@@ -28,37 +26,71 @@
 	return self
 
 
-def _reorderItem(lst, narrows):
-	out = []
-	count = len(lst)
-	for i in range(count):
-		if i not in narrows:
-			out.append(lst[i])
-	for i in range(count):
-		if i in narrows:
-			out.append(lst[i])
-	return out
+def _reorderItem(lst, mapping):
+	return [lst[i] for i in mapping]
 
-def varDataCalculateNumShorts(self, optimize=True):
+def VarData_calculateNumShorts(self, optimize=False):
 	count = self.VarRegionCount
 	items = self.Item
-	narrows = set(range(count))
+	bit_lengths = [0] * count
 	for item in items:
-		wides = [i for i in narrows if not (-128 <= item[i] <= 127)]
-		narrows.difference_update(wides)
-		if not narrows:
-			break
+		# The "+ (i < -1)" magic is to handle two's-compliment.
+		# That is, we want to get back 7 for -128, whereas
+		# bit_length() returns 8. Similarly for -65536.
+		# The reason "i < -1" is used instead of "i < 0" is that
+		# the latter would make it return 0 for "-1" instead of 1.
+		bl = [(i + (i < -1)).bit_length() for i in item]
+		bit_lengths = [max(*pair) for pair in zip(bl, bit_lengths)]
+	# The addition of 8, instead of seven, is to account for the sign bit.
+	# This "((b + 8) >> 3) if b else 0" when combined with the above
+	# "(i + (i < -1)).bit_length()" is a faster way to compute byte-lengths
+	# conforming to:
+	#
+	# byte_length = (0 if i == 0 else
+	#		 1 if -128 <= i < 128 else
+	#		 2 if -65536 <= i < 65536 else
+	#		 ...)
+	byte_lengths = [((b + 8) >> 3) if b else 0 for b in bit_lengths]
+
+	# https://github.com/fonttools/fonttools/issues/2279
+	longWords = any(b > 2 for b in byte_lengths)
+
 	if optimize:
-		# Reorder columns such that all SHORT columns come before UINT8
-		self.VarRegionIndex = _reorderItem(self.VarRegionIndex, narrows)
-		for i in range(self.ItemCount):
-			items[i] = _reorderItem(items[i], narrows)
-		self.NumShorts = count - len(narrows)
+		# Reorder columns such that wider columns come before narrower columns
+		mapping = []
+		mapping.extend(i for i,b in enumerate(byte_lengths) if b > 2)
+		mapping.extend(i for i,b in enumerate(byte_lengths) if b == 2)
+		mapping.extend(i for i,b in enumerate(byte_lengths) if b == 1)
+
+		byte_lengths = _reorderItem(byte_lengths, mapping)
+		self.VarRegionIndex = _reorderItem(self.VarRegionIndex, mapping)
+		self.VarRegionCount = len(self.VarRegionIndex)
+		for i in range(len(items)):
+			items[i] = _reorderItem(items[i], mapping)
+
+	if longWords:
+		self.NumShorts = max((i for i,b in enumerate(byte_lengths) if b > 2), default=-1) + 1
+		self.NumShorts |= 0x8000
 	else:
-		wides = set(range(count)) - narrows
-		self.NumShorts = 1+max(wides) if wides else 0
+		self.NumShorts = max((i for i,b in enumerate(byte_lengths) if b > 1), default=-1) + 1
+
+	self.VarRegionCount = len(self.VarRegionIndex)
 	return self
 
+ot.VarData.calculateNumShorts = VarData_calculateNumShorts
+
+def VarData_CalculateNumShorts(self, optimize=True):
+	"""Deprecated name for VarData_calculateNumShorts() which
+	defaults to optimize=True.  Use varData.calculateNumShorts()
+	or varData.optimize()."""
+	return VarData_calculateNumShorts(self, optimize=optimize)
+
+def VarData_optimize(self):
+	return VarData_calculateNumShorts(self, optimize=True)
+
+ot.VarData.optimize = VarData_optimize
+
+
 def buildVarData(varRegionIndices, items, optimize=True):
 	self = ot.VarData()
 	self.VarRegionIndex = list(varRegionIndices)
@@ -69,7 +101,7 @@
 			assert len(item) == regionCount
 			records.append(list(item))
 	self.ItemCount = len(self.Item)
-	varDataCalculateNumShorts(self, optimize=optimize)
+	self.calculateNumShorts(optimize=optimize)
 	return self
 
 
@@ -84,12 +116,19 @@
 
 # Variation helpers
 
-def buildVarIdxMap(varIdxes):
-	# TODO Change VarIdxMap mapping to hold separate outer,inner indices
+def buildVarIdxMap(varIdxes, glyphOrder):
 	self = ot.VarIdxMap()
-	self.mapping = list(varIdxes)
+	self.mapping = {g:v for g,v in zip(glyphOrder, varIdxes)}
 	return self
 
+
+def buildDeltaSetIndexMap(varIdxes):
+	self = ot.DeltaSetIndexMap()
+	self.mapping = list(varIdxes)
+	self.Format = 1 if len(varIdxes) > 0xFFFF else 0
+	return self
+
+
 def buildVarDevTable(varIdx):
 	self = ot.Device()
 	self.DeltaFormat = 0x8000
diff --git a/Lib/fontTools/varLib/cff.py b/Lib/fontTools/varLib/cff.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4eed8b3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Lib/fontTools/varLib/cff.py
@@ -0,0 +1,653 @@
+from collections import namedtuple
+from fontTools.cffLib import (
+	maxStackLimit,
+	TopDictIndex,
+	buildOrder,
+	topDictOperators,
+	topDictOperators2,
+	privateDictOperators,
+	privateDictOperators2,
+	FDArrayIndex,
+	FontDict,
+	VarStoreData
+)
+from io import BytesIO
+from fontTools.cffLib.specializer import (
+	specializeCommands, commandsToProgram)
+from fontTools.ttLib import newTable
+from fontTools import varLib
+from fontTools.varLib.models import allEqual
+from fontTools.misc.roundTools import roundFunc
+from fontTools.misc.psCharStrings import T2CharString, T2OutlineExtractor
+from fontTools.pens.t2CharStringPen import T2CharStringPen
+from functools import partial
+
+from .errors import (
+	VarLibCFFDictMergeError, VarLibCFFPointTypeMergeError,
+	VarLibCFFHintTypeMergeError,VarLibMergeError)
+
+
+# Backwards compatibility
+MergeDictError = VarLibCFFDictMergeError
+MergeTypeError = VarLibCFFPointTypeMergeError
+
+
+def addCFFVarStore(varFont, varModel, varDataList, masterSupports):
+	fvarTable = varFont['fvar']
+	axisKeys = [axis.axisTag for axis in fvarTable.axes]
+	varTupleList = varLib.builder.buildVarRegionList(masterSupports, axisKeys)
+	varStoreCFFV = varLib.builder.buildVarStore(varTupleList, varDataList)
+
+	topDict = varFont['CFF2'].cff.topDictIndex[0]
+	topDict.VarStore = VarStoreData(otVarStore=varStoreCFFV)
+	if topDict.FDArray[0].vstore is None:
+		fdArray = topDict.FDArray
+		for fontDict in fdArray:
+			if hasattr(fontDict, "Private"):
+				fontDict.Private.vstore = topDict.VarStore
+
+
+def lib_convertCFFToCFF2(cff, otFont):
+	# This assumes a decompiled CFF table.
+	cff2GetGlyphOrder = cff.otFont.getGlyphOrder
+	topDictData = TopDictIndex(None, cff2GetGlyphOrder, None)
+	topDictData.items = cff.topDictIndex.items
+	cff.topDictIndex = topDictData
+	topDict = topDictData[0]
+	if hasattr(topDict, 'Private'):
+		privateDict = topDict.Private
+	else:
+		privateDict = None
+	opOrder = buildOrder(topDictOperators2)
+	topDict.order = opOrder
+	topDict.cff2GetGlyphOrder = cff2GetGlyphOrder
+	if not hasattr(topDict, "FDArray"):
+		fdArray = topDict.FDArray = FDArrayIndex()
+		fdArray.strings = None
+		fdArray.GlobalSubrs = topDict.GlobalSubrs
+		topDict.GlobalSubrs.fdArray = fdArray
+		charStrings = topDict.CharStrings
+		if charStrings.charStringsAreIndexed:
+			charStrings.charStringsIndex.fdArray = fdArray
+		else:
+			charStrings.fdArray = fdArray
+		fontDict = FontDict()
+		fontDict.setCFF2(True)
+		fdArray.append(fontDict)
+		fontDict.Private = privateDict
+		privateOpOrder = buildOrder(privateDictOperators2)
+		if privateDict is not None:
+			for entry in privateDictOperators:
+				key = entry[1]
+				if key not in privateOpOrder:
+					if key in privateDict.rawDict:
+						# print "Removing private dict", key
+						del privateDict.rawDict[key]
+					if hasattr(privateDict, key):
+						delattr(privateDict, key)
+						# print "Removing privateDict attr", key
+	else:
+		# clean up the PrivateDicts in the fdArray
+		fdArray = topDict.FDArray
+		privateOpOrder = buildOrder(privateDictOperators2)
+		for fontDict in fdArray:
+			fontDict.setCFF2(True)
+			for key in list(fontDict.rawDict.keys()):
+				if key not in fontDict.order:
+					del fontDict.rawDict[key]
+					if hasattr(fontDict, key):
+						delattr(fontDict, key)
+
+			privateDict = fontDict.Private
+			for entry in privateDictOperators:
+				key = entry[1]
+				if key not in privateOpOrder:
+					if key in privateDict.rawDict:
+						# print "Removing private dict", key
+						del privateDict.rawDict[key]
+					if hasattr(privateDict, key):
+						delattr(privateDict, key)
+						# print "Removing privateDict attr", key
+	# Now delete up the decrecated topDict operators from CFF 1.0
+	for entry in topDictOperators:
+		key = entry[1]
+		if key not in opOrder:
+			if key in topDict.rawDict:
+				del topDict.rawDict[key]
+			if hasattr(topDict, key):
+				delattr(topDict, key)
+
+	# At this point, the Subrs and Charstrings are all still T2Charstring class
+	# easiest to fix this by compiling, then decompiling again
+	cff.major = 2
+	file = BytesIO()
+	cff.compile(file, otFont, isCFF2=True)
+	file.seek(0)
+	cff.decompile(file, otFont, isCFF2=True)
+
+
+def convertCFFtoCFF2(varFont):
+	# Convert base font to a single master CFF2 font.
+	cffTable = varFont['CFF ']
+	lib_convertCFFToCFF2(cffTable.cff, varFont)
+	newCFF2 = newTable("CFF2")
+	newCFF2.cff = cffTable.cff
+	varFont['CFF2'] = newCFF2
+	del varFont['CFF ']
+
+
+def conv_to_int(num):
+	if isinstance(num, float) and num.is_integer():
+		return int(num)
+	return num
+
+
+pd_blend_fields = ("BlueValues", "OtherBlues", "FamilyBlues",
+				   "FamilyOtherBlues", "BlueScale", "BlueShift",
+				   "BlueFuzz", "StdHW", "StdVW", "StemSnapH",
+				   "StemSnapV")
+
+
+def get_private(regionFDArrays, fd_index, ri, fd_map):
+	region_fdArray = regionFDArrays[ri]
+	region_fd_map = fd_map[fd_index]
+	if ri in region_fd_map:
+		region_fdIndex = region_fd_map[ri]
+		private = region_fdArray[region_fdIndex].Private
+	else:
+		private = None
+	return private
+
+
+def merge_PrivateDicts(top_dicts, vsindex_dict, var_model, fd_map):
+	"""
+	I step through the FontDicts in the FDArray of the varfont TopDict.
+	For each varfont FontDict:
+		step through each key in FontDict.Private.
+		For each key, step through each relevant source font Private dict, and
+		build a list of values to blend.
+	The 'relevant' source fonts are selected by first getting the right
+	submodel using vsindex_dict[vsindex]. The indices of the
+	subModel.locations are mapped to source font list indices by
+	assuming the latter order is the same as the order of the
+	var_model.locations. I can then get the index of each subModel
+	location in the list of var_model.locations.
+	"""
+
+	topDict = top_dicts[0]
+	region_top_dicts = top_dicts[1:]
+	if hasattr(region_top_dicts[0], 'FDArray'):
+		regionFDArrays = [fdTopDict.FDArray for fdTopDict in region_top_dicts]
+	else:
+		regionFDArrays = [[fdTopDict] for fdTopDict in region_top_dicts]
+	for fd_index, font_dict in enumerate(topDict.FDArray):
+		private_dict = font_dict.Private
+		vsindex = getattr(private_dict, 'vsindex', 0)
+		# At the moment, no PrivateDict has a vsindex key, but let's support
+		# how it should work. See comment at end of
+		# merge_charstrings() - still need to optimize use of vsindex.
+		sub_model, _ = vsindex_dict[vsindex]
+		master_indices = []
+		for loc in sub_model.locations[1:]:
+			i = var_model.locations.index(loc) - 1
+			master_indices.append(i)
+		pds = [private_dict]
+		last_pd = private_dict
+		for ri in master_indices:
+			pd = get_private(regionFDArrays, fd_index, ri, fd_map)
+			# If the region font doesn't have this FontDict, just reference
+			# the last one used.
+			if pd is None:
+				pd = last_pd
+			else:
+				last_pd = pd
+			pds.append(pd)
+		num_masters = len(pds)
+		for key, value in private_dict.rawDict.items():
+			dataList = []
+			if key not in pd_blend_fields:
+				continue
+			if isinstance(value, list):
+				try:
+					values = [pd.rawDict[key] for pd in pds]
+				except KeyError:
+					print(
+						"Warning: {key} in default font Private dict is "
+						"missing from another font, and was "
+						"discarded.".format(key=key))
+					continue
+				try:
+					values = zip(*values)
+				except IndexError:
+					raise VarLibCFFDictMergeError(key, value, values)
+				"""
+				Row 0 contains the first  value from each master.
+				Convert each row from absolute values to relative
+				values from the previous row.
+				e.g for three masters,	a list of values was:
+				master 0 OtherBlues = [-217,-205]
+				master 1 OtherBlues = [-234,-222]
+				master 1 OtherBlues = [-188,-176]
+				The call to zip() converts this to:
+				[(-217, -234, -188), (-205, -222, -176)]
+				and is converted finally to:
+				OtherBlues = [[-217, 17.0, 46.0], [-205, 0.0, 0.0]]
+				"""
+				prev_val_list = [0] * num_masters
+				any_points_differ = False
+				for val_list in values:
+					rel_list = [(val - prev_val_list[i]) for (
+							i, val) in enumerate(val_list)]
+					if (not any_points_differ) and not allEqual(rel_list):
+						any_points_differ = True
+					prev_val_list = val_list
+					deltas = sub_model.getDeltas(rel_list)
+					# For PrivateDict BlueValues, the default font
+					# values are absolute, not relative to the prior value.
+					deltas[0] = val_list[0]
+					dataList.append(deltas)
+				# If there are no blend values,then
+				# we can collapse the blend lists.
+				if not any_points_differ:
+					dataList = [data[0] for data in dataList]
+			else:
+				values = [pd.rawDict[key] for pd in pds]
+				if not allEqual(values):
+					dataList = sub_model.getDeltas(values)
+				else:
+					dataList = values[0]
+
+			# Convert numbers with no decimal part to an int
+			if isinstance(dataList, list):
+				for i, item in enumerate(dataList):
+					if isinstance(item, list):
+						for j, jtem in enumerate(item):
+							dataList[i][j] = conv_to_int(jtem)
+					else:
+						dataList[i] = conv_to_int(item)
+			else:
+				dataList = conv_to_int(dataList)
+
+			private_dict.rawDict[key] = dataList
+
+
+def _cff_or_cff2(font):
+	if "CFF " in font:
+		return font["CFF "]
+	return font["CFF2"]
+
+
+def getfd_map(varFont, fonts_list):
+	""" Since a subset source font may have fewer FontDicts in their
+	FDArray than the default font, we have to match up the FontDicts in
+	the different fonts . We do this with the FDSelect array, and by
+	assuming that the same glyph will reference  matching FontDicts in
+	each source font. We return a mapping from fdIndex in the default
+	font to a dictionary which maps each master list index of each
+	region font to the equivalent fdIndex in the region font."""
+	fd_map = {}
+	default_font = fonts_list[0]
+	region_fonts = fonts_list[1:]
+	num_regions = len(region_fonts)
+	topDict = _cff_or_cff2(default_font).cff.topDictIndex[0]
+	if not hasattr(topDict, 'FDSelect'):
+		# All glyphs reference only one FontDict.
+		# Map the FD index for regions to index 0.
+		fd_map[0] = {ri:0 for ri in range(num_regions)}
+		return fd_map
+
+	gname_mapping = {}
+	default_fdSelect = topDict.FDSelect
+	glyphOrder = default_font.getGlyphOrder()
+	for gid, fdIndex in enumerate(default_fdSelect):
+		gname_mapping[glyphOrder[gid]] = fdIndex
+		if fdIndex not in fd_map:
+			fd_map[fdIndex] = {}
+	for ri, region_font in enumerate(region_fonts):
+		region_glyphOrder = region_font.getGlyphOrder()
+		region_topDict = _cff_or_cff2(region_font).cff.topDictIndex[0]
+		if not hasattr(region_topDict, 'FDSelect'):
+			# All the glyphs share the same FontDict. Pick any glyph.
+			default_fdIndex = gname_mapping[region_glyphOrder[0]]
+			fd_map[default_fdIndex][ri] = 0
+		else:
+			region_fdSelect = region_topDict.FDSelect
+			for gid, fdIndex in enumerate(region_fdSelect):
+				default_fdIndex = gname_mapping[region_glyphOrder[gid]]
+				region_map = fd_map[default_fdIndex]
+				if ri not in region_map:
+					region_map[ri] = fdIndex
+	return fd_map
+
+
+CVarData = namedtuple('CVarData', 'varDataList masterSupports vsindex_dict')
+def merge_region_fonts(varFont, model, ordered_fonts_list, glyphOrder):
+	topDict = varFont['CFF2'].cff.topDictIndex[0]
+	top_dicts = [topDict] + [
+					_cff_or_cff2(ttFont).cff.topDictIndex[0]
+					for ttFont in ordered_fonts_list[1:]
+					]
+	num_masters = len(model.mapping)
+	cvData = merge_charstrings(glyphOrder, num_masters, top_dicts, model)
+	fd_map = getfd_map(varFont, ordered_fonts_list)
+	merge_PrivateDicts(top_dicts, cvData.vsindex_dict, model, fd_map)
+	addCFFVarStore(varFont, model, cvData.varDataList,
+		cvData.masterSupports)
+
+
+def _get_cs(charstrings, glyphName):
+	if glyphName not in charstrings:
+		return None
+	return charstrings[glyphName]
+
+def _add_new_vsindex(model, key, masterSupports, vsindex_dict,
+		vsindex_by_key, varDataList):
+	varTupleIndexes = []
+	for support in model.supports[1:]:
+		if support not in masterSupports:
+			masterSupports.append(support)
+		varTupleIndexes.append(masterSupports.index(support))
+	var_data = varLib.builder.buildVarData(varTupleIndexes, None, False)
+	vsindex = len(vsindex_dict)
+	vsindex_by_key[key] = vsindex
+	vsindex_dict[vsindex] = (model, [key])
+	varDataList.append(var_data)
+	return vsindex
+
+def merge_charstrings(glyphOrder, num_masters, top_dicts, masterModel):
+
+	vsindex_dict = {}
+	vsindex_by_key = {}
+	varDataList = []
+	masterSupports = []
+	default_charstrings = top_dicts[0].CharStrings
+	for gid, gname in enumerate(glyphOrder):
+		all_cs = [
+				_get_cs(td.CharStrings, gname)
+				for td in top_dicts]
+		if len([gs for gs in all_cs if gs is not None]) == 1:
+			continue
+		model, model_cs = masterModel.getSubModel(all_cs)
+		# create the first pass CFF2 charstring, from
+		# the default charstring.
+		default_charstring = model_cs[0]
+		var_pen = CFF2CharStringMergePen([], gname, num_masters, 0)
+		# We need to override outlineExtractor because these
+		# charstrings do have widths in the 'program'; we need to drop these
+		# values rather than post assertion error for them.
+		default_charstring.outlineExtractor = MergeOutlineExtractor
+		default_charstring.draw(var_pen)
+
+		# Add the coordinates from all the other regions to the
+		# blend lists in the CFF2 charstring.
+		region_cs = model_cs[1:]
+		for region_idx, region_charstring in enumerate(region_cs, start=1):
+			var_pen.restart(region_idx)
+			region_charstring.outlineExtractor = MergeOutlineExtractor
+			region_charstring.draw(var_pen)
+
+		# Collapse each coordinate list to a blend operator and its args.
+		new_cs = var_pen.getCharString(
+			private=default_charstring.private,
+			globalSubrs=default_charstring.globalSubrs,
+			var_model=model, optimize=True)
+		default_charstrings[gname] = new_cs
+
+		if (not var_pen.seen_moveto) or ('blend' not in new_cs.program):
+			# If this is not a marking glyph, or if there are no blend
+			# arguments, then we can use vsindex 0. No need to
+			# check if we need a new vsindex.
+			continue
+
+		# If the charstring required a new model, create
+		# a VarData table to go with, and set vsindex.
+		key = tuple(v is not None for v in all_cs)
+		try:
+			vsindex = vsindex_by_key[key]
+		except KeyError:
+			vsindex = _add_new_vsindex(model, key, masterSupports, vsindex_dict,
+				vsindex_by_key, varDataList)
+		# We do not need to check for an existing new_cs.private.vsindex,
+		# as we know it doesn't exist yet.
+		if vsindex != 0:
+			new_cs.program[:0] = [vsindex, 'vsindex']
+
+	# If there is no variation in any of the charstrings, then vsindex_dict
+	# never gets built. This could still be needed if there is variation
+	# in the PrivatDict, so we will build the default data for vsindex = 0.
+	if not vsindex_dict:
+		key = (True,) * num_masters
+		_add_new_vsindex(masterModel, key, masterSupports, vsindex_dict,
+			vsindex_by_key, varDataList)
+	cvData = CVarData(varDataList=varDataList, masterSupports=masterSupports,
+						vsindex_dict=vsindex_dict)
+	# XXX To do: optimize use of vsindex between the PrivateDicts and
+	# charstrings
+	return cvData
+
+
+class CFFToCFF2OutlineExtractor(T2OutlineExtractor):
+	""" This class is used to remove the initial width from the CFF
+	charstring without trying to add the width to self.nominalWidthX,
+	which is None. """
+	def popallWidth(self, evenOdd=0):
+		args = self.popall()
+		if not self.gotWidth:
+			if evenOdd ^ (len(args) % 2):
+				args = args[1:]
+			self.width = self.defaultWidthX
+			self.gotWidth = 1
+		return args
+
+
+class MergeOutlineExtractor(CFFToCFF2OutlineExtractor):
+	""" Used to extract the charstring commands - including hints - from a
+	CFF charstring in order to merge it as another set of region data
+	into a CFF2 variable font charstring."""
+
+	def __init__(self, pen, localSubrs, globalSubrs,
+			nominalWidthX, defaultWidthX, private=None):
+		super().__init__(pen, localSubrs,
+			globalSubrs, nominalWidthX, defaultWidthX, private)
+
+	def countHints(self):
+		args = self.popallWidth()
+		self.hintCount = self.hintCount + len(args) // 2
+		return args
+
+	def _hint_op(self, type, args):
+		self.pen.add_hint(type, args)
+
+	def op_hstem(self, index):
+		args = self.countHints()
+		self._hint_op('hstem', args)
+
+	def op_vstem(self, index):
+		args = self.countHints()
+		self._hint_op('vstem', args)
+
+	def op_hstemhm(self, index):
+		args = self.countHints()
+		self._hint_op('hstemhm', args)
+
+	def op_vstemhm(self, index):
+		args = self.countHints()
+		self._hint_op('vstemhm', args)
+
+	def _get_hintmask(self, index):
+		if not self.hintMaskBytes:
+			args = self.countHints()
+			if args:
+				self._hint_op('vstemhm', args)
+			self.hintMaskBytes = (self.hintCount + 7) // 8
+		hintMaskBytes, index = self.callingStack[-1].getBytes(index,
+			self.hintMaskBytes)
+		return index, hintMaskBytes
+
+	def op_hintmask(self, index):
+		index, hintMaskBytes = self._get_hintmask(index)
+		self.pen.add_hintmask('hintmask', [hintMaskBytes])
+		return hintMaskBytes, index
+
+	def op_cntrmask(self, index):
+		index, hintMaskBytes = self._get_hintmask(index)
+		self.pen.add_hintmask('cntrmask', [hintMaskBytes])
+		return hintMaskBytes, index
+
+
+class CFF2CharStringMergePen(T2CharStringPen):
+	"""Pen to merge Type 2 CharStrings.
+	"""
+	def __init__(
+				self, default_commands, glyphName, num_masters, master_idx,
+				roundTolerance=0.5):
+		super().__init__(
+							width=None,
+							glyphSet=None, CFF2=True,
+							roundTolerance=roundTolerance)
+		self.pt_index = 0
+		self._commands = default_commands
+		self.m_index = master_idx
+		self.num_masters = num_masters
+		self.prev_move_idx = 0
+		self.seen_moveto = False
+		self.glyphName = glyphName
+		self.round = roundFunc(roundTolerance, round=round)
+
+	def add_point(self, point_type, pt_coords):
+		if self.m_index == 0:
+			self._commands.append([point_type, [pt_coords]])
+		else:
+			cmd = self._commands[self.pt_index]
+			if cmd[0] != point_type:
+				raise VarLibCFFPointTypeMergeError(
+									point_type,
+									self.pt_index, len(cmd[1]),
+									cmd[0], self.glyphName)
+			cmd[1].append(pt_coords)
+		self.pt_index += 1
+
+	def add_hint(self, hint_type, args):
+		if self.m_index == 0:
+			self._commands.append([hint_type, [args]])
+		else:
+			cmd = self._commands[self.pt_index]
+			if cmd[0] != hint_type:
+				raise VarLibCFFHintTypeMergeError(hint_type, self.pt_index, len(cmd[1]),
+					cmd[0], self.glyphName)
+			cmd[1].append(args)
+		self.pt_index += 1
+
+	def add_hintmask(self, hint_type, abs_args):
+		# For hintmask, fonttools.cffLib.specializer.py expects
+		# each of these to be represented by two sequential commands:
+		# first holding only the operator name, with an empty arg list,
+		# second with an empty string as the op name, and the mask arg list.
+		if self.m_index == 0:
+			self._commands.append([hint_type, []])
+			self._commands.append(["", [abs_args]])
+		else:
+			cmd = self._commands[self.pt_index]
+			if cmd[0] != hint_type:
+				raise VarLibCFFHintTypeMergeError(hint_type, self.pt_index, len(cmd[1]),
+					cmd[0], self.glyphName)
+			self.pt_index += 1
+			cmd = self._commands[self.pt_index]
+			cmd[1].append(abs_args)
+		self.pt_index += 1
+
+	def _moveTo(self, pt):
+		if not self.seen_moveto:
+			self.seen_moveto = True
+		pt_coords = self._p(pt)
+		self.add_point('rmoveto', pt_coords)
+		# I set prev_move_idx here because add_point()
+		# can change self.pt_index.
+		self.prev_move_idx = self.pt_index - 1
+
+	def _lineTo(self, pt):
+		pt_coords = self._p(pt)
+		self.add_point('rlineto', pt_coords)
+
+	def _curveToOne(self, pt1, pt2, pt3):
+		_p = self._p
+		pt_coords = _p(pt1)+_p(pt2)+_p(pt3)
+		self.add_point('rrcurveto', pt_coords)
+
+	def _closePath(self):
+		pass
+
+	def _endPath(self):
+		pass
+
+	def restart(self, region_idx):
+		self.pt_index = 0
+		self.m_index = region_idx
+		self._p0 = (0, 0)
+
+	def getCommands(self):
+		return self._commands
+
+	def reorder_blend_args(self, commands, get_delta_func):
+		"""
+		We first re-order the master coordinate values.
+		For a moveto to lineto, the args are now arranged as:
+			[ [master_0 x,y], [master_1 x,y], [master_2 x,y] ]
+		We re-arrange this to
+		[	[master_0 x, master_1 x, master_2 x],
+			[master_0 y, master_1 y, master_2 y]
+		]
+		If the master values are all the same, we collapse the list to
+		as single value instead of a list.
+
+		We then convert this to:
+		[ [master_0 x] + [x delta tuple] + [numBlends=1]
+		  [master_0 y] + [y delta tuple] + [numBlends=1]
+		]
+		"""
+		for cmd in commands:
+			# arg[i] is the set of arguments for this operator from master i.
+			args = cmd[1]
+			m_args = zip(*args)
+			# m_args[n] is now all num_master args for the i'th argument
+			# for this operation.
+			cmd[1] = list(m_args)
+		lastOp = None
+		for cmd in commands:
+			op = cmd[0]
+			# masks are represented by two cmd's: first has only op names,
+			# second has only args.
+			if lastOp in ['hintmask', 'cntrmask']:
+				coord = list(cmd[1])
+				if not allEqual(coord):
+					raise VarLibMergeError("Hintmask values cannot differ between source fonts.")
+				cmd[1] = [coord[0][0]]
+			else:
+				coords = cmd[1]
+				new_coords = []
+				for coord in coords:
+					if allEqual(coord):
+						new_coords.append(coord[0])
+					else:
+						# convert to deltas
+						deltas = get_delta_func(coord)[1:]
+						coord = [coord[0]] + deltas
+						new_coords.append(coord)
+				cmd[1] = new_coords
+			lastOp = op
+		return commands
+
+	def getCharString(
+					self, private=None, globalSubrs=None,
+					var_model=None, optimize=True):
+		commands = self._commands
+		commands = self.reorder_blend_args(commands, partial (var_model.getDeltas, round=self.round))
+		if optimize:
+			commands = specializeCommands(
+						commands, generalizeFirst=False,
+						maxstack=maxStackLimit)
+		program = commandsToProgram(commands)
+		charString = T2CharString(
+						program=program, private=private,
+						globalSubrs=globalSubrs)
+		return charString
diff --git a/Lib/fontTools/varLib/designspace.py b/Lib/fontTools/varLib/designspace.py
deleted file mode 100644
index 7f235af..0000000
--- a/Lib/fontTools/varLib/designspace.py
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,113 +0,0 @@
-"""Rudimentary support for loading MutatorMath .designspace files."""
-from __future__ import print_function, division, absolute_import
-from fontTools.misc.py23 import *
-try:
-	import xml.etree.cElementTree as ET
-except ImportError:
-	import xml.etree.ElementTree as ET
-
-__all__ = ['load', 'loads']
-
-namespaces = {'xml': '{http://www.w3.org/XML/1998/namespace}'}
-
-
-def _xml_parse_location(et):
-	loc = {}
-	for dim in et.find('location'):
-		assert dim.tag == 'dimension'
-		name = dim.attrib['name']
-		value = float(dim.attrib['xvalue'])
-		assert name not in loc
-		loc[name] = value
-	return loc
-
-
-def _load_item(et):
-	item = dict(et.attrib)
-	for element in et:
-		if element.tag == 'location':
-			value = _xml_parse_location(et)
-		else:
-			value = {}
-			if 'copy' in element.attrib:
-				value['copy'] = bool(int(element.attrib['copy']))
-			# TODO load more?!
-		item[element.tag] = value
-	return item
-
-
-def _xml_parse_axis_or_map(element):
-	dic = {}
-	for name in element.attrib:
-		if name in ['name', 'tag']:
-			dic[name] = element.attrib[name]
-		else:
-			dic[name] = float(element.attrib[name])
-	return dic
-
-
-def _load_axis(et):
-	item = _xml_parse_axis_or_map(et)
-	maps = []
-	labelnames = {}
-	for element in et:
-		assert element.tag in ['labelname', 'map']
-		if element.tag == 'labelname':
-			lang = element.attrib["{0}lang".format(namespaces['xml'])]
-			labelnames[lang] = element.text
-		elif element.tag == 'map':
-			maps.append(_xml_parse_axis_or_map(element))
-	if labelnames:
-		item['labelname'] = labelnames
-	if maps:
-		item['map'] = maps
-	return item
-
-
-def _load(et):
-	designspace = {}
-	ds = et.getroot()
-
-	axes_element = ds.find('axes')
-	if axes_element is not None:
-		axes = []
-		for et in axes_element:
-			axes.append(_load_axis(et))
-		designspace['axes'] = axes
-
-	sources_element = ds.find('sources')
-	if sources_element is not None:
-		sources = []
-		for et in sources_element:
-			sources.append(_load_item(et))
-		designspace['sources'] = sources
-
-	instances_element = ds.find('instances')
-	if instances_element is not None:
-		instances = []
-		for et in instances_element:
-			instances.append(_load_item(et))
-		designspace['instances'] = instances
-
-	return designspace
-
-
-def load(filename):
-	"""Load designspace from a file name or object.
-	   Returns a dictionary containing three (optional) items:
-	   - list of "axes"
-	   - list of "sources" (aka masters)
-	   - list of "instances"
-	"""
-	return _load(ET.parse(filename))
-
-
-def loads(string):
-	"""Load designspace from a string."""
-	return _load(ET.fromstring(string))
-
-if __name__ == '__main__':
-	import sys
-	from pprint import pprint
-	for f in sys.argv[1:]:
-		pprint(load(f))
diff --git a/Lib/fontTools/varLib/errors.py b/Lib/fontTools/varLib/errors.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f9cd9fb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Lib/fontTools/varLib/errors.py
@@ -0,0 +1,190 @@
+import textwrap
+
+
+class VarLibError(Exception):
+    """Base exception for the varLib module."""
+
+
+class VarLibValidationError(VarLibError):
+    """Raised when input data is invalid from varLib's point of view."""
+
+
+class VarLibMergeError(VarLibError):
+    """Raised when input data cannot be merged into a variable font."""
+
+    def __init__(self, merger=None, **kwargs):
+        self.merger = merger
+        if not kwargs:
+            kwargs = {}
+        if "stack" in kwargs:
+            self.stack = kwargs["stack"]
+            del kwargs["stack"]
+        else:
+            self.stack = []
+        self.cause = kwargs
+
+    @property
+    def reason(self):
+        return self.__doc__
+
+    def _master_name(self, ix):
+        if self.merger is not None:
+            ttf = self.merger.ttfs[ix]
+            if (
+                "name" in ttf
+                and ttf["name"].getDebugName(1)
+                and ttf["name"].getDebugName(2)
+            ):
+                return ttf["name"].getDebugName(1) + " " + ttf["name"].getDebugName(2)
+            elif hasattr(ttf.reader, "file") and hasattr(ttf.reader.file, "name"):
+                return ttf.reader.file.name
+        return f"master number {ix}"
+
+    @property
+    def offender(self):
+        if "expected" in self.cause and "got" in self.cause:
+            index = [x == self.cause["expected"] for x in self.cause["got"]].index(
+                False
+            )
+            return index, self._master_name(index)
+        return None, None
+
+    @property
+    def details(self):
+        if "expected" in self.cause and "got" in self.cause:
+            offender_index, offender = self.offender
+            got = self.cause["got"][offender_index]
+            return f"Expected to see {self.stack[0]}=={self.cause['expected']}, instead saw {got}\n"
+        return ""
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        offender_index, offender = self.offender
+        location = ""
+        if offender:
+            location = f"\n\nThe problem is likely to be in {offender}:\n"
+        context = "".join(reversed(self.stack))
+        basic = textwrap.fill(
+            f"Couldn't merge the fonts, because {self.reason}. "
+            f"This happened while performing the following operation: {context}",
+            width=78,
+        )
+        return "\n\n" + basic + location + self.details
+
+
+class ShouldBeConstant(VarLibMergeError):
+    """some values were different, but should have been the same"""
+
+    @property
+    def details(self):
+        if self.stack[0] != ".FeatureCount" or self.merger is None:
+            return super().details
+        offender_index, offender = self.offender
+        bad_ttf = self.merger.ttfs[offender_index]
+        good_ttf = self.merger.ttfs[offender_index - 1]
+
+        good_features = [
+            x.FeatureTag
+            for x in good_ttf[self.stack[-1]].table.FeatureList.FeatureRecord
+        ]
+        bad_features = [
+            x.FeatureTag
+            for x in bad_ttf[self.stack[-1]].table.FeatureList.FeatureRecord
+        ]
+        return (
+            "\nIncompatible features between masters.\n"
+            f"Expected: {', '.join(good_features)}.\n"
+            f"Got: {', '.join(bad_features)}.\n"
+        )
+
+
+class FoundANone(VarLibMergeError):
+    """one of the values in a list was empty when it shouldn't have been"""
+
+    @property
+    def offender(self):
+        cause = self.argv[0]
+        index = [x is None for x in cause["got"]].index(True)
+        return index, self._master_name(index)
+
+    @property
+    def details(self):
+        cause, stack = self.args[0], self.args[1:]
+        return f"{stack[0]}=={cause['got']}\n"
+
+
+class MismatchedTypes(VarLibMergeError):
+    """data had inconsistent types"""
+
+
+class LengthsDiffer(VarLibMergeError):
+    """a list of objects had inconsistent lengths"""
+
+
+class KeysDiffer(VarLibMergeError):
+    """a list of objects had different keys"""
+
+
+class InconsistentGlyphOrder(VarLibMergeError):
+    """the glyph order was inconsistent between masters"""
+
+
+class InconsistentExtensions(VarLibMergeError):
+    """the masters use extension lookups in inconsistent ways"""
+
+
+class UnsupportedFormat(VarLibMergeError):
+    """an OpenType subtable (%s) had a format I didn't expect"""
+
+    @property
+    def reason(self):
+        cause, stack = self.args[0], self.args[1:]
+        return self.__doc__ % cause["subtable"]
+
+
+class UnsupportedFormat(UnsupportedFormat):
+    """an OpenType subtable (%s) had inconsistent formats between masters"""
+
+
+class VarLibCFFMergeError(VarLibError):
+    pass
+
+
+class VarLibCFFDictMergeError(VarLibCFFMergeError):
+    """Raised when a CFF PrivateDict cannot be merged."""
+
+    def __init__(self, key, value, values):
+        error_msg = (
+            f"For the Private Dict key '{key}', the default font value list:"
+            f"\n\t{value}\nhad a different number of values than a region font:"
+        )
+        for region_value in values:
+            error_msg += f"\n\t{region_value}"
+        self.args = (error_msg,)
+
+
+class VarLibCFFPointTypeMergeError(VarLibCFFMergeError):
+    """Raised when a CFF glyph cannot be merged because of point type differences."""
+
+    def __init__(self, point_type, pt_index, m_index, default_type, glyph_name):
+        error_msg = (
+            f"Glyph '{glyph_name}': '{point_type}' at point index {pt_index} in "
+            f"master index {m_index} differs from the default font point type "
+            f"'{default_type}'"
+        )
+        self.args = (error_msg,)
+
+
+class VarLibCFFHintTypeMergeError(VarLibCFFMergeError):
+    """Raised when a CFF glyph cannot be merged because of hint type differences."""
+
+    def __init__(self, hint_type, cmd_index, m_index, default_type, glyph_name):
+        error_msg = (
+            f"Glyph '{glyph_name}': '{hint_type}' at index {cmd_index} in "
+            f"master index {m_index} differs from the default font hint type "
+            f"'{default_type}'"
+        )
+        self.args = (error_msg,)
+
+
+class VariationModelError(VarLibError):
+    """Raised when a variation model is faulty."""
diff --git a/Lib/fontTools/varLib/featureVars.py b/Lib/fontTools/varLib/featureVars.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..45f3d83
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Lib/fontTools/varLib/featureVars.py
@@ -0,0 +1,497 @@
+"""Module to build FeatureVariation tables:
+https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/typography/opentype/spec/chapter2#featurevariations-table
+
+NOTE: The API is experimental and subject to change.
+"""
+from fontTools.misc.dictTools import hashdict
+from fontTools.misc.intTools import popCount
+from fontTools.ttLib import newTable
+from fontTools.ttLib.tables import otTables as ot
+from fontTools.otlLib.builder import buildLookup, buildSingleSubstSubtable
+from collections import OrderedDict
+
+from .errors import VarLibError, VarLibValidationError
+
+
+def addFeatureVariations(font, conditionalSubstitutions, featureTag='rvrn'):
+    """Add conditional substitutions to a Variable Font.
+
+    The `conditionalSubstitutions` argument is a list of (Region, Substitutions)
+    tuples.
+
+    A Region is a list of Boxes. A Box is a dict mapping axisTags to
+    (minValue, maxValue) tuples. Irrelevant axes may be omitted and they are
+    interpretted as extending to end of axis in each direction.  A Box represents
+    an orthogonal 'rectangular' subset of an N-dimensional design space.
+    A Region represents a more complex subset of an N-dimensional design space,
+    ie. the union of all the Boxes in the Region.
+    For efficiency, Boxes within a Region should ideally not overlap, but
+    functionality is not compromised if they do.
+
+    The minimum and maximum values are expressed in normalized coordinates.
+
+    A Substitution is a dict mapping source glyph names to substitute glyph names.
+
+    Example:
+
+    # >>> f = TTFont(srcPath)
+    # >>> condSubst = [
+    # ...     # A list of (Region, Substitution) tuples.
+    # ...     ([{"wdth": (0.5, 1.0)}], {"cent": "cent.rvrn"}),
+    # ...     ([{"wght": (0.5, 1.0)}], {"dollar": "dollar.rvrn"}),
+    # ... ]
+    # >>> addFeatureVariations(f, condSubst)
+    # >>> f.save(dstPath)
+    """
+
+    addFeatureVariationsRaw(font,
+                            overlayFeatureVariations(conditionalSubstitutions),
+                            featureTag)
+
+def overlayFeatureVariations(conditionalSubstitutions):
+    """Compute overlaps between all conditional substitutions.
+
+    The `conditionalSubstitutions` argument is a list of (Region, Substitutions)
+    tuples.
+
+    A Region is a list of Boxes. A Box is a dict mapping axisTags to
+    (minValue, maxValue) tuples. Irrelevant axes may be omitted and they are
+    interpretted as extending to end of axis in each direction.  A Box represents
+    an orthogonal 'rectangular' subset of an N-dimensional design space.
+    A Region represents a more complex subset of an N-dimensional design space,
+    ie. the union of all the Boxes in the Region.
+    For efficiency, Boxes within a Region should ideally not overlap, but
+    functionality is not compromised if they do.
+
+    The minimum and maximum values are expressed in normalized coordinates.
+
+    A Substitution is a dict mapping source glyph names to substitute glyph names.
+
+    Returns data is in similar but different format.  Overlaps of distinct
+    substitution Boxes (*not* Regions) are explicitly listed as distinct rules,
+    and rules with the same Box merged.  The more specific rules appear earlier
+    in the resulting list.  Moreover, instead of just a dictionary of substitutions,
+    a list of dictionaries is returned for substitutions corresponding to each
+    unique space, with each dictionary being identical to one of the input
+    substitution dictionaries.  These dictionaries are not merged to allow data
+    sharing when they are converted into font tables.
+
+    Example:
+    >>> condSubst = [
+    ...     # A list of (Region, Substitution) tuples.
+    ...     ([{"wght": (0.5, 1.0)}], {"dollar": "dollar.rvrn"}),
+    ...     ([{"wght": (0.5, 1.0)}], {"dollar": "dollar.rvrn"}),
+    ...     ([{"wdth": (0.5, 1.0)}], {"cent": "cent.rvrn"}),
+    ...     ([{"wght": (0.5, 1.0), "wdth": (-1, 1.0)}], {"dollar": "dollar.rvrn"}),
+    ... ]
+    >>> from pprint import pprint
+    >>> pprint(overlayFeatureVariations(condSubst))
+    [({'wdth': (0.5, 1.0), 'wght': (0.5, 1.0)},
+      [{'dollar': 'dollar.rvrn'}, {'cent': 'cent.rvrn'}]),
+     ({'wdth': (0.5, 1.0)}, [{'cent': 'cent.rvrn'}]),
+     ({'wght': (0.5, 1.0)}, [{'dollar': 'dollar.rvrn'}])]
+    """
+
+    # Merge same-substitutions rules, as this creates fewer number oflookups.
+    merged = OrderedDict()
+    for value,key in conditionalSubstitutions:
+        key = hashdict(key)
+        if key in merged:
+            merged[key].extend(value)
+        else:
+            merged[key] = value
+    conditionalSubstitutions = [(v,dict(k)) for k,v in merged.items()]
+    del merged
+
+    # Merge same-region rules, as this is cheaper.
+    # Also convert boxes to hashdict()
+    #
+    # Reversing is such that earlier entries win in case of conflicting substitution
+    # rules for the same region.
+    merged = OrderedDict()
+    for key,value in reversed(conditionalSubstitutions):
+        key = tuple(sorted((hashdict(cleanupBox(k)) for k in key),
+                           key=lambda d: tuple(sorted(d.items()))))
+        if key in merged:
+            merged[key].update(value)
+        else:
+            merged[key] = dict(value)
+    conditionalSubstitutions = list(reversed(merged.items()))
+    del merged
+
+    # Overlay
+    #
+    # Rank is the bit-set of the index of all contributing layers.
+    initMapInit = ((hashdict(),0),) # Initializer representing the entire space
+    boxMap = OrderedDict(initMapInit) # Map from Box to Rank
+    for i,(currRegion,_) in enumerate(conditionalSubstitutions):
+        newMap = OrderedDict(initMapInit)
+        currRank = 1<<i
+        for box,rank in boxMap.items():
+            for currBox in currRegion:
+                intersection, remainder = overlayBox(currBox, box)
+                if intersection is not None:
+                    intersection = hashdict(intersection)
+                    newMap[intersection] = newMap.get(intersection, 0) | rank|currRank
+                if remainder is not None:
+                    remainder = hashdict(remainder)
+                    newMap[remainder] = newMap.get(remainder, 0) | rank
+        boxMap = newMap
+
+    # Generate output
+    items = []
+    for box,rank in sorted(boxMap.items(),
+                           key=(lambda BoxAndRank: -popCount(BoxAndRank[1]))):
+        # Skip any box that doesn't have any substitution.
+        if rank == 0:
+            continue
+        substsList = []
+        i = 0
+        while rank:
+          if rank & 1:
+              substsList.append(conditionalSubstitutions[i][1])
+          rank >>= 1
+          i += 1
+        items.append((dict(box),substsList))
+    return items
+
+
+#
+# Terminology:
+#
+# A 'Box' is a dict representing an orthogonal "rectangular" bit of N-dimensional space.
+# The keys in the dict are axis tags, the values are (minValue, maxValue) tuples.
+# Missing dimensions (keys) are substituted by the default min and max values
+# from the corresponding axes.
+#
+
+def overlayBox(top, bot):
+    """Overlays `top` box on top of `bot` box.
+
+    Returns two items:
+    - Box for intersection of `top` and `bot`, or None if they don't intersect.
+    - Box for remainder of `bot`.  Remainder box might not be exact (since the
+      remainder might not be a simple box), but is inclusive of the exact
+      remainder.
+    """
+
+    # Intersection
+    intersection = {}
+    intersection.update(top)
+    intersection.update(bot)
+    for axisTag in set(top) & set(bot):
+        min1, max1 = top[axisTag]
+        min2, max2 = bot[axisTag]
+        minimum = max(min1, min2)
+        maximum = min(max1, max2)
+        if not minimum < maximum:
+            return None, bot # Do not intersect
+        intersection[axisTag] = minimum,maximum
+
+    # Remainder
+    #
+    # Remainder is empty if bot's each axis range lies within that of intersection.
+    #
+    # Remainder is shrank if bot's each, except for exactly one, axis range lies
+    # within that of intersection, and that one axis, it spills out of the
+    # intersection only on one side.
+    #
+    # Bot is returned in full as remainder otherwise, as true remainder is not
+    # representable as a single box.
+
+    remainder = dict(bot)
+    exactlyOne = False
+    fullyInside = False
+    for axisTag in bot:
+        if axisTag not in intersection:
+            fullyInside = False
+            continue # Axis range lies fully within
+        min1, max1 = intersection[axisTag]
+        min2, max2 = bot[axisTag]
+        if min1 <= min2 and max2 <= max1:
+            continue # Axis range lies fully within
+
+        # Bot's range doesn't fully lie within that of top's for this axis.
+        # We know they intersect, so it cannot lie fully without either; so they
+        # overlap.
+
+        # If we have had an overlapping axis before, remainder is not
+        # representable as a box, so return full bottom and go home.
+        if exactlyOne:
+            return intersection, bot
+        exactlyOne = True
+        fullyInside = False
+
+        # Otherwise, cut remainder on this axis and continue.
+        if min1 <= min2:
+            # Right side survives.
+            minimum = max(max1, min2)
+            maximum = max2
+        elif max2 <= max1:
+            # Left side survives.
+            minimum = min2
+            maximum = min(min1, max2)
+        else:
+            # Remainder leaks out from both sides.  Can't cut either.
+            return intersection, bot
+
+        remainder[axisTag] = minimum,maximum
+
+    if fullyInside:
+        # bot is fully within intersection.  Remainder is empty.
+        return intersection, None
+
+    return intersection, remainder
+
+def cleanupBox(box):
+    """Return a sparse copy of `box`, without redundant (default) values.
+
+        >>> cleanupBox({})
+        {}
+        >>> cleanupBox({'wdth': (0.0, 1.0)})
+        {'wdth': (0.0, 1.0)}
+        >>> cleanupBox({'wdth': (-1.0, 1.0)})
+        {}
+
+    """
+    return {tag: limit for tag, limit in box.items() if limit != (-1.0, 1.0)}
+
+
+#
+# Low level implementation
+#
+
+def addFeatureVariationsRaw(font, conditionalSubstitutions, featureTag='rvrn'):
+    """Low level implementation of addFeatureVariations that directly
+    models the possibilities of the FeatureVariations table."""
+
+    #
+    # if there is no <featureTag> feature:
+    #     make empty <featureTag> feature
+    #     sort features, get <featureTag> feature index
+    #     add <featureTag> feature to all scripts
+    # make lookups
+    # add feature variations
+    #
+
+    if "GSUB" not in font:
+        font["GSUB"] = buildGSUB()
+
+    gsub = font["GSUB"].table
+
+    if gsub.Version < 0x00010001:
+        gsub.Version = 0x00010001  # allow gsub.FeatureVariations
+
+    gsub.FeatureVariations = None  # delete any existing FeatureVariations
+
+    varFeatureIndices = []
+    for index, feature in enumerate(gsub.FeatureList.FeatureRecord):
+        if feature.FeatureTag == featureTag:
+            varFeatureIndices.append(index)
+
+    if not varFeatureIndices:
+        varFeature = buildFeatureRecord(featureTag, [])
+        gsub.FeatureList.FeatureRecord.append(varFeature)
+        gsub.FeatureList.FeatureCount = len(gsub.FeatureList.FeatureRecord)
+
+        sortFeatureList(gsub)
+        varFeatureIndex = gsub.FeatureList.FeatureRecord.index(varFeature)
+
+        for scriptRecord in gsub.ScriptList.ScriptRecord:
+            if scriptRecord.Script.DefaultLangSys is None:
+                raise VarLibError(
+                    "Feature variations require that the script "
+                    f"'{scriptRecord.ScriptTag}' defines a default language system."
+                )
+            langSystems = [lsr.LangSys for lsr in scriptRecord.Script.LangSysRecord]
+            for langSys in [scriptRecord.Script.DefaultLangSys] + langSystems:
+                langSys.FeatureIndex.append(varFeatureIndex)
+
+        varFeatureIndices = [varFeatureIndex]
+
+    # setup lookups
+
+    # turn substitution dicts into tuples of tuples, so they are hashable
+    conditionalSubstitutions, allSubstitutions = makeSubstitutionsHashable(conditionalSubstitutions)
+
+    lookupMap = buildSubstitutionLookups(gsub, allSubstitutions)
+
+    axisIndices = {axis.axisTag: axisIndex for axisIndex, axis in enumerate(font["fvar"].axes)}
+
+    featureVariationRecords = []
+    for conditionSet, substitutions in conditionalSubstitutions:
+        conditionTable = []
+        for axisTag, (minValue, maxValue) in sorted(conditionSet.items()):
+            if minValue > maxValue:
+                raise VarLibValidationError(
+                    "A condition set has a minimum value above the maximum value."
+                )
+            ct = buildConditionTable(axisIndices[axisTag], minValue, maxValue)
+            conditionTable.append(ct)
+
+        lookupIndices = [lookupMap[subst] for subst in substitutions]
+        records = []
+        for varFeatureIndex in varFeatureIndices:
+            existingLookupIndices = gsub.FeatureList.FeatureRecord[varFeatureIndex].Feature.LookupListIndex
+            records.append(buildFeatureTableSubstitutionRecord(varFeatureIndex, existingLookupIndices + lookupIndices))
+        featureVariationRecords.append(buildFeatureVariationRecord(conditionTable, records))
+
+    gsub.FeatureVariations = buildFeatureVariations(featureVariationRecords)
+
+
+#
+# Building GSUB/FeatureVariations internals
+#
+
+def buildGSUB():
+    """Build a GSUB table from scratch."""
+    fontTable = newTable("GSUB")
+    gsub = fontTable.table = ot.GSUB()
+    gsub.Version = 0x00010001  # allow gsub.FeatureVariations
+
+    gsub.ScriptList = ot.ScriptList()
+    gsub.ScriptList.ScriptRecord = []
+    gsub.FeatureList = ot.FeatureList()
+    gsub.FeatureList.FeatureRecord = []
+    gsub.LookupList = ot.LookupList()
+    gsub.LookupList.Lookup = []
+
+    srec = ot.ScriptRecord()
+    srec.ScriptTag = 'DFLT'
+    srec.Script = ot.Script()
+    srec.Script.DefaultLangSys = None
+    srec.Script.LangSysRecord = []
+
+    langrec = ot.LangSysRecord()
+    langrec.LangSys = ot.LangSys()
+    langrec.LangSys.ReqFeatureIndex = 0xFFFF
+    langrec.LangSys.FeatureIndex = []
+    srec.Script.DefaultLangSys = langrec.LangSys
+
+    gsub.ScriptList.ScriptRecord.append(srec)
+    gsub.ScriptList.ScriptCount = 1
+    gsub.FeatureVariations = None
+
+    return fontTable
+
+
+def makeSubstitutionsHashable(conditionalSubstitutions):
+    """Turn all the substitution dictionaries in sorted tuples of tuples so
+    they are hashable, to detect duplicates so we don't write out redundant
+    data."""
+    allSubstitutions = set()
+    condSubst = []
+    for conditionSet, substitutionMaps in conditionalSubstitutions:
+        substitutions = []
+        for substitutionMap in substitutionMaps:
+            subst = tuple(sorted(substitutionMap.items()))
+            substitutions.append(subst)
+            allSubstitutions.add(subst)
+        condSubst.append((conditionSet, substitutions))
+    return condSubst, sorted(allSubstitutions)
+
+
+def buildSubstitutionLookups(gsub, allSubstitutions):
+    """Build the lookups for the glyph substitutions, return a dict mapping
+    the substitution to lookup indices."""
+    firstIndex = len(gsub.LookupList.Lookup)
+    lookupMap = {}
+    for i, substitutionMap in enumerate(allSubstitutions):
+        lookupMap[substitutionMap] = i + firstIndex
+
+    for subst in allSubstitutions:
+        substMap = dict(subst)
+        lookup = buildLookup([buildSingleSubstSubtable(substMap)])
+        gsub.LookupList.Lookup.append(lookup)
+        assert gsub.LookupList.Lookup[lookupMap[subst]] is lookup
+    gsub.LookupList.LookupCount = len(gsub.LookupList.Lookup)
+    return lookupMap
+
+
+def buildFeatureVariations(featureVariationRecords):
+    """Build the FeatureVariations subtable."""
+    fv = ot.FeatureVariations()
+    fv.Version = 0x00010000
+    fv.FeatureVariationRecord = featureVariationRecords
+    return fv
+
+
+def buildFeatureRecord(featureTag, lookupListIndices):
+    """Build a FeatureRecord."""
+    fr = ot.FeatureRecord()
+    fr.FeatureTag = featureTag
+    fr.Feature = ot.Feature()
+    fr.Feature.LookupListIndex = lookupListIndices
+    fr.Feature.populateDefaults()
+    return fr
+
+
+def buildFeatureVariationRecord(conditionTable, substitutionRecords):
+    """Build a FeatureVariationRecord."""
+    fvr = ot.FeatureVariationRecord()
+    fvr.ConditionSet = ot.ConditionSet()
+    fvr.ConditionSet.ConditionTable = conditionTable
+    fvr.FeatureTableSubstitution = ot.FeatureTableSubstitution()
+    fvr.FeatureTableSubstitution.Version = 0x00010000
+    fvr.FeatureTableSubstitution.SubstitutionRecord = substitutionRecords
+    return fvr
+
+
+def buildFeatureTableSubstitutionRecord(featureIndex, lookupListIndices):
+    """Build a FeatureTableSubstitutionRecord."""
+    ftsr = ot.FeatureTableSubstitutionRecord()
+    ftsr.FeatureIndex = featureIndex
+    ftsr.Feature = ot.Feature()
+    ftsr.Feature.LookupListIndex = lookupListIndices
+    return ftsr
+
+
+def buildConditionTable(axisIndex, filterRangeMinValue, filterRangeMaxValue):
+    """Build a ConditionTable."""
+    ct = ot.ConditionTable()
+    ct.Format = 1
+    ct.AxisIndex = axisIndex
+    ct.FilterRangeMinValue = filterRangeMinValue
+    ct.FilterRangeMaxValue = filterRangeMaxValue
+    return ct
+
+
+def sortFeatureList(table):
+    """Sort the feature list by feature tag, and remap the feature indices
+    elsewhere. This is needed after the feature list has been modified.
+    """
+    # decorate, sort, undecorate, because we need to make an index remapping table
+    tagIndexFea = [(fea.FeatureTag, index, fea) for index, fea in enumerate(table.FeatureList.FeatureRecord)]
+    tagIndexFea.sort()
+    table.FeatureList.FeatureRecord = [fea for tag, index, fea in tagIndexFea]
+    featureRemap = dict(zip([index for tag, index, fea in tagIndexFea], range(len(tagIndexFea))))
+
+    # Remap the feature indices
+    remapFeatures(table, featureRemap)
+
+
+def remapFeatures(table, featureRemap):
+    """Go through the scripts list, and remap feature indices."""
+    for scriptIndex, script in enumerate(table.ScriptList.ScriptRecord):
+        defaultLangSys = script.Script.DefaultLangSys
+        if defaultLangSys is not None:
+            _remapLangSys(defaultLangSys, featureRemap)
+        for langSysRecordIndex, langSysRec in enumerate(script.Script.LangSysRecord):
+            langSys = langSysRec.LangSys
+            _remapLangSys(langSys, featureRemap)
+
+    if hasattr(table, "FeatureVariations") and table.FeatureVariations is not None:
+        for fvr in table.FeatureVariations.FeatureVariationRecord:
+            for ftsr in fvr.FeatureTableSubstitution.SubstitutionRecord:
+                ftsr.FeatureIndex = featureRemap[ftsr.FeatureIndex]
+
+
+def _remapLangSys(langSys, featureRemap):
+    if langSys.ReqFeatureIndex != 0xffff:
+        langSys.ReqFeatureIndex = featureRemap[langSys.ReqFeatureIndex]
+    langSys.FeatureIndex = [featureRemap[index] for index in langSys.FeatureIndex]
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    import doctest, sys
+    sys.exit(doctest.testmod().failed)
diff --git a/Lib/fontTools/varLib/instancer/__init__.py b/Lib/fontTools/varLib/instancer/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1f6638a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Lib/fontTools/varLib/instancer/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,1444 @@
+""" Partially instantiate a variable font.
+
+The module exports an `instantiateVariableFont` function and CLI that allow to
+create full instances (i.e. static fonts) from variable fonts, as well as "partial"
+variable fonts that only contain a subset of the original variation space.
+
+For example, if you wish to pin the width axis to a given location while also
+restricting the weight axis to 400..700 range, you can do:
+
+$ fonttools varLib.instancer ./NotoSans-VF.ttf wdth=85 wght=400:700
+
+See `fonttools varLib.instancer --help` for more info on the CLI options.
+
+The module's entry point is the `instantiateVariableFont` function, which takes
+a TTFont object and a dict specifying either axis coodinates or (min, max) ranges,
+and returns a new TTFont representing either a partial VF, or full instance if all
+the VF axes were given an explicit coordinate.
+
+E.g. here's how to pin the wght axis at a given location in a wght+wdth variable
+font, keeping only the deltas associated with the wdth axis:
+
+| >>> from fontTools import ttLib
+| >>> from fontTools.varLib import instancer
+| >>> varfont = ttLib.TTFont("path/to/MyVariableFont.ttf")
+| >>> [a.axisTag for a in varfont["fvar"].axes]  # the varfont's current axes
+| ['wght', 'wdth']
+| >>> partial = instancer.instantiateVariableFont(varfont, {"wght": 300})
+| >>> [a.axisTag for a in partial["fvar"].axes]  # axes left after pinning 'wght'
+| ['wdth']
+
+If the input location specifies all the axes, the resulting instance is no longer
+'variable' (same as using fontools varLib.mutator):
+
+| >>> instance = instancer.instantiateVariableFont(
+| ...     varfont, {"wght": 700, "wdth": 67.5}
+| ... )
+| >>> "fvar" not in instance
+| True
+
+If one just want to drop an axis at the default location, without knowing in
+advance what the default value for that axis is, one can pass a `None` value:
+
+| >>> instance = instancer.instantiateVariableFont(varfont, {"wght": None})
+| >>> len(varfont["fvar"].axes)
+| 1
+
+From the console script, this is equivalent to passing `wght=drop` as input.
+
+This module is similar to fontTools.varLib.mutator, which it's intended to supersede.
+Note that, unlike varLib.mutator, when an axis is not mentioned in the input
+location, the varLib.instancer will keep the axis and the corresponding deltas,
+whereas mutator implicitly drops the axis at its default coordinate.
+
+The module currently supports only the first three "levels" of partial instancing,
+with the rest planned to be implemented in the future, namely:
+L1) dropping one or more axes while leaving the default tables unmodified;
+L2) dropping one or more axes while pinning them at non-default locations;
+L3) restricting the range of variation of one or more axes, by setting either
+    a new minimum or maximum, potentially -- though not necessarily -- dropping
+    entire regions of variations that fall completely outside this new range.
+L4) moving the default location of an axis.
+
+Currently only TrueType-flavored variable fonts (i.e. containing 'glyf' table)
+are supported, but support for CFF2 variable fonts will be added soon.
+
+The discussion and implementation of these features are tracked at
+https://github.com/fonttools/fonttools/issues/1537
+"""
+from fontTools.misc.fixedTools import (
+    floatToFixedToFloat,
+    strToFixedToFloat,
+    otRound,
+    MAX_F2DOT14,
+)
+from fontTools.varLib.models import supportScalar, normalizeValue, piecewiseLinearMap
+from fontTools.ttLib import TTFont
+from fontTools.ttLib.tables.TupleVariation import TupleVariation
+from fontTools.ttLib.tables import _g_l_y_f
+from fontTools import varLib
+
+# we import the `subset` module because we use the `prune_lookups` method on the GSUB
+# table class, and that method is only defined dynamically upon importing `subset`
+from fontTools import subset  # noqa: F401
+from fontTools.varLib import builder
+from fontTools.varLib.mvar import MVAR_ENTRIES
+from fontTools.varLib.merger import MutatorMerger
+from fontTools.varLib.instancer import names
+from contextlib import contextmanager
+import collections
+from copy import deepcopy
+from enum import IntEnum
+import logging
+from itertools import islice
+import os
+import re
+
+
+log = logging.getLogger("fontTools.varLib.instancer")
+
+
+class AxisRange(collections.namedtuple("AxisRange", "minimum maximum")):
+    def __new__(cls, *args, **kwargs):
+        self = super().__new__(cls, *args, **kwargs)
+        if self.minimum > self.maximum:
+            raise ValueError(
+                f"Range minimum ({self.minimum:g}) must be <= maximum ({self.maximum:g})"
+            )
+        return self
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return f"{type(self).__name__}({self.minimum:g}, {self.maximum:g})"
+
+
+class NormalizedAxisRange(AxisRange):
+    def __new__(cls, *args, **kwargs):
+        self = super().__new__(cls, *args, **kwargs)
+        if self.minimum < -1.0 or self.maximum > 1.0:
+            raise ValueError("Axis range values must be normalized to -1..+1 range")
+        if self.minimum > 0:
+            raise ValueError(f"Expected axis range minimum <= 0; got {self.minimum}")
+        if self.maximum < 0:
+            raise ValueError(f"Expected axis range maximum >= 0; got {self.maximum}")
+        return self
+
+
+class OverlapMode(IntEnum):
+    KEEP_AND_DONT_SET_FLAGS = 0
+    KEEP_AND_SET_FLAGS = 1
+    REMOVE = 2
+    REMOVE_AND_IGNORE_ERRORS = 3
+
+
+def instantiateTupleVariationStore(
+    variations, axisLimits, origCoords=None, endPts=None
+):
+    """Instantiate TupleVariation list at the given location, or limit axes' min/max.
+
+    The 'variations' list of TupleVariation objects is modified in-place.
+    The 'axisLimits' (dict) maps axis tags (str) to either a single coordinate along the
+    axis (float), or to minimum/maximum coordinates (NormalizedAxisRange).
+
+    A 'full' instance (i.e. static font) is produced when all the axes are pinned to
+    single coordinates; a 'partial' instance (i.e. a less variable font) is produced
+    when some of the axes are omitted, or restricted with a new range.
+
+    Tuples that do not participate are kept as they are. Those that have 0 influence
+    at the given location are removed from the variation store.
+    Those that are fully instantiated (i.e. all their axes are being pinned) are also
+    removed from the variation store, their scaled deltas accummulated and returned, so
+    that they can be added by the caller to the default instance's coordinates.
+    Tuples that are only partially instantiated (i.e. not all the axes that they
+    participate in are being pinned) are kept in the store, and their deltas multiplied
+    by the scalar support of the axes to be pinned at the desired location.
+
+    Args:
+        variations: List[TupleVariation] from either 'gvar' or 'cvar'.
+        axisLimits: Dict[str, Union[float, NormalizedAxisRange]]: axes' coordinates for
+            the full or partial instance, or ranges for restricting an axis' min/max.
+        origCoords: GlyphCoordinates: default instance's coordinates for computing 'gvar'
+            inferred points (cf. table__g_l_y_f._getCoordinatesAndControls).
+        endPts: List[int]: indices of contour end points, for inferring 'gvar' deltas.
+
+    Returns:
+        List[float]: the overall delta adjustment after applicable deltas were summed.
+    """
+    pinnedLocation, axisRanges = splitAxisLocationAndRanges(
+        axisLimits, rangeType=NormalizedAxisRange
+    )
+
+    newVariations = variations
+
+    if pinnedLocation:
+        newVariations = pinTupleVariationAxes(variations, pinnedLocation)
+
+    if axisRanges:
+        newVariations = limitTupleVariationAxisRanges(newVariations, axisRanges)
+
+    mergedVariations = collections.OrderedDict()
+    for var in newVariations:
+        # compute inferred deltas only for gvar ('origCoords' is None for cvar)
+        if origCoords is not None:
+            var.calcInferredDeltas(origCoords, endPts)
+
+        # merge TupleVariations with overlapping "tents"
+        axes = frozenset(var.axes.items())
+        if axes in mergedVariations:
+            mergedVariations[axes] += var
+        else:
+            mergedVariations[axes] = var
+
+    # drop TupleVariation if all axes have been pinned (var.axes.items() is empty);
+    # its deltas will be added to the default instance's coordinates
+    defaultVar = mergedVariations.pop(frozenset(), None)
+
+    for var in mergedVariations.values():
+        var.roundDeltas()
+    variations[:] = list(mergedVariations.values())
+
+    return defaultVar.coordinates if defaultVar is not None else []
+
+
+def pinTupleVariationAxes(variations, location):
+    newVariations = []
+    for var in variations:
+        # Compute the scalar support of the axes to be pinned at the desired location,
+        # excluding any axes that we are not pinning.
+        # If a TupleVariation doesn't mention an axis, it implies that the axis peak
+        # is 0 (i.e. the axis does not participate).
+        support = {axis: var.axes.pop(axis, (-1, 0, +1)) for axis in location}
+        scalar = supportScalar(location, support)
+        if scalar == 0.0:
+            # no influence, drop the TupleVariation
+            continue
+
+        var.scaleDeltas(scalar)
+        newVariations.append(var)
+    return newVariations
+
+
+def limitTupleVariationAxisRanges(variations, axisRanges):
+    for axisTag, axisRange in sorted(axisRanges.items()):
+        newVariations = []
+        for var in variations:
+            newVariations.extend(limitTupleVariationAxisRange(var, axisTag, axisRange))
+        variations = newVariations
+    return variations
+
+
+def _negate(*values):
+    yield from (-1 * v for v in values)
+
+
+def limitTupleVariationAxisRange(var, axisTag, axisRange):
+    if not isinstance(axisRange, NormalizedAxisRange):
+        axisRange = NormalizedAxisRange(*axisRange)
+
+    # skip when current axis is missing (i.e. doesn't participate), or when the
+    # 'tent' isn't fully on either the negative or positive side
+    lower, peak, upper = var.axes.get(axisTag, (-1, 0, 1))
+    if peak == 0 or lower > peak or peak > upper or (lower < 0 and upper > 0):
+        return [var]
+
+    negative = lower < 0
+    if negative:
+        if axisRange.minimum == -1.0:
+            return [var]
+        elif axisRange.minimum == 0.0:
+            return []
+    else:
+        if axisRange.maximum == 1.0:
+            return [var]
+        elif axisRange.maximum == 0.0:
+            return []
+
+    limit = axisRange.minimum if negative else axisRange.maximum
+
+    # Rebase axis bounds onto the new limit, which then becomes the new -1.0 or +1.0.
+    # The results are always positive, because both dividend and divisor are either
+    # all positive or all negative.
+    newLower = lower / limit
+    newPeak = peak / limit
+    newUpper = upper / limit
+    # for negative TupleVariation, swap lower and upper to simplify procedure
+    if negative:
+        newLower, newUpper = newUpper, newLower
+
+    # special case when innermost bound == peak == limit
+    if newLower == newPeak == 1.0:
+        var.axes[axisTag] = (-1.0, -1.0, -1.0) if negative else (1.0, 1.0, 1.0)
+        return [var]
+
+    # case 1: the whole deltaset falls outside the new limit; we can drop it
+    elif newLower >= 1.0:
+        return []
+
+    # case 2: only the peak and outermost bound fall outside the new limit;
+    # we keep the deltaset, update peak and outermost bound and and scale deltas
+    # by the scalar value for the restricted axis at the new limit.
+    elif newPeak >= 1.0:
+        scalar = supportScalar({axisTag: limit}, {axisTag: (lower, peak, upper)})
+        var.scaleDeltas(scalar)
+        newPeak = 1.0
+        newUpper = 1.0
+        if negative:
+            newLower, newPeak, newUpper = _negate(newUpper, newPeak, newLower)
+        var.axes[axisTag] = (newLower, newPeak, newUpper)
+        return [var]
+
+    # case 3: peak falls inside but outermost limit still fits within F2Dot14 bounds;
+    # we keep deltas as is and only scale the axes bounds. Deltas beyond -1.0
+    # or +1.0 will never be applied as implementations must clamp to that range.
+    elif newUpper <= 2.0:
+        if negative:
+            newLower, newPeak, newUpper = _negate(newUpper, newPeak, newLower)
+        elif MAX_F2DOT14 < newUpper <= 2.0:
+            # we clamp +2.0 to the max F2Dot14 (~1.99994) for convenience
+            newUpper = MAX_F2DOT14
+        var.axes[axisTag] = (newLower, newPeak, newUpper)
+        return [var]
+
+    # case 4: new limit doesn't fit; we need to chop the deltaset into two 'tents',
+    # because the shape of a triangle with part of one side cut off cannot be
+    # represented as a triangle itself. It can be represented as sum of two triangles.
+    # NOTE: This increases the file size!
+    else:
+        # duplicate the tent, then adjust lower/peak/upper so that the outermost limit
+        # of the original tent is +/-2.0, whereas the new tent's starts as the old
+        # one peaks and maxes out at +/-1.0.
+        newVar = TupleVariation(var.axes, var.coordinates)
+        if negative:
+            var.axes[axisTag] = (-2.0, -1 * newPeak, -1 * newLower)
+            newVar.axes[axisTag] = (-1.0, -1.0, -1 * newPeak)
+        else:
+            var.axes[axisTag] = (newLower, newPeak, MAX_F2DOT14)
+            newVar.axes[axisTag] = (newPeak, 1.0, 1.0)
+        # the new tent's deltas are scaled by the difference between the scalar value
+        # for the old tent at the desired limit...
+        scalar1 = supportScalar({axisTag: limit}, {axisTag: (lower, peak, upper)})
+        # ... and the scalar value for the clamped tent (with outer limit +/-2.0),
+        # which can be simplified like this:
+        scalar2 = 1 / (2 - newPeak)
+        newVar.scaleDeltas(scalar1 - scalar2)
+
+        return [var, newVar]
+
+
+def _instantiateGvarGlyph(glyphname, glyf, gvar, hMetrics, vMetrics, axisLimits, optimize=True):
+    coordinates, ctrl = glyf._getCoordinatesAndControls(glyphname, hMetrics, vMetrics)
+    endPts = ctrl.endPts
+
+    # Not every glyph may have variations
+    tupleVarStore = gvar.variations.get(glyphname)
+
+    if tupleVarStore:
+        defaultDeltas = instantiateTupleVariationStore(
+            tupleVarStore, axisLimits, coordinates, endPts
+        )
+
+        if defaultDeltas:
+            coordinates += _g_l_y_f.GlyphCoordinates(defaultDeltas)
+
+    # _setCoordinates also sets the hmtx/vmtx advance widths and sidebearings from
+    # the four phantom points and glyph bounding boxes.
+    # We call it unconditionally even if a glyph has no variations or no deltas are
+    # applied at this location, in case the glyph's xMin and in turn its sidebearing
+    # have changed. E.g. a composite glyph has no deltas for the component's (x, y)
+    # offset nor for the 4 phantom points (e.g. it's monospaced). Thus its entry in
+    # gvar table is empty; however, the composite's base glyph may have deltas
+    # applied, hence the composite's bbox and left/top sidebearings may need updating
+    # in the instanced font.
+    glyf._setCoordinates(glyphname, coordinates, hMetrics, vMetrics)
+
+    if not tupleVarStore:
+        if glyphname in gvar.variations:
+            del gvar.variations[glyphname]
+        return
+
+    if optimize:
+        isComposite = glyf[glyphname].isComposite()
+        for var in tupleVarStore:
+            var.optimize(coordinates, endPts, isComposite)
+
+def instantiateGvarGlyph(varfont, glyphname, axisLimits, optimize=True):
+    """Remove?
+    https://github.com/fonttools/fonttools/pull/2266"""
+    gvar = varfont["gvar"]
+    glyf = varfont["glyf"]
+    hMetrics = varfont['hmtx'].metrics
+    vMetrics = getattr(varfont.get('vmtx'), 'metrics', None)
+    _instantiateGvarGlyph(glyphname, glyf, gvar, hMetrics, vMetrics, axisLimits, optimize=optimize)
+
+def instantiateGvar(varfont, axisLimits, optimize=True):
+    log.info("Instantiating glyf/gvar tables")
+
+    gvar = varfont["gvar"]
+    glyf = varfont["glyf"]
+    hMetrics = varfont['hmtx'].metrics
+    vMetrics = getattr(varfont.get('vmtx'), 'metrics', None)
+    # Get list of glyph names sorted by component depth.
+    # If a composite glyph is processed before its base glyph, the bounds may
+    # be calculated incorrectly because deltas haven't been applied to the
+    # base glyph yet.
+    glyphnames = sorted(
+        glyf.glyphOrder,
+        key=lambda name: (
+            glyf[name].getCompositeMaxpValues(glyf).maxComponentDepth
+            if glyf[name].isComposite()
+            else 0,
+            name,
+        ),
+    )
+    for glyphname in glyphnames:
+        _instantiateGvarGlyph(glyphname, glyf, gvar, hMetrics, vMetrics, axisLimits, optimize=optimize)
+
+    if not gvar.variations:
+        del varfont["gvar"]
+
+
+def setCvarDeltas(cvt, deltas):
+    for i, delta in enumerate(deltas):
+        if delta:
+            cvt[i] += otRound(delta)
+
+
+def instantiateCvar(varfont, axisLimits):
+    log.info("Instantiating cvt/cvar tables")
+
+    cvar = varfont["cvar"]
+
+    defaultDeltas = instantiateTupleVariationStore(cvar.variations, axisLimits)
+
+    if defaultDeltas:
+        setCvarDeltas(varfont["cvt "], defaultDeltas)
+
+    if not cvar.variations:
+        del varfont["cvar"]
+
+
+def setMvarDeltas(varfont, deltas):
+    mvar = varfont["MVAR"].table
+    records = mvar.ValueRecord
+    for rec in records:
+        mvarTag = rec.ValueTag
+        if mvarTag not in MVAR_ENTRIES:
+            continue
+        tableTag, itemName = MVAR_ENTRIES[mvarTag]
+        delta = deltas[rec.VarIdx]
+        if delta != 0:
+            setattr(
+                varfont[tableTag],
+                itemName,
+                getattr(varfont[tableTag], itemName) + otRound(delta),
+            )
+
+
+def instantiateMVAR(varfont, axisLimits):
+    log.info("Instantiating MVAR table")
+
+    mvar = varfont["MVAR"].table
+    fvarAxes = varfont["fvar"].axes
+    varStore = mvar.VarStore
+    defaultDeltas = instantiateItemVariationStore(varStore, fvarAxes, axisLimits)
+    setMvarDeltas(varfont, defaultDeltas)
+
+    if varStore.VarRegionList.Region:
+        varIndexMapping = varStore.optimize()
+        for rec in mvar.ValueRecord:
+            rec.VarIdx = varIndexMapping[rec.VarIdx]
+    else:
+        del varfont["MVAR"]
+
+
+def _remapVarIdxMap(table, attrName, varIndexMapping, glyphOrder):
+    oldMapping = getattr(table, attrName).mapping
+    newMapping = [varIndexMapping[oldMapping[glyphName]] for glyphName in glyphOrder]
+    setattr(table, attrName, builder.buildVarIdxMap(newMapping, glyphOrder))
+
+
+# TODO(anthrotype) Add support for HVAR/VVAR in CFF2
+def _instantiateVHVAR(varfont, axisLimits, tableFields):
+    tableTag = tableFields.tableTag
+    fvarAxes = varfont["fvar"].axes
+    # Deltas from gvar table have already been applied to the hmtx/vmtx. For full
+    # instances (i.e. all axes pinned), we can simply drop HVAR/VVAR and return
+    if set(
+        axisTag for axisTag, value in axisLimits.items() if not isinstance(value, tuple)
+    ).issuperset(axis.axisTag for axis in fvarAxes):
+        log.info("Dropping %s table", tableTag)
+        del varfont[tableTag]
+        return
+
+    log.info("Instantiating %s table", tableTag)
+    vhvar = varfont[tableTag].table
+    varStore = vhvar.VarStore
+    # since deltas were already applied, the return value here is ignored
+    instantiateItemVariationStore(varStore, fvarAxes, axisLimits)
+
+    if varStore.VarRegionList.Region:
+        # Only re-optimize VarStore if the HVAR/VVAR already uses indirect AdvWidthMap
+        # or AdvHeightMap. If a direct, implicit glyphID->VariationIndex mapping is
+        # used for advances, skip re-optimizing and maintain original VariationIndex.
+        if getattr(vhvar, tableFields.advMapping):
+            varIndexMapping = varStore.optimize()
+            glyphOrder = varfont.getGlyphOrder()
+            _remapVarIdxMap(vhvar, tableFields.advMapping, varIndexMapping, glyphOrder)
+            if getattr(vhvar, tableFields.sb1):  # left or top sidebearings
+                _remapVarIdxMap(vhvar, tableFields.sb1, varIndexMapping, glyphOrder)
+            if getattr(vhvar, tableFields.sb2):  # right or bottom sidebearings
+                _remapVarIdxMap(vhvar, tableFields.sb2, varIndexMapping, glyphOrder)
+            if tableTag == "VVAR" and getattr(vhvar, tableFields.vOrigMapping):
+                _remapVarIdxMap(
+                    vhvar, tableFields.vOrigMapping, varIndexMapping, glyphOrder
+                )
+
+
+def instantiateHVAR(varfont, axisLimits):
+    return _instantiateVHVAR(varfont, axisLimits, varLib.HVAR_FIELDS)
+
+
+def instantiateVVAR(varfont, axisLimits):
+    return _instantiateVHVAR(varfont, axisLimits, varLib.VVAR_FIELDS)
+
+
+class _TupleVarStoreAdapter(object):
+    def __init__(self, regions, axisOrder, tupleVarData, itemCounts):
+        self.regions = regions
+        self.axisOrder = axisOrder
+        self.tupleVarData = tupleVarData
+        self.itemCounts = itemCounts
+
+    @classmethod
+    def fromItemVarStore(cls, itemVarStore, fvarAxes):
+        axisOrder = [axis.axisTag for axis in fvarAxes]
+        regions = [
+            region.get_support(fvarAxes) for region in itemVarStore.VarRegionList.Region
+        ]
+        tupleVarData = []
+        itemCounts = []
+        for varData in itemVarStore.VarData:
+            variations = []
+            varDataRegions = (regions[i] for i in varData.VarRegionIndex)
+            for axes, coordinates in zip(varDataRegions, zip(*varData.Item)):
+                variations.append(TupleVariation(axes, list(coordinates)))
+            tupleVarData.append(variations)
+            itemCounts.append(varData.ItemCount)
+        return cls(regions, axisOrder, tupleVarData, itemCounts)
+
+    def rebuildRegions(self):
+        # Collect the set of all unique region axes from the current TupleVariations.
+        # We use an OrderedDict to de-duplicate regions while keeping the order.
+        uniqueRegions = collections.OrderedDict.fromkeys(
+            (
+                frozenset(var.axes.items())
+                for variations in self.tupleVarData
+                for var in variations
+            )
+        )
+        # Maintain the original order for the regions that pre-existed, appending
+        # the new regions at the end of the region list.
+        newRegions = []
+        for region in self.regions:
+            regionAxes = frozenset(region.items())
+            if regionAxes in uniqueRegions:
+                newRegions.append(region)
+                del uniqueRegions[regionAxes]
+        if uniqueRegions:
+            newRegions.extend(dict(region) for region in uniqueRegions)
+        self.regions = newRegions
+
+    def instantiate(self, axisLimits):
+        defaultDeltaArray = []
+        for variations, itemCount in zip(self.tupleVarData, self.itemCounts):
+            defaultDeltas = instantiateTupleVariationStore(variations, axisLimits)
+            if not defaultDeltas:
+                defaultDeltas = [0] * itemCount
+            defaultDeltaArray.append(defaultDeltas)
+
+        # rebuild regions whose axes were dropped or limited
+        self.rebuildRegions()
+
+        pinnedAxes = {
+            axisTag
+            for axisTag, value in axisLimits.items()
+            if not isinstance(value, tuple)
+        }
+        self.axisOrder = [
+            axisTag for axisTag in self.axisOrder if axisTag not in pinnedAxes
+        ]
+
+        return defaultDeltaArray
+
+    def asItemVarStore(self):
+        regionOrder = [frozenset(axes.items()) for axes in self.regions]
+        varDatas = []
+        for variations, itemCount in zip(self.tupleVarData, self.itemCounts):
+            if variations:
+                assert len(variations[0].coordinates) == itemCount
+                varRegionIndices = [
+                    regionOrder.index(frozenset(var.axes.items())) for var in variations
+                ]
+                varDataItems = list(zip(*(var.coordinates for var in variations)))
+                varDatas.append(
+                    builder.buildVarData(varRegionIndices, varDataItems, optimize=False)
+                )
+            else:
+                varDatas.append(
+                    builder.buildVarData([], [[] for _ in range(itemCount)])
+                )
+        regionList = builder.buildVarRegionList(self.regions, self.axisOrder)
+        itemVarStore = builder.buildVarStore(regionList, varDatas)
+        # remove unused regions from VarRegionList
+        itemVarStore.prune_regions()
+        return itemVarStore
+
+
+def instantiateItemVariationStore(itemVarStore, fvarAxes, axisLimits):
+    """Compute deltas at partial location, and update varStore in-place.
+
+    Remove regions in which all axes were instanced, or fall outside the new axis
+    limits. Scale the deltas of the remaining regions where only some of the axes
+    were instanced.
+
+    The number of VarData subtables, and the number of items within each, are
+    not modified, in order to keep the existing VariationIndex valid.
+    One may call VarStore.optimize() method after this to further optimize those.
+
+    Args:
+        varStore: An otTables.VarStore object (Item Variation Store)
+        fvarAxes: list of fvar's Axis objects
+        axisLimits: Dict[str, float] mapping axis tags to normalized axis coordinates
+            (float) or ranges for restricting an axis' min/max (NormalizedAxisRange).
+            May not specify coordinates/ranges for all the fvar axes.
+
+    Returns:
+        defaultDeltas: to be added to the default instance, of type dict of floats
+            keyed by VariationIndex compound values: i.e. (outer << 16) + inner.
+    """
+    tupleVarStore = _TupleVarStoreAdapter.fromItemVarStore(itemVarStore, fvarAxes)
+    defaultDeltaArray = tupleVarStore.instantiate(axisLimits)
+    newItemVarStore = tupleVarStore.asItemVarStore()
+
+    itemVarStore.VarRegionList = newItemVarStore.VarRegionList
+    assert itemVarStore.VarDataCount == newItemVarStore.VarDataCount
+    itemVarStore.VarData = newItemVarStore.VarData
+
+    defaultDeltas = {
+        ((major << 16) + minor): delta
+        for major, deltas in enumerate(defaultDeltaArray)
+        for minor, delta in enumerate(deltas)
+    }
+    return defaultDeltas
+
+
+def instantiateOTL(varfont, axisLimits):
+    # TODO(anthrotype) Support partial instancing of JSTF and BASE tables
+
+    if (
+        "GDEF" not in varfont
+        or varfont["GDEF"].table.Version < 0x00010003
+        or not varfont["GDEF"].table.VarStore
+    ):
+        return
+
+    if "GPOS" in varfont:
+        msg = "Instantiating GDEF and GPOS tables"
+    else:
+        msg = "Instantiating GDEF table"
+    log.info(msg)
+
+    gdef = varfont["GDEF"].table
+    varStore = gdef.VarStore
+    fvarAxes = varfont["fvar"].axes
+
+    defaultDeltas = instantiateItemVariationStore(varStore, fvarAxes, axisLimits)
+
+    # When VF are built, big lookups may overflow and be broken into multiple
+    # subtables. MutatorMerger (which inherits from AligningMerger) reattaches
+    # them upon instancing, in case they can now fit a single subtable (if not,
+    # they will be split again upon compilation).
+    # This 'merger' also works as a 'visitor' that traverses the OTL tables and
+    # calls specific methods when instances of a given type are found.
+    # Specifically, it adds default deltas to GPOS Anchors/ValueRecords and GDEF
+    # LigatureCarets, and optionally deletes all VariationIndex tables if the
+    # VarStore is fully instanced.
+    merger = MutatorMerger(
+        varfont, defaultDeltas, deleteVariations=(not varStore.VarRegionList.Region)
+    )
+    merger.mergeTables(varfont, [varfont], ["GDEF", "GPOS"])
+
+    if varStore.VarRegionList.Region:
+        varIndexMapping = varStore.optimize()
+        gdef.remap_device_varidxes(varIndexMapping)
+        if "GPOS" in varfont:
+            varfont["GPOS"].table.remap_device_varidxes(varIndexMapping)
+    else:
+        # Downgrade GDEF.
+        del gdef.VarStore
+        gdef.Version = 0x00010002
+        if gdef.MarkGlyphSetsDef is None:
+            del gdef.MarkGlyphSetsDef
+            gdef.Version = 0x00010000
+
+        if not (
+            gdef.LigCaretList
+            or gdef.MarkAttachClassDef
+            or gdef.GlyphClassDef
+            or gdef.AttachList
+            or (gdef.Version >= 0x00010002 and gdef.MarkGlyphSetsDef)
+        ):
+            del varfont["GDEF"]
+
+
+def instantiateFeatureVariations(varfont, axisLimits):
+    for tableTag in ("GPOS", "GSUB"):
+        if tableTag not in varfont or not getattr(
+            varfont[tableTag].table, "FeatureVariations", None
+        ):
+            continue
+        log.info("Instantiating FeatureVariations of %s table", tableTag)
+        _instantiateFeatureVariations(
+            varfont[tableTag].table, varfont["fvar"].axes, axisLimits
+        )
+        # remove unreferenced lookups
+        varfont[tableTag].prune_lookups()
+
+
+def _featureVariationRecordIsUnique(rec, seen):
+    conditionSet = []
+    for cond in rec.ConditionSet.ConditionTable:
+        if cond.Format != 1:
+            # can't tell whether this is duplicate, assume is unique
+            return True
+        conditionSet.append(
+            (cond.AxisIndex, cond.FilterRangeMinValue, cond.FilterRangeMaxValue)
+        )
+    # besides the set of conditions, we also include the FeatureTableSubstitution
+    # version to identify unique FeatureVariationRecords, even though only one
+    # version is currently defined. It's theoretically possible that multiple
+    # records with same conditions but different substitution table version be
+    # present in the same font for backward compatibility.
+    recordKey = frozenset([rec.FeatureTableSubstitution.Version] + conditionSet)
+    if recordKey in seen:
+        return False
+    else:
+        seen.add(recordKey)  # side effect
+        return True
+
+
+def _limitFeatureVariationConditionRange(condition, axisRange):
+    minValue = condition.FilterRangeMinValue
+    maxValue = condition.FilterRangeMaxValue
+
+    if (
+        minValue > maxValue
+        or minValue > axisRange.maximum
+        or maxValue < axisRange.minimum
+    ):
+        # condition invalid or out of range
+        return
+
+    values = [minValue, maxValue]
+    for i, value in enumerate(values):
+        if value < 0:
+            if axisRange.minimum == 0:
+                newValue = 0
+            else:
+                newValue = value / abs(axisRange.minimum)
+                if newValue <= -1.0:
+                    newValue = -1.0
+        elif value > 0:
+            if axisRange.maximum == 0:
+                newValue = 0
+            else:
+                newValue = value / axisRange.maximum
+                if newValue >= 1.0:
+                    newValue = 1.0
+        else:
+            newValue = 0
+        values[i] = newValue
+
+    return AxisRange(*values)
+
+
+def _instantiateFeatureVariationRecord(
+    record, recIdx, location, fvarAxes, axisIndexMap
+):
+    applies = True
+    newConditions = []
+    for i, condition in enumerate(record.ConditionSet.ConditionTable):
+        if condition.Format == 1:
+            axisIdx = condition.AxisIndex
+            axisTag = fvarAxes[axisIdx].axisTag
+            if axisTag in location:
+                minValue = condition.FilterRangeMinValue
+                maxValue = condition.FilterRangeMaxValue
+                v = location[axisTag]
+                if not (minValue <= v <= maxValue):
+                    # condition not met so remove entire record
+                    applies = False
+                    newConditions = None
+                    break
+            else:
+                # axis not pinned, keep condition with remapped axis index
+                applies = False
+                condition.AxisIndex = axisIndexMap[axisTag]
+                newConditions.append(condition)
+        else:
+            log.warning(
+                "Condition table {0} of FeatureVariationRecord {1} has "
+                "unsupported format ({2}); ignored".format(i, recIdx, condition.Format)
+            )
+            applies = False
+            newConditions.append(condition)
+
+    if newConditions:
+        record.ConditionSet.ConditionTable = newConditions
+        shouldKeep = True
+    else:
+        shouldKeep = False
+
+    return applies, shouldKeep
+
+
+def _limitFeatureVariationRecord(record, axisRanges, fvarAxes):
+    newConditions = []
+    for i, condition in enumerate(record.ConditionSet.ConditionTable):
+        if condition.Format == 1:
+            axisIdx = condition.AxisIndex
+            axisTag = fvarAxes[axisIdx].axisTag
+            if axisTag in axisRanges:
+                axisRange = axisRanges[axisTag]
+                newRange = _limitFeatureVariationConditionRange(condition, axisRange)
+                if newRange:
+                    # keep condition with updated limits and remapped axis index
+                    condition.FilterRangeMinValue = newRange.minimum
+                    condition.FilterRangeMaxValue = newRange.maximum
+                    newConditions.append(condition)
+                else:
+                    # condition out of range, remove entire record
+                    newConditions = None
+                    break
+            else:
+                newConditions.append(condition)
+        else:
+            newConditions.append(condition)
+
+    if newConditions:
+        record.ConditionSet.ConditionTable = newConditions
+        shouldKeep = True
+    else:
+        shouldKeep = False
+
+    return shouldKeep
+
+
+def _instantiateFeatureVariations(table, fvarAxes, axisLimits):
+    location, axisRanges = splitAxisLocationAndRanges(
+        axisLimits, rangeType=NormalizedAxisRange
+    )
+    pinnedAxes = set(location.keys())
+    axisOrder = [axis.axisTag for axis in fvarAxes if axis.axisTag not in pinnedAxes]
+    axisIndexMap = {axisTag: axisOrder.index(axisTag) for axisTag in axisOrder}
+
+    featureVariationApplied = False
+    uniqueRecords = set()
+    newRecords = []
+
+    for i, record in enumerate(table.FeatureVariations.FeatureVariationRecord):
+        applies, shouldKeep = _instantiateFeatureVariationRecord(
+            record, i, location, fvarAxes, axisIndexMap
+        )
+        if shouldKeep:
+            shouldKeep = _limitFeatureVariationRecord(record, axisRanges, fvarAxes)
+
+        if shouldKeep and _featureVariationRecordIsUnique(record, uniqueRecords):
+            newRecords.append(record)
+
+        if applies and not featureVariationApplied:
+            assert record.FeatureTableSubstitution.Version == 0x00010000
+            for rec in record.FeatureTableSubstitution.SubstitutionRecord:
+                table.FeatureList.FeatureRecord[rec.FeatureIndex].Feature = rec.Feature
+            # Set variations only once
+            featureVariationApplied = True
+
+    if newRecords:
+        table.FeatureVariations.FeatureVariationRecord = newRecords
+        table.FeatureVariations.FeatureVariationCount = len(newRecords)
+    else:
+        del table.FeatureVariations
+
+
+def _isValidAvarSegmentMap(axisTag, segmentMap):
+    if not segmentMap:
+        return True
+    if not {(-1.0, -1.0), (0, 0), (1.0, 1.0)}.issubset(segmentMap.items()):
+        log.warning(
+            f"Invalid avar SegmentMap record for axis '{axisTag}': does not "
+            "include all required value maps {-1.0: -1.0, 0: 0, 1.0: 1.0}"
+        )
+        return False
+    previousValue = None
+    for fromCoord, toCoord in sorted(segmentMap.items()):
+        if previousValue is not None and previousValue > toCoord:
+            log.warning(
+                f"Invalid avar AxisValueMap({fromCoord}, {toCoord}) record "
+                f"for axis '{axisTag}': the toCoordinate value must be >= to "
+                f"the toCoordinate value of the preceding record ({previousValue})."
+            )
+            return False
+        previousValue = toCoord
+    return True
+
+
+def instantiateAvar(varfont, axisLimits):
+    # 'axisLimits' dict must contain user-space (non-normalized) coordinates.
+
+    location, axisRanges = splitAxisLocationAndRanges(axisLimits)
+
+    segments = varfont["avar"].segments
+
+    # drop table if we instantiate all the axes
+    pinnedAxes = set(location.keys())
+    if pinnedAxes.issuperset(segments):
+        log.info("Dropping avar table")
+        del varfont["avar"]
+        return
+
+    log.info("Instantiating avar table")
+    for axis in pinnedAxes:
+        if axis in segments:
+            del segments[axis]
+
+    # First compute the default normalization for axisRanges coordinates: i.e.
+    # min = -1.0, default = 0, max = +1.0, and in between values interpolated linearly,
+    # without using the avar table's mappings.
+    # Then, for each SegmentMap, if we are restricting its axis, compute the new
+    # mappings by dividing the key/value pairs by the desired new min/max values,
+    # dropping any mappings that fall outside the restricted range.
+    # The keys ('fromCoord') are specified in default normalized coordinate space,
+    # whereas the values ('toCoord') are "mapped forward" using the SegmentMap.
+    normalizedRanges = normalizeAxisLimits(varfont, axisRanges, usingAvar=False)
+    newSegments = {}
+    for axisTag, mapping in segments.items():
+        if not _isValidAvarSegmentMap(axisTag, mapping):
+            continue
+        if mapping and axisTag in normalizedRanges:
+            axisRange = normalizedRanges[axisTag]
+            mappedMin = floatToFixedToFloat(
+                piecewiseLinearMap(axisRange.minimum, mapping), 14
+            )
+            mappedMax = floatToFixedToFloat(
+                piecewiseLinearMap(axisRange.maximum, mapping), 14
+            )
+            newMapping = {}
+            for fromCoord, toCoord in mapping.items():
+                if fromCoord < 0:
+                    if axisRange.minimum == 0 or fromCoord < axisRange.minimum:
+                        continue
+                    else:
+                        fromCoord /= abs(axisRange.minimum)
+                elif fromCoord > 0:
+                    if axisRange.maximum == 0 or fromCoord > axisRange.maximum:
+                        continue
+                    else:
+                        fromCoord /= axisRange.maximum
+                if toCoord < 0:
+                    assert mappedMin != 0
+                    assert toCoord >= mappedMin
+                    toCoord /= abs(mappedMin)
+                elif toCoord > 0:
+                    assert mappedMax != 0
+                    assert toCoord <= mappedMax
+                    toCoord /= mappedMax
+                fromCoord = floatToFixedToFloat(fromCoord, 14)
+                toCoord = floatToFixedToFloat(toCoord, 14)
+                newMapping[fromCoord] = toCoord
+            newMapping.update({-1.0: -1.0, 1.0: 1.0})
+            newSegments[axisTag] = newMapping
+        else:
+            newSegments[axisTag] = mapping
+    varfont["avar"].segments = newSegments
+
+
+def isInstanceWithinAxisRanges(location, axisRanges):
+    for axisTag, coord in location.items():
+        if axisTag in axisRanges:
+            axisRange = axisRanges[axisTag]
+            if coord < axisRange.minimum or coord > axisRange.maximum:
+                return False
+    return True
+
+
+def instantiateFvar(varfont, axisLimits):
+    # 'axisLimits' dict must contain user-space (non-normalized) coordinates
+
+    location, axisRanges = splitAxisLocationAndRanges(axisLimits, rangeType=AxisRange)
+
+    fvar = varfont["fvar"]
+
+    # drop table if we instantiate all the axes
+    if set(location).issuperset(axis.axisTag for axis in fvar.axes):
+        log.info("Dropping fvar table")
+        del varfont["fvar"]
+        return
+
+    log.info("Instantiating fvar table")
+
+    axes = []
+    for axis in fvar.axes:
+        axisTag = axis.axisTag
+        if axisTag in location:
+            continue
+        if axisTag in axisRanges:
+            axis.minValue, axis.maxValue = axisRanges[axisTag]
+        axes.append(axis)
+    fvar.axes = axes
+
+    # only keep NamedInstances whose coordinates == pinned axis location
+    instances = []
+    for instance in fvar.instances:
+        if any(instance.coordinates[axis] != value for axis, value in location.items()):
+            continue
+        for axisTag in location:
+            del instance.coordinates[axisTag]
+        if not isInstanceWithinAxisRanges(instance.coordinates, axisRanges):
+            continue
+        instances.append(instance)
+    fvar.instances = instances
+
+
+def instantiateSTAT(varfont, axisLimits):
+    # 'axisLimits' dict must contain user-space (non-normalized) coordinates
+
+    stat = varfont["STAT"].table
+    if not stat.DesignAxisRecord or not (
+        stat.AxisValueArray and stat.AxisValueArray.AxisValue
+    ):
+        return  # STAT table empty, nothing to do
+
+    log.info("Instantiating STAT table")
+    newAxisValueTables = axisValuesFromAxisLimits(stat, axisLimits)
+    stat.AxisValueArray.AxisValue = newAxisValueTables
+    stat.AxisValueCount = len(stat.AxisValueArray.AxisValue)
+
+
+def axisValuesFromAxisLimits(stat, axisLimits):
+    location, axisRanges = splitAxisLocationAndRanges(axisLimits, rangeType=AxisRange)
+
+    def isAxisValueOutsideLimits(axisTag, axisValue):
+        if axisTag in location and axisValue != location[axisTag]:
+            return True
+        elif axisTag in axisRanges:
+            axisRange = axisRanges[axisTag]
+            if axisValue < axisRange.minimum or axisValue > axisRange.maximum:
+                return True
+        return False
+
+    # only keep AxisValues whose axis is not pinned nor restricted, or is pinned at the
+    # exact (nominal) value, or is restricted but the value is within the new range
+    designAxes = stat.DesignAxisRecord.Axis
+    newAxisValueTables = []
+    for axisValueTable in stat.AxisValueArray.AxisValue:
+        axisValueFormat = axisValueTable.Format
+        if axisValueFormat in (1, 2, 3):
+            axisTag = designAxes[axisValueTable.AxisIndex].AxisTag
+            if axisValueFormat == 2:
+                axisValue = axisValueTable.NominalValue
+            else:
+                axisValue = axisValueTable.Value
+            if isAxisValueOutsideLimits(axisTag, axisValue):
+                continue
+        elif axisValueFormat == 4:
+            # drop 'non-analytic' AxisValue if _any_ AxisValueRecord doesn't match
+            # the pinned location or is outside range
+            dropAxisValueTable = False
+            for rec in axisValueTable.AxisValueRecord:
+                axisTag = designAxes[rec.AxisIndex].AxisTag
+                axisValue = rec.Value
+                if isAxisValueOutsideLimits(axisTag, axisValue):
+                    dropAxisValueTable = True
+                    break
+            if dropAxisValueTable:
+                continue
+        else:
+            log.warning("Unknown AxisValue table format (%s); ignored", axisValueFormat)
+        newAxisValueTables.append(axisValueTable)
+    return newAxisValueTables
+
+
+def setMacOverlapFlags(glyfTable):
+    flagOverlapCompound = _g_l_y_f.OVERLAP_COMPOUND
+    flagOverlapSimple = _g_l_y_f.flagOverlapSimple
+    for glyphName in glyfTable.keys():
+        glyph = glyfTable[glyphName]
+        # Set OVERLAP_COMPOUND bit for compound glyphs
+        if glyph.isComposite():
+            glyph.components[0].flags |= flagOverlapCompound
+        # Set OVERLAP_SIMPLE bit for simple glyphs
+        elif glyph.numberOfContours > 0:
+            glyph.flags[0] |= flagOverlapSimple
+
+
+def normalize(value, triple, avarMapping):
+    value = normalizeValue(value, triple)
+    if avarMapping:
+        value = piecewiseLinearMap(value, avarMapping)
+    # Quantize to F2Dot14, to avoid surprise interpolations.
+    return floatToFixedToFloat(value, 14)
+
+
+def normalizeAxisLimits(varfont, axisLimits, usingAvar=True):
+    fvar = varfont["fvar"]
+    badLimits = set(axisLimits.keys()).difference(a.axisTag for a in fvar.axes)
+    if badLimits:
+        raise ValueError("Cannot limit: {} not present in fvar".format(badLimits))
+
+    axes = {
+        a.axisTag: (a.minValue, a.defaultValue, a.maxValue)
+        for a in fvar.axes
+        if a.axisTag in axisLimits
+    }
+
+    avarSegments = {}
+    if usingAvar and "avar" in varfont:
+        avarSegments = varfont["avar"].segments
+
+    for axis_tag, (_, default, _) in axes.items():
+        value = axisLimits[axis_tag]
+        if isinstance(value, tuple):
+            minV, maxV = value
+            if minV > default or maxV < default:
+                raise NotImplementedError(
+                    f"Unsupported range {axis_tag}={minV:g}:{maxV:g}; "
+                    f"can't change default position ({axis_tag}={default:g})"
+                )
+
+    normalizedLimits = {}
+    for axis_tag, triple in axes.items():
+        avarMapping = avarSegments.get(axis_tag, None)
+        value = axisLimits[axis_tag]
+        if isinstance(value, tuple):
+            normalizedLimits[axis_tag] = NormalizedAxisRange(
+                *(normalize(v, triple, avarMapping) for v in value)
+            )
+        else:
+            normalizedLimits[axis_tag] = normalize(value, triple, avarMapping)
+    return normalizedLimits
+
+
+def sanityCheckVariableTables(varfont):
+    if "fvar" not in varfont:
+        raise ValueError("Missing required table fvar")
+    if "gvar" in varfont:
+        if "glyf" not in varfont:
+            raise ValueError("Can't have gvar without glyf")
+    # TODO(anthrotype) Remove once we do support partial instancing CFF2
+    if "CFF2" in varfont:
+        raise NotImplementedError("Instancing CFF2 variable fonts is not supported yet")
+
+
+def populateAxisDefaults(varfont, axisLimits):
+    if any(value is None for value in axisLimits.values()):
+        fvar = varfont["fvar"]
+        defaultValues = {a.axisTag: a.defaultValue for a in fvar.axes}
+        return {
+            axisTag: defaultValues[axisTag] if value is None else value
+            for axisTag, value in axisLimits.items()
+        }
+    return axisLimits
+
+
+def instantiateVariableFont(
+    varfont,
+    axisLimits,
+    inplace=False,
+    optimize=True,
+    overlap=OverlapMode.KEEP_AND_SET_FLAGS,
+    updateFontNames=False,
+):
+    """Instantiate variable font, either fully or partially.
+
+    Depending on whether the `axisLimits` dictionary references all or some of the
+    input varfont's axes, the output font will either be a full instance (static
+    font) or a variable font with possibly less variation data.
+
+    Args:
+        varfont: a TTFont instance, which must contain at least an 'fvar' table.
+            Note that variable fonts with 'CFF2' table are not supported yet.
+        axisLimits: a dict keyed by axis tags (str) containing the coordinates (float)
+            along one or more axes where the desired instance will be located.
+            If the value is `None`, the default coordinate as per 'fvar' table for
+            that axis is used.
+            The limit values can also be (min, max) tuples for restricting an
+            axis's variation range. The default axis value must be included in
+            the new range.
+        inplace (bool): whether to modify input TTFont object in-place instead of
+            returning a distinct object.
+        optimize (bool): if False, do not perform IUP-delta optimization on the
+            remaining 'gvar' table's deltas. Possibly faster, and might work around
+            rendering issues in some buggy environments, at the cost of a slightly
+            larger file size.
+        overlap (OverlapMode): variable fonts usually contain overlapping contours, and
+            some font rendering engines on Apple platforms require that the
+            `OVERLAP_SIMPLE` and `OVERLAP_COMPOUND` flags in the 'glyf' table be set to
+            force rendering using a non-zero fill rule. Thus we always set these flags
+            on all glyphs to maximise cross-compatibility of the generated instance.
+            You can disable this by passing OverlapMode.KEEP_AND_DONT_SET_FLAGS.
+            If you want to remove the overlaps altogether and merge overlapping
+            contours and components, you can pass OverlapMode.REMOVE (or
+            REMOVE_AND_IGNORE_ERRORS to not hard-fail on tricky glyphs). Note that this
+            requires the skia-pathops package (available to pip install).
+            The overlap parameter only has effect when generating full static instances.
+        updateFontNames (bool): if True, update the instantiated font's name table using
+            the Axis Value Tables from the STAT table. The name table will be updated so
+            it conforms to the R/I/B/BI model. If the STAT table is missing or
+            an Axis Value table is missing for a given axis coordinate, a ValueError will
+            be raised.
+    """
+    # 'overlap' used to be bool and is now enum; for backward compat keep accepting bool
+    overlap = OverlapMode(int(overlap))
+
+    sanityCheckVariableTables(varfont)
+
+    axisLimits = populateAxisDefaults(varfont, axisLimits)
+
+    normalizedLimits = normalizeAxisLimits(varfont, axisLimits)
+
+    log.info("Normalized limits: %s", normalizedLimits)
+
+    if not inplace:
+        varfont = deepcopy(varfont)
+
+    if updateFontNames:
+        log.info("Updating name table")
+        names.updateNameTable(varfont, axisLimits)
+
+    if "gvar" in varfont:
+        instantiateGvar(varfont, normalizedLimits, optimize=optimize)
+
+    if "cvar" in varfont:
+        instantiateCvar(varfont, normalizedLimits)
+
+    if "MVAR" in varfont:
+        instantiateMVAR(varfont, normalizedLimits)
+
+    if "HVAR" in varfont:
+        instantiateHVAR(varfont, normalizedLimits)
+
+    if "VVAR" in varfont:
+        instantiateVVAR(varfont, normalizedLimits)
+
+    instantiateOTL(varfont, normalizedLimits)
+
+    instantiateFeatureVariations(varfont, normalizedLimits)
+
+    if "avar" in varfont:
+        instantiateAvar(varfont, axisLimits)
+
+    with names.pruningUnusedNames(varfont):
+        if "STAT" in varfont:
+            instantiateSTAT(varfont, axisLimits)
+
+        instantiateFvar(varfont, axisLimits)
+
+    if "fvar" not in varfont:
+        if "glyf" in varfont:
+            if overlap == OverlapMode.KEEP_AND_SET_FLAGS:
+                setMacOverlapFlags(varfont["glyf"])
+            elif overlap in (OverlapMode.REMOVE, OverlapMode.REMOVE_AND_IGNORE_ERRORS):
+                from fontTools.ttLib.removeOverlaps import removeOverlaps
+
+                log.info("Removing overlaps from glyf table")
+                removeOverlaps(
+                    varfont,
+                    ignoreErrors=(overlap == OverlapMode.REMOVE_AND_IGNORE_ERRORS),
+                )
+
+    varLib.set_default_weight_width_slant(
+        varfont,
+        location={
+            axisTag: limit
+            for axisTag, limit in axisLimits.items()
+            if not isinstance(limit, tuple)
+        },
+    )
+
+    return varfont
+
+
+def splitAxisLocationAndRanges(axisLimits, rangeType=AxisRange):
+    location, axisRanges = {}, {}
+    for axisTag, value in axisLimits.items():
+        if isinstance(value, rangeType):
+            axisRanges[axisTag] = value
+        elif isinstance(value, (int, float)):
+            location[axisTag] = value
+        elif isinstance(value, tuple):
+            axisRanges[axisTag] = rangeType(*value)
+        else:
+            raise TypeError(
+                f"Expected number or {rangeType.__name__}, "
+                f"got {type(value).__name__}: {value!r}"
+            )
+    return location, axisRanges
+
+
+def parseLimits(limits):
+    result = {}
+    for limitString in limits:
+        match = re.match(r"^(\w{1,4})=(?:(drop)|(?:([^:]+)(?:[:](.+))?))$", limitString)
+        if not match:
+            raise ValueError("invalid location format: %r" % limitString)
+        tag = match.group(1).ljust(4)
+        if match.group(2):  # 'drop'
+            lbound = None
+        else:
+            lbound = strToFixedToFloat(match.group(3), precisionBits=16)
+        ubound = lbound
+        if match.group(4):
+            ubound = strToFixedToFloat(match.group(4), precisionBits=16)
+        if lbound != ubound:
+            result[tag] = AxisRange(lbound, ubound)
+        else:
+            result[tag] = lbound
+    return result
+
+
+def parseArgs(args):
+    """Parse argv.
+
+    Returns:
+        3-tuple (infile, axisLimits, options)
+        axisLimits is either a Dict[str, Optional[float]], for pinning variation axes
+        to specific coordinates along those axes (with `None` as a placeholder for an
+        axis' default value); or a Dict[str, Tuple(float, float)], meaning limit this
+        axis to min/max range.
+        Axes locations are in user-space coordinates, as defined in the "fvar" table.
+    """
+    from fontTools import configLogger
+    import argparse
+
+    parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(
+        "fonttools varLib.instancer",
+        description="Partially instantiate a variable font",
+    )
+    parser.add_argument("input", metavar="INPUT.ttf", help="Input variable TTF file.")
+    parser.add_argument(
+        "locargs",
+        metavar="AXIS=LOC",
+        nargs="*",
+        help="List of space separated locations. A location consists of "
+        "the tag of a variation axis, followed by '=' and one of number, "
+        "number:number or the literal string 'drop'. "
+        "E.g.: wdth=100 or wght=75.0:125.0 or wght=drop",
+    )
+    parser.add_argument(
+        "-o",
+        "--output",
+        metavar="OUTPUT.ttf",
+        default=None,
+        help="Output instance TTF file (default: INPUT-instance.ttf).",
+    )
+    parser.add_argument(
+        "--no-optimize",
+        dest="optimize",
+        action="store_false",
+        help="Don't perform IUP optimization on the remaining gvar TupleVariations",
+    )
+    parser.add_argument(
+        "--no-overlap-flag",
+        dest="overlap",
+        action="store_false",
+        help="Don't set OVERLAP_SIMPLE/OVERLAP_COMPOUND glyf flags (only applicable "
+        "when generating a full instance)",
+    )
+    parser.add_argument(
+        "--remove-overlaps",
+        dest="remove_overlaps",
+        action="store_true",
+        help="Merge overlapping contours and components (only applicable "
+        "when generating a full instance). Requires skia-pathops",
+    )
+    parser.add_argument(
+        "--ignore-overlap-errors",
+        dest="ignore_overlap_errors",
+        action="store_true",
+        help="Don't crash if the remove-overlaps operation fails for some glyphs.",
+    )
+    parser.add_argument(
+        "--update-name-table",
+        action="store_true",
+        help="Update the instantiated font's `name` table. Input font must have "
+        "a STAT table with Axis Value Tables",
+    )
+    loggingGroup = parser.add_mutually_exclusive_group(required=False)
+    loggingGroup.add_argument(
+        "-v", "--verbose", action="store_true", help="Run more verbosely."
+    )
+    loggingGroup.add_argument(
+        "-q", "--quiet", action="store_true", help="Turn verbosity off."
+    )
+    options = parser.parse_args(args)
+
+    if options.remove_overlaps:
+        if options.ignore_overlap_errors:
+            options.overlap = OverlapMode.REMOVE_AND_IGNORE_ERRORS
+        else:
+            options.overlap = OverlapMode.REMOVE
+    else:
+        options.overlap = OverlapMode(int(options.overlap))
+
+    infile = options.input
+    if not os.path.isfile(infile):
+        parser.error("No such file '{}'".format(infile))
+
+    configLogger(
+        level=("DEBUG" if options.verbose else "ERROR" if options.quiet else "INFO")
+    )
+
+    try:
+        axisLimits = parseLimits(options.locargs)
+    except ValueError as e:
+        parser.error(str(e))
+
+    if len(axisLimits) != len(options.locargs):
+        parser.error("Specified multiple limits for the same axis")
+
+    return (infile, axisLimits, options)
+
+
+def main(args=None):
+    """Partially instantiate a variable font."""
+    infile, axisLimits, options = parseArgs(args)
+    log.info("Restricting axes: %s", axisLimits)
+
+    log.info("Loading variable font")
+    varfont = TTFont(infile)
+
+    isFullInstance = {
+        axisTag for axisTag, limit in axisLimits.items() if not isinstance(limit, tuple)
+    }.issuperset(axis.axisTag for axis in varfont["fvar"].axes)
+
+    instantiateVariableFont(
+        varfont,
+        axisLimits,
+        inplace=True,
+        optimize=options.optimize,
+        overlap=options.overlap,
+        updateFontNames=options.update_name_table,
+    )
+
+    outfile = (
+        os.path.splitext(infile)[0]
+        + "-{}.ttf".format("instance" if isFullInstance else "partial")
+        if not options.output
+        else options.output
+    )
+
+    log.info(
+        "Saving %s font %s",
+        "instance" if isFullInstance else "partial variable",
+        outfile,
+    )
+    varfont.save(outfile)
diff --git a/Lib/fontTools/varLib/instancer/__main__.py b/Lib/fontTools/varLib/instancer/__main__.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..64ffff2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Lib/fontTools/varLib/instancer/__main__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+import sys
+from fontTools.varLib.instancer import main
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    sys.exit(main())
diff --git a/Lib/fontTools/varLib/instancer/names.py b/Lib/fontTools/varLib/instancer/names.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..cfe12a9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Lib/fontTools/varLib/instancer/names.py
@@ -0,0 +1,379 @@
+"""Helpers for instantiating name table records."""
+
+from contextlib import contextmanager
+from copy import deepcopy
+from enum import IntEnum
+import re
+
+
+class NameID(IntEnum):
+    FAMILY_NAME = 1
+    SUBFAMILY_NAME = 2
+    UNIQUE_FONT_IDENTIFIER = 3
+    FULL_FONT_NAME = 4
+    VERSION_STRING = 5
+    POSTSCRIPT_NAME = 6
+    TYPOGRAPHIC_FAMILY_NAME = 16
+    TYPOGRAPHIC_SUBFAMILY_NAME = 17
+    VARIATIONS_POSTSCRIPT_NAME_PREFIX = 25
+
+
+ELIDABLE_AXIS_VALUE_NAME = 2
+
+
+def getVariationNameIDs(varfont):
+    used = []
+    if "fvar" in varfont:
+        fvar = varfont["fvar"]
+        for axis in fvar.axes:
+            used.append(axis.axisNameID)
+        for instance in fvar.instances:
+            used.append(instance.subfamilyNameID)
+            if instance.postscriptNameID != 0xFFFF:
+                used.append(instance.postscriptNameID)
+    if "STAT" in varfont:
+        stat = varfont["STAT"].table
+        for axis in stat.DesignAxisRecord.Axis if stat.DesignAxisRecord else ():
+            used.append(axis.AxisNameID)
+        for value in stat.AxisValueArray.AxisValue if stat.AxisValueArray else ():
+            used.append(value.ValueNameID)
+    # nameIDs <= 255 are reserved by OT spec so we don't touch them
+    return {nameID for nameID in used if nameID > 255}
+
+
+@contextmanager
+def pruningUnusedNames(varfont):
+    from . import log
+
+    origNameIDs = getVariationNameIDs(varfont)
+
+    yield
+
+    log.info("Pruning name table")
+    exclude = origNameIDs - getVariationNameIDs(varfont)
+    varfont["name"].names[:] = [
+        record for record in varfont["name"].names if record.nameID not in exclude
+    ]
+    if "ltag" in varfont:
+        # Drop the whole 'ltag' table if all the language-dependent Unicode name
+        # records that reference it have been dropped.
+        # TODO: Only prune unused ltag tags, renumerating langIDs accordingly.
+        # Note ltag can also be used by feat or morx tables, so check those too.
+        if not any(
+            record
+            for record in varfont["name"].names
+            if record.platformID == 0 and record.langID != 0xFFFF
+        ):
+            del varfont["ltag"]
+
+
+def updateNameTable(varfont, axisLimits):
+    """Update instatiated variable font's name table using STAT AxisValues.
+
+    Raises ValueError if the STAT table is missing or an Axis Value table is
+    missing for requested axis locations.
+
+    First, collect all STAT AxisValues that match the new default axis locations
+    (excluding "elided" ones); concatenate the strings in design axis order,
+    while giving priority to "synthetic" values (Format 4), to form the
+    typographic subfamily name associated with the new default instance.
+    Finally, update all related records in the name table, making sure that
+    legacy family/sub-family names conform to the the R/I/B/BI (Regular, Italic,
+    Bold, Bold Italic) naming model.
+
+    Example: Updating a partial variable font:
+    | >>> ttFont = TTFont("OpenSans[wdth,wght].ttf")
+    | >>> updateNameTable(ttFont, {"wght": AxisRange(400, 900), "wdth": 75})
+
+    The name table records will be updated in the following manner:
+    NameID 1 familyName: "Open Sans" --> "Open Sans Condensed"
+    NameID 2 subFamilyName: "Regular" --> "Regular"
+    NameID 3 Unique font identifier: "3.000;GOOG;OpenSans-Regular" --> \
+        "3.000;GOOG;OpenSans-Condensed"
+    NameID 4 Full font name: "Open Sans Regular" --> "Open Sans Condensed"
+    NameID 6 PostScript name: "OpenSans-Regular" --> "OpenSans-Condensed"
+    NameID 16 Typographic Family name: None --> "Open Sans"
+    NameID 17 Typographic Subfamily name: None --> "Condensed"
+
+    References:
+    https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/typography/opentype/spec/stat
+    https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/typography/opentype/spec/name#name-ids
+    """
+    from . import AxisRange, axisValuesFromAxisLimits
+
+    if "STAT" not in varfont:
+        raise ValueError("Cannot update name table since there is no STAT table.")
+    stat = varfont["STAT"].table
+    if not stat.AxisValueArray:
+        raise ValueError("Cannot update name table since there are no STAT Axis Values")
+    fvar = varfont["fvar"]
+
+    # The updated name table will reflect the new 'zero origin' of the font.
+    # If we're instantiating a partial font, we will populate the unpinned
+    # axes with their default axis values.
+    fvarDefaults = {a.axisTag: a.defaultValue for a in fvar.axes}
+    defaultAxisCoords = deepcopy(axisLimits)
+    for axisTag, val in fvarDefaults.items():
+        if axisTag not in defaultAxisCoords or isinstance(
+            defaultAxisCoords[axisTag], AxisRange
+        ):
+            defaultAxisCoords[axisTag] = val
+
+    axisValueTables = axisValuesFromAxisLimits(stat, defaultAxisCoords)
+    checkAxisValuesExist(stat, axisValueTables, defaultAxisCoords)
+
+    # ignore "elidable" axis values, should be omitted in application font menus.
+    axisValueTables = [
+        v for v in axisValueTables if not v.Flags & ELIDABLE_AXIS_VALUE_NAME
+    ]
+    axisValueTables = _sortAxisValues(axisValueTables)
+    _updateNameRecords(varfont, axisValueTables)
+
+
+def checkAxisValuesExist(stat, axisValues, axisCoords):
+    seen = set()
+    designAxes = stat.DesignAxisRecord.Axis
+    for axisValueTable in axisValues:
+        axisValueFormat = axisValueTable.Format
+        if axisValueTable.Format in (1, 2, 3):
+            axisTag = designAxes[axisValueTable.AxisIndex].AxisTag
+            if axisValueFormat == 2:
+                axisValue = axisValueTable.NominalValue
+            else:
+                axisValue = axisValueTable.Value
+            if axisTag in axisCoords and axisValue == axisCoords[axisTag]:
+                seen.add(axisTag)
+        elif axisValueTable.Format == 4:
+            for rec in axisValueTable.AxisValueRecord:
+                axisTag = designAxes[rec.AxisIndex].AxisTag
+                if axisTag in axisCoords and rec.Value == axisCoords[axisTag]:
+                    seen.add(axisTag)
+
+    missingAxes = set(axisCoords) - seen
+    if missingAxes:
+        missing = ", ".join(f"'{i}={axisCoords[i]}'" for i in missingAxes)
+        raise ValueError(f"Cannot find Axis Values [{missing}]")
+
+
+def _sortAxisValues(axisValues):
+    # Sort by axis index, remove duplicates and ensure that format 4 AxisValues
+    # are dominant.
+    # The MS Spec states: "if a format 1, format 2 or format 3 table has a
+    # (nominal) value used in a format 4 table that also has values for
+    # other axes, the format 4 table, being the more specific match, is used",
+    # https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/typography/opentype/spec/stat#axis-value-table-format-4
+    results = []
+    seenAxes = set()
+    # Sort format 4 axes so the tables with the most AxisValueRecords are first
+    format4 = sorted(
+        [v for v in axisValues if v.Format == 4],
+        key=lambda v: len(v.AxisValueRecord),
+        reverse=True,
+    )
+
+    for val in format4:
+        axisIndexes = set(r.AxisIndex for r in val.AxisValueRecord)
+        minIndex = min(axisIndexes)
+        if not seenAxes & axisIndexes:
+            seenAxes |= axisIndexes
+            results.append((minIndex, val))
+
+    for val in axisValues:
+        if val in format4:
+            continue
+        axisIndex = val.AxisIndex
+        if axisIndex not in seenAxes:
+            seenAxes.add(axisIndex)
+            results.append((axisIndex, val))
+
+    return [axisValue for _, axisValue in sorted(results)]
+
+
+def _updateNameRecords(varfont, axisValues):
+    # Update nametable based on the axisValues using the R/I/B/BI model.
+    nametable = varfont["name"]
+    stat = varfont["STAT"].table
+
+    axisValueNameIDs = [a.ValueNameID for a in axisValues]
+    ribbiNameIDs = [n for n in axisValueNameIDs if _isRibbi(nametable, n)]
+    nonRibbiNameIDs = [n for n in axisValueNameIDs if n not in ribbiNameIDs]
+    elidedNameID = stat.ElidedFallbackNameID
+    elidedNameIsRibbi = _isRibbi(nametable, elidedNameID)
+
+    getName = nametable.getName
+    platforms = set((r.platformID, r.platEncID, r.langID) for r in nametable.names)
+    for platform in platforms:
+        if not all(getName(i, *platform) for i in (1, 2, elidedNameID)):
+            # Since no family name and subfamily name records were found,
+            # we cannot update this set of name Records.
+            continue
+
+        subFamilyName = " ".join(
+            getName(n, *platform).toUnicode() for n in ribbiNameIDs
+        )
+        if nonRibbiNameIDs:
+            typoSubFamilyName = " ".join(
+                getName(n, *platform).toUnicode() for n in axisValueNameIDs
+            )
+        else:
+            typoSubFamilyName = None
+
+        # If neither subFamilyName and typographic SubFamilyName exist,
+        # we will use the STAT's elidedFallbackName
+        if not typoSubFamilyName and not subFamilyName:
+            if elidedNameIsRibbi:
+                subFamilyName = getName(elidedNameID, *platform).toUnicode()
+            else:
+                typoSubFamilyName = getName(elidedNameID, *platform).toUnicode()
+
+        familyNameSuffix = " ".join(
+            getName(n, *platform).toUnicode() for n in nonRibbiNameIDs
+        )
+
+        _updateNameTableStyleRecords(
+            varfont,
+            familyNameSuffix,
+            subFamilyName,
+            typoSubFamilyName,
+            *platform,
+        )
+
+
+def _isRibbi(nametable, nameID):
+    englishRecord = nametable.getName(nameID, 3, 1, 0x409)
+    return (
+        True
+        if englishRecord is not None
+        and englishRecord.toUnicode() in ("Regular", "Italic", "Bold", "Bold Italic")
+        else False
+    )
+
+
+def _updateNameTableStyleRecords(
+    varfont,
+    familyNameSuffix,
+    subFamilyName,
+    typoSubFamilyName,
+    platformID=3,
+    platEncID=1,
+    langID=0x409,
+):
+    # TODO (Marc F) It may be nice to make this part a standalone
+    # font renamer in the future.
+    nametable = varfont["name"]
+    platform = (platformID, platEncID, langID)
+
+    currentFamilyName = nametable.getName(
+        NameID.TYPOGRAPHIC_FAMILY_NAME, *platform
+    ) or nametable.getName(NameID.FAMILY_NAME, *platform)
+
+    currentStyleName = nametable.getName(
+        NameID.TYPOGRAPHIC_SUBFAMILY_NAME, *platform
+    ) or nametable.getName(NameID.SUBFAMILY_NAME, *platform)
+
+    if not all([currentFamilyName, currentStyleName]):
+        raise ValueError(f"Missing required NameIDs 1 and 2 for platform {platform}")
+
+    currentFamilyName = currentFamilyName.toUnicode()
+    currentStyleName = currentStyleName.toUnicode()
+
+    nameIDs = {
+        NameID.FAMILY_NAME: currentFamilyName,
+        NameID.SUBFAMILY_NAME: subFamilyName or "Regular",
+    }
+    if typoSubFamilyName:
+        nameIDs[NameID.FAMILY_NAME] = f"{currentFamilyName} {familyNameSuffix}".strip()
+        nameIDs[NameID.TYPOGRAPHIC_FAMILY_NAME] = currentFamilyName
+        nameIDs[NameID.TYPOGRAPHIC_SUBFAMILY_NAME] = typoSubFamilyName
+    else:
+        # Remove previous Typographic Family and SubFamily names since they're
+        # no longer required
+        for nameID in (
+            NameID.TYPOGRAPHIC_FAMILY_NAME,
+            NameID.TYPOGRAPHIC_SUBFAMILY_NAME,
+        ):
+            nametable.removeNames(nameID=nameID)
+
+    newFamilyName = (
+        nameIDs.get(NameID.TYPOGRAPHIC_FAMILY_NAME) or nameIDs[NameID.FAMILY_NAME]
+    )
+    newStyleName = (
+        nameIDs.get(NameID.TYPOGRAPHIC_SUBFAMILY_NAME) or nameIDs[NameID.SUBFAMILY_NAME]
+    )
+
+    nameIDs[NameID.FULL_FONT_NAME] = f"{newFamilyName} {newStyleName}"
+    nameIDs[NameID.POSTSCRIPT_NAME] = _updatePSNameRecord(
+        varfont, newFamilyName, newStyleName, platform
+    )
+
+    uniqueID = _updateUniqueIdNameRecord(varfont, nameIDs, platform)
+    if uniqueID:
+        nameIDs[NameID.UNIQUE_FONT_IDENTIFIER] = uniqueID
+
+    for nameID, string in nameIDs.items():
+        assert string, nameID
+        nametable.setName(string, nameID, *platform)
+
+    if "fvar" not in varfont:
+        nametable.removeNames(NameID.VARIATIONS_POSTSCRIPT_NAME_PREFIX)
+
+
+def _updatePSNameRecord(varfont, familyName, styleName, platform):
+    # Implementation based on Adobe Technical Note #5902 :
+    # https://wwwimages2.adobe.com/content/dam/acom/en/devnet/font/pdfs/5902.AdobePSNameGeneration.pdf
+    nametable = varfont["name"]
+
+    family_prefix = nametable.getName(
+        NameID.VARIATIONS_POSTSCRIPT_NAME_PREFIX, *platform
+    )
+    if family_prefix:
+        family_prefix = family_prefix.toUnicode()
+    else:
+        family_prefix = familyName
+
+    psName = f"{family_prefix}-{styleName}"
+    # Remove any characters other than uppercase Latin letters, lowercase
+    # Latin letters, digits and hyphens.
+    psName = re.sub(r"[^A-Za-z0-9-]", r"", psName)
+
+    if len(psName) > 127:
+        # Abbreviating the stylename so it fits within 127 characters whilst
+        # conforming to every vendor's specification is too complex. Instead
+        # we simply truncate the psname and add the required "..."
+        return f"{psName[:124]}..."
+    return psName
+
+
+def _updateUniqueIdNameRecord(varfont, nameIDs, platform):
+    nametable = varfont["name"]
+    currentRecord = nametable.getName(NameID.UNIQUE_FONT_IDENTIFIER, *platform)
+    if not currentRecord:
+        return None
+
+    # Check if full name and postscript name are a substring of currentRecord
+    for nameID in (NameID.FULL_FONT_NAME, NameID.POSTSCRIPT_NAME):
+        nameRecord = nametable.getName(nameID, *platform)
+        if not nameRecord:
+            continue
+        if nameRecord.toUnicode() in currentRecord.toUnicode():
+            return currentRecord.toUnicode().replace(
+                nameRecord.toUnicode(), nameIDs[nameRecord.nameID]
+            )
+
+    # Create a new string since we couldn't find any substrings.
+    fontVersion = _fontVersion(varfont, platform)
+    achVendID = varfont["OS/2"].achVendID
+    # Remove non-ASCII characers and trailing spaces
+    vendor = re.sub(r"[^\x00-\x7F]", "", achVendID).strip()
+    psName = nameIDs[NameID.POSTSCRIPT_NAME]
+    return f"{fontVersion};{vendor};{psName}"
+
+
+def _fontVersion(font, platform=(3, 1, 0x409)):
+    nameRecord = font["name"].getName(NameID.VERSION_STRING, *platform)
+    if nameRecord is None:
+        return f'{font["head"].fontRevision:.3f}'
+    # "Version 1.101; ttfautohint (v1.8.1.43-b0c9)" --> "1.101"
+    # Also works fine with inputs "Version 1.101" or "1.101" etc
+    versionNumber = nameRecord.toUnicode().split(";")[0]
+    return versionNumber.lstrip("Version ").strip()
diff --git a/Lib/fontTools/varLib/interpolatable.py b/Lib/fontTools/varLib/interpolatable.py
index d4feed2..cff76ec 100644
--- a/Lib/fontTools/varLib/interpolatable.py
+++ b/Lib/fontTools/varLib/interpolatable.py
@@ -6,176 +6,367 @@
 $ fonttools varLib.interpolatable font1 font2 ...
 """
 
-from __future__ import print_function, division, absolute_import
-from fontTools.misc.py23 import *
-
 from fontTools.pens.basePen import AbstractPen, BasePen
 from fontTools.pens.recordingPen import RecordingPen
 from fontTools.pens.statisticsPen import StatisticsPen
+from fontTools.pens.momentsPen import OpenContourError
+from collections import OrderedDict
 import itertools
+import sys
 
 
 class PerContourPen(BasePen):
-	def __init__(self, Pen, glyphset=None):
-		BasePen.__init__(self, glyphset)
-		self._glyphset = glyphset
-		self._Pen = Pen
-		self._pen = None
-		self.value = []
-	def _moveTo(self, p0):
-		self._newItem()
-		self._pen.moveTo(p0)
-	def _lineTo(self, p1):
-		self._pen.lineTo(p1)
-	def _qCurveToOne(self, p1, p2):
-		self._pen.qCurveTo(p1, p2)
-	def _curveToOne(self, p1, p2, p3):
-		self._pen.curveTo(p1, p2, p3)
-	def _closePath(self):
-		self._pen.closePath()
-		self._pen = None
-	def _endPath(self):
-		self._pen.endPath()
-		self._pen = None
+    def __init__(self, Pen, glyphset=None):
+        BasePen.__init__(self, glyphset)
+        self._glyphset = glyphset
+        self._Pen = Pen
+        self._pen = None
+        self.value = []
 
-	def _newItem(self):
-		self._pen = pen = self._Pen()
-		self.value.append(pen)
+    def _moveTo(self, p0):
+        self._newItem()
+        self._pen.moveTo(p0)
+
+    def _lineTo(self, p1):
+        self._pen.lineTo(p1)
+
+    def _qCurveToOne(self, p1, p2):
+        self._pen.qCurveTo(p1, p2)
+
+    def _curveToOne(self, p1, p2, p3):
+        self._pen.curveTo(p1, p2, p3)
+
+    def _closePath(self):
+        self._pen.closePath()
+        self._pen = None
+
+    def _endPath(self):
+        self._pen.endPath()
+        self._pen = None
+
+    def _newItem(self):
+        self._pen = pen = self._Pen()
+        self.value.append(pen)
+
 
 class PerContourOrComponentPen(PerContourPen):
-
-	def addComponent(self, glyphName, transformation):
-		self._newItem()
-		self.value[-1].addComponent(glyphName, transformation)
+    def addComponent(self, glyphName, transformation):
+        self._newItem()
+        self.value[-1].addComponent(glyphName, transformation)
 
 
 def _vdiff(v0, v1):
-	return tuple(b-a for a,b in zip(v0,v1))
+    return tuple(b - a for a, b in zip(v0, v1))
+
+
 def _vlen(vec):
-	v = 0
-	for x in vec:
-		v += x*x
-	return v
+    v = 0
+    for x in vec:
+        v += x * x
+    return v
+
 
 def _matching_cost(G, matching):
-	return sum(G[i][j] for i,j in enumerate(matching))
+    return sum(G[i][j] for i, j in enumerate(matching))
+
 
 def min_cost_perfect_bipartite_matching(G):
-	n = len(G)
-	try:
-		from scipy.optimize import linear_sum_assignment
-		rows, cols = linear_sum_assignment(G)
-		assert (rows == list(range(n))).all()
-		return list(cols), _matching_cost(G, cols)
-	except ImportError:
-		pass
+    n = len(G)
+    try:
+        from scipy.optimize import linear_sum_assignment
 
-	try:
-		from munkres import Munkres
-		cols = [None] * n
-		for row,col in Munkres().compute(G):
-			cols[row] = col
-		return cols, _matching_cost(G, cols)
-	except ImportError:
-		pass
+        rows, cols = linear_sum_assignment(G)
+        assert (rows == list(range(n))).all()
+        return list(cols), _matching_cost(G, cols)
+    except ImportError:
+        pass
 
-	if n > 6:
-		raise Exception("Install Python module 'munkres' or 'scipy >= 0.17.0'")
+    try:
+        from munkres import Munkres
 
-	# Otherwise just brute-force
-	permutations = itertools.permutations(range(n))
-	best = list(next(permutations))
-	best_cost = _matching_cost(G, best)
-	for p in permutations:
-		cost = _matching_cost(G, p)
-		if cost < best_cost:
-			best, best_cost = list(p), cost
-	return best, best_cost
+        cols = [None] * n
+        for row, col in Munkres().compute(G):
+            cols[row] = col
+        return cols, _matching_cost(G, cols)
+    except ImportError:
+        pass
+
+    if n > 6:
+        raise Exception("Install Python module 'munkres' or 'scipy >= 0.17.0'")
+
+    # Otherwise just brute-force
+    permutations = itertools.permutations(range(n))
+    best = list(next(permutations))
+    best_cost = _matching_cost(G, best)
+    for p in permutations:
+        cost = _matching_cost(G, p)
+        if cost < best_cost:
+            best, best_cost = list(p), cost
+    return best, best_cost
 
 
 def test(glyphsets, glyphs=None, names=None):
 
-	if names is None:
-		names = glyphsets
-	if glyphs is None:
-		glyphs = glyphsets[0].keys()
+    if names is None:
+        names = glyphsets
+    if glyphs is None:
+        glyphs = glyphsets[0].keys()
 
-	hist = []
-	for glyph_name in glyphs:
-		#print()
-		#print(glyph_name)
+    hist = []
+    problems = OrderedDict()
 
-		try:
-			allVectors = []
-			for glyphset,name in zip(glyphsets, names):
-				#print('.', end='')
-				glyph = glyphset[glyph_name]
+    def add_problem(glyphname, problem):
+        problems.setdefault(glyphname, []).append(problem)
 
-				perContourPen = PerContourOrComponentPen(RecordingPen, glyphset=glyphset)
-				glyph.draw(perContourPen)
-				contourPens = perContourPen.value
-				del perContourPen
+    for glyph_name in glyphs:
+        # print()
+        # print(glyph_name)
 
-				contourVectors = []
-				allVectors.append(contourVectors)
-				for contour in contourPens:
-					stats = StatisticsPen(glyphset=glyphset)
-					contour.replay(stats)
-					size = abs(stats.area) ** .5 * .5
-					vector = (
-						int(size),
-						int(stats.meanX),
-						int(stats.meanY),
-						int(stats.stddevX * 2),
-						int(stats.stddevY * 2),
-						int(stats.correlation * size),
-					)
-					contourVectors.append(vector)
-					#print(vector)
+        try:
+            allVectors = []
+            allNodeTypes = []
+            for glyphset, name in zip(glyphsets, names):
+                # print('.', end='')
+                if glyph_name not in glyphset:
+                    add_problem(glyph_name, {"type": "missing", "master": name})
+                    continue
+                glyph = glyphset[glyph_name]
 
-			# Check each master against the next one in the list.
-			for i,(m0,m1) in enumerate(zip(allVectors[:-1],allVectors[1:])):
-				if len(m0) != len(m1):
-					print('%s: %s+%s: Glyphs not compatible!!!!!' % (glyph_name, names[i], names[i+1]))
-					continue
-				if not m0:
-					continue
-				costs = [[_vlen(_vdiff(v0,v1)) for v1 in m1] for v0 in m0]
-				matching, matching_cost = min_cost_perfect_bipartite_matching(costs)
-				if matching != list(range(len(m0))):
-					print('%s: %s+%s: Glyph has wrong contour/component order: %s' % (glyph_name, names[i], names[i+1], matching)) #, m0, m1)
-					break
-				upem = 2048
-				item_cost = round((matching_cost / len(m0) / len(m0[0])) ** .5 / upem * 100)
-				hist.append(item_cost)
-				threshold = 7
-				if item_cost >= threshold:
-					print('%s: %s+%s: Glyph has very high cost: %d%%' % (glyph_name, names[i], names[i+1], item_cost))
+                perContourPen = PerContourOrComponentPen(
+                    RecordingPen, glyphset=glyphset
+                )
+                glyph.draw(perContourPen)
+                contourPens = perContourPen.value
+                del perContourPen
+
+                contourVectors = []
+                nodeTypes = []
+                allNodeTypes.append(nodeTypes)
+                allVectors.append(contourVectors)
+                for ix, contour in enumerate(contourPens):
+                    nodeTypes.append(
+                        tuple(instruction[0] for instruction in contour.value)
+                    )
+                    stats = StatisticsPen(glyphset=glyphset)
+                    try:
+                        contour.replay(stats)
+                    except OpenContourError as e:
+                        add_problem(
+                            glyph_name,
+                            {"master": name, "contour": ix, "type": "open_path"},
+                        )
+                        continue
+                    size = abs(stats.area) ** 0.5 * 0.5
+                    vector = (
+                        int(size),
+                        int(stats.meanX),
+                        int(stats.meanY),
+                        int(stats.stddevX * 2),
+                        int(stats.stddevY * 2),
+                        int(stats.correlation * size),
+                    )
+                    contourVectors.append(vector)
+                    # print(vector)
+
+            # Check each master against the next one in the list.
+            for i, (m0, m1) in enumerate(zip(allNodeTypes[:-1], allNodeTypes[1:])):
+                if len(m0) != len(m1):
+                    add_problem(
+                        glyph_name,
+                        {
+                            "type": "path_count",
+                            "master_1": names[i],
+                            "master_2": names[i + 1],
+                            "value_1": len(m0),
+                            "value_2": len(m1),
+                        },
+                    )
+                if m0 == m1:
+                    continue
+                for pathIx, (nodes1, nodes2) in enumerate(zip(m0, m1)):
+                    if nodes1 == nodes2:
+                        continue
+                    if len(nodes1) != len(nodes2):
+                        add_problem(
+                            glyph_name,
+                            {
+                                "type": "node_count",
+                                "path": pathIx,
+                                "master_1": names[i],
+                                "master_2": names[i + 1],
+                                "value_1": len(nodes1),
+                                "value_2": len(nodes2),
+                            },
+                        )
+                        continue
+                    for nodeIx, (n1, n2) in enumerate(zip(nodes1, nodes2)):
+                        if n1 != n2:
+                            add_problem(
+                                glyph_name,
+                                {
+                                    "type": "node_incompatibility",
+                                    "path": pathIx,
+                                    "node": nodeIx,
+                                    "master_1": names[i],
+                                    "master_2": names[i + 1],
+                                    "value_1": n1,
+                                    "value_2": n2,
+                                },
+                            )
+                            continue
+
+            for i, (m0, m1) in enumerate(zip(allVectors[:-1], allVectors[1:])):
+                if len(m0) != len(m1):
+                    # We already reported this
+                    continue
+                if not m0:
+                    continue
+                costs = [[_vlen(_vdiff(v0, v1)) for v1 in m1] for v0 in m0]
+                matching, matching_cost = min_cost_perfect_bipartite_matching(costs)
+                if matching != list(range(len(m0))):
+                    add_problem(
+                        glyph_name,
+                        {
+                            "type": "contour_order",
+                            "master_1": names[i],
+                            "master_2": names[i + 1],
+                            "value_1": list(range(len(m0))),
+                            "value_2": matching,
+                        },
+                    )
+                    break
+                upem = 2048
+                item_cost = round(
+                    (matching_cost / len(m0) / len(m0[0])) ** 0.5 / upem * 100
+                )
+                hist.append(item_cost)
+                threshold = 7
+                if item_cost >= threshold:
+                    add_problem(
+                        glyph_name,
+                        {
+                            "type": "high_cost",
+                            "master_1": names[i],
+                            "master_2": names[i + 1],
+                            "value_1": item_cost,
+                            "value_2": threshold,
+                        },
+                    )
+
+        except ValueError as e:
+            add_problem(
+                glyph_name,
+                {"type": "math_error", "master": name, "error": e},
+            )
+    return problems
 
 
-		except ValueError as e:
-			print('%s: %s: math error %s; skipping glyph.' % (glyph_name, name, e))
-			print(contour.value)
-			#raise
-	#for x in hist:
-	#	print(x)
+def main(args=None):
+    """Test for interpolatability issues between fonts"""
+    import argparse
 
-def main(args):
-	filenames = args
-	glyphs = None
-	#glyphs = ['uni08DB', 'uniFD76']
-	#glyphs = ['uni08DE', 'uni0034']
-	#glyphs = ['uni08DE', 'uni0034', 'uni0751', 'uni0753', 'uni0754', 'uni08A4', 'uni08A4.fina', 'uni08A5.fina']
+    parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(
+        "fonttools varLib.interpolatable",
+        description=main.__doc__,
+    )
+    parser.add_argument(
+        "--json",
+        action="store_true",
+        help="Output report in JSON format",
+    )
+    parser.add_argument(
+        "inputs", metavar="FILE", type=str, nargs="+", help="Input TTF/UFO files"
+    )
 
-	from os.path import basename
-	names = [basename(filename).rsplit('.', 1)[0] for filename in filenames]
+    args = parser.parse_args(args)
+    glyphs = None
+    # glyphs = ['uni08DB', 'uniFD76']
+    # glyphs = ['uni08DE', 'uni0034']
+    # glyphs = ['uni08DE', 'uni0034', 'uni0751', 'uni0753', 'uni0754', 'uni08A4', 'uni08A4.fina', 'uni08A5.fina']
 
-	from fontTools.ttLib import TTFont
-	fonts = [TTFont(filename) for filename in filenames]
+    from os.path import basename
 
-	glyphsets = [font.getGlyphSet() for font in fonts]
-	test(glyphsets, glyphs=glyphs, names=names)
+    names = [basename(filename).rsplit(".", 1)[0] for filename in args.inputs]
 
-if __name__ == '__main__':
-	import sys
-	main(sys.argv[1:])
+    fonts = []
+    for filename in args.inputs:
+        if filename.endswith(".ufo"):
+            from fontTools.ufoLib import UFOReader
+
+            fonts.append(UFOReader(filename))
+        else:
+            from fontTools.ttLib import TTFont
+
+            fonts.append(TTFont(filename))
+
+    glyphsets = [font.getGlyphSet() for font in fonts]
+    problems = test(glyphsets, glyphs=glyphs, names=names)
+    if args.json:
+        import json
+
+        print(json.dumps(problems))
+    else:
+        for glyph, glyph_problems in problems.items():
+            print(f"Glyph {glyph} was not compatible: ")
+            for p in glyph_problems:
+                if p["type"] == "missing":
+                    print("    Glyph was missing in master %s" % p["master"])
+                if p["type"] == "open_path":
+                    print("    Glyph has an open path in master %s" % p["master"])
+                if p["type"] == "path_count":
+                    print(
+                        "    Path count differs: %i in %s, %i in %s"
+                        % (p["value_1"], p["master_1"], p["value_2"], p["master_2"])
+                    )
+                if p["type"] == "node_count":
+                    print(
+                        "    Node count differs in path %i: %i in %s, %i in %s"
+                        % (
+                            p["path"],
+                            p["value_1"],
+                            p["master_1"],
+                            p["value_2"],
+                            p["master_2"],
+                        )
+                    )
+                if p["type"] == "node_incompatibility":
+                    print(
+                        "    Node %o incompatible in path %i: %s in %s, %s in %s"
+                        % (
+                            p["node"],
+                            p["path"],
+                            p["value_1"],
+                            p["master_1"],
+                            p["value_2"],
+                            p["master_2"],
+                        )
+                    )
+                if p["type"] == "contour_order":
+                    print(
+                        "    Contour order differs: %s in %s, %s in %s"
+                        % (
+                            p["value_1"],
+                            p["master_1"],
+                            p["value_2"],
+                            p["master_2"],
+                        )
+                    )
+                if p["type"] == "high_cost":
+                    print(
+                        "    Interpolation has high cost: cost of %s to %s = %i, threshold %i"
+                        % (
+                            p["master_1"],
+                            p["master_2"],
+                            p["value_1"],
+                            p["value_2"],
+                        )
+                    )
+    if problems:
+        return problems
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    import sys
+
+    problems = main()
+    sys.exit(int(bool(problems)))
diff --git a/Lib/fontTools/varLib/interpolate_layout.py b/Lib/fontTools/varLib/interpolate_layout.py
index ca9ccfe..6d0385d 100644
--- a/Lib/fontTools/varLib/interpolate_layout.py
+++ b/Lib/fontTools/varLib/interpolate_layout.py
@@ -1,19 +1,18 @@
 """
 Interpolate OpenType Layout tables (GDEF / GPOS / GSUB).
 """
-from __future__ import print_function, division, absolute_import
-from fontTools.misc.py23 import *
 from fontTools.ttLib import TTFont
-from fontTools.varLib import models, VarLibError, load_designspace
+from fontTools.varLib import models, VarLibError, load_designspace, load_masters
 from fontTools.varLib.merger import InstancerMerger
 import os.path
 import logging
+from copy import deepcopy
 from pprint import pformat
 
 log = logging.getLogger("fontTools.varLib.interpolate_layout")
 
 
-def interpolate_layout(designspace_filename, loc, master_finder=lambda s:s, mapped=False):
+def interpolate_layout(designspace, loc, master_finder=lambda s:s, mapped=False):
 	"""
 	Interpolate GPOS from a designspace file and location.
 
@@ -26,61 +25,75 @@
 	it is assumed that location is in designspace's internal space and
 	no mapping is performed.
 	"""
+	if hasattr(designspace, "sources"):  # Assume a DesignspaceDocument
+		pass
+	else:  # Assume a file path
+		from fontTools.designspaceLib import DesignSpaceDocument
+		designspace = DesignSpaceDocument.fromfile(designspace)
 
-	axes, internal_axis_supports, base_idx, normalized_master_locs, masters, instances = load_designspace(designspace_filename)
-
-
+	ds = load_designspace(designspace)
 	log.info("Building interpolated font")
-	log.info("Loading master fonts")
-	basedir = os.path.dirname(designspace_filename)
-	master_ttfs = [master_finder(os.path.join(basedir, m['filename'])) for m in masters]
-	master_fonts = [TTFont(ttf_path) for ttf_path in master_ttfs]
 
-	#font = master_fonts[base_idx]
-	font = TTFont(master_ttfs[base_idx])
+	log.info("Loading master fonts")
+	master_fonts = load_masters(designspace, master_finder)
+	font = deepcopy(master_fonts[ds.base_idx])
 
 	log.info("Location: %s", pformat(loc))
 	if not mapped:
-		loc = {name:axes[name].map_forward(v) for name,v in loc.items()}
+		loc = {name: ds.axes[name].map_forward(v) for name,v in loc.items()}
 	log.info("Internal location: %s", pformat(loc))
-	loc = models.normalizeLocation(loc, internal_axis_supports)
+	loc = models.normalizeLocation(loc, ds.internal_axis_supports)
 	log.info("Normalized location: %s", pformat(loc))
 
 	# Assume single-model for now.
-	model = models.VariationModel(normalized_master_locs)
-	assert 0 == model.mapping[base_idx]
+	model = models.VariationModel(ds.normalized_master_locs)
+	assert 0 == model.mapping[ds.base_idx]
 
 	merger = InstancerMerger(font, model, loc)
 
 	log.info("Building interpolated tables")
+	# TODO GSUB/GDEF
 	merger.mergeTables(font, master_fonts, ['GPOS'])
 	return font
 
 
 def main(args=None):
+	"""Interpolate GDEF/GPOS/GSUB tables for a point on a designspace"""
 	from fontTools import configLogger
-
+	import argparse
 	import sys
-	if args is None:
-		args = sys.argv[1:]
 
-	designspace_filename = args[0]
-	locargs = args[1:]
-	outfile = os.path.splitext(designspace_filename)[0] + '-instance.ttf'
+	parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(
+		"fonttools varLib.interpolate_layout",
+		description=main.__doc__,
+	)
+	parser.add_argument('designspace_filename', metavar='DESIGNSPACE',
+		help="Input TTF files")
+	parser.add_argument('locations', metavar='LOCATION', type=str, nargs='+',
+		help="Axis locations (e.g. wdth=120")
+	parser.add_argument('-o', '--output', metavar='OUTPUT',
+		help="Output font file (defaults to <designspacename>-instance.ttf)")
+	parser.add_argument('-l', '--loglevel', metavar='LEVEL', default="INFO",
+		help="Logging level (defaults to INFO)")
 
-	# TODO: allow user to configure logging via command-line options
-	configLogger(level="INFO")
+
+	args = parser.parse_args(args)
+
+	if not args.output:
+		args.output = os.path.splitext(args.designspace_filename)[0] + '-instance.ttf'
+
+	configLogger(level=args.loglevel)
 
 	finder = lambda s: s.replace('master_ufo', 'master_ttf_interpolatable').replace('.ufo', '.ttf')
 
 	loc = {}
-	for arg in locargs:
+	for arg in args.locations:
 		tag,val = arg.split('=')
 		loc[tag] = float(val)
 
-	font = interpolate_layout(designspace_filename, loc, finder)
-	log.info("Saving font %s", outfile)
-	font.save(outfile)
+	font = interpolate_layout(args.designspace_filename, loc, finder)
+	log.info("Saving font %s", args.output)
+	font.save(args.output)
 
 
 if __name__ == "__main__":
diff --git a/Lib/fontTools/varLib/iup.py b/Lib/fontTools/varLib/iup.py
index 912ff0a..45a7a5e 100644
--- a/Lib/fontTools/varLib/iup.py
+++ b/Lib/fontTools/varLib/iup.py
@@ -1,8 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import print_function, division, absolute_import
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-from fontTools.misc.py23 import *
-
-
 def iup_segment(coords, rc1, rd1, rc2, rd2):
 	# rc1 = reference coord 1
 	# rd1 = reference delta 1
@@ -170,8 +165,8 @@
 
 def _iup_contour_optimize_dp(delta, coords, forced={}, tolerance=0, lookback=None):
 	"""Straightforward Dynamic-Programming.  For each index i, find least-costly encoding of
-	points i to n-1 where i is explicitly encoded.  We find this by considering all next
-	explicit points j and check whether interpolation can fill points between i and j.
+	points 0 to i where i is explicitly encoded.  We find this by considering all previous
+	explicit points j and check whether interpolation can fill points between j and i.
 
 	Note that solution always encodes last point explicitly.  Higher-level is responsible
 	for removing that restriction.
diff --git a/Lib/fontTools/varLib/merger.py b/Lib/fontTools/varLib/merger.py
index 4ada4ba..aaf2a51 100644
--- a/Lib/fontTools/varLib/merger.py
+++ b/Lib/fontTools/varLib/merger.py
@@ -1,16 +1,40 @@
 """
 Merge OpenType Layout tables (GDEF / GPOS / GSUB).
 """
-from __future__ import print_function, division, absolute_import
-from fontTools.misc.py23 import *
+import os
+import copy
+from operator import ior
+import logging
 from fontTools.misc import classifyTools
+from fontTools.misc.roundTools import otRound
 from fontTools.ttLib.tables import otTables as ot
 from fontTools.ttLib.tables import otBase as otBase
 from fontTools.ttLib.tables.DefaultTable import DefaultTable
-from fontTools.varLib import builder, varStore
+from fontTools.varLib import builder, models, varStore
+from fontTools.varLib.models import nonNone, allNone, allEqual, allEqualTo
 from fontTools.varLib.varStore import VarStoreInstancer
 from functools import reduce
+from fontTools.otlLib.builder import buildSinglePos
+from fontTools.otlLib.optimize.gpos import (
+    compact_pair_pos,
+    GPOS_COMPACT_MODE_DEFAULT,
+    GPOS_COMPACT_MODE_ENV_KEY,
+)
 
+log = logging.getLogger("fontTools.varLib.merger")
+
+from .errors import (
+    ShouldBeConstant,
+    FoundANone,
+    MismatchedTypes,
+    LengthsDiffer,
+    KeysDiffer,
+    InconsistentGlyphOrder,
+    InconsistentExtensions,
+    UnsupportedFormat,
+    UnsupportedFormat,
+    VarLibMergeError,
+)
 
 class Merger(object):
 
@@ -57,9 +81,16 @@
 		return _default
 
 	def mergeObjects(self, out, lst, exclude=()):
+		if hasattr(out, "ensureDecompiled"):
+			out.ensureDecompiled()
+		for item in lst:
+			if hasattr(item, "ensureDecompiled"):
+				item.ensureDecompiled()
 		keys = sorted(vars(out).keys())
-		assert all(keys == sorted(vars(v).keys()) for v in lst), \
-			(keys, [sorted(vars(v).keys()) for v in lst])
+		if not all(keys == sorted(vars(v).keys()) for v in lst):
+			raise KeysDiffer(self, expected=keys,
+				got=[sorted(vars(v).keys()) for v in lst]
+			)
 		mergers = self.mergersFor(out)
 		defaultMerger = mergers.get('*', self.__class__.mergeThings)
 		try:
@@ -69,42 +100,47 @@
 				values = [getattr(table, key) for table in lst]
 				mergerFunc = mergers.get(key, defaultMerger)
 				mergerFunc(self, value, values)
-		except Exception as e:
-			e.args = e.args + ('.'+key,)
+		except VarLibMergeError as e:
+			e.stack.append('.'+key)
 			raise
 
 	def mergeLists(self, out, lst):
-		count = len(out)
-		assert all(count == len(v) for v in lst), (count, [len(v) for v in lst])
+		if not allEqualTo(out, lst, len):
+			raise LengthsDiffer(self, expected=len(out), got=[len(x) for x in lst])
 		for i,(value,values) in enumerate(zip(out, zip(*lst))):
 			try:
 				self.mergeThings(value, values)
-			except Exception as e:
-				e.args = e.args + ('[%d]' % i,)
+			except VarLibMergeError as e:
+				e.stack.append('[%d]' % i)
 				raise
 
 	def mergeThings(self, out, lst):
-		clazz = type(out)
-		try:
-			assert all(type(item) == clazz for item in lst), (out, lst)
-			mergerFunc = self.mergersFor(out).get(None, None)
-			if mergerFunc is not None:
-				mergerFunc(self, out, lst)
-			elif hasattr(out, '__dict__'):
-				self.mergeObjects(out, lst)
-			elif isinstance(out, list):
-				self.mergeLists(out, lst)
-			else:
-				assert all(out == v for v in lst), (out, lst)
-		except Exception as e:
-			e.args = e.args + (clazz.__name__,)
-			raise
+		if not allEqualTo(out, lst, type):
+			raise MismatchedTypes(self,
+					expected=type(out).__name__,
+					got=[type(x).__name__ for x in lst]
+			)
+		mergerFunc = self.mergersFor(out).get(None, None)
+		if mergerFunc is not None:
+			mergerFunc(self, out, lst)
+		elif hasattr(out, '__dict__'):
+			self.mergeObjects(out, lst)
+		elif isinstance(out, list):
+			self.mergeLists(out, lst)
+		else:
+			if not allEqualTo(out, lst):
+				raise ShouldBeConstant(self, expected=out, got=lst)
 
-	def mergeTables(self, font, master_ttfs, tables):
-
-		for tag in tables:
+	def mergeTables(self, font, master_ttfs, tableTags):
+		for tag in tableTags:
 			if tag not in font: continue
-			self.mergeThings(font[tag], [m[tag] for m in master_ttfs])
+			try:
+				self.ttfs = [m for m in master_ttfs if tag in m]
+				self.mergeThings(font[tag], [m[tag] if tag in m else None
+							     for m in master_ttfs])
+			except VarLibMergeError as e:
+				e.stack.append(tag)
+				raise
 
 #
 # Aligning merger
@@ -112,6 +148,29 @@
 class AligningMerger(Merger):
 	pass
 
+@AligningMerger.merger(ot.GDEF, "GlyphClassDef")
+def merge(merger, self, lst):
+	if self is None:
+		if not allNone(lst):
+			raise NotANone(merger, expected=None, got=lst)
+		return
+
+	lst = [l.classDefs for l in lst]
+	self.classDefs = {}
+	# We only care about the .classDefs
+	self = self.classDefs
+
+	allKeys = set()
+	allKeys.update(*[l.keys() for l in lst])
+	for k in allKeys:
+		allValues = nonNone(l.get(k) for l in lst)
+		if not allEqual(allValues):
+			raise ShouldBeConstant(merger, expected=allValues[0], got=lst, stack=["." + k])
+		if not allValues:
+			self[k] = None
+		else:
+			self[k] = allValues[0]
+
 def _SinglePosUpgradeToFormat2(self):
 	if self.Format == 2: return self
 
@@ -119,7 +178,7 @@
 	ret.Format = 2
 	ret.Coverage = self.Coverage
 	ret.ValueFormat = self.ValueFormat
-	ret.Value = [self.Value for g in ret.Coverage.glyphs]
+	ret.Value = [self.Value for _ in ret.Coverage.glyphs]
 	ret.ValueCount = len(ret.Value)
 
 	return ret
@@ -142,7 +201,8 @@
 	sortKey = font.getReverseGlyphMap().__getitem__
 	order = sorted(combined, key=sortKey)
 	# Make sure all input glyphsets were in proper order
-	assert all(sorted(vs, key=sortKey) == vs for vs in lst)
+	if not all(sorted(vs, key=sortKey) == vs for vs in lst):
+		raise InconsistentGlyphOrder()
 	del combined
 
 	paddedValues = None
@@ -157,7 +217,7 @@
 			  for dict_set in dict_sets]
 	return order, padded
 
-def _Lookup_SinglePos_get_effective_value(subtables, glyph):
+def _Lookup_SinglePos_get_effective_value(merger, subtables, glyph):
 	for self in subtables:
 		if self is None or \
 		   type(self) != ot.SinglePos or \
@@ -169,10 +229,10 @@
 		elif self.Format == 2:
 			return self.Value[self.Coverage.glyphs.index(glyph)]
 		else:
-			assert 0
+			raise UnsupportedFormat(merger, subtable="single positioning lookup")
 	return None
 
-def _Lookup_PairPos_get_effective_value_pair(subtables, firstGlyph, secondGlyph):
+def _Lookup_PairPos_get_effective_value_pair(merger, subtables, firstGlyph, secondGlyph):
 	for self in subtables:
 		if self is None or \
 		   type(self) != ot.PairPos or \
@@ -191,16 +251,18 @@
 			klass2 = self.ClassDef2.classDefs.get(secondGlyph, 0)
 			return self.Class1Record[klass1].Class2Record[klass2]
 		else:
-			assert 0
+			raise UnsupportedFormat(merger, subtable="pair positioning lookup")
 	return None
 
 @AligningMerger.merger(ot.SinglePos)
 def merge(merger, self, lst):
 	self.ValueFormat = valueFormat = reduce(int.__or__, [l.ValueFormat for l in lst], 0)
-	assert len(lst) == 1 or (valueFormat & ~0xF == 0), valueFormat
+	if not (len(lst) == 1 or (valueFormat & ~0xF == 0)):
+		raise UnsupportedFormat(merger, subtable="single positioning lookup")
 
 	# If all have same coverage table and all are format 1,
-	if all(v.Format == 1 for v in lst) and all(self.Coverage.glyphs == v.Coverage.glyphs for v in lst):
+	coverageGlyphs = self.Coverage.glyphs
+	if all(v.Format == 1 for v in lst) and all(coverageGlyphs == v.Coverage.glyphs for v in lst):
 		self.Value = otBase.ValueRecord(valueFormat)
 		merger.mergeThings(self.Value, [v.Value for v in lst])
 		self.ValueFormat = self.Value.getFormat()
@@ -216,7 +278,7 @@
 					    [v.Value for v in lst])
 
 	self.Coverage.glyphs = glyphs
-	self.Value = [otBase.ValueRecord(valueFormat) for g in glyphs]
+	self.Value = [otBase.ValueRecord(valueFormat) for _ in glyphs]
 	self.ValueCount = len(self.Value)
 
 	for i,values in enumerate(padded):
@@ -226,7 +288,7 @@
 			# Note!!! This *might* result in behavior change if ValueFormat2-zeroedness
 			# is different between used subtable and current subtable!
 			# TODO(behdad) Check and warn if that happens?
-			v = _Lookup_SinglePos_get_effective_value(merger.lookup_subtables[i], glyph)
+			v = _Lookup_SinglePos_get_effective_value(merger, merger.lookup_subtables[i], glyph)
 			if v is None:
 				v = otBase.ValueRecord(valueFormat)
 			values[j] = v
@@ -236,7 +298,7 @@
 	# Merge everything else; though, there shouldn't be anything else. :)
 	merger.mergeObjects(self, lst,
 			    exclude=('Format', 'Coverage', 'Value', 'ValueCount'))
-	self.ValueFormat = reduce(int.__or__, [v.getFormat() for v in self.Value], 0)
+	self.ValueFormat = reduce(int.__or__, [v.getEffectiveFormat() for v in self.Value], 0)
 
 @AligningMerger.merger(ot.PairSet)
 def merge(merger, self, lst):
@@ -262,11 +324,14 @@
 			if values[j] is not None:
 				vpair = values[j]
 			else:
-				vpair = _Lookup_PairPos_get_effective_value_pair(merger.lookup_subtables[i], self._firstGlyph, glyph)
+				vpair = _Lookup_PairPos_get_effective_value_pair(
+					merger, merger.lookup_subtables[i], self._firstGlyph, glyph
+				)
 			if vpair is None:
 				v1, v2 = None, None
 			else:
-				v1, v2 = vpair.Value1, vpair.Value2
+				v1 = getattr(vpair, "Value1", None)
+				v2 = getattr(vpair, "Value2", None)
 			v.Value1 = otBase.ValueRecord(merger.valueFormat1, src=v1) if merger.valueFormat1 else None
 			v.Value2 = otBase.ValueRecord(merger.valueFormat2, src=v2) if merger.valueFormat2 else None
 			values[j] = v
@@ -275,12 +340,13 @@
 	merger.mergeLists(self.PairValueRecord, padded)
 
 def _PairPosFormat1_merge(self, lst, merger):
-	assert _all_equal([l.ValueFormat2 == 0 for l in lst if l.PairSet]), "Report bug against fonttools."
+	assert allEqual([l.ValueFormat2 == 0 for l in lst if l.PairSet]), "Report bug against fonttools."
 
 	# Merge everything else; makes sure Format is the same.
 	merger.mergeObjects(self, lst,
 			    exclude=('Coverage',
-				     'PairSet', 'PairSetCount'))
+				     'PairSet', 'PairSetCount',
+				     'ValueFormat1', 'ValueFormat2'))
 
 	empty = ot.PairSet()
 	empty.PairValueRecord = []
@@ -293,7 +359,7 @@
 					    default=empty)
 
 	self.Coverage.glyphs = glyphs
-	self.PairSet = [ot.PairSet() for g in glyphs]
+	self.PairSet = [ot.PairSet() for _ in glyphs]
 	self.PairSetCount = len(self.PairSet)
 	for glyph, ps in zip(glyphs, self.PairSet):
 		ps._firstGlyph = glyph
@@ -328,19 +394,22 @@
 
 	return ret
 
-def _ClassDef_merge_classify(lst, allGlyphs=None):
+def _ClassDef_merge_classify(lst, allGlyphses=None):
 	self = ot.ClassDef()
 	self.classDefs = classDefs = {}
+	allGlyphsesWasNone = allGlyphses is None
+	if allGlyphsesWasNone:
+		allGlyphses = [None] * len(lst)
 
 	classifier = classifyTools.Classifier()
-	for l in lst:
-		sets = _ClassDef_invert(l, allGlyphs=allGlyphs)
+	for classDef,allGlyphs in zip(lst, allGlyphses):
+		sets = _ClassDef_invert(classDef, allGlyphs)
 		if allGlyphs is None:
 			sets = sets[1:]
 		classifier.update(sets)
 	classes = classifier.getClasses()
 
-	if allGlyphs is None:
+	if allGlyphsesWasNone:
 		classes.insert(0, set())
 
 	for i,classSet in enumerate(classes):
@@ -351,25 +420,12 @@
 
 	return self, classes
 
-def _ClassDef_calculate_Format(self, font):
-	fmt = 2
-	ranges = self._getClassRanges(font)
-	if ranges:
-		startGlyph = ranges[0][1]
-		endGlyph = ranges[-1][3]
-		glyphCount = endGlyph - startGlyph + 1
-		if len(ranges) * 3 >= glyphCount + 1:
-			# Format 1 is more compact
-			fmt = 1
-	self.Format = fmt
-
 def _PairPosFormat2_align_matrices(self, lst, font, transparent=False):
 
 	matrices = [l.Class1Record for l in lst]
 
 	# Align first classes
-	self.ClassDef1, classes = _ClassDef_merge_classify([l.ClassDef1 for l in lst], allGlyphs=set(self.Coverage.glyphs))
-	_ClassDef_calculate_Format(self.ClassDef1, font)
+	self.ClassDef1, classes = _ClassDef_merge_classify([l.ClassDef1 for l in lst], [l.Coverage.glyphs for l in lst])
 	self.Class1Count = len(classes)
 	new_matrices = []
 	for l,matrix in zip(lst, matrices):
@@ -380,6 +436,11 @@
 		for classSet in classes:
 			exemplarGlyph = next(iter(classSet))
 			if exemplarGlyph not in coverage:
+				# Follow-up to e6125b353e1f54a0280ded5434b8e40d042de69f,
+				# Fixes https://github.com/googlei18n/fontmake/issues/470
+				# Again, revert 8d441779e5afc664960d848f62c7acdbfc71d7b9
+				# when merger becomes selfless.
+				nullRow = None
 				if nullRow is None:
 					nullRow = ot.Class1Record()
 					class2records = nullRow.Class2Record = []
@@ -389,8 +450,8 @@
 							rec2 = None
 						else:
 							rec2 = ot.Class2Record()
-							rec2.Value1 = otBase.ValueRecord(l.ValueFormat1) if l.ValueFormat1 else None
-							rec2.Value2 = otBase.ValueRecord(l.ValueFormat2) if l.ValueFormat2 else None
+							rec2.Value1 = otBase.ValueRecord(self.ValueFormat1) if self.ValueFormat1 else None
+							rec2.Value2 = otBase.ValueRecord(self.ValueFormat2) if self.ValueFormat2 else None
 						class2records.append(rec2)
 				rec1 = nullRow
 			else:
@@ -403,7 +464,6 @@
 
 	# Align second classes
 	self.ClassDef2, classes = _ClassDef_merge_classify([l.ClassDef2 for l in lst])
-	_ClassDef_calculate_Format(self.ClassDef2, font)
 	self.Class2Count = len(classes)
 	new_matrices = []
 	for l,matrix in zip(lst, matrices):
@@ -420,7 +480,7 @@
 					exemplarGlyph = next(iter(classSet))
 					klass = classDef2.get(exemplarGlyph, 0)
 					rec2 = oldClass2Records[klass]
-				class2Records.append(rec2)
+				class2Records.append(copy.deepcopy(rec2))
 			class1Records.append(rec1new)
 		new_matrices.append(class1Records)
 	matrices = new_matrices
@@ -429,13 +489,14 @@
 	return matrices
 
 def _PairPosFormat2_merge(self, lst, merger):
-	assert _all_equal([l.ValueFormat2 == 0 for l in lst if l.Class1Record]), "Report bug against fonttools."
+	assert allEqual([l.ValueFormat2 == 0 for l in lst if l.Class1Record]), "Report bug against fonttools."
 
 	merger.mergeObjects(self, lst,
 			    exclude=('Coverage',
 				     'ClassDef1', 'Class1Count',
 				     'ClassDef2', 'Class2Count',
-				     'Class1Record'))
+				     'Class1Record',
+				     'ValueFormat1', 'ValueFormat2'))
 
 	# Align coverages
 	glyphs, _ = _merge_GlyphOrders(merger.font,
@@ -460,16 +521,15 @@
 
 @AligningMerger.merger(ot.PairPos)
 def merge(merger, self, lst):
-	# TODO Support differing ValueFormats.
-	merger.valueFormat1 = self.ValueFormat1
-	merger.valueFormat2 = self.ValueFormat2
+	merger.valueFormat1 = self.ValueFormat1 = reduce(int.__or__, [l.ValueFormat1 for l in lst], 0)
+	merger.valueFormat2 = self.ValueFormat2 = reduce(int.__or__, [l.ValueFormat2 for l in lst], 0)
 
 	if self.Format == 1:
 		_PairPosFormat1_merge(self, lst, merger)
 	elif self.Format == 2:
 		_PairPosFormat2_merge(self, lst, merger)
 	else:
-		assert False
+		raise UnsupportedFormat(merger, subtable="pair positioning lookup")
 
 	del merger.valueFormat1, merger.valueFormat2
 
@@ -480,29 +540,137 @@
 	if self.Format == 1:
 		for pairSet in self.PairSet:
 			for pairValueRecord in pairSet.PairValueRecord:
-				pv1 = pairValueRecord.Value1
+				pv1 = getattr(pairValueRecord, "Value1", None)
 				if pv1 is not None:
 					vf1 |= pv1.getFormat()
-				pv2 = pairValueRecord.Value2
+				pv2 = getattr(pairValueRecord, "Value2", None)
 				if pv2 is not None:
 					vf2 |= pv2.getFormat()
 	elif self.Format == 2:
 		for class1Record in self.Class1Record:
 			for class2Record in class1Record.Class2Record:
-				pv1 = class2Record.Value1
+				pv1 = getattr(class2Record, "Value1", None)
 				if pv1 is not None:
 					vf1 |= pv1.getFormat()
-				pv2 = class2Record.Value2
+				pv2 = getattr(class2Record, "Value2", None)
 				if pv2 is not None:
 					vf2 |= pv2.getFormat()
 	self.ValueFormat1 = vf1
 	self.ValueFormat2 = vf2
 
+def _MarkBasePosFormat1_merge(self, lst, merger, Mark='Mark', Base='Base'):
+	self.ClassCount = max(l.ClassCount for l in lst)
+
+	MarkCoverageGlyphs, MarkRecords = \
+		_merge_GlyphOrders(merger.font,
+				   [getattr(l, Mark+'Coverage').glyphs for l in lst],
+				   [getattr(l, Mark+'Array').MarkRecord for l in lst])
+	getattr(self, Mark+'Coverage').glyphs = MarkCoverageGlyphs
+
+	BaseCoverageGlyphs, BaseRecords = \
+		_merge_GlyphOrders(merger.font,
+				   [getattr(l, Base+'Coverage').glyphs for l in lst],
+				   [getattr(getattr(l, Base+'Array'), Base+'Record') for l in lst])
+	getattr(self, Base+'Coverage').glyphs = BaseCoverageGlyphs
+
+	# MarkArray
+	records = []
+	for g,glyphRecords in zip(MarkCoverageGlyphs, zip(*MarkRecords)):
+		allClasses = [r.Class for r in glyphRecords if r is not None]
+
+		# TODO Right now we require that all marks have same class in
+		# all masters that cover them.  This is not required.
+		#
+		# We can relax that by just requiring that all marks that have
+		# the same class in a master, have the same class in every other
+		# master.  Indeed, if, say, a sparse master only covers one mark,
+		# that mark probably will get class 0, which would possibly be
+		# different from its class in other masters.
+		#
+		# We can even go further and reclassify marks to support any
+		# input.  But, since, it's unlikely that two marks being both,
+		# say, "top" in one master, and one being "top" and other being
+		# "top-right" in another master, we shouldn't do that, as any
+		# failures in that case will probably signify mistakes in the
+		# input masters.
+
+		if not allEqual(allClasses):
+			raise ShouldBeConstant(merger, expected=allClasses[0], got=allClasses)
+		else:
+			rec = ot.MarkRecord()
+			rec.Class = allClasses[0]
+			allAnchors = [None if r is None else r.MarkAnchor for r in glyphRecords]
+			if allNone(allAnchors):
+				anchor = None
+			else:
+				anchor = ot.Anchor()
+				anchor.Format = 1
+				merger.mergeThings(anchor, allAnchors)
+			rec.MarkAnchor = anchor
+		records.append(rec)
+	array = ot.MarkArray()
+	array.MarkRecord = records
+	array.MarkCount = len(records)
+	setattr(self, Mark+"Array", array)
+
+	# BaseArray
+	records = []
+	for g,glyphRecords in zip(BaseCoverageGlyphs, zip(*BaseRecords)):
+		if allNone(glyphRecords):
+			rec = None
+		else:
+			rec = getattr(ot, Base+'Record')()
+			anchors = []
+			setattr(rec, Base+'Anchor', anchors)
+			glyphAnchors = [[] if r is None else getattr(r, Base+'Anchor')
+					for r in glyphRecords]
+			for l in glyphAnchors:
+				l.extend([None] * (self.ClassCount - len(l)))
+			for allAnchors in zip(*glyphAnchors):
+				if allNone(allAnchors):
+					anchor = None
+				else:
+					anchor = ot.Anchor()
+					anchor.Format = 1
+					merger.mergeThings(anchor, allAnchors)
+				anchors.append(anchor)
+		records.append(rec)
+	array = getattr(ot, Base+'Array')()
+	setattr(array, Base+'Record', records)
+	setattr(array, Base+'Count', len(records))
+	setattr(self, Base+'Array', array)
+
+@AligningMerger.merger(ot.MarkBasePos)
+def merge(merger, self, lst):
+	if not allEqualTo(self.Format, (l.Format for l in lst)):
+		raise InconsistentFormats(
+			merger,
+			subtable="mark-to-base positioning lookup",
+			expected=self.Format,
+			got=[l.Format for l in lst]
+		)
+	if self.Format == 1:
+		_MarkBasePosFormat1_merge(self, lst, merger)
+	else:
+		raise UnsupportedFormat(merger, subtable="mark-to-base positioning lookup")
+
+@AligningMerger.merger(ot.MarkMarkPos)
+def merge(merger, self, lst):
+	if not allEqualTo(self.Format, (l.Format for l in lst)):
+		raise InconsistentFormats(
+			merger,
+			subtable="mark-to-mark positioning lookup",
+			expected=self.Format,
+			got=[l.Format for l in lst]
+		)
+	if self.Format == 1:
+		_MarkBasePosFormat1_merge(self, lst, merger, 'Mark1', 'Mark2')
+	else:
+		raise UnsupportedFormat(merger, subtable="mark-to-mark positioning lookup")
 
 def _PairSet_flatten(lst, font):
 	self = ot.PairSet()
 	self.Coverage = ot.Coverage()
-	self.Coverage.Format = 1
 
 	# Align them
 	glyphs, padded = _merge_GlyphOrders(font,
@@ -523,12 +691,11 @@
 	return self
 
 def _Lookup_PairPosFormat1_subtables_flatten(lst, font):
-	assert _all_equal([l.ValueFormat2 == 0 for l in lst if l.PairSet]), "Report bug against fonttools."
+	assert allEqual([l.ValueFormat2 == 0 for l in lst if l.PairSet]), "Report bug against fonttools."
 
 	self = ot.PairPos()
 	self.Format = 1
 	self.Coverage = ot.Coverage()
-	self.Coverage.Format = 1
 	self.ValueFormat1 = reduce(int.__or__, [l.ValueFormat1 for l in lst], 0)
 	self.ValueFormat2 = reduce(int.__or__, [l.ValueFormat2 for l in lst], 0)
 
@@ -544,12 +711,11 @@
 	return self
 
 def _Lookup_PairPosFormat2_subtables_flatten(lst, font):
-	assert _all_equal([l.ValueFormat2 == 0 for l in lst if l.Class1Record]), "Report bug against fonttools."
+	assert allEqual([l.ValueFormat2 == 0 for l in lst if l.Class1Record]), "Report bug against fonttools."
 
 	self = ot.PairPos()
 	self.Format = 2
 	self.Coverage = ot.Coverage()
-	self.Coverage.Format = 1
 	self.ValueFormat1 = reduce(int.__or__, [l.ValueFormat1 for l in lst], 0)
 	self.ValueFormat2 = reduce(int.__or__, [l.ValueFormat2 for l in lst], 0)
 
@@ -592,6 +758,30 @@
 
 	return lst
 
+def _Lookup_SinglePos_subtables_flatten(lst, font, min_inclusive_rec_format):
+	glyphs, _ = _merge_GlyphOrders(font,
+		[v.Coverage.glyphs for v in lst], None)
+	num_glyphs = len(glyphs)
+	new = ot.SinglePos()
+	new.Format = 2
+	new.ValueFormat = min_inclusive_rec_format
+	new.Coverage = ot.Coverage()
+	new.Coverage.glyphs = glyphs
+	new.ValueCount = num_glyphs
+	new.Value = [None] * num_glyphs
+	for singlePos in lst:
+		if singlePos.Format == 1:
+			val_rec = singlePos.Value
+			for gname in singlePos.Coverage.glyphs:
+				i = glyphs.index(gname)
+				new.Value[i] = copy.deepcopy(val_rec)
+		elif singlePos.Format == 2:
+			for j, gname in enumerate(singlePos.Coverage.glyphs):
+				val_rec = singlePos.Value[j]
+				i = glyphs.index(gname)
+				new.Value[i] = copy.deepcopy(val_rec)
+	return [new]
+
 @AligningMerger.merger(ot.Lookup)
 def merge(merger, self, lst):
 	subtables = merger.lookup_subtables = [l.SubTable for l in lst]
@@ -601,8 +791,14 @@
 		if not sts:
 			continue
 		if sts[0].__class__.__name__.startswith('Extension'):
-			assert _all_equal([st.__class__ for st in sts])
-			assert _all_equal([st.ExtensionLookupType for st in sts])
+			if not allEqual([st.__class__ for st in sts]):
+				raise InconsistentExtensions(
+					merger,
+					expected="Extension",
+					got=[st.__class__.__name__ for st in sts]
+				)
+			if not allEqual([st.ExtensionLookupType for st in sts]):
+				raise InconsistentExtensions(merger)
 			l.LookupType = sts[0].ExtensionLookupType
 			new_sts = [st.ExtSubTable for st in sts]
 			del sts[:]
@@ -611,12 +807,28 @@
 	isPairPos = self.SubTable and isinstance(self.SubTable[0], ot.PairPos)
 
 	if isPairPos:
-
 		# AFDKO and feaLib sometimes generate two Format1 subtables instead of one.
 		# Merge those before continuing.
 		# https://github.com/fonttools/fonttools/issues/719
 		self.SubTable = _Lookup_PairPos_subtables_canonicalize(self.SubTable, merger.font)
 		subtables = merger.lookup_subtables = [_Lookup_PairPos_subtables_canonicalize(st, merger.font) for st in subtables]
+	else:
+		isSinglePos = self.SubTable and isinstance(self.SubTable[0], ot.SinglePos)
+		if isSinglePos:
+			numSubtables = [len(st) for st in subtables]
+			if not all([nums == numSubtables[0] for nums in numSubtables]):
+				# Flatten list of SinglePos subtables to single Format 2 subtable,
+				# with all value records set to the rec format type.
+				# We use buildSinglePos() to optimize the lookup after merging.
+				valueFormatList = [t.ValueFormat for st in subtables for t in st]
+				# Find the minimum value record that can accomodate all the singlePos subtables.
+				mirf = reduce(ior, valueFormatList)
+				self.SubTable = _Lookup_SinglePos_subtables_flatten(self.SubTable, merger.font, mirf)
+				subtables = merger.lookup_subtables = [
+					_Lookup_SinglePos_subtables_flatten(st, merger.font, mirf) for st in subtables]
+				flattened = True
+			else:
+				flattened = False
 
 	merger.mergeLists(self.SubTable, subtables)
 	self.SubTableCount = len(self.SubTable)
@@ -634,11 +846,29 @@
 			self.SubTable.pop(-1)
 			self.SubTableCount -= 1
 
+		# Compact the merged subtables
+		# This is a good moment to do it because the compaction should create
+		# smaller subtables, which may prevent overflows from happening.
+		mode = os.environ.get(GPOS_COMPACT_MODE_ENV_KEY, GPOS_COMPACT_MODE_DEFAULT)
+		if mode and mode != "0":
+			log.info("Compacting GPOS...")
+			self.SubTable = compact_pair_pos(merger.font, mode, self.SubTable)
+			self.SubTableCount = len(self.SubTable)
+
+	elif isSinglePos and flattened:
+		singlePosTable = self.SubTable[0]
+		glyphs = singlePosTable.Coverage.glyphs
+		# We know that singlePosTable is Format 2, as this is set
+		# in _Lookup_SinglePos_subtables_flatten.
+		singlePosMapping = {
+			gname: valRecord
+			for gname, valRecord in zip(glyphs, singlePosTable.Value)
+		}
+		self.SubTable = buildSinglePos(singlePosMapping, merger.font.getReverseGlyphMap())
 	merger.mergeObjects(self, lst, exclude=['SubTable', 'SubTableCount'])
 
 	del merger.lookup_subtables
 
-
 #
 # InstancerMerger
 #
@@ -653,14 +883,23 @@
 		self.location = location
 		self.scalars = model.getScalars(location)
 
+@InstancerMerger.merger(ot.CaretValue)
+def merge(merger, self, lst):
+	assert self.Format == 1
+	Coords = [a.Coordinate for a in lst]
+	model = merger.model
+	scalars = merger.scalars
+	self.Coordinate = otRound(model.interpolateFromMastersAndScalars(Coords, scalars))
+
 @InstancerMerger.merger(ot.Anchor)
 def merge(merger, self, lst):
+	assert self.Format == 1
 	XCoords = [a.XCoordinate for a in lst]
 	YCoords = [a.YCoordinate for a in lst]
 	model = merger.model
 	scalars = merger.scalars
-	self.XCoordinate = round(model.interpolateFromMastersAndScalars(XCoords, scalars))
-	self.YCoordinate = round(model.interpolateFromMastersAndScalars(YCoords, scalars))
+	self.XCoordinate = otRound(model.interpolateFromMastersAndScalars(XCoords, scalars))
+	self.YCoordinate = otRound(model.interpolateFromMastersAndScalars(YCoords, scalars))
 
 @InstancerMerger.merger(otBase.ValueRecord)
 def merge(merger, self, lst):
@@ -676,7 +915,7 @@
 
 		if hasattr(self, name):
 			values = [getattr(a, name, 0) for a in lst]
-			value = round(model.interpolateFromMastersAndScalars(values, scalars))
+			value = otRound(model.interpolateFromMastersAndScalars(values, scalars))
 			setattr(self, name, value)
 
 
@@ -686,42 +925,43 @@
 
 class MutatorMerger(AligningMerger):
 	"""A merger that takes a variable font, and instantiates
-	an instance."""
+	an instance.  While there's no "merging" to be done per se,
+	the operation can benefit from many operations that the
+	aligning merger does."""
 
-	def __init__(self, font, location):
+	def __init__(self, font, instancer, deleteVariations=True):
 		Merger.__init__(self, font)
-		self.location = location
+		self.instancer = instancer
+		self.deleteVariations = deleteVariations
 
-		store = None
-		if 'GDEF' in font:
-			gdef = font['GDEF'].table
-			if gdef.Version >= 0x00010003:
-				store = gdef.VarStore
+@MutatorMerger.merger(ot.CaretValue)
+def merge(merger, self, lst):
 
-		self.instancer = VarStoreInstancer(store, font['fvar'].axes, location)
+	# Hack till we become selfless.
+	self.__dict__ = lst[0].__dict__.copy()
 
-	def instantiate(self):
-		font = self.font
+	if self.Format != 3:
+		return
 
-		self.mergeTables(font, [font], ['GPOS'])
+	instancer = merger.instancer
+	dev = self.DeviceTable
+	if merger.deleteVariations:
+		del self.DeviceTable
+	if dev:
+		assert dev.DeltaFormat == 0x8000
+		varidx = (dev.StartSize << 16) + dev.EndSize
+		delta = otRound(instancer[varidx])
+		self.Coordinate += delta
 
-		if 'GDEF' in font:
-			gdef = font['GDEF'].table
-			if gdef.Version >= 0x00010003:
-				del gdef.VarStore
-				gdef.Version = 0x00010002
-				if gdef.MarkGlyphSetsDef is None:
-					del gdef.MarkGlyphSetsDef
-					gdef.Version = 0x00010000
-			if not (gdef.LigCaretList or
-				gdef.MarkAttachClassDef or
-				gdef.GlyphClassDef or
-				gdef.AttachList or
-				(gdef.Version >= 0x00010002 and gdef.MarkGlyphSetsDef)):
-				del font['GDEF']
+	if merger.deleteVariations:
+		self.Format = 1
 
 @MutatorMerger.merger(ot.Anchor)
 def merge(merger, self, lst):
+
+	# Hack till we become selfless.
+	self.__dict__ = lst[0].__dict__.copy()
+
 	if self.Format != 3:
 		return
 
@@ -731,29 +971,28 @@
 		if not hasattr(self, tableName):
 			continue
 		dev = getattr(self, tableName)
-		delattr(self, tableName)
+		if merger.deleteVariations:
+			delattr(self, tableName)
 		if dev is None:
 			continue
 
 		assert dev.DeltaFormat == 0x8000
 		varidx = (dev.StartSize << 16) + dev.EndSize
-		delta = round(instancer[varidx])
+		delta = otRound(instancer[varidx])
 
 		attr = v+'Coordinate'
 		setattr(self, attr, getattr(self, attr) + delta)
 
-	self.Format = 1
+	if merger.deleteVariations:
+		self.Format = 1
 
 @MutatorMerger.merger(otBase.ValueRecord)
 def merge(merger, self, lst):
 
-	# All other structs are merged with self pointing to a copy of base font,
-	# except for ValueRecords which are sometimes created later and initialized
-	# to have 0/None members.  Hence the copy.
+	# Hack till we become selfless.
 	self.__dict__ = lst[0].__dict__.copy()
 
 	instancer = merger.instancer
-	# TODO Handle differing valueformats
 	for name, tableName in [('XAdvance','XAdvDevice'),
 				('YAdvance','YAdvDevice'),
 				('XPlacement','XPlaDevice'),
@@ -762,15 +1001,16 @@
 		if not hasattr(self, tableName):
 			continue
 		dev = getattr(self, tableName)
-		delattr(self, tableName)
+		if merger.deleteVariations:
+			delattr(self, tableName)
 		if dev is None:
 			continue
 
 		assert dev.DeltaFormat == 0x8000
 		varidx = (dev.StartSize << 16) + dev.EndSize
-		delta = round(instancer[varidx])
+		delta = otRound(instancer[varidx])
 
-		setattr(self, name, getattr(self, name) + delta)
+		setattr(self, name, getattr(self, name, 0) + delta)
 
 
 #
@@ -783,29 +1023,58 @@
 
 	def __init__(self, model, axisTags, font):
 		Merger.__init__(self, font)
-		self.model = model
 		self.store_builder = varStore.OnlineVarStoreBuilder(axisTags)
+		self.setModel(model)
+
+	def setModel(self, model):
+		self.model = model
 		self.store_builder.setModel(model)
 
-def _all_equal(lst):
-	if not lst:
-		return True
-	it = iter(lst)
-	v0 = next(it)
-	for v in it:
-		if v0 != v:
-			return False
-	return True
+	def mergeThings(self, out, lst):
+		masterModel = None
+		if None in lst:
+			if allNone(lst):
+				if out is not None:
+					raise FoundANone(self, got=lst)
+				return
+			masterModel = self.model
+			model, lst = masterModel.getSubModel(lst)
+			self.setModel(model)
+
+		super(VariationMerger, self).mergeThings(out, lst)
+
+		if masterModel:
+			self.setModel(masterModel)
+
 
 def buildVarDevTable(store_builder, master_values):
-	if _all_equal(master_values):
+	if allEqual(master_values):
 		return master_values[0], None
 	base, varIdx = store_builder.storeMasters(master_values)
 	return base, builder.buildVarDevTable(varIdx)
 
+@VariationMerger.merger(ot.BaseCoord)
+def merge(merger, self, lst):
+	if self.Format != 1:
+		raise UnsupportedFormat(merger, subtable="a baseline coordinate")
+	self.Coordinate, DeviceTable = buildVarDevTable(merger.store_builder, [a.Coordinate for a in lst])
+	if DeviceTable:
+		self.Format = 3
+		self.DeviceTable = DeviceTable
+
+@VariationMerger.merger(ot.CaretValue)
+def merge(merger, self, lst):
+	if self.Format != 1:
+		raise UnsupportedFormat(merger, subtable="a caret")
+	self.Coordinate, DeviceTable = buildVarDevTable(merger.store_builder, [a.Coordinate for a in lst])
+	if DeviceTable:
+		self.Format = 3
+		self.DeviceTable = DeviceTable
+
 @VariationMerger.merger(ot.Anchor)
 def merge(merger, self, lst):
-	assert self.Format == 1
+	if self.Format != 1:
+		raise UnsupportedFormat(merger, subtable="an anchor")
 	self.XCoordinate, XDeviceTable = buildVarDevTable(merger.store_builder, [a.XCoordinate for a in lst])
 	self.YCoordinate, YDeviceTable = buildVarDevTable(merger.store_builder, [a.YCoordinate for a in lst])
 	if XDeviceTable or YDeviceTable:
diff --git a/Lib/fontTools/varLib/models.py b/Lib/fontTools/varLib/models.py
index 10825ac..54063a9 100644
--- a/Lib/fontTools/varLib/models.py
+++ b/Lib/fontTools/varLib/models.py
@@ -1,124 +1,174 @@
 """Variation fonts interpolation models."""
-from __future__ import print_function, division, absolute_import
-from fontTools.misc.py23 import *
 
-__all__ = ['normalizeValue', 'normalizeLocation', 'supportScalar', 'VariationModel']
+__all__ = [
+    "nonNone",
+    "allNone",
+    "allEqual",
+    "allEqualTo",
+    "subList",
+    "normalizeValue",
+    "normalizeLocation",
+    "supportScalar",
+    "VariationModel",
+]
+
+from fontTools.misc.roundTools import noRound
+from .errors import VariationModelError
+
+
+def nonNone(lst):
+    return [l for l in lst if l is not None]
+
+
+def allNone(lst):
+    return all(l is None for l in lst)
+
+
+def allEqualTo(ref, lst, mapper=None):
+    if mapper is None:
+        return all(ref == item for item in lst)
+
+    mapped = mapper(ref)
+    return all(mapped == mapper(item) for item in lst)
+
+
+def allEqual(lst, mapper=None):
+    if not lst:
+        return True
+    it = iter(lst)
+    try:
+        first = next(it)
+    except StopIteration:
+        return True
+    return allEqualTo(first, it, mapper=mapper)
+
+
+def subList(truth, lst):
+    assert len(truth) == len(lst)
+    return [l for l, t in zip(lst, truth) if t]
+
 
 def normalizeValue(v, triple):
-	"""Normalizes value based on a min/default/max triple.
-	>>> normalizeValue(400, (100, 400, 900))
-	0.0
-	>>> normalizeValue(100, (100, 400, 900))
-	-1.0
-	>>> normalizeValue(650, (100, 400, 900))
-	0.5
-	"""
-	lower, default, upper = triple
-	assert lower <= default <= upper, "invalid axis values: %3.3f, %3.3f %3.3f"%(lower, default, upper)
-	v = max(min(v, upper), lower)
-	if v == default:
-		v = 0.
-	elif v < default:
-		v = (v - default) / (default - lower)
-	else:
-		v = (v - default) / (upper - default)
-	return v
+    """Normalizes value based on a min/default/max triple.
+    >>> normalizeValue(400, (100, 400, 900))
+    0.0
+    >>> normalizeValue(100, (100, 400, 900))
+    -1.0
+    >>> normalizeValue(650, (100, 400, 900))
+    0.5
+    """
+    lower, default, upper = triple
+    if not (lower <= default <= upper):
+        raise ValueError(
+            f"Invalid axis values, must be minimum, default, maximum: "
+            f"{lower:3.3f}, {default:3.3f}, {upper:3.3f}"
+        )
+    v = max(min(v, upper), lower)
+    if v == default:
+        v = 0.0
+    elif v < default:
+        v = (v - default) / (default - lower)
+    else:
+        v = (v - default) / (upper - default)
+    return v
+
 
 def normalizeLocation(location, axes):
-	"""Normalizes location based on axis min/default/max values from axes.
-	>>> axes = {"wght": (100, 400, 900)}
-	>>> normalizeLocation({"wght": 400}, axes)
-	{'wght': 0.0}
-	>>> normalizeLocation({"wght": 100}, axes)
-	{'wght': -1.0}
-	>>> normalizeLocation({"wght": 900}, axes)
-	{'wght': 1.0}
-	>>> normalizeLocation({"wght": 650}, axes)
-	{'wght': 0.5}
-	>>> normalizeLocation({"wght": 1000}, axes)
-	{'wght': 1.0}
-	>>> normalizeLocation({"wght": 0}, axes)
-	{'wght': -1.0}
-	>>> axes = {"wght": (0, 0, 1000)}
-	>>> normalizeLocation({"wght": 0}, axes)
-	{'wght': 0.0}
-	>>> normalizeLocation({"wght": -1}, axes)
-	{'wght': 0.0}
-	>>> normalizeLocation({"wght": 1000}, axes)
-	{'wght': 1.0}
-	>>> normalizeLocation({"wght": 500}, axes)
-	{'wght': 0.5}
-	>>> normalizeLocation({"wght": 1001}, axes)
-	{'wght': 1.0}
-	>>> axes = {"wght": (0, 1000, 1000)}
-	>>> normalizeLocation({"wght": 0}, axes)
-	{'wght': -1.0}
-	>>> normalizeLocation({"wght": -1}, axes)
-	{'wght': -1.0}
-	>>> normalizeLocation({"wght": 500}, axes)
-	{'wght': -0.5}
-	>>> normalizeLocation({"wght": 1000}, axes)
-	{'wght': 0.0}
-	>>> normalizeLocation({"wght": 1001}, axes)
-	{'wght': 0.0}
-	"""
-	out = {}
-	for tag,triple in axes.items():
-		v = location.get(tag, triple[1])
-		out[tag] = normalizeValue(v, triple)
-	return out
+    """Normalizes location based on axis min/default/max values from axes.
+    >>> axes = {"wght": (100, 400, 900)}
+    >>> normalizeLocation({"wght": 400}, axes)
+    {'wght': 0.0}
+    >>> normalizeLocation({"wght": 100}, axes)
+    {'wght': -1.0}
+    >>> normalizeLocation({"wght": 900}, axes)
+    {'wght': 1.0}
+    >>> normalizeLocation({"wght": 650}, axes)
+    {'wght': 0.5}
+    >>> normalizeLocation({"wght": 1000}, axes)
+    {'wght': 1.0}
+    >>> normalizeLocation({"wght": 0}, axes)
+    {'wght': -1.0}
+    >>> axes = {"wght": (0, 0, 1000)}
+    >>> normalizeLocation({"wght": 0}, axes)
+    {'wght': 0.0}
+    >>> normalizeLocation({"wght": -1}, axes)
+    {'wght': 0.0}
+    >>> normalizeLocation({"wght": 1000}, axes)
+    {'wght': 1.0}
+    >>> normalizeLocation({"wght": 500}, axes)
+    {'wght': 0.5}
+    >>> normalizeLocation({"wght": 1001}, axes)
+    {'wght': 1.0}
+    >>> axes = {"wght": (0, 1000, 1000)}
+    >>> normalizeLocation({"wght": 0}, axes)
+    {'wght': -1.0}
+    >>> normalizeLocation({"wght": -1}, axes)
+    {'wght': -1.0}
+    >>> normalizeLocation({"wght": 500}, axes)
+    {'wght': -0.5}
+    >>> normalizeLocation({"wght": 1000}, axes)
+    {'wght': 0.0}
+    >>> normalizeLocation({"wght": 1001}, axes)
+    {'wght': 0.0}
+    """
+    out = {}
+    for tag, triple in axes.items():
+        v = location.get(tag, triple[1])
+        out[tag] = normalizeValue(v, triple)
+    return out
+
 
 def supportScalar(location, support, ot=True):
-	"""Returns the scalar multiplier at location, for a master
-	with support.  If ot is True, then a peak value of zero
-	for support of an axis means "axis does not participate".  That
-	is how OpenType Variation Font technology works.
-	>>> supportScalar({}, {})
-	1.0
-	>>> supportScalar({'wght':.2}, {})
-	1.0
-	>>> supportScalar({'wght':.2}, {'wght':(0,2,3)})
-	0.1
-	>>> supportScalar({'wght':2.5}, {'wght':(0,2,4)})
-	0.75
-	>>> supportScalar({'wght':2.5, 'wdth':0}, {'wght':(0,2,4), 'wdth':(-1,0,+1)})
-	0.75
-	>>> supportScalar({'wght':2.5, 'wdth':.5}, {'wght':(0,2,4), 'wdth':(-1,0,+1)}, ot=False)
-	0.375
-	>>> supportScalar({'wght':2.5, 'wdth':0}, {'wght':(0,2,4), 'wdth':(-1,0,+1)})
-	0.75
-	>>> supportScalar({'wght':2.5, 'wdth':.5}, {'wght':(0,2,4), 'wdth':(-1,0,+1)})
-	0.75
-	"""
-	scalar = 1.
-	for axis,(lower,peak,upper) in support.items():
-		if ot:
-			# OpenType-specific case handling
-			if peak == 0.:
-				continue
-			if lower > peak or peak > upper:
-				continue
-			if lower < 0. and upper > 0.:
-				continue
-			v = location.get(axis, 0.)
-		else:
-			assert axis in location
-			v = location[axis]
-		if v == peak:
-			continue
-		if v <= lower or upper <= v:
-			scalar = 0.
-			break;
-		if v < peak:
-			scalar *= (v - lower) / (peak - lower)
-		else: # v > peak
-			scalar *= (v - upper) / (peak - upper)
-	return scalar
+    """Returns the scalar multiplier at location, for a master
+    with support.  If ot is True, then a peak value of zero
+    for support of an axis means "axis does not participate".  That
+    is how OpenType Variation Font technology works.
+    >>> supportScalar({}, {})
+    1.0
+    >>> supportScalar({'wght':.2}, {})
+    1.0
+    >>> supportScalar({'wght':.2}, {'wght':(0,2,3)})
+    0.1
+    >>> supportScalar({'wght':2.5}, {'wght':(0,2,4)})
+    0.75
+    >>> supportScalar({'wght':2.5, 'wdth':0}, {'wght':(0,2,4), 'wdth':(-1,0,+1)})
+    0.75
+    >>> supportScalar({'wght':2.5, 'wdth':.5}, {'wght':(0,2,4), 'wdth':(-1,0,+1)}, ot=False)
+    0.375
+    >>> supportScalar({'wght':2.5, 'wdth':0}, {'wght':(0,2,4), 'wdth':(-1,0,+1)})
+    0.75
+    >>> supportScalar({'wght':2.5, 'wdth':.5}, {'wght':(0,2,4), 'wdth':(-1,0,+1)})
+    0.75
+    """
+    scalar = 1.0
+    for axis, (lower, peak, upper) in support.items():
+        if ot:
+            # OpenType-specific case handling
+            if peak == 0.0:
+                continue
+            if lower > peak or peak > upper:
+                continue
+            if lower < 0.0 and upper > 0.0:
+                continue
+            v = location.get(axis, 0.0)
+        else:
+            assert axis in location
+            v = location[axis]
+        if v == peak:
+            continue
+        if v <= lower or upper <= v:
+            scalar = 0.0
+            break
+        if v < peak:
+            scalar *= (v - lower) / (peak - lower)
+        else:  # v > peak
+            scalar *= (v - upper) / (peak - upper)
+    return scalar
 
 
 class VariationModel(object):
 
-	"""
+    """
 	Locations must be in normalized space.  Ie. base master
 	is at origin (0).
 	>>> from pprint import pprint
@@ -152,165 +202,328 @@
 	 {0: 1.0},
 	 {0: 1.0},
 	 {0: 1.0, 4: 1.0, 5: 1.0},
-	 {0: 1.0, 3: 0.75, 4: 0.25, 5: 1.0, 6: 0.25},
+	 {0: 1.0, 3: 0.75, 4: 0.25, 5: 1.0, 6: 0.6666666666666666},
 	 {0: 1.0,
 	  3: 0.75,
 	  4: 0.25,
 	  5: 0.6666666666666667,
-	  6: 0.16666666666666669,
+	  6: 0.4444444444444445,
 	  7: 0.6666666666666667}]
 	"""
 
-	def __init__(self, locations, axisOrder=[]):
-		locations = [{k:v for k,v in loc.items() if v != 0.} for loc in locations]
-		keyFunc = self.getMasterLocationsSortKeyFunc(locations, axisOrder=axisOrder)
-		axisPoints = keyFunc.axisPoints
-		self.locations = sorted(locations, key=keyFunc)
-		# TODO Assert that locations are unique.
-		self.mapping = [self.locations.index(l) for l in locations] # Mapping from user's master order to our master order
-		self.reverseMapping = [locations.index(l) for l in self.locations] # Reverse of above
+    def __init__(self, locations, axisOrder=None):
+        if len(set(tuple(sorted(l.items())) for l in locations)) != len(locations):
+            raise VariationModelError("Locations must be unique.")
 
-		self._computeMasterSupports(axisPoints)
+        self.origLocations = locations
+        self.axisOrder = axisOrder if axisOrder is not None else []
 
-	@staticmethod
-	def getMasterLocationsSortKeyFunc(locations, axisOrder=[]):
-		assert {} in locations, "Base master not found."
-		axisPoints = {}
-		for loc in locations:
-			if len(loc) != 1:
-				continue
-			axis = next(iter(loc))
-			value = loc[axis]
-			if axis not in axisPoints:
-				axisPoints[axis] = {0.}
-			assert value not in axisPoints[axis]
-			axisPoints[axis].add(value)
+        locations = [{k: v for k, v in loc.items() if v != 0.0} for loc in locations]
+        keyFunc = self.getMasterLocationsSortKeyFunc(
+            locations, axisOrder=self.axisOrder
+        )
+        self.locations = sorted(locations, key=keyFunc)
 
-		def getKey(axisPoints, axisOrder):
-			def sign(v):
-				return -1 if v < 0 else +1 if v > 0 else 0
-			def key(loc):
-				rank = len(loc)
-				onPointAxes = [axis for axis,value in loc.items() if value in axisPoints[axis]]
-				orderedAxes = [axis for axis in axisOrder if axis in loc]
-				orderedAxes.extend([axis for axis in sorted(loc.keys()) if axis not in axisOrder])
-				return (
-					rank, # First, order by increasing rank
-					-len(onPointAxes), # Next, by decreasing number of onPoint axes
-					tuple(axisOrder.index(axis) if axis in axisOrder else 0x10000 for axis in orderedAxes), # Next, by known axes
-					tuple(orderedAxes), # Next, by all axes
-					tuple(sign(loc[axis]) for axis in orderedAxes), # Next, by signs of axis values
-					tuple(abs(loc[axis]) for axis in orderedAxes), # Next, by absolute value of axis values
-				)
-			return key
+        # Mapping from user's master order to our master order
+        self.mapping = [self.locations.index(l) for l in locations]
+        self.reverseMapping = [locations.index(l) for l in self.locations]
 
-		ret = getKey(axisPoints, axisOrder)
-		ret.axisPoints = axisPoints
-		return ret
+        self._computeMasterSupports()
+        self._subModels = {}
 
-	@staticmethod
-	def lowerBound(value, lst):
-		if any(v < value for v in lst):
-			return max(v for v in lst if v < value)
-		else:
-			return value
-	@staticmethod
-	def upperBound(value, lst):
-		if any(v > value for v in lst):
-			return min(v for v in lst if v > value)
-		else:
-			return value
+    def getSubModel(self, items):
+        if None not in items:
+            return self, items
+        key = tuple(v is not None for v in items)
+        subModel = self._subModels.get(key)
+        if subModel is None:
+            subModel = VariationModel(subList(key, self.origLocations), self.axisOrder)
+            self._subModels[key] = subModel
+        return subModel, subList(key, items)
 
-	def _computeMasterSupports(self, axisPoints):
-		supports = []
-		deltaWeights = []
-		locations = self.locations
-		for i,loc in enumerate(locations):
-			box = {}
+    @staticmethod
+    def getMasterLocationsSortKeyFunc(locations, axisOrder=[]):
+        if {} not in locations:
+            raise VariationModelError("Base master not found.")
+        axisPoints = {}
+        for loc in locations:
+            if len(loc) != 1:
+                continue
+            axis = next(iter(loc))
+            value = loc[axis]
+            if axis not in axisPoints:
+                axisPoints[axis] = {0.0}
+            assert (
+                value not in axisPoints[axis]
+            ), 'Value "%s" in axisPoints["%s"] -->  %s' % (value, axis, axisPoints)
+            axisPoints[axis].add(value)
 
-			# Account for axisPoints first
-			for axis,values in axisPoints.items():
-				if not axis in loc:
-					continue
-				locV = loc[axis]
-				box[axis] = (self.lowerBound(locV, values), locV, self.upperBound(locV, values))
+        def getKey(axisPoints, axisOrder):
+            def sign(v):
+                return -1 if v < 0 else +1 if v > 0 else 0
 
-			locAxes = set(loc.keys())
-			# Walk over previous masters now
-			for j,m in enumerate(locations[:i]):
-				# Master with extra axes do not participte
-				if not set(m.keys()).issubset(locAxes):
-					continue
-				# If it's NOT in the current box, it does not participate
-				relevant = True
-				for axis, (lower,_,upper) in box.items():
-					if axis in m and not (lower < m[axis] < upper):
-						relevant = False
-						break
-				if not relevant:
-					continue
-				# Split the box for new master
-				for axis,val in m.items():
-					assert axis in box
-					lower,locV,upper = box[axis]
-					if val < locV:
-						lower = val
-					elif locV < val:
-						upper = val
-					box[axis] = (lower,locV,upper)
-			supports.append(box)
+            def key(loc):
+                rank = len(loc)
+                onPointAxes = [
+                    axis
+                    for axis, value in loc.items()
+                    if axis in axisPoints and value in axisPoints[axis]
+                ]
+                orderedAxes = [axis for axis in axisOrder if axis in loc]
+                orderedAxes.extend(
+                    [axis for axis in sorted(loc.keys()) if axis not in axisOrder]
+                )
+                return (
+                    rank,  # First, order by increasing rank
+                    -len(onPointAxes),  # Next, by decreasing number of onPoint axes
+                    tuple(
+                        axisOrder.index(axis) if axis in axisOrder else 0x10000
+                        for axis in orderedAxes
+                    ),  # Next, by known axes
+                    tuple(orderedAxes),  # Next, by all axes
+                    tuple(
+                        sign(loc[axis]) for axis in orderedAxes
+                    ),  # Next, by signs of axis values
+                    tuple(
+                        abs(loc[axis]) for axis in orderedAxes
+                    ),  # Next, by absolute value of axis values
+                )
 
-			deltaWeight = {}
-			# Walk over previous masters now, populate deltaWeight
-			for j,m in enumerate(locations[:i]):
-				scalar = supportScalar(loc, supports[j])
-				if scalar:
-					deltaWeight[j] = scalar
-			deltaWeights.append(deltaWeight)
+            return key
 
-		self.supports = supports
-		self.deltaWeights = deltaWeights
+        ret = getKey(axisPoints, axisOrder)
+        return ret
 
-	def getDeltas(self, masterValues):
-		assert len(masterValues) == len(self.deltaWeights)
-		mapping = self.reverseMapping
-		out = []
-		for i,weights in enumerate(self.deltaWeights):
-			delta = masterValues[mapping[i]]
-			for j,weight in weights.items():
-				delta -= out[j] * weight
-			out.append(delta)
-		return out
+    def reorderMasters(self, master_list, mapping):
+        # For changing the master data order without
+        # recomputing supports and deltaWeights.
+        new_list = [master_list[idx] for idx in mapping]
+        self.origLocations = [self.origLocations[idx] for idx in mapping]
+        locations = [
+            {k: v for k, v in loc.items() if v != 0.0} for loc in self.origLocations
+        ]
+        self.mapping = [self.locations.index(l) for l in locations]
+        self.reverseMapping = [locations.index(l) for l in self.locations]
+        self._subModels = {}
+        return new_list
 
-	def getScalars(self, loc):
-		return [supportScalar(loc, support) for support in self.supports]
+    def _computeMasterSupports(self):
+        self.supports = []
+        regions = self._locationsToRegions()
+        for i, region in enumerate(regions):
+            locAxes = set(region.keys())
+            # Walk over previous masters now
+            for prev_region in regions[:i]:
+                # Master with extra axes do not participte
+                if not set(prev_region.keys()).issubset(locAxes):
+                    continue
+                # If it's NOT in the current box, it does not participate
+                relevant = True
+                for axis, (lower, peak, upper) in region.items():
+                    if axis not in prev_region or not (
+                        prev_region[axis][1] == peak
+                        or lower < prev_region[axis][1] < upper
+                    ):
+                        relevant = False
+                        break
+                if not relevant:
+                    continue
 
-	@staticmethod
-	def interpolateFromDeltasAndScalars(deltas, scalars):
-		v = None
-		assert len(deltas) == len(scalars)
-		for i,(delta,scalar) in enumerate(zip(deltas, scalars)):
-			if not scalar: continue
-			contribution = delta * scalar
-			if v is None:
-				v = contribution
-			else:
-				v += contribution
-		return v
+                # Split the box for new master; split in whatever direction
+                # that has largest range ratio.
+                #
+                # For symmetry, we actually cut across multiple axes
+                # if they have the largest, equal, ratio.
+                # https://github.com/fonttools/fonttools/commit/7ee81c8821671157968b097f3e55309a1faa511e#commitcomment-31054804
 
-	def interpolateFromDeltas(self, loc, deltas):
-		scalars = self.getScalars(loc)
-		return self.interpolateFromDeltasAndScalars(deltas, scalars)
+                bestAxes = {}
+                bestRatio = -1
+                for axis in prev_region.keys():
+                    val = prev_region[axis][1]
+                    assert axis in region
+                    lower, locV, upper = region[axis]
+                    newLower, newUpper = lower, upper
+                    if val < locV:
+                        newLower = val
+                        ratio = (val - locV) / (lower - locV)
+                    elif locV < val:
+                        newUpper = val
+                        ratio = (val - locV) / (upper - locV)
+                    else:  # val == locV
+                        # Can't split box in this direction.
+                        continue
+                    if ratio > bestRatio:
+                        bestAxes = {}
+                        bestRatio = ratio
+                    if ratio == bestRatio:
+                        bestAxes[axis] = (newLower, locV, newUpper)
 
-	def interpolateFromMasters(self, loc, masterValues):
-		deltas = self.getDeltas(masterValues)
-		return self.interpolateFromDeltas(loc, deltas)
+                for axis, triple in bestAxes.items():
+                    region[axis] = triple
+            self.supports.append(region)
+        self._computeDeltaWeights()
 
-	def interpolateFromMastersAndScalars(self, masterValues, scalars):
-		deltas = self.getDeltas(masterValues)
-		return self.interpolateFromDeltasAndScalars(deltas, scalars)
+    def _locationsToRegions(self):
+        locations = self.locations
+        # Compute min/max across each axis, use it as total range.
+        # TODO Take this as input from outside?
+        minV = {}
+        maxV = {}
+        for l in locations:
+            for k, v in l.items():
+                minV[k] = min(v, minV.get(k, v))
+                maxV[k] = max(v, maxV.get(k, v))
+
+        regions = []
+        for loc in locations:
+            region = {}
+            for axis, locV in loc.items():
+                if locV > 0:
+                    region[axis] = (0, locV, maxV[axis])
+                else:
+                    region[axis] = (minV[axis], locV, 0)
+            regions.append(region)
+        return regions
+
+    def _computeDeltaWeights(self):
+        self.deltaWeights = []
+        for i, loc in enumerate(self.locations):
+            deltaWeight = {}
+            # Walk over previous masters now, populate deltaWeight
+            for j, support in enumerate(self.supports[:i]):
+                scalar = supportScalar(loc, support)
+                if scalar:
+                    deltaWeight[j] = scalar
+            self.deltaWeights.append(deltaWeight)
+
+    def getDeltas(self, masterValues, *, round=noRound):
+        assert len(masterValues) == len(self.deltaWeights)
+        mapping = self.reverseMapping
+        out = []
+        for i, weights in enumerate(self.deltaWeights):
+            delta = masterValues[mapping[i]]
+            for j, weight in weights.items():
+                if weight == 1:
+                    delta -= out[j]
+                else:
+                    delta -= out[j] * weight
+            out.append(round(delta))
+        return out
+
+    def getDeltasAndSupports(self, items, *, round=noRound):
+        model, items = self.getSubModel(items)
+        return model.getDeltas(items, round=round), model.supports
+
+    def getScalars(self, loc):
+        return [supportScalar(loc, support) for support in self.supports]
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def interpolateFromDeltasAndScalars(deltas, scalars):
+        v = None
+        assert len(deltas) == len(scalars)
+        for delta, scalar in zip(deltas, scalars):
+            if not scalar:
+                continue
+            contribution = delta * scalar
+            if v is None:
+                v = contribution
+            else:
+                v += contribution
+        return v
+
+    def interpolateFromDeltas(self, loc, deltas):
+        scalars = self.getScalars(loc)
+        return self.interpolateFromDeltasAndScalars(deltas, scalars)
+
+    def interpolateFromMasters(self, loc, masterValues, *, round=noRound):
+        deltas = self.getDeltas(masterValues, round=round)
+        return self.interpolateFromDeltas(loc, deltas)
+
+    def interpolateFromMastersAndScalars(self, masterValues, scalars, *, round=noRound):
+        deltas = self.getDeltas(masterValues, round=round)
+        return self.interpolateFromDeltasAndScalars(deltas, scalars)
+
+
+def piecewiseLinearMap(v, mapping):
+    keys = mapping.keys()
+    if not keys:
+        return v
+    if v in keys:
+        return mapping[v]
+    k = min(keys)
+    if v < k:
+        return v + mapping[k] - k
+    k = max(keys)
+    if v > k:
+        return v + mapping[k] - k
+    # Interpolate
+    a = max(k for k in keys if k < v)
+    b = min(k for k in keys if k > v)
+    va = mapping[a]
+    vb = mapping[b]
+    return va + (vb - va) * (v - a) / (b - a)
+
+
+def main(args=None):
+    """Normalize locations on a given designspace"""
+    from fontTools import configLogger
+    import argparse
+
+    parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(
+        "fonttools varLib.models",
+        description=main.__doc__,
+    )
+    parser.add_argument(
+        "--loglevel",
+        metavar="LEVEL",
+        default="INFO",
+        help="Logging level (defaults to INFO)",
+    )
+
+    group = parser.add_mutually_exclusive_group(required=True)
+    group.add_argument("-d", "--designspace", metavar="DESIGNSPACE", type=str)
+    group.add_argument(
+        "-l",
+        "--locations",
+        metavar="LOCATION",
+        nargs="+",
+        help="Master locations as comma-separate coordinates. One must be all zeros.",
+    )
+
+    args = parser.parse_args(args)
+
+    configLogger(level=args.loglevel)
+    from pprint import pprint
+
+    if args.designspace:
+        from fontTools.designspaceLib import DesignSpaceDocument
+
+        doc = DesignSpaceDocument()
+        doc.read(args.designspace)
+        locs = [s.location for s in doc.sources]
+        print("Original locations:")
+        pprint(locs)
+        doc.normalize()
+        print("Normalized locations:")
+        locs = [s.location for s in doc.sources]
+        pprint(locs)
+    else:
+        axes = [chr(c) for c in range(ord("A"), ord("Z") + 1)]
+        locs = [
+            dict(zip(axes, (float(v) for v in s.split(",")))) for s in args.locations
+        ]
+
+    model = VariationModel(locs)
+    print("Sorted locations:")
+    pprint(model.locations)
+    print("Supports:")
+    pprint(model.supports)
 
 
 if __name__ == "__main__":
-	import doctest, sys
-	sys.exit(doctest.testmod().failed)
+    import doctest, sys
+
+    if len(sys.argv) > 1:
+        sys.exit(main())
+
+    sys.exit(doctest.testmod().failed)
diff --git a/Lib/fontTools/varLib/mutator.py b/Lib/fontTools/varLib/mutator.py
index 0d1e5b1..263c4e6 100644
--- a/Lib/fontTools/varLib/mutator.py
+++ b/Lib/fontTools/varLib/mutator.py
@@ -1,27 +1,155 @@
 """
 Instantiate a variation font.  Run, eg:
 
-$ python mutator.py ./NotoSansArabic-VF.ttf wght=140 wdth=85
+$ fonttools varLib.mutator ./NotoSansArabic-VF.ttf wght=140 wdth=85
 """
-from __future__ import print_function, division, absolute_import
-from fontTools.misc.py23 import *
-from fontTools.misc.fixedTools import floatToFixedToFloat
-from fontTools.ttLib import TTFont
-from fontTools.ttLib.tables._g_l_y_f import GlyphCoordinates
-from fontTools.varLib import _GetCoordinates, _SetCoordinates, _DesignspaceAxis
-from fontTools.varLib.models import supportScalar, normalizeLocation
+from fontTools.misc.fixedTools import floatToFixedToFloat, floatToFixed
+from fontTools.misc.roundTools import otRound
+from fontTools.pens.boundsPen import BoundsPen
+from fontTools.ttLib import TTFont, newTable
+from fontTools.ttLib.tables import ttProgram
+from fontTools.ttLib.tables._g_l_y_f import GlyphCoordinates, flagOverlapSimple, OVERLAP_COMPOUND
+from fontTools.varLib.models import (
+	supportScalar,
+	normalizeLocation,
+	piecewiseLinearMap,
+)
 from fontTools.varLib.merger import MutatorMerger
 from fontTools.varLib.varStore import VarStoreInstancer
 from fontTools.varLib.mvar import MVAR_ENTRIES
 from fontTools.varLib.iup import iup_delta
+import fontTools.subset.cff
 import os.path
 import logging
+from io import BytesIO
 
 
 log = logging.getLogger("fontTools.varlib.mutator")
 
+# map 'wdth' axis (1..200) to OS/2.usWidthClass (1..9), rounding to closest
+OS2_WIDTH_CLASS_VALUES = {}
+percents = [50.0, 62.5, 75.0, 87.5, 100.0, 112.5, 125.0, 150.0, 200.0]
+for i, (prev, curr) in enumerate(zip(percents[:-1], percents[1:]), start=1):
+	half = (prev + curr) / 2
+	OS2_WIDTH_CLASS_VALUES[half] = i
 
-def instantiateVariableFont(varfont, location, inplace=False):
+
+def interpolate_cff2_PrivateDict(topDict, interpolateFromDeltas):
+	pd_blend_lists = ("BlueValues", "OtherBlues", "FamilyBlues",
+						"FamilyOtherBlues", "StemSnapH",
+						"StemSnapV")
+	pd_blend_values = ("BlueScale", "BlueShift",
+						"BlueFuzz", "StdHW", "StdVW")
+	for fontDict in topDict.FDArray:
+		pd = fontDict.Private
+		vsindex = pd.vsindex if (hasattr(pd, 'vsindex')) else 0
+		for key, value in pd.rawDict.items():
+			if (key in pd_blend_values) and isinstance(value, list):
+					delta = interpolateFromDeltas(vsindex, value[1:])
+					pd.rawDict[key] = otRound(value[0] + delta)
+			elif (key in pd_blend_lists) and isinstance(value[0], list):
+				"""If any argument in a BlueValues list is a blend list,
+				then they all are. The first value of each list is an
+				absolute value. The delta tuples are calculated from
+				relative master values, hence we need to append all the
+				deltas to date to each successive absolute value."""
+				delta = 0
+				for i, val_list in enumerate(value):
+					delta += otRound(interpolateFromDeltas(vsindex,
+										val_list[1:]))
+					value[i] = val_list[0] + delta
+
+
+def interpolate_cff2_charstrings(topDict, interpolateFromDeltas, glyphOrder):
+	charstrings = topDict.CharStrings
+	for gname in glyphOrder:
+		# Interpolate charstring
+		# e.g replace blend op args with regular args,
+		# and use and discard vsindex op.
+		charstring = charstrings[gname]
+		new_program = []
+		vsindex = 0
+		last_i = 0
+		for i, token in enumerate(charstring.program):
+			if token == 'vsindex':
+				vsindex = charstring.program[i - 1]
+				if last_i != 0:
+					new_program.extend(charstring.program[last_i:i - 1])
+				last_i = i + 1
+			elif token == 'blend':
+				num_regions = charstring.getNumRegions(vsindex)
+				numMasters = 1 + num_regions
+				num_args = charstring.program[i - 1]
+				# The program list starting at program[i] is now:
+				# ..args for following operations
+				# num_args values  from the default font
+				# num_args tuples, each with numMasters-1 delta values
+				# num_blend_args
+				# 'blend'
+				argi = i - (num_args * numMasters + 1)
+				end_args = tuplei = argi + num_args
+				while argi < end_args:
+					next_ti = tuplei + num_regions
+					deltas = charstring.program[tuplei:next_ti]
+					delta = interpolateFromDeltas(vsindex, deltas)
+					charstring.program[argi] += otRound(delta)
+					tuplei = next_ti
+					argi += 1
+				new_program.extend(charstring.program[last_i:end_args])
+				last_i = i + 1
+		if last_i != 0:
+			new_program.extend(charstring.program[last_i:])
+			charstring.program = new_program
+
+
+def interpolate_cff2_metrics(varfont, topDict, glyphOrder, loc):
+	"""Unlike TrueType glyphs, neither advance width nor bounding box
+	info is stored in a CFF2 charstring. The width data exists only in
+	the hmtx and HVAR tables. Since LSB data cannot be interpolated
+	reliably from the master LSB values in the hmtx table, we traverse
+	the charstring to determine the actual bound box. """
+
+	charstrings = topDict.CharStrings
+	boundsPen = BoundsPen(glyphOrder)
+	hmtx = varfont['hmtx']
+	hvar_table = None
+	if 'HVAR' in varfont:
+		hvar_table = varfont['HVAR'].table
+		fvar = varfont['fvar']
+		varStoreInstancer = VarStoreInstancer(hvar_table.VarStore, fvar.axes, loc)
+
+	for gid, gname in enumerate(glyphOrder):
+		entry = list(hmtx[gname])
+		# get width delta.
+		if hvar_table:
+			if hvar_table.AdvWidthMap:
+				width_idx = hvar_table.AdvWidthMap.mapping[gname]
+			else:
+				width_idx = gid
+			width_delta = otRound(varStoreInstancer[width_idx])
+		else:
+			width_delta = 0
+
+		# get LSB.
+		boundsPen.init()
+		charstring = charstrings[gname]
+		charstring.draw(boundsPen)
+		if boundsPen.bounds is None:
+			# Happens with non-marking glyphs
+			lsb_delta = 0
+		else:
+			lsb = otRound(boundsPen.bounds[0])
+			lsb_delta = entry[1] - lsb
+
+		if lsb_delta or width_delta:
+			if width_delta:
+				entry[0] += width_delta
+			if lsb_delta:
+				entry[1] = lsb
+			hmtx[gname] = tuple(entry)
+
+
+def instantiateVariableFont(varfont, location, inplace=False, overlap=True):
 	""" Generate a static instance from a variable TTFont and a dictionary
 	defining the desired location along the variable font's axes.
 	The location values must be specified as user-space coordinates, e.g.:
@@ -30,6 +158,10 @@
 
 	By default, a new TTFont object is returned. If ``inplace`` is True, the
 	input varfont is modified and reduced to a static font.
+
+	When the overlap parameter is defined as True,
+	OVERLAP_SIMPLE and OVERLAP_COMPOUND bits are set to 1.  See
+	https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/typography/opentype/spec/glyf
 	"""
 	if not inplace:
 		# make a copy to leave input varfont unmodified
@@ -43,37 +175,41 @@
 	loc = normalizeLocation(location, axes)
 	if 'avar' in varfont:
 		maps = varfont['avar'].segments
-		loc = {k:_DesignspaceAxis._map(v, maps[k]) for k,v in loc.items()}
+		loc = {k: piecewiseLinearMap(v, maps[k]) for k,v in loc.items()}
 	# Quantize to F2Dot14, to avoid surprise interpolations.
 	loc = {k:floatToFixedToFloat(v, 14) for k,v in loc.items()}
 	# Location is normalized now
 	log.info("Normalized location: %s", loc)
 
-	log.info("Mutating glyf/gvar tables")
-	gvar = varfont['gvar']
-	glyf = varfont['glyf']
-	# get list of glyph names in gvar sorted by component depth
-	glyphnames = sorted(
-		gvar.variations.keys(),
-		key=lambda name: (
-			glyf[name].getCompositeMaxpValues(glyf).maxComponentDepth
-			if glyf[name].isComposite() else 0,
-			name))
-	for glyphname in glyphnames:
-		variations = gvar.variations[glyphname]
-		coordinates,_ = _GetCoordinates(varfont, glyphname)
-		origCoords, endPts = None, None
-		for var in variations:
-			scalar = supportScalar(loc, var.axes)
-			if not scalar: continue
-			delta = var.coordinates
-			if None in delta:
-				if origCoords is None:
-					origCoords,control = _GetCoordinates(varfont, glyphname)
-					endPts = control[1] if control[0] >= 1 else list(range(len(control[1])))
-				delta = iup_delta(delta, origCoords, endPts)
-			coordinates += GlyphCoordinates(delta) * scalar
-		_SetCoordinates(varfont, glyphname, coordinates)
+	if 'gvar' in varfont:
+		log.info("Mutating glyf/gvar tables")
+		gvar = varfont['gvar']
+		glyf = varfont['glyf']
+		hMetrics = varfont['hmtx'].metrics
+		vMetrics = getattr(varfont.get('vmtx'), 'metrics', None)
+		# get list of glyph names in gvar sorted by component depth
+		glyphnames = sorted(
+			gvar.variations.keys(),
+			key=lambda name: (
+				glyf[name].getCompositeMaxpValues(glyf).maxComponentDepth
+				if glyf[name].isComposite() else 0,
+				name))
+		for glyphname in glyphnames:
+			variations = gvar.variations[glyphname]
+			coordinates, _ = glyf._getCoordinatesAndControls(glyphname, hMetrics, vMetrics)
+			origCoords, endPts = None, None
+			for var in variations:
+				scalar = supportScalar(loc, var.axes)
+				if not scalar: continue
+				delta = var.coordinates
+				if None in delta:
+					if origCoords is None:
+						origCoords, g = glyf._getCoordinatesAndControls(glyphname, hMetrics, vMetrics)
+					delta = iup_delta(delta, origCoords, g.endPts)
+				coordinates += GlyphCoordinates(delta) * scalar
+			glyf._setCoordinates(glyphname, coordinates, hMetrics, vMetrics)
+	else:
+		glyf = None
 
 	if 'cvar' in varfont:
 		log.info("Mutating cvt/cvar tables")
@@ -87,7 +223,21 @@
 				if c is not None:
 					deltas[i] = deltas.get(i, 0) + scalar * c
 		for i, delta in deltas.items():
-			cvt[i] += round(delta)
+			cvt[i] += otRound(delta)
+
+	if 'CFF2' in varfont:
+		log.info("Mutating CFF2 table")
+		glyphOrder = varfont.getGlyphOrder()
+		CFF2 = varfont['CFF2']
+		topDict = CFF2.cff.topDictIndex[0]
+		vsInstancer = VarStoreInstancer(topDict.VarStore.otVarStore, fvar.axes, loc)
+		interpolateFromDeltas = vsInstancer.interpolateFromDeltas
+		interpolate_cff2_PrivateDict(topDict, interpolateFromDeltas)
+		CFF2.desubroutinize()
+		interpolate_cff2_charstrings(topDict, interpolateFromDeltas, glyphOrder)
+		interpolate_cff2_metrics(varfont, topDict, glyphOrder, loc)
+		del topDict.rawDict['VarStore']
+		del topDict.VarStore
 
 	if 'MVAR' in varfont:
 		log.info("Mutating MVAR table")
@@ -99,18 +249,143 @@
 			if mvarTag not in MVAR_ENTRIES:
 				continue
 			tableTag, itemName = MVAR_ENTRIES[mvarTag]
-			delta = round(varStoreInstancer[rec.VarIdx])
+			delta = otRound(varStoreInstancer[rec.VarIdx])
 			if not delta:
 				continue
 			setattr(varfont[tableTag], itemName,
 				getattr(varfont[tableTag], itemName) + delta)
 
-	if 'GDEF' in varfont:
-		log.info("Mutating GDEF/GPOS/GSUB tables")
-		merger = MutatorMerger(varfont, loc)
+	log.info("Mutating FeatureVariations")
+	for tableTag in 'GSUB','GPOS':
+		if not tableTag in varfont:
+			continue
+		table = varfont[tableTag].table
+		if not getattr(table, 'FeatureVariations', None):
+			continue
+		variations = table.FeatureVariations
+		for record in variations.FeatureVariationRecord:
+			applies = True
+			for condition in record.ConditionSet.ConditionTable:
+				if condition.Format == 1:
+					axisIdx = condition.AxisIndex
+					axisTag = fvar.axes[axisIdx].axisTag
+					Min = condition.FilterRangeMinValue
+					Max = condition.FilterRangeMaxValue
+					v = loc[axisTag]
+					if not (Min <= v <= Max):
+						applies = False
+				else:
+					applies = False
+				if not applies:
+					break
 
-		log.info("Building interpolated tables")
-		merger.instantiate()
+			if applies:
+				assert record.FeatureTableSubstitution.Version == 0x00010000
+				for rec in record.FeatureTableSubstitution.SubstitutionRecord:
+					table.FeatureList.FeatureRecord[rec.FeatureIndex].Feature = rec.Feature
+				break
+		del table.FeatureVariations
+
+	if 'GDEF' in varfont and varfont['GDEF'].table.Version >= 0x00010003:
+		log.info("Mutating GDEF/GPOS/GSUB tables")
+		gdef = varfont['GDEF'].table
+		instancer = VarStoreInstancer(gdef.VarStore, fvar.axes, loc)
+
+		merger = MutatorMerger(varfont, instancer)
+		merger.mergeTables(varfont, [varfont], ['GDEF', 'GPOS'])
+
+		# Downgrade GDEF.
+		del gdef.VarStore
+		gdef.Version = 0x00010002
+		if gdef.MarkGlyphSetsDef is None:
+			del gdef.MarkGlyphSetsDef
+			gdef.Version = 0x00010000
+
+		if not (gdef.LigCaretList or
+			gdef.MarkAttachClassDef or
+			gdef.GlyphClassDef or
+			gdef.AttachList or
+			(gdef.Version >= 0x00010002 and gdef.MarkGlyphSetsDef)):
+			del varfont['GDEF']
+
+	addidef = False
+	if glyf:
+		for glyph in glyf.glyphs.values():
+			if hasattr(glyph, "program"):
+				instructions = glyph.program.getAssembly()
+				# If GETVARIATION opcode is used in bytecode of any glyph add IDEF
+				addidef = any(op.startswith("GETVARIATION") for op in instructions)
+				if addidef:
+					break
+		if overlap:
+			for glyph_name in glyf.keys():
+				glyph = glyf[glyph_name]
+				# Set OVERLAP_COMPOUND bit for compound glyphs
+				if glyph.isComposite():
+					glyph.components[0].flags |= OVERLAP_COMPOUND
+				# Set OVERLAP_SIMPLE bit for simple glyphs
+				elif glyph.numberOfContours > 0:
+					glyph.flags[0] |= flagOverlapSimple
+	if addidef:
+		log.info("Adding IDEF to fpgm table for GETVARIATION opcode")
+		asm = []
+		if 'fpgm' in varfont:
+			fpgm = varfont['fpgm']
+			asm = fpgm.program.getAssembly()
+		else:
+			fpgm = newTable('fpgm')
+			fpgm.program = ttProgram.Program()
+			varfont['fpgm'] = fpgm
+		asm.append("PUSHB[000] 145")
+		asm.append("IDEF[ ]")
+		args = [str(len(loc))]
+		for a in fvar.axes:
+			args.append(str(floatToFixed(loc[a.axisTag], 14)))
+		asm.append("NPUSHW[ ] " + ' '.join(args))
+		asm.append("ENDF[ ]")
+		fpgm.program.fromAssembly(asm)
+
+		# Change maxp attributes as IDEF is added
+		if 'maxp' in varfont:
+			maxp = varfont['maxp']
+			setattr(maxp, "maxInstructionDefs", 1 + getattr(maxp, "maxInstructionDefs", 0))
+			setattr(maxp, "maxStackElements", max(len(loc), getattr(maxp, "maxStackElements", 0)))
+
+	if 'name' in varfont:
+		log.info("Pruning name table")
+		exclude = {a.axisNameID for a in fvar.axes}
+		for i in fvar.instances:
+			exclude.add(i.subfamilyNameID)
+			exclude.add(i.postscriptNameID)
+		if 'ltag' in varfont:
+			# Drop the whole 'ltag' table if all its language tags are referenced by
+			# name records to be pruned.
+			# TODO: prune unused ltag tags and re-enumerate langIDs accordingly
+			excludedUnicodeLangIDs = [
+				n.langID for n in varfont['name'].names
+				if n.nameID in exclude and n.platformID == 0 and n.langID != 0xFFFF
+			]
+			if set(excludedUnicodeLangIDs) == set(range(len((varfont['ltag'].tags)))):
+				del varfont['ltag']
+		varfont['name'].names[:] = [
+			n for n in varfont['name'].names
+			if n.nameID not in exclude
+		]
+
+	if "wght" in location and "OS/2" in varfont:
+		varfont["OS/2"].usWeightClass = otRound(
+			max(1, min(location["wght"], 1000))
+		)
+	if "wdth" in location:
+		wdth = location["wdth"]
+		for percent, widthClass in sorted(OS2_WIDTH_CLASS_VALUES.items()):
+			if wdth < percent:
+				varfont["OS/2"].usWidthClass = widthClass
+				break
+		else:
+			varfont["OS/2"].usWidthClass = 9
+	if "slnt" in location and "post" in varfont:
+		varfont["post"].italicAngle = max(-90, min(location["slnt"], 90))
 
 	log.info("Removing variable tables")
 	for tag in ('avar','cvar','fvar','gvar','HVAR','MVAR','VVAR','STAT'):
@@ -121,30 +396,58 @@
 
 
 def main(args=None):
+	"""Instantiate a variation font"""
 	from fontTools import configLogger
+	import argparse
 
-	if args is None:
-		import sys
-		args = sys.argv[1:]
+	parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(
+		"fonttools varLib.mutator", description="Instantiate a variable font")
+	parser.add_argument(
+		"input", metavar="INPUT.ttf", help="Input variable TTF file.")
+	parser.add_argument(
+		"locargs", metavar="AXIS=LOC", nargs="*",
+		help="List of space separated locations. A location consist in "
+		"the name of a variation axis, followed by '=' and a number. E.g.: "
+		" wght=700 wdth=80. The default is the location of the base master.")
+	parser.add_argument(
+		"-o", "--output", metavar="OUTPUT.ttf", default=None,
+		help="Output instance TTF file (default: INPUT-instance.ttf).")
+	logging_group = parser.add_mutually_exclusive_group(required=False)
+	logging_group.add_argument(
+		"-v", "--verbose", action="store_true", help="Run more verbosely.")
+	logging_group.add_argument(
+		"-q", "--quiet", action="store_true", help="Turn verbosity off.")
+	parser.add_argument(
+		"--no-overlap",
+		dest="overlap",
+		action="store_false",
+		help="Don't set OVERLAP_SIMPLE/OVERLAP_COMPOUND glyf flags."
+	)
+	options = parser.parse_args(args)
 
-	varfilename = args[0]
-	locargs = args[1:]
-	outfile = os.path.splitext(varfilename)[0] + '-instance.ttf'
-
-	# TODO Allow to specify logging verbosity as command line option
-	configLogger(level=logging.INFO)
+	varfilename = options.input
+	outfile = (
+		os.path.splitext(varfilename)[0] + '-instance.ttf'
+		if not options.output else options.output)
+	configLogger(level=(
+		"DEBUG" if options.verbose else
+		"ERROR" if options.quiet else
+		"INFO"))
 
 	loc = {}
-	for arg in locargs:
-		tag,val = arg.split('=')
-		assert len(tag) <= 4
-		loc[tag.ljust(4)] = float(val)
+	for arg in options.locargs:
+		try:
+			tag, val = arg.split('=')
+			assert len(tag) <= 4
+			loc[tag.ljust(4)] = float(val)
+		except (ValueError, AssertionError):
+			parser.error("invalid location argument format: %r" % arg)
 	log.info("Location: %s", loc)
 
 	log.info("Loading variable font")
 	varfont = TTFont(varfilename)
 
-	instantiateVariableFont(varfont, loc, inplace=True)
+	instantiateVariableFont(varfont, loc, inplace=True, overlap=options.overlap)
 
 	log.info("Saving instance font %s", outfile)
 	varfont.save(outfile)
diff --git a/Lib/fontTools/varLib/mvar.py b/Lib/fontTools/varLib/mvar.py
index 92083dd..8b1355b 100644
--- a/Lib/fontTools/varLib/mvar.py
+++ b/Lib/fontTools/varLib/mvar.py
@@ -1,7 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import print_function, division, absolute_import
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-from fontTools.misc.py23 import *
-
 MVAR_ENTRIES = {
 	'hasc': ('OS/2', 'sTypoAscender'),		 # horizontal ascender
 	'hdsc': ('OS/2', 'sTypoDescender'),		 # horizontal descender
diff --git a/Lib/fontTools/varLib/plot.py b/Lib/fontTools/varLib/plot.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..811559f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Lib/fontTools/varLib/plot.py
@@ -0,0 +1,167 @@
+"""Visualize DesignSpaceDocument and resulting VariationModel."""
+
+from fontTools.varLib.models import VariationModel, supportScalar
+from fontTools.designspaceLib import DesignSpaceDocument
+from matplotlib import pyplot
+from mpl_toolkits.mplot3d import axes3d
+from itertools import cycle
+import math
+import logging
+import sys
+
+log = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+
+def stops(support, count=10):
+	a,b,c = support
+
+	return [a + (b - a) * i / count for i in range(count)] + \
+	       [b + (c - b) * i / count for i in range(count)] + \
+	       [c]
+
+
+def _plotLocationsDots(locations, axes, subplot, **kwargs):
+	for loc, color in zip(locations, cycle(pyplot.cm.Set1.colors)):
+		if len(axes) == 1:
+			subplot.plot(
+				[loc.get(axes[0], 0)],
+				[1.],
+				'o',
+				color=color,
+				**kwargs
+			)
+		elif len(axes) == 2:
+			subplot.plot(
+				[loc.get(axes[0], 0)],
+				[loc.get(axes[1], 0)],
+				[1.],
+				'o',
+				color=color,
+				**kwargs
+			)
+		else:
+			raise AssertionError(len(axes))
+
+
+def plotLocations(locations, fig, names=None, **kwargs):
+	n = len(locations)
+	cols = math.ceil(n**.5)
+	rows = math.ceil(n / cols)
+
+	if names is None:
+		names = [None] * len(locations)
+
+	model = VariationModel(locations)
+	names = [names[model.reverseMapping[i]] for i in range(len(names))]
+
+	axes = sorted(locations[0].keys())
+	if len(axes) == 1:
+		_plotLocations2D(
+			model, axes[0], fig, cols, rows, names=names, **kwargs
+		)
+	elif len(axes) == 2:
+		_plotLocations3D(
+			model, axes, fig, cols, rows, names=names, **kwargs
+		)
+	else:
+		raise ValueError("Only 1 or 2 axes are supported")
+
+
+def _plotLocations2D(model, axis, fig, cols, rows, names, **kwargs):
+	subplot = fig.add_subplot(111)
+	for i, (support, color, name) in enumerate(
+		zip(model.supports, cycle(pyplot.cm.Set1.colors), cycle(names))
+	):
+		if name is not None:
+			subplot.set_title(name)
+		subplot.set_xlabel(axis)
+		pyplot.xlim(-1.,+1.)
+
+		Xs = support.get(axis, (-1.,0.,+1.))
+		X, Y = [], []
+		for x in stops(Xs):
+			y = supportScalar({axis:x}, support)
+			X.append(x)
+			Y.append(y)
+		subplot.plot(X, Y, color=color, **kwargs)
+
+		_plotLocationsDots(model.locations, [axis], subplot)
+
+
+def _plotLocations3D(model, axes, fig, rows, cols, names, **kwargs):
+	ax1, ax2 = axes
+
+	axis3D = fig.add_subplot(111, projection='3d')
+	for i, (support, color, name) in enumerate(
+		zip(model.supports, cycle(pyplot.cm.Set1.colors), cycle(names))
+	):
+		if name is not None:
+			axis3D.set_title(name)
+		axis3D.set_xlabel(ax1)
+		axis3D.set_ylabel(ax2)
+		pyplot.xlim(-1.,+1.)
+		pyplot.ylim(-1.,+1.)
+
+		Xs = support.get(ax1, (-1.,0.,+1.))
+		Ys = support.get(ax2, (-1.,0.,+1.))
+		for x in stops(Xs):
+			X, Y, Z = [], [], []
+			for y in Ys:
+				z = supportScalar({ax1:x, ax2:y}, support)
+				X.append(x)
+				Y.append(y)
+				Z.append(z)
+			axis3D.plot(X, Y, Z, color=color, **kwargs)
+		for y in stops(Ys):
+			X, Y, Z = [], [], []
+			for x in Xs:
+				z = supportScalar({ax1:x, ax2:y}, support)
+				X.append(x)
+				Y.append(y)
+				Z.append(z)
+			axis3D.plot(X, Y, Z, color=color, **kwargs)
+
+		_plotLocationsDots(model.locations, [ax1, ax2], axis3D)
+
+
+def plotDocument(doc, fig, **kwargs):
+	doc.normalize()
+	locations = [s.location for s in doc.sources]
+	names = [s.name for s in doc.sources]
+	plotLocations(locations, fig, names, **kwargs)
+
+
+def main(args=None):
+	from fontTools import configLogger
+
+	if args is None:
+		args = sys.argv[1:]
+
+	# configure the library logger (for >= WARNING)
+	configLogger()
+	# comment this out to enable debug messages from logger
+	# log.setLevel(logging.DEBUG)
+
+	if len(args) < 1:
+		print("usage: fonttools varLib.plot source.designspace", file=sys.stderr)
+		print("  or")
+		print("usage: fonttools varLib.plot location1 location2 ...", file=sys.stderr)
+		sys.exit(1)
+
+	fig = pyplot.figure()
+	fig.set_tight_layout(True)
+
+	if len(args) == 1 and args[0].endswith('.designspace'):
+		doc = DesignSpaceDocument()
+		doc.read(args[0])
+		plotDocument(doc, fig)
+	else:
+		axes = [chr(c) for c in range(ord('A'), ord('Z')+1)]
+		locs = [dict(zip(axes, (float(v) for v in s.split(',')))) for s in args]
+		plotLocations(locs, fig)
+
+	pyplot.show()
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+	import sys
+	sys.exit(main())
diff --git a/Lib/fontTools/varLib/varStore.py b/Lib/fontTools/varLib/varStore.py
index 985aa25..bcf81b3 100644
--- a/Lib/fontTools/varLib/varStore.py
+++ b/Lib/fontTools/varLib/varStore.py
@@ -1,10 +1,10 @@
-from __future__ import print_function, division, absolute_import
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-from fontTools.misc.py23 import *
+from fontTools.misc.roundTools import noRound, otRound
+from fontTools.ttLib.tables import otTables as ot
 from fontTools.varLib.models import supportScalar
 from fontTools.varLib.builder import (buildVarRegionList, buildVarStore,
-				      buildVarRegion, buildVarData,
-				      varDataCalculateNumShorts)
+				      buildVarRegion, buildVarData)
+from functools import partial
+from collections import defaultdict
 
 
 def _getLocationKey(loc):
@@ -18,14 +18,38 @@
 		self._regionMap = {}
 		self._regionList = buildVarRegionList([], axisTags)
 		self._store = buildVarStore(self._regionList, [])
+		self._data = None
+		self._model = None
+		self._supports = None
+		self._varDataIndices = {}
+		self._varDataCaches = {}
+		self._cache = {}
 
 	def setModel(self, model):
+		self.setSupports(model.supports)
 		self._model = model
 
+	def setSupports(self, supports):
+		self._model = None
+		self._supports = list(supports)
+		if not self._supports[0]:
+			del self._supports[0] # Drop base master support
+		self._cache = {}
+		self._data = None
+
+	def finish(self, optimize=True):
+		self._regionList.RegionCount = len(self._regionList.Region)
+		self._store.VarDataCount = len(self._store.VarData)
+		for data in self._store.VarData:
+			data.ItemCount = len(data.Item)
+			data.calculateNumShorts(optimize=optimize)
+		return self._store
+
+	def _add_VarData(self):
 		regionMap = self._regionMap
 		regionList = self._regionList
 
-		regions = model.supports[1:]
+		regions = self._supports
 		regionIndices = []
 		for region in regions:
 			key = _getLocationKey(region)
@@ -36,30 +60,80 @@
 				regionList.Region.append(varRegion)
 			regionIndices.append(idx)
 
-		data = self._data = buildVarData(regionIndices, [], optimize=False)
-		self._outer = len(self._store.VarData)
-		self._store.VarData.append(data)
+		# Check if we have one already...
+		key = tuple(regionIndices)
+		varDataIdx = self._varDataIndices.get(key)
+		if varDataIdx is not None:
+			self._outer = varDataIdx
+			self._data = self._store.VarData[varDataIdx]
+			self._cache = self._varDataCaches[key]
+			if len(self._data.Item) == 0xFFFF:
+				# This is full.  Need new one.
+				varDataIdx = None
 
-	def finish(self, optimize=True):
-		self._regionList.RegionCount = len(self._regionList.Region)
-		self._store.VarDataCount = len(self._store.VarData)
-		for data in self._store.VarData:
-			data.ItemCount = len(data.Item)
-			varDataCalculateNumShorts(data, optimize)
-		return self._store
+		if varDataIdx is None:
+			self._data = buildVarData(regionIndices, [], optimize=False)
+			self._outer = len(self._store.VarData)
+			self._store.VarData.append(self._data)
+			self._varDataIndices[key] = self._outer
+			if key not in self._varDataCaches:
+				self._varDataCaches[key] = {}
+			self._cache = self._varDataCaches[key]
+
 
 	def storeMasters(self, master_values):
-		deltas = [round(d) for d in self._model.getDeltas(master_values)]
+		deltas = self._model.getDeltas(master_values, round=round)
 		base = deltas.pop(0)
-		inner = len(self._data.Item)
-		self._data.Item.append(deltas)
-		# TODO Check for full data array?
-		return base, (self._outer << 16) + inner
+		return base, self.storeDeltas(deltas, round=noRound)
 
+	def storeDeltas(self, deltas, *, round=round):
+		deltas = [round(d) for d in deltas]
+		if len(deltas) == len(self._supports) + 1:
+			deltas = tuple(deltas[1:])
+		else:
+			assert len(deltas) == len(self._supports)
+			deltas = tuple(deltas)
+
+		varIdx = self._cache.get(deltas)
+		if varIdx is not None:
+			return varIdx
+
+		if not self._data:
+			self._add_VarData()
+		inner = len(self._data.Item)
+		if inner == 0xFFFF:
+			# Full array. Start new one.
+			self._add_VarData()
+			return self.storeDeltas(deltas)
+		self._data.addItem(deltas, round=noRound)
+
+		varIdx = (self._outer << 16) + inner
+		self._cache[deltas] = varIdx
+		return varIdx
+
+def VarData_addItem(self, deltas, *, round=round):
+	deltas = [round(d) for d in deltas]
+
+	countUs = self.VarRegionCount
+	countThem = len(deltas)
+	if countUs + 1 == countThem:
+		deltas = tuple(deltas[1:])
+	else:
+		assert countUs == countThem, (countUs, countThem)
+		deltas = tuple(deltas)
+	self.Item.append(list(deltas))
+	self.ItemCount = len(self.Item)
+
+ot.VarData.addItem = VarData_addItem
 
 def VarRegion_get_support(self, fvar_axes):
-	return {fvar_axes[i].axisTag: (reg.StartCoord,reg.PeakCoord,reg.EndCoord)
-		for i,reg in enumerate(self.VarRegionAxis)}
+	return {
+		fvar_axes[i].axisTag: (reg.StartCoord,reg.PeakCoord,reg.EndCoord)
+		for i, reg in enumerate(self.VarRegionAxis)
+		if reg.PeakCoord != 0
+	}
+
+ot.VarRegion.get_support = VarRegion_get_support
 
 class VarStoreInstancer(object):
 
@@ -80,21 +154,453 @@
 	def _getScalar(self, regionIdx):
 		scalar = self._scalars.get(regionIdx)
 		if scalar is None:
-			support = VarRegion_get_support(self._regions[regionIdx], self.fvar_axes)
+			support = self._regions[regionIdx].get_support(self.fvar_axes)
 			scalar = supportScalar(self.location, support)
 			self._scalars[regionIdx] = scalar
 		return scalar
 
-	def __getitem__(self, varidx):
-
-		major, minor = varidx >> 16, varidx & 0xFFFF
-
-		varData = self._varData
-		scalars = [self._getScalar(ri) for ri in varData[major].VarRegionIndex]
-
-		deltas = varData[major].Item[minor]
+	@staticmethod
+	def interpolateFromDeltasAndScalars(deltas, scalars):
 		delta = 0.
 		for d,s in zip(deltas, scalars):
+			if not s: continue
 			delta += d * s
 		return delta
 
+	def __getitem__(self, varidx):
+		major, minor = varidx >> 16, varidx & 0xFFFF
+		varData = self._varData
+		scalars = [self._getScalar(ri) for ri in varData[major].VarRegionIndex]
+		deltas = varData[major].Item[minor]
+		return self.interpolateFromDeltasAndScalars(deltas, scalars)
+
+	def interpolateFromDeltas(self, varDataIndex, deltas):
+		varData = self._varData
+		scalars = [self._getScalar(ri) for ri in
+					varData[varDataIndex].VarRegionIndex]
+		return self.interpolateFromDeltasAndScalars(deltas, scalars)
+
+
+#
+# Optimizations
+#
+# retainFirstMap - If true, major 0 mappings are retained. Deltas for unused indices are zeroed
+# advIdxes - Set of major 0 indices for advance deltas to be listed first. Other major 0 indices follow.
+
+def VarStore_subset_varidxes(self, varIdxes, optimize=True, retainFirstMap=False, advIdxes=set()):
+
+	# Sort out used varIdxes by major/minor.
+	used = {}
+	for varIdx in varIdxes:
+		major = varIdx >> 16
+		minor = varIdx & 0xFFFF
+		d = used.get(major)
+		if d is None:
+			d = used[major] = set()
+		d.add(minor)
+	del varIdxes
+
+	#
+	# Subset VarData
+	#
+
+	varData = self.VarData
+	newVarData = []
+	varDataMap = {}
+	for major,data in enumerate(varData):
+		usedMinors = used.get(major)
+		if usedMinors is None:
+			continue
+		newMajor = len(newVarData)
+		newVarData.append(data)
+
+		items = data.Item
+		newItems = []
+		if major == 0 and retainFirstMap:
+			for minor in range(len(items)):
+				newItems.append(items[minor] if minor in usedMinors else [0] * len(items[minor]))
+				varDataMap[minor] = minor
+		else:
+			if major == 0:
+				minors = sorted(advIdxes) + sorted(usedMinors - advIdxes)
+			else:
+				minors = sorted(usedMinors)
+			for minor in minors:
+				newMinor = len(newItems)
+				newItems.append(items[minor])
+				varDataMap[(major<<16)+minor] = (newMajor<<16)+newMinor
+
+		data.Item = newItems
+		data.ItemCount = len(data.Item)
+
+		data.calculateNumShorts(optimize=optimize)
+
+	self.VarData = newVarData
+	self.VarDataCount = len(self.VarData)
+
+	self.prune_regions()
+
+	return varDataMap
+
+ot.VarStore.subset_varidxes = VarStore_subset_varidxes
+
+def VarStore_prune_regions(self):
+	"""Remove unused VarRegions."""
+	#
+	# Subset VarRegionList
+	#
+
+	# Collect.
+	usedRegions = set()
+	for data in self.VarData:
+		usedRegions.update(data.VarRegionIndex)
+	# Subset.
+	regionList = self.VarRegionList
+	regions = regionList.Region
+	newRegions = []
+	regionMap = {}
+	for i in sorted(usedRegions):
+		regionMap[i] = len(newRegions)
+		newRegions.append(regions[i])
+	regionList.Region = newRegions
+	regionList.RegionCount = len(regionList.Region)
+	# Map.
+	for data in self.VarData:
+		data.VarRegionIndex = [regionMap[i] for i in data.VarRegionIndex]
+
+ot.VarStore.prune_regions = VarStore_prune_regions
+
+
+def _visit(self, func):
+	"""Recurse down from self, if type of an object is ot.Device,
+	call func() on it.  Works on otData-style classes."""
+
+	if type(self) == ot.Device:
+		func(self)
+
+	elif isinstance(self, list):
+		for that in self:
+			_visit(that, func)
+
+	elif hasattr(self, 'getConverters') and not hasattr(self, 'postRead'):
+		for conv in self.getConverters():
+			that = getattr(self, conv.name, None)
+			if that is not None:
+				_visit(that, func)
+
+	elif isinstance(self, ot.ValueRecord):
+		for that in self.__dict__.values():
+			_visit(that, func)
+
+def _Device_recordVarIdx(self, s):
+	"""Add VarIdx in this Device table (if any) to the set s."""
+	if self.DeltaFormat == 0x8000:
+		s.add((self.StartSize<<16)+self.EndSize)
+
+def Object_collect_device_varidxes(self, varidxes):
+	adder = partial(_Device_recordVarIdx, s=varidxes)
+	_visit(self, adder)
+
+ot.GDEF.collect_device_varidxes = Object_collect_device_varidxes
+ot.GPOS.collect_device_varidxes = Object_collect_device_varidxes
+
+def _Device_mapVarIdx(self, mapping, done):
+	"""Map VarIdx in this Device table (if any) through mapping."""
+	if id(self) in done:
+		return
+	done.add(id(self))
+	if self.DeltaFormat == 0x8000:
+		varIdx = mapping[(self.StartSize<<16)+self.EndSize]
+		self.StartSize = varIdx >> 16
+		self.EndSize = varIdx & 0xFFFF
+
+def Object_remap_device_varidxes(self, varidxes_map):
+	mapper = partial(_Device_mapVarIdx, mapping=varidxes_map, done=set())
+	_visit(self, mapper)
+
+ot.GDEF.remap_device_varidxes = Object_remap_device_varidxes
+ot.GPOS.remap_device_varidxes = Object_remap_device_varidxes
+
+
+class _Encoding(object):
+
+	def __init__(self, chars):
+		self.chars = chars
+		self.width = self._popcount(chars)
+		self.overhead = self._characteristic_overhead(chars)
+		self.items = set()
+
+	def append(self, row):
+		self.items.add(row)
+
+	def extend(self, lst):
+		self.items.update(lst)
+
+	def get_room(self):
+		"""Maximum number of bytes that can be added to characteristic
+		while still being beneficial to merge it into another one."""
+		count = len(self.items)
+		return max(0, (self.overhead - 1) // count - self.width)
+	room = property(get_room)
+
+	@property
+	def gain(self):
+		"""Maximum possible byte gain from merging this into another
+		characteristic."""
+		count = len(self.items)
+		return max(0, self.overhead - count * (self.width + 1))
+
+	def sort_key(self):
+		return self.width, self.chars
+
+	def __len__(self):
+		return len(self.items)
+
+	def can_encode(self, chars):
+		return not (chars & ~self.chars)
+
+	def __sub__(self, other):
+		return self._popcount(self.chars & ~other.chars)
+
+	@staticmethod
+	def _popcount(n):
+		# Apparently this is the fastest native way to do it...
+		# https://stackoverflow.com/a/9831671
+		return bin(n).count('1')
+
+	@staticmethod
+	def _characteristic_overhead(chars):
+		"""Returns overhead in bytes of encoding this characteristic
+		as a VarData."""
+		c = 6
+		while chars:
+			if chars & 0b1111:
+				c += 2
+			chars >>= 4
+		return c
+
+	def _find_yourself_best_new_encoding(self, done_by_width):
+		self.best_new_encoding = None
+		for new_width in range(self.width+1, self.width+self.room+1):
+			for new_encoding in done_by_width[new_width]:
+				if new_encoding.can_encode(self.chars):
+					break
+			else:
+				new_encoding = None
+			self.best_new_encoding = new_encoding
+
+
+class _EncodingDict(dict):
+
+	def __missing__(self, chars):
+		r = self[chars] = _Encoding(chars)
+		return r
+
+	def add_row(self, row):
+		chars = self._row_characteristics(row)
+		self[chars].append(row)
+
+	@staticmethod
+	def _row_characteristics(row):
+		"""Returns encoding characteristics for a row."""
+		longWords = False
+
+		chars = 0
+		i = 1
+		for v in row:
+			if v:
+				chars += i
+			if not (-128 <= v <= 127):
+				chars += i * 0b0010
+			if not (-32768 <= v <= 32767):
+				longWords = True
+				break
+			i <<= 4
+
+		if longWords:
+			# Redo; only allow 2byte/4byte encoding
+			chars = 0
+			i = 1
+			for v in row:
+				if v:
+					chars += i * 0b0011
+				if not (-32768 <= v <= 32767):
+					chars += i * 0b1100
+				i <<= 4
+
+		return chars
+
+
+def VarStore_optimize(self):
+	"""Optimize storage. Returns mapping from old VarIdxes to new ones."""
+
+	# TODO
+	# Check that no two VarRegions are the same; if they are, fold them.
+
+	n = len(self.VarRegionList.Region) # Number of columns
+	zeroes = [0] * n
+
+	front_mapping = {} # Map from old VarIdxes to full row tuples
+
+	encodings = _EncodingDict()
+
+	# Collect all items into a set of full rows (with lots of zeroes.)
+	for major,data in enumerate(self.VarData):
+		regionIndices = data.VarRegionIndex
+
+		for minor,item in enumerate(data.Item):
+
+			row = list(zeroes)
+			for regionIdx,v in zip(regionIndices, item):
+				row[regionIdx] += v
+			row = tuple(row)
+
+			encodings.add_row(row)
+			front_mapping[(major<<16)+minor] = row
+
+	# Separate encodings that have no gain (are decided) and those having
+	# possible gain (possibly to be merged into others.)
+	encodings = sorted(encodings.values(), key=_Encoding.__len__, reverse=True)
+	done_by_width = defaultdict(list)
+	todo = []
+	for encoding in encodings:
+		if not encoding.gain:
+			done_by_width[encoding.width].append(encoding)
+		else:
+			todo.append(encoding)
+
+	# For each encoding that is possibly to be merged, find the best match
+	# in the decided encodings, and record that.
+	todo.sort(key=_Encoding.get_room)
+	for encoding in todo:
+		encoding._find_yourself_best_new_encoding(done_by_width)
+
+	# Walk through todo encodings, for each, see if merging it with
+	# another todo encoding gains more than each of them merging with
+	# their best decided encoding. If yes, merge them and add resulting
+	# encoding back to todo queue.  If not, move the enconding to decided
+	# list.  Repeat till done.
+	while todo:
+		encoding = todo.pop()
+		best_idx = None
+		best_gain = 0
+		for i,other_encoding in enumerate(todo):
+			combined_chars = other_encoding.chars | encoding.chars
+			combined_width = _Encoding._popcount(combined_chars)
+			combined_overhead = _Encoding._characteristic_overhead(combined_chars)
+			combined_gain = (
+					+ encoding.overhead
+					+ other_encoding.overhead
+					- combined_overhead
+					- (combined_width - encoding.width) * len(encoding)
+					- (combined_width - other_encoding.width) * len(other_encoding)
+					)
+			this_gain = 0 if encoding.best_new_encoding is None else (
+						+ encoding.overhead
+						- (encoding.best_new_encoding.width - encoding.width) * len(encoding)
+					)
+			other_gain = 0 if other_encoding.best_new_encoding is None else (
+						+ other_encoding.overhead
+						- (other_encoding.best_new_encoding.width - other_encoding.width) * len(other_encoding)
+					)
+			separate_gain = this_gain + other_gain
+
+			if combined_gain > separate_gain:
+				best_idx = i
+				best_gain = combined_gain - separate_gain
+
+		if best_idx is None:
+			# Encoding is decided as is
+			done_by_width[encoding.width].append(encoding)
+		else:
+			other_encoding = todo[best_idx]
+			combined_chars = other_encoding.chars | encoding.chars
+			combined_encoding = _Encoding(combined_chars)
+			combined_encoding.extend(encoding.items)
+			combined_encoding.extend(other_encoding.items)
+			combined_encoding._find_yourself_best_new_encoding(done_by_width)
+			del todo[best_idx]
+			todo.append(combined_encoding)
+
+	# Assemble final store.
+	back_mapping = {} # Mapping from full rows to new VarIdxes
+	encodings = sum(done_by_width.values(), [])
+	encodings.sort(key=_Encoding.sort_key)
+	self.VarData = []
+	for major,encoding in enumerate(encodings):
+		data = ot.VarData()
+		self.VarData.append(data)
+		data.VarRegionIndex = range(n)
+		data.VarRegionCount = len(data.VarRegionIndex)
+		data.Item = sorted(encoding.items)
+		for minor,item in enumerate(data.Item):
+			back_mapping[item] = (major<<16)+minor
+
+	# Compile final mapping.
+	varidx_map = {}
+	for k,v in front_mapping.items():
+		varidx_map[k] = back_mapping[v]
+
+	# Remove unused regions.
+	self.prune_regions()
+
+	# Recalculate things and go home.
+	self.VarRegionList.RegionCount = len(self.VarRegionList.Region)
+	self.VarDataCount = len(self.VarData)
+	for data in self.VarData:
+		data.ItemCount = len(data.Item)
+		data.optimize()
+
+	return varidx_map
+
+ot.VarStore.optimize = VarStore_optimize
+
+
+def main(args=None):
+	"""Optimize a font's GDEF variation store"""
+	from argparse import ArgumentParser
+	from fontTools import configLogger
+	from fontTools.ttLib import TTFont
+	from fontTools.ttLib.tables.otBase import OTTableWriter
+
+	parser = ArgumentParser(prog='varLib.varStore', description= main.__doc__)
+	parser.add_argument('fontfile')
+	parser.add_argument('outfile', nargs='?')
+	options = parser.parse_args(args)
+
+	# TODO: allow user to configure logging via command-line options
+	configLogger(level="INFO")
+
+	fontfile = options.fontfile
+	outfile = options.outfile
+
+	font = TTFont(fontfile)
+	gdef = font['GDEF']
+	store = gdef.table.VarStore
+
+	writer = OTTableWriter()
+	store.compile(writer, font)
+	size = len(writer.getAllData())
+	print("Before: %7d bytes" % size)
+
+	varidx_map = store.optimize()
+
+	gdef.table.remap_device_varidxes(varidx_map)
+	if 'GPOS' in font:
+		font['GPOS'].table.remap_device_varidxes(varidx_map)
+
+	writer = OTTableWriter()
+	store.compile(writer, font)
+	size = len(writer.getAllData())
+	print("After:  %7d bytes" % size)
+
+	if outfile is not None:
+		font.save(outfile)
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+	import sys
+	if len(sys.argv) > 1:
+		sys.exit(main())
+	import doctest
+	sys.exit(doctest.testmod().failed)
diff --git a/Lib/fontTools/voltLib/ast.py b/Lib/fontTools/voltLib/ast.py
index 93c3415..3a1f4a0 100644
--- a/Lib/fontTools/voltLib/ast.py
+++ b/Lib/fontTools/voltLib/ast.py
@@ -1,52 +1,62 @@
-from __future__ import print_function, division, absolute_import
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
 from fontTools.voltLib.error import VoltLibError
+from typing import NamedTuple
 
 
-class Statement(object):
-    def __init__(self, location):
+class Pos(NamedTuple):
+    adv: int
+    dx: int
+    dy: int
+    adv_adjust_by: dict
+    dx_adjust_by: dict
+    dy_adjust_by: dict
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        res = ' POS'
+        for attr in ('adv', 'dx', 'dy'):
+            value = getattr(self, attr)
+            if value is not None:
+                res += f' {attr.upper()} {value}'
+                adjust_by = getattr(self, f'{attr}_adjust_by', {})
+                for size, adjustment in adjust_by.items():
+                    res += f' ADJUST_BY {adjustment} AT {size}'
+        res += ' END_POS'
+        return res
+
+
+class Element(object):
+    def __init__(self, location=None):
         self.location = location
 
     def build(self, builder):
         pass
 
-
-class Expression(object):
-    def __init__(self, location):
-        self.location = location
-
-    def build(self, builder):
-        pass
+    def __str__(self):
+        raise NotImplementedError
 
 
-class Block(Statement):
-    def __init__(self, location):
-        Statement.__init__(self, location)
+class Statement(Element):
+    pass
+
+
+class Expression(Element):
+    pass
+
+
+class VoltFile(Statement):
+    def __init__(self):
+        Statement.__init__(self, location=None)
         self.statements = []
 
     def build(self, builder):
         for s in self.statements:
             s.build(builder)
 
-
-class VoltFile(Block):
-    def __init__(self):
-        Block.__init__(self, location=None)
-
-
-class LookupBlock(Block):
-    def __init__(self, location, name):
-        Block.__init__(self, location)
-        self.name = name
-
-    def build(self, builder):
-        builder.start_lookup_block(self.location, self.name)
-        Block.build(self, builder)
-        builder.end_lookup_block()
+    def __str__(self):
+        return '\n' + '\n'.join(str(s) for s in self.statements) + ' END\n'
 
 
 class GlyphDefinition(Statement):
-    def __init__(self, location, name, gid, gunicode, gtype, components):
+    def __init__(self, name, gid, gunicode, gtype, components, location=None):
         Statement.__init__(self, location)
         self.name = name
         self.id = gid
@@ -54,9 +64,24 @@
         self.type = gtype
         self.components = components
 
+    def __str__(self):
+        res = f'DEF_GLYPH "{self.name}" ID {self.id}'
+        if self.unicode is not None:
+            if len(self.unicode) > 1:
+                unicodes = ','.join(f'U+{u:04X}' for u in self.unicode)
+                res += f' UNICODEVALUES "{unicodes}"'
+            else:
+                res += f' UNICODE {self.unicode[0]}'
+        if self.type is not None:
+            res += f' TYPE {self.type}'
+        if self.components is not None:
+            res += f' COMPONENTS {self.components}'
+        res += ' END_GLYPH'
+        return res
+
 
 class GroupDefinition(Statement):
-    def __init__(self, location, name, enum):
+    def __init__(self, name, enum, location=None):
         Statement.__init__(self, location)
         self.name = name
         self.enum = enum
@@ -75,20 +100,27 @@
             self.glyphs_ = self.enum.glyphSet(groups)
         return self.glyphs_
 
+    def __str__(self):
+        enum = self.enum and str(self.enum) or ''
+        return f'DEF_GROUP "{self.name}"\n{enum}\nEND_GROUP'
+
 
 class GlyphName(Expression):
     """A single glyph name, such as cedilla."""
-    def __init__(self, location, glyph):
+    def __init__(self, glyph, location=None):
         Expression.__init__(self, location)
         self.glyph = glyph
 
     def glyphSet(self):
-        return frozenset((self.glyph,))
+        return (self.glyph,)
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        return f' GLYPH "{self.glyph}"'
 
 
 class Enum(Expression):
     """An enum"""
-    def __init__(self, location, enum):
+    def __init__(self, enum, location=None):
         Expression.__init__(self, location)
         self.enum = enum
 
@@ -97,18 +129,22 @@
             yield e
 
     def glyphSet(self, groups=None):
-        glyphs = set()
+        glyphs = []
         for element in self.enum:
             if isinstance(element, (GroupName, Enum)):
-                glyphs = glyphs.union(element.glyphSet(groups))
+                glyphs.extend(element.glyphSet(groups))
             else:
-                glyphs = glyphs.union(element.glyphSet())
-        return frozenset(glyphs)
+                glyphs.extend(element.glyphSet())
+        return tuple(glyphs)
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        enum = ''.join(str(e) for e in self.enum)
+        return f' ENUM{enum} END_ENUM'
 
 
 class GroupName(Expression):
     """A glyph group"""
-    def __init__(self, location, group, parser):
+    def __init__(self, group, parser, location=None):
         Expression.__init__(self, location)
         self.group = group
         self.parser_ = parser
@@ -123,51 +159,84 @@
                 'Group "%s" is used but undefined.' % (self.group),
                 self.location)
 
+    def __str__(self):
+        return f' GROUP "{self.group}"'
+
 
 class Range(Expression):
     """A glyph range"""
-    def __init__(self, location, start, end, parser):
+    def __init__(self, start, end, parser, location=None):
         Expression.__init__(self, location)
         self.start = start
         self.end = end
         self.parser = parser
 
     def glyphSet(self):
-        glyphs = self.parser.glyph_range(self.start, self.end)
-        return frozenset(glyphs)
+        return tuple(self.parser.glyph_range(self.start, self.end))
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        return f' RANGE "{self.start}" TO "{self.end}"'
 
 
 class ScriptDefinition(Statement):
-    def __init__(self, location, name, tag, langs):
+    def __init__(self, name, tag, langs, location=None):
         Statement.__init__(self, location)
         self.name = name
         self.tag = tag
         self.langs = langs
 
+    def __str__(self):
+        res = 'DEF_SCRIPT'
+        if self.name is not None:
+            res += f' NAME "{self.name}"'
+        res += f' TAG "{self.tag}"\n\n'
+        for lang in self.langs:
+            res += f'{lang}'
+        res += 'END_SCRIPT'
+        return res
+
 
 class LangSysDefinition(Statement):
-    def __init__(self, location, name, tag, features):
+    def __init__(self, name, tag, features, location=None):
         Statement.__init__(self, location)
         self.name = name
         self.tag = tag
         self.features = features
 
+    def __str__(self):
+        res = 'DEF_LANGSYS'
+        if self.name is not None:
+            res += f' NAME "{self.name}"'
+        res += f' TAG "{self.tag}"\n\n'
+        for feature in self.features:
+            res += f'{feature}'
+        res += 'END_LANGSYS\n'
+        return res
+
 
 class FeatureDefinition(Statement):
-    def __init__(self, location, name, tag, lookups):
+    def __init__(self, name, tag, lookups, location=None):
         Statement.__init__(self, location)
         self.name = name
         self.tag = tag
         self.lookups = lookups
 
+    def __str__(self):
+        res = f'DEF_FEATURE NAME "{self.name}" TAG "{self.tag}"\n'
+        res += ' ' + ' '.join(f'LOOKUP "{l}"' for l in self.lookups) + '\n'
+        res += 'END_FEATURE\n'
+        return res
+
 
 class LookupDefinition(Statement):
-    def __init__(self, location, name, process_base, process_marks, direction,
-                 reversal, comments, context, sub, pos):
+    def __init__(self, name, process_base, process_marks, mark_glyph_set,
+                 direction, reversal, comments, context, sub, pos,
+                 location=None):
         Statement.__init__(self, location)
         self.name = name
         self.process_base = process_base
         self.process_marks = process_marks
+        self.mark_glyph_set = mark_glyph_set
         self.direction = direction
         self.reversal = reversal
         self.comments = comments
@@ -175,72 +244,162 @@
         self.sub = sub
         self.pos = pos
 
+    def __str__(self):
+        res = f'DEF_LOOKUP "{self.name}"'
+        res += f' {self.process_base and "PROCESS_BASE" or "SKIP_BASE"}'
+        if self.process_marks:
+            res += ' PROCESS_MARKS '
+            if self.mark_glyph_set:
+                res += f'MARK_GLYPH_SET "{self.mark_glyph_set}"'
+            elif isinstance(self.process_marks, str):
+                res += f'"{self.process_marks}"'
+            else:
+                res += 'ALL'
+        else:
+            res += ' SKIP_MARKS'
+        if self.direction is not None:
+            res += f' DIRECTION {self.direction}'
+        if self.reversal:
+            res += ' REVERSAL'
+        if self.comments is not None:
+            comments = self.comments.replace('\n', r'\n')
+            res += f'\nCOMMENTS "{comments}"'
+        if self.context:
+            res += '\n' + '\n'.join(str(c) for c in self.context)
+        else:
+            res += '\nIN_CONTEXT\nEND_CONTEXT'
+        if self.sub:
+            res += f'\n{self.sub}'
+        if self.pos:
+            res += f'\n{self.pos}'
+        return res
+
 
 class SubstitutionDefinition(Statement):
-    def __init__(self, location, mapping):
+    def __init__(self, mapping, location=None):
         Statement.__init__(self, location)
         self.mapping = mapping
 
+    def __str__(self):
+        res = 'AS_SUBSTITUTION\n'
+        for src, dst in self.mapping.items():
+            src = ''.join(str(s) for s in src)
+            dst = ''.join(str(d) for d in dst)
+            res += f'SUB{src}\nWITH{dst}\nEND_SUB\n'
+        res += 'END_SUBSTITUTION'
+        return res
+
 
 class SubstitutionSingleDefinition(SubstitutionDefinition):
-    def __init__(self, location, mapping):
-        SubstitutionDefinition.__init__(self, location, mapping)
+    pass
 
 
 class SubstitutionMultipleDefinition(SubstitutionDefinition):
-    def __init__(self, location, mapping):
-        SubstitutionDefinition.__init__(self, location, mapping)
+    pass
 
 
 class SubstitutionLigatureDefinition(SubstitutionDefinition):
-    def __init__(self, location, mapping):
-        SubstitutionDefinition.__init__(self, location, mapping)
+    pass
 
 
 class SubstitutionReverseChainingSingleDefinition(SubstitutionDefinition):
-    def __init__(self, location, mapping):
-        SubstitutionDefinition.__init__(self, location, mapping)
+    pass
 
 
 class PositionAttachDefinition(Statement):
-    def __init__(self, location, coverage, coverage_to):
+    def __init__(self, coverage, coverage_to, location=None):
         Statement.__init__(self, location)
         self.coverage = coverage
         self.coverage_to = coverage_to
 
+    def __str__(self):
+        coverage = ''.join(str(c) for c in self.coverage)
+        res = f'AS_POSITION\nATTACH{coverage}\nTO'
+        for coverage, anchor in self.coverage_to:
+            coverage = ''.join(str(c) for c in coverage)
+            res += f'{coverage} AT ANCHOR "{anchor}"'
+        res += '\nEND_ATTACH\nEND_POSITION'
+        return res
+
 
 class PositionAttachCursiveDefinition(Statement):
-    def __init__(self, location, coverages_exit, coverages_enter):
+    def __init__(self, coverages_exit, coverages_enter, location=None):
         Statement.__init__(self, location)
         self.coverages_exit = coverages_exit
         self.coverages_enter = coverages_enter
 
+    def __str__(self):
+        res = 'AS_POSITION\nATTACH_CURSIVE'
+        for coverage in self.coverages_exit:
+            coverage = ''.join(str(c) for c in coverage)
+            res += f'\nEXIT {coverage}'
+        for coverage in self.coverages_enter:
+            coverage = ''.join(str(c) for c in coverage)
+            res += f'\nENTER {coverage}'
+        res += '\nEND_ATTACH\nEND_POSITION'
+        return res
+
 
 class PositionAdjustPairDefinition(Statement):
-    def __init__(self, location, coverages_1, coverages_2, adjust_pair):
+    def __init__(self, coverages_1, coverages_2, adjust_pair, location=None):
         Statement.__init__(self, location)
         self.coverages_1 = coverages_1
         self.coverages_2 = coverages_2
         self.adjust_pair = adjust_pair
 
+    def __str__(self):
+        res = 'AS_POSITION\nADJUST_PAIR\n'
+        for coverage in self.coverages_1:
+            coverage = ' '.join(str(c) for c in coverage)
+            res += f' FIRST {coverage}'
+        res += '\n'
+        for coverage in self.coverages_2:
+            coverage = ' '.join(str(c) for c in coverage)
+            res += f' SECOND {coverage}'
+        res += '\n'
+        for (id_1, id_2), (pos_1, pos_2) in self.adjust_pair.items():
+            res += f' {id_1} {id_2} BY{pos_1}{pos_2}\n'
+        res += '\nEND_ADJUST\nEND_POSITION'
+        return res
+
 
 class PositionAdjustSingleDefinition(Statement):
-    def __init__(self, location, adjust_single):
+    def __init__(self, adjust_single, location=None):
         Statement.__init__(self, location)
         self.adjust_single = adjust_single
 
+    def __str__(self):
+        res = 'AS_POSITION\nADJUST_SINGLE'
+        for coverage, pos in self.adjust_single:
+            coverage = ''.join(str(c) for c in coverage)
+            res += f'{coverage} BY{pos}'
+        res += '\nEND_ADJUST\nEND_POSITION'
+        return res
+
+
 
 class ContextDefinition(Statement):
-    def __init__(self, location, ex_or_in, left=[], right=[]):
+    def __init__(self, ex_or_in, left=None, right=None, location=None):
         Statement.__init__(self, location)
         self.ex_or_in = ex_or_in
-        self.left = left
-        self.right = right
+        self.left = left if left is not None else []
+        self.right = right if right is not None else []
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        res = self.ex_or_in + '\n'
+        for coverage in self.left:
+            coverage = ''.join(str(c) for c in coverage)
+            res += f' LEFT{coverage}\n'
+        for coverage in self.right:
+            coverage = ''.join(str(c) for c in coverage)
+            res += f' RIGHT{coverage}\n'
+        res += 'END_CONTEXT'
+        return res
 
 
 class AnchorDefinition(Statement):
-    def __init__(self, location, name, gid, glyph_name, component, locked,
-                 pos):
+    def __init__(self, name, gid, glyph_name, component, locked,
+                 pos, location=None):
         Statement.__init__(self, location)
         self.name = name
         self.gid = gid
@@ -249,9 +408,26 @@
         self.locked = locked
         self.pos = pos
 
+    def __str__(self):
+        locked = self.locked and ' LOCKED' or ''
+        return (f'DEF_ANCHOR "{self.name}"'
+                f' ON {self.gid}'
+                f' GLYPH {self.glyph_name}'
+                f' COMPONENT {self.component}'
+                f'{locked}'
+                f' AT {self.pos} END_ANCHOR')
+
 
 class SettingDefinition(Statement):
-    def __init__(self, location, name, value):
+    def __init__(self, name, value, location=None):
         Statement.__init__(self, location)
         self.name = name
         self.value = value
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        if self.value is True:
+            return f'{self.name}'
+        if isinstance(self.value, (tuple, list)):
+            value = " ".join(str(v) for v in self.value)
+            return f'{self.name} {value}'
+        return f'{self.name} {self.value}'
diff --git a/Lib/fontTools/voltLib/error.py b/Lib/fontTools/voltLib/error.py
index f9900ad..a905de1 100644
--- a/Lib/fontTools/voltLib/error.py
+++ b/Lib/fontTools/voltLib/error.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import print_function, division, absolute_import
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
 
 
 class VoltLibError(Exception):
diff --git a/Lib/fontTools/voltLib/lexer.py b/Lib/fontTools/voltLib/lexer.py
index 271fe3b..bc982a7 100644
--- a/Lib/fontTools/voltLib/lexer.py
+++ b/Lib/fontTools/voltLib/lexer.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import print_function, division, absolute_import
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
 from fontTools.voltLib.error import VoltLibError
 
 class Lexer(object):
@@ -39,10 +37,13 @@
             if token_type not in {Lexer.NEWLINE}:
                 return (token_type, token, location)
 
+    def location_(self):
+        column = self.pos_ - self.line_start_ + 1
+        return (self.filename_ or "<volt>", self.line_, column)
+
     def next_(self):
         self.scan_over_(Lexer.CHAR_WHITESPACE_)
-        column = self.pos_ - self.line_start_ + 1
-        location = (self.filename_, self.line_, column)
+        location = self.location_()
         start = self.pos_
         text = self.text_
         limit = len(text)
diff --git a/Lib/fontTools/voltLib/parser.py b/Lib/fontTools/voltLib/parser.py
index e491ca0..0e68d53 100644
--- a/Lib/fontTools/voltLib/parser.py
+++ b/Lib/fontTools/voltLib/parser.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import (
-    print_function, division, absolute_import, unicode_literals)
-from collections import OrderedDict
 import fontTools.voltLib.ast as ast
 from fontTools.voltLib.lexer import Lexer
 from fontTools.voltLib.error import VoltLibError
@@ -15,9 +12,10 @@
     "GRID_PPEM": "parse_ppem_",
     "PRESENTATION_PPEM": "parse_ppem_",
     "PPOSITIONING_PPEM": "parse_ppem_",
-    "COMPILER_USEEXTENSIONLOOKUPS": "parse_compiler_flag_",
-    "COMPILER_USEPAIRPOSFORMAT2": "parse_compiler_flag_",
+    "COMPILER_USEEXTENSIONLOOKUPS": "parse_noarg_option_",
+    "COMPILER_USEPAIRPOSFORMAT2": "parse_noarg_option_",
     "CMAP_FORMAT": "parse_cmap_format",
+    "DO_NOT_TOUCH_CMAP": "parse_noarg_option_",
 }
 
 
@@ -32,10 +30,19 @@
         self.lookups_ = SymbolTable()
         self.next_token_type_, self.next_token_ = (None, None)
         self.next_token_location_ = None
-        with open(path, "r") as f:
-            self.lexer_ = Lexer(f.read(), path)
+        self.make_lexer_(path)
         self.advance_lexer_()
 
+    def make_lexer_(self, file_or_path):
+        if hasattr(file_or_path, "read"):
+            filename = getattr(file_or_path, "name", None)
+            data = file_or_path.read()
+        else:
+            filename = file_or_path
+            with open(file_or_path, "r") as f:
+                data = f.read()
+        self.lexer_ = Lexer(data, filename)
+
     def parse(self):
         statements = self.doc_.statements
         while self.next_token_type_ is not None:
@@ -44,10 +51,7 @@
                 func = getattr(self, PARSE_FUNCS[self.cur_token_])
                 statements.append(func())
             elif self.is_cur_keyword_("END"):
-                if self.next_token_type_ is not None:
-                    raise VoltLibError("Expected the end of the file",
-                                       self.cur_token_location_)
-                return self.doc_
+                break
             else:
                 raise VoltLibError(
                     "Expected " + ", ".join(sorted(PARSE_FUNCS.keys())),
@@ -76,7 +80,7 @@
         if self.next_token_ == "TYPE":
             self.expect_keyword_("TYPE")
             gtype = self.expect_name_()
-            assert gtype in ("BASE", "LIGATURE", "MARK")
+            assert gtype in ("BASE", "LIGATURE", "MARK", "COMPONENT")
         components = None
         if self.next_token_ == "COMPONENTS":
             self.expect_keyword_("COMPONENTS")
@@ -87,8 +91,9 @@
                 'Glyph "%s" (gid %i) already defined' % (name, gid),
                 location
             )
-        def_glyph = ast.GlyphDefinition(location, name, gid,
-                                        gunicode, gtype, components)
+        def_glyph = ast.GlyphDefinition(name, gid,
+                                        gunicode, gtype, components,
+                                        location=location)
         self.glyphs_.define(name, def_glyph)
         return def_glyph
 
@@ -98,7 +103,6 @@
         name = self.expect_string_()
         enum = None
         if self.next_token_ == "ENUM":
-            self.expect_keyword_("ENUM")
             enum = self.parse_enum_()
         self.expect_keyword_("END_GROUP")
         if self.groups_.resolve(name) is not None:
@@ -107,7 +111,8 @@
                 'group names are case insensitive' % name,
                 location
             )
-        def_group = ast.GroupDefinition(location, name, enum)
+        def_group = ast.GroupDefinition(name, enum,
+                                        location=location)
         self.groups_.define(name, def_group)
         return def_group
 
@@ -142,7 +147,7 @@
             langs.append(lang)
         self.expect_keyword_("END_SCRIPT")
         self.langs_.exit_scope()
-        def_script = ast.ScriptDefinition(location, name, tag, langs)
+        def_script = ast.ScriptDefinition(name, tag, langs, location=location)
         self.scripts_.define(tag, def_script)
         return def_script
 
@@ -161,7 +166,8 @@
             feature = self.parse_feature_()
             self.expect_keyword_("END_FEATURE")
             features.append(feature)
-        def_langsys = ast.LangSysDefinition(location, name, tag, features)
+        def_langsys = ast.LangSysDefinition(name, tag, features,
+                                            location=location)
         return def_langsys
 
     def parse_feature_(self):
@@ -177,7 +183,8 @@
             self.expect_keyword_("LOOKUP")
             lookup = self.expect_string_()
             lookups.append(lookup)
-        feature = ast.FeatureDefinition(location, name, tag, lookups)
+        feature = ast.FeatureDefinition(name, tag, lookups,
+                                        location=location)
         return feature
 
     def parse_def_lookup_(self):
@@ -202,18 +209,22 @@
             self.advance_lexer_()
             process_base = False
         process_marks = True
+        mark_glyph_set = None
         if self.next_token_ == "PROCESS_MARKS":
             self.advance_lexer_()
             if self.next_token_ == "MARK_GLYPH_SET":
                 self.advance_lexer_()
-                process_marks = self.expect_string_()
-            elif self.next_token_type_ == Lexer.STRING:
-                process_marks = self.expect_string_()
+                mark_glyph_set = self.expect_string_()
             elif self.next_token_ == "ALL":
                 self.advance_lexer_()
+            elif self.next_token_ == "NONE":
+                self.advance_lexer_()
+                process_marks = False
+            elif self.next_token_type_ == Lexer.STRING:
+                process_marks = self.expect_string_()
             else:
                 raise VoltLibError(
-                    "Expected ALL, MARK_GLYPH_SET or an ID. "
+                    "Expected ALL, NONE, MARK_GLYPH_SET or an ID. "
                     "Got %s" % (self.next_token_type_),
                     location)
         elif self.next_token_ == "SKIP_MARKS":
@@ -231,7 +242,7 @@
         comments = None
         if self.next_token_ == "COMMENTS":
             self.expect_keyword_("COMMENTS")
-            comments = self.expect_string_()
+            comments = self.expect_string_().replace(r'\n', '\n')
         context = []
         while self.next_token_ in ("EXCEPT_CONTEXT", "IN_CONTEXT"):
             context = self.parse_context_()
@@ -248,8 +259,8 @@
                 "Got %s" % (as_pos_or_sub),
                 location)
         def_lookup = ast.LookupDefinition(
-            location, name, process_base, process_marks, direction, reversal,
-            comments, context, sub, pos)
+            name, process_base, process_marks, mark_glyph_set, direction,
+            reversal, comments, context, sub, pos, location=location)
         self.lookups_.define(name, def_lookup)
         return def_lookup
 
@@ -272,8 +283,8 @@
                     else:
                         right.append(coverage)
                 self.expect_keyword_("END_CONTEXT")
-                context = ast.ContextDefinition(location, ex_or_in, left,
-                                                right)
+                context = ast.ContextDefinition(ex_or_in, left,
+                                                right, location=location)
                 contexts.append(context)
             else:
                 self.expect_keyword_("END_CONTEXT")
@@ -301,17 +312,20 @@
             raise VoltLibError(
                 "Invalid substitution type",
                 location)
-        mapping = OrderedDict(zip(tuple(src), tuple(dest)))
+        mapping = dict(zip(tuple(src), tuple(dest)))
         if max_src == 1 and max_dest == 1:
             if reversal:
                 sub = ast.SubstitutionReverseChainingSingleDefinition(
-                    location, mapping)
+                    mapping, location=location)
             else:
-                sub = ast.SubstitutionSingleDefinition(location, mapping)
+                sub = ast.SubstitutionSingleDefinition(mapping,
+                                                       location=location)
         elif max_src == 1 and max_dest > 1:
-            sub = ast.SubstitutionMultipleDefinition(location, mapping)
+            sub = ast.SubstitutionMultipleDefinition(mapping,
+                                                     location=location)
         elif max_src > 1 and max_dest == 1:
-            sub = ast.SubstitutionLigatureDefinition(location, mapping)
+            sub = ast.SubstitutionLigatureDefinition(mapping,
+                                                     location=location)
         return sub
 
     def parse_position_(self):
@@ -348,7 +362,7 @@
             coverage_to.append((cov, anchor_name))
         self.expect_keyword_("END_ATTACH")
         position = ast.PositionAttachDefinition(
-            location, coverage, coverage_to)
+            coverage, coverage_to, location=location)
         return position
 
     def parse_attach_cursive_(self):
@@ -364,7 +378,7 @@
             coverages_enter.append(self.parse_coverage_())
         self.expect_keyword_("END_ATTACH")
         position = ast.PositionAttachCursiveDefinition(
-            location, coverages_exit, coverages_enter)
+            coverages_exit, coverages_enter, location=location)
         return position
 
     def parse_adjust_pair_(self):
@@ -390,7 +404,7 @@
             adjust_pair[(id_1, id_2)] = (pos_1, pos_2)
         self.expect_keyword_("END_ADJUST")
         position = ast.PositionAdjustPairDefinition(
-            location, coverages_1, coverages_2, adjust_pair)
+            coverages_1, coverages_2, adjust_pair, location=location)
         return position
 
     def parse_adjust_single_(self):
@@ -404,7 +418,7 @@
             adjust_single.append((coverages, pos))
         self.expect_keyword_("END_ADJUST")
         position = ast.PositionAdjustSingleDefinition(
-            location, adjust_single)
+            adjust_single, location=location)
         return position
 
     def parse_def_anchor_(self):
@@ -415,16 +429,17 @@
         gid = self.expect_number_()
         self.expect_keyword_("GLYPH")
         glyph_name = self.expect_name_()
-        # check for duplicate anchor names on this glyph
-        if (glyph_name in self.anchors_
-                and self.anchors_[glyph_name].resolve(name) is not None):
-            raise VoltLibError(
-                'Anchor "%s" already defined, '
-                'anchor names are case insensitive' % name,
-                location
-            )
         self.expect_keyword_("COMPONENT")
         component = self.expect_number_()
+        # check for duplicate anchor names on this glyph
+        if glyph_name in self.anchors_:
+            anchor = self.anchors_[glyph_name].resolve(name)
+            if anchor is not None and anchor.component == component:
+                raise VoltLibError(
+                    'Anchor "%s" already defined, '
+                    'anchor names are case insensitive' % name,
+                    location
+                )
         if self.next_token_ == "LOCKED":
             locked = True
             self.advance_lexer_()
@@ -433,8 +448,9 @@
         self.expect_keyword_("AT")
         pos = self.parse_pos_()
         self.expect_keyword_("END_ANCHOR")
-        anchor = ast.AnchorDefinition(location, name, gid, glyph_name,
-                                      component, locked, pos)
+        anchor = ast.AnchorDefinition(name, gid, glyph_name,
+                                      component, locked, pos,
+                                      location=location)
         if glyph_name not in self.anchors_:
             self.anchors_[glyph_name] = SymbolTable()
         self.anchors_[glyph_name].define(name, anchor)
@@ -478,7 +494,7 @@
                 adjustment, size = self.parse_adjust_by_()
                 dy_adjust_by[size] = adjustment
         self.expect_keyword_("END_POS")
-        return (adv, dx, dy, adv_adjust_by, dx_adjust_by, dy_adjust_by)
+        return ast.Pos(adv, dx, dy, adv_adjust_by, dx_adjust_by, dy_adjust_by)
 
     def parse_unicode_values_(self):
         location = self.cur_token_location_
@@ -492,9 +508,9 @@
         return unicode_values if unicode_values != [] else None
 
     def parse_enum_(self):
-        assert self.is_cur_keyword_("ENUM")
+        self.expect_keyword_("ENUM")
         location = self.cur_token_location_
-        enum = self.parse_coverage_()
+        enum = ast.Enum(self.parse_coverage_(), location=location)
         self.expect_keyword_("END_ENUM")
         return enum
 
@@ -503,55 +519,42 @@
         location = self.cur_token_location_
         while self.next_token_ in ("GLYPH", "GROUP", "RANGE", "ENUM"):
             if self.next_token_ == "ENUM":
-                self.advance_lexer_()
                 enum = self.parse_enum_()
                 coverage.append(enum)
             elif self.next_token_ == "GLYPH":
                 self.expect_keyword_("GLYPH")
                 name = self.expect_string_()
-                coverage.append(name)
+                coverage.append(ast.GlyphName(name, location=location))
             elif self.next_token_ == "GROUP":
                 self.expect_keyword_("GROUP")
                 name = self.expect_string_()
-                # resolved_group = self.groups_.resolve(name)
-                group = (name,)
-                coverage.append(group)
-                # if resolved_group is not None:
-                #     coverage.extend(resolved_group.enum)
-                # # TODO: check that group exists after all groups are defined
-                # else:
-                #     group = (name,)
-                #     coverage.append(group)
-                #     # raise VoltLibError(
-                #     #     'Glyph group "%s" is not defined' % name,
-                #     #     location)
+                coverage.append(ast.GroupName(name, self, location=location))
             elif self.next_token_ == "RANGE":
                 self.expect_keyword_("RANGE")
                 start = self.expect_string_()
                 self.expect_keyword_("TO")
                 end = self.expect_string_()
-                coverage.append((start, end))
+                coverage.append(ast.Range(start, end, self, location=location))
         return tuple(coverage)
 
     def resolve_group(self, group_name):
         return self.groups_.resolve(group_name)
 
     def glyph_range(self, start, end):
-        rng = self.glyphs_.range(start, end)
-        return frozenset(rng)
+        return self.glyphs_.range(start, end)
 
     def parse_ppem_(self):
         location = self.cur_token_location_
         ppem_name = self.cur_token_
         value = self.expect_number_()
-        setting = ast.SettingDefinition(location, ppem_name, value)
+        setting = ast.SettingDefinition(ppem_name, value, location=location)
         return setting
 
-    def parse_compiler_flag_(self):
+    def parse_noarg_option_(self):
         location = self.cur_token_location_
-        flag_name = self.cur_token_
+        name = self.cur_token_
         value = True
-        setting = ast.SettingDefinition(location, flag_name, value)
+        setting = ast.SettingDefinition(name, value, location=location)
         return setting
 
     def parse_cmap_format(self):
@@ -559,7 +562,7 @@
         name = self.cur_token_
         value = (self.expect_number_(), self.expect_number_(),
                  self.expect_number_())
-        setting = ast.SettingDefinition(location, name, value)
+        setting = ast.SettingDefinition(name, value, location=location)
         return setting
 
     def is_cur_keyword_(self, k):
@@ -594,6 +597,8 @@
         self.cur_token_type_, self.cur_token_, self.cur_token_location_ = (
             self.next_token_type_, self.next_token_, self.next_token_location_)
         try:
+            if self.is_cur_keyword_("END"):
+                raise StopIteration
             (self.next_token_type_, self.next_token_,
              self.next_token_location_) = self.lexer_.next()
         except StopIteration:
@@ -627,10 +632,10 @@
 
 class OrderedSymbolTable(SymbolTable):
     def __init__(self):
-        self.scopes_ = [OrderedDict()]
+        self.scopes_ = [{}]
 
     def enter_scope(self):
-        self.scopes_.append(OrderedDict())
+        self.scopes_.append({})
 
     def resolve(self, name, case_insensitive=False):
         SymbolTable.resolve(self, name, case_insensitive=case_insensitive)
diff --git a/MANIFEST.in b/MANIFEST.in
index fa84292..8e2bcd1 100644
--- a/MANIFEST.in
+++ b/MANIFEST.in
@@ -11,7 +11,9 @@
 
 include *requirements.txt
 include tox.ini
-include run-tests.sh
+include mypy.ini
+
+recursive-include Lib/fontTools py.typed
 
 include .appveyor.yml
 include .codecov.yml
@@ -19,8 +21,13 @@
 include .travis.yml
 recursive-include .travis *.sh
 
+recursive-include Icons *.png *.pdf
+
 include Doc/Makefile
 include Doc/make.bat
+include Doc/docs-requirements.txt
+include Doc/README.md
+include Doc/source/assets/img/favicon.ico
 recursive-include Doc/man/man1 *.1
 recursive-include Doc/source *.py *.rst
 
@@ -31,3 +38,6 @@
 recursive-include Tests *.txt README
 recursive-include Tests *.lwfn *.pfa *.pfb
 recursive-include Tests *.xml *.designspace *.bin
+recursive-include Tests *.afm
+recursive-include Tests *.json
+recursive-include Tests *.ufoz
diff --git a/Makefile b/Makefile
index bd91d7f..21cad6c 100644
--- a/Makefile
+++ b/Makefile
@@ -14,9 +14,12 @@
 	pip uninstall --yes fonttools
 
 check: all
-	./run-tests.sh
+	pytest
 
 clean:
 	./setup.py clean --all
 
-.PHONY: all dist install install-user uninstall check clean
+docs:
+	cd Doc && $(MAKE) html
+
+.PHONY: all dist install install-user uninstall check clean docs
diff --git a/MetaTools/buildTableList.py b/MetaTools/buildTableList.py
index de8a039..c3766b9 100755
--- a/MetaTools/buildTableList.py
+++ b/MetaTools/buildTableList.py
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-#! /usr/bin/env python
+#! /usr/bin/env python3
 
 import sys
 import os
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@
 fontToolsDir= os.path.normpath(fontToolsDir)
 tablesDir = os.path.join(fontToolsDir,
 		"Lib", "fontTools", "ttLib", "tables")
-docFile = os.path.join(fontToolsDir, "README.rst")
+docFile = os.path.join(fontToolsDir, "Doc/source/ttx.rst")
 
 names = glob.glob1(tablesDir, "*.py")
 
@@ -30,12 +30,9 @@
 tables.sort()
 
 
-file = open(os.path.join(tablesDir, "__init__.py"), "w")
+with open(os.path.join(tablesDir, "__init__.py"), "w") as file:
 
-file.write('''
-from __future__ import print_function, division, absolute_import
-from fontTools.misc.py23 import *
-
+	file.write('''
 # DON'T EDIT! This file is generated by MetaTools/buildTableList.py.
 def _moduleFinderHint():
 	"""Dummy function to let modulefinder know what tables may be
@@ -45,29 +42,30 @@
 	"""
 ''')
 
-for module in modules:
-	file.write("\tfrom . import %s\n" % module)
+	for module in modules:
+		file.write("\tfrom . import %s\n" % module)
 
-file.write('''
+	file.write('''
 if __name__ == "__main__":
 	import doctest, sys
 	sys.exit(doctest.testmod().failed)
 ''')
 
-file.close()
 
-
-begin = ".. begin table list\n.. code::\n"
+begin = ".. begin table list\n"
 end = ".. end table list"
-doc = open(docFile).read()
+with open(docFile) as f:
+	doc = f.read()
 beginPos = doc.find(begin)
 assert beginPos > 0
 beginPos = beginPos + len(begin) + 1
 endPos = doc.find(end)
 
 lines = textwrap.wrap(", ".join(tables[:-1]) + " and " + tables[-1], 66)
+intro = "The following tables are currently supported::\n\n"
 blockquote = "\n".join(" "*4 + line for line in lines) + "\n"
 
-doc = doc[:beginPos] + blockquote + doc[endPos:]
+doc = doc[:beginPos] + intro + blockquote + "\n" + doc[endPos:]
 
-open(docFile, "w").write(doc)
+with open(docFile, "w") as f:
+	f.write(doc)
diff --git a/MetaTools/buildUCD.py b/MetaTools/buildUCD.py
index 12bd58f..16ae150 100755
--- a/MetaTools/buildUCD.py
+++ b/MetaTools/buildUCD.py
@@ -1,10 +1,8 @@
-#!/usr/bin/env python
+#!/usr/bin/env python3
 """
 Tools to parse data files from the Unicode Character Database.
 """
 
-from __future__ import print_function, absolute_import, division
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
 
 try:
     from urllib.request import urlopen
diff --git a/MetaTools/roundTrip.py b/MetaTools/roundTrip.py
index 122b39b..f9094ab 100755
--- a/MetaTools/roundTrip.py
+++ b/MetaTools/roundTrip.py
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-#! /usr/bin/env python
+#! /usr/bin/env python3
 
 """usage: ttroundtrip [options] font1 ... fontN
 
@@ -31,9 +31,9 @@
 
 def roundTrip(ttFile1, options, report):
 	fn = os.path.basename(ttFile1)
-	xmlFile1 = tempfile.mktemp(".%s.ttx1" % fn)
-	ttFile2 = tempfile.mktemp(".%s" % fn)
-	xmlFile2 = tempfile.mktemp(".%s.ttx2" % fn)
+	xmlFile1 = tempfile.mkstemp(".%s.ttx1" % fn)
+	ttFile2 = tempfile.mkstemp(".%s" % fn)
+	xmlFile2 = tempfile.mkstemp(".%s.ttx2" % fn)
 	
 	try:
 		ttx.ttDump(ttFile1, xmlFile1, options)
@@ -74,23 +74,22 @@
 	if not files:
 		usage()
 	
-	report = open("report.txt", "a+")
-	options = ttx.Options(rawOptions, len(files))
-	for ttFile in files:
-		try:
-			roundTrip(ttFile, options, report)
-		except KeyboardInterrupt:
-			print("(Cancelled)")
-			break
-		except:
-			print("*** round tripping aborted ***")
-			traceback.print_exc()
-			report.write("=============================================================\n")
-			report.write("  An exception occurred while round tripping")
-			report.write("  \"%s\"\n" % ttFile)
-			traceback.print_exc(file=report)
-			report.write("-------------------------------------------------------------\n")
-	report.close()
+	with open("report.txt", "a+") as report:
+		options = ttx.Options(rawOptions, len(files))
+		for ttFile in files:
+			try:
+				roundTrip(ttFile, options, report)
+			except KeyboardInterrupt:
+				print("(Cancelled)")
+				break
+			except:
+				print("*** round tripping aborted ***")
+				traceback.print_exc()
+				report.write("=============================================================\n")
+				report.write("  An exception occurred while round tripping")
+				report.write("  \"%s\"\n" % ttFile)
+				traceback.print_exc(file=report)
+				report.write("-------------------------------------------------------------\n")
 
 	
 main(sys.argv[1:])
diff --git a/NEWS.rst b/NEWS.rst
index 7552b96..f220df9 100644
--- a/NEWS.rst
+++ b/NEWS.rst
@@ -1,3 +1,1332 @@
+4.26.2 (released 2021-08-09)
+----------------------------
+
+- [otTables] Added missing ``CompositeMode.PLUS`` operator (#2390).
+
+4.26.1 (released 2021-08-03)
+----------------------------
+
+- [transform] Added ``transformVector`` and ``transformVectors`` methods to the
+  ``Transform`` class. Similar to ``transformPoint`` but ignore the translation
+  part (#2386).
+
+4.26.0 (released 2021-08-03)
+----------------------------
+
+- [xmlWriter] Default to ``"\n"`` for ``newlinestr`` instead of platform-specific
+  ``os.linesep`` (#2384).
+- [otData] Define COLRv1 ClipList and ClipBox (#2379).
+- [removeOverlaps/instancer] Added --ignore-overlap-errors option to work around
+  Skia PathOps.Simplify bug (#2382, #2363, google/fonts#3365).
+- NOTE: This will be the last version to support Python 3.6. FontTools will require
+  Python 3.7 or above from the next release (#2350)
+
+4.25.2 (released 2021-07-26)
+----------------------------
+
+- [COLRv1] Various changes to sync with the latest CORLv1 draft spec. In particular:  
+  define COLR.VarIndexMap, remove/inline ColorIndex struct, add VarIndexBase to ``PaintVar*`` tables (#2372);  
+  add reduced-precicion specialized transform Paints;  
+  define Angle as fraction of half circle encoded as F2Dot14;  
+  use FWORD (int16) for all Paint center coordinates;  
+  change PaintTransform to have an offset to Affine2x3;  
+- [ttLib] when importing XML, only set sfntVersion if the font has no reader and is empty (#2376)
+
+4.25.1 (released 2021-07-16)
+----------------------------
+
+- [ttGlyphPen] Fixed bug in ``TTGlyphPointPen``, whereby open contours (i.e. starting
+  with segmentType "move") would throw ``NotImplementedError``. They are now treated
+  as if they are closed, like with the ``TTGlyphPen`` (#2364, #2366).
+
+4.25.0 (released 2021-07-05)
+----------------------------
+
+- [tfmLib] Added new library for parsing TeX Font Metric (TFM) files (#2354).
+- [TupleVariation] Make shared tuples order deterministic on python < 3.7 where
+  Counter (subclass of dict) doesn't remember insertion order (#2351, #2353).
+- [otData] Renamed COLRv1 structs to remove 'v1' suffix and match the updated draft
+  spec: 'LayerV1List' -> 'LayerList', 'BaseGlyphV1List' -> 'BaseGlyphList',
+  'BaseGlyphV1Record' -> 'BaseGlyphPaintRecord' (#2346).
+  Added 8 new ``PaintScale*`` tables: with/without centers, uniform vs non-uniform.
+  Added ``*AroundCenter`` variants to ``PaintRotate`` and ``PaintSkew``: the default
+  versions no longer have centerX/Y, but default to origin.
+  ``PaintRotate``, ``PaintSkew`` and ``PaintComposite`` formats were re-numbered.
+  NOTE: these are breaking changes; clients using the experimental COLRv1 API will
+  have to be updated (#2348).
+- [pointPens] Allow ``GuessSmoothPointPen`` to accept a tolerance. Fixed call to
+  ``math.atan2`` with x/y parameters inverted. Sync the code with fontPens (#2344).
+- [post] Fixed parsing ``post`` table format 2.0 when it contains extra garbage
+  at the end of the stringData array (#2314).
+- [subset] drop empty features unless 'size' with FeatureParams table (#2324).
+- [otlLib] Added ``otlLib.optimize`` module; added GPOS compaction algorithm.
+  The compaction can be run on existing fonts with ``fonttools otlLib.optimize``
+  or using the snippet ``compact_gpos.py``. There's experimental support for
+  compacting fonts at compilation time using an environment variable, but that
+  might be removed later (#2326).
+
+4.24.4 (released 2021-05-25)
+----------------------------
+
+- [subset/instancer] Fixed ``AttributeError`` when instantiating a VF that
+  contains GPOS ValueRecords with ``Device`` tables but without the respective
+  non-Device values (e.g. ``XAdvDevice`` without ``XAdvance``). When not
+  explicitly set, the latter are assumed to be 0 (#2323).
+
+4.24.3 (released 2021-05-20)
+----------------------------
+
+- [otTables] Fixed ``AttributeError`` in methods that split LigatureSubst,
+  MultipleSubst and AlternateSubst subtables when an offset overflow occurs.
+  The ``Format`` attribute was removed in v4.22.0 (#2319).
+
+4.24.2 (released 2021-05-20)
+----------------------------
+
+- [ttGlyphPen] Fixed typing annotation of TTGlyphPen glyphSet parameter (#2315).
+- Fixed two instances of DeprecationWarning: invalid escape sequence (#2311).
+
+4.24.1 (released 2021-05-20)
+----------------------------
+
+- [subset] Fixed AttributeError when SinglePos subtable has None Value (ValueFormat 0)
+  (#2312, #2313).
+
+4.24.0 (released 2021-05-17)
+----------------------------
+
+- [pens] Add ``ttGlyphPen.TTGlyphPointPen`` similar to ``TTGlyphPen`` (#2205).
+
+4.23.1 (released 2021-05-14)
+----------------------------
+
+- [subset] Fix ``KeyError`` after subsetting ``COLR`` table that initially contains
+  both v0 and v1 color glyphs when the subset only requested v1 glyphs; we were
+  not pruning the v0 portion of the table (#2308).
+- [colorLib] Set ``LayerV1List`` attribute to ``None`` when empty, it's optional
+  in CORLv1 (#2308).
+
+4.23.0 (released 2021-05-13)
+----------------------------
+
+- [designspaceLib] Allow to use ``\\UNC`` absolute paths on Windows (#2299, #2306).
+- [varLib.merger] Fixed bug where ``VarLibMergeError`` was raised with incorrect
+  parameters (#2300).
+- [feaLib] Allow substituting a glyph class with ``NULL`` to delete multiple glyphs
+  (#2303).
+- [glyf] Fixed ``NameError`` exception in ``getPhantomPoints`` (#2295, #2305).
+- [removeOverlaps] Retry pathops.simplify after rounding path coordinates to integers
+  if it fails the first time using floats, to work around a rare and hard to debug
+  Skia bug (#2288).
+- [varLib] Added support for building, reading, writing and optimizing 32-bit
+  ``ItemVariationStore`` as used in COLRv1 table (#2285).
+- [otBase/otConverters] Add array readers/writers for int types (#2285).
+- [feaLib] Allow more than one lookahead glyph/class in contextual positioning with
+  "value at end" (#2293, #2294).
+- [COLRv1] Default varIdx should be 0xFFFFFFFF (#2297, #2298).
+- [pens] Make RecordingPointPen actually pass on identifiers; replace asserts with
+  explicit ``PenError`` exception (#2284).
+- [mutator] Round lsb for CF2 fonts as well (#2286).
+
+4.22.1 (released 2021-04-26)
+----------------------------
+
+- [feaLib] Skip references to named lookups if the lookup block definition
+  is empty, similarly to makeotf. This also fixes an ``AttributeError`` while
+  generating ``aalt`` feature (#2276, #2277).
+- [subset] Fixed bug with ``--no-hinting`` implementation for Device tables (#2272,
+  #2275). The previous code was alwyas dropping Device tables if no-hinting was
+  requested, but some Device tables (DeltaFormat=0x8000) are also used to encode
+  variation indices and need to be retained.
+- [otBase] Fixed bug in getting the ValueRecordSize when decompiling ``MVAR``
+  table with ``lazy=True`` (#2273, #2274).
+- [varLib/glyf/gvar] Optimized and simplified ``GlyphCoordinates`` and
+  ``TupleVariation`` classes, use ``bytearray`` where possible, refactored
+  phantom-points calculations. We measured about 30% speedup in total time
+  of loading master ttfs, building gvar, and saving (#2261, #2266).
+- [subset] Fixed ``AssertionError`` while pruning unused CPAL palettes when
+  ``0xFFFF`` is present (#2257, #2259).
+
+4.22.0 (released 2021-04-01)
+----------------------------
+
+- [ttLib] Remove .Format from Coverage, ClassDef, SingleSubst, LigatureSubst,
+  AlternateSubst, MultipleSubst (#2238).
+  ATTENTION: This will change your TTX dumps!
+- [misc.arrayTools] move Vector to its own submodule, and rewrite as a tuple
+  subclass (#2201).
+- [docs] Added a terminology section for varLib (#2209).
+- [varLib] Move rounding to VariationModel, to avoid error accumulation from
+  multiple deltas (#2214)
+- [varLib] Explain merge errors in more human-friendly terms (#2223, #2226)
+- [otlLib] Correct some documentation (#2225)
+- [varLib/otlLib] Allow merging into VariationFont without first saving GPOS
+  PairPos2 (#2229)
+- [subset] Improve PairPosFormat2 subsetting (#2221)
+- [ttLib] TTFont.save: create file on disk as late as possible (#2253)
+- [cffLib] Add missing CFF2 dict operators LanguageGroup and ExpansionFactor
+  (#2249)
+  ATTENTION: This will change your TTX dumps!
+
+4.21.1 (released 2021-02-26)
+----------------------------
+
+- [pens] Reverted breaking change that turned ``AbstractPen`` and ``AbstractPointPen``
+  into abstract base classes (#2164, #2198).
+
+4.21.0 (released 2021-02-26)
+----------------------------
+
+- [feaLib] Indent anchor statements in ``asFea()`` to make them more legible and
+  diff-able (#2193).
+- [pens] Turn ``AbstractPen`` and ``AbstractPointPen`` into abstract base classes
+  (#2164).
+- [feaLib] Added support for parsing and building ``STAT`` table from AFDKO feature
+  files (#2039).
+- [instancer] Added option to update name table of generated instance using ``STAT``
+  table's axis values (#2189).
+- [bezierTools] Added functions to compute bezier point-at-time, as well as line-line,
+  curve-line and curve-curve intersections (#2192).
+
+4.20.0 (released 2021-02-15)
+----------------------------
+
+- [COLRv1] Added ``unbuildColrV1`` to deconstruct COLRv1 otTables to raw json-able
+  data structure; it does the reverse of ``buildColrV1`` (#2171).
+- [feaLib] Allow ``sub X by NULL`` sequence to delete a glyph (#2170).
+- [arrayTools] Fixed ``Vector`` division (#2173).
+- [COLRv1] Define new ``PaintSweepGradient`` (#2172).
+- [otTables] Moved ``Paint.Format`` enum class outside of ``Paint`` class definition,
+  now named ``PaintFormat``. It was clashing with paint instance ``Format`` attribute
+  and thus was breaking lazy load of COLR table which relies on magic ``__getattr__``
+  (#2175).
+- [COLRv1] Replace hand-coded builder functions with otData-driven dynamic
+  implementation (#2181).
+- [COLRv1] Define additional static (non-variable) Paint formats (#2181).
+- [subset] Added support for subsetting COLR v1 and CPAL tables (#2174, #2177).
+- [fontBuilder] Allow ``setupFvar`` to optionally take ``designspaceLib.AxisDescriptor``
+  objects. Added new ``setupAvar`` method. Support localised names for axes and
+  named instances (#2185).
+
+4.19.1 (released 2021-01-28)
+----------------------------
+
+- [woff2] An initial off-curve point with an overlap flag now stays an off-curve
+  point after compression.
+
+4.19.0 (released 2021-01-25)
+----------------------------
+
+- [codecs] Handle ``errors`` parameter different from 'strict' for the custom
+  extended mac encodings (#2137, #2132).
+- [featureVars] Raise better error message when a script is missing the required
+  default language system (#2154).
+- [COLRv1] Avoid abrupt change caused by rounding ``PaintRadialGradient.c0`` when
+  the start circle almost touches the end circle's perimeter (#2148).
+- [COLRv1] Support building unlimited lists of paints as 255-ary trees of
+  ``PaintColrLayers`` tables (#2153).
+- [subset] Prune redundant format-12 cmap subtables when all non-BMP characters
+  are dropped (#2146).
+- [basePen] Raise ``MissingComponentError`` instead of bare ``KeyError`` when a
+  referenced component is missing (#2145).
+
+4.18.2 (released 2020-12-16)
+----------------------------
+
+- [COLRv1] Implemented ``PaintTranslate`` paint format (#2129).
+- [varLib.cff] Fixed unbound local variable error (#1787).
+- [otlLib] Don't crash when creating OpenType class definitions if some glyphs
+  occur more than once (#2125).
+
+4.18.1 (released 2020-12-09)
+----------------------------
+
+- [colorLib] Speed optimization for ``LayerV1ListBuilder`` (#2119).
+- [mutator] Fixed missing tab in ``interpolate_cff2_metrics`` (0957dc7a).
+
+4.18.0 (released 2020-12-04)
+----------------------------
+
+- [COLRv1] Update to latest draft: added ``PaintRotate`` and ``PaintSkew`` (#2118).
+- [woff2] Support new ``brotlicffi`` bindings for PyPy (#2117).
+- [glifLib] Added ``expectContentsFile`` parameter to ``GlyphSet``, for use when
+  reading existing UFOs, to comply with the specification stating that a
+  ``contents.plist`` file must exist in a glyph set (#2114).
+- [subset] Allow ``LangSys`` tags in ``--layout-scripts`` option (#2112). For example:
+  ``--layout-scripts=arab.dflt,arab.URD,latn``; this will keep ``DefaultLangSys``
+  and ``URD`` language for ``arab`` script, and all languages for ``latn`` script.
+- [varLib.interpolatable] Allow UFOs to be checked; report open paths, non existant
+  glyphs; add a ``--json`` option to produce a machine-readable list of
+  incompatibilities
+- [pens] Added ``QuartzPen`` to create ``CGPath`` from glyph outlines on macOS.
+  Requires pyobjc (#2107).
+- [feaLib] You can export ``FONTTOOLS_LOOKUP_DEBUGGING=1`` to enable feature file
+  debugging info stored in ``Debg`` table (#2106).
+- [otlLib] Build more efficient format 1 and format 2 contextual lookups whenever
+  possible (#2101).
+
+4.17.1 (released 2020-11-16)
+----------------------------
+
+- [colorLib] Fixed regression in 4.17.0 when building COLR v0 table; when color
+  layers are stored in UFO lib plist, we can't distinguish tuples from lists so
+  we need to accept either types (e5439eb9, googlefonts/ufo2ft/issues#426).
+
+4.17.0 (released 2020-11-12)
+----------------------------
+
+- [colorLib/otData] Updated to latest draft ``COLR`` v1 spec (#2092).
+- [svgLib] Fixed parsing error when arc commands' boolean flags are not separated
+  by space or comma (#2094).
+- [varLib] Interpret empty non-default glyphs as 'missing', if the default glyph is
+  not empty (#2082).
+- [feaLib.builder] Only stash lookup location for ``Debg`` if ``Builder.buildLookups_``
+  has cooperated (#2065, #2067).
+- [varLib] Fixed bug in VarStore optimizer (#2073, #2083).
+- [varLib] Add designspace lib key for custom feavar feature tag (#2080).
+- Add HashPointPen adapted from psautohint. With this pen, a hash value of a glyph
+  can be computed, which can later be used to detect glyph changes (#2005).
+
+4.16.1 (released 2020-10-05)
+----------------------------
+
+- [varLib.instancer] Fixed ``TypeError`` exception when instantiating a VF with
+  a GSUB table 1.1 in which ``FeatureVariations`` attribute is present but set to
+  ``None`` -- indicating that optional ``FeatureVariations`` is missing (#2077).
+- [glifLib] Make ``x`` and ``y`` attributes of the ``point`` element required
+  even when validation is turned off, and raise a meaningful ``GlifLibError``
+  message when that happens (#2075).
+
+4.16.0 (released 2020-09-30)
+----------------------------
+
+- [removeOverlaps] Added new module and ``removeOverlaps`` function that merges
+  overlapping contours and components in TrueType glyphs. It requires the
+  `skia-pathops <https://github.com/fonttools/skia-pathops>`__ module.
+  Note that removing overlaps invalidates the TrueType hinting (#2068).
+- [varLib.instancer] Added ``--remove-overlaps`` command-line option.
+  The ``overlap`` option in ``instantiateVariableFont`` now takes an ``OverlapMode``
+  enum: 0: KEEP_AND_DONT_SET_FLAGS, 1: KEEP_AND_SET_FLAGS (default), and 2: REMOVE.
+  The latter is equivalent to calling ``removeOverlaps`` on the generated static
+  instance. The option continues to accept ``bool`` value for backward compatibility.
+
+
+4.15.0 (released 2020-09-21)
+----------------------------
+
+- [plistlib] Added typing annotations to plistlib module. Set up mypy static
+  typechecker to run automatically on CI (#2061).
+- [ttLib] Implement private ``Debg`` table, a reverse-DNS namespaced JSON dict.
+- [feaLib] Optionally add an entry into the ``Debg`` table with the original
+  lookup name (if any), feature name / script / language combination (if any),
+  and original source filename and line location. Annotate the ttx output for
+  a lookup with the information from the Debg table (#2052).
+- [sfnt] Disabled checksum checking by default in ``SFNTReader`` (#2058).
+- [Docs] Document ``mtiLib`` module (#2027).
+- [varLib.interpolatable] Added checks for contour node count and operation type
+  of each node (#2054).
+- [ttLib] Added API to register custom table packer/unpacker classes (#2055).
+
+4.14.0 (released 2020-08-19)
+----------------------------
+
+- [feaLib] Allow anonymous classes in LookupFlags definitions (#2037).
+- [Docs] Better document DesignSpace rules processing order (#2041).
+- [ttLib] Fixed 21-year old bug in ``maxp.maxComponentDepth`` calculation (#2044,
+  #2045).
+- [varLib.models] Fixed misspelled argument name in CLI entry point (81d0042a).
+- [subset] When subsetting GSUB v1.1, fixed TypeError by checking whether the
+  optional FeatureVariations table is present (e63ecc5b).
+- [Snippets] Added snippet to show how to decompose glyphs in a TTF (#2030).
+- [otlLib] Generate GSUB type 5 and GPOS type 7 contextual lookups where appropriate
+  (#2016).
+
+4.13.0 (released 2020-07-10)
+----------------------------
+
+- [feaLib/otlLib] Moved lookup subtable builders from feaLib to otlLib; refactored
+  some common code (#2004, #2007).
+- [docs] Document otlLib module (#2009).
+- [glifLib] Fixed bug with some UFO .glif filenames clashing on case-insensitive
+  filesystems (#2001, #2002).
+- [colorLib] Updated COLRv1 implementation following changes in the draft spec:
+  (#2008, googlefonts/colr-gradients-spec#24).
+
+4.12.1 (released 2020-06-16)
+----------------------------
+
+- [_n_a_m_e] Fixed error in ``addMultilingualName`` with one-character names.
+  Only attempt to recovered malformed UTF-16 data from a ``bytes`` string,
+  not from unicode ``str`` (#1997, #1998).
+
+4.12.0 (released 2020-06-09)
+----------------------------
+
+- [otlLib/varLib] Ensure that the ``AxisNameID`` in the ``STAT`` and ``fvar``
+  tables is grater than 255 as per OpenType spec (#1985, #1986).
+- [docs] Document more modules in ``fontTools.misc`` package: ``filenames``,
+  ``fixedTools``, ``intTools``, ``loggingTools``, ``macCreatorType``, ``macRes``,
+  ``plistlib`` (#1981).
+- [OS/2] Don't calculate whole sets of unicode codepoints, use faster and more memory
+  efficient ranges and bisect lookups (#1984).
+- [voltLib] Support writing back abstract syntax tree as VOLT data (#1983).
+- [voltLib] Accept DO_NOT_TOUCH_CMAP keyword (#1987).
+- [subset/merge] Fixed a namespace clash involving a private helper class (#1955).
+
+4.11.0 (released 2020-05-28)
+----------------------------
+
+- [feaLib] Introduced ``includeDir`` parameter on Parser and IncludingLexer to
+  explicitly specify the directory to search when ``include()`` statements are
+  encountered (#1973).
+- [ufoLib] Silently delete duplicate glyphs within the same kerning group when reading
+  groups (#1970).
+- [ttLib] Set version of COLR table when decompiling COLRv1 (commit 9d8a7e2).
+
+4.10.2 (released 2020-05-20)
+----------------------------
+
+- [sfnt] Fixed ``NameError: SimpleNamespace`` while reading TTC header. The regression
+  was introduced with 4.10.1 after removing ``py23`` star import.
+
+4.10.1 (released 2020-05-19)
+----------------------------
+
+- [sfnt] Make ``SFNTReader`` pickleable even when TTFont is loaded with lazy=True
+  option and thus keeps a reference to an external file (#1962, #1967).
+- [feaLib.ast] Restore backward compatibility (broken in 4.10 with #1905) for
+  ``ChainContextPosStatement`` and ``ChainContextSubstStatement`` classes.
+  Make them accept either list of lookups or list of lists of lookups (#1961).
+- [docs] Document some modules in ``fontTools.misc`` package: ``arrayTools``,
+  ``bezierTools`` ``cliTools`` and ``eexec`` (#1956).
+- [ttLib._n_a_m_e] Fixed ``findMultilingualName()`` when name record's ``string`` is
+  encoded as bytes sequence (#1963).
+
+4.10.0 (released 2020-05-15)
+----------------------------
+
+- [varLib] Allow feature variations to be active across the entire space (#1957).
+- [ufoLib] Added support for ``formatVersionMinor`` in UFO's ``fontinfo.plist`` and for
+  ``formatMinor`` attribute in GLIF file as discussed in unified-font-object/ufo-spec#78.
+  No changes in reading or writing UFOs until an upcoming (non-0) minor update of the
+  UFO specification is published (#1786).
+- [merge] Fixed merging fonts with different versions of ``OS/2`` table (#1865, #1952).
+- [subset] Fixed ``AttributeError`` while subsetting ``ContextSubst`` and ``ContextPos``
+  Format 3 subtable (#1879, #1944).
+- [ttLib.table._m_e_t_a] if data happens to be ascii, emit comment in TTX (#1938).
+- [feaLib] Support multiple lookups per glyph position (#1905).
+- [psCharStrings] Use inheritance to avoid repeated code in initializer (#1932).
+- [Doc] Improved documentation for the following modules: ``afmLib`` (#1933), ``agl``
+  (#1934), ``cffLib`` (#1935), ``cu2qu`` (#1937), ``encodings`` (#1940), ``feaLib``
+  (#1941), ``merge`` (#1949).
+- [Doc] Split off developer-centric info to new page, making front page of docs more
+  user-focused. List all utilities and sub-modules with brief descriptions.
+  Make README more concise and focused (#1914).
+- [otlLib] Add function to build STAT table from high-level description (#1926).
+- [ttLib._n_a_m_e] Add ``findMultilingualName()`` method (#1921).
+- [unicodedata] Update ``RTL_SCRIPTS`` for Unicode 13.0 (#1925).
+- [gvar] Sort ``gvar`` XML output by glyph name, not glyph order (#1907, #1908).
+- [Doc] Added help options to ``fonttools`` command line tool (#1913, #1920).
+  Ensure all fonttools CLI tools have help documentation (#1948).
+- [ufoLib] Only write fontinfo.plist when there actually is content (#1911).
+
+4.9.0 (released 2020-04-29)
+---------------------------
+
+- [subset] Fixed subsetting of FeatureVariations table. The subsetter no longer drops
+  FeatureVariationRecords that have empty substitutions as that will keep the search
+  going and thus change the logic. It will only drop empty records that occur at the
+  end of the FeatureVariationRecords array (#1881).
+- [subset] Remove FeatureVariations table and downgrade GSUB/GPOS to version 0x10000
+  when FeatureVariations contain no FeatureVariationRecords after subsetting (#1903).
+- [agl] Add support for legacy Adobe Glyph List of glyph names in ``fontTools.agl``
+  (#1895).
+- [feaLib] Ignore superfluous script statements (#1883).
+- [feaLib] Hide traceback by default on ``fonttools feaLib`` command line.
+  Use ``--traceback`` option to show (#1898).
+- [feaLib] Check lookup index in chaining sub/pos lookups and print better error
+  message (#1896, #1897).
+- [feaLib] Fix building chained alt substitutions (#1902).
+- [Doc] Included all fontTools modules in the sphinx-generated documentation, and
+  published it to ReadTheDocs for continuous documentation of the fontTools project
+  (#1333). Check it out at https://fonttools.readthedocs.io/. Thanks to Chris Simpkins!
+- [transform] The ``Transform`` class is now subclass of ``typing.NamedTuple``. No
+  change in functionality (#1904).
+
+
+4.8.1 (released 2020-04-17)
+---------------------------
+
+- [feaLib] Fixed ``AttributeError: 'NoneType' has no attribute 'getAlternateGlyphs'``
+  when ``aalt`` feature references a chain contextual substitution lookup
+  (googlefonts/fontmake#648, #1878).
+
+4.8.0 (released 2020-04-16)
+---------------------------
+
+- [feaLib] If Parser is initialized without a ``glyphNames`` parameter, it cannot
+  distinguish between a glyph name containing an hyphen, or a range of glyph names;
+  instead of raising an error, it now interprets them as literal glyph names, while
+  also outputting a logging warning to alert user about the ambiguity (#1768, #1870).
+- [feaLib] When serializing AST to string, emit spaces around hyphens that denote
+  ranges. Also, fixed an issue with CID ranges when round-tripping AST->string->AST
+  (#1872).
+- [Snippets/otf2ttf] In otf2ttf.py script update LSB in hmtx to match xMin (#1873).
+- [colorLib] Added experimental support for building ``COLR`` v1 tables as per
+  the `colr-gradients-spec <https://github.com/googlefonts/colr-gradients-spec/blob/master/colr-gradients-spec.md>`__
+  draft proposal. **NOTE**: both the API and the XML dump of ``COLR`` v1 are
+  susceptible to change while the proposal is being discussed and formalized (#1822).
+
+4.7.0 (released 2020-04-03)
+---------------------------
+
+- [cu2qu] Added ``fontTools.cu2qu`` package, imported from the original
+  `cu2qu <https://github.com/googlefonts/cu2qu>`__ project. The ``cu2qu.pens`` module
+  was moved to ``fontTools.pens.cu2quPen``. The optional cu2qu extension module
+  can be compiled by installing `Cython <https://cython.org/>`__ before installing
+  fonttools from source (i.e. git repo or sdist tarball). The wheel package that
+  is published on PyPI (i.e. the one ``pip`` downloads, unless ``--no-binary``
+  option is used), will continue to be pure-Python for now (#1868).
+
+4.6.0 (released 2020-03-24)
+---------------------------
+
+- [varLib] Added support for building variable ``BASE`` table version 1.1 (#1858).
+- [CPAL] Added ``fromRGBA`` method to ``Color`` class (#1861).
+
+
+4.5.0 (released 2020-03-20)
+---------------------------
+
+- [designspaceLib] Added ``add{Axis,Source,Instance,Rule}Descriptor`` methods to
+  ``DesignSpaceDocument`` class, to initialize new descriptor objects using keyword
+  arguments, and at the same time append them to the current document (#1860).
+- [unicodedata] Update to Unicode 13.0 (#1859).
+
+4.4.3 (released 2020-03-13)
+---------------------------
+
+- [varLib] Always build ``gvar`` table for TrueType-flavored Variable Fonts,
+  even if it contains no variation data. The table is required according to
+  the OpenType spec (#1855, #1857).
+
+4.4.2 (released 2020-03-12)
+---------------------------
+
+- [ttx] Annotate ``LookupFlag`` in XML dump with comment explaining what bits
+  are set and what they mean (#1850).
+- [feaLib] Added more descriptive message to ``IncludedFeaNotFound`` error (#1842).
+
+4.4.1 (released 2020-02-26)
+---------------------------
+
+- [woff2] Skip normalizing ``glyf`` and ``loca`` tables if these are missing from
+  a font (e.g. in NotoColorEmoji using ``CBDT/CBLC`` tables).
+- [timeTools] Use non-localized date parsing in ``timestampFromString``, to fix
+  error when non-English ``LC_TIME`` locale is set (#1838, #1839).
+- [fontBuilder] Make sure the CFF table generated by fontBuilder can be used by varLib
+  without having to compile and decompile the table first. This was breaking in
+  converting the CFF table to CFF2 due to some unset attributes (#1836).
+
+4.4.0 (released 2020-02-18)
+---------------------------
+
+- [colorLib] Added ``fontTools.colorLib.builder`` module, initially with ``buildCOLR``
+  and ``buildCPAL`` public functions. More color font formats will follow (#1827).
+- [fontBuilder] Added ``setupCOLR`` and ``setupCPAL`` methods (#1826).
+- [ttGlyphPen] Quantize ``GlyphComponent.transform`` floats to ``F2Dot14`` to fix
+  round-trip issue when computing bounding boxes of transformed components (#1830).
+- [glyf] If a component uses reference points (``firstPt`` and ``secondPt``) for
+  alignment (instead of X and Y offsets), compute the effective translation offset
+  *after* having applied any transform (#1831).
+- [glyf] When all glyphs have zero contours, compile ``glyf`` table data as a single
+  null byte in order to pass validation by OTS and Windows (#1829).
+- [feaLib] Parsing feature code now ensures that referenced glyph names are part of
+  the known glyph set, unless a glyph set was not provided.
+- [varLib] When filling in the default axis value for a missing location of a source or
+  instance, correctly map the value forward.
+- [varLib] The avar table can now contain mapping output values that are greater than
+  OR EQUAL to the preceeding value, as the avar specification allows this.
+- [varLib] The errors of the module are now ordered hierarchically below VarLibError.
+  See #1821.
+
+4.3.0 (released 2020-02-03)
+---------------------------
+
+- [EBLC/CBLC] Fixed incorrect padding length calculation for Format 3 IndexSubTable
+  (#1817, #1818).
+- [varLib] Fixed error when merging OTL tables and TTFonts were loaded as ``lazy=True``
+  (#1808, #1809).
+- [varLib] Allow to use master fonts containing ``CFF2`` table when building VF (#1816).
+- [ttLib] Make ``recalcBBoxes`` option work also with ``CFF2`` table (#1816).
+- [feaLib] Don't reset ``lookupflag`` in lookups defined inside feature blocks.
+  They will now inherit the current ``lookupflag`` of the feature. This is what
+  Adobe ``makeotf`` also does in this case (#1815).
+- [feaLib] Fixed bug with mixed single/multiple substitutions. If a single substitution
+  involved a glyph class, we were incorrectly using only the first glyph in the class
+  (#1814).
+
+4.2.5 (released 2020-01-29)
+---------------------------
+
+- [feaLib] Do not fail on duplicate multiple substitutions, only warn (#1811).
+- [subset] Optimize SinglePos subtables to Format 1 if all ValueRecords are the same
+  (#1802).
+
+4.2.4 (released 2020-01-09)
+---------------------------
+
+- [unicodedata] Update RTL_SCRIPTS for Unicode 11 and 12.
+
+4.2.3 (released 2020-01-07)
+---------------------------
+
+- [otTables] Fixed bug when splitting `MarkBasePos` subtables as offsets overflow.
+  The mark class values in the split subtable were not being updated, leading to
+  invalid mark-base attachments (#1797, googlefonts/noto-source#145).
+- [feaLib] Only log a warning instead of error when features contain duplicate
+  substitutions (#1767).
+- [glifLib] Strip XML comments when parsing with lxml (#1784, #1785).
+
+4.2.2 (released 2019-12-12)
+---------------------------
+
+- [subset] Fixed issue with subsetting FeatureVariations table when the index
+  of features changes as features get dropped. The feature index need to be
+  remapped to point to index of the remaining features (#1777, #1782).
+- [fontBuilder] Added `addFeatureVariations` method to `FontBuilder` class. This
+  is a shorthand for calling `featureVars.addFeatureVariations` on the builder's
+  TTFont object (#1781).
+- [glyf] Fixed the flags bug in glyph.drawPoints() like we did for glyph.draw()
+  (#1771, #1774).
+
+4.2.1 (released 2019-12-06)
+---------------------------
+
+- [glyf] Use the ``flagOnCurve`` bit mask in ``glyph.draw()``, so that we ignore
+  the ``overlap`` flag that may be set when instantiating variable fonts (#1771).
+
+4.2.0 (released 2019-11-28)
+---------------------------
+
+- [pens] Added the following pens:
+
+  * ``roundingPen.RoundingPen``: filter pen that rounds coordinates and components'
+    offsets to integer;
+  * ``roundingPen.RoundingPointPen``: like the above, but using PointPen protocol.
+  * ``filterPen.FilterPointPen``: base class for filter point pens;
+  * ``transformPen.TransformPointPen``: filter point pen to apply affine transform;
+  * ``recordingPen.RecordingPointPen``: records and replays point-pen commands.
+
+- [ttGlyphPen] Always round float coordinates and component offsets to integers
+  (#1763).
+- [ufoLib] When converting kerning groups from UFO2 to UFO3, avoid confusing
+  groups with the same name as one of the glyphs (#1761, #1762,
+  unified-font-object/ufo-spec#98).
+
+4.1.0 (released 2019-11-18)
+---------------------------
+
+- [instancer] Implemented restricting axis ranges (level 3 partial instancing).
+  You can now pass ``{axis_tag: (min, max)}`` tuples as input to the
+  ``instantiateVariableFont`` function. Note that changing the default axis
+  position is not supported yet. The command-line script also accepts axis ranges
+  in the form of colon-separated float values, e.g. ``wght=400:700`` (#1753, #1537).
+- [instancer] Never drop STAT ``DesignAxis`` records, but only prune out-of-range
+  ``AxisValue`` records.
+- [otBase/otTables] Enforce that VarStore.RegionAxisCount == fvar.axisCount, even
+  when regions list is empty to appease OTS < v8.0 (#1752).
+- [designspaceLib] Defined new ``processing`` attribute for ``<rules>`` element,
+  with values "first" or "last", plus other editorial changes to DesignSpace
+  specification. Bumped format version to 4.1 (#1750).
+- [varLib] Improved error message when masters' glyph orders do not match (#1758,
+  #1759).
+- [featureVars] Allow to specify custom feature tag in ``addFeatureVariations``;
+  allow said feature to already exist, in which case we append new lookup indices
+  to existing features. Implemented ``<rules>`` attribute ``processing`` according to
+  DesignSpace specification update in #1750. Depending on this flag, we generate
+  either an 'rvrn' (always processed first) or a 'rclt' feature (follows lookup order,
+  therefore last) (#1747, #1625, #1371).
+- [ttCollection] Added support for context manager auto-closing via ``with`` statement
+  like with ``TTFont`` (#1751).
+- [unicodedata] Require unicodedata2 >= 12.1.0.
+- [py2.py3] Removed yet more PY2 vestiges (#1743).
+- [_n_a_m_e] Fixed issue when comparing NameRecords with different string types (#1742).
+- [fixedTools] Changed ``fixedToFloat`` to not do any rounding but simply return
+  ``value / (1 << precisionBits)``. Added ``floatToFixedToStr`` and
+  ``strToFixedToFloat`` functions to be used when loading from or dumping to XML.
+  Fixed values (e.g. fvar axes and instance coordinates, avar mappings, etc.) are
+  are now stored as un-rounded decimal floats upon decompiling (#1740, #737).
+- [feaLib] Fixed handling of multiple ``LigatureCaret`` statements for the same glyph.
+  Only the first rule per glyph is used, additional ones are ignored (#1733).
+
+4.0.2 (released 2019-09-26)
+---------------------------
+
+- [voltLib] Added support for ``ALL`` and ``NONE`` in ``PROCESS_MARKS`` (#1732).
+- [Silf] Fixed issue in ``Silf`` table compilation and decompilation regarding str vs
+  bytes in python3 (#1728).
+- [merge] Handle duplicate glyph names better: instead of appending font index to
+  all glyph names, use similar code like we use in ``post`` and ``CFF`` tables (#1729).
+
+4.0.1 (released 2019-09-11)
+---------------------------
+
+- [otTables] Support fixing offset overflows in ``MultipleSubst`` lookup subtables
+  (#1706).
+- [subset] Prune empty strikes in ``EBDT`` and ``CBDT`` table data (#1698, #1633).
+- [pens] Fixed issue in ``PointToSegmentPen`` when last point of closed contour has
+  same coordinates as the starting point and was incorrectly dropped (#1720).
+- [Graphite] Fixed ``Sill`` table output to pass OTS (#1705).
+- [name] Added ``removeNames`` method to ``table__n_a_m_e`` class (#1719).
+- [ttLib] Added aliases for renamed entries ``ascender`` and ``descender`` in
+  ``hhea`` table (#1715).
+
+4.0.0 (released 2019-08-22)
+---------------------------
+
+- NOTE: The v4.x version series only supports Python 3.6 or greater. You can keep
+  using fonttools 3.x if you need support for Python 2.
+- [py23] Removed all the python2-only code since it is no longer reachable, thus
+  unused; only the Python3 symbols were kept, but these are no-op. The module is now
+  DEPRECATED and will removed in the future.
+- [ttLib] Fixed UnboundLocalError for empty loca/glyph tables (#1680). Also, allow
+  the glyf table to be incomplete when dumping to XML (#1681).
+- [varLib.models] Fixed KeyError while sorting masters and there are no on-axis for
+  a given axis (38a8eb0e).
+- [cffLib] Make sure glyph names are unique (#1699).
+- [feaLib] Fix feature parser to correctly handle octal numbers (#1700).
+
+3.44.0 (released 2019-08-02)
+----------------------------
+
+- NOTE: This is the last scheduled release to support Python 2.7. The upcoming fonttools
+  v4.x series is going to require Python 3.6 or greater.
+- [varLib] Added new ``varLib.instancer`` module for partially instantiating variable
+  fonts. This extends (and will eventually replace) ``varLib.mutator`` module, as
+  it allows to create not just full static instances from a variable font, but also
+  "partial" or "less variable" fonts where some of the axes are dropped or
+  instantiated at a particular value.
+  Also available from the command-line as `fonttools varLib.instancer --help`
+  (#1537, #1628).
+- [cffLib] Added support for ``FDSelect`` format 4 (#1677).
+- [subset] Added support for subsetting ``sbix`` (Apple bitmap color font) table.
+- [t1Lib] Fixed issue parsing ``eexec`` section in Type1 fonts when whitespace
+  characters are interspersed among the trailing zeros (#1676).
+- [cffLib.specializer] Fixed bug in ``programToCommands`` with CFF2 charstrings (#1669).
+
+3.43.2 (released 2019-07-10)
+----------------------------
+
+- [featureVars] Fixed region-merging code on python3 (#1659).
+- [varLib.cff] Fixed merging of sparse PrivateDict items (#1653).
+
+3.43.1 (released 2019-06-19)
+----------------------------
+
+- [subset] Fixed regression when passing ``--flavor=woff2`` option with an input font
+  that was already compressed as WOFF 1.0 (#1650).
+
+3.43.0 (released 2019-06-18)
+----------------------------
+
+- [woff2] Added support for compressing/decompressing WOFF2 fonts with non-transformed
+  ``glyf`` and ``loca`` tables, as well as with transformed ``hmtx`` table.
+  Removed ``Snippets/woff2_compress.py`` and ``Snippets/woff2_decompress.py`` scripts,
+  and replaced them with a new console entry point ``fonttools ttLib.woff2``
+  that provides two sub-commands ``compress`` and ``decompress``.
+- [varLib.cff] Fixed bug when merging CFF2 ``PrivateDicts``. The ``PrivateDict``
+  data from the first region font was incorrecty used for all subsequent fonts.
+  The bug would only affect variable CFF2 fonts with hinting (#1643, #1644).
+  Also, fixed a merging bug when VF masters have no blends or marking glyphs (#1632,
+  #1642).
+- [loggingTools] Removed unused backport of ``LastResortLogger`` class.
+- [subset] Gracefully handle partial MATH table (#1635).
+- [featureVars] Avoid duplicate references to ``rvrn`` feature record in
+  ``DefaultLangSys`` tables when calling ``addFeatureVariations`` on a font that
+  does not already have a ``GSUB`` table (aa8a5bc6).
+- [varLib] Fixed merging of class-based kerning. Before, the process could introduce
+  rogue kerning values and variations for random classes against class zero (everything
+  not otherwise classed).
+- [varLib] Fixed merging GPOS tables from master fonts with different number of
+  ``SinglePos`` subtables (#1621, #1641).
+- [unicodedata] Updated Blocks, Scripts and ScriptExtensions to Unicode 12.1.
+
+3.42.0 (released 2019-05-28)
+----------------------------
+
+- [OS/2] Fixed sign of ``fsType``: it should be ``uint16``, not ``int16`` (#1619).
+- [subset] Skip out-of-range class values in mark attachment (#1478).
+- [fontBuilder] Add an empty ``DSIG`` table with ``setupDummyDSIG`` method (#1621).
+- [varLib.merger] Fixed bug whereby ``GDEF.GlyphClassDef`` were being dropped
+  when generating instance via ``varLib.mutator`` (#1614).
+- [varLib] Added command-line options ``-v`` and ``-q`` to configure logging (#1613).
+- [subset] Update font extents in head table (#1612).
+- [subset] Make --retain-gids truncate empty glyphs after the last non-empty glyph
+  (#1611).
+- [requirements] Updated ``unicodedata2`` backport for Unicode 12.0.
+
+3.41.2 (released 2019-05-13)
+----------------------------
+
+- [cffLib] Fixed issue when importing a ``CFF2`` variable font from XML, whereby
+  the VarStore state was not propagated to PrivateDict (#1598).
+- [varLib] Don't drop ``post`` glyph names when building CFF2 variable font (#1609).
+
+
+3.41.1 (released 2019-05-13)
+----------------------------
+
+- [designspaceLib] Added ``loadSourceFonts`` method to load source fonts using
+  custom opener function (#1606).
+- [head] Round font bounding box coordinates to integers to fix compile error
+  if CFF font has float coordinates (#1604, #1605).
+- [feaLib] Don't write ``None`` in ``ast.ValueRecord.asFea()`` (#1599).
+- [subset] Fixed issue ``AssertionError`` when using ``--desubroutinize`` option
+  (#1590, #1594).
+- [graphite] Fixed bug in ``Silf`` table's ``decompile`` method unmasked by
+  previous typo fix (#1597). Decode languange code as UTF-8 in ``Sill`` table's
+  ``decompile`` method (#1600).
+
+3.41.0 (released 2019-04-29)
+----------------------------
+
+- [varLib/cffLib] Added support for building ``CFF2`` variable font from sparse
+  masters, or masters with more than one model (multiple ``VarStore.VarData``).
+  In ``cffLib.specializer``, added support for ``CFF2`` CharStrings with
+  ``blend`` operators (#1547, #1591).
+- [subset] Fixed subsetting ``HVAR`` and ``VVAR`` with ``--retain-gids`` option,
+  and when advances mapping is null while sidebearings mappings are non-null
+  (#1587, #1588).
+- Added ``otlLib.maxContextCalc`` module to compute ``OS/2.usMaxContext`` value.
+  Calculate it automatically when compiling features with feaLib. Added option
+  ``--recalc-max-context`` to ``subset`` module (#1582).
+- [otBase/otTables] Fixed ``AttributeError`` on missing OT table fields after
+  importing font from TTX (#1584).
+- [graphite] Fixed typo ``Silf`` table's ``decompile`` method (#1586).
+- [otlLib] Better compress ``GPOS`` SinglePos (LookupType 1) subtables (#1539).
+
+3.40.0 (released 2019-04-08)
+----------------------------
+
+- [subset] Fixed error while subsetting ``VVAR`` with ``--retain-gids``
+  option (#1552).
+- [designspaceLib] Use up-to-date default location in ``findDefault`` method
+  (#1554).
+- [voltLib] Allow passing file-like object to Parser.
+- [arrayTools/glyf] ``calcIntBounds`` (used to compute bounding boxes of glyf
+  table's glyphs) now uses ``otRound`` instead of ``round3`` (#1566).
+- [svgLib] Added support for converting more SVG shapes to path ``d`` strings
+  (ellipse, line, polyline), as well as support for ``transform`` attributes.
+  Only ``matrix`` transformations are currently supported (#1564, #1564).
+- [varLib] Added support for building ``VVAR`` table from ``vmtx`` and ``VORG``
+  tables (#1551).
+- [fontBuilder] Enable making CFF2 fonts with ``post`` table format 2 (#1557).
+- Fixed ``DeprecationWarning`` on invalid escape sequences (#1562).
+
+3.39.0 (released 2019-03-19)
+----------------------------
+
+- [ttLib/glyf] Raise more specific error when encountering recursive
+  component references (#1545, #1546).
+- [Doc/designspaceLib] Defined new ``public.skipExportGlyphs`` lib key (#1534,
+  unified-font-object/ufo-spec#84).
+- [varLib] Use ``vmtx`` to compute vertical phantom points; or ``hhea.ascent``
+  and ``head.unitsPerEM`` if ``vmtx`` is missing (#1528).
+- [gvar/cvar] Sort XML element's min/value/max attributes in TupleVariation
+  toXML to improve readability of TTX dump (#1527).
+- [varLib.plot] Added support for 2D plots with only 1 variation axis (#1522).
+- [designspaceLib] Use axes maps when normalizing locations in
+  DesignSpaceDocument (#1226, #1521), and when finding default source (#1535).
+- [mutator] Set ``OVERLAP_SIMPLE`` and ``OVERLAP_COMPOUND`` glyf flags by
+  default in ``instantiateVariableFont``. Added ``--no-overlap`` cli option
+  to disable this (#1518).
+- [subset] Fixed subsetting ``VVAR`` table (#1516, #1517).
+  Fixed subsetting an ``HVAR`` table that has an ``AdvanceWidthMap`` when the
+  option ``--retain-gids`` is used.
+- [feaLib] Added ``forceChained`` in MultipleSubstStatement (#1511).
+  Fixed double indentation of ``subtable`` statement (#1512).
+  Added support for ``subtable`` statement in more places than just PairPos
+  lookups (#1520).
+  Handle lookupflag 0 and lookupflag without a value (#1540).
+- [varLib] In ``load_designspace``, provide a default English name for the
+  ``ital`` axis tag.
+- Remove pyftinspect because it is unmaintained and bitrotted.
+
+3.38.0 (released 2019-02-18)
+----------------------------
+
+- [cffLib] Fixed RecursionError when unpickling or deepcopying TTFont with
+  CFF table (#1488, 649dc49).
+- [subset] Fixed AttributeError when using --desubroutinize option (#1490).
+  Also, fixed desubroutinizing bug when subrs contain hints (#1499).
+- [CPAL] Make Color a subclass of namedtuple (173a0f5).
+- [feaLib] Allow hyphen in glyph class names.
+- [feaLib] Added 'tables' option to __main__.py (#1497).
+- [feaLib] Add support for special-case contextual positioning formatting
+  (#1501).
+- [svgLib] Support converting SVG basic shapes (rect, circle, etc.) into
+  equivalent SVG paths (#1500, #1508).
+- [Snippets] Added name-viewer.ipynb Jupyter notebook.
+
+
+3.37.3 (released 2019-02-05)
+----------------------------
+
+- The previous release accidentally changed several files from Unix to DOS
+  line-endings. Fix that.
+
+3.37.2 (released 2019-02-05)
+----------------------------
+
+- [varLib] Temporarily revert the fix to ``load_masters()``, which caused a
+  crash in ``interpolate_layout()`` when ``deepcopy``-ing OTFs.
+
+3.37.1 (released 2019-02-05)
+----------------------------
+
+- [varLib] ``load_masters()`` now actually assigns the fonts it loads to the
+  source.font attributes.
+- [varLib] Fixed an MVAR table generation crash when sparse masters were
+  involved.
+- [voltLib] ``parse_coverage_()`` returns a tuple instead of an ast.Enum.
+- [feaLib] A MarkClassDefinition inside a block is no longer doubly indented
+  compared to the rest of the block.
+
+3.37.0 (released 2019-01-28)
+----------------------------
+
+- [svgLib] Added support for converting elliptical arcs to cubic bezier curves
+  (#1464).
+- [py23] Added backport for ``math.isfinite``.
+- [varLib] Apply HIDDEN flag to fvar axis if designspace axis has attribute
+  ``hidden=1``.
+- Fixed "DeprecationWarning: invalid escape sequence" in Python 3.7.
+- [voltLib] Fixed parsing glyph groups. Distinguish different PROCESS_MARKS.
+  Accept COMPONENT glyph type.
+- [feaLib] Distinguish missing value and explicit ``<NULL>`` for PairPos2
+  format A (#1459). Round-trip ``useExtension`` keyword. Implemented
+  ``ValueRecord.asFea`` method.
+- [subset] Insert empty widths into hdmx when retaining gids (#1458).
+
+3.36.0 (released 2019-01-17)
+----------------------------
+
+- [ttx] Added ``--no-recalc-timestamp`` option to keep the original font's
+  ``head.modified`` timestamp (#1455, #46).
+- [ttx/psCharStrings] Fixed issues while dumping and round-tripping CFF2 table
+  with ttx (#1451, #1452, #1456).
+- [voltLib] Fixed check for duplicate anchors (#1450). Don't try to read past
+  the ``END`` operator in .vtp file (#1453).
+- [varLib] Use sentinel value -0x8000 (-32768) to ignore post.underlineThickness
+  and post.underlinePosition when generating MVAR deltas (#1449,
+  googlei18n/ufo2ft#308).
+- [subset] Added ``--retain-gids`` option to subset font without modifying the
+  current glyph indices (#1443, #1447).
+- [ufoLib] Replace deprecated calls to ``getbytes`` and ``setbytes`` with new
+  equivalent ``readbytes`` and ``writebytes`` calls. ``fs`` >= 2.2 no required.
+- [varLib] Allow loading masters from TTX files as well (#1441).
+
+3.35.2 (released 2019-01-14)
+----------------------------
+
+- [hmtx/vmtx]: Allow to compile/decompile ``hmtx`` and ``vmtx`` tables even
+  without the corresponding (required) metrics header tables, ``hhea`` and
+  ``vhea`` (#1439).
+- [varLib] Added support for localized axes' ``labelname`` and named instances'
+  ``stylename`` (#1438).
+
+3.35.1 (released 2019-01-09)
+----------------------------
+
+- [_m_a_x_p] Include ``maxComponentElements`` in ``maxp`` table's recalculation.
+
+3.35.0 (released 2019-01-07)
+----------------------------
+
+- [psCharStrings] In ``encodeFloat`` function, use float's "general format" with
+  8 digits of precision (i.e. ``%8g``) instead of ``str()``. This works around
+  a macOS rendering issue when real numbers in CFF table are too long, and
+  also makes sure that floats are encoded with the same precision in python 2.7
+  and 3.x (#1430, googlei18n/ufo2ft#306).
+- [_n_a_m_e/fontBuilder] Make ``_n_a_m_e_table.addMultilingualName`` also add
+  Macintosh (platformID=1) names by default. Added options to ``FontBuilder``
+  ``setupNameTable`` method to optionally disable Macintosh or Windows names.
+  (#1359, #1431).
+- [varLib] Make ``build`` optionally accept a ``DesignSpaceDocument`` object,
+  instead of a designspace file path. The caller can now set the ``font``
+  attribute of designspace's sources to a TTFont object, thus allowing to
+  skip filenames manipulation altogether (#1416, #1425).
+- [sfnt] Allow SFNTReader objects to be deep-copied.
+- Require typing>=3.6.4 on py27 to fix issue with singledispatch (#1423).
+- [designspaceLib/t1Lib/macRes] Fixed some cases where pathlib.Path objects were
+  not accepted (#1421).
+- [varLib] Fixed merging of multiple PairPosFormat2 subtables (#1411).
+- [varLib] The default STAT table version is now set to 1.1, to improve
+  compatibility with legacy applications (#1413).
+
+3.34.2 (released 2018-12-17)
+----------------------------
+
+- [merge] Fixed AssertionError when none of the script tables in GPOS/GSUB have
+  a DefaultLangSys record (#1408, 135a4a1).
+
+3.34.1 (released 2018-12-17)
+----------------------------
+
+- [varLib] Work around macOS rendering issue for composites without gvar entry (#1381).
+
+3.34.0 (released 2018-12-14)
+----------------------------
+
+- [varLib] Support generation of CFF2 variable fonts. ``model.reorderMasters()``
+  now supports arbitrary mapping. Fix handling of overlapping ranges for feature
+  variations (#1400).
+- [cffLib, subset] Code clean-up and fixing related to CFF2 support.
+- [ttLib.tables.ttProgram] Use raw strings for regex patterns (#1389).
+- [fontbuilder] Initial support for building CFF2 fonts. Set CFF's
+  ``FontMatrix`` automatically from unitsPerEm.
+- [plistLib] Accept the more general ``collections.Mapping`` instead of the
+  specific ``dict`` class to support custom data classes that should serialize
+  to dictionaries.
+
+3.33.0 (released 2018-11-30)
+----------------------------
+- [subset] subsetter bug fix with variable fonts.
+- [varLib.featureVar] Improve FeatureVariations generation with many rules.
+- [varLib] Enable sparse masters when building variable fonts:
+  https://github.com/fonttools/fonttools/pull/1368#issuecomment-437257368
+- [varLib.mutator] Add IDEF for GETVARIATION opcode, for handling hints in an
+  instance.
+- [ttLib] Ignore the length of kern table subtable format 0
+
+3.32.0 (released 2018-11-01)
+----------------------------
+
+- [ufoLib] Make ``UFOWriter`` a subclass of ``UFOReader``, and use mixins
+  for shared methods (#1344).
+- [featureVars] Fixed normalization error when a condition's minimum/maximum
+  attributes are missing in designspace ``<rule>`` (#1366).
+- [setup.py] Added ``[plot]`` to extras, to optionally install ``matplotlib``,
+  needed to use the ``fonTools.varLib.plot`` module.
+- [varLib] Take total bounding box into account when resolving model (7ee81c8).
+  If multiple axes have the same range ratio, cut across both (62003f4).
+- [subset] Don't error if ``STAT`` has no ``AxisValue`` tables.
+- [fontBuilder] Added a new submodule which contains a ``FontBuilder`` wrapper
+  class around ``TTFont`` that makes it easier to create a working TTF or OTF
+  font from scratch with code. NOTE: the API is still experimental and may
+  change in future versions.
+
+3.31.0 (released 2018-10-21)
+----------------------------
+
+- [ufoLib] Merged the `ufoLib <https://github.com/unified-font-objects/ufoLib>`__
+  master branch into a new ``fontTools.ufoLib`` package (#1335, #1095).
+  Moved ``ufoLib.pointPen`` module to ``fontTools.pens.pointPen``.
+  Moved ``ufoLib.etree`` module to ``fontTools.misc.etree``.
+  Moved ``ufoLib.plistlib`` module to ``fontTools.misc.plistlib``.
+  To use the new ``fontTools.ufoLib`` module you need to install fonttools
+  with the ``[ufo]`` extra, or you can manually install the required additional
+  dependencies (cf. README.rst).
+- [morx] Support AAT action type to insert glyphs and clean up compilation
+  of AAT action tables (4a1871f, 2011ccf).
+- [subset] The ``--no-hinting`` on a CFF font now also drops the optional
+  hinting keys in Private dict: ``ForceBold``, ``LanguageGroup``, and
+  ``ExpansionFactor`` (#1322).
+- [subset] Include nameIDs referenced by STAT table (#1327).
+- [loggingTools] Added ``msg=None`` argument to
+  ``CapturingLogHandler.assertRegex`` (0245f2c).
+- [varLib.mutator] Implemented ``FeatureVariations`` instantiation (#1244).
+- [g_l_y_f] Added PointPen support to ``_TTGlyph`` objects (#1334).
+
+3.30.0 (released 2018-09-18)
+----------------------------
+
+- [feaLib] Skip building noop class PairPos subtables when Coverage is NULL
+  (#1318).
+- [ttx] Expose the previously reserved bit flag ``OVERLAP_SIMPLE`` of
+  glyf table's contour points in the TTX dump. This is used in some
+  implementations to specify a non-zero fill with overlapping contours (#1316).
+- [ttLib] Added support for decompiling/compiling ``TS1C`` tables containing
+  VTT sources for ``cvar`` variation table (#1310).
+- [varLib] Use ``fontTools.designspaceLib`` to read DesignSpaceDocument. The
+  ``fontTools.varLib.designspace`` module is now deprecated and will be removed
+  in future versions. The presence of an explicit ``axes`` element is now
+  required in order to build a variable font (#1224, #1313).
+- [varLib] Implemented building GSUB FeatureVariations table from the ``rules``
+  element of DesignSpace document (#1240, #713, #1314).
+- [subset] Added ``--no-layout-closure`` option to not expand the subset with
+  the glyphs produced by OpenType layout features. Instead, OpenType features
+  will be subset to only rules that are relevant to the otherwise-specified
+  glyph set (#43, #1121).
+
+3.29.1 (released 2018-09-10)
+----------------------------
+
+- [feaLib] Fixed issue whereby lookups from DFLT/dflt were not included in the
+  DFLT/non-dflt language systems (#1307).
+- [graphite] Fixed issue on big-endian architectures (e.g. ppc64) (#1311).
+- [subset] Added ``--layout-scripts`` option to add/exclude set of OpenType
+  layout scripts that will be preserved. By default all scripts are retained
+  (``'*'``) (#1303).
+
+3.29.0 (released 2018-07-26)
+----------------------------
+
+- [feaLib] In the OTL table builder, when the ``name`` table is excluded
+  from the list of tables to be build, skip compiling ``featureNames`` blocks,
+  as the records referenced in ``FeatureParams`` table don't exist (68951b7).
+- [otBase] Try ``ExtensionLookup`` if other offset-overflow methods fail
+  (05f95f0).
+- [feaLib] Added support for explicit ``subtable;`` break statements in
+  PairPos lookups; previously these were ignored (#1279, #1300, #1302).
+- [cffLib.specializer] Make sure the stack depth does not exceed maxstack - 1,
+  so that a subroutinizer can insert subroutine calls (#1301,
+  https://github.com/googlei18n/ufo2ft/issues/266).
+- [otTables] Added support for fixing offset overflow errors occurring inside
+  ``MarkBasePos`` subtables (#1297).
+- [subset] Write the default output file extension based on ``--flavor`` option,
+  or the value of ``TTFont.sfntVersion`` (d7ac0ad).
+- [unicodedata] Updated Blocks, Scripts and ScriptExtensions for Unicode 11
+  (452c85e).
+- [xmlWriter] Added context manager to XMLWriter class to autoclose file
+  descriptor on exit (#1290).
+- [psCharStrings] Optimize the charstring's bytecode by encoding as integers
+  all float values that have no decimal portion (8d7774a).
+- [ttFont] Fixed missing import of ``TTLibError`` exception (#1285).
+- [feaLib] Allow any languages other than ``dflt`` under ``DFLT`` script
+  (#1278, #1292).
+
+3.28.0 (released 2018-06-19)
+----------------------------
+
+- [featureVars] Added experimental module to build ``FeatureVariations``
+  tables. Still needs to be hooked up to ``varLib.build`` (#1240).
+- [fixedTools] Added ``otRound`` to round floats to nearest integer towards
+  positive Infinity. This is now used where we deal with visual data like X/Y
+  coordinates, advance widths/heights, variation deltas, and similar (#1274,
+  #1248).
+- [subset] Improved GSUB closure memoize algorithm.
+- [varLib.models] Fixed regression in model resolution (180124, #1269).
+- [feaLib.ast] Fixed error when converting ``SubtableStatement`` to string
+  (#1275).
+- [varLib.mutator] Set ``OS/2.usWeightClass`` and ``usWidthClass``, and
+  ``post.italicAngle`` based on the 'wght', 'wdth' and 'slnt' axis values
+  (#1276, #1264).
+- [py23/loggingTools] Don't automatically set ``logging.lastResort`` handler
+  on py27. Moved ``LastResortLogger`` to the ``loggingTools`` module (#1277).
+
+3.27.1 (released 2018-06-11)
+----------------------------
+
+- [ttGlyphPen] Issue a warning and skip building non-existing components
+  (https://github.com/googlei18n/fontmake/issues/411).
+- [tests] Fixed issue running ttx_test.py from a tagged commit.
+
+3.27.0 (released 2018-06-11)
+----------------------------
+
+- [designspaceLib] Added new ``conditionSet`` element to ``rule`` element in
+  designspace document. Bumped ``format`` attribute to ``4.0`` (previously,
+  it was formatted as an integer). Removed ``checkDefault``, ``checkAxes``
+  methods, and any kind of guessing about the axes when the ``<axes>`` element
+  is missing. The default master is expected at the intersection of all default
+  values for each axis (#1254, #1255, #1267).
+- [cffLib] Fixed issues when compiling CFF2 or converting from CFF when the
+  font has an FDArray (#1211, #1271).
+- [varLib] Avoid attempting to build ``cvar`` table when ``glyf`` table is not
+  present, as is the case for CFF2 fonts.
+- [subset] Handle None coverages in MarkGlyphSets; revert commit 02616ab that
+  sets empty Coverage tables in MarkGlyphSets to None, to make OTS happy.
+- [ttFont] Allow to build glyph order from ``maxp.numGlyphs`` when ``post`` or
+  ``cmap`` are missing.
+- [ttFont] Added ``__len__`` method to ``_TTGlyphSet``.
+- [glyf] Ensure ``GlyphCoordinates`` never overflow signed shorts (#1230).
+- [py23] Added alias for ``itertools.izip`` shadowing the built-in ``zip``.
+- [loggingTools] Memoize ``log`` property of ``LogMixin`` class (fbab12).
+- [ttx] Impoved test coverage (#1261).
+- [Snippets] Addded script to append a suffix to all family names in a font.
+- [varLib.plot] Make it work with matplotlib >= 2.1 (b38e2b).
+
+3.26.0 (released 2018-05-03)
+----------------------------
+
+- [designspace] Added a new optional ``layer`` attribute to the source element,
+  and a corresponding ``layerName`` attribute to the ``SourceDescriptor``
+  object (#1253).
+  Added ``conditionset`` element to the ``rule`` element to the spec, but not
+  implemented in designspace reader/writer yet (#1254).
+- [varLib.models] Refine modeling one last time (0ecf5c5).
+- [otBase] Fixed sharing of tables referred to by different offset sizes
+  (795f2f9).
+- [subset] Don't drop a GDEF that only has VarStore (fc819d6). Set to None
+  empty Coverage tables in MarkGlyphSets (02616ab).
+- [varLib]: Added ``--master-finder`` command-line option (#1249).
+- [varLib.mutator] Prune fvar nameIDs from instance's name table (#1245).
+- [otTables] Allow decompiling bad ClassDef tables with invalid format, with
+  warning (#1236).
+- [varLib] Make STAT v1.2 and reuse nameIDs from fvar table (#1242).
+- [varLib.plot] Show master locations. Set axis limits to -1, +1.
+- [subset] Handle HVAR direct mapping. Passthrough 'cvar'.
+  Added ``--font-number`` command-line option for collections.
+- [t1Lib] Allow a text encoding to be specified when parsing a Type 1 font
+  (#1234). Added ``kind`` argument to T1Font constructor (c5c161c).
+- [ttLib] Added context manager API to ``TTFont`` class, so it can be used in
+  ``with`` statements to auto-close the file when exiting the context (#1232).
+
+3.25.0 (released 2018-04-03)
+----------------------------
+
+- [varLib] Improved support-resolution algorithm. Previously, the on-axis
+  masters would always cut the space. They don't anymore. That's more
+  consistent, and fixes the main issue Erik showed at TYPO Labs 2017.
+  Any varfont built that had an unusual master configuration will change
+  when rebuilt (42bef17, a523a697,
+  https://github.com/googlei18n/fontmake/issues/264).
+- [varLib.models] Added a ``main()`` entry point, that takes positions and
+  prints model results.
+- [varLib.plot] Added new module to plot a designspace's
+  VariationModel. Requires ``matplotlib``.
+- [varLib.mutator] Added -o option to specify output file path (2ef60fa).
+- [otTables] Fixed IndexError while pruning of HVAR pre-write (6b6c34a).
+- [varLib.models] Convert delta array to floats if values overflows signed
+  short integer (0055f94).
+
+3.24.2 (released 2018-03-26)
+----------------------------
+
+- [otBase] Don't fail during ``ValueRecord`` copy if src has more items.
+  We drop hinting in the subsetter by simply changing ValueFormat, without
+  cleaning up the actual ValueRecords. This was causing assertion error if
+  a variable font was subsetted without hinting and then passed directly to
+  the mutator for instantiation without first it saving to disk.
+
+3.24.1 (released 2018-03-06)
+----------------------------
+
+- [varLib] Don't remap the same ``DeviceTable`` twice in VarStore optimizer
+  (#1206).
+- [varLib] Add ``--disable-iup`` option to ``fonttools varLib`` script,
+  and a ``optimize=True`` keyword argument to ``varLib.build`` function,
+  to optionally disable IUP optimization while building varfonts.
+- [ttCollection] Fixed issue while decompiling ttc with python3 (#1207).
+
+3.24.0 (released 2018-03-01)
+----------------------------
+
+- [ttGlyphPen] Decompose composite glyphs if any components' transform is too
+  large to fit a ``F2Dot14`` value, or clamp transform values that are
+  (almost) equal to +2.0 to make them fit and avoid decomposing (#1200,
+  #1204, #1205).
+- [ttx] Added new ``-g`` option to dump glyphs from the ``glyf`` table
+  splitted as individual ttx files (#153, #1035, #1132, #1202).
+- Copied ``ufoLib.filenames`` module to ``fontTools.misc.filenames``, used
+  for the ttx split-glyphs option (#1202).
+- [feaLib] Added support for ``cvParameters`` blocks in Character Variant
+  feautures ``cv01-cv99`` (#860, #1169).
+- [Snippets] Added ``checksum.py`` script to generate/check SHA1 hash of
+  ttx files (#1197).
+- [varLib.mutator] Fixed issue while instantiating some variable fonts
+  whereby the horizontal advance width computed from ``gvar`` phantom points
+  could turn up to be negative (#1198).
+- [varLib/subset] Fixed issue with subsetting GPOS variation data not
+  picking up ``ValueRecord`` ``Device`` objects (54fd71f).
+- [feaLib/voltLib] In all AST elements, the ``location`` is no longer a
+  required positional argument, but an optional kewyord argument (defaults
+  to ``None``). This will make it easier to construct feature AST from
+  code (#1201).
+
+
+3.23.0 (released 2018-02-26)
+----------------------------
+
+- [designspaceLib] Added an optional ``lib`` element to the designspace as a
+  whole, as well as to the instance elements, to store arbitrary data in a
+  property list dictionary, similar to the UFO's ``lib``. Added an optional
+  ``font`` attribute to the ``SourceDescriptor``, to allow operating on
+  in-memory font objects (#1175).
+- [cffLib] Fixed issue with lazy-loading of attributes when attempting to
+  set the CFF TopDict.Encoding (#1177, #1187).
+- [ttx] Fixed regression introduced in 3.22.0 that affected the split tables
+  ``-s`` option (#1188).
+- [feaLib] Added ``IncludedFeaNotFound`` custom exception subclass, raised
+  when an included feature file cannot be found (#1186).
+- [otTables] Changed ``VarIdxMap`` to use glyph names internally instead of
+  glyph indexes. The old ttx dumps of HVAR/VVAR tables that contain indexes
+  can still be imported (21cbab8, 38a0ffb).
+- [varLib] Implemented VarStore optimizer (#1184).
+- [subset] Implemented pruning of GDEF VarStore, HVAR and MVAR (#1179).
+- [sfnt] Restore backward compatiblity with ``numFonts`` attribute of
+  ``SFNTReader`` object (#1181).
+- [merge] Initial support for merging ``LangSysRecords`` (#1180).
+- [ttCollection] don't seek(0) when writing to possibly unseekable strems.
+- [subset] Keep all ``--name-IDs`` from 0 to 6 by default (#1170, #605, #114).
+- [cffLib] Added ``width`` module to calculate optimal CFF default and
+  nominal glyph widths.
+- [varLib] Don’t fail if STAT already in the master fonts (#1166).
+
+3.22.0 (released 2018-02-04)
+----------------------------
+
+- [subset] Support subsetting ``endchar`` acting as ``seac``-like components
+  in ``CFF`` (fixes #1162).
+- [feaLib] Allow to build from pre-parsed ``ast.FeatureFile`` object.
+  Added ``tables`` argument to only build some tables instead of all (#1159,
+  #1163).
+- [textTools] Replaced ``safeEval`` with ``ast.literal_eval`` (#1139).
+- [feaLib] Added option to the parser to not resolve ``include`` statements
+  (#1154).
+- [ttLib] Added new ``ttCollection`` module to read/write TrueType and
+  OpenType Collections. Exports a ``TTCollection`` class with a ``fonts``
+  attribute containing a list of ``TTFont`` instances, the methods ``save``
+  and ``saveXML``, plus some list-like methods. The ``importXML`` method is
+  not implemented yet (#17).
+- [unicodeadata] Added ``ot_tag_to_script`` function that converts from
+  OpenType script tag to Unicode script code.
+- Added new ``designspaceLib`` subpackage, originally from Erik Van Blokland's
+  ``designSpaceDocument``: https://github.com/LettError/designSpaceDocument
+  NOTE: this is not yet used internally by varLib, and the API may be subject
+  to changes (#911, #1110, LettError/designSpaceDocument#28).
+- Added new FontTools icon images (8ee7c32).
+- [unicodedata] Added ``script_horizontal_direction`` function that returns
+  either "LTR" or "RTL" given a unicode script code.
+- [otConverters] Don't write descriptive name string as XML comment if the
+  NameID value is 0 (== NULL) (#1151, #1152).
+- [unicodedata] Add ``ot_tags_from_script`` function to get the list of
+  OpenType script tags associated with unicode script code (#1150).
+- [feaLib] Don't error when "enumerated" kern pairs conflict with preceding
+  single pairs; emit warning and chose the first value (#1147, #1148).
+- [loggingTools] In ``CapturingLogHandler.assertRegex`` method, match the
+  fully formatted log message.
+- [sbix] Fixed TypeError when concatenating str and bytes (#1154).
+- [bezierTools] Implemented cusp support and removed ``approximate_fallback``
+  arg in ``calcQuadraticArcLength``. Added ``calcCubicArcLength`` (#1142).
+
+3.21.2 (released 2018-01-08)
+----------------------------
+
+- [varLib] Fixed merging PairPos Format1/2 with missing subtables (#1125).
+
+3.21.1 (released 2018-01-03)
+----------------------------
+
+- [feaLib] Allow mixed single/multiple substitutions (#612)
+- Added missing ``*.afm`` test assets to MAINFEST.in (#1137).
+- Fixed dumping ``SVG`` tables containing color palettes (#1124).
+
+3.21.0 (released 2017-12-18)
+----------------------------
+
+- [cmap] when compiling format6 subtable, don't assume gid0 is always called
+  '.notdef' (1e42224).
+- [ot] Allow decompiling fonts with bad Coverage format number (1aafae8).
+- Change FontTools licence to MIT (#1127).
+- [post] Prune extra names already in standard Mac set (df1e8c7).
+- [subset] Delete empty SubrsIndex after subsetting (#994, #1118).
+- [varLib] Don't share points in cvar by default, as it currently fails on
+  some browsers (#1113).
+- [afmLib] Make poor old afmLib work on python3.
+
 3.20.1 (released 2017-11-22)
 ----------------------------
 
diff --git a/README.rst b/README.rst
index 08ef951..78f422e 100644
--- a/README.rst
+++ b/README.rst
@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
-|Travis Build Status| |Appveyor Build status| |Health| |Coverage Status|
-|PyPI|
+|CI Build Status| |Coverage Status| |PyPI| |Gitter Chat|
 
 What is this?
 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~
@@ -8,15 +7,25 @@
   project includes the TTX tool, that can convert TrueType and OpenType
   fonts to and from an XML text format, which is also called TTX. It
   supports TrueType, OpenType, AFM and to an extent Type 1 and some
-  Mac-specific formats. The project has a `BSD-style open-source
+  Mac-specific formats. The project has an `MIT open-source
   licence <LICENSE>`__.
 | Among other things this means you can use it free of charge.
 
+`User documentation <https://fonttools.readthedocs.io/en/latest/>`_ and
+`developer documentation <https://fonttools.readthedocs.io/en/latest/developer.html>`_
+are available at `Read the Docs <https://fonttools.readthedocs.io/>`_.
+
 Installation
 ~~~~~~~~~~~~
 
-FontTools requires `Python <http://www.python.org/download/>`__ 2.7, 3.4
-or later.
+FontTools 4.x requires `Python <http://www.python.org/download/>`__ 3.6
+or later. FontTools 3.x requires Python 2.7 or later.
+
+**NOTE** From August 2019, until no later than January 1 2020, the support
+for *Python 2.7* will be limited to only critical bug fixes, and no new features
+will be added to the ``py27`` branch. You can read more `here <https://python3statement.org>`__
+and `here <https://github.com/fonttools/fonttools/issues/765>`__ for the
+reasons behind this decision.
 
 The package is listed in the Python Package Index (PyPI), so you can
 install it with `pip <https://pip.pypa.io>`__:
@@ -26,7 +35,7 @@
     pip install fonttools
 
 If you would like to contribute to its development, you can clone the
-repository from Github, install the package in 'editable' mode and
+repository from GitHub, install the package in 'editable' mode and
 modify the source code in place. We recommend creating a virtual
 environment, using `virtualenv <https://virtualenv.pypa.io>`__ or
 Python 3 `venv <https://docs.python.org/3/library/venv.html>`__ module.
@@ -40,7 +49,7 @@
     # create new virtual environment called e.g. 'fonttools-venv', or anything you like
     python -m virtualenv fonttools-venv
 
-    # source the `activate` shell script to enter the environment (Un\*x); to exit, just type `deactivate`
+    # source the `activate` shell script to enter the environment (Un*x); to exit, just type `deactivate`
     . fonttools-venv/bin/activate
 
     # to activate the virtual environment in Windows `cmd.exe`, do
@@ -49,114 +58,6 @@
     # install in 'editable' mode
     pip install -e .
 
-TTX – From OpenType and TrueType to XML and Back
-~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
-
-Once installed you can use the ``ttx`` command to convert binary font
-files (``.otf``, ``.ttf``, etc) to the TTX xml format, edit them, and
-convert them back to binary format. TTX files have a .ttx file
-extension.
-
-.. code:: sh
-
-    ttx /path/to/font.otf
-    ttx /path/to/font.ttx
-
-The TTX application works can be used in two ways, depending on what
-platform you run it on:
-
--  As a command line tool (Windows/DOS, Unix, MacOSX)
--  By dropping files onto the application (Windows, MacOS)
-
-TTX detects what kind of files it is fed: it will output a ``.ttx`` file
-when it sees a ``.ttf`` or ``.otf``, and it will compile a ``.ttf`` or
-``.otf`` when the input file is a ``.ttx`` file. By default, the output
-file is created in the same folder as the input file, and will have the
-same name as the input file but with a different extension. TTX will
-*never* overwrite existing files, but if necessary will append a unique
-number to the output filename (before the extension) such as
-``Arial#1.ttf``
-
-When using TTX from the command line there are a bunch of extra options,
-these are explained in the help text, as displayed when typing
-``ttx -h`` at the command prompt. These additional options include:
-
--  specifying the folder where the output files are created
--  specifying which tables to dump or which tables to exclude
--  merging partial ``.ttx`` files with existing ``.ttf`` or ``.otf``
-   files
--  listing brief table info instead of dumping to ``.ttx``
--  splitting tables to separate ``.ttx`` files
--  disabling TrueType instruction disassembly
-
-The TTX file format
--------------------
-
-The following tables are currently supported:
-
-.. begin table list
-.. code::
-
-    BASE, CBDT, CBLC, CFF, CFF2, COLR, CPAL, DSIG, EBDT, EBLC, FFTM,
-    Feat, GDEF, GMAP, GPKG, GPOS, GSUB, Glat, Gloc, HVAR, JSTF, LTSH,
-    MATH, META, MVAR, OS/2, SING, STAT, SVG, Silf, Sill, TSI0, TSI1,
-    TSI2, TSI3, TSI5, TSIB, TSID, TSIJ, TSIP, TSIS, TSIV, TTFA, VDMX,
-    VORG, VVAR, ankr, avar, bsln, cidg, cmap, cvar, cvt, feat, fpgm,
-    fvar, gasp, gcid, glyf, gvar, hdmx, head, hhea, hmtx, kern, lcar,
-    loca, ltag, maxp, meta, mort, morx, name, opbd, post, prep, prop,
-    sbix, trak, vhea and vmtx
-.. end table list
-
-Other tables are dumped as hexadecimal data.
-
-TrueType fonts use glyph indices (GlyphIDs) to refer to glyphs in most
-places. While this is fine in binary form, it is really hard to work
-with for humans. Therefore we use names instead.
-
-The glyph names are either extracted from the ``CFF`` table or the
-``post`` table, or are derived from a Unicode ``cmap`` table. In the
-latter case the Adobe Glyph List is used to calculate names based on
-Unicode values. If all of these methods fail, names are invented based
-on GlyphID (eg ``glyph00142``)
-
-It is possible that different glyphs use the same name. If this happens,
-we force the names to be unique by appending ``#n`` to the name (``n``
-being an integer number.) The original names are being kept, so this has
-no influence on a "round tripped" font.
-
-Because the order in which glyphs are stored inside the binary font is
-important, we maintain an ordered list of glyph names in the font.
-
-Other Tools
-~~~~~~~~~~~
-
-Commands for inspecting, merging and subsetting fonts are also
-available:
-
-.. code:: sh
-
-    pyftinspect
-    pyftmerge
-    pyftsubset
-
-fontTools Python Module
-~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
-
-The fontTools python module provides a convenient way to
-programmatically edit font files.
-
-.. code:: py
-
-    >>> from fontTools.ttLib import TTFont
-    >>> font = TTFont('/path/to/font.ttf')
-    >>> font
-    <fontTools.ttLib.TTFont object at 0x10c34ed50>
-    >>>
-
-A selection of sample python programs is in the
-`Snippets <https://github.com/fonttools/fonttools/blob/master/Snippets/>`__
-directory.
-
 Optional Requirements
 ---------------------
 
@@ -164,157 +65,175 @@
 besides the modules included in the Python Standard Library.
 However, a few extra dependencies are required by some of its modules, which
 are needed to unlock optional features.
-
--  ``Lib/fontTools/ttLib/woff2.py``
-
-   Module to compress/decompress WOFF 2.0 web fonts; it requires:
-
-   -  `brotli <https://pypi.python.org/pypi/Brotli>`__: Python bindings of
-      the Brotli compression library.
-
--  ``Lib/fontTools/ttLib/sfnt.py``
-
-   To better compress WOFF 1.0 web fonts, the following module can be used
-   instead of the built-in ``zlib`` library:
-
-   -  `zopfli <https://pypi.python.org/pypi/zopfli>`__: Python bindings of
-      the Zopfli compression library.
-
--  ``Lib/fontTools/unicode.py``
-
-   To display the Unicode character names when dumping the ``cmap`` table
-   with ``ttx`` we use the ``unicodedata`` module in the Standard Library.
-   The version included in there varies between different Python versions.
-   To use the latest available data, you can install:
-
-   -  `unicodedata2 <https://pypi.python.org/pypi/unicodedata2>`__:
-      ``unicodedata`` backport for Python 2.7 and 3.5 updated to the latest
-      Unicode version 9.0. Note this is not necessary if you use Python 3.6
-      as the latter already comes with an up-to-date ``unicodedata``.
-
--  ``Lib/fontTools/varLib/interpolatable.py``
-
-   Module for finding wrong contour/component order between different masters.
-   It requires one of the following packages in order to solve the so-called
-   "minimum weight perfect matching problem in bipartite graphs", or
-   the Assignment problem:
-
-   *  `scipy <https://pypi.python.org/pypi/scipy>`__: the Scientific Library
-      for Python, which internally uses `NumPy <https://pypi.python.org/pypi/numpy>`__
-      arrays and hence is very fast;
-   *  `munkres <https://pypi.python.org/pypi/munkres>`__: a pure-Python
-      module that implements the Hungarian or Kuhn-Munkres algorithm.
-
--  ``Lib/fontTools/misc/symfont.py``
-
-   Advanced module for symbolic font statistics analysis; it requires:
-
-   *  `sympy <https://pypi.python.org/pypi/sympy>`__: the Python library for
-      symbolic mathematics.
-
--  ``Lib/fontTools/t1Lib.py``
-
-   To get the file creator and type of Macintosh PostScript Type 1 fonts
-   on Python 3 you need to install the following module, as the old ``MacOS``
-   module is no longer included in Mac Python:
-
-   *  `xattr <https://pypi.python.org/pypi/xattr>`__: Python wrapper for
-      extended filesystem attributes (macOS platform only).
-
--  ``Lib/fontTools/pens/cocoaPen.py``
-
-   Pen for drawing glyphs with Cocoa ``NSBezierPath``, requires:
-
-   *  `PyObjC <https://pypi.python.org/pypi/pyobjc>`__: the bridge between
-      Python and the Objective-C runtime (macOS platform only).
-
--  ``Lib/fontTools/pens/qtPen.py``
-
-   Pen for drawing glyphs with Qt's ``QPainterPath``, requires:
-
-   *  `PyQt5 <https://pypi.python.org/pypi/PyQt5>`__: Python bindings for
-      the Qt cross platform UI and application toolkit.
-
--  ``Lib/fontTools/pens/reportLabPen.py``
-
-   Pen to drawing glyphs as PNG images, requires:
-
-   *  `reportlab <https://pypi.python.org/pypi/reportlab>`__: Python toolkit
-      for generating PDFs and graphics.
-
--  ``Lib/fontTools/inspect.py``
-
-   A GUI font inspector, requires one of the following packages:
-
-   *  `PyGTK <https://pypi.python.org/pypi/PyGTK>`__: Python bindings for
-      GTK  2.x (only works with Python 2).
-   *  `PyGObject <https://wiki.gnome.org/action/show/Projects/PyGObject>`__ :
-      Python bindings for GTK 3.x and gobject-introspection libraries (also
-      compatible with Python 3).
-
-Testing
-~~~~~~~
-
-To run the test suite, you can do:
+The ``fonttools`` PyPI distribution also supports so-called "extras", i.e. a
+set of keywords that describe a group of additional dependencies, which can be
+used when installing via pip, or when specifying a requirement.
+For example:
 
 .. code:: sh
 
-    python setup.py test
+    pip install fonttools[ufo,lxml,woff,unicode]
 
-If you have `pytest <http://docs.pytest.org/en/latest/>`__, you can run
-the ``pytest`` command directly. The tests will run against the
-installed ``fontTools`` package, or the first one found in the
-``PYTHONPATH``.
+This command will install fonttools, as well as the optional dependencies that
+are required to unlock the extra features named "ufo", etc.
 
-You can also use `tox <https://testrun.org/tox/latest/>`__ to
-automatically run tests on different Python versions in isolated virtual
-environments.
+- ``Lib/fontTools/misc/etree.py``
 
-.. code:: sh
+  The module exports a ElementTree-like API for reading/writing XML files, and
+  allows to use as the backend either the built-in ``xml.etree`` module or
+  `lxml <https://lxml.de>`__. The latter is preferred whenever present,
+  as it is generally faster and more secure.
 
-    pip install tox
-    tox
+  *Extra:* ``lxml``
 
-Note that when you run ``tox`` without arguments, the tests are executed
-for all the environments listed in tox.ini's ``envlist``. In our case,
-this includes Python 2.7 and 3.6, so for this to work the ``python2.7``
-and ``python3.6`` executables must be available in your ``PATH``.
+- ``Lib/fontTools/ufoLib``
 
-You can specify an alternative environment list via the ``-e`` option,
-or the ``TOXENV`` environment variable:
+  Package for reading and writing UFO source files; it requires:
 
-.. code:: sh
+  * `fs <https://pypi.org/pypi/fs>`__: (aka ``pyfilesystem2``) filesystem
+    abstraction layer.
 
-    tox -e py27-nocov
-    TOXENV="py36-cov,htmlcov" tox
+  * `enum34 <https://pypi.org/pypi/enum34>`__: backport for the built-in ``enum``
+    module (only required on Python < 3.4).
 
-Development Community
-~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+  *Extra:* ``ufo``
 
-TTX/FontTools development is ongoing in an active community of
-developers, that includes professional developers employed at major
-software corporations and type foundries as well as hobbyists.
+- ``Lib/fontTools/ttLib/woff2.py``
 
-Feature requests and bug reports are always welcome at
-https://github.com/fonttools/fonttools/issues/
+  Module to compress/decompress WOFF 2.0 web fonts; it requires:
 
-The best place for discussions about TTX from an end-user perspective as
-well as TTX/FontTools development is the
-https://groups.google.com/d/forum/fonttools mailing list. There is also
-a development https://groups.google.com/d/forum/fonttools-dev mailing
-list for continuous integration notifications. You can also email Behdad
-privately at behdad@behdad.org
+  * `brotli <https://pypi.python.org/pypi/Brotli>`__: Python bindings of
+    the Brotli compression library.
 
-History
-~~~~~~~
+  *Extra:* ``woff``
 
-The fontTools project was started by Just van Rossum in 1999, and was
-maintained as an open source project at
-http://sourceforge.net/projects/fonttools/. In 2008, Paul Wise (pabs3)
-began helping Just with stability maintenance. In 2013 Behdad Esfahbod
-began a friendly fork, thoroughly reviewing the codebase and making
-changes at https://github.com/behdad/fonttools to add new features and
-support for new font formats.
+- ``Lib/fontTools/ttLib/sfnt.py``
+
+  To better compress WOFF 1.0 web fonts, the following module can be used
+  instead of the built-in ``zlib`` library:
+
+  * `zopfli <https://pypi.python.org/pypi/zopfli>`__: Python bindings of
+    the Zopfli compression library.
+
+  *Extra:* ``woff``
+
+- ``Lib/fontTools/unicode.py``
+
+  To display the Unicode character names when dumping the ``cmap`` table
+  with ``ttx`` we use the ``unicodedata`` module in the Standard Library.
+  The version included in there varies between different Python versions.
+  To use the latest available data, you can install:
+
+  * `unicodedata2 <https://pypi.python.org/pypi/unicodedata2>`__:
+    ``unicodedata`` backport for Python 2.7 and 3.x updated to the latest
+    Unicode version 12.0. Note this is not necessary if you use Python 3.8
+    as the latter already comes with an up-to-date ``unicodedata``.
+
+  *Extra:* ``unicode``
+
+- ``Lib/fontTools/varLib/interpolatable.py``
+
+  Module for finding wrong contour/component order between different masters.
+  It requires one of the following packages in order to solve the so-called
+  "minimum weight perfect matching problem in bipartite graphs", or
+  the Assignment problem:
+
+  * `scipy <https://pypi.python.org/pypi/scipy>`__: the Scientific Library
+    for Python, which internally uses `NumPy <https://pypi.python.org/pypi/numpy>`__
+    arrays and hence is very fast;
+  * `munkres <https://pypi.python.org/pypi/munkres>`__: a pure-Python
+    module that implements the Hungarian or Kuhn-Munkres algorithm.
+
+  *Extra:* ``interpolatable``
+
+- ``Lib/fontTools/varLib/plot.py``
+
+  Module for visualizing DesignSpaceDocument and resulting VariationModel.
+
+  * `matplotlib <https://pypi.org/pypi/matplotlib>`__: 2D plotting library.
+
+  *Extra:* ``plot``
+
+- ``Lib/fontTools/misc/symfont.py``
+
+  Advanced module for symbolic font statistics analysis; it requires:
+
+  * `sympy <https://pypi.python.org/pypi/sympy>`__: the Python library for
+    symbolic mathematics.
+
+  *Extra:* ``symfont``
+
+- ``Lib/fontTools/t1Lib.py``
+
+  To get the file creator and type of Macintosh PostScript Type 1 fonts
+  on Python 3 you need to install the following module, as the old ``MacOS``
+  module is no longer included in Mac Python:
+
+  * `xattr <https://pypi.python.org/pypi/xattr>`__: Python wrapper for
+    extended filesystem attributes (macOS platform only).
+
+  *Extra:* ``type1``
+
+- ``Lib/fontTools/ttLib/removeOverlaps.py``
+
+  Simplify TrueType glyphs by merging overlapping contours and components.
+
+  * `skia-pathops <https://pypi.python.org/pypy/skia-pathops>`__: Python
+    bindings for the Skia library's PathOps module, performing boolean
+    operations on paths (union, intersection, etc.).
+
+  *Extra:* ``pathops``
+
+- ``Lib/fontTools/pens/cocoaPen.py`` and ``Lib/fontTools/pens/quartzPen.py``
+
+  Pens for drawing glyphs with Cocoa ``NSBezierPath`` or ``CGPath`` require:
+
+  * `PyObjC <https://pypi.python.org/pypi/pyobjc>`__: the bridge between
+    Python and the Objective-C runtime (macOS platform only).
+
+- ``Lib/fontTools/pens/qtPen.py``
+
+  Pen for drawing glyphs with Qt's ``QPainterPath``, requires:
+
+  * `PyQt5 <https://pypi.python.org/pypi/PyQt5>`__: Python bindings for
+    the Qt cross platform UI and application toolkit.
+
+- ``Lib/fontTools/pens/reportLabPen.py``
+
+  Pen to drawing glyphs as PNG images, requires:
+
+  * `reportlab <https://pypi.python.org/pypi/reportlab>`__: Python toolkit
+    for generating PDFs and graphics.
+
+How to make a new release
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+1) Update ``NEWS.rst`` with all the changes since the last release. Write a
+   changelog entry for each PR, with one or two short sentences summarizing it,
+   as well as links to the PR and relevant issues addressed by the PR.
+2) Use semantic versioning to decide whether the new release will be a 'major',
+   'minor' or 'patch' release. It's usually one of the latter two, depending on
+   whether new backward compatible APIs were added, or simply some bugs were fixed.
+3) Run ``python setup.py release`` command from the tip of the ``main`` branch.
+   By default this bumps the third or 'patch' digit only, unless you pass ``--major``
+   or ``--minor`` to bump respectively the first or second digit.
+   This bumps the package version string, extracts the changes since the latest
+   version from ``NEWS.rst``, and uses that text to create an annotated git tag
+   (or a signed git tag if you pass the ``--sign`` option and your git and Github
+   account are configured for `signing commits <https://docs.github.com/en/github/authenticating-to-github/managing-commit-signature-verification/signing-commits>`__
+   using a GPG key).
+   It also commits an additional version bump which opens the main branch for
+   the subsequent developmental cycle
+4) Push both the tag and commit to the upstream repository, by running the command
+   ``git push --follow-tags``.
+5) Let the CI build the wheel and source distribution packages and verify both
+   get uploaded to the Python Package Index (PyPI).
+6) [Optional] Go to fonttools `Github Releases <https://github.com/fonttools/fonttools/releases>`__
+   page and create a new release, copy-pasting the content of the git tag
+   message. This way, the release notes are nicely formatted as markdown, and
+   users watching the repo will get an email notification. One day we shall
+   automate that too.
+
 
 Acknowledgements
 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
@@ -322,16 +241,17 @@
 In alphabetical order:
 
 Olivier Berten, Samyak Bhuta, Erik van Blokland, Petr van Blokland,
-Jelle Bosma, Sascha Brawer, Tom Byrer, Frédéric Coiffier, Vincent
-Connare, Dave Crossland, Simon Daniels, Behdad Esfahbod, Behnam
-Esfahbod, Hannes Famira, Sam Fishman, Matt Fontaine, Yannis Haralambous,
-Greg Hitchcock, Jeremie Hornus, Khaled Hosny, John Hudson, Denis Moyogo
-Jacquerye, Jack Jansen, Tom Kacvinsky, Jens Kutilek, Antoine Leca,
-Werner Lemberg, Tal Leming, Peter Lofting, Cosimo Lupo, Masaya Nakamura,
-Dave Opstad, Laurence Penney, Roozbeh Pournader, Garret Rieger, Read
-Roberts, Guido van Rossum, Just van Rossum, Andreas Seidel, Georg
-Seifert, Miguel Sousa, Adam Twardoch, Adrien Tétar, Vitaly Volkov, Paul
-Wise.
+Jelle Bosma, Sascha Brawer, Tom Byrer, Antonio Cavedoni, Frédéric 
+Coiffier, Vincent Connare, David Corbett, Simon Cozens, Dave Crossland, 
+Simon Daniels, Peter Dekkers, Behdad Esfahbod, Behnam Esfahbod, Hannes 
+Famira, Sam Fishman, Matt Fontaine, Yannis Haralambous, Greg Hitchcock, 
+Jeremie Hornus, Khaled Hosny, John Hudson, Denis Moyogo Jacquerye, Jack 
+Jansen, Tom Kacvinsky, Jens Kutilek, Antoine Leca, Werner Lemberg, Tal 
+Leming, Peter Lofting, Cosimo Lupo, Masaya Nakamura, Dave Opstad, 
+Laurence Penney, Roozbeh Pournader, Garret Rieger, Read Roberts, Guido 
+van Rossum, Just van Rossum, Andreas Seidel, Georg Seifert, Chris 
+Simpkins, Miguel Sousa, Adam Twardoch, Adrien Tétar, Vitaly Volkov, 
+Paul Wise.
 
 Copyrights
 ~~~~~~~~~~
@@ -350,13 +270,12 @@
 
 Have fun!
 
-.. |Travis Build Status| image:: https://travis-ci.org/fonttools/fonttools.svg
-   :target: https://travis-ci.org/fonttools/fonttools
-.. |Appveyor Build status| image:: https://ci.appveyor.com/api/projects/status/0f7fmee9as744sl7/branch/master?svg=true
-   :target: https://ci.appveyor.com/project/fonttools/fonttools/branch/master
-.. |Health| image:: https://landscape.io/github/behdad/fonttools/master/landscape.svg?style=flat
-   :target: https://landscape.io/github/behdad/fonttools/master
+.. |CI Build Status| image:: https://github.com/fonttools/fonttools/workflows/Test/badge.svg
+   :target: https://github.com/fonttools/fonttools/actions?query=workflow%3ATest
 .. |Coverage Status| image:: https://codecov.io/gh/fonttools/fonttools/branch/master/graph/badge.svg
    :target: https://codecov.io/gh/fonttools/fonttools
 .. |PyPI| image:: https://img.shields.io/pypi/v/fonttools.svg
    :target: https://pypi.org/project/FontTools
+.. |Gitter Chat| image:: https://badges.gitter.im/fonttools-dev/Lobby.svg
+   :alt: Join the chat at https://gitter.im/fonttools-dev/Lobby
+   :target: https://gitter.im/fonttools-dev/Lobby?utm_source=badge&utm_medium=badge&utm_campaign=pr-badge&utm_content=badge
diff --git a/Snippets/checksum.py b/Snippets/checksum.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b965a35
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Snippets/checksum.py
@@ -0,0 +1,131 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python3
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+
+import argparse
+import hashlib
+import os
+import sys
+
+from os.path import basename
+
+from fontTools.ttLib import TTFont
+
+
+def write_checksum(filepaths, stdout_write=False, use_ttx=False, include_tables=None, exclude_tables=None, do_not_cleanup=False):
+    checksum_dict = {}
+    for path in filepaths:
+        if not os.path.exists(path):
+            sys.stderr.write("[checksum.py] ERROR: " + path + " is not a valid file path" + os.linesep)
+            sys.exit(1)
+
+        if use_ttx:
+            # append a .ttx extension to existing extension to maintain data about the binary that
+            # was used to generate the .ttx XML dump.  This creates unique checksum path values for
+            # paths that would otherwise not be unique with a file extension replacement with .ttx
+            # An example is woff and woff2 web font files that share the same base file name:
+            #
+            #  coolfont-regular.woff  ==> coolfont-regular.ttx
+            #  coolfont-regular.woff2 ==> coolfont-regular.ttx  (KAPOW! checksum data lost as this would overwrite dict value)
+            temp_ttx_path = path + ".ttx"
+
+            tt = TTFont(path)
+            tt.saveXML(temp_ttx_path, skipTables=exclude_tables, tables=include_tables)
+            checksum_path = temp_ttx_path
+        else:
+            if include_tables is not None:
+                sys.stderr.write("[checksum.py] -i and --include are not supported for font binary filepaths. \
+                    Use these flags for checksums with the --ttx flag.")
+                sys.exit(1)
+            if exclude_tables is not None:
+                sys.stderr.write("[checksum.py] -e and --exclude are not supported for font binary filepaths. \
+                    Use these flags for checksums with the --ttx flag.")
+                sys.exit(1)
+            checksum_path = path
+
+        file_contents = _read_binary(checksum_path)
+
+        # store SHA1 hash data and associated file path basename in the checksum_dict dictionary
+        checksum_dict[basename(checksum_path)] = hashlib.sha1(file_contents).hexdigest()
+
+        # remove temp ttx files when present
+        if use_ttx and do_not_cleanup is False:
+            os.remove(temp_ttx_path)
+
+    # generate the checksum list string for writes
+    checksum_out_data = ""
+    for key in checksum_dict.keys():
+        checksum_out_data += checksum_dict[key] + "  " + key + "\n"
+
+    # write to stdout stream or file based upon user request (default = file write)
+    if stdout_write:
+        sys.stdout.write(checksum_out_data)
+    else:
+        checksum_report_filepath = "checksum.txt"
+        with open(checksum_report_filepath, "w") as file:
+            file.write(checksum_out_data)
+
+
+def check_checksum(filepaths):
+    check_failed = False
+    for path in filepaths:
+        if not os.path.exists(path):
+            sys.stderr.write("[checksum.py] ERROR: " + path + " is not a valid filepath" + os.linesep)
+            sys.exit(1)
+
+        with open(path, mode='r') as file:
+            for line in file.readlines():
+                cleaned_line = line.rstrip()
+                line_list = cleaned_line.split(" ")
+                # eliminate empty strings parsed from > 1 space characters
+                line_list = list(filter(None, line_list))
+                if len(line_list) == 2:
+                    expected_sha1 = line_list[0]
+                    test_path = line_list[1]
+                else:
+                    sys.stderr.write("[checksum.py] ERROR: failed to parse checksum file values" + os.linesep)
+                    sys.exit(1)
+
+                if not os.path.exists(test_path):
+                    print(test_path + ": Filepath is not valid, ignored")
+                else:
+                    file_contents = _read_binary(test_path)
+                    observed_sha1 = hashlib.sha1(file_contents).hexdigest()
+                    if observed_sha1 == expected_sha1:
+                        print(test_path + ": OK")
+                    else:
+                        print("-" * 80)
+                        print(test_path + ": === FAIL ===")
+                        print("Expected vs. Observed:")
+                        print(expected_sha1)
+                        print(observed_sha1)
+                        print("-" * 80)
+                        check_failed = True
+
+    # exit with status code 1 if any fails detected across all tests in the check
+    if check_failed is True:
+        sys.exit(1)
+
+
+def _read_binary(filepath):
+    with open(filepath, mode='rb') as file:
+        return file.read()
+
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(prog="checksum.py", description="A SHA1 hash checksum list generator and checksum testing script")
+    parser.add_argument("-t", "--ttx", help="Calculate from ttx file", action="store_true")
+    parser.add_argument("-s", "--stdout", help="Write output to stdout stream", action="store_true")
+    parser.add_argument("-n", "--noclean", help="Do not discard *.ttx files used to calculate SHA1 hashes", action="store_true")
+    parser.add_argument("-c", "--check", help="Verify checksum values vs. files", action="store_true")
+    parser.add_argument("filepaths", nargs="+", help="One or more file paths.  Use checksum file path for -c/--check.  Use paths\
+        to font files for all other commands.")
+
+    parser.add_argument("-i", "--include", action="append", help="Included OpenType tables for ttx data dump")
+    parser.add_argument("-e", "--exclude", action="append", help="Excluded OpenType tables for ttx data dump")
+
+    args = parser.parse_args(sys.argv[1:])
+
+    if args.check is True:
+        check_checksum(args.filepaths)
+    else:
+        write_checksum(args.filepaths, stdout_write=args.stdout, use_ttx=args.ttx, do_not_cleanup=args.noclean, include_tables=args.include, exclude_tables=args.exclude)
diff --git a/Snippets/cmap-format.py b/Snippets/cmap-format.py
index 0cee39c..0a78670 100755
--- a/Snippets/cmap-format.py
+++ b/Snippets/cmap-format.py
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-#! /usr/bin/env python
+#! /usr/bin/env python3
 
 # Sample script to convert legacy cmap subtables to format-4
 # subtables.  Note that this is rarely what one needs.  You
@@ -10,8 +10,6 @@
 # getEncoding() of subtable and use that encoding to map the
 # characters to Unicode...  TODO: Extend this script to do that.
 
-from __future__ import print_function, division, absolute_import
-from fontTools.misc.py23 import *
 from fontTools.ttLib import TTFont
 from fontTools.ttLib.tables._c_m_a_p import CmapSubtable
 import sys
diff --git a/Snippets/compact_gpos.py b/Snippets/compact_gpos.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a5bd2f8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Snippets/compact_gpos.py
@@ -0,0 +1,144 @@
+#! /usr/bin/env python3
+
+"""
+Sample script to use the otlLib.optimize.gpos functions to compact GPOS tables
+of existing fonts. This script takes one or more TTF files as arguments and
+will create compacted copies of the fonts using all available modes of the GPOS
+compaction algorithm. For each copy, it will measure the new size of the GPOS
+table and also the new size of the font in WOFF2 format. All results will be
+printed to stdout in CSV format, so the savings provided by the algorithm in
+each mode can be inspected.
+
+This was initially made to debug the algorithm but can also be used to choose
+a mode value for a specific font (trade-off between bytes saved in TTF format
+vs more bytes in WOFF2 format and more subtables).
+
+Run:
+
+python Snippets/compact_gpos.py MyFont.ttf > results.csv
+"""
+
+import argparse
+from collections import defaultdict
+import csv
+import time
+import sys
+from pathlib import Path
+from typing import Any, Iterable, List, Optional, Sequence, Tuple
+
+from fontTools.ttLib import TTFont
+from fontTools.otlLib.optimize import compact
+
+MODES = [str(c) for c in range(1, 10)]
+
+
+def main(args: Optional[List[str]] = None):
+    parser = argparse.ArgumentParser()
+    parser.add_argument("fonts", type=Path, nargs="+", help="Path to TTFs.")
+    parsed_args = parser.parse_args(args)
+
+    runtimes = defaultdict(list)
+    rows = []
+    font_path: Path
+    for font_path in parsed_args.fonts:
+        font = TTFont(font_path)
+        if "GPOS" not in font:
+            print(f"No GPOS in {font_path.name}, skipping.", file=sys.stderr)
+            continue
+        size_orig = len(font.getTableData("GPOS")) / 1024
+        print(f"Measuring {font_path.name}...", file=sys.stderr)
+
+        fonts = {}
+        font_paths = {}
+        sizes = {}
+        for mode in MODES:
+            print(f"    Running mode={mode}", file=sys.stderr)
+            fonts[mode] = TTFont(font_path)
+            before = time.perf_counter()
+            compact(fonts[mode], mode=str(mode))
+            runtimes[mode].append(time.perf_counter() - before)
+            font_paths[mode] = (
+                font_path.parent
+                / "compact"
+                / (font_path.stem + f"_{mode}" + font_path.suffix)
+            )
+            font_paths[mode].parent.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
+            fonts[mode].save(font_paths[mode])
+            fonts[mode] = TTFont(font_paths[mode])
+            sizes[mode] = len(fonts[mode].getTableData("GPOS")) / 1024
+
+        print(f"    Runtimes:", file=sys.stderr)
+        for mode, times in runtimes.items():
+            print(
+                f"        {mode:10} {' '.join(f'{t:5.2f}' for t in times)}",
+                file=sys.stderr,
+            )
+
+        # Bonus: measure WOFF2 file sizes.
+        print(f"    Measuring WOFF2 sizes", file=sys.stderr)
+        size_woff_orig = woff_size(font, font_path) / 1024
+        sizes_woff = {
+            mode: woff_size(fonts[mode], font_paths[mode]) / 1024 for mode in MODES
+        }
+
+        rows.append(
+            (
+                font_path.name,
+                size_orig,
+                size_woff_orig,
+                *flatten(
+                    (
+                        sizes[mode],
+                        pct(sizes[mode], size_orig),
+                        sizes_woff[mode],
+                        pct(sizes_woff[mode], size_woff_orig),
+                    )
+                    for mode in MODES
+                ),
+            )
+        )
+
+    write_csv(rows)
+
+
+def woff_size(font: TTFont, path: Path) -> int:
+    font.flavor = "woff2"
+    woff_path = path.with_suffix(".woff2")
+    font.save(woff_path)
+    return woff_path.stat().st_size
+
+
+def write_csv(rows: List[Tuple[Any]]) -> None:
+    sys.stdout.reconfigure(encoding="utf-8")
+    sys.stdout.write("\uFEFF")
+    writer = csv.writer(sys.stdout, lineterminator="\n")
+    writer.writerow(
+        [
+            "File",
+            "Original GPOS Size",
+            "Original WOFF2 Size",
+            *flatten(
+                (
+                    f"mode={mode}",
+                    f"Change {mode}",
+                    f"mode={mode} WOFF2 Size",
+                    f"Change {mode} WOFF2 Size",
+                )
+                for mode in MODES
+            ),
+        ]
+    )
+    for row in rows:
+        writer.writerow(row)
+
+
+def pct(new: float, old: float) -> float:
+    return -(1 - (new / old))
+
+
+def flatten(seq_seq: Iterable[Iterable[Any]]) -> List[Any]:
+    return [thing for seq in seq_seq for thing in seq]
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    main()
diff --git a/Snippets/decompose-ttf.py b/Snippets/decompose-ttf.py
new file mode 100755
index 0000000..bccaf72
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Snippets/decompose-ttf.py
@@ -0,0 +1,53 @@
+#! /usr/bin/env python3
+
+# Example script to decompose the composite glyphs in a TTF into
+# non-composite outlines.
+
+
+import sys
+from fontTools.ttLib import TTFont
+from fontTools.pens.recordingPen import DecomposingRecordingPen
+from fontTools.pens.ttGlyphPen import TTGlyphPen
+
+try:
+    import pathops
+except ImportError:
+    sys.exit(
+        "This script requires the skia-pathops module. "
+        "`pip install skia-pathops` and then retry."
+    )
+
+
+if len(sys.argv) != 3:
+    print("usage: decompose-ttf.py fontfile.ttf outfile.ttf")
+    sys.exit(1)
+
+src = sys.argv[1]
+dst = sys.argv[2]
+
+with TTFont(src) as f:
+    glyfTable = f["glyf"]
+    glyphSet = f.getGlyphSet()
+
+    for glyphName in glyphSet.keys():
+        if not glyfTable[glyphName].isComposite():
+            continue
+
+        # record TTGlyph outlines without components
+        dcPen = DecomposingRecordingPen(glyphSet)
+        glyphSet[glyphName].draw(dcPen)
+
+        # replay recording onto a skia-pathops Path
+        path = pathops.Path()
+        pathPen = path.getPen()
+        dcPen.replay(pathPen)
+
+        # remove overlaps
+        path.simplify()
+
+        # create new TTGlyph from Path
+        ttPen = TTGlyphPen(None)
+        path.draw(ttPen)
+        glyfTable[glyphName] = ttPen.glyph()
+
+    f.save(dst)
diff --git a/Snippets/dump_woff_metadata.py b/Snippets/dump_woff_metadata.py
index 0023a10..c9ea574 100644
--- a/Snippets/dump_woff_metadata.py
+++ b/Snippets/dump_woff_metadata.py
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import print_function
 import sys
 from fontTools.ttx import makeOutputFileName
 from fontTools.ttLib import TTFont
diff --git a/Snippets/edit_raw_table_data.py b/Snippets/edit_raw_table_data.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..89326fe
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Snippets/edit_raw_table_data.py
@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+from fontTools.ttLib import TTFont
+from fontTools.ttLib.tables.DefaultTable import DefaultTable
+
+font_path = "myfont.ttf"
+output_path = "myfont_patched.ttf"
+
+table_tag = "DSIG"
+
+
+# Get raw table data from the source font
+
+font = TTFont(font_path)
+raw_data = font.getTableData(table_tag)
+
+
+# Do something with the raw table data
+# This example just sets an empty DSIG table.
+
+raw_data = b"\0\0\0\1\0\0\0\0"
+
+
+# Write the data back to the font
+
+# We could re-use the existing table when the source and target font are
+# identical, but let's make a new empty table to be more universal.
+table = DefaultTable(table_tag)
+table.data = raw_data
+
+# Add the new table back into the source font and save under a new name.
+font[table_tag] = table
+font.save(output_path)
diff --git a/Snippets/fix-dflt-langsys.py b/Snippets/fix-dflt-langsys.py
index d8eccb4..c072117 100644
--- a/Snippets/fix-dflt-langsys.py
+++ b/Snippets/fix-dflt-langsys.py
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-#!/usr/bin/env python
+#!/usr/bin/env python3
 
 import argparse
 import logging
diff --git a/Snippets/interpolate.py b/Snippets/interpolate.py
index 7ed822d..063046c 100755
--- a/Snippets/interpolate.py
+++ b/Snippets/interpolate.py
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-#! /usr/bin/env python
+#! /usr/bin/env python3
 
 # Illustrates how a fonttools script can construct variable fonts.
 #
@@ -21,8 +21,6 @@
 # $ ./interpolate.py && open Roboto.ttf
 
 
-from __future__ import print_function, division, absolute_import
-from fontTools.misc.py23 import *
 from fontTools.ttLib import TTFont
 from fontTools.ttLib.tables._n_a_m_e import NameRecord
 from fontTools.ttLib.tables._f_v_a_r import table__f_v_a_r, Axis, NamedInstance
diff --git a/Snippets/layout-features.py b/Snippets/layout-features.py
index 5e6074e..53e9735 100755
--- a/Snippets/layout-features.py
+++ b/Snippets/layout-features.py
@@ -1,7 +1,5 @@
-#! /usr/bin/env python
+#! /usr/bin/env python3
 
-from __future__ import print_function, division, absolute_import
-from fontTools.misc.py23 import *
 from fontTools.ttLib import TTFont
 from fontTools.ttLib.tables import otTables
 import sys
@@ -10,7 +8,11 @@
 	print("usage: layout-features.py fontfile.ttf")
 	sys.exit(1)
 fontfile = sys.argv[1]
-font = TTFont(fontfile)
+if fontfile.rsplit(".", 1)[-1] == "ttx":
+	font = TTFont()
+	font.importXML(fontfile)
+else:
+	font = TTFont(fontfile)
 
 for tag in ('GSUB', 'GPOS'):
 	if not tag in font: continue
diff --git a/Snippets/merge_woff_metadata.py b/Snippets/merge_woff_metadata.py
index 669de46..d6e858f 100644
--- a/Snippets/merge_woff_metadata.py
+++ b/Snippets/merge_woff_metadata.py
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import print_function
 import sys
 import os
 from fontTools.ttx import makeOutputFileName
diff --git a/Snippets/name-viewer.ipynb b/Snippets/name-viewer.ipynb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..11722bc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Snippets/name-viewer.ipynb
@@ -0,0 +1,117 @@
+{
+ "cells": [
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "## name-viewer.ipynb\n",
+    "\n",
+    "### Usage\n",
+    "\n",
+    "1. Install `jupyter`, `plotly`, `fonttools` dependencies with pip\n",
+    "2. Modify the `FONT_PATH` setting in the Python source block below by clicking next to it and typing a new path in your web browser window\n",
+    "3. Execute the block of Python source by selecting the code block below and clicking the \"Run\" button above\n",
+    "4. Repeat from step 2 with modified font paths to view tables in other fonts\n"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "import plotly as py\n",
+    "import plotly.graph_objs as go\n",
+    "\n",
+    "from fontTools.ttLib import TTFont\n",
+    "\n",
+    "py.offline.init_notebook_mode(connected=True)\n",
+    "\n",
+    "# EDIT HERE ------------------------------------------------------\n",
+    "#\n",
+    "# Path to font file\n",
+    "FONT_PATH = \"path/to/font.ttf\"\n",
+    "#\n",
+    "# Table height\n",
+    "#    - adjust for the length of output from the font file\n",
+    "HEIGHT = 700\n",
+    "#\n",
+    "# END EDIT -------------------------------------------------------\n",
+    "\n",
+    "record_list = []\n",
+    "nameID_list = []\n",
+    "ppelangID_list = []\n",
+    "value_list = []\n",
+    "\n",
+    "tt = TTFont(FONT_PATH)\n",
+    "namerecord_list = tt[\"name\"].names\n",
+    "\n",
+    "for record in namerecord_list:\n",
+    "    nameID_list.append(record.nameID)\n",
+    "    ppelangID_list.append(\"{} {} {}\".format(record.platformID, \n",
+    "                                            record.platEncID, \n",
+    "                                            record.langID))\n",
+    "    value_list.append(\"{}\".format(record.string.decode('utf-8').strip()))\n",
+    "    \n",
+    "\n",
+    "record_list.append(nameID_list)\n",
+    "record_list.append(ppelangID_list)\n",
+    "record_list.append(value_list)\n",
+    "\n",
+    "\n",
+    "trace0 = go.Table(\n",
+    "  columnorder = [1,2,3],\n",
+    "  columnwidth = [80,80,400],\n",
+    "  header = dict(\n",
+    "    values = [['<b>nameID</b>'],\n",
+    "              ['<b>p-pE-lang</b>'],\n",
+    "              ['<b>Value</b>']\n",
+    "             ],\n",
+    "    line = dict(color = '#506784'),\n",
+    "    fill = dict(color = '#FFDE00'),\n",
+    "    align = ['center','center', 'center'],\n",
+    "    font = dict(color = 'black', size = 16),\n",
+    "  ),\n",
+    "  cells = dict(\n",
+    "    values = record_list,\n",
+    "    line = dict(color = '#506784'),\n",
+    "    fill = dict(color = ['#000000', 'white']),\n",
+    "    align = ['center', 'center', 'left'],\n",
+    "    font = dict(color = ['#F8F8F5', '#000000', '#000000'], size = 14),\n",
+    "    height = 30,\n",
+    "    ))\n",
+    "\n",
+    "data1 = [trace0]\n",
+    "\n",
+    "layout1 = go.Layout(\n",
+    "    autosize=True,\n",
+    "    height=HEIGHT,\n",
+    ")\n",
+    "\n",
+    "fig1 = dict(data=data1, layout=layout1)\n",
+    "py.offline.iplot(fig1)"
+   ]
+  }
+ ],
+ "metadata": {
+  "kernelspec": {
+   "display_name": "Python 3",
+   "language": "python",
+   "name": "python3"
+  },
+  "language_info": {
+   "codemirror_mode": {
+    "name": "ipython",
+    "version": 3
+   },
+   "file_extension": ".py",
+   "mimetype": "text/x-python",
+   "name": "python",
+   "nbconvert_exporter": "python",
+   "pygments_lexer": "ipython3",
+   "version": "3.7.2"
+  }
+ },
+ "nbformat": 4,
+ "nbformat_minor": 2
+}
diff --git a/Snippets/otf2ttf.py b/Snippets/otf2ttf.py
index 60acd54..b925b33 100755
--- a/Snippets/otf2ttf.py
+++ b/Snippets/otf2ttf.py
@@ -1,12 +1,18 @@
-#!/usr/bin/env python
-from __future__ import print_function, division, absolute_import
-import sys
-from fontTools.ttLib import TTFont, newTable
-from cu2qu.pens import Cu2QuPen
-from fontTools.pens.ttGlyphPen import TTGlyphPen
-from fontTools.ttx import makeOutputFileName
-import argparse
+#!/usr/bin/env python3
 
+import argparse
+import logging
+import os
+import sys
+
+from fontTools.pens.cu2quPen import Cu2QuPen
+from fontTools import configLogger
+from fontTools.misc.cliTools import makeOutputFileName
+from fontTools.pens.ttGlyphPen import TTGlyphPen
+from fontTools.ttLib import TTFont, newTable
+
+
+log = logging.getLogger()
 
 # default approximation error, measured in UPEM
 MAX_ERR = 1.0
@@ -32,6 +38,13 @@
     return quadGlyphs
 
 
+def update_hmtx(ttFont, glyf):
+    hmtx = ttFont["hmtx"]
+    for glyphName, glyph in glyf.glyphs.items():
+        if hasattr(glyph, 'xMin'):
+            hmtx[glyphName] = (hmtx[glyphName][0], glyph.xMin)
+
+
 def otf_to_ttf(ttFont, post_format=POST_FORMAT, **kwargs):
     assert ttFont.sfntVersion == "OTTO"
     assert "CFF " in ttFont
@@ -43,6 +56,8 @@
     glyf.glyphOrder = glyphOrder
     glyf.glyphs = glyphs_to_quadratic(ttFont.getGlyphSet(), **kwargs)
     del ttFont["CFF "]
+    glyf.compile(ttFont)
+    update_hmtx(ttFont, glyf)
 
     ttFont["maxp"] = maxp = newTable("maxp")
     maxp.tableVersion = 0x00010000
@@ -56,35 +71,55 @@
     maxp.maxComponentElements = max(
         len(g.components if hasattr(g, 'components') else [])
         for g in glyf.glyphs.values())
+    maxp.compile(ttFont)
 
     post = ttFont["post"]
     post.formatType = post_format
     post.extraNames = []
     post.mapping = {}
     post.glyphOrder = glyphOrder
+    try:
+        post.compile(ttFont)
+    except OverflowError:
+        post.formatType = 3
+        log.warning("Dropping glyph names, they do not fit in 'post' table.")
 
     ttFont.sfntVersion = "\000\001\000\000"
 
 
 def main(args=None):
+    configLogger(logger=log)
+
     parser = argparse.ArgumentParser()
-    parser.add_argument("input", metavar="INPUT")
+    parser.add_argument("input", nargs='+', metavar="INPUT")
     parser.add_argument("-o", "--output")
     parser.add_argument("-e", "--max-error", type=float, default=MAX_ERR)
     parser.add_argument("--post-format", type=float, default=POST_FORMAT)
     parser.add_argument(
         "--keep-direction", dest='reverse_direction', action='store_false')
+    parser.add_argument("--face-index", type=int, default=0)
+    parser.add_argument("--overwrite", action='store_true')
     options = parser.parse_args(args)
 
-    output = options.output or makeOutputFileName(options.input,
-                                                  outputDir=None,
-                                                  extension='.ttf')
-    font = TTFont(options.input)
-    otf_to_ttf(font,
-               post_format=options.post_format,
-               max_err=options.max_error,
-               reverse_direction=options.reverse_direction)
-    font.save(output)
+    if options.output and len(options.input) > 1:
+        if not os.path.isdir(options.output):
+            parser.error("-o/--output option must be a directory when "
+                         "processing multiple fonts")
+
+    for path in options.input:
+        if options.output and not os.path.isdir(options.output):
+            output = options.output
+        else:
+            output = makeOutputFileName(path, outputDir=options.output,
+                                        extension='.ttf',
+                                        overWrite=options.overwrite)
+
+        font = TTFont(path, fontNumber=options.face_index)
+        otf_to_ttf(font,
+                   post_format=options.post_format,
+                   max_err=options.max_error,
+                   reverse_direction=options.reverse_direction)
+        font.save(output)
 
 
 if __name__ == "__main__":
diff --git a/Snippets/rename-fonts.py b/Snippets/rename-fonts.py
new file mode 100755
index 0000000..0a43dc2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Snippets/rename-fonts.py
@@ -0,0 +1,169 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python3
+"""Script to add a suffix to all family names in the input font's `name` table,
+and to optionally rename the output files with the given suffix.
+
+The current family name substring is searched in the nameIDs 1, 3, 4, 6, 16,
+and 21, and if found the suffix is inserted after it; or else the suffix is
+appended at the end.
+"""
+import os
+import argparse
+import logging
+from fontTools.ttLib import TTFont
+from fontTools.misc.cliTools import makeOutputFileName
+
+
+logger = logging.getLogger()
+
+WINDOWS_ENGLISH_IDS = 3, 1, 0x409
+MAC_ROMAN_IDS = 1, 0, 0
+
+FAMILY_RELATED_IDS = dict(
+    LEGACY_FAMILY=1,
+    TRUETYPE_UNIQUE_ID=3,
+    FULL_NAME=4,
+    POSTSCRIPT_NAME=6,
+    PREFERRED_FAMILY=16,
+    WWS_FAMILY=21,
+)
+
+
+def get_current_family_name(table):
+    family_name_rec = None
+    for plat_id, enc_id, lang_id in (WINDOWS_ENGLISH_IDS, MAC_ROMAN_IDS):
+        for name_id in (
+            FAMILY_RELATED_IDS["PREFERRED_FAMILY"],
+            FAMILY_RELATED_IDS["LEGACY_FAMILY"],
+        ):
+            family_name_rec = table.getName(
+                nameID=name_id,
+                platformID=plat_id,
+                platEncID=enc_id,
+                langID=lang_id,
+            )
+            if family_name_rec is not None:
+                break
+        if family_name_rec is not None:
+            break
+    if not family_name_rec:
+        raise ValueError("family name not found; can't add suffix")
+    return family_name_rec.toUnicode()
+
+
+def insert_suffix(string, family_name, suffix):
+    # check whether family_name is a substring
+    start = string.find(family_name)
+    if start != -1:
+        # insert suffix after the family_name substring
+        end = start + len(family_name)
+        new_string = string[:end] + suffix + string[end:]
+    else:
+        # it's not, we just append the suffix at the end
+        new_string = string + suffix
+    return new_string
+
+
+def rename_record(name_record, family_name, suffix):
+    string = name_record.toUnicode()
+    new_string = insert_suffix(string, family_name, suffix)
+    name_record.string = new_string
+    return string, new_string
+
+
+def rename_file(filename, family_name, suffix):
+    filename, ext = os.path.splitext(filename)
+    ps_name = family_name.replace(" ", "")
+    if ps_name in filename:
+        ps_suffix = suffix.replace(" ", "")
+        return insert_suffix(filename, ps_name, ps_suffix) + ext
+    else:
+        return insert_suffix(filename, family_name, suffix) + ext
+
+
+def add_family_suffix(font, suffix):
+    table = font["name"]
+
+    family_name = get_current_family_name(table)
+    logger.info("  Current family name: '%s'", family_name)
+
+    # postcript name can't contain spaces
+    ps_family_name = family_name.replace(" ", "")
+    ps_suffix = suffix.replace(" ", "")
+    for rec in table.names:
+        name_id = rec.nameID
+        if name_id not in FAMILY_RELATED_IDS.values():
+            continue
+        if name_id == FAMILY_RELATED_IDS["POSTSCRIPT_NAME"]:
+            old, new = rename_record(rec, ps_family_name, ps_suffix)
+        elif name_id == FAMILY_RELATED_IDS["TRUETYPE_UNIQUE_ID"]:
+            # The Truetype Unique ID rec may contain either the PostScript
+            # Name or the Full Name string, so we try both
+            if ps_family_name in rec.toUnicode():
+                old, new = rename_record(rec, ps_family_name, ps_suffix)
+            else:
+                old, new = rename_record(rec, family_name, suffix)
+        else:
+            old, new = rename_record(rec, family_name, suffix)
+        logger.info("    %r: '%s' -> '%s'", rec, old, new)
+
+    return family_name
+
+
+def main(args=None):
+    parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(
+        description=__doc__,
+        formatter_class=argparse.RawDescriptionHelpFormatter,
+    )
+    parser.add_argument("-s", "--suffix", required=True)
+    parser.add_argument("input_fonts", metavar="FONTFILE", nargs="+")
+    output_group = parser.add_mutually_exclusive_group()
+    output_group.add_argument("-i", "--inplace", action="store_true")
+    output_group.add_argument("-d", "--output-dir")
+    output_group.add_argument("-o", "--output-file")
+    parser.add_argument("-R", "--rename-files", action="store_true")
+    parser.add_argument("-v", "--verbose", action="count", default=0)
+    options = parser.parse_args(args)
+
+    if not options.verbose:
+        level = "WARNING"
+    elif options.verbose == 1:
+        level = "INFO"
+    else:
+        level = "DEBUG"
+    logging.basicConfig(level=level, format="%(message)s")
+
+    if options.output_file and len(options.input_fonts) > 1:
+        parser.error(
+            "argument -o/--output-file can't be used with multiple inputs"
+        )
+    if options.rename_files and (options.inplace or options.output_file):
+        parser.error("argument -R not allowed with arguments -i or -o")
+
+    for input_name in options.input_fonts:
+        logger.info("Renaming font: '%s'", input_name)
+
+        font = TTFont(input_name)
+        family_name = add_family_suffix(font, options.suffix)
+
+        if options.inplace:
+            output_name = input_name
+        elif options.output_file:
+            output_name = options.output_file
+        else:
+            if options.rename_files:
+                input_name = rename_file(
+                    input_name, family_name, options.suffix
+                )
+            output_name = makeOutputFileName(input_name, options.output_dir)
+
+        font.save(output_name)
+        logger.info("Saved font: '%s'", output_name)
+
+        font.close()
+        del font
+
+    logger.info("Done!")
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    main()
diff --git a/Snippets/subset-fpgm.py b/Snippets/subset-fpgm.py
index c20c05f..d06c3f5 100755
--- a/Snippets/subset-fpgm.py
+++ b/Snippets/subset-fpgm.py
@@ -1,7 +1,5 @@
-#! /usr/bin/env python
+#! /usr/bin/env python3
 
-from __future__ import print_function, division, absolute_import
-from fontTools.misc.py23 import *
 from fontTools.ttLib import TTFont
 import sys
 
diff --git a/Snippets/svg2glif.py b/Snippets/svg2glif.py
index 2dd6402..22fcc7d 100755
--- a/Snippets/svg2glif.py
+++ b/Snippets/svg2glif.py
@@ -1,15 +1,14 @@
-#!/usr/bin/env python
+#!/usr/bin/env python3
 """ Convert SVG paths to UFO glyphs. """
 
-from __future__ import print_function, absolute_import
 
-__requires__ = ["FontTools", "ufoLib"]
+__requires__ = ["fontTools"]
 
 from fontTools.misc.py23 import SimpleNamespace
 from fontTools.svgLib import SVGPath
 
-from ufoLib.pointPen import SegmentToPointPen
-from ufoLib.glifLib import writeGlyphToString
+from fontTools.pens.pointPen import SegmentToPointPen
+from fontTools.ufoLib.glifLib import writeGlyphToString
 
 
 __all__ = ["svg2glif"]
diff --git a/Snippets/woff2_compress.py b/Snippets/woff2_compress.py
deleted file mode 100755
index 689ebdc..0000000
--- a/Snippets/woff2_compress.py
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,29 +0,0 @@
-#!/usr/bin/env python
-
-from __future__ import print_function, division, absolute_import
-from fontTools.misc.py23 import *
-from fontTools.ttLib import TTFont
-from fontTools.ttx import makeOutputFileName
-import sys
-import os
-
-
-def main(args=None):
-    if args is None:
-        args = sys.argv[1:]
-    if len(args) < 1:
-        print("One argument, the input filename, must be provided.", file=sys.stderr)
-        return 1
-
-    filename = args[0]
-    outfilename = makeOutputFileName(filename, outputDir=None, extension='.woff2')
-
-    print("Processing %s => %s" % (filename, outfilename))
-
-    font = TTFont(filename, recalcBBoxes=False, recalcTimestamp=False)
-    font.flavor = "woff2"
-    font.save(outfilename, reorderTables=False)
-
-
-if __name__ == '__main__':
-    sys.exit(main())
diff --git a/Snippets/woff2_decompress.py b/Snippets/woff2_decompress.py
deleted file mode 100755
index e7c1bea..0000000
--- a/Snippets/woff2_decompress.py
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,39 +0,0 @@
-#!/usr/bin/env python
-
-from __future__ import print_function, division, absolute_import
-from fontTools.misc.py23 import *
-from fontTools.ttLib import TTFont
-from fontTools.ttx import makeOutputFileName
-import sys
-import os
-
-
-def make_output_name(filename):
-    with open(filename, "rb") as f:
-        f.seek(4)
-        sfntVersion = f.read(4)
-    assert len(sfntVersion) == 4, "not enough data"
-    ext = '.ttf' if sfntVersion == b"\x00\x01\x00\x00" else ".otf"
-    outfilename = makeOutputFileName(filename, outputDir=None, extension=ext)
-    return outfilename
-
-
-def main(args=None):
-    if args is None:
-        args = sys.argv[1:]
-    if len(args) < 1:
-        print("One argument, the input filename, must be provided.", file=sys.stderr)
-        return 1
-
-    filename = args[0]
-    outfilename = make_output_name(filename)
-
-    print("Processing %s => %s" % (filename, outfilename))
-
-    font = TTFont(filename, recalcBBoxes=False, recalcTimestamp=False)
-    font.flavor = None
-    font.save(outfilename, reorderTables=True)
-
-
-if __name__ == '__main__':
-    sys.exit(main())
diff --git a/Tests/afmLib/afmLib_test.py b/Tests/afmLib/afmLib_test.py
index 97fcf8d..3e9d9d8 100644
--- a/Tests/afmLib/afmLib_test.py
+++ b/Tests/afmLib/afmLib_test.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import print_function, division, absolute_import
-from fontTools.misc.py23 import *
 import unittest
 import os
 from fontTools import afmLib
diff --git a/Tests/agl_test.py b/Tests/agl_test.py
index 8754e6a..f2fb72d 100644
--- a/Tests/agl_test.py
+++ b/Tests/agl_test.py
@@ -1,7 +1,3 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
-from __future__ import (print_function, division, absolute_import,
-                        unicode_literals)
-from fontTools.misc.py23 import *
 from fontTools import agl
 import unittest
 
@@ -9,21 +5,15 @@
 class AglToUnicodeTest(unittest.TestCase):
     def test_spec_examples(self):
         # https://github.com/adobe-type-tools/agl-specification#3-examples
-        #
-        # TODO: Currently, we only handle AGLFN instead of legacy AGL names.
-        # Therefore, the test cases below use Iogonek instead of Lcommaaccent.
-        # Change Iogonek to Lcommaaccent as soon as the implementation has
-        # been fixed to also support legacy AGL names.
-        # https://github.com/fonttools/fonttools/issues/775
-        self.assertEqual(agl.toUnicode("Iogonek"), "Į")
+        self.assertEqual(agl.toUnicode("Lcommaaccent"), "Ļ")
         self.assertEqual(agl.toUnicode("uni20AC0308"), "\u20AC\u0308")
         self.assertEqual(agl.toUnicode("u1040C"), "\U0001040C")
         self.assertEqual(agl.toUnicode("uniD801DC0C"), "")
         self.assertEqual(agl.toUnicode("uni20ac"), "")
         self.assertEqual(
-            agl.toUnicode("Iogonek_uni20AC0308_u1040C.alternate"),
-            "\u012E\u20AC\u0308\U0001040C")
-        self.assertEqual(agl.toUnicode("Iogonek_uni012E_u012E"), "ĮĮĮ")
+            agl.toUnicode("Lcommaaccent_uni20AC0308_u1040C.alternate"),
+            "\u013B\u20AC\u0308\U0001040C")
+        self.assertEqual(agl.toUnicode("Lcommaaccent_uni013B_u013B"), "ĻĻĻ")
         self.assertEqual(agl.toUnicode("foo"), "")
         self.assertEqual(agl.toUnicode(".notdef"), "")
 
diff --git a/Tests/cffLib/cffLib_test.py b/Tests/cffLib/cffLib_test.py
index 0d1258d..7a6e921 100644
--- a/Tests/cffLib/cffLib_test.py
+++ b/Tests/cffLib/cffLib_test.py
@@ -1,12 +1,15 @@
-from __future__ import print_function, division, absolute_import
 from fontTools.cffLib import TopDict, PrivateDict, CharStrings
-from fontTools.misc.testTools import parseXML
+from fontTools.misc.testTools import parseXML, DataFilesHandler
+from fontTools.ttLib import TTFont
+import copy
+import os
+import sys
 import unittest
 
 
-class TopDictTest(unittest.TestCase):
+class CffLibTest(DataFilesHandler):
 
-    def test_recalcFontBBox(self):
+    def test_topDict_recalcFontBBox(self):
         topDict = TopDict()
         topDict.CharStrings = CharStrings(None, None, None, PrivateDict(), None, None)
         topDict.CharStrings.fromXML(None, None, parseXML("""
@@ -27,7 +30,7 @@
         topDict.recalcFontBBox()
         self.assertEqual(topDict.FontBBox, [-56, -100, 300, 200])
 
-    def test_recalcFontBBox_empty(self):
+    def test_topDict_recalcFontBBox_empty(self):
         topDict = TopDict()
         topDict.CharStrings = CharStrings(None, None, None, PrivateDict(), None, None)
         topDict.CharStrings.fromXML(None, None, parseXML("""
@@ -42,7 +45,68 @@
         topDict.recalcFontBBox()
         self.assertEqual(topDict.FontBBox, [0, 0, 0, 0])
 
+    def test_topDict_set_Encoding(self):
+        ttx_path = self.getpath('TestOTF.ttx')
+        font = TTFont(recalcBBoxes=False, recalcTimestamp=False)
+        font.importXML(ttx_path)
+
+        topDict = font["CFF "].cff.topDictIndex[0]
+        encoding = [".notdef"] * 256
+        encoding[0x20] = "space"
+        topDict.Encoding = encoding
+        
+        self.temp_dir()
+        save_path = os.path.join(self.tempdir, 'TestOTF.otf')
+        font.save(save_path)
+
+        font2 = TTFont(save_path)
+        topDict2 = font2["CFF "].cff.topDictIndex[0]
+        self.assertEqual(topDict2.Encoding[32], "space")
+
+    def test_CFF_deepcopy(self):
+        """Test that deepcopying a TTFont with a CFF table does not recurse
+        infinitely."""
+        ttx_path = os.path.join(
+            os.path.dirname(__file__),
+            "..",
+            "varLib",
+            "data",
+            "master_ttx_interpolatable_otf",
+            "TestFamily2-Master0.ttx",
+        )
+        font = TTFont(recalcBBoxes=False, recalcTimestamp=False)
+        font.importXML(ttx_path)
+        copy.deepcopy(font)
+
+    def test_FDSelect_format_4(self):
+        ttx_path = self.getpath('TestFDSelect4.ttx')
+        font = TTFont(recalcBBoxes=False, recalcTimestamp=False)
+        font.importXML(ttx_path)
+
+        self.temp_dir()
+        save_path = os.path.join(self.tempdir, 'TestOTF.otf')
+        font.save(save_path)
+
+        font2 = TTFont(save_path)
+        topDict2 = font2["CFF2"].cff.topDictIndex[0]
+        self.assertEqual(topDict2.FDSelect.format, 4)
+        self.assertEqual(topDict2.FDSelect.gidArray, [0, 0, 1])
+
+    def test_unique_glyph_names(self):
+        font_path = self.getpath('LinLibertine_RBI.otf')
+        font = TTFont(font_path, recalcBBoxes=False, recalcTimestamp=False)
+
+        glyphOrder = font.getGlyphOrder()
+        self.assertEqual(len(glyphOrder), len(set(glyphOrder)))
+
+        self.temp_dir()
+        save_path = os.path.join(self.tempdir, 'TestOTF.otf')
+        font.save(save_path)
+
+        font2 = TTFont(save_path)
+        glyphOrder = font2.getGlyphOrder()
+        self.assertEqual(len(glyphOrder), len(set(glyphOrder)))
+
 
 if __name__ == "__main__":
-    import sys
     sys.exit(unittest.main())
diff --git a/Tests/cffLib/data/LinLibertine_RBI.otf b/Tests/cffLib/data/LinLibertine_RBI.otf
new file mode 100755
index 0000000..c1a4ff7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/cffLib/data/LinLibertine_RBI.otf
Binary files differ
diff --git a/Tests/cffLib/data/TestCFF2Widths.ttx b/Tests/cffLib/data/TestCFF2Widths.ttx
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e3a3c9c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/cffLib/data/TestCFF2Widths.ttx
@@ -0,0 +1,707 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<ttFont sfntVersion="OTTO" ttLibVersion="3.43">
+
+  <GlyphOrder>
+    <!-- The 'id' attribute is only for humans; it is ignored when parsed. -->
+    <GlyphID id="0" name=".notdef"/>
+    <GlyphID id="1" name="space"/>
+    <GlyphID id="2" name="A"/>
+    <GlyphID id="3" name="B"/>
+  </GlyphOrder>
+
+  <head>
+    <!-- Most of this table will be recalculated by the compiler -->
+    <tableVersion value="1.0"/>
+    <fontRevision value="1.01"/>
+    <checkSumAdjustment value="0xb0062f2d"/>
+    <magicNumber value="0x5f0f3cf5"/>
+    <flags value="00000000 00000011"/>
+    <unitsPerEm value="1000"/>
+    <created value="Thu Jul 11 13:52:47 2019"/>
+    <modified value="Thu Jul 11 20:52:49 2019"/>
+    <xMin value="-180"/>
+    <yMin value="-454"/>
+    <xMax value="780"/>
+    <yMax value="1060"/>
+    <macStyle value="00000000 00000000"/>
+    <lowestRecPPEM value="3"/>
+    <fontDirectionHint value="2"/>
+    <indexToLocFormat value="0"/>
+    <glyphDataFormat value="0"/>
+  </head>
+
+  <hhea>
+    <tableVersion value="0x00010000"/>
+    <ascent value="984"/>
+    <descent value="-273"/>
+    <lineGap value="0"/>
+    <advanceWidthMax value="600"/>
+    <minLeftSideBearing value="-180"/>
+    <minRightSideBearing value="-180"/>
+    <xMaxExtent value="780"/>
+    <caretSlopeRise value="1"/>
+    <caretSlopeRun value="0"/>
+    <caretOffset value="0"/>
+    <reserved0 value="0"/>
+    <reserved1 value="0"/>
+    <reserved2 value="0"/>
+    <reserved3 value="0"/>
+    <metricDataFormat value="0"/>
+    <numberOfHMetrics value="1"/>
+  </hhea>
+
+  <maxp>
+    <tableVersion value="0x5000"/>
+    <numGlyphs value="4"/>
+  </maxp>
+
+  <OS_2>
+    <!-- The fields 'usFirstCharIndex' and 'usLastCharIndex'
+         will be recalculated by the compiler -->
+    <version value="3"/>
+    <xAvgCharWidth value="600"/>
+    <usWeightClass value="200"/>
+    <usWidthClass value="5"/>
+    <fsType value="00000000 00000000"/>
+    <ySubscriptXSize value="650"/>
+    <ySubscriptYSize value="600"/>
+    <ySubscriptXOffset value="0"/>
+    <ySubscriptYOffset value="75"/>
+    <ySuperscriptXSize value="650"/>
+    <ySuperscriptYSize value="600"/>
+    <ySuperscriptXOffset value="0"/>
+    <ySuperscriptYOffset value="350"/>
+    <yStrikeoutSize value="50"/>
+    <yStrikeoutPosition value="286"/>
+    <sFamilyClass value="0"/>
+    <panose>
+      <bFamilyType value="2"/>
+      <bSerifStyle value="11"/>
+      <bWeight value="3"/>
+      <bProportion value="9"/>
+      <bContrast value="3"/>
+      <bStrokeVariation value="4"/>
+      <bArmStyle value="3"/>
+      <bLetterForm value="2"/>
+      <bMidline value="2"/>
+      <bXHeight value="4"/>
+    </panose>
+    <ulUnicodeRange1 value="00000000 00000000 00000000 00000001"/>
+    <ulUnicodeRange2 value="00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000"/>
+    <ulUnicodeRange3 value="00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000"/>
+    <ulUnicodeRange4 value="00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000"/>
+    <achVendID value="ADBO"/>
+    <fsSelection value="00000000 00000000"/>
+    <usFirstCharIndex value="32"/>
+    <usLastCharIndex value="66"/>
+    <sTypoAscender value="750"/>
+    <sTypoDescender value="-250"/>
+    <sTypoLineGap value="0"/>
+    <usWinAscent value="984"/>
+    <usWinDescent value="273"/>
+    <ulCodePageRange1 value="01100000 00000000 00000001 10011111"/>
+    <ulCodePageRange2 value="00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000"/>
+    <sxHeight value="478"/>
+    <sCapHeight value="660"/>
+    <usDefaultChar value="0"/>
+    <usBreakChar value="32"/>
+    <usMaxContext value="3"/>
+  </OS_2>
+
+  <hmtx>
+    <mtx name=".notdef" width="600" lsb="84"/>
+    <mtx name="A" width="600" lsb="50"/>
+    <mtx name="B" width="600" lsb="120"/>
+    <mtx name="space" width="600" lsb="0"/>
+  </hmtx>
+
+  <cmap>
+    <tableVersion version="0"/>
+    <cmap_format_4 platformID="0" platEncID="3" language="0">
+      <map code="0x20" name="space"/><!-- SPACE -->
+      <map code="0x41" name="A"/><!-- LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A -->
+      <map code="0x42" name="B"/><!-- LATIN CAPITAL LETTER B -->
+    </cmap_format_4>
+    <cmap_format_12 platformID="0" platEncID="4" format="12" reserved="0" length="40" language="0" nGroups="2">
+      <map code="0x20" name="space"/><!-- SPACE -->
+      <map code="0x41" name="A"/><!-- LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A -->
+      <map code="0x42" name="B"/><!-- LATIN CAPITAL LETTER B -->
+    </cmap_format_12>
+    <cmap_format_4 platformID="3" platEncID="1" language="0">
+      <map code="0x20" name="space"/><!-- SPACE -->
+      <map code="0x41" name="A"/><!-- LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A -->
+      <map code="0x42" name="B"/><!-- LATIN CAPITAL LETTER B -->
+    </cmap_format_4>
+    <cmap_format_12 platformID="3" platEncID="10" format="12" reserved="0" length="40" language="0" nGroups="2">
+      <map code="0x20" name="space"/><!-- SPACE -->
+      <map code="0x41" name="A"/><!-- LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A -->
+      <map code="0x42" name="B"/><!-- LATIN CAPITAL LETTER B -->
+    </cmap_format_12>
+  </cmap>
+
+  <name>
+    <namerecord nameID="0" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      © 2010 - 2012 Adobe Systems Incorporated (http://www.adobe.com/), with Reserved Font Name ‘Source’.
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="1" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Source Code Variable
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="2" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Regular
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="3" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      1.010;ADBO;SourceCode_ExtraLight
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="4" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Source Code Variable
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="5" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Version 1.010;hotconv 1.0.111;makeotfexe 2.5.65597
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="6" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      SourceCode_ExtraLight
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="277" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Roman
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="278" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Italic
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="279" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Weight
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="280" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      ExtraLight
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="281" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      SourceCodeRoman-ExtraLight
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="282" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Light
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="283" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      SourceCodeRoman-Light
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="284" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Regular
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="285" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      SourceCodeRoman-Regular
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="286" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Medium
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="287" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      SourceCodeRoman-Medium
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="288" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Semibold
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="289" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      SourceCodeRoman-Semibold
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="290" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Bold
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="291" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      SourceCodeRoman-Bold
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="292" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Black
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="293" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      SourceCodeRoman-Black
+    </namerecord>
+  </name>
+
+  <post>
+    <formatType value="3.0"/>
+    <italicAngle value="0.0"/>
+    <underlinePosition value="-75"/>
+    <underlineThickness value="50"/>
+    <isFixedPitch value="1"/>
+    <minMemType42 value="0"/>
+    <maxMemType42 value="0"/>
+    <minMemType1 value="0"/>
+    <maxMemType1 value="0"/>
+  </post>
+
+  <CFF2>
+    <major value="2"/>
+    <minor value="0"/>
+    <CFFFont name="CFF2Font">
+      <FontMatrix value="0.001 0 0 0.001 0 0"/>
+      <FDArray>
+        <FontDict index="0">
+          <Private>
+            <BlueValues>
+                <blend value="-12 0 0"/>
+                <blend value="0 0 0"/>
+                <blend value="478 8 22"/>
+                <blend value="490 0 0"/>
+                <blend value="570 -4 -12"/>
+                <blend value="582 0 0"/>
+                <blend value="640 -6 -16"/>
+                <blend value="652 0 0"/>
+                <blend value="660 -2 -4"/>
+                <blend value="672 0 0"/>
+                <blend value="722 -6 -16"/>
+                <blend value="734 0 0"/>
+            </BlueValues>
+            <OtherBlues>
+                <blend value="-234 17 46"/>
+                <blend value="-222 0 0"/>
+            </OtherBlues>
+            <FamilyBlues value="-12 0 486 498 574 586 638 650 656 668 712 724"/>
+            <FamilyOtherBlues value="-217 -205"/>
+            <BlueScale value="0.0625"/>
+            <BlueShift value="7"/>
+            <BlueFuzz value="0"/>
+            <StdHW>
+                <blend value="28 39 106"/>
+            </StdHW>
+            <StdVW>
+                <blend value="34 51 138"/>
+            </StdVW>
+          </Private>
+        </FontDict>
+      </FDArray>
+      <CharStrings>
+        <CharString name=".notdef">
+        </CharString>
+        <CharString name="A">
+          1 vsindex
+          50 -50 1 blend
+          hmoveto
+          32 144 1 blend
+          hlineto
+          140 396 28 80 24 68 24 82 -67 -80 -14 -18 -7 10 -10 -16 8 blend
+          rlinecurve
+          4 hlineto
+          24 -82 24 -68 28 -80 -10 16 -5 -10 -14 18 6 blend
+          rrcurveto
+          138 -396 34 -65 80 148 3 blend
+          0 -236 660 -28 40 -10 -180 3 blend
+          0 -236 -660 40 10 2 blend
+          rlineto
+          102 236 39 -98 2 blend
+          rmoveto
+          293 28 -293 -28 23 105 -23 -105 4 blend
+          hlineto
+        </CharString>
+        <CharString name="B">
+          120 -21 -56 1 blend
+          hmoveto
+          172 29 80 1 blend
+          hlineto
+          154 88 66 126 92 -61 54 -98 14 -7 -14 12 24 -3 -8 3 8 -2 -6 5 15 -2 -6 2 6 1 4 9 blend
+          hvcurveto
+          4 vlineto
+          78 0 -2 1 blend
+          20 39 54 70 -2 -5 4 10 -5 -14 3 blend
+          vvcurveto
+          108 -76 52 -136 7 20 -15 -32 -7 -18 2 0 4 blend
+          vhcurveto
+          -160 -660 -26 -72 4 10 2 blend
+          hlineto
+          32 366 51 140 14 28 2 blend
+          rmoveto
+          266 114 -60 -142 -21 -58 2 blend
+          vlineto
+          132 62 -38 -94 -88 -56 -46 -144 -31 -76 -10 -38 12 22 23 54 15 48 11 32 10 18 32 88 8 blend
+          hvcurveto
+          -108 19 52 1 blend
+          hlineto
+          -338 28 76 1 blend
+          vmoveto
+          310 128 -70 -168 -22 -60 2 blend
+          vlineto
+          142 80 -48 -100 -112 -80 -50 -142 -27 -74 -18 -52 15 28 19 52 23 64 15 52 13 24 30 74 8 blend
+          hvcurveto
+          -128 22 60 1 blend
+          hlineto
+        </CharString>
+        <CharString name="space">
+        </CharString>
+      </CharStrings>
+      <VarStore Format="1">
+        <Format value="1"/>
+        <VarRegionList>
+          <!-- RegionAxisCount=1 -->
+          <!-- RegionCount=3 -->
+          <Region index="0">
+            <VarRegionAxis index="0">
+              <StartCoord value="0.0"/>
+              <PeakCoord value="0.368"/>
+              <EndCoord value="1.0"/>
+            </VarRegionAxis>
+          </Region>
+          <Region index="1">
+            <VarRegionAxis index="0">
+              <StartCoord value="0.368"/>
+              <PeakCoord value="1.0"/>
+              <EndCoord value="1.0"/>
+            </VarRegionAxis>
+          </Region>
+          <Region index="2">
+            <VarRegionAxis index="0">
+              <StartCoord value="0.0"/>
+              <PeakCoord value="1.0"/>
+              <EndCoord value="1.0"/>
+            </VarRegionAxis>
+          </Region>
+        </VarRegionList>
+        <!-- VarDataCount=2 -->
+        <VarData index="0">
+          <!-- ItemCount=0 -->
+          <NumShorts value="0"/>
+          <!-- VarRegionCount=2 -->
+          <VarRegionIndex index="0" value="0"/>
+          <VarRegionIndex index="1" value="1"/>
+        </VarData>
+        <VarData index="1">
+          <!-- ItemCount=0 -->
+          <NumShorts value="0"/>
+          <!-- VarRegionCount=1 -->
+          <VarRegionIndex index="0" value="2"/>
+        </VarData>
+      </VarStore>
+    </CFFFont>
+
+    <GlobalSubrs>
+      <!-- The 'index' attribute is only for humans; it is ignored when parsed. -->
+    </GlobalSubrs>
+  </CFF2>
+
+  <GDEF>
+    <Version value="0x00010000"/>
+    <GlyphClassDef>
+      <ClassDef glyph="A" class="1"/>
+      <ClassDef glyph="B" class="1"/>
+    </GlyphClassDef>
+  </GDEF>
+
+  <GPOS>
+    <Version value="0x00010000"/>
+    <ScriptList>
+      <!-- ScriptCount=1 -->
+      <ScriptRecord index="0">
+        <ScriptTag value="DFLT"/>
+        <Script>
+          <DefaultLangSys>
+            <ReqFeatureIndex value="65535"/>
+            <!-- FeatureCount=0 -->
+          </DefaultLangSys>
+          <!-- LangSysCount=0 -->
+        </Script>
+      </ScriptRecord>
+    </ScriptList>
+    <FeatureList>
+      <!-- FeatureCount=0 -->
+    </FeatureList>
+    <LookupList>
+      <!-- LookupCount=0 -->
+    </LookupList>
+  </GPOS>
+
+  <GSUB>
+    <Version value="0x00010000"/>
+    <ScriptList>
+      <!-- ScriptCount=4 -->
+      <ScriptRecord index="0">
+        <ScriptTag value="DFLT"/>
+        <Script>
+          <DefaultLangSys>
+            <ReqFeatureIndex value="65535"/>
+            <!-- FeatureCount=0 -->
+          </DefaultLangSys>
+          <!-- LangSysCount=0 -->
+        </Script>
+      </ScriptRecord>
+      <ScriptRecord index="1">
+        <ScriptTag value="cyrl"/>
+        <Script>
+          <!-- LangSysCount=0 -->
+        </Script>
+      </ScriptRecord>
+      <ScriptRecord index="2">
+        <ScriptTag value="grek"/>
+        <Script>
+          <!-- LangSysCount=0 -->
+        </Script>
+      </ScriptRecord>
+      <ScriptRecord index="3">
+        <ScriptTag value="latn"/>
+        <Script>
+          <!-- LangSysCount=0 -->
+        </Script>
+      </ScriptRecord>
+    </ScriptList>
+    <FeatureList>
+      <!-- FeatureCount=0 -->
+    </FeatureList>
+    <LookupList>
+      <!-- LookupCount=0 -->
+    </LookupList>
+  </GSUB>
+
+  <HVAR>
+    <Version value="0x00010000"/>
+    <VarStore Format="1">
+      <Format value="1"/>
+      <VarRegionList>
+        <!-- RegionAxisCount=0 -->
+        <!-- RegionCount=0 -->
+      </VarRegionList>
+      <!-- VarDataCount=1 -->
+      <VarData index="0">
+        <!-- ItemCount=1 -->
+        <NumShorts value="0"/>
+        <!-- VarRegionCount=0 -->
+        <Item index="0" value="[]"/>
+      </VarData>
+    </VarStore>
+    <AdvWidthMap>
+      <Map glyph=".notdef" outer="0" inner="0"/>
+      <Map glyph="A" outer="0" inner="0"/>
+      <Map glyph="B" outer="0" inner="0"/>
+      <Map glyph="space" outer="0" inner="0"/>
+    </AdvWidthMap>
+  </HVAR>
+
+  <MVAR>
+    <Version value="0x00010000"/>
+    <Reserved value="0"/>
+    <ValueRecordSize value="8"/>
+    <!-- ValueRecordCount=8 -->
+    <VarStore Format="1">
+      <Format value="1"/>
+      <VarRegionList>
+        <!-- RegionAxisCount=1 -->
+        <!-- RegionCount=2 -->
+        <Region index="0">
+          <VarRegionAxis index="0">
+            <StartCoord value="0.0"/>
+            <PeakCoord value="0.368"/>
+            <EndCoord value="1.0"/>
+          </VarRegionAxis>
+        </Region>
+        <Region index="1">
+          <VarRegionAxis index="0">
+            <StartCoord value="0.368"/>
+            <PeakCoord value="1.0"/>
+            <EndCoord value="1.0"/>
+          </VarRegionAxis>
+        </Region>
+      </VarRegionList>
+      <!-- VarDataCount=1 -->
+      <VarData index="0">
+        <!-- ItemCount=7 -->
+        <NumShorts value="1"/>
+        <!-- VarRegionCount=2 -->
+        <VarRegionIndex index="0" value="0"/>
+        <VarRegionIndex index="1" value="1"/>
+        <Item index="0" value="[-478, 22]"/>
+        <Item index="1" value="[-209, 0]"/>
+        <Item index="2" value="[-94, 0]"/>
+        <Item index="3" value="[-66, 14]"/>
+        <Item index="4" value="[-48, 0]"/>
+        <Item index="5" value="[-4, 0]"/>
+        <Item index="6" value="[200, 0]"/>
+      </VarData>
+    </VarStore>
+    <ValueRecord index="0">
+      <ValueTag value="cpht"/>
+      <VarIdx value="5"/>
+    </ValueRecord>
+    <ValueRecord index="1">
+      <ValueTag value="hasc"/>
+      <VarIdx value="2"/>
+    </ValueRecord>
+    <ValueRecord index="2">
+      <ValueTag value="hcla"/>
+      <VarIdx value="1"/>
+    </ValueRecord>
+    <ValueRecord index="3">
+      <ValueTag value="hcld"/>
+      <VarIdx value="4"/>
+    </ValueRecord>
+    <ValueRecord index="4">
+      <ValueTag value="hdsc"/>
+      <VarIdx value="2"/>
+    </ValueRecord>
+    <ValueRecord index="5">
+      <ValueTag value="hlgp"/>
+      <VarIdx value="6"/>
+    </ValueRecord>
+    <ValueRecord index="6">
+      <ValueTag value="stro"/>
+      <VarIdx value="3"/>
+    </ValueRecord>
+    <ValueRecord index="7">
+      <ValueTag value="xhgt"/>
+      <VarIdx value="0"/>
+    </ValueRecord>
+  </MVAR>
+
+  <STAT>
+    <Version value="0x00010001"/>
+    <DesignAxisRecordSize value="8"/>
+    <!-- DesignAxisCount=2 -->
+    <DesignAxisRecord>
+      <Axis index="0">
+        <AxisTag value="wght"/>
+        <AxisNameID value="279"/>  <!-- Weight -->
+        <AxisOrdering value="0"/>
+      </Axis>
+      <Axis index="1">
+        <AxisTag value="ital"/>
+        <AxisNameID value="278"/>  <!-- Italic -->
+        <AxisOrdering value="1"/>
+      </Axis>
+    </DesignAxisRecord>
+    <!-- AxisValueCount=9 -->
+    <AxisValueArray>
+      <AxisValue index="0" Format="2">
+        <AxisIndex value="0"/>
+        <Flags value="0"/>
+        <ValueNameID value="280"/>  <!-- ExtraLight -->
+        <NominalValue value="200.0"/>
+        <RangeMinValue value="200.0"/>
+        <RangeMaxValue value="250.0"/>
+      </AxisValue>
+      <AxisValue index="1" Format="2">
+        <AxisIndex value="0"/>
+        <Flags value="0"/>
+        <ValueNameID value="282"/>  <!-- Light -->
+        <NominalValue value="300.0"/>
+        <RangeMinValue value="250.0"/>
+        <RangeMaxValue value="350.0"/>
+      </AxisValue>
+      <AxisValue index="2" Format="2">
+        <AxisIndex value="0"/>
+        <Flags value="2"/>
+        <ValueNameID value="284"/>  <!-- Regular -->
+        <NominalValue value="400.0"/>
+        <RangeMinValue value="350.0"/>
+        <RangeMaxValue value="450.0"/>
+      </AxisValue>
+      <AxisValue index="3" Format="2">
+        <AxisIndex value="0"/>
+        <Flags value="0"/>
+        <ValueNameID value="286"/>  <!-- Medium -->
+        <NominalValue value="500.0"/>
+        <RangeMinValue value="450.0"/>
+        <RangeMaxValue value="550.0"/>
+      </AxisValue>
+      <AxisValue index="4" Format="2">
+        <AxisIndex value="0"/>
+        <Flags value="0"/>
+        <ValueNameID value="288"/>  <!-- Semibold -->
+        <NominalValue value="600.0"/>
+        <RangeMinValue value="550.0"/>
+        <RangeMaxValue value="650.0"/>
+      </AxisValue>
+      <AxisValue index="5" Format="2">
+        <AxisIndex value="0"/>
+        <Flags value="0"/>
+        <ValueNameID value="290"/>  <!-- Bold -->
+        <NominalValue value="700.0"/>
+        <RangeMinValue value="650.0"/>
+        <RangeMaxValue value="800.0"/>
+      </AxisValue>
+      <AxisValue index="6" Format="2">
+        <AxisIndex value="0"/>
+        <Flags value="0"/>
+        <ValueNameID value="292"/>  <!-- Black -->
+        <NominalValue value="900.0"/>
+        <RangeMinValue value="800.0"/>
+        <RangeMaxValue value="900.0"/>
+      </AxisValue>
+      <AxisValue index="7" Format="3">
+        <AxisIndex value="0"/>
+        <Flags value="2"/>
+        <ValueNameID value="284"/>  <!-- Regular -->
+        <Value value="400.0"/>
+        <LinkedValue value="700.0"/>
+      </AxisValue>
+      <AxisValue index="8" Format="3">
+        <AxisIndex value="1"/>
+        <Flags value="2"/>
+        <ValueNameID value="277"/>  <!-- Roman -->
+        <Value value="0.0"/>
+        <LinkedValue value="1.0"/>
+      </AxisValue>
+    </AxisValueArray>
+    <ElidedFallbackNameID value="2"/>  <!-- Regular -->
+  </STAT>
+
+  <avar>
+    <segment axis="wght">
+      <mapping from="-1.0" to="-1.0"/>
+      <mapping from="0.0" to="0.0"/>
+      <mapping from="0.1429" to="0.1"/>
+      <mapping from="0.2857" to="0.368"/>
+      <mapping from="0.4286" to="0.486"/>
+      <mapping from="0.5714" to="0.6"/>
+      <mapping from="0.7143" to="0.824"/>
+      <mapping from="1.0" to="1.0"/>
+    </segment>
+  </avar>
+
+  <fvar>
+
+    <!-- Weight -->
+    <Axis>
+      <AxisTag>wght</AxisTag>
+      <Flags>0x0</Flags>
+      <MinValue>200.0</MinValue>
+      <DefaultValue>200.0</DefaultValue>
+      <MaxValue>900.0</MaxValue>
+      <AxisNameID>279</AxisNameID>
+    </Axis>
+
+    <!-- ExtraLight -->
+    <!-- PostScript: SourceCodeRoman-ExtraLight -->
+    <NamedInstance flags="0x0" postscriptNameID="281" subfamilyNameID="280">
+      <coord axis="wght" value="200.0"/>
+    </NamedInstance>
+
+    <!-- Light -->
+    <!-- PostScript: SourceCodeRoman-Light -->
+    <NamedInstance flags="0x0" postscriptNameID="283" subfamilyNameID="282">
+      <coord axis="wght" value="300.0"/>
+    </NamedInstance>
+
+    <!-- Regular -->
+    <!-- PostScript: SourceCodeRoman-Regular -->
+    <NamedInstance flags="0x0" postscriptNameID="285" subfamilyNameID="284">
+      <coord axis="wght" value="400.0"/>
+    </NamedInstance>
+
+    <!-- Medium -->
+    <!-- PostScript: SourceCodeRoman-Medium -->
+    <NamedInstance flags="0x0" postscriptNameID="287" subfamilyNameID="286">
+      <coord axis="wght" value="500.0"/>
+    </NamedInstance>
+
+    <!-- Semibold -->
+    <!-- PostScript: SourceCodeRoman-Semibold -->
+    <NamedInstance flags="0x0" postscriptNameID="289" subfamilyNameID="288">
+      <coord axis="wght" value="600.0"/>
+    </NamedInstance>
+
+    <!-- Bold -->
+    <!-- PostScript: SourceCodeRoman-Bold -->
+    <NamedInstance flags="0x0" postscriptNameID="291" subfamilyNameID="290">
+      <coord axis="wght" value="700.0"/>
+    </NamedInstance>
+
+    <!-- Black -->
+    <!-- PostScript: SourceCodeRoman-Black -->
+    <NamedInstance flags="0x0" postscriptNameID="293" subfamilyNameID="292">
+      <coord axis="wght" value="900.0"/>
+    </NamedInstance>
+  </fvar>
+
+</ttFont>
diff --git a/Tests/cffLib/data/TestFDSelect4.ttx b/Tests/cffLib/data/TestFDSelect4.ttx
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f80c8a1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/cffLib/data/TestFDSelect4.ttx
@@ -0,0 +1,211 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<ttFont sfntVersion="OTTO" ttLibVersion="3.43">
+
+  <GlyphOrder>
+    <!-- The 'id' attribute is only for humans; it is ignored when parsed. -->
+    <GlyphID id="0" name=".notdef"/>
+    <GlyphID id="1" name="A"/>
+    <GlyphID id="2" name="a"/>
+  </GlyphOrder>
+
+  <head>
+    <!-- Most of this table will be recalculated by the compiler -->
+    <tableVersion value="1.0"/>
+    <fontRevision value="1.004"/>
+    <checkSumAdjustment value="0x61e1f145"/>
+    <magicNumber value="0x5f0f3cf5"/>
+    <flags value="00000000 00000011"/>
+    <unitsPerEm value="1000"/>
+    <created value="Sat Oct 10 16:55:59 2015"/>
+    <modified value="Mon Jul 29 22:04:10 2019"/>
+    <xMin value="-454"/>
+    <yMin value="-322"/>
+    <xMax value="2159"/>
+    <yMax value="968"/>
+    <macStyle value="00000000 00000000"/>
+    <lowestRecPPEM value="6"/>
+    <fontDirectionHint value="2"/>
+    <indexToLocFormat value="0"/>
+    <glyphDataFormat value="0"/>
+  </head>
+
+  <hhea>
+    <tableVersion value="0x00010000"/>
+    <ascent value="900"/>
+    <descent value="-300"/>
+    <lineGap value="96"/>
+    <advanceWidthMax value="2200"/>
+    <minLeftSideBearing value="-454"/>
+    <minRightSideBearing value="-454"/>
+    <xMaxExtent value="2159"/>
+    <caretSlopeRise value="1"/>
+    <caretSlopeRun value="0"/>
+    <caretOffset value="0"/>
+    <reserved0 value="0"/>
+    <reserved1 value="0"/>
+    <reserved2 value="0"/>
+    <reserved3 value="0"/>
+    <metricDataFormat value="0"/>
+    <numberOfHMetrics value="3"/>
+  </hhea>
+
+  <maxp>
+    <tableVersion value="0x5000"/>
+    <numGlyphs value="3"/>
+  </maxp>
+
+  <OS_2>
+    <!-- The fields 'usFirstCharIndex' and 'usLastCharIndex'
+         will be recalculated by the compiler -->
+    <version value="4"/>
+    <xAvgCharWidth value="564"/>
+    <usWeightClass value="500"/>
+    <usWidthClass value="5"/>
+    <fsType value="00000000 00000000"/>
+    <ySubscriptXSize value="650"/>
+    <ySubscriptYSize value="600"/>
+    <ySubscriptXOffset value="0"/>
+    <ySubscriptYOffset value="75"/>
+    <ySuperscriptXSize value="650"/>
+    <ySuperscriptYSize value="600"/>
+    <ySuperscriptXOffset value="0"/>
+    <ySuperscriptYOffset value="350"/>
+    <yStrikeoutSize value="50"/>
+    <yStrikeoutPosition value="294"/>
+    <sFamilyClass value="0"/>
+    <panose>
+      <bFamilyType value="0"/>
+      <bSerifStyle value="0"/>
+      <bWeight value="0"/>
+      <bProportion value="0"/>
+      <bContrast value="0"/>
+      <bStrokeVariation value="0"/>
+      <bArmStyle value="0"/>
+      <bLetterForm value="0"/>
+      <bMidline value="0"/>
+      <bXHeight value="0"/>
+    </panose>
+    <ulUnicodeRange1 value="00000000 00000000 00000000 00000001"/>
+    <ulUnicodeRange2 value="00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000"/>
+    <ulUnicodeRange3 value="00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000"/>
+    <ulUnicodeRange4 value="00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000"/>
+    <achVendID value="ALIF"/>
+    <fsSelection value="00000000 11000000"/>
+    <usFirstCharIndex value="65"/>
+    <usLastCharIndex value="97"/>
+    <sTypoAscender value="900"/>
+    <sTypoDescender value="-300"/>
+    <sTypoLineGap value="100"/>
+    <usWinAscent value="790"/>
+    <usWinDescent value="330"/>
+    <ulCodePageRange1 value="00100000 00000000 00000001 11011111"/>
+    <ulCodePageRange2 value="00000000 00001000 00000000 00000000"/>
+    <sxHeight value="489"/>
+    <sCapHeight value="655"/>
+    <usDefaultChar value="0"/>
+    <usBreakChar value="32"/>
+    <usMaxContext value="3"/>
+  </OS_2>
+
+  <hmtx>
+    <mtx name=".notdef" width="663" lsb="86"/>
+    <mtx name="A" width="552" lsb="0"/>
+    <mtx name="a" width="510" lsb="49"/>
+  </hmtx>
+
+  <cmap>
+    <tableVersion version="0"/>
+    <cmap_format_4 platformID="0" platEncID="3" language="0">
+      <map code="0x41" name="A"/><!-- LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A -->
+      <map code="0x61" name="a"/><!-- LATIN SMALL LETTER A -->
+    </cmap_format_4>
+  </cmap>
+
+  <name>
+    <namerecord nameID="0" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Copyright © 2015-2019 The Mada Project Authors, with Reserved Font Name “Source”.
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="4" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Mada Medium
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="6" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Mada-Medium
+    </namerecord>
+  </name>
+
+  <post>
+    <formatType value="3.0"/>
+    <italicAngle value="0.0"/>
+    <underlinePosition value="-200"/>
+    <underlineThickness value="50"/>
+    <isFixedPitch value="0"/>
+    <minMemType42 value="0"/>
+    <maxMemType42 value="0"/>
+    <minMemType1 value="0"/>
+    <maxMemType1 value="0"/>
+  </post>
+
+  <CFF2>
+    <major value="2"/>
+    <minor value="0"/>
+    <CFFFont name="CFF2Font">
+      <FontMatrix value="0.001 0 0 0.001 0 0"/>
+      <FDSelect format="4"/>
+      <FDArray>
+        <FontDict index="0">
+          <Private>
+            <BlueScale value="0.039625"/>
+            <BlueShift value="7"/>
+            <BlueFuzz value="1"/>
+          </Private>
+        </FontDict>
+        <FontDict index="1">
+          <Private>
+            <BlueScale value="0.039625"/>
+            <BlueShift value="7"/>
+            <BlueFuzz value="1"/>
+          </Private>
+        </FontDict>
+      </FDArray>
+      <CharStrings>
+        <CharString name=".notdef" fdSelectIndex="0">
+        </CharString>
+        <CharString name="A" fdSelectIndex="0">
+          0 hmoveto
+          103 hlineto
+          107 357 22 71 20 73 19 74 rlinecurve
+          4 hlineto
+          20 -74 20 -73 22 -71 rrcurveto
+          106 -357 108 0 -217 655 rlineto
+          -117 hlineto
+          -96 -467 rmoveto
+          306 hlineto
+          0 80 rlineto
+          -306 hlineto
+        </CharString>
+        <CharString name="a" fdSelectIndex="1">
+          193 -12 rmoveto
+          60 52 30 38 45 hvcurveto
+          3 hlineto
+          8 -56 82 0 0 294 rlineto
+          130 0 -56 77 -121 hhcurveto
+          -78 -69 -32 -32 -50 hvcurveto
+          38 -68 rlineto
+          26 41 48 24 52 hhcurveto
+          73 20 -51 -57 1 hvcurveto
+          -204 -22 -89 -54 0 -106 rrcurveto
+          -86 0 60 -55 84 hhcurveto
+          31 79 rmoveto
+          -44 -34 21 49 0 hvcurveto
+          0 55 50 37 146 18 0 -122 rcurveline
+          -38 -41 -34 -21 -43 hhcurveto
+        </CharString>
+      </CharStrings>
+    </CFFFont>
+
+    <GlobalSubrs>
+      <!-- The 'index' attribute is only for humans; it is ignored when parsed. -->
+    </GlobalSubrs>
+  </CFF2>
+
+</ttFont>
diff --git a/Tests/cffLib/data/TestOTF.ttx b/Tests/cffLib/data/TestOTF.ttx
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0e0c4d7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/cffLib/data/TestOTF.ttx
@@ -0,0 +1,325 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<ttFont sfntVersion="OTTO" ttLibVersion="3.41">
+
+  <GlyphOrder>
+    <!-- The 'id' attribute is only for humans; it is ignored when parsed. -->
+    <GlyphID id="0" name=".notdef"/>
+    <GlyphID id="1" name=".null"/>
+    <GlyphID id="2" name="CR"/>
+    <GlyphID id="3" name="space"/>
+    <GlyphID id="4" name="period"/>
+    <GlyphID id="5" name="ellipsis"/>
+  </GlyphOrder>
+
+  <head>
+    <!-- Most of this table will be recalculated by the compiler -->
+    <tableVersion value="1.0"/>
+    <fontRevision value="1.0"/>
+    <checkSumAdjustment value="0x4e5f578f"/>
+    <magicNumber value="0x5f0f3cf5"/>
+    <flags value="00000000 00000011"/>
+    <unitsPerEm value="1000"/>
+    <created value="Thu Jun  4 14:29:11 2015"/>
+    <modified value="Sun Mar 26 22:38:12 2017"/>
+    <xMin value="50"/>
+    <yMin value="0"/>
+    <xMax value="668"/>
+    <yMax value="750"/>
+    <macStyle value="00000000 00000000"/>
+    <lowestRecPPEM value="9"/>
+    <fontDirectionHint value="2"/>
+    <indexToLocFormat value="0"/>
+    <glyphDataFormat value="0"/>
+  </head>
+
+  <hhea>
+    <tableVersion value="0x00010000"/>
+    <ascent value="900"/>
+    <descent value="-300"/>
+    <lineGap value="0"/>
+    <advanceWidthMax value="723"/>
+    <minLeftSideBearing value="50"/>
+    <minRightSideBearing value="50"/>
+    <xMaxExtent value="668"/>
+    <caretSlopeRise value="1"/>
+    <caretSlopeRun value="0"/>
+    <caretOffset value="0"/>
+    <reserved0 value="0"/>
+    <reserved1 value="0"/>
+    <reserved2 value="0"/>
+    <reserved3 value="0"/>
+    <metricDataFormat value="0"/>
+    <numberOfHMetrics value="6"/>
+  </hhea>
+
+  <maxp>
+    <tableVersion value="0x5000"/>
+    <numGlyphs value="6"/>
+  </maxp>
+
+  <OS_2>
+    <!-- The fields 'usFirstCharIndex' and 'usLastCharIndex'
+         will be recalculated by the compiler -->
+    <version value="4"/>
+    <xAvgCharWidth value="392"/>
+    <usWeightClass value="400"/>
+    <usWidthClass value="5"/>
+    <fsType value="00000000 00000000"/>
+    <ySubscriptXSize value="700"/>
+    <ySubscriptYSize value="650"/>
+    <ySubscriptXOffset value="0"/>
+    <ySubscriptYOffset value="140"/>
+    <ySuperscriptXSize value="700"/>
+    <ySuperscriptYSize value="650"/>
+    <ySuperscriptXOffset value="0"/>
+    <ySuperscriptYOffset value="477"/>
+    <yStrikeoutSize value="50"/>
+    <yStrikeoutPosition value="250"/>
+    <sFamilyClass value="2050"/>
+    <panose>
+      <bFamilyType value="2"/>
+      <bSerifStyle value="11"/>
+      <bWeight value="6"/>
+      <bProportion value="4"/>
+      <bContrast value="4"/>
+      <bStrokeVariation value="2"/>
+      <bArmStyle value="7"/>
+      <bLetterForm value="8"/>
+      <bMidline value="1"/>
+      <bXHeight value="4"/>
+    </panose>
+    <ulUnicodeRange1 value="10000000 00000000 00000000 00000001"/>
+    <ulUnicodeRange2 value="00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000"/>
+    <ulUnicodeRange3 value="00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000"/>
+    <ulUnicodeRange4 value="00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000"/>
+    <achVendID value="NONE"/>
+    <fsSelection value="00000000 11000000"/>
+    <usFirstCharIndex value="0"/>
+    <usLastCharIndex value="8230"/>
+    <sTypoAscender value="750"/>
+    <sTypoDescender value="-250"/>
+    <sTypoLineGap value="200"/>
+    <usWinAscent value="900"/>
+    <usWinDescent value="300"/>
+    <ulCodePageRange1 value="00000000 00000000 00000000 00000001"/>
+    <ulCodePageRange2 value="00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000"/>
+    <sxHeight value="500"/>
+    <sCapHeight value="700"/>
+    <usDefaultChar value="0"/>
+    <usBreakChar value="32"/>
+    <usMaxContext value="0"/>
+  </OS_2>
+
+  <name>
+    <namerecord nameID="0" platformID="1" platEncID="0" langID="0x0" unicode="True">
+      Copyright (c) 2015 by FontTools. No rights reserved.
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="1" platformID="1" platEncID="0" langID="0x0" unicode="True">
+      Test OTF
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="2" platformID="1" platEncID="0" langID="0x0" unicode="True">
+      Regular
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="3" platformID="1" platEncID="0" langID="0x0" unicode="True">
+      FontTools: Test OTF: 2015
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="4" platformID="1" platEncID="0" langID="0x0" unicode="True">
+      Test OTF
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="5" platformID="1" platEncID="0" langID="0x0" unicode="True">
+      Version 1.000
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="6" platformID="1" platEncID="0" langID="0x0" unicode="True">
+      TestOTF-Regular
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="7" platformID="1" platEncID="0" langID="0x0" unicode="True">
+      Test OTF is not a trademark of FontTools.
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="8" platformID="1" platEncID="0" langID="0x0" unicode="True">
+      FontTools
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="9" platformID="1" platEncID="0" langID="0x0" unicode="True">
+      FontTools
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="11" platformID="1" platEncID="0" langID="0x0" unicode="True">
+      https://github.com/behdad/fonttools
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="12" platformID="1" platEncID="0" langID="0x0" unicode="True">
+      https://github.com/behdad/fonttools
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="14" platformID="1" platEncID="0" langID="0x0" unicode="True">
+      https://github.com/behdad/fonttools/blob/master/LICENSE.txt
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="18" platformID="1" platEncID="0" langID="0x0" unicode="True">
+      Test TTF
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="0" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Copyright (c) 2015 by FontTools. No rights reserved.
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="1" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Test OTF
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="2" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Regular
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="3" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      FontTools: Test OTF: 2015
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="4" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Test OTF
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="5" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Version 1.000
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="6" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      TestOTF-Regular
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="7" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Test OTF is not a trademark of FontTools.
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="8" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      FontTools
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="9" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      FontTools
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="11" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      https://github.com/behdad/fonttools
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="12" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      https://github.com/behdad/fonttools
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="14" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      https://github.com/behdad/fonttools/blob/master/LICENSE.txt
+    </namerecord>
+  </name>
+
+  <cmap>
+    <tableVersion version="0"/>
+    <cmap_format_4 platformID="0" platEncID="3" language="0">
+      <map code="0x0" name=".null"/><!-- ???? -->
+      <map code="0xd" name="CR"/><!-- ???? -->
+      <map code="0x20" name="space"/><!-- SPACE -->
+      <map code="0x2e" name="period"/><!-- FULL STOP -->
+      <map code="0x2026" name="ellipsis"/><!-- HORIZONTAL ELLIPSIS -->
+    </cmap_format_4>
+    <cmap_format_6 platformID="1" platEncID="0" language="0">
+      <map code="0x0" name=".null"/>
+      <map code="0xd" name="CR"/>
+      <map code="0x20" name="space"/>
+      <map code="0x2e" name="period"/>
+      <map code="0xc9" name="ellipsis"/>
+    </cmap_format_6>
+    <cmap_format_4 platformID="3" platEncID="1" language="0">
+      <map code="0x0" name=".null"/><!-- ???? -->
+      <map code="0xd" name="CR"/><!-- ???? -->
+      <map code="0x20" name="space"/><!-- SPACE -->
+      <map code="0x2e" name="period"/><!-- FULL STOP -->
+      <map code="0x2026" name="ellipsis"/><!-- HORIZONTAL ELLIPSIS -->
+    </cmap_format_4>
+  </cmap>
+
+  <post>
+    <formatType value="3.0"/>
+    <italicAngle value="0.0"/>
+    <underlinePosition value="-75"/>
+    <underlineThickness value="50"/>
+    <isFixedPitch value="0"/>
+    <minMemType42 value="0"/>
+    <maxMemType42 value="0"/>
+    <minMemType1 value="0"/>
+    <maxMemType1 value="0"/>
+  </post>
+
+  <CFF>
+    <major value="1"/>
+    <minor value="0"/>
+    <CFFFont name="TestOTF-Regular">
+      <version value="001.001"/>
+      <Notice value="Copyright \(c\) 2015 by FontTools. No rights reserved."/>
+      <FullName value="Test OTF"/>
+      <FamilyName value="Test OTF"/>
+      <Weight value="Regular"/>
+      <isFixedPitch value="0"/>
+      <ItalicAngle value="0"/>
+      <UnderlinePosition value="-100"/>
+      <UnderlineThickness value="50"/>
+      <PaintType value="0"/>
+      <CharstringType value="2"/>
+      <FontMatrix value="0.001 0 0 0.001 0 0"/>
+      <FontBBox value="50 0 668 750"/>
+      <StrokeWidth value="0"/>
+      <!-- charset is dumped separately as the 'GlyphOrder' element -->
+      <Encoding name="StandardEncoding"/>
+      <Private>
+        <BlueScale value="0.039625"/>
+        <BlueShift value="7"/>
+        <BlueFuzz value="1"/>
+        <ForceBold value="0"/>
+        <LanguageGroup value="0"/>
+        <ExpansionFactor value="0.06"/>
+        <initialRandomSeed value="0"/>
+        <defaultWidthX value="0"/>
+        <nominalWidthX value="0"/>
+        <Subrs>
+          <!-- The 'index' attribute is only for humans; it is ignored when parsed. -->
+          <CharString index="0">
+            131 122 -131 hlineto
+            return
+          </CharString>
+        </Subrs>
+      </Private>
+      <CharStrings>
+        <CharString name=".notdef">
+          500 450 hmoveto
+          750 -400 -750 vlineto
+          50 50 rmoveto
+          650 300 -650 vlineto
+          endchar
+        </CharString>
+        <CharString name=".null">
+          0 endchar
+        </CharString>
+        <CharString name="CR">
+          250 endchar
+        </CharString>
+        <CharString name="ellipsis">
+          723 55 hmoveto
+          -107 callsubr
+          241 -122 rmoveto
+          -107 callsubr
+          241 -122 rmoveto
+          -107 callsubr
+          endchar
+        </CharString>
+        <CharString name="period">
+          241 55 hmoveto
+          -107 callsubr
+          endchar
+        </CharString>
+        <CharString name="space">
+          250 endchar
+        </CharString>
+      </CharStrings>
+    </CFFFont>
+
+    <GlobalSubrs>
+      <!-- The 'index' attribute is only for humans; it is ignored when parsed. -->
+    </GlobalSubrs>
+  </CFF>
+
+  <hmtx>
+    <mtx name=".notdef" width="500" lsb="50"/>
+    <mtx name=".null" width="0" lsb="0"/>
+    <mtx name="CR" width="250" lsb="0"/>
+    <mtx name="ellipsis" width="723" lsb="55"/>
+    <mtx name="period" width="241" lsb="55"/>
+    <mtx name="space" width="250" lsb="0"/>
+  </hmtx>
+
+  <DSIG>
+    <!-- note that the Digital Signature will be invalid after recompilation! -->
+    <tableHeader flag="0x0" numSigs="0" version="1"/>
+  </DSIG>
+
+</ttFont>
diff --git a/Tests/cffLib/data/TestSparseCFF2VF.ttx b/Tests/cffLib/data/TestSparseCFF2VF.ttx
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f1ae063
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/cffLib/data/TestSparseCFF2VF.ttx
@@ -0,0 +1,1980 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<ttFont sfntVersion="OTTO" ttLibVersion="3.41">
+
+  <GlyphOrder>
+    <!-- The 'id' attribute is only for humans; it is ignored when parsed. -->
+    <GlyphID id="0" name=".notdef"/>
+    <GlyphID id="1" name="uni0000"/>
+    <GlyphID id="2" name="exclam"/>
+    <GlyphID id="3" name="uni610F"/>
+    <GlyphID id="4" name="uni85A8"/>
+    <GlyphID id="5" name="uni8E59"/>
+    <GlyphID id="6" name="uni9A40"/>
+    <GlyphID id="7" name="uniF9DC"/>
+    <GlyphID id="8" name="uni50CE"/>
+    <GlyphID id="9" name="uni6A1A"/>
+    <GlyphID id="10" name="uni82E8"/>
+    <GlyphID id="11" name="uni8552"/>
+  </GlyphOrder>
+
+  <head>
+    <!-- Most of this table will be recalculated by the compiler -->
+    <tableVersion value="1.0"/>
+    <fontRevision value="1.002"/>
+    <checkSumAdjustment value="0x65319c93"/>
+    <magicNumber value="0x5f0f3cf5"/>
+    <flags value="00000000 00000011"/>
+    <unitsPerEm value="1000"/>
+    <created value="Thu Dec 13 12:06:21 2018"/>
+    <modified value="Tue Mar 19 15:57:18 2019"/>
+    <xMin value="14"/>
+    <yMin value="-120"/>
+    <xMax value="976"/>
+    <yMax value="880"/>
+    <macStyle value="00000000 00000000"/>
+    <lowestRecPPEM value="3"/>
+    <fontDirectionHint value="2"/>
+    <indexToLocFormat value="0"/>
+    <glyphDataFormat value="0"/>
+  </head>
+
+  <hhea>
+    <tableVersion value="0x00010000"/>
+    <ascent value="1160"/>
+    <descent value="-317"/>
+    <lineGap value="0"/>
+    <advanceWidthMax value="1000"/>
+    <minLeftSideBearing value="14"/>
+    <minRightSideBearing value="24"/>
+    <xMaxExtent value="976"/>
+    <caretSlopeRise value="1"/>
+    <caretSlopeRun value="0"/>
+    <caretOffset value="0"/>
+    <reserved0 value="0"/>
+    <reserved1 value="0"/>
+    <reserved2 value="0"/>
+    <reserved3 value="0"/>
+    <metricDataFormat value="0"/>
+    <numberOfHMetrics value="4"/>
+  </hhea>
+
+  <maxp>
+    <tableVersion value="0x5000"/>
+    <numGlyphs value="12"/>
+  </maxp>
+
+  <OS_2>
+    <!-- The fields 'usFirstCharIndex' and 'usLastCharIndex'
+         will be recalculated by the compiler -->
+    <version value="3"/>
+    <xAvgCharWidth value="977"/>
+    <usWeightClass value="250"/>
+    <usWidthClass value="5"/>
+    <fsType value="00000000 00000100"/>
+    <ySubscriptXSize value="650"/>
+    <ySubscriptYSize value="600"/>
+    <ySubscriptXOffset value="0"/>
+    <ySubscriptYOffset value="75"/>
+    <ySuperscriptXSize value="650"/>
+    <ySuperscriptYSize value="600"/>
+    <ySuperscriptXOffset value="0"/>
+    <ySuperscriptYOffset value="350"/>
+    <yStrikeoutSize value="50"/>
+    <yStrikeoutPosition value="228"/>
+    <sFamilyClass value="0"/>
+    <panose>
+      <bFamilyType value="0"/>
+      <bSerifStyle value="0"/>
+      <bWeight value="3"/>
+      <bProportion value="0"/>
+      <bContrast value="0"/>
+      <bStrokeVariation value="0"/>
+      <bArmStyle value="0"/>
+      <bLetterForm value="0"/>
+      <bMidline value="0"/>
+      <bXHeight value="0"/>
+    </panose>
+    <ulUnicodeRange1 value="00000000 00000000 00000000 00000011"/>
+    <ulUnicodeRange2 value="00101000 00000000 00000000 00000000"/>
+    <ulUnicodeRange3 value="00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000"/>
+    <ulUnicodeRange4 value="00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000"/>
+    <achVendID value="ADBE"/>
+    <fsSelection value="00000000 00000000"/>
+    <usFirstCharIndex value="0"/>
+    <usLastCharIndex value="63964"/>
+    <sTypoAscender value="880"/>
+    <sTypoDescender value="-120"/>
+    <sTypoLineGap value="200"/>
+    <usWinAscent value="1160"/>
+    <usWinDescent value="317"/>
+    <ulCodePageRange1 value="00100000 00000010 00000000 10011111"/>
+    <ulCodePageRange2 value="00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000"/>
+    <sxHeight value="380"/>
+    <sCapHeight value="760"/>
+    <usDefaultChar value="0"/>
+    <usBreakChar value="32"/>
+    <usMaxContext value="1"/>
+  </OS_2>
+
+  <hmtx>
+    <mtx name=".notdef" width="1000" lsb="100"/>
+    <mtx name="exclam" width="222" lsb="74"/>
+    <mtx name="uni0000" width="231" lsb="0"/>
+    <mtx name="uni50CE" width="1000" lsb="14"/>
+    <mtx name="uni610F" width="1000" lsb="48"/>
+    <mtx name="uni6A1A" width="1000" lsb="30"/>
+    <mtx name="uni82E8" width="1000" lsb="35"/>
+    <mtx name="uni8552" width="1000" lsb="53"/>
+    <mtx name="uni85A8" width="1000" lsb="52"/>
+    <mtx name="uni8E59" width="1000" lsb="34"/>
+    <mtx name="uni9A40" width="1000" lsb="36"/>
+    <mtx name="uniF9DC" width="1000" lsb="82"/>
+  </hmtx>
+
+  <cmap>
+    <tableVersion version="0"/>
+    <cmap_format_4 platformID="0" platEncID="3" language="0">
+      <map code="0x0" name="uni0000"/><!-- ???? -->
+      <map code="0x1" name="uni0000"/><!-- ???? -->
+      <map code="0x2" name="uni0000"/><!-- ???? -->
+      <map code="0x3" name="uni0000"/><!-- ???? -->
+      <map code="0x4" name="uni0000"/><!-- ???? -->
+      <map code="0x5" name="uni0000"/><!-- ???? -->
+      <map code="0x6" name="uni0000"/><!-- ???? -->
+      <map code="0x7" name="uni0000"/><!-- ???? -->
+      <map code="0x8" name="uni0000"/><!-- ???? -->
+      <map code="0x9" name="uni0000"/><!-- ???? -->
+      <map code="0xa" name="uni0000"/><!-- ???? -->
+      <map code="0xb" name="uni0000"/><!-- ???? -->
+      <map code="0xc" name="uni0000"/><!-- ???? -->
+      <map code="0xd" name="uni0000"/><!-- ???? -->
+      <map code="0xe" name="uni0000"/><!-- ???? -->
+      <map code="0xf" name="uni0000"/><!-- ???? -->
+      <map code="0x10" name="uni0000"/><!-- ???? -->
+      <map code="0x11" name="uni0000"/><!-- ???? -->
+      <map code="0x12" name="uni0000"/><!-- ???? -->
+      <map code="0x13" name="uni0000"/><!-- ???? -->
+      <map code="0x14" name="uni0000"/><!-- ???? -->
+      <map code="0x15" name="uni0000"/><!-- ???? -->
+      <map code="0x16" name="uni0000"/><!-- ???? -->
+      <map code="0x17" name="uni0000"/><!-- ???? -->
+      <map code="0x18" name="uni0000"/><!-- ???? -->
+      <map code="0x19" name="uni0000"/><!-- ???? -->
+      <map code="0x1a" name="uni0000"/><!-- ???? -->
+      <map code="0x1b" name="uni0000"/><!-- ???? -->
+      <map code="0x1c" name="uni0000"/><!-- ???? -->
+      <map code="0x1d" name="uni0000"/><!-- ???? -->
+      <map code="0x1e" name="uni0000"/><!-- ???? -->
+      <map code="0x1f" name="uni0000"/><!-- ???? -->
+      <map code="0x20" name="uni0000"/><!-- SPACE -->
+      <map code="0x21" name="exclam"/><!-- EXCLAMATION MARK -->
+      <map code="0xa0" name="uni0000"/><!-- NO-BREAK SPACE -->
+      <map code="0x50ce" name="uni50CE"/><!-- CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-50CE -->
+      <map code="0x610f" name="uni610F"/><!-- CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-610F -->
+      <map code="0x6a1a" name="uni6A1A"/><!-- CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-6A1A -->
+      <map code="0x82e8" name="uni82E8"/><!-- CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-82E8 -->
+      <map code="0x8552" name="uni8552"/><!-- CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-8552 -->
+      <map code="0x85a8" name="uni85A8"/><!-- CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-85A8 -->
+      <map code="0x8e59" name="uni8E59"/><!-- CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-8E59 -->
+      <map code="0x9a40" name="uni9A40"/><!-- CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9A40 -->
+      <map code="0xf9dc" name="uniF9DC"/><!-- CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-F9DC -->
+    </cmap_format_4>
+    <cmap_format_12 platformID="0" platEncID="4" format="12" reserved="0" length="532" language="0" nGroups="43">
+      <map code="0x0" name="uni0000"/><!-- ???? -->
+      <map code="0x1" name="uni0000"/><!-- ???? -->
+      <map code="0x2" name="uni0000"/><!-- ???? -->
+      <map code="0x3" name="uni0000"/><!-- ???? -->
+      <map code="0x4" name="uni0000"/><!-- ???? -->
+      <map code="0x5" name="uni0000"/><!-- ???? -->
+      <map code="0x6" name="uni0000"/><!-- ???? -->
+      <map code="0x7" name="uni0000"/><!-- ???? -->
+      <map code="0x8" name="uni0000"/><!-- ???? -->
+      <map code="0x9" name="uni0000"/><!-- ???? -->
+      <map code="0xa" name="uni0000"/><!-- ???? -->
+      <map code="0xb" name="uni0000"/><!-- ???? -->
+      <map code="0xc" name="uni0000"/><!-- ???? -->
+      <map code="0xd" name="uni0000"/><!-- ???? -->
+      <map code="0xe" name="uni0000"/><!-- ???? -->
+      <map code="0xf" name="uni0000"/><!-- ???? -->
+      <map code="0x10" name="uni0000"/><!-- ???? -->
+      <map code="0x11" name="uni0000"/><!-- ???? -->
+      <map code="0x12" name="uni0000"/><!-- ???? -->
+      <map code="0x13" name="uni0000"/><!-- ???? -->
+      <map code="0x14" name="uni0000"/><!-- ???? -->
+      <map code="0x15" name="uni0000"/><!-- ???? -->
+      <map code="0x16" name="uni0000"/><!-- ???? -->
+      <map code="0x17" name="uni0000"/><!-- ???? -->
+      <map code="0x18" name="uni0000"/><!-- ???? -->
+      <map code="0x19" name="uni0000"/><!-- ???? -->
+      <map code="0x1a" name="uni0000"/><!-- ???? -->
+      <map code="0x1b" name="uni0000"/><!-- ???? -->
+      <map code="0x1c" name="uni0000"/><!-- ???? -->
+      <map code="0x1d" name="uni0000"/><!-- ???? -->
+      <map code="0x1e" name="uni0000"/><!-- ???? -->
+      <map code="0x1f" name="uni0000"/><!-- ???? -->
+      <map code="0x20" name="uni0000"/><!-- SPACE -->
+      <map code="0x21" name="exclam"/><!-- EXCLAMATION MARK -->
+      <map code="0xa0" name="uni0000"/><!-- NO-BREAK SPACE -->
+      <map code="0x50ce" name="uni50CE"/><!-- CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-50CE -->
+      <map code="0x610f" name="uni610F"/><!-- CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-610F -->
+      <map code="0x6a1a" name="uni6A1A"/><!-- CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-6A1A -->
+      <map code="0x82e8" name="uni82E8"/><!-- CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-82E8 -->
+      <map code="0x8552" name="uni8552"/><!-- CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-8552 -->
+      <map code="0x85a8" name="uni85A8"/><!-- CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-85A8 -->
+      <map code="0x8e59" name="uni8E59"/><!-- CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-8E59 -->
+      <map code="0x9a40" name="uni9A40"/><!-- CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9A40 -->
+      <map code="0xf9dc" name="uniF9DC"/><!-- CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-F9DC -->
+    </cmap_format_12>
+    <cmap_format_14 platformID="0" platEncID="5">
+      <map uv="0x9686" uvs="0xfe00" name="uniF9DC"/>
+      <map uv="0x9686" uvs="0xe0101" name="uniF9DC"/>
+    </cmap_format_14>
+    <cmap_format_4 platformID="3" platEncID="1" language="0">
+      <map code="0x0" name="uni0000"/><!-- ???? -->
+      <map code="0x1" name="uni0000"/><!-- ???? -->
+      <map code="0x2" name="uni0000"/><!-- ???? -->
+      <map code="0x3" name="uni0000"/><!-- ???? -->
+      <map code="0x4" name="uni0000"/><!-- ???? -->
+      <map code="0x5" name="uni0000"/><!-- ???? -->
+      <map code="0x6" name="uni0000"/><!-- ???? -->
+      <map code="0x7" name="uni0000"/><!-- ???? -->
+      <map code="0x8" name="uni0000"/><!-- ???? -->
+      <map code="0x9" name="uni0000"/><!-- ???? -->
+      <map code="0xa" name="uni0000"/><!-- ???? -->
+      <map code="0xb" name="uni0000"/><!-- ???? -->
+      <map code="0xc" name="uni0000"/><!-- ???? -->
+      <map code="0xd" name="uni0000"/><!-- ???? -->
+      <map code="0xe" name="uni0000"/><!-- ???? -->
+      <map code="0xf" name="uni0000"/><!-- ???? -->
+      <map code="0x10" name="uni0000"/><!-- ???? -->
+      <map code="0x11" name="uni0000"/><!-- ???? -->
+      <map code="0x12" name="uni0000"/><!-- ???? -->
+      <map code="0x13" name="uni0000"/><!-- ???? -->
+      <map code="0x14" name="uni0000"/><!-- ???? -->
+      <map code="0x15" name="uni0000"/><!-- ???? -->
+      <map code="0x16" name="uni0000"/><!-- ???? -->
+      <map code="0x17" name="uni0000"/><!-- ???? -->
+      <map code="0x18" name="uni0000"/><!-- ???? -->
+      <map code="0x19" name="uni0000"/><!-- ???? -->
+      <map code="0x1a" name="uni0000"/><!-- ???? -->
+      <map code="0x1b" name="uni0000"/><!-- ???? -->
+      <map code="0x1c" name="uni0000"/><!-- ???? -->
+      <map code="0x1d" name="uni0000"/><!-- ???? -->
+      <map code="0x1e" name="uni0000"/><!-- ???? -->
+      <map code="0x1f" name="uni0000"/><!-- ???? -->
+      <map code="0x20" name="uni0000"/><!-- SPACE -->
+      <map code="0x21" name="exclam"/><!-- EXCLAMATION MARK -->
+      <map code="0xa0" name="uni0000"/><!-- NO-BREAK SPACE -->
+      <map code="0x50ce" name="uni50CE"/><!-- CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-50CE -->
+      <map code="0x610f" name="uni610F"/><!-- CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-610F -->
+      <map code="0x6a1a" name="uni6A1A"/><!-- CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-6A1A -->
+      <map code="0x82e8" name="uni82E8"/><!-- CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-82E8 -->
+      <map code="0x8552" name="uni8552"/><!-- CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-8552 -->
+      <map code="0x85a8" name="uni85A8"/><!-- CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-85A8 -->
+      <map code="0x8e59" name="uni8E59"/><!-- CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-8E59 -->
+      <map code="0x9a40" name="uni9A40"/><!-- CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9A40 -->
+      <map code="0xf9dc" name="uniF9DC"/><!-- CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-F9DC -->
+    </cmap_format_4>
+    <cmap_format_12 platformID="3" platEncID="10" format="12" reserved="0" length="532" language="0" nGroups="43">
+      <map code="0x0" name="uni0000"/><!-- ???? -->
+      <map code="0x1" name="uni0000"/><!-- ???? -->
+      <map code="0x2" name="uni0000"/><!-- ???? -->
+      <map code="0x3" name="uni0000"/><!-- ???? -->
+      <map code="0x4" name="uni0000"/><!-- ???? -->
+      <map code="0x5" name="uni0000"/><!-- ???? -->
+      <map code="0x6" name="uni0000"/><!-- ???? -->
+      <map code="0x7" name="uni0000"/><!-- ???? -->
+      <map code="0x8" name="uni0000"/><!-- ???? -->
+      <map code="0x9" name="uni0000"/><!-- ???? -->
+      <map code="0xa" name="uni0000"/><!-- ???? -->
+      <map code="0xb" name="uni0000"/><!-- ???? -->
+      <map code="0xc" name="uni0000"/><!-- ???? -->
+      <map code="0xd" name="uni0000"/><!-- ???? -->
+      <map code="0xe" name="uni0000"/><!-- ???? -->
+      <map code="0xf" name="uni0000"/><!-- ???? -->
+      <map code="0x10" name="uni0000"/><!-- ???? -->
+      <map code="0x11" name="uni0000"/><!-- ???? -->
+      <map code="0x12" name="uni0000"/><!-- ???? -->
+      <map code="0x13" name="uni0000"/><!-- ???? -->
+      <map code="0x14" name="uni0000"/><!-- ???? -->
+      <map code="0x15" name="uni0000"/><!-- ???? -->
+      <map code="0x16" name="uni0000"/><!-- ???? -->
+      <map code="0x17" name="uni0000"/><!-- ???? -->
+      <map code="0x18" name="uni0000"/><!-- ???? -->
+      <map code="0x19" name="uni0000"/><!-- ???? -->
+      <map code="0x1a" name="uni0000"/><!-- ???? -->
+      <map code="0x1b" name="uni0000"/><!-- ???? -->
+      <map code="0x1c" name="uni0000"/><!-- ???? -->
+      <map code="0x1d" name="uni0000"/><!-- ???? -->
+      <map code="0x1e" name="uni0000"/><!-- ???? -->
+      <map code="0x1f" name="uni0000"/><!-- ???? -->
+      <map code="0x20" name="uni0000"/><!-- SPACE -->
+      <map code="0x21" name="exclam"/><!-- EXCLAMATION MARK -->
+      <map code="0xa0" name="uni0000"/><!-- NO-BREAK SPACE -->
+      <map code="0x50ce" name="uni50CE"/><!-- CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-50CE -->
+      <map code="0x610f" name="uni610F"/><!-- CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-610F -->
+      <map code="0x6a1a" name="uni6A1A"/><!-- CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-6A1A -->
+      <map code="0x82e8" name="uni82E8"/><!-- CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-82E8 -->
+      <map code="0x8552" name="uni8552"/><!-- CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-8552 -->
+      <map code="0x85a8" name="uni85A8"/><!-- CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-85A8 -->
+      <map code="0x8e59" name="uni8E59"/><!-- CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-8E59 -->
+      <map code="0x9a40" name="uni9A40"/><!-- CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9A40 -->
+      <map code="0xf9dc" name="uniF9DC"/><!-- CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-F9DC -->
+    </cmap_format_12>
+  </cmap>
+
+  <name>
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+      Weight
+    </namerecord>
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+      Kanji-w0.00
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="258" platformID="1" platEncID="0" langID="0x0" unicode="True">
+      SHSansJPVFTest-Kanji-w0.00
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="259" platformID="1" platEncID="0" langID="0x0" unicode="True">
+      Kanji-w239.00
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="260" platformID="1" platEncID="0" langID="0x0" unicode="True">
+      SHSansJPVFTest-Kanji-w239.00
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+    <namerecord nameID="261" platformID="1" platEncID="0" langID="0x0" unicode="True">
+      Kanji-w240.00
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+    <namerecord nameID="262" platformID="1" platEncID="0" langID="0x0" unicode="True">
+      SHSansJPVFTest-Kanji-w240.00
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+      Kanji-w439.00
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+    <namerecord nameID="264" platformID="1" platEncID="0" langID="0x0" unicode="True">
+      SHSansJPVFTest-Kanji-w439.00
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+      Kanji-w440.00
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+      SHSansJPVFTest-Kanji-w440.00
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+      Kanji-w499.00
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+      SHSansJPVFTest-Kanji-w499.00
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+    <namerecord nameID="269" platformID="1" platEncID="0" langID="0x0" unicode="True">
+      Kanji-w500.00
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+    <namerecord nameID="270" platformID="1" platEncID="0" langID="0x0" unicode="True">
+      SHSansJPVFTest-Kanji-w500.00
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+      Kanji-w599.00
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+    <namerecord nameID="272" platformID="1" platEncID="0" langID="0x0" unicode="True">
+      SHSansJPVFTest-Kanji-w599.00
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+      Kanji-w600.00
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+    <namerecord nameID="274" platformID="1" platEncID="0" langID="0x0" unicode="True">
+      SHSansJPVFTest-Kanji-w600.00
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+      Kanji-w669.00
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+    <namerecord nameID="276" platformID="1" platEncID="0" langID="0x0" unicode="True">
+      SHSansJPVFTest-Kanji-w669.00
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+      Kanji-w670.00
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+    <namerecord nameID="278" platformID="1" platEncID="0" langID="0x0" unicode="True">
+      SHSansJPVFTest-Kanji-w670.00
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+    <namerecord nameID="279" platformID="1" platEncID="0" langID="0x0" unicode="True">
+      Kanji-w699.00
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+    <namerecord nameID="280" platformID="1" platEncID="0" langID="0x0" unicode="True">
+      SHSansJPVFTest-Kanji-w699.00
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="281" platformID="1" platEncID="0" langID="0x0" unicode="True">
+      Kanji-w700.00
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+    <namerecord nameID="282" platformID="1" platEncID="0" langID="0x0" unicode="True">
+      SHSansJPVFTest-Kanji-w700.00
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+      Kanji-799.00
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+      SHSansJPVFTest-Kanji-799.00
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+      Kanji-w800.00
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+      SHSansJPVFTest-Kanji-w800.00
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+      Kanji-w889.00
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+    <namerecord nameID="288" platformID="1" platEncID="0" langID="0x0" unicode="True">
+      SHSansJPVFTest-Kanji-w889.00
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+      Kanji-w890.00
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+    <namerecord nameID="290" platformID="1" platEncID="0" langID="0x0" unicode="True">
+      SHSansJPVFTest-Kanji-w890.00
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="291" platformID="1" platEncID="0" langID="0x0" unicode="True">
+      Kanji-w1000.00
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+    <namerecord nameID="292" platformID="1" platEncID="0" langID="0x0" unicode="True">
+      SHSansJPVFTest-Kanji-w1000.00
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+      Copyright © 2018 Adobe systems Co., Ltd. All Rights Reserved.
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+      SHSansJPVF w0.00
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+      Version 1.002;hotconv 1.0.109;makeotfexe 2.5.65596 DEVELOPMENT
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+      Weight
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+      Kanji-w0.00
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+    <namerecord nameID="258" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      SHSansJPVFTest-Kanji-w0.00
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+      Kanji-w239.00
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+    <namerecord nameID="260" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      SHSansJPVFTest-Kanji-w239.00
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+      Kanji-w240.00
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+      SHSansJPVFTest-Kanji-w240.00
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+      Kanji-w439.00
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+    <namerecord nameID="264" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      SHSansJPVFTest-Kanji-w439.00
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+      Kanji-w440.00
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+      SHSansJPVFTest-Kanji-w440.00
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+      Kanji-w499.00
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+      SHSansJPVFTest-Kanji-w499.00
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+      Kanji-w500.00
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+      SHSansJPVFTest-Kanji-w500.00
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+      Kanji-w599.00
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+      Kanji-w600.00
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+      Kanji-w670.00
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+      Kanji-w889.00
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+      Kanji-w890.00
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+      SHSansJPVFTest-Kanji-w890.00
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+      Kanji-w1000.00
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+      SHSansJPVFTest-Kanji-w1000.00
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+  </name>
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+  <post>
+    <formatType value="3.0"/>
+    <italicAngle value="0.0"/>
+    <underlinePosition value="-75"/>
+    <underlineThickness value="50"/>
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+    <minMemType42 value="0"/>
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+  <CFF2>
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+            <BlueValues value="-250 -250 1100 1100"/>
+            <BlueScale value="0.039625"/>
+            <BlueShift value="7"/>
+            <BlueFuzz value="0"/>
+            <StdHW value="1"/>
+            <StdVW value="1"/>
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+        </FontDict>
+        <FontDict index="1">
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+            <BlueValues value="-250 -250 1100 1100"/>
+            <BlueScale value="0.039625"/>
+            <BlueShift value="7"/>
+            <BlueFuzz value="0"/>
+            <StdHW value="1"/>
+            <StdVW value="1"/>
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+        <FontDict index="2">
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+            <BlueValues value="0 0"/>
+            <BlueScale value="0.039625"/>
+            <BlueShift value="7"/>
+            <BlueFuzz value="1"/>
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+          2 rlineto
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+    </NamedInstance>
+
+    <!-- Kanji-w240.00 -->
+    <!-- PostScript: SHSansJPVFTest-Kanji-w240.00 -->
+    <NamedInstance flags="0x0" postscriptNameID="262" subfamilyNameID="261">
+      <coord axis="wght" value="325.0"/>
+    </NamedInstance>
+
+    <!-- Kanji-w439.00 -->
+    <!-- PostScript: SHSansJPVFTest-Kanji-w439.00 -->
+    <NamedInstance flags="0x0" postscriptNameID="264" subfamilyNameID="263">
+      <coord axis="wght" value="428.82353"/>
+    </NamedInstance>
+
+    <!-- Kanji-w440.00 -->
+    <!-- PostScript: SHSansJPVFTest-Kanji-w440.00 -->
+    <NamedInstance flags="0x0" postscriptNameID="266" subfamilyNameID="265">
+      <coord axis="wght" value="429.41176"/>
+    </NamedInstance>
+
+    <!-- Kanji-w499.00 -->
+    <!-- PostScript: SHSansJPVFTest-Kanji-w499.00 -->
+    <NamedInstance flags="0x0" postscriptNameID="268" subfamilyNameID="267">
+      <coord axis="wght" value="464.11765"/>
+    </NamedInstance>
+
+    <!-- Kanji-w500.00 -->
+    <!-- PostScript: SHSansJPVFTest-Kanji-w500.00 -->
+    <NamedInstance flags="0x0" postscriptNameID="270" subfamilyNameID="269">
+      <coord axis="wght" value="464.70589"/>
+    </NamedInstance>
+
+    <!-- Kanji-w599.00 -->
+    <!-- PostScript: SHSansJPVFTest-Kanji-w599.00 -->
+    <NamedInstance flags="0x0" postscriptNameID="272" subfamilyNameID="271">
+      <coord axis="wght" value="535.45454"/>
+    </NamedInstance>
+
+    <!-- Kanji-w600.00 -->
+    <!-- PostScript: SHSansJPVFTest-Kanji-w600.00 -->
+    <NamedInstance flags="0x0" postscriptNameID="274" subfamilyNameID="273">
+      <coord axis="wght" value="536.36363"/>
+    </NamedInstance>
+
+    <!-- Kanji-w669.00 -->
+    <!-- PostScript: SHSansJPVFTest-Kanji-w669.00 -->
+    <NamedInstance flags="0x0" postscriptNameID="276" subfamilyNameID="275">
+      <coord axis="wght" value="599.09091"/>
+    </NamedInstance>
+
+    <!-- Kanji-w670.00 -->
+    <!-- PostScript: SHSansJPVFTest-Kanji-w670.00 -->
+    <NamedInstance flags="0x0" postscriptNameID="278" subfamilyNameID="277">
+      <coord axis="wght" value="600.0"/>
+    </NamedInstance>
+
+    <!-- Kanji-w699.00 -->
+    <!-- PostScript: SHSansJPVFTest-Kanji-w699.00 -->
+    <NamedInstance flags="0x0" postscriptNameID="280" subfamilyNameID="279">
+      <coord axis="wght" value="626.36363"/>
+    </NamedInstance>
+
+    <!-- Kanji-w700.00 -->
+    <!-- PostScript: SHSansJPVFTest-Kanji-w700.00 -->
+    <NamedInstance flags="0x0" postscriptNameID="282" subfamilyNameID="281">
+      <coord axis="wght" value="627.27272"/>
+    </NamedInstance>
+
+    <!-- Kanji-799.00 -->
+    <!-- PostScript: SHSansJPVFTest-Kanji-799.00 -->
+    <NamedInstance flags="0x0" postscriptNameID="284" subfamilyNameID="283">
+      <coord axis="wght" value="717.27272"/>
+    </NamedInstance>
+
+    <!-- Kanji-w800.00 -->
+    <!-- PostScript: SHSansJPVFTest-Kanji-w800.00 -->
+    <NamedInstance flags="0x0" postscriptNameID="286" subfamilyNameID="285">
+      <coord axis="wght" value="718.18182"/>
+    </NamedInstance>
+
+    <!-- Kanji-w889.00 -->
+    <!-- PostScript: SHSansJPVFTest-Kanji-w889.00 -->
+    <NamedInstance flags="0x0" postscriptNameID="288" subfamilyNameID="287">
+      <coord axis="wght" value="799.09091"/>
+    </NamedInstance>
+
+    <!-- Kanji-w890.00 -->
+    <!-- PostScript: SHSansJPVFTest-Kanji-w890.00 -->
+    <NamedInstance flags="0x0" postscriptNameID="290" subfamilyNameID="289">
+      <coord axis="wght" value="800.0"/>
+    </NamedInstance>
+
+    <!-- Kanji-w1000.00 -->
+    <!-- PostScript: SHSansJPVFTest-Kanji-w1000.00 -->
+    <NamedInstance flags="0x0" postscriptNameID="292" subfamilyNameID="291">
+      <coord axis="wght" value="900.0"/>
+    </NamedInstance>
+  </fvar>
+
+  <vhea>
+    <tableVersion value="0x00011000"/>
+    <ascent value="500"/>
+    <descent value="-500"/>
+    <lineGap value="0"/>
+    <advanceHeightMax value="1000"/>
+    <minTopSideBearing value="0"/>
+    <minBottomSideBearing value="0"/>
+    <yMaxExtent value="1000"/>
+    <caretSlopeRise value="0"/>
+    <caretSlopeRun value="1"/>
+    <caretOffset value="0"/>
+    <reserved1 value="0"/>
+    <reserved2 value="0"/>
+    <reserved3 value="0"/>
+    <reserved4 value="0"/>
+    <metricDataFormat value="0"/>
+    <numberOfVMetrics value="1"/>
+  </vhea>
+
+  <vmtx>
+    <mtx name=".notdef" height="1000" tsb="0"/>
+    <mtx name="exclam" height="1000" tsb="125"/>
+    <mtx name="uni0000" height="1000" tsb="880"/>
+    <mtx name="uni50CE" height="1000" tsb="49"/>
+    <mtx name="uni610F" height="1000" tsb="40"/>
+    <mtx name="uni6A1A" height="1000" tsb="40"/>
+    <mtx name="uni82E8" height="1000" tsb="41"/>
+    <mtx name="uni8552" height="1000" tsb="41"/>
+    <mtx name="uni85A8" height="1000" tsb="41"/>
+    <mtx name="uni8E59" height="1000" tsb="40"/>
+    <mtx name="uni9A40" height="1000" tsb="41"/>
+    <mtx name="uniF9DC" height="1000" tsb="39"/>
+  </vmtx>
+
+</ttFont>
diff --git a/Tests/cffLib/specializer_test.py b/Tests/cffLib/specializer_test.py
index aa50611..a9b778c 100644
--- a/Tests/cffLib/specializer_test.py
+++ b/Tests/cffLib/specializer_test.py
@@ -1,7 +1,12 @@
-from __future__ import print_function, division, absolute_import
 from fontTools.cffLib.specializer import (programToString, stringToProgram,
-                                          generalizeProgram, specializeProgram)
+                                          generalizeProgram, specializeProgram,
+                                          programToCommands, commandsToProgram,
+                                          generalizeCommands,
+                                          specializeCommands)
+from fontTools.ttLib import TTFont
+import os
 import unittest
+from fontTools.misc.testTools import parseXML, DataFilesHandler
 
 # TODO
 # https://github.com/fonttools/fonttools/pull/959#commitcomment-22059841
@@ -904,15 +909,53 @@
         xpct_charstr = '1 64 10 51 29 39 15 21 15 20 15 18 rlinecurve'
         self.assertEqual(get_specialized_charstr(test_charstr), xpct_charstr)
 
-# maxstack CFF=48
+# maxstack CFF=48, specializer uses up to 47
     def test_maxstack(self):
         operands = '1 2 3 4 5 6 '
         operator = 'rrcurveto '
         test_charstr = (operands + operator)*9
-        xpct_charstr = (operands + operator + operands*8 + operator).rstrip()
+        xpct_charstr = (operands*2 + operator + operands*7 + operator).rstrip()
         self.assertEqual(get_specialized_charstr(test_charstr), xpct_charstr)
 
 
+class CFF2VFTestSpecialize(DataFilesHandler):
+
+    def test_blend_round_trip(self):
+        ttx_path = self.getpath('TestSparseCFF2VF.ttx')
+        ttf_font = TTFont(recalcBBoxes=False, recalcTimestamp=False)
+        ttf_font.importXML(ttx_path)
+        fontGlyphList = ttf_font.getGlyphOrder()
+        topDict = ttf_font['CFF2'].cff.topDictIndex[0]
+        charstrings = topDict.CharStrings
+        for glyphName in fontGlyphList:
+            cs = charstrings[glyphName]
+            cs.decompile()
+            cmds = programToCommands(cs.program, getNumRegions=cs.getNumRegions)
+            cmds_g = generalizeCommands(cmds)
+            cmds = specializeCommands(cmds_g, generalizeFirst=False)
+            program = commandsToProgram(cmds)
+            self.assertEqual(program, cs.program)
+            program = specializeProgram(program, getNumRegions=cs.getNumRegions)
+            self.assertEqual(program, cs.program)
+            program_g = generalizeProgram(program, getNumRegions=cs.getNumRegions)
+            program = commandsToProgram(cmds_g)
+            self.assertEqual(program, program_g)
+
+    def test_blend_programToCommands(self):
+        ttx_path = self.getpath('TestCFF2Widths.ttx')
+        ttf_font = TTFont(recalcBBoxes=False, recalcTimestamp=False)
+        ttf_font.importXML(ttx_path)
+        fontGlyphList = ttf_font.getGlyphOrder()
+        topDict = ttf_font['CFF2'].cff.topDictIndex[0]
+        charstrings = topDict.CharStrings
+        for glyphName in fontGlyphList:
+            cs = charstrings[glyphName]
+            cs.decompile()
+            cmds = programToCommands(cs.program, getNumRegions=cs.getNumRegions)
+            program = commandsToProgram(cmds)
+            self.assertEqual(program, cs.program)
+
+
 if __name__ == "__main__":
     import sys
     sys.exit(unittest.main())
diff --git a/Tests/colorLib/__init__.py b/Tests/colorLib/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e69de29
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/colorLib/__init__.py
diff --git a/Tests/colorLib/builder_test.py b/Tests/colorLib/builder_test.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f0a0992
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/colorLib/builder_test.py
@@ -0,0 +1,1820 @@
+from fontTools.ttLib import newTable
+from fontTools.ttLib.tables import otTables as ot
+from fontTools.colorLib import builder
+from fontTools.colorLib.geometry import round_start_circle_stable_containment, Circle
+from fontTools.colorLib.builder import LayerListBuilder, _build_n_ary_tree
+from fontTools.colorLib.table_builder import TableBuilder
+from fontTools.colorLib.errors import ColorLibError
+import pytest
+from typing import List
+
+
+def _build(cls, source):
+    return LayerListBuilder().tableBuilder.build(cls, source)
+
+
+def _buildPaint(source):
+    return LayerListBuilder().buildPaint(source)
+
+
+def test_buildCOLR_v0():
+    color_layer_lists = {
+        "a": [("a.color0", 0), ("a.color1", 1)],
+        "b": [("b.color1", 1), ("b.color0", 0)],
+    }
+
+    colr = builder.buildCOLR(color_layer_lists)
+
+    assert colr.tableTag == "COLR"
+    assert colr.version == 0
+    assert colr.ColorLayers["a"][0].name == "a.color0"
+    assert colr.ColorLayers["a"][0].colorID == 0
+    assert colr.ColorLayers["a"][1].name == "a.color1"
+    assert colr.ColorLayers["a"][1].colorID == 1
+    assert colr.ColorLayers["b"][0].name == "b.color1"
+    assert colr.ColorLayers["b"][0].colorID == 1
+    assert colr.ColorLayers["b"][1].name == "b.color0"
+    assert colr.ColorLayers["b"][1].colorID == 0
+
+
+def test_buildCOLR_v0_layer_as_list():
+    # when COLRv0 layers are encoded as plist in UFO lib, both python tuples and
+    # lists are encoded as plist array elements; but the latter are always decoded
+    # as python lists, thus after roundtripping a plist tuples become lists.
+    # Before FontTools 4.17.0 we were treating tuples and lists as equivalent;
+    # with 4.17.0, a paint of type list is used to identify a PaintColrLayers.
+    # This broke backward compatibility as ufo2ft is simply passing through the
+    # color layers as read from the UFO lib plist, and as such the latter use lists
+    # instead of tuples for COLRv0 layers (layerGlyph, paletteIndex) combo.
+    # We restore backward compat by accepting either tuples or lists (of length 2
+    # and only containing a str and an int) as individual top-level layers.
+    # https://github.com/googlefonts/ufo2ft/issues/426
+    color_layer_lists = {
+        "a": [["a.color0", 0], ["a.color1", 1]],
+        "b": [["b.color1", 1], ["b.color0", 0]],
+    }
+
+    colr = builder.buildCOLR(color_layer_lists)
+
+    assert colr.tableTag == "COLR"
+    assert colr.version == 0
+    assert colr.ColorLayers["a"][0].name == "a.color0"
+    assert colr.ColorLayers["a"][0].colorID == 0
+    assert colr.ColorLayers["a"][1].name == "a.color1"
+    assert colr.ColorLayers["a"][1].colorID == 1
+    assert colr.ColorLayers["b"][0].name == "b.color1"
+    assert colr.ColorLayers["b"][0].colorID == 1
+    assert colr.ColorLayers["b"][1].name == "b.color0"
+    assert colr.ColorLayers["b"][1].colorID == 0
+
+
+def test_buildCPAL_v0():
+    palettes = [
+        [(0.68, 0.20, 0.32, 1.0), (0.45, 0.68, 0.21, 1.0)],
+        [(0.68, 0.20, 0.32, 0.6), (0.45, 0.68, 0.21, 0.6)],
+        [(0.68, 0.20, 0.32, 0.3), (0.45, 0.68, 0.21, 0.3)],
+    ]
+
+    cpal = builder.buildCPAL(palettes)
+
+    assert cpal.tableTag == "CPAL"
+    assert cpal.version == 0
+    assert cpal.numPaletteEntries == 2
+
+    assert len(cpal.palettes) == 3
+    assert [tuple(c) for c in cpal.palettes[0]] == [
+        (82, 51, 173, 255),
+        (54, 173, 115, 255),
+    ]
+    assert [tuple(c) for c in cpal.palettes[1]] == [
+        (82, 51, 173, 153),
+        (54, 173, 115, 153),
+    ]
+    assert [tuple(c) for c in cpal.palettes[2]] == [
+        (82, 51, 173, 76),
+        (54, 173, 115, 76),
+    ]
+
+
+def test_buildCPAL_palettes_different_lengths():
+    with pytest.raises(ColorLibError, match="have different lengths"):
+        builder.buildCPAL([[(1, 1, 1, 1)], [(0, 0, 0, 1), (0.5, 0.5, 0.5, 1)]])
+
+
+def test_buildPaletteLabels():
+    name_table = newTable("name")
+    name_table.names = []
+
+    name_ids = builder.buildPaletteLabels(
+        [None, "hi", {"en": "hello", "de": "hallo"}], name_table
+    )
+
+    assert name_ids == [0xFFFF, 256, 257]
+
+    assert len(name_table.names) == 3
+    assert str(name_table.names[0]) == "hi"
+    assert name_table.names[0].nameID == 256
+
+    assert str(name_table.names[1]) == "hallo"
+    assert name_table.names[1].nameID == 257
+
+    assert str(name_table.names[2]) == "hello"
+    assert name_table.names[2].nameID == 257
+
+
+def test_build_CPAL_v1_types_no_labels():
+    palettes = [
+        [(0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 1.0), (0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 1.0)],
+        [(0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.6), (0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.6)],
+        [(0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.3), (0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.3)],
+    ]
+    paletteTypes = [
+        builder.ColorPaletteType.USABLE_WITH_LIGHT_BACKGROUND,
+        builder.ColorPaletteType.USABLE_WITH_DARK_BACKGROUND,
+        builder.ColorPaletteType.USABLE_WITH_LIGHT_BACKGROUND
+        | builder.ColorPaletteType.USABLE_WITH_DARK_BACKGROUND,
+    ]
+
+    cpal = builder.buildCPAL(palettes, paletteTypes=paletteTypes)
+
+    assert cpal.tableTag == "CPAL"
+    assert cpal.version == 1
+    assert cpal.numPaletteEntries == 2
+    assert len(cpal.palettes) == 3
+
+    assert cpal.paletteTypes == paletteTypes
+    assert cpal.paletteLabels == [cpal.NO_NAME_ID] * len(palettes)
+    assert cpal.paletteEntryLabels == [cpal.NO_NAME_ID] * cpal.numPaletteEntries
+
+
+def test_build_CPAL_v1_labels():
+    palettes = [
+        [(0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 1.0), (0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 1.0)],
+        [(0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.6), (0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.6)],
+        [(0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.3), (0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.3)],
+    ]
+    paletteLabels = ["First", {"en": "Second", "it": "Seconda"}, None]
+    paletteEntryLabels = ["Foo", "Bar"]
+
+    with pytest.raises(TypeError, match="nameTable is required"):
+        builder.buildCPAL(palettes, paletteLabels=paletteLabels)
+    with pytest.raises(TypeError, match="nameTable is required"):
+        builder.buildCPAL(palettes, paletteEntryLabels=paletteEntryLabels)
+
+    name_table = newTable("name")
+    name_table.names = []
+
+    cpal = builder.buildCPAL(
+        palettes,
+        paletteLabels=paletteLabels,
+        paletteEntryLabels=paletteEntryLabels,
+        nameTable=name_table,
+    )
+
+    assert cpal.tableTag == "CPAL"
+    assert cpal.version == 1
+    assert cpal.numPaletteEntries == 2
+    assert len(cpal.palettes) == 3
+
+    assert cpal.paletteTypes == [cpal.DEFAULT_PALETTE_TYPE] * len(palettes)
+    assert cpal.paletteLabels == [256, 257, cpal.NO_NAME_ID]
+    assert cpal.paletteEntryLabels == [258, 259]
+
+    assert name_table.getDebugName(256) == "First"
+    assert name_table.getDebugName(257) == "Second"
+    assert name_table.getDebugName(258) == "Foo"
+    assert name_table.getDebugName(259) == "Bar"
+
+
+def test_invalid_ColorPaletteType():
+    with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="not a valid ColorPaletteType"):
+        builder.ColorPaletteType(-1)
+    with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="not a valid ColorPaletteType"):
+        builder.ColorPaletteType(4)
+    with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="not a valid ColorPaletteType"):
+        builder.ColorPaletteType("abc")
+
+
+def test_buildCPAL_v1_invalid_args_length():
+    with pytest.raises(ColorLibError, match="Expected 2 paletteTypes, got 1"):
+        builder.buildCPAL([[(0, 0, 0, 0)], [(1, 1, 1, 1)]], paletteTypes=[1])
+
+    with pytest.raises(ColorLibError, match="Expected 2 paletteLabels, got 1"):
+        builder.buildCPAL(
+            [[(0, 0, 0, 0)], [(1, 1, 1, 1)]],
+            paletteLabels=["foo"],
+            nameTable=newTable("name"),
+        )
+
+    with pytest.raises(ColorLibError, match="Expected 1 paletteEntryLabels, got 0"):
+        cpal = builder.buildCPAL(
+            [[(0, 0, 0, 0)], [(1, 1, 1, 1)]],
+            paletteEntryLabels=[],
+            nameTable=newTable("name"),
+        )
+
+
+def test_buildCPAL_invalid_color():
+    with pytest.raises(
+        ColorLibError,
+        match=r"In palette\[0\]\[1\]: expected \(R, G, B, A\) tuple, got \(1, 1, 1\)",
+    ):
+        builder.buildCPAL([[(1, 1, 1, 1), (1, 1, 1)]])
+
+    with pytest.raises(
+        ColorLibError,
+        match=(
+            r"palette\[1\]\[0\] has invalid out-of-range "
+            r"\[0..1\] color: \(1, 1, -1, 2\)"
+        ),
+    ):
+        builder.buildCPAL([[(0, 0, 0, 0)], [(1, 1, -1, 2)]])
+
+
+def test_buildPaintSolid():
+    p = _buildPaint((ot.PaintFormat.PaintSolid, 0))
+    assert p.Format == ot.PaintFormat.PaintSolid
+    assert p.PaletteIndex == 0
+    assert p.Alpha == 1.0
+
+
+def test_buildPaintSolid_Alpha():
+    p = _buildPaint((ot.PaintFormat.PaintSolid, 1, 0.5))
+    assert p.Format == ot.PaintFormat.PaintSolid
+    assert p.PaletteIndex == 1
+    assert p.Alpha == 0.5
+
+
+def test_buildPaintVarSolid():
+    p = _buildPaint((ot.PaintFormat.PaintVarSolid, 3, 0.5, 2))
+    assert p.Format == ot.PaintFormat.PaintVarSolid
+    assert p.PaletteIndex == 3
+    assert p.Alpha == 0.5
+    assert p.VarIndexBase == 2
+
+
+def test_buildVarColorStop_DefaultAlpha():
+    s = _build(ot.ColorStop, (0.1, 2))
+    assert s.StopOffset == 0.1
+    assert s.PaletteIndex == 2
+    assert s.Alpha == builder._DEFAULT_ALPHA
+
+
+def test_buildVarColorStop_DefaultAlpha():
+    s = _build(ot.VarColorStop, (0.1, 2))
+    assert s.StopOffset == 0.1
+    assert s.PaletteIndex == 2
+    assert s.Alpha == builder._DEFAULT_ALPHA
+
+
+def test_buildColorStop():
+    s = _build(ot.ColorStop, {"StopOffset": 0.2, "PaletteIndex": 3, "Alpha": 0.4})
+    assert s.StopOffset == 0.2
+    assert s.PaletteIndex == 3
+    assert s.Alpha == 0.4
+
+
+def test_buildColorStop_Variable():
+    s = _build(
+        ot.VarColorStop,
+        {
+            "StopOffset": 0.0,
+            "PaletteIndex": 0,
+            "Alpha": 0.3,
+            "VarIndexBase": 1,
+        },
+    )
+    assert s.StopOffset == 0.0
+    assert s.PaletteIndex == 0
+    assert s.Alpha == 0.3
+    assert s.VarIndexBase == 1
+
+
+def test_buildColorLine_StopList():
+    stops = [(0.0, 0), (0.5, 1), (1.0, 2)]
+
+    cline = _build(ot.ColorLine, {"ColorStop": stops})
+    assert cline.Extend == builder.ExtendMode.PAD
+    assert cline.StopCount == 3
+    assert [(cs.StopOffset, cs.PaletteIndex) for cs in cline.ColorStop] == stops
+
+    cline = _build(ot.ColorLine, {"Extend": "pad", "ColorStop": stops})
+    assert cline.Extend == builder.ExtendMode.PAD
+
+    cline = _build(
+        ot.ColorLine, {"ColorStop": stops, "Extend": builder.ExtendMode.REPEAT}
+    )
+    assert cline.Extend == builder.ExtendMode.REPEAT
+
+    cline = _build(
+        ot.ColorLine, {"ColorStop": stops, "Extend": builder.ExtendMode.REFLECT}
+    )
+    assert cline.Extend == builder.ExtendMode.REFLECT
+
+    cline = _build(
+        ot.ColorLine, {"ColorStop": [_build(ot.ColorStop, s) for s in stops]}
+    )
+    assert [(cs.StopOffset, cs.PaletteIndex) for cs in cline.ColorStop] == stops
+
+
+def test_buildVarColorLine_StopMap():
+    stops = [
+        {"StopOffset": 0.0, "PaletteIndex": 0, "Alpha": 0.5, "VarIndexBase": 1},
+        {"StopOffset": 1.0, "PaletteIndex": 1, "Alpha": 0.3, "VarIndexBase": 3},
+    ]
+    cline = _build(ot.VarColorLine, {"ColorStop": stops})
+    assert [
+        {
+            "StopOffset": cs.StopOffset,
+            "PaletteIndex": cs.PaletteIndex,
+            "Alpha": cs.Alpha,
+            "VarIndexBase": cs.VarIndexBase,
+        }
+        for cs in cline.ColorStop
+    ] == stops
+
+
+def checkBuildAffine2x3(cls, variable=False):
+    matrix = _build(cls, (1.5, 0, 0.5, 2.0, 1.0, -3.0))
+    assert matrix.xx == 1.5
+    assert matrix.yx == 0.0
+    assert matrix.xy == 0.5
+    assert matrix.yy == 2.0
+    assert matrix.dx == 1.0
+    assert matrix.dy == -3.0
+    if variable:
+        assert matrix.VarIndexBase == 0xFFFFFFFF
+
+
+def test_buildAffine2x3():
+    checkBuildAffine2x3(ot.Affine2x3)
+
+
+def test_buildVarAffine2x3():
+    checkBuildAffine2x3(ot.VarAffine2x3, variable=True)
+
+
+def _sample_stops(variable):
+    cls = ot.ColorStop if not variable else ot.VarColorStop
+    stop_sources = [
+        {"StopOffset": 0.0, "PaletteIndex": 0},
+        {"StopOffset": 0.5, "PaletteIndex": 1},
+        {"StopOffset": 1.0, "PaletteIndex": 2, "Alpha": 0.8},
+    ]
+    if variable:
+        for i, src in enumerate(stop_sources, start=123):
+            src["VarIndexBase"] = i
+    return [_build(cls, src) for src in stop_sources]
+
+
+def _is_var(fmt):
+    return fmt.name.startswith("PaintVar")
+
+
+def _is_around_center(fmt):
+    return fmt.name.endswith("AroundCenter")
+
+
+def _is_uniform_scale(fmt):
+    return "ScaleUniform" in fmt.name
+
+
+def checkBuildPaintLinearGradient(fmt):
+    variable = _is_var(fmt)
+    color_stops = _sample_stops(variable)
+
+    x0, y0, x1, y1, x2, y2 = (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6)
+    source = {
+        "Format": fmt,
+        "ColorLine": {"ColorStop": color_stops},
+        "x0": x0,
+        "y0": y0,
+        "x1": x1,
+        "y1": y1,
+        "x2": x2,
+        "y2": y2,
+    }
+    if variable:
+        source["VarIndexBase"] = 7
+    gradient = _buildPaint(source)
+    assert gradient.ColorLine.Extend == builder.ExtendMode.PAD
+    assert gradient.ColorLine.ColorStop == color_stops
+
+    gradient = _buildPaint(gradient)
+    assert (gradient.x0, gradient.y0) == (1, 2)
+    assert (gradient.x1, gradient.y1) == (3, 4)
+    assert (gradient.x2, gradient.y2) == (5, 6)
+    if variable:
+        assert gradient.VarIndexBase == 7
+
+
+def test_buildPaintLinearGradient():
+    assert not _is_var(ot.PaintFormat.PaintLinearGradient)
+    checkBuildPaintLinearGradient(ot.PaintFormat.PaintLinearGradient)
+
+
+def test_buildPaintVarLinearGradient():
+    assert _is_var(ot.PaintFormat.PaintVarLinearGradient)
+    checkBuildPaintLinearGradient(ot.PaintFormat.PaintVarLinearGradient)
+
+
+def checkBuildPaintRadialGradient(fmt):
+    variable = _is_var(fmt)
+    color_stops = _sample_stops(variable)
+    line_cls = ot.VarColorLine if variable else ot.ColorLine
+
+    color_line = _build(
+        line_cls, {"ColorStop": color_stops, "Extend": builder.ExtendMode.REPEAT}
+    )
+    c0 = (100, 200)
+    c1 = (150, 250)
+    r0 = 10
+    r1 = 5
+    varIndexBase = 0
+
+    source = [fmt, color_line, *c0, r0, *c1, r1]
+    if variable:
+        source.append(varIndexBase)
+
+    gradient = _build(ot.Paint, tuple(source))
+    assert gradient.Format == fmt
+    assert gradient.ColorLine == color_line
+    assert (gradient.x0, gradient.y0) == c0
+    assert (gradient.x1, gradient.y1) == c1
+    assert gradient.r0 == r0
+    assert gradient.r1 == r1
+    if variable:
+        assert gradient.VarIndexBase == varIndexBase
+
+    source = {
+        "Format": fmt,
+        "ColorLine": {"ColorStop": color_stops},
+        "x0": c0[0],
+        "y0": c0[1],
+        "x1": c1[0],
+        "y1": c1[1],
+        "r0": r0,
+        "r1": r1,
+    }
+    if variable:
+        source["VarIndexBase"] = varIndexBase
+    gradient = _build(ot.Paint, source)
+    assert gradient.ColorLine.Extend == builder.ExtendMode.PAD
+    assert gradient.ColorLine.ColorStop == color_stops
+    assert (gradient.x0, gradient.y0) == c0
+    assert (gradient.x1, gradient.y1) == c1
+    assert gradient.r0 == r0
+    assert gradient.r1 == r1
+    if variable:
+        assert gradient.VarIndexBase == varIndexBase
+
+
+def test_buildPaintRadialGradient():
+    assert not _is_var(ot.PaintFormat.PaintRadialGradient)
+    checkBuildPaintRadialGradient(ot.PaintFormat.PaintRadialGradient)
+
+
+def test_buildPaintVarRadialGradient():
+    assert _is_var(ot.PaintFormat.PaintVarRadialGradient)
+    checkBuildPaintRadialGradient(ot.PaintFormat.PaintVarRadialGradient)
+
+
+def checkPaintSweepGradient(fmt):
+    variable = _is_var(fmt)
+    source = {
+        "Format": fmt,
+        "ColorLine": {"ColorStop": _sample_stops(variable)},
+        "centerX": 127,
+        "centerY": 129,
+        "startAngle": 15,
+        "endAngle": 42,
+    }
+    if variable:
+        source["VarIndexBase"] = 666
+    paint = _buildPaint(source)
+
+    assert paint.Format == fmt
+    assert paint.centerX == 127
+    assert paint.centerY == 129
+    assert paint.startAngle == 15
+    assert paint.endAngle == 42
+    if variable:
+        assert paint.VarIndexBase == 666
+
+
+def test_buildPaintSweepGradient():
+    assert not _is_var(ot.PaintFormat.PaintSweepGradient)
+    checkPaintSweepGradient(ot.PaintFormat.PaintSweepGradient)
+
+
+def test_buildPaintVarSweepGradient():
+    assert _is_var(ot.PaintFormat.PaintVarSweepGradient)
+    checkPaintSweepGradient(ot.PaintFormat.PaintVarSweepGradient)
+
+
+def test_buildPaintGlyph_Solid():
+    layer = _build(
+        ot.Paint,
+        (
+            ot.PaintFormat.PaintGlyph,
+            (
+                ot.PaintFormat.PaintSolid,
+                2,
+            ),
+            "a",
+        ),
+    )
+    assert layer.Format == ot.PaintFormat.PaintGlyph
+    assert layer.Glyph == "a"
+    assert layer.Paint.Format == ot.PaintFormat.PaintSolid
+    assert layer.Paint.PaletteIndex == 2
+
+    layer = _build(
+        ot.Paint,
+        (
+            ot.PaintFormat.PaintGlyph,
+            (ot.PaintFormat.PaintSolid, 3, 0.9),
+            "a",
+        ),
+    )
+    assert layer.Paint.Format == ot.PaintFormat.PaintSolid
+    assert layer.Paint.PaletteIndex == 3
+    assert layer.Paint.Alpha == 0.9
+
+
+def test_buildPaintGlyph_VarLinearGradient():
+    layer = _build(
+        ot.Paint,
+        {
+            "Format": ot.PaintFormat.PaintGlyph,
+            "Glyph": "a",
+            "Paint": {
+                "Format": ot.PaintFormat.PaintVarLinearGradient,
+                "ColorLine": {"ColorStop": [(0.0, 3), (1.0, 4)]},
+                "x0": 100,
+                "y0": 200,
+                "x1": 150,
+                "y1": 250,
+            },
+        },
+    )
+
+    assert layer.Format == ot.PaintFormat.PaintGlyph
+    assert layer.Glyph == "a"
+    assert layer.Paint.Format == ot.PaintFormat.PaintVarLinearGradient
+    assert layer.Paint.ColorLine.ColorStop[0].StopOffset == 0.0
+    assert layer.Paint.ColorLine.ColorStop[0].PaletteIndex == 3
+    assert layer.Paint.ColorLine.ColorStop[1].StopOffset == 1.0
+    assert layer.Paint.ColorLine.ColorStop[1].PaletteIndex == 4
+    assert layer.Paint.x0 == 100
+    assert layer.Paint.y0 == 200
+    assert layer.Paint.x1 == 150
+    assert layer.Paint.y1 == 250
+
+
+def test_buildPaintGlyph_RadialGradient():
+    layer = _build(
+        ot.Paint,
+        (
+            int(ot.PaintFormat.PaintGlyph),
+            (
+                ot.PaintFormat.PaintRadialGradient,
+                (
+                    "pad",
+                    [
+                        (0.0, 5),
+                        {"StopOffset": 0.5, "PaletteIndex": 6, "Alpha": 0.8},
+                        (1.0, 7),
+                    ],
+                ),
+                50,
+                50,
+                30,
+                75,
+                75,
+                10,
+            ),
+            "a",
+        ),
+    )
+    assert layer.Format == ot.PaintFormat.PaintGlyph
+    assert layer.Paint.Format == ot.PaintFormat.PaintRadialGradient
+    assert layer.Paint.ColorLine.ColorStop[0].StopOffset == 0.0
+    assert layer.Paint.ColorLine.ColorStop[0].PaletteIndex == 5
+    assert layer.Paint.ColorLine.ColorStop[1].StopOffset == 0.5
+    assert layer.Paint.ColorLine.ColorStop[1].PaletteIndex == 6
+    assert layer.Paint.ColorLine.ColorStop[1].Alpha == 0.8
+    assert layer.Paint.ColorLine.ColorStop[2].StopOffset == 1.0
+    assert layer.Paint.ColorLine.ColorStop[2].PaletteIndex == 7
+    assert layer.Paint.x0 == 50
+    assert layer.Paint.y0 == 50
+    assert layer.Paint.r0 == 30
+    assert layer.Paint.x1 == 75
+    assert layer.Paint.y1 == 75
+    assert layer.Paint.r1 == 10
+
+
+def test_buildPaintGlyph_Dict_Solid():
+    layer = _build(
+        ot.Paint,
+        (
+            int(ot.PaintFormat.PaintGlyph),
+            (int(ot.PaintFormat.PaintSolid), 1),
+            "a",
+        ),
+    )
+    assert layer.Format == ot.PaintFormat.PaintGlyph
+    assert layer.Format == ot.PaintFormat.PaintGlyph
+    assert layer.Glyph == "a"
+    assert layer.Paint.Format == ot.PaintFormat.PaintSolid
+    assert layer.Paint.PaletteIndex == 1
+
+
+def test_buildPaintGlyph_Dict_VarLinearGradient():
+    layer = _build(
+        ot.Paint,
+        {
+            "Format": ot.PaintFormat.PaintGlyph,
+            "Glyph": "a",
+            "Paint": {
+                "Format": int(ot.PaintFormat.PaintVarLinearGradient),
+                "ColorLine": {"ColorStop": [(0.0, 0), (1.0, 1)]},
+                "x0": 0,
+                "y0": 0,
+                "x1": 10,
+                "y1": 10,
+            },
+        },
+    )
+    assert layer.Format == ot.PaintFormat.PaintGlyph
+    assert layer.Glyph == "a"
+    assert layer.Paint.Format == ot.PaintFormat.PaintVarLinearGradient
+    assert layer.Paint.ColorLine.ColorStop[0].StopOffset == 0.0
+
+
+def test_buildPaintGlyph_Dict_RadialGradient():
+    layer = _buildPaint(
+        {
+            "Glyph": "a",
+            "Paint": {
+                "Format": int(ot.PaintFormat.PaintRadialGradient),
+                "ColorLine": {"ColorStop": [(0.0, 0), (1.0, 1)]},
+                "x0": 0,
+                "y0": 0,
+                "r0": 4,
+                "x1": 10,
+                "y1": 10,
+                "r1": 0,
+            },
+            "Format": int(ot.PaintFormat.PaintGlyph),
+        },
+    )
+    assert layer.Paint.Format == ot.PaintFormat.PaintRadialGradient
+    assert layer.Paint.r0 == 4
+
+
+def test_buildPaintColrGlyph():
+    paint = _buildPaint((int(ot.PaintFormat.PaintColrGlyph), "a"))
+    assert paint.Format == ot.PaintFormat.PaintColrGlyph
+    assert paint.Glyph == "a"
+
+
+def checkBuildPaintTransform(fmt):
+    variable = _is_var(fmt)
+    if variable:
+        affine_cls = ot.VarAffine2x3
+    else:
+        affine_cls = ot.Affine2x3
+
+    affine_src = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]
+    if variable:
+        affine_src.append(7)
+
+    paint = _buildPaint(
+        (
+            int(fmt),
+            (ot.PaintFormat.PaintGlyph, (ot.PaintFormat.PaintSolid, 0, 1.0), "a"),
+            _build(affine_cls, tuple(affine_src)),
+        ),
+    )
+
+    assert paint.Format == fmt
+    assert paint.Paint.Format == ot.PaintFormat.PaintGlyph
+    assert paint.Paint.Paint.Format == ot.PaintFormat.PaintSolid
+
+    assert paint.Transform.xx == 1.0
+    assert paint.Transform.yx == 2.0
+    assert paint.Transform.xy == 3.0
+    assert paint.Transform.yy == 4.0
+    assert paint.Transform.dx == 5.0
+    assert paint.Transform.dy == 6.0
+    if variable:
+        assert paint.Transform.VarIndexBase == 7
+
+    affine_src = [1, 2, 3, 0.3333, 10, 10]
+    if variable:
+        affine_src.append(456)  # VarIndexBase
+    paint = _build(
+        ot.Paint,
+        {
+            "Format": fmt,
+            "Transform": tuple(affine_src),
+            "Paint": {
+                "Format": int(ot.PaintFormat.PaintRadialGradient),
+                "ColorLine": {"ColorStop": [(0.0, 0), (1.0, 1)]},
+                "x0": 100,
+                "y0": 101,
+                "x1": 102,
+                "y1": 103,
+                "r0": 0,
+                "r1": 50,
+            },
+        },
+    )
+
+    assert paint.Format == fmt
+    assert paint.Transform.xx == 1.0
+    assert paint.Transform.yx == 2.0
+    assert paint.Transform.xy == 3.0
+    assert paint.Transform.yy == 0.3333
+    assert paint.Transform.dx == 10
+    assert paint.Transform.dy == 10
+    if variable:
+        assert paint.Transform.VarIndexBase == 456
+    assert paint.Paint.Format == ot.PaintFormat.PaintRadialGradient
+
+
+def test_buildPaintTransform():
+    assert not _is_var(ot.PaintFormat.PaintTransform)
+    checkBuildPaintTransform(ot.PaintFormat.PaintTransform)
+
+
+def test_buildPaintVarTransform():
+    assert _is_var(ot.PaintFormat.PaintVarTransform)
+    checkBuildPaintTransform(ot.PaintFormat.PaintVarTransform)
+
+
+def test_buildPaintComposite():
+    composite = _build(
+        ot.Paint,
+        {
+            "Format": int(ot.PaintFormat.PaintComposite),
+            "CompositeMode": "src_over",
+            "SourcePaint": {
+                "Format": ot.PaintFormat.PaintComposite,
+                "CompositeMode": "src_over",
+                "SourcePaint": {
+                    "Format": int(ot.PaintFormat.PaintGlyph),
+                    "Glyph": "c",
+                    "Paint": (ot.PaintFormat.PaintSolid, 2),
+                },
+                "BackdropPaint": {
+                    "Format": int(ot.PaintFormat.PaintGlyph),
+                    "Glyph": "b",
+                    "Paint": (ot.PaintFormat.PaintSolid, 1),
+                },
+            },
+            "BackdropPaint": {
+                "Format": ot.PaintFormat.PaintGlyph,
+                "Glyph": "a",
+                "Paint": {
+                    "Format": ot.PaintFormat.PaintSolid,
+                    "PaletteIndex": 0,
+                    "Alpha": 0.5,
+                },
+            },
+        },
+    )
+
+    assert composite.Format == ot.PaintFormat.PaintComposite
+    assert composite.SourcePaint.Format == ot.PaintFormat.PaintComposite
+    assert composite.SourcePaint.SourcePaint.Format == ot.PaintFormat.PaintGlyph
+    assert composite.SourcePaint.SourcePaint.Glyph == "c"
+    assert composite.SourcePaint.SourcePaint.Paint.Format == ot.PaintFormat.PaintSolid
+    assert composite.SourcePaint.SourcePaint.Paint.PaletteIndex == 2
+    assert composite.SourcePaint.CompositeMode == ot.CompositeMode.SRC_OVER
+    assert composite.SourcePaint.BackdropPaint.Format == ot.PaintFormat.PaintGlyph
+    assert composite.SourcePaint.BackdropPaint.Glyph == "b"
+    assert composite.SourcePaint.BackdropPaint.Paint.Format == ot.PaintFormat.PaintSolid
+    assert composite.SourcePaint.BackdropPaint.Paint.PaletteIndex == 1
+    assert composite.CompositeMode == ot.CompositeMode.SRC_OVER
+    assert composite.BackdropPaint.Format == ot.PaintFormat.PaintGlyph
+    assert composite.BackdropPaint.Glyph == "a"
+    assert composite.BackdropPaint.Paint.Format == ot.PaintFormat.PaintSolid
+    assert composite.BackdropPaint.Paint.PaletteIndex == 0
+    assert composite.BackdropPaint.Paint.Alpha == 0.5
+
+
+def checkBuildPaintTranslate(fmt):
+    variable = _is_var(fmt)
+
+    source = {
+        "Format": fmt,
+        "Paint": (
+            ot.PaintFormat.PaintGlyph,
+            (ot.PaintFormat.PaintSolid, 0, 1.0),
+            "a",
+        ),
+        "dx": 123,
+        "dy": -345,
+    }
+    if variable:
+        source["VarIndexBase"] = 678
+
+    paint = _build(ot.Paint, source)
+
+    assert paint.Format == fmt
+    assert paint.Paint.Format == ot.PaintFormat.PaintGlyph
+    assert paint.dx == 123
+    assert paint.dy == -345
+    if variable:
+        assert paint.VarIndexBase == 678
+
+
+def test_buildPaintTranslate():
+    assert not _is_var(ot.PaintFormat.PaintTranslate)
+    checkBuildPaintTranslate(ot.PaintFormat.PaintTranslate)
+
+
+def test_buildPaintVarTranslate():
+    assert _is_var(ot.PaintFormat.PaintVarTranslate)
+    checkBuildPaintTranslate(ot.PaintFormat.PaintVarTranslate)
+
+
+def checkBuildPaintScale(fmt):
+    variable = _is_var(fmt)
+    around_center = _is_around_center(fmt)
+    uniform = _is_uniform_scale(fmt)
+
+    source = {
+        "Format": fmt,
+        "Paint": (
+            ot.PaintFormat.PaintGlyph,
+            (ot.PaintFormat.PaintSolid, 0, 1.0),
+            "a",
+        ),
+    }
+    if uniform:
+        source["scale"] = 1.5
+    else:
+        source["scaleX"] = 1.0
+        source["scaleY"] = 2.0
+    if around_center:
+        source["centerX"] = 127
+        source["centerY"] = 129
+    if variable:
+        source["VarIndexBase"] = 666
+
+    paint = _build(ot.Paint, source)
+
+    assert paint.Format == fmt
+    assert paint.Paint.Format == ot.PaintFormat.PaintGlyph
+    if uniform:
+        assert paint.scale == 1.5
+    else:
+        assert paint.scaleX == 1.0
+        assert paint.scaleY == 2.0
+    if around_center:
+        assert paint.centerX == 127
+        assert paint.centerY == 129
+    if variable:
+        assert paint.VarIndexBase == 666
+
+
+def test_buildPaintScale():
+    assert not _is_var(ot.PaintFormat.PaintScale)
+    assert not _is_uniform_scale(ot.PaintFormat.PaintScale)
+    assert not _is_around_center(ot.PaintFormat.PaintScale)
+    checkBuildPaintScale(ot.PaintFormat.PaintScale)
+
+
+def test_buildPaintVarScale():
+    assert _is_var(ot.PaintFormat.PaintVarScale)
+    assert not _is_uniform_scale(ot.PaintFormat.PaintVarScale)
+    assert not _is_around_center(ot.PaintFormat.PaintVarScale)
+    checkBuildPaintScale(ot.PaintFormat.PaintVarScale)
+
+
+def test_buildPaintScaleAroundCenter():
+    assert not _is_var(ot.PaintFormat.PaintScaleAroundCenter)
+    assert not _is_uniform_scale(ot.PaintFormat.PaintScaleAroundCenter)
+    assert _is_around_center(ot.PaintFormat.PaintScaleAroundCenter)
+    checkBuildPaintScale(ot.PaintFormat.PaintScaleAroundCenter)
+
+
+def test_buildPaintVarScaleAroundCenter():
+    assert _is_var(ot.PaintFormat.PaintVarScaleAroundCenter)
+    assert not _is_uniform_scale(ot.PaintFormat.PaintScaleAroundCenter)
+    assert _is_around_center(ot.PaintFormat.PaintVarScaleAroundCenter)
+    checkBuildPaintScale(ot.PaintFormat.PaintVarScaleAroundCenter)
+
+
+def test_buildPaintScaleUniform():
+    assert not _is_var(ot.PaintFormat.PaintScaleUniform)
+    assert _is_uniform_scale(ot.PaintFormat.PaintScaleUniform)
+    assert not _is_around_center(ot.PaintFormat.PaintScaleUniform)
+    checkBuildPaintScale(ot.PaintFormat.PaintScaleUniform)
+
+
+def test_buildPaintVarScaleUniform():
+    assert _is_var(ot.PaintFormat.PaintVarScaleUniform)
+    assert _is_uniform_scale(ot.PaintFormat.PaintVarScaleUniform)
+    assert not _is_around_center(ot.PaintFormat.PaintVarScaleUniform)
+    checkBuildPaintScale(ot.PaintFormat.PaintVarScaleUniform)
+
+
+def test_buildPaintScaleUniformAroundCenter():
+    assert not _is_var(ot.PaintFormat.PaintScaleUniformAroundCenter)
+    assert _is_uniform_scale(ot.PaintFormat.PaintScaleUniformAroundCenter)
+    assert _is_around_center(ot.PaintFormat.PaintScaleUniformAroundCenter)
+    checkBuildPaintScale(ot.PaintFormat.PaintScaleUniformAroundCenter)
+
+
+def test_buildPaintVarScaleUniformAroundCenter():
+    assert _is_var(ot.PaintFormat.PaintVarScaleUniformAroundCenter)
+    assert _is_uniform_scale(ot.PaintFormat.PaintVarScaleUniformAroundCenter)
+    assert _is_around_center(ot.PaintFormat.PaintVarScaleUniformAroundCenter)
+    checkBuildPaintScale(ot.PaintFormat.PaintVarScaleUniformAroundCenter)
+
+
+def checkBuildPaintRotate(fmt):
+    variable = _is_var(fmt)
+    around_center = _is_around_center(fmt)
+
+    source = {
+        "Format": fmt,
+        "Paint": (
+            ot.PaintFormat.PaintGlyph,
+            (ot.PaintFormat.PaintSolid, 0, 1.0),
+            "a",
+        ),
+        "angle": 15,
+    }
+    if around_center:
+        source["centerX"] = 127
+        source["centerY"] = 129
+
+    paint = _build(ot.Paint, source)
+
+    assert paint.Format == fmt
+    assert paint.Paint.Format == ot.PaintFormat.PaintGlyph
+    assert paint.angle == 15
+    if around_center:
+        assert paint.centerX == 127
+        assert paint.centerY == 129
+    if variable:
+        assert paint.VarIndexBase == 0xFFFFFFFF
+
+
+def test_buildPaintRotate():
+    assert not _is_var(ot.PaintFormat.PaintRotate)
+    assert not _is_around_center(ot.PaintFormat.PaintRotate)
+    checkBuildPaintRotate(ot.PaintFormat.PaintRotate)
+
+
+def test_buildPaintVarRotate():
+    assert _is_var(ot.PaintFormat.PaintVarRotate)
+    assert not _is_around_center(ot.PaintFormat.PaintVarRotate)
+    checkBuildPaintRotate(ot.PaintFormat.PaintVarRotate)
+
+
+def test_buildPaintRotateAroundCenter():
+    assert not _is_var(ot.PaintFormat.PaintRotateAroundCenter)
+    assert _is_around_center(ot.PaintFormat.PaintRotateAroundCenter)
+    checkBuildPaintRotate(ot.PaintFormat.PaintRotateAroundCenter)
+
+
+def test_buildPaintVarRotateAroundCenter():
+    assert _is_var(ot.PaintFormat.PaintVarRotateAroundCenter)
+    assert _is_around_center(ot.PaintFormat.PaintVarRotateAroundCenter)
+    checkBuildPaintRotate(ot.PaintFormat.PaintVarRotateAroundCenter)
+
+
+def checkBuildPaintSkew(fmt):
+    variable = _is_var(fmt)
+    around_center = _is_around_center(fmt)
+
+    source = {
+        "Format": fmt,
+        "Paint": (
+            ot.PaintFormat.PaintGlyph,
+            (ot.PaintFormat.PaintSolid, 0, 1.0),
+            "a",
+        ),
+        "xSkewAngle": 15,
+        "ySkewAngle": 42,
+    }
+    if around_center:
+        source["centerX"] = 127
+        source["centerY"] = 129
+    if variable:
+        source["VarIndexBase"] = 0
+
+    paint = _build(ot.Paint, source)
+
+    assert paint.Format == fmt
+    assert paint.Paint.Format == ot.PaintFormat.PaintGlyph
+    assert paint.xSkewAngle == 15
+    assert paint.ySkewAngle == 42
+    if around_center:
+        assert paint.centerX == 127
+        assert paint.centerY == 129
+    if variable:
+        assert paint.VarIndexBase == 0
+
+
+def test_buildPaintSkew():
+    assert not _is_var(ot.PaintFormat.PaintSkew)
+    assert not _is_around_center(ot.PaintFormat.PaintSkew)
+    checkBuildPaintSkew(ot.PaintFormat.PaintSkew)
+
+
+def test_buildPaintVarSkew():
+    assert _is_var(ot.PaintFormat.PaintVarSkew)
+    assert not _is_around_center(ot.PaintFormat.PaintVarSkew)
+    checkBuildPaintSkew(ot.PaintFormat.PaintVarSkew)
+
+
+def test_buildPaintSkewAroundCenter():
+    assert not _is_var(ot.PaintFormat.PaintSkewAroundCenter)
+    assert _is_around_center(ot.PaintFormat.PaintSkewAroundCenter)
+    checkBuildPaintSkew(ot.PaintFormat.PaintSkewAroundCenter)
+
+
+def test_buildPaintVarSkewAroundCenter():
+    assert _is_var(ot.PaintFormat.PaintVarSkewAroundCenter)
+    assert _is_around_center(ot.PaintFormat.PaintVarSkewAroundCenter)
+    checkBuildPaintSkew(ot.PaintFormat.PaintVarSkewAroundCenter)
+
+
+def test_buildColrV1():
+    colorGlyphs = {
+        "a": (
+            ot.PaintFormat.PaintColrLayers,
+            [
+                (ot.PaintFormat.PaintGlyph, (ot.PaintFormat.PaintSolid, 0), "b"),
+                (ot.PaintFormat.PaintGlyph, (ot.PaintFormat.PaintVarSolid, 1), "c"),
+            ],
+        ),
+        "d": (
+            ot.PaintFormat.PaintColrLayers,
+            [
+                (
+                    ot.PaintFormat.PaintGlyph,
+                    {
+                        "Format": int(ot.PaintFormat.PaintSolid),
+                        "PaletteIndex": 2,
+                        "Alpha": 0.8,
+                    },
+                    "e",
+                ),
+                (
+                    ot.PaintFormat.PaintGlyph,
+                    {
+                        "Format": int(ot.PaintFormat.PaintVarRadialGradient),
+                        "ColorLine": {
+                            "ColorStop": [(0.0, 3), (1.0, 4)],
+                            "Extend": "reflect",
+                        },
+                        "x0": 0,
+                        "y0": 0,
+                        "x1": 0,
+                        "y1": 0,
+                        "r0": 10,
+                        "r1": 0,
+                    },
+                    "f",
+                ),
+            ],
+        ),
+        "g": (
+            ot.PaintFormat.PaintColrLayers,
+            [(ot.PaintFormat.PaintGlyph, (ot.PaintFormat.PaintSolid, 5), "h")],
+        ),
+    }
+    glyphMap = {
+        ".notdef": 0,
+        "a": 4,
+        "b": 3,
+        "c": 2,
+        "d": 1,
+        "e": 5,
+        "f": 6,
+        "g": 7,
+        "h": 8,
+    }
+
+    # TODO(anthrotype) should we split into two tests? - seems two distinct validations
+    layers, baseGlyphs = builder.buildColrV1(colorGlyphs, glyphMap)
+    assert baseGlyphs.BaseGlyphCount == len(colorGlyphs)
+    assert baseGlyphs.BaseGlyphPaintRecord[0].BaseGlyph == "d"
+    assert baseGlyphs.BaseGlyphPaintRecord[1].BaseGlyph == "a"
+    assert baseGlyphs.BaseGlyphPaintRecord[2].BaseGlyph == "g"
+
+    layers, baseGlyphs = builder.buildColrV1(colorGlyphs)
+    assert baseGlyphs.BaseGlyphCount == len(colorGlyphs)
+    assert baseGlyphs.BaseGlyphPaintRecord[0].BaseGlyph == "a"
+    assert baseGlyphs.BaseGlyphPaintRecord[1].BaseGlyph == "d"
+    assert baseGlyphs.BaseGlyphPaintRecord[2].BaseGlyph == "g"
+
+
+def test_buildColrV1_more_than_255_paints():
+    num_paints = 364
+    colorGlyphs = {
+        "a": (
+            ot.PaintFormat.PaintColrLayers,
+            [
+                {
+                    "Format": int(ot.PaintFormat.PaintGlyph),
+                    "Paint": (ot.PaintFormat.PaintSolid, 0),
+                    "Glyph": name,
+                }
+                for name in (f"glyph{i}" for i in range(num_paints))
+            ],
+        ),
+    }
+    layers, baseGlyphs = builder.buildColrV1(colorGlyphs)
+    paints = layers.Paint
+
+    assert len(paints) == num_paints + 1
+
+    assert all(paints[i].Format == ot.PaintFormat.PaintGlyph for i in range(255))
+
+    assert paints[255].Format == ot.PaintFormat.PaintColrLayers
+    assert paints[255].FirstLayerIndex == 0
+    assert paints[255].NumLayers == 255
+
+    assert all(
+        paints[i].Format == ot.PaintFormat.PaintGlyph
+        for i in range(256, num_paints + 1)
+    )
+
+    assert baseGlyphs.BaseGlyphCount == len(colorGlyphs)
+    assert baseGlyphs.BaseGlyphPaintRecord[0].BaseGlyph == "a"
+    assert (
+        baseGlyphs.BaseGlyphPaintRecord[0].Paint.Format
+        == ot.PaintFormat.PaintColrLayers
+    )
+    assert baseGlyphs.BaseGlyphPaintRecord[0].Paint.FirstLayerIndex == 255
+    assert baseGlyphs.BaseGlyphPaintRecord[0].Paint.NumLayers == num_paints + 1 - 255
+
+
+def test_split_color_glyphs_by_version():
+    layerBuilder = LayerListBuilder()
+    colorGlyphs = {
+        "a": [
+            ("b", 0),
+            ("c", 1),
+            ("d", 2),
+            ("e", 3),
+        ]
+    }
+
+    colorGlyphsV0, colorGlyphsV1 = builder._split_color_glyphs_by_version(colorGlyphs)
+
+    assert colorGlyphsV0 == {"a": [("b", 0), ("c", 1), ("d", 2), ("e", 3)]}
+    assert not colorGlyphsV1
+
+    colorGlyphs = {"a": (ot.PaintFormat.PaintGlyph, 0, "b")}
+
+    colorGlyphsV0, colorGlyphsV1 = builder._split_color_glyphs_by_version(colorGlyphs)
+
+    assert not colorGlyphsV0
+    assert colorGlyphsV1 == colorGlyphs
+
+    colorGlyphs = {
+        "a": [("b", 0)],
+        "c": [
+            ("d", 1),
+            (
+                "e",
+                {
+                    "format": 3,
+                    "colorLine": {"stops": [(0.0, 2), (1.0, 3)]},
+                    "p0": (0, 0),
+                    "p1": (10, 10),
+                },
+            ),
+        ],
+    }
+
+    colorGlyphsV0, colorGlyphsV1 = builder._split_color_glyphs_by_version(colorGlyphs)
+
+    assert colorGlyphsV0 == {"a": [("b", 0)]}
+    assert "a" not in colorGlyphsV1
+    assert "c" in colorGlyphsV1
+    assert len(colorGlyphsV1["c"]) == 2
+
+
+def assertIsColrV1(colr):
+    assert colr.version == 1
+    assert not hasattr(colr, "ColorLayers")
+    assert hasattr(colr, "table")
+    assert isinstance(colr.table, ot.COLR)
+
+
+def assertNoV0Content(colr):
+    assert colr.table.BaseGlyphRecordCount == 0
+    assert colr.table.BaseGlyphRecordArray is None
+    assert colr.table.LayerRecordCount == 0
+    assert colr.table.LayerRecordArray is None
+
+
+def test_build_layerv1list_empty():
+    # Nobody uses PaintColrLayers, no layerlist
+    colr = builder.buildCOLR(
+        {
+            # BaseGlyph, tuple form
+            "a": (
+                int(ot.PaintFormat.PaintGlyph),
+                (int(ot.PaintFormat.PaintSolid), 2, 0.8),
+                "b",
+            ),
+            # BaseGlyph, map form
+            "b": {
+                "Format": int(ot.PaintFormat.PaintGlyph),
+                "Paint": {
+                    "Format": int(ot.PaintFormat.PaintLinearGradient),
+                    "ColorLine": {
+                        "ColorStop": [(0.0, 2), (1.0, 3)],
+                        "Extend": "reflect",
+                    },
+                    "x0": 1,
+                    "y0": 2,
+                    "x1": 3,
+                    "y1": 4,
+                    "x2": 2,
+                    "y2": 2,
+                },
+                "Glyph": "bb",
+            },
+        },
+        version=1,
+    )
+
+    assertIsColrV1(colr)
+    assertNoV0Content(colr)
+
+    # 2 v1 glyphs, none in LayerList
+    assert colr.table.BaseGlyphList.BaseGlyphCount == 2
+    assert len(colr.table.BaseGlyphList.BaseGlyphPaintRecord) == 2
+    assert colr.table.LayerList is None
+
+
+def _paint_names(paints) -> List[str]:
+    # prints a predictable string from a paint list to enable
+    # semi-readable assertions on a LayerList order.
+    result = []
+    for paint in paints:
+        if paint.Format == int(ot.PaintFormat.PaintGlyph):
+            result.append(paint.Glyph)
+        elif paint.Format == int(ot.PaintFormat.PaintColrLayers):
+            result.append(
+                f"Layers[{paint.FirstLayerIndex}:{paint.FirstLayerIndex+paint.NumLayers}]"
+            )
+    return result
+
+
+def test_build_layerv1list_simple():
+    # Two colr glyphs, each with two layers the first of which is common
+    # All layers use the same solid paint
+    solid_paint = {
+        "Format": int(ot.PaintFormat.PaintSolid),
+        "PaletteIndex": 2,
+        "Alpha": 0.8,
+    }
+    backdrop = {
+        "Format": int(ot.PaintFormat.PaintGlyph),
+        "Paint": solid_paint,
+        "Glyph": "back",
+    }
+    a_foreground = {
+        "Format": int(ot.PaintFormat.PaintGlyph),
+        "Paint": solid_paint,
+        "Glyph": "a_fore",
+    }
+    b_foreground = {
+        "Format": int(ot.PaintFormat.PaintGlyph),
+        "Paint": solid_paint,
+        "Glyph": "b_fore",
+    }
+
+    # list => PaintColrLayers, contents should land in LayerList
+    colr = builder.buildCOLR(
+        {
+            "a": (
+                ot.PaintFormat.PaintColrLayers,
+                [
+                    backdrop,
+                    a_foreground,
+                ],
+            ),
+            "b": {
+                "Format": ot.PaintFormat.PaintColrLayers,
+                "Layers": [
+                    backdrop,
+                    b_foreground,
+                ],
+            },
+        },
+        version=1,
+    )
+
+    assertIsColrV1(colr)
+    assertNoV0Content(colr)
+
+    # 2 v1 glyphs, 4 paints in LayerList
+    # A single shared backdrop isn't worth accessing by slice
+    assert colr.table.BaseGlyphList.BaseGlyphCount == 2
+    assert len(colr.table.BaseGlyphList.BaseGlyphPaintRecord) == 2
+    assert colr.table.LayerList.LayerCount == 4
+    assert _paint_names(colr.table.LayerList.Paint) == [
+        "back",
+        "a_fore",
+        "back",
+        "b_fore",
+    ]
+
+
+def test_build_layerv1list_with_sharing():
+    # Three colr glyphs, each with two layers in common
+    solid_paint = {
+        "Format": int(ot.PaintFormat.PaintSolid),
+        "PaletteIndex": 2,
+        "Alpha": 0.8,
+    }
+    backdrop = [
+        {
+            "Format": int(ot.PaintFormat.PaintGlyph),
+            "Paint": solid_paint,
+            "Glyph": "back1",
+        },
+        {
+            "Format": ot.PaintFormat.PaintGlyph,
+            "Paint": solid_paint,
+            "Glyph": "back2",
+        },
+    ]
+    a_foreground = {
+        "Format": ot.PaintFormat.PaintGlyph,
+        "Paint": solid_paint,
+        "Glyph": "a_fore",
+    }
+    b_background = {
+        "Format": ot.PaintFormat.PaintGlyph,
+        "Paint": solid_paint,
+        "Glyph": "b_back",
+    }
+    b_foreground = {
+        "Format": ot.PaintFormat.PaintGlyph,
+        "Paint": solid_paint,
+        "Glyph": "b_fore",
+    }
+    c_background = {
+        "Format": ot.PaintFormat.PaintGlyph,
+        "Paint": solid_paint,
+        "Glyph": "c_back",
+    }
+
+    # list => PaintColrLayers, which means contents should be in LayerList
+    colr = builder.buildCOLR(
+        {
+            "a": (ot.PaintFormat.PaintColrLayers, backdrop + [a_foreground]),
+            "b": (
+                ot.PaintFormat.PaintColrLayers,
+                [b_background] + backdrop + [b_foreground],
+            ),
+            "c": (ot.PaintFormat.PaintColrLayers, [c_background] + backdrop),
+        },
+        version=1,
+    )
+
+    assertIsColrV1(colr)
+    assertNoV0Content(colr)
+
+    # 2 v1 glyphs, 4 paints in LayerList
+    # A single shared backdrop isn't worth accessing by slice
+    baseGlyphs = colr.table.BaseGlyphList.BaseGlyphPaintRecord
+    assert colr.table.BaseGlyphList.BaseGlyphCount == 3
+    assert len(baseGlyphs) == 3
+    assert _paint_names([b.Paint for b in baseGlyphs]) == [
+        "Layers[0:3]",
+        "Layers[3:6]",
+        "Layers[6:8]",
+    ]
+    assert _paint_names(colr.table.LayerList.Paint) == [
+        "back1",
+        "back2",
+        "a_fore",
+        "b_back",
+        "Layers[0:2]",
+        "b_fore",
+        "c_back",
+        "Layers[0:2]",
+    ]
+    assert colr.table.LayerList.LayerCount == 8
+
+
+def test_build_layerv1list_with_overlaps():
+    paints = [
+        {
+            "Format": ot.PaintFormat.PaintGlyph,
+            "Paint": {
+                "Format": ot.PaintFormat.PaintSolid,
+                "PaletteIndex": 2,
+                "Alpha": 0.8,
+            },
+            "Glyph": c,
+        }
+        for c in "abcdefghi"
+    ]
+
+    # list => PaintColrLayers, which means contents should be in LayerList
+    colr = builder.buildCOLR(
+        {
+            "a": (ot.PaintFormat.PaintColrLayers, paints[0:4]),
+            "b": (ot.PaintFormat.PaintColrLayers, paints[0:6]),
+            "c": (ot.PaintFormat.PaintColrLayers, paints[2:8]),
+        },
+        version=1,
+    )
+
+    assertIsColrV1(colr)
+    assertNoV0Content(colr)
+
+    baseGlyphs = colr.table.BaseGlyphList.BaseGlyphPaintRecord
+    # assert colr.table.BaseGlyphList.BaseGlyphCount == 2
+
+    assert _paint_names(colr.table.LayerList.Paint) == [
+        "a",
+        "b",
+        "c",
+        "d",
+        "Layers[0:4]",
+        "e",
+        "f",
+        "Layers[2:4]",
+        "Layers[5:7]",
+        "g",
+        "h",
+    ]
+    assert _paint_names([b.Paint for b in baseGlyphs]) == [
+        "Layers[0:4]",
+        "Layers[4:7]",
+        "Layers[7:11]",
+    ]
+    assert colr.table.LayerList.LayerCount == 11
+
+
+def test_explicit_version_1():
+    colr = builder.buildCOLR(
+        {
+            "a": (
+                ot.PaintFormat.PaintColrLayers,
+                [
+                    (ot.PaintFormat.PaintGlyph, (ot.PaintFormat.PaintSolid, 0), "b"),
+                    (ot.PaintFormat.PaintGlyph, (ot.PaintFormat.PaintSolid, 1), "c"),
+                ],
+            )
+        },
+        version=1,
+    )
+    assert colr.version == 1
+    assert not hasattr(colr, "ColorLayers")
+    assert hasattr(colr, "table")
+    assert isinstance(colr.table, ot.COLR)
+    assert colr.table.VarStore is None
+
+
+class BuildCOLRTest(object):
+    def test_automatic_version_all_solid_color_glyphs(self):
+        colr = builder.buildCOLR({"a": [("b", 0), ("c", 1)]})
+        assert colr.version == 0
+        assert hasattr(colr, "ColorLayers")
+        assert colr.ColorLayers["a"][0].name == "b"
+        assert colr.ColorLayers["a"][1].name == "c"
+
+    def test_automatic_version_no_solid_color_glyphs(self):
+        colr = builder.buildCOLR(
+            {
+                "a": (
+                    ot.PaintFormat.PaintColrLayers,
+                    [
+                        (
+                            ot.PaintFormat.PaintGlyph,
+                            {
+                                "Format": int(ot.PaintFormat.PaintRadialGradient),
+                                "ColorLine": {
+                                    "ColorStop": [(0.0, 0), (1.0, 1)],
+                                    "Extend": "repeat",
+                                },
+                                "x0": 1,
+                                "y0": 0,
+                                "x1": 10,
+                                "y1": 0,
+                                "r0": 4,
+                                "r1": 2,
+                            },
+                            "b",
+                        ),
+                        (
+                            ot.PaintFormat.PaintGlyph,
+                            {
+                                "Format": ot.PaintFormat.PaintSolid,
+                                "PaletteIndex": 2,
+                                "Alpha": 0.8,
+                            },
+                            "c",
+                        ),
+                    ],
+                ),
+                "d": (
+                    ot.PaintFormat.PaintColrLayers,
+                    [
+                        {
+                            "Format": ot.PaintFormat.PaintGlyph,
+                            "Glyph": "e",
+                            "Paint": {
+                                "Format": ot.PaintFormat.PaintLinearGradient,
+                                "ColorLine": {
+                                    "ColorStop": [(0.0, 2), (1.0, 3)],
+                                    "Extend": "reflect",
+                                },
+                                "x0": 1,
+                                "y0": 2,
+                                "x1": 3,
+                                "y1": 4,
+                                "x2": 2,
+                                "y2": 2,
+                            },
+                        }
+                    ],
+                ),
+            }
+        )
+        assertIsColrV1(colr)
+        assert colr.table.BaseGlyphRecordCount == 0
+        assert colr.table.BaseGlyphRecordArray is None
+        assert colr.table.LayerRecordCount == 0
+        assert colr.table.LayerRecordArray is None
+
+    def test_automatic_version_mixed_solid_and_gradient_glyphs(self):
+        colr = builder.buildCOLR(
+            {
+                "a": [("b", 0), ("c", 1)],
+                "d": (
+                    ot.PaintFormat.PaintColrLayers,
+                    [
+                        (
+                            ot.PaintFormat.PaintGlyph,
+                            {
+                                "Format": ot.PaintFormat.PaintLinearGradient,
+                                "ColorLine": {"ColorStop": [(0.0, 2), (1.0, 3)]},
+                                "x0": 1,
+                                "y0": 2,
+                                "x1": 3,
+                                "y1": 4,
+                                "x2": 2,
+                                "y2": 2,
+                            },
+                            "e",
+                        ),
+                        (
+                            ot.PaintFormat.PaintGlyph,
+                            (ot.PaintFormat.PaintSolid, 2, 0.8),
+                            "f",
+                        ),
+                    ],
+                ),
+            }
+        )
+        assertIsColrV1(colr)
+        assert colr.table.VarStore is None
+
+        assert colr.table.BaseGlyphRecordCount == 1
+        assert isinstance(colr.table.BaseGlyphRecordArray, ot.BaseGlyphRecordArray)
+        assert colr.table.LayerRecordCount == 2
+        assert isinstance(colr.table.LayerRecordArray, ot.LayerRecordArray)
+
+        assert isinstance(colr.table.BaseGlyphList, ot.BaseGlyphList)
+        assert colr.table.BaseGlyphList.BaseGlyphCount == 1
+        assert isinstance(
+            colr.table.BaseGlyphList.BaseGlyphPaintRecord[0], ot.BaseGlyphPaintRecord
+        )
+        assert colr.table.BaseGlyphList.BaseGlyphPaintRecord[0].BaseGlyph == "d"
+        assert isinstance(colr.table.LayerList, ot.LayerList)
+        assert colr.table.LayerList.Paint[0].Glyph == "e"
+
+    def test_explicit_version_0(self):
+        colr = builder.buildCOLR({"a": [("b", 0), ("c", 1)]}, version=0)
+        assert colr.version == 0
+        assert hasattr(colr, "ColorLayers")
+
+    def test_explicit_version_1(self):
+        colr = builder.buildCOLR(
+            {
+                "a": (
+                    ot.PaintFormat.PaintColrLayers,
+                    [
+                        (
+                            ot.PaintFormat.PaintGlyph,
+                            (ot.PaintFormat.PaintSolid, 0),
+                            "b",
+                        ),
+                        (
+                            ot.PaintFormat.PaintGlyph,
+                            (ot.PaintFormat.PaintSolid, 1),
+                            "c",
+                        ),
+                    ],
+                )
+            },
+            version=1,
+        )
+        assert colr.version == 1
+        assert not hasattr(colr, "ColorLayers")
+        assert hasattr(colr, "table")
+        assert isinstance(colr.table, ot.COLR)
+        assert colr.table.VarStore is None
+
+    def test_paint_one_colr_layers(self):
+        # A set of one layers should flip to just that layer
+        colr = builder.buildCOLR(
+            {
+                "a": (
+                    ot.PaintFormat.PaintColrLayers,
+                    [
+                        (
+                            ot.PaintFormat.PaintGlyph,
+                            (ot.PaintFormat.PaintSolid, 0),
+                            "b",
+                        ),
+                    ],
+                )
+            },
+        )
+
+        assert colr.table.LayerList is None, "PaintColrLayers should be gone"
+        assert colr.table.BaseGlyphList.BaseGlyphCount == 1
+        paint = colr.table.BaseGlyphList.BaseGlyphPaintRecord[0].Paint
+        assert paint.Format == ot.PaintFormat.PaintGlyph
+        assert paint.Paint.Format == ot.PaintFormat.PaintSolid
+
+    def test_build_clip_list(self):
+        colr = builder.buildCOLR(
+            {
+                "a": (
+                    ot.PaintFormat.PaintGlyph,
+                    (ot.PaintFormat.PaintSolid, 0),
+                    "b",
+                ),
+                "c": (
+                    ot.PaintFormat.PaintGlyph,
+                    (ot.PaintFormat.PaintSolid, 1),
+                    "d",
+                ),
+            },
+            clipBoxes={
+                "a": (0, 0, 1000, 1000, 0),  # optional 5th: varIndexBase
+                "c": (-100.8, -200.4, 1100.1, 1200.5),  # floats get rounded
+                "e": (0, 0, 10, 10),  # missing base glyph 'e' is ignored
+            },
+        )
+
+        assert colr.table.ClipList.Format == 1
+        clipBoxes = colr.table.ClipList.clips
+        assert [
+            (baseGlyph, clipBox.as_tuple()) for baseGlyph, clipBox in clipBoxes.items()
+        ] == [
+            ("a", (0, 0, 1000, 1000, 0)),
+            ("c", (-101, -201, 1101, 1201)),
+        ]
+        assert clipBoxes["a"].Format == 2
+        assert clipBoxes["c"].Format == 1
+
+
+class TrickyRadialGradientTest:
+    @staticmethod
+    def circle_inside_circle(c0, r0, c1, r1, rounded=False):
+        if rounded:
+            return Circle(c0, r0).round().inside(Circle(c1, r1).round())
+        else:
+            return Circle(c0, r0).inside(Circle(c1, r1))
+
+    def round_start_circle(self, c0, r0, c1, r1, inside=True):
+        assert self.circle_inside_circle(c0, r0, c1, r1) is inside
+        assert self.circle_inside_circle(c0, r0, c1, r1, rounded=True) is not inside
+        r = round_start_circle_stable_containment(c0, r0, c1, r1)
+        assert (
+            self.circle_inside_circle(r.centre, r.radius, c1, r1, rounded=True)
+            is inside
+        )
+        return r.centre, r.radius
+
+    def test_noto_emoji_mosquito_u1f99f(self):
+        # https://github.com/googlefonts/picosvg/issues/158
+        c0 = (385.23508, 70.56727999999998)
+        r0 = 0
+        c1 = (642.99108, 104.70327999999995)
+        r1 = 260.0072
+        assert self.round_start_circle(c0, r0, c1, r1, inside=True) == ((386, 71), 0)
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize(
+        "c0, r0, c1, r1, inside, expected",
+        [
+            # inside before round, outside after round
+            ((1.4, 0), 0, (2.6, 0), 1.3, True, ((2, 0), 0)),
+            ((1, 0), 0.6, (2.8, 0), 2.45, True, ((2, 0), 1)),
+            ((6.49, 6.49), 0, (0.49, 0.49), 8.49, True, ((5, 5), 0)),
+            # outside before round, inside after round
+            ((0, 0), 0, (2, 0), 1.5, False, ((-1, 0), 0)),
+            ((0, -0.5), 0, (0, -2.5), 1.5, False, ((0, 1), 0)),
+            # the following ones require two nudges to round correctly
+            ((0.5, 0), 0, (9.4, 0), 8.8, False, ((-1, 0), 0)),
+            ((1.5, 1.5), 0, (0.49, 0.49), 1.49, True, ((0, 0), 0)),
+            # limit case when circle almost exactly overlap
+            ((0.5000001, 0), 0.5000001, (0.499999, 0), 0.4999999, True, ((0, 0), 0)),
+            # concentrical circles, r0 > r1
+            ((0, 0), 1.49, (0, 0), 1, False, ((0, 0), 2)),
+        ],
+    )
+    def test_nudge_start_circle_position(self, c0, r0, c1, r1, inside, expected):
+        assert self.round_start_circle(c0, r0, c1, r1, inside) == expected
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize(
+    "lst, n, expected",
+    [
+        ([0], 2, [0]),
+        ([0, 1], 2, [0, 1]),
+        ([0, 1, 2], 2, [[0, 1], 2]),
+        ([0, 1, 2], 3, [0, 1, 2]),
+        ([0, 1, 2, 3], 2, [[0, 1], [2, 3]]),
+        ([0, 1, 2, 3], 3, [[0, 1, 2], 3]),
+        ([0, 1, 2, 3, 4], 3, [[0, 1, 2], 3, 4]),
+        ([0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5], 3, [[0, 1, 2], [3, 4, 5]]),
+        (list(range(7)), 3, [[0, 1, 2], [3, 4, 5], 6]),
+        (list(range(8)), 3, [[0, 1, 2], [3, 4, 5], [6, 7]]),
+        (list(range(9)), 3, [[0, 1, 2], [3, 4, 5], [6, 7, 8]]),
+        (list(range(10)), 3, [[[0, 1, 2], [3, 4, 5], [6, 7, 8]], 9]),
+        (list(range(11)), 3, [[[0, 1, 2], [3, 4, 5], [6, 7, 8]], 9, 10]),
+        (list(range(12)), 3, [[[0, 1, 2], [3, 4, 5], [6, 7, 8]], [9, 10, 11]]),
+        (list(range(13)), 3, [[[0, 1, 2], [3, 4, 5], [6, 7, 8]], [9, 10, 11], 12]),
+        (
+            list(range(14)),
+            3,
+            [[[0, 1, 2], [3, 4, 5], [6, 7, 8]], [[9, 10, 11], 12, 13]],
+        ),
+        (
+            list(range(15)),
+            3,
+            [[[0, 1, 2], [3, 4, 5], [6, 7, 8]], [9, 10, 11], [12, 13, 14]],
+        ),
+        (
+            list(range(16)),
+            3,
+            [[[0, 1, 2], [3, 4, 5], [6, 7, 8]], [[9, 10, 11], [12, 13, 14], 15]],
+        ),
+        (
+            list(range(23)),
+            3,
+            [
+                [[0, 1, 2], [3, 4, 5], [6, 7, 8]],
+                [[9, 10, 11], [12, 13, 14], [15, 16, 17]],
+                [[18, 19, 20], 21, 22],
+            ],
+        ),
+        (
+            list(range(27)),
+            3,
+            [
+                [[0, 1, 2], [3, 4, 5], [6, 7, 8]],
+                [[9, 10, 11], [12, 13, 14], [15, 16, 17]],
+                [[18, 19, 20], [21, 22, 23], [24, 25, 26]],
+            ],
+        ),
+        (
+            list(range(28)),
+            3,
+            [
+                [
+                    [[0, 1, 2], [3, 4, 5], [6, 7, 8]],
+                    [[9, 10, 11], [12, 13, 14], [15, 16, 17]],
+                    [[18, 19, 20], [21, 22, 23], [24, 25, 26]],
+                ],
+                27,
+            ],
+        ),
+        (list(range(257)), 256, [list(range(256)), 256]),
+        (list(range(258)), 256, [list(range(256)), 256, 257]),
+        (list(range(512)), 256, [list(range(256)), list(range(256, 512))]),
+        (list(range(512 + 1)), 256, [list(range(256)), list(range(256, 512)), 512]),
+        (
+            list(range(256 ** 2)),
+            256,
+            [list(range(k * 256, k * 256 + 256)) for k in range(256)],
+        ),
+    ],
+)
+def test_build_n_ary_tree(lst, n, expected):
+    assert _build_n_ary_tree(lst, n) == expected
diff --git a/Tests/colorLib/table_builder_test.py b/Tests/colorLib/table_builder_test.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d0a76f5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/colorLib/table_builder_test.py
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+from fontTools.ttLib.tables import otTables  # trigger setup to occur
+from fontTools.ttLib.tables.otConverters import UShort
+from fontTools.colorLib.table_builder import TableBuilder
+import pytest
+
+
+class WriteMe:
+    value = None
+
+
+def test_intValue_otRound():
+    dest = WriteMe()
+    converter = UShort("value", None, None)
+    TableBuilder()._convert(dest, "value", converter, 85.6)
+    assert dest.value == 86, "Should have used otRound"
diff --git a/Tests/colorLib/unbuilder_test.py b/Tests/colorLib/unbuilder_test.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b5af732
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/colorLib/unbuilder_test.py
@@ -0,0 +1,231 @@
+from fontTools.ttLib.tables import otTables as ot
+from fontTools.colorLib.builder import buildColrV1
+from fontTools.colorLib.unbuilder import unbuildColrV1
+import pytest
+
+
+TEST_COLOR_GLYPHS = {
+    "glyph00010": {
+        "Format": int(ot.PaintFormat.PaintColrLayers),
+        "Layers": [
+            {
+                "Format": int(ot.PaintFormat.PaintGlyph),
+                "Paint": {
+                    "Format": int(ot.PaintFormat.PaintSolid),
+                    "PaletteIndex": 2,
+                    "Alpha": 0.5,
+                },
+                "Glyph": "glyph00011",
+            },
+            {
+                "Format": int(ot.PaintFormat.PaintGlyph),
+                "Paint": {
+                    "Format": int(ot.PaintFormat.PaintVarLinearGradient),
+                    "ColorLine": {
+                        "Extend": "repeat",
+                        "ColorStop": [
+                            {
+                                "StopOffset": 0.0,
+                                "PaletteIndex": 3,
+                                "Alpha": 1.0,
+                                "VarIndexBase": 0,
+                            },
+                            {
+                                "StopOffset": 0.5,
+                                "PaletteIndex": 4,
+                                "Alpha": 1.0,
+                                "VarIndexBase": 1,
+                            },
+                            {
+                                "StopOffset": 1.0,
+                                "PaletteIndex": 5,
+                                "Alpha": 1.0,
+                                "VarIndexBase": 2,
+                            },
+                        ],
+                    },
+                    "x0": 1,
+                    "y0": 2,
+                    "x1": -3,
+                    "y1": -4,
+                    "x2": 5,
+                    "y2": 6,
+                    "VarIndexBase": 0xFFFFFFFF,
+                },
+                "Glyph": "glyph00012",
+            },
+            {
+                "Format": int(ot.PaintFormat.PaintGlyph),
+                "Paint": {
+                    "Format": int(ot.PaintFormat.PaintVarTransform),
+                    "Paint": {
+                        "Format": int(ot.PaintFormat.PaintRadialGradient),
+                        "ColorLine": {
+                            "Extend": "pad",
+                            "ColorStop": [
+                                {
+                                    "StopOffset": 0,
+                                    "PaletteIndex": 6,
+                                    "Alpha": 1.0,
+                                },
+                                {
+                                    "StopOffset": 1.0,
+                                    "PaletteIndex": 7,
+                                    "Alpha": 0.4,
+                                },
+                            ],
+                        },
+                        "x0": 7,
+                        "y0": 8,
+                        "r0": 9,
+                        "x1": 10,
+                        "y1": 11,
+                        "r1": 12,
+                    },
+                    "Transform": {
+                        "xx": -13.0,
+                        "yx": 14.0,
+                        "xy": 15.0,
+                        "yy": -17.0,
+                        "dx": 18.0,
+                        "dy": 19.0,
+                        "VarIndexBase": 3,
+                    },
+                },
+                "Glyph": "glyph00013",
+            },
+            {
+                "Format": int(ot.PaintFormat.PaintVarTranslate),
+                "Paint": {
+                    "Format": int(ot.PaintFormat.PaintRotate),
+                    "Paint": {
+                        "Format": int(ot.PaintFormat.PaintVarSkew),
+                        "Paint": {
+                            "Format": int(ot.PaintFormat.PaintGlyph),
+                            "Paint": {
+                                "Format": int(ot.PaintFormat.PaintSolid),
+                                "PaletteIndex": 2,
+                                "Alpha": 0.5,
+                            },
+                            "Glyph": "glyph00011",
+                        },
+                        "xSkewAngle": -11.0,
+                        "ySkewAngle": 5.0,
+                        "VarIndexBase": 4,
+                    },
+                    "angle": 45.0,
+                },
+                "dx": 257.0,
+                "dy": 258.0,
+                "VarIndexBase": 5,
+            },
+        ],
+    },
+    "glyph00014": {
+        "Format": int(ot.PaintFormat.PaintComposite),
+        "SourcePaint": {
+            "Format": int(ot.PaintFormat.PaintColrGlyph),
+            "Glyph": "glyph00010",
+        },
+        "CompositeMode": "src_over",
+        "BackdropPaint": {
+            "Format": int(ot.PaintFormat.PaintTransform),
+            "Paint": {
+                "Format": int(ot.PaintFormat.PaintColrGlyph),
+                "Glyph": "glyph00010",
+            },
+            "Transform": {
+                "xx": 1.0,
+                "yx": 0.0,
+                "xy": 0.0,
+                "yy": 1.0,
+                "dx": 300.0,
+                "dy": 0.0,
+            },
+        },
+    },
+    "glyph00015": {
+        "Format": int(ot.PaintFormat.PaintGlyph),
+        "Paint": {
+            "Format": int(ot.PaintFormat.PaintSweepGradient),
+            "ColorLine": {
+                "Extend": "pad",
+                "ColorStop": [
+                    {
+                        "StopOffset": 0.0,
+                        "PaletteIndex": 3,
+                        "Alpha": 1.0,
+                    },
+                    {
+                        "StopOffset": 1.0,
+                        "PaletteIndex": 5,
+                        "Alpha": 1.0,
+                    },
+                ],
+            },
+            "centerX": 259,
+            "centerY": 300,
+            "startAngle": 45.0,
+            "endAngle": 135.0,
+        },
+        "Glyph": "glyph00011",
+    },
+    "glyph00016": {
+        "Format": int(ot.PaintFormat.PaintColrLayers),
+        "Layers": [
+            {
+                "Format": int(ot.PaintFormat.PaintGlyph),
+                "Paint": {
+                    "Format": int(ot.PaintFormat.PaintVarSolid),
+                    "PaletteIndex": 2,
+                    "Alpha": 0.5,
+                    "VarIndexBase": 6,
+                },
+                "Glyph": "glyph00011",
+            },
+            {
+                "Format": int(ot.PaintFormat.PaintGlyph),
+                "Paint": {
+                    "Format": int(ot.PaintFormat.PaintVarLinearGradient),
+                    "ColorLine": {
+                        "Extend": "repeat",
+                        "ColorStop": [
+                            {
+                                "StopOffset": 0.0,
+                                "PaletteIndex": 3,
+                                "Alpha": 1.0,
+                                "VarIndexBase": 7,
+                            },
+                            {
+                                "StopOffset": 0.5,
+                                "PaletteIndex": 4,
+                                "Alpha": 1.0,
+                                "VarIndexBase": 8,
+                            },
+                            {
+                                "StopOffset": 1.0,
+                                "PaletteIndex": 5,
+                                "Alpha": 1.0,
+                                "VarIndexBase": 9,
+                            },
+                        ],
+                    },
+                    "x0": 1,
+                    "y0": 2,
+                    "x1": -3,
+                    "y1": -4,
+                    "x2": 5,
+                    "y2": 6,
+                    "VarIndexBase": 0xFFFFFFFF,
+                },
+                "Glyph": "glyph00012",
+            },
+        ],
+    },
+}
+
+
+def test_unbuildColrV1():
+    layersV1, baseGlyphsV1 = buildColrV1(TEST_COLOR_GLYPHS)
+    colorGlyphs = unbuildColrV1(layersV1, baseGlyphsV1)
+    assert colorGlyphs == TEST_COLOR_GLYPHS
diff --git a/Tests/conftest.py b/Tests/conftest.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4928614
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/conftest.py
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+import fontTools
+import pytest
+
+
+@pytest.fixture(autouse=True, scope="session")
+def disableConfigLogger():
+    """Session-scoped fixture to make fontTools.configLogger function no-op.
+
+    Logging in python maintains a global state. When in the tests we call a main()
+    function from modules subset or ttx, a call to configLogger is made that modifies
+    this global state (to configures a handler for the fontTools logger).
+    To prevent that, we monkey-patch the `configLogger` attribute of the `fontTools`
+    module (the one used in the scripts main() functions) so that it does nothing,
+    to avoid any side effects.
+
+    NOTE: `fontTools.configLogger` is only an alias for the configLogger function in
+    `fontTools.misc.loggingTools` module; the original function is not modified.
+    """
+
+    def noop(*args, **kwargs):
+        return
+
+    originalConfigLogger = fontTools.configLogger
+    fontTools.configLogger = noop
+    try:
+        yield
+    finally:
+        fontTools.configLogger = originalConfigLogger
diff --git a/Tests/cu2qu/cli_test.py b/Tests/cu2qu/cli_test.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f6798a6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/cu2qu/cli_test.py
@@ -0,0 +1,86 @@
+import os
+
+import pytest
+import py
+
+ufoLib2 = pytest.importorskip("ufoLib2")
+
+from fontTools.cu2qu.ufo import CURVE_TYPE_LIB_KEY
+from fontTools.cu2qu.cli import main
+
+
+DATADIR = os.path.join(os.path.dirname(__file__), 'data')
+
+TEST_UFOS = [
+    py.path.local(DATADIR).join("RobotoSubset-Regular.ufo"),
+    py.path.local(DATADIR).join("RobotoSubset-Bold.ufo"),
+]
+
+
+@pytest.fixture
+def test_paths(tmpdir):
+    result = []
+    for path in TEST_UFOS:
+        new_path = tmpdir / path.basename
+        path.copy(new_path)
+        result.append(new_path)
+    return result
+
+
+class MainTest(object):
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def run_main(*args):
+        main([str(p) for p in args if p])
+
+    def test_single_input_no_output(self, test_paths):
+        ufo_path = test_paths[0]
+
+        self.run_main(ufo_path)
+
+        font = ufoLib2.Font.open(ufo_path)
+        assert font.lib[CURVE_TYPE_LIB_KEY] == "quadratic"
+
+    def test_single_input_output_file(self, tmpdir):
+        input_path = TEST_UFOS[0]
+        output_path = tmpdir / input_path.basename
+        self.run_main('-o', output_path, input_path)
+
+        assert output_path.check(dir=1)
+
+    def test_multiple_inputs_output_dir(self, tmpdir):
+        output_dir = tmpdir / "output_dir"
+        self.run_main('-d', output_dir, *TEST_UFOS)
+
+        assert output_dir.check(dir=1)
+        outputs = set(p.basename for p in output_dir.listdir())
+        assert "RobotoSubset-Regular.ufo" in outputs
+        assert "RobotoSubset-Bold.ufo" in outputs
+
+    def test_interpolatable_inplace(self, test_paths):
+        self.run_main('-i', *test_paths)
+        self.run_main('-i', *test_paths)  # idempotent
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize(
+        "mode", ["", "-i"], ids=["normal", "interpolatable"])
+    def test_copytree(self, mode, tmpdir):
+        output_dir = tmpdir / "output_dir"
+        self.run_main(mode, '-d', output_dir, *TEST_UFOS)
+
+        output_dir_2 = tmpdir / "output_dir_2"
+        # no conversion when curves are already quadratic, just copy
+        self.run_main(mode, '-d', output_dir_2, *output_dir.listdir())
+        # running again overwrites existing with the copy
+        self.run_main(mode, '-d', output_dir_2, *output_dir.listdir())
+
+    def test_multiprocessing(self, tmpdir, test_paths):
+        self.run_main(*(test_paths + ["-j"]))
+
+    def test_keep_direction(self, test_paths):
+        self.run_main('--keep-direction', *test_paths)
+
+    def test_conversion_error(self, test_paths):
+        self.run_main('--conversion-error', 0.002, *test_paths)
+
+    def test_conversion_error_short(self, test_paths):
+        self.run_main('-e', 0.003, test_paths[0])
diff --git a/Tests/cu2qu/cu2qu_test.py b/Tests/cu2qu/cu2qu_test.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..456d210
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/cu2qu/cu2qu_test.py
@@ -0,0 +1,178 @@
+# Copyright 2016 Google Inc. All Rights Reserved.
+#
+# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+# You may obtain a copy of the License at
+#
+#     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+#
+# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+# limitations under the License.
+
+import collections
+import math
+import unittest
+import os
+import json
+
+from fontTools.cu2qu import curve_to_quadratic, curves_to_quadratic
+
+
+DATADIR = os.path.join(os.path.dirname(__file__), 'data')
+
+MAX_ERR = 5
+
+
+class CurveToQuadraticTest(unittest.TestCase):
+
+    @classmethod
+    def setUpClass(cls):
+        """Do the curve conversion ahead of time, and run tests on results."""
+        with open(os.path.join(DATADIR, "curves.json"), "r") as fp:
+            curves = json.load(fp)
+
+        cls.single_splines = [
+            curve_to_quadratic(c, MAX_ERR) for c in curves]
+        cls.single_errors = [
+            cls.curve_spline_dist(c, s)
+            for c, s in zip(curves, cls.single_splines)]
+
+        curve_groups = [curves[i:i + 3] for i in range(0, 300, 3)]
+        cls.compat_splines = [
+            curves_to_quadratic(c, [MAX_ERR] * 3) for c in curve_groups]
+        cls.compat_errors = [
+            [cls.curve_spline_dist(c, s) for c, s in zip(curve_group, splines)]
+            for curve_group, splines in zip(curve_groups, cls.compat_splines)]
+
+        cls.results = []
+
+    @classmethod
+    def tearDownClass(cls):
+        """Print stats from conversion, as determined during tests."""
+
+        for tag, results in cls.results:
+            print('\n%s\n%s' % (
+                tag, '\n'.join(
+                    '%s: %s (%d)' % (k, '#' * (v // 10 + 1), v)
+                    for k, v in sorted(results.items()))))
+
+    def test_results_unchanged(self):
+        """Tests that the results of conversion haven't changed since the time
+        of this test's writing. Useful as a quick check whenever one modifies
+        the conversion algorithm.
+        """
+
+        expected = {
+            2: 6,
+            3: 26,
+            4: 82,
+            5: 232,
+            6: 360,
+            7: 266,
+            8: 28}
+
+        results = collections.defaultdict(int)
+        for spline in self.single_splines:
+            n = len(spline) - 2
+            results[n] += 1
+        self.assertEqual(results, expected)
+        self.results.append(('single spline lengths', results))
+
+    def test_results_unchanged_multiple(self):
+        """Test that conversion results are unchanged for multiple curves."""
+
+        expected = {
+            5: 11,
+            6: 35,
+            7: 49,
+            8: 5}
+
+        results = collections.defaultdict(int)
+        for splines in self.compat_splines:
+            n = len(splines[0]) - 2
+            for spline in splines[1:]:
+                self.assertEqual(len(spline) - 2, n,
+                    'Got incompatible conversion results')
+            results[n] += 1
+        self.assertEqual(results, expected)
+        self.results.append(('compatible spline lengths', results))
+
+    def test_does_not_exceed_tolerance(self):
+        """Test that conversion results do not exceed given error tolerance."""
+
+        results = collections.defaultdict(int)
+        for error in self.single_errors:
+            results[round(error, 1)] += 1
+            self.assertLessEqual(error, MAX_ERR)
+        self.results.append(('single errors', results))
+
+    def test_does_not_exceed_tolerance_multiple(self):
+        """Test that error tolerance isn't exceeded for multiple curves."""
+
+        results = collections.defaultdict(int)
+        for errors in self.compat_errors:
+            for error in errors:
+                results[round(error, 1)] += 1
+                self.assertLessEqual(error, MAX_ERR)
+        self.results.append(('compatible errors', results))
+
+    @classmethod
+    def curve_spline_dist(cls, bezier, spline, total_steps=20):
+        """Max distance between a bezier and quadratic spline at sampled points."""
+
+        error = 0
+        n = len(spline) - 2
+        steps = total_steps // n
+        for i in range(0, n - 1):
+            p1 = spline[0] if i == 0 else p3
+            p2 = spline[i + 1]
+            if i < n - 1:
+                p3 = cls.lerp(spline[i + 1], spline[i + 2], 0.5)
+            else:
+                p3 = spline[n + 2]
+            segment = p1, p2, p3
+            for j in range(steps):
+                error = max(error, cls.dist(
+                    cls.cubic_bezier_at(bezier, (j / steps + i) / n),
+                    cls.quadratic_bezier_at(segment, j / steps)))
+        return error
+
+    @classmethod
+    def lerp(cls, p1, p2, t):
+        (x1, y1), (x2, y2) = p1, p2
+        return x1 + (x2 - x1) * t, y1 + (y2 - y1) * t
+
+    @classmethod
+    def dist(cls, p1, p2):
+        (x1, y1), (x2, y2) = p1, p2
+        return math.hypot(x1 - x2, y1 - y2)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def quadratic_bezier_at(cls, b, t):
+        (x1, y1), (x2, y2), (x3, y3) = b
+        _t = 1 - t
+        t2 = t * t
+        _t2 = _t * _t
+        _2_t_t = 2 * t * _t
+        return (_t2 * x1 + _2_t_t * x2 + t2 * x3,
+                _t2 * y1 + _2_t_t * y2 + t2 * y3)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def cubic_bezier_at(cls, b, t):
+        (x1, y1), (x2, y2), (x3, y3), (x4, y4) = b
+        _t = 1 - t
+        t2 = t * t
+        _t2 = _t * _t
+        t3 = t * t2
+        _t3 = _t * _t2
+        _3_t2_t = 3 * t2 * _t
+        _3_t_t2 = 3 * t * _t2
+        return (_t3 * x1 + _3_t_t2 * x2 + _3_t2_t * x3 + t3 * x4,
+                _t3 * y1 + _3_t_t2 * y2 + _3_t2_t * y3 + t3 * y4)
+
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    unittest.main()
diff --git a/Tests/cu2qu/data/RobotoSubset-Bold.ufo/fontinfo.plist b/Tests/cu2qu/data/RobotoSubset-Bold.ufo/fontinfo.plist
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..21621a2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/cu2qu/data/RobotoSubset-Bold.ufo/fontinfo.plist
@@ -0,0 +1,205 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<!DOCTYPE plist PUBLIC "-//Apple Computer//DTD PLIST 1.0//EN" "http://www.apple.com/DTDs/PropertyList-1.0.dtd">
+<plist version="1.0">
+<dict>
+	<key>ascender</key>
+	<integer>2146</integer>
+	<key>capHeight</key>
+	<integer>1456</integer>
+	<key>copyright</key>
+	<string>Copyright 2011 Google Inc. All Rights Reserved.</string>
+	<key>descender</key>
+	<integer>-555</integer>
+	<key>familyName</key>
+	<string>RobotoSubset</string>
+	<key>italicAngle</key>
+	<integer>0</integer>
+	<key>openTypeHeadCreated</key>
+	<string>2008/09/12 12:29:34</string>
+	<key>openTypeHeadFlags</key>
+	<array>
+		<integer>0</integer>
+		<integer>1</integer>
+		<integer>3</integer>
+		<integer>4</integer>
+	</array>
+	<key>openTypeHeadLowestRecPPEM</key>
+	<integer>9</integer>
+	<key>openTypeHheaAscender</key>
+	<integer>1900</integer>
+	<key>openTypeHheaDescender</key>
+	<integer>-500</integer>
+	<key>openTypeHheaLineGap</key>
+	<integer>0</integer>
+	<key>openTypeNameDescription</key>
+	<string></string>
+	<key>openTypeNameDesigner</key>
+	<string></string>
+	<key>openTypeNameDesignerURL</key>
+	<string></string>
+	<key>openTypeNameLicense</key>
+	<string></string>
+	<key>openTypeNameLicenseURL</key>
+	<string></string>
+	<key>openTypeNameManufacturer</key>
+	<string></string>
+	<key>openTypeNameManufacturerURL</key>
+	<string></string>
+	<key>openTypeNameSampleText</key>
+	<string></string>
+	<key>openTypeOS2CodePageRanges</key>
+	<array>
+		<integer>0</integer>
+		<integer>1</integer>
+		<integer>2</integer>
+		<integer>3</integer>
+		<integer>4</integer>
+		<integer>7</integer>
+		<integer>8</integer>
+		<integer>29</integer>
+	</array>
+	<key>openTypeOS2FamilyClass</key>
+	<array>
+		<integer>0</integer>
+		<integer>0</integer>
+	</array>
+	<key>openTypeOS2Panose</key>
+	<array>
+		<integer>0</integer>
+		<integer>0</integer>
+		<integer>0</integer>
+		<integer>0</integer>
+		<integer>0</integer>
+		<integer>0</integer>
+		<integer>0</integer>
+		<integer>0</integer>
+		<integer>0</integer>
+		<integer>0</integer>
+	</array>
+	<key>openTypeOS2Selection</key>
+	<array>
+	</array>
+	<key>openTypeOS2StrikeoutPosition</key>
+	<integer>512</integer>
+	<key>openTypeOS2StrikeoutSize</key>
+	<integer>102</integer>
+	<key>openTypeOS2SubscriptXOffset</key>
+	<integer>0</integer>
+	<key>openTypeOS2SubscriptXSize</key>
+	<integer>1434</integer>
+	<key>openTypeOS2SubscriptYOffset</key>
+	<integer>287</integer>
+	<key>openTypeOS2SubscriptYSize</key>
+	<integer>1331</integer>
+	<key>openTypeOS2SuperscriptXOffset</key>
+	<integer>0</integer>
+	<key>openTypeOS2SuperscriptXSize</key>
+	<integer>1434</integer>
+	<key>openTypeOS2SuperscriptYOffset</key>
+	<integer>977</integer>
+	<key>openTypeOS2SuperscriptYSize</key>
+	<integer>1331</integer>
+	<key>openTypeOS2Type</key>
+	<array>
+	</array>
+	<key>openTypeOS2TypoAscender</key>
+	<integer>2146</integer>
+	<key>openTypeOS2TypoDescender</key>
+	<integer>-555</integer>
+	<key>openTypeOS2TypoLineGap</key>
+	<integer>0</integer>
+	<key>openTypeOS2UnicodeRanges</key>
+	<array>
+		<integer>0</integer>
+		<integer>1</integer>
+		<integer>2</integer>
+		<integer>3</integer>
+		<integer>4</integer>
+		<integer>5</integer>
+		<integer>6</integer>
+		<integer>7</integer>
+		<integer>9</integer>
+		<integer>11</integer>
+		<integer>29</integer>
+		<integer>30</integer>
+		<integer>31</integer>
+		<integer>32</integer>
+		<integer>33</integer>
+		<integer>34</integer>
+		<integer>35</integer>
+		<integer>36</integer>
+		<integer>37</integer>
+		<integer>38</integer>
+		<integer>40</integer>
+		<integer>45</integer>
+		<integer>60</integer>
+		<integer>62</integer>
+		<integer>64</integer>
+		<integer>69</integer>
+	</array>
+	<key>openTypeOS2VendorID</key>
+	<string>GOOG</string>
+	<key>openTypeOS2WeightClass</key>
+	<integer>700</integer>
+	<key>openTypeOS2WidthClass</key>
+	<integer>5</integer>
+	<key>openTypeOS2WinAscent</key>
+	<integer>2146</integer>
+	<key>openTypeOS2WinDescent</key>
+	<integer>555</integer>
+	<key>postscriptBlueFuzz</key>
+	<integer>1</integer>
+	<key>postscriptBlueScale</key>
+	<real>0.039625</real>
+	<key>postscriptBlueShift</key>
+	<integer>7</integer>
+	<key>postscriptBlueValues</key>
+	<array>
+		<integer>-20</integer>
+		<integer>0</integer>
+		<integer>1082</integer>
+		<integer>1102</integer>
+		<integer>1456</integer>
+		<integer>1476</integer>
+	</array>
+	<key>postscriptDefaultCharacter</key>
+	<string>space</string>
+	<key>postscriptForceBold</key>
+	<false/>
+	<key>postscriptIsFixedPitch</key>
+	<false/>
+	<key>postscriptOtherBlues</key>
+	<array>
+		<integer>-436</integer>
+		<integer>-416</integer>
+	</array>
+	<key>postscriptStemSnapH</key>
+	<array>
+		<integer>250</integer>
+	</array>
+	<key>postscriptStemSnapV</key>
+	<array>
+		<integer>316</integer>
+	</array>
+	<key>postscriptUnderlinePosition</key>
+	<integer>-150</integer>
+	<key>postscriptUnderlineThickness</key>
+	<integer>100</integer>
+	<key>postscriptUniqueID</key>
+	<integer>-1</integer>
+	<key>styleName</key>
+	<string>Bold</string>
+	<key>trademark</key>
+	<string></string>
+	<key>unitsPerEm</key>
+	<integer>2048</integer>
+	<key>versionMajor</key>
+	<integer>1</integer>
+	<key>versionMinor</key>
+	<integer>0</integer>
+	<key>xHeight</key>
+	<integer>1082</integer>
+	<key>year</key>
+	<integer>2017</integer>
+</dict>
+</plist>
diff --git a/Tests/cu2qu/data/RobotoSubset-Bold.ufo/glyphs/A_.glif b/Tests/cu2qu/data/RobotoSubset-Bold.ufo/glyphs/A_.glif
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..481f006
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/cu2qu/data/RobotoSubset-Bold.ufo/glyphs/A_.glif
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<glyph name="A" format="2">
+	<unicode hex="0041"/>
+	<advance width="1390"/>
+	<outline>
+		<contour>
+			<point x="727" y="1150" type="line"/>
+			<point x="764" y="1456" type="line"/>
+			<point x="537" y="1456" type="line"/>
+			<point x="0" y="0" type="line"/>
+			<point x="358" y="0" type="line"/>
+		</contour>
+		<contour>
+			<point x="1032" y="0" type="line"/>
+			<point x="1391" y="0" type="line"/>
+			<point x="851" y="1456" type="line"/>
+			<point x="621" y="1456" type="line"/>
+			<point x="662" y="1150" type="line"/>
+		</contour>
+		<contour>
+			<point x="1018" y="543" type="line"/>
+			<point x="262" y="543" type="line"/>
+			<point x="262" y="272" type="line"/>
+			<point x="1018" y="272" type="line"/>
+		</contour>
+	</outline>
+</glyph>
diff --git a/Tests/cu2qu/data/RobotoSubset-Bold.ufo/glyphs/B_.glif b/Tests/cu2qu/data/RobotoSubset-Bold.ufo/glyphs/B_.glif
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a4c9f25
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/cu2qu/data/RobotoSubset-Bold.ufo/glyphs/B_.glif
@@ -0,0 +1,51 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<glyph name="B" format="2">
+	<unicode hex="0042"/>
+	<advance width="1317"/>
+	<outline>
+		<contour>
+			<point x="703" y="619" type="line"/>
+			<point x="797" y="710" type="line"/>
+			<point x="1092" y="713"/>
+			<point x="1199" y="875"/>
+			<point x="1199" y="1054" type="curve"/>
+			<point x="1199" y="1326"/>
+			<point x="988" y="1456"/>
+			<point x="636" y="1456" type="curve"/>
+			<point x="117" y="1456" type="line"/>
+			<point x="117" y="0" type="line"/>
+			<point x="452" y="0" type="line"/>
+			<point x="452" y="1185" type="line"/>
+			<point x="636" y="1185" type="line"/>
+			<point x="795" y="1185"/>
+			<point x="864" y="1135"/>
+			<point x="864" y="1012" type="curve"/>
+			<point x="864" y="904"/>
+			<point x="797" y="849"/>
+			<point x="635" y="849" type="curve"/>
+			<point x="328" y="849" type="line"/>
+			<point x="330" y="619" type="line"/>
+		</contour>
+		<contour>
+			<point x="690" y="0" type="line"/>
+			<point x="1042" y="0"/>
+			<point x="1230" y="145"/>
+			<point x="1230" y="431" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+			<point x="1230" y="598"/>
+			<point x="1129" y="769"/>
+			<point x="846" y="757" type="curve"/>
+			<point x="768" y="849" type="line"/>
+			<point x="412" y="849" type="line"/>
+			<point x="410" y="619" type="line"/>
+			<point x="703" y="619" type="line" smooth="yes"/>
+			<point x="842" y="619"/>
+			<point x="896" y="548"/>
+			<point x="896" y="436" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+			<point x="896" y="344"/>
+			<point x="836" y="270"/>
+			<point x="690" y="270" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+			<point x="365" y="270" type="line"/>
+			<point x="245" y="0" type="line"/>
+		</contour>
+	</outline>
+</glyph>
diff --git a/Tests/cu2qu/data/RobotoSubset-Bold.ufo/glyphs/C_.glif b/Tests/cu2qu/data/RobotoSubset-Bold.ufo/glyphs/C_.glif
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1d8e1e1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/cu2qu/data/RobotoSubset-Bold.ufo/glyphs/C_.glif
@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<glyph name="C" format="2">
+	<unicode hex="0043"/>
+	<advance width="1343"/>
+	<outline>
+		<contour>
+			<point x="950" y="493" type="line"/>
+			<point x="942" y="329"/>
+			<point x="856" y="255"/>
+			<point x="687" y="255" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+			<point x="489" y="255"/>
+			<point x="415" y="379"/>
+			<point x="415" y="688" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+			<point x="415" y="769" type="line" smooth="yes"/>
+			<point x="415" y="1079"/>
+			<point x="503" y="1202"/>
+			<point x="685" y="1202" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+			<point x="875" y="1202"/>
+			<point x="944" y="1117"/>
+			<point x="952" y="953" type="curve"/>
+			<point x="1286" y="953" type="line"/>
+			<point x="1259" y="1255"/>
+			<point x="1060" y="1477"/>
+			<point x="685" y="1477" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+			<point x="316" y="1477"/>
+			<point x="75" y="1205"/>
+			<point x="75" y="767" type="curve"/>
+			<point x="75" y="688" type="line"/>
+			<point x="75" y="250"/>
+			<point x="303" y="-20"/>
+			<point x="687" y="-20" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+			<point x="1046" y="-20"/>
+			<point x="1268" y="188"/>
+			<point x="1284" y="493" type="curve"/>
+		</contour>
+	</outline>
+</glyph>
diff --git a/Tests/cu2qu/data/RobotoSubset-Bold.ufo/glyphs/D_.glif b/Tests/cu2qu/data/RobotoSubset-Bold.ufo/glyphs/D_.glif
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1d82e15
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/cu2qu/data/RobotoSubset-Bold.ufo/glyphs/D_.glif
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<glyph name="D" format="2">
+	<unicode hex="0044"/>
+	<advance width="1327"/>
+	<outline>
+		<contour>
+			<point x="581" y="0" type="line"/>
+			<point x="973" y="0"/>
+			<point x="1251" y="285"/>
+			<point x="1251" y="697" type="curve"/>
+			<point x="1251" y="758" type="line"/>
+			<point x="1251" y="1170"/>
+			<point x="973" y="1456"/>
+			<point x="579" y="1456" type="curve"/>
+			<point x="255" y="1456" type="line"/>
+			<point x="255" y="1185" type="line"/>
+			<point x="579" y="1185" type="line"/>
+			<point x="794" y="1185"/>
+			<point x="910" y="1039"/>
+			<point x="910" y="760" type="curve"/>
+			<point x="910" y="697" type="line" smooth="yes"/>
+			<point x="910" y="416"/>
+			<point x="793" y="270"/>
+			<point x="581" y="270" type="curve"/>
+			<point x="263" y="270" type="line"/>
+			<point x="261" y="0" type="line"/>
+		</contour>
+		<contour>
+			<point x="452" y="1456" type="line"/>
+			<point x="117" y="1456" type="line"/>
+			<point x="117" y="0" type="line"/>
+			<point x="452" y="0" type="line"/>
+		</contour>
+	</outline>
+</glyph>
diff --git a/Tests/cu2qu/data/RobotoSubset-Bold.ufo/glyphs/E_.glif b/Tests/cu2qu/data/RobotoSubset-Bold.ufo/glyphs/E_.glif
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4d867ee
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/cu2qu/data/RobotoSubset-Bold.ufo/glyphs/E_.glif
@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<glyph name="E" format="2">
+	<unicode hex="0045"/>
+	<advance width="1148"/>
+	<outline>
+		<contour>
+			<point x="1111" y="270" type="line"/>
+			<point x="337" y="270" type="line"/>
+			<point x="337" y="0" type="line"/>
+			<point x="1111" y="0" type="line"/>
+		</contour>
+		<contour>
+			<point x="452" y="1456" type="line"/>
+			<point x="117" y="1456" type="line"/>
+			<point x="117" y="0" type="line"/>
+			<point x="452" y="0" type="line"/>
+		</contour>
+		<contour>
+			<point x="1011" y="878" type="line"/>
+			<point x="337" y="878" type="line"/>
+			<point x="337" y="617" type="line"/>
+			<point x="1011" y="617" type="line"/>
+		</contour>
+		<contour>
+			<point x="1112" y="1456" type="line"/>
+			<point x="337" y="1456" type="line"/>
+			<point x="337" y="1185" type="line"/>
+			<point x="1112" y="1185" type="line"/>
+		</contour>
+	</outline>
+</glyph>
diff --git a/Tests/cu2qu/data/RobotoSubset-Bold.ufo/glyphs/F_.glif b/Tests/cu2qu/data/RobotoSubset-Bold.ufo/glyphs/F_.glif
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2e0d20c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/cu2qu/data/RobotoSubset-Bold.ufo/glyphs/F_.glif
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<glyph name="F" format="2">
+	<unicode hex="0046"/>
+	<advance width="1121"/>
+	<outline>
+		<contour>
+			<point x="452" y="1456" type="line"/>
+			<point x="117" y="1456" type="line"/>
+			<point x="117" y="0" type="line"/>
+			<point x="452" y="0" type="line"/>
+		</contour>
+		<contour>
+			<point x="1021" y="850" type="line"/>
+			<point x="359" y="850" type="line"/>
+			<point x="359" y="580" type="line"/>
+			<point x="1021" y="580" type="line"/>
+		</contour>
+		<contour>
+			<point x="1083" y="1456" type="line"/>
+			<point x="359" y="1456" type="line"/>
+			<point x="359" y="1185" type="line"/>
+			<point x="1083" y="1185" type="line"/>
+		</contour>
+	</outline>
+</glyph>
diff --git a/Tests/cu2qu/data/RobotoSubset-Bold.ufo/glyphs/G_.glif b/Tests/cu2qu/data/RobotoSubset-Bold.ufo/glyphs/G_.glif
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6e65a0c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/cu2qu/data/RobotoSubset-Bold.ufo/glyphs/G_.glif
@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<glyph name="G" format="2">
+	<unicode hex="0047"/>
+	<advance width="1396"/>
+	<outline>
+		<contour>
+			<point x="1296" y="778" type="line"/>
+			<point x="708" y="778" type="line"/>
+			<point x="708" y="537" type="line"/>
+			<point x="961" y="537" type="line"/>
+			<point x="961" y="311" type="line"/>
+			<point x="931" y="284"/>
+			<point x="868" y="250"/>
+			<point x="746" y="250" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+			<point x="529" y="250"/>
+			<point x="426" y="396"/>
+			<point x="426" y="687" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+			<point x="426" y="770" type="line" smooth="yes"/>
+			<point x="426" y="1063"/>
+			<point x="535" y="1207"/>
+			<point x="715" y="1207" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+			<point x="883" y="1207"/>
+			<point x="951" y="1125"/>
+			<point x="972" y="981" type="curve"/>
+			<point x="1295" y="981" type="line"/>
+			<point x="1265" y="1272"/>
+			<point x="1098" y="1477"/>
+			<point x="704" y="1477" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+			<point x="340" y="1477"/>
+			<point x="86" y="1221"/>
+			<point x="86" y="768" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+			<point x="86" y="687" type="line" smooth="yes"/>
+			<point x="86" y="234"/>
+			<point x="340" y="-20"/>
+			<point x="724" y="-20" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+			<point x="1040" y="-20"/>
+			<point x="1223" y="98"/>
+			<point x="1296" y="180" type="curve"/>
+		</contour>
+	</outline>
+</glyph>
diff --git a/Tests/cu2qu/data/RobotoSubset-Bold.ufo/glyphs/H_.glif b/Tests/cu2qu/data/RobotoSubset-Bold.ufo/glyphs/H_.glif
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4ae896d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/cu2qu/data/RobotoSubset-Bold.ufo/glyphs/H_.glif
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<glyph name="H" format="2">
+	<unicode hex="0048"/>
+	<advance width="1442"/>
+	<outline>
+		<contour>
+			<point x="1094" y="878" type="line"/>
+			<point x="345" y="878" type="line"/>
+			<point x="345" y="608" type="line"/>
+			<point x="1094" y="608" type="line"/>
+		</contour>
+		<contour>
+			<point x="452" y="1456" type="line"/>
+			<point x="117" y="1456" type="line"/>
+			<point x="117" y="0" type="line"/>
+			<point x="452" y="0" type="line"/>
+		</contour>
+		<contour>
+			<point x="1324" y="1456" type="line"/>
+			<point x="990" y="1456" type="line"/>
+			<point x="990" y="0" type="line"/>
+			<point x="1324" y="0" type="line"/>
+		</contour>
+	</outline>
+</glyph>
diff --git a/Tests/cu2qu/data/RobotoSubset-Bold.ufo/glyphs/I_.glif b/Tests/cu2qu/data/RobotoSubset-Bold.ufo/glyphs/I_.glif
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c22d48a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/cu2qu/data/RobotoSubset-Bold.ufo/glyphs/I_.glif
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<glyph name="I" format="2">
+	<unicode hex="0049"/>
+	<advance width="612"/>
+	<outline>
+		<contour>
+			<point x="473" y="1456" type="line"/>
+			<point x="139" y="1456" type="line"/>
+			<point x="139" y="0" type="line"/>
+			<point x="473" y="0" type="line"/>
+		</contour>
+	</outline>
+</glyph>
diff --git a/Tests/cu2qu/data/RobotoSubset-Bold.ufo/glyphs/J_.glif b/Tests/cu2qu/data/RobotoSubset-Bold.ufo/glyphs/J_.glif
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..599404b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/cu2qu/data/RobotoSubset-Bold.ufo/glyphs/J_.glif
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<glyph name="J" format="2">
+	<unicode hex="004A"/>
+	<advance width="1149"/>
+	<outline>
+		<contour>
+			<point x="699" y="457" type="line"/>
+			<point x="699" y="327"/>
+			<point x="638" y="250"/>
+			<point x="536" y="250" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+			<point x="433" y="250"/>
+			<point x="374" y="292"/>
+			<point x="374" y="440" type="curve"/>
+			<point x="38" y="440" type="line"/>
+			<point x="38" y="124"/>
+			<point x="246" y="-20"/>
+			<point x="536" y="-20" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+			<point x="816" y="-20"/>
+			<point x="1033" y="165"/>
+			<point x="1033" y="457" type="curve"/>
+			<point x="1033" y="1456" type="line"/>
+			<point x="699" y="1456" type="line"/>
+		</contour>
+	</outline>
+</glyph>
diff --git a/Tests/cu2qu/data/RobotoSubset-Bold.ufo/glyphs/K_.glif b/Tests/cu2qu/data/RobotoSubset-Bold.ufo/glyphs/K_.glif
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..15d08e1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/cu2qu/data/RobotoSubset-Bold.ufo/glyphs/K_.glif
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<glyph name="K" format="2">
+	<unicode hex="004B"/>
+	<advance width="1307"/>
+	<outline>
+		<contour>
+			<point x="452" y="1456" type="line"/>
+			<point x="117" y="1456" type="line"/>
+			<point x="117" y="0" type="line"/>
+			<point x="452" y="0" type="line"/>
+		</contour>
+		<contour>
+			<point x="1322" y="1456" type="line"/>
+			<point x="909" y="1456" type="line"/>
+			<point x="577" y="999" type="line"/>
+			<point x="361" y="679" type="line"/>
+			<point x="422" y="357" type="line"/>
+			<point x="754" y="718" type="line"/>
+		</contour>
+		<contour>
+			<point x="930" y="0" type="line"/>
+			<point x="1327" y="0" type="line"/>
+			<point x="794" y="857" type="line"/>
+			<point x="538" y="656" type="line"/>
+		</contour>
+	</outline>
+</glyph>
diff --git a/Tests/cu2qu/data/RobotoSubset-Bold.ufo/glyphs/L_.glif b/Tests/cu2qu/data/RobotoSubset-Bold.ufo/glyphs/L_.glif
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..eb22f5f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/cu2qu/data/RobotoSubset-Bold.ufo/glyphs/L_.glif
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<glyph name="L" format="2">
+	<unicode hex="004C"/>
+	<advance width="1110"/>
+	<outline>
+		<contour>
+			<point x="1071" y="270" type="line"/>
+			<point x="337" y="270" type="line"/>
+			<point x="337" y="0" type="line"/>
+			<point x="1071" y="0" type="line"/>
+		</contour>
+		<contour>
+			<point x="452" y="1456" type="line"/>
+			<point x="117" y="1456" type="line"/>
+			<point x="117" y="0" type="line"/>
+			<point x="452" y="0" type="line"/>
+		</contour>
+	</outline>
+</glyph>
diff --git a/Tests/cu2qu/data/RobotoSubset-Bold.ufo/glyphs/M_.glif b/Tests/cu2qu/data/RobotoSubset-Bold.ufo/glyphs/M_.glif
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9c1a8e5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/cu2qu/data/RobotoSubset-Bold.ufo/glyphs/M_.glif
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<glyph name="M" format="2">
+	<unicode hex="004D"/>
+	<advance width="1795"/>
+	<outline>
+		<contour>
+			<point x="279" y="1456" type="line"/>
+			<point x="784" y="0" type="line"/>
+			<point x="1008" y="0" type="line"/>
+			<point x="1513" y="1456" type="line"/>
+			<point x="1236" y="1456" type="line"/>
+			<point x="896" y="443" type="line"/>
+			<point x="556" y="1456" type="line"/>
+		</contour>
+		<contour>
+			<point x="117" y="1456" type="line"/>
+			<point x="117" y="0" type="line"/>
+			<point x="452" y="0" type="line"/>
+			<point x="452" y="340" type="line"/>
+			<point x="400" y="1456" type="line"/>
+		</contour>
+		<contour>
+			<point x="1392" y="1456" type="line"/>
+			<point x="1340" y="340" type="line"/>
+			<point x="1340" y="0" type="line"/>
+			<point x="1676" y="0" type="line"/>
+			<point x="1676" y="1456" type="line"/>
+		</contour>
+	</outline>
+</glyph>
diff --git a/Tests/cu2qu/data/RobotoSubset-Bold.ufo/glyphs/N_.glif b/Tests/cu2qu/data/RobotoSubset-Bold.ufo/glyphs/N_.glif
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4b335f3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/cu2qu/data/RobotoSubset-Bold.ufo/glyphs/N_.glif
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<glyph name="N" format="2">
+	<unicode hex="004E"/>
+	<advance width="1441"/>
+	<outline>
+		<contour>
+			<point x="1323" y="1456" type="line"/>
+			<point x="989" y="1456" type="line"/>
+			<point x="989" y="550" type="line"/>
+			<point x="452" y="1456" type="line"/>
+			<point x="117" y="1456" type="line"/>
+			<point x="117" y="0" type="line"/>
+			<point x="452" y="0" type="line"/>
+			<point x="452" y="906" type="line"/>
+			<point x="989" y="0" type="line"/>
+			<point x="1323" y="0" type="line"/>
+		</contour>
+	</outline>
+</glyph>
diff --git a/Tests/cu2qu/data/RobotoSubset-Bold.ufo/glyphs/O_.glif b/Tests/cu2qu/data/RobotoSubset-Bold.ufo/glyphs/O_.glif
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8e6d182
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/cu2qu/data/RobotoSubset-Bold.ufo/glyphs/O_.glif
@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<glyph name="O" format="2">
+	<unicode hex="004F"/>
+	<advance width="1414"/>
+	<outline>
+		<contour>
+			<point x="1338" y="757" type="line"/>
+			<point x="1338" y="1202"/>
+			<point x="1076" y="1476"/>
+			<point x="706" y="1476" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+			<point x="334" y="1476"/>
+			<point x="75" y="1202"/>
+			<point x="75" y="757" type="curve"/>
+			<point x="75" y="698" type="line"/>
+			<point x="75" y="253"/>
+			<point x="336" y="-20"/>
+			<point x="708" y="-20" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+			<point x="1078" y="-20"/>
+			<point x="1338" y="253"/>
+			<point x="1338" y="698" type="curve"/>
+		</contour>
+		<contour>
+			<point x="998" y="698" type="line"/>
+			<point x="998" y="413"/>
+			<point x="894" y="254"/>
+			<point x="708" y="254" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+			<point x="517" y="254"/>
+			<point x="415" y="413"/>
+			<point x="415" y="698" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+			<point x="415" y="759" type="line" smooth="yes"/>
+			<point x="415" y="1047"/>
+			<point x="515" y="1201"/>
+			<point x="706" y="1201" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+			<point x="892" y="1201"/>
+			<point x="998" y="1047"/>
+			<point x="998" y="759" type="curve"/>
+		</contour>
+	</outline>
+</glyph>
diff --git a/Tests/cu2qu/data/RobotoSubset-Bold.ufo/glyphs/P_.glif b/Tests/cu2qu/data/RobotoSubset-Bold.ufo/glyphs/P_.glif
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5b00197
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/cu2qu/data/RobotoSubset-Bold.ufo/glyphs/P_.glif
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<glyph name="P" format="2">
+	<unicode hex="0050"/>
+	<advance width="1330"/>
+	<outline>
+		<contour>
+			<point x="694" y="494" type="line"/>
+			<point x="1042" y="494"/>
+			<point x="1253" y="680"/>
+			<point x="1253" y="962" type="curve"/>
+			<point x="1253" y="1247"/>
+			<point x="1042" y="1456"/>
+			<point x="694" y="1456" type="curve"/>
+			<point x="117" y="1456" type="line"/>
+			<point x="117" y="0" type="line"/>
+			<point x="452" y="0" type="line"/>
+			<point x="452" y="1185" type="line"/>
+			<point x="694" y="1185" type="line"/>
+			<point x="849" y="1185"/>
+			<point x="914" y="1079"/>
+			<point x="914" y="960" type="curve"/>
+			<point x="914" y="847"/>
+			<point x="849" y="765"/>
+			<point x="694" y="765" type="curve"/>
+			<point x="330" y="765" type="line"/>
+			<point x="330" y="494" type="line"/>
+		</contour>
+	</outline>
+</glyph>
diff --git a/Tests/cu2qu/data/RobotoSubset-Bold.ufo/glyphs/Q_.glif b/Tests/cu2qu/data/RobotoSubset-Bold.ufo/glyphs/Q_.glif
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..28a9616
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/cu2qu/data/RobotoSubset-Bold.ufo/glyphs/Q_.glif
@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<glyph name="Q" format="2">
+	<unicode hex="0051"/>
+	<advance width="1414"/>
+	<outline>
+		<contour>
+			<point x="922" y="240" type="line"/>
+			<point x="720" y="56" type="line"/>
+			<point x="1116" y="-266" type="line"/>
+			<point x="1325" y="-82" type="line"/>
+		</contour>
+		<contour>
+			<point x="1339" y="757" type="line"/>
+			<point x="1339" y="1202"/>
+			<point x="1077" y="1476"/>
+			<point x="707" y="1476" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+			<point x="335" y="1476"/>
+			<point x="76" y="1202"/>
+			<point x="76" y="757" type="curve"/>
+			<point x="76" y="698" type="line"/>
+			<point x="76" y="253"/>
+			<point x="337" y="-20"/>
+			<point x="709" y="-20" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+			<point x="1079" y="-20"/>
+			<point x="1339" y="253"/>
+			<point x="1339" y="698" type="curve"/>
+		</contour>
+		<contour>
+			<point x="999" y="698" type="line"/>
+			<point x="999" y="413"/>
+			<point x="895" y="254"/>
+			<point x="709" y="254" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+			<point x="518" y="254"/>
+			<point x="416" y="413"/>
+			<point x="416" y="698" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+			<point x="416" y="759" type="line" smooth="yes"/>
+			<point x="416" y="1047"/>
+			<point x="516" y="1201"/>
+			<point x="707" y="1201" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+			<point x="893" y="1201"/>
+			<point x="999" y="1047"/>
+			<point x="999" y="759" type="curve"/>
+		</contour>
+	</outline>
+</glyph>
diff --git a/Tests/cu2qu/data/RobotoSubset-Bold.ufo/glyphs/R_.glif b/Tests/cu2qu/data/RobotoSubset-Bold.ufo/glyphs/R_.glif
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b76ad56
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/cu2qu/data/RobotoSubset-Bold.ufo/glyphs/R_.glif
@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<glyph name="R" format="2">
+	<unicode hex="0052"/>
+	<advance width="1327"/>
+	<outline>
+		<contour>
+			<point name="hr00" x="117" y="1456" type="line"/>
+			<point x="117" y="0" type="line"/>
+			<point x="452" y="0" type="line"/>
+			<point x="452" y="1185" type="line"/>
+			<point x="680" y="1185" type="line" smooth="yes"/>
+			<point x="820" y="1185"/>
+			<point x="892" y="1109"/>
+			<point x="892" y="984" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+			<point x="892" y="860"/>
+			<point x="821" y="785"/>
+			<point x="680" y="785" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+			<point x="328" y="785" type="line"/>
+			<point x="330" y="514" type="line"/>
+			<point x="806" y="514" type="line"/>
+			<point x="915" y="579" type="line"/>
+			<point x="1102" y="649"/>
+			<point x="1227" y="766"/>
+			<point x="1227" y="1016" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+			<point x="1227" y="1303"/>
+			<point x="1016" y="1456"/>
+			<point x="680" y="1456" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+		</contour>
+		<contour>
+			<point x="919" y="0" type="line"/>
+			<point x="1278" y="0" type="line"/>
+			<point x="1278" y="15" type="line"/>
+			<point x="949" y="646" type="line"/>
+			<point x="594" y="644" type="line"/>
+		</contour>
+	</outline>
+</glyph>
diff --git a/Tests/cu2qu/data/RobotoSubset-Bold.ufo/glyphs/S_.glif b/Tests/cu2qu/data/RobotoSubset-Bold.ufo/glyphs/S_.glif
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a2ab850
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/cu2qu/data/RobotoSubset-Bold.ufo/glyphs/S_.glif
@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<glyph name="S" format="2">
+	<unicode hex="0053"/>
+	<advance width="1275"/>
+	<outline>
+		<contour>
+			<point name="hr00" x="869" y="387" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+			<point x="869" y="309"/>
+			<point x="809" y="244"/>
+			<point x="669" y="244" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+			<point x="502" y="244"/>
+			<point x="402" y="301"/>
+			<point x="402" y="472" type="curve"/>
+			<point x="66" y="472" type="line"/>
+			<point x="66" y="127"/>
+			<point x="373" y="-20"/>
+			<point x="669" y="-20" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+			<point x="993" y="-20"/>
+			<point x="1204" y="127"/>
+			<point x="1204" y="389" type="curve"/>
+			<point x="1204" y="634"/>
+			<point x="1030" y="772"/>
+			<point x="718" y="870" type="curve"/>
+			<point x="545" y="924"/>
+			<point x="444" y="977"/>
+			<point x="444" y="1064" type="curve"/>
+			<point x="444" y="1144"/>
+			<point x="515" y="1211"/>
+			<point x="656" y="1211" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+			<point x="800" y="1211"/>
+			<point x="870" y="1134"/>
+			<point x="870" y="1024" type="curve"/>
+			<point x="1204" y="1024" type="line"/>
+			<point x="1204" y="1299"/>
+			<point x="983" y="1476"/>
+			<point x="663" y="1476" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+			<point x="343" y="1476"/>
+			<point x="110" y="1317"/>
+			<point x="110" y="1067" type="curve"/>
+			<point x="110" y="805"/>
+			<point x="344" y="685"/>
+			<point x="603" y="600" type="curve"/>
+			<point x="827" y="527"/>
+			<point x="869" y="478"/>
+		</contour>
+	</outline>
+</glyph>
diff --git a/Tests/cu2qu/data/RobotoSubset-Bold.ufo/glyphs/T_.glif b/Tests/cu2qu/data/RobotoSubset-Bold.ufo/glyphs/T_.glif
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5e0a1c9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/cu2qu/data/RobotoSubset-Bold.ufo/glyphs/T_.glif
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<glyph name="T" format="2">
+	<unicode hex="0054"/>
+	<advance width="1284"/>
+	<outline>
+		<contour>
+			<point x="805" y="1456" type="line"/>
+			<point x="470" y="1456" type="line"/>
+			<point x="470" y="0" type="line"/>
+			<point x="805" y="0" type="line"/>
+		</contour>
+		<contour>
+			<point x="1245" y="1456" type="line"/>
+			<point x="38" y="1456" type="line"/>
+			<point x="38" y="1185" type="line"/>
+			<point x="1245" y="1185" type="line"/>
+		</contour>
+	</outline>
+</glyph>
diff --git a/Tests/cu2qu/data/RobotoSubset-Bold.ufo/glyphs/U_.glif b/Tests/cu2qu/data/RobotoSubset-Bold.ufo/glyphs/U_.glif
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..202f92f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/cu2qu/data/RobotoSubset-Bold.ufo/glyphs/U_.glif
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<glyph name="U" format="2">
+	<unicode hex="0055"/>
+	<advance width="1357"/>
+	<outline>
+		<contour>
+			<point x="911" y="1456" type="line"/>
+			<point x="911" y="505" type="line" smooth="yes"/>
+			<point x="911" y="325"/>
+			<point x="829" y="250"/>
+			<point x="679" y="250" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+			<point x="530" y="250"/>
+			<point x="445" y="325"/>
+			<point x="445" y="505" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+			<point x="445" y="1456" type="line"/>
+			<point x="109" y="1456" type="line"/>
+			<point x="109" y="505" type="line"/>
+			<point x="109" y="164"/>
+			<point x="342" y="-20"/>
+			<point x="679" y="-20" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+			<point x="1017" y="-20"/>
+			<point x="1246" y="164"/>
+			<point x="1246" y="505" type="curve"/>
+			<point x="1246" y="1456" type="line"/>
+		</contour>
+	</outline>
+</glyph>
diff --git a/Tests/cu2qu/data/RobotoSubset-Bold.ufo/glyphs/V_.glif b/Tests/cu2qu/data/RobotoSubset-Bold.ufo/glyphs/V_.glif
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c242ddd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/cu2qu/data/RobotoSubset-Bold.ufo/glyphs/V_.glif
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<glyph name="V" format="2">
+	<unicode hex="0056"/>
+	<advance width="1349"/>
+	<outline>
+		<contour>
+			<point x="659" y="343" type="line"/>
+			<point x="610" y="0" type="line"/>
+			<point x="854" y="0" type="line"/>
+			<point x="1350" y="1456" type="line"/>
+			<point x="976" y="1456" type="line"/>
+		</contour>
+		<contour>
+			<point x="372" y="1456" type="line"/>
+			<point x="0" y="1456" type="line"/>
+			<point x="493" y="0" type="line"/>
+			<point x="739" y="0" type="line"/>
+			<point x="688" y="343" type="line"/>
+		</contour>
+	</outline>
+</glyph>
diff --git a/Tests/cu2qu/data/RobotoSubset-Bold.ufo/glyphs/W_.glif b/Tests/cu2qu/data/RobotoSubset-Bold.ufo/glyphs/W_.glif
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5cf2b3a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/cu2qu/data/RobotoSubset-Bold.ufo/glyphs/W_.glif
@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<glyph name="W" format="2">
+	<unicode hex="0057"/>
+	<advance width="1784"/>
+	<outline>
+		<contour>
+			<point x="459" y="132" type="line"/>
+			<point x="498" y="0" type="line"/>
+			<point x="684" y="0" type="line"/>
+			<point x="993" y="1343" type="line"/>
+			<point x="918" y="1456" type="line"/>
+			<point x="748" y="1456" type="line"/>
+		</contour>
+		<contour>
+			<point x="359" y="1456" type="line"/>
+			<point x="26" y="1456" type="line"/>
+			<point x="340" y="0" type="line"/>
+			<point x="552" y="0" type="line"/>
+			<point x="601" y="122" type="line"/>
+		</contour>
+		<contour>
+			<point x="1183" y="129" type="line"/>
+			<point x="1230" y="0" type="line"/>
+			<point x="1442" y="0" type="line"/>
+			<point x="1755" y="1456" type="line"/>
+			<point x="1423" y="1456" type="line"/>
+		</contour>
+		<contour>
+			<point x="1032" y="1456" type="line"/>
+			<point x="863" y="1456" type="line"/>
+			<point x="785" y="1345" type="line"/>
+			<point x="1098" y="0" type="line"/>
+			<point x="1284" y="0" type="line"/>
+			<point x="1326" y="124" type="line"/>
+		</contour>
+	</outline>
+</glyph>
diff --git a/Tests/cu2qu/data/RobotoSubset-Bold.ufo/glyphs/X_.glif b/Tests/cu2qu/data/RobotoSubset-Bold.ufo/glyphs/X_.glif
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9682d90
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/cu2qu/data/RobotoSubset-Bold.ufo/glyphs/X_.glif
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<glyph name="X" format="2">
+	<unicode hex="0058"/>
+	<advance width="1306"/>
+	<outline>
+		<contour>
+			<point x="404" y="1456" type="line"/>
+			<point x="21" y="1456" type="line"/>
+			<point x="433" y="734" type="line"/>
+			<point x="10" y="0" type="line"/>
+			<point x="397" y="0" type="line"/>
+			<point x="653" y="493" type="line"/>
+			<point x="909" y="0" type="line"/>
+			<point x="1296" y="0" type="line"/>
+			<point x="873" y="734" type="line"/>
+			<point x="1285" y="1456" type="line"/>
+			<point x="902" y="1456" type="line"/>
+			<point x="653" y="972" type="line"/>
+		</contour>
+	</outline>
+</glyph>
diff --git a/Tests/cu2qu/data/RobotoSubset-Bold.ufo/glyphs/Y_.glif b/Tests/cu2qu/data/RobotoSubset-Bold.ufo/glyphs/Y_.glif
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0b738ae
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/cu2qu/data/RobotoSubset-Bold.ufo/glyphs/Y_.glif
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<glyph name="Y" format="2">
+	<unicode hex="0059"/>
+	<advance width="1280"/>
+	<outline>
+		<contour>
+			<point x="361" y="1456" type="line"/>
+			<point x="-2" y="1456" type="line"/>
+			<point x="470" y="523" type="line"/>
+			<point x="470" y="0" type="line"/>
+			<point x="810" y="0" type="line"/>
+			<point x="810" y="523" type="line"/>
+			<point x="1282" y="1456" type="line"/>
+			<point x="919" y="1456" type="line"/>
+			<point x="640" y="824" type="line"/>
+		</contour>
+	</outline>
+</glyph>
diff --git a/Tests/cu2qu/data/RobotoSubset-Bold.ufo/glyphs/Z_.glif b/Tests/cu2qu/data/RobotoSubset-Bold.ufo/glyphs/Z_.glif
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..82d6647
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/cu2qu/data/RobotoSubset-Bold.ufo/glyphs/Z_.glif
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<glyph name="Z" format="2">
+	<unicode hex="005A"/>
+	<advance width="1247"/>
+	<outline>
+		<contour>
+			<point x="1195" y="270" type="line"/>
+			<point x="149" y="270" type="line"/>
+			<point x="149" y="0" type="line"/>
+			<point x="1195" y="0" type="line"/>
+		</contour>
+		<contour>
+			<point x="1185" y="1276" type="line"/>
+			<point x="1185" y="1456" type="line"/>
+			<point x="954" y="1456" type="line"/>
+			<point x="69" y="185" type="line"/>
+			<point x="69" y="0" type="line"/>
+			<point x="309" y="0" type="line"/>
+		</contour>
+		<contour>
+			<point x="1075" y="1456" type="line"/>
+			<point x="66" y="1456" type="line"/>
+			<point x="66" y="1185" type="line"/>
+			<point x="1075" y="1185" type="line"/>
+		</contour>
+	</outline>
+</glyph>
diff --git a/Tests/cu2qu/data/RobotoSubset-Bold.ufo/glyphs/a.glif b/Tests/cu2qu/data/RobotoSubset-Bold.ufo/glyphs/a.glif
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..885bf08
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/cu2qu/data/RobotoSubset-Bold.ufo/glyphs/a.glif
@@ -0,0 +1,56 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<glyph name="a" format="2">
+	<unicode hex="0061"/>
+	<advance width="1091"/>
+	<outline>
+		<contour>
+			<point name="hr00" x="670" y="272" type="line"/>
+			<point x="670" y="169"/>
+			<point x="684" y="66"/>
+			<point x="715" y="0" type="curve"/>
+			<point x="1038" y="0" type="line"/>
+			<point x="1038" y="17" type="line"/>
+			<point x="1009" y="71"/>
+			<point x="993" y="132"/>
+			<point x="993" y="273" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+			<point x="993" y="716" type="line"/>
+			<point x="993" y="973"/>
+			<point x="803" y="1102"/>
+			<point x="548" y="1102" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+			<point x="262" y="1102"/>
+			<point x="78" y="950"/>
+			<point x="78" y="749" type="curve"/>
+			<point x="400" y="749" type="line"/>
+			<point x="400" y="828"/>
+			<point x="448" y="867"/>
+			<point x="531" y="867" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+			<point x="629" y="867"/>
+			<point x="670" y="809"/>
+			<point x="670" y="718" type="curve"/>
+		</contour>
+		<contour>
+			<point x="710" y="661" type="line"/>
+			<point x="558" y="661" type="line"/>
+			<point x="216" y="661"/>
+			<point x="53" y="528"/>
+			<point x="53" y="305" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+			<point x="53" y="113"/>
+			<point x="218" y="-20"/>
+			<point x="420" y="-20" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+			<point x="627" y="-20"/>
+			<point x="709" y="108"/>
+			<point x="758" y="214" type="curve"/>
+			<point x="683" y="352" type="line"/>
+			<point x="683" y="297"/>
+			<point x="612" y="220"/>
+			<point x="495" y="220" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+			<point x="424" y="220"/>
+			<point x="375" y="262"/>
+			<point x="375" y="323" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+			<point x="375" y="405"/>
+			<point x="425" y="481"/>
+			<point x="560" y="481" type="curve"/>
+			<point x="712" y="481" type="line"/>
+		</contour>
+	</outline>
+</glyph>
diff --git a/Tests/cu2qu/data/RobotoSubset-Bold.ufo/glyphs/b.glif b/Tests/cu2qu/data/RobotoSubset-Bold.ufo/glyphs/b.glif
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..728335c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/cu2qu/data/RobotoSubset-Bold.ufo/glyphs/b.glif
@@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<glyph name="b" format="2">
+	<unicode hex="0062"/>
+	<advance width="1153"/>
+	<outline>
+		<contour>
+			<point x="102" y="1536" type="line"/>
+			<point x="102" y="0" type="line"/>
+			<point x="391" y="0" type="line"/>
+			<point x="424" y="266" type="line"/>
+			<point x="424" y="1536" type="line"/>
+		</contour>
+		<contour>
+			<point x="1095" y="553" type="line"/>
+			<point x="1095" y="870"/>
+			<point x="961" y="1102"/>
+			<point x="673" y="1102" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+			<point x="412" y="1102"/>
+			<point x="306" y="856"/>
+			<point x="264" y="554" type="curve"/>
+			<point x="264" y="529" type="line"/>
+			<point x="306" y="225"/>
+			<point x="412" y="-20"/>
+			<point x="675" y="-20" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+			<point x="961" y="-20"/>
+			<point x="1095" y="205"/>
+			<point x="1095" y="532" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+		</contour>
+		<contour>
+			<point x="773" y="532" type="line"/>
+			<point x="773" y="358"/>
+			<point x="745" y="239"/>
+			<point x="594" y="239" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+			<point x="445" y="239"/>
+			<point x="394" y="335"/>
+			<point x="394" y="502" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+			<point x="394" y="581" type="line" smooth="yes"/>
+			<point x="394" y="744"/>
+			<point x="445" y="842"/>
+			<point x="592" y="842" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+			<point x="741" y="842"/>
+			<point x="773" y="710"/>
+			<point x="773" y="553" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+		</contour>
+	</outline>
+</glyph>
diff --git a/Tests/cu2qu/data/RobotoSubset-Bold.ufo/glyphs/c.glif b/Tests/cu2qu/data/RobotoSubset-Bold.ufo/glyphs/c.glif
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..33db728
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/cu2qu/data/RobotoSubset-Bold.ufo/glyphs/c.glif
@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<glyph name="c" format="2">
+	<unicode hex="0063"/>
+	<advance width="1066"/>
+	<outline>
+		<contour>
+			<point x="555" y="240" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+			<point x="404" y="240"/>
+			<point x="379" y="369"/>
+			<point x="379" y="529" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+			<point x="379" y="552" type="line" smooth="yes"/>
+			<point x="379" y="708"/>
+			<point x="405" y="842"/>
+			<point x="553" y="842" type="curve"/>
+			<point x="661" y="842"/>
+			<point x="714" y="765"/>
+			<point x="714" y="668" type="curve"/>
+			<point x="1016" y="668" type="line"/>
+			<point x="1016" y="943"/>
+			<point x="829" y="1102"/>
+			<point x="560" y="1102" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+			<point x="225" y="1102"/>
+			<point x="57" y="865"/>
+			<point x="57" y="552" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+			<point x="57" y="529" type="line" smooth="yes"/>
+			<point x="57" y="216"/>
+			<point x="225" y="-20"/>
+			<point x="562" y="-20" type="curve"/>
+			<point x="819" y="-20"/>
+			<point x="1016" y="142"/>
+			<point x="1016" y="386" type="curve"/>
+			<point x="714" y="386" type="line"/>
+			<point x="714" y="294"/>
+			<point x="653" y="240"/>
+		</contour>
+	</outline>
+</glyph>
diff --git a/Tests/cu2qu/data/RobotoSubset-Bold.ufo/glyphs/contents.plist b/Tests/cu2qu/data/RobotoSubset-Bold.ufo/glyphs/contents.plist
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..431aca7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/cu2qu/data/RobotoSubset-Bold.ufo/glyphs/contents.plist
@@ -0,0 +1,112 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<!DOCTYPE plist PUBLIC "-//Apple//DTD PLIST 1.0//EN" "http://www.apple.com/DTDs/PropertyList-1.0.dtd">
+<plist version="1.0">
+	<dict>
+		<key>A</key>
+		<string>A_.glif</string>
+		<key>B</key>
+		<string>B_.glif</string>
+		<key>C</key>
+		<string>C_.glif</string>
+		<key>D</key>
+		<string>D_.glif</string>
+		<key>E</key>
+		<string>E_.glif</string>
+		<key>F</key>
+		<string>F_.glif</string>
+		<key>G</key>
+		<string>G_.glif</string>
+		<key>H</key>
+		<string>H_.glif</string>
+		<key>I</key>
+		<string>I_.glif</string>
+		<key>J</key>
+		<string>J_.glif</string>
+		<key>K</key>
+		<string>K_.glif</string>
+		<key>L</key>
+		<string>L_.glif</string>
+		<key>M</key>
+		<string>M_.glif</string>
+		<key>N</key>
+		<string>N_.glif</string>
+		<key>O</key>
+		<string>O_.glif</string>
+		<key>P</key>
+		<string>P_.glif</string>
+		<key>Q</key>
+		<string>Q_.glif</string>
+		<key>R</key>
+		<string>R_.glif</string>
+		<key>S</key>
+		<string>S_.glif</string>
+		<key>T</key>
+		<string>T_.glif</string>
+		<key>U</key>
+		<string>U_.glif</string>
+		<key>V</key>
+		<string>V_.glif</string>
+		<key>W</key>
+		<string>W_.glif</string>
+		<key>X</key>
+		<string>X_.glif</string>
+		<key>Y</key>
+		<string>Y_.glif</string>
+		<key>Z</key>
+		<string>Z_.glif</string>
+		<key>a</key>
+		<string>a.glif</string>
+		<key>b</key>
+		<string>b.glif</string>
+		<key>c</key>
+		<string>c.glif</string>
+		<key>d</key>
+		<string>d.glif</string>
+		<key>e</key>
+		<string>e.glif</string>
+		<key>f</key>
+		<string>f.glif</string>
+		<key>g</key>
+		<string>g.glif</string>
+		<key>h</key>
+		<string>h.glif</string>
+		<key>i</key>
+		<string>i.glif</string>
+		<key>j</key>
+		<string>j.glif</string>
+		<key>k</key>
+		<string>k.glif</string>
+		<key>l</key>
+		<string>l.glif</string>
+		<key>m</key>
+		<string>m.glif</string>
+		<key>n</key>
+		<string>n.glif</string>
+		<key>o</key>
+		<string>o.glif</string>
+		<key>p</key>
+		<string>p.glif</string>
+		<key>q</key>
+		<string>q.glif</string>
+		<key>r</key>
+		<string>r.glif</string>
+		<key>s</key>
+		<string>s.glif</string>
+		<key>space</key>
+		<string>space.glif</string>
+		<key>t</key>
+		<string>t.glif</string>
+		<key>u</key>
+		<string>u.glif</string>
+		<key>v</key>
+		<string>v.glif</string>
+		<key>w</key>
+		<string>w.glif</string>
+		<key>x</key>
+		<string>x.glif</string>
+		<key>y</key>
+		<string>y.glif</string>
+		<key>z</key>
+		<string>z.glif</string>
+	</dict>
+</plist>
diff --git a/Tests/cu2qu/data/RobotoSubset-Bold.ufo/glyphs/d.glif b/Tests/cu2qu/data/RobotoSubset-Bold.ufo/glyphs/d.glif
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9c7ac79
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/cu2qu/data/RobotoSubset-Bold.ufo/glyphs/d.glif
@@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<glyph name="d" format="2">
+	<unicode hex="0064"/>
+	<advance width="1153"/>
+	<outline>
+		<contour>
+			<point x="728" y="248" type="line"/>
+			<point x="761" y="0" type="line"/>
+			<point x="1051" y="0" type="line"/>
+			<point x="1051" y="1536" type="line"/>
+			<point x="728" y="1536" type="line"/>
+		</contour>
+		<contour>
+			<point x="57" y="528" type="line"/>
+			<point x="57" y="213"/>
+			<point x="205" y="-20"/>
+			<point x="477" y="-20" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+			<point x="728" y="-20"/>
+			<point x="848" y="227"/>
+			<point x="889" y="520" type="curve"/>
+			<point x="889" y="545" type="line"/>
+			<point x="848" y="858"/>
+			<point x="728" y="1102"/>
+			<point x="479" y="1102" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+			<point x="205" y="1102"/>
+			<point x="57" y="878"/>
+			<point x="57" y="549" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+		</contour>
+		<contour>
+			<point x="379" y="549" type="line"/>
+			<point x="379" y="717"/>
+			<point x="427" y="842"/>
+			<point x="561" y="842" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+			<point x="695" y="842"/>
+			<point x="759" y="748"/>
+			<point x="759" y="572" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+			<point x="759" y="493" type="line" smooth="yes"/>
+			<point x="759" y="339"/>
+			<point x="694" y="240"/>
+			<point x="559" y="240" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+			<point x="423" y="240"/>
+			<point x="379" y="366"/>
+			<point x="379" y="528" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+		</contour>
+	</outline>
+</glyph>
diff --git a/Tests/cu2qu/data/RobotoSubset-Bold.ufo/glyphs/e.glif b/Tests/cu2qu/data/RobotoSubset-Bold.ufo/glyphs/e.glif
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..71ee028
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/cu2qu/data/RobotoSubset-Bold.ufo/glyphs/e.glif
@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<glyph name="e" format="2">
+	<unicode hex="0065"/>
+	<advance width="1113"/>
+	<outline>
+		<contour>
+			<point x="616" y="-20" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+			<point x="825" y="-20"/>
+			<point x="973" y="75"/>
+			<point x="1041" y="170" type="curve"/>
+			<point x="891" y="352" type="line"/>
+			<point x="827" y="272"/>
+			<point x="733" y="240"/>
+			<point x="637" y="240" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+			<point x="481" y="240"/>
+			<point x="387" y="345"/>
+			<point x="387" y="505" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+			<point x="387" y="543" type="line" smooth="yes"/>
+			<point x="387" y="704"/>
+			<point x="430" y="842"/>
+			<point x="579" y="842" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+			<point x="694" y="842"/>
+			<point x="753" y="779"/>
+			<point x="753" y="672" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+			<point x="753" y="646" type="line"/>
+			<point name="hr01" x="192" y="646" type="line"/>
+			<point x="192" y="435" type="line"/>
+			<point x="1068" y="435" type="line"/>
+			<point x="1068" y="572" type="line" smooth="yes"/>
+			<point x="1068" y="897"/>
+			<point x="890" y="1102"/>
+			<point x="581" y="1102" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+			<point x="246" y="1102"/>
+			<point x="65" y="859"/>
+			<point name="hr02" x="65" y="543" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+			<point x="65" y="505" type="line" smooth="yes"/>
+			<point x="65" y="221"/>
+			<point x="268" y="-20"/>
+		</contour>
+	</outline>
+</glyph>
diff --git a/Tests/cu2qu/data/RobotoSubset-Bold.ufo/glyphs/f.glif b/Tests/cu2qu/data/RobotoSubset-Bold.ufo/glyphs/f.glif
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..deeb2d6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/cu2qu/data/RobotoSubset-Bold.ufo/glyphs/f.glif
@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<glyph name="f" format="2">
+	<unicode hex="0066"/>
+	<advance width="740"/>
+	<outline>
+		<contour>
+			<point name="hr00" x="499" y="0" type="line"/>
+			<point x="499" y="1170" type="line"/>
+			<point x="499" y="1252"/>
+			<point x="555" y="1297"/>
+			<point x="655" y="1297" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+			<point x="691" y="1297"/>
+			<point x="716" y="1294"/>
+			<point x="740" y="1288" type="curve"/>
+			<point x="740" y="1536" type="line"/>
+			<point x="692" y="1548"/>
+			<point x="641" y="1557"/>
+			<point x="585" y="1557" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+			<point x="334" y="1557"/>
+			<point x="176" y="1421"/>
+			<point x="176" y="1170" type="curve"/>
+			<point x="176" y="0" type="line"/>
+		</contour>
+		<contour>
+			<point x="711" y="1082" type="line"/>
+			<point x="18" y="1082" type="line"/>
+			<point x="18" y="848" type="line"/>
+			<point x="711" y="848" type="line"/>
+		</contour>
+	</outline>
+</glyph>
diff --git a/Tests/cu2qu/data/RobotoSubset-Bold.ufo/glyphs/g.glif b/Tests/cu2qu/data/RobotoSubset-Bold.ufo/glyphs/g.glif
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7618721
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/cu2qu/data/RobotoSubset-Bold.ufo/glyphs/g.glif
@@ -0,0 +1,58 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<glyph name="g" format="2">
+	<unicode hex="0067"/>
+	<advance width="1176"/>
+	<outline>
+		<contour>
+			<point x="782" y="1082" type="line"/>
+			<point x="751" y="826" type="line"/>
+			<point x="751" y="44" type="line" smooth="yes"/>
+			<point x="751" y="-96"/>
+			<point x="669" y="-177"/>
+			<point x="521" y="-177" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+			<point x="411" y="-177"/>
+			<point x="326" y="-128"/>
+			<point x="268" y="-66" type="curve"/>
+			<point x="131" y="-264" type="line"/>
+			<point x="221" y="-370"/>
+			<point x="392" y="-426"/>
+			<point x="533" y="-426" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+			<point x="856" y="-426"/>
+			<point x="1074" y="-258"/>
+			<point x="1074" y="42" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+			<point x="1074" y="1082" type="line"/>
+		</contour>
+		<contour>
+			<point x="60" y="528" type="line"/>
+			<point x="60" y="213"/>
+			<point x="228" y="-20"/>
+			<point x="500" y="-20" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+			<point x="763" y="-20"/>
+			<point x="869" y="227"/>
+			<point x="912" y="520" type="curve"/>
+			<point x="912" y="545" type="line"/>
+			<point x="869" y="858"/>
+			<point x="795" y="1102"/>
+			<point x="502" y="1102" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+			<point x="228" y="1102"/>
+			<point x="60" y="878"/>
+			<point x="60" y="549" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+		</contour>
+		<contour>
+			<point x="382" y="549" type="line"/>
+			<point x="382" y="717"/>
+			<point x="450" y="842"/>
+			<point x="584" y="842" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+			<point x="731" y="842"/>
+			<point x="792" y="748"/>
+			<point x="792" y="572" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+			<point x="792" y="493" type="line" smooth="yes"/>
+			<point x="792" y="339"/>
+			<point x="731" y="240"/>
+			<point x="582" y="240" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+			<point x="446" y="240"/>
+			<point x="382" y="366"/>
+			<point x="382" y="528" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+		</contour>
+	</outline>
+</glyph>
diff --git a/Tests/cu2qu/data/RobotoSubset-Bold.ufo/glyphs/h.glif b/Tests/cu2qu/data/RobotoSubset-Bold.ufo/glyphs/h.glif
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..58e9754
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/cu2qu/data/RobotoSubset-Bold.ufo/glyphs/h.glif
@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<glyph name="h" format="2">
+	<unicode hex="0068"/>
+	<advance width="1153"/>
+	<outline>
+		<contour>
+			<point x="415" y="1536" type="line"/>
+			<point x="93" y="1536" type="line"/>
+			<point x="93" y="0" type="line"/>
+			<point x="415" y="0" type="line"/>
+		</contour>
+		<contour>
+			<point x="374" y="578" type="line"/>
+			<point x="374" y="729"/>
+			<point x="413" y="842"/>
+			<point x="573" y="842" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+			<point x="674" y="842"/>
+			<point x="733" y="806"/>
+			<point x="733" y="674" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+			<point x="733" y="0" type="line"/>
+			<point x="1056" y="0" type="line"/>
+			<point x="1056" y="672" type="line" smooth="yes"/>
+			<point x="1056" y="986"/>
+			<point x="909" y="1102"/>
+			<point x="695" y="1102" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+			<point x="454" y="1102"/>
+			<point x="295" y="880"/>
+			<point x="295" y="576" type="curve"/>
+		</contour>
+	</outline>
+</glyph>
diff --git a/Tests/cu2qu/data/RobotoSubset-Bold.ufo/glyphs/i.glif b/Tests/cu2qu/data/RobotoSubset-Bold.ufo/glyphs/i.glif
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..be7bc25
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/cu2qu/data/RobotoSubset-Bold.ufo/glyphs/i.glif
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<glyph name="i" format="2">
+	<unicode hex="0069"/>
+	<advance width="557"/>
+	<outline>
+		<contour>
+			<point x="440" y="1082" type="line"/>
+			<point x="117" y="1082" type="line"/>
+			<point x="117" y="0" type="line"/>
+			<point x="440" y="0" type="line"/>
+		</contour>
+		<contour>
+			<point x="98" y="1361" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+			<point x="98" y="1265"/>
+			<point x="170" y="1197"/>
+			<point x="277" y="1197" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+			<point x="384" y="1197"/>
+			<point x="456" y="1265"/>
+			<point x="456" y="1361" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+			<point x="456" y="1457"/>
+			<point x="384" y="1525"/>
+			<point x="277" y="1525" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+			<point x="170" y="1525"/>
+			<point x="98" y="1457"/>
+		</contour>
+	</outline>
+</glyph>
diff --git a/Tests/cu2qu/data/RobotoSubset-Bold.ufo/glyphs/j.glif b/Tests/cu2qu/data/RobotoSubset-Bold.ufo/glyphs/j.glif
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1ac2ef3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/cu2qu/data/RobotoSubset-Bold.ufo/glyphs/j.glif
@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<glyph name="j" format="2">
+	<unicode hex="006A"/>
+	<advance width="547"/>
+	<outline>
+		<contour>
+			<point x="122" y="1082" type="line"/>
+			<point x="122" y="-35" type="line"/>
+			<point x="122" y="-129"/>
+			<point x="73" y="-174"/>
+			<point x="-16" y="-174" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+			<point x="-49" y="-174"/>
+			<point x="-77" y="-170"/>
+			<point x="-110" y="-165" type="curve"/>
+			<point x="-110" y="-420" type="line"/>
+			<point x="-55" y="-433"/>
+			<point x="-10" y="-437"/>
+			<point x="45" y="-437" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+			<point x="294" y="-437"/>
+			<point x="445" y="-295"/>
+			<point x="445" y="-35" type="curve"/>
+			<point x="445" y="1082" type="line"/>
+		</contour>
+		<contour>
+			<point x="98" y="1361" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+			<point x="98" y="1265"/>
+			<point x="170" y="1197"/>
+			<point x="277" y="1197" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+			<point x="384" y="1197"/>
+			<point x="456" y="1265"/>
+			<point x="456" y="1361" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+			<point x="456" y="1457"/>
+			<point x="384" y="1525"/>
+			<point x="277" y="1525" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+			<point x="170" y="1525"/>
+			<point x="98" y="1457"/>
+		</contour>
+	</outline>
+</glyph>
diff --git a/Tests/cu2qu/data/RobotoSubset-Bold.ufo/glyphs/k.glif b/Tests/cu2qu/data/RobotoSubset-Bold.ufo/glyphs/k.glif
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9f329d4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/cu2qu/data/RobotoSubset-Bold.ufo/glyphs/k.glif
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<glyph name="k" format="2">
+	<unicode hex="006B"/>
+	<advance width="1112"/>
+	<outline>
+		<contour>
+			<point x="424" y="1537" type="line"/>
+			<point x="102" y="1537" type="line"/>
+			<point x="102" y="0" type="line"/>
+			<point x="424" y="0" type="line"/>
+		</contour>
+		<contour>
+			<point x="1112" y="1082" type="line"/>
+			<point x="726" y="1082" type="line"/>
+			<point x="465" y="766" type="line"/>
+			<point x="261" y="499" type="line"/>
+			<point x="394" y="285" type="line"/>
+			<point x="643" y="531" type="line"/>
+		</contour>
+		<contour>
+			<point x="771" y="0" type="line"/>
+			<point x="1140" y="0" type="line"/>
+			<point x="706" y="670" type="line"/>
+			<point x="473" y="493" type="line"/>
+		</contour>
+	</outline>
+</glyph>
diff --git a/Tests/cu2qu/data/RobotoSubset-Bold.ufo/glyphs/l.glif b/Tests/cu2qu/data/RobotoSubset-Bold.ufo/glyphs/l.glif
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3156475
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/cu2qu/data/RobotoSubset-Bold.ufo/glyphs/l.glif
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<glyph name="l" format="2">
+	<unicode hex="006C"/>
+	<advance width="557"/>
+	<outline>
+		<contour>
+			<point x="440" y="1536" type="line"/>
+			<point x="117" y="1536" type="line"/>
+			<point x="117" y="0" type="line"/>
+			<point x="440" y="0" type="line"/>
+		</contour>
+	</outline>
+</glyph>
diff --git a/Tests/cu2qu/data/RobotoSubset-Bold.ufo/glyphs/m.glif b/Tests/cu2qu/data/RobotoSubset-Bold.ufo/glyphs/m.glif
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..93ed63a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/cu2qu/data/RobotoSubset-Bold.ufo/glyphs/m.glif
@@ -0,0 +1,50 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<glyph name="m" format="2">
+	<unicode hex="006D"/>
+	<advance width="1767"/>
+	<outline>
+		<contour>
+			<point x="424" y="853" type="line"/>
+			<point x="404" y="1082" type="line"/>
+			<point x="102" y="1082" type="line"/>
+			<point x="102" y="0" type="line"/>
+			<point x="424" y="0" type="line"/>
+		</contour>
+		<contour>
+			<point x="383" y="578" type="line"/>
+			<point x="383" y="729"/>
+			<point x="452" y="842"/>
+			<point x="581" y="842" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+			<point x="670" y="842"/>
+			<point x="722" y="816"/>
+			<point x="722" y="679" type="curve"/>
+			<point x="722" y="0" type="line"/>
+			<point x="1044" y="0" type="line"/>
+			<point x="1044" y="722" type="line"/>
+			<point x="1044" y="992"/>
+			<point x="914" y="1102"/>
+			<point x="724" y="1102" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+			<point x="450" y="1102"/>
+			<point x="304" y="880"/>
+			<point x="304" y="576" type="curve"/>
+		</contour>
+		<contour>
+			<point x="1010" y="578" type="line"/>
+			<point x="1010" y="729"/>
+			<point x="1072" y="842"/>
+			<point x="1202" y="842" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+			<point x="1289" y="842"/>
+			<point x="1342" y="815"/>
+			<point x="1342" y="681" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+			<point x="1342" y="0" type="line"/>
+			<point x="1665" y="0" type="line"/>
+			<point x="1665" y="681" type="line" smooth="yes"/>
+			<point x="1665" y="995"/>
+			<point x="1526" y="1102"/>
+			<point x="1324" y="1102" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+			<point x="1050" y="1102"/>
+			<point x="911" y="880"/>
+			<point x="911" y="576" type="curve"/>
+		</contour>
+	</outline>
+</glyph>
diff --git a/Tests/cu2qu/data/RobotoSubset-Bold.ufo/glyphs/n.glif b/Tests/cu2qu/data/RobotoSubset-Bold.ufo/glyphs/n.glif
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..092570b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/cu2qu/data/RobotoSubset-Bold.ufo/glyphs/n.glif
@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<glyph name="n" format="2">
+	<unicode hex="006E"/>
+	<advance width="1153"/>
+	<outline>
+		<contour>
+			<point x="416" y="851" type="line"/>
+			<point x="396" y="1082" type="line"/>
+			<point x="94" y="1082" type="line"/>
+			<point x="94" y="0" type="line"/>
+			<point x="416" y="0" type="line"/>
+		</contour>
+		<contour>
+			<point x="375" y="578" type="line"/>
+			<point x="375" y="729"/>
+			<point x="431" y="842"/>
+			<point x="574" y="842" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+			<point x="675" y="842"/>
+			<point x="733" y="812"/>
+			<point x="733" y="682" type="curve"/>
+			<point x="733" y="0" type="line"/>
+			<point x="1056" y="0" type="line"/>
+			<point x="1056" y="681" type="line"/>
+			<point x="1056" y="995"/>
+			<point x="918" y="1102"/>
+			<point x="716" y="1102" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+			<point x="464" y="1102"/>
+			<point x="296" y="907"/>
+			<point x="296" y="576" type="curve"/>
+		</contour>
+	</outline>
+</glyph>
diff --git a/Tests/cu2qu/data/RobotoSubset-Bold.ufo/glyphs/o.glif b/Tests/cu2qu/data/RobotoSubset-Bold.ufo/glyphs/o.glif
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b5836f7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/cu2qu/data/RobotoSubset-Bold.ufo/glyphs/o.glif
@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<glyph name="o" format="2">
+	<unicode hex="006F"/>
+	<advance width="1153"/>
+	<outline>
+		<contour>
+			<point x="57" y="530" type="line"/>
+			<point x="57" y="214"/>
+			<point x="241" y="-20"/>
+			<point x="577" y="-20" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+			<point x="912" y="-20"/>
+			<point x="1095" y="214"/>
+			<point x="1095" y="530" type="curve"/>
+			<point x="1095" y="551" type="line"/>
+			<point x="1095" y="867"/>
+			<point x="912" y="1102"/>
+			<point x="575" y="1102" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+			<point x="241" y="1102"/>
+			<point x="57" y="867"/>
+			<point x="57" y="551" type="curve"/>
+		</contour>
+		<contour>
+			<point x="379" y="551" type="line"/>
+			<point x="379" y="709"/>
+			<point x="427" y="842"/>
+			<point x="575" y="842" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+			<point x="726" y="842"/>
+			<point x="773" y="709"/>
+			<point x="773" y="551" type="curve"/>
+			<point x="773" y="530" type="line"/>
+			<point x="773" y="367"/>
+			<point x="725" y="240"/>
+			<point x="577" y="240" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+			<point x="426" y="240"/>
+			<point x="379" y="367"/>
+			<point x="379" y="530" type="curve"/>
+		</contour>
+	</outline>
+</glyph>
diff --git a/Tests/cu2qu/data/RobotoSubset-Bold.ufo/glyphs/p.glif b/Tests/cu2qu/data/RobotoSubset-Bold.ufo/glyphs/p.glif
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4989434
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/cu2qu/data/RobotoSubset-Bold.ufo/glyphs/p.glif
@@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<glyph name="p" format="2">
+	<unicode hex="0070"/>
+	<advance width="1153"/>
+	<outline>
+		<contour>
+			<point x="424" y="874" type="line"/>
+			<point x="402" y="1082" type="line"/>
+			<point x="102" y="1082" type="line"/>
+			<point x="102" y="-416" type="line"/>
+			<point x="424" y="-416" type="line"/>
+		</contour>
+		<contour>
+			<point x="1095" y="554" type="line"/>
+			<point x="1095" y="883"/>
+			<point x="948" y="1102"/>
+			<point x="673" y="1102" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+			<point x="412" y="1102"/>
+			<point x="306" y="863"/>
+			<point x="264" y="550" type="curve"/>
+			<point x="264" y="523" type="line"/>
+			<point x="306" y="231"/>
+			<point x="412" y="-20"/>
+			<point x="675" y="-20" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+			<point x="948" y="-20"/>
+			<point x="1095" y="218"/>
+			<point x="1095" y="533" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+		</contour>
+		<contour>
+			<point x="773" y="533" type="line"/>
+			<point x="773" y="371"/>
+			<point x="729" y="240"/>
+			<point x="594" y="240" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+			<point x="445" y="240"/>
+			<point x="394" y="343"/>
+			<point x="394" y="495" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+			<point x="394" y="577" type="line" smooth="yes"/>
+			<point x="394" y="753"/>
+			<point x="445" y="842"/>
+			<point x="592" y="842" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+			<point x="725" y="842"/>
+			<point x="773" y="722"/>
+			<point x="773" y="554" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+		</contour>
+	</outline>
+</glyph>
diff --git a/Tests/cu2qu/data/RobotoSubset-Bold.ufo/glyphs/q.glif b/Tests/cu2qu/data/RobotoSubset-Bold.ufo/glyphs/q.glif
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..78a3914
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/cu2qu/data/RobotoSubset-Bold.ufo/glyphs/q.glif
@@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<glyph name="q" format="2">
+	<unicode hex="0071"/>
+	<advance width="1153"/>
+	<outline>
+		<contour>
+			<point x="728" y="-416" type="line"/>
+			<point x="1051" y="-416" type="line"/>
+			<point x="1051" y="1082" type="line"/>
+			<point x="771" y="1082" type="line"/>
+			<point x="728" y="855" type="line"/>
+		</contour>
+		<contour>
+			<point x="57" y="531" type="line"/>
+			<point x="57" y="216"/>
+			<point x="205" y="-20"/>
+			<point x="477" y="-20" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+			<point x="740" y="-20"/>
+			<point x="846" y="230"/>
+			<point x="889" y="523" type="curve"/>
+			<point x="889" y="548" type="line"/>
+			<point x="846" y="861"/>
+			<point x="740" y="1102"/>
+			<point x="479" y="1102" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+			<point x="205" y="1102"/>
+			<point x="57" y="881"/>
+			<point x="57" y="552" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+		</contour>
+		<contour>
+			<point x="379" y="552" type="line"/>
+			<point x="379" y="720"/>
+			<point x="427" y="842"/>
+			<point x="561" y="842" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+			<point x="708" y="842"/>
+			<point x="759" y="751"/>
+			<point x="759" y="575" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+			<point x="759" y="496" type="line" smooth="yes"/>
+			<point x="759" y="342"/>
+			<point x="708" y="240"/>
+			<point x="559" y="240" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+			<point x="423" y="240"/>
+			<point x="379" y="369"/>
+			<point x="379" y="531" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+		</contour>
+	</outline>
+</glyph>
diff --git a/Tests/cu2qu/data/RobotoSubset-Bold.ufo/glyphs/r.glif b/Tests/cu2qu/data/RobotoSubset-Bold.ufo/glyphs/r.glif
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e4e388a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/cu2qu/data/RobotoSubset-Bold.ufo/glyphs/r.glif
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<glyph name="r" format="2">
+	<unicode hex="0072"/>
+	<advance width="767"/>
+	<outline>
+		<contour>
+			<point x="424" y="814" type="line"/>
+			<point x="404" y="1082" type="line"/>
+			<point x="102" y="1082" type="line"/>
+			<point x="102" y="0" type="line"/>
+			<point x="424" y="0" type="line"/>
+		</contour>
+		<contour>
+			<point x="745" y="1090" type="line"/>
+			<point x="721" y="1098"/>
+			<point x="685" y="1102"/>
+			<point x="653" y="1102" type="curve"/>
+			<point x="459" y="1102"/>
+			<point x="343" y="902"/>
+			<point x="343" y="612" type="curve"/>
+			<point x="403" y="572" type="line"/>
+			<point x="403" y="714"/>
+			<point x="472" y="785"/>
+			<point x="631" y="785" type="curve"/>
+			<point x="661" y="785"/>
+			<point x="712" y="780"/>
+			<point x="740" y="777" type="curve"/>
+		</contour>
+	</outline>
+</glyph>
diff --git a/Tests/cu2qu/data/RobotoSubset-Bold.ufo/glyphs/s.glif b/Tests/cu2qu/data/RobotoSubset-Bold.ufo/glyphs/s.glif
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c46d75c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/cu2qu/data/RobotoSubset-Bold.ufo/glyphs/s.glif
@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<glyph name="s" format="2">
+	<unicode hex="0073"/>
+	<advance width="1051"/>
+	<outline>
+		<contour>
+			<point x="673" y="304" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+			<point x="673" y="244"/>
+			<point x="622" y="203"/>
+			<point x="525" y="203" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+			<point x="424" y="203"/>
+			<point x="348" y="247"/>
+			<point x="344" y="347" type="curve"/>
+			<point x="42" y="347" type="line"/>
+			<point x="42" y="173"/>
+			<point x="208" y="-20"/>
+			<point x="517" y="-20" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+			<point x="803" y="-20"/>
+			<point x="984" y="123"/>
+			<point x="984" y="314" type="curve"/>
+			<point x="984" y="543"/>
+			<point x="792" y="619"/>
+			<point x="569" y="659" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+			<point x="435" y="683"/>
+			<point x="382" y="719"/>
+			<point x="382" y="777" type="curve"/>
+			<point x="382" y="839"/>
+			<point x="438" y="880"/>
+			<point x="516" y="880" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+			<point x="620" y="880"/>
+			<point x="662" y="832"/>
+			<point x="662" y="750" type="curve"/>
+			<point x="984" y="750" type="line"/>
+			<point x="984" y="958"/>
+			<point x="805" y="1102"/>
+			<point x="517" y="1102" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+			<point x="238" y="1102"/>
+			<point x="76" y="943"/>
+			<point x="76" y="760" type="curve"/>
+			<point x="76" y="570"/>
+			<point x="243" y="472"/>
+			<point x="458" y="426" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+			<point x="629" y="389"/>
+			<point x="673" y="359"/>
+		</contour>
+	</outline>
+</glyph>
diff --git a/Tests/cu2qu/data/RobotoSubset-Bold.ufo/glyphs/space.glif b/Tests/cu2qu/data/RobotoSubset-Bold.ufo/glyphs/space.glif
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..52850f2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/cu2qu/data/RobotoSubset-Bold.ufo/glyphs/space.glif
@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<glyph name="space" format="1">
+  <advance width="510"/>
+  <unicode hex="0020"/>
+  <outline>
+  </outline>
+  <lib>
+  <dict>
+  <key>com.typemytype.robofont.guides</key>
+  <array>
+    <dict>
+      <key>angle</key>
+      <real>0</real>
+      <key>isGlobal</key>
+      <false/>
+      <key>magnetic</key>
+      <integer>5</integer>
+      <key>x</key>
+      <real>0</real>
+      <key>y</key>
+      <real>901</real>
+    </dict>
+    <dict>
+      <key>angle</key>
+      <real>0</real>
+      <key>isGlobal</key>
+      <false/>
+      <key>magnetic</key>
+      <integer>5</integer>
+      <key>x</key>
+      <real>0</real>
+      <key>y</key>
+      <real>555</real>
+    </dict>
+  </array>
+  </dict>
+  </lib>
+</glyph>
diff --git a/Tests/cu2qu/data/RobotoSubset-Bold.ufo/glyphs/t.glif b/Tests/cu2qu/data/RobotoSubset-Bold.ufo/glyphs/t.glif
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2639d1d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/cu2qu/data/RobotoSubset-Bold.ufo/glyphs/t.glif
@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<glyph name="t" format="2">
+	<unicode hex="0074"/>
+	<advance width="700"/>
+	<outline>
+		<contour>
+			<point x="658" y="1082" type="line"/>
+			<point x="12" y="1082" type="line"/>
+			<point x="12" y="848" type="line"/>
+			<point x="658" y="848" type="line"/>
+		</contour>
+		<contour>
+			<point x="156" y="1351" type="line"/>
+			<point x="156" y="311" type="line"/>
+			<point x="156" y="76"/>
+			<point x="279" y="-20"/>
+			<point x="487" y="-20" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+			<point x="558" y="-20"/>
+			<point x="617" y="-10"/>
+			<point x="672" y="9" type="curve"/>
+			<point x="672" y="250" type="line"/>
+			<point x="650" y="246"/>
+			<point x="625" y="244"/>
+			<point x="588" y="244" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+			<point x="508" y="244"/>
+			<point x="478" y="267"/>
+			<point x="478" y="353" type="curve"/>
+			<point x="478" y="1351" type="line"/>
+		</contour>
+	</outline>
+</glyph>
diff --git a/Tests/cu2qu/data/RobotoSubset-Bold.ufo/glyphs/u.glif b/Tests/cu2qu/data/RobotoSubset-Bold.ufo/glyphs/u.glif
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4ee3072
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/cu2qu/data/RobotoSubset-Bold.ufo/glyphs/u.glif
@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<glyph name="u" format="2">
+	<unicode hex="0075"/>
+	<advance width="1153"/>
+	<outline>
+		<contour>
+			<point x="734" y="263" type="line"/>
+			<point x="755" y="0" type="line"/>
+			<point x="1057" y="0" type="line"/>
+			<point x="1057" y="1082" type="line"/>
+			<point x="734" y="1082" type="line"/>
+		</contour>
+		<contour>
+			<point x="767" y="483" type="line"/>
+			<point x="767" y="344"/>
+			<point x="718" y="240"/>
+			<point x="557" y="240" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+			<point x="469" y="240"/>
+			<point x="416" y="285"/>
+			<point x="416" y="380" type="curve"/>
+			<point x="416" y="1082" type="line"/>
+			<point x="94" y="1082" type="line"/>
+			<point x="94" y="382" type="line"/>
+			<point x="94" y="96"/>
+			<point x="241" y="-20"/>
+			<point x="455" y="-20" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+			<point x="716" y="-20"/>
+			<point x="854" y="194"/>
+			<point x="854" y="485" type="curve"/>
+		</contour>
+	</outline>
+</glyph>
diff --git a/Tests/cu2qu/data/RobotoSubset-Bold.ufo/glyphs/v.glif b/Tests/cu2qu/data/RobotoSubset-Bold.ufo/glyphs/v.glif
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2c06870
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/cu2qu/data/RobotoSubset-Bold.ufo/glyphs/v.glif
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<glyph name="v" format="2">
+	<unicode hex="0076"/>
+	<advance width="1051"/>
+	<outline>
+		<contour>
+			<point x="483" y="231" type="line"/>
+			<point x="483" y="0" type="line"/>
+			<point x="685" y="0" type="line"/>
+			<point x="1042" y="1082" type="line"/>
+			<point x="704" y="1082" type="line"/>
+		</contour>
+		<contour>
+			<point x="345" y="1082" type="line"/>
+			<point x="6" y="1082" type="line"/>
+			<point x="363" y="0" type="line"/>
+			<point x="565" y="0" type="line"/>
+			<point x="565" y="231" type="line"/>
+		</contour>
+	</outline>
+</glyph>
diff --git a/Tests/cu2qu/data/RobotoSubset-Bold.ufo/glyphs/w.glif b/Tests/cu2qu/data/RobotoSubset-Bold.ufo/glyphs/w.glif
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..08b32ac
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/cu2qu/data/RobotoSubset-Bold.ufo/glyphs/w.glif
@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<glyph name="w" format="2">
+	<unicode hex="0077"/>
+	<advance width="1493"/>
+	<outline>
+		<contour>
+			<point x="422" y="322" type="line"/>
+			<point x="392" y="0" type="line"/>
+			<point x="557" y="0" type="line"/>
+			<point x="764" y="701" type="line"/>
+			<point x="833" y="1082" type="line"/>
+			<point x="631" y="1082" type="line"/>
+		</contour>
+		<contour>
+			<point x="333" y="1082" type="line"/>
+			<point x="24" y="1082" type="line"/>
+			<point x="286" y="0" type="line"/>
+			<point x="483" y="0" type="line"/>
+			<point x="470" y="328" type="line"/>
+		</contour>
+		<contour>
+			<point x="1019" y="344" type="line"/>
+			<point x="1007" y="0" type="line"/>
+			<point x="1204" y="0" type="line"/>
+			<point x="1465" y="1082" type="line"/>
+			<point x="1156" y="1082" type="line"/>
+		</contour>
+		<contour>
+			<point x="858" y="1082" type="line"/>
+			<point x="661" y="1082" type="line"/>
+			<point x="727" y="699" type="line"/>
+			<point x="932" y="0" type="line"/>
+			<point x="1098" y="0" type="line"/>
+			<point x="1068" y="324" type="line"/>
+		</contour>
+	</outline>
+</glyph>
diff --git a/Tests/cu2qu/data/RobotoSubset-Bold.ufo/glyphs/x.glif b/Tests/cu2qu/data/RobotoSubset-Bold.ufo/glyphs/x.glif
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0a5d8b6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/cu2qu/data/RobotoSubset-Bold.ufo/glyphs/x.glif
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<glyph name="x" format="2">
+	<unicode hex="0078"/>
+	<advance width="1051"/>
+	<outline>
+		<contour>
+			<point x="370" y="1082" type="line"/>
+			<point x="30" y="1082" type="line"/>
+			<point x="321" y="555" type="line"/>
+			<point x="15" y="0" type="line"/>
+			<point x="355" y="0" type="line"/>
+			<point x="530" y="320" type="line"/>
+			<point x="707" y="0" type="line"/>
+			<point x="1046" y="0" type="line"/>
+			<point x="740" y="555" type="line"/>
+			<point x="1032" y="1082" type="line"/>
+			<point x="695" y="1082" type="line"/>
+			<point x="530" y="784" type="line"/>
+		</contour>
+	</outline>
+</glyph>
diff --git a/Tests/cu2qu/data/RobotoSubset-Bold.ufo/glyphs/y.glif b/Tests/cu2qu/data/RobotoSubset-Bold.ufo/glyphs/y.glif
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..01015df
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/cu2qu/data/RobotoSubset-Bold.ufo/glyphs/y.glif
@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<glyph name="y" format="2">
+	<unicode hex="0079"/>
+	<advance width="1051"/>
+	<outline>
+		<contour>
+			<point x="428" y="127" type="line"/>
+			<point x="347" y="-82" type="line"/>
+			<point x="324" y="-143"/>
+			<point x="285" y="-176"/>
+			<point x="175" y="-176" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+			<point x="160" y="-176"/>
+			<point x="147" y="-176"/>
+			<point x="131" y="-176" type="curve"/>
+			<point x="131" y="-417" type="line"/>
+			<point x="187" y="-432"/>
+			<point x="205" y="-437"/>
+			<point x="267" y="-437" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+			<point x="508" y="-437"/>
+			<point x="583" y="-270"/>
+			<point x="621" y="-161" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+			<point x="1055" y="1082" type="line"/>
+			<point x="710" y="1082" type="line"/>
+		</contour>
+		<contour>
+			<point x="343" y="1082" type="line"/>
+			<point x="-2" y="1082" type="line"/>
+			<point x="384" y="-32" type="line"/>
+			<point x="600" y="-32" type="line"/>
+			<point x="562" y="325" type="line"/>
+		</contour>
+	</outline>
+</glyph>
diff --git a/Tests/cu2qu/data/RobotoSubset-Bold.ufo/glyphs/z.glif b/Tests/cu2qu/data/RobotoSubset-Bold.ufo/glyphs/z.glif
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ab555dc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/cu2qu/data/RobotoSubset-Bold.ufo/glyphs/z.glif
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<glyph name="z" format="2">
+	<unicode hex="007A"/>
+	<advance width="1051"/>
+	<outline>
+		<contour>
+			<point x="981" y="260" type="line"/>
+			<point x="149" y="260" type="line"/>
+			<point x="149" y="0" type="line"/>
+			<point x="981" y="0" type="line"/>
+		</contour>
+		<contour>
+			<point x="969" y="900" type="line"/>
+			<point x="969" y="1082" type="line"/>
+			<point x="749" y="1082" type="line"/>
+			<point x="69" y="188" type="line"/>
+			<point x="69" y="0" type="line"/>
+			<point x="288" y="0" type="line"/>
+		</contour>
+		<contour>
+			<point x="861" y="1082" type="line"/>
+			<point x="88" y="1082" type="line"/>
+			<point x="88" y="822" type="line"/>
+			<point x="861" y="822" type="line"/>
+		</contour>
+	</outline>
+</glyph>
diff --git a/Tests/cu2qu/data/RobotoSubset-Bold.ufo/layercontents.plist b/Tests/cu2qu/data/RobotoSubset-Bold.ufo/layercontents.plist
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..03e5dde
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/cu2qu/data/RobotoSubset-Bold.ufo/layercontents.plist
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<!DOCTYPE plist PUBLIC "-//Apple//DTD PLIST 1.0//EN" "http://www.apple.com/DTDs/PropertyList-1.0.dtd">
+<plist version="1.0">
+	<array>
+		<array>
+			<string>public.default</string>
+			<string>glyphs</string>
+		</array>
+	</array>
+</plist>
diff --git a/Tests/cu2qu/data/RobotoSubset-Bold.ufo/lib.plist b/Tests/cu2qu/data/RobotoSubset-Bold.ufo/lib.plist
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5623ed1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/cu2qu/data/RobotoSubset-Bold.ufo/lib.plist
@@ -0,0 +1,62 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<!DOCTYPE plist PUBLIC "-//Apple//DTD PLIST 1.0//EN" "http://www.apple.com/DTDs/PropertyList-1.0.dtd">
+<plist version="1.0">
+	<dict>
+		<key>public.glyphOrder</key>
+		<array>
+			<string>space</string>
+			<string>A</string>
+			<string>B</string>
+			<string>C</string>
+			<string>D</string>
+			<string>E</string>
+			<string>F</string>
+			<string>G</string>
+			<string>H</string>
+			<string>I</string>
+			<string>J</string>
+			<string>K</string>
+			<string>L</string>
+			<string>M</string>
+			<string>N</string>
+			<string>O</string>
+			<string>P</string>
+			<string>Q</string>
+			<string>R</string>
+			<string>S</string>
+			<string>T</string>
+			<string>U</string>
+			<string>V</string>
+			<string>W</string>
+			<string>X</string>
+			<string>Y</string>
+			<string>Z</string>
+			<string>a</string>
+			<string>b</string>
+			<string>c</string>
+			<string>d</string>
+			<string>e</string>
+			<string>f</string>
+			<string>g</string>
+			<string>h</string>
+			<string>i</string>
+			<string>j</string>
+			<string>k</string>
+			<string>l</string>
+			<string>m</string>
+			<string>n</string>
+			<string>o</string>
+			<string>p</string>
+			<string>q</string>
+			<string>r</string>
+			<string>s</string>
+			<string>t</string>
+			<string>u</string>
+			<string>v</string>
+			<string>w</string>
+			<string>x</string>
+			<string>y</string>
+			<string>z</string>
+		</array>
+	</dict>
+</plist>
diff --git a/Tests/cu2qu/data/RobotoSubset-Bold.ufo/metainfo.plist b/Tests/cu2qu/data/RobotoSubset-Bold.ufo/metainfo.plist
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..edfd637
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/cu2qu/data/RobotoSubset-Bold.ufo/metainfo.plist
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<!DOCTYPE plist PUBLIC "-//Apple//DTD PLIST 1.0//EN" "http://www.apple.com/DTDs/PropertyList-1.0.dtd">
+<plist version="1.0">
+	<dict>
+		<key>creator</key>
+		<string>org.robofab.ufoLib</string>
+		<key>formatVersion</key>
+		<integer>3</integer>
+	</dict>
+</plist>
diff --git a/Tests/cu2qu/data/RobotoSubset-Regular.ufo/fontinfo.plist b/Tests/cu2qu/data/RobotoSubset-Regular.ufo/fontinfo.plist
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..28e318e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/cu2qu/data/RobotoSubset-Regular.ufo/fontinfo.plist
@@ -0,0 +1,214 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<!DOCTYPE plist PUBLIC "-//Apple//DTD PLIST 1.0//EN" "http://www.apple.com/DTDs/PropertyList-1.0.dtd">
+<plist version="1.0">
+	<dict>
+		<key>ascender</key>
+		<integer>2146</integer>
+		<key>capHeight</key>
+		<integer>1456</integer>
+		<key>copyright</key>
+		<string>Copyright 2011 Google Inc. All Rights Reserved.</string>
+		<key>descender</key>
+		<integer>-555</integer>
+		<key>familyName</key>
+		<string>RobotoSubset</string>
+		<key>guidelines</key>
+		<array>
+		</array>
+		<key>italicAngle</key>
+		<integer>0</integer>
+		<key>openTypeHeadCreated</key>
+		<string>2008/09/12 12:29:34</string>
+		<key>openTypeHeadFlags</key>
+		<array>
+			<integer>0</integer>
+			<integer>1</integer>
+			<integer>3</integer>
+			<integer>4</integer>
+		</array>
+		<key>openTypeHeadLowestRecPPEM</key>
+		<integer>9</integer>
+		<key>openTypeHheaAscender</key>
+		<integer>1900</integer>
+		<key>openTypeHheaDescender</key>
+		<integer>-500</integer>
+		<key>openTypeHheaLineGap</key>
+		<integer>0</integer>
+		<key>openTypeNameDescription</key>
+		<string></string>
+		<key>openTypeNameDesigner</key>
+		<string></string>
+		<key>openTypeNameDesignerURL</key>
+		<string></string>
+		<key>openTypeNameLicense</key>
+		<string></string>
+		<key>openTypeNameLicenseURL</key>
+		<string></string>
+		<key>openTypeNameManufacturer</key>
+		<string></string>
+		<key>openTypeNameManufacturerURL</key>
+		<string></string>
+		<key>openTypeNameSampleText</key>
+		<string></string>
+		<key>openTypeOS2CodePageRanges</key>
+		<array>
+			<integer>0</integer>
+			<integer>1</integer>
+			<integer>2</integer>
+			<integer>3</integer>
+			<integer>4</integer>
+			<integer>7</integer>
+			<integer>8</integer>
+			<integer>29</integer>
+		</array>
+		<key>openTypeOS2FamilyClass</key>
+		<array>
+			<integer>0</integer>
+			<integer>0</integer>
+		</array>
+		<key>openTypeOS2Panose</key>
+		<array>
+			<integer>2</integer>
+			<integer>0</integer>
+			<integer>0</integer>
+			<integer>0</integer>
+			<integer>0</integer>
+			<integer>0</integer>
+			<integer>0</integer>
+			<integer>0</integer>
+			<integer>0</integer>
+			<integer>0</integer>
+		</array>
+		<key>openTypeOS2Selection</key>
+		<array>
+		</array>
+		<key>openTypeOS2StrikeoutPosition</key>
+		<integer>512</integer>
+		<key>openTypeOS2StrikeoutSize</key>
+		<integer>102</integer>
+		<key>openTypeOS2SubscriptXOffset</key>
+		<integer>0</integer>
+		<key>openTypeOS2SubscriptXSize</key>
+		<integer>1434</integer>
+		<key>openTypeOS2SubscriptYOffset</key>
+		<integer>287</integer>
+		<key>openTypeOS2SubscriptYSize</key>
+		<integer>1331</integer>
+		<key>openTypeOS2SuperscriptXOffset</key>
+		<integer>0</integer>
+		<key>openTypeOS2SuperscriptXSize</key>
+		<integer>1434</integer>
+		<key>openTypeOS2SuperscriptYOffset</key>
+		<integer>977</integer>
+		<key>openTypeOS2SuperscriptYSize</key>
+		<integer>1331</integer>
+		<key>openTypeOS2Type</key>
+		<array>
+		</array>
+		<key>openTypeOS2TypoAscender</key>
+		<integer>2146</integer>
+		<key>openTypeOS2TypoDescender</key>
+		<integer>-555</integer>
+		<key>openTypeOS2TypoLineGap</key>
+		<integer>0</integer>
+		<key>openTypeOS2UnicodeRanges</key>
+		<array>
+			<integer>0</integer>
+			<integer>1</integer>
+			<integer>2</integer>
+			<integer>3</integer>
+			<integer>4</integer>
+			<integer>5</integer>
+			<integer>6</integer>
+			<integer>7</integer>
+			<integer>9</integer>
+			<integer>11</integer>
+			<integer>29</integer>
+			<integer>30</integer>
+			<integer>31</integer>
+			<integer>32</integer>
+			<integer>33</integer>
+			<integer>34</integer>
+			<integer>35</integer>
+			<integer>36</integer>
+			<integer>37</integer>
+			<integer>38</integer>
+			<integer>40</integer>
+			<integer>45</integer>
+			<integer>60</integer>
+			<integer>62</integer>
+			<integer>64</integer>
+			<integer>69</integer>
+		</array>
+		<key>openTypeOS2VendorID</key>
+		<string>GOOG</string>
+		<key>openTypeOS2WeightClass</key>
+		<integer>400</integer>
+		<key>openTypeOS2WidthClass</key>
+		<integer>5</integer>
+		<key>openTypeOS2WinAscent</key>
+		<integer>2146</integer>
+		<key>openTypeOS2WinDescent</key>
+		<integer>555</integer>
+		<key>postscriptBlueFuzz</key>
+		<integer>1</integer>
+		<key>postscriptBlueScale</key>
+		<real>0.039625</real>
+		<key>postscriptBlueShift</key>
+		<integer>7</integer>
+		<key>postscriptBlueValues</key>
+		<array>
+			<integer>-20</integer>
+			<integer>0</integer>
+			<integer>1082</integer>
+			<integer>1102</integer>
+			<integer>1456</integer>
+			<integer>1476</integer>
+		</array>
+		<key>postscriptDefaultCharacter</key>
+		<string>space</string>
+		<key>postscriptFamilyBlues</key>
+		<array>
+		</array>
+		<key>postscriptFamilyOtherBlues</key>
+		<array>
+		</array>
+		<key>postscriptForceBold</key>
+		<false/>
+		<key>postscriptIsFixedPitch</key>
+		<false/>
+		<key>postscriptOtherBlues</key>
+		<array>
+			<integer>-436</integer>
+			<integer>-416</integer>
+		</array>
+		<key>postscriptStemSnapH</key>
+		<array>
+			<integer>154</integer>
+		</array>
+		<key>postscriptStemSnapV</key>
+		<array>
+			<integer>196</integer>
+		</array>
+		<key>postscriptUnderlinePosition</key>
+		<integer>-150</integer>
+		<key>postscriptUnderlineThickness</key>
+		<integer>100</integer>
+		<key>postscriptUniqueID</key>
+		<integer>-1</integer>
+		<key>styleName</key>
+		<string>Regular</string>
+		<key>trademark</key>
+		<string></string>
+		<key>unitsPerEm</key>
+		<integer>2048</integer>
+		<key>versionMajor</key>
+		<integer>1</integer>
+		<key>versionMinor</key>
+		<integer>0</integer>
+		<key>xHeight</key>
+		<integer>1082</integer>
+		<key>year</key>
+		<integer>2017</integer>
+	</dict>
+</plist>
diff --git a/Tests/cu2qu/data/RobotoSubset-Regular.ufo/glyphs/A_.glif b/Tests/cu2qu/data/RobotoSubset-Regular.ufo/glyphs/A_.glif
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8f070f2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/cu2qu/data/RobotoSubset-Regular.ufo/glyphs/A_.glif
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<glyph name="A" format="2">
+	<unicode hex="0041"/>
+	<advance width="1349"/>
+	<outline>
+		<contour>
+			<point x="718" y="1320" type="line"/>
+			<point x="720" y="1456" type="line"/>
+			<point x="585" y="1456" type="line"/>
+			<point x="28" y="0" type="line"/>
+			<point x="241" y="0" type="line"/>
+		</contour>
+		<contour>
+			<point x="1110" y="0" type="line"/>
+			<point x="1323" y="0" type="line"/>
+			<point x="765" y="1456" type="line"/>
+			<point x="630" y="1456" type="line"/>
+			<point x="632" y="1320" type="line"/>
+		</contour>
+		<contour>
+			<point x="1099" y="543" type="line"/>
+			<point x="271" y="543" type="line"/>
+			<point x="271" y="376" type="line"/>
+			<point x="1099" y="376" type="line"/>
+		</contour>
+	</outline>
+</glyph>
diff --git a/Tests/cu2qu/data/RobotoSubset-Regular.ufo/glyphs/B_.glif b/Tests/cu2qu/data/RobotoSubset-Regular.ufo/glyphs/B_.glif
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2a5194a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/cu2qu/data/RobotoSubset-Regular.ufo/glyphs/B_.glif
@@ -0,0 +1,51 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<glyph name="B" format="2">
+	<unicode hex="0042"/>
+	<advance width="1280"/>
+	<outline>
+		<contour>
+			<point x="688" y="678" type="line"/>
+			<point x="755" y="726" type="line"/>
+			<point x="976" y="752"/>
+			<point x="1128" y="887"/>
+			<point x="1128" y="1067" type="curve"/>
+			<point x="1128" y="1339"/>
+			<point x="951" y="1456"/>
+			<point x="653" y="1456" type="curve"/>
+			<point x="166" y="1456" type="line"/>
+			<point x="166" y="0" type="line"/>
+			<point x="374" y="0" type="line"/>
+			<point x="374" y="1289" type="line"/>
+			<point x="653" y="1289" type="line"/>
+			<point x="834" y="1289"/>
+			<point x="920" y="1224"/>
+			<point x="920" y="1068" type="curve"/>
+			<point x="920" y="927"/>
+			<point x="812" y="841"/>
+			<point x="657" y="841" type="curve"/>
+			<point x="327" y="841" type="line"/>
+			<point x="329" y="678" type="line"/>
+		</contour>
+		<contour>
+			<point x="679" y="0" type="line"/>
+			<point x="973" y="0"/>
+			<point x="1164" y="148"/>
+			<point x="1164" y="422" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+			<point x="1164" y="610"/>
+			<point x="1048" y="764"/>
+			<point x="835" y="782" type="curve"/>
+			<point x="790" y="841" type="line"/>
+			<point x="411" y="841" type="line"/>
+			<point x="409" y="678" type="line"/>
+			<point x="688" y="678" type="line" smooth="yes"/>
+			<point x="877" y="678"/>
+			<point x="956" y="581"/>
+			<point x="956" y="420" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+			<point x="956" y="265"/>
+			<point x="855" y="166"/>
+			<point x="679" y="166" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+			<point x="364" y="166" type="line"/>
+			<point x="244" y="0" type="line"/>
+		</contour>
+	</outline>
+</glyph>
diff --git a/Tests/cu2qu/data/RobotoSubset-Regular.ufo/glyphs/C_.glif b/Tests/cu2qu/data/RobotoSubset-Regular.ufo/glyphs/C_.glif
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..eaabcee
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/cu2qu/data/RobotoSubset-Regular.ufo/glyphs/C_.glif
@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<glyph name="C" format="2">
+	<unicode hex="0043"/>
+	<advance width="1334"/>
+	<outline>
+		<contour>
+			<point x="1038" y="464" type="line"/>
+			<point x="1005" y="266"/>
+			<point x="933" y="146"/>
+			<point x="690" y="146" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+			<point x="434" y="146"/>
+			<point x="325" y="378"/>
+			<point x="325" y="658" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+			<point x="325" y="799" type="line" smooth="yes"/>
+			<point x="325" y="1104"/>
+			<point x="454" y="1309"/>
+			<point x="709" y="1309" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+			<point x="928" y="1309"/>
+			<point x="1009" y="1184"/>
+			<point x="1038" y="987" type="curve"/>
+			<point x="1246" y="987" type="line"/>
+			<point x="1216" y="1272"/>
+			<point x="1043" y="1476"/>
+			<point x="709" y="1476" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+			<point x="344" y="1476"/>
+			<point x="117" y="1207"/>
+			<point x="117" y="797" type="curve"/>
+			<point x="117" y="658" type="line"/>
+			<point x="117" y="248"/>
+			<point x="345" y="-20"/>
+			<point x="690" y="-20" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+			<point x="1046" y="-20"/>
+			<point x="1215" y="192"/>
+			<point x="1246" y="464" type="curve"/>
+		</contour>
+	</outline>
+</glyph>
diff --git a/Tests/cu2qu/data/RobotoSubset-Regular.ufo/glyphs/D_.glif b/Tests/cu2qu/data/RobotoSubset-Regular.ufo/glyphs/D_.glif
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b89cff9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/cu2qu/data/RobotoSubset-Regular.ufo/glyphs/D_.glif
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<glyph name="D" format="2">
+	<unicode hex="0044"/>
+	<advance width="1344"/>
+	<outline>
+		<contour>
+			<point x="559" y="0" type="line"/>
+			<point x="969" y="0"/>
+			<point x="1225" y="263"/>
+			<point x="1225" y="688" type="curve"/>
+			<point x="1225" y="767" type="line"/>
+			<point x="1225" y="1192"/>
+			<point x="965" y="1456"/>
+			<point x="578" y="1456" type="curve"/>
+			<point x="254" y="1456" type="line"/>
+			<point x="254" y="1289" type="line"/>
+			<point x="578" y="1289" type="line"/>
+			<point x="863" y="1289"/>
+			<point x="1019" y="1102"/>
+			<point x="1019" y="769" type="curve"/>
+			<point x="1019" y="688" type="line" smooth="yes"/>
+			<point x="1019" y="371"/>
+			<point x="869" y="166"/>
+			<point x="559" y="166" type="curve"/>
+			<point x="262" y="166" type="line"/>
+			<point x="260" y="0" type="line"/>
+		</contour>
+		<contour>
+			<point x="374" y="1456" type="line"/>
+			<point x="166" y="1456" type="line"/>
+			<point x="166" y="0" type="line"/>
+			<point x="374" y="0" type="line"/>
+		</contour>
+	</outline>
+</glyph>
diff --git a/Tests/cu2qu/data/RobotoSubset-Regular.ufo/glyphs/E_.glif b/Tests/cu2qu/data/RobotoSubset-Regular.ufo/glyphs/E_.glif
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..14f1ad9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/cu2qu/data/RobotoSubset-Regular.ufo/glyphs/E_.glif
@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<glyph name="E" format="2">
+	<unicode hex="0045"/>
+	<advance width="1164"/>
+	<outline>
+		<contour>
+			<point x="1095" y="166" type="line"/>
+			<point x="335" y="166" type="line"/>
+			<point x="335" y="0" type="line"/>
+			<point x="1095" y="0" type="line"/>
+		</contour>
+		<contour>
+			<point x="374" y="1456" type="line"/>
+			<point x="166" y="1456" type="line"/>
+			<point x="166" y="0" type="line"/>
+			<point x="374" y="0" type="line"/>
+		</contour>
+		<contour>
+			<point x="993" y="835" type="line"/>
+			<point x="335" y="835" type="line"/>
+			<point x="335" y="669" type="line"/>
+			<point x="993" y="669" type="line"/>
+		</contour>
+		<contour>
+			<point x="1084" y="1456" type="line"/>
+			<point x="335" y="1456" type="line"/>
+			<point x="335" y="1289" type="line"/>
+			<point x="1084" y="1289" type="line"/>
+		</contour>
+	</outline>
+</glyph>
diff --git a/Tests/cu2qu/data/RobotoSubset-Regular.ufo/glyphs/F_.glif b/Tests/cu2qu/data/RobotoSubset-Regular.ufo/glyphs/F_.glif
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..77ffdb8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/cu2qu/data/RobotoSubset-Regular.ufo/glyphs/F_.glif
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<glyph name="F" format="2">
+	<unicode hex="0046"/>
+	<advance width="1128"/>
+	<outline>
+		<contour>
+			<point x="374" y="1456" type="line"/>
+			<point x="166" y="1456" type="line"/>
+			<point x="166" y="0" type="line"/>
+			<point x="374" y="0" type="line"/>
+		</contour>
+		<contour>
+			<point x="969" y="803" type="line"/>
+			<point x="332" y="803" type="line"/>
+			<point x="332" y="637" type="line"/>
+			<point x="969" y="637" type="line"/>
+		</contour>
+		<contour>
+			<point x="1068" y="1456" type="line"/>
+			<point x="332" y="1456" type="line"/>
+			<point x="332" y="1289" type="line"/>
+			<point x="1068" y="1289" type="line"/>
+		</contour>
+	</outline>
+</glyph>
diff --git a/Tests/cu2qu/data/RobotoSubset-Regular.ufo/glyphs/G_.glif b/Tests/cu2qu/data/RobotoSubset-Regular.ufo/glyphs/G_.glif
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..dd03d17
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/cu2qu/data/RobotoSubset-Regular.ufo/glyphs/G_.glif
@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<glyph name="G" format="2">
+	<unicode hex="0047"/>
+	<advance width="1394"/>
+	<outline>
+		<contour>
+			<point x="1247" y="731" type="line"/>
+			<point x="715" y="731" type="line"/>
+			<point x="715" y="566" type="line"/>
+			<point x="1040" y="566" type="line"/>
+			<point x="1040" y="248" type="line"/>
+			<point x="1002" y="206"/>
+			<point x="934" y="146"/>
+			<point x="731" y="146" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+			<point x="489" y="146"/>
+			<point x="326" y="341"/>
+			<point x="326" y="676" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+			<point x="326" y="781" type="line" smooth="yes"/>
+			<point x="326" y="1108"/>
+			<point x="440" y="1309"/>
+			<point x="708" y="1309" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+			<point x="922" y="1309"/>
+			<point x="1012" y="1181"/>
+			<point x="1039" y="1027" type="curve"/>
+			<point x="1247" y="1027" type="line"/>
+			<point x="1209" y="1287"/>
+			<point x="1042" y="1476"/>
+			<point x="707" y="1476" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+			<point x="325" y="1476"/>
+			<point x="117" y="1219"/>
+			<point x="117" y="779" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+			<point x="117" y="676" type="line" smooth="yes"/>
+			<point x="117" y="236"/>
+			<point x="373" y="-20"/>
+			<point x="730" y="-20" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+			<point x="1061" y="-20"/>
+			<point x="1191" y="114"/>
+			<point x="1247" y="195" type="curve"/>
+		</contour>
+	</outline>
+</glyph>
diff --git a/Tests/cu2qu/data/RobotoSubset-Regular.ufo/glyphs/H_.glif b/Tests/cu2qu/data/RobotoSubset-Regular.ufo/glyphs/H_.glif
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..fa6876c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/cu2qu/data/RobotoSubset-Regular.ufo/glyphs/H_.glif
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<glyph name="H" format="2">
+	<unicode hex="0048"/>
+	<advance width="1463"/>
+	<outline>
+		<contour>
+			<point x="1110" y="835" type="line"/>
+			<point x="344" y="835" type="line"/>
+			<point x="344" y="669" type="line"/>
+			<point x="1110" y="669" type="line"/>
+		</contour>
+		<contour>
+			<point x="374" y="1456" type="line"/>
+			<point x="166" y="1456" type="line"/>
+			<point x="166" y="0" type="line"/>
+			<point x="374" y="0" type="line"/>
+		</contour>
+		<contour>
+			<point x="1294" y="1456" type="line"/>
+			<point x="1086" y="1456" type="line"/>
+			<point x="1086" y="0" type="line"/>
+			<point x="1294" y="0" type="line"/>
+		</contour>
+	</outline>
+</glyph>
diff --git a/Tests/cu2qu/data/RobotoSubset-Regular.ufo/glyphs/I_.glif b/Tests/cu2qu/data/RobotoSubset-Regular.ufo/glyphs/I_.glif
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..cdf1ebf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/cu2qu/data/RobotoSubset-Regular.ufo/glyphs/I_.glif
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<glyph name="I" format="2">
+	<unicode hex="0049"/>
+	<advance width="560"/>
+	<outline>
+		<contour>
+			<point x="385" y="1456" type="line"/>
+			<point x="177" y="1456" type="line"/>
+			<point x="177" y="0" type="line"/>
+			<point x="385" y="0" type="line"/>
+		</contour>
+	</outline>
+</glyph>
diff --git a/Tests/cu2qu/data/RobotoSubset-Regular.ufo/glyphs/J_.glif b/Tests/cu2qu/data/RobotoSubset-Regular.ufo/glyphs/J_.glif
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..34346b7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/cu2qu/data/RobotoSubset-Regular.ufo/glyphs/J_.glif
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<glyph name="J" format="2">
+	<unicode hex="004A"/>
+	<advance width="1131"/>
+	<outline>
+		<contour>
+			<point x="769" y="424" type="line"/>
+			<point x="769" y="242"/>
+			<point x="660" y="146"/>
+			<point x="513" y="146" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+			<point x="366" y="146"/>
+			<point x="257" y="224"/>
+			<point x="257" y="403" type="curve"/>
+			<point x="49" y="403" type="line"/>
+			<point x="49" y="116"/>
+			<point x="244" y="-20"/>
+			<point x="513" y="-20" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+			<point x="784" y="-20"/>
+			<point x="977" y="136"/>
+			<point x="977" y="424" type="curve"/>
+			<point x="977" y="1456" type="line"/>
+			<point x="769" y="1456" type="line"/>
+		</contour>
+	</outline>
+</glyph>
diff --git a/Tests/cu2qu/data/RobotoSubset-Regular.ufo/glyphs/K_.glif b/Tests/cu2qu/data/RobotoSubset-Regular.ufo/glyphs/K_.glif
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2c27124
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/cu2qu/data/RobotoSubset-Regular.ufo/glyphs/K_.glif
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<glyph name="K" format="2">
+	<unicode hex="004B"/>
+	<advance width="1283"/>
+	<outline>
+		<contour>
+			<point x="374" y="1456" type="line"/>
+			<point x="166" y="1456" type="line"/>
+			<point x="166" y="0" type="line"/>
+			<point x="374" y="0" type="line"/>
+		</contour>
+		<contour>
+			<point x="1248" y="1456" type="line"/>
+			<point x="999" y="1456" type="line"/>
+			<point x="523" y="918" type="line"/>
+			<point x="267" y="632" type="line"/>
+			<point x="303" y="415" type="line"/>
+			<point x="648" y="775" type="line"/>
+		</contour>
+		<contour>
+			<point x="1044" y="0" type="line"/>
+			<point x="1292" y="0" type="line"/>
+			<point x="645" y="866" type="line"/>
+			<point x="521" y="703" type="line"/>
+		</contour>
+	</outline>
+</glyph>
diff --git a/Tests/cu2qu/data/RobotoSubset-Regular.ufo/glyphs/L_.glif b/Tests/cu2qu/data/RobotoSubset-Regular.ufo/glyphs/L_.glif
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..85d578d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/cu2qu/data/RobotoSubset-Regular.ufo/glyphs/L_.glif
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<glyph name="L" format="2">
+	<unicode hex="004C"/>
+	<advance width="1108"/>
+	<outline>
+		<contour>
+			<point x="1058" y="166" type="line"/>
+			<point x="335" y="166" type="line"/>
+			<point x="335" y="0" type="line"/>
+			<point x="1058" y="0" type="line"/>
+		</contour>
+		<contour>
+			<point x="374" y="1456" type="line"/>
+			<point x="166" y="1456" type="line"/>
+			<point x="166" y="0" type="line"/>
+			<point x="374" y="0" type="line"/>
+		</contour>
+	</outline>
+</glyph>
diff --git a/Tests/cu2qu/data/RobotoSubset-Regular.ufo/glyphs/M_.glif b/Tests/cu2qu/data/RobotoSubset-Regular.ufo/glyphs/M_.glif
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f67a855
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/cu2qu/data/RobotoSubset-Regular.ufo/glyphs/M_.glif
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<glyph name="M" format="2">
+	<unicode hex="004D"/>
+	<advance width="1792"/>
+	<outline>
+		<contour>
+			<point x="231" y="1456" type="line"/>
+			<point x="816" y="0" type="line"/>
+			<point x="974" y="0" type="line"/>
+			<point x="1560" y="1456" type="line"/>
+			<point x="1358" y="1456" type="line"/>
+			<point x="896" y="285" type="line"/>
+			<point x="433" y="1456" type="line"/>
+		</contour>
+		<contour>
+			<point x="166" y="1456" type="line"/>
+			<point x="166" y="0" type="line"/>
+			<point x="373" y="0" type="line"/>
+			<point x="373" y="556" type="line"/>
+			<point x="343" y="1456" type="line"/>
+		</contour>
+		<contour>
+			<point x="1448" y="1456" type="line"/>
+			<point x="1418" y="556" type="line"/>
+			<point x="1418" y="0" type="line"/>
+			<point x="1625" y="0" type="line"/>
+			<point x="1625" y="1456" type="line"/>
+		</contour>
+	</outline>
+</glyph>
diff --git a/Tests/cu2qu/data/RobotoSubset-Regular.ufo/glyphs/N_.glif b/Tests/cu2qu/data/RobotoSubset-Regular.ufo/glyphs/N_.glif
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..70b3869
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/cu2qu/data/RobotoSubset-Regular.ufo/glyphs/N_.glif
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<glyph name="N" format="2">
+	<unicode hex="004E"/>
+	<advance width="1462"/>
+	<outline>
+		<contour>
+			<point x="1293" y="1456" type="line"/>
+			<point x="1087" y="1456" type="line"/>
+			<point x="1087" y="350" type="line"/>
+			<point x="374" y="1456" type="line"/>
+			<point x="166" y="1456" type="line"/>
+			<point x="166" y="0" type="line"/>
+			<point x="374" y="0" type="line"/>
+			<point x="374" y="1102" type="line"/>
+			<point x="1084" y="0" type="line"/>
+			<point x="1293" y="0" type="line"/>
+		</contour>
+	</outline>
+</glyph>
diff --git a/Tests/cu2qu/data/RobotoSubset-Regular.ufo/glyphs/O_.glif b/Tests/cu2qu/data/RobotoSubset-Regular.ufo/glyphs/O_.glif
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6d87c26
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/cu2qu/data/RobotoSubset-Regular.ufo/glyphs/O_.glif
@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<glyph name="O" format="2">
+	<unicode hex="004F"/>
+	<advance width="1414"/>
+	<outline>
+		<contour>
+			<point x="1296" y="768" type="line"/>
+			<point x="1296" y="1209"/>
+			<point x="1063" y="1476"/>
+			<point x="706" y="1476" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+			<point x="360" y="1476"/>
+			<point x="117" y="1209"/>
+			<point x="117" y="768" type="curve"/>
+			<point x="117" y="687" type="line"/>
+			<point x="117" y="246"/>
+			<point x="362" y="-20"/>
+			<point x="708" y="-20" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+			<point x="1065" y="-20"/>
+			<point x="1296" y="246"/>
+			<point x="1296" y="687" type="curve"/>
+		</contour>
+		<contour>
+			<point x="1090" y="687" type="line"/>
+			<point x="1090" y="338"/>
+			<point x="952" y="153"/>
+			<point x="708" y="153" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+			<point x="478" y="153"/>
+			<point x="323" y="338"/>
+			<point x="323" y="687" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+			<point x="323" y="770" type="line" smooth="yes"/>
+			<point x="323" y="1117"/>
+			<point x="476" y="1302"/>
+			<point x="706" y="1302" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+			<point x="948" y="1302"/>
+			<point x="1090" y="1117"/>
+			<point x="1090" y="770" type="curve"/>
+		</contour>
+	</outline>
+</glyph>
diff --git a/Tests/cu2qu/data/RobotoSubset-Regular.ufo/glyphs/P_.glif b/Tests/cu2qu/data/RobotoSubset-Regular.ufo/glyphs/P_.glif
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..81622d1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/cu2qu/data/RobotoSubset-Regular.ufo/glyphs/P_.glif
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<glyph name="P" format="2">
+	<unicode hex="0050"/>
+	<advance width="1299"/>
+	<outline>
+		<contour>
+			<point x="712" y="567" type="line"/>
+			<point x="1044" y="567"/>
+			<point x="1227" y="727"/>
+			<point x="1227" y="1010" type="curve"/>
+			<point x="1227" y="1269"/>
+			<point x="1044" y="1456"/>
+			<point x="712" y="1456" type="curve"/>
+			<point x="166" y="1456" type="line"/>
+			<point x="166" y="0" type="line"/>
+			<point x="374" y="0" type="line"/>
+			<point x="374" y="1289" type="line"/>
+			<point x="712" y="1289" type="line"/>
+			<point x="930" y="1289"/>
+			<point x="1019" y="1153"/>
+			<point x="1019" y="1008" type="curve"/>
+			<point x="1019" y="846"/>
+			<point x="930" y="733"/>
+			<point x="712" y="733" type="curve"/>
+			<point x="329" y="733" type="line"/>
+			<point x="329" y="567" type="line"/>
+		</contour>
+	</outline>
+</glyph>
diff --git a/Tests/cu2qu/data/RobotoSubset-Regular.ufo/glyphs/Q_.glif b/Tests/cu2qu/data/RobotoSubset-Regular.ufo/glyphs/Q_.glif
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9dfc7f6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/cu2qu/data/RobotoSubset-Regular.ufo/glyphs/Q_.glif
@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<glyph name="Q" format="2">
+	<unicode hex="0051"/>
+	<advance width="1414"/>
+	<outline>
+		<contour>
+			<point x="918" y="176" type="line"/>
+			<point x="785" y="45" type="line"/>
+			<point x="1156" y="-245" type="line"/>
+			<point x="1297" y="-117" type="line"/>
+		</contour>
+		<contour>
+			<point x="1287" y="768" type="line"/>
+			<point x="1287" y="1209"/>
+			<point x="1054" y="1476"/>
+			<point x="696" y="1476" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+			<point x="350" y="1476"/>
+			<point x="107" y="1209"/>
+			<point x="107" y="768" type="curve"/>
+			<point x="107" y="687" type="line"/>
+			<point x="107" y="246"/>
+			<point x="352" y="-20"/>
+			<point x="698" y="-20" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+			<point x="1056" y="-20"/>
+			<point x="1287" y="246"/>
+			<point x="1287" y="687" type="curve"/>
+		</contour>
+		<contour>
+			<point x="1080" y="687" type="line"/>
+			<point x="1080" y="338"/>
+			<point x="942" y="153"/>
+			<point x="698" y="153" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+			<point x="469" y="153"/>
+			<point x="314" y="338"/>
+			<point x="314" y="687" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+			<point x="314" y="770" type="line" smooth="yes"/>
+			<point x="314" y="1117"/>
+			<point x="467" y="1302"/>
+			<point x="696" y="1302" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+			<point x="939" y="1302"/>
+			<point x="1080" y="1117"/>
+			<point x="1080" y="770" type="curve"/>
+		</contour>
+	</outline>
+</glyph>
diff --git a/Tests/cu2qu/data/RobotoSubset-Regular.ufo/glyphs/R_.glif b/Tests/cu2qu/data/RobotoSubset-Regular.ufo/glyphs/R_.glif
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8d35190
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/cu2qu/data/RobotoSubset-Regular.ufo/glyphs/R_.glif
@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<glyph name="R" format="2">
+	<unicode hex="0052"/>
+	<advance width="1253"/>
+	<outline>
+		<contour>
+			<point x="166" y="1456" type="line"/>
+			<point x="166" y="0" type="line"/>
+			<point x="374" y="0" type="line"/>
+			<point x="374" y="1289" type="line"/>
+			<point x="650" y="1289" type="line" smooth="yes"/>
+			<point x="868" y="1289"/>
+			<point x="956" y="1180"/>
+			<point x="956" y="1017" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+			<point x="956" y="869"/>
+			<point x="854" y="753"/>
+			<point x="651" y="753" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+			<point x="327" y="753" type="line"/>
+			<point x="329" y="587" type="line"/>
+			<point x="770" y="587" type="line"/>
+			<point x="827" y="609" type="line"/>
+			<point x="1039" y="666"/>
+			<point x="1164" y="818"/>
+			<point x="1164" y="1017" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+			<point x="1164" y="1303"/>
+			<point x="983" y="1456"/>
+			<point x="650" y="1456" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+		</contour>
+		<contour>
+			<point x="1006" y="0" type="line"/>
+			<point x="1229" y="0" type="line"/>
+			<point x="1229" y="12" type="line"/>
+			<point x="874" y="662" type="line"/>
+			<point x="657" y="662" type="line"/>
+		</contour>
+	</outline>
+</glyph>
diff --git a/Tests/cu2qu/data/RobotoSubset-Regular.ufo/glyphs/S_.glif b/Tests/cu2qu/data/RobotoSubset-Regular.ufo/glyphs/S_.glif
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8bc81ce
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/cu2qu/data/RobotoSubset-Regular.ufo/glyphs/S_.glif
@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<glyph name="S" format="2">
+	<unicode hex="0053"/>
+	<advance width="1216"/>
+	<outline>
+		<contour>
+			<point x="931" y="370" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+			<point x="931" y="232"/>
+			<point x="826" y="146"/>
+			<point x="631" y="146" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+			<point x="446" y="146"/>
+			<point x="287" y="232"/>
+			<point x="287" y="423" type="curve"/>
+			<point x="79" y="423" type="line"/>
+			<point x="79" y="136"/>
+			<point x="360" y="-20"/>
+			<point x="631" y="-20" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+			<point x="942" y="-20"/>
+			<point x="1140" y="135"/>
+			<point x="1140" y="372" type="curve"/>
+			<point x="1140" y="596"/>
+			<point x="998" y="727"/>
+			<point x="663" y="822" type="curve"/>
+			<point x="435" y="886"/>
+			<point x="334" y="959"/>
+			<point x="334" y="1079" type="curve"/>
+			<point x="334" y="1212"/>
+			<point x="423" y="1309"/>
+			<point x="621" y="1309" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+			<point x="834" y="1309"/>
+			<point x="930" y="1194"/>
+			<point x="930" y="1035" type="curve"/>
+			<point x="1138" y="1035" type="line"/>
+			<point x="1138" y="1260"/>
+			<point x="955" y="1476"/>
+			<point x="621" y="1476" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+			<point x="320" y="1476"/>
+			<point x="125" y="1303"/>
+			<point x="125" y="1076" type="curve"/>
+			<point x="125" y="851"/>
+			<point x="309" y="728"/>
+			<point x="596" y="644" type="curve"/>
+			<point x="865" y="565"/>
+			<point x="931" y="502"/>
+		</contour>
+	</outline>
+</glyph>
diff --git a/Tests/cu2qu/data/RobotoSubset-Regular.ufo/glyphs/T_.glif b/Tests/cu2qu/data/RobotoSubset-Regular.ufo/glyphs/T_.glif
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..dff2656
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/cu2qu/data/RobotoSubset-Regular.ufo/glyphs/T_.glif
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<glyph name="T" format="2">
+	<unicode hex="0054"/>
+	<advance width="1222"/>
+	<outline>
+		<contour>
+			<point x="715" y="1456" type="line"/>
+			<point x="509" y="1456" type="line"/>
+			<point x="509" y="0" type="line"/>
+			<point x="715" y="0" type="line"/>
+		</contour>
+		<contour>
+			<point x="1176" y="1456" type="line"/>
+			<point x="49" y="1456" type="line"/>
+			<point x="49" y="1289" type="line"/>
+			<point x="1176" y="1289" type="line"/>
+		</contour>
+	</outline>
+</glyph>
diff --git a/Tests/cu2qu/data/RobotoSubset-Regular.ufo/glyphs/U_.glif b/Tests/cu2qu/data/RobotoSubset-Regular.ufo/glyphs/U_.glif
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ee592bc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/cu2qu/data/RobotoSubset-Regular.ufo/glyphs/U_.glif
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<glyph name="U" format="2">
+	<unicode hex="0055"/>
+	<advance width="1324"/>
+	<outline>
+		<contour>
+			<point x="988" y="1456" type="line"/>
+			<point x="988" y="471" type="line" smooth="yes"/>
+			<point x="988" y="248"/>
+			<point x="860" y="146"/>
+			<point x="664" y="146" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+			<point x="470" y="146"/>
+			<point x="341" y="248"/>
+			<point x="341" y="471" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+			<point x="341" y="1456" type="line"/>
+			<point x="135" y="1456" type="line"/>
+			<point x="135" y="471" type="line"/>
+			<point x="135" y="143"/>
+			<point x="366" y="-20"/>
+			<point x="664" y="-20" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+			<point x="946" y="-20"/>
+			<point x="1196" y="143"/>
+			<point x="1196" y="471" type="curve"/>
+			<point x="1196" y="1456" type="line"/>
+		</contour>
+	</outline>
+</glyph>
diff --git a/Tests/cu2qu/data/RobotoSubset-Regular.ufo/glyphs/V_.glif b/Tests/cu2qu/data/RobotoSubset-Regular.ufo/glyphs/V_.glif
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..232cc55
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/cu2qu/data/RobotoSubset-Regular.ufo/glyphs/V_.glif
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<glyph name="V" format="2">
+	<unicode hex="0056"/>
+	<advance width="1313"/>
+	<outline>
+		<contour>
+			<point x="639" y="228" type="line"/>
+			<point x="588" y="0" type="line"/>
+			<point x="748" y="0" type="line"/>
+			<point x="1287" y="1456" type="line"/>
+			<point x="1061" y="1456" type="line"/>
+		</contour>
+		<contour>
+			<point x="254" y="1456" type="line"/>
+			<point x="28" y="1456" type="line"/>
+			<point x="566" y="0" type="line"/>
+			<point x="726" y="0" type="line"/>
+			<point x="672" y="228" type="line"/>
+		</contour>
+	</outline>
+</glyph>
diff --git a/Tests/cu2qu/data/RobotoSubset-Regular.ufo/glyphs/W_.glif b/Tests/cu2qu/data/RobotoSubset-Regular.ufo/glyphs/W_.glif
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4c1b017
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/cu2qu/data/RobotoSubset-Regular.ufo/glyphs/W_.glif
@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<glyph name="W" format="2">
+	<unicode hex="0057"/>
+	<advance width="1813"/>
+	<outline>
+		<contour>
+			<point x="552" y="450" type="line"/>
+			<point x="448" y="0" type="line"/>
+			<point x="597" y="0" type="line"/>
+			<point x="902" y="1048" type="line"/>
+			<point x="984" y="1456" type="line"/>
+			<point x="834" y="1456" type="line"/>
+		</contour>
+		<contour>
+			<point x="268" y="1456" type="line"/>
+			<point x="61" y="1456" type="line"/>
+			<point x="409" y="0" type="line"/>
+			<point x="556" y="0" type="line"/>
+			<point x="490" y="471" type="line"/>
+		</contour>
+		<contour>
+			<point x="1346" y="472" type="line"/>
+			<point x="1276" y="0" type="line"/>
+			<point x="1423" y="0" type="line"/>
+			<point x="1771" y="1456" type="line"/>
+			<point x="1563" y="1456" type="line"/>
+		</contour>
+		<contour>
+			<point x="1007" y="1456" type="line"/>
+			<point x="860" y="1456" type="line"/>
+			<point x="942" y="1048" type="line"/>
+			<point x="1235" y="0" type="line"/>
+			<point x="1384" y="0" type="line"/>
+			<point x="1281" y="450" type="line"/>
+		</contour>
+	</outline>
+</glyph>
diff --git a/Tests/cu2qu/data/RobotoSubset-Regular.ufo/glyphs/X_.glif b/Tests/cu2qu/data/RobotoSubset-Regular.ufo/glyphs/X_.glif
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a8547b3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/cu2qu/data/RobotoSubset-Regular.ufo/glyphs/X_.glif
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<glyph name="X" format="2">
+	<unicode hex="0058"/>
+	<advance width="1291"/>
+	<outline>
+		<contour>
+			<point x="311" y="1456" type="line"/>
+			<point x="68" y="1456" type="line"/>
+			<point x="524" y="734" type="line"/>
+			<point x="58" y="0" type="line"/>
+			<point x="303" y="0" type="line"/>
+			<point x="648" y="557" type="line"/>
+			<point x="992" y="0" type="line"/>
+			<point x="1237" y="0" type="line"/>
+			<point x="772" y="734" type="line"/>
+			<point x="1227" y="1456" type="line"/>
+			<point x="984" y="1456" type="line"/>
+			<point x="648" y="908" type="line"/>
+		</contour>
+	</outline>
+</glyph>
diff --git a/Tests/cu2qu/data/RobotoSubset-Regular.ufo/glyphs/Y_.glif b/Tests/cu2qu/data/RobotoSubset-Regular.ufo/glyphs/Y_.glif
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6d48150
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/cu2qu/data/RobotoSubset-Regular.ufo/glyphs/Y_.glif
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<glyph name="Y" format="2">
+	<unicode hex="0059"/>
+	<advance width="1231"/>
+	<outline>
+		<contour>
+			<point x="250" y="1456" type="line"/>
+			<point x="13" y="1456" type="line"/>
+			<point x="510" y="543" type="line"/>
+			<point x="510" y="0" type="line"/>
+			<point x="718" y="0" type="line"/>
+			<point x="718" y="543" type="line"/>
+			<point x="1215" y="1456" type="line"/>
+			<point x="979" y="1456" type="line"/>
+			<point x="614" y="736" type="line"/>
+		</contour>
+	</outline>
+</glyph>
diff --git a/Tests/cu2qu/data/RobotoSubset-Regular.ufo/glyphs/Z_.glif b/Tests/cu2qu/data/RobotoSubset-Regular.ufo/glyphs/Z_.glif
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6b5dfc4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/cu2qu/data/RobotoSubset-Regular.ufo/glyphs/Z_.glif
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<glyph name="Z" format="2">
+	<unicode hex="005A"/>
+	<advance width="1227"/>
+	<outline>
+		<contour>
+			<point x="1148" y="166" type="line"/>
+			<point x="165" y="166" type="line"/>
+			<point x="165" y="0" type="line"/>
+			<point x="1148" y="0" type="line"/>
+		</contour>
+		<contour>
+			<point x="1116" y="1307" type="line"/>
+			<point x="1116" y="1456" type="line"/>
+			<point x="987" y="1456" type="line"/>
+			<point x="86" y="153" type="line"/>
+			<point x="86" y="0" type="line"/>
+			<point x="214" y="0" type="line"/>
+		</contour>
+		<contour>
+			<point x="1028" y="1456" type="line"/>
+			<point x="96" y="1456" type="line"/>
+			<point x="96" y="1289" type="line"/>
+			<point x="1028" y="1289" type="line"/>
+		</contour>
+	</outline>
+</glyph>
diff --git a/Tests/cu2qu/data/RobotoSubset-Regular.ufo/glyphs/a.glif b/Tests/cu2qu/data/RobotoSubset-Regular.ufo/glyphs/a.glif
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7d8a2cd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/cu2qu/data/RobotoSubset-Regular.ufo/glyphs/a.glif
@@ -0,0 +1,56 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<glyph name="a" format="2">
+	<unicode hex="0061"/>
+	<advance width="1118"/>
+	<outline>
+		<contour>
+			<point x="771" y="183" type="line"/>
+			<point x="771" y="123"/>
+			<point x="782" y="41"/>
+			<point x="802" y="0" type="curve"/>
+			<point x="1010" y="0" type="line"/>
+			<point x="1010" y="17" type="line"/>
+			<point x="984" y="76"/>
+			<point x="971" y="166"/>
+			<point x="971" y="238" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+			<point x="971" y="738" type="line"/>
+			<point x="971" y="981"/>
+			<point x="803" y="1102"/>
+			<point x="566" y="1102" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+			<point x="301" y="1102"/>
+			<point x="133" y="935"/>
+			<point x="133" y="782" type="curve"/>
+			<point x="333" y="782" type="line"/>
+			<point x="333" y="867"/>
+			<point x="421" y="945"/>
+			<point x="554" y="945" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+			<point x="697" y="945"/>
+			<point x="771" y="864"/>
+			<point x="771" y="740" type="curve"/>
+		</contour>
+		<contour>
+			<point x="804" y="661" type="line"/>
+			<point x="596" y="661" type="line"/>
+			<point x="301" y="661"/>
+			<point x="111" y="539"/>
+			<point x="111" y="303" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+			<point x="111" y="123"/>
+			<point x="257" y="-20"/>
+			<point x="480" y="-20" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+			<point x="711" y="-20"/>
+			<point x="857" y="170"/>
+			<point x="874" y="277" type="curve"/>
+			<point x="789" y="370" type="line"/>
+			<point x="789" y="279"/>
+			<point x="673" y="151"/>
+			<point x="510" y="151" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+			<point x="377" y="151"/>
+			<point x="311" y="230"/>
+			<point x="311" y="331" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+			<point x="311" y="462"/>
+			<point x="425" y="524"/>
+			<point x="629" y="524" type="curve"/>
+			<point x="806" y="524" type="line"/>
+		</contour>
+	</outline>
+</glyph>
diff --git a/Tests/cu2qu/data/RobotoSubset-Regular.ufo/glyphs/b.glif b/Tests/cu2qu/data/RobotoSubset-Regular.ufo/glyphs/b.glif
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f009d99
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/cu2qu/data/RobotoSubset-Regular.ufo/glyphs/b.glif
@@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<glyph name="b" format="2">
+	<unicode hex="0062"/>
+	<advance width="1153"/>
+	<outline>
+		<contour>
+			<point x="137" y="1536" type="line"/>
+			<point x="137" y="0" type="line"/>
+			<point x="320" y="0" type="line"/>
+			<point x="337" y="210" type="line"/>
+			<point x="337" y="1536" type="line"/>
+		</contour>
+		<contour>
+			<point x="1063" y="550" type="line"/>
+			<point x="1063" y="879"/>
+			<point x="912" y="1102"/>
+			<point x="639" y="1102" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+			<point x="362" y="1102"/>
+			<point x="230" y="901"/>
+			<point x="200" y="572" type="curve"/>
+			<point x="200" y="510" type="line"/>
+			<point x="230" y="181"/>
+			<point x="362" y="-20"/>
+			<point x="641" y="-20" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+			<point x="910" y="-20"/>
+			<point x="1063" y="214"/>
+			<point x="1063" y="529" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+		</contour>
+		<contour>
+			<point x="863" y="529" type="line"/>
+			<point x="863" y="320"/>
+			<point x="785" y="146"/>
+			<point x="590" y="146" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+			<point x="411" y="146"/>
+			<point x="327" y="287"/>
+			<point x="296" y="426" type="curve"/>
+			<point x="296" y="655" type="line"/>
+			<point x="326" y="803"/>
+			<point x="411" y="937"/>
+			<point x="588" y="937" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+			<point x="794" y="937"/>
+			<point x="863" y="759"/>
+			<point x="863" y="550" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+		</contour>
+	</outline>
+</glyph>
diff --git a/Tests/cu2qu/data/RobotoSubset-Regular.ufo/glyphs/c.glif b/Tests/cu2qu/data/RobotoSubset-Regular.ufo/glyphs/c.glif
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..727fef4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/cu2qu/data/RobotoSubset-Regular.ufo/glyphs/c.glif
@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<glyph name="c" format="2">
+	<unicode hex="0063"/>
+	<advance width="1076"/>
+	<outline>
+		<contour>
+			<point x="578" y="140" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+			<point x="352" y="140"/>
+			<point x="292" y="337"/>
+			<point x="292" y="520" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+			<point x="292" y="562" type="line" smooth="yes"/>
+			<point x="292" y="743"/>
+			<point x="354" y="942"/>
+			<point x="578" y="942" type="curve"/>
+			<point x="723" y="942"/>
+			<point x="813" y="835"/>
+			<point x="823" y="709" type="curve"/>
+			<point x="1012" y="709" type="line"/>
+			<point x="1002" y="929"/>
+			<point x="836" y="1102"/>
+			<point x="578" y="1102" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+			<point x="248" y="1102"/>
+			<point x="92" y="850"/>
+			<point x="92" y="562" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+			<point x="92" y="520" type="line" smooth="yes"/>
+			<point x="92" y="232"/>
+			<point x="247" y="-20"/>
+			<point x="578" y="-20" type="curve"/>
+			<point x="809" y="-20"/>
+			<point x="1002" y="153"/>
+			<point x="1012" y="343" type="curve"/>
+			<point x="823" y="343" type="line"/>
+			<point x="813" y="229"/>
+			<point x="706" y="140"/>
+		</contour>
+	</outline>
+</glyph>
diff --git a/Tests/cu2qu/data/RobotoSubset-Regular.ufo/glyphs/contents.plist b/Tests/cu2qu/data/RobotoSubset-Regular.ufo/glyphs/contents.plist
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..431aca7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/cu2qu/data/RobotoSubset-Regular.ufo/glyphs/contents.plist
@@ -0,0 +1,112 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<!DOCTYPE plist PUBLIC "-//Apple//DTD PLIST 1.0//EN" "http://www.apple.com/DTDs/PropertyList-1.0.dtd">
+<plist version="1.0">
+	<dict>
+		<key>A</key>
+		<string>A_.glif</string>
+		<key>B</key>
+		<string>B_.glif</string>
+		<key>C</key>
+		<string>C_.glif</string>
+		<key>D</key>
+		<string>D_.glif</string>
+		<key>E</key>
+		<string>E_.glif</string>
+		<key>F</key>
+		<string>F_.glif</string>
+		<key>G</key>
+		<string>G_.glif</string>
+		<key>H</key>
+		<string>H_.glif</string>
+		<key>I</key>
+		<string>I_.glif</string>
+		<key>J</key>
+		<string>J_.glif</string>
+		<key>K</key>
+		<string>K_.glif</string>
+		<key>L</key>
+		<string>L_.glif</string>
+		<key>M</key>
+		<string>M_.glif</string>
+		<key>N</key>
+		<string>N_.glif</string>
+		<key>O</key>
+		<string>O_.glif</string>
+		<key>P</key>
+		<string>P_.glif</string>
+		<key>Q</key>
+		<string>Q_.glif</string>
+		<key>R</key>
+		<string>R_.glif</string>
+		<key>S</key>
+		<string>S_.glif</string>
+		<key>T</key>
+		<string>T_.glif</string>
+		<key>U</key>
+		<string>U_.glif</string>
+		<key>V</key>
+		<string>V_.glif</string>
+		<key>W</key>
+		<string>W_.glif</string>
+		<key>X</key>
+		<string>X_.glif</string>
+		<key>Y</key>
+		<string>Y_.glif</string>
+		<key>Z</key>
+		<string>Z_.glif</string>
+		<key>a</key>
+		<string>a.glif</string>
+		<key>b</key>
+		<string>b.glif</string>
+		<key>c</key>
+		<string>c.glif</string>
+		<key>d</key>
+		<string>d.glif</string>
+		<key>e</key>
+		<string>e.glif</string>
+		<key>f</key>
+		<string>f.glif</string>
+		<key>g</key>
+		<string>g.glif</string>
+		<key>h</key>
+		<string>h.glif</string>
+		<key>i</key>
+		<string>i.glif</string>
+		<key>j</key>
+		<string>j.glif</string>
+		<key>k</key>
+		<string>k.glif</string>
+		<key>l</key>
+		<string>l.glif</string>
+		<key>m</key>
+		<string>m.glif</string>
+		<key>n</key>
+		<string>n.glif</string>
+		<key>o</key>
+		<string>o.glif</string>
+		<key>p</key>
+		<string>p.glif</string>
+		<key>q</key>
+		<string>q.glif</string>
+		<key>r</key>
+		<string>r.glif</string>
+		<key>s</key>
+		<string>s.glif</string>
+		<key>space</key>
+		<string>space.glif</string>
+		<key>t</key>
+		<string>t.glif</string>
+		<key>u</key>
+		<string>u.glif</string>
+		<key>v</key>
+		<string>v.glif</string>
+		<key>w</key>
+		<string>w.glif</string>
+		<key>x</key>
+		<string>x.glif</string>
+		<key>y</key>
+		<string>y.glif</string>
+		<key>z</key>
+		<string>z.glif</string>
+	</dict>
+</plist>
diff --git a/Tests/cu2qu/data/RobotoSubset-Regular.ufo/glyphs/d.glif b/Tests/cu2qu/data/RobotoSubset-Regular.ufo/glyphs/d.glif
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c585788
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/cu2qu/data/RobotoSubset-Regular.ufo/glyphs/d.glif
@@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<glyph name="d" format="2">
+	<unicode hex="0064"/>
+	<advance width="1159"/>
+	<outline>
+		<contour>
+			<point x="815" y="210" type="line"/>
+			<point x="832" y="0" type="line"/>
+			<point x="1015" y="0" type="line"/>
+			<point x="1015" y="1536" type="line"/>
+			<point x="815" y="1536" type="line"/>
+		</contour>
+		<contour>
+			<point x="92" y="529" type="line"/>
+			<point x="92" y="214"/>
+			<point x="266" y="-20"/>
+			<point x="520" y="-20" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+			<point x="798" y="-20"/>
+			<point x="931" y="181"/>
+			<point x="960" y="510" type="curve"/>
+			<point x="960" y="572" type="line"/>
+			<point x="931" y="901"/>
+			<point x="798" y="1102"/>
+			<point x="522" y="1102" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+			<point x="264" y="1102"/>
+			<point x="92" y="879"/>
+			<point x="92" y="550" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+		</contour>
+		<contour>
+			<point x="292" y="550" type="line"/>
+			<point x="292" y="759"/>
+			<point x="375" y="937"/>
+			<point x="573" y="937" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+			<point x="750" y="937"/>
+			<point x="834" y="803"/>
+			<point x="865" y="655" type="curve"/>
+			<point x="865" y="426" type="line"/>
+			<point x="824" y="277"/>
+			<point x="750" y="146"/>
+			<point x="571" y="146" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+			<point x="375" y="146"/>
+			<point x="292" y="320"/>
+			<point x="292" y="529" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+		</contour>
+	</outline>
+</glyph>
diff --git a/Tests/cu2qu/data/RobotoSubset-Regular.ufo/glyphs/e.glif b/Tests/cu2qu/data/RobotoSubset-Regular.ufo/glyphs/e.glif
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..29d3ecd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/cu2qu/data/RobotoSubset-Regular.ufo/glyphs/e.glif
@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<glyph name="e" format="2">
+	<unicode hex="0065"/>
+	<advance width="1092"/>
+	<outline>
+		<contour>
+			<point x="593" y="-20" type="curve"/>
+			<point x="812" y="-20"/>
+			<point x="936" y="85"/>
+			<point x="1006" y="192" type="curve"/>
+			<point x="885" y="286" type="line"/>
+			<point x="820" y="200"/>
+			<point x="735" y="140"/>
+			<point x="604" y="140" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+			<point x="406" y="140"/>
+			<point x="294" y="302"/>
+			<point x="294" y="502" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+			<point x="294" y="544" type="line" smooth="yes"/>
+			<point x="294" y="803"/>
+			<point x="407" y="942"/>
+			<point x="569" y="942" type="curve"/>
+			<point x="755" y="942"/>
+			<point x="808" y="792"/>
+			<point x="818" y="655" type="curve"/>
+			<point x="818" y="641" type="line"/>
+			<point x="212" y="641" type="line"/>
+			<point x="212" y="481" type="line"/>
+			<point x="1018" y="481" type="line"/>
+			<point x="1018" y="566" type="line" smooth="yes"/>
+			<point x="1018" y="871"/>
+			<point x="887" y="1102"/>
+			<point x="569" y="1102" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+			<point x="326" y="1102"/>
+			<point x="94" y="900"/>
+			<point x="94" y="544" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+			<point x="94" y="502" type="line" smooth="yes"/>
+			<point x="94" y="198"/>
+			<point x="287" y="-20"/>
+		</contour>
+	</outline>
+</glyph>
diff --git a/Tests/cu2qu/data/RobotoSubset-Regular.ufo/glyphs/f.glif b/Tests/cu2qu/data/RobotoSubset-Regular.ufo/glyphs/f.glif
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..56e63f7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/cu2qu/data/RobotoSubset-Regular.ufo/glyphs/f.glif
@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<glyph name="f" format="2">
+	<unicode hex="0066"/>
+	<advance width="719"/>
+	<outline>
+		<contour>
+			<point x="429" y="0" type="line"/>
+			<point x="429" y="1193" type="line"/>
+			<point x="429" y="1320"/>
+			<point x="496" y="1390"/>
+			<point x="612" y="1390" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+			<point x="645" y="1390"/>
+			<point x="683" y="1387"/>
+			<point x="710" y="1382" type="curve"/>
+			<point x="720" y="1541" type="line"/>
+			<point x="679" y="1551"/>
+			<point x="635" y="1557"/>
+			<point x="593" y="1557" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+			<point x="367" y="1557"/>
+			<point x="229" y="1428"/>
+			<point x="229" y="1193" type="curve"/>
+			<point x="229" y="0" type="line"/>
+		</contour>
+		<contour>
+			<point x="653" y="1082" type="line"/>
+			<point x="60" y="1082" type="line"/>
+			<point x="60" y="932" type="line"/>
+			<point x="653" y="932" type="line"/>
+		</contour>
+	</outline>
+</glyph>
diff --git a/Tests/cu2qu/data/RobotoSubset-Regular.ufo/glyphs/g.glif b/Tests/cu2qu/data/RobotoSubset-Regular.ufo/glyphs/g.glif
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..130a3ed
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/cu2qu/data/RobotoSubset-Regular.ufo/glyphs/g.glif
@@ -0,0 +1,58 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<glyph name="g" format="2">
+	<unicode hex="0067"/>
+	<advance width="1153"/>
+	<outline>
+		<contour>
+			<point x="836" y="1082" type="line"/>
+			<point x="817" y="844" type="line"/>
+			<point x="817" y="14" type="line" smooth="yes"/>
+			<point x="817" y="-170"/>
+			<point x="706" y="-266"/>
+			<point x="538" y="-266" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+			<point x="444" y="-266"/>
+			<point x="341" y="-232"/>
+			<point x="250" y="-121" type="curve"/>
+			<point x="147" y="-238" type="line"/>
+			<point x="246" y="-382"/>
+			<point x="446" y="-426"/>
+			<point x="553" y="-426" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+			<point x="825" y="-426"/>
+			<point x="1017" y="-264"/>
+			<point x="1017" y="24" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+			<point x="1017" y="1082" type="line"/>
+		</contour>
+		<contour>
+			<point x="94" y="529" type="line"/>
+			<point x="94" y="214"/>
+			<point x="261" y="-20"/>
+			<point x="521" y="-20" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+			<point x="799" y="-20"/>
+			<point x="932" y="181"/>
+			<point x="962" y="510" type="curve"/>
+			<point x="962" y="572" type="line"/>
+			<point x="932" y="901"/>
+			<point x="799" y="1102"/>
+			<point x="523" y="1102" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+			<point x="259" y="1102"/>
+			<point x="94" y="879"/>
+			<point x="94" y="550" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+		</contour>
+		<contour>
+			<point x="294" y="550" type="line"/>
+			<point x="294" y="759"/>
+			<point x="376" y="937"/>
+			<point x="574" y="937" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+			<point x="751" y="937"/>
+			<point x="835" y="803"/>
+			<point x="866" y="655" type="curve"/>
+			<point x="866" y="426" type="line"/>
+			<point x="825" y="277"/>
+			<point x="751" y="146"/>
+			<point x="572" y="146" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+			<point x="376" y="146"/>
+			<point x="294" y="320"/>
+			<point x="294" y="529" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+		</contour>
+	</outline>
+</glyph>
diff --git a/Tests/cu2qu/data/RobotoSubset-Regular.ufo/glyphs/h.glif b/Tests/cu2qu/data/RobotoSubset-Regular.ufo/glyphs/h.glif
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..85defe3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/cu2qu/data/RobotoSubset-Regular.ufo/glyphs/h.glif
@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<glyph name="h" format="2">
+	<unicode hex="0068"/>
+	<advance width="1129"/>
+	<outline>
+		<contour>
+			<point x="337" y="1536" type="line"/>
+			<point x="137" y="1536" type="line"/>
+			<point x="137" y="0" type="line"/>
+			<point x="337" y="0" type="line"/>
+		</contour>
+		<contour>
+			<point x="289" y="578" type="line"/>
+			<point x="289" y="778"/>
+			<point x="414" y="937"/>
+			<point x="588" y="937" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+			<point x="725" y="937"/>
+			<point x="796" y="872"/>
+			<point x="796" y="712" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+			<point x="796" y="0" type="line"/>
+			<point x="996" y="0" type="line"/>
+			<point x="996" y="710" type="line" smooth="yes"/>
+			<point x="996" y="993"/>
+			<point x="861" y="1102"/>
+			<point x="649" y="1102" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+			<point x="384" y="1102"/>
+			<point x="207" y="880"/>
+			<point x="207" y="576" type="curve"/>
+		</contour>
+	</outline>
+</glyph>
diff --git a/Tests/cu2qu/data/RobotoSubset-Regular.ufo/glyphs/i.glif b/Tests/cu2qu/data/RobotoSubset-Regular.ufo/glyphs/i.glif
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2535d41
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/cu2qu/data/RobotoSubset-Regular.ufo/glyphs/i.glif
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<glyph name="i" format="2">
+	<unicode hex="0069"/>
+	<advance width="506"/>
+	<outline>
+		<contour>
+			<point x="353" y="1082" type="line"/>
+			<point x="153" y="1082" type="line"/>
+			<point x="153" y="0" type="line"/>
+			<point x="353" y="0" type="line"/>
+		</contour>
+		<contour>
+			<point x="140" y="1365" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+			<point x="140" y="1304"/>
+			<point x="179" y="1256"/>
+			<point x="255" y="1256" type="curve"/>
+			<point x="331" y="1256"/>
+			<point x="371" y="1304"/>
+			<point x="371" y="1365" type="curve"/>
+			<point x="371" y="1427"/>
+			<point x="331" y="1476"/>
+			<point x="255" y="1476" type="curve"/>
+			<point x="179" y="1476"/>
+			<point x="140" y="1427"/>
+		</contour>
+	</outline>
+</glyph>
diff --git a/Tests/cu2qu/data/RobotoSubset-Regular.ufo/glyphs/j.glif b/Tests/cu2qu/data/RobotoSubset-Regular.ufo/glyphs/j.glif
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..64961d3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/cu2qu/data/RobotoSubset-Regular.ufo/glyphs/j.glif
@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<glyph name="j" format="2">
+	<unicode hex="006A"/>
+	<advance width="495"/>
+	<outline>
+		<contour>
+			<point x="142" y="1082" type="line"/>
+			<point x="142" y="-129" type="line"/>
+			<point x="142" y="-235"/>
+			<point x="101" y="-271"/>
+			<point x="27" y="-271" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+			<point x="5" y="-271"/>
+			<point x="-31" y="-269"/>
+			<point x="-57" y="-263" type="curve"/>
+			<point x="-57" y="-420" type="line"/>
+			<point x="-26" y="-430"/>
+			<point x="25" y="-437"/>
+			<point x="59" y="-437" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+			<point x="250" y="-437"/>
+			<point x="342" y="-328"/>
+			<point x="342" y="-129" type="curve"/>
+			<point x="342" y="1082" type="line"/>
+		</contour>
+		<contour>
+			<point x="123" y="1365" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+			<point x="123" y="1304"/>
+			<point x="162" y="1256"/>
+			<point x="238" y="1256" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+			<point x="314" y="1256"/>
+			<point x="354" y="1304"/>
+			<point x="354" y="1365" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+			<point x="354" y="1427"/>
+			<point x="314" y="1476"/>
+			<point x="238" y="1476" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+			<point x="162" y="1476"/>
+			<point x="123" y="1427"/>
+		</contour>
+	</outline>
+</glyph>
diff --git a/Tests/cu2qu/data/RobotoSubset-Regular.ufo/glyphs/k.glif b/Tests/cu2qu/data/RobotoSubset-Regular.ufo/glyphs/k.glif
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..708bdec
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/cu2qu/data/RobotoSubset-Regular.ufo/glyphs/k.glif
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<glyph name="k" format="2">
+	<unicode hex="006B"/>
+	<advance width="1046"/>
+	<outline>
+		<contour>
+			<point x="338" y="1536" type="line"/>
+			<point x="138" y="1536" type="line"/>
+			<point x="138" y="0" type="line"/>
+			<point x="338" y="0" type="line"/>
+		</contour>
+		<contour>
+			<point x="995" y="1082" type="line"/>
+			<point x="753" y="1082" type="line"/>
+			<point x="434" y="735" type="line"/>
+			<point x="241" y="502" type="line"/>
+			<point x="256" y="291" type="line"/>
+			<point x="531" y="577" type="line"/>
+		</contour>
+		<contour>
+			<point x="812" y="0" type="line"/>
+			<point x="1046" y="0" type="line"/>
+			<point x="543" y="684" type="line"/>
+			<point x="440" y="508" type="line"/>
+		</contour>
+	</outline>
+</glyph>
diff --git a/Tests/cu2qu/data/RobotoSubset-Regular.ufo/glyphs/l.glif b/Tests/cu2qu/data/RobotoSubset-Regular.ufo/glyphs/l.glif
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..26d4ac3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/cu2qu/data/RobotoSubset-Regular.ufo/glyphs/l.glif
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<glyph name="l" format="2">
+	<unicode hex="006C"/>
+	<advance width="506"/>
+	<outline>
+		<contour>
+			<point x="353" y="1536" type="line"/>
+			<point x="153" y="1536" type="line"/>
+			<point x="153" y="0" type="line"/>
+			<point x="353" y="0" type="line"/>
+		</contour>
+	</outline>
+</glyph>
diff --git a/Tests/cu2qu/data/RobotoSubset-Regular.ufo/glyphs/m.glif b/Tests/cu2qu/data/RobotoSubset-Regular.ufo/glyphs/m.glif
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..22f0363
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/cu2qu/data/RobotoSubset-Regular.ufo/glyphs/m.glif
@@ -0,0 +1,50 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<glyph name="m" format="2">
+	<unicode hex="006D"/>
+	<advance width="1791"/>
+	<outline>
+		<contour>
+			<point x="337" y="869" type="line"/>
+			<point x="326" y="1082" type="line"/>
+			<point x="137" y="1082" type="line"/>
+			<point x="137" y="0" type="line"/>
+			<point x="337" y="0" type="line"/>
+		</contour>
+		<contour>
+			<point x="296" y="578" type="line"/>
+			<point x="296" y="778"/>
+			<point x="360" y="937"/>
+			<point x="571" y="937" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+			<point x="708" y="937"/>
+			<point x="795" y="872"/>
+			<point x="795" y="711" type="curve"/>
+			<point x="795" y="0" type="line"/>
+			<point x="995" y="0" type="line"/>
+			<point x="995" y="721" type="line"/>
+			<point x="995" y="992"/>
+			<point x="845" y="1102"/>
+			<point x="645" y="1102" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+			<point x="350" y="1102"/>
+			<point x="203" y="880"/>
+			<point x="203" y="576" type="curve"/>
+		</contour>
+		<contour>
+			<point x="993" y="681" type="line"/>
+			<point x="993" y="824"/>
+			<point x="1077" y="937"/>
+			<point x="1230" y="937" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+			<point x="1367" y="937"/>
+			<point x="1454" y="887"/>
+			<point x="1454" y="714" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+			<point x="1454" y="0" type="line"/>
+			<point x="1654" y="0" type="line"/>
+			<point x="1654" y="712" type="line" smooth="yes"/>
+			<point x="1654" y="984"/>
+			<point x="1523" y="1102"/>
+			<point x="1290" y="1102" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+			<point x="1009" y="1102"/>
+			<point x="859" y="878"/>
+			<point x="859" y="637" type="curve"/>
+		</contour>
+	</outline>
+</glyph>
diff --git a/Tests/cu2qu/data/RobotoSubset-Regular.ufo/glyphs/n.glif b/Tests/cu2qu/data/RobotoSubset-Regular.ufo/glyphs/n.glif
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c85d49b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/cu2qu/data/RobotoSubset-Regular.ufo/glyphs/n.glif
@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<glyph name="n" format="2">
+	<unicode hex="006E"/>
+	<advance width="1132"/>
+	<outline>
+		<contour>
+			<point x="337" y="851" type="line"/>
+			<point x="326" y="1082" type="line"/>
+			<point x="137" y="1082" type="line"/>
+			<point x="137" y="0" type="line"/>
+			<point x="337" y="0" type="line"/>
+		</contour>
+		<contour>
+			<point x="289" y="578" type="line"/>
+			<point x="289" y="778"/>
+			<point x="414" y="937"/>
+			<point x="588" y="937" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+			<point x="725" y="937"/>
+			<point x="796" y="872"/>
+			<point x="796" y="712" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+			<point x="796" y="0" type="line"/>
+			<point x="996" y="0" type="line"/>
+			<point x="996" y="710" type="line" smooth="yes"/>
+			<point x="996" y="993"/>
+			<point x="861" y="1102"/>
+			<point x="649" y="1102" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+			<point x="384" y="1102"/>
+			<point x="207" y="880"/>
+			<point x="207" y="576" type="curve"/>
+		</contour>
+	</outline>
+</glyph>
diff --git a/Tests/cu2qu/data/RobotoSubset-Regular.ufo/glyphs/o.glif b/Tests/cu2qu/data/RobotoSubset-Regular.ufo/glyphs/o.glif
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a95b37a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/cu2qu/data/RobotoSubset-Regular.ufo/glyphs/o.glif
@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<glyph name="o" format="2">
+	<unicode hex="006F"/>
+	<advance width="1173"/>
+	<outline>
+		<contour>
+			<point x="92" y="530" type="line"/>
+			<point x="92" y="217"/>
+			<point x="281" y="-20"/>
+			<point x="587" y="-20" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+			<point x="893" y="-20"/>
+			<point x="1081" y="217"/>
+			<point x="1081" y="530" type="curve"/>
+			<point x="1081" y="551" type="line"/>
+			<point x="1081" y="864"/>
+			<point x="893" y="1102"/>
+			<point x="585" y="1102" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+			<point x="281" y="1102"/>
+			<point x="92" y="864"/>
+			<point x="92" y="551" type="curve"/>
+		</contour>
+		<contour>
+			<point x="292" y="551" type="line"/>
+			<point x="292" y="760"/>
+			<point x="388" y="942"/>
+			<point x="585" y="942" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+			<point x="784" y="942"/>
+			<point x="881" y="760"/>
+			<point x="881" y="551" type="curve"/>
+			<point x="881" y="530" type="line"/>
+			<point x="881" y="319"/>
+			<point x="784" y="140"/>
+			<point x="587" y="140" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+			<point x="388" y="140"/>
+			<point x="292" y="319"/>
+			<point x="292" y="530" type="curve"/>
+		</contour>
+	</outline>
+</glyph>
diff --git a/Tests/cu2qu/data/RobotoSubset-Regular.ufo/glyphs/p.glif b/Tests/cu2qu/data/RobotoSubset-Regular.ufo/glyphs/p.glif
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c003eba
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/cu2qu/data/RobotoSubset-Regular.ufo/glyphs/p.glif
@@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<glyph name="p" format="2">
+	<unicode hex="0070"/>
+	<advance width="1153"/>
+	<outline>
+		<contour>
+			<point x="337" y="874" type="line"/>
+			<point x="319" y="1082" type="line"/>
+			<point x="137" y="1082" type="line"/>
+			<point x="137" y="-416" type="line"/>
+			<point x="337" y="-416" type="line"/>
+		</contour>
+		<contour>
+			<point x="1061" y="550" type="line"/>
+			<point x="1061" y="879"/>
+			<point x="911" y="1102"/>
+			<point x="637" y="1102" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+			<point x="360" y="1102"/>
+			<point x="219" y="901"/>
+			<point x="189" y="572" type="curve"/>
+			<point x="189" y="489" type="line"/>
+			<point x="219" y="173"/>
+			<point x="360" y="-20"/>
+			<point x="640" y="-20" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+			<point x="909" y="-20"/>
+			<point x="1061" y="214"/>
+			<point x="1061" y="529" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+		</contour>
+		<contour>
+			<point x="861" y="529" type="line"/>
+			<point x="861" y="320"/>
+			<point x="774" y="140"/>
+			<point x="578" y="140" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+			<point x="400" y="140"/>
+			<point x="325" y="267"/>
+			<point x="285" y="406" type="curve"/>
+			<point x="285" y="655" type="line"/>
+			<point x="315" y="803"/>
+			<point x="400" y="937"/>
+			<point x="576" y="937" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+			<point x="774" y="937"/>
+			<point x="861" y="759"/>
+			<point x="861" y="550" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+		</contour>
+	</outline>
+</glyph>
diff --git a/Tests/cu2qu/data/RobotoSubset-Regular.ufo/glyphs/q.glif b/Tests/cu2qu/data/RobotoSubset-Regular.ufo/glyphs/q.glif
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..04d7b00
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/cu2qu/data/RobotoSubset-Regular.ufo/glyphs/q.glif
@@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<glyph name="q" format="2">
+	<unicode hex="0071"/>
+	<advance width="1169"/>
+	<outline>
+		<contour>
+			<point x="814" y="-416" type="line"/>
+			<point x="1014" y="-416" type="line"/>
+			<point x="1014" y="1082" type="line"/>
+			<point x="831" y="1082" type="line"/>
+			<point x="814" y="874" type="line"/>
+		</contour>
+		<contour>
+			<point x="92" y="529" type="line"/>
+			<point x="92" y="214"/>
+			<point x="255" y="-20"/>
+			<point x="524" y="-20" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+			<point x="802" y="-20"/>
+			<point x="941" y="181"/>
+			<point x="970" y="510" type="curve"/>
+			<point x="970" y="572" type="line"/>
+			<point x="941" y="901"/>
+			<point x="802" y="1102"/>
+			<point x="526" y="1102" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+			<point x="253" y="1102"/>
+			<point x="92" y="879"/>
+			<point x="92" y="550" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+		</contour>
+		<contour>
+			<point x="292" y="550" type="line"/>
+			<point x="292" y="759"/>
+			<point x="379" y="942"/>
+			<point x="577" y="942" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+			<point x="754" y="942"/>
+			<point x="844" y="803"/>
+			<point x="875" y="655" type="curve"/>
+			<point x="875" y="426" type="line"/>
+			<point x="834" y="277"/>
+			<point x="754" y="140"/>
+			<point x="575" y="140" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+			<point x="379" y="140"/>
+			<point x="292" y="320"/>
+			<point x="292" y="529" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+		</contour>
+	</outline>
+</glyph>
diff --git a/Tests/cu2qu/data/RobotoSubset-Regular.ufo/glyphs/r.glif b/Tests/cu2qu/data/RobotoSubset-Regular.ufo/glyphs/r.glif
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5e222cc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/cu2qu/data/RobotoSubset-Regular.ufo/glyphs/r.glif
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<glyph name="r" format="2">
+	<unicode hex="0072"/>
+	<advance width="695"/>
+	<outline>
+		<contour>
+			<point x="337" y="914" type="line"/>
+			<point x="331" y="1082" type="line"/>
+			<point x="137" y="1082" type="line"/>
+			<point x="137" y="0" type="line"/>
+			<point x="337" y="0" type="line"/>
+		</contour>
+		<contour>
+			<point x="665" y="1088" type="line"/>
+			<point x="652" y="1094"/>
+			<point x="607" y="1102"/>
+			<point x="582" y="1102" type="curve"/>
+			<point x="352" y="1102"/>
+			<point x="253" y="884"/>
+			<point x="253" y="628" type="curve"/>
+			<point x="307" y="660" type="line"/>
+			<point x="325" y="809"/>
+			<point x="408" y="913"/>
+			<point x="572" y="913" type="curve"/>
+			<point x="608" y="913"/>
+			<point x="632" y="911"/>
+			<point x="665" y="905" type="curve"/>
+		</contour>
+	</outline>
+</glyph>
diff --git a/Tests/cu2qu/data/RobotoSubset-Regular.ufo/glyphs/s.glif b/Tests/cu2qu/data/RobotoSubset-Regular.ufo/glyphs/s.glif
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9544403
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/cu2qu/data/RobotoSubset-Regular.ufo/glyphs/s.glif
@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<glyph name="s" format="2">
+	<unicode hex="0073"/>
+	<advance width="1061"/>
+	<outline>
+		<contour>
+			<point x="763" y="289" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+			<point x="763" y="202"/>
+			<point x="685" y="140"/>
+			<point x="541" y="140" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+			<point x="430" y="140"/>
+			<point x="302" y="189"/>
+			<point x="294" y="339" type="curve"/>
+			<point x="94" y="339" type="line"/>
+			<point x="94" y="158"/>
+			<point x="251" y="-20"/>
+			<point x="541" y="-20" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+			<point x="795" y="-20"/>
+			<point x="963" y="112"/>
+			<point x="963" y="304" type="curve"/>
+			<point x="963" y="479"/>
+			<point x="838" y="567"/>
+			<point x="572" y="628" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+			<point x="376" y="672"/>
+			<point x="331" y="710"/>
+			<point x="331" y="788" type="curve"/>
+			<point x="331" y="865"/>
+			<point x="389" y="942"/>
+			<point x="536" y="942" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+			<point x="674" y="942"/>
+			<point x="751" y="847"/>
+			<point x="751" y="762" type="curve"/>
+			<point x="951" y="762" type="line"/>
+			<point x="951" y="948"/>
+			<point x="797" y="1102"/>
+			<point x="536" y="1102" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+			<point x="291" y="1102"/>
+			<point x="131" y="955"/>
+			<point x="131" y="782" type="curve"/>
+			<point x="131" y="604"/>
+			<point x="283" y="519"/>
+			<point x="523" y="469" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+			<point x="731" y="427"/>
+			<point x="763" y="367"/>
+		</contour>
+	</outline>
+</glyph>
diff --git a/Tests/cu2qu/data/RobotoSubset-Regular.ufo/glyphs/space.glif b/Tests/cu2qu/data/RobotoSubset-Regular.ufo/glyphs/space.glif
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b92e22c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/cu2qu/data/RobotoSubset-Regular.ufo/glyphs/space.glif
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<glyph name="space" format="2">
+	<unicode hex="0020"/>
+	<advance width="510"/>
+</glyph>
diff --git a/Tests/cu2qu/data/RobotoSubset-Regular.ufo/glyphs/t.glif b/Tests/cu2qu/data/RobotoSubset-Regular.ufo/glyphs/t.glif
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..261e70a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/cu2qu/data/RobotoSubset-Regular.ufo/glyphs/t.glif
@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<glyph name="t" format="2">
+	<unicode hex="0074"/>
+	<advance width="672"/>
+	<outline>
+		<contour>
+			<point x="600" y="1082" type="line"/>
+			<point x="6" y="1082" type="line"/>
+			<point x="6" y="932" type="line"/>
+			<point x="600" y="932" type="line"/>
+		</contour>
+		<contour>
+			<point x="203" y="1342" type="line"/>
+			<point x="203" y="270" type="line"/>
+			<point x="203" y="53"/>
+			<point x="319" y="-20"/>
+			<point x="456" y="-20" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+			<point x="526" y="-20"/>
+			<point x="573" y="-8"/>
+			<point x="602" y="1" type="curve"/>
+			<point x="602" y="160" type="line"/>
+			<point x="587" y="156"/>
+			<point x="547" y="148"/>
+			<point x="517" y="148" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+			<point x="458" y="148"/>
+			<point x="403" y="165"/>
+			<point x="403" y="269" type="curve"/>
+			<point x="403" y="1342" type="line"/>
+		</contour>
+	</outline>
+</glyph>
diff --git a/Tests/cu2qu/data/RobotoSubset-Regular.ufo/glyphs/u.glif b/Tests/cu2qu/data/RobotoSubset-Regular.ufo/glyphs/u.glif
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c17bfd9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/cu2qu/data/RobotoSubset-Regular.ufo/glyphs/u.glif
@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<glyph name="u" format="2">
+	<unicode hex="0075"/>
+	<advance width="1130"/>
+	<outline>
+		<contour>
+			<point x="793" y="250" type="line"/>
+			<point x="803" y="0" type="line"/>
+			<point x="993" y="0" type="line"/>
+			<point x="993" y="1082" type="line"/>
+			<point x="793" y="1082" type="line"/>
+		</contour>
+		<contour>
+			<point x="830" y="483" type="line"/>
+			<point x="830" y="293"/>
+			<point x="750" y="146"/>
+			<point x="521" y="146" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+			<point x="428" y="146"/>
+			<point x="333" y="192"/>
+			<point x="333" y="381" type="curve"/>
+			<point x="333" y="1082" type="line"/>
+			<point x="133" y="1082" type="line"/>
+			<point x="133" y="383" type="line"/>
+			<point x="133" y="96"/>
+			<point x="276" y="-20"/>
+			<point x="488" y="-20" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+			<point x="800" y="-20"/>
+			<point x="911" y="194"/>
+			<point x="911" y="485" type="curve"/>
+		</contour>
+	</outline>
+</glyph>
diff --git a/Tests/cu2qu/data/RobotoSubset-Regular.ufo/glyphs/v.glif b/Tests/cu2qu/data/RobotoSubset-Regular.ufo/glyphs/v.glif
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..bd5b120
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/cu2qu/data/RobotoSubset-Regular.ufo/glyphs/v.glif
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<glyph name="v" format="2">
+	<unicode hex="0076"/>
+	<advance width="994"/>
+	<outline>
+		<contour>
+			<point x="469" y="176" type="line"/>
+			<point x="439" y="0" type="line"/>
+			<point x="572" y="0" type="line"/>
+			<point x="957" y="1082" type="line"/>
+			<point x="753" y="1082" type="line"/>
+		</contour>
+		<contour>
+			<point x="236" y="1082" type="line"/>
+			<point x="32" y="1082" type="line"/>
+			<point x="421" y="0" type="line"/>
+			<point x="553" y="0" type="line"/>
+			<point x="531" y="171" type="line"/>
+		</contour>
+	</outline>
+</glyph>
diff --git a/Tests/cu2qu/data/RobotoSubset-Regular.ufo/glyphs/w.glif b/Tests/cu2qu/data/RobotoSubset-Regular.ufo/glyphs/w.glif
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e6b648e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/cu2qu/data/RobotoSubset-Regular.ufo/glyphs/w.glif
@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<glyph name="w" format="2">
+	<unicode hex="0077"/>
+	<advance width="1538"/>
+	<outline>
+		<contour>
+			<point x="406" y="182" type="line"/>
+			<point x="388" y="0" type="line"/>
+			<point x="514" y="0" type="line"/>
+			<point x="799" y="913" type="line"/>
+			<point x="818" y="1082" type="line"/>
+			<point x="687" y="1082" type="line"/>
+		</contour>
+		<contour>
+			<point x="237" y="1082" type="line"/>
+			<point x="39" y="1082" type="line"/>
+			<point x="353" y="0" type="line"/>
+			<point x="486" y="0" type="line"/>
+			<point x="476" y="171" type="line"/>
+		</contour>
+		<contour>
+			<point x="1071" y="178" type="line"/>
+			<point x="1049" y="0" type="line"/>
+			<point x="1181" y="0" type="line"/>
+			<point x="1495" y="1082" type="line"/>
+			<point x="1297" y="1082" type="line"/>
+		</contour>
+		<contour>
+			<point x="847" y="1082" type="line"/>
+			<point x="708" y="1082" type="line"/>
+			<point x="727" y="915" type="line"/>
+			<point x="1020" y="0" type="line"/>
+			<point x="1146" y="0" type="line"/>
+			<point x="1122" y="198" type="line"/>
+		</contour>
+	</outline>
+</glyph>
diff --git a/Tests/cu2qu/data/RobotoSubset-Regular.ufo/glyphs/x.glif b/Tests/cu2qu/data/RobotoSubset-Regular.ufo/glyphs/x.glif
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8a60313
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/cu2qu/data/RobotoSubset-Regular.ufo/glyphs/x.glif
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<glyph name="x" format="2">
+	<unicode hex="0078"/>
+	<advance width="1020"/>
+	<outline>
+		<contour>
+			<point x="280" y="1082" type="line"/>
+			<point x="50" y="1082" type="line"/>
+			<point x="401" y="547" type="line"/>
+			<point x="40" y="0" type="line"/>
+			<point x="272" y="0" type="line"/>
+			<point x="509" y="397" type="line"/>
+			<point x="746" y="0" type="line"/>
+			<point x="976" y="0" type="line"/>
+			<point x="615" y="547" type="line"/>
+			<point x="966" y="1082" type="line"/>
+			<point x="733" y="1082" type="line"/>
+			<point x="505" y="695" type="line"/>
+		</contour>
+	</outline>
+</glyph>
diff --git a/Tests/cu2qu/data/RobotoSubset-Regular.ufo/glyphs/y.glif b/Tests/cu2qu/data/RobotoSubset-Regular.ufo/glyphs/y.glif
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..793d4f2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/cu2qu/data/RobotoSubset-Regular.ufo/glyphs/y.glif
@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<glyph name="y" format="2">
+	<unicode hex="0079"/>
+	<advance width="968"/>
+	<outline>
+		<contour>
+			<point x="438" y="113" type="line"/>
+			<point x="363" y="-92" type="line" smooth="yes"/>
+			<point x="319" y="-226"/>
+			<point x="255" y="-266"/>
+			<point x="130" y="-266" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+			<point x="121" y="-266"/>
+			<point x="93" y="-264"/>
+			<point x="83" y="-262" type="curve"/>
+			<point x="83" y="-421" type="line"/>
+			<point x="103" y="-426"/>
+			<point x="159" y="-437"/>
+			<point x="190" y="-437" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+			<point x="386" y="-437"/>
+			<point x="475" y="-274"/>
+			<point x="515" y="-166" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+			<point x="944" y="1082" type="line"/>
+			<point x="731" y="1082" type="line"/>
+		</contour>
+		<contour>
+			<point x="238" y="1082" type="line"/>
+			<point x="20" y="1082" type="line"/>
+			<point x="413" y="-21" type="line"/>
+			<point x="556" y="50" type="line"/>
+			<point x="504" y="258" type="line"/>
+		</contour>
+	</outline>
+</glyph>
diff --git a/Tests/cu2qu/data/RobotoSubset-Regular.ufo/glyphs/z.glif b/Tests/cu2qu/data/RobotoSubset-Regular.ufo/glyphs/z.glif
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e21d52a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/cu2qu/data/RobotoSubset-Regular.ufo/glyphs/z.glif
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<glyph name="z" format="2">
+	<unicode hex="007A"/>
+	<advance width="1020"/>
+	<outline>
+		<contour>
+			<point x="949" y="160" type="line"/>
+			<point x="166" y="160" type="line"/>
+			<point x="166" y="0" type="line"/>
+			<point x="949" y="0" type="line"/>
+		</contour>
+		<contour>
+			<point x="923" y="944" type="line"/>
+			<point x="923" y="1082" type="line"/>
+			<point x="796" y="1082" type="line"/>
+			<point x="89" y="144" type="line"/>
+			<point x="89" y="0" type="line"/>
+			<point x="211" y="0" type="line"/>
+		</contour>
+		<contour>
+			<point x="835" y="1082" type="line"/>
+			<point x="95" y="1082" type="line"/>
+			<point x="95" y="921" type="line"/>
+			<point x="835" y="921" type="line"/>
+		</contour>
+	</outline>
+</glyph>
diff --git a/Tests/cu2qu/data/RobotoSubset-Regular.ufo/layercontents.plist b/Tests/cu2qu/data/RobotoSubset-Regular.ufo/layercontents.plist
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..03e5dde
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/cu2qu/data/RobotoSubset-Regular.ufo/layercontents.plist
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<!DOCTYPE plist PUBLIC "-//Apple//DTD PLIST 1.0//EN" "http://www.apple.com/DTDs/PropertyList-1.0.dtd">
+<plist version="1.0">
+	<array>
+		<array>
+			<string>public.default</string>
+			<string>glyphs</string>
+		</array>
+	</array>
+</plist>
diff --git a/Tests/cu2qu/data/RobotoSubset-Regular.ufo/lib.plist b/Tests/cu2qu/data/RobotoSubset-Regular.ufo/lib.plist
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5623ed1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/cu2qu/data/RobotoSubset-Regular.ufo/lib.plist
@@ -0,0 +1,62 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<!DOCTYPE plist PUBLIC "-//Apple//DTD PLIST 1.0//EN" "http://www.apple.com/DTDs/PropertyList-1.0.dtd">
+<plist version="1.0">
+	<dict>
+		<key>public.glyphOrder</key>
+		<array>
+			<string>space</string>
+			<string>A</string>
+			<string>B</string>
+			<string>C</string>
+			<string>D</string>
+			<string>E</string>
+			<string>F</string>
+			<string>G</string>
+			<string>H</string>
+			<string>I</string>
+			<string>J</string>
+			<string>K</string>
+			<string>L</string>
+			<string>M</string>
+			<string>N</string>
+			<string>O</string>
+			<string>P</string>
+			<string>Q</string>
+			<string>R</string>
+			<string>S</string>
+			<string>T</string>
+			<string>U</string>
+			<string>V</string>
+			<string>W</string>
+			<string>X</string>
+			<string>Y</string>
+			<string>Z</string>
+			<string>a</string>
+			<string>b</string>
+			<string>c</string>
+			<string>d</string>
+			<string>e</string>
+			<string>f</string>
+			<string>g</string>
+			<string>h</string>
+			<string>i</string>
+			<string>j</string>
+			<string>k</string>
+			<string>l</string>
+			<string>m</string>
+			<string>n</string>
+			<string>o</string>
+			<string>p</string>
+			<string>q</string>
+			<string>r</string>
+			<string>s</string>
+			<string>t</string>
+			<string>u</string>
+			<string>v</string>
+			<string>w</string>
+			<string>x</string>
+			<string>y</string>
+			<string>z</string>
+		</array>
+	</dict>
+</plist>
diff --git a/Tests/cu2qu/data/RobotoSubset-Regular.ufo/metainfo.plist b/Tests/cu2qu/data/RobotoSubset-Regular.ufo/metainfo.plist
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..edfd637
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/cu2qu/data/RobotoSubset-Regular.ufo/metainfo.plist
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<!DOCTYPE plist PUBLIC "-//Apple//DTD PLIST 1.0//EN" "http://www.apple.com/DTDs/PropertyList-1.0.dtd">
+<plist version="1.0">
+	<dict>
+		<key>creator</key>
+		<string>org.robofab.ufoLib</string>
+		<key>formatVersion</key>
+		<integer>3</integer>
+	</dict>
+</plist>
diff --git a/Tests/cu2qu/data/curves.json b/Tests/cu2qu/data/curves.json
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..23af575
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/cu2qu/data/curves.json
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
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9.0],[1149.0,627.0]],[[964.0,639.0],[1955.0,228.0],[1686.0,1802.0],[123.0,50.0]],[[1356.0,1779.0],[1221.0,1998.0],[211.0,1807.0],[1303.0,1740.0]],[[104.0,690.0],[1150.0,1485.0],[985.0,277.0],[593.0,1308.0]],[[1618.0,1267.0],[1320.0,1503.0],[1998.0,577.0],[858.0,1704.0]],[[881.0,424.0],[332.0,703.0],[60.0,87.0],[339.0,1860.0]],[[300.0,760.0],[1470.0,709.0],[751.0,1706.0],[310.0,1892.0]],[[444.0,10.0],[1973.0,1494.0],[1653.0,589.0],[1490.0,569.0]],[[969.0,1595.0],[1337.0,773.0],[408.0,1264.0],[1803.0,846.0]],[[1859.0,622.0],[1049.0,219.0],[669.0,804.0],[2011.0,807.0]],[[174.0,1636.0],[1411.0,1956.0],[1701.0,906.0],[796.0,329.0]],[[63.0,637.0],[2027.0,883.0],[2035.0,1101.0],[1612.0,506.0]],[[286.0,401.0],[1420.0,690.0],[814.0,1751.0],[1268.0,1676.0]],[[1055.0,1004.0],[1544.0,1670.0],[139.0,163.0],[788.0,1524.0]],[[1661.0,1318.0],[1678.0,1132.0],[1851.0,1604.0],[719.0,527.0]],[[1762.0,1430.0],[1498.0,1528.0],[1781.0,140.0],[1507.0,506.0]],[[1368.0,219.0],[871.0,1467.0],[732.0,1173.0],[2044.0,712.0]],[[1732.0,1509.0],[1520.0,124.0],[682.0,749.0],[1470.0,1925.0]],[[1827.0,786.0],[501.0,1314.0],[67.0,1755.0],[911.0,1798.0]],[[1264.0,1721.0],[1129.0,325.0],[813.0,1854.0],[457.0,156.0]],[[19.0,918.0],[981.0,130.0],[2041.0,1358.0],[838.0,780.0]],[[455.0,116.0],[1226.0,1149.0],[387.0,546.0],[1518.0,1843.0]],[[1735.0,1348.0],[254.0,1244.0],[343.0,1899.0],[911.0,652.0]],[[859.0,1198.0],[1924.0,1174.0],[1148.0,405.0],[1039.0,660.0]],[[727.0,681.0],[1757.0,1236.0],[1626.0,1630.0],[949.0,686.0]],[[1687.0,702.0],[1352.0,999.0],[891.0,609.0],[1178.0,306.0]],[[308.0,980.0],[472.0,1248.0],[43.0,540.0],[1662.0,1620.0]],[[230.0,510.0],[215.0,539.0],[1906.0,1617.0],[1196.0,976.0]],[[651.0,1927.0],[958.0,922.0],[1029.0,1711.0],[1886.0,1152.0]],[[541.0,528.0],[132.0,535.0],[630.0,38.0],[1035.0,712.0]],[[140.0,1420.0],[1969.0,763.0],[949.0,1332.0],[755.0,864.0]],[[706.0,2019.0],[1013.0,513.0],[855.0,191.0],[1370.0,1010.0]],[[1656.0,1872.0],[1085.0,746.0],[479.0,180.0],[356.0,148.0]],[[1172.0,2040.0],[206.0,492.0],[1278.0,1519.0],[1416.0,979.0]],[[867.0,1050.0],[778.0,664.0],[1391.0,1142.0],[1323.0,1484.0]],[[151.0,319.0],[873.0,710.0],[1613.0,1875.0],[859.0,50.0]],[[1897.0,1624.0],[1548.0,1427.0],[1519.0,2017.0],[34.0,1033.0]],[[316.0,238.0],[1656.0,1666.0],[1530.0,1642.0],[757.0,1247.0]],[[800.0,367.0],[1244.0,121.0],[1739.0,158.0],[1875.0,23.0]],[[1653.0,831.0],[1949.0,1049.0],[97.0,857.0],[914.0,569.0]],[[1357.0,980.0],[1078.0,1356.0],[146.0,1577.0],[1187.0,71.0]],[[1916.0,105.0],[1741.0,64.0],[447.0,709.0],[1016.0,76.0]],[[1657.0,1822.0],[629.0,315.0],[879.0,782.0],[1707.0,1466.0]],[[1504.0,256.0],[902.0,804.0],[385.0,522.0],[1133.0,1420.0]],[[1341.0,1738.0],[1080.0,1689.0],[1455.0,933.0],[306.0,1861.0]],[[896.0,1132.0],[42.0,1304.0],[774.0,1471.0],[1246.0,1532.0]],[[807.0,1437.0],[1321.0,1097.0],[1666.0,367.0],[1544.0,780.0]],[[1838.0,806.0],[886.0,1333.0],[1962.0,1799.0],[20.0,197.0]],[[1227.0,517.0],[1594.0,290.0],[1202.0,525.0],[1321.0,1319.0]],[[1581.0,1948.0],[598.0,1052.0],[900.0,1009.0],[1544.0,1509.0]],[[204.0,1234.0],[1896.0,1409.0],[21.0,611.0],[1950.0,2040.0]],[[78.0,133.0],[1601.0,1784.0],[440.0,839.0],[1740.0,1523.0]],[[1764.0,1845.0],[1574.0,1740.0],[257.0,2044.0],[747.0,876.0]],[[761.0,408.0],[1739.0,1479.0],[900.0,736.0],[1577.0,1455.0]],[[1515.0,578.0],[652.0,956.0],[1051.0,1013.0],[292.0,324.0]],[[829.0,1789.0],[2015.0,156.0],[1316.0,901.0],[307.0,1759.0]],[[345.0,1307.0],[746.0,1956.0],[965.0,1449.0],[815.0,1160.0]],[[685.0,1855.0],[460.0,115.0],[418.0,1039.0],[1250.0,423.0]],[[1163.0,829.0],[1895.0,920.0],[116.0,1701.0],[303.0,1392.0]],[[1906.0,1850.0],[1850.0,915.0],[1771.0,1131.0],[1554.0,356.0]],[[1635.0,1624.0],[409.0,427.0],[1493.0,1446.0],[1438.0,1622.0]],[[1952.0,1994.0],[843.0,882.0],[577.0,847.0],[474.0,56.0]],[[754.0,1994.0],[1407.0,1031.0],[1273.0,366.0],[860.0,577.0]],[[1035.0,976.0],[392.0,1224.0],[1705.0,1318.0],[1460.0,635.0]],[[1880.0,932.0],[1281.0,849.0],[1346.0,525.0],[563.0,1618.0]],[[1154.0,151.0],[120.0,140.0],[1666.0,1503.0],[174.0,1889.0]],[[1866.0,1212.0],[1635.0,1655.0],[1353.0,1037.0],[1994.0,327.0]],[[82.0,612.0],[1294.0,264.0],[1474.0,223.0],[248.0,1570.0]],[[1318.0,884.0],[568.0,1755.0],[957.0,1160.0],[1395.0,19.0]],[[921.0,871.0],[1085.0,1656.0],[1231.0,1927.0],[1660.0,1997.0]],[[1909.0,1080.0],[69.0,1910.0],[1836.0,1863.0],[1744.0,892.0]],[[1499.0,1791.0],[696.0,714.0],[1872.0,1449.0],[94.0,881.0]],[[454.0,1530.0],[164.0,1837.0],[266.0,1332.0],[397.0,372.0]],[[1496.0,936.0],[371.0,1362.0],[528.0,996.0],[1439.0,960.0]],[[1095.0,1004.0],[1600.0,149.0],[59.0,1065.0],[1147.0,2041.0]],[[476.0,1992.0],[1687.0,1146.0],[396.0,252.0],[1408.0,1998.0]],[[1504.0,1082.0],[821.0,1755.0],[1567.0,695.0],[1510.0,286.0]],[[1823.0,1154.0],[1924.0,1508.0],[827.0,1351.0],[1575.0,1511.0]],[[697.0,1823.0],[1483.0,1026.0],[523.0,906.0],[653.0,1361.0]],[[9.0,508.0],[568.0,823.0],[538.0,204.0],[1564.0,575.0]],[[530.0,1391.0],[1935.0,1903.0],[393.0,64.0],[1592.0,599.0]],[[1552.0,353.0],[546.0,349.0],[1065.0,1214.0],[619.0,1367.0]],[[411.0,1814.0],[350.0,50.0],[791.0,1473.0],[1799.0,468.0]],[[773.0,70.0],[100.0,427.0],[1248.0,87.0],[1707.0,706.0]],[[1071.0,720.0],[191.0,94.0],[774.0,770.0],[708.0,495.0]],[[1472.0,197.0],[1264.0,452.0],[685.0,886.0],[0.0,206.0]],[[956.0,702.0],[1727.0,958.0],[578.0,20.0],[1913.0,2014.0]],[[129.0,604.0],[2041.0,1044.0],[1902.0,1457.0],[1385.0,1897.0]],[[1705.0,967.0],[1528.0,1908.0],[1963.0,2024.0],[26.0,768.0]],[[1361.0,784.0],[409.0,1371.0],[1909.0,184.0],[764.0,1070.0]],[[995.0,1834.0],[1771.0,524.0],[704.0,162.0],[1281.0,1979.0]],[[1220.0,1043.0],[1136.0,1543.0],[1002.0,917.0],[1406.0,1263.0]],[[1132.0,1305.0],[1559.0,1070.0],[995.0,340.0],[2031.0,678.0]],[[1526.0,652.0],[334.0,1809.0],[1953.0,1491.0],[1301.0,306.0]],[[885.0,909.0],[599.0,1454.0],[1404.0,702.0],[679.0,784.0]],[[837.0,845.0],[129.0,1698.0],[770.0,1882.0],[1680.0,1355.0]],[[118.0,1293.0],[733.0,516.0],[947.0,1713.0],[1994.0,709.0]],[[484.0,510.0],[401.0,65.0],[1908.0,730.0],[342.0,361.0]],[[572.0,52.0],[1671.0,1138.0],[780.0,1414.0],[1796.0,2002.0]],[[1898.0,2022.0],[1915.0,1071.0],[418.0,1378.0],[1394.0,260.0]],[[1870.0,1588.0],[1148.0,1615.0],[1358.0,278.0],[1238.0,560.0]],[[1063.0,81.0],[601.0,738.0],[767.0,1566.0],[511.0,1013.0]],[[1653.0,699.0],[1195.0,1417.0],[525.0,1630.0],[471.0,1557.0]],[[1484.0,935.0],[53.0,417.0],[870.0,1562.0],[320.0,119.0]],[[1503.0,1451.0],[1582.0,476.0],[567.0,678.0],[888.0,859.0]],[[1907.0,901.0],[742.0,1889.0],[1054.0,1982.0],[920.0,1603.0]],[[77.0,50.0],[507.0,711.0],[206.0,958.0],[1304.0,1292.0]],[[437.0,1710.0],[1935.0,568.0],[162.0,1116.0],[1463.0,859.0]],[[1404.0,2031.0],[560.0,1158.0],[1190.0,91.0],[1488.0,2027.0]]]
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/Tests/cu2qu/ufo_test.py b/Tests/cu2qu/ufo_test.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b678ae3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/cu2qu/ufo_test.py
@@ -0,0 +1,285 @@
+import os
+
+from fontTools.misc.loggingTools import CapturingLogHandler
+from fontTools.cu2qu.ufo import (
+    fonts_to_quadratic,
+    font_to_quadratic,
+    glyphs_to_quadratic,
+    glyph_to_quadratic,
+    logger,
+    CURVE_TYPE_LIB_KEY,
+)
+from fontTools.cu2qu.errors import (
+    IncompatibleSegmentNumberError,
+    IncompatibleSegmentTypesError,
+    IncompatibleFontsError,
+)
+
+import pytest
+
+
+ufoLib2 = pytest.importorskip("ufoLib2")
+
+DATADIR = os.path.join(os.path.dirname(__file__), 'data')
+
+TEST_UFOS = [
+    os.path.join(DATADIR, "RobotoSubset-Regular.ufo"),
+    os.path.join(DATADIR, "RobotoSubset-Bold.ufo"),
+]
+
+
+@pytest.fixture
+def fonts():
+    return [ufoLib2.Font.open(ufo) for ufo in TEST_UFOS]
+
+
+class FontsToQuadraticTest(object):
+
+    def test_modified(self, fonts):
+        modified = fonts_to_quadratic(fonts)
+        assert modified
+
+    def test_stats(self, fonts):
+        stats = {}
+        fonts_to_quadratic(fonts, stats=stats)
+        assert stats == {'1': 1, '2': 79, '3': 130, '4': 2}
+
+    def test_dump_stats(self, fonts):
+        with CapturingLogHandler(logger, "INFO") as captor:
+            fonts_to_quadratic(fonts, dump_stats=True)
+        assert captor.assertRegex("New spline lengths:")
+
+    def test_remember_curve_type(self, fonts):
+        fonts_to_quadratic(fonts, remember_curve_type=True)
+        assert fonts[0].lib[CURVE_TYPE_LIB_KEY] == "quadratic"
+        with CapturingLogHandler(logger, "INFO") as captor:
+            fonts_to_quadratic(fonts, remember_curve_type=True)
+        assert captor.assertRegex("already converted")
+
+    def test_no_remember_curve_type(self, fonts):
+        assert CURVE_TYPE_LIB_KEY not in fonts[0].lib
+        fonts_to_quadratic(fonts, remember_curve_type=False)
+        assert CURVE_TYPE_LIB_KEY not in fonts[0].lib
+
+    def test_different_glyphsets(self, fonts):
+        del fonts[0]['a']
+        assert 'a' not in fonts[0]
+        assert 'a' in fonts[1]
+        assert fonts_to_quadratic(fonts)
+
+    def test_max_err_em_float(self, fonts):
+        stats = {}
+        fonts_to_quadratic(fonts, max_err_em=0.002, stats=stats)
+        assert stats == {'1': 5, '2': 193, '3': 14}
+
+    def test_max_err_em_list(self, fonts):
+        stats = {}
+        fonts_to_quadratic(fonts, max_err_em=[0.002, 0.002], stats=stats)
+        assert stats == {'1': 5, '2': 193, '3': 14}
+
+    def test_max_err_float(self, fonts):
+        stats = {}
+        fonts_to_quadratic(fonts, max_err=4.096, stats=stats)
+        assert stats == {'1': 5, '2': 193, '3': 14}
+
+    def test_max_err_list(self, fonts):
+        stats = {}
+        fonts_to_quadratic(fonts, max_err=[4.096, 4.096], stats=stats)
+        assert stats == {'1': 5, '2': 193, '3': 14}
+
+    def test_both_max_err_and_max_err_em(self, fonts):
+        with pytest.raises(TypeError, match="Only one .* can be specified"):
+            fonts_to_quadratic(fonts, max_err=1.000, max_err_em=0.001)
+
+    def test_single_font(self, fonts):
+        assert font_to_quadratic(fonts[0], max_err_em=0.002,
+                                 reverse_direction=True)
+
+
+class GlyphsToQuadraticTest(object):
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize(
+        ["glyph", "expected"],
+        [('A', False),  # contains no curves, it is not modified
+         ('a', True)],
+        ids=['lines-only', 'has-curves']
+    )
+    def test_modified(self, fonts, glyph, expected):
+        glyphs = [f[glyph] for f in fonts]
+        assert glyphs_to_quadratic(glyphs) == expected
+
+    def test_stats(self, fonts):
+        stats = {}
+        glyphs_to_quadratic([f['a'] for f in fonts], stats=stats)
+        assert stats == {'2': 1, '3': 7, '4': 3, '5': 1}
+
+    def test_max_err_float(self, fonts):
+        glyphs = [f['a'] for f in fonts]
+        stats = {}
+        glyphs_to_quadratic(glyphs, max_err=4.096, stats=stats)
+        assert stats == {'2': 11, '3': 1}
+
+    def test_max_err_list(self, fonts):
+        glyphs = [f['a'] for f in fonts]
+        stats = {}
+        glyphs_to_quadratic(glyphs, max_err=[4.096, 4.096], stats=stats)
+        assert stats == {'2': 11, '3': 1}
+
+    def test_reverse_direction(self, fonts):
+        glyphs = [f['A'] for f in fonts]
+        assert glyphs_to_quadratic(glyphs, reverse_direction=True)
+
+    def test_single_glyph(self, fonts):
+        assert glyph_to_quadratic(fonts[0]['a'], max_err=4.096,
+                                  reverse_direction=True)
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize(
+        ["outlines", "exception", "message"],
+        [
+            [
+                [
+                    [
+                        ('moveTo', ((0, 0),)),
+                        ('curveTo', ((1, 1), (2, 2), (3, 3))),
+                        ('curveTo', ((4, 4), (5, 5), (6, 6))),
+                        ('closePath', ()),
+                    ],
+                    [
+                        ('moveTo', ((7, 7),)),
+                        ('curveTo', ((8, 8), (9, 9), (10, 10))),
+                        ('closePath', ()),
+                    ]
+                ],
+                IncompatibleSegmentNumberError,
+                "have different number of segments",
+            ],
+            [
+                [
+
+                    [
+                        ('moveTo', ((0, 0),)),
+                        ('curveTo', ((1, 1), (2, 2), (3, 3))),
+                        ('closePath', ()),
+                    ],
+                    [
+                        ('moveTo', ((4, 4),)),
+                        ('lineTo', ((5, 5),)),
+                        ('closePath', ()),
+                    ],
+                ],
+                IncompatibleSegmentTypesError,
+                "have incompatible segment types",
+            ],
+        ],
+        ids=[
+            "unequal-length",
+            "different-segment-types",
+        ]
+    )
+    def test_incompatible_glyphs(self, outlines, exception, message):
+        glyphs = []
+        for i, outline in enumerate(outlines):
+            glyph = ufoLib2.objects.Glyph("glyph%d" % i)
+            pen = glyph.getPen()
+            for operator, args in outline:
+                getattr(pen, operator)(*args)
+            glyphs.append(glyph)
+        with pytest.raises(exception) as excinfo:
+            glyphs_to_quadratic(glyphs)
+        assert excinfo.match(message)
+
+    def test_incompatible_fonts(self):
+        font1 = ufoLib2.Font()
+        font1.info.unitsPerEm = 1000
+        glyph1 = font1.newGlyph("a")
+        pen1 = glyph1.getPen()
+        for operator, args in [("moveTo", ((0, 0),)),
+                               ("lineTo", ((1, 1),)),
+                               ("endPath", ())]:
+            getattr(pen1, operator)(*args)
+
+        font2 = ufoLib2.Font()
+        font2.info.unitsPerEm = 1000
+        glyph2 = font2.newGlyph("a")
+        pen2 = glyph2.getPen()
+        for operator, args in [("moveTo", ((0, 0),)),
+                               ("curveTo", ((1, 1), (2, 2), (3, 3))),
+                               ("endPath", ())]:
+            getattr(pen2, operator)(*args)
+
+        with pytest.raises(IncompatibleFontsError) as excinfo:
+            fonts_to_quadratic([font1, font2])
+        assert excinfo.match("fonts contains incompatible glyphs: 'a'")
+
+        assert hasattr(excinfo.value, "glyph_errors")
+        error = excinfo.value.glyph_errors['a']
+        assert isinstance(error, IncompatibleSegmentTypesError)
+        assert error.segments == {1: ["line", "curve"]}
+
+    def test_already_quadratic(self):
+        glyph = ufoLib2.objects.Glyph()
+        pen = glyph.getPen()
+        pen.moveTo((0, 0))
+        pen.qCurveTo((1, 1), (2, 2))
+        pen.closePath()
+        assert not glyph_to_quadratic(glyph)
+
+    def test_open_paths(self):
+        glyph = ufoLib2.objects.Glyph()
+        pen = glyph.getPen()
+        pen.moveTo((0, 0))
+        pen.lineTo((1, 1))
+        pen.curveTo((2, 2), (3, 3), (4, 4))
+        pen.endPath()
+        assert glyph_to_quadratic(glyph)
+        # open contour is still open
+        assert glyph[-1][0].segmentType == "move"
+
+    def test_ignore_components(self):
+        glyph = ufoLib2.objects.Glyph()
+        pen = glyph.getPen()
+        pen.addComponent('a', (1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0))
+        pen.moveTo((0, 0))
+        pen.curveTo((1, 1), (2, 2), (3, 3))
+        pen.closePath()
+        assert glyph_to_quadratic(glyph)
+        assert len(glyph.components) == 1
+
+    def test_overlapping_start_end_points(self):
+        # https://github.com/googlefonts/fontmake/issues/572
+        glyph1 = ufoLib2.objects.Glyph()
+        pen = glyph1.getPointPen()
+        pen.beginPath()
+        pen.addPoint((0, 651), segmentType="line")
+        pen.addPoint((0, 101), segmentType="line")
+        pen.addPoint((0, 101), segmentType="line")
+        pen.addPoint((0, 651), segmentType="line")
+        pen.endPath()
+
+        glyph2 = ufoLib2.objects.Glyph()
+        pen = glyph2.getPointPen()
+        pen.beginPath()
+        pen.addPoint((1, 651), segmentType="line")
+        pen.addPoint((2, 101), segmentType="line")
+        pen.addPoint((3, 101), segmentType="line")
+        pen.addPoint((4, 651), segmentType="line")
+        pen.endPath()
+
+        glyphs = [glyph1, glyph2]
+
+        assert glyphs_to_quadratic(glyphs, reverse_direction=True)
+
+        assert [[(p.x, p.y) for p in glyph[0]] for glyph in glyphs] == [
+            [
+                (0, 651),
+                (0, 651),
+                (0, 101),
+                (0, 101),
+            ],
+            [
+                (1, 651),
+                (4, 651),
+                (3, 101),
+                (2, 101)
+            ],
+        ]
diff --git a/Tests/designspaceLib/data/test.designspace b/Tests/designspaceLib/data/test.designspace
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e12f156
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/designspaceLib/data/test.designspace
@@ -0,0 +1,112 @@
+<?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?>
+<designspace format="4.1">
+  <axes>
+    <axis tag="wght" name="weight" minimum="0" maximum="1000" default="0">
+      <labelname xml:lang="en">Wéíght</labelname>
+      <labelname xml:lang="fa-IR">قطر</labelname>
+    </axis>
+    <axis tag="wdth" name="width" minimum="0" maximum="1000" default="15" hidden="1">
+      <labelname xml:lang="fr">Chasse</labelname>
+      <map input="0" output="10"/>
+      <map input="15" output="20"/>
+      <map input="401" output="66"/>
+      <map input="1000" output="990"/>
+    </axis>
+  </axes>
+  <rules processing="last">
+    <rule name="named.rule.1">
+      <conditionset>
+        <condition name="axisName_a" minimum="0" maximum="1"/>
+        <condition name="axisName_b" minimum="2" maximum="3"/>
+      </conditionset>
+      <sub name="a" with="a.alt"/>
+    </rule>
+  </rules>
+  <sources>
+    <source filename="masters/masterTest1.ufo" name="master.ufo1" familyname="MasterFamilyName" stylename="MasterStyleNameOne">
+      <lib copy="1"/>
+      <features copy="1"/>
+      <info copy="1"/>
+      <glyph name="A" mute="1"/>
+      <glyph name="Z" mute="1"/>
+      <location>
+        <dimension name="weight" xvalue="0"/>
+        <dimension name="width" xvalue="20"/>
+      </location>
+    </source>
+    <source filename="masters/masterTest2.ufo" name="master.ufo2" familyname="MasterFamilyName" stylename="MasterStyleNameTwo">
+      <kerning mute="1"/>
+      <location>
+        <dimension name="weight" xvalue="1000"/>
+        <dimension name="width" xvalue="20"/>
+      </location>
+    </source>
+    <source filename="masters/masterTest2.ufo" name="master.ufo2" familyname="MasterFamilyName" stylename="Supports" layer="supports">
+      <location>
+        <dimension name="weight" xvalue="1000"/>
+        <dimension name="width" xvalue="20"/>
+      </location>
+    </source>
+  </sources>
+  <instances>
+    <instance name="instance.ufo1" familyname="InstanceFamilyName" stylename="InstanceStyleName" filename="instances/instanceTest1.ufo" postscriptfontname="InstancePostscriptName" stylemapfamilyname="InstanceStyleMapFamilyName" stylemapstylename="InstanceStyleMapStyleName">
+      <location>
+        <dimension name="weight" xvalue="500"/>
+        <dimension name="width" xvalue="20"/>
+      </location>
+      <glyphs>
+        <glyph mute="1" unicode="0x123 0x124 0x125" name="arrow"/>
+      </glyphs>
+      <kerning/>
+      <info/>
+      <lib>
+        <dict>
+          <key>com.coolDesignspaceApp.binaryData</key>
+          <data>
+          PGJpbmFyeSBndW5rPg==
+          </data>
+          <key>com.coolDesignspaceApp.specimenText</key>
+          <string>Hamburgerwhatever</string>
+        </dict>
+      </lib>
+    </instance>
+    <instance name="instance.ufo2" familyname="InstanceFamilyName" stylename="InstanceStyleName" filename="instances/instanceTest2.ufo" postscriptfontname="InstancePostscriptName" stylemapfamilyname="InstanceStyleMapFamilyName" stylemapstylename="InstanceStyleMapStyleName">
+      <location>
+        <dimension name="weight" xvalue="500"/>
+        <dimension name="width" xvalue="400" yvalue="300"/>
+      </location>
+      <glyphs>
+        <glyph unicode="0x65 0xc9 0x12d" name="arrow">
+          <location>
+            <dimension name="weight" xvalue="120"/>
+            <dimension name="width" xvalue="100"/>
+          </location>
+          <note>A note about this glyph</note>
+          <masters>
+            <master glyphname="BB" source="master.ufo1">
+              <location>
+                <dimension name="weight" xvalue="20"/>
+                <dimension name="width" xvalue="20"/>
+              </location>
+            </master>
+            <master glyphname="CC" source="master.ufo2">
+              <location>
+                <dimension name="weight" xvalue="900"/>
+                <dimension name="width" xvalue="900"/>
+              </location>
+            </master>
+          </masters>
+        </glyph>
+        <glyph name="arrow2"/>
+      </glyphs>
+      <kerning/>
+      <info/>
+    </instance>
+  </instances>
+  <lib>
+    <dict>
+      <key>com.coolDesignspaceApp.previewSize</key>
+      <integer>30</integer>
+    </dict>
+  </lib>
+</designspace>
diff --git a/Tests/designspaceLib/designspace_test.py b/Tests/designspaceLib/designspace_test.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8daf741
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/designspaceLib/designspace_test.py
@@ -0,0 +1,1024 @@
+# coding=utf-8
+
+import os
+import sys
+import pytest
+import warnings
+
+from fontTools.misc import plistlib
+from fontTools.designspaceLib import (
+    DesignSpaceDocument, SourceDescriptor, AxisDescriptor, RuleDescriptor,
+    InstanceDescriptor, evaluateRule, processRules, posix, DesignSpaceDocumentError)
+from fontTools import ttLib
+
+def _axesAsDict(axes):
+    """
+        Make the axis data we have available in
+    """
+    axesDict = {}
+    for axisDescriptor in axes:
+        d = {
+            'name': axisDescriptor.name,
+            'tag': axisDescriptor.tag,
+            'minimum': axisDescriptor.minimum,
+            'maximum': axisDescriptor.maximum,
+            'default': axisDescriptor.default,
+            'map': axisDescriptor.map,
+        }
+        axesDict[axisDescriptor.name] = d
+    return axesDict
+
+
+def assert_equals_test_file(path, test_filename):
+    with open(path) as fp:
+        actual = fp.read()
+
+    test_path = os.path.join(os.path.dirname(__file__), test_filename)
+    with open(test_path) as fp:
+        expected = fp.read()
+
+    assert actual == expected
+
+
+def test_fill_document(tmpdir):
+    tmpdir = str(tmpdir)
+    testDocPath = os.path.join(tmpdir, "test.designspace")
+    masterPath1 = os.path.join(tmpdir, "masters", "masterTest1.ufo")
+    masterPath2 = os.path.join(tmpdir, "masters", "masterTest2.ufo")
+    instancePath1 = os.path.join(tmpdir, "instances", "instanceTest1.ufo")
+    instancePath2 = os.path.join(tmpdir, "instances", "instanceTest2.ufo")
+    doc = DesignSpaceDocument()
+    doc.rulesProcessingLast = True
+
+    # write some axes
+    a1 = AxisDescriptor()
+    a1.minimum = 0
+    a1.maximum = 1000
+    a1.default = 0
+    a1.name = "weight"
+    a1.tag = "wght"
+    # note: just to test the element language, not an actual label name recommendations.
+    a1.labelNames[u'fa-IR'] = u"قطر"
+    a1.labelNames[u'en'] = u"Wéíght"
+    doc.addAxis(a1)
+    a2 = AxisDescriptor()
+    a2.minimum = 0
+    a2.maximum = 1000
+    a2.default = 15
+    a2.name = "width"
+    a2.tag = "wdth"
+    a2.map = [(0.0, 10.0), (15.0, 20.0), (401.0, 66.0), (1000.0, 990.0)]
+    a2.hidden = True
+    a2.labelNames[u'fr'] = u"Chasse"
+    doc.addAxis(a2)
+
+    # add master 1
+    s1 = SourceDescriptor()
+    s1.filename = os.path.relpath(masterPath1, os.path.dirname(testDocPath))
+    assert s1.font is None
+    s1.name = "master.ufo1"
+    s1.copyLib = True
+    s1.copyInfo = True
+    s1.copyFeatures = True
+    s1.location = dict(weight=0)
+    s1.familyName = "MasterFamilyName"
+    s1.styleName = "MasterStyleNameOne"
+    s1.mutedGlyphNames.append("A")
+    s1.mutedGlyphNames.append("Z")
+    doc.addSource(s1)
+    # add master 2
+    s2 = SourceDescriptor()
+    s2.filename = os.path.relpath(masterPath2, os.path.dirname(testDocPath))
+    s2.name = "master.ufo2"
+    s2.copyLib = False
+    s2.copyInfo = False
+    s2.copyFeatures = False
+    s2.muteKerning = True
+    s2.location = dict(weight=1000)
+    s2.familyName = "MasterFamilyName"
+    s2.styleName = "MasterStyleNameTwo"
+    doc.addSource(s2)
+    # add master 3 from a different layer
+    s3 = SourceDescriptor()
+    s3.filename = os.path.relpath(masterPath2, os.path.dirname(testDocPath))
+    s3.name = "master.ufo2"
+    s3.copyLib = False
+    s3.copyInfo = False
+    s3.copyFeatures = False
+    s3.muteKerning = False
+    s3.layerName = "supports"
+    s3.location = dict(weight=1000)
+    s3.familyName = "MasterFamilyName"
+    s3.styleName = "Supports"
+    doc.addSource(s3)
+    # add instance 1
+    i1 = InstanceDescriptor()
+    i1.filename = os.path.relpath(instancePath1, os.path.dirname(testDocPath))
+    i1.familyName = "InstanceFamilyName"
+    i1.styleName = "InstanceStyleName"
+    i1.name = "instance.ufo1"
+    i1.location = dict(weight=500, spooky=666)  # this adds a dimension that is not defined.
+    i1.postScriptFontName = "InstancePostscriptName"
+    i1.styleMapFamilyName = "InstanceStyleMapFamilyName"
+    i1.styleMapStyleName = "InstanceStyleMapStyleName"
+    glyphData = dict(name="arrow", mute=True, unicodes=[0x123, 0x124, 0x125])
+    i1.glyphs['arrow'] = glyphData
+    i1.lib['com.coolDesignspaceApp.binaryData'] = plistlib.Data(b'<binary gunk>')
+    i1.lib['com.coolDesignspaceApp.specimenText'] = "Hamburgerwhatever"
+    doc.addInstance(i1)
+    # add instance 2
+    i2 = InstanceDescriptor()
+    i2.filename = os.path.relpath(instancePath2, os.path.dirname(testDocPath))
+    i2.familyName = "InstanceFamilyName"
+    i2.styleName = "InstanceStyleName"
+    i2.name = "instance.ufo2"
+    # anisotropic location
+    i2.location = dict(weight=500, width=(400,300))
+    i2.postScriptFontName = "InstancePostscriptName"
+    i2.styleMapFamilyName = "InstanceStyleMapFamilyName"
+    i2.styleMapStyleName = "InstanceStyleMapStyleName"
+    glyphMasters = [dict(font="master.ufo1", glyphName="BB", location=dict(width=20,weight=20)), dict(font="master.ufo2", glyphName="CC", location=dict(width=900,weight=900))]
+    glyphData = dict(name="arrow", unicodes=[101, 201, 301])
+    glyphData['masters'] = glyphMasters
+    glyphData['note'] = "A note about this glyph"
+    glyphData['instanceLocation'] = dict(width=100, weight=120)
+    i2.glyphs['arrow'] = glyphData
+    i2.glyphs['arrow2'] = dict(mute=False)
+    doc.addInstance(i2)
+
+    doc.filename = "suggestedFileName.designspace"
+    doc.lib['com.coolDesignspaceApp.previewSize'] = 30
+
+    # write some rules
+    r1 = RuleDescriptor()
+    r1.name = "named.rule.1"
+    r1.conditionSets.append([
+        dict(name='axisName_a', minimum=0, maximum=1),
+        dict(name='axisName_b', minimum=2, maximum=3)
+    ])
+    r1.subs.append(("a", "a.alt"))
+    doc.addRule(r1)
+    # write the document
+    doc.write(testDocPath)
+    assert os.path.exists(testDocPath)
+    assert_equals_test_file(testDocPath, 'data/test.designspace')
+    # import it again
+    new = DesignSpaceDocument()
+    new.read(testDocPath)
+
+    assert new.default.location == {'width': 20.0, 'weight': 0.0}
+    assert new.filename == 'test.designspace'
+    assert new.lib == doc.lib
+    assert new.instances[0].lib == doc.instances[0].lib
+
+    # test roundtrip for the axis attributes and data
+    axes = {}
+    for axis in doc.axes:
+        if axis.tag not in axes:
+            axes[axis.tag] = []
+        axes[axis.tag].append(axis.serialize())
+    for axis in new.axes:
+        if axis.tag[0] == "_":
+            continue
+        if axis.tag not in axes:
+            axes[axis.tag] = []
+        axes[axis.tag].append(axis.serialize())
+    for v in axes.values():
+        a, b = v
+        assert a == b
+
+
+def test_unicodes(tmpdir):
+    tmpdir = str(tmpdir)
+    testDocPath = os.path.join(tmpdir, "testUnicodes.designspace")
+    testDocPath2 = os.path.join(tmpdir, "testUnicodes_roundtrip.designspace")
+    masterPath1 = os.path.join(tmpdir, "masters", "masterTest1.ufo")
+    masterPath2 = os.path.join(tmpdir, "masters", "masterTest2.ufo")
+    instancePath1 = os.path.join(tmpdir, "instances", "instanceTest1.ufo")
+    instancePath2 = os.path.join(tmpdir, "instances", "instanceTest2.ufo")
+    doc = DesignSpaceDocument()
+    # add master 1
+    s1 = SourceDescriptor()
+    s1.filename = os.path.relpath(masterPath1, os.path.dirname(testDocPath))
+    s1.name = "master.ufo1"
+    s1.copyInfo = True
+    s1.location = dict(weight=0)
+    doc.addSource(s1)
+    # add master 2
+    s2 = SourceDescriptor()
+    s2.filename = os.path.relpath(masterPath2, os.path.dirname(testDocPath))
+    s2.name = "master.ufo2"
+    s2.location = dict(weight=1000)
+    doc.addSource(s2)
+    # add instance 1
+    i1 = InstanceDescriptor()
+    i1.filename = os.path.relpath(instancePath1, os.path.dirname(testDocPath))
+    i1.name = "instance.ufo1"
+    i1.location = dict(weight=500)
+    glyphData = dict(name="arrow", mute=True, unicodes=[100, 200, 300])
+    i1.glyphs['arrow'] = glyphData
+    doc.addInstance(i1)
+    # now we have sources and instances, but no axes yet.
+    doc.axes = []   # clear the axes
+    # write some axes
+    a1 = AxisDescriptor()
+    a1.minimum = 0
+    a1.maximum = 1000
+    a1.default = 0
+    a1.name = "weight"
+    a1.tag = "wght"
+    doc.addAxis(a1)
+    # write the document
+    doc.write(testDocPath)
+    assert os.path.exists(testDocPath)
+    # import it again
+    new = DesignSpaceDocument()
+    new.read(testDocPath)
+    new.write(testDocPath2)
+    # compare the file contents
+    with open(testDocPath, 'r', encoding='utf-8') as f1:
+        t1 = f1.read()
+    with open(testDocPath2, 'r', encoding='utf-8') as f2:
+        t2 = f2.read()
+    assert t1 == t2
+    # check the unicode values read from the document
+    assert new.instances[0].glyphs['arrow']['unicodes'] == [100,200,300]
+
+
+def test_localisedNames(tmpdir):
+    tmpdir = str(tmpdir)
+    testDocPath = os.path.join(tmpdir, "testLocalisedNames.designspace")
+    testDocPath2 = os.path.join(tmpdir, "testLocalisedNames_roundtrip.designspace")
+    masterPath1 = os.path.join(tmpdir, "masters", "masterTest1.ufo")
+    masterPath2 = os.path.join(tmpdir, "masters", "masterTest2.ufo")
+    instancePath1 = os.path.join(tmpdir, "instances", "instanceTest1.ufo")
+    instancePath2 = os.path.join(tmpdir, "instances", "instanceTest2.ufo")
+    doc = DesignSpaceDocument()
+    # add master 1
+    s1 = SourceDescriptor()
+    s1.filename = os.path.relpath(masterPath1, os.path.dirname(testDocPath))
+    s1.name = "master.ufo1"
+    s1.copyInfo = True
+    s1.location = dict(weight=0)
+    doc.addSource(s1)
+    # add master 2
+    s2 = SourceDescriptor()
+    s2.filename = os.path.relpath(masterPath2, os.path.dirname(testDocPath))
+    s2.name = "master.ufo2"
+    s2.location = dict(weight=1000)
+    doc.addSource(s2)
+    # add instance 1
+    i1 = InstanceDescriptor()
+    i1.filename = os.path.relpath(instancePath1, os.path.dirname(testDocPath))
+    i1.familyName = "Montserrat"
+    i1.styleName = "SemiBold"
+    i1.styleMapFamilyName = "Montserrat SemiBold"
+    i1.styleMapStyleName = "Regular"
+    i1.setFamilyName("Montserrat", "fr")
+    i1.setFamilyName(u"モンセラート", "ja")
+    i1.setStyleName("Demigras", "fr")
+    i1.setStyleName(u"半ば", "ja")
+    i1.setStyleMapStyleName(u"Standard", "de")
+    i1.setStyleMapFamilyName("Montserrat Halbfett", "de")
+    i1.setStyleMapFamilyName(u"モンセラート SemiBold", "ja")
+    i1.name = "instance.ufo1"
+    i1.location = dict(weight=500, spooky=666)  # this adds a dimension that is not defined.
+    i1.postScriptFontName = "InstancePostscriptName"
+    glyphData = dict(name="arrow", mute=True, unicodes=[0x123])
+    i1.glyphs['arrow'] = glyphData
+    doc.addInstance(i1)
+    # now we have sources and instances, but no axes yet.
+    doc.axes = []   # clear the axes
+    # write some axes
+    a1 = AxisDescriptor()
+    a1.minimum = 0
+    a1.maximum = 1000
+    a1.default = 0
+    a1.name = "weight"
+    a1.tag = "wght"
+    # note: just to test the element language, not an actual label name recommendations.
+    a1.labelNames[u'fa-IR'] = u"قطر"
+    a1.labelNames[u'en'] = u"Wéíght"
+    doc.addAxis(a1)
+    a2 = AxisDescriptor()
+    a2.minimum = 0
+    a2.maximum = 1000
+    a2.default = 0
+    a2.name = "width"
+    a2.tag = "wdth"
+    a2.map = [(0.0, 10.0), (401.0, 66.0), (1000.0, 990.0)]
+    a2.labelNames[u'fr'] = u"Poids"
+    doc.addAxis(a2)
+    # add an axis that is not part of any location to see if that works
+    a3 = AxisDescriptor()
+    a3.minimum = 333
+    a3.maximum = 666
+    a3.default = 444
+    a3.name = "spooky"
+    a3.tag = "spok"
+    a3.map = [(0.0, 10.0), (401.0, 66.0), (1000.0, 990.0)]
+    #doc.addAxis(a3)    # uncomment this line to test the effects of default axes values
+    # write some rules
+    r1 = RuleDescriptor()
+    r1.name = "named.rule.1"
+    r1.conditionSets.append([
+        dict(name='weight', minimum=200, maximum=500),
+        dict(name='width', minimum=0, maximum=150)
+    ])
+    r1.subs.append(("a", "a.alt"))
+    doc.addRule(r1)
+    # write the document
+    doc.write(testDocPath)
+    assert os.path.exists(testDocPath)
+    # import it again
+    new = DesignSpaceDocument()
+    new.read(testDocPath)
+    new.write(testDocPath2)
+    with open(testDocPath, 'r', encoding='utf-8') as f1:
+        t1 = f1.read()
+    with open(testDocPath2, 'r', encoding='utf-8') as f2:
+        t2 = f2.read()
+    assert t1 == t2
+
+
+def test_handleNoAxes(tmpdir):
+    tmpdir = str(tmpdir)
+    # test what happens if the designspacedocument has no axes element.
+    testDocPath = os.path.join(tmpdir, "testNoAxes_source.designspace")
+    testDocPath2 = os.path.join(tmpdir, "testNoAxes_recontructed.designspace")
+    masterPath1 = os.path.join(tmpdir, "masters", "masterTest1.ufo")
+    masterPath2 = os.path.join(tmpdir, "masters", "masterTest2.ufo")
+    instancePath1 = os.path.join(tmpdir, "instances", "instanceTest1.ufo")
+    instancePath2 = os.path.join(tmpdir, "instances", "instanceTest2.ufo")
+
+    # Case 1: No axes element in the document, but there are sources and instances
+    doc = DesignSpaceDocument()
+
+    for name, value in [('One', 1),('Two', 2),('Three', 3)]:
+        a = AxisDescriptor()
+        a.minimum = 0
+        a.maximum = 1000
+        a.default = 0
+        a.name = "axisName%s" % (name)
+        a.tag = "ax_%d" % (value)
+        doc.addAxis(a)
+
+    # add master 1
+    s1 = SourceDescriptor()
+    s1.filename = os.path.relpath(masterPath1, os.path.dirname(testDocPath))
+    s1.name = "master.ufo1"
+    s1.copyLib = True
+    s1.copyInfo = True
+    s1.copyFeatures = True
+    s1.location = dict(axisNameOne=-1000, axisNameTwo=0, axisNameThree=1000)
+    s1.familyName = "MasterFamilyName"
+    s1.styleName = "MasterStyleNameOne"
+    doc.addSource(s1)
+
+    # add master 2
+    s2 = SourceDescriptor()
+    s2.filename = os.path.relpath(masterPath2, os.path.dirname(testDocPath))
+    s2.name = "master.ufo1"
+    s2.copyLib = False
+    s2.copyInfo = False
+    s2.copyFeatures = False
+    s2.location = dict(axisNameOne=1000, axisNameTwo=1000, axisNameThree=0)
+    s2.familyName = "MasterFamilyName"
+    s2.styleName = "MasterStyleNameTwo"
+    doc.addSource(s2)
+
+    # add instance 1
+    i1 = InstanceDescriptor()
+    i1.filename = os.path.relpath(instancePath1, os.path.dirname(testDocPath))
+    i1.familyName = "InstanceFamilyName"
+    i1.styleName = "InstanceStyleName"
+    i1.name = "instance.ufo1"
+    i1.location = dict(axisNameOne=(-1000,500), axisNameTwo=100)
+    i1.postScriptFontName = "InstancePostscriptName"
+    i1.styleMapFamilyName = "InstanceStyleMapFamilyName"
+    i1.styleMapStyleName = "InstanceStyleMapStyleName"
+    doc.addInstance(i1)
+
+    doc.write(testDocPath)
+    verify = DesignSpaceDocument()
+    verify.read(testDocPath)
+    verify.write(testDocPath2)
+
+def test_pathNameResolve(tmpdir):
+    tmpdir = str(tmpdir)
+    # test how descriptor.path and descriptor.filename are resolved
+    testDocPath1 = os.path.join(tmpdir, "testPathName_case1.designspace")
+    testDocPath2 = os.path.join(tmpdir, "testPathName_case2.designspace")
+    testDocPath3 = os.path.join(tmpdir, "testPathName_case3.designspace")
+    testDocPath4 = os.path.join(tmpdir, "testPathName_case4.designspace")
+    testDocPath5 = os.path.join(tmpdir, "testPathName_case5.designspace")
+    testDocPath6 = os.path.join(tmpdir, "testPathName_case6.designspace")
+    masterPath1 = os.path.join(tmpdir, "masters", "masterTest1.ufo")
+    masterPath2 = os.path.join(tmpdir, "masters", "masterTest2.ufo")
+    instancePath1 = os.path.join(tmpdir, "instances", "instanceTest1.ufo")
+    instancePath2 = os.path.join(tmpdir, "instances", "instanceTest2.ufo")
+
+    a1 = AxisDescriptor()
+    a1.tag = "TAGA"
+    a1.name = "axisName_a"
+    a1.minimum = 0
+    a1.maximum = 1000
+    a1.default = 0
+
+    # Case 1: filename and path are both empty. Nothing to calculate, nothing to put in the file.
+    doc = DesignSpaceDocument()
+    doc.addAxis(a1)
+    s = SourceDescriptor()
+    s.filename = None
+    s.path = None
+    s.copyInfo = True
+    s.location = dict(weight=0)
+    s.familyName = "MasterFamilyName"
+    s.styleName = "MasterStyleNameOne"
+    doc.addSource(s)
+    doc.write(testDocPath1)
+    verify = DesignSpaceDocument()
+    verify.read(testDocPath1)
+    assert verify.sources[0].filename == None
+    assert verify.sources[0].path == None
+
+    # Case 2: filename is empty, path points somewhere: calculate a new filename.
+    doc = DesignSpaceDocument()
+    doc.addAxis(a1)
+    s = SourceDescriptor()
+    s.filename = None
+    s.path = masterPath1
+    s.copyInfo = True
+    s.location = dict(weight=0)
+    s.familyName = "MasterFamilyName"
+    s.styleName = "MasterStyleNameOne"
+    doc.addSource(s)
+    doc.write(testDocPath2)
+    verify = DesignSpaceDocument()
+    verify.read(testDocPath2)
+    assert verify.sources[0].filename == "masters/masterTest1.ufo"
+    assert verify.sources[0].path == posix(masterPath1)
+
+    # Case 3: the filename is set, the path is None.
+    doc = DesignSpaceDocument()
+    doc.addAxis(a1)
+    s = SourceDescriptor()
+    s.filename = "../somewhere/over/the/rainbow.ufo"
+    s.path = None
+    s.copyInfo = True
+    s.location = dict(weight=0)
+    s.familyName = "MasterFamilyName"
+    s.styleName = "MasterStyleNameOne"
+    doc.addSource(s)
+    doc.write(testDocPath3)
+    verify = DesignSpaceDocument()
+    verify.read(testDocPath3)
+    assert verify.sources[0].filename == "../somewhere/over/the/rainbow.ufo"
+    # make the absolute path for filename so we can see if it matches the path
+    p = os.path.abspath(os.path.join(os.path.dirname(testDocPath3), verify.sources[0].filename))
+    assert verify.sources[0].path == posix(p)
+
+    # Case 4: the filename points to one file, the path points to another. The path takes precedence.
+    doc = DesignSpaceDocument()
+    doc.addAxis(a1)
+    s = SourceDescriptor()
+    s.filename = "../somewhere/over/the/rainbow.ufo"
+    s.path = masterPath1
+    s.copyInfo = True
+    s.location = dict(weight=0)
+    s.familyName = "MasterFamilyName"
+    s.styleName = "MasterStyleNameOne"
+    doc.addSource(s)
+    doc.write(testDocPath4)
+    verify = DesignSpaceDocument()
+    verify.read(testDocPath4)
+    assert verify.sources[0].filename == "masters/masterTest1.ufo"
+
+    # Case 5: the filename is None, path has a value, update the filename
+    doc = DesignSpaceDocument()
+    doc.addAxis(a1)
+    s = SourceDescriptor()
+    s.filename = None
+    s.path = masterPath1
+    s.copyInfo = True
+    s.location = dict(weight=0)
+    s.familyName = "MasterFamilyName"
+    s.styleName = "MasterStyleNameOne"
+    doc.addSource(s)
+    doc.write(testDocPath5) # so that the document has a path
+    doc.updateFilenameFromPath()
+    assert doc.sources[0].filename == "masters/masterTest1.ufo"
+
+    # Case 6: the filename has a value, path has a value, update the filenames with force
+    doc = DesignSpaceDocument()
+    doc.addAxis(a1)
+    s = SourceDescriptor()
+    s.filename = "../somewhere/over/the/rainbow.ufo"
+    s.path = masterPath1
+    s.copyInfo = True
+    s.location = dict(weight=0)
+    s.familyName = "MasterFamilyName"
+    s.styleName = "MasterStyleNameOne"
+    doc.write(testDocPath5) # so that the document has a path
+    doc.addSource(s)
+    assert doc.sources[0].filename == "../somewhere/over/the/rainbow.ufo"
+    doc.updateFilenameFromPath(force=True)
+    assert doc.sources[0].filename == "masters/masterTest1.ufo"
+
+
+def test_normalise1():
+    # normalisation of anisotropic locations, clipping
+    doc = DesignSpaceDocument()
+    # write some axes
+    a1 = AxisDescriptor()
+    a1.minimum = -1000
+    a1.maximum = 1000
+    a1.default = 0
+    a1.name = "axisName_a"
+    a1.tag = "TAGA"
+    doc.addAxis(a1)
+    assert doc.normalizeLocation(dict(axisName_a=0)) == {'axisName_a': 0.0}
+    assert doc.normalizeLocation(dict(axisName_a=1000)) == {'axisName_a': 1.0}
+    # clipping beyond max values:
+    assert doc.normalizeLocation(dict(axisName_a=1001)) == {'axisName_a': 1.0}
+    assert doc.normalizeLocation(dict(axisName_a=500)) == {'axisName_a': 0.5}
+    assert doc.normalizeLocation(dict(axisName_a=-1000)) == {'axisName_a': -1.0}
+    assert doc.normalizeLocation(dict(axisName_a=-1001)) == {'axisName_a': -1.0}
+    # anisotropic coordinates normalise to isotropic
+    assert doc.normalizeLocation(dict(axisName_a=(1000, -1000))) == {'axisName_a': 1.0}
+    doc.normalize()
+    r = []
+    for axis in doc.axes:
+        r.append((axis.name, axis.minimum, axis.default, axis.maximum))
+    r.sort()
+    assert r == [('axisName_a', -1.0, 0.0, 1.0)]
+
+def test_normalise2():
+    # normalisation with minimum > 0
+    doc = DesignSpaceDocument()
+    # write some axes
+    a2 = AxisDescriptor()
+    a2.minimum = 100
+    a2.maximum = 1000
+    a2.default = 100
+    a2.name = "axisName_b"
+    doc.addAxis(a2)
+    assert doc.normalizeLocation(dict(axisName_b=0)) == {'axisName_b': 0.0}
+    assert doc.normalizeLocation(dict(axisName_b=1000)) == {'axisName_b': 1.0}
+    # clipping beyond max values:
+    assert doc.normalizeLocation(dict(axisName_b=1001)) == {'axisName_b': 1.0}
+    assert doc.normalizeLocation(dict(axisName_b=500)) == {'axisName_b': 0.4444444444444444}
+    assert doc.normalizeLocation(dict(axisName_b=-1000)) == {'axisName_b': 0.0}
+    assert doc.normalizeLocation(dict(axisName_b=-1001)) == {'axisName_b': 0.0}
+    # anisotropic coordinates normalise to isotropic
+    assert doc.normalizeLocation(dict(axisName_b=(1000,-1000))) == {'axisName_b': 1.0}
+    assert doc.normalizeLocation(dict(axisName_b=1001)) == {'axisName_b': 1.0}
+    doc.normalize()
+    r = []
+    for axis in doc.axes:
+        r.append((axis.name, axis.minimum, axis.default, axis.maximum))
+    r.sort()
+    assert r == [('axisName_b', 0.0, 0.0, 1.0)]
+
+def test_normalise3():
+    # normalisation of negative values, with default == maximum
+    doc = DesignSpaceDocument()
+    # write some axes
+    a3 = AxisDescriptor()
+    a3.minimum = -1000
+    a3.maximum = 0
+    a3.default = 0
+    a3.name = "ccc"
+    doc.addAxis(a3)
+    assert doc.normalizeLocation(dict(ccc=0)) == {'ccc': 0.0}
+    assert doc.normalizeLocation(dict(ccc=1)) == {'ccc': 0.0}
+    assert doc.normalizeLocation(dict(ccc=-1000)) == {'ccc': -1.0}
+    assert doc.normalizeLocation(dict(ccc=-1001)) == {'ccc': -1.0}
+    doc.normalize()
+    r = []
+    for axis in doc.axes:
+        r.append((axis.name, axis.minimum, axis.default, axis.maximum))
+    r.sort()
+    assert r == [('ccc', -1.0, 0.0, 0.0)]
+
+def test_normalise4():
+    # normalisation with a map
+    doc = DesignSpaceDocument()
+    # write some axes
+    a4 = AxisDescriptor()
+    a4.minimum = 0
+    a4.maximum = 1000
+    a4.default = 0
+    a4.name = "ddd"
+    a4.map = [(0,100), (300, 500), (600, 500), (1000,900)]
+    doc.addAxis(a4)
+    doc.normalize()
+    r = []
+    for axis in doc.axes:
+        r.append((axis.name, axis.map))
+    r.sort()
+    assert r == [('ddd', [(0, 0.0), (300, 0.5), (600, 0.5), (1000, 1.0)])]
+
+def test_axisMapping():
+    # note: because designspance lib does not do any actual
+    # processing of the mapping data, we can only check if there data is there.
+    doc = DesignSpaceDocument()
+    # write some axes
+    a4 = AxisDescriptor()
+    a4.minimum = 0
+    a4.maximum = 1000
+    a4.default = 0
+    a4.name = "ddd"
+    a4.map = [(0,100), (300, 500), (600, 500), (1000,900)]
+    doc.addAxis(a4)
+    doc.normalize()
+    r = []
+    for axis in doc.axes:
+        r.append((axis.name, axis.map))
+    r.sort()
+    assert r == [('ddd', [(0, 0.0), (300, 0.5), (600, 0.5), (1000, 1.0)])]
+
+def test_rulesConditions(tmpdir):
+    # tests of rules, conditionsets and conditions
+    r1 = RuleDescriptor()
+    r1.name = "named.rule.1"
+    r1.conditionSets.append([
+        dict(name='axisName_a', minimum=0, maximum=1000),
+        dict(name='axisName_b', minimum=0, maximum=3000)
+    ])
+    r1.subs.append(("a", "a.alt"))
+
+    assert evaluateRule(r1, dict(axisName_a = 500, axisName_b = 0)) == True
+    assert evaluateRule(r1, dict(axisName_a = 0, axisName_b = 0)) == True
+    assert evaluateRule(r1, dict(axisName_a = 1000, axisName_b = 0)) == True
+    assert evaluateRule(r1, dict(axisName_a = 1000, axisName_b = -100)) == False
+    assert evaluateRule(r1, dict(axisName_a = 1000.0001, axisName_b = 0)) == False
+    assert evaluateRule(r1, dict(axisName_a = -0.0001, axisName_b = 0)) == False
+    assert evaluateRule(r1, dict(axisName_a = -100, axisName_b = 0)) == False
+    assert processRules([r1], dict(axisName_a = 500, axisName_b = 0), ["a", "b", "c"]) == ['a.alt', 'b', 'c']
+    assert processRules([r1], dict(axisName_a = 500, axisName_b = 0), ["a.alt", "b", "c"]) == ['a.alt', 'b', 'c']
+    assert processRules([r1], dict(axisName_a = 2000, axisName_b = 0), ["a", "b", "c"]) == ['a', 'b', 'c']
+
+    # rule with only a maximum
+    r2 = RuleDescriptor()
+    r2.name = "named.rule.2"
+    r2.conditionSets.append([dict(name='axisName_a', maximum=500)])
+    r2.subs.append(("b", "b.alt"))
+
+    assert evaluateRule(r2, dict(axisName_a = 0)) == True
+    assert evaluateRule(r2, dict(axisName_a = -500)) == True
+    assert evaluateRule(r2, dict(axisName_a = 1000)) == False
+
+    # rule with only a minimum
+    r3 = RuleDescriptor()
+    r3.name = "named.rule.3"
+    r3.conditionSets.append([dict(name='axisName_a', minimum=500)])
+    r3.subs.append(("c", "c.alt"))
+
+    assert evaluateRule(r3, dict(axisName_a = 0)) == False
+    assert evaluateRule(r3, dict(axisName_a = 1000)) == True
+    assert evaluateRule(r3, dict(axisName_a = 1000)) == True
+
+    # rule with only a minimum, maximum in separate conditions
+    r4 = RuleDescriptor()
+    r4.name = "named.rule.4"
+    r4.conditionSets.append([
+        dict(name='axisName_a', minimum=500),
+        dict(name='axisName_b', maximum=500)
+    ])
+    r4.subs.append(("c", "c.alt"))
+
+    assert evaluateRule(r4, dict(axisName_a = 1000, axisName_b = 0)) == True
+    assert evaluateRule(r4, dict(axisName_a = 0, axisName_b = 0)) == False
+    assert evaluateRule(r4, dict(axisName_a = 1000, axisName_b = 1000)) == False
+
+def test_rulesDocument(tmpdir):
+    # tests of rules in a document, roundtripping.
+    tmpdir = str(tmpdir)
+    testDocPath = os.path.join(tmpdir, "testRules.designspace")
+    testDocPath2 = os.path.join(tmpdir, "testRules_roundtrip.designspace")
+    doc = DesignSpaceDocument()
+    doc.rulesProcessingLast = True
+    a1 = AxisDescriptor()
+    a1.minimum = 0
+    a1.maximum = 1000
+    a1.default = 0
+    a1.name = "axisName_a"
+    a1.tag = "TAGA"
+    b1 = AxisDescriptor()
+    b1.minimum = 2000
+    b1.maximum = 3000
+    b1.default = 2000
+    b1.name = "axisName_b"
+    b1.tag = "TAGB"
+    doc.addAxis(a1)
+    doc.addAxis(b1)
+    r1 = RuleDescriptor()
+    r1.name = "named.rule.1"
+    r1.conditionSets.append([
+        dict(name='axisName_a', minimum=0, maximum=1000),
+        dict(name='axisName_b', minimum=0, maximum=3000)
+    ])
+    r1.subs.append(("a", "a.alt"))
+    # rule with minium and maximum
+    doc.addRule(r1)
+    assert len(doc.rules) == 1
+    assert len(doc.rules[0].conditionSets) == 1
+    assert len(doc.rules[0].conditionSets[0]) == 2
+    assert _axesAsDict(doc.axes) == {'axisName_a': {'map': [], 'name': 'axisName_a', 'default': 0, 'minimum': 0, 'maximum': 1000, 'tag': 'TAGA'}, 'axisName_b': {'map': [], 'name': 'axisName_b', 'default': 2000, 'minimum': 2000, 'maximum': 3000, 'tag': 'TAGB'}}
+    assert doc.rules[0].conditionSets == [[
+        {'minimum': 0, 'maximum': 1000, 'name': 'axisName_a'},
+        {'minimum': 0, 'maximum': 3000, 'name': 'axisName_b'}]]
+    assert doc.rules[0].subs == [('a', 'a.alt')]
+    doc.normalize()
+    assert doc.rules[0].name == 'named.rule.1'
+    assert doc.rules[0].conditionSets == [[
+        {'minimum': 0.0, 'maximum': 1.0, 'name': 'axisName_a'},
+        {'minimum': 0.0, 'maximum': 1.0, 'name': 'axisName_b'}]]
+    # still one conditionset
+    assert len(doc.rules[0].conditionSets) == 1
+    doc.write(testDocPath)
+    # add a stray conditionset
+    _addUnwrappedCondition(testDocPath)
+    doc2 = DesignSpaceDocument()
+    doc2.read(testDocPath)
+    assert doc2.rulesProcessingLast
+    assert len(doc2.axes) == 2
+    assert len(doc2.rules) == 1
+    assert len(doc2.rules[0].conditionSets) == 2
+    doc2.write(testDocPath2)
+    # verify these results
+    # make sure the stray condition is now neatly wrapped in a conditionset.
+    doc3 = DesignSpaceDocument()
+    doc3.read(testDocPath2)
+    assert len(doc3.rules) == 1
+    assert len(doc3.rules[0].conditionSets) == 2
+
+def _addUnwrappedCondition(path):
+    # only for testing, so we can make an invalid designspace file
+    # older designspace files may have conditions that are not wrapped in a conditionset
+    # These can be read into a new conditionset.
+    with open(path, 'r', encoding='utf-8') as f:
+        d = f.read()
+    print(d)
+    d = d.replace('<rule name="named.rule.1">', '<rule name="named.rule.1">\n\t<condition maximum="22" minimum="33" name="axisName_a" />')
+    with open(path, 'w', encoding='utf-8') as f:
+        f.write(d)
+
+def test_documentLib(tmpdir):
+    # roundtrip test of the document lib with some nested data
+    tmpdir = str(tmpdir)
+    testDocPath1 = os.path.join(tmpdir, "testDocumentLibTest.designspace")
+    doc = DesignSpaceDocument()
+    a1 = AxisDescriptor()
+    a1.tag = "TAGA"
+    a1.name = "axisName_a"
+    a1.minimum = 0
+    a1.maximum = 1000
+    a1.default = 0
+    doc.addAxis(a1)
+    dummyData = dict(a=123, b=u"äbc", c=[1,2,3], d={'a':123})
+    dummyKey = "org.fontTools.designspaceLib"
+    doc.lib = {dummyKey: dummyData}
+    doc.write(testDocPath1)
+    new = DesignSpaceDocument()
+    new.read(testDocPath1)
+    assert dummyKey in new.lib
+    assert new.lib[dummyKey] == dummyData
+
+
+def test_updatePaths(tmpdir):
+    doc = DesignSpaceDocument()
+    doc.path = str(tmpdir / "foo" / "bar" / "MyDesignspace.designspace")
+
+    s1 = SourceDescriptor()
+    doc.addSource(s1)
+
+    doc.updatePaths()
+
+    # expect no changes
+    assert s1.path is None
+    assert s1.filename is None
+
+    name1 = "../masters/Source1.ufo"
+    path1 = posix(str(tmpdir / "foo" / "masters" / "Source1.ufo"))
+
+    s1.path = path1
+    s1.filename = None
+
+    doc.updatePaths()
+
+    assert s1.path == path1
+    assert s1.filename == name1  # empty filename updated
+
+    name2 = "../masters/Source2.ufo"
+    s1.filename = name2
+
+    doc.updatePaths()
+
+    # conflicting filename discarded, path always gets precedence
+    assert s1.path == path1
+    assert s1.filename == "../masters/Source1.ufo"
+
+    s1.path = None
+    s1.filename = name2
+
+    doc.updatePaths()
+
+    # expect no changes
+    assert s1.path is None
+    assert s1.filename == name2
+
+
+@pytest.mark.skipif(sys.version_info[:2] < (3, 6), reason="pathlib is only tested on 3.6 and up")
+def test_read_with_path_object():
+    import pathlib
+    source = (pathlib.Path(__file__) / "../data/test.designspace").resolve()
+    assert source.exists()
+    doc = DesignSpaceDocument()
+    doc.read(source)
+
+
+@pytest.mark.skipif(sys.version_info[:2] < (3, 6), reason="pathlib is only tested on 3.6 and up")
+def test_with_with_path_object(tmpdir):
+    import pathlib
+    tmpdir = str(tmpdir)
+    dest = pathlib.Path(tmpdir) / "test.designspace"
+    doc = DesignSpaceDocument()
+    doc.write(dest)
+    assert dest.exists()
+
+
+def test_findDefault_axis_mapping():
+    designspace_string = """\
+<?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?>
+<designspace format="4.0">
+  <axes>
+    <axis tag="wght" name="Weight" minimum="100" maximum="800" default="400">
+      <map input="100" output="20"/>
+      <map input="300" output="40"/>
+      <map input="400" output="80"/>
+      <map input="700" output="126"/>
+      <map input="800" output="170"/>
+    </axis>
+    <axis tag="ital" name="Italic" minimum="0" maximum="1" default="1"/>
+  </axes>
+  <sources>
+    <source filename="Font-Light.ufo">
+      <location>
+        <dimension name="Weight" xvalue="20"/>
+        <dimension name="Italic" xvalue="0"/>
+      </location>
+    </source>
+    <source filename="Font-Regular.ufo">
+      <location>
+        <dimension name="Weight" xvalue="80"/>
+        <dimension name="Italic" xvalue="0"/>
+      </location>
+    </source>
+    <source filename="Font-Bold.ufo">
+      <location>
+        <dimension name="Weight" xvalue="170"/>
+        <dimension name="Italic" xvalue="0"/>
+      </location>
+    </source>
+    <source filename="Font-LightItalic.ufo">
+      <location>
+        <dimension name="Weight" xvalue="20"/>
+        <dimension name="Italic" xvalue="1"/>
+      </location>
+    </source>
+    <source filename="Font-Italic.ufo">
+      <location>
+        <dimension name="Weight" xvalue="80"/>
+        <dimension name="Italic" xvalue="1"/>
+      </location>
+    </source>
+    <source filename="Font-BoldItalic.ufo">
+      <location>
+        <dimension name="Weight" xvalue="170"/>
+        <dimension name="Italic" xvalue="1"/>
+      </location>
+    </source>
+  </sources>
+</designspace>
+    """
+    designspace = DesignSpaceDocument.fromstring(designspace_string)
+    assert designspace.findDefault().filename == "Font-Italic.ufo"
+
+    designspace.axes[1].default = 0
+
+    assert designspace.findDefault().filename == "Font-Regular.ufo"
+
+
+def test_loadSourceFonts():
+
+    def opener(path):
+        font = ttLib.TTFont()
+        font.importXML(path)
+        return font
+
+    # this designspace file contains .TTX source paths
+    path = os.path.join(
+        os.path.dirname(os.path.dirname(__file__)),
+        "varLib",
+        "data",
+        "SparseMasters.designspace"
+    )
+    designspace = DesignSpaceDocument.fromfile(path)
+
+    # force two source descriptors to have the same path
+    designspace.sources[1].path = designspace.sources[0].path
+
+    fonts = designspace.loadSourceFonts(opener)
+
+    assert len(fonts) == 3
+    assert all(isinstance(font, ttLib.TTFont) for font in fonts)
+    assert fonts[0] is fonts[1]  # same path, identical font object
+
+    fonts2 = designspace.loadSourceFonts(opener)
+
+    for font1, font2 in zip(fonts, fonts2):
+        assert font1 is font2
+
+
+def test_loadSourceFonts_no_required_path():
+    designspace = DesignSpaceDocument()
+    designspace.sources.append(SourceDescriptor())
+
+    with pytest.raises(DesignSpaceDocumentError, match="no 'path' attribute"):
+        designspace.loadSourceFonts(lambda p: p)
+
+
+def test_addAxisDescriptor():
+    ds = DesignSpaceDocument()
+
+    axis = ds.addAxisDescriptor(
+      name="Weight", tag="wght", minimum=100, default=400, maximum=900
+    )
+
+    assert ds.axes[0] is axis
+    assert isinstance(axis, AxisDescriptor)
+    assert axis.name == "Weight"
+    assert axis.tag == "wght"
+    assert axis.minimum == 100
+    assert axis.default == 400
+    assert axis.maximum == 900
+
+
+def test_addSourceDescriptor():
+    ds = DesignSpaceDocument()
+
+    source = ds.addSourceDescriptor(name="TestSource", location={"Weight": 400})
+
+    assert ds.sources[0] is source
+    assert isinstance(source, SourceDescriptor)
+    assert source.name == "TestSource"
+    assert source.location == {"Weight": 400}
+
+
+def test_addInstanceDescriptor():
+    ds = DesignSpaceDocument()
+
+    instance = ds.addInstanceDescriptor(
+      name="TestInstance",
+      location={"Weight": 400},
+      styleName="Regular",
+      styleMapStyleName="regular",
+    )
+
+    assert ds.instances[0] is instance
+    assert isinstance(instance, InstanceDescriptor)
+    assert instance.name == "TestInstance"
+    assert instance.location == {"Weight": 400}
+    assert instance.styleName == "Regular"
+    assert instance.styleMapStyleName == "regular"
+
+
+def test_addRuleDescriptor(tmp_path):
+    ds = DesignSpaceDocument()
+
+    rule = ds.addRuleDescriptor(
+        name="TestRule",
+        conditionSets=[
+            [
+                dict(name="Weight", minimum=100, maximum=200),
+                dict(name="Weight", minimum=700, maximum=900),
+            ]
+        ],
+        subs=[("a", "a.alt")],
+    )
+
+    assert ds.rules[0] is rule
+    assert isinstance(rule, RuleDescriptor)
+    assert rule.name == "TestRule"
+    assert rule.conditionSets == [
+        [
+            dict(name="Weight", minimum=100, maximum=200),
+            dict(name="Weight", minimum=700, maximum=900),
+        ]
+    ]
+    assert rule.subs == [("a", "a.alt")]
+
+    # Test it doesn't crash.
+    ds.write(tmp_path / "test.designspace")
diff --git a/Tests/encodings/codecs_test.py b/Tests/encodings/codecs_test.py
index 29e3a0d..9dac416 100644
--- a/Tests/encodings/codecs_test.py
+++ b/Tests/encodings/codecs_test.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import print_function, division, absolute_import, unicode_literals
-from fontTools.misc.py23 import *
 import unittest
 import fontTools.encodings.codecs # Not to be confused with "import codecs"
 
@@ -7,19 +5,19 @@
 
 	def test_decode_mac_japanese(self):
 		self.assertEqual(b'x\xfe\xfdy'.decode("x_mac_japanese_ttx"),
-				 unichr(0x78)+unichr(0x2122)+unichr(0x00A9)+unichr(0x79))
+				 chr(0x78)+chr(0x2122)+chr(0x00A9)+chr(0x79))
 
 	def test_encode_mac_japanese(self):
 		self.assertEqual(b'x\xfe\xfdy',
-				 (unichr(0x78)+unichr(0x2122)+unichr(0x00A9)+unichr(0x79)).encode("x_mac_japanese_ttx"))
+				 (chr(0x78)+chr(0x2122)+chr(0x00A9)+chr(0x79)).encode("x_mac_japanese_ttx"))
 
 	def test_decode_mac_trad_chinese(self):
 		self.assertEqual(b'\x80'.decode("x_mac_trad_chinese_ttx"),
-				 unichr(0x5C))
+				 chr(0x5C))
 
 	def test_decode_mac_romanian(self):
 		self.assertEqual(b'x\xfb'.decode("mac_romanian"),
-				 unichr(0x78)+unichr(0x02DA))
+				 chr(0x78)+chr(0x02DA))
 
 if __name__ == '__main__':
 	import sys
diff --git a/Tests/feaLib/STAT2.fea b/Tests/feaLib/STAT2.fea
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2595a9a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/feaLib/STAT2.fea
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+table STAT {
+    ElidedFallbackName { name "Roman"; };
+    DesignAxis zonk 0 { name "Zonkey"; };'
+} STAT;
diff --git a/Tests/feaLib/ast_test.py b/Tests/feaLib/ast_test.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4462f05
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/feaLib/ast_test.py
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+from fontTools.feaLib import ast
+import unittest
+
+
+class AstTest(unittest.TestCase):
+    def test_glyphname_escape(self):
+        statement = ast.GlyphClass()
+        for name in ("BASE", "NULL", "foo", "a"):
+            statement.append(ast.GlyphName(name))
+        self.assertEqual(statement.asFea(), r"[\BASE \NULL foo a]")
+
+    def test_valuerecord_none(self):
+        statement = ast.ValueRecord(xPlacement=10, xAdvance=20)
+        self.assertEqual(statement.asFea(), "<10 0 20 0>")
+
+    def test_non_object_location(self):
+        el = ast.Element(location=("file.fea", 1, 2))
+        self.assertEqual(el.location.file, "file.fea")
+        self.assertEqual(el.location.line, 1)
+        self.assertEqual(el.location.column, 2)
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    import sys
+    sys.exit(unittest.main())
diff --git a/Tests/feaLib/builder_test.py b/Tests/feaLib/builder_test.py
index ff82b2f..97fc0f0 100644
--- a/Tests/feaLib/builder_test.py
+++ b/Tests/feaLib/builder_test.py
@@ -1,6 +1,4 @@
-from __future__ import print_function, division, absolute_import
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-from fontTools.misc.py23 import *
+from fontTools.misc.loggingTools import CapturingLogHandler
 from fontTools.feaLib.builder import Builder, addOpenTypeFeatures, \
         addOpenTypeFeaturesFromString
 from fontTools.feaLib.error import FeatureLibError
@@ -9,10 +7,13 @@
 from fontTools.feaLib import ast
 from fontTools.feaLib.lexer import Lexer
 import difflib
+from io import StringIO
 import os
+import re
 import shutil
 import sys
 import tempfile
+import logging
 import unittest
 
 
@@ -41,8 +42,9 @@
         a_n_d T_h T_h.swash germandbls ydieresis yacute breve
         grave acute dieresis macron circumflex cedilla umlaut ogonek caron
         damma hamza sukun kasratan lam_meem_jeem noon.final noon.initial
-        by feature lookup sub table
+        by feature lookup sub table uni0327 uni0328 e.fina
     """.split()
+    glyphs.extend("cid{:05d}".format(cid) for cid in range(800, 1001 + 1))
     font = TTFont()
     font.setGlyphOrder(glyphs)
     return font
@@ -51,7 +53,7 @@
 class BuilderTest(unittest.TestCase):
     # Feature files in data/*.fea; output gets compared to data/*.ttx.
     TEST_FEATURE_FILES = """
-        Attach enum markClass language_required
+        Attach cid_range enum markClass language_required
         GlyphClassDef LigatureCaretByIndex LigatureCaretByPos
         lookup lookupflag feature_aalt ignore_pos
         GPOS_1 GPOS_1_zero GPOS_2 GPOS_2b GPOS_3 GPOS_4 GPOS_5 GPOS_6 GPOS_8
@@ -59,15 +61,20 @@
         spec4h1 spec4h2 spec5d1 spec5d2 spec5fi1 spec5fi2 spec5fi3 spec5fi4
         spec5f_ii_1 spec5f_ii_2 spec5f_ii_3 spec5f_ii_4
         spec5h1 spec6b_ii spec6d2 spec6e spec6f
-        spec6h_ii spec6h_iii_1 spec6h_iii_3d spec8a spec8b spec8c
+        spec6h_ii spec6h_iii_1 spec6h_iii_3d spec8a spec8b spec8c spec8d
         spec9a spec9b spec9c1 spec9c2 spec9c3 spec9d spec9e spec9f spec9g
         spec10
         bug453 bug457 bug463 bug501 bug502 bug504 bug505 bug506 bug509
-        bug512 bug514 bug568 bug633
+        bug512 bug514 bug568 bug633 bug1307 bug1459 bug2276
         name size size2 multiple_feature_blocks omitted_GlyphClassDef
         ZeroValue_SinglePos_horizontal ZeroValue_SinglePos_vertical
         ZeroValue_PairPos_horizontal ZeroValue_PairPos_vertical
         ZeroValue_ChainSinglePos_horizontal ZeroValue_ChainSinglePos_vertical
+        PairPosSubtable ChainSubstSubtable SubstSubtable ChainPosSubtable 
+        LigatureSubtable AlternateSubtable MultipleSubstSubtable 
+        SingleSubstSubtable aalt_chain_contextual_subst AlternateChained 
+        MultipleLookupsPerGlyph MultipleLookupsPerGlyph2 GSUB_6_formats
+        GSUB_5_formats delete_glyph STAT_test STAT_test_elidedFallbackNameID
     """.split()
 
     def __init__(self, methodName):
@@ -101,39 +108,52 @@
         lines = []
         with open(path, "r", encoding="utf-8") as ttx:
             for line in ttx.readlines():
-                # Elide ttFont attributes because ttLibVersion may change,
-                # and use os-native line separators so we can run difflib.
+                # Elide ttFont attributes because ttLibVersion may change.
                 if line.startswith("<ttFont "):
-                    lines.append("<ttFont>" + os.linesep)
+                    lines.append("<ttFont>\n")
                 else:
-                    lines.append(line.rstrip() + os.linesep)
+                    lines.append(line.rstrip() + "\n")
         return lines
 
-    def expect_ttx(self, font, expected_ttx):
+    def expect_ttx(self, font, expected_ttx, replace=None):
         path = self.temp_path(suffix=".ttx")
         font.saveXML(path, tables=['head', 'name', 'BASE', 'GDEF', 'GSUB',
-                                   'GPOS', 'OS/2', 'hhea', 'vhea'])
+                                   'GPOS', 'OS/2', 'STAT', 'hhea', 'vhea'])
         actual = self.read_ttx(path)
         expected = self.read_ttx(expected_ttx)
+        if replace:
+            for i in range(len(expected)):
+                for k, v in replace.items():
+                    expected[i] = expected[i].replace(k, v)
         if actual != expected:
             for line in difflib.unified_diff(
                     expected, actual, fromfile=expected_ttx, tofile=path):
                 sys.stderr.write(line)
             self.fail("TTX output is different from expected")
 
-    def build(self, featureFile):
+    def build(self, featureFile, tables=None):
         font = makeTTFont()
-        addOpenTypeFeaturesFromString(font, featureFile)
+        addOpenTypeFeaturesFromString(font, featureFile, tables=tables)
         return font
 
     def check_feature_file(self, name):
         font = makeTTFont()
-        addOpenTypeFeatures(font, self.getpath("%s.fea" % name))
+        feapath = self.getpath("%s.fea" % name)
+        addOpenTypeFeatures(font, feapath)
         self.expect_ttx(font, self.getpath("%s.ttx" % name))
-        # Make sure we can produce binary OpenType tables, not just XML.
+        # Check that:
+        # 1) tables do compile (only G* tables as long as we have a mock font)
+        # 2) dumping after save-reload yields the same TTX dump as before
         for tag in ('GDEF', 'GSUB', 'GPOS'):
             if tag in font:
-                font[tag].compile(font)
+                data = font[tag].compile(font)
+                font[tag].decompile(data, font)
+        self.expect_ttx(font, self.getpath("%s.ttx" % name))
+        # Optionally check a debug dump.
+        debugttx = self.getpath("%s-debug.ttx" % name)
+        if os.path.exists(debugttx):
+            addOpenTypeFeatures(font, feapath, debug=True)
+            self.expect_ttx(font, debugttx, replace = {"__PATH__": feapath})
 
     def check_fea2fea_file(self, name, base=None, parser=Parser):
         font = makeTTFont()
@@ -185,6 +205,17 @@
             "    sub A from [A.alt1 A.alt2];"
             "} test;")
 
+    def test_singleSubst_multipleIdenticalSubstitutionsForSameGlyph_info(self):
+        logger = logging.getLogger("fontTools.feaLib.builder")
+        with CapturingLogHandler(logger, "INFO") as captor:
+            self.build(
+                "feature test {"
+                "    sub A by A.sc;"
+                "    sub B by B.sc;"
+                "    sub A by A.sc;"
+                "} test;")
+        captor.assertRegex('Removing duplicate single substitution from glyph "A" to "A.sc"')
+
     def test_multipleSubst_multipleSubstitutionsForSameGlyph(self):
         self.assertRaisesRegex(
             FeatureLibError,
@@ -193,19 +224,43 @@
             "feature test {"
             "    sub f_f_i by f f i;"
             "    sub c_t by c t;"
-            "    sub f_f_i by f f i;"
+            "    sub f_f_i by f_f i;"
             "} test;")
 
-    def test_pairPos_redefinition(self):
-        self.assertRaisesRegex(
-            FeatureLibError,
-            r"Already defined position for pair A B "
-            "at .*:2:[0-9]+",  # :2: = line 2
-            self.build,
-            "feature test {\n"
-            "    pos A B 123;\n"  # line 2
-            "    pos A B 456;\n"
-            "} test;\n")
+    def test_multipleSubst_multipleIdenticalSubstitutionsForSameGlyph_info(self):
+        logger = logging.getLogger("fontTools.feaLib.builder")
+        with CapturingLogHandler(logger, "INFO") as captor:
+            self.build(
+                "feature test {"
+                "    sub f_f_i by f f i;"
+                "    sub c_t by c t;"
+                "    sub f_f_i by f f i;"
+                "} test;")
+        captor.assertRegex(r"Removing duplicate multiple substitution from glyph \"f_f_i\" to \('f', 'f', 'i'\)")
+
+    def test_pairPos_redefinition_warning(self):
+        # https://github.com/fonttools/fonttools/issues/1147
+        logger = logging.getLogger("fontTools.otlLib.builder")
+        with CapturingLogHandler(logger, "DEBUG") as captor:
+            # the pair "yacute semicolon" is redefined in the enum pos
+            font = self.build(
+                "@Y_LC = [y yacute ydieresis];"
+                "@SMALL_PUNC = [comma semicolon period];"
+                "feature kern {"
+                "  pos yacute semicolon -70;"
+                "  enum pos @Y_LC semicolon -80;"
+                "  pos @Y_LC @SMALL_PUNC -100;"
+                "} kern;")
+
+        captor.assertRegex("Already defined position for pair yacute semicolon")
+
+        # the first definition prevails: yacute semicolon -70
+        st = font["GPOS"].table.LookupList.Lookup[0].SubTable[0]
+        self.assertEqual(st.Coverage.glyphs[2], "yacute")
+        self.assertEqual(st.PairSet[2].PairValueRecord[0].SecondGlyph,
+                         "semicolon")
+        self.assertEqual(vars(st.PairSet[2].PairValueRecord[0].Value1),
+                         {"XAdvance": -70})
 
     def test_singleSubst_multipleSubstitutionsForSameGlyph(self):
         self.assertRaisesRegex(
@@ -269,6 +324,17 @@
             "it must be the first of the languagesystem statements",
             self.build, "languagesystem latn TRK; languagesystem DFLT dflt;")
 
+    def test_languagesystem_DFLT_not_preceding(self):
+        self.assertRaisesRegex(
+            FeatureLibError,
+            "languagesystems using the \"DFLT\" script tag must "
+            "precede all other languagesystems",
+            self.build,
+            "languagesystem DFLT dflt; "
+            "languagesystem latn dflt; "
+            "languagesystem DFLT fooo; "
+        )
+
     def test_script(self):
         builder = Builder(makeTTFont(), (None, None))
         builder.start_feature(location=None, name='test')
@@ -287,6 +353,12 @@
             "Script statements are not allowed within \"feature size\"",
             self.build, "feature size { script latn; } size;")
 
+    def test_script_in_standalone_lookup(self):
+        self.assertRaisesRegex(
+            FeatureLibError,
+            "Script statements are not allowed within standalone lookup blocks",
+            self.build, "lookup test { script latn; } test;")
+
     def test_language(self):
         builder = Builder(makeTTFont(), (None, None))
         builder.add_language_system(None, 'latn', 'FRA ')
@@ -300,11 +372,7 @@
         self.assertEqual(builder.language_systems,
                          {('cyrl', 'BGR ')})
         builder.start_feature(location=None, name='test2')
-        self.assertRaisesRegex(
-            FeatureLibError,
-            "Need non-DFLT script when using non-dflt language "
-            "\(was: \"FRA \"\)",
-            builder.set_language, None, 'FRA ', True, False)
+        self.assertEqual(builder.language_systems, {('latn', 'FRA ')})
 
     def test_language_in_aalt_feature(self):
         self.assertRaisesRegex(
@@ -318,6 +386,12 @@
             "Language statements are not allowed within \"feature size\"",
             self.build, "feature size { language FRA; } size;")
 
+    def test_language_in_standalone_lookup(self):
+        self.assertRaisesRegex(
+            FeatureLibError,
+            "Language statements are not allowed within standalone lookup blocks",
+            self.build, "lookup test { language FRA; } test;")
+
     def test_language_required_duplicate(self):
         self.assertRaisesRegex(
             FeatureLibError,
@@ -372,6 +446,223 @@
             "Lookup blocks cannot be placed inside 'aalt' features",
             self.build, "feature aalt {lookup L {} L;} aalt;")
 
+    def test_chain_subst_refrences_GPOS_looup(self):
+        self.assertRaisesRegex(
+            FeatureLibError,
+            "Missing index of the specified lookup, might be a positioning lookup",
+            self.build,
+            "lookup dummy { pos a 50; } dummy;"
+            "feature test {"
+            "    sub a' lookup dummy b;"
+            "} test;"
+        )
+
+    def test_chain_pos_refrences_GSUB_looup(self):
+        self.assertRaisesRegex(
+            FeatureLibError,
+            "Missing index of the specified lookup, might be a substitution lookup",
+            self.build,
+            "lookup dummy { sub a by A; } dummy;"
+            "feature test {"
+            "    pos a' lookup dummy b;"
+            "} test;"
+        )
+
+    def test_STAT_elidedfallbackname_already_defined(self):
+        self.assertRaisesRegex(
+            FeatureLibError,
+            'ElidedFallbackName is already set.',
+            self.build,
+            'table name {'
+            '   nameid 256 "Roman"; '
+            '} name;'
+            'table STAT {'
+            '    ElidedFallbackName { name "Roman"; };'
+            '    ElidedFallbackNameID 256;'
+            '} STAT;')
+
+    def test_STAT_elidedfallbackname_set_twice(self):
+        self.assertRaisesRegex(
+            FeatureLibError,
+            'ElidedFallbackName is already set.',
+            self.build,
+            'table name {'
+            '   nameid 256 "Roman"; '
+            '} name;'
+            'table STAT {'
+            '    ElidedFallbackName { name "Roman"; };'
+            '    ElidedFallbackName { name "Italic"; };'
+            '} STAT;')
+
+    def test_STAT_elidedfallbacknameID_already_defined(self):
+        self.assertRaisesRegex(
+            FeatureLibError,
+            'ElidedFallbackNameID is already set.',
+            self.build,
+            'table name {'
+            '   nameid 256 "Roman"; '
+            '} name;'
+            'table STAT {'
+            '    ElidedFallbackNameID 256;'
+            '    ElidedFallbackName { name "Roman"; };'
+            '} STAT;')
+
+    def test_STAT_elidedfallbacknameID_not_in_name_table(self):
+        self.assertRaisesRegex(
+            FeatureLibError,
+            'ElidedFallbackNameID 256 points to a nameID that does not '
+            'exist in the "name" table',
+            self.build,
+            'table name {'
+            '   nameid 257 "Roman"; '
+            '} name;'
+            'table STAT {'
+            '    ElidedFallbackNameID 256;'
+            '    DesignAxis opsz 1 { name "Optical Size"; };'
+            '} STAT;')
+
+    def test_STAT_design_axis_name(self):
+        self.assertRaisesRegex(
+            FeatureLibError,
+            'Expected "name"',
+            self.build,
+            'table name {'
+            '   nameid 256 "Roman"; '
+            '} name;'
+            'table STAT {'
+            '    ElidedFallbackName { name "Roman"; };'
+            '    DesignAxis opsz 0 { badtag "Optical Size"; };'
+            '} STAT;')
+
+    def test_STAT_duplicate_design_axis_name(self):
+        self.assertRaisesRegex(
+            FeatureLibError,
+            'DesignAxis already defined for tag "opsz".',
+            self.build,
+            'table name {'
+            '   nameid 256 "Roman"; '
+            '} name;'
+            'table STAT {'
+            '    ElidedFallbackName { name "Roman"; };'
+            '    DesignAxis opsz 0 { name "Optical Size"; };'
+            '    DesignAxis opsz 1 { name "Optical Size"; };'
+            '} STAT;')
+
+    def test_STAT_design_axis_duplicate_order(self):
+        self.assertRaisesRegex(
+            FeatureLibError,
+            "DesignAxis already defined for axis number 0.",
+            self.build,
+            'table name {'
+            '   nameid 256 "Roman"; '
+            '} name;'
+            'table STAT {'
+            '    ElidedFallbackName { name "Roman"; };'
+            '    DesignAxis opsz 0 { name "Optical Size"; };'
+            '    DesignAxis wdth 0 { name "Width"; };'
+            '    AxisValue {'
+            '         location opsz 8;'
+            '         location wdth 400;'
+            '         name "Caption";'
+            '     };'
+            '} STAT;')
+
+    def test_STAT_undefined_tag(self):
+        self.assertRaisesRegex(
+            FeatureLibError,
+            'DesignAxis not defined for wdth.',
+            self.build,
+            'table name {'
+            '   nameid 256 "Roman"; '
+            '} name;'
+            'table STAT {'
+            '    ElidedFallbackName { name "Roman"; };'
+            '    DesignAxis opsz 0 { name "Optical Size"; };'
+            '    AxisValue { '
+            '        location wdth 125; '
+            '        name "Wide"; '
+            '    };'
+            '} STAT;')
+
+    def test_STAT_axis_value_format4(self):
+        self.assertRaisesRegex(
+            FeatureLibError,
+            'Axis tag wdth already defined.',
+            self.build,
+            'table name {'
+            '   nameid 256 "Roman"; '
+            '} name;'
+            'table STAT {'
+            '    ElidedFallbackName { name "Roman"; };'
+            '    DesignAxis opsz 0 { name "Optical Size"; };'
+            '    DesignAxis wdth 1 { name "Width"; };'
+            '    DesignAxis wght 2 { name "Weight"; };'
+            '    AxisValue { '
+            '        location opsz 8; '
+            '        location wdth 125; '
+            '        location wdth 125; '
+            '        location wght 500; '
+            '        name "Caption Medium Wide"; '
+            '    };'
+            '} STAT;')
+
+    def test_STAT_duplicate_axis_value_record(self):
+        # Test for Duplicate AxisValueRecords even when the definition order
+        # is different.
+        self.assertRaisesRegex(
+            FeatureLibError,
+            'An AxisValueRecord with these values is already defined.',
+            self.build,
+            'table name {'
+            '   nameid 256 "Roman"; '
+            '} name;'
+            'table STAT {'
+            '    ElidedFallbackName { name "Roman"; };'
+            '    DesignAxis opsz 0 { name "Optical Size"; };'
+            '    DesignAxis wdth 1 { name "Width"; };'
+            '    AxisValue {'
+            '         location opsz 8;'
+            '         location wdth 400;'
+            '         name "Caption";'
+            '     };'
+            '    AxisValue {'
+            '         location wdth 400;'
+            '         location opsz 8;'
+            '         name "Caption";'
+            '     };'
+            '} STAT;')
+
+    def test_STAT_axis_value_missing_location(self):
+        self.assertRaisesRegex(
+            FeatureLibError,
+            'Expected "Axis location"',
+            self.build,
+            'table name {'
+            '   nameid 256 "Roman"; '
+            '} name;'
+            'table STAT {'
+            '    ElidedFallbackName {   name "Roman"; '
+            '};'
+            '    DesignAxis opsz 0 { name "Optical Size"; };'
+            '    AxisValue { '
+            '        name "Wide"; '
+            '    };'
+            '} STAT;')
+
+    def test_STAT_invalid_location_tag(self):
+        self.assertRaisesRegex(
+            FeatureLibError,
+            'Tags cannot be longer than 4 characters',
+            self.build,
+            'table name {'
+            '   nameid 256 "Roman"; '
+            '} name;'
+            'table STAT {'
+            '    ElidedFallbackName { name "Roman"; '
+            '                         name 3 1 0x0411 "ローマン"; }; '
+            '    DesignAxis width 0 { name "Width"; };'
+            '} STAT;')
+
     def test_extensions(self):
         class ast_BaseClass(ast.MarkClass):
             def asFea(self, indent=""):
@@ -423,7 +714,8 @@
                         m = self.expect_markClass_reference_()
                         marks.append(m)
                 self.expect_symbol_(";")
-                return self.ast.MarkBasePosStatement(location, base, marks)
+                return self.ast.MarkBasePosStatement(base, marks,
+                                                     location=location)
 
             def parseBaseClass(self):
                 if not hasattr(self.doc_, 'baseClasses'):
@@ -438,7 +730,8 @@
                     baseClass = ast_BaseClass(name)
                     self.doc_.baseClasses[name] = baseClass
                     self.glyphclasses_.define(name, baseClass)
-                bcdef = ast_BaseClassDefinition(location, baseClass, anchor, glyphs)
+                bcdef = ast_BaseClassDefinition(baseClass, anchor, glyphs,
+                                                location=location)
                 baseClass.addDefinition(bcdef)
                 return bcdef
 
@@ -469,6 +762,81 @@
             "    pos base [a] <anchor 244 0> mark @cedilla;"
             "} mark;")
 
+    def test_build_specific_tables(self):
+        features = "feature liga {sub f i by f_i;} liga;"
+        font = self.build(features)
+        assert "GSUB" in font
+
+        font2 = self.build(features, tables=set())
+        assert "GSUB" not in font2
+
+    def test_build_unsupported_tables(self):
+        self.assertRaises(NotImplementedError, self.build, "", tables={"FOO"})
+
+    def test_build_pre_parsed_ast_featurefile(self):
+        f = StringIO("feature liga {sub f i by f_i;} liga;")
+        tree = Parser(f).parse()
+        font = makeTTFont()
+        addOpenTypeFeatures(font, tree)
+        assert "GSUB" in font
+
+    def test_unsupported_subtable_break(self):
+        logger = logging.getLogger("fontTools.otlLib.builder")
+        with CapturingLogHandler(logger, level='WARNING') as captor:
+            self.build(
+                "feature test {"
+                "    pos a 10;"
+                "    subtable;"
+                "    pos b 10;"
+                "} test;"
+            )
+
+        captor.assertRegex(
+            '<features>:1:32: unsupported "subtable" statement for lookup type'
+        )
+
+    def test_skip_featureNames_if_no_name_table(self):
+        features = (
+            "feature ss01 {"
+            "    featureNames {"
+            '        name "ignored as we request to skip name table";'
+            "    };"
+            "    sub A by A.alt1;"
+            "} ss01;"
+        )
+        font = self.build(features, tables=["GSUB"])
+        self.assertIn("GSUB", font)
+        self.assertNotIn("name", font)
+
+    def test_singlePos_multiplePositionsForSameGlyph(self):
+        self.assertRaisesRegex(
+            FeatureLibError,
+            "Already defined different position for glyph",
+            self.build,
+            "lookup foo {"
+            "    pos A -45; "
+            "    pos A 45; "
+            "} foo;")
+
+    def test_pairPos_enumRuleOverridenBySinglePair_DEBUG(self):
+        logger = logging.getLogger("fontTools.otlLib.builder")
+        with CapturingLogHandler(logger, "DEBUG") as captor:
+            self.build(
+                "feature test {"
+                "    enum pos A [V Y] -80;"
+                "    pos A V -75;"
+                "} test;")
+        captor.assertRegex('Already defined position for pair A V at')
+
+    def test_ignore_empty_lookup_block(self):
+        # https://github.com/fonttools/fonttools/pull/2277
+        font = self.build(
+            "lookup EMPTY { ; } EMPTY;"
+            "feature ss01 { lookup EMPTY; } ss01;"
+        )
+        assert "GPOS" not in font
+        assert "GSUB" not in font
+
 
 def generate_feature_file_test(name):
     return lambda self: self.check_feature_file(name)
diff --git a/Tests/feaLib/data/AlternateChained.fea b/Tests/feaLib/data/AlternateChained.fea
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4517769
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/feaLib/data/AlternateChained.fea
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+feature test {
+  sub A B a' [Y y] Z from [a.alt1 a.alt2 a.alt3];
+} test;
diff --git a/Tests/feaLib/data/AlternateChained.ttx b/Tests/feaLib/data/AlternateChained.ttx
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e02bb7d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/feaLib/data/AlternateChained.ttx
@@ -0,0 +1,78 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<ttFont>
+
+  <GSUB>
+    <Version value="0x00010000"/>
+    <ScriptList>
+      <!-- ScriptCount=1 -->
+      <ScriptRecord index="0">
+        <ScriptTag value="DFLT"/>
+        <Script>
+          <DefaultLangSys>
+            <ReqFeatureIndex value="65535"/>
+            <!-- FeatureCount=1 -->
+            <FeatureIndex index="0" value="0"/>
+          </DefaultLangSys>
+          <!-- LangSysCount=0 -->
+        </Script>
+      </ScriptRecord>
+    </ScriptList>
+    <FeatureList>
+      <!-- FeatureCount=1 -->
+      <FeatureRecord index="0">
+        <FeatureTag value="test"/>
+        <Feature>
+          <!-- LookupCount=1 -->
+          <LookupListIndex index="0" value="0"/>
+        </Feature>
+      </FeatureRecord>
+    </FeatureList>
+    <LookupList>
+      <!-- LookupCount=2 -->
+      <Lookup index="0">
+        <LookupType value="6"/>
+        <LookupFlag value="0"/>
+        <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
+        <ChainContextSubst index="0" Format="3">
+          <!-- BacktrackGlyphCount=2 -->
+          <BacktrackCoverage index="0">
+            <Glyph value="B"/>
+          </BacktrackCoverage>
+          <BacktrackCoverage index="1">
+            <Glyph value="A"/>
+          </BacktrackCoverage>
+          <!-- InputGlyphCount=1 -->
+          <InputCoverage index="0">
+            <Glyph value="a"/>
+          </InputCoverage>
+          <!-- LookAheadGlyphCount=2 -->
+          <LookAheadCoverage index="0">
+            <Glyph value="Y"/>
+            <Glyph value="y"/>
+          </LookAheadCoverage>
+          <LookAheadCoverage index="1">
+            <Glyph value="Z"/>
+          </LookAheadCoverage>
+          <!-- SubstCount=1 -->
+          <SubstLookupRecord index="0">
+            <SequenceIndex value="0"/>
+            <LookupListIndex value="1"/>
+          </SubstLookupRecord>
+        </ChainContextSubst>
+      </Lookup>
+      <Lookup index="1">
+        <LookupType value="3"/>
+        <LookupFlag value="0"/>
+        <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
+        <AlternateSubst index="0">
+          <AlternateSet glyph="a">
+            <Alternate glyph="a.alt1"/>
+            <Alternate glyph="a.alt2"/>
+            <Alternate glyph="a.alt3"/>
+          </AlternateSet>
+        </AlternateSubst>
+      </Lookup>
+    </LookupList>
+  </GSUB>
+
+</ttFont>
diff --git a/Tests/feaLib/data/AlternateSubtable.fea b/Tests/feaLib/data/AlternateSubtable.fea
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c4bce3c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/feaLib/data/AlternateSubtable.fea
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+feature test {
+    sub A from [A.alt1 A.alt2];
+    subtable;
+    sub B from [B.alt1 B.alt2];
+} test;
diff --git a/Tests/feaLib/data/AlternateSubtable.ttx b/Tests/feaLib/data/AlternateSubtable.ttx
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e8119ba
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/feaLib/data/AlternateSubtable.ttx
@@ -0,0 +1,52 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<ttFont>
+
+  <GSUB>
+    <Version value="0x00010000"/>
+    <ScriptList>
+      <!-- ScriptCount=1 -->
+      <ScriptRecord index="0">
+        <ScriptTag value="DFLT"/>
+        <Script>
+          <DefaultLangSys>
+            <ReqFeatureIndex value="65535"/>
+            <!-- FeatureCount=1 -->
+            <FeatureIndex index="0" value="0"/>
+          </DefaultLangSys>
+          <!-- LangSysCount=0 -->
+        </Script>
+      </ScriptRecord>
+    </ScriptList>
+    <FeatureList>
+      <!-- FeatureCount=1 -->
+      <FeatureRecord index="0">
+        <FeatureTag value="test"/>
+        <Feature>
+          <!-- LookupCount=1 -->
+          <LookupListIndex index="0" value="0"/>
+        </Feature>
+      </FeatureRecord>
+    </FeatureList>
+    <LookupList>
+      <!-- LookupCount=1 -->
+      <Lookup index="0">
+        <LookupType value="3"/>
+        <LookupFlag value="0"/>
+        <!-- SubTableCount=2 -->
+        <AlternateSubst index="0">
+          <AlternateSet glyph="A">
+            <Alternate glyph="A.alt1"/>
+            <Alternate glyph="A.alt2"/>
+          </AlternateSet>
+        </AlternateSubst>
+        <AlternateSubst index="1">
+          <AlternateSet glyph="B">
+            <Alternate glyph="B.alt1"/>
+            <Alternate glyph="B.alt2"/>
+          </AlternateSet>
+        </AlternateSubst>
+      </Lookup>
+    </LookupList>
+  </GSUB>
+
+</ttFont>
diff --git a/Tests/feaLib/data/ChainPosSubtable.fea b/Tests/feaLib/data/ChainPosSubtable.fea
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e64f886
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/feaLib/data/ChainPosSubtable.fea
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+feature test {
+    pos X [A - B]' -40 B' -40 A' -40 Y;
+    subtable;
+    pos X A' -111 Y;
+    subtable;
+    pos X B' -40 A' -111 [A - C]' -40 Y;
+} test;
diff --git a/Tests/feaLib/data/ChainPosSubtable.ttx b/Tests/feaLib/data/ChainPosSubtable.ttx
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..695dd86
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/feaLib/data/ChainPosSubtable.ttx
@@ -0,0 +1,184 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<ttFont>
+
+  <GPOS>
+    <Version value="0x00010000"/>
+    <ScriptList>
+      <!-- ScriptCount=1 -->
+      <ScriptRecord index="0">
+        <ScriptTag value="DFLT"/>
+        <Script>
+          <DefaultLangSys>
+            <ReqFeatureIndex value="65535"/>
+            <!-- FeatureCount=1 -->
+            <FeatureIndex index="0" value="0"/>
+          </DefaultLangSys>
+          <!-- LangSysCount=0 -->
+        </Script>
+      </ScriptRecord>
+    </ScriptList>
+    <FeatureList>
+      <!-- FeatureCount=1 -->
+      <FeatureRecord index="0">
+        <FeatureTag value="test"/>
+        <Feature>
+          <!-- LookupCount=1 -->
+          <LookupListIndex index="0" value="0"/>
+        </Feature>
+      </FeatureRecord>
+    </FeatureList>
+    <LookupList>
+      <!-- LookupCount=5 -->
+      <Lookup index="0">
+        <LookupType value="8"/>
+        <LookupFlag value="0"/>
+        <!-- SubTableCount=3 -->
+        <ChainContextPos index="0" Format="3">
+          <!-- BacktrackGlyphCount=1 -->
+          <BacktrackCoverage index="0">
+            <Glyph value="X"/>
+          </BacktrackCoverage>
+          <!-- InputGlyphCount=3 -->
+          <InputCoverage index="0">
+            <Glyph value="A"/>
+            <Glyph value="B"/>
+          </InputCoverage>
+          <InputCoverage index="1">
+            <Glyph value="B"/>
+          </InputCoverage>
+          <InputCoverage index="2">
+            <Glyph value="A"/>
+          </InputCoverage>
+          <!-- LookAheadGlyphCount=1 -->
+          <LookAheadCoverage index="0">
+            <Glyph value="Y"/>
+          </LookAheadCoverage>
+          <!-- PosCount=3 -->
+          <PosLookupRecord index="0">
+            <SequenceIndex value="0"/>
+            <LookupListIndex value="1"/>
+          </PosLookupRecord>
+          <PosLookupRecord index="1">
+            <SequenceIndex value="1"/>
+            <LookupListIndex value="1"/>
+          </PosLookupRecord>
+          <PosLookupRecord index="2">
+            <SequenceIndex value="2"/>
+            <LookupListIndex value="1"/>
+          </PosLookupRecord>
+        </ChainContextPos>
+        <ChainContextPos index="1" Format="1">
+          <Coverage>
+            <Glyph value="A"/>
+          </Coverage>
+          <!-- ChainPosRuleSetCount=1 -->
+          <ChainPosRuleSet index="0">
+            <!-- ChainPosRuleCount=1 -->
+            <ChainPosRule index="0">
+              <!-- BacktrackGlyphCount=1 -->
+              <Backtrack index="0" value="X"/>
+              <!-- InputGlyphCount=1 -->
+              <!-- LookAheadGlyphCount=1 -->
+              <LookAhead index="0" value="Y"/>
+              <!-- PosCount=1 -->
+              <PosLookupRecord index="0">
+                <SequenceIndex value="0"/>
+                <LookupListIndex value="2"/>
+              </PosLookupRecord>
+            </ChainPosRule>
+          </ChainPosRuleSet>
+        </ChainContextPos>
+        <ChainContextPos index="2" Format="3">
+          <!-- BacktrackGlyphCount=1 -->
+          <BacktrackCoverage index="0">
+            <Glyph value="X"/>
+          </BacktrackCoverage>
+          <!-- InputGlyphCount=3 -->
+          <InputCoverage index="0">
+            <Glyph value="B"/>
+          </InputCoverage>
+          <InputCoverage index="1">
+            <Glyph value="A"/>
+          </InputCoverage>
+          <InputCoverage index="2">
+            <Glyph value="A"/>
+            <Glyph value="B"/>
+            <Glyph value="C"/>
+          </InputCoverage>
+          <!-- LookAheadGlyphCount=1 -->
+          <LookAheadCoverage index="0">
+            <Glyph value="Y"/>
+          </LookAheadCoverage>
+          <!-- PosCount=3 -->
+          <PosLookupRecord index="0">
+            <SequenceIndex value="0"/>
+            <LookupListIndex value="3"/>
+          </PosLookupRecord>
+          <PosLookupRecord index="1">
+            <SequenceIndex value="1"/>
+            <LookupListIndex value="3"/>
+          </PosLookupRecord>
+          <PosLookupRecord index="2">
+            <SequenceIndex value="2"/>
+            <LookupListIndex value="4"/>
+          </PosLookupRecord>
+        </ChainContextPos>
+      </Lookup>
+      <Lookup index="1">
+        <LookupType value="1"/>
+        <LookupFlag value="0"/>
+        <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
+        <SinglePos index="0" Format="1">
+          <Coverage>
+            <Glyph value="A"/>
+            <Glyph value="B"/>
+          </Coverage>
+          <ValueFormat value="4"/>
+          <Value XAdvance="-40"/>
+        </SinglePos>
+      </Lookup>
+      <Lookup index="2">
+        <LookupType value="1"/>
+        <LookupFlag value="0"/>
+        <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
+        <SinglePos index="0" Format="1">
+          <Coverage>
+            <Glyph value="A"/>
+          </Coverage>
+          <ValueFormat value="4"/>
+          <Value XAdvance="-111"/>
+        </SinglePos>
+      </Lookup>
+      <Lookup index="3">
+        <LookupType value="1"/>
+        <LookupFlag value="0"/>
+        <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
+        <SinglePos index="0" Format="2">
+          <Coverage>
+            <Glyph value="A"/>
+            <Glyph value="B"/>
+          </Coverage>
+          <ValueFormat value="4"/>
+          <!-- ValueCount=2 -->
+          <Value index="0" XAdvance="-111"/>
+          <Value index="1" XAdvance="-40"/>
+        </SinglePos>
+      </Lookup>
+      <Lookup index="4">
+        <LookupType value="1"/>
+        <LookupFlag value="0"/>
+        <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
+        <SinglePos index="0" Format="1">
+          <Coverage>
+            <Glyph value="A"/>
+            <Glyph value="B"/>
+            <Glyph value="C"/>
+          </Coverage>
+          <ValueFormat value="4"/>
+          <Value XAdvance="-40"/>
+        </SinglePos>
+      </Lookup>
+    </LookupList>
+  </GPOS>
+
+</ttFont>
diff --git a/Tests/feaLib/data/ChainSubstSubtable.fea b/Tests/feaLib/data/ChainSubstSubtable.fea
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ec24880
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/feaLib/data/ChainSubstSubtable.fea
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+feature test {
+    sub A G' by G.swash;
+    subtable;
+    sub A H' by H.swash;
+    subtable;
+    sub A G' by g;
+    subtable;
+    sub A H' by H.swash;
+} test;
diff --git a/Tests/feaLib/data/ChainSubstSubtable.ttx b/Tests/feaLib/data/ChainSubstSubtable.ttx
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..75348dc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/feaLib/data/ChainSubstSubtable.ttx
@@ -0,0 +1,136 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<ttFont>
+
+  <GSUB>
+    <Version value="0x00010000"/>
+    <ScriptList>
+      <!-- ScriptCount=1 -->
+      <ScriptRecord index="0">
+        <ScriptTag value="DFLT"/>
+        <Script>
+          <DefaultLangSys>
+            <ReqFeatureIndex value="65535"/>
+            <!-- FeatureCount=1 -->
+            <FeatureIndex index="0" value="0"/>
+          </DefaultLangSys>
+          <!-- LangSysCount=0 -->
+        </Script>
+      </ScriptRecord>
+    </ScriptList>
+    <FeatureList>
+      <!-- FeatureCount=1 -->
+      <FeatureRecord index="0">
+        <FeatureTag value="test"/>
+        <Feature>
+          <!-- LookupCount=1 -->
+          <LookupListIndex index="0" value="0"/>
+        </Feature>
+      </FeatureRecord>
+    </FeatureList>
+    <LookupList>
+      <!-- LookupCount=5 -->
+      <Lookup index="0">
+        <LookupType value="6"/>
+        <LookupFlag value="0"/>
+        <!-- SubTableCount=4 -->
+        <ChainContextSubst index="0" Format="3">
+          <!-- BacktrackGlyphCount=1 -->
+          <BacktrackCoverage index="0">
+            <Glyph value="A"/>
+          </BacktrackCoverage>
+          <!-- InputGlyphCount=1 -->
+          <InputCoverage index="0">
+            <Glyph value="G"/>
+          </InputCoverage>
+          <!-- LookAheadGlyphCount=0 -->
+          <!-- SubstCount=1 -->
+          <SubstLookupRecord index="0">
+            <SequenceIndex value="0"/>
+            <LookupListIndex value="1"/>
+          </SubstLookupRecord>
+        </ChainContextSubst>
+        <ChainContextSubst index="1" Format="3">
+          <!-- BacktrackGlyphCount=1 -->
+          <BacktrackCoverage index="0">
+            <Glyph value="A"/>
+          </BacktrackCoverage>
+          <!-- InputGlyphCount=1 -->
+          <InputCoverage index="0">
+            <Glyph value="H"/>
+          </InputCoverage>
+          <!-- LookAheadGlyphCount=0 -->
+          <!-- SubstCount=1 -->
+          <SubstLookupRecord index="0">
+            <SequenceIndex value="0"/>
+            <LookupListIndex value="2"/>
+          </SubstLookupRecord>
+        </ChainContextSubst>
+        <ChainContextSubst index="2" Format="3">
+          <!-- BacktrackGlyphCount=1 -->
+          <BacktrackCoverage index="0">
+            <Glyph value="A"/>
+          </BacktrackCoverage>
+          <!-- InputGlyphCount=1 -->
+          <InputCoverage index="0">
+            <Glyph value="G"/>
+          </InputCoverage>
+          <!-- LookAheadGlyphCount=0 -->
+          <!-- SubstCount=1 -->
+          <SubstLookupRecord index="0">
+            <SequenceIndex value="0"/>
+            <LookupListIndex value="3"/>
+          </SubstLookupRecord>
+        </ChainContextSubst>
+        <ChainContextSubst index="3" Format="3">
+          <!-- BacktrackGlyphCount=1 -->
+          <BacktrackCoverage index="0">
+            <Glyph value="A"/>
+          </BacktrackCoverage>
+          <!-- InputGlyphCount=1 -->
+          <InputCoverage index="0">
+            <Glyph value="H"/>
+          </InputCoverage>
+          <!-- LookAheadGlyphCount=0 -->
+          <!-- SubstCount=1 -->
+          <SubstLookupRecord index="0">
+            <SequenceIndex value="0"/>
+            <LookupListIndex value="4"/>
+          </SubstLookupRecord>
+        </ChainContextSubst>
+      </Lookup>
+      <Lookup index="1">
+        <LookupType value="1"/>
+        <LookupFlag value="0"/>
+        <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
+        <SingleSubst index="0">
+          <Substitution in="G" out="G.swash"/>
+        </SingleSubst>
+      </Lookup>
+      <Lookup index="2">
+        <LookupType value="1"/>
+        <LookupFlag value="0"/>
+        <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
+        <SingleSubst index="0">
+          <Substitution in="H" out="H.swash"/>
+        </SingleSubst>
+      </Lookup>
+      <Lookup index="3">
+        <LookupType value="1"/>
+        <LookupFlag value="0"/>
+        <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
+        <SingleSubst index="0">
+          <Substitution in="G" out="g"/>
+        </SingleSubst>
+      </Lookup>
+      <Lookup index="4">
+        <LookupType value="1"/>
+        <LookupFlag value="0"/>
+        <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
+        <SingleSubst index="0">
+          <Substitution in="H" out="H.swash"/>
+        </SingleSubst>
+      </Lookup>
+    </LookupList>
+  </GSUB>
+
+</ttFont>
diff --git a/Tests/feaLib/data/GPOS_1.ttx b/Tests/feaLib/data/GPOS_1.ttx
index bd32013..1a24f0b 100644
--- a/Tests/feaLib/data/GPOS_1.ttx
+++ b/Tests/feaLib/data/GPOS_1.ttx
@@ -40,8 +40,26 @@
       <Lookup index="0">
         <LookupType value="1"/>
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
-        <!-- SubTableCount=8 -->
-        <SinglePos index="0" Format="1">
+        <!-- SubTableCount=7 -->
+        <SinglePos index="0" Format="2">
+          <Coverage>
+            <Glyph value="four"/>
+            <Glyph value="six"/>
+            <Glyph value="seven"/>
+            <Glyph value="eight"/>
+            <Glyph value="nine"/>
+            <Glyph value="four.oldstyle"/>
+          </Coverage>
+          <ValueFormat value="4"/>
+          <!-- ValueCount=6 -->
+          <Value index="0" XAdvance="400"/>
+          <Value index="1" XAdvance="-200"/>
+          <Value index="2" XAdvance="-100"/>
+          <Value index="3" XAdvance="-100"/>
+          <Value index="4" XAdvance="-100"/>
+          <Value index="5" XAdvance="401"/>
+        </SinglePos>
+        <SinglePos index="1" Format="1">
           <Coverage>
             <Glyph value="one"/>
             <Glyph value="two"/>
@@ -51,28 +69,7 @@
           <ValueFormat value="5"/>
           <Value XPlacement="-80" XAdvance="-160"/>
         </SinglePos>
-        <SinglePos index="1" Format="2">
-          <Coverage>
-            <Glyph value="four"/>
-            <Glyph value="six"/>
-            <Glyph value="four.oldstyle"/>
-          </Coverage>
-          <ValueFormat value="4"/>
-          <!-- ValueCount=3 -->
-          <Value index="0" XAdvance="400"/>
-          <Value index="1" XAdvance="-200"/>
-          <Value index="2" XAdvance="401"/>
-        </SinglePos>
-        <SinglePos index="2" Format="1">
-          <Coverage>
-            <Glyph value="seven"/>
-            <Glyph value="eight"/>
-            <Glyph value="nine"/>
-          </Coverage>
-          <ValueFormat value="4"/>
-          <Value XAdvance="-100"/>
-        </SinglePos>
-        <SinglePos index="3" Format="2">
+        <SinglePos index="2" Format="2">
           <Coverage>
             <Glyph value="P"/>
             <Glyph value="Q"/>
@@ -84,7 +81,7 @@
           <Value index="1" XPlacement="1" XAdvance="801"/>
           <Value index="2" XPlacement="1" XAdvance="802"/>
         </SinglePos>
-        <SinglePos index="4" Format="2">
+        <SinglePos index="3" Format="2">
           <Coverage>
             <Glyph value="S"/>
             <Glyph value="T"/>
@@ -96,7 +93,7 @@
           <Value index="1" XPlacement="1" YPlacement="1" XAdvance="804"/>
           <Value index="2" XPlacement="1" YPlacement="1" XAdvance="805"/>
         </SinglePos>
-        <SinglePos index="5" Format="1">
+        <SinglePos index="4" Format="1">
           <Coverage>
             <Glyph value="A"/>
             <Glyph value="B"/>
@@ -123,13 +120,13 @@
             </XAdvDevice>
           </Value>
         </SinglePos>
-        <SinglePos index="6" Format="1">
+        <SinglePos index="5" Format="1">
           <Coverage>
             <Glyph value="zero"/>
           </Coverage>
           <ValueFormat value="0"/>
         </SinglePos>
-        <SinglePos index="7" Format="1">
+        <SinglePos index="6" Format="1">
           <Coverage>
             <Glyph value="C"/>
           </Coverage>
diff --git a/Tests/feaLib/data/GPOS_1_zero.fea b/Tests/feaLib/data/GPOS_1_zero.fea
index bfb51db..2e738e2 100644
--- a/Tests/feaLib/data/GPOS_1_zero.fea
+++ b/Tests/feaLib/data/GPOS_1_zero.fea
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# https://github.com/behdad/fonttools/issues/471
+# https://github.com/fonttools/fonttools/issues/471
 feature test {
     pos zero 0;
     pos four 500;
diff --git a/Tests/feaLib/data/GPOS_2.fea b/Tests/feaLib/data/GPOS_2.fea
index b1f26d1..2948148 100644
--- a/Tests/feaLib/data/GPOS_2.fea
+++ b/Tests/feaLib/data/GPOS_2.fea
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 languagesystem DFLT dflt;
 
 # Mixes kerning between single glyphs, and class-based kerning.
-# https://github.com/behdad/fonttools/issues/456
+# https://github.com/fonttools/fonttools/issues/456
 lookup MixedKerning {
     pos v v 14;
     pos [D O Q] [T V W] -26;
diff --git a/Tests/feaLib/data/GPOS_2.ttx b/Tests/feaLib/data/GPOS_2.ttx
index 84dc819..c9a6c14 100644
--- a/Tests/feaLib/data/GPOS_2.ttx
+++ b/Tests/feaLib/data/GPOS_2.ttx
@@ -76,6 +76,7 @@
           <!-- Class2Count=2 -->
           <Class1Record index="0">
             <Class2Record index="0">
+              <Value1 XAdvance="0"/>
             </Class2Record>
             <Class2Record index="1">
               <Value1 XAdvance="-26"/>
diff --git a/Tests/feaLib/data/GPOS_2b.ttx b/Tests/feaLib/data/GPOS_2b.ttx
index 40f458f..8a892c1 100644
--- a/Tests/feaLib/data/GPOS_2b.ttx
+++ b/Tests/feaLib/data/GPOS_2b.ttx
@@ -50,6 +50,7 @@
           <!-- Class2Count=2 -->
           <Class1Record index="0">
             <Class2Record index="0">
+              <Value1 XAdvance="0"/>
             </Class2Record>
             <Class2Record index="1">
               <Value1 XAdvance="1"/>
@@ -79,6 +80,7 @@
           <!-- Class2Count=3 -->
           <Class1Record index="0">
             <Class2Record index="0">
+              <Value1 XAdvance="0"/>
             </Class2Record>
             <Class2Record index="1">
               <Value1 XAdvance="4"/>
@@ -89,8 +91,10 @@
           </Class1Record>
           <Class1Record index="1">
             <Class2Record index="0">
+              <Value1 XAdvance="0"/>
             </Class2Record>
             <Class2Record index="1">
+              <Value1 XAdvance="0"/>
             </Class2Record>
             <Class2Record index="2">
               <Value1 XAdvance="2"/>
@@ -114,6 +118,7 @@
           <!-- Class2Count=2 -->
           <Class1Record index="0">
             <Class2Record index="0">
+              <Value1 XPlacement="0" YPlacement="0" XAdvance="0" YAdvance="0"/>
             </Class2Record>
             <Class2Record index="1">
               <Value1 XPlacement="5" YPlacement="5" XAdvance="5" YAdvance="5"/>
diff --git a/Tests/feaLib/data/GPOS_4.fea b/Tests/feaLib/data/GPOS_4.fea
index cfd2d75..7c90ab6 100644
--- a/Tests/feaLib/data/GPOS_4.fea
+++ b/Tests/feaLib/data/GPOS_4.fea
@@ -6,7 +6,11 @@
 markClass [ogonek] <anchor 333 33> @SIDE_MARKS;
 
 feature test {
-    pos base a <anchor 11 1> mark @TOP_MARKS <anchor 12 -1> mark @BOTTOM_MARKS;
-    pos base [b c] <anchor 22 -2> mark @BOTTOM_MARKS;
-    pos base d <anchor 33 3> mark @SIDE_MARKS;
+    pos base a
+        <anchor 11 1> mark @TOP_MARKS
+        <anchor 12 -1> mark @BOTTOM_MARKS;
+    pos base [b c]
+        <anchor 22 -2> mark @BOTTOM_MARKS;
+    pos base d
+        <anchor 33 3> mark @SIDE_MARKS;
 } test;
diff --git a/Tests/feaLib/data/GPOS_5.fea b/Tests/feaLib/data/GPOS_5.fea
index b116539..a8f8536 100644
--- a/Tests/feaLib/data/GPOS_5.fea
+++ b/Tests/feaLib/data/GPOS_5.fea
@@ -5,14 +5,29 @@
 
 feature test {
 
-    pos ligature [c_t s_t] <anchor 500 800> mark @TOP_MARKS <anchor 500 -200> mark @BOTTOM_MARKS
-        ligComponent <anchor 1500 800> mark @TOP_MARKS <anchor 1500 -200> mark @BOTTOM_MARKS <anchor 1550 0> mark @OGONEK;
+    pos ligature [c_t s_t]
+            <anchor 500 800> mark @TOP_MARKS
+            <anchor 500 -200> mark @BOTTOM_MARKS
+        ligComponent
+            <anchor 1500 800> mark @TOP_MARKS
+            <anchor 1500 -200> mark @BOTTOM_MARKS
+            <anchor 1550 0> mark @OGONEK;
 
-    pos ligature f_l <anchor 300 800> mark @TOP_MARKS <anchor 300 -200> mark @BOTTOM_MARKS
-        ligComponent <anchor 600 800> mark @TOP_MARKS <anchor 600 -200> mark @BOTTOM_MARKS;
+    pos ligature f_l
+            <anchor 300 800> mark @TOP_MARKS
+            <anchor 300 -200> mark @BOTTOM_MARKS
+        ligComponent
+            <anchor 600 800> mark @TOP_MARKS
+            <anchor 600 -200> mark @BOTTOM_MARKS;
 
-    pos ligature [f_f_l] <anchor 300 800> mark @TOP_MARKS <anchor 300 -200> mark @BOTTOM_MARKS
-        ligComponent <anchor 600 800> mark @TOP_MARKS <anchor 600 -200> mark @BOTTOM_MARKS
-        ligComponent <anchor 900 800> mark @TOP_MARKS <anchor 900 -200> mark @BOTTOM_MARKS;
+    pos ligature [f_f_l]
+            <anchor 300 800> mark @TOP_MARKS
+            <anchor 300 -200> mark @BOTTOM_MARKS
+        ligComponent
+            <anchor 600 800> mark @TOP_MARKS
+            <anchor 600 -200> mark @BOTTOM_MARKS
+        ligComponent
+            <anchor 900 800> mark @TOP_MARKS
+            <anchor 900 -200> mark @BOTTOM_MARKS;
 
 } test;
diff --git a/Tests/feaLib/data/GPOS_6.fea b/Tests/feaLib/data/GPOS_6.fea
index 37b2936..e54ff6e 100644
--- a/Tests/feaLib/data/GPOS_6.fea
+++ b/Tests/feaLib/data/GPOS_6.fea
@@ -5,6 +5,9 @@
 markClass [cedilla] <anchor 3 3 contourpoint 33> @BOTTOM_MARKS;
 
 feature test {
-    pos mark [acute grave macron ogonek] <anchor 500 200> mark @TOP_MARKS <anchor 500 -80> mark @BOTTOM_MARKS;
-    pos mark [dieresis caron] <anchor 500 200> mark @TOP_MARKS;
+    pos mark [acute grave macron ogonek]
+        <anchor 500 200> mark @TOP_MARKS
+        <anchor 500 -80> mark @BOTTOM_MARKS;
+    pos mark [dieresis caron]
+        <anchor 500 200> mark @TOP_MARKS;
 } test;
diff --git a/Tests/feaLib/data/GPOS_8.ttx b/Tests/feaLib/data/GPOS_8.ttx
index 86f9756..4d79071 100644
--- a/Tests/feaLib/data/GPOS_8.ttx
+++ b/Tests/feaLib/data/GPOS_8.ttx
@@ -34,42 +34,40 @@
         <LookupType value="8"/>
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
-        <ChainContextPos index="0" Format="3">
-          <!-- BacktrackGlyphCount=1 -->
-          <BacktrackCoverage index="0">
-            <Glyph value="A"/>
-          </BacktrackCoverage>
-          <!-- InputGlyphCount=4 -->
-          <InputCoverage index="0">
+        <ChainContextPos index="0" Format="1">
+          <Coverage>
             <Glyph value="one"/>
-          </InputCoverage>
-          <InputCoverage index="1">
-            <Glyph value="two"/>
-          </InputCoverage>
-          <InputCoverage index="2">
-            <Glyph value="one"/>
-          </InputCoverage>
-          <InputCoverage index="3">
-            <Glyph value="two"/>
-          </InputCoverage>
-          <!-- LookAheadGlyphCount=0 -->
-          <!-- PosCount=4 -->
-          <PosLookupRecord index="0">
-            <SequenceIndex value="0"/>
-            <LookupListIndex value="1"/>
-          </PosLookupRecord>
-          <PosLookupRecord index="1">
-            <SequenceIndex value="1"/>
-            <LookupListIndex value="1"/>
-          </PosLookupRecord>
-          <PosLookupRecord index="2">
-            <SequenceIndex value="2"/>
-            <LookupListIndex value="2"/>
-          </PosLookupRecord>
-          <PosLookupRecord index="3">
-            <SequenceIndex value="3"/>
-            <LookupListIndex value="2"/>
-          </PosLookupRecord>
+          </Coverage>
+          <!-- ChainPosRuleSetCount=1 -->
+          <ChainPosRuleSet index="0">
+            <!-- ChainPosRuleCount=1 -->
+            <ChainPosRule index="0">
+              <!-- BacktrackGlyphCount=1 -->
+              <Backtrack index="0" value="A"/>
+              <!-- InputGlyphCount=4 -->
+              <Input index="0" value="two"/>
+              <Input index="1" value="one"/>
+              <Input index="2" value="two"/>
+              <!-- LookAheadGlyphCount=0 -->
+              <!-- PosCount=4 -->
+              <PosLookupRecord index="0">
+                <SequenceIndex value="0"/>
+                <LookupListIndex value="1"/>
+              </PosLookupRecord>
+              <PosLookupRecord index="1">
+                <SequenceIndex value="1"/>
+                <LookupListIndex value="1"/>
+              </PosLookupRecord>
+              <PosLookupRecord index="2">
+                <SequenceIndex value="2"/>
+                <LookupListIndex value="2"/>
+              </PosLookupRecord>
+              <PosLookupRecord index="3">
+                <SequenceIndex value="3"/>
+                <LookupListIndex value="2"/>
+              </PosLookupRecord>
+            </ChainPosRule>
+          </ChainPosRuleSet>
         </ChainContextPos>
       </Lookup>
       <Lookup index="1">
diff --git a/Tests/feaLib/data/GSUB_5_formats.fea b/Tests/feaLib/data/GSUB_5_formats.fea
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3acb7ed
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/feaLib/data/GSUB_5_formats.fea
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+lookup GSUB5f1 {
+    ignore sub three four;
+    ignore sub four five;
+} GSUB5f1;
+
+lookup GSUB5f2 {
+    ignore sub [a - z] [A - H] [I - Z];
+    ignore sub [a - z] [A - H] [I - Z];
+    ignore sub [a - z] [I - Z] [A - H];
+} GSUB5f2;
+
+lookup GSUB5f3 {
+    ignore sub e;
+} GSUB5f3;
+
+feature test {
+    lookup GSUB5f1;
+    lookup GSUB5f2;
+    lookup GSUB5f3;
+} test;
diff --git a/Tests/feaLib/data/GSUB_5_formats.ttx b/Tests/feaLib/data/GSUB_5_formats.ttx
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..80196aa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/feaLib/data/GSUB_5_formats.ttx
@@ -0,0 +1,197 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<ttFont>
+
+  <GSUB>
+    <Version value="0x00010000"/>
+    <ScriptList>
+      <!-- ScriptCount=1 -->
+      <ScriptRecord index="0">
+        <ScriptTag value="DFLT"/>
+        <Script>
+          <DefaultLangSys>
+            <ReqFeatureIndex value="65535"/>
+            <!-- FeatureCount=1 -->
+            <FeatureIndex index="0" value="0"/>
+          </DefaultLangSys>
+          <!-- LangSysCount=0 -->
+        </Script>
+      </ScriptRecord>
+    </ScriptList>
+    <FeatureList>
+      <!-- FeatureCount=1 -->
+      <FeatureRecord index="0">
+        <FeatureTag value="test"/>
+        <Feature>
+          <!-- LookupCount=3 -->
+          <LookupListIndex index="0" value="0"/>
+          <LookupListIndex index="1" value="1"/>
+          <LookupListIndex index="2" value="2"/>
+        </Feature>
+      </FeatureRecord>
+    </FeatureList>
+    <LookupList>
+      <!-- LookupCount=3 -->
+      <Lookup index="0">
+        <LookupType value="5"/>
+        <LookupFlag value="0"/>
+        <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
+        <ContextSubst index="0" Format="1">
+          <Coverage>
+            <Glyph value="three"/>
+            <Glyph value="four"/>
+          </Coverage>
+          <!-- SubRuleSetCount=2 -->
+          <SubRuleSet index="0">
+            <!-- SubRuleCount=1 -->
+            <SubRule index="0">
+              <!-- GlyphCount=2 -->
+              <!-- SubstCount=0 -->
+              <Input index="0" value="four"/>
+            </SubRule>
+          </SubRuleSet>
+          <SubRuleSet index="1">
+            <!-- SubRuleCount=1 -->
+            <SubRule index="0">
+              <!-- GlyphCount=2 -->
+              <!-- SubstCount=0 -->
+              <Input index="0" value="five"/>
+            </SubRule>
+          </SubRuleSet>
+        </ContextSubst>
+      </Lookup>
+      <Lookup index="1">
+        <LookupType value="5"/>
+        <LookupFlag value="0"/>
+        <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
+        <ContextSubst index="0" Format="2">
+          <Coverage>
+            <Glyph value="a"/>
+            <Glyph value="b"/>
+            <Glyph value="c"/>
+            <Glyph value="d"/>
+            <Glyph value="e"/>
+            <Glyph value="f"/>
+            <Glyph value="g"/>
+            <Glyph value="h"/>
+            <Glyph value="i"/>
+            <Glyph value="j"/>
+            <Glyph value="k"/>
+            <Glyph value="l"/>
+            <Glyph value="m"/>
+            <Glyph value="n"/>
+            <Glyph value="o"/>
+            <Glyph value="p"/>
+            <Glyph value="q"/>
+            <Glyph value="r"/>
+            <Glyph value="s"/>
+            <Glyph value="t"/>
+            <Glyph value="u"/>
+            <Glyph value="v"/>
+            <Glyph value="w"/>
+            <Glyph value="x"/>
+            <Glyph value="y"/>
+            <Glyph value="z"/>
+          </Coverage>
+          <ClassDef>
+            <ClassDef glyph="A" class="3"/>
+            <ClassDef glyph="B" class="3"/>
+            <ClassDef glyph="C" class="3"/>
+            <ClassDef glyph="D" class="3"/>
+            <ClassDef glyph="E" class="3"/>
+            <ClassDef glyph="F" class="3"/>
+            <ClassDef glyph="G" class="3"/>
+            <ClassDef glyph="H" class="3"/>
+            <ClassDef glyph="I" class="2"/>
+            <ClassDef glyph="J" class="2"/>
+            <ClassDef glyph="K" class="2"/>
+            <ClassDef glyph="L" class="2"/>
+            <ClassDef glyph="M" class="2"/>
+            <ClassDef glyph="N" class="2"/>
+            <ClassDef glyph="O" class="2"/>
+            <ClassDef glyph="P" class="2"/>
+            <ClassDef glyph="Q" class="2"/>
+            <ClassDef glyph="R" class="2"/>
+            <ClassDef glyph="S" class="2"/>
+            <ClassDef glyph="T" class="2"/>
+            <ClassDef glyph="U" class="2"/>
+            <ClassDef glyph="V" class="2"/>
+            <ClassDef glyph="W" class="2"/>
+            <ClassDef glyph="X" class="2"/>
+            <ClassDef glyph="Y" class="2"/>
+            <ClassDef glyph="Z" class="2"/>
+            <ClassDef glyph="a" class="1"/>
+            <ClassDef glyph="b" class="1"/>
+            <ClassDef glyph="c" class="1"/>
+            <ClassDef glyph="d" class="1"/>
+            <ClassDef glyph="e" class="1"/>
+            <ClassDef glyph="f" class="1"/>
+            <ClassDef glyph="g" class="1"/>
+            <ClassDef glyph="h" class="1"/>
+            <ClassDef glyph="i" class="1"/>
+            <ClassDef glyph="j" class="1"/>
+            <ClassDef glyph="k" class="1"/>
+            <ClassDef glyph="l" class="1"/>
+            <ClassDef glyph="m" class="1"/>
+            <ClassDef glyph="n" class="1"/>
+            <ClassDef glyph="o" class="1"/>
+            <ClassDef glyph="p" class="1"/>
+            <ClassDef glyph="q" class="1"/>
+            <ClassDef glyph="r" class="1"/>
+            <ClassDef glyph="s" class="1"/>
+            <ClassDef glyph="t" class="1"/>
+            <ClassDef glyph="u" class="1"/>
+            <ClassDef glyph="v" class="1"/>
+            <ClassDef glyph="w" class="1"/>
+            <ClassDef glyph="x" class="1"/>
+            <ClassDef glyph="y" class="1"/>
+            <ClassDef glyph="z" class="1"/>
+          </ClassDef>
+          <!-- SubClassSetCount=4 -->
+          <SubClassSet index="0">
+            <!-- SubClassRuleCount=0 -->
+          </SubClassSet>
+          <SubClassSet index="1">
+            <!-- SubClassRuleCount=3 -->
+            <SubClassRule index="0">
+              <!-- GlyphCount=3 -->
+              <!-- SubstCount=0 -->
+              <Class index="0" value="3"/>
+              <Class index="1" value="2"/>
+            </SubClassRule>
+            <SubClassRule index="1">
+              <!-- GlyphCount=3 -->
+              <!-- SubstCount=0 -->
+              <Class index="0" value="3"/>
+              <Class index="1" value="2"/>
+            </SubClassRule>
+            <SubClassRule index="2">
+              <!-- GlyphCount=3 -->
+              <!-- SubstCount=0 -->
+              <Class index="0" value="2"/>
+              <Class index="1" value="3"/>
+            </SubClassRule>
+          </SubClassSet>
+          <SubClassSet index="2">
+            <!-- SubClassRuleCount=0 -->
+          </SubClassSet>
+          <SubClassSet index="3">
+            <!-- SubClassRuleCount=0 -->
+          </SubClassSet>
+        </ContextSubst>
+      </Lookup>
+      <Lookup index="2">
+        <LookupType value="5"/>
+        <LookupFlag value="0"/>
+        <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
+        <ContextSubst index="0" Format="3">
+          <!-- GlyphCount=1 -->
+          <!-- SubstCount=0 -->
+          <Coverage index="0">
+            <Glyph value="e"/>
+          </Coverage>
+        </ContextSubst>
+      </Lookup>
+    </LookupList>
+  </GSUB>
+
+</ttFont>
diff --git a/Tests/feaLib/data/GSUB_6.fea b/Tests/feaLib/data/GSUB_6.fea
index 82fdac2..2230670 100644
--- a/Tests/feaLib/data/GSUB_6.fea
+++ b/Tests/feaLib/data/GSUB_6.fea
@@ -1,10 +1,10 @@
 lookup ChainedSingleSubst {
     sub [one two] three A' by A.sc;
-    sub [B-D]' seven [eight nine] by [B.sc-D.sc];
+    sub [B - D]' seven [eight nine] by [B.sc - D.sc];
 } ChainedSingleSubst;
 
 lookup ChainedMultipleSubst {
-    sub [A-C a-c] [D d] E c_t' V [W w] [X-Z x-z] by c t;
+    sub [A - C a - c] [D d] E c_t' V [W w] [X - Z x - z] by c t;
 } ChainedMultipleSubst;
 
 lookup ChainedAlternateSubst {
diff --git a/Tests/feaLib/data/GSUB_6.ttx b/Tests/feaLib/data/GSUB_6.ttx
index f32e47d..18405d2 100644
--- a/Tests/feaLib/data/GSUB_6.ttx
+++ b/Tests/feaLib/data/GSUB_6.ttx
@@ -229,36 +229,30 @@
         <LookupType value="6"/>
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
-        <ChainContextSubst index="0" Format="3">
-          <!-- BacktrackGlyphCount=3 -->
-          <BacktrackCoverage index="0">
-            <Glyph value="E"/>
-          </BacktrackCoverage>
-          <BacktrackCoverage index="1">
-            <Glyph value="D"/>
-          </BacktrackCoverage>
-          <BacktrackCoverage index="2">
-            <Glyph value="A"/>
-          </BacktrackCoverage>
-          <!-- InputGlyphCount=1 -->
-          <InputCoverage index="0">
+        <ChainContextSubst index="0" Format="1">
+          <Coverage>
             <Glyph value="c_t"/>
-          </InputCoverage>
-          <!-- LookAheadGlyphCount=3 -->
-          <LookAheadCoverage index="0">
-            <Glyph value="V"/>
-          </LookAheadCoverage>
-          <LookAheadCoverage index="1">
-            <Glyph value="W"/>
-          </LookAheadCoverage>
-          <LookAheadCoverage index="2">
-            <Glyph value="X"/>
-          </LookAheadCoverage>
-          <!-- SubstCount=1 -->
-          <SubstLookupRecord index="0">
-            <SequenceIndex value="0"/>
-            <LookupListIndex value="2"/>
-          </SubstLookupRecord>
+          </Coverage>
+          <!-- ChainSubRuleSetCount=1 -->
+          <ChainSubRuleSet index="0">
+            <!-- ChainSubRuleCount=1 -->
+            <ChainSubRule index="0">
+              <!-- BacktrackGlyphCount=3 -->
+              <Backtrack index="0" value="E"/>
+              <Backtrack index="1" value="D"/>
+              <Backtrack index="2" value="A"/>
+              <!-- InputGlyphCount=1 -->
+              <!-- LookAheadGlyphCount=3 -->
+              <LookAhead index="0" value="V"/>
+              <LookAhead index="1" value="W"/>
+              <LookAhead index="2" value="X"/>
+              <!-- SubstCount=1 -->
+              <SubstLookupRecord index="0">
+                <SequenceIndex value="0"/>
+                <LookupListIndex value="2"/>
+              </SubstLookupRecord>
+            </ChainSubRule>
+          </ChainSubRuleSet>
         </ChainContextSubst>
       </Lookup>
     </LookupList>
diff --git a/Tests/feaLib/data/GSUB_6_formats.fea b/Tests/feaLib/data/GSUB_6_formats.fea
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..44135d2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/feaLib/data/GSUB_6_formats.fea
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+lookup GSUB6f1 {
+    ignore sub one two three' four' five six seven;
+    ignore sub two one three' four' six five seven;
+} GSUB6f1;
+
+lookup GSUB6f2 {
+    ignore sub [A - H] [I - Z] [a - z]' [A - H]' [I - Z]';
+    ignore sub [I - Z] [A - H] [a - z]' [A - H]' [I - Z]';
+    ignore sub [A - H] [I - Z] [a - z]' [I - Z]' [A - H]';
+} GSUB6f2;
+
+lookup GSUB6f3 {
+    ignore sub [space comma semicolon] e';
+} GSUB6f3;
+
+feature test {
+    lookup GSUB6f1;
+    lookup GSUB6f2;
+    lookup GSUB6f3;
+} test;
diff --git a/Tests/feaLib/data/GSUB_6_formats.ttx b/Tests/feaLib/data/GSUB_6_formats.ttx
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ad2a1c5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/feaLib/data/GSUB_6_formats.ttx
@@ -0,0 +1,256 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<ttFont>
+
+  <GSUB>
+    <Version value="0x00010000"/>
+    <ScriptList>
+      <!-- ScriptCount=1 -->
+      <ScriptRecord index="0">
+        <ScriptTag value="DFLT"/>
+        <Script>
+          <DefaultLangSys>
+            <ReqFeatureIndex value="65535"/>
+            <!-- FeatureCount=1 -->
+            <FeatureIndex index="0" value="0"/>
+          </DefaultLangSys>
+          <!-- LangSysCount=0 -->
+        </Script>
+      </ScriptRecord>
+    </ScriptList>
+    <FeatureList>
+      <!-- FeatureCount=1 -->
+      <FeatureRecord index="0">
+        <FeatureTag value="test"/>
+        <Feature>
+          <!-- LookupCount=3 -->
+          <LookupListIndex index="0" value="0"/>
+          <LookupListIndex index="1" value="1"/>
+          <LookupListIndex index="2" value="2"/>
+        </Feature>
+      </FeatureRecord>
+    </FeatureList>
+    <LookupList>
+      <!-- LookupCount=3 -->
+      <Lookup index="0">
+        <LookupType value="6"/>
+        <LookupFlag value="0"/>
+        <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
+        <ChainContextSubst index="0" Format="1">
+          <Coverage>
+            <Glyph value="three"/>
+          </Coverage>
+          <!-- ChainSubRuleSetCount=1 -->
+          <ChainSubRuleSet index="0">
+            <!-- ChainSubRuleCount=2 -->
+            <ChainSubRule index="0">
+              <!-- BacktrackGlyphCount=2 -->
+              <Backtrack index="0" value="two"/>
+              <Backtrack index="1" value="one"/>
+              <!-- InputGlyphCount=2 -->
+              <Input index="0" value="four"/>
+              <!-- LookAheadGlyphCount=3 -->
+              <LookAhead index="0" value="five"/>
+              <LookAhead index="1" value="six"/>
+              <LookAhead index="2" value="seven"/>
+              <!-- SubstCount=0 -->
+            </ChainSubRule>
+            <ChainSubRule index="1">
+              <!-- BacktrackGlyphCount=2 -->
+              <Backtrack index="0" value="one"/>
+              <Backtrack index="1" value="two"/>
+              <!-- InputGlyphCount=2 -->
+              <Input index="0" value="four"/>
+              <!-- LookAheadGlyphCount=3 -->
+              <LookAhead index="0" value="six"/>
+              <LookAhead index="1" value="five"/>
+              <LookAhead index="2" value="seven"/>
+              <!-- SubstCount=0 -->
+            </ChainSubRule>
+          </ChainSubRuleSet>
+        </ChainContextSubst>
+      </Lookup>
+      <Lookup index="1">
+        <LookupType value="6"/>
+        <LookupFlag value="0"/>
+        <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
+        <ChainContextSubst index="0" Format="2">
+          <Coverage>
+            <Glyph value="a"/>
+            <Glyph value="b"/>
+            <Glyph value="c"/>
+            <Glyph value="d"/>
+            <Glyph value="e"/>
+            <Glyph value="f"/>
+            <Glyph value="g"/>
+            <Glyph value="h"/>
+            <Glyph value="i"/>
+            <Glyph value="j"/>
+            <Glyph value="k"/>
+            <Glyph value="l"/>
+            <Glyph value="m"/>
+            <Glyph value="n"/>
+            <Glyph value="o"/>
+            <Glyph value="p"/>
+            <Glyph value="q"/>
+            <Glyph value="r"/>
+            <Glyph value="s"/>
+            <Glyph value="t"/>
+            <Glyph value="u"/>
+            <Glyph value="v"/>
+            <Glyph value="w"/>
+            <Glyph value="x"/>
+            <Glyph value="y"/>
+            <Glyph value="z"/>
+          </Coverage>
+          <BacktrackClassDef>
+            <ClassDef glyph="A" class="2"/>
+            <ClassDef glyph="B" class="2"/>
+            <ClassDef glyph="C" class="2"/>
+            <ClassDef glyph="D" class="2"/>
+            <ClassDef glyph="E" class="2"/>
+            <ClassDef glyph="F" class="2"/>
+            <ClassDef glyph="G" class="2"/>
+            <ClassDef glyph="H" class="2"/>
+            <ClassDef glyph="I" class="1"/>
+            <ClassDef glyph="J" class="1"/>
+            <ClassDef glyph="K" class="1"/>
+            <ClassDef glyph="L" class="1"/>
+            <ClassDef glyph="M" class="1"/>
+            <ClassDef glyph="N" class="1"/>
+            <ClassDef glyph="O" class="1"/>
+            <ClassDef glyph="P" class="1"/>
+            <ClassDef glyph="Q" class="1"/>
+            <ClassDef glyph="R" class="1"/>
+            <ClassDef glyph="S" class="1"/>
+            <ClassDef glyph="T" class="1"/>
+            <ClassDef glyph="U" class="1"/>
+            <ClassDef glyph="V" class="1"/>
+            <ClassDef glyph="W" class="1"/>
+            <ClassDef glyph="X" class="1"/>
+            <ClassDef glyph="Y" class="1"/>
+            <ClassDef glyph="Z" class="1"/>
+          </BacktrackClassDef>
+          <InputClassDef>
+            <ClassDef glyph="A" class="3"/>
+            <ClassDef glyph="B" class="3"/>
+            <ClassDef glyph="C" class="3"/>
+            <ClassDef glyph="D" class="3"/>
+            <ClassDef glyph="E" class="3"/>
+            <ClassDef glyph="F" class="3"/>
+            <ClassDef glyph="G" class="3"/>
+            <ClassDef glyph="H" class="3"/>
+            <ClassDef glyph="I" class="2"/>
+            <ClassDef glyph="J" class="2"/>
+            <ClassDef glyph="K" class="2"/>
+            <ClassDef glyph="L" class="2"/>
+            <ClassDef glyph="M" class="2"/>
+            <ClassDef glyph="N" class="2"/>
+            <ClassDef glyph="O" class="2"/>
+            <ClassDef glyph="P" class="2"/>
+            <ClassDef glyph="Q" class="2"/>
+            <ClassDef glyph="R" class="2"/>
+            <ClassDef glyph="S" class="2"/>
+            <ClassDef glyph="T" class="2"/>
+            <ClassDef glyph="U" class="2"/>
+            <ClassDef glyph="V" class="2"/>
+            <ClassDef glyph="W" class="2"/>
+            <ClassDef glyph="X" class="2"/>
+            <ClassDef glyph="Y" class="2"/>
+            <ClassDef glyph="Z" class="2"/>
+            <ClassDef glyph="a" class="1"/>
+            <ClassDef glyph="b" class="1"/>
+            <ClassDef glyph="c" class="1"/>
+            <ClassDef glyph="d" class="1"/>
+            <ClassDef glyph="e" class="1"/>
+            <ClassDef glyph="f" class="1"/>
+            <ClassDef glyph="g" class="1"/>
+            <ClassDef glyph="h" class="1"/>
+            <ClassDef glyph="i" class="1"/>
+            <ClassDef glyph="j" class="1"/>
+            <ClassDef glyph="k" class="1"/>
+            <ClassDef glyph="l" class="1"/>
+            <ClassDef glyph="m" class="1"/>
+            <ClassDef glyph="n" class="1"/>
+            <ClassDef glyph="o" class="1"/>
+            <ClassDef glyph="p" class="1"/>
+            <ClassDef glyph="q" class="1"/>
+            <ClassDef glyph="r" class="1"/>
+            <ClassDef glyph="s" class="1"/>
+            <ClassDef glyph="t" class="1"/>
+            <ClassDef glyph="u" class="1"/>
+            <ClassDef glyph="v" class="1"/>
+            <ClassDef glyph="w" class="1"/>
+            <ClassDef glyph="x" class="1"/>
+            <ClassDef glyph="y" class="1"/>
+            <ClassDef glyph="z" class="1"/>
+          </InputClassDef>
+          <LookAheadClassDef>
+          </LookAheadClassDef>
+          <!-- ChainSubClassSetCount=4 -->
+          <ChainSubClassSet index="0">
+            <!-- ChainSubClassRuleCount=0 -->
+          </ChainSubClassSet>
+          <ChainSubClassSet index="1">
+            <!-- ChainSubClassRuleCount=3 -->
+            <ChainSubClassRule index="0">
+              <!-- BacktrackGlyphCount=2 -->
+              <Backtrack index="0" value="1"/>
+              <Backtrack index="1" value="2"/>
+              <!-- InputGlyphCount=3 -->
+              <Input index="0" value="3"/>
+              <Input index="1" value="2"/>
+              <!-- LookAheadGlyphCount=0 -->
+              <!-- SubstCount=0 -->
+            </ChainSubClassRule>
+            <ChainSubClassRule index="1">
+              <!-- BacktrackGlyphCount=2 -->
+              <Backtrack index="0" value="2"/>
+              <Backtrack index="1" value="1"/>
+              <!-- InputGlyphCount=3 -->
+              <Input index="0" value="3"/>
+              <Input index="1" value="2"/>
+              <!-- LookAheadGlyphCount=0 -->
+              <!-- SubstCount=0 -->
+            </ChainSubClassRule>
+            <ChainSubClassRule index="2">
+              <!-- BacktrackGlyphCount=2 -->
+              <Backtrack index="0" value="1"/>
+              <Backtrack index="1" value="2"/>
+              <!-- InputGlyphCount=3 -->
+              <Input index="0" value="2"/>
+              <Input index="1" value="3"/>
+              <!-- LookAheadGlyphCount=0 -->
+              <!-- SubstCount=0 -->
+            </ChainSubClassRule>
+          </ChainSubClassSet>
+          <ChainSubClassSet index="2">
+            <!-- ChainSubClassRuleCount=0 -->
+          </ChainSubClassSet>
+          <ChainSubClassSet index="3">
+            <!-- ChainSubClassRuleCount=0 -->
+          </ChainSubClassSet>
+        </ChainContextSubst>
+      </Lookup>
+      <Lookup index="2">
+        <LookupType value="6"/>
+        <LookupFlag value="0"/>
+        <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
+        <ChainContextSubst index="0" Format="3">
+          <!-- BacktrackGlyphCount=1 -->
+          <BacktrackCoverage index="0">
+            <Glyph value="space"/>
+            <Glyph value="semicolon"/>
+            <Glyph value="comma"/>
+          </BacktrackCoverage>
+          <!-- InputGlyphCount=1 -->
+          <InputCoverage index="0">
+            <Glyph value="e"/>
+          </InputCoverage>
+          <!-- LookAheadGlyphCount=0 -->
+          <!-- SubstCount=0 -->
+        </ChainContextSubst>
+      </Lookup>
+    </LookupList>
+  </GSUB>
+
+</ttFont>
diff --git a/Tests/feaLib/data/GSUB_8.fea b/Tests/feaLib/data/GSUB_8.fea
index 62c7bee..8f41749 100644
--- a/Tests/feaLib/data/GSUB_8.fea
+++ b/Tests/feaLib/data/GSUB_8.fea
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
 
 feature test {
     rsub [a A] [b B] [c C] q' [d D] [e E] [f F] by Q;
-    rsub [a A] [b B] [c C] [s-z]' [d D] [e E] [f F] by [S-Z];
+    rsub [a A] [b B] [c C] [s - z]' [d D] [e E] [f F] by [S - Z];
 
     # Having no context for a reverse chaining substitution rule
     # is a little degenerate (we define a chain without linking it
diff --git a/Tests/feaLib/data/GSUB_error.fea b/Tests/feaLib/data/GSUB_error.fea
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ae175c5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/feaLib/data/GSUB_error.fea
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+# Trigger a parser error in the function parse_substitute_ in order to improve the error message.
+# Note that this is not a valid substitution, this test is made to trigger an error.
+
+languagesystem latn dflt;
+
+@base = [a e];
+@accents = [acute grave];
+
+feature abvs {
+    lookup lookup1 {
+        sub @base @accents by @base;
+    } lookup1;
+} abvs;
diff --git a/Tests/feaLib/data/LigatureCaretByIndex.fea b/Tests/feaLib/data/LigatureCaretByIndex.fea
index 1968172..5f74fc6 100644
--- a/Tests/feaLib/data/LigatureCaretByIndex.fea
+++ b/Tests/feaLib/data/LigatureCaretByIndex.fea
@@ -1,10 +1,6 @@
 table GDEF {
     LigatureCaretByIndex [c_t s_t] 11;
 
-    # The OpenType Feature File specification does not define what should
-    # happen when there are multiple LigatureCaretByIndex statements for
-    # the same glyph. Our behavior matches that of Adobe makeotf v2.0.90.
-    # https://github.com/adobe-type-tools/afdko/issues/95
     LigatureCaretByIndex o_f_f_i 66 33;
     LigatureCaretByIndex o_f_f_i 55;
 } GDEF;
diff --git a/Tests/feaLib/data/LigatureCaretByIndex.ttx b/Tests/feaLib/data/LigatureCaretByIndex.ttx
index a758077..f3a378c 100644
--- a/Tests/feaLib/data/LigatureCaretByIndex.ttx
+++ b/Tests/feaLib/data/LigatureCaretByIndex.ttx
@@ -17,14 +17,11 @@
         </CaretValue>
       </LigGlyph>
       <LigGlyph index="1">
-        <!-- CaretCount=3 -->
+        <!-- CaretCount=2 -->
         <CaretValue index="0" Format="2">
           <CaretValuePoint value="33"/>
         </CaretValue>
         <CaretValue index="1" Format="2">
-          <CaretValuePoint value="55"/>
-        </CaretValue>
-        <CaretValue index="2" Format="2">
           <CaretValuePoint value="66"/>
         </CaretValue>
       </LigGlyph>
diff --git a/Tests/feaLib/data/LigatureCaretByPos.fea b/Tests/feaLib/data/LigatureCaretByPos.fea
index a8ccf6f..e799c3c 100644
--- a/Tests/feaLib/data/LigatureCaretByPos.fea
+++ b/Tests/feaLib/data/LigatureCaretByPos.fea
@@ -1,10 +1,6 @@
 table GDEF {
     LigatureCaretByPos [c_h c_k] 500;
 
-    # The OpenType Feature File specification does not define what should
-    # happen when there are multiple LigatureCaretByPos statements for
-    # the same glyph. Our behavior matches that of Adobe makeotf v2.0.90.
-    # https://github.com/adobe-type-tools/afdko/issues/95
     LigatureCaretByPos o_f_f_i 700 300;
     LigatureCaretByPos o_f_f_i 900;
 } GDEF;
diff --git a/Tests/feaLib/data/LigatureCaretByPos.ttx b/Tests/feaLib/data/LigatureCaretByPos.ttx
index 911db6b..8c0bf8c 100644
--- a/Tests/feaLib/data/LigatureCaretByPos.ttx
+++ b/Tests/feaLib/data/LigatureCaretByPos.ttx
@@ -23,16 +23,13 @@
         </CaretValue>
       </LigGlyph>
       <LigGlyph index="2">
-        <!-- CaretCount=3 -->
+        <!-- CaretCount=2 -->
         <CaretValue index="0" Format="1">
           <Coordinate value="300"/>
         </CaretValue>
         <CaretValue index="1" Format="1">
           <Coordinate value="700"/>
         </CaretValue>
-        <CaretValue index="2" Format="1">
-          <Coordinate value="900"/>
-        </CaretValue>
       </LigGlyph>
     </LigCaretList>
   </GDEF>
diff --git a/Tests/feaLib/data/LigatureSubtable.fea b/Tests/feaLib/data/LigatureSubtable.fea
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..aa4ec26
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/feaLib/data/LigatureSubtable.fea
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+feature test {
+    sub f f by f_f;
+    subtable;
+    sub f i by f_i;
+} test;
diff --git a/Tests/feaLib/data/LigatureSubtable.ttx b/Tests/feaLib/data/LigatureSubtable.ttx
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e13451a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/feaLib/data/LigatureSubtable.ttx
@@ -0,0 +1,50 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<ttFont>
+
+  <GSUB>
+    <Version value="0x00010000"/>
+    <ScriptList>
+      <!-- ScriptCount=1 -->
+      <ScriptRecord index="0">
+        <ScriptTag value="DFLT"/>
+        <Script>
+          <DefaultLangSys>
+            <ReqFeatureIndex value="65535"/>
+            <!-- FeatureCount=1 -->
+            <FeatureIndex index="0" value="0"/>
+          </DefaultLangSys>
+          <!-- LangSysCount=0 -->
+        </Script>
+      </ScriptRecord>
+    </ScriptList>
+    <FeatureList>
+      <!-- FeatureCount=1 -->
+      <FeatureRecord index="0">
+        <FeatureTag value="test"/>
+        <Feature>
+          <!-- LookupCount=1 -->
+          <LookupListIndex index="0" value="0"/>
+        </Feature>
+      </FeatureRecord>
+    </FeatureList>
+    <LookupList>
+      <!-- LookupCount=1 -->
+      <Lookup index="0">
+        <LookupType value="4"/>
+        <LookupFlag value="0"/>
+        <!-- SubTableCount=2 -->
+        <LigatureSubst index="0">
+          <LigatureSet glyph="f">
+            <Ligature components="f" glyph="f_f"/>
+          </LigatureSet>
+        </LigatureSubst>
+        <LigatureSubst index="1">
+          <LigatureSet glyph="f">
+            <Ligature components="i" glyph="f_i"/>
+          </LigatureSet>
+        </LigatureSubst>
+      </Lookup>
+    </LookupList>
+  </GSUB>
+
+</ttFont>
diff --git a/Tests/feaLib/data/MultipleLookupsPerGlyph.fea b/Tests/feaLib/data/MultipleLookupsPerGlyph.fea
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e0c2222
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/feaLib/data/MultipleLookupsPerGlyph.fea
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+lookup a_to_bc {
+	sub a by b c;
+} a_to_bc;
+
+lookup b_to_d {
+	sub b by d;
+} b_to_d;
+
+feature test {
+	sub a' lookup a_to_bc lookup b_to_d b;
+} test;
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/Tests/feaLib/data/MultipleLookupsPerGlyph.ttx b/Tests/feaLib/data/MultipleLookupsPerGlyph.ttx
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..927694c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/feaLib/data/MultipleLookupsPerGlyph.ttx
@@ -0,0 +1,76 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<ttFont>
+
+  <GSUB>
+    <Version value="0x00010000"/>
+    <ScriptList>
+      <!-- ScriptCount=1 -->
+      <ScriptRecord index="0">
+        <ScriptTag value="DFLT"/>
+        <Script>
+          <DefaultLangSys>
+            <ReqFeatureIndex value="65535"/>
+            <!-- FeatureCount=1 -->
+            <FeatureIndex index="0" value="0"/>
+          </DefaultLangSys>
+          <!-- LangSysCount=0 -->
+        </Script>
+      </ScriptRecord>
+    </ScriptList>
+    <FeatureList>
+      <!-- FeatureCount=1 -->
+      <FeatureRecord index="0">
+        <FeatureTag value="test"/>
+        <Feature>
+          <!-- LookupCount=1 -->
+          <LookupListIndex index="0" value="2"/>
+        </Feature>
+      </FeatureRecord>
+    </FeatureList>
+    <LookupList>
+      <!-- LookupCount=3 -->
+      <Lookup index="0">
+        <LookupType value="2"/>
+        <LookupFlag value="0"/>
+        <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
+        <MultipleSubst index="0">
+          <Substitution in="a" out="b,c"/>
+        </MultipleSubst>
+      </Lookup>
+      <Lookup index="1">
+        <LookupType value="1"/>
+        <LookupFlag value="0"/>
+        <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
+        <SingleSubst index="0">
+          <Substitution in="b" out="d"/>
+        </SingleSubst>
+      </Lookup>
+      <Lookup index="2">
+        <LookupType value="6"/>
+        <LookupFlag value="0"/>
+        <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
+        <ChainContextSubst index="0" Format="3">
+          <!-- BacktrackGlyphCount=0 -->
+          <!-- InputGlyphCount=1 -->
+          <InputCoverage index="0">
+            <Glyph value="a"/>
+          </InputCoverage>
+          <!-- LookAheadGlyphCount=1 -->
+          <LookAheadCoverage index="0">
+            <Glyph value="b"/>
+          </LookAheadCoverage>
+          <!-- SubstCount=2 -->
+          <SubstLookupRecord index="0">
+            <SequenceIndex value="0"/>
+            <LookupListIndex value="0"/>
+          </SubstLookupRecord>
+          <SubstLookupRecord index="1">
+            <SequenceIndex value="0"/>
+            <LookupListIndex value="1"/>
+          </SubstLookupRecord>
+        </ChainContextSubst>
+      </Lookup>
+    </LookupList>
+  </GSUB>
+
+</ttFont>
diff --git a/Tests/feaLib/data/MultipleLookupsPerGlyph2.fea b/Tests/feaLib/data/MultipleLookupsPerGlyph2.fea
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5a9d19b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/feaLib/data/MultipleLookupsPerGlyph2.fea
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+lookup a_reduce_sb {
+       pos a <-80 0 -160 0>;
+} a_reduce_sb;
+
+lookup a_raise {
+       pos a <0 100 0 0>;
+} a_raise;
+
+feature test {
+       pos a' lookup a_reduce_sb lookup a_raise b;
+} test;
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/Tests/feaLib/data/MultipleLookupsPerGlyph2.ttx b/Tests/feaLib/data/MultipleLookupsPerGlyph2.ttx
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..008d95b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/feaLib/data/MultipleLookupsPerGlyph2.ttx
@@ -0,0 +1,84 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<ttFont>
+
+  <GPOS>
+    <Version value="0x00010000"/>
+    <ScriptList>
+      <!-- ScriptCount=1 -->
+      <ScriptRecord index="0">
+        <ScriptTag value="DFLT"/>
+        <Script>
+          <DefaultLangSys>
+            <ReqFeatureIndex value="65535"/>
+            <!-- FeatureCount=1 -->
+            <FeatureIndex index="0" value="0"/>
+          </DefaultLangSys>
+          <!-- LangSysCount=0 -->
+        </Script>
+      </ScriptRecord>
+    </ScriptList>
+    <FeatureList>
+      <!-- FeatureCount=1 -->
+      <FeatureRecord index="0">
+        <FeatureTag value="test"/>
+        <Feature>
+          <!-- LookupCount=1 -->
+          <LookupListIndex index="0" value="2"/>
+        </Feature>
+      </FeatureRecord>
+    </FeatureList>
+    <LookupList>
+      <!-- LookupCount=3 -->
+      <Lookup index="0">
+        <LookupType value="1"/>
+        <LookupFlag value="0"/>
+        <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
+        <SinglePos index="0" Format="1">
+          <Coverage>
+            <Glyph value="a"/>
+          </Coverage>
+          <ValueFormat value="5"/>
+          <Value XPlacement="-80" XAdvance="-160"/>
+        </SinglePos>
+      </Lookup>
+      <Lookup index="1">
+        <LookupType value="1"/>
+        <LookupFlag value="0"/>
+        <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
+        <SinglePos index="0" Format="1">
+          <Coverage>
+            <Glyph value="a"/>
+          </Coverage>
+          <ValueFormat value="2"/>
+          <Value YPlacement="100"/>
+        </SinglePos>
+      </Lookup>
+      <Lookup index="2">
+        <LookupType value="8"/>
+        <LookupFlag value="0"/>
+        <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
+        <ChainContextPos index="0" Format="3">
+          <!-- BacktrackGlyphCount=0 -->
+          <!-- InputGlyphCount=1 -->
+          <InputCoverage index="0">
+            <Glyph value="a"/>
+          </InputCoverage>
+          <!-- LookAheadGlyphCount=1 -->
+          <LookAheadCoverage index="0">
+            <Glyph value="b"/>
+          </LookAheadCoverage>
+          <!-- PosCount=2 -->
+          <PosLookupRecord index="0">
+            <SequenceIndex value="0"/>
+            <LookupListIndex value="0"/>
+          </PosLookupRecord>
+          <PosLookupRecord index="1">
+            <SequenceIndex value="0"/>
+            <LookupListIndex value="1"/>
+          </PosLookupRecord>
+        </ChainContextPos>
+      </Lookup>
+    </LookupList>
+  </GPOS>
+
+</ttFont>
diff --git a/Tests/feaLib/data/MultipleSubstSubtable.fea b/Tests/feaLib/data/MultipleSubstSubtable.fea
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4964037
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/feaLib/data/MultipleSubstSubtable.fea
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+feature test {
+    sub c_t by c t;
+    subtable;
+    sub f_i by f i;
+} test;
diff --git a/Tests/feaLib/data/MultipleSubstSubtable.ttx b/Tests/feaLib/data/MultipleSubstSubtable.ttx
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6b3afd4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/feaLib/data/MultipleSubstSubtable.ttx
@@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<ttFont>
+
+  <GSUB>
+    <Version value="0x00010000"/>
+    <ScriptList>
+      <!-- ScriptCount=1 -->
+      <ScriptRecord index="0">
+        <ScriptTag value="DFLT"/>
+        <Script>
+          <DefaultLangSys>
+            <ReqFeatureIndex value="65535"/>
+            <!-- FeatureCount=1 -->
+            <FeatureIndex index="0" value="0"/>
+          </DefaultLangSys>
+          <!-- LangSysCount=0 -->
+        </Script>
+      </ScriptRecord>
+    </ScriptList>
+    <FeatureList>
+      <!-- FeatureCount=1 -->
+      <FeatureRecord index="0">
+        <FeatureTag value="test"/>
+        <Feature>
+          <!-- LookupCount=1 -->
+          <LookupListIndex index="0" value="0"/>
+        </Feature>
+      </FeatureRecord>
+    </FeatureList>
+    <LookupList>
+      <!-- LookupCount=1 -->
+      <Lookup index="0">
+        <LookupType value="2"/>
+        <LookupFlag value="0"/>
+        <!-- SubTableCount=2 -->
+        <MultipleSubst index="0">
+          <Substitution in="c_t" out="c,t"/>
+        </MultipleSubst>
+        <MultipleSubst index="1">
+          <Substitution in="f_i" out="f,i"/>
+        </MultipleSubst>
+      </Lookup>
+    </LookupList>
+  </GSUB>
+
+</ttFont>
diff --git a/Tests/feaLib/data/PairPosSubtable.fea b/Tests/feaLib/data/PairPosSubtable.fea
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..cb78801
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/feaLib/data/PairPosSubtable.fea
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+languagesystem DFLT dflt;
+languagesystem latn dflt;
+
+@group1 = [b o];
+@group2 = [c d];
+@group3 = [v w];
+@group4 = [];
+
+lookup kernlookup {
+    pos A V -34;
+    subtable;
+    pos @group1 @group2 -12;
+    subtable;
+    pos @group1 @group3 -10;
+    pos @group3 @group2 -20;
+    subtable;
+    pos @group4 @group1 -10;
+    pos @group4 @group4 -10;
+} kernlookup;
+
+feature kern {
+ script DFLT;
+ language dflt;
+ lookup kernlookup;
+
+ script latn;
+ language dflt;
+ lookup kernlookup;
+} kern;
diff --git a/Tests/feaLib/data/PairPosSubtable.ttx b/Tests/feaLib/data/PairPosSubtable.ttx
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2d78f64
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/feaLib/data/PairPosSubtable.ttx
@@ -0,0 +1,134 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<ttFont>
+
+  <GPOS>
+    <Version value="0x00010000"/>
+    <ScriptList>
+      <!-- ScriptCount=2 -->
+      <ScriptRecord index="0">
+        <ScriptTag value="DFLT"/>
+        <Script>
+          <DefaultLangSys>
+            <ReqFeatureIndex value="65535"/>
+            <!-- FeatureCount=1 -->
+            <FeatureIndex index="0" value="0"/>
+          </DefaultLangSys>
+          <!-- LangSysCount=0 -->
+        </Script>
+      </ScriptRecord>
+      <ScriptRecord index="1">
+        <ScriptTag value="latn"/>
+        <Script>
+          <DefaultLangSys>
+            <ReqFeatureIndex value="65535"/>
+            <!-- FeatureCount=1 -->
+            <FeatureIndex index="0" value="0"/>
+          </DefaultLangSys>
+          <!-- LangSysCount=0 -->
+        </Script>
+      </ScriptRecord>
+    </ScriptList>
+    <FeatureList>
+      <!-- FeatureCount=1 -->
+      <FeatureRecord index="0">
+        <FeatureTag value="kern"/>
+        <Feature>
+          <!-- LookupCount=1 -->
+          <LookupListIndex index="0" value="0"/>
+        </Feature>
+      </FeatureRecord>
+    </FeatureList>
+    <LookupList>
+      <!-- LookupCount=1 -->
+      <Lookup index="0">
+        <LookupType value="2"/>
+        <LookupFlag value="0"/>
+        <!-- SubTableCount=3 -->
+        <PairPos index="0" Format="1">
+          <Coverage>
+            <Glyph value="A"/>
+          </Coverage>
+          <ValueFormat1 value="4"/>
+          <ValueFormat2 value="0"/>
+          <!-- PairSetCount=1 -->
+          <PairSet index="0">
+            <!-- PairValueCount=1 -->
+            <PairValueRecord index="0">
+              <SecondGlyph value="V"/>
+              <Value1 XAdvance="-34"/>
+            </PairValueRecord>
+          </PairSet>
+        </PairPos>
+        <PairPos index="1" Format="2">
+          <Coverage>
+            <Glyph value="b"/>
+            <Glyph value="o"/>
+          </Coverage>
+          <ValueFormat1 value="4"/>
+          <ValueFormat2 value="0"/>
+          <ClassDef1>
+          </ClassDef1>
+          <ClassDef2>
+            <ClassDef glyph="c" class="1"/>
+            <ClassDef glyph="d" class="1"/>
+          </ClassDef2>
+          <!-- Class1Count=1 -->
+          <!-- Class2Count=2 -->
+          <Class1Record index="0">
+            <Class2Record index="0">
+              <Value1 XAdvance="0"/>
+            </Class2Record>
+            <Class2Record index="1">
+              <Value1 XAdvance="-12"/>
+            </Class2Record>
+          </Class1Record>
+        </PairPos>
+        <PairPos index="2" Format="2">
+          <Coverage>
+            <Glyph value="b"/>
+            <Glyph value="o"/>
+            <Glyph value="v"/>
+            <Glyph value="w"/>
+          </Coverage>
+          <ValueFormat1 value="4"/>
+          <ValueFormat2 value="0"/>
+          <ClassDef1>
+            <ClassDef glyph="b" class="1"/>
+            <ClassDef glyph="o" class="1"/>
+          </ClassDef1>
+          <ClassDef2>
+            <ClassDef glyph="c" class="2"/>
+            <ClassDef glyph="d" class="2"/>
+            <ClassDef glyph="v" class="1"/>
+            <ClassDef glyph="w" class="1"/>
+          </ClassDef2>
+          <!-- Class1Count=2 -->
+          <!-- Class2Count=3 -->
+          <Class1Record index="0">
+            <Class2Record index="0">
+              <Value1 XAdvance="0"/>
+            </Class2Record>
+            <Class2Record index="1">
+              <Value1 XAdvance="0"/>
+            </Class2Record>
+            <Class2Record index="2">
+              <Value1 XAdvance="-20"/>
+            </Class2Record>
+          </Class1Record>
+          <Class1Record index="1">
+            <Class2Record index="0">
+              <Value1 XAdvance="0"/>
+            </Class2Record>
+            <Class2Record index="1">
+              <Value1 XAdvance="-10"/>
+            </Class2Record>
+            <Class2Record index="2">
+              <Value1 XAdvance="0"/>
+            </Class2Record>
+          </Class1Record>
+        </PairPos>
+      </Lookup>
+    </LookupList>
+  </GPOS>
+
+</ttFont>
diff --git a/Tests/feaLib/data/STAT_bad.fea b/Tests/feaLib/data/STAT_bad.fea
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8ec887f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/feaLib/data/STAT_bad.fea
@@ -0,0 +1,96 @@
+# bad fea file: Testing DesignAxis tag with incorrect label
+table name {
+	nameid 25 "TestFont";
+} name;
+
+
+table STAT {
+
+   ElidedFallbackName { name "Roman"; };
+
+   DesignAxis opsz 0 { badtag "Optical Size"; };  #'badtag' instead of 'name' is incorrect
+   DesignAxis wdth 1 { name "Width"; };
+   DesignAxis wght 2 { name "Weight"; };
+   DesignAxis ital 3 { name "Italic"; };
+
+   AxisValue {
+      location opsz 8 5 9;
+      location wdth 300 350 450;
+      name "Caption";
+   };
+
+   AxisValue {
+      location opsz 11 9 12;
+      name "Text";
+      flag OlderSiblingFontAttribute ElidableAxisValueName ;
+   };
+
+   AxisValue {
+      location opsz 16.7 12 24;
+      name "Subhead";
+   };
+
+   AxisValue {
+      location opsz 72 24 72;
+      name "Display";
+   };
+
+   AxisValue {
+      location wdth 80 80 89;
+      name "Condensed";
+   };
+
+   AxisValue {
+      location wdth 90 90 96;
+      name "Semicondensed";
+   };
+
+   AxisValue {
+      location wdth 100 97 101;
+      name "Normal";
+      flag ElidableAxisValueName;
+   };
+
+   AxisValue {
+      location wdth 125 102 125;
+      name "Extended";
+   };
+
+   AxisValue {
+      location wght 300 300 349;
+      name "Light";
+   };
+
+   AxisValue {
+      location wght 400 350 449;
+      name "Regular";
+      flag ElidableAxisValueName;
+   };
+
+   AxisValue {
+      location wght 500 450 549;
+      name "Medium";
+   };
+
+   AxisValue {
+      location wght 600 550 649;
+      name "Semibold";
+   };
+
+   AxisValue {
+      location wght 700 650 749;
+      name "Bold";
+   };
+
+   AxisValue {
+      location wght 900 750 900;
+      name "Black";
+   };
+
+   AxisValue {
+      location ital 0;
+      name "Roman";
+      flag ElidableAxisValueName;
+   };
+
+} STAT;
diff --git a/Tests/feaLib/data/STAT_test.fea b/Tests/feaLib/data/STAT_test.fea
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0103637
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/feaLib/data/STAT_test.fea
@@ -0,0 +1,109 @@
+table name {
+	nameid 25 "TestFont";
+} name;
+
+
+table STAT {
+
+    ElidedFallbackName {
+        name "Roman";
+        name 3 1 1041 "ローマン";
+    };
+
+    DesignAxis opsz 0 {
+        name "Optical Size";
+    };
+
+    DesignAxis wdth 1 {
+        name "Width";
+    };
+
+    DesignAxis wght 2 {
+        name "Weight";
+    };
+
+    DesignAxis ital 3 {
+        name "Italic";
+    };  # here comment
+
+    AxisValue {
+        location opsz 8;  # comment here
+        location wdth 400; # another comment
+        name "Caption"; # more comments
+    };
+
+    AxisValue {
+        location opsz 11 9 12;
+        name "Text";
+        flag OlderSiblingFontAttribute ElidableAxisValueName;
+    };
+
+    AxisValue {
+        location opsz 16.7 12 24;
+        name "Subhead";
+    };
+
+    AxisValue {
+        location opsz 72 24 72;
+        name "Display";
+    };
+
+    AxisValue {
+        location wdth 80 80 89;
+        name "Condensed";
+    };
+
+    AxisValue {
+        location wdth 90 90 96;
+        name "Semicondensed";
+    };
+
+    AxisValue {
+        location wdth 100 97 101;
+        name "Normal";
+        flag ElidableAxisValueName;
+    };
+
+    AxisValue {
+        location wdth 125 102 125;
+        name "Extended";
+    };
+
+    AxisValue {
+        location wght 300 300 349;
+        name "Light";
+    };
+
+    AxisValue {
+        location wght 400 350 449;
+        name "Regular";
+        flag ElidableAxisValueName;
+    };
+
+    AxisValue {
+        location wght 500 450 549;
+        name "Medium";
+    };
+
+    AxisValue {
+        location wght 600 550 649;
+        name "Semibold";
+    };
+
+    AxisValue {
+        location wght 700 650 749;
+        name "Bold";
+    };
+
+    AxisValue {
+        location wght 900 750 900;
+        name "Black";
+    };
+
+    AxisValue {
+        location ital 0;
+        name "Roman";
+        flag ElidableAxisValueName; # flag comment
+    };
+
+} STAT;
diff --git a/Tests/feaLib/data/STAT_test.ttx b/Tests/feaLib/data/STAT_test.ttx
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d1b2b69
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/feaLib/data/STAT_test.ttx
@@ -0,0 +1,228 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<ttFont sfntVersion="\x00\x01\x00\x00" ttLibVersion="4.20">
+
+  <name>
+    <namerecord nameID="25" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      TestFont
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="256" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Roman
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="256" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x411">
+      ローマン
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="257" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Optical Size
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="258" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Text
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="259" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Subhead
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="260" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Display
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="261" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Width
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="262" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Condensed
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="263" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Semicondensed
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="264" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Normal
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="265" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Extended
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="266" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Weight
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="267" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Light
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="268" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Regular
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="269" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Medium
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="270" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Semibold
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="271" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Bold
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="272" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Black
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="273" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Italic
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="274" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Roman
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="275" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Caption
+    </namerecord>
+  </name>
+
+  <STAT>
+    <Version value="0x00010002"/>
+    <DesignAxisRecordSize value="8"/>
+    <!-- DesignAxisCount=4 -->
+    <DesignAxisRecord>
+      <Axis index="0">
+        <AxisTag value="opsz"/>
+        <AxisNameID value="257"/>  <!-- Optical Size -->
+        <AxisOrdering value="0"/>
+      </Axis>
+      <Axis index="1">
+        <AxisTag value="wdth"/>
+        <AxisNameID value="261"/>  <!-- Width -->
+        <AxisOrdering value="1"/>
+      </Axis>
+      <Axis index="2">
+        <AxisTag value="wght"/>
+        <AxisNameID value="266"/>  <!-- Weight -->
+        <AxisOrdering value="2"/>
+      </Axis>
+      <Axis index="3">
+        <AxisTag value="ital"/>
+        <AxisNameID value="273"/>  <!-- Italic -->
+        <AxisOrdering value="3"/>
+      </Axis>
+    </DesignAxisRecord>
+    <!-- AxisValueCount=15 -->
+    <AxisValueArray>
+      <AxisValue index="0" Format="4">
+        <!-- AxisCount=2 -->
+        <Flags value="0"/>
+        <ValueNameID value="275"/>  <!-- Caption -->
+        <AxisValueRecord index="0">
+          <AxisIndex value="0"/>
+          <Value value="8.0"/>
+        </AxisValueRecord>
+        <AxisValueRecord index="1">
+          <AxisIndex value="1"/>
+          <Value value="400.0"/>
+        </AxisValueRecord>
+      </AxisValue>
+      <AxisValue index="1" Format="2">
+        <AxisIndex value="0"/>
+        <Flags value="3"/>  <!-- OlderSiblingFontAttribute ElidableAxisValueName -->
+        <ValueNameID value="258"/>  <!-- Text -->
+        <NominalValue value="11.0"/>
+        <RangeMinValue value="9.0"/>
+        <RangeMaxValue value="12.0"/>
+      </AxisValue>
+      <AxisValue index="2" Format="2">
+        <AxisIndex value="0"/>
+        <Flags value="0"/>
+        <ValueNameID value="259"/>  <!-- Subhead -->
+        <NominalValue value="16.7"/>
+        <RangeMinValue value="12.0"/>
+        <RangeMaxValue value="24.0"/>
+      </AxisValue>
+      <AxisValue index="3" Format="2">
+        <AxisIndex value="0"/>
+        <Flags value="0"/>
+        <ValueNameID value="260"/>  <!-- Display -->
+        <NominalValue value="72.0"/>
+        <RangeMinValue value="24.0"/>
+        <RangeMaxValue value="72.0"/>
+      </AxisValue>
+      <AxisValue index="4" Format="2">
+        <AxisIndex value="1"/>
+        <Flags value="0"/>
+        <ValueNameID value="262"/>  <!-- Condensed -->
+        <NominalValue value="80.0"/>
+        <RangeMinValue value="80.0"/>
+        <RangeMaxValue value="89.0"/>
+      </AxisValue>
+      <AxisValue index="5" Format="2">
+        <AxisIndex value="1"/>
+        <Flags value="0"/>
+        <ValueNameID value="263"/>  <!-- Semicondensed -->
+        <NominalValue value="90.0"/>
+        <RangeMinValue value="90.0"/>
+        <RangeMaxValue value="96.0"/>
+      </AxisValue>
+      <AxisValue index="6" Format="2">
+        <AxisIndex value="1"/>
+        <Flags value="2"/>  <!-- ElidableAxisValueName -->
+        <ValueNameID value="264"/>  <!-- Normal -->
+        <NominalValue value="100.0"/>
+        <RangeMinValue value="97.0"/>
+        <RangeMaxValue value="101.0"/>
+      </AxisValue>
+      <AxisValue index="7" Format="2">
+        <AxisIndex value="1"/>
+        <Flags value="0"/>
+        <ValueNameID value="265"/>  <!-- Extended -->
+        <NominalValue value="125.0"/>
+        <RangeMinValue value="102.0"/>
+        <RangeMaxValue value="125.0"/>
+      </AxisValue>
+      <AxisValue index="8" Format="2">
+        <AxisIndex value="2"/>
+        <Flags value="0"/>
+        <ValueNameID value="267"/>  <!-- Light -->
+        <NominalValue value="300.0"/>
+        <RangeMinValue value="300.0"/>
+        <RangeMaxValue value="349.0"/>
+      </AxisValue>
+      <AxisValue index="9" Format="2">
+        <AxisIndex value="2"/>
+        <Flags value="2"/>  <!-- ElidableAxisValueName -->
+        <ValueNameID value="268"/>  <!-- Regular -->
+        <NominalValue value="400.0"/>
+        <RangeMinValue value="350.0"/>
+        <RangeMaxValue value="449.0"/>
+      </AxisValue>
+      <AxisValue index="10" Format="2">
+        <AxisIndex value="2"/>
+        <Flags value="0"/>
+        <ValueNameID value="269"/>  <!-- Medium -->
+        <NominalValue value="500.0"/>
+        <RangeMinValue value="450.0"/>
+        <RangeMaxValue value="549.0"/>
+      </AxisValue>
+      <AxisValue index="11" Format="2">
+        <AxisIndex value="2"/>
+        <Flags value="0"/>
+        <ValueNameID value="270"/>  <!-- Semibold -->
+        <NominalValue value="600.0"/>
+        <RangeMinValue value="550.0"/>
+        <RangeMaxValue value="649.0"/>
+      </AxisValue>
+      <AxisValue index="12" Format="2">
+        <AxisIndex value="2"/>
+        <Flags value="0"/>
+        <ValueNameID value="271"/>  <!-- Bold -->
+        <NominalValue value="700.0"/>
+        <RangeMinValue value="650.0"/>
+        <RangeMaxValue value="749.0"/>
+      </AxisValue>
+      <AxisValue index="13" Format="2">
+        <AxisIndex value="2"/>
+        <Flags value="0"/>
+        <ValueNameID value="272"/>  <!-- Black -->
+        <NominalValue value="900.0"/>
+        <RangeMinValue value="750.0"/>
+        <RangeMaxValue value="900.0"/>
+      </AxisValue>
+      <AxisValue index="14" Format="1">
+        <AxisIndex value="3"/>
+        <Flags value="2"/>  <!-- ElidableAxisValueName -->
+        <ValueNameID value="274"/>  <!-- Roman -->
+        <Value value="0.0"/>
+      </AxisValue>
+    </AxisValueArray>
+    <ElidedFallbackNameID value="256"/>  <!-- Roman -->
+  </STAT>
+
+</ttFont>
diff --git a/Tests/feaLib/data/STAT_test_elidedFallbackNameID.fea b/Tests/feaLib/data/STAT_test_elidedFallbackNameID.fea
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5a14180
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/feaLib/data/STAT_test_elidedFallbackNameID.fea
@@ -0,0 +1,84 @@
+table name {
+    nameid 25 "TestFont";
+    nameid 256 "Roman";
+} name;
+table STAT {
+    ElidedFallbackNameID 256;
+    DesignAxis opsz 0 {
+        name "Optical Size";
+    };
+    DesignAxis wdth 1 {
+        name "Width";
+    };
+    DesignAxis wght 2 {
+        name "Weight";
+    };
+    DesignAxis ital 3 {
+        name "Italic";
+    };  # here comment
+    AxisValue {
+        location opsz 8;  # comment here
+        location wdth 400; # another comment
+        name "Caption"; # more comments
+    };
+    AxisValue {
+        location opsz 11 9 12;
+        name "Text";
+        flag OlderSiblingFontAttribute ElidableAxisValueName;
+    };
+    AxisValue {
+        location opsz 16.7 12 24;
+        name "Subhead";
+    };
+    AxisValue {
+        location opsz 72 24 72;
+        name "Display";
+    };
+    AxisValue {
+        location wdth 80 80 89;
+        name "Condensed";
+    };
+    AxisValue {
+        location wdth 90 90 96;
+        name "Semicondensed";
+    };
+    AxisValue {
+        location wdth 100 97 101;
+        name "Normal";
+        flag ElidableAxisValueName;
+    };
+    AxisValue {
+        location wdth 125 102 125;
+        name "Extended";
+    };
+    AxisValue {
+        location wght 300 300 349;
+        name "Light";
+    };
+    AxisValue {
+        location wght 400 350 449;
+        name "Regular";
+        flag ElidableAxisValueName;
+    };
+    AxisValue {
+        location wght 500 450 549;
+        name "Medium";
+    };
+    AxisValue {
+        location wght 600 550 649;
+        name "Semibold";
+    };
+    AxisValue {
+        location wght 700 650 749;
+        name "Bold";
+    };
+    AxisValue {
+        location wght 900 750 900;
+        name "Black";
+    };
+    AxisValue {
+        location ital 0;
+        name "Roman";
+        flag ElidableAxisValueName; # flag comment
+    };
+} STAT;
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/Tests/feaLib/data/STAT_test_elidedFallbackNameID.ttx b/Tests/feaLib/data/STAT_test_elidedFallbackNameID.ttx
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..32802e0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/feaLib/data/STAT_test_elidedFallbackNameID.ttx
@@ -0,0 +1,225 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<ttFont sfntVersion="\x00\x01\x00\x00" ttLibVersion="4.20">
+
+  <name>
+    <namerecord nameID="25" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      TestFont
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="256" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Roman
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="257" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Optical Size
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="258" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Text
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="259" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Subhead
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="260" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Display
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="261" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Width
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="262" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Condensed
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="263" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Semicondensed
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="264" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Normal
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="265" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Extended
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="266" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Weight
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="267" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Light
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="268" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Regular
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="269" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Medium
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="270" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Semibold
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="271" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Bold
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="272" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Black
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="273" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Italic
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="274" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Roman
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="275" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Caption
+    </namerecord>
+  </name>
+
+  <STAT>
+    <Version value="0x00010002"/>
+    <DesignAxisRecordSize value="8"/>
+    <!-- DesignAxisCount=4 -->
+    <DesignAxisRecord>
+      <Axis index="0">
+        <AxisTag value="opsz"/>
+        <AxisNameID value="257"/>  <!-- Optical Size -->
+        <AxisOrdering value="0"/>
+      </Axis>
+      <Axis index="1">
+        <AxisTag value="wdth"/>
+        <AxisNameID value="261"/>  <!-- Width -->
+        <AxisOrdering value="1"/>
+      </Axis>
+      <Axis index="2">
+        <AxisTag value="wght"/>
+        <AxisNameID value="266"/>  <!-- Weight -->
+        <AxisOrdering value="2"/>
+      </Axis>
+      <Axis index="3">
+        <AxisTag value="ital"/>
+        <AxisNameID value="273"/>  <!-- Italic -->
+        <AxisOrdering value="3"/>
+      </Axis>
+    </DesignAxisRecord>
+    <!-- AxisValueCount=15 -->
+    <AxisValueArray>
+      <AxisValue index="0" Format="4">
+        <!-- AxisCount=2 -->
+        <Flags value="0"/>
+        <ValueNameID value="275"/>  <!-- Caption -->
+        <AxisValueRecord index="0">
+          <AxisIndex value="0"/>
+          <Value value="8.0"/>
+        </AxisValueRecord>
+        <AxisValueRecord index="1">
+          <AxisIndex value="1"/>
+          <Value value="400.0"/>
+        </AxisValueRecord>
+      </AxisValue>
+      <AxisValue index="1" Format="2">
+        <AxisIndex value="0"/>
+        <Flags value="3"/>  <!-- OlderSiblingFontAttribute ElidableAxisValueName -->
+        <ValueNameID value="258"/>  <!-- Text -->
+        <NominalValue value="11.0"/>
+        <RangeMinValue value="9.0"/>
+        <RangeMaxValue value="12.0"/>
+      </AxisValue>
+      <AxisValue index="2" Format="2">
+        <AxisIndex value="0"/>
+        <Flags value="0"/>
+        <ValueNameID value="259"/>  <!-- Subhead -->
+        <NominalValue value="16.7"/>
+        <RangeMinValue value="12.0"/>
+        <RangeMaxValue value="24.0"/>
+      </AxisValue>
+      <AxisValue index="3" Format="2">
+        <AxisIndex value="0"/>
+        <Flags value="0"/>
+        <ValueNameID value="260"/>  <!-- Display -->
+        <NominalValue value="72.0"/>
+        <RangeMinValue value="24.0"/>
+        <RangeMaxValue value="72.0"/>
+      </AxisValue>
+      <AxisValue index="4" Format="2">
+        <AxisIndex value="1"/>
+        <Flags value="0"/>
+        <ValueNameID value="262"/>  <!-- Condensed -->
+        <NominalValue value="80.0"/>
+        <RangeMinValue value="80.0"/>
+        <RangeMaxValue value="89.0"/>
+      </AxisValue>
+      <AxisValue index="5" Format="2">
+        <AxisIndex value="1"/>
+        <Flags value="0"/>
+        <ValueNameID value="263"/>  <!-- Semicondensed -->
+        <NominalValue value="90.0"/>
+        <RangeMinValue value="90.0"/>
+        <RangeMaxValue value="96.0"/>
+      </AxisValue>
+      <AxisValue index="6" Format="2">
+        <AxisIndex value="1"/>
+        <Flags value="2"/>  <!-- ElidableAxisValueName -->
+        <ValueNameID value="264"/>  <!-- Normal -->
+        <NominalValue value="100.0"/>
+        <RangeMinValue value="97.0"/>
+        <RangeMaxValue value="101.0"/>
+      </AxisValue>
+      <AxisValue index="7" Format="2">
+        <AxisIndex value="1"/>
+        <Flags value="0"/>
+        <ValueNameID value="265"/>  <!-- Extended -->
+        <NominalValue value="125.0"/>
+        <RangeMinValue value="102.0"/>
+        <RangeMaxValue value="125.0"/>
+      </AxisValue>
+      <AxisValue index="8" Format="2">
+        <AxisIndex value="2"/>
+        <Flags value="0"/>
+        <ValueNameID value="267"/>  <!-- Light -->
+        <NominalValue value="300.0"/>
+        <RangeMinValue value="300.0"/>
+        <RangeMaxValue value="349.0"/>
+      </AxisValue>
+      <AxisValue index="9" Format="2">
+        <AxisIndex value="2"/>
+        <Flags value="2"/>  <!-- ElidableAxisValueName -->
+        <ValueNameID value="268"/>  <!-- Regular -->
+        <NominalValue value="400.0"/>
+        <RangeMinValue value="350.0"/>
+        <RangeMaxValue value="449.0"/>
+      </AxisValue>
+      <AxisValue index="10" Format="2">
+        <AxisIndex value="2"/>
+        <Flags value="0"/>
+        <ValueNameID value="269"/>  <!-- Medium -->
+        <NominalValue value="500.0"/>
+        <RangeMinValue value="450.0"/>
+        <RangeMaxValue value="549.0"/>
+      </AxisValue>
+      <AxisValue index="11" Format="2">
+        <AxisIndex value="2"/>
+        <Flags value="0"/>
+        <ValueNameID value="270"/>  <!-- Semibold -->
+        <NominalValue value="600.0"/>
+        <RangeMinValue value="550.0"/>
+        <RangeMaxValue value="649.0"/>
+      </AxisValue>
+      <AxisValue index="12" Format="2">
+        <AxisIndex value="2"/>
+        <Flags value="0"/>
+        <ValueNameID value="271"/>  <!-- Bold -->
+        <NominalValue value="700.0"/>
+        <RangeMinValue value="650.0"/>
+        <RangeMaxValue value="749.0"/>
+      </AxisValue>
+      <AxisValue index="13" Format="2">
+        <AxisIndex value="2"/>
+        <Flags value="0"/>
+        <ValueNameID value="272"/>  <!-- Black -->
+        <NominalValue value="900.0"/>
+        <RangeMinValue value="750.0"/>
+        <RangeMaxValue value="900.0"/>
+      </AxisValue>
+      <AxisValue index="14" Format="1">
+        <AxisIndex value="3"/>
+        <Flags value="2"/>  <!-- ElidableAxisValueName -->
+        <ValueNameID value="274"/>  <!-- Roman -->
+        <Value value="0.0"/>
+      </AxisValue>
+    </AxisValueArray>
+    <ElidedFallbackNameID value="256"/>  <!-- Roman -->
+  </STAT>
+
+</ttFont>
diff --git a/Tests/feaLib/data/SingleSubstSubtable.fea b/Tests/feaLib/data/SingleSubstSubtable.fea
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f5a6da3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/feaLib/data/SingleSubstSubtable.fea
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+feature test {
+    sub a by b;
+    subtable;
+    sub c by d;
+} test;
diff --git a/Tests/feaLib/data/SingleSubstSubtable.ttx b/Tests/feaLib/data/SingleSubstSubtable.ttx
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5030b73
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/feaLib/data/SingleSubstSubtable.ttx
@@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<ttFont>
+
+  <GSUB>
+    <Version value="0x00010000"/>
+    <ScriptList>
+      <!-- ScriptCount=1 -->
+      <ScriptRecord index="0">
+        <ScriptTag value="DFLT"/>
+        <Script>
+          <DefaultLangSys>
+            <ReqFeatureIndex value="65535"/>
+            <!-- FeatureCount=1 -->
+            <FeatureIndex index="0" value="0"/>
+          </DefaultLangSys>
+          <!-- LangSysCount=0 -->
+        </Script>
+      </ScriptRecord>
+    </ScriptList>
+    <FeatureList>
+      <!-- FeatureCount=1 -->
+      <FeatureRecord index="0">
+        <FeatureTag value="test"/>
+        <Feature>
+          <!-- LookupCount=1 -->
+          <LookupListIndex index="0" value="0"/>
+        </Feature>
+      </FeatureRecord>
+    </FeatureList>
+    <LookupList>
+      <!-- LookupCount=1 -->
+      <Lookup index="0">
+        <LookupType value="1"/>
+        <LookupFlag value="0"/>
+        <!-- SubTableCount=2 -->
+        <SingleSubst index="0">
+          <Substitution in="a" out="b"/>
+        </SingleSubst>
+        <SingleSubst index="1">
+          <Substitution in="c" out="d"/>
+        </SingleSubst>
+      </Lookup>
+    </LookupList>
+  </GSUB>
+
+</ttFont>
diff --git a/Tests/feaLib/data/SubstSubtable.fea b/Tests/feaLib/data/SubstSubtable.fea
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b6e959a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/feaLib/data/SubstSubtable.fea
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+feature test {
+    sub G' by G.swash;
+    subtable;
+    sub H' by H.swash;
+    subtable;
+    sub G' by g;
+    subtable;
+    sub H' by H.swash;
+} test;
diff --git a/Tests/feaLib/data/SubstSubtable.ttx b/Tests/feaLib/data/SubstSubtable.ttx
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8718f46
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/feaLib/data/SubstSubtable.ttx
@@ -0,0 +1,116 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<ttFont>
+
+  <GSUB>
+    <Version value="0x00010000"/>
+    <ScriptList>
+      <!-- ScriptCount=1 -->
+      <ScriptRecord index="0">
+        <ScriptTag value="DFLT"/>
+        <Script>
+          <DefaultLangSys>
+            <ReqFeatureIndex value="65535"/>
+            <!-- FeatureCount=1 -->
+            <FeatureIndex index="0" value="0"/>
+          </DefaultLangSys>
+          <!-- LangSysCount=0 -->
+        </Script>
+      </ScriptRecord>
+    </ScriptList>
+    <FeatureList>
+      <!-- FeatureCount=1 -->
+      <FeatureRecord index="0">
+        <FeatureTag value="test"/>
+        <Feature>
+          <!-- LookupCount=1 -->
+          <LookupListIndex index="0" value="0"/>
+        </Feature>
+      </FeatureRecord>
+    </FeatureList>
+    <LookupList>
+      <!-- LookupCount=5 -->
+      <Lookup index="0">
+        <LookupType value="5"/>
+        <LookupFlag value="0"/>
+        <!-- SubTableCount=4 -->
+        <ContextSubst index="0" Format="3">
+          <!-- GlyphCount=1 -->
+          <!-- SubstCount=1 -->
+          <Coverage index="0">
+            <Glyph value="G"/>
+          </Coverage>
+          <SubstLookupRecord index="0">
+            <SequenceIndex value="0"/>
+            <LookupListIndex value="1"/>
+          </SubstLookupRecord>
+        </ContextSubst>
+        <ContextSubst index="1" Format="3">
+          <!-- GlyphCount=1 -->
+          <!-- SubstCount=1 -->
+          <Coverage index="0">
+            <Glyph value="H"/>
+          </Coverage>
+          <SubstLookupRecord index="0">
+            <SequenceIndex value="0"/>
+            <LookupListIndex value="2"/>
+          </SubstLookupRecord>
+        </ContextSubst>
+        <ContextSubst index="2" Format="3">
+          <!-- GlyphCount=1 -->
+          <!-- SubstCount=1 -->
+          <Coverage index="0">
+            <Glyph value="G"/>
+          </Coverage>
+          <SubstLookupRecord index="0">
+            <SequenceIndex value="0"/>
+            <LookupListIndex value="3"/>
+          </SubstLookupRecord>
+        </ContextSubst>
+        <ContextSubst index="3" Format="3">
+          <!-- GlyphCount=1 -->
+          <!-- SubstCount=1 -->
+          <Coverage index="0">
+            <Glyph value="H"/>
+          </Coverage>
+          <SubstLookupRecord index="0">
+            <SequenceIndex value="0"/>
+            <LookupListIndex value="4"/>
+          </SubstLookupRecord>
+        </ContextSubst>
+      </Lookup>
+      <Lookup index="1">
+        <LookupType value="1"/>
+        <LookupFlag value="0"/>
+        <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
+        <SingleSubst index="0">
+          <Substitution in="G" out="G.swash"/>
+        </SingleSubst>
+      </Lookup>
+      <Lookup index="2">
+        <LookupType value="1"/>
+        <LookupFlag value="0"/>
+        <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
+        <SingleSubst index="0">
+          <Substitution in="H" out="H.swash"/>
+        </SingleSubst>
+      </Lookup>
+      <Lookup index="3">
+        <LookupType value="1"/>
+        <LookupFlag value="0"/>
+        <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
+        <SingleSubst index="0">
+          <Substitution in="G" out="g"/>
+        </SingleSubst>
+      </Lookup>
+      <Lookup index="4">
+        <LookupType value="1"/>
+        <LookupFlag value="0"/>
+        <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
+        <SingleSubst index="0">
+          <Substitution in="H" out="H.swash"/>
+        </SingleSubst>
+      </Lookup>
+    </LookupList>
+  </GSUB>
+
+</ttFont>
diff --git a/Tests/feaLib/data/ZeroValue_ChainSinglePos_horizontal.ttx b/Tests/feaLib/data/ZeroValue_ChainSinglePos_horizontal.ttx
index ce76370..98f7aa9 100644
--- a/Tests/feaLib/data/ZeroValue_ChainSinglePos_horizontal.ttx
+++ b/Tests/feaLib/data/ZeroValue_ChainSinglePos_horizontal.ttx
@@ -32,44 +32,39 @@
       <Lookup index="0">
         <LookupType value="8"/>
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
-        <!-- SubTableCount=2 -->
-        <ChainContextPos index="0" Format="3">
-          <!-- BacktrackGlyphCount=1 -->
-          <BacktrackCoverage index="0">
-            <Glyph value="A"/>
-          </BacktrackCoverage>
-          <!-- InputGlyphCount=1 -->
-          <InputCoverage index="0">
+        <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
+        <ChainContextPos index="0" Format="1">
+          <Coverage>
             <Glyph value="G"/>
-          </InputCoverage>
-          <!-- LookAheadGlyphCount=1 -->
-          <LookAheadCoverage index="0">
-            <Glyph value="A"/>
-          </LookAheadCoverage>
-          <!-- PosCount=1 -->
-          <PosLookupRecord index="0">
-            <SequenceIndex value="0"/>
-            <LookupListIndex value="1"/>
-          </PosLookupRecord>
-        </ChainContextPos>
-        <ChainContextPos index="1" Format="3">
-          <!-- BacktrackGlyphCount=1 -->
-          <BacktrackCoverage index="0">
-            <Glyph value="B"/>
-          </BacktrackCoverage>
-          <!-- InputGlyphCount=1 -->
-          <InputCoverage index="0">
-            <Glyph value="G"/>
-          </InputCoverage>
-          <!-- LookAheadGlyphCount=1 -->
-          <LookAheadCoverage index="0">
-            <Glyph value="B"/>
-          </LookAheadCoverage>
-          <!-- PosCount=1 -->
-          <PosLookupRecord index="0">
-            <SequenceIndex value="0"/>
-            <LookupListIndex value="1"/>
-          </PosLookupRecord>
+          </Coverage>
+          <!-- ChainPosRuleSetCount=1 -->
+          <ChainPosRuleSet index="0">
+            <!-- ChainPosRuleCount=2 -->
+            <ChainPosRule index="0">
+              <!-- BacktrackGlyphCount=1 -->
+              <Backtrack index="0" value="A"/>
+              <!-- InputGlyphCount=1 -->
+              <!-- LookAheadGlyphCount=1 -->
+              <LookAhead index="0" value="A"/>
+              <!-- PosCount=1 -->
+              <PosLookupRecord index="0">
+                <SequenceIndex value="0"/>
+                <LookupListIndex value="1"/>
+              </PosLookupRecord>
+            </ChainPosRule>
+            <ChainPosRule index="1">
+              <!-- BacktrackGlyphCount=1 -->
+              <Backtrack index="0" value="B"/>
+              <!-- InputGlyphCount=1 -->
+              <!-- LookAheadGlyphCount=1 -->
+              <LookAhead index="0" value="B"/>
+              <!-- PosCount=1 -->
+              <PosLookupRecord index="0">
+                <SequenceIndex value="0"/>
+                <LookupListIndex value="1"/>
+              </PosLookupRecord>
+            </ChainPosRule>
+          </ChainPosRuleSet>
         </ChainContextPos>
       </Lookup>
       <Lookup index="1">
diff --git a/Tests/feaLib/data/ZeroValue_ChainSinglePos_vertical.ttx b/Tests/feaLib/data/ZeroValue_ChainSinglePos_vertical.ttx
index e1cb5d6..973cb4f 100644
--- a/Tests/feaLib/data/ZeroValue_ChainSinglePos_vertical.ttx
+++ b/Tests/feaLib/data/ZeroValue_ChainSinglePos_vertical.ttx
@@ -32,44 +32,39 @@
       <Lookup index="0">
         <LookupType value="8"/>
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
-        <!-- SubTableCount=2 -->
-        <ChainContextPos index="0" Format="3">
-          <!-- BacktrackGlyphCount=1 -->
-          <BacktrackCoverage index="0">
-            <Glyph value="A"/>
-          </BacktrackCoverage>
-          <!-- InputGlyphCount=1 -->
-          <InputCoverage index="0">
+        <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
+        <ChainContextPos index="0" Format="1">
+          <Coverage>
             <Glyph value="G"/>
-          </InputCoverage>
-          <!-- LookAheadGlyphCount=1 -->
-          <LookAheadCoverage index="0">
-            <Glyph value="A"/>
-          </LookAheadCoverage>
-          <!-- PosCount=1 -->
-          <PosLookupRecord index="0">
-            <SequenceIndex value="0"/>
-            <LookupListIndex value="1"/>
-          </PosLookupRecord>
-        </ChainContextPos>
-        <ChainContextPos index="1" Format="3">
-          <!-- BacktrackGlyphCount=1 -->
-          <BacktrackCoverage index="0">
-            <Glyph value="B"/>
-          </BacktrackCoverage>
-          <!-- InputGlyphCount=1 -->
-          <InputCoverage index="0">
-            <Glyph value="G"/>
-          </InputCoverage>
-          <!-- LookAheadGlyphCount=1 -->
-          <LookAheadCoverage index="0">
-            <Glyph value="B"/>
-          </LookAheadCoverage>
-          <!-- PosCount=1 -->
-          <PosLookupRecord index="0">
-            <SequenceIndex value="0"/>
-            <LookupListIndex value="1"/>
-          </PosLookupRecord>
+          </Coverage>
+          <!-- ChainPosRuleSetCount=1 -->
+          <ChainPosRuleSet index="0">
+            <!-- ChainPosRuleCount=2 -->
+            <ChainPosRule index="0">
+              <!-- BacktrackGlyphCount=1 -->
+              <Backtrack index="0" value="A"/>
+              <!-- InputGlyphCount=1 -->
+              <!-- LookAheadGlyphCount=1 -->
+              <LookAhead index="0" value="A"/>
+              <!-- PosCount=1 -->
+              <PosLookupRecord index="0">
+                <SequenceIndex value="0"/>
+                <LookupListIndex value="1"/>
+              </PosLookupRecord>
+            </ChainPosRule>
+            <ChainPosRule index="1">
+              <!-- BacktrackGlyphCount=1 -->
+              <Backtrack index="0" value="B"/>
+              <!-- InputGlyphCount=1 -->
+              <!-- LookAheadGlyphCount=1 -->
+              <LookAhead index="0" value="B"/>
+              <!-- PosCount=1 -->
+              <PosLookupRecord index="0">
+                <SequenceIndex value="0"/>
+                <LookupListIndex value="1"/>
+              </PosLookupRecord>
+            </ChainPosRule>
+          </ChainPosRuleSet>
         </ChainContextPos>
       </Lookup>
       <Lookup index="1">
diff --git a/Tests/feaLib/data/aalt_chain_contextual_subst.fea b/Tests/feaLib/data/aalt_chain_contextual_subst.fea
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..677c230
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/feaLib/data/aalt_chain_contextual_subst.fea
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+# https://github.com/googlefonts/fontmake/issues/648
+
+lookup CNTXT_LIGS {
+    sub f i by f_i;
+    sub c t by c_t;
+} CNTXT_LIGS;
+
+lookup CNTXT_SUB {
+    sub n by n.end;
+    sub s by s.end;
+} CNTXT_SUB;
+
+feature calt {
+    sub [a e i o u] f' lookup CNTXT_LIGS i' n' lookup CNTXT_SUB;
+    sub [a e i o u] c' lookup CNTXT_LIGS t' s' lookup CNTXT_SUB;
+} calt;
+
+feature aalt {
+    feature calt;
+} aalt;
diff --git a/Tests/feaLib/data/aalt_chain_contextual_subst.ttx b/Tests/feaLib/data/aalt_chain_contextual_subst.ttx
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..256a9c7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/feaLib/data/aalt_chain_contextual_subst.ttx
@@ -0,0 +1,139 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<ttFont>
+
+  <GSUB>
+    <Version value="0x00010000"/>
+    <ScriptList>
+      <!-- ScriptCount=1 -->
+      <ScriptRecord index="0">
+        <ScriptTag value="DFLT"/>
+        <Script>
+          <DefaultLangSys>
+            <ReqFeatureIndex value="65535"/>
+            <!-- FeatureCount=2 -->
+            <FeatureIndex index="0" value="0"/>
+            <FeatureIndex index="1" value="1"/>
+          </DefaultLangSys>
+          <!-- LangSysCount=0 -->
+        </Script>
+      </ScriptRecord>
+    </ScriptList>
+    <FeatureList>
+      <!-- FeatureCount=2 -->
+      <FeatureRecord index="0">
+        <FeatureTag value="aalt"/>
+        <Feature>
+          <!-- LookupCount=1 -->
+          <LookupListIndex index="0" value="0"/>
+        </Feature>
+      </FeatureRecord>
+      <FeatureRecord index="1">
+        <FeatureTag value="calt"/>
+        <Feature>
+          <!-- LookupCount=1 -->
+          <LookupListIndex index="0" value="3"/>
+        </Feature>
+      </FeatureRecord>
+    </FeatureList>
+    <LookupList>
+      <!-- LookupCount=4 -->
+      <Lookup index="0">
+        <LookupType value="1"/>
+        <LookupFlag value="0"/>
+        <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
+        <SingleSubst index="0">
+          <Substitution in="n" out="n.end"/>
+          <Substitution in="s" out="s.end"/>
+        </SingleSubst>
+      </Lookup>
+      <Lookup index="1">
+        <LookupType value="4"/>
+        <LookupFlag value="0"/>
+        <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
+        <LigatureSubst index="0">
+          <LigatureSet glyph="c">
+            <Ligature components="t" glyph="c_t"/>
+          </LigatureSet>
+          <LigatureSet glyph="f">
+            <Ligature components="i" glyph="f_i"/>
+          </LigatureSet>
+        </LigatureSubst>
+      </Lookup>
+      <Lookup index="2">
+        <LookupType value="1"/>
+        <LookupFlag value="0"/>
+        <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
+        <SingleSubst index="0">
+          <Substitution in="n" out="n.end"/>
+          <Substitution in="s" out="s.end"/>
+        </SingleSubst>
+      </Lookup>
+      <Lookup index="3">
+        <LookupType value="6"/>
+        <LookupFlag value="0"/>
+        <!-- SubTableCount=2 -->
+        <ChainContextSubst index="0" Format="3">
+          <!-- BacktrackGlyphCount=1 -->
+          <BacktrackCoverage index="0">
+            <Glyph value="a"/>
+            <Glyph value="e"/>
+            <Glyph value="i"/>
+            <Glyph value="o"/>
+            <Glyph value="u"/>
+          </BacktrackCoverage>
+          <!-- InputGlyphCount=3 -->
+          <InputCoverage index="0">
+            <Glyph value="f"/>
+          </InputCoverage>
+          <InputCoverage index="1">
+            <Glyph value="i"/>
+          </InputCoverage>
+          <InputCoverage index="2">
+            <Glyph value="n"/>
+          </InputCoverage>
+          <!-- LookAheadGlyphCount=0 -->
+          <!-- SubstCount=2 -->
+          <SubstLookupRecord index="0">
+            <SequenceIndex value="0"/>
+            <LookupListIndex value="1"/>
+          </SubstLookupRecord>
+          <SubstLookupRecord index="1">
+            <SequenceIndex value="2"/>
+            <LookupListIndex value="2"/>
+          </SubstLookupRecord>
+        </ChainContextSubst>
+        <ChainContextSubst index="1" Format="3">
+          <!-- BacktrackGlyphCount=1 -->
+          <BacktrackCoverage index="0">
+            <Glyph value="a"/>
+            <Glyph value="e"/>
+            <Glyph value="i"/>
+            <Glyph value="o"/>
+            <Glyph value="u"/>
+          </BacktrackCoverage>
+          <!-- InputGlyphCount=3 -->
+          <InputCoverage index="0">
+            <Glyph value="c"/>
+          </InputCoverage>
+          <InputCoverage index="1">
+            <Glyph value="t"/>
+          </InputCoverage>
+          <InputCoverage index="2">
+            <Glyph value="s"/>
+          </InputCoverage>
+          <!-- LookAheadGlyphCount=0 -->
+          <!-- SubstCount=2 -->
+          <SubstLookupRecord index="0">
+            <SequenceIndex value="0"/>
+            <LookupListIndex value="1"/>
+          </SubstLookupRecord>
+          <SubstLookupRecord index="1">
+            <SequenceIndex value="2"/>
+            <LookupListIndex value="2"/>
+          </SubstLookupRecord>
+        </ChainContextSubst>
+      </Lookup>
+    </LookupList>
+  </GSUB>
+
+</ttFont>
diff --git a/Tests/feaLib/data/bug1307.fea b/Tests/feaLib/data/bug1307.fea
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..dbc4ae3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/feaLib/data/bug1307.fea
@@ -0,0 +1,65 @@
+# Test of features and languagesystems
+
+lookup a {
+    sub a by A;
+} a;
+
+lookup b {
+    sub b by B;
+} b;
+
+lookup c {
+    sub c by C;
+} c;
+
+lookup d {
+    sub d by D;
+} d;
+
+lookup e {
+    sub e by E;
+} e;
+
+lookup f {
+    sub f by F;
+} f;
+
+lookup g {
+    sub g by G;
+} g;
+
+lookup h {
+    sub h by H;
+} h;
+
+lookup i {
+    sub i by I;
+} i;
+
+languagesystem DFLT dflt;
+languagesystem DFLT FRE;
+languagesystem DFLT ABC;
+languagesystem latn dflt;
+languagesystem latn ABC;
+
+feature smcp {
+    lookup a;
+} smcp;
+
+feature liga {
+    lookup b;
+    script DFLT;
+        lookup c;
+        language dflt;
+            lookup d;
+        language FRE;
+            lookup e;
+    script latn;
+        lookup f;
+        language dflt;
+            lookup g;
+        language FRE;
+            lookup h;
+        language DEF exclude_dflt;
+            lookup i;
+} liga;
diff --git a/Tests/feaLib/data/bug1307.ttx b/Tests/feaLib/data/bug1307.ttx
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1ecbf03
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/feaLib/data/bug1307.ttx
@@ -0,0 +1,215 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<ttFont>
+
+  <GSUB>
+    <Version value="0x00010000"/>
+    <ScriptList>
+      <!-- ScriptCount=2 -->
+      <ScriptRecord index="0">
+        <ScriptTag value="DFLT"/>
+        <Script>
+          <DefaultLangSys>
+            <ReqFeatureIndex value="65535"/>
+            <!-- FeatureCount=2 -->
+            <FeatureIndex index="0" value="4"/>
+            <FeatureIndex index="1" value="6"/>
+          </DefaultLangSys>
+          <!-- LangSysCount=2 -->
+          <LangSysRecord index="0">
+            <LangSysTag value="ABC "/>
+            <LangSys>
+              <ReqFeatureIndex value="65535"/>
+              <!-- FeatureCount=2 -->
+              <FeatureIndex index="0" value="0"/>
+              <FeatureIndex index="1" value="6"/>
+            </LangSys>
+          </LangSysRecord>
+          <LangSysRecord index="1">
+            <LangSysTag value="FRE "/>
+            <LangSys>
+              <ReqFeatureIndex value="65535"/>
+              <!-- FeatureCount=2 -->
+              <FeatureIndex index="0" value="2"/>
+              <FeatureIndex index="1" value="6"/>
+            </LangSys>
+          </LangSysRecord>
+        </Script>
+      </ScriptRecord>
+      <ScriptRecord index="1">
+        <ScriptTag value="latn"/>
+        <Script>
+          <DefaultLangSys>
+            <ReqFeatureIndex value="65535"/>
+            <!-- FeatureCount=2 -->
+            <FeatureIndex index="0" value="5"/>
+            <FeatureIndex index="1" value="6"/>
+          </DefaultLangSys>
+          <!-- LangSysCount=3 -->
+          <LangSysRecord index="0">
+            <LangSysTag value="ABC "/>
+            <LangSys>
+              <ReqFeatureIndex value="65535"/>
+              <!-- FeatureCount=2 -->
+              <FeatureIndex index="0" value="0"/>
+              <FeatureIndex index="1" value="6"/>
+            </LangSys>
+          </LangSysRecord>
+          <LangSysRecord index="1">
+            <LangSysTag value="DEF "/>
+            <LangSys>
+              <ReqFeatureIndex value="65535"/>
+              <!-- FeatureCount=1 -->
+              <FeatureIndex index="0" value="1"/>
+            </LangSys>
+          </LangSysRecord>
+          <LangSysRecord index="2">
+            <LangSysTag value="FRE "/>
+            <LangSys>
+              <ReqFeatureIndex value="65535"/>
+              <!-- FeatureCount=1 -->
+              <FeatureIndex index="0" value="3"/>
+            </LangSys>
+          </LangSysRecord>
+        </Script>
+      </ScriptRecord>
+    </ScriptList>
+    <FeatureList>
+      <!-- FeatureCount=7 -->
+      <FeatureRecord index="0">
+        <FeatureTag value="liga"/>
+        <Feature>
+          <!-- LookupCount=1 -->
+          <LookupListIndex index="0" value="1"/>
+        </Feature>
+      </FeatureRecord>
+      <FeatureRecord index="1">
+        <FeatureTag value="liga"/>
+        <Feature>
+          <!-- LookupCount=1 -->
+          <LookupListIndex index="0" value="8"/>
+        </Feature>
+      </FeatureRecord>
+      <FeatureRecord index="2">
+        <FeatureTag value="liga"/>
+        <Feature>
+          <!-- LookupCount=4 -->
+          <LookupListIndex index="0" value="1"/>
+          <LookupListIndex index="1" value="2"/>
+          <LookupListIndex index="2" value="3"/>
+          <LookupListIndex index="3" value="4"/>
+        </Feature>
+      </FeatureRecord>
+      <FeatureRecord index="3">
+        <FeatureTag value="liga"/>
+        <Feature>
+          <!-- LookupCount=4 -->
+          <LookupListIndex index="0" value="1"/>
+          <LookupListIndex index="1" value="5"/>
+          <LookupListIndex index="2" value="6"/>
+          <LookupListIndex index="3" value="7"/>
+        </Feature>
+      </FeatureRecord>
+      <FeatureRecord index="4">
+        <FeatureTag value="liga"/>
+        <Feature>
+          <!-- LookupCount=3 -->
+          <LookupListIndex index="0" value="1"/>
+          <LookupListIndex index="1" value="2"/>
+          <LookupListIndex index="2" value="3"/>
+        </Feature>
+      </FeatureRecord>
+      <FeatureRecord index="5">
+        <FeatureTag value="liga"/>
+        <Feature>
+          <!-- LookupCount=3 -->
+          <LookupListIndex index="0" value="1"/>
+          <LookupListIndex index="1" value="5"/>
+          <LookupListIndex index="2" value="6"/>
+        </Feature>
+      </FeatureRecord>
+      <FeatureRecord index="6">
+        <FeatureTag value="smcp"/>
+        <Feature>
+          <!-- LookupCount=1 -->
+          <LookupListIndex index="0" value="0"/>
+        </Feature>
+      </FeatureRecord>
+    </FeatureList>
+    <LookupList>
+      <!-- LookupCount=9 -->
+      <Lookup index="0">
+        <LookupType value="1"/>
+        <LookupFlag value="0"/>
+        <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
+        <SingleSubst index="0">
+          <Substitution in="a" out="A"/>
+        </SingleSubst>
+      </Lookup>
+      <Lookup index="1">
+        <LookupType value="1"/>
+        <LookupFlag value="0"/>
+        <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
+        <SingleSubst index="0">
+          <Substitution in="b" out="B"/>
+        </SingleSubst>
+      </Lookup>
+      <Lookup index="2">
+        <LookupType value="1"/>
+        <LookupFlag value="0"/>
+        <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
+        <SingleSubst index="0">
+          <Substitution in="c" out="C"/>
+        </SingleSubst>
+      </Lookup>
+      <Lookup index="3">
+        <LookupType value="1"/>
+        <LookupFlag value="0"/>
+        <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
+        <SingleSubst index="0">
+          <Substitution in="d" out="D"/>
+        </SingleSubst>
+      </Lookup>
+      <Lookup index="4">
+        <LookupType value="1"/>
+        <LookupFlag value="0"/>
+        <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
+        <SingleSubst index="0">
+          <Substitution in="e" out="E"/>
+        </SingleSubst>
+      </Lookup>
+      <Lookup index="5">
+        <LookupType value="1"/>
+        <LookupFlag value="0"/>
+        <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
+        <SingleSubst index="0">
+          <Substitution in="f" out="F"/>
+        </SingleSubst>
+      </Lookup>
+      <Lookup index="6">
+        <LookupType value="1"/>
+        <LookupFlag value="0"/>
+        <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
+        <SingleSubst index="0">
+          <Substitution in="g" out="G"/>
+        </SingleSubst>
+      </Lookup>
+      <Lookup index="7">
+        <LookupType value="1"/>
+        <LookupFlag value="0"/>
+        <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
+        <SingleSubst index="0">
+          <Substitution in="h" out="H"/>
+        </SingleSubst>
+      </Lookup>
+      <Lookup index="8">
+        <LookupType value="1"/>
+        <LookupFlag value="0"/>
+        <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
+        <SingleSubst index="0">
+          <Substitution in="i" out="I"/>
+        </SingleSubst>
+      </Lookup>
+    </LookupList>
+  </GSUB>
+
+</ttFont>
diff --git a/Tests/feaLib/data/bug1459.fea b/Tests/feaLib/data/bug1459.fea
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1ad688e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/feaLib/data/bug1459.fea
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+# A pair position lookup where only the second glyph has a non-empty valuerecord
+# while the first glyph has a NULL valuerecord. The ValueFormat1 for the first
+# glyph is expected to be 0.
+# https://github.com/fonttools/fonttools/issues/1459
+feature kern {
+    pos A <NULL> V <-180 0 -90 0>;
+} kern;
diff --git a/Tests/feaLib/data/bug1459.ttx b/Tests/feaLib/data/bug1459.ttx
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8a7c096
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/feaLib/data/bug1459.ttx
@@ -0,0 +1,55 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<ttFont>
+
+  <GPOS>
+    <Version value="0x00010000"/>
+    <ScriptList>
+      <!-- ScriptCount=1 -->
+      <ScriptRecord index="0">
+        <ScriptTag value="DFLT"/>
+        <Script>
+          <DefaultLangSys>
+            <ReqFeatureIndex value="65535"/>
+            <!-- FeatureCount=1 -->
+            <FeatureIndex index="0" value="0"/>
+          </DefaultLangSys>
+          <!-- LangSysCount=0 -->
+        </Script>
+      </ScriptRecord>
+    </ScriptList>
+    <FeatureList>
+      <!-- FeatureCount=1 -->
+      <FeatureRecord index="0">
+        <FeatureTag value="kern"/>
+        <Feature>
+          <!-- LookupCount=1 -->
+          <LookupListIndex index="0" value="0"/>
+        </Feature>
+      </FeatureRecord>
+    </FeatureList>
+    <LookupList>
+      <!-- LookupCount=1 -->
+      <Lookup index="0">
+        <LookupType value="2"/>
+        <LookupFlag value="0"/>
+        <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
+        <PairPos index="0" Format="1">
+          <Coverage>
+            <Glyph value="A"/>
+          </Coverage>
+          <ValueFormat1 value="0"/>
+          <ValueFormat2 value="5"/>
+          <!-- PairSetCount=1 -->
+          <PairSet index="0">
+            <!-- PairValueCount=1 -->
+            <PairValueRecord index="0">
+              <SecondGlyph value="V"/>
+              <Value2 XPlacement="-180" XAdvance="-90"/>
+            </PairValueRecord>
+          </PairSet>
+        </PairPos>
+      </Lookup>
+    </LookupList>
+  </GPOS>
+
+</ttFont>
diff --git a/Tests/feaLib/data/bug2276.fea b/Tests/feaLib/data/bug2276.fea
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..96f9885
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/feaLib/data/bug2276.fea
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+# https://github.com/fonttools/fonttools/issues/2276
+lookup EMPTY {
+    # pass
+} EMPTY;
+feature ss01 {
+    sub a by a.alt1;
+    lookup EMPTY;
+} ss01;
+feature aalt {
+    feature ss01;
+} aalt;
diff --git a/Tests/feaLib/data/bug2276.ttx b/Tests/feaLib/data/bug2276.ttx
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..57902da
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/feaLib/data/bug2276.ttx
@@ -0,0 +1,59 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<ttFont sfntVersion="\x00\x01\x00\x00" ttLibVersion="4.22">
+
+  <GSUB>
+    <Version value="0x00010000"/>
+    <ScriptList>
+      <!-- ScriptCount=1 -->
+      <ScriptRecord index="0">
+        <ScriptTag value="DFLT"/>
+        <Script>
+          <DefaultLangSys>
+            <ReqFeatureIndex value="65535"/>
+            <!-- FeatureCount=2 -->
+            <FeatureIndex index="0" value="0"/>
+            <FeatureIndex index="1" value="1"/>
+          </DefaultLangSys>
+          <!-- LangSysCount=0 -->
+        </Script>
+      </ScriptRecord>
+    </ScriptList>
+    <FeatureList>
+      <!-- FeatureCount=2 -->
+      <FeatureRecord index="0">
+        <FeatureTag value="aalt"/>
+        <Feature>
+          <!-- LookupCount=1 -->
+          <LookupListIndex index="0" value="0"/>
+        </Feature>
+      </FeatureRecord>
+      <FeatureRecord index="1">
+        <FeatureTag value="ss01"/>
+        <Feature>
+          <!-- LookupCount=1 -->
+          <LookupListIndex index="0" value="1"/>
+        </Feature>
+      </FeatureRecord>
+    </FeatureList>
+    <LookupList>
+      <!-- LookupCount=2 -->
+      <Lookup index="0">
+        <LookupType value="1"/>
+        <LookupFlag value="0"/>
+        <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
+        <SingleSubst index="0">
+          <Substitution in="a" out="a.alt1"/>
+        </SingleSubst>
+      </Lookup>
+      <Lookup index="1">
+        <LookupType value="1"/>
+        <LookupFlag value="0"/>
+        <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
+        <SingleSubst index="0">
+          <Substitution in="a" out="a.alt1"/>
+        </SingleSubst>
+      </Lookup>
+    </LookupList>
+  </GSUB>
+
+</ttFont>
diff --git a/Tests/feaLib/data/bug453.fea b/Tests/feaLib/data/bug453.fea
index fc5072e..ed0e6f9 100644
--- a/Tests/feaLib/data/bug453.fea
+++ b/Tests/feaLib/data/bug453.fea
@@ -1,11 +1,13 @@
-# https://github.com/behdad/fonttools/issues/453
+# https://github.com/fonttools/fonttools/issues/453
 feature mark {
     lookup mark1 {
         markClass [acute] <anchor 150 -10> @TOP_MARKS;
-        pos base [e] <anchor 250 450> mark @TOP_MARKS;
+        pos base [e]
+            <anchor 250 450> mark @TOP_MARKS;
     } mark1;
     lookup mark2 {
         markClass [acute] <anchor 150 -20> @TOP_MARKS_2;
-        pos base [e] <anchor 250 450> mark @TOP_MARKS_2;
+        pos base [e]
+            <anchor 250 450> mark @TOP_MARKS_2;
     } mark2;
 } mark;
diff --git a/Tests/feaLib/data/bug463.fea b/Tests/feaLib/data/bug463.fea
index e7e21af..4b1910c 100644
--- a/Tests/feaLib/data/bug463.fea
+++ b/Tests/feaLib/data/bug463.fea
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# https://github.com/behdad/fonttools/issues/463
+# https://github.com/fonttools/fonttools/issues/463
 feature ordn {
     @DIGIT = [zero one two three four five six seven eight nine];
     sub @DIGIT [A a]' by ordfeminine;
diff --git a/Tests/feaLib/data/bug501.fea b/Tests/feaLib/data/bug501.fea
index 58a4081..06d91dd 100644
--- a/Tests/feaLib/data/bug501.fea
+++ b/Tests/feaLib/data/bug501.fea
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# https://github.com/behdad/fonttools/issues/501
+# https://github.com/fonttools/fonttools/issues/501
 languagesystem DFLT dflt;
 feature test {
     lookup L {
diff --git a/Tests/feaLib/data/bug502.fea b/Tests/feaLib/data/bug502.fea
index b8130c4..3fcb94e 100644
--- a/Tests/feaLib/data/bug502.fea
+++ b/Tests/feaLib/data/bug502.fea
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# https://github.com/behdad/fonttools/issues/502
+# https://github.com/fonttools/fonttools/issues/502
 feature aalt {
     sub A by A.alt1;
     sub Eng by Eng.alt1;
diff --git a/Tests/feaLib/data/bug504.fea b/Tests/feaLib/data/bug504.fea
index 64d05ba..e6920b2 100644
--- a/Tests/feaLib/data/bug504.fea
+++ b/Tests/feaLib/data/bug504.fea
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# https://github.com/behdad/fonttools/issues/504
+# https://github.com/fonttools/fonttools/issues/504
 
 feature test {
     sub [a b c d] by [T E S T];
diff --git a/Tests/feaLib/data/bug505.fea b/Tests/feaLib/data/bug505.fea
index 016ed1f..742ea11 100644
--- a/Tests/feaLib/data/bug505.fea
+++ b/Tests/feaLib/data/bug505.fea
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# https://github.com/behdad/fonttools/issues/505
+# https://github.com/fonttools/fonttools/issues/505
 
 languagesystem armn dflt;
 languagesystem avst dflt;
diff --git a/Tests/feaLib/data/bug506.fea b/Tests/feaLib/data/bug506.fea
index 62e4bbb..2e1e97d 100644
--- a/Tests/feaLib/data/bug506.fea
+++ b/Tests/feaLib/data/bug506.fea
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# https://github.com/behdad/fonttools/issues/506
+# https://github.com/fonttools/fonttools/issues/506
 feature test {
     sub f' i' by f_i;
 } test;
diff --git a/Tests/feaLib/data/bug506.ttx b/Tests/feaLib/data/bug506.ttx
index 9aff913..4daba45 100644
--- a/Tests/feaLib/data/bug506.ttx
+++ b/Tests/feaLib/data/bug506.ttx
@@ -30,25 +30,23 @@
     <LookupList>
       <!-- LookupCount=2 -->
       <Lookup index="0">
-        <LookupType value="6"/>
+        <LookupType value="5"/>
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
-        <ChainContextSubst index="0" Format="3">
-          <!-- BacktrackGlyphCount=0 -->
-          <!-- InputGlyphCount=2 -->
-          <InputCoverage index="0">
-            <Glyph value="f"/>
-          </InputCoverage>
-          <InputCoverage index="1">
-            <Glyph value="i"/>
-          </InputCoverage>
-          <!-- LookAheadGlyphCount=0 -->
+        <ContextSubst index="0" Format="3">
+          <!-- GlyphCount=2 -->
           <!-- SubstCount=1 -->
+          <Coverage index="0">
+            <Glyph value="f"/>
+          </Coverage>
+          <Coverage index="1">
+            <Glyph value="i"/>
+          </Coverage>
           <SubstLookupRecord index="0">
             <SequenceIndex value="0"/>
             <LookupListIndex value="1"/>
           </SubstLookupRecord>
-        </ChainContextSubst>
+        </ContextSubst>
       </Lookup>
       <Lookup index="1">
         <LookupType value="4"/>
diff --git a/Tests/feaLib/data/bug509.ttx b/Tests/feaLib/data/bug509.ttx
index e5a36af..52fba20 100644
--- a/Tests/feaLib/data/bug509.ttx
+++ b/Tests/feaLib/data/bug509.ttx
@@ -30,33 +30,29 @@
     <LookupList>
       <!-- LookupCount=2 -->
       <Lookup index="0">
-        <LookupType value="6"/>
+        <LookupType value="5"/>
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=2 -->
-        <ChainContextSubst index="0" Format="3">
-          <!-- BacktrackGlyphCount=0 -->
-          <!-- InputGlyphCount=1 -->
-          <InputCoverage index="0">
-            <Glyph value="A"/>
-          </InputCoverage>
-          <!-- LookAheadGlyphCount=0 -->
+        <ContextSubst index="0" Format="3">
+          <!-- GlyphCount=1 -->
           <!-- SubstCount=0 -->
-        </ChainContextSubst>
-        <ChainContextSubst index="1" Format="3">
-          <!-- BacktrackGlyphCount=0 -->
-          <!-- InputGlyphCount=1 -->
-          <InputCoverage index="0">
+          <Coverage index="0">
+            <Glyph value="A"/>
+          </Coverage>
+        </ContextSubst>
+        <ContextSubst index="1" Format="3">
+          <!-- GlyphCount=1 -->
+          <!-- SubstCount=1 -->
+          <Coverage index="0">
             <Glyph value="A"/>
             <Glyph value="A.sc"/>
             <Glyph value="A.alt1"/>
-          </InputCoverage>
-          <!-- LookAheadGlyphCount=0 -->
-          <!-- SubstCount=1 -->
+          </Coverage>
           <SubstLookupRecord index="0">
             <SequenceIndex value="0"/>
             <LookupListIndex value="1"/>
           </SubstLookupRecord>
-        </ChainContextSubst>
+        </ContextSubst>
       </Lookup>
       <Lookup index="1">
         <LookupType value="1"/>
diff --git a/Tests/feaLib/data/bug512.ttx b/Tests/feaLib/data/bug512.ttx
index 1dfe63f..693ebeb 100644
--- a/Tests/feaLib/data/bug512.ttx
+++ b/Tests/feaLib/data/bug512.ttx
@@ -30,61 +30,54 @@
     <LookupList>
       <!-- LookupCount=3 -->
       <Lookup index="0">
-        <LookupType value="6"/>
+        <LookupType value="5"/>
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
-        <!-- SubTableCount=4 -->
-        <ChainContextSubst index="0" Format="3">
-          <!-- BacktrackGlyphCount=0 -->
-          <!-- InputGlyphCount=1 -->
-          <InputCoverage index="0">
+        <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
+        <ContextSubst index="0" Format="1">
+          <Coverage>
             <Glyph value="G"/>
-          </InputCoverage>
-          <!-- LookAheadGlyphCount=0 -->
-          <!-- SubstCount=1 -->
-          <SubstLookupRecord index="0">
-            <SequenceIndex value="0"/>
-            <LookupListIndex value="1"/>
-          </SubstLookupRecord>
-        </ChainContextSubst>
-        <ChainContextSubst index="1" Format="3">
-          <!-- BacktrackGlyphCount=0 -->
-          <!-- InputGlyphCount=1 -->
-          <InputCoverage index="0">
             <Glyph value="H"/>
-          </InputCoverage>
-          <!-- LookAheadGlyphCount=0 -->
-          <!-- SubstCount=1 -->
-          <SubstLookupRecord index="0">
-            <SequenceIndex value="0"/>
-            <LookupListIndex value="1"/>
-          </SubstLookupRecord>
-        </ChainContextSubst>
-        <ChainContextSubst index="2" Format="3">
-          <!-- BacktrackGlyphCount=0 -->
-          <!-- InputGlyphCount=1 -->
-          <InputCoverage index="0">
-            <Glyph value="G"/>
-          </InputCoverage>
-          <!-- LookAheadGlyphCount=0 -->
-          <!-- SubstCount=1 -->
-          <SubstLookupRecord index="0">
-            <SequenceIndex value="0"/>
-            <LookupListIndex value="2"/>
-          </SubstLookupRecord>
-        </ChainContextSubst>
-        <ChainContextSubst index="3" Format="3">
-          <!-- BacktrackGlyphCount=0 -->
-          <!-- InputGlyphCount=1 -->
-          <InputCoverage index="0">
-            <Glyph value="H"/>
-          </InputCoverage>
-          <!-- LookAheadGlyphCount=0 -->
-          <!-- SubstCount=1 -->
-          <SubstLookupRecord index="0">
-            <SequenceIndex value="0"/>
-            <LookupListIndex value="2"/>
-          </SubstLookupRecord>
-        </ChainContextSubst>
+          </Coverage>
+          <!-- SubRuleSetCount=2 -->
+          <SubRuleSet index="0">
+            <!-- SubRuleCount=2 -->
+            <SubRule index="0">
+              <!-- GlyphCount=1 -->
+              <!-- SubstCount=1 -->
+              <SubstLookupRecord index="0">
+                <SequenceIndex value="0"/>
+                <LookupListIndex value="1"/>
+              </SubstLookupRecord>
+            </SubRule>
+            <SubRule index="1">
+              <!-- GlyphCount=1 -->
+              <!-- SubstCount=1 -->
+              <SubstLookupRecord index="0">
+                <SequenceIndex value="0"/>
+                <LookupListIndex value="2"/>
+              </SubstLookupRecord>
+            </SubRule>
+          </SubRuleSet>
+          <SubRuleSet index="1">
+            <!-- SubRuleCount=2 -->
+            <SubRule index="0">
+              <!-- GlyphCount=1 -->
+              <!-- SubstCount=1 -->
+              <SubstLookupRecord index="0">
+                <SequenceIndex value="0"/>
+                <LookupListIndex value="1"/>
+              </SubstLookupRecord>
+            </SubRule>
+            <SubRule index="1">
+              <!-- GlyphCount=1 -->
+              <!-- SubstCount=1 -->
+              <SubstLookupRecord index="0">
+                <SequenceIndex value="0"/>
+                <LookupListIndex value="2"/>
+              </SubstLookupRecord>
+            </SubRule>
+          </SubRuleSet>
+        </ContextSubst>
       </Lookup>
       <Lookup index="1">
         <LookupType value="1"/>
diff --git a/Tests/feaLib/data/bug514.fea b/Tests/feaLib/data/bug514.fea
index 26da865..1ef5af6 100644
--- a/Tests/feaLib/data/bug514.fea
+++ b/Tests/feaLib/data/bug514.fea
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@
 # makeotf produces {A:-40, B:-40, C:-40} and {A:-111, B:-40} which
 # is redundant. https://github.com/adobe-type-tools/afdko/issues/169
 feature test {
-    pos X [A-B]' -40 B' -40 A' -40 Y;
+    pos X [A - B]' -40 B' -40 A' -40 Y;
     pos X A' -111 Y;
-    pos X B' -40 A' -111 [A-C]' -40 Y;
+    pos X B' -40 A' -111 [A - C]' -40 Y;
 } test;
diff --git a/Tests/feaLib/data/bug568.fea b/Tests/feaLib/data/bug568.fea
index 3e879b1..d9f56f9 100644
--- a/Tests/feaLib/data/bug568.fea
+++ b/Tests/feaLib/data/bug568.fea
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# https://github.com/behdad/fonttools/issues/568
+# https://github.com/fonttools/fonttools/issues/568
 
 feature tst1 {
   script latn;
diff --git a/Tests/feaLib/data/bug633.ttx b/Tests/feaLib/data/bug633.ttx
index b119ebb..075c177 100644
--- a/Tests/feaLib/data/bug633.ttx
+++ b/Tests/feaLib/data/bug633.ttx
@@ -52,6 +52,7 @@
           <!-- Class2Count=3 -->
           <Class1Record index="0">
             <Class2Record index="0">
+              <Value1 XAdvance="0"/>
             </Class2Record>
             <Class2Record index="1">
               <Value1 XAdvance="0"/>
diff --git a/Tests/feaLib/data/cid_range.fea b/Tests/feaLib/data/cid_range.fea
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7a17aed
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/feaLib/data/cid_range.fea
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+# A CID range can be valid even if it is invalid as a glyph name range.
+# For example, [cid00800 - cid01001] is invalid.
+
+feature zero {
+  sub [\800 - \1001] by zero;
+} zero;
diff --git a/Tests/feaLib/data/cid_range.ttx b/Tests/feaLib/data/cid_range.ttx
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..48b502b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/feaLib/data/cid_range.ttx
@@ -0,0 +1,244 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<ttFont>
+
+  <GSUB>
+    <Version value="0x00010000"/>
+    <ScriptList>
+      <!-- ScriptCount=1 -->
+      <ScriptRecord index="0">
+        <ScriptTag value="DFLT"/>
+        <Script>
+          <DefaultLangSys>
+            <ReqFeatureIndex value="65535"/>
+            <!-- FeatureCount=1 -->
+            <FeatureIndex index="0" value="0"/>
+          </DefaultLangSys>
+          <!-- LangSysCount=0 -->
+        </Script>
+      </ScriptRecord>
+    </ScriptList>
+    <FeatureList>
+      <!-- FeatureCount=1 -->
+      <FeatureRecord index="0">
+        <FeatureTag value="zero"/>
+        <Feature>
+          <!-- LookupCount=1 -->
+          <LookupListIndex index="0" value="0"/>
+        </Feature>
+      </FeatureRecord>
+    </FeatureList>
+    <LookupList>
+      <!-- LookupCount=1 -->
+      <Lookup index="0">
+        <LookupType value="1"/>
+        <LookupFlag value="0"/>
+        <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
+        <SingleSubst index="0">
+          <Substitution in="cid00800" out="zero"/>
+          <Substitution in="cid00801" out="zero"/>
+          <Substitution in="cid00802" out="zero"/>
+          <Substitution in="cid00803" out="zero"/>
+          <Substitution in="cid00804" out="zero"/>
+          <Substitution in="cid00805" out="zero"/>
+          <Substitution in="cid00806" out="zero"/>
+          <Substitution in="cid00807" out="zero"/>
+          <Substitution in="cid00808" out="zero"/>
+          <Substitution in="cid00809" out="zero"/>
+          <Substitution in="cid00810" out="zero"/>
+          <Substitution in="cid00811" out="zero"/>
+          <Substitution in="cid00812" out="zero"/>
+          <Substitution in="cid00813" out="zero"/>
+          <Substitution in="cid00814" out="zero"/>
+          <Substitution in="cid00815" out="zero"/>
+          <Substitution in="cid00816" out="zero"/>
+          <Substitution in="cid00817" out="zero"/>
+          <Substitution in="cid00818" out="zero"/>
+          <Substitution in="cid00819" out="zero"/>
+          <Substitution in="cid00820" out="zero"/>
+          <Substitution in="cid00821" out="zero"/>
+          <Substitution in="cid00822" out="zero"/>
+          <Substitution in="cid00823" out="zero"/>
+          <Substitution in="cid00824" out="zero"/>
+          <Substitution in="cid00825" out="zero"/>
+          <Substitution in="cid00826" out="zero"/>
+          <Substitution in="cid00827" out="zero"/>
+          <Substitution in="cid00828" out="zero"/>
+          <Substitution in="cid00829" out="zero"/>
+          <Substitution in="cid00830" out="zero"/>
+          <Substitution in="cid00831" out="zero"/>
+          <Substitution in="cid00832" out="zero"/>
+          <Substitution in="cid00833" out="zero"/>
+          <Substitution in="cid00834" out="zero"/>
+          <Substitution in="cid00835" out="zero"/>
+          <Substitution in="cid00836" out="zero"/>
+          <Substitution in="cid00837" out="zero"/>
+          <Substitution in="cid00838" out="zero"/>
+          <Substitution in="cid00839" out="zero"/>
+          <Substitution in="cid00840" out="zero"/>
+          <Substitution in="cid00841" out="zero"/>
+          <Substitution in="cid00842" out="zero"/>
+          <Substitution in="cid00843" out="zero"/>
+          <Substitution in="cid00844" out="zero"/>
+          <Substitution in="cid00845" out="zero"/>
+          <Substitution in="cid00846" out="zero"/>
+          <Substitution in="cid00847" out="zero"/>
+          <Substitution in="cid00848" out="zero"/>
+          <Substitution in="cid00849" out="zero"/>
+          <Substitution in="cid00850" out="zero"/>
+          <Substitution in="cid00851" out="zero"/>
+          <Substitution in="cid00852" out="zero"/>
+          <Substitution in="cid00853" out="zero"/>
+          <Substitution in="cid00854" out="zero"/>
+          <Substitution in="cid00855" out="zero"/>
+          <Substitution in="cid00856" out="zero"/>
+          <Substitution in="cid00857" out="zero"/>
+          <Substitution in="cid00858" out="zero"/>
+          <Substitution in="cid00859" out="zero"/>
+          <Substitution in="cid00860" out="zero"/>
+          <Substitution in="cid00861" out="zero"/>
+          <Substitution in="cid00862" out="zero"/>
+          <Substitution in="cid00863" out="zero"/>
+          <Substitution in="cid00864" out="zero"/>
+          <Substitution in="cid00865" out="zero"/>
+          <Substitution in="cid00866" out="zero"/>
+          <Substitution in="cid00867" out="zero"/>
+          <Substitution in="cid00868" out="zero"/>
+          <Substitution in="cid00869" out="zero"/>
+          <Substitution in="cid00870" out="zero"/>
+          <Substitution in="cid00871" out="zero"/>
+          <Substitution in="cid00872" out="zero"/>
+          <Substitution in="cid00873" out="zero"/>
+          <Substitution in="cid00874" out="zero"/>
+          <Substitution in="cid00875" out="zero"/>
+          <Substitution in="cid00876" out="zero"/>
+          <Substitution in="cid00877" out="zero"/>
+          <Substitution in="cid00878" out="zero"/>
+          <Substitution in="cid00879" out="zero"/>
+          <Substitution in="cid00880" out="zero"/>
+          <Substitution in="cid00881" out="zero"/>
+          <Substitution in="cid00882" out="zero"/>
+          <Substitution in="cid00883" out="zero"/>
+          <Substitution in="cid00884" out="zero"/>
+          <Substitution in="cid00885" out="zero"/>
+          <Substitution in="cid00886" out="zero"/>
+          <Substitution in="cid00887" out="zero"/>
+          <Substitution in="cid00888" out="zero"/>
+          <Substitution in="cid00889" out="zero"/>
+          <Substitution in="cid00890" out="zero"/>
+          <Substitution in="cid00891" out="zero"/>
+          <Substitution in="cid00892" out="zero"/>
+          <Substitution in="cid00893" out="zero"/>
+          <Substitution in="cid00894" out="zero"/>
+          <Substitution in="cid00895" out="zero"/>
+          <Substitution in="cid00896" out="zero"/>
+          <Substitution in="cid00897" out="zero"/>
+          <Substitution in="cid00898" out="zero"/>
+          <Substitution in="cid00899" out="zero"/>
+          <Substitution in="cid00900" out="zero"/>
+          <Substitution in="cid00901" out="zero"/>
+          <Substitution in="cid00902" out="zero"/>
+          <Substitution in="cid00903" out="zero"/>
+          <Substitution in="cid00904" out="zero"/>
+          <Substitution in="cid00905" out="zero"/>
+          <Substitution in="cid00906" out="zero"/>
+          <Substitution in="cid00907" out="zero"/>
+          <Substitution in="cid00908" out="zero"/>
+          <Substitution in="cid00909" out="zero"/>
+          <Substitution in="cid00910" out="zero"/>
+          <Substitution in="cid00911" out="zero"/>
+          <Substitution in="cid00912" out="zero"/>
+          <Substitution in="cid00913" out="zero"/>
+          <Substitution in="cid00914" out="zero"/>
+          <Substitution in="cid00915" out="zero"/>
+          <Substitution in="cid00916" out="zero"/>
+          <Substitution in="cid00917" out="zero"/>
+          <Substitution in="cid00918" out="zero"/>
+          <Substitution in="cid00919" out="zero"/>
+          <Substitution in="cid00920" out="zero"/>
+          <Substitution in="cid00921" out="zero"/>
+          <Substitution in="cid00922" out="zero"/>
+          <Substitution in="cid00923" out="zero"/>
+          <Substitution in="cid00924" out="zero"/>
+          <Substitution in="cid00925" out="zero"/>
+          <Substitution in="cid00926" out="zero"/>
+          <Substitution in="cid00927" out="zero"/>
+          <Substitution in="cid00928" out="zero"/>
+          <Substitution in="cid00929" out="zero"/>
+          <Substitution in="cid00930" out="zero"/>
+          <Substitution in="cid00931" out="zero"/>
+          <Substitution in="cid00932" out="zero"/>
+          <Substitution in="cid00933" out="zero"/>
+          <Substitution in="cid00934" out="zero"/>
+          <Substitution in="cid00935" out="zero"/>
+          <Substitution in="cid00936" out="zero"/>
+          <Substitution in="cid00937" out="zero"/>
+          <Substitution in="cid00938" out="zero"/>
+          <Substitution in="cid00939" out="zero"/>
+          <Substitution in="cid00940" out="zero"/>
+          <Substitution in="cid00941" out="zero"/>
+          <Substitution in="cid00942" out="zero"/>
+          <Substitution in="cid00943" out="zero"/>
+          <Substitution in="cid00944" out="zero"/>
+          <Substitution in="cid00945" out="zero"/>
+          <Substitution in="cid00946" out="zero"/>
+          <Substitution in="cid00947" out="zero"/>
+          <Substitution in="cid00948" out="zero"/>
+          <Substitution in="cid00949" out="zero"/>
+          <Substitution in="cid00950" out="zero"/>
+          <Substitution in="cid00951" out="zero"/>
+          <Substitution in="cid00952" out="zero"/>
+          <Substitution in="cid00953" out="zero"/>
+          <Substitution in="cid00954" out="zero"/>
+          <Substitution in="cid00955" out="zero"/>
+          <Substitution in="cid00956" out="zero"/>
+          <Substitution in="cid00957" out="zero"/>
+          <Substitution in="cid00958" out="zero"/>
+          <Substitution in="cid00959" out="zero"/>
+          <Substitution in="cid00960" out="zero"/>
+          <Substitution in="cid00961" out="zero"/>
+          <Substitution in="cid00962" out="zero"/>
+          <Substitution in="cid00963" out="zero"/>
+          <Substitution in="cid00964" out="zero"/>
+          <Substitution in="cid00965" out="zero"/>
+          <Substitution in="cid00966" out="zero"/>
+          <Substitution in="cid00967" out="zero"/>
+          <Substitution in="cid00968" out="zero"/>
+          <Substitution in="cid00969" out="zero"/>
+          <Substitution in="cid00970" out="zero"/>
+          <Substitution in="cid00971" out="zero"/>
+          <Substitution in="cid00972" out="zero"/>
+          <Substitution in="cid00973" out="zero"/>
+          <Substitution in="cid00974" out="zero"/>
+          <Substitution in="cid00975" out="zero"/>
+          <Substitution in="cid00976" out="zero"/>
+          <Substitution in="cid00977" out="zero"/>
+          <Substitution in="cid00978" out="zero"/>
+          <Substitution in="cid00979" out="zero"/>
+          <Substitution in="cid00980" out="zero"/>
+          <Substitution in="cid00981" out="zero"/>
+          <Substitution in="cid00982" out="zero"/>
+          <Substitution in="cid00983" out="zero"/>
+          <Substitution in="cid00984" out="zero"/>
+          <Substitution in="cid00985" out="zero"/>
+          <Substitution in="cid00986" out="zero"/>
+          <Substitution in="cid00987" out="zero"/>
+          <Substitution in="cid00988" out="zero"/>
+          <Substitution in="cid00989" out="zero"/>
+          <Substitution in="cid00990" out="zero"/>
+          <Substitution in="cid00991" out="zero"/>
+          <Substitution in="cid00992" out="zero"/>
+          <Substitution in="cid00993" out="zero"/>
+          <Substitution in="cid00994" out="zero"/>
+          <Substitution in="cid00995" out="zero"/>
+          <Substitution in="cid00996" out="zero"/>
+          <Substitution in="cid00997" out="zero"/>
+          <Substitution in="cid00998" out="zero"/>
+          <Substitution in="cid00999" out="zero"/>
+          <Substitution in="cid01000" out="zero"/>
+          <Substitution in="cid01001" out="zero"/>
+        </SingleSubst>
+      </Lookup>
+    </LookupList>
+  </GSUB>
+
+</ttFont>
diff --git a/Tests/feaLib/data/delete_glyph.fea b/Tests/feaLib/data/delete_glyph.fea
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ab4b93f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/feaLib/data/delete_glyph.fea
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+feature test {
+	sub a by NULL;
+} test;
+
+feature test {
+	sub [a b c] by NULL;
+} test;
diff --git a/Tests/feaLib/data/delete_glyph.ttx b/Tests/feaLib/data/delete_glyph.ttx
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b28259f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/feaLib/data/delete_glyph.ttx
@@ -0,0 +1,54 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<ttFont>
+
+  <GSUB>
+    <Version value="0x00010000"/>
+    <ScriptList>
+      <!-- ScriptCount=1 -->
+      <ScriptRecord index="0">
+        <ScriptTag value="DFLT"/>
+        <Script>
+          <DefaultLangSys>
+            <ReqFeatureIndex value="65535"/>
+            <!-- FeatureCount=1 -->
+            <FeatureIndex index="0" value="0"/>
+          </DefaultLangSys>
+          <!-- LangSysCount=0 -->
+        </Script>
+      </ScriptRecord>
+    </ScriptList>
+    <FeatureList>
+      <!-- FeatureCount=1 -->
+      <FeatureRecord index="0">
+        <FeatureTag value="test"/>
+        <Feature>
+          <!-- LookupCount=2 -->
+          <LookupListIndex index="0" value="0"/>
+          <LookupListIndex index="1" value="1"/>
+        </Feature>
+      </FeatureRecord>
+    </FeatureList>
+    <LookupList>
+      <!-- LookupCount=2 -->
+      <Lookup index="0">
+        <LookupType value="2"/>
+        <LookupFlag value="0"/>
+        <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
+        <MultipleSubst index="0">
+          <Substitution in="a" out=""/>
+        </MultipleSubst>
+      </Lookup>
+      <Lookup index="1">
+        <LookupType value="2"/>
+        <LookupFlag value="0"/>
+        <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
+        <MultipleSubst index="0">
+          <Substitution in="a" out=""/>
+          <Substitution in="b" out=""/>
+          <Substitution in="c" out=""/>
+        </MultipleSubst>
+      </Lookup>
+    </LookupList>
+  </GSUB>
+
+</ttFont>
diff --git a/Tests/feaLib/data/include/test.fea b/Tests/feaLib/data/include/test.fea
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5eb5f68
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/feaLib/data/include/test.fea
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+include(../test.fea)
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/Tests/feaLib/data/include/test.ufo/features.fea b/Tests/feaLib/data/include/test.ufo/features.fea
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..41ccce3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/feaLib/data/include/test.ufo/features.fea
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+include(test.fea)
diff --git a/Tests/feaLib/data/language_required.fea b/Tests/feaLib/data/language_required.fea
index 4005a78..687c48a 100644
--- a/Tests/feaLib/data/language_required.fea
+++ b/Tests/feaLib/data/language_required.fea
@@ -18,5 +18,5 @@
 } liga;
 
 feature scmp {
-  sub [a-z] by [A.sc-Z.sc];
+  sub [a - z] by [A.sc - Z.sc];
 } scmp;
diff --git a/Tests/feaLib/data/lookup-debug.ttx b/Tests/feaLib/data/lookup-debug.ttx
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f869617
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/feaLib/data/lookup-debug.ttx
@@ -0,0 +1,80 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<ttFont>
+
+  <GSUB>
+    <Version value="0x00010000"/>
+    <ScriptList>
+      <!-- ScriptCount=1 -->
+      <ScriptRecord index="0">
+        <ScriptTag value="DFLT"/>
+        <Script>
+          <DefaultLangSys>
+            <ReqFeatureIndex value="65535"/>
+            <!-- FeatureCount=4 -->
+            <FeatureIndex index="0" value="0"/>
+            <FeatureIndex index="1" value="1"/>
+            <FeatureIndex index="2" value="2"/>
+            <FeatureIndex index="3" value="3"/>
+          </DefaultLangSys>
+          <!-- LangSysCount=0 -->
+        </Script>
+      </ScriptRecord>
+    </ScriptList>
+    <FeatureList>
+      <!-- FeatureCount=4 -->
+      <FeatureRecord index="0">
+        <FeatureTag value="tst1"/>
+        <Feature>
+          <!-- LookupCount=1 -->
+          <LookupListIndex index="0" value="0"/>
+        </Feature>
+      </FeatureRecord>
+      <FeatureRecord index="1">
+        <FeatureTag value="tst2"/>
+        <Feature>
+          <!-- LookupCount=1 -->
+          <LookupListIndex index="0" value="0"/>
+        </Feature>
+      </FeatureRecord>
+      <FeatureRecord index="2">
+        <FeatureTag value="tst3"/>
+        <Feature>
+          <!-- LookupCount=1 -->
+          <LookupListIndex index="0" value="1"/>
+        </Feature>
+      </FeatureRecord>
+      <FeatureRecord index="3">
+        <FeatureTag value="tst4"/>
+        <Feature>
+          <!-- LookupCount=1 -->
+          <LookupListIndex index="0" value="1"/>
+        </Feature>
+      </FeatureRecord>
+    </FeatureList>
+    <LookupList>
+      <!-- LookupCount=2 -->
+      <!-- SomeLookup: __PATH__:4:5 in tst2 (DFLT/dflt) -->
+      <Lookup index="0">
+        <LookupType value="4"/>
+        <LookupFlag value="0"/>
+        <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
+        <LigatureSubst index="0">
+          <LigatureSet glyph="f">
+            <Ligature components="f,i" glyph="f_f_i"/>
+            <Ligature components="i" glyph="f_i"/>
+          </LigatureSet>
+        </LigatureSubst>
+      </Lookup>
+      <!-- EmbeddedLookup: __PATH__:18:9 in tst4 (DFLT/dflt) -->
+      <Lookup index="1">
+        <LookupType value="1"/>
+        <LookupFlag value="0"/>
+        <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
+        <SingleSubst index="0">
+          <Substitution in="A" out="A.sc"/>
+        </SingleSubst>
+      </Lookup>
+    </LookupList>
+  </GSUB>
+
+</ttFont>
diff --git a/Tests/feaLib/data/lookupflag.fea b/Tests/feaLib/data/lookupflag.fea
index 651dcd0..0210ab4 100644
--- a/Tests/feaLib/data/lookupflag.fea
+++ b/Tests/feaLib/data/lookupflag.fea
@@ -95,3 +95,65 @@
     lookup M;
     lookup N;
 } test;
+
+feature test {
+    lookupflag IgnoreMarks;
+    lookup O {
+        pos one 1;
+    } O;
+    lookup P {
+       pos one 1;
+    } P;
+} test;
+
+feature test {
+    lookup Q {
+         pos one 1;
+    } Q;
+    lookup R {
+         pos one 1;
+    } R;
+} test;
+
+feature test {
+    lookup S {
+        lookupflag IgnoreMarks;
+        pos one 1;
+    } S;
+    lookup T {
+        pos one 1;
+    } T;
+} test;
+
+feature test {
+    lookup U {
+        pos one 1;
+    } U;
+    lookup V {
+        lookupflag IgnoreMarks;
+        pos one 1;
+    } V;
+} test;
+
+feature test {
+    lookup W {
+        lookupflag IgnoreMarks;
+        script latn;
+        pos one 1;
+    } W;
+    lookup X {
+        lookupflag IgnoreMarks;
+        script latn;
+        pos two 2;
+    } X;
+} test;
+
+lookup Y {
+    lookupflag UseMarkFilteringSet [acute grave macron];
+    pos Y 1;
+} Y;
+
+lookup Z {
+    lookupflag MarkAttachmentType [acute grave macron];
+    pos Z 1;
+} Z;
diff --git a/Tests/feaLib/data/lookupflag.ttx b/Tests/feaLib/data/lookupflag.ttx
index bb05b9a..16ea751 100644
--- a/Tests/feaLib/data/lookupflag.ttx
+++ b/Tests/feaLib/data/lookupflag.ttx
@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@
   <GPOS>
     <Version value="0x00010000"/>
     <ScriptList>
-      <!-- ScriptCount=1 -->
+      <!-- ScriptCount=2 -->
       <ScriptRecord index="0">
         <ScriptTag value="DFLT"/>
         <Script>
@@ -55,13 +55,24 @@
           <!-- LangSysCount=0 -->
         </Script>
       </ScriptRecord>
+      <ScriptRecord index="1">
+        <ScriptTag value="latn"/>
+        <Script>
+          <DefaultLangSys>
+            <ReqFeatureIndex value="65535"/>
+            <!-- FeatureCount=1 -->
+            <FeatureIndex index="0" value="1"/>
+          </DefaultLangSys>
+          <!-- LangSysCount=0 -->
+        </Script>
+      </ScriptRecord>
     </ScriptList>
     <FeatureList>
-      <!-- FeatureCount=1 -->
+      <!-- FeatureCount=2 -->
       <FeatureRecord index="0">
         <FeatureTag value="test"/>
         <Feature>
-          <!-- LookupCount=14 -->
+          <!-- LookupCount=22 -->
           <LookupListIndex index="0" value="0"/>
           <LookupListIndex index="1" value="1"/>
           <LookupListIndex index="2" value="2"/>
@@ -76,14 +87,30 @@
           <LookupListIndex index="11" value="11"/>
           <LookupListIndex index="12" value="12"/>
           <LookupListIndex index="13" value="13"/>
+          <LookupListIndex index="14" value="14"/>
+          <LookupListIndex index="15" value="15"/>
+          <LookupListIndex index="16" value="16"/>
+          <LookupListIndex index="17" value="17"/>
+          <LookupListIndex index="18" value="18"/>
+          <LookupListIndex index="19" value="19"/>
+          <LookupListIndex index="20" value="20"/>
+          <LookupListIndex index="21" value="21"/>
+        </Feature>
+      </FeatureRecord>
+      <FeatureRecord index="1">
+        <FeatureTag value="test"/>
+        <Feature>
+          <!-- LookupCount=2 -->
+          <LookupListIndex index="0" value="22"/>
+          <LookupListIndex index="1" value="23"/>
         </Feature>
       </FeatureRecord>
     </FeatureList>
     <LookupList>
-      <!-- LookupCount=14 -->
+      <!-- LookupCount=26 -->
       <Lookup index="0">
         <LookupType value="1"/>
-        <LookupFlag value="1"/>
+        <LookupFlag value="1"/><!-- rightToLeft -->
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
         <SinglePos index="0" Format="1">
           <Coverage>
@@ -95,7 +122,7 @@
       </Lookup>
       <Lookup index="1">
         <LookupType value="1"/>
-        <LookupFlag value="2"/>
+        <LookupFlag value="2"/><!-- ignoreBaseGlyphs -->
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
         <SinglePos index="0" Format="1">
           <Coverage>
@@ -107,7 +134,7 @@
       </Lookup>
       <Lookup index="2">
         <LookupType value="1"/>
-        <LookupFlag value="4"/>
+        <LookupFlag value="4"/><!-- ignoreLigatures -->
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
         <SinglePos index="0" Format="1">
           <Coverage>
@@ -119,7 +146,7 @@
       </Lookup>
       <Lookup index="3">
         <LookupType value="1"/>
-        <LookupFlag value="7"/>
+        <LookupFlag value="7"/><!-- rightToLeft ignoreBaseGlyphs ignoreLigatures -->
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
         <SinglePos index="0" Format="1">
           <Coverage>
@@ -131,7 +158,7 @@
       </Lookup>
       <Lookup index="4">
         <LookupType value="1"/>
-        <LookupFlag value="8"/>
+        <LookupFlag value="8"/><!-- ignoreMarks -->
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
         <SinglePos index="0" Format="1">
           <Coverage>
@@ -143,7 +170,7 @@
       </Lookup>
       <Lookup index="5">
         <LookupType value="1"/>
-        <LookupFlag value="256"/>
+        <LookupFlag value="256"/><!-- markAttachmentType[1] -->
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
         <SinglePos index="0" Format="1">
           <Coverage>
@@ -155,7 +182,7 @@
       </Lookup>
       <Lookup index="6">
         <LookupType value="1"/>
-        <LookupFlag value="512"/>
+        <LookupFlag value="512"/><!-- markAttachmentType[2] -->
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
         <SinglePos index="0" Format="1">
           <Coverage>
@@ -167,7 +194,7 @@
       </Lookup>
       <Lookup index="7">
         <LookupType value="1"/>
-        <LookupFlag value="260"/>
+        <LookupFlag value="260"/><!-- ignoreLigatures markAttachmentType[1] -->
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
         <SinglePos index="0" Format="1">
           <Coverage>
@@ -179,7 +206,7 @@
       </Lookup>
       <Lookup index="8">
         <LookupType value="1"/>
-        <LookupFlag value="16"/>
+        <LookupFlag value="16"/><!-- useMarkFilteringSet -->
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
         <SinglePos index="0" Format="1">
           <Coverage>
@@ -192,7 +219,7 @@
       </Lookup>
       <Lookup index="9">
         <LookupType value="1"/>
-        <LookupFlag value="16"/>
+        <LookupFlag value="16"/><!-- useMarkFilteringSet -->
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
         <SinglePos index="0" Format="1">
           <Coverage>
@@ -205,7 +232,7 @@
       </Lookup>
       <Lookup index="10">
         <LookupType value="1"/>
-        <LookupFlag value="20"/>
+        <LookupFlag value="20"/><!-- ignoreLigatures useMarkFilteringSet -->
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
         <SinglePos index="0" Format="1">
           <Coverage>
@@ -230,7 +257,7 @@
       </Lookup>
       <Lookup index="12">
         <LookupType value="1"/>
-        <LookupFlag value="16"/>
+        <LookupFlag value="16"/><!-- useMarkFilteringSet -->
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
         <SinglePos index="0" Format="1">
           <Coverage>
@@ -243,7 +270,7 @@
       </Lookup>
       <Lookup index="13">
         <LookupType value="1"/>
-        <LookupFlag value="768"/>
+        <LookupFlag value="768"/><!-- markAttachmentType[3] -->
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
         <SinglePos index="0" Format="1">
           <Coverage>
@@ -253,6 +280,151 @@
           <Value XAdvance="1"/>
         </SinglePos>
       </Lookup>
+      <Lookup index="14">
+        <LookupType value="1"/>
+        <LookupFlag value="8"/><!-- ignoreMarks -->
+        <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
+        <SinglePos index="0" Format="1">
+          <Coverage>
+            <Glyph value="one"/>
+          </Coverage>
+          <ValueFormat value="4"/>
+          <Value XAdvance="1"/>
+        </SinglePos>
+      </Lookup>
+      <Lookup index="15">
+        <LookupType value="1"/>
+        <LookupFlag value="8"/><!-- ignoreMarks -->
+        <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
+        <SinglePos index="0" Format="1">
+          <Coverage>
+            <Glyph value="one"/>
+          </Coverage>
+          <ValueFormat value="4"/>
+          <Value XAdvance="1"/>
+        </SinglePos>
+      </Lookup>
+      <Lookup index="16">
+        <LookupType value="1"/>
+        <LookupFlag value="0"/>
+        <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
+        <SinglePos index="0" Format="1">
+          <Coverage>
+            <Glyph value="one"/>
+          </Coverage>
+          <ValueFormat value="4"/>
+          <Value XAdvance="1"/>
+        </SinglePos>
+      </Lookup>
+      <Lookup index="17">
+        <LookupType value="1"/>
+        <LookupFlag value="0"/>
+        <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
+        <SinglePos index="0" Format="1">
+          <Coverage>
+            <Glyph value="one"/>
+          </Coverage>
+          <ValueFormat value="4"/>
+          <Value XAdvance="1"/>
+        </SinglePos>
+      </Lookup>
+      <Lookup index="18">
+        <LookupType value="1"/>
+        <LookupFlag value="8"/><!-- ignoreMarks -->
+        <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
+        <SinglePos index="0" Format="1">
+          <Coverage>
+            <Glyph value="one"/>
+          </Coverage>
+          <ValueFormat value="4"/>
+          <Value XAdvance="1"/>
+        </SinglePos>
+      </Lookup>
+      <Lookup index="19">
+        <LookupType value="1"/>
+        <LookupFlag value="8"/><!-- ignoreMarks -->
+        <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
+        <SinglePos index="0" Format="1">
+          <Coverage>
+            <Glyph value="one"/>
+          </Coverage>
+          <ValueFormat value="4"/>
+          <Value XAdvance="1"/>
+        </SinglePos>
+      </Lookup>
+      <Lookup index="20">
+        <LookupType value="1"/>
+        <LookupFlag value="0"/>
+        <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
+        <SinglePos index="0" Format="1">
+          <Coverage>
+            <Glyph value="one"/>
+          </Coverage>
+          <ValueFormat value="4"/>
+          <Value XAdvance="1"/>
+        </SinglePos>
+      </Lookup>
+      <Lookup index="21">
+        <LookupType value="1"/>
+        <LookupFlag value="8"/><!-- ignoreMarks -->
+        <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
+        <SinglePos index="0" Format="1">
+          <Coverage>
+            <Glyph value="one"/>
+          </Coverage>
+          <ValueFormat value="4"/>
+          <Value XAdvance="1"/>
+        </SinglePos>
+      </Lookup>
+      <Lookup index="22">
+        <LookupType value="1"/>
+        <LookupFlag value="0"/>
+        <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
+        <SinglePos index="0" Format="1">
+          <Coverage>
+            <Glyph value="one"/>
+          </Coverage>
+          <ValueFormat value="4"/>
+          <Value XAdvance="1"/>
+        </SinglePos>
+      </Lookup>
+      <Lookup index="23">
+        <LookupType value="1"/>
+        <LookupFlag value="8"/><!-- ignoreMarks -->
+        <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
+        <SinglePos index="0" Format="1">
+          <Coverage>
+            <Glyph value="two"/>
+          </Coverage>
+          <ValueFormat value="4"/>
+          <Value XAdvance="2"/>
+        </SinglePos>
+      </Lookup>
+      <Lookup index="24">
+        <LookupType value="1"/>
+        <LookupFlag value="16"/><!-- useMarkFilteringSet -->
+        <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
+        <SinglePos index="0" Format="1">
+          <Coverage>
+            <Glyph value="Y"/>
+          </Coverage>
+          <ValueFormat value="4"/>
+          <Value XAdvance="1"/>
+        </SinglePos>
+        <MarkFilteringSet value="0"/>
+      </Lookup>
+      <Lookup index="25">
+        <LookupType value="1"/>
+        <LookupFlag value="256"/><!-- markAttachmentType[1] -->
+        <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
+        <SinglePos index="0" Format="1">
+          <Coverage>
+            <Glyph value="Z"/>
+          </Coverage>
+          <ValueFormat value="4"/>
+          <Value XAdvance="1"/>
+        </SinglePos>
+      </Lookup>
     </LookupList>
   </GPOS>
 
diff --git a/Tests/feaLib/data/size2.ttx b/Tests/feaLib/data/size2.ttx
index a822af3..1a12ddf 100644
--- a/Tests/feaLib/data/size2.ttx
+++ b/Tests/feaLib/data/size2.ttx
@@ -26,8 +26,8 @@
             <DesignSize value="10.0"/>
             <SubfamilyID value="0"/>
             <SubfamilyNameID value="0"/>
-            <RangeStart value="0"/>
-            <RangeEnd value="0"/>
+            <RangeStart value="0.0"/>
+            <RangeEnd value="0.0"/>
           </FeatureParamsSize>
           <!-- LookupCount=0 -->
         </Feature>
diff --git a/Tests/feaLib/data/spec4h1.fea b/Tests/feaLib/data/spec4h1.fea
index b43e13b..a3d2494 100644
--- a/Tests/feaLib/data/spec4h1.fea
+++ b/Tests/feaLib/data/spec4h1.fea
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@
 languagesystem cyrl dflt;
 
 feature smcp {
-    sub [a-z] by [A.sc-Z.sc];
+    sub [a - z] by [A.sc - Z.sc];
 
     # Since all the rules in this feature are of the same type, they
     # will be grouped in a single lookup.  Since no script or language
diff --git a/Tests/feaLib/data/spec5f_ii_2.fea b/Tests/feaLib/data/spec5f_ii_2.fea
index b20a74c..916f797 100644
--- a/Tests/feaLib/data/spec5f_ii_2.fea
+++ b/Tests/feaLib/data/spec5f_ii_2.fea
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 # http://www.adobe.com/devnet/opentype/afdko/topic_feature_file_syntax.html
 
 feature test {
-    @LETTER = [a-z];
+    @LETTER = [a - z];
     ignore sub @LETTER f' i';
     sub f' i' by f_i.begin;
 } test;
diff --git a/Tests/feaLib/data/spec5f_ii_3.fea b/Tests/feaLib/data/spec5f_ii_3.fea
index 5fd1991..af06770 100644
--- a/Tests/feaLib/data/spec5f_ii_3.fea
+++ b/Tests/feaLib/data/spec5f_ii_3.fea
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 # http://www.adobe.com/devnet/opentype/afdko/topic_feature_file_syntax.html
 
 feature test {
-    @LETTER = [a-z];
+    @LETTER = [a - z];
     ignore sub @LETTER a' n' d', a' n' d' @LETTER;
     sub a' n' d' by a_n_d;
 } test;
diff --git a/Tests/feaLib/data/spec5f_ii_3.ttx b/Tests/feaLib/data/spec5f_ii_3.ttx
index a550f0b..a94efce 100644
--- a/Tests/feaLib/data/spec5f_ii_3.ttx
+++ b/Tests/feaLib/data/spec5f_ii_3.ttx
@@ -32,111 +32,115 @@
       <Lookup index="0">
         <LookupType value="6"/>
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
-        <!-- SubTableCount=3 -->
-        <ChainContextSubst index="0" Format="3">
-          <!-- BacktrackGlyphCount=1 -->
-          <BacktrackCoverage index="0">
+        <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
+        <ChainContextSubst index="0" Format="2">
+          <Coverage>
             <Glyph value="a"/>
-            <Glyph value="b"/>
-            <Glyph value="c"/>
-            <Glyph value="d"/>
-            <Glyph value="e"/>
-            <Glyph value="f"/>
-            <Glyph value="g"/>
-            <Glyph value="h"/>
-            <Glyph value="i"/>
-            <Glyph value="j"/>
-            <Glyph value="k"/>
-            <Glyph value="l"/>
-            <Glyph value="m"/>
-            <Glyph value="n"/>
-            <Glyph value="o"/>
-            <Glyph value="p"/>
-            <Glyph value="q"/>
-            <Glyph value="r"/>
-            <Glyph value="s"/>
-            <Glyph value="t"/>
-            <Glyph value="u"/>
-            <Glyph value="v"/>
-            <Glyph value="w"/>
-            <Glyph value="x"/>
-            <Glyph value="y"/>
-            <Glyph value="z"/>
-          </BacktrackCoverage>
-          <!-- InputGlyphCount=3 -->
-          <InputCoverage index="0">
-            <Glyph value="a"/>
-          </InputCoverage>
-          <InputCoverage index="1">
-            <Glyph value="n"/>
-          </InputCoverage>
-          <InputCoverage index="2">
-            <Glyph value="d"/>
-          </InputCoverage>
-          <!-- LookAheadGlyphCount=0 -->
-          <!-- SubstCount=0 -->
-        </ChainContextSubst>
-        <ChainContextSubst index="1" Format="3">
-          <!-- BacktrackGlyphCount=0 -->
-          <!-- InputGlyphCount=3 -->
-          <InputCoverage index="0">
-            <Glyph value="a"/>
-          </InputCoverage>
-          <InputCoverage index="1">
-            <Glyph value="n"/>
-          </InputCoverage>
-          <InputCoverage index="2">
-            <Glyph value="d"/>
-          </InputCoverage>
-          <!-- LookAheadGlyphCount=1 -->
-          <LookAheadCoverage index="0">
-            <Glyph value="a"/>
-            <Glyph value="b"/>
-            <Glyph value="c"/>
-            <Glyph value="d"/>
-            <Glyph value="e"/>
-            <Glyph value="f"/>
-            <Glyph value="g"/>
-            <Glyph value="h"/>
-            <Glyph value="i"/>
-            <Glyph value="j"/>
-            <Glyph value="k"/>
-            <Glyph value="l"/>
-            <Glyph value="m"/>
-            <Glyph value="n"/>
-            <Glyph value="o"/>
-            <Glyph value="p"/>
-            <Glyph value="q"/>
-            <Glyph value="r"/>
-            <Glyph value="s"/>
-            <Glyph value="t"/>
-            <Glyph value="u"/>
-            <Glyph value="v"/>
-            <Glyph value="w"/>
-            <Glyph value="x"/>
-            <Glyph value="y"/>
-            <Glyph value="z"/>
-          </LookAheadCoverage>
-          <!-- SubstCount=0 -->
-        </ChainContextSubst>
-        <ChainContextSubst index="2" Format="3">
-          <!-- BacktrackGlyphCount=0 -->
-          <!-- InputGlyphCount=3 -->
-          <InputCoverage index="0">
-            <Glyph value="a"/>
-          </InputCoverage>
-          <InputCoverage index="1">
-            <Glyph value="n"/>
-          </InputCoverage>
-          <InputCoverage index="2">
-            <Glyph value="d"/>
-          </InputCoverage>
-          <!-- LookAheadGlyphCount=0 -->
-          <!-- SubstCount=1 -->
-          <SubstLookupRecord index="0">
-            <SequenceIndex value="0"/>
-            <LookupListIndex value="1"/>
-          </SubstLookupRecord>
+          </Coverage>
+          <BacktrackClassDef>
+            <ClassDef glyph="a" class="1"/>
+            <ClassDef glyph="b" class="1"/>
+            <ClassDef glyph="c" class="1"/>
+            <ClassDef glyph="d" class="1"/>
+            <ClassDef glyph="e" class="1"/>
+            <ClassDef glyph="f" class="1"/>
+            <ClassDef glyph="g" class="1"/>
+            <ClassDef glyph="h" class="1"/>
+            <ClassDef glyph="i" class="1"/>
+            <ClassDef glyph="j" class="1"/>
+            <ClassDef glyph="k" class="1"/>
+            <ClassDef glyph="l" class="1"/>
+            <ClassDef glyph="m" class="1"/>
+            <ClassDef glyph="n" class="1"/>
+            <ClassDef glyph="o" class="1"/>
+            <ClassDef glyph="p" class="1"/>
+            <ClassDef glyph="q" class="1"/>
+            <ClassDef glyph="r" class="1"/>
+            <ClassDef glyph="s" class="1"/>
+            <ClassDef glyph="t" class="1"/>
+            <ClassDef glyph="u" class="1"/>
+            <ClassDef glyph="v" class="1"/>
+            <ClassDef glyph="w" class="1"/>
+            <ClassDef glyph="x" class="1"/>
+            <ClassDef glyph="y" class="1"/>
+            <ClassDef glyph="z" class="1"/>
+          </BacktrackClassDef>
+          <InputClassDef>
+            <ClassDef glyph="a" class="3"/>
+            <ClassDef glyph="d" class="2"/>
+            <ClassDef glyph="n" class="1"/>
+          </InputClassDef>
+          <LookAheadClassDef>
+            <ClassDef glyph="a" class="1"/>
+            <ClassDef glyph="b" class="1"/>
+            <ClassDef glyph="c" class="1"/>
+            <ClassDef glyph="d" class="1"/>
+            <ClassDef glyph="e" class="1"/>
+            <ClassDef glyph="f" class="1"/>
+            <ClassDef glyph="g" class="1"/>
+            <ClassDef glyph="h" class="1"/>
+            <ClassDef glyph="i" class="1"/>
+            <ClassDef glyph="j" class="1"/>
+            <ClassDef glyph="k" class="1"/>
+            <ClassDef glyph="l" class="1"/>
+            <ClassDef glyph="m" class="1"/>
+            <ClassDef glyph="n" class="1"/>
+            <ClassDef glyph="o" class="1"/>
+            <ClassDef glyph="p" class="1"/>
+            <ClassDef glyph="q" class="1"/>
+            <ClassDef glyph="r" class="1"/>
+            <ClassDef glyph="s" class="1"/>
+            <ClassDef glyph="t" class="1"/>
+            <ClassDef glyph="u" class="1"/>
+            <ClassDef glyph="v" class="1"/>
+            <ClassDef glyph="w" class="1"/>
+            <ClassDef glyph="x" class="1"/>
+            <ClassDef glyph="y" class="1"/>
+            <ClassDef glyph="z" class="1"/>
+          </LookAheadClassDef>
+          <!-- ChainSubClassSetCount=4 -->
+          <ChainSubClassSet index="0">
+            <!-- ChainSubClassRuleCount=0 -->
+          </ChainSubClassSet>
+          <ChainSubClassSet index="1">
+            <!-- ChainSubClassRuleCount=0 -->
+          </ChainSubClassSet>
+          <ChainSubClassSet index="2">
+            <!-- ChainSubClassRuleCount=0 -->
+          </ChainSubClassSet>
+          <ChainSubClassSet index="3">
+            <!-- ChainSubClassRuleCount=3 -->
+            <ChainSubClassRule index="0">
+              <!-- BacktrackGlyphCount=1 -->
+              <Backtrack index="0" value="1"/>
+              <!-- InputGlyphCount=3 -->
+              <Input index="0" value="1"/>
+              <Input index="1" value="2"/>
+              <!-- LookAheadGlyphCount=0 -->
+              <!-- SubstCount=0 -->
+            </ChainSubClassRule>
+            <ChainSubClassRule index="1">
+              <!-- BacktrackGlyphCount=0 -->
+              <!-- InputGlyphCount=3 -->
+              <Input index="0" value="1"/>
+              <Input index="1" value="2"/>
+              <!-- LookAheadGlyphCount=1 -->
+              <LookAhead index="0" value="1"/>
+              <!-- SubstCount=0 -->
+            </ChainSubClassRule>
+            <ChainSubClassRule index="2">
+              <!-- BacktrackGlyphCount=0 -->
+              <!-- InputGlyphCount=3 -->
+              <Input index="0" value="1"/>
+              <Input index="1" value="2"/>
+              <!-- LookAheadGlyphCount=0 -->
+              <!-- SubstCount=1 -->
+              <SubstLookupRecord index="0">
+                <SequenceIndex value="0"/>
+                <LookupListIndex value="1"/>
+              </SubstLookupRecord>
+            </ChainSubClassRule>
+          </ChainSubClassSet>
         </ChainContextSubst>
       </Lookup>
       <Lookup index="1">
diff --git a/Tests/feaLib/data/spec5f_ii_4.fea b/Tests/feaLib/data/spec5f_ii_4.fea
index 731a1f6..bc6fda4 100644
--- a/Tests/feaLib/data/spec5f_ii_4.fea
+++ b/Tests/feaLib/data/spec5f_ii_4.fea
@@ -2,13 +2,13 @@
 # "Specifying exceptions to the Chain Sub rule"
 # http://www.adobe.com/devnet/opentype/afdko/topic_feature_file_syntax.html
 
-@LETTER = [A-Z a-z];
+@LETTER = [A - Z a - z];
 
 feature cswh {
 
     # --- Glyph classes used in this feature:
-    @BEGINNINGS = [A-N P-Z T_h m];
-    @BEGINNINGS_SWASH = [A.swash-N.swash P.swash-Z.swash T_h.swash m.begin];
+    @BEGINNINGS = [A - N P - Z T_h m];
+    @BEGINNINGS_SWASH = [A.swash - N.swash P.swash - Z.swash T_h.swash m.begin];
     @ENDINGS = [a e z];
     @ENDINGS_SWASH = [a.end e.end z.end];
 
diff --git a/Tests/feaLib/data/spec5fi2.ttx b/Tests/feaLib/data/spec5fi2.ttx
index 0842cf9..6485c34 100644
--- a/Tests/feaLib/data/spec5fi2.ttx
+++ b/Tests/feaLib/data/spec5fi2.ttx
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@
       <!-- LookupCount=2 -->
       <Lookup index="0">
         <LookupType value="6"/>
-        <LookupFlag value="7"/>
+        <LookupFlag value="7"/><!-- rightToLeft ignoreBaseGlyphs ignoreLigatures -->
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
         <ChainContextSubst index="0" Format="3">
           <!-- BacktrackGlyphCount=1 -->
@@ -54,7 +54,7 @@
       </Lookup>
       <Lookup index="1">
         <LookupType value="1"/>
-        <LookupFlag value="7"/>
+        <LookupFlag value="7"/><!-- rightToLeft ignoreBaseGlyphs ignoreLigatures -->
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
         <SingleSubst index="0">
           <Substitution in="d" out="d.alt"/>
diff --git a/Tests/feaLib/data/spec5fi3.fea b/Tests/feaLib/data/spec5fi3.fea
index e47a6f8..e44a732 100644
--- a/Tests/feaLib/data/spec5fi3.fea
+++ b/Tests/feaLib/data/spec5fi3.fea
@@ -5,5 +5,5 @@
 languagesystem latn dflt;
 
 feature test {
-    sub [A-Z] [A.sc-Z.sc]' by [a-z];
+    sub [A - Z] [A.sc - Z.sc]' by [a - z];
 } test;
diff --git a/Tests/feaLib/data/spec6b_ii.ttx b/Tests/feaLib/data/spec6b_ii.ttx
index a7131de..c7b8de8 100644
--- a/Tests/feaLib/data/spec6b_ii.ttx
+++ b/Tests/feaLib/data/spec6b_ii.ttx
@@ -91,6 +91,7 @@
           <!-- Class2Count=2 -->
           <Class1Record index="0">
             <Class2Record index="0">
+              <Value1 XAdvance="0"/>
             </Class2Record>
             <Class2Record index="1">
               <Value1 XAdvance="-100"/>
diff --git a/Tests/feaLib/data/spec6d2.fea b/Tests/feaLib/data/spec6d2.fea
index ead224f..5c2620d 100644
--- a/Tests/feaLib/data/spec6d2.fea
+++ b/Tests/feaLib/data/spec6d2.fea
@@ -9,7 +9,11 @@
 markClass [cedilla] <anchor 300 600> @BOTTOM_MARKS;
 
 feature test {
-    pos base [e o] <anchor 250 450> mark @TOP_MARKS <anchor 250 -12> mark @BOTTOM_MARKS;
-#test-fea2fea: pos base [a u] <anchor 265 450> mark @TOP_MARKS <anchor 250 -10> mark @BOTTOM_MARKS;
-    position base [a u] <anchor 265 450> mark @TOP_MARKS <anchor 250-10> mark @BOTTOM_MARKS;
+    pos base [e o]
+        <anchor 250 450> mark @TOP_MARKS
+        <anchor 250 -12> mark @BOTTOM_MARKS;
+#test-fea2fea: pos base [a u]
+    position base [a u]
+        <anchor 265 450> mark @TOP_MARKS
+        <anchor 250 -10> mark @BOTTOM_MARKS;
 } test;
diff --git a/Tests/feaLib/data/spec6e.fea b/Tests/feaLib/data/spec6e.fea
index ed956c8..6461223 100644
--- a/Tests/feaLib/data/spec6e.fea
+++ b/Tests/feaLib/data/spec6e.fea
@@ -4,7 +4,10 @@
 markClass kasratan <anchor 346 -98> @BOTTOM_MARKS;
 
 feature test {
-    pos ligature lam_meem_jeem <anchor 625 1800> mark @TOP_MARKS    # mark above lam
-        ligComponent <anchor 376 -368> mark @BOTTOM_MARKS    # mark below meem
-        ligComponent <anchor NULL>;   # jeem has no marks
+    pos ligature lam_meem_jeem
+            <anchor 625 1800> mark @TOP_MARKS    # mark above lam
+        ligComponent
+            <anchor 376 -368> mark @BOTTOM_MARKS    # mark below meem
+        ligComponent
+            <anchor NULL>;   # jeem has no marks
 } test;
diff --git a/Tests/feaLib/data/spec6f.fea b/Tests/feaLib/data/spec6f.fea
index 8d32008..277bdb4 100644
--- a/Tests/feaLib/data/spec6f.fea
+++ b/Tests/feaLib/data/spec6f.fea
@@ -2,5 +2,6 @@
 
 feature test {
     markClass damma <anchor 189 -103> @MARK_CLASS_1;
-    pos mark hamza <anchor 221 301> mark @MARK_CLASS_1;
+    pos mark hamza
+        <anchor 221 301> mark @MARK_CLASS_1;
 } test;
diff --git a/Tests/feaLib/data/spec6h_ii.fea b/Tests/feaLib/data/spec6h_ii.fea
index 36a1f03..690d2a3 100644
--- a/Tests/feaLib/data/spec6h_ii.fea
+++ b/Tests/feaLib/data/spec6h_ii.fea
@@ -12,8 +12,10 @@
 } CNTXT_PAIR_POS;
  
 lookup CNTXT_MARK_TO_BASE {
-    pos base o <anchor 250 450> mark @ALL_MARKS;
-    pos base c <anchor 250 450> mark @ALL_MARKS;
+    pos base o
+        <anchor 250 450> mark @ALL_MARKS;
+    pos base c
+        <anchor 250 450> mark @ALL_MARKS;
 } CNTXT_MARK_TO_BASE;
 
 feature test {
diff --git a/Tests/feaLib/data/spec6h_ii.ttx b/Tests/feaLib/data/spec6h_ii.ttx
index e8ec85f..2f0efc6 100644
--- a/Tests/feaLib/data/spec6h_ii.ttx
+++ b/Tests/feaLib/data/spec6h_ii.ttx
@@ -112,25 +112,23 @@
         </MarkBasePos>
       </Lookup>
       <Lookup index="2">
-        <LookupType value="8"/>
+        <LookupType value="7"/>
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
-        <ChainContextPos index="0" Format="3">
-          <!-- BacktrackGlyphCount=0 -->
-          <!-- InputGlyphCount=3 -->
-          <InputCoverage index="0">
+        <ContextPos index="0" Format="3">
+          <!-- GlyphCount=3 -->
+          <!-- PosCount=2 -->
+          <Coverage index="0">
             <Glyph value="T"/>
-          </InputCoverage>
-          <InputCoverage index="1">
+          </Coverage>
+          <Coverage index="1">
             <Glyph value="c"/>
             <Glyph value="o"/>
-          </InputCoverage>
-          <InputCoverage index="2">
+          </Coverage>
+          <Coverage index="2">
             <Glyph value="grave"/>
             <Glyph value="acute"/>
-          </InputCoverage>
-          <!-- LookAheadGlyphCount=0 -->
-          <!-- PosCount=2 -->
+          </Coverage>
           <PosLookupRecord index="0">
             <SequenceIndex value="0"/>
             <LookupListIndex value="0"/>
@@ -139,7 +137,7 @@
             <SequenceIndex value="2"/>
             <LookupListIndex value="1"/>
           </PosLookupRecord>
-        </ChainContextPos>
+        </ContextPos>
       </Lookup>
     </LookupList>
   </GPOS>
diff --git a/Tests/feaLib/data/spec6h_iii_3d.ttx b/Tests/feaLib/data/spec6h_iii_3d.ttx
index a608f0e..2335dd0 100644
--- a/Tests/feaLib/data/spec6h_iii_3d.ttx
+++ b/Tests/feaLib/data/spec6h_iii_3d.ttx
@@ -30,25 +30,23 @@
     <LookupList>
       <!-- LookupCount=2 -->
       <Lookup index="0">
-        <LookupType value="8"/>
+        <LookupType value="7"/>
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
-        <ChainContextPos index="0" Format="3">
-          <!-- BacktrackGlyphCount=0 -->
-          <!-- InputGlyphCount=2 -->
-          <InputCoverage index="0">
-            <Glyph value="L"/>
-          </InputCoverage>
-          <InputCoverage index="1">
-            <Glyph value="quoteright"/>
-          </InputCoverage>
-          <!-- LookAheadGlyphCount=0 -->
+        <ContextPos index="0" Format="3">
+          <!-- GlyphCount=2 -->
           <!-- PosCount=1 -->
+          <Coverage index="0">
+            <Glyph value="L"/>
+          </Coverage>
+          <Coverage index="1">
+            <Glyph value="quoteright"/>
+          </Coverage>
           <PosLookupRecord index="0">
             <SequenceIndex value="1"/>
             <LookupListIndex value="1"/>
           </PosLookupRecord>
-        </ChainContextPos>
+        </ContextPos>
       </Lookup>
       <Lookup index="1">
         <LookupType value="1"/>
diff --git a/Tests/feaLib/data/spec8a.fea b/Tests/feaLib/data/spec8a.fea
index b4d7dd2..4054821 100644
--- a/Tests/feaLib/data/spec8a.fea
+++ b/Tests/feaLib/data/spec8a.fea
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@
 } aalt;
 
 feature smcp {
-    sub [a-c] by [A.sc-C.sc];
+    sub [a - c] by [A.sc - C.sc];
     sub f i by f_i;  # not considered for aalt
 } smcp;
 
diff --git a/Tests/feaLib/data/spec8d.fea b/Tests/feaLib/data/spec8d.fea
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2b68b03
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/feaLib/data/spec8d.fea
@@ -0,0 +1,57 @@
+# The cvParameters block must precede any of the rules in the feature.
+# The ParamUILabelNameID entry may be omitted or repeated as often as needed.
+# The other NameID types may be omitted, or defined only once.
+# The NameID entries must be specified in the order listed below.
+
+# Following the set of NameID entries, a series of 24-bit Unicode values may be specified.
+# These provide Unicode values for the base glyphs referenced by the feature.
+# The developer may specify none, some, or all of the Unicode values for the base glyphs.
+# The Unicode value may be written with either decimal or hexadecimal notation.
+# The value must be preceded by '0x' if it is a hexadecimal value.
+
+# NOTE: The ParamUILabelNameID entries are used when one base glyph is mapped to more than
+# one variant; the font designer may then specify one ParamUILabelNameID for each variant, in
+# order to uniquely describe that variant. If any ParamUILabelNameID entries are specified,
+# the number of ParamUILabelNameID entries must match the number of variants for each base
+# glyph. If the Character Variant feature specifies more than one base glyph, then the set
+# of NameID entries in the parameter block will be used for each base glyph and its variants.
+feature cv01 {
+	cvParameters {
+		FeatUILabelNameID {
+#test-fea2fea: name "uilabel simple a";
+			name 3 1 0x0409 "uilabel simple a"; # English US
+#test-fea2fea: name 1 "uilabel simple a";
+			name 1 0 0 "uilabel simple a"; # Mac English
+		};
+		FeatUITooltipTextNameID {
+#test-fea2fea: name "tool tip simple a";
+			name 3 1 0x0409 "tool tip simple a"; # English US
+#test-fea2fea: name 1 "tool tip simple a";
+			name 1 0 0 "tool tip simple a"; # Mac English
+		};
+		SampleTextNameID {
+#test-fea2fea: name "sample text simple a";
+			name 3 1 0x0409 "sample text simple a"; # English US
+#test-fea2fea: name 1 "sample text simple a";
+			name 1 0 0 "sample text simple a"; # Mac English
+		};
+		ParamUILabelNameID {
+#test-fea2fea: name "param1 text simple a";
+			name 3 1 0x0409 "param1 text simple a"; # English US
+#test-fea2fea: name 1 "param1 text simple a";
+			name 1 0 0 "param1 text simple a"; # Mac English
+		};
+		ParamUILabelNameID {
+#test-fea2fea: name "param2 text simple a";
+			name 3 1 0x0409 "param2 text simple a"; # English US
+#test-fea2fea: name 1 "param2 text simple a";
+			name 1 0 0 "param2 text simple a"; # Mac English
+		};
+#test-fea2fea: Character 0xa;
+		Character 10;
+#test-fea2fea: Character 0x5dde;
+		Character 0x5DDE;
+	};
+# --- rules for this feature ---
+    sub A by B;
+} cv01;
diff --git a/Tests/feaLib/data/spec8d.ttx b/Tests/feaLib/data/spec8d.ttx
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9848a69
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/feaLib/data/spec8d.ttx
@@ -0,0 +1,87 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<ttFont>
+
+  <name>
+    <namerecord nameID="256" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      uilabel simple a
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="256" platformID="1" platEncID="0" langID="0x0" unicode="True">
+      uilabel simple a
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="257" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      tool tip simple a
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="257" platformID="1" platEncID="0" langID="0x0" unicode="True">
+      tool tip simple a
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="258" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      sample text simple a
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="258" platformID="1" platEncID="0" langID="0x0" unicode="True">
+      sample text simple a
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="259" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      param1 text simple a
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="259" platformID="1" platEncID="0" langID="0x0" unicode="True">
+      param1 text simple a
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="260" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      param2 text simple a
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="260" platformID="1" platEncID="0" langID="0x0" unicode="True">
+      param2 text simple a
+    </namerecord>
+  </name>
+
+  <GSUB>
+    <Version value="0x00010000"/>
+    <ScriptList>
+      <!-- ScriptCount=1 -->
+      <ScriptRecord index="0">
+        <ScriptTag value="DFLT"/>
+        <Script>
+          <DefaultLangSys>
+            <ReqFeatureIndex value="65535"/>
+            <!-- FeatureCount=1 -->
+            <FeatureIndex index="0" value="0"/>
+          </DefaultLangSys>
+          <!-- LangSysCount=0 -->
+        </Script>
+      </ScriptRecord>
+    </ScriptList>
+    <FeatureList>
+      <!-- FeatureCount=1 -->
+      <FeatureRecord index="0">
+        <FeatureTag value="cv01"/>
+        <Feature>
+          <FeatureParamsCharacterVariants Format="0">
+            <Format value="0"/>
+            <FeatUILabelNameID value="256"/>  <!-- uilabel simple a -->
+            <FeatUITooltipTextNameID value="257"/>  <!-- tool tip simple a -->
+            <SampleTextNameID value="258"/>  <!-- sample text simple a -->
+            <NumNamedParameters value="2"/>
+            <FirstParamUILabelNameID value="259"/>  <!-- param1 text simple a -->
+            <!-- CharCount=2 -->
+            <Character index="0" value="10"/>
+            <Character index="1" value="24030"/>
+          </FeatureParamsCharacterVariants>
+          <!-- LookupCount=1 -->
+          <LookupListIndex index="0" value="0"/>
+        </Feature>
+      </FeatureRecord>
+    </FeatureList>
+    <LookupList>
+      <!-- LookupCount=1 -->
+      <Lookup index="0">
+        <LookupType value="1"/>
+        <LookupFlag value="0"/>
+        <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
+        <SingleSubst index="0">
+          <Substitution in="A" out="B"/>
+        </SingleSubst>
+      </Lookup>
+    </LookupList>
+  </GSUB>
+
+</ttFont>
diff --git a/Tests/feaLib/data/test.fea b/Tests/feaLib/data/test.fea
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c01ade2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/feaLib/data/test.fea
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+# Nothing
diff --git a/Tests/feaLib/error_test.py b/Tests/feaLib/error_test.py
index 87cbecb..2ebb3e4 100644
--- a/Tests/feaLib/error_test.py
+++ b/Tests/feaLib/error_test.py
@@ -1,12 +1,11 @@
-from __future__ import print_function, division, absolute_import
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
 from fontTools.feaLib.error import FeatureLibError
+from fontTools.feaLib.location import FeatureLibLocation
 import unittest
 
 
 class FeatureLibErrorTest(unittest.TestCase):
     def test_str(self):
-        err = FeatureLibError("Squeak!", ("foo.fea", 23, 42))
+        err = FeatureLibError("Squeak!", FeatureLibLocation("foo.fea", 23, 42))
         self.assertEqual(str(err), "foo.fea:23:42: Squeak!")
 
     def test_str_nolocation(self):
diff --git a/Tests/feaLib/lexer_test.py b/Tests/feaLib/lexer_test.py
index bb95a5b..24dc5db 100644
--- a/Tests/feaLib/lexer_test.py
+++ b/Tests/feaLib/lexer_test.py
@@ -1,14 +1,17 @@
-from __future__ import print_function, division, absolute_import
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-from fontTools.feaLib.error import FeatureLibError
+from fontTools.misc.py23 import tobytes
+from fontTools.feaLib.error import FeatureLibError, IncludedFeaNotFound
 from fontTools.feaLib.lexer import IncludingLexer, Lexer
+from io import StringIO
 import os
+import shutil
+import tempfile
 import unittest
 
 
 def lex(s):
     return [(typ, tok) for (typ, tok, _) in Lexer(s, "test.fea")]
 
+
 class LexerTest(unittest.TestCase):
     def __init__(self, methodName):
         unittest.TestCase.__init__(self, methodName)
@@ -35,6 +38,7 @@
 
     def test_glyphclass(self):
         self.assertEqual(lex("@Vowel.sc"), [(Lexer.GLYPHCLASS, "Vowel.sc")])
+        self.assertEqual(lex("@Vowel-sc"), [(Lexer.GLYPHCLASS, "Vowel-sc")])
         self.assertRaisesRegex(FeatureLibError,
                                "Expected glyph class", lex, "@(a)")
         self.assertRaisesRegex(FeatureLibError,
@@ -64,8 +68,9 @@
     def test_number(self):
         self.assertEqual(lex("123 -456"),
                          [(Lexer.NUMBER, 123), (Lexer.NUMBER, -456)])
-        self.assertEqual(lex("0xCAFED00D"), [(Lexer.NUMBER, 0xCAFED00D)])
-        self.assertEqual(lex("0xcafed00d"), [(Lexer.NUMBER, 0xCAFED00D)])
+        self.assertEqual(lex("0xCAFED00D"), [(Lexer.HEXADECIMAL, 0xCAFED00D)])
+        self.assertEqual(lex("0xcafed00d"), [(Lexer.HEXADECIMAL, 0xCAFED00D)])
+        self.assertEqual(lex("010"), [(Lexer.OCTAL, 0o10)])
 
     def test_float(self):
         self.assertEqual(lex("1.23 -4.5"),
@@ -103,7 +108,7 @@
 
     def test_newline(self):
         def lines(s):
-            return [loc[1] for (_, _, loc) in Lexer(s, "test.fea")]
+            return [loc.line for (_, _, loc) in Lexer(s, "test.fea")]
         self.assertEqual(lines("FOO\n\nBAR\nBAZ"), [1, 3, 4])  # Unix
         self.assertEqual(lines("FOO\r\rBAR\rBAZ"), [1, 3, 4])  # Macintosh
         self.assertEqual(lines("FOO\r\n\r\n BAR\r\nBAZ"), [1, 3, 4])  # Windows
@@ -111,7 +116,7 @@
 
     def test_location(self):
         def locs(s):
-            return ["%s:%d:%d" % loc for (_, _, loc) in Lexer(s, "test.fea")]
+            return [str(loc) for (_, _, loc) in Lexer(s, "test.fea")]
         self.assertEqual(locs("a b # Comment\n12 @x"), [
             "test.fea:1:1", "test.fea:1:3", "test.fea:1:5", "test.fea:2:1",
             "test.fea:2:4"
@@ -146,7 +151,7 @@
 
     def test_include(self):
         lexer = IncludingLexer(self.getpath("include/include4.fea"))
-        result = ['%s %s:%d' % (token, os.path.split(loc[0])[1], loc[1])
+        result = ['%s %s:%d' % (token, os.path.split(loc.file)[1], loc.line)
                   for _, token, loc in lexer]
         self.assertEqual(result, [
             "I4a include4.fea:1",
@@ -173,7 +178,61 @@
 
     def test_include_missing_file(self):
         lexer = IncludingLexer(self.getpath("include/includemissingfile.fea"))
-        self.assertRaises(FeatureLibError, lambda: list(lexer))
+        self.assertRaisesRegex(IncludedFeaNotFound,
+                               "includemissingfile.fea:1:8: The following feature file "
+                               "should be included but cannot be found: "
+                               "missingfile.fea",
+                               lambda: list(lexer))
+
+    def test_featurefilepath_None(self):
+        lexer = IncludingLexer(StringIO("# foobar"))
+        self.assertIsNone(lexer.featurefilepath)
+        files = set(loc.file for _, _, loc in lexer)
+        self.assertIn("<features>", files)
+
+    def test_include_absolute_path(self):
+        with tempfile.NamedTemporaryFile(delete=False) as included:
+            included.write(tobytes("""
+                feature kern {
+                    pos A B -40;
+                } kern;
+                """, encoding="utf-8"))
+        including = StringIO("include(%s);" % included.name)
+        try:
+            lexer = IncludingLexer(including)
+            files = set(loc.file for _, _, loc in lexer)
+            self.assertIn(included.name, files)
+        finally:
+            os.remove(included.name)
+
+    def test_include_relative_to_cwd(self):
+        # save current working directory, to be restored later
+        cwd = os.getcwd()
+        tmpdir = tempfile.mkdtemp()
+        try:
+            # create new feature file in a temporary directory
+            with open(os.path.join(tmpdir, "included.fea"), "w",
+                      encoding="utf-8") as included:
+                included.write("""
+                    feature kern {
+                        pos A B -40;
+                    } kern;
+                    """)
+            # change current folder to the temporary dir
+            os.chdir(tmpdir)
+            # instantiate a new lexer that includes the above file
+            # using a relative path; the IncludingLexer does not
+            # itself have a path, because it was initialized from
+            # an in-memory stream, so it will use the current working
+            # directory to resolve relative include statements
+            lexer = IncludingLexer(StringIO("include(included.fea);"))
+            files = set(os.path.realpath(loc.file) for _, _, loc in lexer)
+            expected = os.path.realpath(included.name)
+            self.assertIn(expected, files)
+        finally:
+            # remove temporary folder and restore previous working directory
+            os.chdir(cwd)
+            shutil.rmtree(tmpdir)
 
 
 if __name__ == "__main__":
diff --git a/Tests/feaLib/parser_test.py b/Tests/feaLib/parser_test.py
index 6149865..1180819 100644
--- a/Tests/feaLib/parser_test.py
+++ b/Tests/feaLib/parser_test.py
@@ -1,9 +1,8 @@
 # -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
-from __future__ import print_function, division, absolute_import
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
+from fontTools.misc.loggingTools import CapturingLogHandler
 from fontTools.feaLib.error import FeatureLibError
 from fontTools.feaLib.parser import Parser, SymbolTable
-from fontTools.misc.py23 import *
+from io import StringIO
 import warnings
 import fontTools.feaLib.ast as ast
 import os
@@ -41,6 +40,14 @@
     n.sc o.sc p.sc q.sc r.sc s.sc t.sc u.sc v.sc w.sc x.sc y.sc z.sc
     a.swash b.swash x.swash y.swash z.swash
     foobar foo.09 foo.1234 foo.9876
+    one two five six acute grave dieresis umlaut cedilla ogonek macron
+    a_f_f_i o_f_f_i f_i f_f_i one.fitted one.oldstyle a.1 a.2 a.3 c_t
+    PRE SUF FIX BACK TRACK LOOK AHEAD ampersand ampersand.1 ampersand.2
+    cid00001 cid00002 cid00003 cid00004 cid00005 cid00006 cid00007
+    cid12345 cid78987 cid00999 cid01000 cid01001 cid00998 cid00995
+    cid00111 cid00222
+    comma endash emdash figuredash damma hamza
+    c_d d.alt n.end s.end f_f
 """).split() + ["foo.%d" % i for i in range(1, 200)]
 
 
@@ -56,7 +63,7 @@
         glyphMap = {'a': 0, 'b': 1, 'c': 2}
         with warnings.catch_warnings(record=True) as w:
             warnings.simplefilter("always")
-            parser = Parser(UnicodeIO(), glyphMap=glyphMap)
+            parser = Parser(StringIO(), glyphMap=glyphMap)
 
             self.assertEqual(len(w), 1)
             self.assertEqual(w[-1].category, UserWarning)
@@ -65,11 +72,11 @@
 
             self.assertRaisesRegex(
                 TypeError, "mutually exclusive",
-                Parser, UnicodeIO(), ("a",), glyphMap={"a": 0})
+                Parser, StringIO(), ("a",), glyphMap={"a": 0})
 
             self.assertRaisesRegex(
                 TypeError, "unsupported keyword argument",
-                Parser, UnicodeIO(), foo="bar")
+                Parser, StringIO(), foo="bar")
 
     def test_comments(self):
         doc = self.parse(
@@ -86,6 +93,15 @@
         self.assertEqual(c2.text, "# simple")
         self.assertEqual(doc.statements[1].name, "test")
 
+    def test_only_comments(self):
+        doc = self.parse("""\
+            # Initial
+        """)
+        c1 = doc.statements[0]
+        self.assertEqual(type(c1), ast.Comment)
+        self.assertEqual(c1.text, "# Initial")
+        self.assertEqual(str(c1), "# Initial")
+
     def test_anchor_format_a(self):
         doc = self.parse(
             "feature test {"
@@ -206,6 +222,8 @@
         [liga] = self.parse("feature liga useExtension {} liga;").statements
         self.assertEqual(liga.name, "liga")
         self.assertTrue(liga.use_extension)
+        self.assertEqual(liga.asFea(),
+                         "feature liga useExtension {\n    \n} liga;\n")
 
     def test_feature_comment(self):
         [liga] = self.parse("feature liga { # Comment\n } liga;").statements
@@ -228,7 +246,7 @@
         [feature] = self.parse(
             "feature ss01 { featureNames { # Comment\n }; } ss01;").statements
         [featureNames] = feature.statements
-        self.assertIsInstance(featureNames, ast.FeatureNamesBlock)
+        self.assertIsInstance(featureNames, ast.NestedBlock)
         [comment] = featureNames.statements
         self.assertIsInstance(comment, ast.Comment)
         self.assertEqual(comment.text, "# Comment")
@@ -237,7 +255,7 @@
         [feature] = self.parse(
             "feature ss01 { featureNames { ;;; }; } ss01;").statements
         [featureNames] = feature.statements
-        self.assertIsInstance(featureNames, ast.FeatureNamesBlock)
+        self.assertIsInstance(featureNames, ast.NestedBlock)
         self.assertEqual(featureNames.statements, [])
 
     def test_FontRevision(self):
@@ -251,6 +269,12 @@
             FeatureLibError, "Font revision numbers must be positive",
             self.parse, "table head {FontRevision -17.2;} head;")
 
+    def test_strict_glyph_name_check(self):
+        self.parse("@bad = [a b ccc];", glyphNames=("a", "b", "ccc"))
+
+        with self.assertRaisesRegex(FeatureLibError, "missing from the glyph set: ccc"):
+            self.parse("@bad = [a b ccc];", glyphNames=("a", "b"))
+
     def test_glyphclass(self):
         [gc] = self.parse("@dash = [endash emdash figuredash];").statements
         self.assertEqual(gc.name, "dash")
@@ -323,6 +347,19 @@
         [gc] = self.parse("@range = [A-foo.sc - C-foo.sc];", gn).statements
         self.assertEqual(gc.glyphSet(), ("A-foo.sc", "B-foo.sc", "C-foo.sc"))
 
+    def test_glyphclass_ambiguous_dash_no_glyph_names(self):
+        # If Parser is initialized without a glyphNames parameter (or with empty one)
+        # it cannot distinguish between a glyph name containing an hyphen, or a
+        # range of glyph names; thus it will interpret them as literal glyph names
+        # while also outputting a logging warning to alert user about the ambiguity.
+        # https://github.com/fonttools/fonttools/issues/1768
+        glyphNames = ()
+        with CapturingLogHandler("fontTools.feaLib.parser", level="WARNING") as caplog:
+            [gc] = self.parse("@class = [A-foo.sc B-foo.sc C D];", glyphNames).statements
+        self.assertEqual(gc.glyphSet(), ("A-foo.sc", "B-foo.sc", "C", "D"))
+        self.assertEqual(len(caplog.records), 2)
+        caplog.assertRegex("Ambiguous glyph name that looks like a range:")
+
     def test_glyphclass_glyph_name_should_win_over_range(self):
         # The OpenType Feature File Specification v1.20 makes it clear
         # that if a dashed name could be interpreted either as a glyph name
@@ -397,7 +434,7 @@
         self.assertEqual(smcp.statements[0].glyphSet(), ("a", "b", "s"))
 
     def test_glyphclass_scoping_bug496(self):
-        # https://github.com/behdad/fonttools/issues/496
+        # https://github.com/fonttools/fonttools/issues/496
         f1, f2 = self.parse(
             "feature F1 { lookup L { @GLYPHCLASS = [A B C];} L; } F1;"
             "feature F2 { sub @GLYPHCLASS by D; } F2;"
@@ -486,6 +523,32 @@
             "lookup L { sub [A A.sc] by a; } L;"
             "feature test { ignore sub f' i', A' lookup L; } test;")
 
+    def test_include_statement(self):
+        doc = self.parse("""\
+            include(../family.fea);
+            include # Comment
+                (foo)
+                  ;
+            """, followIncludes=False)
+        s1, s2, s3 = doc.statements
+        self.assertEqual(type(s1), ast.IncludeStatement)
+        self.assertEqual(s1.filename, "../family.fea")
+        self.assertEqual(s1.asFea(), "include(../family.fea);")
+        self.assertEqual(type(s2), ast.IncludeStatement)
+        self.assertEqual(s2.filename, "foo")
+        self.assertEqual(s2.asFea(), "include(foo);")
+        self.assertEqual(type(s3), ast.Comment)
+        self.assertEqual(s3.text, "# Comment")
+
+    def test_include_statement_no_semicolon(self):
+        doc = self.parse("""\
+            include(../family.fea)
+            """, followIncludes=False)
+        s1 = doc.statements[0]
+        self.assertEqual(type(s1), ast.IncludeStatement)
+        self.assertEqual(s1.filename, "../family.fea")
+        self.assertEqual(s1.asFea(), "include(../family.fea);")
+
     def test_language(self):
         doc = self.parse("feature test {language DEU;} test;")
         s = doc.statements[0].statements[0]
@@ -573,6 +636,8 @@
         [lookup] = self.parse("lookup Foo useExtension {} Foo;").statements
         self.assertEqual(lookup.name, "Foo")
         self.assertTrue(lookup.use_extension)
+        self.assertEqual(lookup.asFea(),
+                         "lookup Foo useExtension {\n    \n} Foo;\n")
 
     def test_lookup_block_name_mismatch(self):
         self.assertRaisesRegex(
@@ -638,6 +703,7 @@
         self.assertEqual(flag.value, 9)
         self.assertIsNone(flag.markAttachment)
         self.assertIsNone(flag.markFilteringSet)
+        self.assertEqual(flag.asFea(), "lookupflag RightToLeft IgnoreMarks;")
 
     def test_lookupflag_format_A_MarkAttachmentType(self):
         flag = self.parse_lookupflag_(
@@ -649,6 +715,20 @@
         self.assertEqual(flag.markAttachment.glyphSet(),
                          ("acute", "grave", "macron"))
         self.assertIsNone(flag.markFilteringSet)
+        self.assertEqual(flag.asFea(),
+            "lookupflag RightToLeft MarkAttachmentType @TOP_MARKS;")
+
+    def test_lookupflag_format_A_MarkAttachmentType_glyphClass(self):
+        flag = self.parse_lookupflag_(
+            "lookupflag RightToLeft MarkAttachmentType [acute grave macron];")
+        self.assertIsInstance(flag, ast.LookupFlagStatement)
+        self.assertEqual(flag.value, 1)
+        self.assertIsInstance(flag.markAttachment, ast.GlyphClass)
+        self.assertEqual(flag.markAttachment.glyphSet(),
+                         ("acute", "grave", "macron"))
+        self.assertIsNone(flag.markFilteringSet)
+        self.assertEqual(flag.asFea(),
+            "lookupflag RightToLeft MarkAttachmentType [acute grave macron];")
 
     def test_lookupflag_format_A_UseMarkFilteringSet(self):
         flag = self.parse_lookupflag_(
@@ -660,6 +740,20 @@
         self.assertIsInstance(flag.markFilteringSet, ast.GlyphClassName)
         self.assertEqual(flag.markFilteringSet.glyphSet(),
                          ("cedilla", "ogonek"))
+        self.assertEqual(flag.asFea(),
+            "lookupflag IgnoreLigatures UseMarkFilteringSet @BOTTOM_MARKS;")
+
+    def test_lookupflag_format_A_UseMarkFilteringSet_glyphClass(self):
+        flag = self.parse_lookupflag_(
+            "lookupflag UseMarkFilteringSet [cedilla ogonek] IgnoreLigatures;")
+        self.assertIsInstance(flag, ast.LookupFlagStatement)
+        self.assertEqual(flag.value, 4)
+        self.assertIsNone(flag.markAttachment)
+        self.assertIsInstance(flag.markFilteringSet, ast.GlyphClass)
+        self.assertEqual(flag.markFilteringSet.glyphSet(),
+                         ("cedilla", "ogonek"))
+        self.assertEqual(flag.asFea(),
+            "lookupflag IgnoreLigatures UseMarkFilteringSet [cedilla ogonek];")
 
     def test_lookupflag_format_B(self):
         flag = self.parse_lookupflag_("lookupflag 7;")
@@ -667,6 +761,23 @@
         self.assertEqual(flag.value, 7)
         self.assertIsNone(flag.markAttachment)
         self.assertIsNone(flag.markFilteringSet)
+        self.assertEqual(flag.asFea(),
+            "lookupflag RightToLeft IgnoreBaseGlyphs IgnoreLigatures;")
+
+    def test_lookupflag_format_B_zero(self):
+        flag = self.parse_lookupflag_("lookupflag 0;")
+        self.assertIsInstance(flag, ast.LookupFlagStatement)
+        self.assertEqual(flag.value, 0)
+        self.assertIsNone(flag.markAttachment)
+        self.assertIsNone(flag.markFilteringSet)
+        self.assertEqual(flag.asFea(), "lookupflag 0;")
+
+    def test_lookupflag_no_value(self):
+        self.assertRaisesRegex(
+            FeatureLibError,
+            'lookupflag must have a value',
+            self.parse,
+            "feature test {lookupflag;} test;")
 
     def test_lookupflag_repeated(self):
         self.assertRaisesRegex(
@@ -687,7 +798,7 @@
         self.assertIsInstance(pos, ast.SinglePosStatement)
         [(glyphs, value)] = pos.pos
         self.assertEqual(glyphstr([glyphs]), "one")
-        self.assertEqual(value.makeString(vertical=False), "<1 2 3 4>")
+        self.assertEqual(value.asFea(), "<1 2 3 4>")
 
     def test_gpos_type_1_glyphclass_horizontal(self):
         doc = self.parse("feature kern {pos [one two] -300;} kern;")
@@ -695,7 +806,7 @@
         self.assertIsInstance(pos, ast.SinglePosStatement)
         [(glyphs, value)] = pos.pos
         self.assertEqual(glyphstr([glyphs]), "[one two]")
-        self.assertEqual(value.makeString(vertical=False), "-300")
+        self.assertEqual(value.asFea(), "-300")
 
     def test_gpos_type_1_glyphclass_vertical(self):
         doc = self.parse("feature vkrn {pos [one two] -300;} vkrn;")
@@ -703,7 +814,7 @@
         self.assertIsInstance(pos, ast.SinglePosStatement)
         [(glyphs, value)] = pos.pos
         self.assertEqual(glyphstr([glyphs]), "[one two]")
-        self.assertEqual(value.makeString(vertical=True), "-300")
+        self.assertEqual(value.asFea(), "-300")
 
     def test_gpos_type_1_multiple(self):
         doc = self.parse("feature f {pos one'1 two'2 [five six]'56;} f;")
@@ -711,11 +822,11 @@
         self.assertIsInstance(pos, ast.SinglePosStatement)
         [(glyphs1, val1), (glyphs2, val2), (glyphs3, val3)] = pos.pos
         self.assertEqual(glyphstr([glyphs1]), "one")
-        self.assertEqual(val1.makeString(vertical=False), "1")
+        self.assertEqual(val1.asFea(), "1")
         self.assertEqual(glyphstr([glyphs2]), "two")
-        self.assertEqual(val2.makeString(vertical=False), "2")
+        self.assertEqual(val2.asFea(), "2")
         self.assertEqual(glyphstr([glyphs3]), "[five six]")
-        self.assertEqual(val3.makeString(vertical=False), "56")
+        self.assertEqual(val3.asFea(), "56")
         self.assertEqual(pos.prefix, [])
         self.assertEqual(pos.suffix, [])
 
@@ -735,10 +846,65 @@
         self.assertIsInstance(pos, ast.SinglePosStatement)
         [(glyphs, value)] = pos.pos
         self.assertEqual(glyphstr([glyphs]), "[T Y]")
-        self.assertEqual(value.makeString(vertical=False), "20")
+        self.assertEqual(value.asFea(), "20")
         self.assertEqual(glyphstr(pos.prefix), "[A B]")
         self.assertEqual(glyphstr(pos.suffix), "comma")
 
+    def test_gpos_type_1_chained_special_kern_format_valuerecord_format_a(self):
+        doc = self.parse("feature kern {pos [A B] [T Y]' comma 20;} kern;")
+        pos = doc.statements[0].statements[0]
+        self.assertIsInstance(pos, ast.SinglePosStatement)
+        [(glyphs, value)] = pos.pos
+        self.assertEqual(glyphstr([glyphs]), "[T Y]")
+        self.assertEqual(value.asFea(), "20")
+        self.assertEqual(glyphstr(pos.prefix), "[A B]")
+        self.assertEqual(glyphstr(pos.suffix), "comma")
+
+    def test_gpos_type_1_chained_special_kern_format_valuerecord_format_b(self):
+        doc = self.parse("feature kern {pos [A B] [T Y]' comma <0 0 0 0>;} kern;")
+        pos = doc.statements[0].statements[0]
+        self.assertIsInstance(pos, ast.SinglePosStatement)
+        [(glyphs, value)] = pos.pos
+        self.assertEqual(glyphstr([glyphs]), "[T Y]")
+        self.assertEqual(value.asFea(), "<0 0 0 0>")
+        self.assertEqual(glyphstr(pos.prefix), "[A B]")
+        self.assertEqual(glyphstr(pos.suffix), "comma")
+
+    def test_gpos_type_1_chained_special_kern_format_valuerecord_format_b_bug2293(self):
+        # https://github.com/fonttools/fonttools/issues/2293
+        doc = self.parse("feature kern {pos [A B] [T Y]' comma a <0 0 0 0>;} kern;")
+        pos = doc.statements[0].statements[0]
+        self.assertIsInstance(pos, ast.SinglePosStatement)
+        [(glyphs, value)] = pos.pos
+        self.assertEqual(glyphstr([glyphs]), "[T Y]")
+        self.assertEqual(value.asFea(), "<0 0 0 0>")
+        self.assertEqual(glyphstr(pos.prefix), "[A B]")
+        self.assertEqual(glyphstr(pos.suffix), "comma a")
+
+    def test_gpos_type_1_chained_exception1(self):
+        with self.assertRaisesRegex(FeatureLibError, "Positioning values are allowed"):
+            doc = self.parse("feature kern {"
+                             "    pos [A B]' [T Y]' comma a <0 0 0 0>;"
+                             "} kern;")
+
+    def test_gpos_type_1_chained_exception2(self):
+        with self.assertRaisesRegex(FeatureLibError, "Positioning values are allowed"):
+            doc = self.parse("feature kern {"
+                             "    pos [A B]' <0 0 0 0> [T Y]' comma a <0 0 0 0>;"
+                             "} kern;")
+
+    def test_gpos_type_1_chained_exception3(self):
+        with self.assertRaisesRegex(FeatureLibError, "Positioning cannot be applied"):
+            doc = self.parse("feature kern {"
+                             "    pos [A B] <0 0 0 0> [T Y]' comma a <0 0 0 0>;"
+                             "} kern;")
+
+    def test_gpos_type_1_chained_exception4(self):
+        with self.assertRaisesRegex(FeatureLibError, "Positioning values are allowed"):
+            doc = self.parse("feature kern {"
+                             "    pos a' b c 123 d;"
+                             "} kern;")
+
     def test_gpos_type_2_format_a(self):
         doc = self.parse("feature kern {"
                          "    pos [T V] -60 [a b c] <1 2 3 4>;"
@@ -747,10 +913,9 @@
         self.assertEqual(type(pos), ast.PairPosStatement)
         self.assertFalse(pos.enumerated)
         self.assertEqual(glyphstr([pos.glyphs1]), "[T V]")
-        self.assertEqual(pos.valuerecord1.makeString(vertical=False), "-60")
+        self.assertEqual(pos.valuerecord1.asFea(), "-60")
         self.assertEqual(glyphstr([pos.glyphs2]), "[a b c]")
-        self.assertEqual(pos.valuerecord2.makeString(vertical=False),
-                         "<1 2 3 4>")
+        self.assertEqual(pos.valuerecord2.asFea(), "<1 2 3 4>")
 
     def test_gpos_type_2_format_a_enumerated(self):
         doc = self.parse("feature kern {"
@@ -760,12 +925,25 @@
         self.assertEqual(type(pos), ast.PairPosStatement)
         self.assertTrue(pos.enumerated)
         self.assertEqual(glyphstr([pos.glyphs1]), "[T V]")
-        self.assertEqual(pos.valuerecord1.makeString(vertical=False), "-60")
+        self.assertEqual(pos.valuerecord1.asFea(), "-60")
         self.assertEqual(glyphstr([pos.glyphs2]), "[a b c]")
-        self.assertEqual(pos.valuerecord2.makeString(vertical=False),
-                         "<1 2 3 4>")
+        self.assertEqual(pos.valuerecord2.asFea(), "<1 2 3 4>")
 
-    def test_gpos_type_2_format_a_with_null(self):
+    def test_gpos_type_2_format_a_with_null_first(self):
+        doc = self.parse("feature kern {"
+                         "    pos [T V] <NULL> [a b c] <1 2 3 4>;"
+                         "} kern;")
+        pos = doc.statements[0].statements[0]
+        self.assertEqual(type(pos), ast.PairPosStatement)
+        self.assertFalse(pos.enumerated)
+        self.assertEqual(glyphstr([pos.glyphs1]), "[T V]")
+        self.assertFalse(pos.valuerecord1)
+        self.assertEqual(pos.valuerecord1.asFea(), "<NULL>")
+        self.assertEqual(glyphstr([pos.glyphs2]), "[a b c]")
+        self.assertEqual(pos.valuerecord2.asFea(), "<1 2 3 4>")
+        self.assertEqual(pos.asFea(), "pos [T V] <NULL> [a b c] <1 2 3 4>;")
+
+    def test_gpos_type_2_format_a_with_null_second(self):
         doc = self.parse("feature kern {"
                          "    pos [T V] <1 2 3 4> [a b c] <NULL>;"
                          "} kern;")
@@ -773,10 +951,10 @@
         self.assertEqual(type(pos), ast.PairPosStatement)
         self.assertFalse(pos.enumerated)
         self.assertEqual(glyphstr([pos.glyphs1]), "[T V]")
-        self.assertEqual(pos.valuerecord1.makeString(vertical=False),
-                         "<1 2 3 4>")
+        self.assertEqual(pos.valuerecord1.asFea(), "<1 2 3 4>")
         self.assertEqual(glyphstr([pos.glyphs2]), "[a b c]")
-        self.assertIsNone(pos.valuerecord2)
+        self.assertFalse(pos.valuerecord2)
+        self.assertEqual(pos.asFea(), "pos [T V] [a b c] <1 2 3 4>;")
 
     def test_gpos_type_2_format_b(self):
         doc = self.parse("feature kern {"
@@ -786,8 +964,7 @@
         self.assertEqual(type(pos), ast.PairPosStatement)
         self.assertFalse(pos.enumerated)
         self.assertEqual(glyphstr([pos.glyphs1]), "[T V]")
-        self.assertEqual(pos.valuerecord1.makeString(vertical=False),
-                         "<1 2 3 4>")
+        self.assertEqual(pos.valuerecord1.asFea(), "<1 2 3 4>")
         self.assertEqual(glyphstr([pos.glyphs2]), "[a b c]")
         self.assertIsNone(pos.valuerecord2)
 
@@ -799,8 +976,7 @@
         self.assertEqual(type(pos), ast.PairPosStatement)
         self.assertTrue(pos.enumerated)
         self.assertEqual(glyphstr([pos.glyphs1]), "[T V]")
-        self.assertEqual(pos.valuerecord1.makeString(vertical=False),
-                         "<1 2 3 4>")
+        self.assertEqual(pos.valuerecord1.asFea(), "<1 2 3 4>")
         self.assertEqual(glyphstr([pos.glyphs2]), "[a b c]")
         self.assertIsNone(pos.valuerecord2)
 
@@ -948,7 +1124,7 @@
         self.assertEqual(glyphstr(pos.prefix), "[A a] [B b]")
         self.assertEqual(glyphstr(pos.glyphs), "I [N n] P")
         self.assertEqual(glyphstr(pos.suffix), "[Y y] [Z z]")
-        self.assertEqual(pos.lookups, [lookup1, lookup2, None])
+        self.assertEqual(pos.lookups, [[lookup1], [lookup2], None])
 
     def test_gpos_type_8_lookup_with_values(self):
         self.assertRaisesRegex(
@@ -1028,6 +1204,36 @@
             FeatureLibError, "Expected platform id 1 or 3",
             self.parse, 'table name { nameid 9 666 "Foo"; } name;')
 
+    def test_nameid_hexadecimal(self):
+        doc = self.parse(
+            r'table name { nameid 0x9 0x3 0x1 0x0409 "Test"; } name;')
+        name = doc.statements[0].statements[0]
+        self.assertEqual(name.nameID, 9)
+        self.assertEqual(name.platformID, 3)
+        self.assertEqual(name.platEncID, 1)
+        self.assertEqual(name.langID, 0x0409)
+
+    def test_nameid_octal(self):
+        doc = self.parse(
+            r'table name { nameid 011 03 012 02011 "Test"; } name;')
+        name = doc.statements[0].statements[0]
+        self.assertEqual(name.nameID, 9)
+        self.assertEqual(name.platformID, 3)
+        self.assertEqual(name.platEncID, 10)
+        self.assertEqual(name.langID, 0o2011)
+
+    def test_cv_hexadecimal(self):
+        doc = self.parse(
+            r'feature cv01 { cvParameters { Character 0x5DDE; }; } cv01;')
+        cv = doc.statements[0].statements[0].statements[0]
+        self.assertEqual(cv.character, 0x5DDE)
+
+    def test_cv_octal(self):
+        doc = self.parse(
+            r'feature cv01 { cvParameters { Character 056736; }; } cv01;')
+        cv = doc.statements[0].statements[0].statements[0]
+        self.assertEqual(cv.character, 0o56736)
+
     def test_rsub_format_a(self):
         doc = self.parse("feature test {rsub a [b B] c' d [e E] by C;} test;")
         rsub = doc.statements[0].statements[0]
@@ -1094,7 +1300,7 @@
         self.assertRaisesRegex(
             FeatureLibError,
             'In reverse chaining single substitutions, the replacement '
-            '\(after "by"\) must be a single glyph or glyph class',
+            r'\(after "by"\) must be a single glyph or glyph class',
             self.parse, "feature test {rsub f_i by f i;} test;")
 
     def test_script(self):
@@ -1109,6 +1315,76 @@
             '"dflt" is not a valid script tag; use "DFLT" instead',
             self.parse, "feature test {script dflt;} test;")
 
+    def test_stat_design_axis(self):  # STAT DesignAxis
+        doc = self.parse('table STAT { DesignAxis opsz 0 '
+                         '{name "Optical Size";}; } STAT;')
+        da = doc.statements[0].statements[0]
+        self.assertIsInstance(da, ast.STATDesignAxisStatement)
+        self.assertEqual(da.tag, 'opsz')
+        self.assertEqual(da.axisOrder, 0)
+        self.assertEqual(da.names[0].string, 'Optical Size')
+
+    def test_stat_axis_value_format1(self):  # STAT AxisValue
+        doc = self.parse('table STAT { DesignAxis opsz 0 '
+                         '{name "Optical Size";}; '
+                         'AxisValue {location opsz 8; name "Caption";}; } '
+                         'STAT;')
+        avr = doc.statements[0].statements[1]
+        self.assertIsInstance(avr, ast.STATAxisValueStatement)
+        self.assertEqual(avr.locations[0].tag, 'opsz')
+        self.assertEqual(avr.locations[0].values[0], 8)
+        self.assertEqual(avr.names[0].string, 'Caption')
+
+    def test_stat_axis_value_format2(self):  # STAT AxisValue
+        doc = self.parse('table STAT { DesignAxis opsz 0 '
+                         '{name "Optical Size";}; '
+                         'AxisValue {location opsz 8 6 10; name "Caption";}; } '
+                         'STAT;')
+        avr = doc.statements[0].statements[1]
+        self.assertIsInstance(avr, ast.STATAxisValueStatement)
+        self.assertEqual(avr.locations[0].tag, 'opsz')
+        self.assertEqual(avr.locations[0].values, [8, 6, 10])
+        self.assertEqual(avr.names[0].string, 'Caption')
+
+    def test_stat_axis_value_format2_bad_range(self):  # STAT AxisValue
+        self.assertRaisesRegex(
+            FeatureLibError,
+            'Default value 5 is outside of specified range 6-10.',
+            self.parse, 'table STAT { DesignAxis opsz 0 '
+                        '{name "Optical Size";}; '
+                        'AxisValue {location opsz 5 6 10; name "Caption";}; } '
+                        'STAT;')
+
+    def test_stat_axis_value_format4(self):  # STAT AxisValue
+        self.assertRaisesRegex(
+            FeatureLibError,
+            'Only one value is allowed in a Format 4 Axis Value Record, but 3 were found.',
+            self.parse, 'table STAT { '
+                         'DesignAxis opsz 0 {name "Optical Size";}; '
+                         'DesignAxis wdth 0 {name "Width";}; '
+                         'AxisValue {'
+                         'location opsz 8 6 10; '
+                         'location wdth 400; '
+                         'name "Caption";}; } '
+                         'STAT;')
+
+    def test_stat_elidedfallbackname(self):  # STAT ElidedFallbackName
+        doc = self.parse('table STAT { ElidedFallbackName {name "Roman"; '
+                         'name 3 1 0x0411 "ローマン"; }; '
+                         '} STAT;')
+        nameRecord = doc.statements[0].statements[0]
+        self.assertIsInstance(nameRecord, ast.ElidedFallbackName)
+        self.assertEqual(nameRecord.names[0].string, 'Roman')
+        self.assertEqual(nameRecord.names[1].string, 'ローマン')
+
+    def test_stat_elidedfallbacknameid(self):  # STAT ElidedFallbackNameID
+        doc = self.parse('table name { nameid 278 "Roman"; } name; '
+                         'table STAT { ElidedFallbackNameID 278; '
+                         '} STAT;')
+        nameRecord = doc.statements[0].statements[0]
+        self.assertIsInstance(nameRecord, ast.NameRecord)
+        self.assertEqual(nameRecord.string, 'Roman')
+
     def test_sub_single_format_a(self):  # GSUB LookupType 1
         doc = self.parse("feature smcp {substitute a by a.sc;} smcp;")
         sub = doc.statements[0].statements[0]
@@ -1220,6 +1496,22 @@
         self.assertEqual(sub.glyph, "f_f_i")
         self.assertEqual(sub.replacement, ("f", "f", "i"))
 
+    def test_substitute_multiple_force_chained(self):
+        doc = self.parse("lookup L {sub f_f_i' by f f i;} L;")
+        sub = doc.statements[0].statements[0]
+        self.assertIsInstance(sub, ast.MultipleSubstStatement)
+        self.assertEqual(sub.glyph, "f_f_i")
+        self.assertEqual(sub.replacement, ("f", "f", "i"))
+        self.assertEqual(sub.asFea(), "sub f_f_i' by f f i;")
+
+    def test_substitute_multiple_by_mutliple(self):
+        self.assertRaisesRegex(
+            FeatureLibError,
+            "Direct substitution of multiple glyphs by multiple glyphs "
+            "is not supported",
+            self.parse,
+            "lookup MxM {sub a b c by d e f;} MxM;")
+
     def test_split_marked_glyphs_runs(self):
         self.assertRaisesRegex(
             FeatureLibError,
@@ -1256,6 +1548,28 @@
                         "    sub a' lookup upper x x A' lookup lower;"
                         "} test;")
 
+    def test_substitute_mix_single_multiple(self):
+        doc = self.parse("lookup Look {"
+                         "  sub f_f   by f f;"
+                         "  sub f     by f;"
+                         "  sub f_f_i by f f i;"
+                         "  sub [a a.sc] by a;"
+                         "  sub [a a.sc] by [b b.sc];"
+                         "} Look;")
+        statements = doc.statements[0].statements
+        for sub in statements:
+            self.assertIsInstance(sub, ast.MultipleSubstStatement)
+        self.assertEqual(statements[1].glyph, "f")
+        self.assertEqual(statements[1].replacement, ["f"])
+        self.assertEqual(statements[3].glyph, "a")
+        self.assertEqual(statements[3].replacement, ["a"])
+        self.assertEqual(statements[4].glyph, "a.sc")
+        self.assertEqual(statements[4].replacement, ["a"])
+        self.assertEqual(statements[5].glyph, "a")
+        self.assertEqual(statements[5].replacement, ["b"])
+        self.assertEqual(statements[6].glyph, "a.sc")
+        self.assertEqual(statements[6].replacement, ["b.sc"])
+
     def test_substitute_from(self):  # GSUB LookupType 3
         doc = self.parse("feature test {"
                          "  substitute a from [a.1 a.2 a.3];"
@@ -1323,14 +1637,21 @@
     def test_substitute_lookups(self):  # GSUB LookupType 6
         doc = Parser(self.getpath("spec5fi1.fea"), GLYPHNAMES).parse()
         [_, _, _, langsys, ligs, sub, feature] = doc.statements
-        self.assertEqual(feature.statements[0].lookups, [ligs, None, sub])
-        self.assertEqual(feature.statements[1].lookups, [ligs, None, sub])
+        self.assertEqual(feature.statements[0].lookups, [[ligs], None, [sub]])
+        self.assertEqual(feature.statements[1].lookups, [[ligs], None, [sub]])
 
     def test_substitute_missing_by(self):
         self.assertRaisesRegex(
             FeatureLibError,
             'Expected "by", "from" or explicit lookup references',
             self.parse, "feature liga {substitute f f i;} liga;")
+    
+    def test_substitute_invalid_statement(self):
+        self.assertRaisesRegex(
+            FeatureLibError,
+            "Invalid substitution statement",
+            Parser(self.getpath("GSUB_error.fea"), GLYPHNAMES).parse
+        )
 
     def test_subtable(self):
         doc = self.parse("feature test {subtable;} test;")
@@ -1356,7 +1677,8 @@
 
     def test_valuerecord_format_a_horizontal(self):
         doc = self.parse("feature liga {valueRecordDef 123 foo;} liga;")
-        value = doc.statements[0].statements[0].value
+        valuedef = doc.statements[0].statements[0]
+        value = valuedef.value
         self.assertIsNone(value.xPlacement)
         self.assertIsNone(value.yPlacement)
         self.assertEqual(value.xAdvance, 123)
@@ -1365,11 +1687,13 @@
         self.assertIsNone(value.yPlaDevice)
         self.assertIsNone(value.xAdvDevice)
         self.assertIsNone(value.yAdvDevice)
-        self.assertEqual(value.makeString(vertical=False), "123")
+        self.assertEqual(valuedef.asFea(), "valueRecordDef 123 foo;")
+        self.assertEqual(value.asFea(), "123")
 
     def test_valuerecord_format_a_vertical(self):
         doc = self.parse("feature vkrn {valueRecordDef 123 foo;} vkrn;")
-        value = doc.statements[0].statements[0].value
+        valuedef = doc.statements[0].statements[0]
+        value = valuedef.value
         self.assertIsNone(value.xPlacement)
         self.assertIsNone(value.yPlacement)
         self.assertIsNone(value.xAdvance)
@@ -1378,11 +1702,13 @@
         self.assertIsNone(value.yPlaDevice)
         self.assertIsNone(value.xAdvDevice)
         self.assertIsNone(value.yAdvDevice)
-        self.assertEqual(value.makeString(vertical=True), "123")
+        self.assertEqual(valuedef.asFea(), "valueRecordDef 123 foo;")
+        self.assertEqual(value.asFea(), "123")
 
     def test_valuerecord_format_a_zero_horizontal(self):
         doc = self.parse("feature liga {valueRecordDef 0 foo;} liga;")
-        value = doc.statements[0].statements[0].value
+        valuedef = doc.statements[0].statements[0]
+        value = valuedef.value
         self.assertIsNone(value.xPlacement)
         self.assertIsNone(value.yPlacement)
         self.assertEqual(value.xAdvance, 0)
@@ -1391,11 +1717,13 @@
         self.assertIsNone(value.yPlaDevice)
         self.assertIsNone(value.xAdvDevice)
         self.assertIsNone(value.yAdvDevice)
-        self.assertEqual(value.makeString(vertical=False), "0")
+        self.assertEqual(valuedef.asFea(), "valueRecordDef 0 foo;")
+        self.assertEqual(value.asFea(), "0")
 
     def test_valuerecord_format_a_zero_vertical(self):
         doc = self.parse("feature vkrn {valueRecordDef 0 foo;} vkrn;")
-        value = doc.statements[0].statements[0].value
+        valuedef = doc.statements[0].statements[0]
+        value = valuedef.value
         self.assertIsNone(value.xPlacement)
         self.assertIsNone(value.yPlacement)
         self.assertIsNone(value.xAdvance)
@@ -1404,7 +1732,8 @@
         self.assertIsNone(value.yPlaDevice)
         self.assertIsNone(value.xAdvDevice)
         self.assertIsNone(value.yAdvDevice)
-        self.assertEqual(value.makeString(vertical=True), "0")
+        self.assertEqual(valuedef.asFea(), "valueRecordDef 0 foo;")
+        self.assertEqual(value.asFea(), "0")
 
     def test_valuerecord_format_a_vertical_contexts_(self):
         for tag in "vkrn vpal vhal valt".split():
@@ -1417,7 +1746,8 @@
 
     def test_valuerecord_format_b(self):
         doc = self.parse("feature liga {valueRecordDef <1 2 3 4> foo;} liga;")
-        value = doc.statements[0].statements[0].value
+        valuedef = doc.statements[0].statements[0]
+        value = valuedef.value
         self.assertEqual(value.xPlacement, 1)
         self.assertEqual(value.yPlacement, 2)
         self.assertEqual(value.xAdvance, 3)
@@ -1426,11 +1756,13 @@
         self.assertIsNone(value.yPlaDevice)
         self.assertIsNone(value.xAdvDevice)
         self.assertIsNone(value.yAdvDevice)
-        self.assertEqual(value.makeString(vertical=False), "<1 2 3 4>")
+        self.assertEqual(valuedef.asFea(), "valueRecordDef <1 2 3 4> foo;")
+        self.assertEqual(value.asFea(), "<1 2 3 4>")
 
     def test_valuerecord_format_b_zero(self):
         doc = self.parse("feature liga {valueRecordDef <0 0 0 0> foo;} liga;")
-        value = doc.statements[0].statements[0].value
+        valuedef = doc.statements[0].statements[0]
+        value = valuedef.value
         self.assertEqual(value.xPlacement, 0)
         self.assertEqual(value.yPlacement, 0)
         self.assertEqual(value.xAdvance, 0)
@@ -1439,7 +1771,8 @@
         self.assertIsNone(value.yPlaDevice)
         self.assertIsNone(value.xAdvDevice)
         self.assertIsNone(value.yAdvDevice)
-        self.assertEqual(value.makeString(vertical=False), "<0 0 0 0>")
+        self.assertEqual(valuedef.asFea(), "valueRecordDef <0 0 0 0> foo;")
+        self.assertEqual(value.asFea(), "<0 0 0 0>")
 
     def test_valuerecord_format_c(self):
         doc = self.parse(
@@ -1461,14 +1794,15 @@
         self.assertEqual(value.yPlaDevice, ((11, 111), (12, 112)))
         self.assertIsNone(value.xAdvDevice)
         self.assertEqual(value.yAdvDevice, ((33, -113), (44, -114), (55, 115)))
-        self.assertEqual(value.makeString(vertical=False),
+        self.assertEqual(value.asFea(),
                          "<1 2 3 4 <device 8 88> <device 11 111, 12 112>"
                          " <device NULL> <device 33 -113, 44 -114, 55 115>>")
 
     def test_valuerecord_format_d(self):
         doc = self.parse("feature test {valueRecordDef <NULL> foo;} test;")
         value = doc.statements[0].statements[0].value
-        self.assertIsNone(value)
+        self.assertFalse(value)
+        self.assertEqual(value.asFea(), "<NULL>")
 
     def test_valuerecord_named(self):
         doc = self.parse("valueRecordDef <1 2 3 4> foo;"
@@ -1505,10 +1839,9 @@
         [langsys] = self.parse("languagesystem latn DEU;").statements
         self.assertEqual(langsys.script, "latn")
         self.assertEqual(langsys.language, "DEU ")
-        self.assertRaisesRegex(
-            FeatureLibError,
-            'For script "DFLT", the language must be "dflt"',
-            self.parse, "languagesystem DFLT DEU;")
+        [langsys] = self.parse("languagesystem DFLT DEU;").statements
+        self.assertEqual(langsys.script, "DFLT")
+        self.assertEqual(langsys.language, "DEU ")
         self.assertRaisesRegex(
             FeatureLibError,
             '"dflt" is not a valid script tag; use "DFLT" instead',
@@ -1536,9 +1869,15 @@
             doc = self.parse("table %s { ;;; } %s;" % (table, table))
             self.assertEqual(doc.statements[0].statements, [])
 
-    def parse(self, text, glyphNames=GLYPHNAMES):
-        featurefile = UnicodeIO(text)
-        p = Parser(featurefile, glyphNames)
+    def test_ufo_features_parse_include_dir(self):
+        fea_path = self.getpath("include/test.ufo/features.fea")
+        include_dir = os.path.dirname(os.path.dirname(fea_path))
+        doc = Parser(fea_path, includeDir=include_dir).parse()
+        assert len(doc.statements) == 1 and doc.statements[0].text == "# Nothing"
+
+    def parse(self, text, glyphNames=GLYPHNAMES, followIncludes=True):
+        featurefile = StringIO(text)
+        p = Parser(featurefile, glyphNames, followIncludes=followIncludes)
         return p.parse()
 
     @staticmethod
diff --git a/Tests/fontBuilder/data/test.otf.ttx b/Tests/fontBuilder/data/test.otf.ttx
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7924ef5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/fontBuilder/data/test.otf.ttx
@@ -0,0 +1,299 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<ttFont sfntVersion="OTTO" ttLibVersion="3.31">
+
+  <GlyphOrder>
+    <!-- The 'id' attribute is only for humans; it is ignored when parsed. -->
+    <GlyphID id="0" name=".notdef"/>
+    <GlyphID id="1" name=".null"/>
+    <GlyphID id="2" name="A"/>
+    <GlyphID id="3" name="a"/>
+  </GlyphOrder>
+
+  <head>
+    <!-- Most of this table will be recalculated by the compiler -->
+    <tableVersion value="1.0"/>
+    <fontRevision value="1.0"/>
+    <checkSumAdjustment value="0x9198bee"/>
+    <magicNumber value="0x5f0f3cf5"/>
+    <flags value="00000000 00000011"/>
+    <unitsPerEm value="1024"/>
+    <created value="Wed Oct 31 19:40:57 2018"/>
+    <modified value="Wed Oct 31 19:40:57 2018"/>
+    <xMin value="100"/>
+    <yMin value="100"/>
+    <xMax value="500"/>
+    <yMax value="1000"/>
+    <macStyle value="00000000 00000000"/>
+    <lowestRecPPEM value="3"/>
+    <fontDirectionHint value="2"/>
+    <indexToLocFormat value="0"/>
+    <glyphDataFormat value="0"/>
+  </head>
+
+  <hhea>
+    <tableVersion value="0x00010000"/>
+    <ascent value="824"/>
+    <descent value="200"/>
+    <lineGap value="0"/>
+    <advanceWidthMax value="600"/>
+    <minLeftSideBearing value="100"/>
+    <minRightSideBearing value="100"/>
+    <xMaxExtent value="500"/>
+    <caretSlopeRise value="1"/>
+    <caretSlopeRun value="0"/>
+    <caretOffset value="0"/>
+    <reserved0 value="0"/>
+    <reserved1 value="0"/>
+    <reserved2 value="0"/>
+    <reserved3 value="0"/>
+    <metricDataFormat value="0"/>
+    <numberOfHMetrics value="1"/>
+  </hhea>
+
+  <maxp>
+    <tableVersion value="0x5000"/>
+    <numGlyphs value="4"/>
+  </maxp>
+
+  <OS_2>
+    <!-- The fields 'usFirstCharIndex' and 'usLastCharIndex'
+         will be recalculated by the compiler -->
+    <version value="3"/>
+    <xAvgCharWidth value="600"/>
+    <usWeightClass value="400"/>
+    <usWidthClass value="5"/>
+    <fsType value="00000000 00000100"/>
+    <ySubscriptXSize value="0"/>
+    <ySubscriptYSize value="0"/>
+    <ySubscriptXOffset value="0"/>
+    <ySubscriptYOffset value="0"/>
+    <ySuperscriptXSize value="0"/>
+    <ySuperscriptYSize value="0"/>
+    <ySuperscriptXOffset value="0"/>
+    <ySuperscriptYOffset value="0"/>
+    <yStrikeoutSize value="0"/>
+    <yStrikeoutPosition value="0"/>
+    <sFamilyClass value="0"/>
+    <panose>
+      <bFamilyType value="0"/>
+      <bSerifStyle value="0"/>
+      <bWeight value="0"/>
+      <bProportion value="0"/>
+      <bContrast value="0"/>
+      <bStrokeVariation value="0"/>
+      <bArmStyle value="0"/>
+      <bLetterForm value="0"/>
+      <bMidline value="0"/>
+      <bXHeight value="0"/>
+    </panose>
+    <ulUnicodeRange1 value="00000000 00000000 00000000 00000001"/>
+    <ulUnicodeRange2 value="00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000"/>
+    <ulUnicodeRange3 value="00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000"/>
+    <ulUnicodeRange4 value="00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000"/>
+    <achVendID value="????"/>
+    <fsSelection value="00000000 00000000"/>
+    <usFirstCharIndex value="65"/>
+    <usLastCharIndex value="97"/>
+    <sTypoAscender value="0"/>
+    <sTypoDescender value="0"/>
+    <sTypoLineGap value="0"/>
+    <usWinAscent value="0"/>
+    <usWinDescent value="0"/>
+    <ulCodePageRange1 value="00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000"/>
+    <ulCodePageRange2 value="00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000"/>
+    <sxHeight value="0"/>
+    <sCapHeight value="0"/>
+    <usDefaultChar value="0"/>
+    <usBreakChar value="32"/>
+    <usMaxContext value="2"/>
+  </OS_2>
+
+  <name>
+    <namerecord nameID="1" platformID="1" platEncID="0" langID="0x0" unicode="True">
+      HelloTestFont
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="2" platformID="1" platEncID="0" langID="0x0" unicode="True">
+      TotallyNormal
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="6" platformID="1" platEncID="0" langID="0x0" unicode="True">
+      HelloTestFont-TotallyNormal
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="1" platformID="1" platEncID="0" langID="0x4" unicode="True">
+      HalloTestFont
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="2" platformID="1" platEncID="0" langID="0x4" unicode="True">
+      TotaalNormaal
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="1" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      HelloTestFont
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="2" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      TotallyNormal
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="6" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      HelloTestFont-TotallyNormal
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="1" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x413">
+      HalloTestFont
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="2" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x413">
+      TotaalNormaal
+    </namerecord>
+  </name>
+
+  <cmap>
+    <tableVersion version="0"/>
+    <cmap_format_4 platformID="0" platEncID="3" language="0">
+      <map code="0x41" name="A"/><!-- LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A -->
+      <map code="0x61" name="a"/><!-- LATIN SMALL LETTER A -->
+    </cmap_format_4>
+    <cmap_format_4 platformID="3" platEncID="1" language="0">
+      <map code="0x41" name="A"/><!-- LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A -->
+      <map code="0x61" name="a"/><!-- LATIN SMALL LETTER A -->
+    </cmap_format_4>
+  </cmap>
+
+  <post>
+    <formatType value="3.0"/>
+    <italicAngle value="0.0"/>
+    <underlinePosition value="0"/>
+    <underlineThickness value="0"/>
+    <isFixedPitch value="0"/>
+    <minMemType42 value="0"/>
+    <maxMemType42 value="0"/>
+    <minMemType1 value="0"/>
+    <maxMemType1 value="0"/>
+  </post>
+
+  <CFF>
+    <major value="1"/>
+    <minor value="0"/>
+    <CFFFont name="HelloTestFont-TotallyNormal">
+      <FullName value="HelloTestFont-TotallyNormal"/>
+      <isFixedPitch value="0"/>
+      <ItalicAngle value="0"/>
+      <UnderlinePosition value="-100"/>
+      <UnderlineThickness value="50"/>
+      <PaintType value="0"/>
+      <CharstringType value="2"/>
+      <FontMatrix value="0.0009765625 0 0 0.0009765625 0 0"/>
+      <FontBBox value="100 100 500 1000"/>
+      <StrokeWidth value="0"/>
+      <!-- charset is dumped separately as the 'GlyphOrder' element -->
+      <Encoding name="StandardEncoding"/>
+      <Private>
+        <BlueScale value="0.039625"/>
+        <BlueShift value="7"/>
+        <BlueFuzz value="1"/>
+        <ForceBold value="0"/>
+        <LanguageGroup value="0"/>
+        <ExpansionFactor value="0.06"/>
+        <initialRandomSeed value="0"/>
+        <defaultWidthX value="0"/>
+        <nominalWidthX value="0"/>
+      </Private>
+      <CharStrings>
+        <CharString name=".notdef">
+          600 100 100 rmoveto
+          900 vlineto
+          -67 67 66 -33 67 hhcurveto
+          67 66 33 67 67 hvcurveto
+          -900 vlineto
+          endchar
+        </CharString>
+        <CharString name=".null">
+          600 100 100 rmoveto
+          900 vlineto
+          -67 67 66 -33 67 hhcurveto
+          67 66 33 67 67 hvcurveto
+          -900 vlineto
+          endchar
+        </CharString>
+        <CharString name="A">
+          600 100 100 rmoveto
+          900 vlineto
+          -67 67 66 -33 67 hhcurveto
+          67 66 33 67 67 hvcurveto
+          -900 vlineto
+          endchar
+        </CharString>
+        <CharString name="a">
+          600 100 100 rmoveto
+          900 vlineto
+          -67 67 66 -33 67 hhcurveto
+          67 66 33 67 67 hvcurveto
+          -900 vlineto
+          endchar
+        </CharString>
+      </CharStrings>
+    </CFFFont>
+
+    <GlobalSubrs>
+      <!-- The 'index' attribute is only for humans; it is ignored when parsed. -->
+    </GlobalSubrs>
+  </CFF>
+
+  <GPOS>
+    <Version value="0x00010000"/>
+    <ScriptList>
+      <!-- ScriptCount=1 -->
+      <ScriptRecord index="0">
+        <ScriptTag value="DFLT"/>
+        <Script>
+          <DefaultLangSys>
+            <ReqFeatureIndex value="65535"/>
+            <!-- FeatureCount=1 -->
+            <FeatureIndex index="0" value="0"/>
+          </DefaultLangSys>
+          <!-- LangSysCount=0 -->
+        </Script>
+      </ScriptRecord>
+    </ScriptList>
+    <FeatureList>
+      <!-- FeatureCount=1 -->
+      <FeatureRecord index="0">
+        <FeatureTag value="kern"/>
+        <Feature>
+          <!-- LookupCount=1 -->
+          <LookupListIndex index="0" value="0"/>
+        </Feature>
+      </FeatureRecord>
+    </FeatureList>
+    <LookupList>
+      <!-- LookupCount=1 -->
+      <Lookup index="0">
+        <LookupType value="2"/>
+        <LookupFlag value="0"/>
+        <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
+        <PairPos index="0" Format="1">
+          <Coverage>
+            <Glyph value="A"/>
+          </Coverage>
+          <ValueFormat1 value="4"/>
+          <ValueFormat2 value="0"/>
+          <!-- PairSetCount=1 -->
+          <PairSet index="0">
+            <!-- PairValueCount=1 -->
+            <PairValueRecord index="0">
+              <SecondGlyph value="a"/>
+              <Value1 XAdvance="-50"/>
+            </PairValueRecord>
+          </PairSet>
+        </PairPos>
+      </Lookup>
+    </LookupList>
+  </GPOS>
+
+  <hmtx>
+    <mtx name=".notdef" width="600" lsb="100"/>
+    <mtx name=".null" width="600" lsb="100"/>
+    <mtx name="A" width="600" lsb="100"/>
+    <mtx name="a" width="600" lsb="100"/>
+  </hmtx>
+
+  <DSIG>
+    <!-- note that the Digital Signature will be invalid after recompilation! -->
+    <tableHeader flag="0x0" numSigs="0" version="1"/>
+  </DSIG>
+
+</ttFont>
diff --git a/Tests/fontBuilder/data/test.ttf.ttx b/Tests/fontBuilder/data/test.ttf.ttx
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8c3f00e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/fontBuilder/data/test.ttf.ttx
@@ -0,0 +1,304 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<ttFont sfntVersion="\x00\x01\x00\x00" ttLibVersion="3.31">
+
+  <GlyphOrder>
+    <!-- The 'id' attribute is only for humans; it is ignored when parsed. -->
+    <GlyphID id="0" name=".notdef"/>
+    <GlyphID id="1" name=".null"/>
+    <GlyphID id="2" name="A"/>
+    <GlyphID id="3" name="a"/>
+  </GlyphOrder>
+
+  <head>
+    <!-- Most of this table will be recalculated by the compiler -->
+    <tableVersion value="1.0"/>
+    <fontRevision value="1.0"/>
+    <checkSumAdjustment value="0x7adb7b76"/>
+    <magicNumber value="0x5f0f3cf5"/>
+    <flags value="00000000 00000011"/>
+    <unitsPerEm value="1024"/>
+    <created value="Wed Oct 31 19:40:57 2018"/>
+    <modified value="Wed Oct 31 19:40:57 2018"/>
+    <xMin value="100"/>
+    <yMin value="100"/>
+    <xMax value="500"/>
+    <yMax value="1000"/>
+    <macStyle value="00000000 00000000"/>
+    <lowestRecPPEM value="3"/>
+    <fontDirectionHint value="2"/>
+    <indexToLocFormat value="0"/>
+    <glyphDataFormat value="0"/>
+  </head>
+
+  <hhea>
+    <tableVersion value="0x00010000"/>
+    <ascent value="824"/>
+    <descent value="200"/>
+    <lineGap value="0"/>
+    <advanceWidthMax value="600"/>
+    <minLeftSideBearing value="100"/>
+    <minRightSideBearing value="100"/>
+    <xMaxExtent value="500"/>
+    <caretSlopeRise value="1"/>
+    <caretSlopeRun value="0"/>
+    <caretOffset value="0"/>
+    <reserved0 value="0"/>
+    <reserved1 value="0"/>
+    <reserved2 value="0"/>
+    <reserved3 value="0"/>
+    <metricDataFormat value="0"/>
+    <numberOfHMetrics value="1"/>
+  </hhea>
+
+  <maxp>
+    <!-- Most of this table will be recalculated by the compiler -->
+    <tableVersion value="0x10000"/>
+    <numGlyphs value="4"/>
+    <maxPoints value="6"/>
+    <maxContours value="1"/>
+    <maxCompositePoints value="0"/>
+    <maxCompositeContours value="0"/>
+    <maxZones value="2"/>
+    <maxTwilightPoints value="0"/>
+    <maxStorage value="0"/>
+    <maxFunctionDefs value="0"/>
+    <maxInstructionDefs value="0"/>
+    <maxStackElements value="0"/>
+    <maxSizeOfInstructions value="0"/>
+    <maxComponentElements value="0"/>
+    <maxComponentDepth value="0"/>
+  </maxp>
+
+  <OS_2>
+    <!-- The fields 'usFirstCharIndex' and 'usLastCharIndex'
+         will be recalculated by the compiler -->
+    <version value="3"/>
+    <xAvgCharWidth value="600"/>
+    <usWeightClass value="400"/>
+    <usWidthClass value="5"/>
+    <fsType value="00000000 00000100"/>
+    <ySubscriptXSize value="0"/>
+    <ySubscriptYSize value="0"/>
+    <ySubscriptXOffset value="0"/>
+    <ySubscriptYOffset value="0"/>
+    <ySuperscriptXSize value="0"/>
+    <ySuperscriptYSize value="0"/>
+    <ySuperscriptXOffset value="0"/>
+    <ySuperscriptYOffset value="0"/>
+    <yStrikeoutSize value="0"/>
+    <yStrikeoutPosition value="0"/>
+    <sFamilyClass value="0"/>
+    <panose>
+      <bFamilyType value="0"/>
+      <bSerifStyle value="0"/>
+      <bWeight value="0"/>
+      <bProportion value="0"/>
+      <bContrast value="0"/>
+      <bStrokeVariation value="0"/>
+      <bArmStyle value="0"/>
+      <bLetterForm value="0"/>
+      <bMidline value="0"/>
+      <bXHeight value="0"/>
+    </panose>
+    <ulUnicodeRange1 value="00000000 00000000 00000000 00000001"/>
+    <ulUnicodeRange2 value="00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000"/>
+    <ulUnicodeRange3 value="00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000"/>
+    <ulUnicodeRange4 value="00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000"/>
+    <achVendID value="????"/>
+    <fsSelection value="00000000 00000000"/>
+    <usFirstCharIndex value="65"/>
+    <usLastCharIndex value="97"/>
+    <sTypoAscender value="0"/>
+    <sTypoDescender value="0"/>
+    <sTypoLineGap value="0"/>
+    <usWinAscent value="0"/>
+    <usWinDescent value="0"/>
+    <ulCodePageRange1 value="00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000"/>
+    <ulCodePageRange2 value="00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000"/>
+    <sxHeight value="0"/>
+    <sCapHeight value="0"/>
+    <usDefaultChar value="0"/>
+    <usBreakChar value="32"/>
+    <usMaxContext value="1"/>
+  </OS_2>
+
+  <hmtx>
+    <mtx name=".notdef" width="600" lsb="100"/>
+    <mtx name=".null" width="600" lsb="100"/>
+    <mtx name="A" width="600" lsb="100"/>
+    <mtx name="a" width="600" lsb="100"/>
+  </hmtx>
+
+  <cmap>
+    <tableVersion version="0"/>
+    <cmap_format_4 platformID="0" platEncID="3" language="0">
+      <map code="0x41" name="A"/><!-- LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A -->
+      <map code="0x61" name="a"/><!-- LATIN SMALL LETTER A -->
+    </cmap_format_4>
+    <cmap_format_4 platformID="3" platEncID="1" language="0">
+      <map code="0x41" name="A"/><!-- LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A -->
+      <map code="0x61" name="a"/><!-- LATIN SMALL LETTER A -->
+    </cmap_format_4>
+  </cmap>
+
+  <loca>
+    <!-- The 'loca' table will be calculated by the compiler -->
+  </loca>
+
+  <glyf>
+
+    <!-- The xMin, yMin, xMax and yMax values
+         will be recalculated by the compiler. -->
+
+    <TTGlyph name=".notdef" xMin="100" yMin="100" xMax="500" yMax="1000">
+      <contour>
+        <pt x="100" y="100" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="100" y="1000" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="200" y="900" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="400" y="900" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="500" y="1000" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="500" y="100" on="1"/>
+      </contour>
+      <instructions/>
+    </TTGlyph>
+
+    <TTGlyph name=".null" xMin="100" yMin="100" xMax="500" yMax="1000">
+      <contour>
+        <pt x="100" y="100" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="100" y="1000" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="200" y="900" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="400" y="900" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="500" y="1000" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="500" y="100" on="1"/>
+      </contour>
+      <instructions/>
+    </TTGlyph>
+
+    <TTGlyph name="A" xMin="100" yMin="100" xMax="500" yMax="1000">
+      <contour>
+        <pt x="100" y="100" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="100" y="1000" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="200" y="900" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="400" y="900" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="500" y="1000" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="500" y="100" on="1"/>
+      </contour>
+      <instructions/>
+    </TTGlyph>
+
+    <TTGlyph name="a" xMin="100" yMin="100" xMax="500" yMax="1000">
+      <contour>
+        <pt x="100" y="100" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="100" y="1000" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="200" y="900" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="400" y="900" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="500" y="1000" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="500" y="100" on="1"/>
+      </contour>
+      <instructions/>
+    </TTGlyph>
+
+  </glyf>
+
+  <name>
+    <namerecord nameID="1" platformID="1" platEncID="0" langID="0x0" unicode="True">
+      HelloTestFont
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="2" platformID="1" platEncID="0" langID="0x0" unicode="True">
+      TotallyNormal
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="6" platformID="1" platEncID="0" langID="0x0" unicode="True">
+      HelloTestFont-TotallyNormal
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="1" platformID="1" platEncID="0" langID="0x4" unicode="True">
+      HalloTestFont
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="2" platformID="1" platEncID="0" langID="0x4" unicode="True">
+      TotaalNormaal
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="1" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      HelloTestFont
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="2" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      TotallyNormal
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="6" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      HelloTestFont-TotallyNormal
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="1" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x413">
+      HalloTestFont
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="2" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x413">
+      TotaalNormaal
+    </namerecord>
+  </name>
+
+  <post>
+    <formatType value="2.0"/>
+    <italicAngle value="0.0"/>
+    <underlinePosition value="0"/>
+    <underlineThickness value="0"/>
+    <isFixedPitch value="0"/>
+    <minMemType42 value="0"/>
+    <maxMemType42 value="0"/>
+    <minMemType1 value="0"/>
+    <maxMemType1 value="0"/>
+    <psNames>
+      <!-- This file uses unique glyph names based on the information
+           found in the 'post' table. Since these names might not be unique,
+           we have to invent artificial names in case of clashes. In order to
+           be able to retain the original information, we need a name to
+           ps name mapping for those cases where they differ. That's what
+           you see below.
+            -->
+    </psNames>
+    <extraNames>
+      <!-- following are the name that are not taken from the standard Mac glyph order -->
+    </extraNames>
+  </post>
+
+  <GSUB>
+    <Version value="0x00010000"/>
+    <ScriptList>
+      <!-- ScriptCount=1 -->
+      <ScriptRecord index="0">
+        <ScriptTag value="DFLT"/>
+        <Script>
+          <DefaultLangSys>
+            <ReqFeatureIndex value="65535"/>
+            <!-- FeatureCount=1 -->
+            <FeatureIndex index="0" value="0"/>
+          </DefaultLangSys>
+          <!-- LangSysCount=0 -->
+        </Script>
+      </ScriptRecord>
+    </ScriptList>
+    <FeatureList>
+      <!-- FeatureCount=1 -->
+      <FeatureRecord index="0">
+        <FeatureTag value="salt"/>
+        <Feature>
+          <!-- LookupCount=1 -->
+          <LookupListIndex index="0" value="0"/>
+        </Feature>
+      </FeatureRecord>
+    </FeatureList>
+    <LookupList>
+      <!-- LookupCount=1 -->
+      <Lookup index="0">
+        <LookupType value="1"/>
+        <LookupFlag value="0"/>
+        <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
+        <SingleSubst index="0">
+          <Substitution in="A" out="a"/>
+        </SingleSubst>
+      </Lookup>
+    </LookupList>
+  </GSUB>
+
+  <DSIG>
+    <!-- note that the Digital Signature will be invalid after recompilation! -->
+    <tableHeader flag="0x0" numSigs="0" version="1"/>
+  </DSIG>
+
+</ttFont>
diff --git a/Tests/fontBuilder/data/test_uvs.ttf.ttx b/Tests/fontBuilder/data/test_uvs.ttf.ttx
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..55b0a80
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/fontBuilder/data/test_uvs.ttf.ttx
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<ttFont sfntVersion="\x00\x01\x00\x00" ttLibVersion="3.35">
+
+  <cmap>
+    <tableVersion version="0"/>
+    <cmap_format_4 platformID="0" platEncID="3" language="0">
+      <map code="0x20" name="space"/><!-- SPACE -->
+      <map code="0x30" name="zero"/><!-- DIGIT ZERO -->
+    </cmap_format_4>
+    <cmap_format_14 platformID="0" platEncID="5">
+      <map uv="0x30" uvs="0xfe00" name="zero.slash"/>
+      <map uv="0x30" uvs="0xfe01"/>
+    </cmap_format_14>
+    <cmap_format_4 platformID="3" platEncID="1" language="0">
+      <map code="0x20" name="space"/><!-- SPACE -->
+      <map code="0x30" name="zero"/><!-- DIGIT ZERO -->
+    </cmap_format_4>
+  </cmap>
+
+</ttFont>
diff --git a/Tests/fontBuilder/data/test_var.otf.ttx b/Tests/fontBuilder/data/test_var.otf.ttx
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ff14868
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/fontBuilder/data/test_var.otf.ttx
@@ -0,0 +1,299 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<ttFont sfntVersion="OTTO" ttLibVersion="3.38">
+
+  <GlyphOrder>
+    <!-- The 'id' attribute is only for humans; it is ignored when parsed. -->
+    <GlyphID id="0" name=".notdef"/>
+    <GlyphID id="1" name=".null"/>
+    <GlyphID id="2" name="A"/>
+    <GlyphID id="3" name="a"/>
+  </GlyphOrder>
+
+  <head>
+    <!-- Most of this table will be recalculated by the compiler -->
+    <tableVersion value="1.0"/>
+    <fontRevision value="1.0"/>
+    <checkSumAdjustment value="0x79eab779"/>
+    <magicNumber value="0x5f0f3cf5"/>
+    <flags value="00000000 00000011"/>
+    <unitsPerEm value="1000"/>
+    <created value="Wed Mar 27 00:23:21 2019"/>
+    <modified value="Wed Mar 27 00:23:21 2019"/>
+    <xMin value="100"/>
+    <yMin value="100"/>
+    <xMax value="600"/>
+    <yMax value="1000"/>
+    <macStyle value="00000000 00000000"/>
+    <lowestRecPPEM value="3"/>
+    <fontDirectionHint value="2"/>
+    <indexToLocFormat value="0"/>
+    <glyphDataFormat value="0"/>
+  </head>
+
+  <hhea>
+    <tableVersion value="0x00010000"/>
+    <ascent value="824"/>
+    <descent value="200"/>
+    <lineGap value="0"/>
+    <advanceWidthMax value="600"/>
+    <minLeftSideBearing value="0"/>
+    <minRightSideBearing value="200"/>
+    <xMaxExtent value="400"/>
+    <caretSlopeRise value="1"/>
+    <caretSlopeRun value="0"/>
+    <caretOffset value="0"/>
+    <reserved0 value="0"/>
+    <reserved1 value="0"/>
+    <reserved2 value="0"/>
+    <reserved3 value="0"/>
+    <metricDataFormat value="0"/>
+    <numberOfHMetrics value="1"/>
+  </hhea>
+
+  <maxp>
+    <tableVersion value="0x5000"/>
+    <numGlyphs value="4"/>
+  </maxp>
+
+  <OS_2>
+    <!-- The fields 'usFirstCharIndex' and 'usLastCharIndex'
+         will be recalculated by the compiler -->
+    <version value="3"/>
+    <xAvgCharWidth value="600"/>
+    <usWeightClass value="400"/>
+    <usWidthClass value="5"/>
+    <fsType value="00000000 00000100"/>
+    <ySubscriptXSize value="0"/>
+    <ySubscriptYSize value="0"/>
+    <ySubscriptXOffset value="0"/>
+    <ySubscriptYOffset value="0"/>
+    <ySuperscriptXSize value="0"/>
+    <ySuperscriptYSize value="0"/>
+    <ySuperscriptXOffset value="0"/>
+    <ySuperscriptYOffset value="0"/>
+    <yStrikeoutSize value="0"/>
+    <yStrikeoutPosition value="0"/>
+    <sFamilyClass value="0"/>
+    <panose>
+      <bFamilyType value="0"/>
+      <bSerifStyle value="0"/>
+      <bWeight value="0"/>
+      <bProportion value="0"/>
+      <bContrast value="0"/>
+      <bStrokeVariation value="0"/>
+      <bArmStyle value="0"/>
+      <bLetterForm value="0"/>
+      <bMidline value="0"/>
+      <bXHeight value="0"/>
+    </panose>
+    <ulUnicodeRange1 value="00000000 00000000 00000000 00000001"/>
+    <ulUnicodeRange2 value="00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000"/>
+    <ulUnicodeRange3 value="00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000"/>
+    <ulUnicodeRange4 value="00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000"/>
+    <achVendID value="????"/>
+    <fsSelection value="00000000 00000000"/>
+    <usFirstCharIndex value="65"/>
+    <usLastCharIndex value="97"/>
+    <sTypoAscender value="825"/>
+    <sTypoDescender value="200"/>
+    <sTypoLineGap value="0"/>
+    <usWinAscent value="824"/>
+    <usWinDescent value="200"/>
+    <ulCodePageRange1 value="00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000"/>
+    <ulCodePageRange2 value="00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000"/>
+    <sxHeight value="0"/>
+    <sCapHeight value="0"/>
+    <usDefaultChar value="0"/>
+    <usBreakChar value="32"/>
+    <usMaxContext value="0"/>
+  </OS_2>
+
+  <hmtx>
+    <mtx name=".notdef" width="600" lsb="0"/>
+    <mtx name=".null" width="600" lsb="0"/>
+    <mtx name="A" width="600" lsb="0"/>
+    <mtx name="a" width="600" lsb="0"/>
+  </hmtx>
+
+  <cmap>
+    <tableVersion version="0"/>
+    <cmap_format_4 platformID="0" platEncID="3" language="0">
+      <map code="0x41" name="A"/><!-- LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A -->
+      <map code="0x61" name="a"/><!-- LATIN SMALL LETTER A -->
+    </cmap_format_4>
+    <cmap_format_4 platformID="3" platEncID="1" language="0">
+      <map code="0x41" name="A"/><!-- LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A -->
+      <map code="0x61" name="a"/><!-- LATIN SMALL LETTER A -->
+    </cmap_format_4>
+  </cmap>
+
+  <name>
+    <namerecord nameID="1" platformID="1" platEncID="0" langID="0x0" unicode="True">
+      HelloTestFont
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="2" platformID="1" platEncID="0" langID="0x0" unicode="True">
+      TotallyNormal
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="6" platformID="1" platEncID="0" langID="0x0" unicode="True">
+      HelloTestFont-TotallyNormal
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="256" platformID="1" platEncID="0" langID="0x0" unicode="True">
+      Test Axis
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="257" platformID="1" platEncID="0" langID="0x0" unicode="True">
+      TotallyTested
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="1" platformID="1" platEncID="0" langID="0x4" unicode="True">
+      HalloTestFont
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="2" platformID="1" platEncID="0" langID="0x4" unicode="True">
+      TotaalNormaal
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="1" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      HelloTestFont
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="2" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      TotallyNormal
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="6" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      HelloTestFont-TotallyNormal
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="256" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Test Axis
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="257" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      TotallyTested
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="1" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x413">
+      HalloTestFont
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="2" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x413">
+      TotaalNormaal
+    </namerecord>
+  </name>
+
+  <post>
+    <formatType value="2.0"/>
+    <italicAngle value="0.0"/>
+    <underlinePosition value="0"/>
+    <underlineThickness value="0"/>
+    <isFixedPitch value="0"/>
+    <minMemType42 value="0"/>
+    <maxMemType42 value="0"/>
+    <minMemType1 value="0"/>
+    <maxMemType1 value="0"/>
+    <psNames>
+      <!-- This file uses unique glyph names based on the information
+           found in the 'post' table. Since these names might not be unique,
+           we have to invent artificial names in case of clashes. In order to
+           be able to retain the original information, we need a name to
+           ps name mapping for those cases where they differ. That's what
+           you see below.
+            -->
+    </psNames>
+    <extraNames>
+      <!-- following are the name that are not taken from the standard Mac glyph order -->
+    </extraNames>
+  </post>
+
+  <CFF2>
+    <major value="2"/>
+    <minor value="0"/>
+    <CFFFont name="CFF2Font">
+      <FontMatrix value="0.001 0 0 0.001 0 0"/>
+      <FDArray>
+        <FontDict index="0">
+          <Private>
+            <BlueScale value="0.039625"/>
+            <BlueShift value="7"/>
+            <BlueFuzz value="1"/>
+            <LanguageGroup value="0"/>
+            <ExpansionFactor value="0.06"/>
+          </Private>
+        </FontDict>
+      </FDArray>
+      <CharStrings>
+        <CharString name=".notdef">
+          100 100 rmoveto
+          900 vlineto
+          -67 67 66 -33 67 hhcurveto
+          67 66 33 67 67 hvcurveto
+          -900 vlineto
+        </CharString>
+        <CharString name=".null">
+          100 100 rmoveto
+          900 vlineto
+          -67 67 66 -33 67 hhcurveto
+          67 66 33 67 67 hvcurveto
+          -900 vlineto
+        </CharString>
+        <CharString name="A">
+          100 100 rmoveto
+          900 vlineto
+          -67 67 66 -33 67 hhcurveto
+          67 66 33 67 67 hvcurveto
+          -900 vlineto
+        </CharString>
+        <CharString name="a">
+          200 200 -200 -200 2 blend
+          rmoveto
+          400 400 1 blend
+          hlineto
+          400 400 1 blend
+          vlineto
+          -400 -400 1 blend
+          hlineto
+        </CharString>
+      </CharStrings>
+      <VarStore Format="1">
+        <Format value="1"/>
+        <VarRegionList>
+          <!-- RegionAxisCount=1 -->
+          <!-- RegionCount=1 -->
+          <Region index="0">
+            <VarRegionAxis index="0">
+              <StartCoord value="0.0"/>
+              <PeakCoord value="1.0"/>
+              <EndCoord value="1.0"/>
+            </VarRegionAxis>
+          </Region>
+        </VarRegionList>
+        <!-- VarDataCount=1 -->
+        <VarData index="0">
+          <!-- ItemCount=0 -->
+          <NumShorts value="0"/>
+          <!-- VarRegionCount=1 -->
+          <VarRegionIndex index="0" value="0"/>
+        </VarData>
+      </VarStore>
+    </CFFFont>
+
+    <GlobalSubrs>
+      <!-- The 'index' attribute is only for humans; it is ignored when parsed. -->
+    </GlobalSubrs>
+  </CFF2>
+
+  <fvar>
+
+    <!-- Test Axis -->
+    <Axis>
+      <AxisTag>TEST</AxisTag>
+      <Flags>0x0</Flags>
+      <MinValue>0.0</MinValue>
+      <DefaultValue>0.0</DefaultValue>
+      <MaxValue>100.0</MaxValue>
+      <AxisNameID>256</AxisNameID>
+    </Axis>
+
+    <!-- TotallyNormal -->
+    <NamedInstance flags="0x0" subfamilyNameID="2">
+      <coord axis="TEST" value="0.0"/>
+    </NamedInstance>
+
+    <!-- TotallyTested -->
+    <NamedInstance flags="0x0" subfamilyNameID="257">
+      <coord axis="TEST" value="100.0"/>
+    </NamedInstance>
+  </fvar>
+
+</ttFont>
diff --git a/Tests/fontBuilder/data/test_var.ttf.ttx b/Tests/fontBuilder/data/test_var.ttf.ttx
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e6d4d8d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/fontBuilder/data/test_var.ttf.ttx
@@ -0,0 +1,545 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<ttFont sfntVersion="\x00\x01\x00\x00" ttLibVersion="4.2">
+
+  <GlyphOrder>
+    <!-- The 'id' attribute is only for humans; it is ignored when parsed. -->
+    <GlyphID id="0" name=".notdef"/>
+    <GlyphID id="1" name=".null"/>
+    <GlyphID id="2" name="A"/>
+    <GlyphID id="3" name="a"/>
+  </GlyphOrder>
+
+  <head>
+    <!-- Most of this table will be recalculated by the compiler -->
+    <tableVersion value="1.0"/>
+    <fontRevision value="1.0"/>
+    <checkSumAdjustment value="0x18e72247"/>
+    <magicNumber value="0x5f0f3cf5"/>
+    <flags value="00000000 00000011"/>
+    <unitsPerEm value="1024"/>
+    <created value="Thu Nov  1 20:29:01 2018"/>
+    <modified value="Thu Nov  1 20:29:01 2018"/>
+    <xMin value="50"/>
+    <yMin value="0"/>
+    <xMax value="500"/>
+    <yMax value="400"/>
+    <macStyle value="00000000 00000000"/>
+    <lowestRecPPEM value="3"/>
+    <fontDirectionHint value="2"/>
+    <indexToLocFormat value="0"/>
+    <glyphDataFormat value="0"/>
+  </head>
+
+  <hhea>
+    <tableVersion value="0x00010000"/>
+    <ascent value="824"/>
+    <descent value="200"/>
+    <lineGap value="0"/>
+    <advanceWidthMax value="600"/>
+    <minLeftSideBearing value="50"/>
+    <minRightSideBearing value="100"/>
+    <xMaxExtent value="500"/>
+    <caretSlopeRise value="1"/>
+    <caretSlopeRun value="0"/>
+    <caretOffset value="0"/>
+    <reserved0 value="0"/>
+    <reserved1 value="0"/>
+    <reserved2 value="0"/>
+    <reserved3 value="0"/>
+    <metricDataFormat value="0"/>
+    <numberOfHMetrics value="1"/>
+  </hhea>
+
+  <maxp>
+    <!-- Most of this table will be recalculated by the compiler -->
+    <tableVersion value="0x10000"/>
+    <numGlyphs value="4"/>
+    <maxPoints value="4"/>
+    <maxContours value="1"/>
+    <maxCompositePoints value="0"/>
+    <maxCompositeContours value="0"/>
+    <maxZones value="2"/>
+    <maxTwilightPoints value="0"/>
+    <maxStorage value="0"/>
+    <maxFunctionDefs value="0"/>
+    <maxInstructionDefs value="0"/>
+    <maxStackElements value="0"/>
+    <maxSizeOfInstructions value="0"/>
+    <maxComponentElements value="0"/>
+    <maxComponentDepth value="0"/>
+  </maxp>
+
+  <OS_2>
+    <!-- The fields 'usFirstCharIndex' and 'usLastCharIndex'
+         will be recalculated by the compiler -->
+    <version value="3"/>
+    <xAvgCharWidth value="600"/>
+    <usWeightClass value="400"/>
+    <usWidthClass value="5"/>
+    <fsType value="00000000 00000100"/>
+    <ySubscriptXSize value="0"/>
+    <ySubscriptYSize value="0"/>
+    <ySubscriptXOffset value="0"/>
+    <ySubscriptYOffset value="0"/>
+    <ySuperscriptXSize value="0"/>
+    <ySuperscriptYSize value="0"/>
+    <ySuperscriptXOffset value="0"/>
+    <ySuperscriptYOffset value="0"/>
+    <yStrikeoutSize value="0"/>
+    <yStrikeoutPosition value="0"/>
+    <sFamilyClass value="0"/>
+    <panose>
+      <bFamilyType value="0"/>
+      <bSerifStyle value="0"/>
+      <bWeight value="0"/>
+      <bProportion value="0"/>
+      <bContrast value="0"/>
+      <bStrokeVariation value="0"/>
+      <bArmStyle value="0"/>
+      <bLetterForm value="0"/>
+      <bMidline value="0"/>
+      <bXHeight value="0"/>
+    </panose>
+    <ulUnicodeRange1 value="00000000 00000000 00000000 00000001"/>
+    <ulUnicodeRange2 value="00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000"/>
+    <ulUnicodeRange3 value="00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000"/>
+    <ulUnicodeRange4 value="00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000"/>
+    <achVendID value="????"/>
+    <fsSelection value="00000000 00000000"/>
+    <usFirstCharIndex value="65"/>
+    <usLastCharIndex value="97"/>
+    <sTypoAscender value="0"/>
+    <sTypoDescender value="0"/>
+    <sTypoLineGap value="0"/>
+    <usWinAscent value="0"/>
+    <usWinDescent value="0"/>
+    <ulCodePageRange1 value="00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000"/>
+    <ulCodePageRange2 value="00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000"/>
+    <sxHeight value="0"/>
+    <sCapHeight value="0"/>
+    <usDefaultChar value="0"/>
+    <usBreakChar value="32"/>
+    <usMaxContext value="0"/>
+  </OS_2>
+
+  <hmtx>
+    <mtx name=".notdef" width="600" lsb="0"/>
+    <mtx name=".null" width="600" lsb="0"/>
+    <mtx name="A" width="600" lsb="100"/>
+    <mtx name="a" width="600" lsb="50"/>
+  </hmtx>
+
+  <cmap>
+    <tableVersion version="0"/>
+    <cmap_format_4 platformID="0" platEncID="3" language="0">
+      <map code="0x41" name="A"/><!-- LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A -->
+      <map code="0x61" name="a"/><!-- LATIN SMALL LETTER A -->
+    </cmap_format_4>
+    <cmap_format_4 platformID="3" platEncID="1" language="0">
+      <map code="0x41" name="A"/><!-- LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A -->
+      <map code="0x61" name="a"/><!-- LATIN SMALL LETTER A -->
+    </cmap_format_4>
+  </cmap>
+
+  <loca>
+    <!-- The 'loca' table will be calculated by the compiler -->
+  </loca>
+
+  <glyf>
+
+    <!-- The xMin, yMin, xMax and yMax values
+         will be recalculated by the compiler. -->
+
+    <TTGlyph name=".notdef"/><!-- contains no outline data -->
+
+    <TTGlyph name=".null"/><!-- contains no outline data -->
+
+    <TTGlyph name="A" xMin="100" yMin="0" xMax="500" yMax="400">
+      <contour>
+        <pt x="100" y="0" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="100" y="400" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="500" y="400" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="500" y="0" on="1"/>
+      </contour>
+      <instructions/>
+    </TTGlyph>
+
+    <TTGlyph name="a" xMin="50" yMin="0" xMax="250" yMax="200">
+      <contour>
+        <pt x="50" y="0" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="50" y="200" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="250" y="200" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="250" y="0" on="1"/>
+      </contour>
+      <instructions/>
+    </TTGlyph>
+
+  </glyf>
+
+  <name>
+    <namerecord nameID="1" platformID="1" platEncID="0" langID="0x0" unicode="True">
+      HelloTestFont
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="2" platformID="1" platEncID="0" langID="0x0" unicode="True">
+      TotallyNormal
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="6" platformID="1" platEncID="0" langID="0x0" unicode="True">
+      HelloTestFont-TotallyNormal
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="256" platformID="1" platEncID="0" langID="0x0" unicode="True">
+      Left
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="257" platformID="1" platEncID="0" langID="0x0" unicode="True">
+      Right
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="258" platformID="1" platEncID="0" langID="0x0" unicode="True">
+      Up
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="259" platformID="1" platEncID="0" langID="0x0" unicode="True">
+      Down
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="260" platformID="1" platEncID="0" langID="0x0" unicode="True">
+      Right Up
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="261" platformID="1" platEncID="0" langID="0x0" unicode="True">
+      Neutral
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="1" platformID="1" platEncID="0" langID="0x4" unicode="True">
+      HalloTestFont
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="2" platformID="1" platEncID="0" langID="0x4" unicode="True">
+      TotaalNormaal
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="1" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      HelloTestFont
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="2" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      TotallyNormal
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="6" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      HelloTestFont-TotallyNormal
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="256" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Left
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="257" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Right
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="258" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Up
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="259" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Down
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="260" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Right Up
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="261" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Neutral
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="1" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x413">
+      HalloTestFont
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="2" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x413">
+      TotaalNormaal
+    </namerecord>
+  </name>
+
+  <post>
+    <formatType value="2.0"/>
+    <italicAngle value="0.0"/>
+    <underlinePosition value="0"/>
+    <underlineThickness value="0"/>
+    <isFixedPitch value="0"/>
+    <minMemType42 value="0"/>
+    <maxMemType42 value="0"/>
+    <minMemType1 value="0"/>
+    <maxMemType1 value="0"/>
+    <psNames>
+      <!-- This file uses unique glyph names based on the information
+           found in the 'post' table. Since these names might not be unique,
+           we have to invent artificial names in case of clashes. In order to
+           be able to retain the original information, we need a name to
+           ps name mapping for those cases where they differ. That's what
+           you see below.
+            -->
+    </psNames>
+    <extraNames>
+      <!-- following are the name that are not taken from the standard Mac glyph order -->
+    </extraNames>
+  </post>
+
+  <GSUB>
+    <Version value="0x00010001"/>
+    <ScriptList>
+      <!-- ScriptCount=1 -->
+      <ScriptRecord index="0">
+        <ScriptTag value="DFLT"/>
+        <Script>
+          <DefaultLangSys>
+            <ReqFeatureIndex value="65535"/>
+            <!-- FeatureCount=1 -->
+            <FeatureIndex index="0" value="0"/>
+          </DefaultLangSys>
+          <!-- LangSysCount=0 -->
+        </Script>
+      </ScriptRecord>
+    </ScriptList>
+    <FeatureList>
+      <!-- FeatureCount=1 -->
+      <FeatureRecord index="0">
+        <FeatureTag value="rclt"/>
+        <Feature>
+          <!-- LookupCount=0 -->
+        </Feature>
+      </FeatureRecord>
+    </FeatureList>
+    <LookupList>
+      <!-- LookupCount=1 -->
+      <Lookup index="0">
+        <LookupType value="1"/>
+        <LookupFlag value="0"/>
+        <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
+        <SingleSubst index="0">
+          <Substitution in="A" out="a"/>
+        </SingleSubst>
+      </Lookup>
+    </LookupList>
+    <FeatureVariations>
+      <Version value="0x00010000"/>
+      <!-- FeatureVariationCount=2 -->
+      <FeatureVariationRecord index="0">
+        <ConditionSet>
+          <!-- ConditionCount=2 -->
+          <ConditionTable index="0" Format="1">
+            <AxisIndex value="3"/>
+            <FilterRangeMinValue value="0.8"/>
+            <FilterRangeMaxValue value="1.0"/>
+          </ConditionTable>
+          <ConditionTable index="1" Format="1">
+            <AxisIndex value="0"/>
+            <FilterRangeMinValue value="0.8"/>
+            <FilterRangeMaxValue value="1.0"/>
+          </ConditionTable>
+        </ConditionSet>
+        <FeatureTableSubstitution>
+          <Version value="0x00010000"/>
+          <!-- SubstitutionCount=1 -->
+          <SubstitutionRecord index="0">
+            <FeatureIndex value="0"/>
+            <Feature>
+              <!-- LookupCount=1 -->
+              <LookupListIndex index="0" value="0"/>
+            </Feature>
+          </SubstitutionRecord>
+        </FeatureTableSubstitution>
+      </FeatureVariationRecord>
+      <FeatureVariationRecord index="1">
+        <ConditionSet>
+          <!-- ConditionCount=2 -->
+          <ConditionTable index="0" Format="1">
+            <AxisIndex value="1"/>
+            <FilterRangeMinValue value="0.8"/>
+            <FilterRangeMaxValue value="1.0"/>
+          </ConditionTable>
+          <ConditionTable index="1" Format="1">
+            <AxisIndex value="2"/>
+            <FilterRangeMinValue value="0.8"/>
+            <FilterRangeMaxValue value="1.0"/>
+          </ConditionTable>
+        </ConditionSet>
+        <FeatureTableSubstitution>
+          <Version value="0x00010000"/>
+          <!-- SubstitutionCount=1 -->
+          <SubstitutionRecord index="0">
+            <FeatureIndex value="0"/>
+            <Feature>
+              <!-- LookupCount=1 -->
+              <LookupListIndex index="0" value="0"/>
+            </Feature>
+          </SubstitutionRecord>
+        </FeatureTableSubstitution>
+      </FeatureVariationRecord>
+    </FeatureVariations>
+  </GSUB>
+
+  <STAT>
+    <Version value="0x00010001"/>
+    <DesignAxisRecordSize value="8"/>
+    <!-- DesignAxisCount=4 -->
+    <DesignAxisRecord>
+      <Axis index="0">
+        <AxisTag value="LEFT"/>
+        <AxisNameID value="256"/>  <!-- Left -->
+        <AxisOrdering value="0"/>
+      </Axis>
+      <Axis index="1">
+        <AxisTag value="RGHT"/>
+        <AxisNameID value="257"/>  <!-- Right -->
+        <AxisOrdering value="1"/>
+      </Axis>
+      <Axis index="2">
+        <AxisTag value="UPPP"/>
+        <AxisNameID value="258"/>  <!-- Up -->
+        <AxisOrdering value="2"/>
+      </Axis>
+      <Axis index="3">
+        <AxisTag value="DOWN"/>
+        <AxisNameID value="259"/>  <!-- Down -->
+        <AxisOrdering value="3"/>
+      </Axis>
+    </DesignAxisRecord>
+    <!-- AxisValueCount=8 -->
+    <AxisValueArray>
+      <AxisValue index="0" Format="1">
+        <AxisIndex value="0"/>
+        <Flags value="2"/>  <!-- ElidableAxisValueName -->
+        <ValueNameID value="261"/>  <!-- Neutral -->
+        <Value value="0.0"/>
+      </AxisValue>
+      <AxisValue index="1" Format="1">
+        <AxisIndex value="0"/>
+        <Flags value="0"/>
+        <ValueNameID value="256"/>  <!-- Left -->
+        <Value value="100.0"/>
+      </AxisValue>
+      <AxisValue index="2" Format="1">
+        <AxisIndex value="1"/>
+        <Flags value="2"/>  <!-- ElidableAxisValueName -->
+        <ValueNameID value="261"/>  <!-- Neutral -->
+        <Value value="0.0"/>
+      </AxisValue>
+      <AxisValue index="3" Format="1">
+        <AxisIndex value="1"/>
+        <Flags value="0"/>
+        <ValueNameID value="257"/>  <!-- Right -->
+        <Value value="100.0"/>
+      </AxisValue>
+      <AxisValue index="4" Format="1">
+        <AxisIndex value="2"/>
+        <Flags value="2"/>  <!-- ElidableAxisValueName -->
+        <ValueNameID value="261"/>  <!-- Neutral -->
+        <Value value="0.0"/>
+      </AxisValue>
+      <AxisValue index="5" Format="1">
+        <AxisIndex value="2"/>
+        <Flags value="0"/>
+        <ValueNameID value="258"/>  <!-- Up -->
+        <Value value="100.0"/>
+      </AxisValue>
+      <AxisValue index="6" Format="1">
+        <AxisIndex value="3"/>
+        <Flags value="2"/>  <!-- ElidableAxisValueName -->
+        <ValueNameID value="261"/>  <!-- Neutral -->
+        <Value value="0.0"/>
+      </AxisValue>
+      <AxisValue index="7" Format="1">
+        <AxisIndex value="3"/>
+        <Flags value="0"/>
+        <ValueNameID value="259"/>  <!-- Down -->
+        <Value value="100.0"/>
+      </AxisValue>
+    </AxisValueArray>
+    <ElidedFallbackNameID value="2"/>  <!-- TotallyNormal -->
+  </STAT>
+
+  <fvar>
+
+    <!-- Left -->
+    <Axis>
+      <AxisTag>LEFT</AxisTag>
+      <Flags>0x0</Flags>
+      <MinValue>0.0</MinValue>
+      <DefaultValue>0.0</DefaultValue>
+      <MaxValue>100.0</MaxValue>
+      <AxisNameID>256</AxisNameID>
+    </Axis>
+
+    <!-- Right -->
+    <Axis>
+      <AxisTag>RGHT</AxisTag>
+      <Flags>0x0</Flags>
+      <MinValue>0.0</MinValue>
+      <DefaultValue>0.0</DefaultValue>
+      <MaxValue>100.0</MaxValue>
+      <AxisNameID>257</AxisNameID>
+    </Axis>
+
+    <!-- Up -->
+    <Axis>
+      <AxisTag>UPPP</AxisTag>
+      <Flags>0x0</Flags>
+      <MinValue>0.0</MinValue>
+      <DefaultValue>0.0</DefaultValue>
+      <MaxValue>100.0</MaxValue>
+      <AxisNameID>258</AxisNameID>
+    </Axis>
+
+    <!-- Down -->
+    <Axis>
+      <AxisTag>DOWN</AxisTag>
+      <Flags>0x0</Flags>
+      <MinValue>0.0</MinValue>
+      <DefaultValue>0.0</DefaultValue>
+      <MaxValue>100.0</MaxValue>
+      <AxisNameID>259</AxisNameID>
+    </Axis>
+
+    <!-- TotallyNormal -->
+    <NamedInstance flags="0x0" subfamilyNameID="2">
+      <coord axis="LEFT" value="0.0"/>
+      <coord axis="RGHT" value="0.0"/>
+      <coord axis="UPPP" value="0.0"/>
+      <coord axis="DOWN" value="0.0"/>
+    </NamedInstance>
+
+    <!-- Right Up -->
+    <NamedInstance flags="0x0" subfamilyNameID="260">
+      <coord axis="LEFT" value="0.0"/>
+      <coord axis="RGHT" value="100.0"/>
+      <coord axis="UPPP" value="100.0"/>
+      <coord axis="DOWN" value="0.0"/>
+    </NamedInstance>
+  </fvar>
+
+  <gvar>
+    <version value="1"/>
+    <reserved value="0"/>
+    <glyphVariations glyph="a">
+      <tuple>
+        <coord axis="RGHT" value="1.0"/>
+        <delta pt="0" x="0" y="0"/>
+        <delta pt="1" x="0" y="0"/>
+        <delta pt="2" x="200" y="0"/>
+        <delta pt="3" x="200" y="0"/>
+      </tuple>
+      <tuple>
+        <coord axis="LEFT" value="1.0"/>
+        <delta pt="0" x="-200" y="0"/>
+        <delta pt="1" x="-200" y="0"/>
+        <delta pt="2" x="0" y="0"/>
+        <delta pt="3" x="0" y="0"/>
+      </tuple>
+      <tuple>
+        <coord axis="UPPP" value="1.0"/>
+        <delta pt="0" x="0" y="0"/>
+        <delta pt="1" x="0" y="200"/>
+        <delta pt="2" x="0" y="200"/>
+        <delta pt="3" x="0" y="0"/>
+      </tuple>
+      <tuple>
+        <coord axis="DOWN" value="1.0"/>
+        <delta pt="0" x="0" y="-200"/>
+        <delta pt="1" x="0" y="0"/>
+        <delta pt="2" x="0" y="0"/>
+        <delta pt="3" x="0" y="-200"/>
+      </tuple>
+    </glyphVariations>
+  </gvar>
+
+  <DSIG>
+    <!-- note that the Digital Signature will be invalid after recompilation! -->
+    <tableHeader flag="0x0" numSigs="0" version="1"/>
+  </DSIG>
+
+</ttFont>
diff --git a/Tests/fontBuilder/fontBuilder_test.py b/Tests/fontBuilder/fontBuilder_test.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6368cb8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/fontBuilder/fontBuilder_test.py
@@ -0,0 +1,355 @@
+
+import os
+import pytest
+import re
+from fontTools.ttLib import TTFont
+from fontTools.pens.ttGlyphPen import TTGlyphPen
+from fontTools.pens.t2CharStringPen import T2CharStringPen
+from fontTools.fontBuilder import FontBuilder
+from fontTools.ttLib.tables.TupleVariation import TupleVariation
+from fontTools.misc.psCharStrings import T2CharString
+
+
+def getTestData(fileName, mode="r"):
+    path = os.path.join(os.path.dirname(__file__), "data", fileName)
+    with open(path, mode) as f:
+        return f.read()
+
+
+def strip_VariableItems(string):
+    # ttlib changes with the fontTools version
+    string = re.sub(' ttLibVersion=".*"', '', string)
+    # head table checksum and creation and mod date changes with each save.
+    string = re.sub('<checkSumAdjustment value="[^"]+"/>', '', string)
+    string = re.sub('<modified value="[^"]+"/>', '', string)
+    string = re.sub('<created value="[^"]+"/>', '', string)
+    return string
+
+
+def drawTestGlyph(pen):
+    pen.moveTo((100, 100))
+    pen.lineTo((100, 1000))
+    pen.qCurveTo((200, 900), (400, 900), (500, 1000))
+    pen.lineTo((500, 100))
+    pen.closePath()
+
+
+def _setupFontBuilder(isTTF, unitsPerEm=1024):
+    fb = FontBuilder(unitsPerEm, isTTF=isTTF)
+    fb.setupGlyphOrder([".notdef", ".null", "A", "a"])
+    fb.setupCharacterMap({65: "A", 97: "a"})
+
+    advanceWidths = {".notdef": 600, "A": 600, "a": 600, ".null": 600}
+
+    familyName = "HelloTestFont"
+    styleName = "TotallyNormal"
+    nameStrings = dict(familyName=dict(en="HelloTestFont", nl="HalloTestFont"),
+                       styleName=dict(en="TotallyNormal", nl="TotaalNormaal"))
+    nameStrings['psName'] = familyName + "-" + styleName
+
+    return fb, advanceWidths, nameStrings
+
+
+def _setupFontBuilderFvar(fb):
+    assert 'name' in fb.font, 'Must run setupNameTable() first.'
+
+    axes = [
+        ('TEST', 0, 0, 100, "Test Axis"),
+    ]
+    instances = [
+        dict(location=dict(TEST=0), stylename="TotallyNormal"),
+        dict(location=dict(TEST=100), stylename="TotallyTested"),
+    ]
+    fb.setupFvar(axes, instances)
+
+    return fb
+
+
+def _setupFontBuilderCFF2(fb):
+    assert 'fvar' in fb.font, 'Must run _setupFontBuilderFvar() first.'
+
+    pen = T2CharStringPen(None, None, CFF2=True)
+    drawTestGlyph(pen)
+    charString = pen.getCharString()
+
+    program = [
+        200, 200, -200, -200, 2, "blend", "rmoveto",
+        400, 400, 1, "blend", "hlineto",
+        400, 400, 1, "blend", "vlineto",
+        -400, -400, 1, "blend", "hlineto"
+    ]
+    charStringVariable = T2CharString(program=program)
+
+    charStrings = {".notdef": charString, "A": charString,
+                   "a": charStringVariable, ".null": charString}
+    fb.setupCFF2(charStrings, regions=[{"TEST": (0, 1, 1)}])
+
+    return fb
+
+
+def _verifyOutput(outPath, tables=None):
+    f = TTFont(outPath)
+    f.saveXML(outPath + ".ttx", tables=tables)
+    with open(outPath + ".ttx") as f:
+        testData = strip_VariableItems(f.read())
+    refData = strip_VariableItems(getTestData(os.path.basename(outPath) + ".ttx"))
+    assert refData == testData
+
+
+def test_build_ttf(tmpdir):
+    outPath = os.path.join(str(tmpdir), "test.ttf")
+
+    fb, advanceWidths, nameStrings = _setupFontBuilder(True)
+
+    pen = TTGlyphPen(None)
+    drawTestGlyph(pen)
+    glyph = pen.glyph()
+    glyphs = {".notdef": glyph, "A": glyph, "a": glyph, ".null": glyph}
+    fb.setupGlyf(glyphs)
+    metrics = {}
+    glyphTable = fb.font["glyf"]
+    for gn, advanceWidth in advanceWidths.items():
+        metrics[gn] = (advanceWidth, glyphTable[gn].xMin)
+    fb.setupHorizontalMetrics(metrics)
+
+    fb.setupHorizontalHeader(ascent=824, descent=200)
+    fb.setupNameTable(nameStrings)
+    fb.setupOS2()
+    fb.addOpenTypeFeatures("feature salt { sub A by a; } salt;")
+    fb.setupPost()
+    fb.setupDummyDSIG()
+
+    fb.save(outPath)
+
+    _verifyOutput(outPath)
+
+
+def test_build_otf(tmpdir):
+    outPath = os.path.join(str(tmpdir), "test.otf")
+
+    fb, advanceWidths, nameStrings = _setupFontBuilder(False)
+
+    pen = T2CharStringPen(600, None)
+    drawTestGlyph(pen)
+    charString = pen.getCharString()
+    charStrings = {".notdef": charString, "A": charString, "a": charString, ".null": charString}
+    fb.setupCFF(nameStrings['psName'], {"FullName": nameStrings['psName']}, charStrings, {})
+
+    lsb = {gn: cs.calcBounds(None)[0] for gn, cs in charStrings.items()}
+    metrics = {}
+    for gn, advanceWidth in advanceWidths.items():
+        metrics[gn] = (advanceWidth, lsb[gn])
+    fb.setupHorizontalMetrics(metrics)
+
+    fb.setupHorizontalHeader(ascent=824, descent=200)
+    fb.setupNameTable(nameStrings)
+    fb.setupOS2()
+    fb.addOpenTypeFeatures("feature kern { pos A a -50; } kern;")
+    fb.setupPost()
+    fb.setupDummyDSIG()
+
+    fb.save(outPath)
+
+    _verifyOutput(outPath)
+
+
+def test_build_var(tmpdir):
+    outPath = os.path.join(str(tmpdir), "test_var.ttf")
+
+    fb, advanceWidths, nameStrings = _setupFontBuilder(True)
+
+    pen = TTGlyphPen(None)
+    pen.moveTo((100, 0))
+    pen.lineTo((100, 400))
+    pen.lineTo((500, 400))
+    pen.lineTo((500, 000))
+    pen.closePath()
+    glyph1 = pen.glyph()
+
+    pen = TTGlyphPen(None)
+    pen.moveTo((50, 0))
+    pen.lineTo((50, 200))
+    pen.lineTo((250, 200))
+    pen.lineTo((250, 0))
+    pen.closePath()
+    glyph2 = pen.glyph()
+
+    pen = TTGlyphPen(None)
+    emptyGlyph = pen.glyph()
+
+    glyphs = {".notdef": emptyGlyph, "A": glyph1, "a": glyph2, ".null": emptyGlyph}
+    fb.setupGlyf(glyphs)
+    metrics = {}
+    glyphTable = fb.font["glyf"]
+    for gn, advanceWidth in advanceWidths.items():
+        metrics[gn] = (advanceWidth, glyphTable[gn].xMin)
+    fb.setupHorizontalMetrics(metrics)
+
+    fb.setupHorizontalHeader(ascent=824, descent=200)
+    fb.setupNameTable(nameStrings)
+
+    axes = [
+        ('LEFT', 0, 0, 100, "Left"),
+        ('RGHT', 0, 0, 100, "Right"),
+        ('UPPP', 0, 0, 100, "Up"),
+        ('DOWN', 0, 0, 100, "Down"),
+    ]
+    instances = [
+        dict(location=dict(LEFT=0, RGHT=0, UPPP=0, DOWN=0), stylename="TotallyNormal"),
+        dict(location=dict(LEFT=0, RGHT=100, UPPP=100, DOWN=0), stylename="Right Up"),
+    ]
+    fb.setupFvar(axes, instances)
+    variations = {}
+    # Four (x, y) pairs and four phantom points:
+    leftDeltas = [(-200, 0), (-200, 0), (0, 0), (0, 0), None, None, None, None]
+    rightDeltas = [(0, 0), (0, 0), (200, 0), (200, 0), None, None, None, None]
+    upDeltas = [(0, 0), (0, 200), (0, 200), (0, 0), None, None, None, None]
+    downDeltas = [(0, -200), (0, 0), (0, 0), (0, -200), None, None, None, None]
+    variations['a'] = [
+        TupleVariation(dict(RGHT=(0, 1, 1)), rightDeltas),
+        TupleVariation(dict(LEFT=(0, 1, 1)), leftDeltas),
+        TupleVariation(dict(UPPP=(0, 1, 1)), upDeltas),
+        TupleVariation(dict(DOWN=(0, 1, 1)), downDeltas),
+    ]
+    fb.setupGvar(variations)
+
+    fb.addFeatureVariations(
+        [
+            (
+                [
+                    {"LEFT": (0.8, 1), "DOWN": (0.8, 1)},
+                    {"RGHT": (0.8, 1), "UPPP": (0.8, 1)},
+                  ],
+                {"A": "a"}
+            )
+        ],
+        featureTag="rclt",
+    )
+
+    statAxes = []
+    for tag, minVal, defaultVal, maxVal, name in axes:
+        values = [dict(name="Neutral", value=defaultVal, flags=0x2),
+                  dict(name=name, value=maxVal)]
+        statAxes.append(dict(tag=tag, name=name, values=values))
+    fb.setupStat(statAxes)
+
+    fb.setupOS2()
+    fb.setupPost()
+    fb.setupDummyDSIG()
+
+    fb.save(outPath)
+
+    _verifyOutput(outPath)
+
+
+def test_build_cff2(tmpdir):
+    outPath = os.path.join(str(tmpdir), "test_var.otf")
+
+    fb, advanceWidths, nameStrings = _setupFontBuilder(False, 1000)
+    fb.setupNameTable(nameStrings)
+    fb = _setupFontBuilderFvar(fb)
+    fb = _setupFontBuilderCFF2(fb)
+
+    metrics = {gn: (advanceWidth, 0) for gn, advanceWidth in advanceWidths.items()}
+    fb.setupHorizontalMetrics(metrics)
+
+    fb.setupHorizontalHeader(ascent=824, descent=200)
+    fb.setupOS2(sTypoAscender=825, sTypoDescender=200, usWinAscent=824, usWinDescent=200)
+    fb.setupPost()
+
+    fb.save(outPath)
+
+    _verifyOutput(outPath)
+
+
+def test_build_cff_to_cff2(tmpdir):
+    fb, _, _ = _setupFontBuilder(False, 1000)
+
+    pen = T2CharStringPen(600, None)
+    drawTestGlyph(pen)
+    charString = pen.getCharString()
+    charStrings = {".notdef": charString, "A": charString, "a": charString, ".null": charString}
+    fb.setupCFF("TestFont", {}, charStrings, {})
+
+    from fontTools.varLib.cff import convertCFFtoCFF2
+    convertCFFtoCFF2(fb.font)
+
+
+def test_setupNameTable_no_mac():
+    fb, _, nameStrings = _setupFontBuilder(True)
+    fb.setupNameTable(nameStrings, mac=False)
+
+    assert all(n for n in fb.font["name"].names if n.platformID == 3)
+    assert not any(n for n in fb.font["name"].names if n.platformID == 1)
+
+
+def test_setupNameTable_no_windows():
+    fb, _, nameStrings = _setupFontBuilder(True)
+    fb.setupNameTable(nameStrings, windows=False)
+
+    assert all(n for n in fb.font["name"].names if n.platformID == 1)
+    assert not any(n for n in fb.font["name"].names if n.platformID == 3)
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize('is_ttf, keep_glyph_names, make_cff2, post_format', [
+    (True, True, False, 2),    # TTF with post table format 2.0
+    (True, False, False, 3),   # TTF with post table format 3.0
+    (False, True, False, 3),   # CFF with post table format 3.0
+    (False, False, False, 3),  # CFF with post table format 3.0
+    (False, True, True, 2),    # CFF2 with post table format 2.0
+    (False, False, True, 3),   # CFF2 with post table format 3.0
+])
+def test_setupPost(is_ttf, keep_glyph_names, make_cff2, post_format):
+    fb, _, nameStrings = _setupFontBuilder(is_ttf)
+
+    if make_cff2:
+        fb.setupNameTable(nameStrings)
+        fb = _setupFontBuilderCFF2(_setupFontBuilderFvar(fb))
+
+    if keep_glyph_names:
+        fb.setupPost()
+    else:
+        fb.setupPost(keepGlyphNames=keep_glyph_names)
+
+    assert fb.isTTF is is_ttf
+    assert ('CFF2' in fb.font) is make_cff2
+    assert fb.font["post"].formatType == post_format
+
+
+def test_unicodeVariationSequences(tmpdir):
+    familyName = "UVSTestFont"
+    styleName = "Regular"
+    nameStrings = dict(familyName=familyName, styleName=styleName)
+    nameStrings['psName'] = familyName + "-" + styleName
+    glyphOrder = [".notdef", "space", "zero", "zero.slash"]
+    cmap = {ord(" "): "space", ord("0"): "zero"}
+    uvs = [
+        (0x0030, 0xFE00, "zero.slash"),
+        (0x0030, 0xFE01, None),  # not an official sequence, just testing
+    ]
+    metrics = {gn: (600, 0) for gn in glyphOrder}
+    pen = TTGlyphPen(None)
+    glyph = pen.glyph()  # empty placeholder
+    glyphs = {gn: glyph for gn in glyphOrder}
+
+    fb = FontBuilder(1024, isTTF=True)
+    fb.setupGlyphOrder(glyphOrder)
+    fb.setupCharacterMap(cmap, uvs)
+    fb.setupGlyf(glyphs)
+    fb.setupHorizontalMetrics(metrics)
+    fb.setupHorizontalHeader(ascent=824, descent=200)
+    fb.setupNameTable(nameStrings)
+    fb.setupOS2()
+    fb.setupPost()
+
+    outPath = os.path.join(str(tmpdir), "test_uvs.ttf")
+    fb.save(outPath)
+    _verifyOutput(outPath, tables=["cmap"])
+
+    uvs = [
+        (0x0030, 0xFE00, "zero.slash"),
+        (0x0030, 0xFE01, "zero"),  # should result in the exact same subtable data, due to cmap[0x0030] == "zero"
+    ]
+    fb.setupCharacterMap(cmap, uvs)
+    fb.save(outPath)
+    _verifyOutput(outPath, tables=["cmap"])
diff --git a/Tests/merge_test.py b/Tests/merge_test.py
index 00e719b..015248d 100644
--- a/Tests/merge_test.py
+++ b/Tests/merge_test.py
@@ -1,7 +1,11 @@
-from fontTools.misc.py23 import *
+import io
+import itertools
 from fontTools import ttLib
-from fontTools.merge import *
+from fontTools.ttLib.tables._g_l_y_f import Glyph
+from fontTools.fontBuilder import FontBuilder
+from fontTools.merge import Merger
 import unittest
+import pytest
 
 
 class MergeIntegrationTest(unittest.TestCase):
@@ -113,6 +117,53 @@
 		self.assertEqual(self.merger.duplicateGlyphsPerFont, [{}, {'space#0': 'space#1'}])
 
 
+def _compile(ttFont):
+	buf = io.BytesIO()
+	ttFont.save(buf)
+	buf.seek(0)
+	return buf
+
+
+def _make_fontfile_with_OS2(*, version, **kwargs):
+	upem = 1000
+	glyphOrder = [".notdef", "a"]
+	cmap = {0x61: "a"}
+	glyphs = {gn: Glyph() for gn in glyphOrder}
+	hmtx = {gn: (500, 0) for gn in glyphOrder}
+	names = {"familyName": "TestOS2", "styleName": "Regular"}
+
+	fb = FontBuilder(unitsPerEm=upem)
+	fb.setupGlyphOrder(glyphOrder)
+	fb.setupCharacterMap(cmap)
+	fb.setupGlyf(glyphs)
+	fb.setupHorizontalMetrics(hmtx)
+	fb.setupHorizontalHeader()
+	fb.setupNameTable(names)
+	fb.setupOS2(version=version, **kwargs)
+
+	return _compile(fb.font)
+
+
+def _merge_and_recompile(fontfiles, options=None):
+	merger = Merger(options)
+	merged = merger.merge(fontfiles)
+	buf = _compile(merged)
+	return ttLib.TTFont(buf)
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize(
+	"v1, v2", list(itertools.permutations(range(5+1), 2))
+)
+def test_merge_OS2_mixed_versions(v1, v2):
+	# https://github.com/fonttools/fonttools/issues/1865
+	fontfiles = [
+		_make_fontfile_with_OS2(version=v1),
+		_make_fontfile_with_OS2(version=v2),
+	]
+	merged = _merge_and_recompile(fontfiles)
+	assert merged["OS/2"].version == max(v1, v2)
+
+
 if __name__ == "__main__":
 	import sys
 	sys.exit(unittest.main())
diff --git a/Tests/misc/arrayTools_test.py b/Tests/misc/arrayTools_test.py
index 108b50d..45b186f 100644
--- a/Tests/misc/arrayTools_test.py
+++ b/Tests/misc/arrayTools_test.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import print_function, division, absolute_import
-from fontTools.misc.py23 import *
 from fontTools.misc.arrayTools import (
     calcBounds, calcIntBounds, updateBounds, pointInRect, pointsInRect,
     vectorLength, asInt16, normRect, scaleRect, offsetRect, insetRect,
@@ -15,8 +13,13 @@
 
 def test_calcIntBounds():
     assert calcIntBounds(
-        [(0.1, 40.1), (0.1, 100.1), (49.9, 49.9), (79.5, 9.5)]
-    ) == (0, 10, 80, 100)
+        [(0.1, 40.1), (0.1, 100.1), (49.9, 49.9), (78.5, 9.5)]
+    ) == (0, 10, 79, 100)
+
+    assert calcIntBounds(
+        [(0.1, 40.1), (0.1, 100.1), (49.9, 49.9), (78.5, 9.5)],
+        round=round
+    ) == (0, 10, 78, 100)
 
 
 def test_updateBounds():
diff --git a/Tests/misc/bezierTools_test.py b/Tests/misc/bezierTools_test.py
index 1519543..c5cd1b7 100644
--- a/Tests/misc/bezierTools_test.py
+++ b/Tests/misc/bezierTools_test.py
@@ -1,7 +1,5 @@
-from __future__ import print_function, division, absolute_import
-from fontTools.misc.py23 import *
 from fontTools.misc.bezierTools import (
-    calcQuadraticBounds, calcCubicBounds, splitLine, splitQuadratic,
+    calcQuadraticBounds, calcCubicBounds, segmentPointAtT, splitLine, splitQuadratic,
     splitCubic, splitQuadraticAtT, splitCubicAtT, solveCubic)
 import pytest
 
@@ -131,3 +129,22 @@
     assert solveCubic(1.0, -4.5, 6.75, -3.375) == [1.5, 1.5, 1.5]
     assert solveCubic(-12.0, 18.0, -9.0, 1.50023651123) == [0.5, 0.5, 0.5]
     assert solveCubic(9.0, 0.0, 0.0, -7.62939453125e-05) == [-0.0, -0.0, -0.0]
+
+
+_segmentPointAtT_testData = [
+    ([(0, 10), (200, 100)], 0.0, (0, 10)),
+    ([(0, 10), (200, 100)], 0.5, (100, 55)),
+    ([(0, 10), (200, 100)], 1.0, (200, 100)),
+    ([(0, 10), (100, 100), (200, 50)], 0.0, (0, 10)),
+    ([(0, 10), (100, 100), (200, 50)], 0.5, (100, 65.0)),
+    ([(0, 10), (100, 100), (200, 50)], 1.0, (200, 50.0)),
+    ([(0, 10), (100, 100), (200, 100), (300, 0)], 0.0, (0, 10)),
+    ([(0, 10), (100, 100), (200, 100), (300, 0)], 0.5, (150, 76.25)),
+    ([(0, 10), (100, 100), (200, 100), (300, 0)], 1.0, (300, 0)),
+]
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("segment, t, expectedPoint", _segmentPointAtT_testData)
+def test_segmentPointAtT(segment, t, expectedPoint):
+    point = segmentPointAtT(segment, t)
+    assert expectedPoint == point
diff --git a/Tests/misc/classifyTools_test.py b/Tests/misc/classifyTools_test.py
index ac1f656..72a9752 100644
--- a/Tests/misc/classifyTools_test.py
+++ b/Tests/misc/classifyTools_test.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import print_function, division, absolute_import
-from fontTools.misc.py23 import *
 from fontTools.misc.classifyTools import classify
 
 
diff --git a/Tests/misc/eexec_test.py b/Tests/misc/eexec_test.py
index 2043095..f72760a 100644
--- a/Tests/misc/eexec_test.py
+++ b/Tests/misc/eexec_test.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import print_function, division, absolute_import
-from fontTools.misc.py23 import *
 from fontTools.misc.eexec import decrypt, encrypt
 
 
diff --git a/Tests/misc/encodingTools_test.py b/Tests/misc/encodingTools_test.py
index 4c9628b..1a131f6 100644
--- a/Tests/misc/encodingTools_test.py
+++ b/Tests/misc/encodingTools_test.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import print_function, division, absolute_import, unicode_literals
-from fontTools.misc.py23 import *
 import unittest
 from fontTools.misc.encodingTools import getEncoding
 
@@ -20,7 +18,7 @@
 	def test_extended_mac_encodings(self):
 		encoding = getEncoding(1, 1, 0) # Mac Japanese
 		decoded = b'\xfe'.decode(encoding)
-		self.assertEqual(decoded, unichr(0x2122))
+		self.assertEqual(decoded, chr(0x2122))
 
 	def test_extended_unknown(self):
 		self.assertEqual(getEncoding(10, 11, 12), None)
diff --git a/Tests/misc/etree_test.py b/Tests/misc/etree_test.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3f3232e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/misc/etree_test.py
@@ -0,0 +1,54 @@
+# coding: utf-8
+from fontTools.misc import etree
+from collections import OrderedDict
+import io
+import pytest
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize(
+    "xml",
+    [
+        (
+            "<root>"
+            '<element key="value">text</element>'
+            "<element>text</element>tail"
+            "<empty-element/>"
+            "</root>"
+        ),
+        (
+            "<root>\n"
+            '  <element key="value">text</element>\n'
+            "  <element>text</element>tail\n"
+            "  <empty-element/>\n"
+            "</root>"
+        ),
+        (
+            '<axis default="400" maximum="1000" minimum="1" name="weight" tag="wght">'
+            '<labelname xml:lang="fa-IR">قطر</labelname>'
+            "</axis>"
+        ),
+    ],
+    ids=["simple_xml_no_indent", "simple_xml_indent", "xml_ns_attrib_utf_8"],
+)
+def test_roundtrip_string(xml):
+    root = etree.fromstring(xml.encode("utf-8"))
+    result = etree.tostring(root, encoding="utf-8").decode("utf-8")
+    assert result == xml
+
+
+def test_pretty_print():
+    root = etree.Element("root")
+    attrs = OrderedDict([("c", "2"), ("b", "1"), ("a", "0")])
+    etree.SubElement(root, "element", attrs).text = "text"
+    etree.SubElement(root, "element").text = "text"
+    root.append(etree.Element("empty-element"))
+
+    result = etree.tostring(root, encoding="unicode", pretty_print=True)
+
+    assert result == (
+        "<root>\n"
+        '  <element c="2" b="1" a="0">text</element>\n'
+        "  <element>text</element>\n"
+        "  <empty-element/>\n"
+        "</root>\n"
+    )
diff --git a/Tests/misc/filenames_test.py b/Tests/misc/filenames_test.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..bb7b63c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/misc/filenames_test.py
@@ -0,0 +1,136 @@
+import unittest
+from fontTools.misc.filenames import (
+	userNameToFileName, handleClash1, handleClash2)
+
+
+class UserNameToFilenameTest(unittest.TestCase):
+
+	def test_names(self):
+		self.assertEqual(userNameToFileName("a"),"a")
+		self.assertEqual(userNameToFileName("A"), "A_")
+		self.assertEqual(userNameToFileName("AE"), "A_E_")
+		self.assertEqual(userNameToFileName("Ae"), "A_e")
+		self.assertEqual(userNameToFileName("ae"), "ae")
+		self.assertEqual(userNameToFileName("aE"), "aE_")
+		self.assertEqual(userNameToFileName("a.alt"), "a.alt")
+		self.assertEqual(userNameToFileName("A.alt"), "A_.alt")
+		self.assertEqual(userNameToFileName("A.Alt"), "A_.A_lt")
+		self.assertEqual(userNameToFileName("A.aLt"), "A_.aL_t")
+		self.assertEqual(userNameToFileName(u"A.alT"), "A_.alT_")
+		self.assertEqual(userNameToFileName("T_H"), "T__H_")
+		self.assertEqual(userNameToFileName("T_h"), "T__h")
+		self.assertEqual(userNameToFileName("t_h"), "t_h")
+		self.assertEqual(userNameToFileName("F_F_I"), "F__F__I_")
+		self.assertEqual(userNameToFileName("f_f_i"), "f_f_i")
+		self.assertEqual(
+			userNameToFileName("Aacute_V.swash"),
+			"A_acute_V_.swash")
+		self.assertEqual(userNameToFileName(".notdef"), "_notdef")
+		self.assertEqual(userNameToFileName("con"), "_con")
+		self.assertEqual(userNameToFileName("CON"), "C_O_N_")
+		self.assertEqual(userNameToFileName("con.alt"), "_con.alt")
+		self.assertEqual(userNameToFileName("alt.con"), "alt._con")
+
+	def test_prefix_suffix(self):
+		prefix = "TEST_PREFIX"
+		suffix = "TEST_SUFFIX"
+		name = "NAME"
+		name_file = "N_A_M_E_"
+		self.assertEqual(
+			userNameToFileName(name, prefix=prefix, suffix=suffix),
+			prefix + name_file + suffix)
+
+	def test_collide(self):
+		prefix = "TEST_PREFIX"
+		suffix = "TEST_SUFFIX"
+		name = "NAME"
+		name_file = "N_A_M_E_"
+		collision_avoidance1 = "000000000000001"
+		collision_avoidance2 = "000000000000002"
+		exist = set()
+		generated = userNameToFileName(
+			name, exist, prefix=prefix, suffix=suffix)
+		exist.add(generated.lower())
+		self.assertEqual(generated, prefix + name_file + suffix)
+		generated = userNameToFileName(
+			name, exist, prefix=prefix, suffix=suffix)
+		exist.add(generated.lower())
+		self.assertEqual(
+			generated,
+			prefix + name_file + collision_avoidance1 + suffix)
+		generated = userNameToFileName(
+			name, exist, prefix=prefix, suffix=suffix)
+		self.assertEqual(
+			generated,
+			prefix + name_file + collision_avoidance2+ suffix)
+
+	def test_ValueError(self):
+		with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
+			userNameToFileName(b"a")
+		with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
+			userNameToFileName({"a"})
+		with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
+			userNameToFileName(("a",))
+		with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
+			userNameToFileName(["a"])
+		with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
+			userNameToFileName(["a"])
+		with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
+			userNameToFileName(b"\xd8\x00")
+
+	def test_handleClash1(self):
+		prefix = ("0" * 5) + "."
+		suffix = "." + ("0" * 10)
+		existing = ["a" * 5]
+
+		e = list(existing)
+		self.assertEqual(
+			handleClash1(userName="A" * 5, existing=e, prefix=prefix,
+						 suffix=suffix),
+			'00000.AAAAA000000000000001.0000000000'
+		)
+
+		e = list(existing)
+		e.append(prefix + "aaaaa" + "1".zfill(15) + suffix)
+		self.assertEqual(
+		handleClash1(userName="A" * 5, existing=e, prefix=prefix,
+					 suffix=suffix),
+		'00000.AAAAA000000000000002.0000000000'
+		)
+
+		e = list(existing)
+		e.append(prefix + "AAAAA" + "2".zfill(15) + suffix)
+		self.assertEqual(
+			handleClash1(userName="A" * 5, existing=e, prefix=prefix,
+						 suffix=suffix),
+			'00000.AAAAA000000000000001.0000000000'
+		)
+
+	def test_handleClash2(self):
+		prefix = ("0" * 5) + "."
+		suffix = "." + ("0" * 10)
+		existing = [prefix + str(i) + suffix for i in range(100)]
+
+		e = list(existing)
+		self.assertEqual(
+			handleClash2(existing=e, prefix=prefix, suffix=suffix),
+			'00000.100.0000000000'
+		)
+
+		e = list(existing)
+		e.remove(prefix + "1" + suffix)
+		self.assertEqual(
+			handleClash2(existing=e, prefix=prefix, suffix=suffix),
+			'00000.1.0000000000'
+		)
+
+		e = list(existing)
+		e.remove(prefix + "2" + suffix)
+		self.assertEqual(
+			handleClash2(existing=e, prefix=prefix, suffix=suffix),
+			'00000.2.0000000000'
+		)
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+	import sys
+	sys.exit(unittest.main())
diff --git a/Tests/misc/fixedTools_test.py b/Tests/misc/fixedTools_test.py
index 5ef1777..dea61b9 100644
--- a/Tests/misc/fixedTools_test.py
+++ b/Tests/misc/fixedTools_test.py
@@ -1,6 +1,11 @@
-from __future__ import print_function, division, absolute_import
-from fontTools.misc.py23 import *
-from fontTools.misc.fixedTools import fixedToFloat, floatToFixed
+from fontTools.misc.fixedTools import (
+    fixedToFloat,
+    floatToFixed,
+    floatToFixedToStr,
+    fixedToStr,
+    strToFixed,
+    strToFixedToFloat,
+)
 import unittest
 
 
@@ -12,19 +17,33 @@
                 self.assertEqual(value, floatToFixed(fixedToFloat(value, bits), bits))
 
     def test_fixedToFloat_precision14(self):
-        self.assertEqual(0.8, fixedToFloat(13107, 14))
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(0.7999878, fixedToFloat(13107, 14))
         self.assertEqual(0.0, fixedToFloat(0, 14))
         self.assertEqual(1.0, fixedToFloat(16384, 14))
         self.assertEqual(-1.0, fixedToFloat(-16384, 14))
-        self.assertEqual(0.99994, fixedToFloat(16383, 14))
-        self.assertEqual(-0.99994, fixedToFloat(-16383, 14))
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(0.999939, fixedToFloat(16383, 14))
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(-0.999939, fixedToFloat(-16383, 14))
 
     def test_fixedToFloat_precision6(self):
-        self.assertAlmostEqual(-9.98, fixedToFloat(-639, 6))
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(-9.984375, fixedToFloat(-639, 6))
         self.assertAlmostEqual(-10.0, fixedToFloat(-640, 6))
-        self.assertAlmostEqual(9.98, fixedToFloat(639, 6))
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(9.984375, fixedToFloat(639, 6))
         self.assertAlmostEqual(10.0, fixedToFloat(640, 6))
 
+    def test_fixedToStr_precision14(self):
+        self.assertEqual('0.8', fixedToStr(13107, 14))
+        self.assertEqual('0.0', fixedToStr(0, 14))
+        self.assertEqual('1.0', fixedToStr(16384, 14))
+        self.assertEqual('-1.0', fixedToStr(-16384, 14))
+        self.assertEqual('0.99994', fixedToStr(16383, 14))
+        self.assertEqual('-0.99994', fixedToStr(-16383, 14))
+
+    def test_fixedToStr_precision6(self):
+        self.assertAlmostEqual('-9.98', fixedToStr(-639, 6))
+        self.assertAlmostEqual('-10.0', fixedToStr(-640, 6))
+        self.assertAlmostEqual('9.98', fixedToStr(639, 6))
+        self.assertAlmostEqual('10.0', fixedToStr(640, 6))
+
     def test_floatToFixed_precision14(self):
         self.assertEqual(13107, floatToFixed(0.8, 14))
         self.assertEqual(16384, floatToFixed(1.0, 14))
@@ -33,6 +52,30 @@
         self.assertEqual(-16384, floatToFixed(-1, 14))
         self.assertEqual(0, floatToFixed(0, 14))
 
+    def test_strToFixed_precision14(self):
+        self.assertEqual(13107, strToFixed('0.8', 14))
+        self.assertEqual(16384, strToFixed('1.0', 14))
+        self.assertEqual(16384, strToFixed('1', 14))
+        self.assertEqual(-16384, strToFixed('-1.0', 14))
+        self.assertEqual(-16384, strToFixed('-1', 14))
+        self.assertEqual(0, strToFixed('0', 14))
+
+    def test_strToFixedToFloat_precision14(self):
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(0.7999878, strToFixedToFloat('0.8', 14))
+        self.assertEqual(0.0, strToFixedToFloat('0', 14))
+        self.assertEqual(1.0, strToFixedToFloat('1.0', 14))
+        self.assertEqual(-1.0, strToFixedToFloat('-1.0', 14))
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(0.999939, strToFixedToFloat('0.99994', 14))
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(-0.999939, strToFixedToFloat('-0.99994', 14))
+
+    def test_floatToFixedToStr_precision14(self):
+        self.assertEqual('0.8', floatToFixedToStr(0.7999878, 14))
+        self.assertEqual('1.0', floatToFixedToStr(1.0, 14))
+        self.assertEqual('1.0', floatToFixedToStr(1, 14))
+        self.assertEqual('-1.0', floatToFixedToStr(-1.0, 14))
+        self.assertEqual('-1.0', floatToFixedToStr(-1, 14))
+        self.assertEqual('0.0', floatToFixedToStr(0, 14))
+
     def test_fixedToFloat_return_float(self):
         value = fixedToFloat(16384, 14)
         self.assertIsInstance(value, float)
diff --git a/Tests/misc/loggingTools_test.py b/Tests/misc/loggingTools_test.py
index 81ffb8d..fd13044 100644
--- a/Tests/misc/loggingTools_test.py
+++ b/Tests/misc/loggingTools_test.py
@@ -1,7 +1,11 @@
-from __future__ import print_function, division, absolute_import
-from fontTools.misc.py23 import *
 from fontTools.misc.loggingTools import (
-    LevelFormatter, Timer, configLogger, ChannelsFilter, LogMixin)
+    LevelFormatter,
+    Timer,
+    configLogger,
+    ChannelsFilter,
+    LogMixin,
+)
+from io import StringIO
 import logging
 import textwrap
 import time
@@ -80,7 +84,7 @@
             time.sleep(0.01)
 
         assert re.match(
-            "Took [0-9]\.[0-9]{3}s to do something",
+            r"Took [0-9]\.[0-9]{3}s to do something",
             logger.handlers[0].stream.getvalue())
 
     def test_using_logger_calling_instance(self, logger):
@@ -89,7 +93,7 @@
             time.sleep(0.01)
 
         assert re.match(
-            "elapsed time: [0-9]\.[0-9]{3}s",
+            r"elapsed time: [0-9]\.[0-9]{3}s",
             logger.handlers[0].stream.getvalue())
 
         # do it again but with custom level
@@ -97,7 +101,7 @@
             time.sleep(0.02)
 
         assert re.search(
-            "WARNING: Took [0-9]\.[0-9]{3}s to redo it",
+            r"WARNING: Took [0-9]\.[0-9]{3}s to redo it",
             logger.handlers[0].stream.getvalue())
 
     def test_function_decorator(self, logger):
@@ -113,13 +117,13 @@
         test1()
 
         assert re.match(
-            "Took [0-9]\.[0-9]{3}s to run 'test1'",
+            r"Took [0-9]\.[0-9]{3}s to run 'test1'",
             logger.handlers[0].stream.getvalue())
 
         test2()
 
         assert re.search(
-            "Took [0-9]\.[0-9]{3}s to run test 2",
+            r"Took [0-9]\.[0-9]{3}s to run test 2",
             logger.handlers[0].stream.getvalue())
 
 
diff --git a/Tests/misc/macRes_test.py b/Tests/misc/macRes_test.py
index fde13f8..a6a8e9d 100644
--- a/Tests/misc/macRes_test.py
+++ b/Tests/misc/macRes_test.py
@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
-from __future__ import print_function, division, absolute_import
-from fontTools.misc.py23 import *
+from io import BytesIO
 import sys
 import os
 import tempfile
diff --git a/Tests/misc/plistlib_test.py b/Tests/misc/plistlib_test.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b2ce408
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/misc/plistlib_test.py
@@ -0,0 +1,544 @@
+import sys
+import os
+import datetime
+import codecs
+import collections
+from io import BytesIO
+from numbers import Integral
+from fontTools.misc.py23 import tostr
+from fontTools.misc import etree
+from fontTools.misc import plistlib
+from fontTools.ufoLib.plistlib import (
+    readPlist, readPlistFromString, writePlist, writePlistToString,
+)
+import pytest
+from collections.abc import Mapping
+
+
+# The testdata is generated using https://github.com/python/cpython/...
+# Mac/Tools/plistlib_generate_testdata.py
+# which uses PyObjC to control the Cocoa classes for generating plists
+datadir = os.path.join(os.path.dirname(__file__), "testdata")
+with open(os.path.join(datadir, "test.plist"), "rb") as fp:
+    TESTDATA = fp.read()
+
+
+def _test_pl(use_builtin_types):
+    DataClass = bytes if use_builtin_types else plistlib.Data
+    pl = dict(
+        aString="Doodah",
+        aList=["A", "B", 12, 32.5, [1, 2, 3]],
+        aFloat=0.5,
+        anInt=728,
+        aBigInt=2 ** 63 - 44,
+        aBigInt2=2 ** 63 + 44,
+        aNegativeInt=-5,
+        aNegativeBigInt=-80000000000,
+        aDict=dict(
+            anotherString="<hello & 'hi' there!>",
+            aUnicodeValue="M\xe4ssig, Ma\xdf",
+            aTrueValue=True,
+            aFalseValue=False,
+            deeperDict=dict(a=17, b=32.5, c=[1, 2, "text"]),
+        ),
+        someData=DataClass(b"<binary gunk>"),
+        someMoreData=DataClass(b"<lots of binary gunk>\0\1\2\3" * 10),
+        nestedData=[DataClass(b"<lots of binary gunk>\0\1\2\3" * 10)],
+        aDate=datetime.datetime(2004, 10, 26, 10, 33, 33),
+        anEmptyDict=dict(),
+        anEmptyList=list(),
+    )
+    pl["\xc5benraa"] = "That was a unicode key."
+    return pl
+
+
+@pytest.fixture
+def pl():
+    return _test_pl(use_builtin_types=True)
+
+
+@pytest.fixture
+def pl_no_builtin_types():
+    return _test_pl(use_builtin_types=False)
+
+
+@pytest.fixture(
+    params=[True, False],
+    ids=["builtin=True", "builtin=False"],
+)
+def use_builtin_types(request):
+    return request.param
+
+
+@pytest.fixture
+def parametrized_pl(use_builtin_types):
+    return _test_pl(use_builtin_types), use_builtin_types
+
+
+def test__test_pl():
+    # sanity test that checks that the two values are equivalent
+    # (plistlib.Data implements __eq__ against bytes values)
+    pl = _test_pl(use_builtin_types=False)
+    pl2 = _test_pl(use_builtin_types=True)
+    assert pl == pl2
+
+
+def test_io(tmpdir, parametrized_pl):
+    pl, use_builtin_types = parametrized_pl
+    testpath = tmpdir / "test.plist"
+    with testpath.open("wb") as fp:
+        plistlib.dump(pl, fp, use_builtin_types=use_builtin_types)
+
+    with testpath.open("rb") as fp:
+        pl2 = plistlib.load(fp, use_builtin_types=use_builtin_types)
+
+    assert pl == pl2
+
+    with pytest.raises(AttributeError):
+        plistlib.dump(pl, "filename")
+
+    with pytest.raises(AttributeError):
+        plistlib.load("filename")
+
+
+def test_invalid_type():
+    pl = [object()]
+
+    with pytest.raises(TypeError):
+        plistlib.dumps(pl)
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize(
+    "pl",
+    [
+        0,
+        2 ** 8 - 1,
+        2 ** 8,
+        2 ** 16 - 1,
+        2 ** 16,
+        2 ** 32 - 1,
+        2 ** 32,
+        2 ** 63 - 1,
+        2 ** 64 - 1,
+        1,
+        -2 ** 63,
+    ],
+)
+def test_int(pl):
+    data = plistlib.dumps(pl)
+    pl2 = plistlib.loads(data)
+    assert isinstance(pl2, Integral)
+    assert pl == pl2
+    data2 = plistlib.dumps(pl2)
+    assert data == data2
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize(
+    "pl", [2 ** 64 + 1, 2 ** 127 - 1, -2 ** 64, -2 ** 127]
+)
+def test_int_overflow(pl):
+    with pytest.raises(OverflowError):
+        plistlib.dumps(pl)
+
+
+def test_bytearray(use_builtin_types):
+    DataClass = bytes if use_builtin_types else plistlib.Data
+    pl = DataClass(b"<binary gunk\0\1\2\3>")
+    array = bytearray(pl) if use_builtin_types else bytearray(pl.data)
+    data = plistlib.dumps(array)
+    pl2 = plistlib.loads(data, use_builtin_types=use_builtin_types)
+    assert isinstance(pl2, DataClass)
+    assert pl2 == pl
+    data2 = plistlib.dumps(pl2, use_builtin_types=use_builtin_types)
+    assert data == data2
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize(
+    "DataClass, use_builtin_types",
+    [(bytes, True), (plistlib.Data, True), (plistlib.Data, False)],
+    ids=[
+        "bytes|builtin_types=True",
+        "Data|builtin_types=True",
+        "Data|builtin_types=False",
+    ],
+)
+def test_bytes_data(DataClass, use_builtin_types):
+    pl = DataClass(b"<binary gunk\0\1\2\3>")
+    data = plistlib.dumps(pl, use_builtin_types=use_builtin_types)
+    pl2 = plistlib.loads(data, use_builtin_types=use_builtin_types)
+    assert isinstance(pl2, bytes if use_builtin_types else plistlib.Data)
+    assert pl2 == pl
+    data2 = plistlib.dumps(pl2, use_builtin_types=use_builtin_types)
+    assert data == data2
+
+
+def test_bytes_string(use_builtin_types):
+    pl = b"some ASCII bytes"
+    data = plistlib.dumps(pl, use_builtin_types=False)
+    pl2 = plistlib.loads(data, use_builtin_types=use_builtin_types)
+    assert isinstance(pl2, str)  # it's always a <string>
+    assert pl2 == pl.decode()
+
+
+def test_indentation_array():
+    data = [[[[[[[[{"test": "aaaaaa"}]]]]]]]]
+    assert plistlib.loads(plistlib.dumps(data)) == data
+
+
+def test_indentation_dict():
+    data = {
+        "1": {"2": {"3": {"4": {"5": {"6": {"7": {"8": {"9": "aaaaaa"}}}}}}}}
+    }
+    assert plistlib.loads(plistlib.dumps(data)) == data
+
+
+def test_indentation_dict_mix():
+    data = {"1": {"2": [{"3": [[[[[{"test": "aaaaaa"}]]]]]}]}}
+    assert plistlib.loads(plistlib.dumps(data)) == data
+
+
+@pytest.mark.xfail(reason="we use two spaces, Apple uses tabs")
+def test_apple_formatting(parametrized_pl):
+    # we also split base64 data into multiple lines differently:
+    # both right-justify data to 76 chars, but Apple's treats tabs
+    # as 8 spaces, whereas we use 2 spaces
+    pl, use_builtin_types = parametrized_pl
+    pl = plistlib.loads(TESTDATA, use_builtin_types=use_builtin_types)
+    data = plistlib.dumps(pl, use_builtin_types=use_builtin_types)
+    assert data == TESTDATA
+
+
+def test_apple_formatting_fromliteral(parametrized_pl):
+    pl, use_builtin_types = parametrized_pl
+    pl2 = plistlib.loads(TESTDATA, use_builtin_types=use_builtin_types)
+    assert pl == pl2
+
+
+def test_apple_roundtrips(use_builtin_types):
+    pl = plistlib.loads(TESTDATA, use_builtin_types=use_builtin_types)
+    data = plistlib.dumps(pl, use_builtin_types=use_builtin_types)
+    pl2 = plistlib.loads(data, use_builtin_types=use_builtin_types)
+    data2 = plistlib.dumps(pl2, use_builtin_types=use_builtin_types)
+    assert data == data2
+
+
+def test_bytesio(parametrized_pl):
+    pl, use_builtin_types = parametrized_pl
+    b = BytesIO()
+    plistlib.dump(pl, b, use_builtin_types=use_builtin_types)
+    pl2 = plistlib.load(
+        BytesIO(b.getvalue()), use_builtin_types=use_builtin_types
+    )
+    assert pl == pl2
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("sort_keys", [False, True])
+def test_keysort_bytesio(sort_keys):
+    pl = collections.OrderedDict()
+    pl["b"] = 1
+    pl["a"] = 2
+    pl["c"] = 3
+
+    b = BytesIO()
+
+    plistlib.dump(pl, b, sort_keys=sort_keys)
+    pl2 = plistlib.load(
+        BytesIO(b.getvalue()), dict_type=collections.OrderedDict
+    )
+
+    assert dict(pl) == dict(pl2)
+    if sort_keys:
+        assert list(pl2.keys()) == ["a", "b", "c"]
+    else:
+        assert list(pl2.keys()) == ["b", "a", "c"]
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("sort_keys", [False, True])
+def test_keysort(sort_keys):
+    pl = collections.OrderedDict()
+    pl["b"] = 1
+    pl["a"] = 2
+    pl["c"] = 3
+
+    data = plistlib.dumps(pl, sort_keys=sort_keys)
+    pl2 = plistlib.loads(data, dict_type=collections.OrderedDict)
+
+    assert dict(pl) == dict(pl2)
+    if sort_keys:
+        assert list(pl2.keys()) == ["a", "b", "c"]
+    else:
+        assert list(pl2.keys()) == ["b", "a", "c"]
+
+
+def test_keys_no_string():
+    pl = {42: "aNumber"}
+
+    with pytest.raises(TypeError):
+        plistlib.dumps(pl)
+
+    b = BytesIO()
+    with pytest.raises(TypeError):
+        plistlib.dump(pl, b)
+
+
+def test_skipkeys():
+    pl = {42: "aNumber", "snake": "aWord"}
+
+    data = plistlib.dumps(pl, skipkeys=True, sort_keys=False)
+
+    pl2 = plistlib.loads(data)
+    assert pl2 == {"snake": "aWord"}
+
+    fp = BytesIO()
+    plistlib.dump(pl, fp, skipkeys=True, sort_keys=False)
+    data = fp.getvalue()
+    pl2 = plistlib.loads(fp.getvalue())
+    assert pl2 == {"snake": "aWord"}
+
+
+def test_tuple_members():
+    pl = {"first": (1, 2), "second": (1, 2), "third": (3, 4)}
+
+    data = plistlib.dumps(pl)
+    pl2 = plistlib.loads(data)
+    assert pl2 == {"first": [1, 2], "second": [1, 2], "third": [3, 4]}
+    assert pl2["first"] is not pl2["second"]
+
+
+def test_list_members():
+    pl = {"first": [1, 2], "second": [1, 2], "third": [3, 4]}
+
+    data = plistlib.dumps(pl)
+    pl2 = plistlib.loads(data)
+    assert pl2 == {"first": [1, 2], "second": [1, 2], "third": [3, 4]}
+    assert pl2["first"] is not pl2["second"]
+
+
+def test_dict_members():
+    pl = {"first": {"a": 1}, "second": {"a": 1}, "third": {"b": 2}}
+
+    data = plistlib.dumps(pl)
+    pl2 = plistlib.loads(data)
+    assert pl2 == {"first": {"a": 1}, "second": {"a": 1}, "third": {"b": 2}}
+    assert pl2["first"] is not pl2["second"]
+
+
+def test_controlcharacters():
+    for i in range(128):
+        c = chr(i)
+        testString = "string containing %s" % c
+        if i >= 32 or c in "\r\n\t":
+            # \r, \n and \t are the only legal control chars in XML
+            data = plistlib.dumps(testString)
+            # the stdlib's plistlib writer, as well as the elementtree
+            # parser, always replace \r with \n inside string values;
+            # lxml doesn't (the ctrl character is escaped), so it roundtrips
+            if c != "\r" or etree._have_lxml:
+                assert plistlib.loads(data) == testString
+        else:
+            with pytest.raises(ValueError):
+                plistlib.dumps(testString)
+
+
+def test_non_bmp_characters():
+    pl = {"python": "\U0001f40d"}
+    data = plistlib.dumps(pl)
+    assert plistlib.loads(data) == pl
+
+
+def test_nondictroot():
+    test1 = "abc"
+    test2 = [1, 2, 3, "abc"]
+    result1 = plistlib.loads(plistlib.dumps(test1))
+    result2 = plistlib.loads(plistlib.dumps(test2))
+    assert test1 == result1
+    assert test2 == result2
+
+
+def test_invalidarray():
+    for i in [
+        "<key>key inside an array</key>",
+        "<key>key inside an array2</key><real>3</real>",
+        "<true/><key>key inside an array3</key>",
+    ]:
+        with pytest.raises(ValueError):
+            plistlib.loads(
+                ("<plist><array>%s</array></plist>" % i).encode("utf-8")
+            )
+
+
+def test_invaliddict():
+    for i in [
+        "<key><true/>k</key><string>compound key</string>",
+        "<key>single key</key>",
+        "<string>missing key</string>",
+        "<key>k1</key><string>v1</string><real>5.3</real>"
+        "<key>k1</key><key>k2</key><string>double key</string>",
+    ]:
+        with pytest.raises(ValueError):
+            plistlib.loads(("<plist><dict>%s</dict></plist>" % i).encode())
+        with pytest.raises(ValueError):
+            plistlib.loads(
+                ("<plist><array><dict>%s</dict></array></plist>" % i).encode()
+            )
+
+
+def test_invalidinteger():
+    with pytest.raises(ValueError):
+        plistlib.loads(b"<plist><integer>not integer</integer></plist>")
+
+
+def test_invalidreal():
+    with pytest.raises(ValueError):
+        plistlib.loads(b"<plist><integer>not real</integer></plist>")
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize(
+    "xml_encoding, encoding, bom",
+    [
+        (b"utf-8", "utf-8", codecs.BOM_UTF8),
+        (b"utf-16", "utf-16-le", codecs.BOM_UTF16_LE),
+        (b"utf-16", "utf-16-be", codecs.BOM_UTF16_BE),
+        # expat parser (used by ElementTree) does't support UTF-32
+        # (b"utf-32", "utf-32-le", codecs.BOM_UTF32_LE),
+        # (b"utf-32", "utf-32-be", codecs.BOM_UTF32_BE),
+    ],
+)
+def test_xml_encodings(parametrized_pl, xml_encoding, encoding, bom):
+    pl, use_builtin_types = parametrized_pl
+    data = TESTDATA.replace(b"UTF-8", xml_encoding)
+    data = bom + data.decode("utf-8").encode(encoding)
+    pl2 = plistlib.loads(data, use_builtin_types=use_builtin_types)
+    assert pl == pl2
+
+
+def test_fromtree(parametrized_pl):
+    pl, use_builtin_types = parametrized_pl
+    tree = etree.fromstring(TESTDATA)
+    pl2 = plistlib.fromtree(tree, use_builtin_types=use_builtin_types)
+    assert pl == pl2
+
+
+def _strip(txt):
+    return (
+        "".join(l.strip() for l in tostr(txt, "utf-8").splitlines())
+        if txt is not None
+        else ""
+    )
+
+
+def test_totree(parametrized_pl):
+    pl, use_builtin_types = parametrized_pl
+    tree = etree.fromstring(TESTDATA)[0]  # ignore root 'plist' element
+    tree2 = plistlib.totree(pl, use_builtin_types=use_builtin_types)
+    assert tree.tag == tree2.tag == "dict"
+    for (_, e1), (_, e2) in zip(etree.iterwalk(tree), etree.iterwalk(tree2)):
+        assert e1.tag == e2.tag
+        assert e1.attrib == e2.attrib
+        assert len(e1) == len(e2)
+        # ignore whitespace
+        assert _strip(e1.text) == _strip(e2.text)
+
+
+def test_no_pretty_print(use_builtin_types):
+    data = plistlib.dumps(
+        {"data": b"hello" if use_builtin_types else plistlib.Data(b"hello")},
+        pretty_print=False,
+        use_builtin_types=use_builtin_types,
+    )
+    assert data == (
+        plistlib.XML_DECLARATION
+        + plistlib.PLIST_DOCTYPE
+        + b'<plist version="1.0">'
+        b"<dict>"
+        b"<key>data</key>"
+        b"<data>aGVsbG8=</data>"
+        b"</dict>"
+        b"</plist>"
+    )
+
+
+def test_readPlist_from_path(pl):
+    path = os.path.join(datadir, "test.plist")
+    pl2 = readPlist(path)
+    assert isinstance(pl2["someData"], plistlib.Data)
+    assert pl2 == pl
+
+
+def test_readPlist_from_file(pl):
+    with open(os.path.join(datadir, "test.plist"), "rb") as f:
+        pl2 = readPlist(f)
+        assert isinstance(pl2["someData"], plistlib.Data)
+        assert pl2 == pl
+        assert not f.closed
+
+
+def test_readPlistFromString(pl):
+    pl2 = readPlistFromString(TESTDATA)
+    assert isinstance(pl2["someData"], plistlib.Data)
+    assert pl2 == pl
+
+
+def test_writePlist_to_path(tmpdir, pl_no_builtin_types):
+    testpath = tmpdir / "test.plist"
+    writePlist(pl_no_builtin_types, str(testpath))
+    with testpath.open("rb") as fp:
+        pl2 = plistlib.load(fp, use_builtin_types=False)
+    assert pl2 == pl_no_builtin_types
+
+
+def test_writePlist_to_file(tmpdir, pl_no_builtin_types):
+    testpath = tmpdir / "test.plist"
+    with testpath.open("wb") as fp:
+        writePlist(pl_no_builtin_types, fp)
+    with testpath.open("rb") as fp:
+        pl2 = plistlib.load(fp, use_builtin_types=False)
+    assert pl2 == pl_no_builtin_types
+
+
+def test_writePlistToString(pl_no_builtin_types):
+    data = writePlistToString(pl_no_builtin_types)
+    pl2 = plistlib.loads(data)
+    assert pl2 == pl_no_builtin_types
+
+
+def test_load_use_builtin_types_default():
+    pl = plistlib.loads(TESTDATA)
+    assert isinstance(pl["someData"], bytes)
+
+
+def test_dump_use_builtin_types_default(pl_no_builtin_types):
+    data = plistlib.dumps(pl_no_builtin_types)
+    pl2 = plistlib.loads(data)
+    assert isinstance(pl2["someData"], bytes)
+    assert pl2 == pl_no_builtin_types
+
+
+def test_non_ascii_bytes():
+    with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="invalid non-ASCII bytes"):
+        plistlib.dumps("\U0001f40d".encode("utf-8"), use_builtin_types=False)
+
+
+class CustomMapping(Mapping):
+    a = {"a": 1, "b": 2}
+
+    def __getitem__(self, key):
+        return self.a[key]
+
+    def __iter__(self):
+        return iter(self.a)
+
+    def __len__(self):
+        return len(self.a)
+
+
+def test_custom_mapping():
+    test_mapping = CustomMapping()
+    data = plistlib.dumps(test_mapping)
+    assert plistlib.loads(data) == {"a": 1, "b": 2}
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    import sys
+
+    sys.exit(pytest.main(sys.argv))
diff --git a/Tests/misc/psCharStrings_test.py b/Tests/misc/psCharStrings_test.py
index 552565b..47ff4fd 100644
--- a/Tests/misc/psCharStrings_test.py
+++ b/Tests/misc/psCharStrings_test.py
@@ -1,10 +1,20 @@
-from __future__ import print_function, division, absolute_import
 from fontTools.cffLib import PrivateDict
 from fontTools.cffLib.specializer import stringToProgram
-from fontTools.misc.psCharStrings import T2CharString
+from fontTools.misc.testTools import getXML, parseXML
+from fontTools.misc.psCharStrings import (
+    T2CharString,
+    encodeFloat,
+    encodeFixed,
+    read_fixed1616,
+    read_realNumber,
+)
 import unittest
 
 
+def hexenc(s):
+    return ' '.join('%02x' % x for x in s)
+
+
 class T2CharStringTest(unittest.TestCase):
 
     @classmethod
@@ -13,19 +23,141 @@
 
     def test_calcBounds_empty(self):
         cs = self.stringToT2CharString("endchar")
-        bounds = cs.calcBounds()
+        bounds = cs.calcBounds(None)
         self.assertEqual(bounds, None)
 
     def test_calcBounds_line(self):
         cs = self.stringToT2CharString("100 100 rmoveto 40 10 rlineto -20 50 rlineto endchar")
-        bounds = cs.calcBounds()
+        bounds = cs.calcBounds(None)
         self.assertEqual(bounds, (100, 100, 140, 160))
 
     def test_calcBounds_curve(self):
         cs = self.stringToT2CharString("100 100 rmoveto -50 -150 200 0 -50 150 rrcurveto endchar")
-        bounds = cs.calcBounds()
+        bounds = cs.calcBounds(None)
         self.assertEqual(bounds, (91.90524980688875, -12.5, 208.09475019311125, 100))
 
+    def test_charstring_bytecode_optimization(self):
+        cs = self.stringToT2CharString(
+            "100.0 100 rmoveto -50.0 -150 200.5 0.0 -50 150 rrcurveto endchar")
+        cs.isCFF2 = False
+        cs.private._isCFF2 = False
+        cs.compile()
+        cs.decompile()
+        self.assertEqual(
+            cs.program, [100, 100, 'rmoveto', -50, -150, 200.5, 0, -50, 150,
+                         'rrcurveto', 'endchar'])
+
+        cs2 = self.stringToT2CharString(
+            "100.0 rmoveto -50.0 -150 200.5 0.0 -50 150 rrcurveto")
+        cs2.isCFF2 = True
+        cs2.private._isCFF2 = True
+        cs2.compile(isCFF2=True)
+        cs2.decompile()
+        self.assertEqual(
+            cs2.program, [100, 'rmoveto', -50, -150, 200.5, 0, -50, 150,
+                          'rrcurveto'])
+
+    def test_encodeFloat(self):
+        testNums = [
+            # value                expected result
+            (-9.399999999999999,   '1e e9 a4 ff'),  # -9.4
+            (9.399999999999999999, '1e 9a 4f'),  # 9.4
+            (456.8,                '1e 45 6a 8f'),  # 456.8
+            (0.0,                  '1e 0f'),  # 0
+            (-0.0,                 '1e 0f'),  # 0
+            (1.0,                  '1e 1f'),  # 1
+            (-1.0,                 '1e e1 ff'),  # -1
+            (98765.37e2,           '1e 98 76 53 7f'),  # 9876537
+            (1234567890.0,         '1e 1a 23 45 67 9b 09 ff'),  # 1234567890
+            (9.876537e-4,          '1e a0 00 98 76 53 7f'),  # 9.876537e-24
+            (9.876537e+4,          '1e 98 76 5a 37 ff'),  # 9.876537e+24
+        ]
+
+        for sample in testNums:
+            encoded_result = encodeFloat(sample[0])
+
+            # check to see if we got the expected bytes
+            self.assertEqual(hexenc(encoded_result), sample[1])
+
+            # check to see if we get the same value by decoding the data
+            decoded_result = read_realNumber(
+                None,
+                None,
+                encoded_result,
+                1,
+            )
+            self.assertEqual(decoded_result[0], float('%.8g' % sample[0]))
+            # We limit to 8 digits of precision to match the implementation
+            # of encodeFloat.
+
+    def test_encode_decode_fixed(self):
+        testNums = [
+            # value                expected hex      expected float
+            (-9.399999999999999,   'ff ff f6 99 9a', -9.3999939),
+            (-9.4,                 'ff ff f6 99 9a', -9.3999939),
+            (9.399999999999999999, 'ff 00 09 66 66', 9.3999939),
+            (9.4,                  'ff 00 09 66 66', 9.3999939),
+            (456.8,                'ff 01 c8 cc cd', 456.8000031),
+            (-456.8,               'ff fe 37 33 33', -456.8000031),
+        ]
+
+        for (value, expected_hex, expected_float) in testNums:
+            encoded_result = encodeFixed(value)
+
+            # check to see if we got the expected bytes
+            self.assertEqual(hexenc(encoded_result), expected_hex)
+
+            # check to see if we get the same value by decoding the data
+            decoded_result = read_fixed1616(
+                None,
+                None,
+                encoded_result,
+                1,
+            )
+            self.assertAlmostEqual(decoded_result[0], expected_float)
+
+    def test_toXML(self):
+        program = [
+            '107 53.4004 166.199 hstem',
+            '174.6 163.801 vstem',
+            '338.4 142.8 rmoveto',
+            '28 0 21.9 9 15.8 18 15.8 18 7.9 20.79959 0 23.6 rrcurveto',
+            'endchar'
+        ]
+        cs = self.stringToT2CharString(" ".join(program))
+
+        self.assertEqual(getXML(cs.toXML), program)
+
+    def test_fromXML(self):
+        cs = T2CharString()
+        for name, attrs, content in parseXML(
+            [
+                '<CharString name="period">'
+                '  338.4 142.8 rmoveto',
+                '  28 0 21.9 9 15.8 18 15.8 18 7.9 20.79959 0 23.6 rrcurveto',
+                '  endchar'
+                '</CharString>'
+            ]
+        ):
+            cs.fromXML(name, attrs, content)
+
+        expected_program = [
+            338.3999939, 142.8000031, 'rmoveto',
+            28, 0, 21.8999939, 9, 15.8000031,
+            18, 15.8000031, 18, 7.8999939,
+            20.7995911, 0, 23.6000061, 'rrcurveto',
+            'endchar'
+        ]
+
+        self.assertEqual(len(cs.program), len(expected_program))
+        for arg, expected_arg in zip(cs.program, expected_program):
+            if isinstance(arg, str):
+                self.assertIsInstance(expected_arg, str)
+                self.assertEqual(arg, expected_arg)
+            else:
+                self.assertNotIsInstance(expected_arg, str)
+                self.assertAlmostEqual(arg, expected_arg)
+
 
 if __name__ == "__main__":
     import sys
diff --git a/Tests/misc/py23_test.py b/Tests/misc/py23_test.py
index 22b8044..61274cc 100644
--- a/Tests/misc/py23_test.py
+++ b/Tests/misc/py23_test.py
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
-from __future__ import print_function, division, absolute_import
-from fontTools.misc.py23 import *
+from fontTools.misc.py23 import tobytes
 from fontTools.misc.textTools import deHexStr
 import filecmp
+from io import StringIO
 import tempfile
 from subprocess import check_call
 import sys
@@ -390,35 +390,6 @@
 		self.assertAllNotClose(fraction_examples, rel_tol=1e-9)
 
 
-@unittest.skipUnless(
-	(sys.version_info[0] == 2 and sys.maxunicode < 0x10FFFF),
-	"requires 'narrow' Python 2.7 build")
-class NarrowUnicodeBuildTest(unittest.TestCase):
-
-	def test_unichr(self):
-		from __builtin__ import unichr as narrow_unichr
-
-		self.assertRaises(
-			ValueError,
-			narrow_unichr, 0xFFFF + 1)
-
-		self.assertEqual(unichr(1114111), u'\U0010FFFF')
-
-		self.assertRaises(
-			ValueError,
-			unichr, 0x10FFFF + 1)
-
-	def test_byteord(self):
-		from __builtin__ import ord as narrow_ord
-
-		self.assertRaises(
-			TypeError,
-			narrow_ord, u'\U00010000')
-
-		self.assertEqual(byteord(u'\U00010000'), 0xFFFF + 1)
-		self.assertEqual(byteord(u'\U0010FFFF'), 1114111)
-
-
 class TestRedirectStream:
 
     redirect_stream = None
diff --git a/Tests/misc/testTools_test.py b/Tests/misc/testTools_test.py
index 11c04b1..80d4d2b 100644
--- a/Tests/misc/testTools_test.py
+++ b/Tests/misc/testTools_test.py
@@ -1,7 +1,3 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
-from __future__ import print_function, division, absolute_import
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-from fontTools.misc.py23 import *
 import fontTools.misc.testTools as testTools
 import unittest
 
diff --git a/Tests/misc/testdata/test.plist b/Tests/misc/testdata/test.plist
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..864605f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/misc/testdata/test.plist
@@ -0,0 +1,87 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<!DOCTYPE plist PUBLIC "-//Apple//DTD PLIST 1.0//EN" "http://www.apple.com/DTDs/PropertyList-1.0.dtd">
+<plist version="1.0">
+<dict>
+	<key>aBigInt</key>
+	<integer>9223372036854775764</integer>
+	<key>aBigInt2</key>
+	<integer>9223372036854775852</integer>
+	<key>aDate</key>
+	<date>2004-10-26T10:33:33Z</date>
+	<key>aDict</key>
+	<dict>
+		<key>aFalseValue</key>
+		<false/>
+		<key>aTrueValue</key>
+		<true/>
+		<key>aUnicodeValue</key>
+		<string>Mässig, Maß</string>
+		<key>anotherString</key>
+		<string>&lt;hello &amp; 'hi' there!&gt;</string>
+		<key>deeperDict</key>
+		<dict>
+			<key>a</key>
+			<integer>17</integer>
+			<key>b</key>
+			<real>32.5</real>
+			<key>c</key>
+			<array>
+				<integer>1</integer>
+				<integer>2</integer>
+				<string>text</string>
+			</array>
+		</dict>
+	</dict>
+	<key>aFloat</key>
+	<real>0.5</real>
+	<key>aList</key>
+	<array>
+		<string>A</string>
+		<string>B</string>
+		<integer>12</integer>
+		<real>32.5</real>
+		<array>
+			<integer>1</integer>
+			<integer>2</integer>
+			<integer>3</integer>
+		</array>
+	</array>
+	<key>aNegativeBigInt</key>
+	<integer>-80000000000</integer>
+	<key>aNegativeInt</key>
+	<integer>-5</integer>
+	<key>aString</key>
+	<string>Doodah</string>
+	<key>anEmptyDict</key>
+	<dict/>
+	<key>anEmptyList</key>
+	<array/>
+	<key>anInt</key>
+	<integer>728</integer>
+	<key>nestedData</key>
+	<array>
+		<data>
+		PGxvdHMgb2YgYmluYXJ5IGd1bms+AAECAzxsb3RzIG9mIGJpbmFyeSBndW5r
+		PgABAgM8bG90cyBvZiBiaW5hcnkgZ3Vuaz4AAQIDPGxvdHMgb2YgYmluYXJ5
+		IGd1bms+AAECAzxsb3RzIG9mIGJpbmFyeSBndW5rPgABAgM8bG90cyBvZiBi
+		aW5hcnkgZ3Vuaz4AAQIDPGxvdHMgb2YgYmluYXJ5IGd1bms+AAECAzxsb3Rz
+		IG9mIGJpbmFyeSBndW5rPgABAgM8bG90cyBvZiBiaW5hcnkgZ3Vuaz4AAQID
+		PGxvdHMgb2YgYmluYXJ5IGd1bms+AAECAw==
+		</data>
+	</array>
+	<key>someData</key>
+	<data>
+	PGJpbmFyeSBndW5rPg==
+	</data>
+	<key>someMoreData</key>
+	<data>
+	PGxvdHMgb2YgYmluYXJ5IGd1bms+AAECAzxsb3RzIG9mIGJpbmFyeSBndW5rPgABAgM8
+	bG90cyBvZiBiaW5hcnkgZ3Vuaz4AAQIDPGxvdHMgb2YgYmluYXJ5IGd1bms+AAECAzxs
+	b3RzIG9mIGJpbmFyeSBndW5rPgABAgM8bG90cyBvZiBiaW5hcnkgZ3Vuaz4AAQIDPGxv
+	dHMgb2YgYmluYXJ5IGd1bms+AAECAzxsb3RzIG9mIGJpbmFyeSBndW5rPgABAgM8bG90
+	cyBvZiBiaW5hcnkgZ3Vuaz4AAQIDPGxvdHMgb2YgYmluYXJ5IGd1bms+AAECAw==
+	</data>
+	<key>Åbenraa</key>
+	<string>That was a unicode key.</string>
+</dict>
+</plist>
diff --git a/Tests/misc/textTools_test.py b/Tests/misc/textTools_test.py
index 547569a..f83abf9 100644
--- a/Tests/misc/textTools_test.py
+++ b/Tests/misc/textTools_test.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import print_function, division, absolute_import
-from fontTools.misc.py23 import *
 from fontTools.misc.textTools import pad
 
 
diff --git a/Tests/misc/timeTools_test.py b/Tests/misc/timeTools_test.py
index 6c98f64..4d75ce4 100644
--- a/Tests/misc/timeTools_test.py
+++ b/Tests/misc/timeTools_test.py
@@ -1,13 +1,12 @@
-from __future__ import print_function, division, absolute_import
-from fontTools.misc.py23 import *
-from fontTools.misc.timeTools import asctime, timestampNow, epoch_diff
+from fontTools.misc.timeTools import asctime, timestampNow, timestampToString, timestampFromString, epoch_diff
 import os
 import time
+import locale
 import pytest
 
 
 def test_asctime():
-    assert isinstance(asctime(), basestring)
+    assert isinstance(asctime(), str)
     assert asctime(time.gmtime(0)) == 'Thu Jan  1 00:00:00 1970'
 
 
@@ -22,3 +21,17 @@
 
     del os.environ["SOURCE_DATE_EPOCH"]
     assert timestampNow() + epoch_diff != 150687315
+
+
+# test for issue #1838
+def test_date_parsing_with_locale():
+    l = locale.getlocale(locale.LC_TIME)
+    try:
+        locale.setlocale(locale.LC_TIME, 'de_DE.utf8')
+    except locale.Error:
+        pytest.skip("Locale de_DE not available")
+
+    try:
+        assert timestampFromString(timestampToString(timestampNow()))
+    finally:
+        locale.setlocale(locale.LC_TIME, l)
diff --git a/Tests/misc/transform_test.py b/Tests/misc/transform_test.py
index 7a7a67d..53d4a20 100644
--- a/Tests/misc/transform_test.py
+++ b/Tests/misc/transform_test.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import print_function, division, absolute_import
-from fontTools.misc.py23 import *
 from fontTools.misc.transform import Transform, Identity, Offset, Scale
 import math
 import pytest
@@ -25,6 +23,14 @@
             [(0, 0), (0, 100), (100, 100), (100, 0)]
         ) == [(0, 0), (0, 300), (200, 300), (200, 0)]
 
+    def test_transformVector(self):
+        t = Transform(2, 0, 0, 3, -10, 30)
+        assert t.transformVector((-4, 5)) == (-8, 15)
+
+    def test_transformVectors(self):
+        t = Transform(2, 0, 0, 3, -10, 30)
+        assert t.transformVectors([(-4, 5), (-6, 7)]) == [(-8, 15), (-12, 21)]
+
     def test_translate(self):
         t = Transform()
         assert t.translate(20, 30) == Transform(1, 0, 0, 1, 20, 30)
diff --git a/Tests/misc/vector_test.py b/Tests/misc/vector_test.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..236a3ba
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/misc/vector_test.py
@@ -0,0 +1,71 @@
+import math
+import pytest
+from fontTools.misc.arrayTools import Vector as ArrayVector
+from fontTools.misc.vector import Vector
+
+
+def test_Vector():
+    v = Vector((100, 200))
+    assert repr(v) == "Vector((100, 200))"
+    assert v == Vector((100, 200))
+    assert v == Vector([100, 200])
+    assert v == (100, 200)
+    assert (100, 200) == v
+    assert v == [100, 200]
+    assert [100, 200] == v
+    assert v is Vector(v)
+    assert v + 10 == (110, 210)
+    assert 10 + v == (110, 210)
+    assert v + Vector((1, 2)) == (101, 202)
+    assert v - Vector((1, 2)) == (99, 198)
+    assert v * 2 == (200, 400)
+    assert 2 * v == (200, 400)
+    assert v * 0.5 == (50, 100)
+    assert v / 2 == (50, 100)
+    assert 2 / v == (0.02, 0.01)
+    v = Vector((3, 4))
+    assert abs(v) == 5  # length
+    assert v.length() == 5
+    assert v.normalized() == Vector((0.6, 0.8))
+    assert abs(Vector((1, 1, 1))) == math.sqrt(3)
+    assert bool(Vector((0, 0, 1)))
+    assert not bool(Vector((0, 0, 0)))
+    v1 = Vector((2, 3))
+    v2 = Vector((3, 4))
+    assert v1.dot(v2) == 18
+    v = Vector((2, 4))
+    assert round(v / 3) == (1, 1)
+    with pytest.raises(
+        AttributeError,
+        match="'Vector' object has no attribute 'newAttr'",
+    ):
+        v.newAttr = 12
+
+
+def test_deprecated():
+    with pytest.warns(
+        DeprecationWarning,
+        match="fontTools.misc.arrayTools.Vector has been deprecated",
+    ):
+        ArrayVector((1, 2))
+    with pytest.warns(
+        DeprecationWarning,
+        match="the 'keep' argument has been deprecated",
+    ):
+        Vector((1, 2), keep=True)
+    v = Vector((1, 2))
+    with pytest.warns(
+        DeprecationWarning,
+        match="the 'toInt' method has been deprecated",
+    ):
+        v.toInt()
+    with pytest.warns(
+        DeprecationWarning,
+        match="the 'values' attribute has been deprecated",
+    ):
+        v.values
+    with pytest.raises(
+        AttributeError,
+        match="the 'values' attribute has been deprecated",
+    ):
+        v.values = [12, 23]
diff --git a/Tests/misc/xmlReader_test.py b/Tests/misc/xmlReader_test.py
index 14b6978..f6775cb 100644
--- a/Tests/misc/xmlReader_test.py
+++ b/Tests/misc/xmlReader_test.py
@@ -1,7 +1,5 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
-
-from __future__ import print_function, division, absolute_import, unicode_literals
-from fontTools.misc.py23 import *
+from fontTools.misc.py23 import strjoin
+from io import BytesIO
 import os
 import unittest
 from fontTools.ttLib import TTFont
@@ -144,7 +142,7 @@
 
 	def test_read_sub_file(self):
 		# Verifies that sub-file content is able to be read to a table.
-		expectedContent = u'testContent'
+		expectedContent = 'testContent'
 		expectedNameID = '1'
 		expectedPlatform = '3'
 		expectedLangId = '0x409'
diff --git a/Tests/misc/xmlWriter_test.py b/Tests/misc/xmlWriter_test.py
index 0930e1c..7b9894c 100644
--- a/Tests/misc/xmlWriter_test.py
+++ b/Tests/misc/xmlWriter_test.py
@@ -1,11 +1,10 @@
-from __future__ import print_function, division, absolute_import
-from fontTools.misc.py23 import *
+from fontTools.misc.py23 import bytesjoin, tobytes
+from io import BytesIO
 import os
 import unittest
 from fontTools.misc.xmlWriter import XMLWriter
 
-linesep = tobytes(os.linesep)
-HEADER = b'<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>' + linesep
+HEADER = b'<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>\n'
 
 class TestXMLWriter(unittest.TestCase):
 
@@ -17,30 +16,30 @@
 	def test_comment_multiline(self):
 		writer = XMLWriter(BytesIO())
 		writer.comment("Hello world\nHow are you?")
-		self.assertEqual(HEADER + b"<!-- Hello world" + linesep + b"     How are you? -->",
+		self.assertEqual(HEADER + b"<!-- Hello world\n     How are you? -->",
 				 writer.file.getvalue())
 
 	def test_encoding_default(self):
 		writer = XMLWriter(BytesIO())
-		self.assertEqual(b'<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>' + linesep,
+		self.assertEqual(b'<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>\n',
 				 writer.file.getvalue())
 
 	def test_encoding_utf8(self):
-		# https://github.com/behdad/fonttools/issues/246
+		# https://github.com/fonttools/fonttools/issues/246
 		writer = XMLWriter(BytesIO(), encoding="utf8")
-		self.assertEqual(b'<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>' + linesep,
+		self.assertEqual(b'<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>\n',
 				 writer.file.getvalue())
 
 	def test_encoding_UTF_8(self):
-		# https://github.com/behdad/fonttools/issues/246
+		# https://github.com/fonttools/fonttools/issues/246
 		writer = XMLWriter(BytesIO(), encoding="UTF-8")
-		self.assertEqual(b'<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>' + linesep,
+		self.assertEqual(b'<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>\n',
 				 writer.file.getvalue())
 
 	def test_encoding_UTF8(self):
-		# https://github.com/behdad/fonttools/issues/246
+		# https://github.com/fonttools/fonttools/issues/246
 		writer = XMLWriter(BytesIO(), encoding="UTF8")
-		self.assertEqual(b'<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>' + linesep,
+		self.assertEqual(b'<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>\n',
 				 writer.file.getvalue())
 
 	def test_encoding_other(self):
@@ -61,7 +60,7 @@
 		writer.newline()
 		writer.dedent()
 		writer.write("baz")
-		self.assertEqual(HEADER + bytesjoin(["foo", "  bar", "baz"], linesep),
+		self.assertEqual(HEADER + bytesjoin(["foo", "  bar", "baz"], "\n"),
 				 writer.file.getvalue())
 
 	def test_writecdata(self):
@@ -89,7 +88,7 @@
 		    "66756c20 67726f75 70206f66 206c6574",
 		    "74657273 2c206e6f 74206120 67726f75",
 		    "70206f66 20626561 75746966 756c206c",
-		    "65747465 72732e  ", ""], joiner=linesep), writer.file.getvalue())
+		    "65747465 72732e  ", ""], joiner="\n"), writer.file.getvalue())
 
 	def test_stringifyattrs(self):
 		writer = XMLWriter(BytesIO())
diff --git a/Tests/mtiLib/data/featurename-backward.ttx.GSUB b/Tests/mtiLib/data/featurename-backward.ttx.GSUB
index 9469c79..cc893cd 100644
--- a/Tests/mtiLib/data/featurename-backward.ttx.GSUB
+++ b/Tests/mtiLib/data/featurename-backward.ttx.GSUB
@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@
       <LookupType value="1"/>
       <LookupFlag value="0"/>
       <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
-      <SingleSubst index="0" Format="1">
+      <SingleSubst index="0">
         <Substitution in="a" out="b"/>
       </SingleSubst>
     </Lookup>
diff --git a/Tests/mtiLib/data/featurename-forward.ttx.GSUB b/Tests/mtiLib/data/featurename-forward.ttx.GSUB
index 9469c79..cc893cd 100644
--- a/Tests/mtiLib/data/featurename-forward.ttx.GSUB
+++ b/Tests/mtiLib/data/featurename-forward.ttx.GSUB
@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@
       <LookupType value="1"/>
       <LookupFlag value="0"/>
       <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
-      <SingleSubst index="0" Format="1">
+      <SingleSubst index="0">
         <Substitution in="a" out="b"/>
       </SingleSubst>
     </Lookup>
diff --git a/Tests/mtiLib/data/lookupnames-backward.ttx.GSUB b/Tests/mtiLib/data/lookupnames-backward.ttx.GSUB
index 698012c..cb358d7 100644
--- a/Tests/mtiLib/data/lookupnames-backward.ttx.GSUB
+++ b/Tests/mtiLib/data/lookupnames-backward.ttx.GSUB
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@
       <LookupType value="1"/>
       <LookupFlag value="0"/>
       <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
-      <SingleSubst index="0" Format="1">
+      <SingleSubst index="0">
         <Substitution in="uuvowelsignkannada" out="uuvowelsignaltkannada"/>
         <Substitution in="uvowelsignkannada" out="uvowelsignaltkannada"/>
       </SingleSubst>
@@ -49,11 +49,11 @@
       <LookupFlag value="0"/>
       <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
       <ChainContextSubst index="0" Format="2">
-        <Coverage Format="1">
+        <Coverage>
           <Glyph value="uvowelsignkannada"/>
           <Glyph value="uuvowelsignkannada"/>
         </Coverage>
-        <BacktrackClassDef Format="2">
+        <BacktrackClassDef>
           <ClassDef glyph="pakannada" class="1"/>
           <ClassDef glyph="pevowelkannada" class="1"/>
           <ClassDef glyph="phakannada" class="1"/>
@@ -61,7 +61,7 @@
           <ClassDef glyph="vakannada" class="1"/>
           <ClassDef glyph="vevowelkannada" class="1"/>
         </BacktrackClassDef>
-        <InputClassDef Format="1">
+        <InputClassDef>
           <ClassDef glyph="uuvowelsignkannada" class="1"/>
           <ClassDef glyph="uvowelsignkannada" class="1"/>
         </InputClassDef>
diff --git a/Tests/mtiLib/data/lookupnames-forward.ttx.GSUB b/Tests/mtiLib/data/lookupnames-forward.ttx.GSUB
index 15e48d0..249d605 100644
--- a/Tests/mtiLib/data/lookupnames-forward.ttx.GSUB
+++ b/Tests/mtiLib/data/lookupnames-forward.ttx.GSUB
@@ -40,11 +40,11 @@
       <LookupFlag value="0"/>
       <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
       <ChainContextSubst index="0" Format="2">
-        <Coverage Format="1">
+        <Coverage>
           <Glyph value="uvowelsignkannada"/>
           <Glyph value="uuvowelsignkannada"/>
         </Coverage>
-        <BacktrackClassDef Format="2">
+        <BacktrackClassDef>
           <ClassDef glyph="pakannada" class="1"/>
           <ClassDef glyph="pevowelkannada" class="1"/>
           <ClassDef glyph="phakannada" class="1"/>
@@ -52,7 +52,7 @@
           <ClassDef glyph="vakannada" class="1"/>
           <ClassDef glyph="vevowelkannada" class="1"/>
         </BacktrackClassDef>
-        <InputClassDef Format="1">
+        <InputClassDef>
           <ClassDef glyph="uuvowelsignkannada" class="1"/>
           <ClassDef glyph="uvowelsignkannada" class="1"/>
         </InputClassDef>
@@ -78,7 +78,7 @@
       <LookupType value="1"/>
       <LookupFlag value="0"/>
       <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
-      <SingleSubst index="0" Format="1">
+      <SingleSubst index="0">
         <Substitution in="uuvowelsignkannada" out="uuvowelsignaltkannada"/>
         <Substitution in="uvowelsignkannada" out="uvowelsignaltkannada"/>
       </SingleSubst>
diff --git a/Tests/mtiLib/data/mixed-toplevels.ttx.GSUB b/Tests/mtiLib/data/mixed-toplevels.ttx.GSUB
index 15e48d0..249d605 100644
--- a/Tests/mtiLib/data/mixed-toplevels.ttx.GSUB
+++ b/Tests/mtiLib/data/mixed-toplevels.ttx.GSUB
@@ -40,11 +40,11 @@
       <LookupFlag value="0"/>
       <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
       <ChainContextSubst index="0" Format="2">
-        <Coverage Format="1">
+        <Coverage>
           <Glyph value="uvowelsignkannada"/>
           <Glyph value="uuvowelsignkannada"/>
         </Coverage>
-        <BacktrackClassDef Format="2">
+        <BacktrackClassDef>
           <ClassDef glyph="pakannada" class="1"/>
           <ClassDef glyph="pevowelkannada" class="1"/>
           <ClassDef glyph="phakannada" class="1"/>
@@ -52,7 +52,7 @@
           <ClassDef glyph="vakannada" class="1"/>
           <ClassDef glyph="vevowelkannada" class="1"/>
         </BacktrackClassDef>
-        <InputClassDef Format="1">
+        <InputClassDef>
           <ClassDef glyph="uuvowelsignkannada" class="1"/>
           <ClassDef glyph="uvowelsignkannada" class="1"/>
         </InputClassDef>
@@ -78,7 +78,7 @@
       <LookupType value="1"/>
       <LookupFlag value="0"/>
       <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
-      <SingleSubst index="0" Format="1">
+      <SingleSubst index="0">
         <Substitution in="uuvowelsignkannada" out="uuvowelsignaltkannada"/>
         <Substitution in="uvowelsignkannada" out="uvowelsignaltkannada"/>
       </SingleSubst>
diff --git a/Tests/mtiLib/data/mti/chained-glyph.ttx.GPOS b/Tests/mtiLib/data/mti/chained-glyph.ttx.GPOS
index 811b1df..b550c70 100644
--- a/Tests/mtiLib/data/mti/chained-glyph.ttx.GPOS
+++ b/Tests/mtiLib/data/mti/chained-glyph.ttx.GPOS
@@ -5,10 +5,10 @@
     <!-- LookupCount=2 -->
     <Lookup index="0">
       <LookupType value="8"/>
-      <LookupFlag value="512"/>
+      <LookupFlag value="512"/><!-- markAttachmentType[2] -->
       <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
       <ChainContextPos index="0" Format="1">
-        <Coverage Format="1">
+        <Coverage>
           <Glyph value="uuvowelsignsinh"/>
           <Glyph value="uvowelsignsinh"/>
         </Coverage>
diff --git a/Tests/mtiLib/data/mti/chained-glyph.ttx.GSUB b/Tests/mtiLib/data/mti/chained-glyph.ttx.GSUB
index 67aa902..7dfdb84 100644
--- a/Tests/mtiLib/data/mti/chained-glyph.ttx.GSUB
+++ b/Tests/mtiLib/data/mti/chained-glyph.ttx.GSUB
@@ -5,10 +5,10 @@
     <!-- LookupCount=2 -->
     <Lookup index="0">
       <LookupType value="6"/>
-      <LookupFlag value="512"/>
+      <LookupFlag value="512"/><!-- markAttachmentType[2] -->
       <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
       <ChainContextSubst index="0" Format="1">
-        <Coverage Format="1">
+        <Coverage>
           <Glyph value="uuvowelsignsinh"/>
           <Glyph value="uvowelsignsinh"/>
         </Coverage>
diff --git a/Tests/mtiLib/data/mti/chainedclass.ttx.GSUB b/Tests/mtiLib/data/mti/chainedclass.ttx.GSUB
index cfa391f..fcd7569 100644
--- a/Tests/mtiLib/data/mti/chainedclass.ttx.GSUB
+++ b/Tests/mtiLib/data/mti/chainedclass.ttx.GSUB
@@ -8,11 +8,11 @@
       <LookupFlag value="0"/>
       <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
       <ChainContextSubst index="0" Format="2">
-        <Coverage Format="1">
+        <Coverage>
           <Glyph value="uvowelsignkannada"/>
           <Glyph value="uuvowelsignkannada"/>
         </Coverage>
-        <BacktrackClassDef Format="2">
+        <BacktrackClassDef>
           <ClassDef glyph="pakannada" class="1"/>
           <ClassDef glyph="pevowelkannada" class="1"/>
           <ClassDef glyph="phakannada" class="1"/>
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@
           <ClassDef glyph="vakannada" class="1"/>
           <ClassDef glyph="vevowelkannada" class="1"/>
         </BacktrackClassDef>
-        <InputClassDef Format="1">
+        <InputClassDef>
           <ClassDef glyph="uuvowelsignkannada" class="1"/>
           <ClassDef glyph="uvowelsignkannada" class="1"/>
         </InputClassDef>
@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@
       <LookupType value="1"/>
       <LookupFlag value="0"/>
       <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
-      <SingleSubst index="0" Format="1">
+      <SingleSubst index="0">
         <Substitution in="uuvowelsignkannada" out="uuvowelsignaltkannada"/>
         <Substitution in="uvowelsignkannada" out="uvowelsignaltkannada"/>
       </SingleSubst>
diff --git a/Tests/mtiLib/data/mti/chainedcoverage.ttx.GSUB b/Tests/mtiLib/data/mti/chainedcoverage.ttx.GSUB
index 7c807a4..4f312c6 100644
--- a/Tests/mtiLib/data/mti/chainedcoverage.ttx.GSUB
+++ b/Tests/mtiLib/data/mti/chainedcoverage.ttx.GSUB
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@
       <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
       <ChainContextSubst index="0" Format="3">
         <!-- BacktrackGlyphCount=1 -->
-        <BacktrackCoverage index="0" Format="2">
+        <BacktrackCoverage index="0">
           <Glyph value="zero"/>
           <Glyph value="one"/>
           <Glyph value="two"/>
@@ -22,11 +22,11 @@
           <Glyph value="nine"/>
         </BacktrackCoverage>
         <!-- InputGlyphCount=1 -->
-        <InputCoverage index="0" Format="1">
+        <InputCoverage index="0">
           <Glyph value="slash"/>
         </InputCoverage>
         <!-- LookAheadGlyphCount=1 -->
-        <LookAheadCoverage index="0" Format="2">
+        <LookAheadCoverage index="0">
           <Glyph value="zero"/>
           <Glyph value="one"/>
           <Glyph value="two"/>
@@ -49,7 +49,7 @@
       <LookupType value="1"/>
       <LookupFlag value="0"/>
       <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
-      <SingleSubst index="0" Format="1">
+      <SingleSubst index="0">
         <Substitution in="slash" out="fraction"/>
       </SingleSubst>
     </Lookup>
diff --git a/Tests/mtiLib/data/mti/gdefattach.ttx.GDEF b/Tests/mtiLib/data/mti/gdefattach.ttx.GDEF
index cc4c70d..79aed8f 100644
--- a/Tests/mtiLib/data/mti/gdefattach.ttx.GDEF
+++ b/Tests/mtiLib/data/mti/gdefattach.ttx.GDEF
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
 <GDEF>
   <Version value="0x00010000"/>
   <AttachList>
-    <Coverage Format="1">
+    <Coverage>
       <Glyph value="A"/>
       <Glyph value="B"/>
     </Coverage>
diff --git a/Tests/mtiLib/data/mti/gdefclasses.ttx.GDEF b/Tests/mtiLib/data/mti/gdefclasses.ttx.GDEF
index e298c28..c3c9d68 100644
--- a/Tests/mtiLib/data/mti/gdefclasses.ttx.GDEF
+++ b/Tests/mtiLib/data/mti/gdefclasses.ttx.GDEF
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
 <GDEF>
   <Version value="0x00010000"/>
-  <GlyphClassDef Format="1">
+  <GlyphClassDef>
     <ClassDef glyph="A" class="1"/>
     <ClassDef glyph="C" class="1"/>
     <ClassDef glyph="acute" class="3"/>
diff --git a/Tests/mtiLib/data/mti/gdefligcaret.ttx.GDEF b/Tests/mtiLib/data/mti/gdefligcaret.ttx.GDEF
index 48f7347..174af8e 100644
--- a/Tests/mtiLib/data/mti/gdefligcaret.ttx.GDEF
+++ b/Tests/mtiLib/data/mti/gdefligcaret.ttx.GDEF
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
 <GDEF>
   <Version value="0x00010000"/>
   <LigCaretList>
-    <Coverage Format="1">
+    <Coverage>
       <Glyph value="uniFB01"/>
       <Glyph value="ffi"/>
     </Coverage>
diff --git a/Tests/mtiLib/data/mti/gdefmarkattach.ttx.GDEF b/Tests/mtiLib/data/mti/gdefmarkattach.ttx.GDEF
index b6cbe10..97683ab 100644
--- a/Tests/mtiLib/data/mti/gdefmarkattach.ttx.GDEF
+++ b/Tests/mtiLib/data/mti/gdefmarkattach.ttx.GDEF
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
 <GDEF>
   <Version value="0x00010000"/>
-  <MarkAttachClassDef Format="1">
+  <MarkAttachClassDef>
     <ClassDef glyph="breve" class="1"/>
     <ClassDef glyph="commaacent" class="2"/>
     <ClassDef glyph="dotbelow" class="2"/>
diff --git a/Tests/mtiLib/data/mti/gdefmarkfilter.ttx.GDEF b/Tests/mtiLib/data/mti/gdefmarkfilter.ttx.GDEF
index 3b23481..4f3593e 100644
--- a/Tests/mtiLib/data/mti/gdefmarkfilter.ttx.GDEF
+++ b/Tests/mtiLib/data/mti/gdefmarkfilter.ttx.GDEF
@@ -5,17 +5,17 @@
     <MarkSetTableFormat value="1"/>
     <!-- MarkSetCount=4 -->
     <Coverage index="0" empty="1"/>
-    <Coverage index="1" Format="1">
+    <Coverage index="1">
       <Glyph value="breve"/>
       <Glyph value="acute"/>
       <Glyph value="dotabove"/>
     </Coverage>
-    <Coverage index="2" Format="1">
+    <Coverage index="2">
       <Glyph value="dotbelow"/>
       <Glyph value="cedilla"/>
       <Glyph value="commaaccent"/>
     </Coverage>
-    <Coverage index="3" Format="1">
+    <Coverage index="3">
       <Glyph value="dotbelow"/>
       <Glyph value="dotabove"/>
     </Coverage>
diff --git a/Tests/mtiLib/data/mti/gposcursive.ttx.GPOS b/Tests/mtiLib/data/mti/gposcursive.ttx.GPOS
index 2965139..6c08c50 100644
--- a/Tests/mtiLib/data/mti/gposcursive.ttx.GPOS
+++ b/Tests/mtiLib/data/mti/gposcursive.ttx.GPOS
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@
       <LookupFlag value="0"/>
       <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
       <CursivePos index="0" Format="1">
-        <Coverage Format="1">
+        <Coverage>
           <Glyph value="A"/>
           <Glyph value="B"/>
         </Coverage>
diff --git a/Tests/mtiLib/data/mti/gposkernset.ttx.GPOS b/Tests/mtiLib/data/mti/gposkernset.ttx.GPOS
index edfea10..a837123 100644
--- a/Tests/mtiLib/data/mti/gposkernset.ttx.GPOS
+++ b/Tests/mtiLib/data/mti/gposkernset.ttx.GPOS
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@
       <LookupFlag value="0"/>
       <!-- SubTableCount=2 -->
       <PairPos index="0" Format="1">
-        <Coverage Format="1">
+        <Coverage>
           <Glyph value="Acircumflex"/>
           <Glyph value="T"/>
         </Coverage>
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@
         </PairSet>
       </PairPos>
       <PairPos index="1" Format="2">
-        <Coverage Format="1">
+        <Coverage>
           <Glyph value="A"/>
           <Glyph value="Acircumflex"/>
           <Glyph value="T"/>
@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@
         </Coverage>
         <ValueFormat1 value="4"/>
         <ValueFormat2 value="0"/>
-        <ClassDef1 Format="2">
+        <ClassDef1>
           <ClassDef glyph="A" class="1"/>
           <ClassDef glyph="Aacute" class="1"/>
           <ClassDef glyph="Acircumflex" class="1"/>
@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@
           <ClassDef glyph="Ograve" class="2"/>
           <ClassDef glyph="T" class="3"/>
         </ClassDef1>
-        <ClassDef2 Format="2">
+        <ClassDef2>
           <ClassDef glyph="V" class="1"/>
           <ClassDef glyph="a" class="2"/>
           <ClassDef glyph="aacute" class="2"/>
diff --git a/Tests/mtiLib/data/mti/gposmarktobase.ttx.GPOS b/Tests/mtiLib/data/mti/gposmarktobase.ttx.GPOS
index b0a74e7..e6e2102 100644
--- a/Tests/mtiLib/data/mti/gposmarktobase.ttx.GPOS
+++ b/Tests/mtiLib/data/mti/gposmarktobase.ttx.GPOS
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@
       <LookupFlag value="0"/>
       <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
       <MarkBasePos index="0" Format="1">
-        <MarkCoverage Format="2">
+        <MarkCoverage>
           <Glyph value="aimatrabindigurmukhi"/>
           <Glyph value="aimatragurmukhi"/>
           <Glyph value="aimatratippigurmukhi"/>
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@
           <Glyph value="oomatragurmukhi"/>
           <Glyph value="oomatratippigurmukhi"/>
         </MarkCoverage>
-        <BaseCoverage Format="2">
+        <BaseCoverage>
           <Glyph value="lagurmukhi"/>
           <Glyph value="lanuktagurmukhi"/>
           <Glyph value="nagurmukhi"/>
diff --git a/Tests/mtiLib/data/mti/gpospairclass.ttx.GPOS b/Tests/mtiLib/data/mti/gpospairclass.ttx.GPOS
index 567b2a7..32b35ae 100644
--- a/Tests/mtiLib/data/mti/gpospairclass.ttx.GPOS
+++ b/Tests/mtiLib/data/mti/gpospairclass.ttx.GPOS
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@
       <LookupFlag value="0"/>
       <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
       <PairPos index="0" Format="2">
-        <Coverage Format="1">
+        <Coverage>
           <Glyph value="A"/>
           <Glyph value="Acircumflex"/>
           <Glyph value="T"/>
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@
         </Coverage>
         <ValueFormat1 value="4"/>
         <ValueFormat2 value="0"/>
-        <ClassDef1 Format="2">
+        <ClassDef1>
           <ClassDef glyph="A" class="1"/>
           <ClassDef glyph="Aacute" class="1"/>
           <ClassDef glyph="Acircumflex" class="1"/>
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@
           <ClassDef glyph="Ograve" class="2"/>
           <ClassDef glyph="T" class="3"/>
         </ClassDef1>
-        <ClassDef2 Format="2">
+        <ClassDef2>
           <ClassDef glyph="V" class="1"/>
           <ClassDef glyph="a" class="2"/>
           <ClassDef glyph="aacute" class="2"/>
diff --git a/Tests/mtiLib/data/mti/gpospairglyph.ttx.GPOS b/Tests/mtiLib/data/mti/gpospairglyph.ttx.GPOS
index ea0161b..f03a90e 100644
--- a/Tests/mtiLib/data/mti/gpospairglyph.ttx.GPOS
+++ b/Tests/mtiLib/data/mti/gpospairglyph.ttx.GPOS
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@
       <LookupFlag value="0"/>
       <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
       <PairPos index="0" Format="1">
-        <Coverage Format="1">
+        <Coverage>
           <Glyph value="A"/>
           <Glyph value="Acircumflex"/>
           <Glyph value="T"/>
diff --git a/Tests/mtiLib/data/mti/gpossingle.ttx.GPOS b/Tests/mtiLib/data/mti/gpossingle.ttx.GPOS
index adbb44f..c3bdbf6 100644
--- a/Tests/mtiLib/data/mti/gpossingle.ttx.GPOS
+++ b/Tests/mtiLib/data/mti/gpossingle.ttx.GPOS
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@
       <LookupFlag value="0"/>
       <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
       <SinglePos index="0" Format="1">
-        <Coverage Format="2">
+        <Coverage>
           <Glyph value="bsuperior"/>
           <Glyph value="isuperior"/>
           <Glyph value="vsuperior"/>
diff --git a/Tests/mtiLib/data/mti/gsubalternate.ttx.GSUB b/Tests/mtiLib/data/mti/gsubalternate.ttx.GSUB
index 4184325..86b0b73 100644
--- a/Tests/mtiLib/data/mti/gsubalternate.ttx.GSUB
+++ b/Tests/mtiLib/data/mti/gsubalternate.ttx.GSUB
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@
       <LookupType value="3"/>
       <LookupFlag value="0"/>
       <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
-      <AlternateSubst index="0" Format="1">
+      <AlternateSubst index="0">
         <AlternateSet glyph="eight">
           <Alternate glyph="uniF738"/>
           <Alternate glyph="uniE0C0"/>
diff --git a/Tests/mtiLib/data/mti/gsubligature.ttx.GSUB b/Tests/mtiLib/data/mti/gsubligature.ttx.GSUB
index ad8f505..26c88c8 100644
--- a/Tests/mtiLib/data/mti/gsubligature.ttx.GSUB
+++ b/Tests/mtiLib/data/mti/gsubligature.ttx.GSUB
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@
       <LookupType value="4"/>
       <LookupFlag value="0"/>
       <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
-      <LigatureSubst index="0" Format="1">
+      <LigatureSubst index="0">
         <LigatureSet glyph="I">
           <Ligature components="J" glyph="IJ"/>
         </LigatureSet>
diff --git a/Tests/mtiLib/data/mti/gsubmultiple.ttx.GSUB b/Tests/mtiLib/data/mti/gsubmultiple.ttx.GSUB
index a68a45a..5bedfba 100644
--- a/Tests/mtiLib/data/mti/gsubmultiple.ttx.GSUB
+++ b/Tests/mtiLib/data/mti/gsubmultiple.ttx.GSUB
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@
       <LookupType value="2"/>
       <LookupFlag value="0"/>
       <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
-      <MultipleSubst index="0" Format="1">
+      <MultipleSubst index="0">
         <Substitution in="janyevoweltelugu" out="jaivoweltelugu,nyasubscripttelugu"/>
         <Substitution in="kassevoweltelugu" out="kaivoweltelugu,ssasubscripttelugu"/>
       </MultipleSubst>
diff --git a/Tests/mtiLib/data/mti/gsubreversechanined.ttx.GSUB b/Tests/mtiLib/data/mti/gsubreversechanined.ttx.GSUB
index 62ba14f..d705af5 100644
--- a/Tests/mtiLib/data/mti/gsubreversechanined.ttx.GSUB
+++ b/Tests/mtiLib/data/mti/gsubreversechanined.ttx.GSUB
@@ -5,17 +5,17 @@
     <!-- LookupCount=1 -->
     <Lookup index="0">
       <LookupType value="8"/>
-      <LookupFlag value="9"/>
+      <LookupFlag value="9"/><!-- rightToLeft ignoreMarks -->
       <!-- SubTableCount=3 -->
       <ReverseChainSingleSubst index="0" Format="1">
-        <Coverage Format="2">
+        <Coverage>
           <Glyph value="rayf2"/>
           <Glyph value="reyf2"/>
           <Glyph value="yayf2"/>
           <Glyph value="zayf2"/>
         </Coverage>
         <!-- BacktrackGlyphCount=1 -->
-        <BacktrackCoverage index="0" Format="2">
+        <BacktrackCoverage index="0">
           <Glyph value="bayi1"/>
           <Glyph value="jeemi1"/>
           <Glyph value="kafi1"/>
@@ -33,14 +33,14 @@
         <Substitute index="3" value="zayf1"/>
       </ReverseChainSingleSubst>
       <ReverseChainSingleSubst index="1" Format="1">
-        <Coverage Format="2">
+        <Coverage>
           <Glyph value="ayehf2"/>
           <Glyph value="hamzayeharabf2"/>
           <Glyph value="hamzayehf2"/>
           <Glyph value="yehf2"/>
         </Coverage>
         <!-- BacktrackGlyphCount=1 -->
-        <BacktrackCoverage index="0" Format="1">
+        <BacktrackCoverage index="0">
           <Glyph value="bayi1"/>
           <Glyph value="kafi1"/>
           <Glyph value="ghafi1"/>
@@ -58,14 +58,14 @@
         <Substitute index="3" value="yehf1"/>
       </ReverseChainSingleSubst>
       <ReverseChainSingleSubst index="2" Format="1">
-        <Coverage Format="1">
+        <Coverage>
           <Glyph value="dal"/>
           <Glyph value="del"/>
           <Glyph value="zal"/>
         </Coverage>
         <!-- BacktrackGlyphCount=0 -->
         <!-- LookAheadGlyphCount=1 -->
-        <LookAheadCoverage index="0" Format="2">
+        <LookAheadCoverage index="0">
           <Glyph value="ray"/>
           <Glyph value="rey"/>
           <Glyph value="zay"/>
diff --git a/Tests/mtiLib/data/mti/gsubsingle.ttx.GSUB b/Tests/mtiLib/data/mti/gsubsingle.ttx.GSUB
index 525b365..dc6a295 100644
--- a/Tests/mtiLib/data/mti/gsubsingle.ttx.GSUB
+++ b/Tests/mtiLib/data/mti/gsubsingle.ttx.GSUB
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@
       <LookupType value="1"/>
       <LookupFlag value="0"/>
       <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
-      <SingleSubst index="0" Format="1">
+      <SingleSubst index="0">
         <Substitution in="onehalf" out="onehalf.alt"/>
         <Substitution in="onequarter" out="onequarter.alt"/>
         <Substitution in="threequarters" out="threequarters.alt"/>
diff --git a/Tests/mtiLib/data/mti/mark-to-ligature.ttx.GPOS b/Tests/mtiLib/data/mti/mark-to-ligature.ttx.GPOS
index 7e02fe0..b5f275e 100644
--- a/Tests/mtiLib/data/mti/mark-to-ligature.ttx.GPOS
+++ b/Tests/mtiLib/data/mti/mark-to-ligature.ttx.GPOS
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@
       <LookupFlag value="0"/>
       <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
       <MarkLigPos index="0" Format="1">
-        <MarkCoverage Format="2">
+        <MarkCoverage>
           <Glyph value="AlefSuperiorNS"/>
           <Glyph value="DammaNS"/>
           <Glyph value="DammaRflxNS"/>
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@
           <Glyph value="UltapeshNS"/>
           <Glyph value="WaslaNS"/>
         </MarkCoverage>
-        <LigatureCoverage Format="2">
+        <LigatureCoverage>
           <Glyph value="AinIni.12m_MeemFin.02"/>
           <Glyph value="AinIni_YehBarreeFin"/>
           <Glyph value="AinMed_YehBarreeFin"/>
diff --git a/Tests/mtiLib/mti_test.py b/Tests/mtiLib/mti_test.py
index 4916828..8a80113 100644
--- a/Tests/mtiLib/mti_test.py
+++ b/Tests/mtiLib/mti_test.py
@@ -1,10 +1,8 @@
-from __future__ import print_function, division, absolute_import
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-from fontTools.misc.py23 import *
 from fontTools.misc.xmlWriter import XMLWriter
 from fontTools.ttLib import TTFont
 from fontTools import mtiLib
 import difflib
+from io import StringIO
 import os
 import sys
 import unittest
@@ -184,14 +182,14 @@
         decompiled.decompile(blob, font)
 
         # XML from built object.
-        writer = XMLWriter(StringIO(), newlinestr='\n')
+        writer = XMLWriter(StringIO())
         writer.begintag(tableTag); writer.newline()
         table.toXML(writer, font)
         writer.endtag(tableTag); writer.newline()
         xml_built = writer.file.getvalue()
 
         # XML from decompiled object.
-        writer = XMLWriter(StringIO(), newlinestr='\n')
+        writer = XMLWriter(StringIO())
         writer.begintag(tableTag); writer.newline()
         decompiled.toXML(writer, font)
         writer.endtag(tableTag); writer.newline()
@@ -210,7 +208,7 @@
         reader.read(rootless=True)
 
         # XML from object read from XML.
-        writer = XMLWriter(StringIO(), newlinestr='\n')
+        writer = XMLWriter(StringIO())
         writer.begintag(tableTag); writer.newline()
         font2[tableTag].toXML(writer, font)
         writer.endtag(tableTag); writer.newline()
diff --git a/Tests/otlLib/__init__.py b/Tests/otlLib/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e69de29
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/otlLib/__init__.py
diff --git a/Tests/otlLib/builder_test.py b/Tests/otlLib/builder_test.py
index 63a35d6..1c2c324 100644
--- a/Tests/otlLib/builder_test.py
+++ b/Tests/otlLib/builder_test.py
@@ -1,1016 +1,1078 @@
-from __future__ import print_function, division, absolute_import
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
+import io
+import struct
+from fontTools.misc.fixedTools import floatToFixed
 from fontTools.misc.testTools import getXML
-from fontTools.otlLib import builder
+from fontTools.otlLib import builder, error
+from fontTools import ttLib
 from fontTools.ttLib.tables import otTables
-from itertools import chain
-import unittest
+import pytest
 
 
-class BuilderTest(unittest.TestCase):
-    GLYPHS = (".notdef space zero one two three four five six "
-              "A B C a b c grave acute cedilla f_f_i f_i c_t").split()
+class BuilderTest(object):
+    GLYPHS = (
+        ".notdef space zero one two three four five six "
+        "A B C a b c grave acute cedilla f_f_i f_i c_t"
+    ).split()
     GLYPHMAP = {name: num for num, name in enumerate(GLYPHS)}
 
     ANCHOR1 = builder.buildAnchor(11, -11)
     ANCHOR2 = builder.buildAnchor(22, -22)
     ANCHOR3 = builder.buildAnchor(33, -33)
 
-    def __init__(self, methodName):
-        unittest.TestCase.__init__(self, methodName)
-        # Python 3 renamed assertRaisesRegexp to assertRaisesRegex,
-        # and fires deprecation warnings if a program uses the old name.
-        if not hasattr(self, "assertRaisesRegex"):
-            self.assertRaisesRegex = self.assertRaisesRegexp
-
-    @classmethod
-    def setUpClass(cls):
-        cls.maxDiff = None
-
     def test_buildAnchor_format1(self):
         anchor = builder.buildAnchor(23, 42)
-        self.assertEqual(getXML(anchor.toXML),
-                         ['<Anchor Format="1">',
-                          '  <XCoordinate value="23"/>',
-                          '  <YCoordinate value="42"/>',
-                          '</Anchor>'])
+        assert getXML(anchor.toXML) == [
+            '<Anchor Format="1">',
+            '  <XCoordinate value="23"/>',
+            '  <YCoordinate value="42"/>',
+            "</Anchor>",
+        ]
 
     def test_buildAnchor_format2(self):
         anchor = builder.buildAnchor(23, 42, point=17)
-        self.assertEqual(getXML(anchor.toXML),
-                         ['<Anchor Format="2">',
-                          '  <XCoordinate value="23"/>',
-                          '  <YCoordinate value="42"/>',
-                          '  <AnchorPoint value="17"/>',
-                          '</Anchor>'])
+        assert getXML(anchor.toXML) == [
+            '<Anchor Format="2">',
+            '  <XCoordinate value="23"/>',
+            '  <YCoordinate value="42"/>',
+            '  <AnchorPoint value="17"/>',
+            "</Anchor>",
+        ]
 
     def test_buildAnchor_format3(self):
         anchor = builder.buildAnchor(
-            23, 42,
+            23,
+            42,
             deviceX=builder.buildDevice({1: 1, 0: 0}),
-            deviceY=builder.buildDevice({7: 7}))
-        self.assertEqual(getXML(anchor.toXML),
-                         ['<Anchor Format="3">',
-                          '  <XCoordinate value="23"/>',
-                          '  <YCoordinate value="42"/>',
-                          '  <XDeviceTable>',
-                          '    <StartSize value="0"/>',
-                          '    <EndSize value="1"/>',
-                          '    <DeltaFormat value="1"/>',
-                          '    <DeltaValue value="[0, 1]"/>',
-                          '  </XDeviceTable>',
-                          '  <YDeviceTable>',
-                          '    <StartSize value="7"/>',
-                          '    <EndSize value="7"/>',
-                          '    <DeltaFormat value="2"/>',
-                          '    <DeltaValue value="[7]"/>',
-                          '  </YDeviceTable>',
-                          '</Anchor>'])
+            deviceY=builder.buildDevice({7: 7}),
+        )
+        assert getXML(anchor.toXML) == [
+            '<Anchor Format="3">',
+            '  <XCoordinate value="23"/>',
+            '  <YCoordinate value="42"/>',
+            "  <XDeviceTable>",
+            '    <StartSize value="0"/>',
+            '    <EndSize value="1"/>',
+            '    <DeltaFormat value="1"/>',
+            '    <DeltaValue value="[0, 1]"/>',
+            "  </XDeviceTable>",
+            "  <YDeviceTable>",
+            '    <StartSize value="7"/>',
+            '    <EndSize value="7"/>',
+            '    <DeltaFormat value="2"/>',
+            '    <DeltaValue value="[7]"/>',
+            "  </YDeviceTable>",
+            "</Anchor>",
+        ]
 
     def test_buildAttachList(self):
-        attachList = builder.buildAttachList({
-            "zero": [23, 7], "one": [1],
-        }, self.GLYPHMAP)
-        self.assertEqual(getXML(attachList.toXML),
-                         ['<AttachList>',
-                          '  <Coverage>',
-                          '    <Glyph value="zero"/>',
-                          '    <Glyph value="one"/>',
-                          '  </Coverage>',
-                          '  <!-- GlyphCount=2 -->',
-                          '  <AttachPoint index="0">',
-                          '    <!-- PointCount=2 -->',
-                          '    <PointIndex index="0" value="7"/>',
-                          '    <PointIndex index="1" value="23"/>',
-                          '  </AttachPoint>',
-                          '  <AttachPoint index="1">',
-                          '    <!-- PointCount=1 -->',
-                          '    <PointIndex index="0" value="1"/>',
-                          '  </AttachPoint>',
-                          '</AttachList>'])
+        attachList = builder.buildAttachList(
+            {"zero": [23, 7], "one": [1]}, self.GLYPHMAP
+        )
+        assert getXML(attachList.toXML) == [
+            "<AttachList>",
+            "  <Coverage>",
+            '    <Glyph value="zero"/>',
+            '    <Glyph value="one"/>',
+            "  </Coverage>",
+            "  <!-- GlyphCount=2 -->",
+            '  <AttachPoint index="0">',
+            "    <!-- PointCount=2 -->",
+            '    <PointIndex index="0" value="7"/>',
+            '    <PointIndex index="1" value="23"/>',
+            "  </AttachPoint>",
+            '  <AttachPoint index="1">',
+            "    <!-- PointCount=1 -->",
+            '    <PointIndex index="0" value="1"/>',
+            "  </AttachPoint>",
+            "</AttachList>",
+        ]
 
     def test_buildAttachList_empty(self):
-        self.assertIsNone(builder.buildAttachList({}, self.GLYPHMAP))
+        assert builder.buildAttachList({}, self.GLYPHMAP) is None
 
     def test_buildAttachPoint(self):
         attachPoint = builder.buildAttachPoint([7, 3])
-        self.assertEqual(getXML(attachPoint.toXML),
-                         ['<AttachPoint>',
-                          '  <!-- PointCount=2 -->',
-                          '  <PointIndex index="0" value="3"/>',
-                          '  <PointIndex index="1" value="7"/>',
-                          '</AttachPoint>'])
+        assert getXML(attachPoint.toXML) == [
+            "<AttachPoint>",
+            "  <!-- PointCount=2 -->",
+            '  <PointIndex index="0" value="3"/>',
+            '  <PointIndex index="1" value="7"/>',
+            "</AttachPoint>",
+        ]
 
     def test_buildAttachPoint_empty(self):
-        self.assertIsNone(builder.buildAttachPoint([]))
+        assert builder.buildAttachPoint([]) is None
 
     def test_buildAttachPoint_duplicate(self):
         attachPoint = builder.buildAttachPoint([7, 3, 7])
-        self.assertEqual(getXML(attachPoint.toXML),
-                         ['<AttachPoint>',
-                          '  <!-- PointCount=2 -->',
-                          '  <PointIndex index="0" value="3"/>',
-                          '  <PointIndex index="1" value="7"/>',
-                          '</AttachPoint>'])
-
+        assert getXML(attachPoint.toXML) == [
+            "<AttachPoint>",
+            "  <!-- PointCount=2 -->",
+            '  <PointIndex index="0" value="3"/>',
+            '  <PointIndex index="1" value="7"/>',
+            "</AttachPoint>",
+        ]
 
     def test_buildBaseArray(self):
         anchor = builder.buildAnchor
-        baseArray = builder.buildBaseArray({
-            "a": {2: anchor(300, 80)},
-            "c": {1: anchor(300, 80), 2: anchor(300, -20)}
-        }, numMarkClasses=4, glyphMap=self.GLYPHMAP)
-        self.assertEqual(getXML(baseArray.toXML),
-                         ['<BaseArray>',
-                          '  <!-- BaseCount=2 -->',
-                          '  <BaseRecord index="0">',
-                          '    <BaseAnchor index="0" empty="1"/>',
-                          '    <BaseAnchor index="1" empty="1"/>',
-                          '    <BaseAnchor index="2" Format="1">',
-                          '      <XCoordinate value="300"/>',
-                          '      <YCoordinate value="80"/>',
-                          '    </BaseAnchor>',
-                          '    <BaseAnchor index="3" empty="1"/>',
-                          '  </BaseRecord>',
-                          '  <BaseRecord index="1">',
-                          '    <BaseAnchor index="0" empty="1"/>',
-                          '    <BaseAnchor index="1" Format="1">',
-                          '      <XCoordinate value="300"/>',
-                          '      <YCoordinate value="80"/>',
-                          '    </BaseAnchor>',
-                          '    <BaseAnchor index="2" Format="1">',
-                          '      <XCoordinate value="300"/>',
-                          '      <YCoordinate value="-20"/>',
-                          '    </BaseAnchor>',
-                          '    <BaseAnchor index="3" empty="1"/>',
-                          '  </BaseRecord>',
-                          '</BaseArray>'])
+        baseArray = builder.buildBaseArray(
+            {"a": {2: anchor(300, 80)}, "c": {1: anchor(300, 80), 2: anchor(300, -20)}},
+            numMarkClasses=4,
+            glyphMap=self.GLYPHMAP,
+        )
+        assert getXML(baseArray.toXML) == [
+            "<BaseArray>",
+            "  <!-- BaseCount=2 -->",
+            '  <BaseRecord index="0">',
+            '    <BaseAnchor index="0" empty="1"/>',
+            '    <BaseAnchor index="1" empty="1"/>',
+            '    <BaseAnchor index="2" Format="1">',
+            '      <XCoordinate value="300"/>',
+            '      <YCoordinate value="80"/>',
+            "    </BaseAnchor>",
+            '    <BaseAnchor index="3" empty="1"/>',
+            "  </BaseRecord>",
+            '  <BaseRecord index="1">',
+            '    <BaseAnchor index="0" empty="1"/>',
+            '    <BaseAnchor index="1" Format="1">',
+            '      <XCoordinate value="300"/>',
+            '      <YCoordinate value="80"/>',
+            "    </BaseAnchor>",
+            '    <BaseAnchor index="2" Format="1">',
+            '      <XCoordinate value="300"/>',
+            '      <YCoordinate value="-20"/>',
+            "    </BaseAnchor>",
+            '    <BaseAnchor index="3" empty="1"/>',
+            "  </BaseRecord>",
+            "</BaseArray>",
+        ]
 
     def test_buildBaseRecord(self):
         a = builder.buildAnchor
         rec = builder.buildBaseRecord([a(500, -20), None, a(300, -15)])
-        self.assertEqual(getXML(rec.toXML),
-                         ['<BaseRecord>',
-                          '  <BaseAnchor index="0" Format="1">',
-                          '    <XCoordinate value="500"/>',
-                          '    <YCoordinate value="-20"/>',
-                          '  </BaseAnchor>',
-                          '  <BaseAnchor index="1" empty="1"/>',
-                          '  <BaseAnchor index="2" Format="1">',
-                          '    <XCoordinate value="300"/>',
-                          '    <YCoordinate value="-15"/>',
-                          '  </BaseAnchor>',
-                          '</BaseRecord>'])
+        assert getXML(rec.toXML) == [
+            "<BaseRecord>",
+            '  <BaseAnchor index="0" Format="1">',
+            '    <XCoordinate value="500"/>',
+            '    <YCoordinate value="-20"/>',
+            "  </BaseAnchor>",
+            '  <BaseAnchor index="1" empty="1"/>',
+            '  <BaseAnchor index="2" Format="1">',
+            '    <XCoordinate value="300"/>',
+            '    <YCoordinate value="-15"/>',
+            "  </BaseAnchor>",
+            "</BaseRecord>",
+        ]
 
     def test_buildCaretValueForCoord(self):
         caret = builder.buildCaretValueForCoord(500)
-        self.assertEqual(getXML(caret.toXML),
-                         ['<CaretValue Format="1">',
-                          '  <Coordinate value="500"/>',
-                          '</CaretValue>'])
+        assert getXML(caret.toXML) == [
+            '<CaretValue Format="1">',
+            '  <Coordinate value="500"/>',
+            "</CaretValue>",
+        ]
 
     def test_buildCaretValueForPoint(self):
         caret = builder.buildCaretValueForPoint(23)
-        self.assertEqual(getXML(caret.toXML),
-                         ['<CaretValue Format="2">',
-                          '  <CaretValuePoint value="23"/>',
-                          '</CaretValue>'])
+        assert getXML(caret.toXML) == [
+            '<CaretValue Format="2">',
+            '  <CaretValuePoint value="23"/>',
+            "</CaretValue>",
+        ]
 
     def test_buildComponentRecord(self):
         a = builder.buildAnchor
         rec = builder.buildComponentRecord([a(500, -20), None, a(300, -15)])
-        self.assertEqual(getXML(rec.toXML),
-                         ['<ComponentRecord>',
-                          '  <LigatureAnchor index="0" Format="1">',
-                          '    <XCoordinate value="500"/>',
-                          '    <YCoordinate value="-20"/>',
-                          '  </LigatureAnchor>',
-                          '  <LigatureAnchor index="1" empty="1"/>',
-                          '  <LigatureAnchor index="2" Format="1">',
-                          '    <XCoordinate value="300"/>',
-                          '    <YCoordinate value="-15"/>',
-                          '  </LigatureAnchor>',
-                          '</ComponentRecord>'])
+        assert getXML(rec.toXML) == [
+            "<ComponentRecord>",
+            '  <LigatureAnchor index="0" Format="1">',
+            '    <XCoordinate value="500"/>',
+            '    <YCoordinate value="-20"/>',
+            "  </LigatureAnchor>",
+            '  <LigatureAnchor index="1" empty="1"/>',
+            '  <LigatureAnchor index="2" Format="1">',
+            '    <XCoordinate value="300"/>',
+            '    <YCoordinate value="-15"/>',
+            "  </LigatureAnchor>",
+            "</ComponentRecord>",
+        ]
 
     def test_buildComponentRecord_empty(self):
-        self.assertIsNone(builder.buildComponentRecord([]))
+        assert builder.buildComponentRecord([]) is None
 
     def test_buildComponentRecord_None(self):
-        self.assertIsNone(builder.buildComponentRecord(None))
+        assert builder.buildComponentRecord(None) is None
 
     def test_buildCoverage(self):
         cov = builder.buildCoverage({"two", "four"}, {"two": 2, "four": 4})
-        self.assertEqual(getXML(cov.toXML),
-                         ['<Coverage>',
-                          '  <Glyph value="two"/>',
-                          '  <Glyph value="four"/>',
-                          '</Coverage>'])
+        assert getXML(cov.toXML) == [
+            "<Coverage>",
+            '  <Glyph value="two"/>',
+            '  <Glyph value="four"/>',
+            "</Coverage>",
+        ]
 
     def test_buildCursivePos(self):
-        pos = builder.buildCursivePosSubtable({
-            "two": (self.ANCHOR1, self.ANCHOR2),
-            "four": (self.ANCHOR3, self.ANCHOR1)
-        }, self.GLYPHMAP)
-        self.assertEqual(getXML(pos.toXML),
-                         ['<CursivePos Format="1">',
-                          '  <Coverage>',
-                          '    <Glyph value="two"/>',
-                          '    <Glyph value="four"/>',
-                          '  </Coverage>',
-                          '  <!-- EntryExitCount=2 -->',
-                          '  <EntryExitRecord index="0">',
-                          '    <EntryAnchor Format="1">',
-                          '      <XCoordinate value="11"/>',
-                          '      <YCoordinate value="-11"/>',
-                          '    </EntryAnchor>',
-                          '    <ExitAnchor Format="1">',
-                          '      <XCoordinate value="22"/>',
-                          '      <YCoordinate value="-22"/>',
-                          '    </ExitAnchor>',
-                          '  </EntryExitRecord>',
-                          '  <EntryExitRecord index="1">',
-                          '    <EntryAnchor Format="1">',
-                          '      <XCoordinate value="33"/>',
-                          '      <YCoordinate value="-33"/>',
-                          '    </EntryAnchor>',
-                          '    <ExitAnchor Format="1">',
-                          '      <XCoordinate value="11"/>',
-                          '      <YCoordinate value="-11"/>',
-                          '    </ExitAnchor>',
-                          '  </EntryExitRecord>',
-                          '</CursivePos>'])
+        pos = builder.buildCursivePosSubtable(
+            {"two": (self.ANCHOR1, self.ANCHOR2), "four": (self.ANCHOR3, self.ANCHOR1)},
+            self.GLYPHMAP,
+        )
+        assert getXML(pos.toXML) == [
+            '<CursivePos Format="1">',
+            "  <Coverage>",
+            '    <Glyph value="two"/>',
+            '    <Glyph value="four"/>',
+            "  </Coverage>",
+            "  <!-- EntryExitCount=2 -->",
+            '  <EntryExitRecord index="0">',
+            '    <EntryAnchor Format="1">',
+            '      <XCoordinate value="11"/>',
+            '      <YCoordinate value="-11"/>',
+            "    </EntryAnchor>",
+            '    <ExitAnchor Format="1">',
+            '      <XCoordinate value="22"/>',
+            '      <YCoordinate value="-22"/>',
+            "    </ExitAnchor>",
+            "  </EntryExitRecord>",
+            '  <EntryExitRecord index="1">',
+            '    <EntryAnchor Format="1">',
+            '      <XCoordinate value="33"/>',
+            '      <YCoordinate value="-33"/>',
+            "    </EntryAnchor>",
+            '    <ExitAnchor Format="1">',
+            '      <XCoordinate value="11"/>',
+            '      <YCoordinate value="-11"/>',
+            "    </ExitAnchor>",
+            "  </EntryExitRecord>",
+            "</CursivePos>",
+        ]
 
     def test_buildDevice_format1(self):
-        device = builder.buildDevice({1:1, 0:0})
-        self.assertEqual(getXML(device.toXML),
-                         ['<Device>',
-                          '  <StartSize value="0"/>',
-                          '  <EndSize value="1"/>',
-                          '  <DeltaFormat value="1"/>',
-                          '  <DeltaValue value="[0, 1]"/>',
-                          '</Device>'])
+        device = builder.buildDevice({1: 1, 0: 0})
+        assert getXML(device.toXML) == [
+            "<Device>",
+            '  <StartSize value="0"/>',
+            '  <EndSize value="1"/>',
+            '  <DeltaFormat value="1"/>',
+            '  <DeltaValue value="[0, 1]"/>',
+            "</Device>",
+        ]
 
     def test_buildDevice_format2(self):
-        device = builder.buildDevice({2:2, 0:1, 1:0})
-        self.assertEqual(getXML(device.toXML),
-                         ['<Device>',
-                          '  <StartSize value="0"/>',
-                          '  <EndSize value="2"/>',
-                          '  <DeltaFormat value="2"/>',
-                          '  <DeltaValue value="[1, 0, 2]"/>',
-                          '</Device>'])
+        device = builder.buildDevice({2: 2, 0: 1, 1: 0})
+        assert getXML(device.toXML) == [
+            "<Device>",
+            '  <StartSize value="0"/>',
+            '  <EndSize value="2"/>',
+            '  <DeltaFormat value="2"/>',
+            '  <DeltaValue value="[1, 0, 2]"/>',
+            "</Device>",
+        ]
 
     def test_buildDevice_format3(self):
-        device = builder.buildDevice({5:3, 1:77})
-        self.assertEqual(getXML(device.toXML),
-                         ['<Device>',
-                          '  <StartSize value="1"/>',
-                          '  <EndSize value="5"/>',
-                          '  <DeltaFormat value="3"/>',
-                          '  <DeltaValue value="[77, 0, 0, 0, 3]"/>',
-                          '</Device>'])
+        device = builder.buildDevice({5: 3, 1: 77})
+        assert getXML(device.toXML) == [
+            "<Device>",
+            '  <StartSize value="1"/>',
+            '  <EndSize value="5"/>',
+            '  <DeltaFormat value="3"/>',
+            '  <DeltaValue value="[77, 0, 0, 0, 3]"/>',
+            "</Device>",
+        ]
 
     def test_buildLigatureArray(self):
         anchor = builder.buildAnchor
-        ligatureArray = builder.buildLigatureArray({
-            "f_i": [{2: anchor(300, -20)}, {}],
-            "c_t": [{}, {1: anchor(500, 350), 2: anchor(1300, -20)}]
-        }, numMarkClasses=4, glyphMap=self.GLYPHMAP)
-        self.assertEqual(getXML(ligatureArray.toXML),
-                         ['<LigatureArray>',
-                          '  <!-- LigatureCount=2 -->',
-                          '  <LigatureAttach index="0">',  # f_i
-                          '    <!-- ComponentCount=2 -->',
-                          '    <ComponentRecord index="0">',
-                          '      <LigatureAnchor index="0" empty="1"/>',
-                          '      <LigatureAnchor index="1" empty="1"/>',
-                          '      <LigatureAnchor index="2" Format="1">',
-                          '        <XCoordinate value="300"/>',
-                          '        <YCoordinate value="-20"/>',
-                          '      </LigatureAnchor>',
-                          '      <LigatureAnchor index="3" empty="1"/>',
-                          '    </ComponentRecord>',
-                          '    <ComponentRecord index="1">',
-                          '      <LigatureAnchor index="0" empty="1"/>',
-                          '      <LigatureAnchor index="1" empty="1"/>',
-                          '      <LigatureAnchor index="2" empty="1"/>',
-                          '      <LigatureAnchor index="3" empty="1"/>',
-                          '    </ComponentRecord>',
-                          '  </LigatureAttach>',
-                          '  <LigatureAttach index="1">',
-                          '    <!-- ComponentCount=2 -->',
-                          '    <ComponentRecord index="0">',
-                          '      <LigatureAnchor index="0" empty="1"/>',
-                          '      <LigatureAnchor index="1" empty="1"/>',
-                          '      <LigatureAnchor index="2" empty="1"/>',
-                          '      <LigatureAnchor index="3" empty="1"/>',
-                          '    </ComponentRecord>',
-                          '    <ComponentRecord index="1">',
-                          '      <LigatureAnchor index="0" empty="1"/>',
-                          '      <LigatureAnchor index="1" Format="1">',
-                          '        <XCoordinate value="500"/>',
-                          '        <YCoordinate value="350"/>',
-                          '      </LigatureAnchor>',
-                          '      <LigatureAnchor index="2" Format="1">',
-                          '        <XCoordinate value="1300"/>',
-                          '        <YCoordinate value="-20"/>',
-                          '      </LigatureAnchor>',
-                          '      <LigatureAnchor index="3" empty="1"/>',
-                          '    </ComponentRecord>',
-                          '  </LigatureAttach>',
-                          '</LigatureArray>'])
+        ligatureArray = builder.buildLigatureArray(
+            {
+                "f_i": [{2: anchor(300, -20)}, {}],
+                "c_t": [{}, {1: anchor(500, 350), 2: anchor(1300, -20)}],
+            },
+            numMarkClasses=4,
+            glyphMap=self.GLYPHMAP,
+        )
+        assert getXML(ligatureArray.toXML) == [
+            "<LigatureArray>",
+            "  <!-- LigatureCount=2 -->",
+            '  <LigatureAttach index="0">',  # f_i
+            "    <!-- ComponentCount=2 -->",
+            '    <ComponentRecord index="0">',
+            '      <LigatureAnchor index="0" empty="1"/>',
+            '      <LigatureAnchor index="1" empty="1"/>',
+            '      <LigatureAnchor index="2" Format="1">',
+            '        <XCoordinate value="300"/>',
+            '        <YCoordinate value="-20"/>',
+            "      </LigatureAnchor>",
+            '      <LigatureAnchor index="3" empty="1"/>',
+            "    </ComponentRecord>",
+            '    <ComponentRecord index="1">',
+            '      <LigatureAnchor index="0" empty="1"/>',
+            '      <LigatureAnchor index="1" empty="1"/>',
+            '      <LigatureAnchor index="2" empty="1"/>',
+            '      <LigatureAnchor index="3" empty="1"/>',
+            "    </ComponentRecord>",
+            "  </LigatureAttach>",
+            '  <LigatureAttach index="1">',
+            "    <!-- ComponentCount=2 -->",
+            '    <ComponentRecord index="0">',
+            '      <LigatureAnchor index="0" empty="1"/>',
+            '      <LigatureAnchor index="1" empty="1"/>',
+            '      <LigatureAnchor index="2" empty="1"/>',
+            '      <LigatureAnchor index="3" empty="1"/>',
+            "    </ComponentRecord>",
+            '    <ComponentRecord index="1">',
+            '      <LigatureAnchor index="0" empty="1"/>',
+            '      <LigatureAnchor index="1" Format="1">',
+            '        <XCoordinate value="500"/>',
+            '        <YCoordinate value="350"/>',
+            "      </LigatureAnchor>",
+            '      <LigatureAnchor index="2" Format="1">',
+            '        <XCoordinate value="1300"/>',
+            '        <YCoordinate value="-20"/>',
+            "      </LigatureAnchor>",
+            '      <LigatureAnchor index="3" empty="1"/>',
+            "    </ComponentRecord>",
+            "  </LigatureAttach>",
+            "</LigatureArray>",
+        ]
 
     def test_buildLigatureAttach(self):
         anchor = builder.buildAnchor
-        attach = builder.buildLigatureAttach([
-            [anchor(500, -10), None],
-            [None, anchor(300, -20), None]])
-        self.assertEqual(getXML(attach.toXML),
-                         ['<LigatureAttach>',
-                          '  <!-- ComponentCount=2 -->',
-                          '  <ComponentRecord index="0">',
-                          '    <LigatureAnchor index="0" Format="1">',
-                          '      <XCoordinate value="500"/>',
-                          '      <YCoordinate value="-10"/>',
-                          '    </LigatureAnchor>',
-                          '    <LigatureAnchor index="1" empty="1"/>',
-                          '  </ComponentRecord>',
-                          '  <ComponentRecord index="1">',
-                          '    <LigatureAnchor index="0" empty="1"/>',
-                          '    <LigatureAnchor index="1" Format="1">',
-                          '      <XCoordinate value="300"/>',
-                          '      <YCoordinate value="-20"/>',
-                          '    </LigatureAnchor>',
-                          '    <LigatureAnchor index="2" empty="1"/>',
-                          '  </ComponentRecord>',
-                          '</LigatureAttach>'])
+        attach = builder.buildLigatureAttach(
+            [[anchor(500, -10), None], [None, anchor(300, -20), None]]
+        )
+        assert getXML(attach.toXML) == [
+            "<LigatureAttach>",
+            "  <!-- ComponentCount=2 -->",
+            '  <ComponentRecord index="0">',
+            '    <LigatureAnchor index="0" Format="1">',
+            '      <XCoordinate value="500"/>',
+            '      <YCoordinate value="-10"/>',
+            "    </LigatureAnchor>",
+            '    <LigatureAnchor index="1" empty="1"/>',
+            "  </ComponentRecord>",
+            '  <ComponentRecord index="1">',
+            '    <LigatureAnchor index="0" empty="1"/>',
+            '    <LigatureAnchor index="1" Format="1">',
+            '      <XCoordinate value="300"/>',
+            '      <YCoordinate value="-20"/>',
+            "    </LigatureAnchor>",
+            '    <LigatureAnchor index="2" empty="1"/>',
+            "  </ComponentRecord>",
+            "</LigatureAttach>",
+        ]
 
     def test_buildLigatureAttach_emptyComponents(self):
         attach = builder.buildLigatureAttach([[], None])
-        self.assertEqual(getXML(attach.toXML),
-                         ['<LigatureAttach>',
-                          '  <!-- ComponentCount=2 -->',
-                          '  <ComponentRecord index="0" empty="1"/>',
-                          '  <ComponentRecord index="1" empty="1"/>',
-                          '</LigatureAttach>'])
+        assert getXML(attach.toXML) == [
+            "<LigatureAttach>",
+            "  <!-- ComponentCount=2 -->",
+            '  <ComponentRecord index="0" empty="1"/>',
+            '  <ComponentRecord index="1" empty="1"/>',
+            "</LigatureAttach>",
+        ]
 
     def test_buildLigatureAttach_noComponents(self):
         attach = builder.buildLigatureAttach([])
-        self.assertEqual(getXML(attach.toXML),
-                         ['<LigatureAttach>',
-                          '  <!-- ComponentCount=0 -->',
-                          '</LigatureAttach>'])
+        assert getXML(attach.toXML) == [
+            "<LigatureAttach>",
+            "  <!-- ComponentCount=0 -->",
+            "</LigatureAttach>",
+        ]
 
     def test_buildLigCaretList(self):
         carets = builder.buildLigCaretList(
-            {"f_f_i": [300, 600]}, {"c_t": [42]}, self.GLYPHMAP)
-        self.assertEqual(getXML(carets.toXML),
-                         ['<LigCaretList>',
-                          '  <Coverage>',
-                          '    <Glyph value="f_f_i"/>',
-                          '    <Glyph value="c_t"/>',
-                          '  </Coverage>',
-                          '  <!-- LigGlyphCount=2 -->',
-                          '  <LigGlyph index="0">',
-                          '    <!-- CaretCount=2 -->',
-                          '    <CaretValue index="0" Format="1">',
-                          '      <Coordinate value="300"/>',
-                          '    </CaretValue>',
-                          '    <CaretValue index="1" Format="1">',
-                          '      <Coordinate value="600"/>',
-                          '    </CaretValue>',
-                          '  </LigGlyph>',
-                          '  <LigGlyph index="1">',
-                          '    <!-- CaretCount=1 -->',
-                          '    <CaretValue index="0" Format="2">',
-                          '      <CaretValuePoint value="42"/>',
-                          '    </CaretValue>',
-                          '  </LigGlyph>',
-                          '</LigCaretList>'])
+            {"f_f_i": [300, 600]}, {"c_t": [42]}, self.GLYPHMAP
+        )
+        assert getXML(carets.toXML) == [
+            "<LigCaretList>",
+            "  <Coverage>",
+            '    <Glyph value="f_f_i"/>',
+            '    <Glyph value="c_t"/>',
+            "  </Coverage>",
+            "  <!-- LigGlyphCount=2 -->",
+            '  <LigGlyph index="0">',
+            "    <!-- CaretCount=2 -->",
+            '    <CaretValue index="0" Format="1">',
+            '      <Coordinate value="300"/>',
+            "    </CaretValue>",
+            '    <CaretValue index="1" Format="1">',
+            '      <Coordinate value="600"/>',
+            "    </CaretValue>",
+            "  </LigGlyph>",
+            '  <LigGlyph index="1">',
+            "    <!-- CaretCount=1 -->",
+            '    <CaretValue index="0" Format="2">',
+            '      <CaretValuePoint value="42"/>',
+            "    </CaretValue>",
+            "  </LigGlyph>",
+            "</LigCaretList>",
+        ]
 
     def test_buildLigCaretList_bothCoordsAndPointsForSameGlyph(self):
         carets = builder.buildLigCaretList(
-            {"f_f_i": [300]}, {"f_f_i": [7]}, self.GLYPHMAP)
-        self.assertEqual(getXML(carets.toXML),
-                         ['<LigCaretList>',
-                          '  <Coverage>',
-                          '    <Glyph value="f_f_i"/>',
-                          '  </Coverage>',
-                          '  <!-- LigGlyphCount=1 -->',
-                          '  <LigGlyph index="0">',
-                          '    <!-- CaretCount=2 -->',
-                          '    <CaretValue index="0" Format="1">',
-                          '      <Coordinate value="300"/>',
-                          '    </CaretValue>',
-                          '    <CaretValue index="1" Format="2">',
-                          '      <CaretValuePoint value="7"/>',
-                          '    </CaretValue>',
-                          '  </LigGlyph>',
-                          '</LigCaretList>'])
+            {"f_f_i": [300]}, {"f_f_i": [7]}, self.GLYPHMAP
+        )
+        assert getXML(carets.toXML) == [
+            "<LigCaretList>",
+            "  <Coverage>",
+            '    <Glyph value="f_f_i"/>',
+            "  </Coverage>",
+            "  <!-- LigGlyphCount=1 -->",
+            '  <LigGlyph index="0">',
+            "    <!-- CaretCount=2 -->",
+            '    <CaretValue index="0" Format="1">',
+            '      <Coordinate value="300"/>',
+            "    </CaretValue>",
+            '    <CaretValue index="1" Format="2">',
+            '      <CaretValuePoint value="7"/>',
+            "    </CaretValue>",
+            "  </LigGlyph>",
+            "</LigCaretList>",
+        ]
 
     def test_buildLigCaretList_empty(self):
-        self.assertIsNone(builder.buildLigCaretList({}, {}, self.GLYPHMAP))
+        assert builder.buildLigCaretList({}, {}, self.GLYPHMAP) is None
 
     def test_buildLigCaretList_None(self):
-        self.assertIsNone(builder.buildLigCaretList(None, None, self.GLYPHMAP))
+        assert builder.buildLigCaretList(None, None, self.GLYPHMAP) is None
 
     def test_buildLigGlyph_coords(self):
         lig = builder.buildLigGlyph([500, 800], None)
-        self.assertEqual(getXML(lig.toXML),
-                         ['<LigGlyph>',
-                          '  <!-- CaretCount=2 -->',
-                          '  <CaretValue index="0" Format="1">',
-                          '    <Coordinate value="500"/>',
-                          '  </CaretValue>',
-                          '  <CaretValue index="1" Format="1">',
-                          '    <Coordinate value="800"/>',
-                          '  </CaretValue>',
-                          '</LigGlyph>'])
+        assert getXML(lig.toXML) == [
+            "<LigGlyph>",
+            "  <!-- CaretCount=2 -->",
+            '  <CaretValue index="0" Format="1">',
+            '    <Coordinate value="500"/>',
+            "  </CaretValue>",
+            '  <CaretValue index="1" Format="1">',
+            '    <Coordinate value="800"/>',
+            "  </CaretValue>",
+            "</LigGlyph>",
+        ]
 
     def test_buildLigGlyph_empty(self):
-        self.assertIsNone(builder.buildLigGlyph([], []))
+        assert builder.buildLigGlyph([], []) is None
 
     def test_buildLigGlyph_None(self):
-        self.assertIsNone(builder.buildLigGlyph(None, None))
+        assert builder.buildLigGlyph(None, None) is None
 
     def test_buildLigGlyph_points(self):
         lig = builder.buildLigGlyph(None, [2])
-        self.assertEqual(getXML(lig.toXML),
-                         ['<LigGlyph>',
-                          '  <!-- CaretCount=1 -->',
-                          '  <CaretValue index="0" Format="2">',
-                          '    <CaretValuePoint value="2"/>',
-                          '  </CaretValue>',
-                          '</LigGlyph>'])
+        assert getXML(lig.toXML) == [
+            "<LigGlyph>",
+            "  <!-- CaretCount=1 -->",
+            '  <CaretValue index="0" Format="2">',
+            '    <CaretValuePoint value="2"/>',
+            "  </CaretValue>",
+            "</LigGlyph>",
+        ]
 
     def test_buildLookup(self):
         s1 = builder.buildSingleSubstSubtable({"one": "two"})
         s2 = builder.buildSingleSubstSubtable({"three": "four"})
         lookup = builder.buildLookup([s1, s2], flags=7)
-        self.assertEqual(getXML(lookup.toXML),
-                         ['<Lookup>',
-                          '  <LookupType value="1"/>',
-                          '  <LookupFlag value="7"/>',
-                          '  <!-- SubTableCount=2 -->',
-                          '  <SingleSubst index="0">',
-                          '    <Substitution in="one" out="two"/>',
-                          '  </SingleSubst>',
-                          '  <SingleSubst index="1">',
-                          '    <Substitution in="three" out="four"/>',
-                          '  </SingleSubst>',
-                          '</Lookup>'])
+        assert getXML(lookup.toXML) == [
+            "<Lookup>",
+            '  <LookupType value="1"/>',
+            '  <LookupFlag value="7"/><!-- rightToLeft ignoreBaseGlyphs ignoreLigatures -->',
+            "  <!-- SubTableCount=2 -->",
+            '  <SingleSubst index="0">',
+            '    <Substitution in="one" out="two"/>',
+            "  </SingleSubst>",
+            '  <SingleSubst index="1">',
+            '    <Substitution in="three" out="four"/>',
+            "  </SingleSubst>",
+            "</Lookup>",
+        ]
 
     def test_buildLookup_badFlags(self):
         s = builder.buildSingleSubstSubtable({"one": "two"})
-        self.assertRaisesRegex(
-            AssertionError, "if markFilterSet is None, "
-            "flags must not set LOOKUP_FLAG_USE_MARK_FILTERING_SET; "
-            "flags=0x0010",
-            builder.buildLookup, [s],
-            builder.LOOKUP_FLAG_USE_MARK_FILTERING_SET, None)
-        self.assertRaisesRegex(
-            AssertionError, "if markFilterSet is not None, "
-            "flags must set LOOKUP_FLAG_USE_MARK_FILTERING_SET; "
-            "flags=0x0004",
-            builder.buildLookup, [s],
-            builder.LOOKUP_FLAG_IGNORE_LIGATURES, 777)
+        with pytest.raises(
+            AssertionError,
+            match=(
+                "if markFilterSet is None, flags must not set "
+                "LOOKUP_FLAG_USE_MARK_FILTERING_SET; flags=0x0010"
+            ),
+        ) as excinfo:
+            builder.buildLookup([s], builder.LOOKUP_FLAG_USE_MARK_FILTERING_SET, None)
 
     def test_buildLookup_conflictingSubtableTypes(self):
         s1 = builder.buildSingleSubstSubtable({"one": "two"})
         s2 = builder.buildAlternateSubstSubtable({"one": ["two", "three"]})
-        self.assertRaisesRegex(
-            AssertionError, "all subtables must have the same LookupType",
-            builder.buildLookup, [s1, s2])
+        with pytest.raises(
+            AssertionError, match="all subtables must have the same LookupType"
+        ) as excinfo:
+            builder.buildLookup([s1, s2])
 
     def test_buildLookup_noSubtables(self):
-        self.assertIsNone(builder.buildLookup([]))
-        self.assertIsNone(builder.buildLookup(None))
-        self.assertIsNone(builder.buildLookup([None]))
-        self.assertIsNone(builder.buildLookup([None, None]))
+        assert builder.buildLookup([]) is None
+        assert builder.buildLookup(None) is None
+        assert builder.buildLookup([None]) is None
+        assert builder.buildLookup([None, None]) is None
 
     def test_buildLookup_markFilterSet(self):
         s = builder.buildSingleSubstSubtable({"one": "two"})
-        flags = (builder.LOOKUP_FLAG_RIGHT_TO_LEFT |
-                 builder.LOOKUP_FLAG_USE_MARK_FILTERING_SET)
+        flags = (
+            builder.LOOKUP_FLAG_RIGHT_TO_LEFT
+            | builder.LOOKUP_FLAG_USE_MARK_FILTERING_SET
+        )
         lookup = builder.buildLookup([s], flags, markFilterSet=999)
-        self.assertEqual(getXML(lookup.toXML),
-                         ['<Lookup>',
-                          '  <LookupType value="1"/>',
-                          '  <LookupFlag value="17"/>',
-                          '  <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->',
-                          '  <SingleSubst index="0">',
-                          '    <Substitution in="one" out="two"/>',
-                          '  </SingleSubst>',
-                          '  <MarkFilteringSet value="999"/>',
-                          '</Lookup>'])
+        assert getXML(lookup.toXML) == [
+            "<Lookup>",
+            '  <LookupType value="1"/>',
+            '  <LookupFlag value="17"/><!-- rightToLeft useMarkFilteringSet -->',
+            "  <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->",
+            '  <SingleSubst index="0">',
+            '    <Substitution in="one" out="two"/>',
+            "  </SingleSubst>",
+            '  <MarkFilteringSet value="999"/>',
+            "</Lookup>",
+        ]
 
     def test_buildMarkArray(self):
-        markArray = builder.buildMarkArray({
-            "acute": (7, builder.buildAnchor(300, 800)),
-            "grave": (2, builder.buildAnchor(10, 80))
-        }, self.GLYPHMAP)
-        self.assertLess(self.GLYPHMAP["grave"], self.GLYPHMAP["acute"])
-        self.assertEqual(getXML(markArray.toXML),
-                         ['<MarkArray>',
-                          '  <!-- MarkCount=2 -->',
-                          '  <MarkRecord index="0">',
-                          '    <Class value="2"/>',
-                          '    <MarkAnchor Format="1">',
-                          '      <XCoordinate value="10"/>',
-                          '      <YCoordinate value="80"/>',
-                          '    </MarkAnchor>',
-                          '  </MarkRecord>',
-                          '  <MarkRecord index="1">',
-                          '    <Class value="7"/>',
-                          '    <MarkAnchor Format="1">',
-                          '      <XCoordinate value="300"/>',
-                          '      <YCoordinate value="800"/>',
-                          '    </MarkAnchor>',
-                          '  </MarkRecord>',
-                          '</MarkArray>'])
+        markArray = builder.buildMarkArray(
+            {
+                "acute": (7, builder.buildAnchor(300, 800)),
+                "grave": (2, builder.buildAnchor(10, 80)),
+            },
+            self.GLYPHMAP,
+        )
+        assert self.GLYPHMAP["grave"] < self.GLYPHMAP["acute"]
+        assert getXML(markArray.toXML) == [
+            "<MarkArray>",
+            "  <!-- MarkCount=2 -->",
+            '  <MarkRecord index="0">',
+            '    <Class value="2"/>',
+            '    <MarkAnchor Format="1">',
+            '      <XCoordinate value="10"/>',
+            '      <YCoordinate value="80"/>',
+            "    </MarkAnchor>",
+            "  </MarkRecord>",
+            '  <MarkRecord index="1">',
+            '    <Class value="7"/>',
+            '    <MarkAnchor Format="1">',
+            '      <XCoordinate value="300"/>',
+            '      <YCoordinate value="800"/>',
+            "    </MarkAnchor>",
+            "  </MarkRecord>",
+            "</MarkArray>",
+        ]
 
     def test_buildMarkBasePosSubtable(self):
         anchor = builder.buildAnchor
         marks = {
             "acute": (0, anchor(300, 700)),
             "cedilla": (1, anchor(300, -100)),
-            "grave": (0, anchor(300, 700))
+            "grave": (0, anchor(300, 700)),
         }
         bases = {
             # Make sure we can handle missing entries.
             "A": {},  # no entry for any markClass
             "B": {0: anchor(500, 900)},  # only markClass 0 specified
             "C": {1: anchor(500, -10)},  # only markClass 1 specified
-
             "a": {0: anchor(500, 400), 1: anchor(500, -20)},
-            "b": {0: anchor(500, 800), 1: anchor(500, -20)}
+            "b": {0: anchor(500, 800), 1: anchor(500, -20)},
         }
         table = builder.buildMarkBasePosSubtable(marks, bases, self.GLYPHMAP)
-        self.assertEqual(getXML(table.toXML),
-                         ['<MarkBasePos Format="1">',
-                          '  <MarkCoverage>',
-                          '    <Glyph value="grave"/>',
-                          '    <Glyph value="acute"/>',
-                          '    <Glyph value="cedilla"/>',
-                          '  </MarkCoverage>',
-                          '  <BaseCoverage>',
-                          '    <Glyph value="A"/>',
-                          '    <Glyph value="B"/>',
-                          '    <Glyph value="C"/>',
-                          '    <Glyph value="a"/>',
-                          '    <Glyph value="b"/>',
-                          '  </BaseCoverage>',
-                          '  <!-- ClassCount=2 -->',
-                          '  <MarkArray>',
-                          '    <!-- MarkCount=3 -->',
-                          '    <MarkRecord index="0">',  # grave
-                          '      <Class value="0"/>',
-                          '      <MarkAnchor Format="1">',
-                          '        <XCoordinate value="300"/>',
-                          '        <YCoordinate value="700"/>',
-                          '      </MarkAnchor>',
-                          '    </MarkRecord>',
-                          '    <MarkRecord index="1">',  # acute
-                          '      <Class value="0"/>',
-                          '      <MarkAnchor Format="1">',
-                          '        <XCoordinate value="300"/>',
-                          '        <YCoordinate value="700"/>',
-                          '      </MarkAnchor>',
-                          '    </MarkRecord>',
-                          '    <MarkRecord index="2">',  # cedilla
-                          '      <Class value="1"/>',
-                          '      <MarkAnchor Format="1">',
-                          '        <XCoordinate value="300"/>',
-                          '        <YCoordinate value="-100"/>',
-                          '      </MarkAnchor>',
-                          '    </MarkRecord>',
-                          '  </MarkArray>',
-                          '  <BaseArray>',
-                          '    <!-- BaseCount=5 -->',
-                          '    <BaseRecord index="0">',  # A
-                          '      <BaseAnchor index="0" empty="1"/>',
-                          '      <BaseAnchor index="1" empty="1"/>',
-                          '    </BaseRecord>',
-                          '    <BaseRecord index="1">',  # B
-                          '      <BaseAnchor index="0" Format="1">',
-                          '        <XCoordinate value="500"/>',
-                          '        <YCoordinate value="900"/>',
-                          '      </BaseAnchor>',
-                          '      <BaseAnchor index="1" empty="1"/>',
-                          '    </BaseRecord>',
-                          '    <BaseRecord index="2">',  # C
-                          '      <BaseAnchor index="0" empty="1"/>',
-                          '      <BaseAnchor index="1" Format="1">',
-                          '        <XCoordinate value="500"/>',
-                          '        <YCoordinate value="-10"/>',
-                          '      </BaseAnchor>',
-                          '    </BaseRecord>',
-                          '    <BaseRecord index="3">',  # a
-                          '      <BaseAnchor index="0" Format="1">',
-                          '        <XCoordinate value="500"/>',
-                          '        <YCoordinate value="400"/>',
-                          '      </BaseAnchor>',
-                          '      <BaseAnchor index="1" Format="1">',
-                          '        <XCoordinate value="500"/>',
-                          '        <YCoordinate value="-20"/>',
-                          '      </BaseAnchor>',
-                          '    </BaseRecord>',
-                          '    <BaseRecord index="4">',  # b
-                          '      <BaseAnchor index="0" Format="1">',
-                          '        <XCoordinate value="500"/>',
-                          '        <YCoordinate value="800"/>',
-                          '      </BaseAnchor>',
-                          '      <BaseAnchor index="1" Format="1">',
-                          '        <XCoordinate value="500"/>',
-                          '        <YCoordinate value="-20"/>',
-                          '      </BaseAnchor>',
-                          '    </BaseRecord>',
-                          '  </BaseArray>',
-                          '</MarkBasePos>'])
+        assert getXML(table.toXML) == [
+            '<MarkBasePos Format="1">',
+            "  <MarkCoverage>",
+            '    <Glyph value="grave"/>',
+            '    <Glyph value="acute"/>',
+            '    <Glyph value="cedilla"/>',
+            "  </MarkCoverage>",
+            "  <BaseCoverage>",
+            '    <Glyph value="A"/>',
+            '    <Glyph value="B"/>',
+            '    <Glyph value="C"/>',
+            '    <Glyph value="a"/>',
+            '    <Glyph value="b"/>',
+            "  </BaseCoverage>",
+            "  <!-- ClassCount=2 -->",
+            "  <MarkArray>",
+            "    <!-- MarkCount=3 -->",
+            '    <MarkRecord index="0">',  # grave
+            '      <Class value="0"/>',
+            '      <MarkAnchor Format="1">',
+            '        <XCoordinate value="300"/>',
+            '        <YCoordinate value="700"/>',
+            "      </MarkAnchor>",
+            "    </MarkRecord>",
+            '    <MarkRecord index="1">',  # acute
+            '      <Class value="0"/>',
+            '      <MarkAnchor Format="1">',
+            '        <XCoordinate value="300"/>',
+            '        <YCoordinate value="700"/>',
+            "      </MarkAnchor>",
+            "    </MarkRecord>",
+            '    <MarkRecord index="2">',  # cedilla
+            '      <Class value="1"/>',
+            '      <MarkAnchor Format="1">',
+            '        <XCoordinate value="300"/>',
+            '        <YCoordinate value="-100"/>',
+            "      </MarkAnchor>",
+            "    </MarkRecord>",
+            "  </MarkArray>",
+            "  <BaseArray>",
+            "    <!-- BaseCount=5 -->",
+            '    <BaseRecord index="0">',  # A
+            '      <BaseAnchor index="0" empty="1"/>',
+            '      <BaseAnchor index="1" empty="1"/>',
+            "    </BaseRecord>",
+            '    <BaseRecord index="1">',  # B
+            '      <BaseAnchor index="0" Format="1">',
+            '        <XCoordinate value="500"/>',
+            '        <YCoordinate value="900"/>',
+            "      </BaseAnchor>",
+            '      <BaseAnchor index="1" empty="1"/>',
+            "    </BaseRecord>",
+            '    <BaseRecord index="2">',  # C
+            '      <BaseAnchor index="0" empty="1"/>',
+            '      <BaseAnchor index="1" Format="1">',
+            '        <XCoordinate value="500"/>',
+            '        <YCoordinate value="-10"/>',
+            "      </BaseAnchor>",
+            "    </BaseRecord>",
+            '    <BaseRecord index="3">',  # a
+            '      <BaseAnchor index="0" Format="1">',
+            '        <XCoordinate value="500"/>',
+            '        <YCoordinate value="400"/>',
+            "      </BaseAnchor>",
+            '      <BaseAnchor index="1" Format="1">',
+            '        <XCoordinate value="500"/>',
+            '        <YCoordinate value="-20"/>',
+            "      </BaseAnchor>",
+            "    </BaseRecord>",
+            '    <BaseRecord index="4">',  # b
+            '      <BaseAnchor index="0" Format="1">',
+            '        <XCoordinate value="500"/>',
+            '        <YCoordinate value="800"/>',
+            "      </BaseAnchor>",
+            '      <BaseAnchor index="1" Format="1">',
+            '        <XCoordinate value="500"/>',
+            '        <YCoordinate value="-20"/>',
+            "      </BaseAnchor>",
+            "    </BaseRecord>",
+            "  </BaseArray>",
+            "</MarkBasePos>",
+        ]
 
     def test_buildMarkGlyphSetsDef(self):
         marksets = builder.buildMarkGlyphSetsDef(
-            [{"acute", "grave"}, {"cedilla", "grave"}], self.GLYPHMAP)
-        self.assertEqual(getXML(marksets.toXML),
-                         ['<MarkGlyphSetsDef>',
-                          '  <MarkSetTableFormat value="1"/>',
-                          '  <!-- MarkSetCount=2 -->',
-                          '  <Coverage index="0">',
-                          '    <Glyph value="grave"/>',
-                          '    <Glyph value="acute"/>',
-                          '  </Coverage>',
-                          '  <Coverage index="1">',
-                          '    <Glyph value="grave"/>',
-                          '    <Glyph value="cedilla"/>',
-                          '  </Coverage>',
-                          '</MarkGlyphSetsDef>'])
+            [{"acute", "grave"}, {"cedilla", "grave"}], self.GLYPHMAP
+        )
+        assert getXML(marksets.toXML) == [
+            "<MarkGlyphSetsDef>",
+            '  <MarkSetTableFormat value="1"/>',
+            "  <!-- MarkSetCount=2 -->",
+            '  <Coverage index="0">',
+            '    <Glyph value="grave"/>',
+            '    <Glyph value="acute"/>',
+            "  </Coverage>",
+            '  <Coverage index="1">',
+            '    <Glyph value="grave"/>',
+            '    <Glyph value="cedilla"/>',
+            "  </Coverage>",
+            "</MarkGlyphSetsDef>",
+        ]
 
     def test_buildMarkGlyphSetsDef_empty(self):
-        self.assertIsNone(builder.buildMarkGlyphSetsDef([], self.GLYPHMAP))
+        assert builder.buildMarkGlyphSetsDef([], self.GLYPHMAP) is None
 
     def test_buildMarkGlyphSetsDef_None(self):
-        self.assertIsNone(builder.buildMarkGlyphSetsDef(None, self.GLYPHMAP))
+        assert builder.buildMarkGlyphSetsDef(None, self.GLYPHMAP) is None
 
     def test_buildMarkLigPosSubtable(self):
         anchor = builder.buildAnchor
         marks = {
             "acute": (0, anchor(300, 700)),
             "cedilla": (1, anchor(300, -100)),
-            "grave": (0, anchor(300, 700))
+            "grave": (0, anchor(300, 700)),
         }
         bases = {
             "f_i": [{}, {0: anchor(200, 400)}],  # nothing on f; only 1 on i
             "c_t": [
-                {0: anchor(500, 600), 1: anchor(500, -20)},   # c
-                {0: anchor(1300, 800), 1: anchor(1300, -20)}  # t
-            ]
+                {0: anchor(500, 600), 1: anchor(500, -20)},  # c
+                {0: anchor(1300, 800), 1: anchor(1300, -20)},  # t
+            ],
         }
         table = builder.buildMarkLigPosSubtable(marks, bases, self.GLYPHMAP)
-        self.assertEqual(getXML(table.toXML),
-                         ['<MarkLigPos Format="1">',
-                          '  <MarkCoverage>',
-                          '    <Glyph value="grave"/>',
-                          '    <Glyph value="acute"/>',
-                          '    <Glyph value="cedilla"/>',
-                          '  </MarkCoverage>',
-                          '  <LigatureCoverage>',
-                          '    <Glyph value="f_i"/>',
-                          '    <Glyph value="c_t"/>',
-                          '  </LigatureCoverage>',
-                          '  <!-- ClassCount=2 -->',
-                          '  <MarkArray>',
-                          '    <!-- MarkCount=3 -->',
-                          '    <MarkRecord index="0">',
-                          '      <Class value="0"/>',
-                          '      <MarkAnchor Format="1">',
-                          '        <XCoordinate value="300"/>',
-                          '        <YCoordinate value="700"/>',
-                          '      </MarkAnchor>',
-                          '    </MarkRecord>',
-                          '    <MarkRecord index="1">',
-                          '      <Class value="0"/>',
-                          '      <MarkAnchor Format="1">',
-                          '        <XCoordinate value="300"/>',
-                          '        <YCoordinate value="700"/>',
-                          '      </MarkAnchor>',
-                          '    </MarkRecord>',
-                          '    <MarkRecord index="2">',
-                          '      <Class value="1"/>',
-                          '      <MarkAnchor Format="1">',
-                          '        <XCoordinate value="300"/>',
-                          '        <YCoordinate value="-100"/>',
-                          '      </MarkAnchor>',
-                          '    </MarkRecord>',
-                          '  </MarkArray>',
-                          '  <LigatureArray>',
-                          '    <!-- LigatureCount=2 -->',
-                          '    <LigatureAttach index="0">',
-                          '      <!-- ComponentCount=2 -->',
-                          '      <ComponentRecord index="0">',
-                          '        <LigatureAnchor index="0" empty="1"/>',
-                          '        <LigatureAnchor index="1" empty="1"/>',
-                          '      </ComponentRecord>',
-                          '      <ComponentRecord index="1">',
-                          '        <LigatureAnchor index="0" Format="1">',
-                          '          <XCoordinate value="200"/>',
-                          '          <YCoordinate value="400"/>',
-                          '        </LigatureAnchor>',
-                          '        <LigatureAnchor index="1" empty="1"/>',
-                          '      </ComponentRecord>',
-                          '    </LigatureAttach>',
-                          '    <LigatureAttach index="1">',
-                          '      <!-- ComponentCount=2 -->',
-                          '      <ComponentRecord index="0">',
-                          '        <LigatureAnchor index="0" Format="1">',
-                          '          <XCoordinate value="500"/>',
-                          '          <YCoordinate value="600"/>',
-                          '        </LigatureAnchor>',
-                          '        <LigatureAnchor index="1" Format="1">',
-                          '          <XCoordinate value="500"/>',
-                          '          <YCoordinate value="-20"/>',
-                          '        </LigatureAnchor>',
-                          '      </ComponentRecord>',
-                          '      <ComponentRecord index="1">',
-                          '        <LigatureAnchor index="0" Format="1">',
-                          '          <XCoordinate value="1300"/>',
-                          '          <YCoordinate value="800"/>',
-                          '        </LigatureAnchor>',
-                          '        <LigatureAnchor index="1" Format="1">',
-                          '          <XCoordinate value="1300"/>',
-                          '          <YCoordinate value="-20"/>',
-                          '        </LigatureAnchor>',
-                          '      </ComponentRecord>',
-                          '    </LigatureAttach>',
-                          '  </LigatureArray>',
-                          '</MarkLigPos>'])
+        assert getXML(table.toXML) == [
+            '<MarkLigPos Format="1">',
+            "  <MarkCoverage>",
+            '    <Glyph value="grave"/>',
+            '    <Glyph value="acute"/>',
+            '    <Glyph value="cedilla"/>',
+            "  </MarkCoverage>",
+            "  <LigatureCoverage>",
+            '    <Glyph value="f_i"/>',
+            '    <Glyph value="c_t"/>',
+            "  </LigatureCoverage>",
+            "  <!-- ClassCount=2 -->",
+            "  <MarkArray>",
+            "    <!-- MarkCount=3 -->",
+            '    <MarkRecord index="0">',
+            '      <Class value="0"/>',
+            '      <MarkAnchor Format="1">',
+            '        <XCoordinate value="300"/>',
+            '        <YCoordinate value="700"/>',
+            "      </MarkAnchor>",
+            "    </MarkRecord>",
+            '    <MarkRecord index="1">',
+            '      <Class value="0"/>',
+            '      <MarkAnchor Format="1">',
+            '        <XCoordinate value="300"/>',
+            '        <YCoordinate value="700"/>',
+            "      </MarkAnchor>",
+            "    </MarkRecord>",
+            '    <MarkRecord index="2">',
+            '      <Class value="1"/>',
+            '      <MarkAnchor Format="1">',
+            '        <XCoordinate value="300"/>',
+            '        <YCoordinate value="-100"/>',
+            "      </MarkAnchor>",
+            "    </MarkRecord>",
+            "  </MarkArray>",
+            "  <LigatureArray>",
+            "    <!-- LigatureCount=2 -->",
+            '    <LigatureAttach index="0">',
+            "      <!-- ComponentCount=2 -->",
+            '      <ComponentRecord index="0">',
+            '        <LigatureAnchor index="0" empty="1"/>',
+            '        <LigatureAnchor index="1" empty="1"/>',
+            "      </ComponentRecord>",
+            '      <ComponentRecord index="1">',
+            '        <LigatureAnchor index="0" Format="1">',
+            '          <XCoordinate value="200"/>',
+            '          <YCoordinate value="400"/>',
+            "        </LigatureAnchor>",
+            '        <LigatureAnchor index="1" empty="1"/>',
+            "      </ComponentRecord>",
+            "    </LigatureAttach>",
+            '    <LigatureAttach index="1">',
+            "      <!-- ComponentCount=2 -->",
+            '      <ComponentRecord index="0">',
+            '        <LigatureAnchor index="0" Format="1">',
+            '          <XCoordinate value="500"/>',
+            '          <YCoordinate value="600"/>',
+            "        </LigatureAnchor>",
+            '        <LigatureAnchor index="1" Format="1">',
+            '          <XCoordinate value="500"/>',
+            '          <YCoordinate value="-20"/>',
+            "        </LigatureAnchor>",
+            "      </ComponentRecord>",
+            '      <ComponentRecord index="1">',
+            '        <LigatureAnchor index="0" Format="1">',
+            '          <XCoordinate value="1300"/>',
+            '          <YCoordinate value="800"/>',
+            "        </LigatureAnchor>",
+            '        <LigatureAnchor index="1" Format="1">',
+            '          <XCoordinate value="1300"/>',
+            '          <YCoordinate value="-20"/>',
+            "        </LigatureAnchor>",
+            "      </ComponentRecord>",
+            "    </LigatureAttach>",
+            "  </LigatureArray>",
+            "</MarkLigPos>",
+        ]
 
     def test_buildMarkRecord(self):
         rec = builder.buildMarkRecord(17, builder.buildAnchor(500, -20))
-        self.assertEqual(getXML(rec.toXML),
-                         ['<MarkRecord>',
-                          '  <Class value="17"/>',
-                          '  <MarkAnchor Format="1">',
-                          '    <XCoordinate value="500"/>',
-                          '    <YCoordinate value="-20"/>',
-                          '  </MarkAnchor>',
-                          '</MarkRecord>'])
+        assert getXML(rec.toXML) == [
+            "<MarkRecord>",
+            '  <Class value="17"/>',
+            '  <MarkAnchor Format="1">',
+            '    <XCoordinate value="500"/>',
+            '    <YCoordinate value="-20"/>',
+            "  </MarkAnchor>",
+            "</MarkRecord>",
+        ]
 
     def test_buildMark2Record(self):
         a = builder.buildAnchor
         rec = builder.buildMark2Record([a(500, -20), None, a(300, -15)])
-        self.assertEqual(getXML(rec.toXML),
-                         ['<Mark2Record>',
-                          '  <Mark2Anchor index="0" Format="1">',
-                          '    <XCoordinate value="500"/>',
-                          '    <YCoordinate value="-20"/>',
-                          '  </Mark2Anchor>',
-                          '  <Mark2Anchor index="1" empty="1"/>',
-                          '  <Mark2Anchor index="2" Format="1">',
-                          '    <XCoordinate value="300"/>',
-                          '    <YCoordinate value="-15"/>',
-                          '  </Mark2Anchor>',
-                          '</Mark2Record>'])
+        assert getXML(rec.toXML) == [
+            "<Mark2Record>",
+            '  <Mark2Anchor index="0" Format="1">',
+            '    <XCoordinate value="500"/>',
+            '    <YCoordinate value="-20"/>',
+            "  </Mark2Anchor>",
+            '  <Mark2Anchor index="1" empty="1"/>',
+            '  <Mark2Anchor index="2" Format="1">',
+            '    <XCoordinate value="300"/>',
+            '    <YCoordinate value="-15"/>',
+            "  </Mark2Anchor>",
+            "</Mark2Record>",
+        ]
 
     def test_buildPairPosClassesSubtable(self):
         d20 = builder.buildValue({"XPlacement": -20})
         d50 = builder.buildValue({"XPlacement": -50})
         d0 = builder.buildValue({})
         d8020 = builder.buildValue({"XPlacement": -80, "YPlacement": -20})
-        subtable = builder.buildPairPosClassesSubtable({
-            (tuple("A",), tuple(["zero"])): (d0, d50),
-            (tuple("A",), tuple(["one", "two"])):  (None, d20),
-            (tuple(["B", "C"]), tuple(["zero"])): (d8020, d50),
-        }, self.GLYPHMAP)
-        self.assertEqual(getXML(subtable.toXML),
-                         ['<PairPos Format="2">',
-                          '  <Coverage>',
-                          '    <Glyph value="A"/>',
-                          '    <Glyph value="B"/>',
-                          '    <Glyph value="C"/>',
-                          '  </Coverage>',
-                          '  <ValueFormat1 value="3"/>',
-                          '  <ValueFormat2 value="1"/>',
-                          '  <ClassDef1>',
-                          '    <ClassDef glyph="A" class="1"/>',
-                          '  </ClassDef1>',
-                          '  <ClassDef2>',
-                          '    <ClassDef glyph="one" class="1"/>',
-                          '    <ClassDef glyph="two" class="1"/>',
-                          '    <ClassDef glyph="zero" class="2"/>',
-                          '  </ClassDef2>',
-                          '  <!-- Class1Count=2 -->',
-                          '  <!-- Class2Count=3 -->',
-                          '  <Class1Record index="0">',
-                          '    <Class2Record index="0">',
-                          '    </Class2Record>',
-                          '    <Class2Record index="1">',
-                          '    </Class2Record>',
-                          '    <Class2Record index="2">',
-                          '      <Value1 XPlacement="-80" YPlacement="-20"/>',
-                          '      <Value2 XPlacement="-50"/>',
-                          '    </Class2Record>',
-                          '  </Class1Record>',
-                          '  <Class1Record index="1">',
-                          '    <Class2Record index="0">',
-                          '    </Class2Record>',
-                          '    <Class2Record index="1">',
-                          '      <Value2 XPlacement="-20"/>',
-                          '    </Class2Record>',
-                          '    <Class2Record index="2">',
-                          '      <Value1/>',
-                          '      <Value2 XPlacement="-50"/>',
-                          '    </Class2Record>',
-                          '  </Class1Record>',
-                          '</PairPos>'])
+        subtable = builder.buildPairPosClassesSubtable(
+            {
+                (tuple("A"), tuple(["zero"])): (d0, d50),
+                (tuple("A"), tuple(["one", "two"])): (None, d20),
+                (tuple(["B", "C"]), tuple(["zero"])): (d8020, d50),
+            },
+            self.GLYPHMAP,
+        )
+        assert getXML(subtable.toXML) == [
+            '<PairPos Format="2">',
+            "  <Coverage>",
+            '    <Glyph value="A"/>',
+            '    <Glyph value="B"/>',
+            '    <Glyph value="C"/>',
+            "  </Coverage>",
+            '  <ValueFormat1 value="3"/>',
+            '  <ValueFormat2 value="1"/>',
+            "  <ClassDef1>",
+            '    <ClassDef glyph="A" class="1"/>',
+            "  </ClassDef1>",
+            "  <ClassDef2>",
+            '    <ClassDef glyph="one" class="1"/>',
+            '    <ClassDef glyph="two" class="1"/>',
+            '    <ClassDef glyph="zero" class="2"/>',
+            "  </ClassDef2>",
+            "  <!-- Class1Count=2 -->",
+            "  <!-- Class2Count=3 -->",
+            '  <Class1Record index="0">',
+            '    <Class2Record index="0">',
+            '      <Value1 XPlacement="0" YPlacement="0"/>',
+            '      <Value2 XPlacement="0"/>',
+            "    </Class2Record>",
+            '    <Class2Record index="1">',
+            '      <Value1 XPlacement="0" YPlacement="0"/>',
+            '      <Value2 XPlacement="0"/>',
+            "    </Class2Record>",
+            '    <Class2Record index="2">',
+            '      <Value1 XPlacement="-80" YPlacement="-20"/>',
+            '      <Value2 XPlacement="-50"/>',
+            "    </Class2Record>",
+            "  </Class1Record>",
+            '  <Class1Record index="1">',
+            '    <Class2Record index="0">',
+            '      <Value1 XPlacement="0" YPlacement="0"/>',
+            '      <Value2 XPlacement="0"/>',
+            "    </Class2Record>",
+            '    <Class2Record index="1">',
+            '      <Value1 XPlacement="0" YPlacement="0"/>',
+            '      <Value2 XPlacement="-20"/>',
+            "    </Class2Record>",
+            '    <Class2Record index="2">',
+            '      <Value1 XPlacement="0" YPlacement="0"/>',
+            '      <Value2 XPlacement="-50"/>',
+            "    </Class2Record>",
+            "  </Class1Record>",
+            "</PairPos>",
+        ]
 
     def test_buildPairPosGlyphs(self):
         d50 = builder.buildValue({"XPlacement": -50})
         d8020 = builder.buildValue({"XPlacement": -80, "YPlacement": -20})
-        subtables = builder.buildPairPosGlyphs({
-            ("A", "zero"): (None, d50),
-            ("A", "one"):  (d8020, d50),
-        }, self.GLYPHMAP)
-        self.assertEqual(sum([getXML(t.toXML) for t in subtables], []),
-                         ['<PairPos Format="1">',
-                          '  <Coverage>',
-                          '    <Glyph value="A"/>',
-                          '  </Coverage>',
-                          '  <ValueFormat1 value="0"/>',
-                          '  <ValueFormat2 value="1"/>',
-                          '  <!-- PairSetCount=1 -->',
-                          '  <PairSet index="0">',
-                          '    <!-- PairValueCount=1 -->',
-                          '    <PairValueRecord index="0">',
-                          '      <SecondGlyph value="zero"/>',
-                          '      <Value2 XPlacement="-50"/>',
-                          '    </PairValueRecord>',
-                          '  </PairSet>',
-                          '</PairPos>',
-                          '<PairPos Format="1">',
-                          '  <Coverage>',
-                          '    <Glyph value="A"/>',
-                          '  </Coverage>',
-                          '  <ValueFormat1 value="3"/>',
-                          '  <ValueFormat2 value="1"/>',
-                          '  <!-- PairSetCount=1 -->',
-                          '  <PairSet index="0">',
-                          '    <!-- PairValueCount=1 -->',
-                          '    <PairValueRecord index="0">',
-                          '      <SecondGlyph value="one"/>',
-                          '      <Value1 XPlacement="-80" YPlacement="-20"/>',
-                          '      <Value2 XPlacement="-50"/>',
-                          '    </PairValueRecord>',
-                          '  </PairSet>',
-                          '</PairPos>'])
+        subtables = builder.buildPairPosGlyphs(
+            {("A", "zero"): (None, d50), ("A", "one"): (d8020, d50)}, self.GLYPHMAP
+        )
+        assert sum([getXML(t.toXML) for t in subtables], []) == [
+            '<PairPos Format="1">',
+            "  <Coverage>",
+            '    <Glyph value="A"/>',
+            "  </Coverage>",
+            '  <ValueFormat1 value="0"/>',
+            '  <ValueFormat2 value="1"/>',
+            "  <!-- PairSetCount=1 -->",
+            '  <PairSet index="0">',
+            "    <!-- PairValueCount=1 -->",
+            '    <PairValueRecord index="0">',
+            '      <SecondGlyph value="zero"/>',
+            '      <Value2 XPlacement="-50"/>',
+            "    </PairValueRecord>",
+            "  </PairSet>",
+            "</PairPos>",
+            '<PairPos Format="1">',
+            "  <Coverage>",
+            '    <Glyph value="A"/>',
+            "  </Coverage>",
+            '  <ValueFormat1 value="3"/>',
+            '  <ValueFormat2 value="1"/>',
+            "  <!-- PairSetCount=1 -->",
+            '  <PairSet index="0">',
+            "    <!-- PairValueCount=1 -->",
+            '    <PairValueRecord index="0">',
+            '      <SecondGlyph value="one"/>',
+            '      <Value1 XPlacement="-80" YPlacement="-20"/>',
+            '      <Value2 XPlacement="-50"/>',
+            "    </PairValueRecord>",
+            "  </PairSet>",
+            "</PairPos>",
+        ]
 
     def test_buildPairPosGlyphsSubtable(self):
         d20 = builder.buildValue({"XPlacement": -20})
         d50 = builder.buildValue({"XPlacement": -50})
         d0 = builder.buildValue({})
         d8020 = builder.buildValue({"XPlacement": -80, "YPlacement": -20})
-        subtable = builder.buildPairPosGlyphsSubtable({
-            ("A", "zero"): (d0, d50),
-            ("A", "one"):  (None, d20),
-            ("B", "five"): (d8020, d50),
-        }, self.GLYPHMAP)
-        self.assertEqual(getXML(subtable.toXML),
-                         ['<PairPos Format="1">',
-                          '  <Coverage>',
-                          '    <Glyph value="A"/>',
-                          '    <Glyph value="B"/>',
-                          '  </Coverage>',
-                          '  <ValueFormat1 value="3"/>',
-                          '  <ValueFormat2 value="1"/>',
-                          '  <!-- PairSetCount=2 -->',
-                          '  <PairSet index="0">',
-                          '    <!-- PairValueCount=2 -->',
-                          '    <PairValueRecord index="0">',
-                          '      <SecondGlyph value="zero"/>',
-                          '      <Value2 XPlacement="-50"/>',
-                          '    </PairValueRecord>',
-                          '    <PairValueRecord index="1">',
-                          '      <SecondGlyph value="one"/>',
-                          '      <Value2 XPlacement="-20"/>',
-                          '    </PairValueRecord>',
-                          '  </PairSet>',
-                          '  <PairSet index="1">',
-                          '    <!-- PairValueCount=1 -->',
-                          '    <PairValueRecord index="0">',
-                          '      <SecondGlyph value="five"/>',
-                          '      <Value1 XPlacement="-80" YPlacement="-20"/>',
-                          '      <Value2 XPlacement="-50"/>',
-                          '    </PairValueRecord>',
-                          '  </PairSet>',
-                          '</PairPos>'])
+        subtable = builder.buildPairPosGlyphsSubtable(
+            {
+                ("A", "zero"): (d0, d50),
+                ("A", "one"): (None, d20),
+                ("B", "five"): (d8020, d50),
+
+            },
+            self.GLYPHMAP,
+        )
+
+        assert getXML(subtable.toXML) == [
+            '<PairPos Format="1">',
+            "  <Coverage>",
+            '    <Glyph value="A"/>',
+            '    <Glyph value="B"/>',
+            "  </Coverage>",
+            '  <ValueFormat1 value="3"/>',
+            '  <ValueFormat2 value="1"/>',
+            "  <!-- PairSetCount=2 -->",
+            '  <PairSet index="0">',
+            "    <!-- PairValueCount=2 -->",
+            '    <PairValueRecord index="0">',
+            '      <SecondGlyph value="zero"/>',
+            '      <Value1 XPlacement="0" YPlacement="0"/>',
+            '      <Value2 XPlacement="-50"/>',
+            "    </PairValueRecord>",
+            '    <PairValueRecord index="1">',
+            '      <SecondGlyph value="one"/>',
+            '      <Value1 XPlacement="0" YPlacement="0"/>',
+            '      <Value2 XPlacement="-20"/>',
+            "    </PairValueRecord>",
+            "  </PairSet>",
+            '  <PairSet index="1">',
+            "    <!-- PairValueCount=1 -->",
+            '    <PairValueRecord index="0">',
+            '      <SecondGlyph value="five"/>',
+            '      <Value1 XPlacement="-80" YPlacement="-20"/>',
+            '      <Value2 XPlacement="-50"/>',
+            "    </PairValueRecord>",
+            "  </PairSet>",
+            "</PairPos>",
+        ]
 
     def test_buildSinglePos(self):
-        subtables = builder.buildSinglePos({
-            "one": builder.buildValue({"XPlacement": 500}),
-            "two": builder.buildValue({"XPlacement": 500}),
-            "three": builder.buildValue({"XPlacement": 200}),
-            "four": builder.buildValue({"XPlacement": 400}),
-            "five": builder.buildValue({"XPlacement": 500}),
-            "six": builder.buildValue({"YPlacement": -6}),
-        }, self.GLYPHMAP)
-        self.assertEqual(sum([getXML(t.toXML) for t in subtables], []),
-                         ['<SinglePos Format="1">',
-                          '  <Coverage>',
-                          '    <Glyph value="one"/>',
-                          '    <Glyph value="two"/>',
-                          '    <Glyph value="five"/>',
-                          '  </Coverage>',
-                          '  <ValueFormat value="1"/>',
-                          '  <Value XPlacement="500"/>',
-                          '</SinglePos>',
-                          '<SinglePos Format="2">',
-                          '  <Coverage>',
-                          '    <Glyph value="three"/>',
-                          '    <Glyph value="four"/>',
-                          '  </Coverage>',
-                          '  <ValueFormat value="1"/>',
-                          '  <!-- ValueCount=2 -->',
-                          '  <Value index="0" XPlacement="200"/>',
-                          '  <Value index="1" XPlacement="400"/>',
-                          '</SinglePos>',
-                          '<SinglePos Format="1">',
-                          '  <Coverage>',
-                          '    <Glyph value="six"/>',
-                          '  </Coverage>',
-                          '  <ValueFormat value="2"/>',
-                          '  <Value YPlacement="-6"/>',
-                          '</SinglePos>'])
+        subtables = builder.buildSinglePos(
+            {
+                "one": builder.buildValue({"XPlacement": 500}),
+                "two": builder.buildValue({"XPlacement": 500}),
+                "three": builder.buildValue({"XPlacement": 200}),
+                "four": builder.buildValue({"XPlacement": 400}),
+                "five": builder.buildValue({"XPlacement": 500}),
+                "six": builder.buildValue({"YPlacement": -6}),
+            },
+            self.GLYPHMAP,
+        )
+        assert sum([getXML(t.toXML) for t in subtables], []) == [
+            '<SinglePos Format="2">',
+            "  <Coverage>",
+            '    <Glyph value="one"/>',
+            '    <Glyph value="two"/>',
+            '    <Glyph value="three"/>',
+            '    <Glyph value="four"/>',
+            '    <Glyph value="five"/>',
+            "  </Coverage>",
+            '  <ValueFormat value="1"/>',
+            "  <!-- ValueCount=5 -->",
+            '  <Value index="0" XPlacement="500"/>',
+            '  <Value index="1" XPlacement="500"/>',
+            '  <Value index="2" XPlacement="200"/>',
+            '  <Value index="3" XPlacement="400"/>',
+            '  <Value index="4" XPlacement="500"/>',
+            "</SinglePos>",
+            '<SinglePos Format="1">',
+            "  <Coverage>",
+            '    <Glyph value="six"/>',
+            "  </Coverage>",
+            '  <ValueFormat value="2"/>',
+            '  <Value YPlacement="-6"/>',
+            "</SinglePos>",
+        ]
 
     def test_buildSinglePos_ValueFormat0(self):
-        subtables = builder.buildSinglePos({
-            "zero": builder.buildValue({})
-        }, self.GLYPHMAP)
-        self.assertEqual(sum([getXML(t.toXML) for t in subtables], []),
-                         ['<SinglePos Format="1">',
-                          '  <Coverage>',
-                          '    <Glyph value="zero"/>',
-                          '  </Coverage>',
-                          '  <ValueFormat value="0"/>',
-                          '</SinglePos>'])
+        subtables = builder.buildSinglePos(
+            {"zero": builder.buildValue({})}, self.GLYPHMAP
+        )
+        assert sum([getXML(t.toXML) for t in subtables], []) == [
+            '<SinglePos Format="1">',
+            "  <Coverage>",
+            '    <Glyph value="zero"/>',
+            "  </Coverage>",
+            '  <ValueFormat value="0"/>',
+            "</SinglePos>",
+        ]
 
     def test_buildSinglePosSubtable_format1(self):
-        subtable = builder.buildSinglePosSubtable({
-            "one": builder.buildValue({"XPlacement": 777}),
-            "two": builder.buildValue({"XPlacement": 777}),
-        }, self.GLYPHMAP)
-        self.assertEqual(getXML(subtable.toXML),
-                         ['<SinglePos Format="1">',
-                          '  <Coverage>',
-                          '    <Glyph value="one"/>',
-                          '    <Glyph value="two"/>',
-                          '  </Coverage>',
-                          '  <ValueFormat value="1"/>',
-                          '  <Value XPlacement="777"/>',
-                          '</SinglePos>'])
+        subtable = builder.buildSinglePosSubtable(
+            {
+                "one": builder.buildValue({"XPlacement": 777}),
+                "two": builder.buildValue({"XPlacement": 777}),
+            },
+            self.GLYPHMAP,
+        )
+        assert getXML(subtable.toXML) == [
+            '<SinglePos Format="1">',
+            "  <Coverage>",
+            '    <Glyph value="one"/>',
+            '    <Glyph value="two"/>',
+            "  </Coverage>",
+            '  <ValueFormat value="1"/>',
+            '  <Value XPlacement="777"/>',
+            "</SinglePos>",
+        ]
 
     def test_buildSinglePosSubtable_format2(self):
-        subtable = builder.buildSinglePosSubtable({
-            "one": builder.buildValue({"XPlacement": 777}),
-            "two": builder.buildValue({"YPlacement": -888}),
-        }, self.GLYPHMAP)
-        self.assertEqual(getXML(subtable.toXML),
-                         ['<SinglePos Format="2">',
-                          '  <Coverage>',
-                          '    <Glyph value="one"/>',
-                          '    <Glyph value="two"/>',
-                          '  </Coverage>',
-                          '  <ValueFormat value="3"/>',
-                          '  <!-- ValueCount=2 -->',
-                          '  <Value index="0" XPlacement="777"/>',
-                          '  <Value index="1" YPlacement="-888"/>',
-                          '</SinglePos>'])
+        subtable = builder.buildSinglePosSubtable(
+            {
+                "one": builder.buildValue({"XPlacement": 777}),
+                "two": builder.buildValue({"YPlacement": -888}),
+            },
+            self.GLYPHMAP,
+        )
+        assert getXML(subtable.toXML) == [
+            '<SinglePos Format="2">',
+            "  <Coverage>",
+            '    <Glyph value="one"/>',
+            '    <Glyph value="two"/>',
+            "  </Coverage>",
+            '  <ValueFormat value="3"/>',
+            "  <!-- ValueCount=2 -->",
+            '  <Value index="0" XPlacement="777" YPlacement="0"/>',
+            '  <Value index="1" XPlacement="0" YPlacement="-888"/>',
+            "</SinglePos>",
+        ]
 
     def test_buildValue(self):
         value = builder.buildValue({"XPlacement": 7, "YPlacement": 23})
         func = lambda writer, font: value.toXML(writer, font, valueName="Val")
-        self.assertEqual(getXML(func),
-                         ['<Val XPlacement="7" YPlacement="23"/>'])
+        assert getXML(func) == ['<Val XPlacement="7" YPlacement="23"/>']
 
     def test_getLigatureKey(self):
         components = lambda s: [tuple(word) for word in s.split()]
         c = components("fi fl ff ffi fff")
         c.sort(key=builder._getLigatureKey)
-        self.assertEqual(c, components("fff ffi ff fi fl"))
+        assert c == components("fff ffi ff fi fl")
 
     def test_getSinglePosValueKey(self):
-        device = builder.buildDevice({10:1, 11:3})
+        device = builder.buildDevice({10: 1, 11: 3})
         a1 = builder.buildValue({"XPlacement": 500, "XPlaDevice": device})
         a2 = builder.buildValue({"XPlacement": 500, "XPlaDevice": device})
         b = builder.buildValue({"XPlacement": 500})
         keyA1 = builder._getSinglePosValueKey(a1)
         keyA2 = builder._getSinglePosValueKey(a1)
         keyB = builder._getSinglePosValueKey(b)
-        self.assertEqual(keyA1, keyA2)
-        self.assertEqual(hash(keyA1), hash(keyA2))
-        self.assertNotEqual(keyA1, keyB)
-        self.assertNotEqual(hash(keyA1), hash(keyB))
+        assert keyA1 == keyA2
+        assert hash(keyA1) == hash(keyA2)
+        assert keyA1 != keyB
+        assert hash(keyA1) != hash(keyB)
 
 
-class ClassDefBuilderTest(unittest.TestCase):
+class ClassDefBuilderTest(object):
     def test_build_usingClass0(self):
         b = builder.ClassDefBuilder(useClass0=True)
         b.add({"aa", "bb"})
@@ -1018,14 +1080,8 @@
         b.add({"c"})
         b.add({"e", "f", "g", "h"})
         cdef = b.build()
-        self.assertIsInstance(cdef, otTables.ClassDef)
-        self.assertEqual(cdef.classDefs, {
-            "a": 2,
-            "b": 2,
-            "c": 3,
-            "aa": 1,
-            "bb": 1
-        })
+        assert isinstance(cdef, otTables.ClassDef)
+        assert cdef.classDefs == {"a": 2, "b": 2, "c": 3, "aa": 1, "bb": 1}
 
     def test_build_notUsingClass0(self):
         b = builder.ClassDefBuilder(useClass0=False)
@@ -1033,30 +1089,378 @@
         b.add({"c"})
         b.add({"e", "f", "g", "h"})
         cdef = b.build()
-        self.assertIsInstance(cdef, otTables.ClassDef)
-        self.assertEqual(cdef.classDefs, {
+        assert isinstance(cdef, otTables.ClassDef)
+        assert cdef.classDefs == {
             "a": 2,
             "b": 2,
             "c": 3,
             "e": 1,
             "f": 1,
             "g": 1,
-            "h": 1
-        })
+            "h": 1,
+        }
 
     def test_canAdd(self):
         b = builder.ClassDefBuilder(useClass0=True)
         b.add({"a", "b", "c", "d"})
         b.add({"e", "f"})
-        self.assertTrue(b.canAdd({"a", "b", "c", "d"}))
-        self.assertTrue(b.canAdd({"e", "f"}))
-        self.assertTrue(b.canAdd({"g", "h", "i"}))
-        self.assertFalse(b.canAdd({"b", "c", "d"}))
-        self.assertFalse(b.canAdd({"a", "b", "c", "d", "e", "f"}))
-        self.assertFalse(b.canAdd({"d", "e", "f"}))
-        self.assertFalse(b.canAdd({"f"}))
+        assert b.canAdd({"a", "b", "c", "d"})
+        assert b.canAdd({"e", "f"})
+        assert b.canAdd({"g", "h", "i"})
+        assert not b.canAdd({"b", "c", "d"})
+        assert not b.canAdd({"a", "b", "c", "d", "e", "f"})
+        assert not b.canAdd({"d", "e", "f"})
+        assert not b.canAdd({"f"})
+
+    def test_add_exception(self):
+        b = builder.ClassDefBuilder(useClass0=True)
+        b.add({"a", "b", "c"})
+        with pytest.raises(error.OpenTypeLibError):
+            b.add({"a", "d"})
+
+
+buildStatTable_test_data = [
+    ([
+        dict(
+            tag="wght",
+            name="Weight",
+            values=[
+                dict(value=100, name='Thin'),
+                dict(value=400, name='Regular', flags=0x2),
+                dict(value=900, name='Black')])], None, "Regular", [
+        '  <STAT>',
+        '    <Version value="0x00010001"/>',
+        '    <DesignAxisRecordSize value="8"/>',
+        '    <!-- DesignAxisCount=1 -->',
+        '    <DesignAxisRecord>',
+        '      <Axis index="0">',
+        '        <AxisTag value="wght"/>',
+        '        <AxisNameID value="257"/>  <!-- Weight -->',
+        '        <AxisOrdering value="0"/>',
+        '      </Axis>',
+        '    </DesignAxisRecord>',
+        '    <!-- AxisValueCount=3 -->',
+        '    <AxisValueArray>',
+        '      <AxisValue index="0" Format="1">',
+        '        <AxisIndex value="0"/>',
+        '        <Flags value="0"/>',
+        '        <ValueNameID value="258"/>  <!-- Thin -->',
+        '        <Value value="100.0"/>',
+        '      </AxisValue>',
+        '      <AxisValue index="1" Format="1">',
+        '        <AxisIndex value="0"/>',
+        '        <Flags value="2"/>  <!-- ElidableAxisValueName -->',
+        '        <ValueNameID value="256"/>  <!-- Regular -->',
+        '        <Value value="400.0"/>',
+        '      </AxisValue>',
+        '      <AxisValue index="2" Format="1">',
+        '        <AxisIndex value="0"/>',
+        '        <Flags value="0"/>',
+        '        <ValueNameID value="259"/>  <!-- Black -->',
+        '        <Value value="900.0"/>',
+        '      </AxisValue>',
+        '    </AxisValueArray>',
+        '    <ElidedFallbackNameID value="256"/>  <!-- Regular -->',
+        '  </STAT>']),
+    ([
+        dict(
+            tag="wght",
+            name=dict(en="Weight", nl="Gewicht"),
+            values=[
+                dict(value=100, name=dict(en='Thin', nl='Dun')),
+                dict(value=400, name='Regular', flags=0x2),
+                dict(value=900, name='Black'),
+            ]),
+        dict(
+            tag="wdth",
+            name="Width",
+            values=[
+                dict(value=50, name='Condensed'),
+                dict(value=100, name='Regular', flags=0x2),
+                dict(value=200, name='Extended')])], None, 2, [
+        '  <STAT>',
+        '    <Version value="0x00010001"/>',
+        '    <DesignAxisRecordSize value="8"/>',
+        '    <!-- DesignAxisCount=2 -->',
+        '    <DesignAxisRecord>',
+        '      <Axis index="0">',
+        '        <AxisTag value="wght"/>',
+        '        <AxisNameID value="256"/>  <!-- Weight -->',
+        '        <AxisOrdering value="0"/>',
+        '      </Axis>',
+        '      <Axis index="1">',
+        '        <AxisTag value="wdth"/>',
+        '        <AxisNameID value="260"/>  <!-- Width -->',
+        '        <AxisOrdering value="1"/>',
+        '      </Axis>',
+        '    </DesignAxisRecord>',
+        '    <!-- AxisValueCount=6 -->',
+        '    <AxisValueArray>',
+        '      <AxisValue index="0" Format="1">',
+        '        <AxisIndex value="0"/>',
+        '        <Flags value="0"/>',
+        '        <ValueNameID value="257"/>  <!-- Thin -->',
+        '        <Value value="100.0"/>',
+        '      </AxisValue>',
+        '      <AxisValue index="1" Format="1">',
+        '        <AxisIndex value="0"/>',
+        '        <Flags value="2"/>  <!-- ElidableAxisValueName -->',
+        '        <ValueNameID value="258"/>  <!-- Regular -->',
+        '        <Value value="400.0"/>',
+        '      </AxisValue>',
+        '      <AxisValue index="2" Format="1">',
+        '        <AxisIndex value="0"/>',
+        '        <Flags value="0"/>',
+        '        <ValueNameID value="259"/>  <!-- Black -->',
+        '        <Value value="900.0"/>',
+        '      </AxisValue>',
+        '      <AxisValue index="3" Format="1">',
+        '        <AxisIndex value="1"/>',
+        '        <Flags value="0"/>',
+        '        <ValueNameID value="261"/>  <!-- Condensed -->',
+        '        <Value value="50.0"/>',
+        '      </AxisValue>',
+        '      <AxisValue index="4" Format="1">',
+        '        <AxisIndex value="1"/>',
+        '        <Flags value="2"/>  <!-- ElidableAxisValueName -->',
+        '        <ValueNameID value="258"/>  <!-- Regular -->',
+        '        <Value value="100.0"/>',
+        '      </AxisValue>',
+        '      <AxisValue index="5" Format="1">',
+        '        <AxisIndex value="1"/>',
+        '        <Flags value="0"/>',
+        '        <ValueNameID value="262"/>  <!-- Extended -->',
+        '        <Value value="200.0"/>',
+        '      </AxisValue>',
+        '    </AxisValueArray>',
+        '    <ElidedFallbackNameID value="2"/>  <!-- missing from name table -->',
+        '  </STAT>']),
+    ([
+        dict(
+            tag="wght",
+            name="Weight",
+            values=[
+                dict(value=400, name='Regular', flags=0x2),
+                dict(value=600, linkedValue=650, name='Bold')])], None, 18, [
+        '  <STAT>',
+        '    <Version value="0x00010001"/>',
+        '    <DesignAxisRecordSize value="8"/>',
+        '    <!-- DesignAxisCount=1 -->',
+        '    <DesignAxisRecord>',
+        '      <Axis index="0">',
+        '        <AxisTag value="wght"/>',
+        '        <AxisNameID value="256"/>  <!-- Weight -->',
+        '        <AxisOrdering value="0"/>',
+        '      </Axis>',
+        '    </DesignAxisRecord>',
+        '    <!-- AxisValueCount=2 -->',
+        '    <AxisValueArray>',
+        '      <AxisValue index="0" Format="1">',
+        '        <AxisIndex value="0"/>',
+        '        <Flags value="2"/>  <!-- ElidableAxisValueName -->',
+        '        <ValueNameID value="257"/>  <!-- Regular -->',
+        '        <Value value="400.0"/>',
+        '      </AxisValue>',
+        '      <AxisValue index="1" Format="3">',
+        '        <AxisIndex value="0"/>',
+        '        <Flags value="0"/>',
+        '        <ValueNameID value="258"/>  <!-- Bold -->',
+        '        <Value value="600.0"/>',
+        '        <LinkedValue value="650.0"/>',
+        '      </AxisValue>',
+        '    </AxisValueArray>',
+        '    <ElidedFallbackNameID value="18"/>  <!-- missing from name table -->',
+        '  </STAT>']),
+    ([
+        dict(
+            tag="opsz",
+            name="Optical Size",
+            values=[
+                dict(nominalValue=6, rangeMaxValue=10, name='Small'),
+                dict(rangeMinValue=10, nominalValue=14, rangeMaxValue=24, name='Text', flags=0x2),
+                dict(rangeMinValue=24, nominalValue=600, name='Display')])], None, 2, [
+        '  <STAT>',
+        '    <Version value="0x00010001"/>',
+        '    <DesignAxisRecordSize value="8"/>',
+        '    <!-- DesignAxisCount=1 -->',
+        '    <DesignAxisRecord>',
+        '      <Axis index="0">',
+        '        <AxisTag value="opsz"/>',
+        '        <AxisNameID value="256"/>  <!-- Optical Size -->',
+        '        <AxisOrdering value="0"/>',
+        '      </Axis>',
+        '    </DesignAxisRecord>',
+        '    <!-- AxisValueCount=3 -->',
+        '    <AxisValueArray>',
+        '      <AxisValue index="0" Format="2">',
+        '        <AxisIndex value="0"/>',
+        '        <Flags value="0"/>',
+        '        <ValueNameID value="257"/>  <!-- Small -->',
+        '        <NominalValue value="6.0"/>',
+        '        <RangeMinValue value="-32768.0"/>',
+        '        <RangeMaxValue value="10.0"/>',
+        '      </AxisValue>',
+        '      <AxisValue index="1" Format="2">',
+        '        <AxisIndex value="0"/>',
+        '        <Flags value="2"/>  <!-- ElidableAxisValueName -->',
+        '        <ValueNameID value="258"/>  <!-- Text -->',
+        '        <NominalValue value="14.0"/>',
+        '        <RangeMinValue value="10.0"/>',
+        '        <RangeMaxValue value="24.0"/>',
+        '      </AxisValue>',
+        '      <AxisValue index="2" Format="2">',
+        '        <AxisIndex value="0"/>',
+        '        <Flags value="0"/>',
+        '        <ValueNameID value="259"/>  <!-- Display -->',
+        '        <NominalValue value="600.0"/>',
+        '        <RangeMinValue value="24.0"/>',
+        '        <RangeMaxValue value="32767.99998"/>',
+        '      </AxisValue>',
+        '    </AxisValueArray>',
+        '    <ElidedFallbackNameID value="2"/>  <!-- missing from name table -->',
+        '  </STAT>']),
+    ([
+        dict(
+            tag="wght",
+            name="Weight",
+            ordering=1,
+            values=[]),
+        dict(
+            tag="ABCD",
+            name="ABCDTest",
+            ordering=0,
+            values=[
+                dict(value=100, name="Regular", flags=0x2)])],
+     [dict(location=dict(wght=300, ABCD=100), name='Regular ABCD')], 18, [
+        '  <STAT>',
+        '    <Version value="0x00010002"/>',
+        '    <DesignAxisRecordSize value="8"/>',
+        '    <!-- DesignAxisCount=2 -->',
+        '    <DesignAxisRecord>',
+        '      <Axis index="0">',
+        '        <AxisTag value="wght"/>',
+        '        <AxisNameID value="256"/>  <!-- Weight -->',
+        '        <AxisOrdering value="1"/>',
+        '      </Axis>',
+        '      <Axis index="1">',
+        '        <AxisTag value="ABCD"/>',
+        '        <AxisNameID value="257"/>  <!-- ABCDTest -->',
+        '        <AxisOrdering value="0"/>',
+        '      </Axis>',
+        '    </DesignAxisRecord>',
+        '    <!-- AxisValueCount=2 -->',
+        '    <AxisValueArray>',
+        '      <AxisValue index="0" Format="4">',
+        '        <!-- AxisCount=2 -->',
+        '        <Flags value="0"/>',
+        '        <ValueNameID value="259"/>  <!-- Regular ABCD -->',
+        '        <AxisValueRecord index="0">',
+        '          <AxisIndex value="0"/>',
+        '          <Value value="300.0"/>',
+        '        </AxisValueRecord>',
+        '        <AxisValueRecord index="1">',
+        '          <AxisIndex value="1"/>',
+        '          <Value value="100.0"/>',
+        '        </AxisValueRecord>',
+        '      </AxisValue>',
+        '      <AxisValue index="1" Format="1">',
+        '        <AxisIndex value="1"/>',
+        '        <Flags value="2"/>  <!-- ElidableAxisValueName -->',
+        '        <ValueNameID value="258"/>  <!-- Regular -->',
+        '        <Value value="100.0"/>',
+        '      </AxisValue>',
+        '    </AxisValueArray>',
+        '    <ElidedFallbackNameID value="18"/>  <!-- missing from name table -->',
+        '  </STAT>']),
+]
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("axes, axisValues, elidedFallbackName, expected_ttx", buildStatTable_test_data)
+def test_buildStatTable(axes, axisValues, elidedFallbackName, expected_ttx):
+    font = ttLib.TTFont()
+    font["name"] = ttLib.newTable("name")
+    font["name"].names = []
+    # https://github.com/fonttools/fonttools/issues/1985
+    # Add nameID < 256 that matches a test axis name, to test whether
+    # the nameID is not reused: AxisNameIDs must be > 255 according
+    # to the spec.
+    font["name"].addMultilingualName(dict(en="ABCDTest"), nameID=6)
+    builder.buildStatTable(font, axes, axisValues, elidedFallbackName)
+    f = io.StringIO()
+    font.saveXML(f, tables=["STAT"])
+    ttx = f.getvalue().splitlines()
+    ttx = ttx[3:-2]  # strip XML header and <ttFont> element
+    assert expected_ttx == ttx
+    # Compile and round-trip
+    f = io.BytesIO()
+    font.save(f)
+    font = ttLib.TTFont(f)
+    f = io.StringIO()
+    font.saveXML(f, tables=["STAT"])
+    ttx = f.getvalue().splitlines()
+    ttx = ttx[3:-2]  # strip XML header and <ttFont> element
+    assert expected_ttx == ttx
+
+
+def test_stat_infinities():
+    negInf = floatToFixed(builder.AXIS_VALUE_NEGATIVE_INFINITY, 16)
+    assert struct.pack(">l", negInf) == b"\x80\x00\x00\x00"
+    posInf = floatToFixed(builder.AXIS_VALUE_POSITIVE_INFINITY, 16)
+    assert struct.pack(">l", posInf) == b"\x7f\xff\xff\xff"
+
+
+class ChainContextualRulesetTest(object):
+    def test_makeRulesets(self):
+        font = ttLib.TTFont()
+        font.setGlyphOrder(["a","b","c","d","A","B","C","D","E"])
+        sb = builder.ChainContextSubstBuilder(font, None)
+        prefix, input_, suffix, lookups = [["a"], ["b"]], [["c"]], [], [None]
+        sb.rules.append(builder.ChainContextualRule(prefix, input_, suffix, lookups))
+
+        prefix, input_, suffix, lookups = [["a"], ["d"]], [["c"]], [], [None]
+        sb.rules.append(builder.ChainContextualRule(prefix, input_, suffix, lookups))
+
+        sb.add_subtable_break(None)
+
+        # Second subtable has some glyph classes
+        prefix, input_, suffix, lookups = [["A"]], [["E"]], [], [None]
+        sb.rules.append(builder.ChainContextualRule(prefix, input_, suffix, lookups))
+        prefix, input_, suffix, lookups = [["A"]], [["C","D"]], [], [None]
+        sb.rules.append(builder.ChainContextualRule(prefix, input_, suffix, lookups))
+        prefix, input_, suffix, lookups = [["A", "B"]], [["E"]], [], [None]
+        sb.rules.append(builder.ChainContextualRule(prefix, input_, suffix, lookups))
+
+        sb.add_subtable_break(None)
+
+        # Third subtable has no pre/post context
+        prefix, input_, suffix, lookups = [], [["E"]], [], [None]
+        sb.rules.append(builder.ChainContextualRule(prefix, input_, suffix, lookups))
+        prefix, input_, suffix, lookups = [], [["C","D"]], [], [None]
+        sb.rules.append(builder.ChainContextualRule(prefix, input_, suffix, lookups))
+
+        rulesets = sb.rulesets()
+        assert len(rulesets) == 3
+        assert rulesets[0].hasPrefixOrSuffix
+        assert not rulesets[0].hasAnyGlyphClasses
+        cd = rulesets[0].format2ClassDefs()
+        assert set(cd[0].classes()[1:]) == set([("d",),("b",),("a",)])
+        assert set(cd[1].classes()[1:]) == set([("c",)])
+        assert set(cd[2].classes()[1:]) == set()
+
+        assert rulesets[1].hasPrefixOrSuffix
+        assert rulesets[1].hasAnyGlyphClasses
+        assert not rulesets[1].format2ClassDefs()
+
+        assert not rulesets[2].hasPrefixOrSuffix
+        assert rulesets[2].hasAnyGlyphClasses
+        assert rulesets[2].format2ClassDefs()
+        cd = rulesets[2].format2ClassDefs()
+        assert set(cd[0].classes()[1:]) == set()
+        assert set(cd[1].classes()[1:]) == set([("C","D"), ("E",)])
+        assert set(cd[2].classes()[1:]) == set()
 
 
 if __name__ == "__main__":
     import sys
-    sys.exit(unittest.main())
+
+    sys.exit(pytest.main(sys.argv))
diff --git a/Tests/otlLib/data/gpos_91.ttx b/Tests/otlLib/data/gpos_91.ttx
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7befe7b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/otlLib/data/gpos_91.ttx
@@ -0,0 +1,99 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<ttFont sfntVersion="\x00\x01\x00\x00" ttLibVersion="3.40">
+
+  <GlyphOrder>
+    <!-- The 'id' attribute is only for humans; it is ignored when parsed. -->
+    <GlyphID id="0" name=".notdef"/>
+    <GlyphID id="1" name="A"/>
+  </GlyphOrder>
+
+  <maxp>
+    <!-- Most of this table will be recalculated by the compiler -->
+    <tableVersion value="0x10000"/>
+    <numGlyphs value="2"/>
+    <maxPoints value="0"/>
+    <maxContours value="0"/>
+    <maxCompositePoints value="0"/>
+    <maxCompositeContours value="0"/>
+    <maxZones value="2"/>
+    <maxTwilightPoints value="0"/>
+    <maxStorage value="0"/>
+    <maxFunctionDefs value="0"/>
+    <maxInstructionDefs value="0"/>
+    <maxStackElements value="0"/>
+    <maxSizeOfInstructions value="0"/>
+    <maxComponentElements value="0"/>
+    <maxComponentDepth value="0"/>
+  </maxp>
+
+  <post>
+    <formatType value="2.0"/>
+    <italicAngle value="0.0"/>
+    <underlinePosition value="0"/>
+    <underlineThickness value="0"/>
+    <isFixedPitch value="0"/>
+    <minMemType42 value="0"/>
+    <maxMemType42 value="0"/>
+    <minMemType1 value="0"/>
+    <maxMemType1 value="0"/>
+    <psNames>
+      <!-- This file uses unique glyph names based on the information
+           found in the 'post' table. Since these names might not be unique,
+           we have to invent artificial names in case of clashes. In order to
+           be able to retain the original information, we need a name to
+           ps name mapping for those cases where they differ. That's what
+           you see below.
+            -->
+    </psNames>
+    <extraNames>
+      <!-- following are the name that are not taken from the standard Mac glyph order -->
+    </extraNames>
+  </post>
+
+  <GPOS>
+    <Version value="0x00010000"/>
+    <ScriptList>
+      <!-- ScriptCount=1 -->
+      <ScriptRecord index="0">
+        <ScriptTag value="latn"/>
+        <Script>
+          <DefaultLangSys>
+            <ReqFeatureIndex value="65535"/>
+            <!-- FeatureCount=1 -->
+            <FeatureIndex index="0" value="0"/>
+          </DefaultLangSys>
+          <!-- LangSysCount=0 -->
+        </Script>
+      </ScriptRecord>
+    </ScriptList>
+    <FeatureList>
+      <!-- FeatureCount=1 -->
+      <FeatureRecord index="0">
+        <FeatureTag value="test"/>
+        <Feature>
+          <!-- LookupCount=1 -->
+          <LookupListIndex index="0" value="0"/>
+        </Feature>
+      </FeatureRecord>
+    </FeatureList>
+    <LookupList>
+      <!-- LookupCount=1 -->
+      <Lookup index="0">
+        <LookupType value="9"/>
+        <LookupFlag value="0"/>
+        <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
+        <ExtensionPos index="0" Format="1">
+          <ExtensionLookupType value="1"/>
+          <SinglePos Format="1">
+            <Coverage>
+              <Glyph value="A"/>
+            </Coverage>
+            <ValueFormat value="4"/>
+            <Value XAdvance="20"/>
+          </SinglePos>
+        </ExtensionPos>
+      </Lookup>
+    </LookupList>
+  </GPOS>
+
+</ttFont>
diff --git a/Tests/otlLib/data/gsub_51.ttx b/Tests/otlLib/data/gsub_51.ttx
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0e6a413
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/otlLib/data/gsub_51.ttx
@@ -0,0 +1,146 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<ttFont sfntVersion="\x00\x01\x00\x00" ttLibVersion="3.40">
+
+  <GlyphOrder>
+    <!-- The 'id' attribute is only for humans; it is ignored when parsed. -->
+    <GlyphID id="0" name=".notdef"/>
+    <GlyphID id="1" name="g20"/>
+    <GlyphID id="2" name="g21"/>
+    <GlyphID id="3" name="g22"/>
+    <GlyphID id="4" name="g60"/>
+    <GlyphID id="5" name="g61"/>
+    <GlyphID id="6" name="g62"/>
+    <GlyphID id="7" name="g63"/>
+  </GlyphOrder>
+
+  <maxp>
+    <!-- Most of this table will be recalculated by the compiler -->
+    <tableVersion value="0x10000"/>
+    <numGlyphs value="8"/>
+    <maxPoints value="0"/>
+    <maxContours value="0"/>
+    <maxCompositePoints value="0"/>
+    <maxCompositeContours value="0"/>
+    <maxZones value="2"/>
+    <maxTwilightPoints value="0"/>
+    <maxStorage value="0"/>
+    <maxFunctionDefs value="0"/>
+    <maxInstructionDefs value="0"/>
+    <maxStackElements value="0"/>
+    <maxSizeOfInstructions value="0"/>
+    <maxComponentElements value="0"/>
+    <maxComponentDepth value="0"/>
+  </maxp>
+
+  <post>
+    <formatType value="2.0"/>
+    <italicAngle value="0.0"/>
+    <underlinePosition value="0"/>
+    <underlineThickness value="0"/>
+    <isFixedPitch value="0"/>
+    <minMemType42 value="0"/>
+    <maxMemType42 value="0"/>
+    <minMemType1 value="0"/>
+    <maxMemType1 value="0"/>
+    <psNames>
+      <!-- This file uses unique glyph names based on the information
+           found in the 'post' table. Since these names might not be unique,
+           we have to invent artificial names in case of clashes. In order to
+           be able to retain the original information, we need a name to
+           ps name mapping for those cases where they differ. That's what
+           you see below.
+            -->
+    </psNames>
+    <extraNames>
+      <!-- following are the name that are not taken from the standard Mac glyph order -->
+    </extraNames>
+  </post>
+
+  <GSUB>
+    <Version value="0x00010000"/>
+    <ScriptList>
+      <!-- ScriptCount=1 -->
+      <ScriptRecord index="0">
+        <ScriptTag value="latn"/>
+        <Script>
+          <DefaultLangSys>
+            <ReqFeatureIndex value="65535"/>
+            <!-- FeatureCount=1 -->
+            <FeatureIndex index="0" value="0"/>
+          </DefaultLangSys>
+          <!-- LangSysCount=0 -->
+        </Script>
+      </ScriptRecord>
+    </ScriptList>
+    <FeatureList>
+      <!-- FeatureCount=1 -->
+      <FeatureRecord index="0">
+        <FeatureTag value="test"/>
+        <Feature>
+          <!-- LookupCount=1 -->
+          <LookupListIndex index="0" value="4"/>
+        </Feature>
+      </FeatureRecord>
+    </FeatureList>
+    <LookupList>
+      <!-- LookupCount=5 -->
+      <Lookup index="0">
+        <LookupType value="1"/>
+        <LookupFlag value="0"/>
+        <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
+        <SingleSubst index="0">
+          <Substitution in="g20" out="g60"/>
+          <Substitution in="g21" out="g61"/>
+        </SingleSubst>
+      </Lookup>
+      <Lookup index="1">
+        <LookupType value="4"/>
+        <LookupFlag value="0"/>
+        <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
+        <LigatureSubst index="0">
+          <LigatureSet glyph="g21">
+            <Ligature components="g22" glyph="g61"/>
+          </LigatureSet>
+        </LigatureSubst>
+      </Lookup>
+      <Lookup index="2">
+        <LookupType value="4"/>
+        <LookupFlag value="8"/><!-- ignoreMarks -->
+        <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
+        <LigatureSubst index="0">
+          <LigatureSet glyph="g21">
+            <Ligature components="g22" glyph="g61"/>
+          </LigatureSet>
+        </LigatureSubst>
+      </Lookup>
+      <Lookup index="3">
+        <LookupType value="2"/>
+        <LookupFlag value="0"/>
+        <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
+        <MultipleSubst index="0">
+          <Substitution in="g21" out="g61,g62,g63"/>
+        </MultipleSubst>
+      </Lookup>
+      <Lookup index="4">
+        <LookupType value="5"/>
+        <LookupFlag value="0"/>
+        <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
+        <ContextSubst index="0" Format="1">
+          <Coverage>
+            <Glyph value="g20"/>
+          </Coverage>
+          <!-- SubRuleSetCount=1 -->
+          <SubRuleSet index="0">
+            <!-- SubRuleCount=1 -->
+            <SubRule index="0">
+              <!-- GlyphCount=2 -->
+              <!-- SubstCount=0 -->
+              <Input index="0" value="g20"/>
+            </SubRule>
+          </SubRuleSet>
+        </ContextSubst>
+      </Lookup>
+    </LookupList>
+  </GSUB>
+
+</ttFont>
diff --git a/Tests/otlLib/data/gsub_52.ttx b/Tests/otlLib/data/gsub_52.ttx
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4e83b96
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/otlLib/data/gsub_52.ttx
@@ -0,0 +1,150 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<ttFont sfntVersion="\x00\x01\x00\x00" ttLibVersion="3.40">
+
+  <GlyphOrder>
+    <!-- The 'id' attribute is only for humans; it is ignored when parsed. -->
+    <GlyphID id="0" name=".notdef"/>
+    <GlyphID id="1" name="g20"/>
+    <GlyphID id="2" name="g21"/>
+    <GlyphID id="3" name="g22"/>
+    <GlyphID id="4" name="g60"/>
+    <GlyphID id="5" name="g61"/>
+    <GlyphID id="6" name="g62"/>
+    <GlyphID id="7" name="g63"/>
+  </GlyphOrder>
+
+  <maxp>
+    <!-- Most of this table will be recalculated by the compiler -->
+    <tableVersion value="0x10000"/>
+    <numGlyphs value="8"/>
+    <maxPoints value="0"/>
+    <maxContours value="0"/>
+    <maxCompositePoints value="0"/>
+    <maxCompositeContours value="0"/>
+    <maxZones value="2"/>
+    <maxTwilightPoints value="0"/>
+    <maxStorage value="0"/>
+    <maxFunctionDefs value="0"/>
+    <maxInstructionDefs value="0"/>
+    <maxStackElements value="0"/>
+    <maxSizeOfInstructions value="0"/>
+    <maxComponentElements value="0"/>
+    <maxComponentDepth value="0"/>
+  </maxp>
+
+  <post>
+    <formatType value="2.0"/>
+    <italicAngle value="0.0"/>
+    <underlinePosition value="0"/>
+    <underlineThickness value="0"/>
+    <isFixedPitch value="0"/>
+    <minMemType42 value="0"/>
+    <maxMemType42 value="0"/>
+    <minMemType1 value="0"/>
+    <maxMemType1 value="0"/>
+    <psNames>
+      <!-- This file uses unique glyph names based on the information
+           found in the 'post' table. Since these names might not be unique,
+           we have to invent artificial names in case of clashes. In order to
+           be able to retain the original information, we need a name to
+           ps name mapping for those cases where they differ. That's what
+           you see below.
+            -->
+    </psNames>
+    <extraNames>
+      <!-- following are the name that are not taken from the standard Mac glyph order -->
+    </extraNames>
+  </post>
+
+  <GSUB>
+    <Version value="0x00010000"/>
+    <ScriptList>
+      <!-- ScriptCount=1 -->
+      <ScriptRecord index="0">
+        <ScriptTag value="latn"/>
+        <Script>
+          <DefaultLangSys>
+            <ReqFeatureIndex value="65535"/>
+            <!-- FeatureCount=1 -->
+            <FeatureIndex index="0" value="0"/>
+          </DefaultLangSys>
+          <!-- LangSysCount=0 -->
+        </Script>
+      </ScriptRecord>
+    </ScriptList>
+    <FeatureList>
+      <!-- FeatureCount=1 -->
+      <FeatureRecord index="0">
+        <FeatureTag value="test"/>
+        <Feature>
+          <!-- LookupCount=1 -->
+          <LookupListIndex index="0" value="4"/>
+        </Feature>
+      </FeatureRecord>
+    </FeatureList>
+    <LookupList>
+      <!-- LookupCount=5 -->
+      <Lookup index="0">
+        <LookupType value="1"/>
+        <LookupFlag value="0"/>
+        <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
+        <SingleSubst index="0">
+          <Substitution in="g20" out="g60"/>
+          <Substitution in="g21" out="g61"/>
+        </SingleSubst>
+      </Lookup>
+      <Lookup index="1">
+        <LookupType value="4"/>
+        <LookupFlag value="0"/>
+        <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
+        <LigatureSubst index="0">
+          <LigatureSet glyph="g21">
+            <Ligature components="g22" glyph="g61"/>
+          </LigatureSet>
+        </LigatureSubst>
+      </Lookup>
+      <Lookup index="2">
+        <LookupType value="4"/>
+        <LookupFlag value="8"/><!-- ignoreMarks -->
+        <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
+        <LigatureSubst index="0">
+          <LigatureSet glyph="g21">
+            <Ligature components="g22" glyph="g61"/>
+          </LigatureSet>
+        </LigatureSubst>
+      </Lookup>
+      <Lookup index="3">
+        <LookupType value="2"/>
+        <LookupFlag value="0"/>
+        <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
+        <MultipleSubst index="0">
+          <Substitution in="g21" out="g61,g62,g63"/>
+        </MultipleSubst>
+      </Lookup>
+      <Lookup index="4">
+        <LookupType value="5"/>
+        <LookupFlag value="0"/>
+        <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
+        <ContextSubst index="0" Format="2">
+          <Coverage>
+            <Glyph value="g20"/>
+          </Coverage>
+          <ClassDef>
+            <ClassDef glyph="g20" class="1"/>
+          </ClassDef>
+          <!-- SubClassSetCount=2 -->
+          <SubClassSet index="0" empty="1"/>
+          <SubClassSet index="1">
+            <!-- SubClassRuleCount=1 -->
+            <SubClassRule index="0">
+              <!-- GlyphCount=2 -->
+              <!-- SubstCount=0 -->
+              <Class index="0" value="1"/>
+            </SubClassRule>
+          </SubClassSet>
+        </ContextSubst>
+      </Lookup>
+    </LookupList>
+  </GSUB>
+
+</ttFont>
diff --git a/Tests/otlLib/data/gsub_71.ttx b/Tests/otlLib/data/gsub_71.ttx
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..acf6cdb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/otlLib/data/gsub_71.ttx
@@ -0,0 +1,99 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<ttFont sfntVersion="\x00\x01\x00\x00" ttLibVersion="3.40">
+
+  <GlyphOrder>
+    <!-- The 'id' attribute is only for humans; it is ignored when parsed. -->
+    <GlyphID id="0" name=".notdef"/>
+    <GlyphID id="1" name="g18"/>
+    <GlyphID id="2" name="g19"/>
+    <GlyphID id="3" name="g23"/>
+    <GlyphID id="4" name="g24"/>
+  </GlyphOrder>
+
+  <maxp>
+    <!-- Most of this table will be recalculated by the compiler -->
+    <tableVersion value="0x10000"/>
+    <numGlyphs value="5"/>
+    <maxPoints value="0"/>
+    <maxContours value="0"/>
+    <maxCompositePoints value="0"/>
+    <maxCompositeContours value="0"/>
+    <maxZones value="2"/>
+    <maxTwilightPoints value="0"/>
+    <maxStorage value="0"/>
+    <maxFunctionDefs value="0"/>
+    <maxInstructionDefs value="0"/>
+    <maxStackElements value="0"/>
+    <maxSizeOfInstructions value="0"/>
+    <maxComponentElements value="0"/>
+    <maxComponentDepth value="0"/>
+  </maxp>
+
+  <post>
+    <formatType value="2.0"/>
+    <italicAngle value="0.0"/>
+    <underlinePosition value="0"/>
+    <underlineThickness value="0"/>
+    <isFixedPitch value="0"/>
+    <minMemType42 value="0"/>
+    <maxMemType42 value="0"/>
+    <minMemType1 value="0"/>
+    <maxMemType1 value="0"/>
+    <psNames>
+      <!-- This file uses unique glyph names based on the information
+           found in the 'post' table. Since these names might not be unique,
+           we have to invent artificial names in case of clashes. In order to
+           be able to retain the original information, we need a name to
+           ps name mapping for those cases where they differ. That's what
+           you see below.
+            -->
+    </psNames>
+    <extraNames>
+      <!-- following are the name that are not taken from the standard Mac glyph order -->
+    </extraNames>
+  </post>
+
+  <GSUB>
+    <Version value="0x00010000"/>
+    <ScriptList>
+      <!-- ScriptCount=1 -->
+      <ScriptRecord index="0">
+        <ScriptTag value="latn"/>
+        <Script>
+          <DefaultLangSys>
+            <ReqFeatureIndex value="65535"/>
+            <!-- FeatureCount=1 -->
+            <FeatureIndex index="0" value="0"/>
+          </DefaultLangSys>
+          <!-- LangSysCount=0 -->
+        </Script>
+      </ScriptRecord>
+    </ScriptList>
+    <FeatureList>
+      <!-- FeatureCount=1 -->
+      <FeatureRecord index="0">
+        <FeatureTag value="test"/>
+        <Feature>
+          <!-- LookupCount=1 -->
+          <LookupListIndex index="0" value="0"/>
+        </Feature>
+      </FeatureRecord>
+    </FeatureList>
+    <LookupList>
+      <!-- LookupCount=1 -->
+      <Lookup index="0">
+        <LookupType value="7"/>
+        <LookupFlag value="0"/>
+        <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
+        <ExtensionSubst index="0" Format="1">
+          <ExtensionLookupType value="1"/>
+          <SingleSubst>
+            <Substitution in="g18" out="g23"/>
+            <Substitution in="g19" out="g24"/>
+          </SingleSubst>
+        </ExtensionSubst>
+      </Lookup>
+    </LookupList>
+  </GSUB>
+
+</ttFont>
diff --git a/Tests/otlLib/maxContextCalc_test.py b/Tests/otlLib/maxContextCalc_test.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..dc169c6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/otlLib/maxContextCalc_test.py
@@ -0,0 +1,74 @@
+
+import os
+import pytest
+from fontTools.ttLib import TTFont
+from fontTools.otlLib.maxContextCalc import maxCtxFont
+from fontTools.feaLib.builder import addOpenTypeFeaturesFromString
+
+
+def test_max_ctx_calc_no_features():
+    font = TTFont()
+    assert maxCtxFont(font) == 0
+    font.setGlyphOrder(['.notdef'])
+    addOpenTypeFeaturesFromString(font, '')
+    assert maxCtxFont(font) == 0
+
+
+def test_max_ctx_calc_features():
+    glyphs = '.notdef space A B C a b c'.split()
+    features = """
+    lookup GSUB_EXT useExtension {
+        sub a by b;
+    } GSUB_EXT;
+
+    lookup GPOS_EXT useExtension {
+        pos a b -10;
+    } GPOS_EXT;
+
+    feature sub1 {
+        sub A by a;
+        sub A B by b;
+        sub A B C by c;
+        sub [A B] C by c;
+        sub [A B] C [A B] by c;
+        sub A by A B;
+        sub A' C by A B;
+        sub a' by b;
+        sub a' b by c;
+        sub a from [A B C];
+        rsub a by b;
+        rsub a' by b;
+        rsub a b' by c;
+        rsub a b' c by A;
+        rsub [a b] c' by A;
+        rsub [a b] c' [a b] by B;
+        lookup GSUB_EXT;
+    } sub1;
+
+    feature pos1 {
+        pos A 20;
+        pos A B -50;
+        pos A B' 10 C;
+        lookup GPOS_EXT;
+    } pos1;
+    """
+    font = TTFont()
+    font.setGlyphOrder(glyphs)
+    addOpenTypeFeaturesFromString(font, features)
+
+    assert maxCtxFont(font) == 3
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize('file_name, max_context', [
+    ('gsub_51', 2),
+    ('gsub_52', 2),
+    ('gsub_71', 1),
+    ('gpos_91', 1),
+])
+def test_max_ctx_calc_features_ttx(file_name, max_context):
+    ttx_path = os.path.join(os.path.dirname(__file__),
+                            'data', '{}.ttx'.format(file_name))
+    font = TTFont()
+    font.importXML(ttx_path)
+
+    assert maxCtxFont(font) == max_context
diff --git a/Tests/otlLib/mock_builder_test.py b/Tests/otlLib/mock_builder_test.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b3fecd8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/otlLib/mock_builder_test.py
@@ -0,0 +1,86 @@
+from fontTools.otlLib.builder import (
+    AlternateSubstBuilder,
+    ChainContextPosBuilder,
+    ChainContextSubstBuilder,
+    LigatureSubstBuilder,
+    MultipleSubstBuilder,
+    CursivePosBuilder,
+    MarkBasePosBuilder,
+    MarkLigPosBuilder,
+    MarkMarkPosBuilder,
+    ReverseChainSingleSubstBuilder,
+    SingleSubstBuilder,
+    ClassPairPosSubtableBuilder,
+    PairPosBuilder,
+    SinglePosBuilder,
+    ChainContextualRule
+)
+from fontTools.otlLib.error import OpenTypeLibError
+from fontTools.ttLib import TTFont
+from fontTools.misc.loggingTools import CapturingLogHandler
+import logging
+import pytest
+
+
+@pytest.fixture
+def ttfont():
+    glyphs = """
+        .notdef space slash fraction semicolon period comma ampersand
+        quotedblleft quotedblright quoteleft quoteright
+        zero one two three four five six seven eight nine
+        zero.oldstyle one.oldstyle two.oldstyle three.oldstyle
+        four.oldstyle five.oldstyle six.oldstyle seven.oldstyle
+        eight.oldstyle nine.oldstyle onequarter onehalf threequarters
+        onesuperior twosuperior threesuperior ordfeminine ordmasculine
+        A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
+        a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z
+        A.sc B.sc C.sc D.sc E.sc F.sc G.sc H.sc I.sc J.sc K.sc L.sc M.sc
+        N.sc O.sc P.sc Q.sc R.sc S.sc T.sc U.sc V.sc W.sc X.sc Y.sc Z.sc
+        A.alt1 A.alt2 A.alt3 B.alt1 B.alt2 B.alt3 C.alt1 C.alt2 C.alt3
+        a.alt1 a.alt2 a.alt3 a.end b.alt c.mid d.alt d.mid
+        e.begin e.mid e.end m.begin n.end s.end z.end
+        Eng Eng.alt1 Eng.alt2 Eng.alt3
+        A.swash B.swash C.swash D.swash E.swash F.swash G.swash H.swash
+        I.swash J.swash K.swash L.swash M.swash N.swash O.swash P.swash
+        Q.swash R.swash S.swash T.swash U.swash V.swash W.swash X.swash
+        Y.swash Z.swash
+        f_l c_h c_k c_s c_t f_f f_f_i f_f_l f_i o_f_f_i s_t f_i.begin
+        a_n_d T_h T_h.swash germandbls ydieresis yacute breve
+        grave acute dieresis macron circumflex cedilla umlaut ogonek caron
+        damma hamza sukun kasratan lam_meem_jeem noon.final noon.initial
+        by feature lookup sub table uni0327 uni0328 e.fina
+    """.split()
+    glyphs.extend("cid{:05d}".format(cid) for cid in range(800, 1001 + 1))
+    font = TTFont()
+    font.setGlyphOrder(glyphs)
+    return font
+
+
+class MockBuilderLocation(object):
+    def __init__(self, location):
+        self.location = location
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        return "%s:%s" % self.location
+
+
+def test_unsupported_subtable_break_1(ttfont):
+    location = MockBuilderLocation((0, "alpha"))
+
+    logger = logging.getLogger("fontTools.otlLib.builder")
+
+    with CapturingLogHandler(logger, "INFO") as captor:
+        builder = SinglePosBuilder(ttfont, location)
+        builder.add_subtable_break(MockBuilderLocation((5, "beta")))
+        builder.build()
+
+    captor.assertRegex('5:beta: unsupported "subtable" statement for lookup type')
+
+def test_chain_pos_references_GSUB_lookup(ttfont):
+    location = MockBuilderLocation((0, "alpha"))
+    builder = ChainContextPosBuilder(ttfont, location)
+    builder2 = SingleSubstBuilder(ttfont, location)
+    builder.rules.append(ChainContextualRule([], [], [], [[builder2]]))
+
+    with pytest.raises(OpenTypeLibError, match="0:alpha: Missing index of the specified lookup, might be a substitution lookup"):
+        builder.build()
diff --git a/Tests/otlLib/optimize_test.py b/Tests/otlLib/optimize_test.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..40cf389
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/otlLib/optimize_test.py
@@ -0,0 +1,175 @@
+import logging
+from pathlib import Path
+from subprocess import run
+import contextlib
+import os
+from typing import List, Optional, Tuple
+from fontTools.ttLib import TTFont
+
+import pytest
+
+from fontTools.feaLib.builder import addOpenTypeFeaturesFromString
+from fontTools.fontBuilder import FontBuilder
+
+from fontTools.ttLib.tables.otBase import OTTableWriter, ValueRecord
+
+
+def test_main(tmpdir: Path):
+    """Check that calling the main function on an input TTF works."""
+    glyphs = ".notdef space A Aacute B D".split()
+    features = """
+    @A = [A Aacute];
+    @B = [B D];
+    feature kern {
+        pos @A @B -50;
+    } kern;
+    """
+    fb = FontBuilder(1000)
+    fb.setupGlyphOrder(glyphs)
+    addOpenTypeFeaturesFromString(fb.font, features)
+    input = tmpdir / "in.ttf"
+    fb.save(str(input))
+    output = tmpdir / "out.ttf"
+    run(
+        [
+            "fonttools",
+            "otlLib.optimize",
+            "--gpos-compact-mode",
+            "5",
+            str(input),
+            "-o",
+            str(output),
+        ],
+        check=True,
+    )
+    assert output.exists()
+
+
+# Copy-pasted from https://stackoverflow.com/questions/2059482/python-temporarily-modify-the-current-processs-environment
+# TODO: remove when moving to the Config class
+@contextlib.contextmanager
+def set_env(**environ):
+    """
+    Temporarily set the process environment variables.
+
+    >>> with set_env(PLUGINS_DIR=u'test/plugins'):
+    ...   "PLUGINS_DIR" in os.environ
+    True
+
+    >>> "PLUGINS_DIR" in os.environ
+    False
+
+    :type environ: dict[str, unicode]
+    :param environ: Environment variables to set
+    """
+    old_environ = dict(os.environ)
+    os.environ.update(environ)
+    try:
+        yield
+    finally:
+        os.environ.clear()
+        os.environ.update(old_environ)
+
+
+def count_pairpos_subtables(font: TTFont) -> int:
+    subtables = 0
+    for lookup in font["GPOS"].table.LookupList.Lookup:
+        if lookup.LookupType == 2:
+            subtables += len(lookup.SubTable)
+        elif lookup.LookupType == 9:
+            for subtable in lookup.SubTable:
+                if subtable.ExtensionLookupType == 2:
+                    subtables += 1
+    return subtables
+
+
+def count_pairpos_bytes(font: TTFont) -> int:
+    bytes = 0
+    gpos = font["GPOS"]
+    for lookup in font["GPOS"].table.LookupList.Lookup:
+        if lookup.LookupType == 2:
+            w = OTTableWriter(tableTag=gpos.tableTag)
+            lookup.compile(w, font)
+            bytes += len(w.getAllData())
+        elif lookup.LookupType == 9:
+            if any(subtable.ExtensionLookupType == 2 for subtable in lookup.SubTable):
+                w = OTTableWriter(tableTag=gpos.tableTag)
+                lookup.compile(w, font)
+                bytes += len(w.getAllData())
+    return bytes
+
+
+def get_kerning_by_blocks(blocks: List[Tuple[int, int]]) -> Tuple[List[str], str]:
+    """Generate a highly compressible font by generating a bunch of rectangular
+    blocks on the diagonal that can easily be sliced into subtables.
+
+    Returns the list of glyphs and feature code of the font.
+    """
+    value = 0
+    glyphs: List[str] = []
+    rules = []
+    # Each block is like a script in a multi-script font
+    for script, (width, height) in enumerate(blocks):
+        glyphs.extend(f"g_{script}_{i}" for i in range(max(width, height)))
+        for l in range(height):
+            for r in range(width):
+                value += 1
+                rules.append((f"g_{script}_{l}", f"g_{script}_{r}", value))
+    classes = "\n".join([f"@{g} = [{g}];" for g in glyphs])
+    statements = "\n".join([f"pos @{l} @{r} {v};" for (l, r, v) in rules])
+    features = f"""
+        {classes}
+        feature kern {{
+            {statements}
+        }} kern;
+    """
+    return glyphs, features
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize(
+    ("blocks", "mode", "expected_subtables", "expected_bytes"),
+    [
+        # Mode = 0 = no optimization leads to 650 bytes of GPOS
+        ([(15, 3), (2, 10)], None, 1, 602),
+        # Optimization level 1 recognizes the 2 blocks and splits into 2
+        # subtables = adds 1 subtable leading to a size reduction of
+        # (602-298)/602 = 50%
+        ([(15, 3), (2, 10)], 1, 2, 298),
+        # On a bigger block configuration, we see that mode=5 doesn't create
+        # as many subtables as it could, because of the stop criteria
+        ([(4, 4) for _ in range(20)], 5, 14, 2042),
+        # while level=9 creates as many subtables as there were blocks on the
+        # diagonal and yields a better saving
+        ([(4, 4) for _ in range(20)], 9, 20, 1886),
+        # On a fully occupied kerning matrix, even the strategy 9 doesn't
+        # split anything.
+        ([(10, 10)], 9, 1, 304)
+    ],
+)
+def test_optimization_mode(
+    caplog,
+    blocks: List[Tuple[int, int]],
+    mode: Optional[int],
+    expected_subtables: int,
+    expected_bytes: int,
+):
+    """Check that the optimizations are off by default, and that increasing
+    the optimization level creates more subtables and a smaller byte size.
+    """
+    caplog.set_level(logging.DEBUG)
+
+    glyphs, features = get_kerning_by_blocks(blocks)
+    glyphs = [".notdef space"] + glyphs
+
+    env = {}
+    if mode is not None:
+        # NOTE: activating this optimization via the environment variable is
+        # experimental and may not be supported once an alternative mechanism
+        # is in place. See: https://github.com/fonttools/fonttools/issues/2349
+        env["FONTTOOLS_GPOS_COMPACT_MODE"] = str(mode)
+    with set_env(**env):
+        fb = FontBuilder(1000)
+        fb.setupGlyphOrder(glyphs)
+        addOpenTypeFeaturesFromString(fb.font, features)
+        assert expected_subtables == count_pairpos_subtables(fb.font)
+        assert expected_bytes == count_pairpos_bytes(fb.font)
diff --git a/Tests/pens/__init__.py b/Tests/pens/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..187b981
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/pens/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+import os
+from fontTools.ufoLib.glifLib import GlyphSet
+import pkg_resources
+
+DATADIR = os.path.join(os.path.dirname(__file__), 'data')
+CUBIC_GLYPHS = GlyphSet(os.path.join(DATADIR, 'cubic'))
+QUAD_GLYPHS = GlyphSet(os.path.join(DATADIR, 'quadratic'))
+
+import unittest
+# Python 3 renamed 'assertRaisesRegexp' to 'assertRaisesRegex', and fires
+# deprecation warnings if a program uses the old name.
+if not hasattr(unittest.TestCase, 'assertRaisesRegex'):
+    unittest.TestCase.assertRaisesRegex = unittest.TestCase.assertRaisesRegexp
diff --git a/Tests/pens/areaPen_test.py b/Tests/pens/areaPen_test.py
index ae915df..c3f3f80 100644
--- a/Tests/pens/areaPen_test.py
+++ b/Tests/pens/areaPen_test.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import print_function, division, absolute_import
-from fontTools.misc.py23 import *
 from fontTools.pens.areaPen import AreaPen
 import unittest
 
diff --git a/Tests/pens/basePen_test.py b/Tests/pens/basePen_test.py
index 2a7e43c..db57e80 100644
--- a/Tests/pens/basePen_test.py
+++ b/Tests/pens/basePen_test.py
@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
-from __future__ import print_function, division, absolute_import
-from fontTools.misc.py23 import *
 from fontTools.pens.basePen import \
-    BasePen, decomposeSuperBezierSegment, decomposeQuadraticSegment
+    AbstractPen, BasePen, decomposeSuperBezierSegment, decomposeQuadraticSegment
+from fontTools.pens.pointPen import AbstractPointPen
 from fontTools.misc.loggingTools import CapturingLogHandler
 import unittest
 
diff --git a/Tests/pens/boundsPen_test.py b/Tests/pens/boundsPen_test.py
index 533c575..c0c5610 100644
--- a/Tests/pens/boundsPen_test.py
+++ b/Tests/pens/boundsPen_test.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import print_function, division, absolute_import
-from fontTools.misc.py23 import *
 from fontTools.pens.boundsPen import BoundsPen, ControlBoundsPen
 import unittest
 
diff --git a/Tests/pens/cocoaPen_test.py b/Tests/pens/cocoaPen_test.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..11077c0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/pens/cocoaPen_test.py
@@ -0,0 +1,58 @@
+import unittest
+
+try:
+    from fontTools.pens.cocoaPen import CocoaPen
+    from AppKit import NSBezierPathElementMoveTo, NSBezierPathElementLineTo
+    from AppKit import NSBezierPathElementCurveTo, NSBezierPathElementClosePath
+
+    PATH_ELEMENTS = {
+        # NSBezierPathElement key      desc
+        NSBezierPathElementMoveTo:    'moveto',
+        NSBezierPathElementLineTo:    'lineto',
+        NSBezierPathElementCurveTo:   'curveto',
+        NSBezierPathElementClosePath: 'close',
+    }
+
+    PYOBJC_AVAILABLE = True
+except ImportError:
+    PYOBJC_AVAILABLE = False
+
+
+def draw(pen):
+    pen.moveTo((50, 0))
+    pen.lineTo((50, 500))
+    pen.lineTo((200, 500))
+    pen.curveTo((350, 500), (450, 400), (450, 250))
+    pen.curveTo((450, 100), (350, 0), (200, 0))
+    pen.closePath()
+
+
+def cocoaPathToString(path):
+    num_elements = path.elementCount()
+    output = []
+    for i in range(num_elements - 1):
+        elem_type, elem_points = path.elementAtIndex_associatedPoints_(i)
+        elem_type = PATH_ELEMENTS[elem_type]
+        path_points = " ".join([f"{p.x} {p.y}" for p in elem_points])
+        output.append(f"{elem_type} {path_points}")
+    return " ".join(output)
+
+
+@unittest.skipUnless(PYOBJC_AVAILABLE, "pyobjc not installed")
+class CocoaPenTest(unittest.TestCase):
+    def test_draw(self):
+        pen = CocoaPen(None)
+        draw(pen)
+        self.assertEqual(
+            "moveto 50.0 0.0 lineto 50.0 500.0 lineto 200.0 500.0 curveto 350.0 500.0 450.0 400.0 450.0 250.0 curveto 450.0 100.0 350.0 0.0 200.0 0.0 close ",
+            cocoaPathToString(pen.path)
+        )
+
+    def test_empty(self):
+        pen = CocoaPen(None)
+        self.assertEqual("", cocoaPathToString(pen.path))
+
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    import sys
+    sys.exit(unittest.main())
diff --git a/Tests/pens/cu2quPen_test.py b/Tests/pens/cu2quPen_test.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..db51787
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/pens/cu2quPen_test.py
@@ -0,0 +1,390 @@
+# Copyright 2016 Google Inc. All Rights Reserved.
+#
+# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+# You may obtain a copy of the License at
+#
+#     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+#
+# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+# limitations under the License.
+
+import unittest
+
+from fontTools.pens.cu2quPen import Cu2QuPen, Cu2QuPointPen
+from . import CUBIC_GLYPHS, QUAD_GLYPHS
+from .utils import DummyGlyph, DummyPointGlyph
+from .utils import DummyPen, DummyPointPen
+from fontTools.misc.loggingTools import CapturingLogHandler
+from textwrap import dedent
+import logging
+
+
+MAX_ERR = 1.0
+
+
+class _TestPenMixin(object):
+    """Collection of tests that are shared by both the SegmentPen and the
+    PointPen test cases, plus some helper methods.
+    """
+
+    maxDiff = None
+
+    def diff(self, expected, actual):
+        import difflib
+        expected = str(self.Glyph(expected)).splitlines(True)
+        actual = str(self.Glyph(actual)).splitlines(True)
+        diff = difflib.unified_diff(
+            expected, actual, fromfile='expected', tofile='actual')
+        return "".join(diff)
+
+    def convert_glyph(self, glyph, **kwargs):
+        # draw source glyph onto a new glyph using a Cu2Qu pen and return it
+        converted = self.Glyph()
+        pen = getattr(converted, self.pen_getter_name)()
+        quadpen = self.Cu2QuPen(pen, MAX_ERR, **kwargs)
+        getattr(glyph, self.draw_method_name)(quadpen)
+        return converted
+
+    def expect_glyph(self, source, expected):
+        converted = self.convert_glyph(source)
+        self.assertNotEqual(converted, source)
+        if not converted.approx(expected):
+            print(self.diff(expected, converted))
+            self.fail("converted glyph is different from expected")
+
+    def test_convert_simple_glyph(self):
+        self.expect_glyph(CUBIC_GLYPHS['a'], QUAD_GLYPHS['a'])
+        self.expect_glyph(CUBIC_GLYPHS['A'], QUAD_GLYPHS['A'])
+
+    def test_convert_composite_glyph(self):
+        source = CUBIC_GLYPHS['Aacute']
+        converted = self.convert_glyph(source)
+        # components don't change after quadratic conversion
+        self.assertEqual(converted, source)
+
+    def test_convert_mixed_glyph(self):
+        # this contains a mix of contours and components
+        self.expect_glyph(CUBIC_GLYPHS['Eacute'], QUAD_GLYPHS['Eacute'])
+
+    def test_reverse_direction(self):
+        for name in ('a', 'A', 'Eacute'):
+            source = CUBIC_GLYPHS[name]
+            normal_glyph = self.convert_glyph(source)
+            reversed_glyph = self.convert_glyph(source, reverse_direction=True)
+
+            # the number of commands is the same, just their order is iverted
+            self.assertTrue(
+                len(normal_glyph.outline), len(reversed_glyph.outline))
+            self.assertNotEqual(normal_glyph, reversed_glyph)
+
+    def test_stats(self):
+        stats = {}
+        for name in CUBIC_GLYPHS.keys():
+            source = CUBIC_GLYPHS[name]
+            self.convert_glyph(source, stats=stats)
+
+        self.assertTrue(stats)
+        self.assertTrue('1' in stats)
+        self.assertEqual(type(stats['1']), int)
+
+    def test_addComponent(self):
+        pen = self.Pen()
+        quadpen = self.Cu2QuPen(pen, MAX_ERR)
+        quadpen.addComponent("a", (1, 2, 3, 4, 5.0, 6.0))
+
+        # components are passed through without changes
+        self.assertEqual(str(pen).splitlines(), [
+            "pen.addComponent('a', (1, 2, 3, 4, 5.0, 6.0))",
+        ])
+
+
+class TestCu2QuPen(unittest.TestCase, _TestPenMixin):
+
+    def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        super(TestCu2QuPen, self).__init__(*args, **kwargs)
+        self.Glyph = DummyGlyph
+        self.Pen = DummyPen
+        self.Cu2QuPen = Cu2QuPen
+        self.pen_getter_name = 'getPen'
+        self.draw_method_name = 'draw'
+
+    def test__check_contour_is_open(self):
+        msg = "moveTo is required"
+        quadpen = Cu2QuPen(DummyPen(), MAX_ERR)
+
+        with self.assertRaisesRegex(AssertionError, msg):
+            quadpen.lineTo((0, 0))
+        with self.assertRaisesRegex(AssertionError, msg):
+            quadpen.qCurveTo((0, 0), (1, 1))
+        with self.assertRaisesRegex(AssertionError, msg):
+            quadpen.curveTo((0, 0), (1, 1), (2, 2))
+        with self.assertRaisesRegex(AssertionError, msg):
+            quadpen.closePath()
+        with self.assertRaisesRegex(AssertionError, msg):
+            quadpen.endPath()
+
+        quadpen.moveTo((0, 0))  # now it works
+        quadpen.lineTo((1, 1))
+        quadpen.qCurveTo((2, 2), (3, 3))
+        quadpen.curveTo((4, 4), (5, 5), (6, 6))
+        quadpen.closePath()
+
+    def test__check_contour_closed(self):
+        msg = "closePath or endPath is required"
+        quadpen = Cu2QuPen(DummyPen(), MAX_ERR)
+        quadpen.moveTo((0, 0))
+
+        with self.assertRaisesRegex(AssertionError, msg):
+            quadpen.moveTo((1, 1))
+        with self.assertRaisesRegex(AssertionError, msg):
+            quadpen.addComponent("a", (1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0))
+
+        # it works if contour is closed
+        quadpen.closePath()
+        quadpen.moveTo((1, 1))
+        quadpen.endPath()
+        quadpen.addComponent("a", (1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0))
+
+    def test_qCurveTo_no_points(self):
+        quadpen = Cu2QuPen(DummyPen(), MAX_ERR)
+        quadpen.moveTo((0, 0))
+
+        with self.assertRaisesRegex(
+                AssertionError, "illegal qcurve segment point count: 0"):
+            quadpen.qCurveTo()
+
+    def test_qCurveTo_1_point(self):
+        pen = DummyPen()
+        quadpen = Cu2QuPen(pen, MAX_ERR)
+        quadpen.moveTo((0, 0))
+        quadpen.qCurveTo((1, 1))
+
+        self.assertEqual(str(pen).splitlines(), [
+            "pen.moveTo((0, 0))",
+            "pen.lineTo((1, 1))",
+        ])
+
+    def test_qCurveTo_more_than_1_point(self):
+        pen = DummyPen()
+        quadpen = Cu2QuPen(pen, MAX_ERR)
+        quadpen.moveTo((0, 0))
+        quadpen.qCurveTo((1, 1), (2, 2))
+
+        self.assertEqual(str(pen).splitlines(), [
+            "pen.moveTo((0, 0))",
+            "pen.qCurveTo((1, 1), (2, 2))",
+        ])
+
+    def test_curveTo_no_points(self):
+        quadpen = Cu2QuPen(DummyPen(), MAX_ERR)
+        quadpen.moveTo((0, 0))
+
+        with self.assertRaisesRegex(
+                AssertionError, "illegal curve segment point count: 0"):
+            quadpen.curveTo()
+
+    def test_curveTo_1_point(self):
+        pen = DummyPen()
+        quadpen = Cu2QuPen(pen, MAX_ERR)
+        quadpen.moveTo((0, 0))
+        quadpen.curveTo((1, 1))
+
+        self.assertEqual(str(pen).splitlines(), [
+            "pen.moveTo((0, 0))",
+            "pen.lineTo((1, 1))",
+        ])
+
+    def test_curveTo_2_points(self):
+        pen = DummyPen()
+        quadpen = Cu2QuPen(pen, MAX_ERR)
+        quadpen.moveTo((0, 0))
+        quadpen.curveTo((1, 1), (2, 2))
+
+        self.assertEqual(str(pen).splitlines(), [
+            "pen.moveTo((0, 0))",
+            "pen.qCurveTo((1, 1), (2, 2))",
+        ])
+
+    def test_curveTo_3_points(self):
+        pen = DummyPen()
+        quadpen = Cu2QuPen(pen, MAX_ERR)
+        quadpen.moveTo((0, 0))
+        quadpen.curveTo((1, 1), (2, 2), (3, 3))
+
+        self.assertEqual(str(pen).splitlines(), [
+            "pen.moveTo((0, 0))",
+            "pen.qCurveTo((0.75, 0.75), (2.25, 2.25), (3, 3))",
+        ])
+
+    def test_curveTo_more_than_3_points(self):
+        # a 'SuperBezier' as described in fontTools.basePen.AbstractPen
+        pen = DummyPen()
+        quadpen = Cu2QuPen(pen, MAX_ERR)
+        quadpen.moveTo((0, 0))
+        quadpen.curveTo((1, 1), (2, 2), (3, 3), (4, 4))
+
+        self.assertEqual(str(pen).splitlines(), [
+            "pen.moveTo((0, 0))",
+            "pen.qCurveTo((0.75, 0.75), (1.625, 1.625), (2, 2))",
+            "pen.qCurveTo((2.375, 2.375), (3.25, 3.25), (4, 4))",
+        ])
+
+    def test_addComponent(self):
+        pen = DummyPen()
+        quadpen = Cu2QuPen(pen, MAX_ERR)
+        quadpen.addComponent("a", (1, 2, 3, 4, 5.0, 6.0))
+
+        # components are passed through without changes
+        self.assertEqual(str(pen).splitlines(), [
+            "pen.addComponent('a', (1, 2, 3, 4, 5.0, 6.0))",
+        ])
+
+    def test_ignore_single_points(self):
+        pen = DummyPen()
+        try:
+            logging.captureWarnings(True)
+            with CapturingLogHandler("py.warnings", level="WARNING") as log:
+                quadpen = Cu2QuPen(pen, MAX_ERR, ignore_single_points=True)
+        finally:
+            logging.captureWarnings(False)
+        quadpen.moveTo((0, 0))
+        quadpen.endPath()
+        quadpen.moveTo((1, 1))
+        quadpen.closePath()
+
+        self.assertGreaterEqual(len(log.records), 1)
+        self.assertIn("ignore_single_points is deprecated",
+                      log.records[0].args[0])
+
+        # single-point contours were ignored, so the pen commands are empty
+        self.assertFalse(pen.commands)
+
+        # redraw without ignoring single points
+        quadpen.ignore_single_points = False
+        quadpen.moveTo((0, 0))
+        quadpen.endPath()
+        quadpen.moveTo((1, 1))
+        quadpen.closePath()
+
+        self.assertTrue(pen.commands)
+        self.assertEqual(str(pen).splitlines(), [
+            "pen.moveTo((0, 0))",
+            "pen.endPath()",
+            "pen.moveTo((1, 1))",
+            "pen.closePath()"
+        ])
+
+
+class TestCu2QuPointPen(unittest.TestCase, _TestPenMixin):
+
+    def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        super(TestCu2QuPointPen, self).__init__(*args, **kwargs)
+        self.Glyph = DummyPointGlyph
+        self.Pen = DummyPointPen
+        self.Cu2QuPen = Cu2QuPointPen
+        self.pen_getter_name = 'getPointPen'
+        self.draw_method_name = 'drawPoints'
+
+    def test_super_bezier_curve(self):
+        pen = DummyPointPen()
+        quadpen = Cu2QuPointPen(pen, MAX_ERR)
+        quadpen.beginPath()
+        quadpen.addPoint((0, 0), segmentType="move")
+        quadpen.addPoint((1, 1))
+        quadpen.addPoint((2, 2))
+        quadpen.addPoint((3, 3))
+        quadpen.addPoint(
+            (4, 4), segmentType="curve", smooth=False, name="up", selected=1)
+        quadpen.endPath()
+
+        self.assertEqual(str(pen).splitlines(), """\
+pen.beginPath()
+pen.addPoint((0, 0), name=None, segmentType='move', smooth=False)
+pen.addPoint((0.75, 0.75), name=None, segmentType=None, smooth=False)
+pen.addPoint((1.625, 1.625), name=None, segmentType=None, smooth=False)
+pen.addPoint((2, 2), name=None, segmentType='qcurve', smooth=True)
+pen.addPoint((2.375, 2.375), name=None, segmentType=None, smooth=False)
+pen.addPoint((3.25, 3.25), name=None, segmentType=None, smooth=False)
+pen.addPoint((4, 4), name='up', segmentType='qcurve', selected=1, smooth=False)
+pen.endPath()""".splitlines())
+
+    def test__flushContour_restore_starting_point(self):
+        pen = DummyPointPen()
+        quadpen = Cu2QuPointPen(pen, MAX_ERR)
+
+        # collect the output of _flushContour before it's sent to _drawPoints
+        new_segments = []
+        def _drawPoints(segments):
+            new_segments.extend(segments)
+            Cu2QuPointPen._drawPoints(quadpen, segments)
+        quadpen._drawPoints = _drawPoints
+
+        # a closed path (ie. no "move" segmentType)
+        quadpen._flushContour([
+            ("curve", [
+                ((2, 2), False, None, {}),
+                ((1, 1), False, None, {}),
+                ((0, 0), False, None, {}),
+            ]),
+            ("curve", [
+                ((1, 1), False, None, {}),
+                ((2, 2), False, None, {}),
+                ((3, 3), False, None, {}),
+            ]),
+        ])
+
+        # the original starting point is restored: the last segment has become
+        # the first
+        self.assertEqual(new_segments[0][1][-1][0], (3, 3))
+        self.assertEqual(new_segments[-1][1][-1][0], (0, 0))
+
+        new_segments = []
+        # an open path (ie. starting with "move")
+        quadpen._flushContour([
+            ("move", [
+                ((0, 0), False, None, {}),
+            ]),
+            ("curve", [
+                ((1, 1), False, None, {}),
+                ((2, 2), False, None, {}),
+                ((3, 3), False, None, {}),
+            ]),
+        ])
+
+        # the segment order stays the same before and after _flushContour
+        self.assertEqual(new_segments[0][1][-1][0], (0, 0))
+        self.assertEqual(new_segments[-1][1][-1][0], (3, 3))
+
+    def test_quad_no_oncurve(self):
+        """When passed a contour which has no on-curve points, the
+        Cu2QuPointPen will treat it as a special quadratic contour whose
+        first point has 'None' coordinates.
+        """
+        self.maxDiff = None
+        pen = DummyPointPen()
+        quadpen = Cu2QuPointPen(pen, MAX_ERR)
+        quadpen.beginPath()
+        quadpen.addPoint((1, 1))
+        quadpen.addPoint((2, 2))
+        quadpen.addPoint((3, 3))
+        quadpen.endPath()
+
+        self.assertEqual(
+            str(pen),
+            dedent(
+                """\
+                pen.beginPath()
+                pen.addPoint((1, 1), name=None, segmentType=None, smooth=False)
+                pen.addPoint((2, 2), name=None, segmentType=None, smooth=False)
+                pen.addPoint((3, 3), name=None, segmentType=None, smooth=False)
+                pen.endPath()"""
+            )
+        )
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    unittest.main()
diff --git a/Tests/pens/data/cubic/A_.glif b/Tests/pens/data/cubic/A_.glif
new file mode 100755
index 0000000..bee6cd7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/pens/data/cubic/A_.glif
@@ -0,0 +1,58 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<glyph name="A" format="1">
+	<unicode hex="0041"/>
+	<advance width="668"/>
+	<outline>
+		<contour>
+			<point x="501" y="347" type="line"/>
+			<point x="412" y="393"/>
+			<point x="359" y="401"/>
+			<point x="282" y="401" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+			<point x="192" y="401"/>
+			<point x="131" y="390"/>
+			<point x="114" y="347" type="curve"/>
+			<point x="119" y="347"/>
+			<point x="127" y="330"/>
+			<point x="127" y="316" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+			<point x="127" y="292"/>
+			<point x="102" y="277"/>
+			<point x="71" y="277" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+			<point x="37" y="277"/>
+			<point x="9" y="296"/>
+			<point x="9" y="335" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+			<point x="9" y="403"/>
+			<point x="95" y="458"/>
+			<point x="213" y="458" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+			<point x="278" y="458"/>
+			<point x="428" y="439"/>
+			<point x="526" y="385" type="curve"/>
+		</contour>
+		<contour>
+			<point x="629" y="678" type="line"/>
+			<point x="615" y="685"/>
+			<point x="596" y="692"/>
+			<point x="578" y="692" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+			<point x="421" y="692"/>
+			<point x="204" y="149"/>
+			<point x="204" y="-58" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+			<point x="204" y="-90"/>
+			<point x="212" y="-105"/>
+			<point x="218" y="-114" type="curve"/>
+			<point x="164" y="-114"/>
+			<point x="84" y="-112"/>
+			<point x="84" y="-8" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+			<point x="84" y="191"/>
+			<point x="374" y="750"/>
+			<point x="613" y="750" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+			<point x="636" y="750"/>
+			<point x="668" y="746"/>
+			<point x="692" y="736" type="curve"/>
+		</contour>
+		<contour>
+			<point x="391" y="0" type="line"/>
+			<point x="547" y="736" type="line"/>
+			<point x="692" y="736" type="line"/>
+			<point x="535" y="0" type="line"/>
+		</contour>
+	</outline>
+</glyph>
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/Tests/pens/data/cubic/A_acute.glif b/Tests/pens/data/cubic/A_acute.glif
new file mode 100755
index 0000000..72a8855
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/pens/data/cubic/A_acute.glif
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<glyph name="Aacute" format="1">
+	<unicode hex="00C1"/>
+	<advance width="668"/>
+	<outline>
+		<component base="A"/>
+		<component base="acute" xOffset="366" yOffset="250"/>
+	</outline>
+</glyph>
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/Tests/pens/data/cubic/E_acute.glif b/Tests/pens/data/cubic/E_acute.glif
new file mode 100755
index 0000000..fa57e34
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/pens/data/cubic/E_acute.glif
@@ -0,0 +1,56 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<glyph name="E" format="1">
+	<unicode hex="0045"/>
+	<advance width="459"/>
+	<outline>
+		<contour>
+			<point x="461" y="180" type="line"/>
+			<point x="425" y="114"/>
+			<point x="337" y="78"/>
+			<point x="276" y="78" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+			<point x="208" y="78"/>
+			<point x="181" y="123"/>
+			<point x="181" y="179" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+			<point x="181" y="271"/>
+			<point x="253" y="394"/>
+			<point x="360" y="418" type="curve"/>
+			<point x="288" y="437"/>
+			<point x="259" y="494"/>
+			<point x="259" y="552" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+			<point x="259" y="622"/>
+			<point x="302" y="693"/>
+			<point x="361" y="693" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+			<point x="388" y="693"/>
+			<point x="416" y="678"/>
+			<point x="416" y="637" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+			<point x="416" y="603"/>
+			<point x="397" y="558"/>
+			<point x="372" y="550" type="curve"/>
+			<point x="386" y="531"/>
+			<point x="402" y="523"/>
+			<point x="419" y="523" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+			<point x="459" y="523"/>
+			<point x="493" y="567"/>
+			<point x="493" y="627" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+			<point x="493" y="709"/>
+			<point x="429" y="752"/>
+			<point x="350" y="752" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+			<point x="222" y="752"/>
+			<point x="131" y="640"/>
+			<point x="131" y="537" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+			<point x="131" y="492"/>
+			<point x="149" y="448"/>
+			<point x="192" y="417" type="curve"/>
+			<point x="77" y="389"/>
+			<point x="7" y="263"/>
+			<point x="7" y="158" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+			<point x="7" y="64"/>
+			<point x="63" y="-18"/>
+			<point x="191" y="-18" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+			<point x="310" y="-18"/>
+			<point x="432" y="52"/>
+			<point x="484" y="170" type="curve"/>
+		</contour>
+		<component base="acute" xOffset="210" yOffset="250"/>
+	</outline>
+</glyph>
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/Tests/pens/data/cubic/a.glif b/Tests/pens/data/cubic/a.glif
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1fc63b4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/pens/data/cubic/a.glif
@@ -0,0 +1,80 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<glyph name="a" format="1">
+	<unicode hex="0061"/>
+	<advance width="1118"/>
+	<outline>
+		<contour>
+			<point x="771" y="183" type="line"/>
+			<point x="771" y="123"/>
+			<point x="782" y="41"/>
+			<point x="802" y="0" type="curve"/>
+			<point x="1010" y="0" type="line"/>
+			<point x="1010" y="17" type="line"/>
+			<point x="984" y="76"/>
+			<point x="971" y="166"/>
+			<point x="971" y="238" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+			<point x="971" y="738" type="line"/>
+			<point x="971" y="981"/>
+			<point x="803" y="1102"/>
+			<point x="566" y="1102" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+			<point x="301" y="1102"/>
+			<point x="133" y="935"/>
+			<point x="133" y="782" type="curve"/>
+			<point x="333" y="782" type="line"/>
+			<point x="333" y="867"/>
+			<point x="421" y="945"/>
+			<point x="554" y="945" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+			<point x="697" y="945"/>
+			<point x="771" y="864"/>
+			<point x="771" y="740" type="curve"/>
+		</contour>
+		<contour>
+			<point x="804" y="661" type="line"/>
+			<point x="596" y="661" type="line"/>
+			<point x="301" y="661"/>
+			<point x="111" y="539"/>
+			<point x="111" y="303" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+			<point x="111" y="123"/>
+			<point x="257" y="-20"/>
+			<point x="480" y="-20" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+			<point x="711" y="-20"/>
+			<point x="857" y="170"/>
+			<point x="874" y="277" type="curve"/>
+			<point x="789" y="370" type="line"/>
+			<point x="789" y="279"/>
+			<point x="673" y="151"/>
+			<point x="510" y="151" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+			<point x="377" y="151"/>
+			<point x="311" y="230"/>
+			<point x="311" y="331" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+			<point x="311" y="462"/>
+			<point x="425" y="524"/>
+			<point x="629" y="524" type="curve"/>
+			<point x="806" y="524" type="line"/>
+		</contour>
+		<contour>
+			<point name="top" x="582" y="1290" type="move"/>
+		</contour>
+		<contour>
+			<point name="bottom" x="501" y="0" type="move"/>
+		</contour>
+		<contour>
+			<point name="ogonek" x="974" y="0" type="move"/>
+		</contour>
+		<contour>
+			<point name="rhalfring" x="700" y="1290" type="move"/>
+		</contour>
+		<contour>
+			<point name="top_dd" x="1118" y="1600" type="move"/>
+		</contour>
+		<contour>
+			<point name="bottom_dd" x="1118" y="-407" type="move"/>
+		</contour>
+		<contour>
+			<point name="rhotichook" x="879" y="654" type="move"/>
+		</contour>
+		<contour>
+			<point name="top0315" x="1118" y="1290" type="move"/>
+		</contour>
+	</outline>
+</glyph>
diff --git a/Tests/pens/data/cubic/acute.glif b/Tests/pens/data/cubic/acute.glif
new file mode 100755
index 0000000..2d39251
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/pens/data/cubic/acute.glif
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<glyph name="acute" format="1">
+	<unicode hex="00B4"/>
+	<advance width="316"/>
+	<outline>
+		<contour>
+			<point x="120" y="561" type="line"/>
+			<point x="195" y="561" type="line"/>
+			<point x="316" y="750" type="line"/>
+			<point x="211" y="750" type="line"/>
+		</contour>
+	</outline>
+</glyph>
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/Tests/pens/data/cubic/contents.plist b/Tests/pens/data/cubic/contents.plist
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3baa4e7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/pens/data/cubic/contents.plist
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<!DOCTYPE plist PUBLIC "-//Apple Computer//DTD PLIST 1.0//EN" "http://www.apple.com/DTDs/PropertyList-1.0.dtd">
+<plist version="1.0">
+<dict>
+	<key>A</key>
+	<string>A_.glif</string>
+	<key>Aacute</key>
+	<string>A_acute.glif</string>
+	<key>Eacute</key>
+	<string>E_acute.glif</string>
+	<key>a</key>
+	<string>a.glif</string>
+	<key>acute</key>
+	<string>acute.glif</string>
+</dict>
+</plist>
diff --git a/Tests/pens/data/quadratic/A_.glif b/Tests/pens/data/quadratic/A_.glif
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..dbc10e9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/pens/data/quadratic/A_.glif
@@ -0,0 +1,74 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<glyph name="A" format="1">
+	<unicode hex="0041"/>
+	<advance width="668"/>
+	<outline>
+		<contour>
+			<point x="501" y="347" type="line"/>
+			<point x="456.5" y="370"/>
+			<point x="386.5" y="393.16666666666663"/>
+			<point x="320.5" y="401"/>
+			<point x="282" y="401" type="qcurve" smooth="yes"/>
+			<point x="214.5" y="401"/>
+			<point x="126.75" y="379.25"/>
+			<point x="114" y="347" type="qcurve"/>
+			<point x="117.75" y="347"/>
+			<point x="127" y="326.5"/>
+			<point x="127" y="316" type="qcurve" smooth="yes"/>
+			<point x="127" y="298"/>
+			<point x="94.25" y="277"/>
+			<point x="71" y="277" type="qcurve" smooth="yes"/>
+			<point x="45.5" y="277"/>
+			<point x="9" y="305.75"/>
+			<point x="9" y="335" type="qcurve" smooth="yes"/>
+			<point x="9" y="369"/>
+			<point x="61.83333333333332" y="424.8333333333333"/>
+			<point x="154" y="458"/>
+			<point x="213" y="458" type="qcurve" smooth="yes"/>
+			<point x="237.375" y="458"/>
+			<point x="313.0052083333333" y="450.2916666666667"/>
+			<point x="401.2447916666667" y="433.2083333333333"/>
+			<point x="489.25" y="405.25"/>
+			<point x="526" y="385" type="qcurve"/>
+		</contour>
+		<contour>
+			<point x="629" y="678" type="line"/>
+			<point x="618.5" y="683.25"/>
+			<point x="591.5" y="692"/>
+			<point x="578" y="692" type="qcurve" smooth="yes"/>
+			<point x="544.3571428571429" y="692"/>
+			<point x="471.67614188532553" y="631.7033527696792"/>
+			<point x="398.9164237123421" y="527.9810495626824"/>
+			<point x="330.9234693877551" y="396.2091836734695"/>
+			<point x="272.54275996112733" y="251.76384839650154"/>
+			<point x="228.61977648202145" y="110.0211370262391"/>
+			<point x="204.00000000000006" y="-13.64285714285704"/>
+			<point x="204" y="-58" type="qcurve" smooth="yes"/>
+			<point x="204" y="-82"/>
+			<point x="213.5" y="-107.25"/>
+			<point x="218" y="-114" type="qcurve"/>
+			<point x="197.75" y="-114"/>
+			<point x="151.36458333333334" y="-109.60416666666667"/>
+			<point x="110.13541666666667" y="-90.39583333333333"/>
+			<point x="84" y="-47"/>
+			<point x="84" y="-8" type="qcurve" smooth="yes"/>
+			<point x="84" y="34.64285714285714"/>
+			<point x="117.10762876579204" y="157.5352283770651"/>
+			<point x="176.7779397473275" y="300.3955296404276"/>
+			<point x="257.04591836734687" y="447.1479591836734"/>
+			<point x="351.94655004859084" y="581.7167152575314"/>
+			<point x="455.5148202137998" y="688.0259961127308"/>
+			<point x="561.7857142857142" y="750"/>
+			<point x="613" y="750" type="qcurve" smooth="yes"/>
+			<point x="630.25" y="750"/>
+			<point x="674" y="743.5"/>
+			<point x="692" y="736" type="qcurve"/>
+		</contour>
+		<contour>
+			<point x="391" y="0" type="line"/>
+			<point x="547" y="736" type="line"/>
+			<point x="692" y="736" type="line"/>
+			<point x="535" y="0" type="line"/>
+		</contour>
+	</outline>
+</glyph>
diff --git a/Tests/pens/data/quadratic/E_acute.glif b/Tests/pens/data/quadratic/E_acute.glif
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..89b4a5a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/pens/data/quadratic/E_acute.glif
@@ -0,0 +1,64 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<glyph name="E" format="1">
+	<unicode hex="0045"/>
+	<advance width="459"/>
+	<outline>
+		<contour>
+			<point x="461" y="180" type="line"/>
+			<point x="443" y="147"/>
+			<point x="378.91666666666663" y="101.49999999999999"/>
+			<point x="306.5" y="78"/>
+			<point x="276" y="78" type="qcurve" smooth="yes"/>
+			<point x="225" y="78"/>
+			<point x="181" y="137"/>
+			<point x="181" y="179" type="qcurve" smooth="yes"/>
+			<point x="181" y="213.5"/>
+			<point x="206.65104166666666" y="289.3854166666667"/>
+			<point x="254.09895833333334" y="358.6145833333333"/>
+			<point x="319.875" y="409"/>
+			<point x="360" y="418" type="qcurve"/>
+			<point x="306" y="432.25"/>
+			<point x="259" y="508.5"/>
+			<point x="259" y="552" type="qcurve" smooth="yes"/>
+			<point x="259" y="587"/>
+			<point x="285.41666666666663" y="651.6666666666667"/>
+			<point x="331.5" y="693"/>
+			<point x="361" y="693" type="qcurve" smooth="yes"/>
+			<point x="381.25" y="693"/>
+			<point x="416" y="667.75"/>
+			<point x="416" y="637" type="qcurve" smooth="yes"/>
+			<point x="416" y="611.5"/>
+			<point x="390.75" y="556"/>
+			<point x="372" y="550" type="qcurve"/>
+			<point x="391.89473684210526" y="523"/>
+			<point x="419" y="523" type="qcurve" smooth="yes"/>
+			<point x="449" y="523"/>
+			<point x="493" y="582"/>
+			<point x="493" y="627" type="qcurve" smooth="yes"/>
+			<point x="493" y="688.5"/>
+			<point x="409.25" y="752"/>
+			<point x="350" y="752" type="qcurve" smooth="yes"/>
+			<point x="302" y="752"/>
+			<point x="221.84375" y="714.4114583333334"/>
+			<point x="163.15625" y="651.8385416666666"/>
+			<point x="131" y="575.625"/>
+			<point x="131" y="537" type="qcurve" smooth="yes"/>
+			<point x="131" y="503.25"/>
+			<point x="159.75" y="440.25"/>
+			<point x="192" y="417" type="qcurve"/>
+			<point x="134.5" y="403"/>
+			<point x="51.58333333333333" y="319.58333333333326"/>
+			<point x="7" y="210.5"/>
+			<point x="7" y="158" type="qcurve" smooth="yes"/>
+			<point x="7" y="111"/>
+			<point x="45.66666666666667" y="30.83333333333333"/>
+			<point x="127.00000000000001" y="-18"/>
+			<point x="191" y="-18" type="qcurve" smooth="yes"/>
+			<point x="250.5" y="-18"/>
+			<point x="365.4166666666667" y="26.833333333333336"/>
+			<point x="458" y="110.99999999999999"/>
+			<point x="484" y="170" type="qcurve"/>
+		</contour>
+		<component base="acute" xOffset="210" yOffset="250"/>
+	</outline>
+</glyph>
diff --git a/Tests/pens/data/quadratic/a.glif b/Tests/pens/data/quadratic/a.glif
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..dc776e1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/pens/data/quadratic/a.glif
@@ -0,0 +1,93 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<glyph name="a" format="1">
+	<unicode hex="0061"/>
+	<advance width="1118"/>
+	<outline>
+		<contour>
+			<point x="771" y="183" type="line"/>
+			<point x="771" y="153"/>
+			<point x="778.1666666666665" y="83.58333333333333"/>
+			<point x="792" y="20.5"/>
+			<point x="802" y="0" type="qcurve"/>
+			<point x="1010" y="0" type="line"/>
+			<point x="1010" y="17" type="line"/>
+			<point x="990.5" y="61.25"/>
+			<point x="971" y="184"/>
+			<point x="971" y="238" type="qcurve" smooth="yes"/>
+			<point x="971" y="738" type="line"/>
+			<point x="971" y="859.5"/>
+			<point x="867.25" y="1021.25"/>
+			<point x="684.5" y="1102"/>
+			<point x="566" y="1102" type="qcurve" smooth="yes"/>
+			<point x="466.625" y="1102"/>
+			<point x="306.8385416666667" y="1045.9739583333333"/>
+			<point x="193.41145833333334" y="952.7760416666666"/>
+			<point x="133" y="839.375"/>
+			<point x="133" y="782" type="qcurve"/>
+			<point x="333" y="782" type="line"/>
+			<point x="333" y="824.5"/>
+			<point x="388.0833333333333" y="898.9166666666665"/>
+			<point x="487.5" y="945"/>
+			<point x="554" y="945" type="qcurve" smooth="yes"/>
+			<point x="661.25" y="945"/>
+			<point x="771" y="833"/>
+			<point x="771" y="740" type="qcurve"/>
+		</contour>
+		<contour>
+			<point x="804" y="661" type="line"/>
+			<point x="596" y="661" type="line"/>
+			<point x="448.5" y="661"/>
+			<point x="230.58333333333331" y="580.3333333333334"/>
+			<point x="111" y="421"/>
+			<point x="111" y="303" type="qcurve" smooth="yes"/>
+			<point x="111" y="213"/>
+			<point x="202.58333333333334" y="66.5"/>
+			<point x="368.5" y="-20"/>
+			<point x="480" y="-20" type="qcurve" smooth="yes"/>
+			<point x="549.3000000000001" y="-20"/>
+			<point x="666.664" y="20.413000000000004"/>
+			<point x="760.4599999999999" y="86.77000000000001"/>
+			<point x="828.576" y="165.967"/>
+			<point x="868.8999999999999" y="244.90000000000003"/>
+			<point x="874" y="277" type="qcurve"/>
+			<point x="789" y="370" type="line"/>
+			<point x="789" y="335.875"/>
+			<point x="748.015625" y="259.765625"/>
+			<point x="673.234375" y="192.984375"/>
+			<point x="571.125" y="151"/>
+			<point x="510" y="151" type="qcurve" smooth="yes"/>
+			<point x="443.5" y="151"/>
+			<point x="355.08333333333326" y="198.916666666666666"/>
+			<point x="311" y="280.5"/>
+			<point x="311" y="331" type="qcurve" smooth="yes"/>
+			<point x="311" y="429.25"/>
+			<point x="476" y="524"/>
+			<point x="629" y="524" type="qcurve"/>
+			<point x="806" y="524" type="line"/>
+		</contour>
+		<contour>
+			<point name="top" x="582" y="1290" type="move"/>
+		</contour>
+		<contour>
+			<point name="bottom" x="501" y="0" type="move"/>
+		</contour>
+		<contour>
+			<point name="ogonek" x="974" y="0" type="move"/>
+		</contour>
+		<contour>
+			<point name="rhalfring" x="700" y="1290" type="move"/>
+		</contour>
+		<contour>
+			<point name="top_dd" x="1118" y="1600" type="move"/>
+		</contour>
+		<contour>
+			<point name="bottom_dd" x="1118" y="-407" type="move"/>
+		</contour>
+		<contour>
+			<point name="rhotichook" x="879" y="654" type="move"/>
+		</contour>
+		<contour>
+			<point name="top0315" x="1118" y="1290" type="move"/>
+		</contour>
+	</outline>
+</glyph>
diff --git a/Tests/pens/data/quadratic/acute.glif b/Tests/pens/data/quadratic/acute.glif
new file mode 100755
index 0000000..2d39251
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/pens/data/quadratic/acute.glif
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<glyph name="acute" format="1">
+	<unicode hex="00B4"/>
+	<advance width="316"/>
+	<outline>
+		<contour>
+			<point x="120" y="561" type="line"/>
+			<point x="195" y="561" type="line"/>
+			<point x="316" y="750" type="line"/>
+			<point x="211" y="750" type="line"/>
+		</contour>
+	</outline>
+</glyph>
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/Tests/pens/data/quadratic/contents.plist b/Tests/pens/data/quadratic/contents.plist
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5ed74ed
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/pens/data/quadratic/contents.plist
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<!DOCTYPE plist PUBLIC "-//Apple Computer//DTD PLIST 1.0//EN" "http://www.apple.com/DTDs/PropertyList-1.0.dtd">
+<plist version="1.0">
+<dict>
+	<key>A</key>
+	<string>A_.glif</string>
+	<key>Eacute</key>
+	<string>E_acute.glif</string>
+	<key>a</key>
+	<string>a.glif</string>
+	<key>acute</key>
+	<string>acute.glif</string>
+</dict>
+</plist>
diff --git a/Tests/pens/hashPointPen_test.py b/Tests/pens/hashPointPen_test.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6b744e6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/pens/hashPointPen_test.py
@@ -0,0 +1,138 @@
+from fontTools.misc.transform import Identity
+from fontTools.pens.hashPointPen import HashPointPen
+import pytest
+
+
+class _TestGlyph(object):
+    width = 500
+
+    def drawPoints(self, pen):
+        pen.beginPath(identifier="abc")
+        pen.addPoint((0.0, 0.0), "line", False, "start", identifier="0000")
+        pen.addPoint((10, 110), "line", False, None, identifier="0001")
+        pen.addPoint((50.0, 75.0), None, False, None, identifier="0002")
+        pen.addPoint((60.0, 50.0), None, False, None, identifier="0003")
+        pen.addPoint((50.0, 0.0), "curve", True, "last", identifier="0004")
+        pen.endPath()
+
+
+class _TestGlyph2(_TestGlyph):
+    def drawPoints(self, pen):
+        pen.beginPath(identifier="abc")
+        pen.addPoint((0.0, 0.0), "line", False, "start", identifier="0000")
+        # Minor difference to _TestGlyph() is in the next line:
+        pen.addPoint((101, 10), "line", False, None, identifier="0001")
+        pen.addPoint((50.0, 75.0), None, False, None, identifier="0002")
+        pen.addPoint((60.0, 50.0), None, False, None, identifier="0003")
+        pen.addPoint((50.0, 0.0), "curve", True, "last", identifier="0004")
+        pen.endPath()
+
+
+class _TestGlyph3(_TestGlyph):
+    def drawPoints(self, pen):
+        pen.beginPath(identifier="abc")
+        pen.addPoint((0.0, 0.0), "line", False, "start", identifier="0000")
+        pen.addPoint((10, 110), "line", False, None, identifier="0001")
+        pen.endPath()
+        # Same segment, but in a different path:
+        pen.beginPath(identifier="pth2")
+        pen.addPoint((50.0, 75.0), None, False, None, identifier="0002")
+        pen.addPoint((60.0, 50.0), None, False, None, identifier="0003")
+        pen.addPoint((50.0, 0.0), "curve", True, "last", identifier="0004")
+        pen.endPath()
+
+
+class _TestGlyph4(_TestGlyph):
+    def drawPoints(self, pen):
+        pen.beginPath(identifier="abc")
+        pen.addPoint((0.0, 0.0), "move", False, "start", identifier="0000")
+        pen.addPoint((10, 110), "line", False, None, identifier="0001")
+        pen.addPoint((50.0, 75.0), None, False, None, identifier="0002")
+        pen.addPoint((60.0, 50.0), None, False, None, identifier="0003")
+        pen.addPoint((50.0, 0.0), "curve", True, "last", identifier="0004")
+        pen.endPath()
+
+
+class _TestGlyph5(_TestGlyph):
+    def drawPoints(self, pen):
+        pen.addComponent("b", Identity)
+
+
+class HashPointPenTest(object):
+    def test_addComponent(self):
+        pen = HashPointPen(_TestGlyph().width, {"a": _TestGlyph()})
+        pen.addComponent("a", (2, 0, 0, 3, -10, 5))
+        assert pen.hash == "w500[l0+0l10+110o50+75o60+50c50+0|(+2+0+0+3-10+5)]"
+
+    def test_NestedComponents(self):
+        pen = HashPointPen(
+            _TestGlyph().width, {"a": _TestGlyph5(), "b": _TestGlyph()}
+        )  # "a" contains "b" as a component
+        pen.addComponent("a", (2, 0, 0, 3, -10, 5))
+
+        assert (
+            pen.hash
+            == "w500[[l0+0l10+110o50+75o60+50c50+0|(+1+0+0+1+0+0)](+2+0+0+3-10+5)]"
+        )
+
+    def test_outlineAndComponent(self):
+        pen = HashPointPen(_TestGlyph().width, {"a": _TestGlyph()})
+        glyph = _TestGlyph()
+        glyph.drawPoints(pen)
+        pen.addComponent("a", (2, 0, 0, 2, -10, 5))
+
+        assert (
+            pen.hash
+            == "w500l0+0l10+110o50+75o60+50c50+0|[l0+0l10+110o50+75o60+50c50+0|(+2+0+0+2-10+5)]"
+        )
+
+    def test_addComponent_missing_raises(self):
+        pen = HashPointPen(_TestGlyph().width, dict())
+        with pytest.raises(KeyError) as excinfo:
+            pen.addComponent("a", Identity)
+        assert excinfo.value.args[0] == "a"
+
+    def test_similarGlyphs(self):
+        pen = HashPointPen(_TestGlyph().width)
+        glyph = _TestGlyph()
+        glyph.drawPoints(pen)
+
+        pen2 = HashPointPen(_TestGlyph2().width)
+        glyph = _TestGlyph2()
+        glyph.drawPoints(pen2)
+
+        assert pen.hash != pen2.hash
+
+    def test_similarGlyphs2(self):
+        pen = HashPointPen(_TestGlyph().width)
+        glyph = _TestGlyph()
+        glyph.drawPoints(pen)
+
+        pen2 = HashPointPen(_TestGlyph3().width)
+        glyph = _TestGlyph3()
+        glyph.drawPoints(pen2)
+
+        assert pen.hash != pen2.hash
+
+    def test_similarGlyphs3(self):
+        pen = HashPointPen(_TestGlyph().width)
+        glyph = _TestGlyph()
+        glyph.drawPoints(pen)
+
+        pen2 = HashPointPen(_TestGlyph4().width)
+        glyph = _TestGlyph4()
+        glyph.drawPoints(pen2)
+
+        assert pen.hash != pen2.hash
+
+    def test_glyphVsComposite(self):
+        # If a glyph contains a component, the decomposed glyph should still
+        # compare false
+        pen = HashPointPen(_TestGlyph().width, {"a": _TestGlyph()})
+        pen.addComponent("a", Identity)
+
+        pen2 = HashPointPen(_TestGlyph().width)
+        glyph = _TestGlyph()
+        glyph.drawPoints(pen2)
+
+        assert pen.hash != pen2.hash
diff --git a/Tests/pens/perimeterPen_test.py b/Tests/pens/perimeterPen_test.py
index aa73c3d..1b64534 100644
--- a/Tests/pens/perimeterPen_test.py
+++ b/Tests/pens/perimeterPen_test.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import print_function, division, absolute_import
-from fontTools.misc.py23 import *
 from fontTools.pens.perimeterPen import PerimeterPen
 import unittest
 
diff --git a/Tests/pens/pointInsidePen_test.py b/Tests/pens/pointInsidePen_test.py
index 3696ece..b561c43 100644
--- a/Tests/pens/pointInsidePen_test.py
+++ b/Tests/pens/pointInsidePen_test.py
@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
-from __future__ import print_function, division, absolute_import
-from fontTools.misc.py23 import *
+from io import StringIO
 from fontTools.pens.pointInsidePen import PointInsidePen
 import unittest
 
@@ -73,16 +72,16 @@
 
     @staticmethod
     def render(draw_function, even_odd):
-        result = BytesIO()
+        result = StringIO()
         for y in range(5):
             for x in range(10):
                 pen = PointInsidePen(None, (x + 0.5, y + 0.5), even_odd)
                 draw_function(pen)
                 if pen.getResult():
-                    result.write(b"*")
+                    result.write("*")
                 else:
-                    result.write(b" ")
-        return tounicode(result.getvalue())
+                    result.write(" ")
+        return result.getvalue()
 
 
     def test_contour_no_solutions(self):
diff --git a/Tests/pens/pointPen_test.py b/Tests/pens/pointPen_test.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a920178
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/pens/pointPen_test.py
@@ -0,0 +1,490 @@
+import unittest
+
+from fontTools.pens.basePen import AbstractPen
+from fontTools.pens.pointPen import AbstractPointPen, PointToSegmentPen, \
+    SegmentToPointPen, GuessSmoothPointPen, ReverseContourPointPen
+
+
+class _TestSegmentPen(AbstractPen):
+
+    def __init__(self):
+        self._commands = []
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return " ".join(self._commands)
+
+    def moveTo(self, pt):
+        self._commands.append("%s %s moveto" % (pt[0], pt[1]))
+
+    def lineTo(self, pt):
+        self._commands.append("%s %s lineto" % (pt[0], pt[1]))
+
+    def curveTo(self, *pts):
+        pts = ["%s %s" % pt for pt in pts]
+        self._commands.append("%s curveto" % " ".join(pts))
+
+    def qCurveTo(self, *pts):
+        pts = ["%s %s" % pt if pt is not None else "None" for pt in pts]
+        self._commands.append("%s qcurveto" % " ".join(pts))
+
+    def closePath(self):
+        self._commands.append("closepath")
+
+    def endPath(self):
+        self._commands.append("endpath")
+
+    def addComponent(self, glyphName, transformation):
+        self._commands.append("'%s' %s addcomponent" % (glyphName, transformation))
+
+
+def _reprKwargs(kwargs):
+    items = []
+    for key in sorted(kwargs):
+        value = kwargs[key]
+        if isinstance(value, str):
+            items.append("%s='%s'" % (key, value))
+        else:
+            items.append("%s=%s" % (key, value))
+    return items
+
+
+class _TestPointPen(AbstractPointPen):
+
+    def __init__(self):
+        self._commands = []
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return " ".join(self._commands)
+
+    def beginPath(self, identifier=None, **kwargs):
+        items = []
+        if identifier is not None:
+            items.append("identifier='%s'" % identifier)
+        items.extend(_reprKwargs(kwargs))
+        self._commands.append("beginPath(%s)" % ", ".join(items))
+
+    def addPoint(self, pt, segmentType=None, smooth=False, name=None,
+                 identifier=None, **kwargs):
+        items = ["%s" % (pt,)]
+        if segmentType is not None:
+            items.append("segmentType='%s'" % segmentType)
+        if smooth:
+            items.append("smooth=True")
+        if name is not None:
+            items.append("name='%s'" % name)
+        if identifier is not None:
+            items.append("identifier='%s'" % identifier)
+        items.extend(_reprKwargs(kwargs))
+        self._commands.append("addPoint(%s)" % ", ".join(items))
+
+    def endPath(self):
+        self._commands.append("endPath()")
+
+    def addComponent(self, glyphName, transform, identifier=None, **kwargs):
+        items = ["'%s'" % glyphName, "%s" % transform]
+        if identifier is not None:
+            items.append("identifier='%s'" % identifier)
+        items.extend(_reprKwargs(kwargs))
+        self._commands.append("addComponent(%s)" % ", ".join(items))
+
+
+class PointToSegmentPenTest(unittest.TestCase):
+
+    def test_open(self):
+        pen = _TestSegmentPen()
+        ppen = PointToSegmentPen(pen)
+        ppen.beginPath()
+        ppen.addPoint((10, 10), "move")
+        ppen.addPoint((10, 20), "line")
+        ppen.endPath()
+        self.assertEqual("10 10 moveto 10 20 lineto endpath", repr(pen))
+
+    def test_closed(self):
+        pen = _TestSegmentPen()
+        ppen = PointToSegmentPen(pen)
+        ppen.beginPath()
+        ppen.addPoint((10, 10), "line")
+        ppen.addPoint((10, 20), "line")
+        ppen.addPoint((20, 20), "line")
+        ppen.endPath()
+        self.assertEqual("10 10 moveto 10 20 lineto 20 20 lineto closepath", repr(pen))
+
+    def test_cubic(self):
+        pen = _TestSegmentPen()
+        ppen = PointToSegmentPen(pen)
+        ppen.beginPath()
+        ppen.addPoint((10, 10), "line")
+        ppen.addPoint((10, 20))
+        ppen.addPoint((20, 20))
+        ppen.addPoint((20, 40), "curve")
+        ppen.endPath()
+        self.assertEqual("10 10 moveto 10 20 20 20 20 40 curveto closepath", repr(pen))
+
+    def test_quad(self):
+        pen = _TestSegmentPen()
+        ppen = PointToSegmentPen(pen)
+        ppen.beginPath(identifier='foo')
+        ppen.addPoint((10, 10), "line")
+        ppen.addPoint((10, 40))
+        ppen.addPoint((40, 40))
+        ppen.addPoint((10, 40), "qcurve")
+        ppen.endPath()
+        self.assertEqual("10 10 moveto 10 40 40 40 10 40 qcurveto closepath", repr(pen))
+
+    def test_quad_onlyOffCurvePoints(self):
+        pen = _TestSegmentPen()
+        ppen = PointToSegmentPen(pen)
+        ppen.beginPath()
+        ppen.addPoint((10, 10))
+        ppen.addPoint((10, 40))
+        ppen.addPoint((40, 40))
+        ppen.endPath()
+        self.assertEqual("10 10 10 40 40 40 None qcurveto closepath", repr(pen))
+
+    def test_roundTrip1(self):
+        tpen = _TestPointPen()
+        ppen = PointToSegmentPen(SegmentToPointPen(tpen))
+        ppen.beginPath()
+        ppen.addPoint((10, 10), "line")
+        ppen.addPoint((10, 20))
+        ppen.addPoint((20, 20))
+        ppen.addPoint((20, 40), "curve")
+        ppen.endPath()
+        self.assertEqual("beginPath() addPoint((10, 10), segmentType='line') addPoint((10, 20)) "
+                         "addPoint((20, 20)) addPoint((20, 40), segmentType='curve') endPath()",
+                         repr(tpen))
+
+    def test_closed_outputImpliedClosingLine(self):
+        tpen = _TestSegmentPen()
+        ppen = PointToSegmentPen(tpen, outputImpliedClosingLine=True)
+        ppen.beginPath()
+        ppen.addPoint((10, 10), "line")
+        ppen.addPoint((10, 20), "line")
+        ppen.addPoint((20, 20), "line")
+        ppen.endPath()
+        self.assertEqual(
+            "10 10 moveto "
+            "10 20 lineto "
+            "20 20 lineto "
+            "10 10 lineto "  # explicit closing line
+            "closepath",
+            repr(tpen)
+        )
+
+    def test_closed_line_overlapping_start_end_points(self):
+        # Test case from https://github.com/googlefonts/fontmake/issues/572.
+        tpen = _TestSegmentPen()
+        ppen = PointToSegmentPen(tpen, outputImpliedClosingLine=False)
+        # The last oncurve point on this closed contour is a "line" segment and has
+        # same coordinates as the starting point.
+        ppen.beginPath()
+        ppen.addPoint((0, 651), segmentType="line")
+        ppen.addPoint((0, 101), segmentType="line")
+        ppen.addPoint((0, 101), segmentType="line")
+        ppen.addPoint((0, 651), segmentType="line")
+        ppen.endPath()
+        # Check that we always output an explicit 'lineTo' segment at the end,
+        # regardless of the value of 'outputImpliedClosingLine', to disambiguate
+        # the duplicate point from the implied closing line.
+        self.assertEqual(
+            "0 651 moveto "
+            "0 101 lineto "
+            "0 101 lineto "
+            "0 651 lineto "
+            "0 651 lineto "
+            "closepath",
+            repr(tpen)
+        )
+
+    def test_roundTrip2(self):
+        tpen = _TestPointPen()
+        ppen = PointToSegmentPen(SegmentToPointPen(tpen))
+        ppen.beginPath()
+        ppen.addPoint((0, 651), segmentType="line")
+        ppen.addPoint((0, 101), segmentType="line")
+        ppen.addPoint((0, 101), segmentType="line")
+        ppen.addPoint((0, 651), segmentType="line")
+        ppen.endPath()
+        self.assertEqual(
+            "beginPath() "
+            "addPoint((0, 651), segmentType='line') "
+            "addPoint((0, 101), segmentType='line') "
+            "addPoint((0, 101), segmentType='line') "
+            "addPoint((0, 651), segmentType='line') "
+            "endPath()",
+            repr(tpen)
+        )
+
+
+class TestSegmentToPointPen(unittest.TestCase):
+
+    def test_move(self):
+        tpen = _TestPointPen()
+        pen = SegmentToPointPen(tpen)
+        pen.moveTo((10, 10))
+        pen.endPath()
+        self.assertEqual("beginPath() addPoint((10, 10), segmentType='move') endPath()",
+                         repr(tpen))
+
+    def test_poly(self):
+        tpen = _TestPointPen()
+        pen = SegmentToPointPen(tpen)
+        pen.moveTo((10, 10))
+        pen.lineTo((10, 20))
+        pen.lineTo((20, 20))
+        pen.closePath()
+        self.assertEqual("beginPath() addPoint((10, 10), segmentType='line') "
+                         "addPoint((10, 20), segmentType='line') "
+                         "addPoint((20, 20), segmentType='line') endPath()",
+                         repr(tpen))
+
+    def test_cubic(self):
+        tpen = _TestPointPen()
+        pen = SegmentToPointPen(tpen)
+        pen.moveTo((10, 10))
+        pen.curveTo((10, 20), (20, 20), (20, 10))
+        pen.closePath()
+        self.assertEqual("beginPath() addPoint((10, 10), segmentType='line') "
+                         "addPoint((10, 20)) addPoint((20, 20)) addPoint((20, 10), "
+                         "segmentType='curve') endPath()", repr(tpen))
+
+    def test_quad(self):
+        tpen = _TestPointPen()
+        pen = SegmentToPointPen(tpen)
+        pen.moveTo((10, 10))
+        pen.qCurveTo((10, 20), (20, 20), (20, 10))
+        pen.closePath()
+        self.assertEqual("beginPath() addPoint((10, 10), segmentType='line') "
+                         "addPoint((10, 20)) addPoint((20, 20)) "
+                         "addPoint((20, 10), segmentType='qcurve') endPath()",
+                         repr(tpen))
+
+    def test_quad2(self):
+        tpen = _TestPointPen()
+        pen = SegmentToPointPen(tpen)
+        pen.qCurveTo((10, 20), (20, 20), (20, 10), (10, 10), None)
+        pen.closePath()
+        self.assertEqual("beginPath() addPoint((10, 20)) addPoint((20, 20)) "
+                         "addPoint((20, 10)) addPoint((10, 10)) endPath()",
+                         repr(tpen))
+
+    def test_roundTrip1(self):
+        spen = _TestSegmentPen()
+        pen = SegmentToPointPen(PointToSegmentPen(spen))
+        pen.moveTo((10, 10))
+        pen.lineTo((10, 20))
+        pen.lineTo((20, 20))
+        pen.closePath()
+        self.assertEqual("10 10 moveto 10 20 lineto 20 20 lineto closepath", repr(spen))
+
+    def test_roundTrip2(self):
+        spen = _TestSegmentPen()
+        pen = SegmentToPointPen(PointToSegmentPen(spen))
+        pen.qCurveTo((10, 20), (20, 20), (20, 10), (10, 10), None)
+        pen.closePath()
+        pen.addComponent('base', [1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0])
+        self.assertEqual("10 20 20 20 20 10 10 10 None qcurveto closepath "
+                         "'base' [1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0] addcomponent",
+                         repr(spen))
+
+
+class TestGuessSmoothPointPen(unittest.TestCase):
+
+    def test_guessSmooth_exact(self):
+        tpen = _TestPointPen()
+        pen = GuessSmoothPointPen(tpen)
+        pen.beginPath(identifier="foo")
+        pen.addPoint((0, 100), segmentType="curve")
+        pen.addPoint((0, 200))
+        pen.addPoint((400, 200), identifier='bar')
+        pen.addPoint((400, 100), segmentType="curve")
+        pen.addPoint((400, 0))
+        pen.addPoint((0, 0))
+        pen.endPath()
+        self.assertEqual("beginPath(identifier='foo') "
+                         "addPoint((0, 100), segmentType='curve', smooth=True) "
+                         "addPoint((0, 200)) addPoint((400, 200), identifier='bar') "
+                         "addPoint((400, 100), segmentType='curve', smooth=True) "
+                         "addPoint((400, 0)) addPoint((0, 0)) endPath()",
+                         repr(tpen))
+
+    def test_guessSmooth_almost(self):
+        tpen = _TestPointPen()
+        pen = GuessSmoothPointPen(tpen)
+        pen.beginPath()
+        pen.addPoint((0, 100), segmentType="curve")
+        pen.addPoint((1, 200))
+        pen.addPoint((395, 200))
+        pen.addPoint((400, 100), segmentType="curve")
+        pen.addPoint((400, 0))
+        pen.addPoint((0, 0))
+        pen.endPath()
+        self.assertEqual("beginPath() addPoint((0, 100), segmentType='curve', smooth=True) "
+                         "addPoint((1, 200)) addPoint((395, 200)) "
+                         "addPoint((400, 100), segmentType='curve', smooth=True) "
+                         "addPoint((400, 0)) addPoint((0, 0)) endPath()",
+                         repr(tpen))
+
+    def test_guessSmooth_tangent(self):
+        tpen = _TestPointPen()
+        pen = GuessSmoothPointPen(tpen)
+        pen.beginPath()
+        pen.addPoint((0, 0), segmentType="move")
+        pen.addPoint((0, 100), segmentType="line")
+        pen.addPoint((3, 200))
+        pen.addPoint((300, 200))
+        pen.addPoint((400, 200), segmentType="curve")
+        pen.endPath()
+        self.assertEqual("beginPath() addPoint((0, 0), segmentType='move') "
+                         "addPoint((0, 100), segmentType='line', smooth=True) "
+                         "addPoint((3, 200)) addPoint((300, 200)) "
+                         "addPoint((400, 200), segmentType='curve') endPath()",
+                         repr(tpen))
+
+class TestReverseContourPointPen(unittest.TestCase):
+
+    def test_singlePoint(self):
+        tpen = _TestPointPen()
+        pen = ReverseContourPointPen(tpen)
+        pen.beginPath()
+        pen.addPoint((0, 0), segmentType="move")
+        pen.endPath()
+        self.assertEqual("beginPath() "
+                         "addPoint((0, 0), segmentType='move') "
+                         "endPath()",
+                         repr(tpen))
+
+    def test_line(self):
+        tpen = _TestPointPen()
+        pen = ReverseContourPointPen(tpen)
+        pen.beginPath()
+        pen.addPoint((0, 0), segmentType="move")
+        pen.addPoint((0, 100), segmentType="line")
+        pen.endPath()
+        self.assertEqual("beginPath() "
+                         "addPoint((0, 100), segmentType='move') "
+                         "addPoint((0, 0), segmentType='line') "
+                         "endPath()",
+                         repr(tpen))
+
+    def test_triangle(self):
+        tpen = _TestPointPen()
+        pen = ReverseContourPointPen(tpen)
+        pen.beginPath()
+        pen.addPoint((0, 0), segmentType="line")
+        pen.addPoint((0, 100), segmentType="line")
+        pen.addPoint((100, 100), segmentType="line")
+        pen.endPath()
+        self.assertEqual("beginPath() "
+                         "addPoint((0, 0), segmentType='line') "
+                         "addPoint((100, 100), segmentType='line') "
+                         "addPoint((0, 100), segmentType='line') "
+                         "endPath()",
+                         repr(tpen))
+
+    def test_cubicOpen(self):
+        tpen = _TestPointPen()
+        pen = ReverseContourPointPen(tpen)
+        pen.beginPath()
+        pen.addPoint((0, 0), segmentType="move")
+        pen.addPoint((0, 100))
+        pen.addPoint((100, 200))
+        pen.addPoint((200, 200), segmentType="curve")
+        pen.endPath()
+        self.assertEqual("beginPath() "
+                         "addPoint((200, 200), segmentType='move') "
+                         "addPoint((100, 200)) "
+                         "addPoint((0, 100)) "
+                         "addPoint((0, 0), segmentType='curve') "
+                         "endPath()",
+                         repr(tpen))
+
+    def test_quadOpen(self):
+        tpen = _TestPointPen()
+        pen = ReverseContourPointPen(tpen)
+        pen.beginPath()
+        pen.addPoint((0, 0), segmentType="move")
+        pen.addPoint((0, 100))
+        pen.addPoint((100, 200))
+        pen.addPoint((200, 200), segmentType="qcurve")
+        pen.endPath()
+        self.assertEqual("beginPath() "
+                         "addPoint((200, 200), segmentType='move') "
+                         "addPoint((100, 200)) "
+                         "addPoint((0, 100)) "
+                         "addPoint((0, 0), segmentType='qcurve') "
+                         "endPath()",
+                         repr(tpen))
+
+    def test_cubicClosed(self):
+        tpen = _TestPointPen()
+        pen = ReverseContourPointPen(tpen)
+        pen.beginPath()
+        pen.addPoint((0, 0), segmentType="line")
+        pen.addPoint((0, 100))
+        pen.addPoint((100, 200))
+        pen.addPoint((200, 200), segmentType="curve")
+        pen.endPath()
+        self.assertEqual("beginPath() "
+                         "addPoint((0, 0), segmentType='curve') "
+                         "addPoint((200, 200), segmentType='line') "
+                         "addPoint((100, 200)) "
+                         "addPoint((0, 100)) "
+                         "endPath()",
+                         repr(tpen))
+
+    def test_quadClosedOffCurveStart(self):
+        tpen = _TestPointPen()
+        pen = ReverseContourPointPen(tpen)
+        pen.beginPath()
+        pen.addPoint((100, 200))
+        pen.addPoint((200, 200), segmentType="qcurve")
+        pen.addPoint((0, 0), segmentType="line")
+        pen.addPoint((0, 100))
+        pen.endPath()
+        self.assertEqual("beginPath() "
+                         "addPoint((100, 200)) "
+                         "addPoint((0, 100)) "
+                         "addPoint((0, 0), segmentType='qcurve') "
+                         "addPoint((200, 200), segmentType='line') "
+                         "endPath()",
+                         repr(tpen))
+
+    def test_quadNoOnCurve(self):
+        tpen = _TestPointPen()
+        pen = ReverseContourPointPen(tpen)
+        pen.beginPath(identifier='bar')
+        pen.addPoint((0, 0))
+        pen.addPoint((0, 100), identifier='foo', arbitrary='foo')
+        pen.addPoint((100, 200), arbitrary=123)
+        pen.addPoint((200, 200))
+        pen.endPath()
+        pen.addComponent("base", [1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0], identifier='foo')
+        self.assertEqual("beginPath(identifier='bar') "
+                         "addPoint((0, 0)) "
+                         "addPoint((200, 200)) "
+                         "addPoint((100, 200), arbitrary=123) "
+                         "addPoint((0, 100), identifier='foo', arbitrary='foo') "
+                         "endPath() "
+                         "addComponent('base', [1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0], identifier='foo')",
+                         repr(tpen))
+
+    def test_closed_line_overlapping_start_end_points(self):
+        # Test case from https://github.com/googlefonts/fontmake/issues/572
+        tpen = _TestPointPen()
+        pen = ReverseContourPointPen(tpen)
+        pen.beginPath()
+        pen.addPoint((0, 651), segmentType="line")
+        pen.addPoint((0, 101), segmentType="line")
+        pen.addPoint((0, 101), segmentType="line")
+        pen.addPoint((0, 651), segmentType="line")
+        pen.endPath()
+        self.assertEqual(
+            "beginPath() "
+            "addPoint((0, 651), segmentType='line') "
+            "addPoint((0, 651), segmentType='line') "
+            "addPoint((0, 101), segmentType='line') "
+            "addPoint((0, 101), segmentType='line') "
+            "endPath()",
+            repr(tpen)
+        )
diff --git a/Tests/pens/quartzPen_test.py b/Tests/pens/quartzPen_test.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3a81d97
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/pens/quartzPen_test.py
@@ -0,0 +1,78 @@
+import unittest
+
+try:
+    from fontTools.pens.quartzPen import QuartzPen
+
+    from Quartz.CoreGraphics import CGPathApply
+    from Quartz.CoreGraphics import kCGPathElementMoveToPoint
+    from Quartz.CoreGraphics import kCGPathElementAddLineToPoint
+    from Quartz.CoreGraphics import kCGPathElementAddQuadCurveToPoint
+    from Quartz.CoreGraphics import kCGPathElementAddCurveToPoint
+    from Quartz.CoreGraphics import kCGPathElementCloseSubpath
+
+    PATH_ELEMENTS = {
+        # CG constant key                    desc       num_points
+        kCGPathElementMoveToPoint:         ('moveto',   1),
+        kCGPathElementAddLineToPoint:      ('lineto',   1),
+        kCGPathElementAddCurveToPoint:     ('curveto',  3),
+        kCGPathElementAddQuadCurveToPoint: ('qcurveto', 2),
+        kCGPathElementCloseSubpath:        ('close',    0),
+    }
+
+    PYOBJC_AVAILABLE = True
+except ImportError:
+    PYOBJC_AVAILABLE = False
+
+
+def draw(pen):
+    pen.moveTo((50, 0))
+    pen.lineTo((50, 500))
+    pen.lineTo((200, 500))
+    pen.curveTo((350, 500), (450, 400), (450, 250))
+    pen.curveTo((450, 100), (350, 0), (200, 0))
+    pen.closePath()
+
+
+def quartzPathApplier(elements, element):
+    num_points = 0
+    elem_type = None
+    if element.type in PATH_ELEMENTS:
+        num_points = PATH_ELEMENTS[element.type][1]
+        elem_type = PATH_ELEMENTS[element.type][0]
+    elements.append((elem_type, element.points.as_tuple(num_points)))
+
+
+def quartzPathElements(path):
+    elements = []
+    CGPathApply(path, elements, quartzPathApplier)
+    return elements
+
+
+def quartzPathToString(path):
+    elements = quartzPathElements(path)
+    output = []
+    for element in elements:
+        elem_type, elem_points = element
+        path_points = " ".join([f"{p.x} {p.y}" for p in elem_points])
+        output.append(f"{elem_type} {path_points}")
+    return " ".join(output)
+
+
+@unittest.skipUnless(PYOBJC_AVAILABLE, "pyobjc not installed")
+class QuartzPenTest(unittest.TestCase):
+    def test_draw(self):
+        pen = QuartzPen(None)
+        draw(pen)
+        self.assertEqual(
+            "moveto 50.0 0.0 lineto 50.0 500.0 lineto 200.0 500.0 curveto 350.0 500.0 450.0 400.0 450.0 250.0 curveto 450.0 100.0 350.0 0.0 200.0 0.0 close ",
+            quartzPathToString(pen.path)
+        )
+
+    def test_empty(self):
+        pen = QuartzPen(None)
+        self.assertEqual("", quartzPathToString(pen.path))
+
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    import sys
+    sys.exit(unittest.main())
diff --git a/Tests/pens/recordingPen_test.py b/Tests/pens/recordingPen_test.py
index fdc5d06..6977b93 100644
--- a/Tests/pens/recordingPen_test.py
+++ b/Tests/pens/recordingPen_test.py
@@ -1,20 +1,29 @@
-from __future__ import print_function, division, absolute_import
-from fontTools.misc.py23 import *
-from fontTools.pens.recordingPen import RecordingPen, DecomposingRecordingPen
+from fontTools.pens.recordingPen import (
+    RecordingPen,
+    DecomposingRecordingPen,
+    RecordingPointPen,
+)
 import pytest
 
 
 class _TestGlyph(object):
-
     def draw(self, pen):
         pen.moveTo((0.0, 0.0))
         pen.lineTo((0.0, 100.0))
         pen.curveTo((50.0, 75.0), (60.0, 50.0), (50.0, 0.0))
         pen.closePath()
 
+    def drawPoints(self, pen):
+        pen.beginPath(identifier="abc")
+        pen.addPoint((0.0, 0.0), "line", False, "start", identifier="0000")
+        pen.addPoint((0.0, 100.0), "line", False, None, identifier="0001")
+        pen.addPoint((50.0, 75.0), None, False, None, identifier="0002")
+        pen.addPoint((60.0, 50.0), None, False, None, identifier="0003")
+        pen.addPoint((50.0, 0.0), "curve", True, "last", identifier="0004")
+        pen.endPath()
+
 
 class RecordingPenTest(object):
-
     def test_addComponent(self):
         pen = RecordingPen()
         pen.addComponent("a", (2, 0, 0, 3, -10, 5))
@@ -22,18 +31,42 @@
 
 
 class DecomposingRecordingPenTest(object):
-
     def test_addComponent_decomposed(self):
         pen = DecomposingRecordingPen({"a": _TestGlyph()})
         pen.addComponent("a", (2, 0, 0, 3, -10, 5))
         assert pen.value == [
-            ('moveTo', ((-10.0, 5.0),)),
-            ('lineTo', ((-10.0, 305.0),)),
-            ('curveTo', ((90.0, 230.0), (110.0, 155.0), (90.0, 5.0),)),
-            ('closePath', ())]
+            ("moveTo", ((-10.0, 5.0),)),
+            ("lineTo", ((-10.0, 305.0),)),
+            ("curveTo", ((90.0, 230.0), (110.0, 155.0), (90.0, 5.0))),
+            ("closePath", ()),
+        ]
 
     def test_addComponent_missing_raises(self):
         pen = DecomposingRecordingPen(dict())
         with pytest.raises(KeyError) as excinfo:
             pen.addComponent("a", (1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0))
         assert excinfo.value.args[0] == "a"
+
+
+class RecordingPointPenTest:
+    def test_record_and_replay(self):
+        pen = RecordingPointPen()
+        glyph = _TestGlyph()
+        glyph.drawPoints(pen)
+        pen.addComponent("a", (2, 0, 0, 2, -10, 5))
+
+        assert pen.value == [
+            ("beginPath", (), {"identifier": "abc"}),
+            ("addPoint", ((0.0, 0.0), "line", False, "start"), {"identifier": "0000"}),
+            ("addPoint", ((0.0, 100.0), "line", False, None), {"identifier": "0001"}),
+            ("addPoint", ((50.0, 75.0), None, False, None), {"identifier": "0002"}),
+            ("addPoint", ((60.0, 50.0), None, False, None), {"identifier": "0003"}),
+            ("addPoint", ((50.0, 0.0), "curve", True, "last"), {"identifier": "0004"}),
+            ("endPath", (), {}),
+            ("addComponent", ("a", (2, 0, 0, 2, -10, 5)), {}),
+        ]
+
+        pen2 = RecordingPointPen()
+        pen.replay(pen2)
+
+        assert pen2.value == pen.value
diff --git a/Tests/pens/reverseContourPen_test.py b/Tests/pens/reverseContourPen_test.py
index bace806..9c71540 100644
--- a/Tests/pens/reverseContourPen_test.py
+++ b/Tests/pens/reverseContourPen_test.py
@@ -278,6 +278,26 @@
             ('lineTo', ((848, 348),)),  # the duplicate point is kept
             ('closePath', ())
         ]
+    ),
+    # Test case from https://github.com/googlefonts/fontmake/issues/572
+    # An additional closing lineTo is required to disambiguate a duplicate
+    # point at the end of a contour from the implied closing line.
+    (
+        [
+            ('moveTo', ((0, 651),)),
+            ('lineTo', ((0, 101),)),
+            ('lineTo', ((0, 101),)),
+            ('lineTo', ((0, 651),)),
+            ('lineTo', ((0, 651),)),
+            ('closePath', ())
+        ],
+        [
+            ('moveTo', ((0, 651),)),
+            ('lineTo', ((0, 651),)),
+            ('lineTo', ((0, 101),)),
+            ('lineTo', ((0, 101),)),
+            ('closePath', ())
+        ]
     )
 ]
 
@@ -293,11 +313,8 @@
 
 @pytest.mark.parametrize("contour, expected", TEST_DATA)
 def test_reverse_point_pen(contour, expected):
-    try:
-        from ufoLib.pointPen import (
-            ReverseContourPointPen, PointToSegmentPen, SegmentToPointPen)
-    except ImportError:
-        pytest.skip("ufoLib not installed")
+    from fontTools.ufoLib.pointPen import (
+        ReverseContourPointPen, PointToSegmentPen, SegmentToPointPen)
 
     recpen = RecordingPen()
     pt2seg = PointToSegmentPen(recpen, outputImpliedClosingLine=True)
diff --git a/Tests/pens/t2CharStringPen_test.py b/Tests/pens/t2CharStringPen_test.py
index 7225fc4..b710df5 100644
--- a/Tests/pens/t2CharStringPen_test.py
+++ b/Tests/pens/t2CharStringPen_test.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import print_function, division, absolute_import
-from fontTools.misc.py23 import *
 from fontTools.pens.t2CharStringPen import T2CharStringPen
 import unittest
 
@@ -8,16 +6,12 @@
 
     def __init__(self, methodName):
         unittest.TestCase.__init__(self, methodName)
-        # Python 3 renamed assertRaisesRegexp to assertRaisesRegex,
-        # and fires deprecation warnings if a program uses the old name.
-        if not hasattr(self, "assertRaisesRegex"):
-            self.assertRaisesRegex = self.assertRaisesRegexp
 
     def assertAlmostEqualProgram(self, expected, actual):
         self.assertEqual(len(expected), len(actual))
         for i1, i2 in zip(expected, actual):
-            if isinstance(i1, basestring):
-                self.assertIsInstance(i2, basestring)
+            if isinstance(i1, str):
+                self.assertIsInstance(i2, str)
                 self.assertEqual(i1, i2)
             else:
                 self.assertAlmostEqual(i1, i2)
@@ -142,14 +136,14 @@
         pen = T2CharStringPen(100.1, {}, roundTolerance=0.5)
         pen.moveTo((0, 0))
         pen.curveTo((10.1, 0.1), (19.9, 9.9), (20.49, 20.49))
-        pen.curveTo((20.49, 30.49), (9.9, 39.9), (0.1, 40.1))
+        pen.curveTo((20.49, 30.5), (9.9, 39.9), (0.1, 40.1))
         pen.closePath()
         charstring = pen.getCharString(None, None)
 
         self.assertEqual(
             [100,
              0, 'hmoveto',
-             10, 10, 10, 10, 10, -10, 10, -10, 'hvcurveto',
+             10, 10, 10, 10, 11, -10, 9, -10, 'hvcurveto',
              'endchar'],
             charstring.program)
 
diff --git a/Tests/pens/ttGlyphPen_test.py b/Tests/pens/ttGlyphPen_test.py
index 328773e..96d75a1 100644
--- a/Tests/pens/ttGlyphPen_test.py
+++ b/Tests/pens/ttGlyphPen_test.py
@@ -1,57 +1,63 @@
-from __future__ import print_function, division, absolute_import
-from fontTools.misc.py23 import *
-
 import os
-import unittest
+import pytest
+import struct
 
 from fontTools import ttLib
-from fontTools.pens.ttGlyphPen import TTGlyphPen
+from fontTools.pens.basePen import PenError
+from fontTools.pens.ttGlyphPen import TTGlyphPen, TTGlyphPointPen, MAX_F2DOT14
 
 
-class TTGlyphPenTest(unittest.TestCase):
-
+class TTGlyphPenTestBase:
     def runEndToEnd(self, filename):
         font = ttLib.TTFont()
         ttx_path = os.path.join(
             os.path.abspath(os.path.dirname(os.path.realpath(__file__))),
-            '..', 'ttLib', 'data', filename)
+            "..",
+            "ttLib",
+            "data",
+            filename,
+        )
         font.importXML(ttx_path)
 
         glyphSet = font.getGlyphSet()
-        glyfTable = font['glyf']
-        pen = TTGlyphPen(font.getGlyphSet())
+        glyfTable = font["glyf"]
+        pen = self.penClass(font.getGlyphSet())
 
         for name in font.getGlyphOrder():
             oldGlyph = glyphSet[name]
-            oldGlyph.draw(pen)
+            getattr(oldGlyph, self.drawMethod)(pen)
             oldGlyph = oldGlyph._glyph
             newGlyph = pen.glyph()
 
-            if hasattr(oldGlyph, 'program'):
+            if hasattr(oldGlyph, "program"):
                 newGlyph.program = oldGlyph.program
 
-            self.assertEqual(
-                oldGlyph.compile(glyfTable), newGlyph.compile(glyfTable))
+            assert oldGlyph.compile(glyfTable) == newGlyph.compile(glyfTable)
 
     def test_e2e_linesAndSimpleComponents(self):
-        self.runEndToEnd('TestTTF-Regular.ttx')
+        self.runEndToEnd("TestTTF-Regular.ttx")
 
     def test_e2e_curvesAndComponentTransforms(self):
-        self.runEndToEnd('TestTTFComplex-Regular.ttx')
+        self.runEndToEnd("TestTTFComplex-Regular.ttx")
+
+
+class TTGlyphPenTest(TTGlyphPenTestBase):
+    penClass = TTGlyphPen
+    drawMethod = "draw"
 
     def test_moveTo_errorWithinContour(self):
         pen = TTGlyphPen(None)
         pen.moveTo((0, 0))
-        with self.assertRaises(AssertionError):
+        with pytest.raises(PenError):
             pen.moveTo((1, 0))
 
     def test_closePath_ignoresAnchors(self):
         pen = TTGlyphPen(None)
         pen.moveTo((0, 0))
         pen.closePath()
-        self.assertFalse(pen.points)
-        self.assertFalse(pen.types)
-        self.assertFalse(pen.endPts)
+        assert not pen.points
+        assert not pen.types
+        assert not pen.endPts
 
     def test_endPath_sameAsClosePath(self):
         pen = TTGlyphPen(None)
@@ -68,16 +74,16 @@
         pen.endPath()
         endPathGlyph = pen.glyph()
 
-        self.assertEqual(closePathGlyph, endPathGlyph)
+        assert closePathGlyph == endPathGlyph
 
     def test_glyph_errorOnUnendedContour(self):
         pen = TTGlyphPen(None)
         pen.moveTo((0, 0))
-        with self.assertRaises(AssertionError):
+        with pytest.raises(PenError):
             pen.glyph()
 
     def test_glyph_decomposes(self):
-        componentName = 'a'
+        componentName = "a"
         glyphSet = {}
         pen = TTGlyphPen(glyphSet)
 
@@ -92,6 +98,7 @@
         pen.lineTo((1, 0))
         pen.closePath()
         pen.addComponent(componentName, (1, 0, 0, 1, 2, 0))
+        pen.addComponent("missing", (1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0))  # skipped
         compositeGlyph = pen.glyph()
 
         pen.moveTo((0, 0))
@@ -104,7 +111,7 @@
         pen.closePath()
         plainGlyph = pen.glyph()
 
-        self.assertEqual(plainGlyph, compositeGlyph)
+        assert plainGlyph == compositeGlyph
 
     def test_remove_extra_move_points(self):
         pen = TTGlyphPen(None)
@@ -112,8 +119,8 @@
         pen.lineTo((100, 0))
         pen.qCurveTo((100, 50), (50, 100), (0, 0))
         pen.closePath()
-        self.assertEqual(len(pen.points), 4)
-        self.assertEqual(pen.points[0], (0, 0))
+        assert len(pen.points) == 4
+        assert pen.points[0] == (0, 0)
 
     def test_keep_move_point(self):
         pen = TTGlyphPen(None)
@@ -122,8 +129,8 @@
         pen.qCurveTo((100, 50), (50, 100), (30, 30))
         # when last and move pts are different, closePath() implies a lineTo
         pen.closePath()
-        self.assertEqual(len(pen.points), 5)
-        self.assertEqual(pen.points[0], (0, 0))
+        assert len(pen.points) == 5
+        assert pen.points[0] == (0, 0)
 
     def test_keep_duplicate_end_point(self):
         pen = TTGlyphPen(None)
@@ -132,8 +139,441 @@
         pen.qCurveTo((100, 50), (50, 100), (0, 0))
         pen.lineTo((0, 0))  # the duplicate point is not removed
         pen.closePath()
-        self.assertEqual(len(pen.points), 5)
-        self.assertEqual(pen.points[0], (0, 0))
+        assert len(pen.points) == 5
+        assert pen.points[0] == (0, 0)
+
+    def test_within_range_component_transform(self):
+        componentName = "a"
+        glyphSet = {}
+        pen = TTGlyphPen(glyphSet)
+
+        pen.moveTo((0, 0))
+        pen.lineTo((0, 1))
+        pen.lineTo((1, 0))
+        pen.closePath()
+        glyphSet[componentName] = _TestGlyph(pen.glyph())
+
+        pen.addComponent(componentName, (1.5, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0))
+        pen.addComponent(componentName, (1, 0, 0, -1.5, 0, 0))
+        compositeGlyph = pen.glyph()
+
+        pen.addComponent(componentName, (1.5, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0))
+        pen.addComponent(componentName, (1, 0, 0, -1.5, 0, 0))
+        expectedGlyph = pen.glyph()
+
+        assert expectedGlyph == compositeGlyph
+
+    def test_clamp_to_almost_2_component_transform(self):
+        componentName = "a"
+        glyphSet = {}
+        pen = TTGlyphPen(glyphSet)
+
+        pen.moveTo((0, 0))
+        pen.lineTo((0, 1))
+        pen.lineTo((1, 0))
+        pen.closePath()
+        glyphSet[componentName] = _TestGlyph(pen.glyph())
+
+        pen.addComponent(componentName, (1.99999, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0))
+        pen.addComponent(componentName, (1, 2, 0, 1, 0, 0))
+        pen.addComponent(componentName, (1, 0, 2, 1, 0, 0))
+        pen.addComponent(componentName, (1, 0, 0, 2, 0, 0))
+        pen.addComponent(componentName, (-2, 0, 0, -2, 0, 0))
+        compositeGlyph = pen.glyph()
+
+        almost2 = MAX_F2DOT14  # 0b1.11111111111111
+        pen.addComponent(componentName, (almost2, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0))
+        pen.addComponent(componentName, (1, almost2, 0, 1, 0, 0))
+        pen.addComponent(componentName, (1, 0, almost2, 1, 0, 0))
+        pen.addComponent(componentName, (1, 0, 0, almost2, 0, 0))
+        pen.addComponent(componentName, (-2, 0, 0, -2, 0, 0))
+        expectedGlyph = pen.glyph()
+
+        assert expectedGlyph == compositeGlyph
+
+    def test_out_of_range_transform_decomposed(self):
+        componentName = "a"
+        glyphSet = {}
+        pen = TTGlyphPen(glyphSet)
+
+        pen.moveTo((0, 0))
+        pen.lineTo((0, 1))
+        pen.lineTo((1, 0))
+        pen.closePath()
+        glyphSet[componentName] = _TestGlyph(pen.glyph())
+
+        pen.addComponent(componentName, (3, 0, 0, 2, 0, 0))
+        pen.addComponent(componentName, (1, 0, 0, 1, -1, 2))
+        pen.addComponent(componentName, (2, 0, 0, -3, 0, 0))
+        compositeGlyph = pen.glyph()
+
+        pen.moveTo((0, 0))
+        pen.lineTo((0, 2))
+        pen.lineTo((3, 0))
+        pen.closePath()
+        pen.moveTo((-1, 2))
+        pen.lineTo((-1, 3))
+        pen.lineTo((0, 2))
+        pen.closePath()
+        pen.moveTo((0, 0))
+        pen.lineTo((0, -3))
+        pen.lineTo((2, 0))
+        pen.closePath()
+        expectedGlyph = pen.glyph()
+
+        assert expectedGlyph == compositeGlyph
+
+    def test_no_handle_overflowing_transform(self):
+        componentName = "a"
+        glyphSet = {}
+        pen = TTGlyphPen(glyphSet, handleOverflowingTransforms=False)
+
+        pen.moveTo((0, 0))
+        pen.lineTo((0, 1))
+        pen.lineTo((1, 0))
+        pen.closePath()
+        baseGlyph = pen.glyph()
+        glyphSet[componentName] = _TestGlyph(baseGlyph)
+
+        pen.addComponent(componentName, (3, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0))
+        compositeGlyph = pen.glyph()
+
+        assert compositeGlyph.components[0].transform == ((3, 0), (0, 1))
+
+        with pytest.raises(struct.error):
+            compositeGlyph.compile({"a": baseGlyph})
+
+    def assertGlyphBoundsEqual(self, glyph, bounds):
+        assert (glyph.xMin, glyph.yMin, glyph.xMax, glyph.yMax) == bounds
+
+    def test_round_float_coordinates_and_component_offsets(self):
+        glyphSet = {}
+        pen = TTGlyphPen(glyphSet)
+
+        pen.moveTo((0, 0))
+        pen.lineTo((0, 1))
+        pen.lineTo((367.6, 0))
+        pen.closePath()
+        simpleGlyph = pen.glyph()
+
+        simpleGlyph.recalcBounds(glyphSet)
+        self.assertGlyphBoundsEqual(simpleGlyph, (0, 0, 368, 1))
+
+        componentName = "a"
+        glyphSet[componentName] = simpleGlyph
+
+        pen.addComponent(componentName, (1, 0, 0, 1, -86.4, 0))
+        compositeGlyph = pen.glyph()
+
+        compositeGlyph.recalcBounds(glyphSet)
+        self.assertGlyphBoundsEqual(compositeGlyph, (-86, 0, 282, 1))
+
+    def test_scaled_component_bounds(self):
+        glyphSet = {}
+
+        pen = TTGlyphPen(glyphSet)
+        pen.moveTo((-231, 939))
+        pen.lineTo((-55, 939))
+        pen.lineTo((-55, 745))
+        pen.lineTo((-231, 745))
+        pen.closePath()
+        glyphSet["gravecomb"] = pen.glyph()
+
+        pen = TTGlyphPen(glyphSet)
+        pen.moveTo((-278, 939))
+        pen.lineTo((8, 939))
+        pen.lineTo((8, 745))
+        pen.lineTo((-278, 745))
+        pen.closePath()
+        glyphSet["circumflexcomb"] = pen.glyph()
+
+        pen = TTGlyphPen(glyphSet)
+        pen.addComponent("circumflexcomb", (1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0))
+        pen.addComponent("gravecomb", (0.9, 0, 0, 0.9, 198, 180))
+        glyphSet["uni0302_uni0300"] = uni0302_uni0300 = pen.glyph()
+
+        uni0302_uni0300.recalcBounds(glyphSet)
+        self.assertGlyphBoundsEqual(uni0302_uni0300, (-278, 745, 148, 1025))
+
+
+class TTGlyphPointPenTest(TTGlyphPenTestBase):
+    penClass = TTGlyphPointPen
+    drawMethod = "drawPoints"
+
+    def test_glyph_simple(self):
+        pen = TTGlyphPointPen(None)
+        pen.beginPath()
+        pen.addPoint((50, 0), "line")
+        pen.addPoint((450, 0), "line")
+        pen.addPoint((450, 700), "line")
+        pen.addPoint((50, 700), "line")
+        pen.endPath()
+        glyph = pen.glyph()
+        assert glyph.numberOfContours == 1
+        assert glyph.endPtsOfContours == [3]
+
+    def test_addPoint_errorOnCurve(self):
+        pen = TTGlyphPointPen(None)
+        pen.beginPath()
+        with pytest.raises(NotImplementedError):
+            pen.addPoint((0, 0), "curve")
+
+    def test_beginPath_beginPathOnOpenPath(self):
+        pen = TTGlyphPointPen(None)
+        pen.beginPath()
+        pen.addPoint((0, 0))
+        with pytest.raises(PenError):
+            pen.beginPath()
+
+    def test_glyph_errorOnUnendedContour(self):
+        pen = TTGlyphPointPen(None)
+        pen.beginPath()
+        pen.addPoint((0, 0))
+        with pytest.raises(PenError):
+            pen.glyph()
+
+    def test_glyph_errorOnEmptyContour(self):
+        pen = TTGlyphPointPen(None)
+        pen.beginPath()
+        with pytest.raises(PenError):
+            pen.endPath()
+
+    def test_glyph_decomposes(self):
+        componentName = "a"
+        glyphSet = {}
+        pen = TTGlyphPointPen(glyphSet)
+
+        pen.beginPath()
+        pen.addPoint((0, 0), "line")
+        pen.addPoint((0, 1), "line")
+        pen.addPoint((1, 0), "line")
+        pen.endPath()
+        glyphSet[componentName] = _TestGlyph(pen.glyph())
+
+        pen.beginPath()
+        pen.addPoint((0, 0), "line")
+        pen.addPoint((0, 1), "line")
+        pen.addPoint((1, 0), "line")
+        pen.endPath()
+        pen.addComponent(componentName, (1, 0, 0, 1, 2, 0))
+        pen.addComponent("missing", (1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0))  # skipped
+        compositeGlyph = pen.glyph()
+
+        pen.beginPath()
+        pen.addPoint((0, 0), "line")
+        pen.addPoint((0, 1), "line")
+        pen.addPoint((1, 0), "line")
+        pen.endPath()
+        pen.beginPath()
+        pen.addPoint((2, 0), "line")
+        pen.addPoint((2, 1), "line")
+        pen.addPoint((3, 0), "line")
+        pen.endPath()
+        plainGlyph = pen.glyph()
+
+        assert plainGlyph == compositeGlyph
+
+    def test_keep_duplicate_end_point(self):
+        pen = TTGlyphPointPen(None)
+        pen.beginPath()
+        pen.addPoint((0, 0), "line")
+        pen.addPoint((100, 0), "line")
+        pen.addPoint((100, 50))
+        pen.addPoint((50, 100))
+        pen.addPoint((0, 0), "qcurve")
+        pen.addPoint((0, 0), "line")  # the duplicate point is not removed
+        pen.endPath()
+        assert len(pen.points) == 6
+        assert pen.points[0] == (0, 0)
+
+    def test_within_range_component_transform(self):
+        componentName = "a"
+        glyphSet = {}
+        pen = TTGlyphPointPen(glyphSet)
+
+        pen.beginPath()
+        pen.addPoint((0, 0), "line")
+        pen.addPoint((0, 1), "line")
+        pen.addPoint((1, 0), "line")
+        pen.endPath()
+        glyphSet[componentName] = _TestGlyph(pen.glyph())
+
+        pen.addComponent(componentName, (1.5, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0))
+        pen.addComponent(componentName, (1, 0, 0, -1.5, 0, 0))
+        compositeGlyph = pen.glyph()
+
+        pen.addComponent(componentName, (1.5, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0))
+        pen.addComponent(componentName, (1, 0, 0, -1.5, 0, 0))
+        expectedGlyph = pen.glyph()
+
+        assert expectedGlyph == compositeGlyph
+
+    def test_clamp_to_almost_2_component_transform(self):
+        componentName = "a"
+        glyphSet = {}
+        pen = TTGlyphPointPen(glyphSet)
+
+        pen.beginPath()
+        pen.addPoint((0, 0), "line")
+        pen.addPoint((0, 1), "line")
+        pen.addPoint((1, 0), "line")
+        pen.endPath()
+        glyphSet[componentName] = _TestGlyph(pen.glyph())
+
+        pen.addComponent(componentName, (1.99999, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0))
+        pen.addComponent(componentName, (1, 2, 0, 1, 0, 0))
+        pen.addComponent(componentName, (1, 0, 2, 1, 0, 0))
+        pen.addComponent(componentName, (1, 0, 0, 2, 0, 0))
+        pen.addComponent(componentName, (-2, 0, 0, -2, 0, 0))
+        compositeGlyph = pen.glyph()
+
+        almost2 = MAX_F2DOT14  # 0b1.11111111111111
+        pen.addComponent(componentName, (almost2, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0))
+        pen.addComponent(componentName, (1, almost2, 0, 1, 0, 0))
+        pen.addComponent(componentName, (1, 0, almost2, 1, 0, 0))
+        pen.addComponent(componentName, (1, 0, 0, almost2, 0, 0))
+        pen.addComponent(componentName, (-2, 0, 0, -2, 0, 0))
+        expectedGlyph = pen.glyph()
+
+        assert expectedGlyph == compositeGlyph
+
+    def test_out_of_range_transform_decomposed(self):
+        componentName = "a"
+        glyphSet = {}
+        pen = TTGlyphPointPen(glyphSet)
+
+        pen.beginPath()
+        pen.addPoint((0, 0), "line")
+        pen.addPoint((0, 1), "line")
+        pen.addPoint((1, 0), "line")
+        pen.endPath()
+        glyphSet[componentName] = _TestGlyph(pen.glyph())
+
+        pen.addComponent(componentName, (3, 0, 0, 2, 0, 0))
+        pen.addComponent(componentName, (1, 0, 0, 1, -1, 2))
+        pen.addComponent(componentName, (2, 0, 0, -3, 0, 0))
+        compositeGlyph = pen.glyph()
+
+        pen.beginPath()
+        pen.addPoint((0, 0), "line")
+        pen.addPoint((0, 2), "line")
+        pen.addPoint((3, 0), "line")
+        pen.endPath()
+        pen.beginPath()
+        pen.addPoint((-1, 2), "line")
+        pen.addPoint((-1, 3), "line")
+        pen.addPoint((0, 2), "line")
+        pen.endPath()
+        pen.beginPath()
+        pen.addPoint((0, 0), "line")
+        pen.addPoint((0, -3), "line")
+        pen.addPoint((2, 0), "line")
+        pen.endPath()
+        expectedGlyph = pen.glyph()
+
+        assert expectedGlyph == compositeGlyph
+
+    def test_no_handle_overflowing_transform(self):
+        componentName = "a"
+        glyphSet = {}
+        pen = TTGlyphPointPen(glyphSet, handleOverflowingTransforms=False)
+
+        pen.beginPath()
+        pen.addPoint((0, 0), "line")
+        pen.addPoint((0, 1), "line")
+        pen.addPoint((1, 0), "line")
+        pen.endPath()
+        baseGlyph = pen.glyph()
+        glyphSet[componentName] = _TestGlyph(baseGlyph)
+
+        pen.addComponent(componentName, (3, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0))
+        compositeGlyph = pen.glyph()
+
+        assert compositeGlyph.components[0].transform == ((3, 0), (0, 1))
+
+        with pytest.raises(struct.error):
+            compositeGlyph.compile({"a": baseGlyph})
+
+    def assertGlyphBoundsEqual(self, glyph, bounds):
+        assert (glyph.xMin, glyph.yMin, glyph.xMax, glyph.yMax) == bounds
+
+    def test_round_float_coordinates_and_component_offsets(self):
+        glyphSet = {}
+        pen = TTGlyphPointPen(glyphSet)
+
+        pen.beginPath()
+        pen.addPoint((0, 0), "line")
+        pen.addPoint((0, 1), "line")
+        pen.addPoint((367.6, 0), "line")
+        pen.endPath()
+        simpleGlyph = pen.glyph()
+
+        simpleGlyph.recalcBounds(glyphSet)
+        self.assertGlyphBoundsEqual(simpleGlyph, (0, 0, 368, 1))
+
+        componentName = "a"
+        glyphSet[componentName] = simpleGlyph
+
+        pen.addComponent(componentName, (1, 0, 0, 1, -86.4, 0))
+        compositeGlyph = pen.glyph()
+
+        compositeGlyph.recalcBounds(glyphSet)
+        self.assertGlyphBoundsEqual(compositeGlyph, (-86, 0, 282, 1))
+
+    def test_scaled_component_bounds(self):
+        glyphSet = {}
+
+        pen = TTGlyphPointPen(glyphSet)
+        pen.beginPath()
+        pen.addPoint((-231, 939), "line")
+        pen.addPoint((-55, 939), "line")
+        pen.addPoint((-55, 745), "line")
+        pen.addPoint((-231, 745), "line")
+        pen.endPath()
+        glyphSet["gravecomb"] = pen.glyph()
+
+        pen = TTGlyphPointPen(glyphSet)
+        pen.beginPath()
+        pen.addPoint((-278, 939), "line")
+        pen.addPoint((8, 939), "line")
+        pen.addPoint((8, 745), "line")
+        pen.addPoint((-278, 745), "line")
+        pen.endPath()
+        glyphSet["circumflexcomb"] = pen.glyph()
+
+        pen = TTGlyphPointPen(glyphSet)
+        pen.addComponent("circumflexcomb", (1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0))
+        pen.addComponent("gravecomb", (0.9, 0, 0, 0.9, 198, 180))
+        glyphSet["uni0302_uni0300"] = uni0302_uni0300 = pen.glyph()
+
+        uni0302_uni0300.recalcBounds(glyphSet)
+        self.assertGlyphBoundsEqual(uni0302_uni0300, (-278, 745, 148, 1025))
+
+    def test_open_path_starting_with_move(self):
+        # when a contour starts with a 'move' point, it signifies the beginnig
+        # of an open contour.
+        # https://unifiedfontobject.org/versions/ufo3/glyphs/glif/#point-types
+        pen1 = TTGlyphPointPen(None)
+        pen1.beginPath()
+        pen1.addPoint((0, 0), "move")  # contour is open
+        pen1.addPoint((10, 10), "line")
+        pen1.addPoint((20, 20))
+        pen1.addPoint((20, 0), "qcurve")
+        pen1.endPath()
+
+        pen2 = TTGlyphPointPen(None)
+        pen2.beginPath()
+        pen2.addPoint((0, 0), "line")  # contour is closed
+        pen2.addPoint((10, 10), "line")
+        pen2.addPoint((20, 20))
+        pen2.addPoint((20, 0), "qcurve")
+        pen2.endPath()
+
+        # Since TrueType contours are always implicitly closed, the pen will
+        # interpret both these paths as equivalent
+        assert pen1.points == pen2.points == [(0, 0), (10, 10), (20, 20), (20, 0)]
+        assert pen1.types == pen2.types == [1, 1, 0, 1]
+
 
 
 class _TestGlyph(object):
@@ -146,7 +586,8 @@
             pen.lineTo(point)
         pen.closePath()
 
-
-if __name__ == '__main__':
-    import sys
-    sys.exit(unittest.main())
+    def drawPoints(self, pen):
+        pen.beginPath()
+        for point in self.coordinates:
+            pen.addPoint(point, "line")
+        pen.endPath()
diff --git a/Tests/pens/utils.py b/Tests/pens/utils.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..dced3c1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/pens/utils.py
@@ -0,0 +1,281 @@
+# Copyright 2016 Google Inc. All Rights Reserved.
+#
+# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+# You may obtain a copy of the License at
+#
+#     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+#
+# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+# limitations under the License.
+
+from . import CUBIC_GLYPHS
+from fontTools.pens.pointPen import PointToSegmentPen, SegmentToPointPen
+from math import isclose
+import unittest
+
+
+class BaseDummyPen(object):
+    """Base class for pens that record the commands they are called with."""
+
+    def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        self.commands = []
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        """Return the pen commands as a string of python code."""
+        return _repr_pen_commands(self.commands)
+
+    def addComponent(self, glyphName, transformation, **kwargs):
+        self.commands.append(('addComponent', (glyphName, transformation), kwargs))
+
+
+class DummyPen(BaseDummyPen):
+    """A SegmentPen that records the commands it's called with."""
+
+    def moveTo(self, pt):
+        self.commands.append(('moveTo', (pt,), {}))
+
+    def lineTo(self, pt):
+        self.commands.append(('lineTo', (pt,), {}))
+
+    def curveTo(self, *points):
+        self.commands.append(('curveTo', points, {}))
+
+    def qCurveTo(self, *points):
+        self.commands.append(('qCurveTo', points, {}))
+
+    def closePath(self):
+        self.commands.append(('closePath', tuple(), {}))
+
+    def endPath(self):
+        self.commands.append(('endPath', tuple(), {}))
+
+
+class DummyPointPen(BaseDummyPen):
+    """A PointPen that records the commands it's called with."""
+
+    def beginPath(self, **kwargs):
+        self.commands.append(('beginPath', tuple(), kwargs))
+
+    def endPath(self):
+        self.commands.append(('endPath', tuple(), {}))
+
+    def addPoint(self, pt, segmentType=None, smooth=False, name=None, **kwargs):
+        kwargs['segmentType'] = str(segmentType) if segmentType else None
+        kwargs['smooth'] = smooth
+        kwargs['name'] = name
+        self.commands.append(('addPoint', (pt,), kwargs))
+
+
+class DummyGlyph(object):
+    """Provides a minimal interface for storing a glyph's outline data in a
+    SegmentPen-oriented way. The glyph's outline consists in the list of
+    SegmentPen commands required to draw it.
+    """
+
+    # the SegmentPen class used to draw on this glyph type
+    DrawingPen = DummyPen
+
+    def __init__(self, glyph=None):
+        """If another glyph (i.e. any object having a 'draw' method) is given,
+        its outline data is copied to self.
+        """
+        self._pen = self.DrawingPen()
+        self.outline = self._pen.commands
+        if glyph:
+            self.appendGlyph(glyph)
+
+    def appendGlyph(self, glyph):
+        """Copy another glyph's outline onto self."""
+        glyph.draw(self._pen)
+
+    def getPen(self):
+        """Return the SegmentPen that can 'draw' on this glyph."""
+        return self._pen
+
+    def getPointPen(self):
+        """Return a PointPen adapter that can 'draw' on this glyph."""
+        return PointToSegmentPen(self._pen)
+
+    def draw(self, pen):
+        """Use another SegmentPen to replay the glyph's outline commands."""
+        if self.outline:
+            for cmd, args, kwargs in self.outline:
+                getattr(pen, cmd)(*args, **kwargs)
+
+    def drawPoints(self, pointPen):
+        """Use another PointPen to replay the glyph's outline commands,
+        indirectly through an adapter.
+        """
+        pen = SegmentToPointPen(pointPen)
+        self.draw(pen)
+
+    def __eq__(self, other):
+        """Return True if 'other' glyph's outline is the same as self."""
+        if hasattr(other, 'outline'):
+            return self.outline == other.outline
+        elif hasattr(other, 'draw'):
+            return self.outline == self.__class__(other).outline
+        return NotImplemented
+
+    def __ne__(self, other):
+        """Return True if 'other' glyph's outline is different from self."""
+        return not (self == other)
+
+    def approx(self, other, rel_tol=1e-12):
+        if hasattr(other, 'outline'):
+            outline2 == other.outline
+        elif hasattr(other, 'draw'):
+            outline2 = self.__class__(other).outline
+        else:
+            raise TypeError(type(other).__name__)
+        outline1 = self.outline
+        if len(outline1) != len(outline2):
+            return False
+        for (cmd1, arg1, kwd1), (cmd2, arg2, kwd2) in zip(outline1, outline2):
+            if cmd1 != cmd2:
+                return False
+            if kwd1 != kwd2:
+                return False
+            if arg1:
+                if isinstance(arg1[0], tuple):
+                    if not arg2 or not isinstance(arg2[0], tuple):
+                        return False
+                    for (x1, y1), (x2, y2) in zip(arg1, arg2):
+                        if (
+                            not isclose(x1, x2, rel_tol=rel_tol) or
+                            not isclose(y1, y2, rel_tol=rel_tol)
+                        ):
+                            return False
+                elif arg1 != arg2:
+                    return False
+            elif arg2:
+                return False
+        return True
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        """Return commands making up the glyph's outline as a string."""
+        return str(self._pen)
+
+
+class DummyPointGlyph(DummyGlyph):
+    """Provides a minimal interface for storing a glyph's outline data in a
+    PointPen-oriented way. The glyph's outline consists in the list of
+    PointPen commands required to draw it.
+    """
+
+    # the PointPen class used to draw on this glyph type
+    DrawingPen = DummyPointPen
+
+    def appendGlyph(self, glyph):
+        """Copy another glyph's outline onto self."""
+        glyph.drawPoints(self._pen)
+
+    def getPen(self):
+        """Return a SegmentPen adapter that can 'draw' on this glyph."""
+        return SegmentToPointPen(self._pen)
+
+    def getPointPen(self):
+        """Return the PointPen that can 'draw' on this glyph."""
+        return self._pen
+
+    def draw(self, pen):
+        """Use another SegmentPen to replay the glyph's outline commands,
+        indirectly through an adapter.
+        """
+        pointPen = PointToSegmentPen(pen)
+        self.drawPoints(pointPen)
+
+    def drawPoints(self, pointPen):
+        """Use another PointPen to replay the glyph's outline commands."""
+        if self.outline:
+            for cmd, args, kwargs in self.outline:
+                getattr(pointPen, cmd)(*args, **kwargs)
+
+
+def _repr_pen_commands(commands):
+    """
+    >>> print(_repr_pen_commands([
+    ...     ('moveTo', tuple(), {}),
+    ...     ('lineTo', ((1.0, 0.1),), {}),
+    ...     ('curveTo', ((1.0, 0.1), (2.0, 0.2), (3.0, 0.3)), {})
+    ... ]))
+    pen.moveTo()
+    pen.lineTo((1, 0.1))
+    pen.curveTo((1, 0.1), (2, 0.2), (3, 0.3))
+
+    >>> print(_repr_pen_commands([
+    ...     ('beginPath', tuple(), {}),
+    ...     ('addPoint', ((1.0, 0.1),),
+    ...      {"segmentType":"line", "smooth":True, "name":"test", "z":1}),
+    ... ]))
+    pen.beginPath()
+    pen.addPoint((1, 0.1), name='test', segmentType='line', smooth=True, z=1)
+
+    >>> print(_repr_pen_commands([
+    ...    ('addComponent', ('A', (1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0)), {})
+    ... ]))
+    pen.addComponent('A', (1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0))
+    """
+    s = []
+    for cmd, args, kwargs in commands:
+        if args:
+            if isinstance(args[0], tuple):
+                # cast float to int if there're no digits after decimal point,
+                # and round floats to 12 decimal digits (more than enough)
+                args = [
+                    tuple((int(v) if int(v) == v else round(v, 12)) for v in pt)
+                    for pt in args
+                ]
+            args = ", ".join(repr(a) for a in args)
+        if kwargs:
+            kwargs = ", ".join("%s=%r" % (k, v)
+                               for k, v in sorted(kwargs.items()))
+        if args and kwargs:
+            s.append("pen.%s(%s, %s)" % (cmd, args, kwargs))
+        elif args:
+            s.append("pen.%s(%s)" % (cmd, args))
+        elif kwargs:
+            s.append("pen.%s(%s)" % (cmd, kwargs))
+        else:
+            s.append("pen.%s()" % cmd)
+    return "\n".join(s)
+
+
+class TestDummyGlyph(unittest.TestCase):
+
+    def test_equal(self):
+        # verify that the copy and the copy of the copy are equal to
+        # the source glyph's outline, as well as to each other
+        source = CUBIC_GLYPHS['a']
+        copy = DummyGlyph(source)
+        copy2 = DummyGlyph(copy)
+        self.assertEqual(source, copy)
+        self.assertEqual(source, copy2)
+        self.assertEqual(copy, copy2)
+        # assert equality doesn't hold any more after modification
+        copy.outline.pop()
+        self.assertNotEqual(source, copy)
+        self.assertNotEqual(copy, copy2)
+
+
+class TestDummyPointGlyph(unittest.TestCase):
+
+    def test_equal(self):
+        # same as above but using the PointPen protocol
+        source = CUBIC_GLYPHS['a']
+        copy = DummyPointGlyph(source)
+        copy2 = DummyPointGlyph(copy)
+        self.assertEqual(source, copy)
+        self.assertEqual(source, copy2)
+        self.assertEqual(copy, copy2)
+        copy.outline.pop()
+        self.assertNotEqual(source, copy)
+        self.assertNotEqual(copy, copy2)
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    unittest.main()
diff --git a/Tests/subset/data/CmapSubsetTest.subset.ttx b/Tests/subset/data/CmapSubsetTest.subset.ttx
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..10b94a3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/subset/data/CmapSubsetTest.subset.ttx
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<ttFont sfntVersion="\x00\x01\x00\x00" ttLibVersion="4.18">
+
+  <cmap>
+    <tableVersion version="0"/>
+    <cmap_format_4 platformID="0" platEncID="3" language="0">
+      <map code="0x61" name="a"/><!-- LATIN SMALL LETTER A -->
+    </cmap_format_4>
+    <cmap_format_4 platformID="3" platEncID="1" language="0">
+      <map code="0x61" name="a"/><!-- LATIN SMALL LETTER A -->
+    </cmap_format_4>
+  </cmap>
+
+</ttFont>
diff --git a/Tests/subset/data/CmapSubsetTest.ttx b/Tests/subset/data/CmapSubsetTest.ttx
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ffbfae7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/subset/data/CmapSubsetTest.ttx
@@ -0,0 +1,225 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<ttFont sfntVersion="\x00\x01\x00\x00" ttLibVersion="4.18">
+
+  <GlyphOrder>
+    <!-- The 'id' attribute is only for humans; it is ignored when parsed. -->
+    <GlyphID id="0" name=".notdef"/>
+    <GlyphID id="1" name="a"/>
+    <GlyphID id="2" name="basket"/>
+  </GlyphOrder>
+
+  <head>
+    <!-- Most of this table will be recalculated by the compiler -->
+    <tableVersion value="1.0"/>
+    <fontRevision value="0.0"/>
+    <checkSumAdjustment value="0xc643119c"/>
+    <magicNumber value="0x5f0f3cf5"/>
+    <flags value="00000000 00000011"/>
+    <unitsPerEm value="1000"/>
+    <created value="Tue Jan 12 16:39:39 2021"/>
+    <modified value="Tue Jan 12 16:39:39 2021"/>
+    <xMin value="50"/>
+    <yMin value="-200"/>
+    <xMax value="450"/>
+    <yMax value="800"/>
+    <macStyle value="00000000 00000000"/>
+    <lowestRecPPEM value="6"/>
+    <fontDirectionHint value="2"/>
+    <indexToLocFormat value="0"/>
+    <glyphDataFormat value="0"/>
+  </head>
+
+  <hhea>
+    <tableVersion value="0x00010000"/>
+    <ascent value="1000"/>
+    <descent value="-200"/>
+    <lineGap value="0"/>
+    <advanceWidthMax value="942"/>
+    <minLeftSideBearing value="50"/>
+    <minRightSideBearing value="50"/>
+    <xMaxExtent value="450"/>
+    <caretSlopeRise value="1"/>
+    <caretSlopeRun value="0"/>
+    <caretOffset value="0"/>
+    <reserved0 value="0"/>
+    <reserved1 value="0"/>
+    <reserved2 value="0"/>
+    <reserved3 value="0"/>
+    <metricDataFormat value="0"/>
+    <numberOfHMetrics value="3"/>
+  </hhea>
+
+  <maxp>
+    <!-- Most of this table will be recalculated by the compiler -->
+    <tableVersion value="0x10000"/>
+    <numGlyphs value="3"/>
+    <maxPoints value="8"/>
+    <maxContours value="2"/>
+    <maxCompositePoints value="0"/>
+    <maxCompositeContours value="0"/>
+    <maxZones value="1"/>
+    <maxTwilightPoints value="0"/>
+    <maxStorage value="0"/>
+    <maxFunctionDefs value="0"/>
+    <maxInstructionDefs value="0"/>
+    <maxStackElements value="0"/>
+    <maxSizeOfInstructions value="0"/>
+    <maxComponentElements value="0"/>
+    <maxComponentDepth value="0"/>
+  </maxp>
+
+  <OS_2>
+    <!-- The fields 'usFirstCharIndex' and 'usLastCharIndex'
+         will be recalculated by the compiler -->
+    <version value="4"/>
+    <xAvgCharWidth value="660"/>
+    <usWeightClass value="400"/>
+    <usWidthClass value="5"/>
+    <fsType value="00000000 00000100"/>
+    <ySubscriptXSize value="650"/>
+    <ySubscriptYSize value="600"/>
+    <ySubscriptXOffset value="0"/>
+    <ySubscriptYOffset value="75"/>
+    <ySuperscriptXSize value="650"/>
+    <ySuperscriptYSize value="600"/>
+    <ySuperscriptXOffset value="0"/>
+    <ySuperscriptYOffset value="350"/>
+    <yStrikeoutSize value="50"/>
+    <yStrikeoutPosition value="300"/>
+    <sFamilyClass value="0"/>
+    <panose>
+      <bFamilyType value="0"/>
+      <bSerifStyle value="0"/>
+      <bWeight value="0"/>
+      <bProportion value="0"/>
+      <bContrast value="0"/>
+      <bStrokeVariation value="0"/>
+      <bArmStyle value="0"/>
+      <bLetterForm value="0"/>
+      <bMidline value="0"/>
+      <bXHeight value="0"/>
+    </panose>
+    <ulUnicodeRange1 value="00000000 00000000 00000000 00000001"/>
+    <ulUnicodeRange2 value="00000010 00000000 00000000 00000000"/>
+    <ulUnicodeRange3 value="00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000"/>
+    <ulUnicodeRange4 value="00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000"/>
+    <achVendID value="NONE"/>
+    <fsSelection value="00000000 01000000"/>
+    <usFirstCharIndex value="97"/>
+    <usLastCharIndex value="65535"/>
+    <sTypoAscender value="800"/>
+    <sTypoDescender value="-200"/>
+    <sTypoLineGap value="200"/>
+    <usWinAscent value="1000"/>
+    <usWinDescent value="200"/>
+    <ulCodePageRange1 value="00000000 00000000 00000000 00000001"/>
+    <ulCodePageRange2 value="00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000"/>
+    <sxHeight value="500"/>
+    <sCapHeight value="700"/>
+    <usDefaultChar value="0"/>
+    <usBreakChar value="32"/>
+    <usMaxContext value="0"/>
+  </OS_2>
+
+  <hmtx>
+    <mtx name=".notdef" width="500" lsb="50"/>
+    <mtx name="a" width="538" lsb="0"/>
+    <mtx name="basket" width="942" lsb="0"/>
+  </hmtx>
+
+  <cmap>
+    <tableVersion version="0"/>
+    <cmap_format_4 platformID="0" platEncID="3" language="0">
+      <map code="0x61" name="a"/><!-- LATIN SMALL LETTER A -->
+    </cmap_format_4>
+    <cmap_format_12 platformID="0" platEncID="4" format="12" reserved="0" length="40" language="0" nGroups="2">
+      <map code="0x61" name="a"/><!-- LATIN SMALL LETTER A -->
+      <map code="0x1f9fa" name="basket"/><!-- BASKET -->
+    </cmap_format_12>
+    <cmap_format_4 platformID="3" platEncID="1" language="0">
+      <map code="0x61" name="a"/><!-- LATIN SMALL LETTER A -->
+    </cmap_format_4>
+    <cmap_format_12 platformID="3" platEncID="10" format="12" reserved="0" length="40" language="0" nGroups="2">
+      <map code="0x61" name="a"/><!-- LATIN SMALL LETTER A -->
+      <map code="0x1f9fa" name="basket"/><!-- BASKET -->
+    </cmap_format_12>
+  </cmap>
+
+  <loca>
+    <!-- The 'loca' table will be calculated by the compiler -->
+  </loca>
+
+  <glyf>
+
+    <!-- The xMin, yMin, xMax and yMax values
+         will be recalculated by the compiler. -->
+
+    <TTGlyph name=".notdef" xMin="50" yMin="-200" xMax="450" yMax="800">
+      <contour>
+        <pt x="50" y="-200" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="50" y="800" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="450" y="800" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="450" y="-200" on="1"/>
+      </contour>
+      <contour>
+        <pt x="100" y="-150" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="400" y="-150" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="400" y="750" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="100" y="750" on="1"/>
+      </contour>
+      <instructions/>
+    </TTGlyph>
+
+    <TTGlyph name="a"/><!-- contains no outline data -->
+
+    <TTGlyph name="basket"/><!-- contains no outline data -->
+
+  </glyf>
+
+  <name>
+    <namerecord nameID="1" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      New Font
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="2" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Regular
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="3" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      0.000;NONE;NewFont-Regular
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="4" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      New Font Regular
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="5" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Version 0.000
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="6" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      NewFont-Regular
+    </namerecord>
+  </name>
+
+  <post>
+    <formatType value="2.0"/>
+    <italicAngle value="0.0"/>
+    <underlinePosition value="-75"/>
+    <underlineThickness value="50"/>
+    <isFixedPitch value="0"/>
+    <minMemType42 value="0"/>
+    <maxMemType42 value="0"/>
+    <minMemType1 value="0"/>
+    <maxMemType1 value="0"/>
+    <psNames>
+      <!-- This file uses unique glyph names based on the information
+           found in the 'post' table. Since these names might not be unique,
+           we have to invent artificial names in case of clashes. In order to
+           be able to retain the original information, we need a name to
+           ps name mapping for those cases where they differ. That's what
+           you see below.
+            -->
+    </psNames>
+    <extraNames>
+      <!-- following are the name that are not taken from the standard Mac glyph order -->
+      <psName name="basket"/>
+    </extraNames>
+  </post>
+
+</ttFont>
diff --git a/Tests/subset/data/GPOS_PairPos_Format2_ClassDef1_useClass0.subset.ttx b/Tests/subset/data/GPOS_PairPos_Format2_ClassDef1_useClass0.subset.ttx
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3df9aa8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/subset/data/GPOS_PairPos_Format2_ClassDef1_useClass0.subset.ttx
@@ -0,0 +1,62 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<ttFont sfntVersion="OTTO" ttLibVersion="4.21">
+
+  <GPOS>
+    <Version value="0x00010000"/>
+    <ScriptList>
+      <!-- ScriptCount=1 -->
+      <ScriptRecord index="0">
+        <ScriptTag value="latn"/>
+        <Script>
+          <DefaultLangSys>
+            <ReqFeatureIndex value="65535"/>
+            <!-- FeatureCount=1 -->
+            <FeatureIndex index="0" value="0"/>
+          </DefaultLangSys>
+          <!-- LangSysCount=0 -->
+        </Script>
+      </ScriptRecord>
+    </ScriptList>
+    <FeatureList>
+      <!-- FeatureCount=1 -->
+      <FeatureRecord index="0">
+        <FeatureTag value="test"/>
+        <Feature>
+          <!-- LookupCount=1 -->
+          <LookupListIndex index="0" value="0"/>
+        </Feature>
+      </FeatureRecord>
+    </FeatureList>
+    <LookupList>
+      <!-- LookupCount=1 -->
+      <Lookup index="0">
+        <LookupType value="2"/>
+        <LookupFlag value="0"/>
+        <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
+        <PairPos index="0" Format="2">
+          <Coverage>
+            <Glyph value="g33"/>
+          </Coverage>
+          <ValueFormat1 value="1"/>
+          <ValueFormat2 value="0"/>
+          <ClassDef1>
+          </ClassDef1>
+          <ClassDef2>
+            <ClassDef glyph="g33" class="1"/>
+          </ClassDef2>
+          <!-- Class1Count=1 -->
+          <!-- Class2Count=2 -->
+          <Class1Record index="0">
+            <Class2Record index="0">
+              <Value1 XPlacement="0"/>
+            </Class2Record>
+            <Class2Record index="1">
+              <Value1 XPlacement="-100"/>
+            </Class2Record>
+          </Class1Record>
+        </PairPos>
+      </Lookup>
+    </LookupList>
+  </GPOS>
+
+</ttFont>
diff --git a/Tests/subset/data/GPOS_PairPos_Format2_ClassDef2_useClass0.subset.ttx b/Tests/subset/data/GPOS_PairPos_Format2_ClassDef2_useClass0.subset.ttx
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..dc599f1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/subset/data/GPOS_PairPos_Format2_ClassDef2_useClass0.subset.ttx
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<ttFont sfntVersion="OTTO" ttLibVersion="4.21">
+
+  <GPOS>
+    <Version value="0x00010000"/>
+    <ScriptList>
+      <!-- ScriptCount=0 -->
+    </ScriptList>
+    <FeatureList>
+      <!-- FeatureCount=0 -->
+    </FeatureList>
+    <LookupList>
+      <!-- LookupCount=0 -->
+    </LookupList>
+  </GPOS>
+
+</ttFont>
diff --git a/Tests/subset/data/GPOS_PairPos_Format2_PR_2221.ttx b/Tests/subset/data/GPOS_PairPos_Format2_PR_2221.ttx
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d5132d1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/subset/data/GPOS_PairPos_Format2_PR_2221.ttx
@@ -0,0 +1,322 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<ttFont sfntVersion="OTTO" ttLibVersion="4.21">
+
+  <GlyphOrder>
+    <!-- The 'id' attribute is only for humans; it is ignored when parsed. -->
+    <GlyphID id="0" name=".notdef"/>
+    <GlyphID id="1" name="g33"/>
+    <GlyphID id="2" name="g35"/>
+  </GlyphOrder>
+
+  <head>
+    <!-- Most of this table will be recalculated by the compiler -->
+    <tableVersion value="1.0"/>
+    <fontRevision value="1.0"/>
+    <checkSumAdjustment value="0x3d6ba467"/>
+    <magicNumber value="0x5f0f3cf5"/>
+    <flags value="00000000 00000001"/>
+    <unitsPerEm value="1500"/>
+    <created value="Thu Jan  1 00:00:00 1970"/>
+    <modified value="Mon Mar 29 14:18:07 2021"/>
+    <xMin value="24"/>
+    <yMin value="-31"/>
+    <xMax value="1000"/>
+    <yMax value="689"/>
+    <macStyle value="00000000 00000000"/>
+    <lowestRecPPEM value="3"/>
+    <fontDirectionHint value="2"/>
+    <indexToLocFormat value="0"/>
+    <glyphDataFormat value="0"/>
+  </head>
+
+  <hhea>
+    <tableVersion value="0x00010000"/>
+    <ascent value="2500"/>
+    <descent value="0"/>
+    <lineGap value="200"/>
+    <advanceWidthMax value="1500"/>
+    <minLeftSideBearing value="300"/>
+    <minRightSideBearing value="224"/>
+    <xMaxExtent value="1276"/>
+    <caretSlopeRise value="1"/>
+    <caretSlopeRun value="0"/>
+    <caretOffset value="0"/>
+    <reserved0 value="0"/>
+    <reserved1 value="0"/>
+    <reserved2 value="0"/>
+    <reserved3 value="0"/>
+    <metricDataFormat value="0"/>
+    <numberOfHMetrics value="1"/>
+  </hhea>
+
+  <maxp>
+    <tableVersion value="0x5000"/>
+    <numGlyphs value="3"/>
+  </maxp>
+
+  <OS_2>
+    <!-- The fields 'usFirstCharIndex' and 'usLastCharIndex'
+         will be recalculated by the compiler -->
+    <version value="2"/>
+    <xAvgCharWidth value="2500"/>
+    <usWeightClass value="400"/>
+    <usWidthClass value="5"/>
+    <fsType value="00000000 00001100"/>
+    <ySubscriptXSize value="500"/>
+    <ySubscriptYSize value="500"/>
+    <ySubscriptXOffset value="250"/>
+    <ySubscriptYOffset value="50"/>
+    <ySuperscriptXSize value="500"/>
+    <ySuperscriptYSize value="500"/>
+    <ySuperscriptXOffset value="0"/>
+    <ySuperscriptYOffset value="500"/>
+    <yStrikeoutSize value="50"/>
+    <yStrikeoutPosition value="500"/>
+    <sFamilyClass value="0"/>
+    <panose>
+      <bFamilyType value="2"/>
+      <bSerifStyle value="10"/>
+      <bWeight value="6"/>
+      <bProportion value="3"/>
+      <bContrast value="6"/>
+      <bStrokeVariation value="5"/>
+      <bArmStyle value="11"/>
+      <bLetterForm value="2"/>
+      <bMidline value="2"/>
+      <bXHeight value="4"/>
+    </panose>
+    <ulUnicodeRange1 value="00000000 00000000 00000000 00000001"/>
+    <ulUnicodeRange2 value="00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000"/>
+    <ulUnicodeRange3 value="00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000"/>
+    <ulUnicodeRange4 value="00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000"/>
+    <achVendID value="ADBE"/>
+    <fsSelection value="00000000 01000000"/>
+    <usFirstCharIndex value="33"/>
+    <usLastCharIndex value="35"/>
+    <sTypoAscender value="2500"/>
+    <sTypoDescender value="0"/>
+    <sTypoLineGap value="200"/>
+    <usWinAscent value="2500"/>
+    <usWinDescent value="0"/>
+    <ulCodePageRange1 value="11100000 00111111 00000001 11111111"/>
+    <ulCodePageRange2 value="11111111 11111111 00000000 00000000"/>
+    <sxHeight value="2500"/>
+    <sCapHeight value="2500"/>
+    <usDefaultChar value="65"/>
+    <usBreakChar value="65"/>
+    <usMaxContext value="0"/>
+  </OS_2>
+
+  <name>
+    <namerecord nameID="1" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      gpos2_2_font5
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="2" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Regular
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="3" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      gpos2_2_font5
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="4" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      gpos2_2_font5
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="5" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Version1.0
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="6" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      gpos2_2_font5
+    </namerecord>
+  </name>
+
+  <cmap>
+    <tableVersion version="0"/>
+    <cmap_format_4 platformID="3" platEncID="1" language="0">
+      <map code="0x21" name="g33"/><!-- EXCLAMATION MARK -->
+      <map code="0x23" name="g35"/><!-- NUMBER SIGN -->
+    </cmap_format_4>
+  </cmap>
+
+  <post>
+    <formatType value="3.0"/>
+    <italicAngle value="0.0"/>
+    <underlinePosition value="-100"/>
+    <underlineThickness value="50"/>
+    <isFixedPitch value="0"/>
+    <minMemType42 value="0"/>
+    <maxMemType42 value="0"/>
+    <minMemType1 value="0"/>
+    <maxMemType1 value="0"/>
+  </post>
+
+  <CFF>
+    <major value="1"/>
+    <minor value="0"/>
+    <CFFFont name="dummy">
+      <version value="001.000"/>
+      <Notice value="Copyright (c) 2002 Adobe Systems Incorporated. All Rights Reserved."/>
+      <FullName value="dummy"/>
+      <FamilyName value="dummy"/>
+      <Weight value="Regular"/>
+      <isFixedPitch value="0"/>
+      <ItalicAngle value="0"/>
+      <UnderlinePosition value="-125"/>
+      <UnderlineThickness value="50"/>
+      <PaintType value="0"/>
+      <CharstringType value="2"/>
+      <FontMatrix value="0.0008 0 0 0.0008 0 0"/>
+      <UniqueID value="44788"/>
+      <FontBBox value="24 -31 1000 689"/>
+      <StrokeWidth value="0"/>
+      <!-- charset is dumped separately as the 'GlyphOrder' element -->
+      <Encoding name="StandardEncoding"/>
+      <Private>
+        <BlueValues value="-25 0 657 682 439 464 640 653 708 733 475 500"/>
+        <OtherBlues value="283 308 -251 -226 -154 -129 -194 -169"/>
+        <FamilyBlues value="-25 0 657 682 439 464 640 653 708 733 475 500"/>
+        <FamilyOtherBlues value="283 308 -251 -226 -154 -129 -194 -169"/>
+        <BlueScale value="0.039625"/>
+        <BlueShift value="7"/>
+        <BlueFuzz value="1"/>
+        <StdHW value="32"/>
+        <StdVW value="85"/>
+        <StemSnapH value="32"/>
+        <StemSnapV value="85 90"/>
+        <ForceBold value="0"/>
+        <LanguageGroup value="0"/>
+        <ExpansionFactor value="0.06"/>
+        <initialRandomSeed value="0"/>
+        <defaultWidthX value="2500"/>
+        <nominalWidthX value="2500"/>
+        <Subrs>
+          <!-- The 'index' attribute is only for humans; it is ignored when parsed. -->
+          <CharString index="0">
+            92 580 rmoveto
+            13 6 13 7 14 4 54 16 184 1 9 -81 1 -13 -3 -13 -3 -14 -9 -45 -124 -14 -42 -8 rrcurveto
+            -2 -2 1 -1 hhcurveto
+            -2 vlineto
+            -30 -15 5 -40 35 -4 60 -5 62 -4 47 -43 83 -75 -108 -134 -82 -20 -75 -17 -101 91 -42 -14 -22 -8 -7 -18 10 -21 2 -2 2 -2 1 -2 10 -10 11 -3 10 2 rrcurveto
+            2 2 -1 1 hhcurveto
+            16 -7 15 -7 15 -7 33 -14 33 -14 35 -7 103 -18 81 94 48 78 51 83 -64 98 -77 36 -4 1 -3 2 -4 2 17 7 16 9 15 12 77 61 -32 107 -79 40 -91 47 -115 -9 -91 -40 rrcurveto
+            -27 -24 18 -37 36 7 rrcurveto
+            408 -580 rmoveto
+            return
+          </CharString>
+          <CharString index="1">
+            41 642 rmoveto
+            1 -2 1 -1 -1 vvcurveto
+            -7 2 -7 5 -5 vhcurveto
+            15 -69 -71 -105 61 -45 71 -50 214 60 48 -116 9 -20 3 -24 -3 -22 -13 -128 -51 -35 -120 -6 -38 -1 -62 -5 -26 34 -29 22 -33 -28 16 -33 39 -51 75 0 59 2 83 5 76 21 49 69 rrcurveto
+            25 36 0 48 11 42 19 72 -43 43 -42 45 -62 68 -159 -25 -76 26 -20 43 44 56 -6 66 101 14 102 -5 103 -1 37 7 0 42 -35 11 -109 1 -110 5 -108 -17 rrcurveto
+            -1 1 0 0 1 vvcurveto
+            -25 33 -45 -26 18 -38 rrcurveto
+            407 -673 rmoveto
+            return
+          </CharString>
+        </Subrs>
+      </Private>
+      <CharStrings>
+        <CharString name=".notdef">
+          endchar
+        </CharString>
+        <CharString name="g33">
+          -107 callsubr
+          -107 callsubr
+          endchar
+        </CharString>
+        <CharString name="g35">
+          -107 callsubr
+          -106 callsubr
+          endchar
+        </CharString>
+      </CharStrings>
+    </CFFFont>
+
+    <GlobalSubrs>
+      <!-- The 'index' attribute is only for humans; it is ignored when parsed. -->
+    </GlobalSubrs>
+  </CFF>
+
+  <GPOS>
+    <Version value="0x00010000"/>
+    <ScriptList>
+      <!-- ScriptCount=1 -->
+      <ScriptRecord index="0">
+        <ScriptTag value="latn"/>
+        <Script>
+          <DefaultLangSys>
+            <ReqFeatureIndex value="65535"/>
+            <!-- FeatureCount=1 -->
+            <FeatureIndex index="0" value="0"/>
+          </DefaultLangSys>
+          <!-- LangSysCount=0 -->
+        </Script>
+      </ScriptRecord>
+    </ScriptList>
+    <FeatureList>
+      <!-- FeatureCount=1 -->
+      <FeatureRecord index="0">
+        <FeatureTag value="test"/>
+        <Feature>
+          <!-- LookupCount=1 -->
+          <LookupListIndex index="0" value="0"/>
+        </Feature>
+      </FeatureRecord>
+    </FeatureList>
+    <LookupList>
+      <!-- LookupCount=1 -->
+      <Lookup index="0">
+        <LookupType value="2"/>
+        <LookupFlag value="0"/>
+        <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
+        <PairPos index="0" Format="2">
+          <Coverage Format="1">
+            <Glyph value="g33"/>
+            <Glyph value="g35"/>
+          </Coverage>
+          <ValueFormat1 value="1"/>
+          <ValueFormat2 value="0"/>
+          <ClassDef1 Format="1">
+            <ClassDef glyph="g33" class="1"/>
+            <ClassDef glyph="g35" class="2"/>
+          </ClassDef1>
+          <ClassDef2 Format="1">
+            <ClassDef glyph="g33" class="1"/>
+          </ClassDef2>
+          <!-- Class1Count=3 -->
+          <!-- Class2Count=2 -->
+          <Class1Record index="0">
+            <Class2Record index="0">
+              <Value1 XPlacement="0"/>
+            </Class2Record>
+            <Class2Record index="1">
+              <Value1 XPlacement="0"/>
+            </Class2Record>
+          </Class1Record>
+          <Class1Record index="1">
+            <Class2Record index="0">
+              <Value1 XPlacement="0"/>
+            </Class2Record>
+            <Class2Record index="1">
+              <Value1 XPlacement="-100"/>
+            </Class2Record>
+          </Class1Record>
+          <Class1Record index="2">
+            <Class2Record index="0">
+              <Value1 XPlacement="0"/>
+            </Class2Record>
+            <Class2Record index="1">
+              <Value1 XPlacement="-100"/>
+            </Class2Record>
+          </Class1Record>
+        </PairPos>
+      </Lookup>
+    </LookupList>
+  </GPOS>
+
+  <hmtx>
+    <mtx name=".notdef" width="1500" lsb="300"/>
+    <mtx name="g33" width="1500" lsb="300"/>
+    <mtx name="g35" width="1500" lsb="300"/>
+  </hmtx>
+
+</ttFont>
diff --git a/Tests/subset/data/GPOS_SinglePos_no_value_issue_2312.subset.ttx b/Tests/subset/data/GPOS_SinglePos_no_value_issue_2312.subset.ttx
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7eee95f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/subset/data/GPOS_SinglePos_no_value_issue_2312.subset.ttx
@@ -0,0 +1,234 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<ttFont sfntVersion="\x00\x01\x00\x00" ttLibVersion="4.24">
+
+  <GlyphOrder>
+    <!-- The 'id' attribute is only for humans; it is ignored when parsed. -->
+    <GlyphID id="0" name=".notdef"/>
+    <GlyphID id="1" name="ra-sidd"/>
+    <GlyphID id="2" name="ra-sidd.ini"/>
+    <GlyphID id="3" name="ra-sidd.iniThird"/>
+    <GlyphID id="4" name="r-sidd.med.ra"/>
+  </GlyphOrder>
+
+  <GPOS>
+    <Version value="0x00010000"/>
+    <ScriptList>
+      <!-- ScriptCount=2 -->
+      <ScriptRecord index="0">
+        <ScriptTag value="DFLT"/>
+        <Script>
+          <DefaultLangSys>
+            <ReqFeatureIndex value="65535"/>
+            <!-- FeatureCount=3 -->
+            <FeatureIndex index="0" value="1"/>
+            <FeatureIndex index="1" value="3"/>
+            <FeatureIndex index="2" value="4"/>
+          </DefaultLangSys>
+          <!-- LangSysCount=0 -->
+        </Script>
+      </ScriptRecord>
+      <ScriptRecord index="1">
+        <ScriptTag value="sidd"/>
+        <Script>
+          <DefaultLangSys>
+            <ReqFeatureIndex value="65535"/>
+            <!-- FeatureCount=4 -->
+            <FeatureIndex index="0" value="0"/>
+            <FeatureIndex index="1" value="2"/>
+            <FeatureIndex index="2" value="3"/>
+            <FeatureIndex index="3" value="4"/>
+          </DefaultLangSys>
+          <!-- LangSysCount=0 -->
+        </Script>
+      </ScriptRecord>
+    </ScriptList>
+    <FeatureList>
+      <!-- FeatureCount=5 -->
+      <FeatureRecord index="0">
+        <FeatureTag value="dist"/>
+        <Feature>
+          <!-- LookupCount=1 -->
+          <LookupListIndex index="0" value="2"/>
+        </Feature>
+      </FeatureRecord>
+      <FeatureRecord index="1">
+        <FeatureTag value="kern"/>
+        <Feature>
+          <!-- LookupCount=2 -->
+          <LookupListIndex index="0" value="0"/>
+          <LookupListIndex index="1" value="2"/>
+        </Feature>
+      </FeatureRecord>
+      <FeatureRecord index="2">
+        <FeatureTag value="kern"/>
+        <Feature>
+          <!-- LookupCount=1 -->
+          <LookupListIndex index="0" value="0"/>
+        </Feature>
+      </FeatureRecord>
+      <FeatureRecord index="3">
+        <FeatureTag value="mark"/>
+        <Feature>
+          <!-- LookupCount=1 -->
+          <LookupListIndex index="0" value="3"/>
+        </Feature>
+      </FeatureRecord>
+      <FeatureRecord index="4">
+        <FeatureTag value="mkmk"/>
+        <Feature>
+          <!-- LookupCount=1 -->
+          <LookupListIndex index="0" value="4"/>
+        </Feature>
+      </FeatureRecord>
+    </FeatureList>
+    <LookupList>
+      <!-- LookupCount=5 -->
+      <Lookup index="0">
+        <LookupType value="8"/>
+        <LookupFlag value="0"/>
+        <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
+        <ChainContextPos index="0" Format="3">
+          <!-- BacktrackGlyphCount=0 -->
+          <!-- InputGlyphCount=1 -->
+          <InputCoverage index="0">
+            <Glyph value="ra-sidd.ini"/>
+            <Glyph value="ra-sidd.iniThird"/>
+          </InputCoverage>
+          <!-- LookAheadGlyphCount=1 -->
+          <LookAheadCoverage index="0">
+            <Glyph value="r-sidd.med.ra"/>
+          </LookAheadCoverage>
+          <!-- PosCount=1 -->
+          <PosLookupRecord index="0">
+            <SequenceIndex value="0"/>
+            <LookupListIndex value="1"/>
+          </PosLookupRecord>
+        </ChainContextPos>
+      </Lookup>
+      <Lookup index="1">
+        <LookupType value="1"/>
+        <LookupFlag value="0"/>
+        <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
+        <SinglePos index="0" Format="1">
+          <Coverage>
+            <Glyph value="ra-sidd.ini"/>
+            <Glyph value="ra-sidd.iniThird"/>
+          </Coverage>
+          <ValueFormat value="0"/>
+        </SinglePos>
+      </Lookup>
+      <Lookup index="2">
+        <LookupType value="2"/>
+        <LookupFlag value="0"/>
+        <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
+        <PairPos index="0" Format="2">
+          <Coverage>
+            <Glyph value="ra-sidd"/>
+          </Coverage>
+          <ValueFormat1 value="4"/>
+          <ValueFormat2 value="0"/>
+          <ClassDef1>
+          </ClassDef1>
+          <ClassDef2>
+            <ClassDef glyph="r-sidd.med.ra" class="1"/>
+            <ClassDef glyph="ra-sidd" class="1"/>
+            <ClassDef glyph="ra-sidd.ini" class="1"/>
+            <ClassDef glyph="ra-sidd.iniThird" class="1"/>
+          </ClassDef2>
+          <!-- Class1Count=1 -->
+          <!-- Class2Count=2 -->
+          <Class1Record index="0">
+            <Class2Record index="0">
+              <Value1 XAdvance="0"/>
+            </Class2Record>
+            <Class2Record index="1">
+              <Value1 XAdvance="0"/>
+            </Class2Record>
+          </Class1Record>
+        </PairPos>
+      </Lookup>
+      <Lookup index="3">
+        <LookupType value="4"/>
+        <LookupFlag value="0"/>
+        <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
+        <MarkBasePos index="0" Format="1">
+          <MarkCoverage>
+            <Glyph value="r-sidd.med.ra"/>
+          </MarkCoverage>
+          <BaseCoverage>
+            <Glyph value="ra-sidd"/>
+            <Glyph value="ra-sidd.ini"/>
+            <Glyph value="ra-sidd.iniThird"/>
+          </BaseCoverage>
+          <!-- ClassCount=1 -->
+          <MarkArray>
+            <!-- MarkCount=1 -->
+            <MarkRecord index="0">
+              <Class value="0"/>
+              <MarkAnchor Format="1">
+                <XCoordinate value="258"/>
+                <YCoordinate value="435"/>
+              </MarkAnchor>
+            </MarkRecord>
+          </MarkArray>
+          <BaseArray>
+            <!-- BaseCount=3 -->
+            <BaseRecord index="0">
+              <BaseAnchor index="0" Format="1">
+                <XCoordinate value="257"/>
+                <YCoordinate value="-53"/>
+              </BaseAnchor>
+            </BaseRecord>
+            <BaseRecord index="1">
+              <BaseAnchor index="0" Format="1">
+                <XCoordinate value="258"/>
+                <YCoordinate value="435"/>
+              </BaseAnchor>
+            </BaseRecord>
+            <BaseRecord index="2">
+              <BaseAnchor index="0" Format="1">
+                <XCoordinate value="258"/>
+                <YCoordinate value="435"/>
+              </BaseAnchor>
+            </BaseRecord>
+          </BaseArray>
+        </MarkBasePos>
+      </Lookup>
+      <Lookup index="4">
+        <LookupType value="6"/>
+        <LookupFlag value="16"/><!-- useMarkFilteringSet -->
+        <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
+        <MarkMarkPos index="0" Format="1">
+          <Mark1Coverage>
+            <Glyph value="r-sidd.med.ra"/>
+          </Mark1Coverage>
+          <Mark2Coverage>
+            <Glyph value="r-sidd.med.ra"/>
+          </Mark2Coverage>
+          <!-- ClassCount=1 -->
+          <Mark1Array>
+            <!-- MarkCount=1 -->
+            <MarkRecord index="0">
+              <Class value="0"/>
+              <MarkAnchor Format="1">
+                <XCoordinate value="258"/>
+                <YCoordinate value="435"/>
+              </MarkAnchor>
+            </MarkRecord>
+          </Mark1Array>
+          <Mark2Array>
+            <!-- Mark2Count=1 -->
+            <Mark2Record index="0">
+              <Mark2Anchor index="0" Format="1">
+                <XCoordinate value="258"/>
+                <YCoordinate value="235"/>
+              </Mark2Anchor>
+            </Mark2Record>
+          </Mark2Array>
+        </MarkMarkPos>
+        <MarkFilteringSet value="0"/>
+      </Lookup>
+    </LookupList>
+  </GPOS>
+
+</ttFont>
diff --git a/Tests/subset/data/GPOS_SinglePos_no_value_issue_2312.ttx b/Tests/subset/data/GPOS_SinglePos_no_value_issue_2312.ttx
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9149637
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/subset/data/GPOS_SinglePos_no_value_issue_2312.ttx
@@ -0,0 +1,689 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<ttFont sfntVersion="\x00\x01\x00\x00" ttLibVersion="4.24">
+
+  <GlyphOrder>
+    <!-- The 'id' attribute is only for humans; it is ignored when parsed. -->
+    <GlyphID id="0" name=".notdef"/>
+    <GlyphID id="1" name="ra-sidd"/>
+    <GlyphID id="2" name="ra-sidd.ini"/>
+    <GlyphID id="3" name="ra-sidd.iniThird"/>
+    <GlyphID id="4" name="r-sidd.med.ra"/>
+  </GlyphOrder>
+
+  <head>
+    <!-- Most of this table will be recalculated by the compiler -->
+    <tableVersion value="1.0"/>
+    <fontRevision value="2.001"/>
+    <checkSumAdjustment value="0x78efacfb"/>
+    <magicNumber value="0x5f0f3cf5"/>
+    <flags value="00000000 00000011"/>
+    <unitsPerEm value="1000"/>
+    <created value="Mon Feb 11 05:00:43 2019"/>
+    <modified value="Fri Dec 25 13:11:40 2020"/>
+    <xMin value="-220"/>
+    <yMin value="-1025"/>
+    <xMax value="1053"/>
+    <yMax value="995"/>
+    <macStyle value="00000000 00000000"/>
+    <lowestRecPPEM value="6"/>
+    <fontDirectionHint value="2"/>
+    <indexToLocFormat value="0"/>
+    <glyphDataFormat value="0"/>
+  </head>
+
+  <hhea>
+    <tableVersion value="0x00010000"/>
+    <ascent value="1000"/>
+    <descent value="-1030"/>
+    <lineGap value="0"/>
+    <advanceWidthMax value="1083"/>
+    <minLeftSideBearing value="-220"/>
+    <minRightSideBearing value="-842"/>
+    <xMaxExtent value="1053"/>
+    <caretSlopeRise value="1"/>
+    <caretSlopeRun value="0"/>
+    <caretOffset value="0"/>
+    <reserved0 value="0"/>
+    <reserved1 value="0"/>
+    <reserved2 value="0"/>
+    <reserved3 value="0"/>
+    <metricDataFormat value="0"/>
+    <numberOfHMetrics value="5"/>
+  </hhea>
+
+  <maxp>
+    <!-- Most of this table will be recalculated by the compiler -->
+    <tableVersion value="0x10000"/>
+    <numGlyphs value="5"/>
+    <maxPoints value="288"/>
+    <maxContours value="22"/>
+    <maxCompositePoints value="0"/>
+    <maxCompositeContours value="0"/>
+    <maxZones value="1"/>
+    <maxTwilightPoints value="0"/>
+    <maxStorage value="0"/>
+    <maxFunctionDefs value="0"/>
+    <maxInstructionDefs value="0"/>
+    <maxStackElements value="0"/>
+    <maxSizeOfInstructions value="0"/>
+    <maxComponentElements value="0"/>
+    <maxComponentDepth value="0"/>
+  </maxp>
+
+  <OS_2>
+    <!-- The fields 'usFirstCharIndex' and 'usLastCharIndex'
+         will be recalculated by the compiler -->
+    <version value="4"/>
+    <xAvgCharWidth value="625"/>
+    <usWeightClass value="400"/>
+    <usWidthClass value="5"/>
+    <fsType value="00000000 00000000"/>
+    <ySubscriptXSize value="650"/>
+    <ySubscriptYSize value="600"/>
+    <ySubscriptXOffset value="0"/>
+    <ySubscriptYOffset value="75"/>
+    <ySuperscriptXSize value="650"/>
+    <ySuperscriptYSize value="600"/>
+    <ySuperscriptXOffset value="0"/>
+    <ySuperscriptYOffset value="350"/>
+    <yStrikeoutSize value="50"/>
+    <yStrikeoutPosition value="410"/>
+    <sFamilyClass value="0"/>
+    <panose>
+      <bFamilyType value="2"/>
+      <bSerifStyle value="11"/>
+      <bWeight value="5"/>
+      <bProportion value="2"/>
+      <bContrast value="4"/>
+      <bStrokeVariation value="5"/>
+      <bArmStyle value="4"/>
+      <bLetterForm value="2"/>
+      <bMidline value="2"/>
+      <bXHeight value="4"/>
+    </panose>
+    <ulUnicodeRange1 value="00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000"/>
+    <ulUnicodeRange2 value="00000010 00000000 00000000 00000000"/>
+    <ulUnicodeRange3 value="00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000"/>
+    <ulUnicodeRange4 value="00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000"/>
+    <achVendID value="GOOG"/>
+    <fsSelection value="00000001 01000000"/>
+    <usFirstCharIndex value="65535"/>
+    <usLastCharIndex value="65535"/>
+    <sTypoAscender value="1000"/>
+    <sTypoDescender value="-1030"/>
+    <sTypoLineGap value="0"/>
+    <usWinAscent value="1000"/>
+    <usWinDescent value="1030"/>
+    <ulCodePageRange1 value="00000000 00000000 00000000 00000001"/>
+    <ulCodePageRange2 value="00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000"/>
+    <sxHeight value="683"/>
+    <sCapHeight value="714"/>
+    <usDefaultChar value="0"/>
+    <usBreakChar value="32"/>
+    <usMaxContext value="9"/>
+  </OS_2>
+
+  <hmtx>
+    <mtx name=".notdef" width="600" lsb="94"/>
+    <mtx name="r-sidd.med.ra" width="0" lsb="41"/>
+    <mtx name="ra-sidd" width="501" lsb="38"/>
+    <mtx name="ra-sidd.ini" width="522" lsb="41"/>
+    <mtx name="ra-sidd.iniThird" width="522" lsb="41"/>
+  </hmtx>
+
+  <cmap>
+    <tableVersion version="0"/>
+    <cmap_format_12 platformID="0" platEncID="4" format="12" reserved="0" length="28" language="0" nGroups="1">
+      <map code="0x115a8" name="ra-sidd"/><!-- SIDDHAM LETTER RA -->
+    </cmap_format_12>
+    <cmap_format_12 platformID="3" platEncID="10" format="12" reserved="0" length="28" language="0" nGroups="1">
+      <map code="0x115a8" name="ra-sidd"/><!-- SIDDHAM LETTER RA -->
+    </cmap_format_12>
+  </cmap>
+
+  <loca>
+    <!-- The 'loca' table will be calculated by the compiler -->
+  </loca>
+
+  <glyf>
+
+    <!-- The xMin, yMin, xMax and yMax values
+         will be recalculated by the compiler. -->
+
+    <TTGlyph name=".notdef"/><!-- contains no outline data -->
+
+    <TTGlyph name="r-sidd.med.ra" xMin="41" yMin="205" xMax="482" yMax="483">
+      <contour>
+        <pt x="213" y="252" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="213" y="291" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="140" y="338" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="66" y="395" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="41" y="430" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="41" y="443" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="41" y="457" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="53" y="464" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="74" y="451" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="98" y="442" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="116" y="471" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="151" y="471" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="181" y="471" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="233" y="450" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="269" y="450" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="302" y="450" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="367" y="467" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="392" y="483" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="482" y="420" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="466" y="398" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="407" y="367" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="346" y="339" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="303" y="304" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="303" y="276" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="303" y="218" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="303" y="205" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="293" y="205" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="282" y="205" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="243" y="221" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="213" y="243" on="0"/>
+      </contour>
+      <instructions/>
+    </TTGlyph>
+
+    <TTGlyph name="ra-sidd" xMin="38" yMin="-103" xMax="481" yMax="683">
+      <contour>
+        <pt x="40" y="643" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="40" y="657" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="52" y="664" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="73" y="651" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="97" y="642" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="115" y="671" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="150" y="671" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="180" y="671" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="232" y="650" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="268" y="650" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="301" y="650" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="366" y="667" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="391" y="683" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="481" y="620" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="465" y="598" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="406" y="567" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="345" y="539" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="302" y="504" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="302" y="476" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="302" y="142" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="302" y="78" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="277" y="50" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="458" y="-74" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="439" y="-103" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="245" y="29" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="232" y="25" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="215" y="25" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="186" y="25" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="123" y="53" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="83" y="86" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="58" y="108" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="38" y="138" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="38" y="151" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="38" y="173" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="64" y="173" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="81" y="173" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="128" y="152" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="170" y="123" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="183" y="114" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="198" y="115" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="212" y="134" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="212" y="159" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="212" y="491" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="139" y="538" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="65" y="595" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="40" y="630" on="0"/>
+      </contour>
+      <instructions/>
+    </TTGlyph>
+
+    <TTGlyph name="ra-sidd.ini" xMin="41" yMin="405" xMax="482" yMax="683">
+      <contour>
+        <pt x="213" y="452" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="213" y="491" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="140" y="538" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="66" y="595" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="41" y="630" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="41" y="643" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="41" y="657" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="53" y="664" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="74" y="651" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="98" y="642" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="116" y="671" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="151" y="671" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="181" y="671" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="233" y="650" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="269" y="650" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="302" y="650" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="367" y="667" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="392" y="683" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="482" y="620" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="466" y="598" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="407" y="567" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="346" y="539" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="303" y="504" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="303" y="476" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="303" y="418" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="303" y="405" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="293" y="405" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="282" y="405" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="243" y="421" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="213" y="443" on="0"/>
+      </contour>
+      <instructions/>
+    </TTGlyph>
+
+    <TTGlyph name="ra-sidd.iniThird" xMin="41" yMin="405" xMax="482" yMax="683">
+      <contour>
+        <pt x="213" y="452" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="213" y="491" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="140" y="538" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="66" y="595" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="41" y="630" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="41" y="643" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="41" y="657" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="53" y="664" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="74" y="651" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="98" y="642" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="116" y="671" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="151" y="671" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="181" y="671" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="233" y="650" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="269" y="650" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="302" y="650" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="367" y="667" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="392" y="683" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="482" y="620" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="466" y="598" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="407" y="567" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="346" y="539" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="303" y="504" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="303" y="476" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="303" y="418" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="303" y="405" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="293" y="405" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="282" y="405" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="243" y="421" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="213" y="443" on="0"/>
+      </contour>
+      <instructions/>
+    </TTGlyph>
+
+  </glyf>
+
+  <name>
+    <namerecord nameID="0" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Copyright 2019 Google Inc. All Rights Reserved.
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="1" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Noto Sans Siddham
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="2" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Regular
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="3" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      2.001;GOOG;NotoSansSiddham-Regular
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="4" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Noto Sans Siddham Regular
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="5" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Version 2.001
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="6" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      NotoSansSiddham-Regular
+    </namerecord>
+  </name>
+
+  <post>
+    <formatType value="2.0"/>
+    <italicAngle value="0.0"/>
+    <underlinePosition value="-100"/>
+    <underlineThickness value="50"/>
+    <isFixedPitch value="0"/>
+    <minMemType42 value="0"/>
+    <maxMemType42 value="0"/>
+    <minMemType1 value="0"/>
+    <maxMemType1 value="0"/>
+    <psNames>
+      <!-- This file uses unique glyph names based on the information
+           found in the 'post' table. Since these names might not be unique,
+           we have to invent artificial names in case of clashes. In order to
+           be able to retain the original information, we need a name to
+           ps name mapping for those cases where they differ. That's what
+           you see below.
+            -->
+    </psNames>
+    <extraNames>
+      <!-- following are the name that are not taken from the standard Mac glyph order -->
+      <psName name="ra-sidd"/>
+      <psName name="ra-sidd.ini"/>
+      <psName name="ra-sidd.iniThird"/>
+      <psName name="r-sidd.med.ra"/>
+    </extraNames>
+  </post>
+
+  <GDEF>
+    <Version value="0x00010002"/>
+    <GlyphClassDef>
+      <ClassDef glyph="r-sidd.med.ra" class="3"/>
+      <ClassDef glyph="ra-sidd" class="1"/>
+      <ClassDef glyph="ra-sidd.ini" class="1"/>
+      <ClassDef glyph="ra-sidd.iniThird" class="1"/>
+    </GlyphClassDef>
+    <MarkGlyphSetsDef>
+      <MarkSetTableFormat value="1"/>
+      <!-- MarkSetCount=3 -->
+      <Coverage index="0">
+        <Glyph value="r-sidd.med.ra"/>
+      </Coverage>
+      <Coverage index="1">
+      </Coverage>
+      <Coverage index="2">
+        <Glyph value="r-sidd.med.ra"/>
+      </Coverage>
+    </MarkGlyphSetsDef>
+  </GDEF>
+
+  <GPOS>
+    <Version value="0x00010000"/>
+    <ScriptList>
+      <!-- ScriptCount=2 -->
+      <ScriptRecord index="0">
+        <ScriptTag value="DFLT"/>
+        <Script>
+          <DefaultLangSys>
+            <ReqFeatureIndex value="65535"/>
+            <!-- FeatureCount=3 -->
+            <FeatureIndex index="0" value="1"/>
+            <FeatureIndex index="1" value="3"/>
+            <FeatureIndex index="2" value="4"/>
+          </DefaultLangSys>
+          <!-- LangSysCount=0 -->
+        </Script>
+      </ScriptRecord>
+      <ScriptRecord index="1">
+        <ScriptTag value="sidd"/>
+        <Script>
+          <DefaultLangSys>
+            <ReqFeatureIndex value="65535"/>
+            <!-- FeatureCount=4 -->
+            <FeatureIndex index="0" value="0"/>
+            <FeatureIndex index="1" value="2"/>
+            <FeatureIndex index="2" value="3"/>
+            <FeatureIndex index="3" value="4"/>
+          </DefaultLangSys>
+          <!-- LangSysCount=0 -->
+        </Script>
+      </ScriptRecord>
+    </ScriptList>
+    <FeatureList>
+      <!-- FeatureCount=5 -->
+      <FeatureRecord index="0">
+        <FeatureTag value="dist"/>
+        <Feature>
+          <!-- LookupCount=1 -->
+          <LookupListIndex index="0" value="2"/>
+        </Feature>
+      </FeatureRecord>
+      <FeatureRecord index="1">
+        <FeatureTag value="kern"/>
+        <Feature>
+          <!-- LookupCount=2 -->
+          <LookupListIndex index="0" value="0"/>
+          <LookupListIndex index="1" value="2"/>
+        </Feature>
+      </FeatureRecord>
+      <FeatureRecord index="2">
+        <FeatureTag value="kern"/>
+        <Feature>
+          <!-- LookupCount=1 -->
+          <LookupListIndex index="0" value="0"/>
+        </Feature>
+      </FeatureRecord>
+      <FeatureRecord index="3">
+        <FeatureTag value="mark"/>
+        <Feature>
+          <!-- LookupCount=1 -->
+          <LookupListIndex index="0" value="3"/>
+        </Feature>
+      </FeatureRecord>
+      <FeatureRecord index="4">
+        <FeatureTag value="mkmk"/>
+        <Feature>
+          <!-- LookupCount=1 -->
+          <LookupListIndex index="0" value="4"/>
+        </Feature>
+      </FeatureRecord>
+    </FeatureList>
+    <LookupList>
+      <!-- LookupCount=5 -->
+      <Lookup index="0">
+        <LookupType value="8"/>
+        <LookupFlag value="0"/>
+        <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
+        <ChainContextPos index="0" Format="3">
+          <!-- BacktrackGlyphCount=0 -->
+          <!-- InputGlyphCount=1 -->
+          <InputCoverage index="0">
+            <Glyph value="ra-sidd.ini"/>
+            <Glyph value="ra-sidd.iniThird"/>
+          </InputCoverage>
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+          </LookAheadCoverage>
+          <!-- PosCount=1 -->
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+          </PosLookupRecord>
+        </ChainContextPos>
+      </Lookup>
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+        <LookupFlag value="0"/>
+        <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
+        <SinglePos index="0" Format="1">
+          <Coverage>
+            <Glyph value="ra-sidd.ini"/>
+            <Glyph value="ra-sidd.iniThird"/>
+          </Coverage>
+          <ValueFormat value="0"/>
+        </SinglePos>
+      </Lookup>
+      <Lookup index="2">
+        <LookupType value="2"/>
+        <LookupFlag value="0"/>
+        <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
+        <PairPos index="0" Format="2">
+          <Coverage>
+            <Glyph value="ra-sidd"/>
+          </Coverage>
+          <ValueFormat1 value="4"/>
+          <ValueFormat2 value="0"/>
+          <ClassDef1>
+          </ClassDef1>
+          <ClassDef2>
+            <ClassDef glyph="r-sidd.med.ra" class="1"/>
+            <ClassDef glyph="ra-sidd" class="1"/>
+            <ClassDef glyph="ra-sidd.ini" class="1"/>
+            <ClassDef glyph="ra-sidd.iniThird" class="1"/>
+          </ClassDef2>
+          <!-- Class1Count=1 -->
+          <!-- Class2Count=2 -->
+          <Class1Record index="0">
+            <Class2Record index="0">
+              <Value1 XAdvance="0"/>
+            </Class2Record>
+            <Class2Record index="1">
+              <Value1 XAdvance="0"/>
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+          </Class1Record>
+        </PairPos>
+      </Lookup>
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+        <LookupType value="4"/>
+        <LookupFlag value="0"/>
+        <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
+        <MarkBasePos index="0" Format="1">
+          <MarkCoverage>
+            <Glyph value="r-sidd.med.ra"/>
+          </MarkCoverage>
+          <BaseCoverage>
+            <Glyph value="ra-sidd"/>
+            <Glyph value="ra-sidd.ini"/>
+            <Glyph value="ra-sidd.iniThird"/>
+          </BaseCoverage>
+          <!-- ClassCount=1 -->
+          <MarkArray>
+            <!-- MarkCount=1 -->
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+                <YCoordinate value="-53"/>
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+        </MarkBasePos>
+      </Lookup>
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+        <LookupType value="6"/>
+        <LookupFlag value="16"/><!-- useMarkFilteringSet -->
+        <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
+        <MarkMarkPos index="0" Format="1">
+          <Mark1Coverage>
+            <Glyph value="r-sidd.med.ra"/>
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+        </MarkMarkPos>
+        <MarkFilteringSet value="0"/>
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+    </LookupList>
+  </GPOS>
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+    <ScriptList>
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+    <FeatureList>
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+      <FeatureRecord index="0">
+        <FeatureTag value="pref"/>
+        <Feature>
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+      </FeatureRecord>
+      <FeatureRecord index="1">
+        <FeatureTag value="psts"/>
+        <Feature>
+          <!-- LookupCount=1 -->
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+        </Feature>
+      </FeatureRecord>
+    </FeatureList>
+    <LookupList>
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+        <LookupFlag value="0"/>
+        <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
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+          <!-- BacktrackGlyphCount=0 -->
+          <!-- InputGlyphCount=1 -->
+          <InputCoverage index="0">
+            <Glyph value="ra-sidd.ini"/>
+          </InputCoverage>
+          <!-- LookAheadGlyphCount=1 -->
+          <LookAheadCoverage index="0">
+            <Glyph value="r-sidd.med.ra"/>
+          </LookAheadCoverage>
+          <!-- SubstCount=1 -->
+          <SubstLookupRecord index="0">
+            <SequenceIndex value="0"/>
+            <LookupListIndex value="1"/>
+          </SubstLookupRecord>
+        </ChainContextSubst>
+      </Lookup>
+      <Lookup index="1">
+        <LookupType value="1"/>
+        <LookupFlag value="0"/>
+        <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
+        <SingleSubst index="0">
+          <Substitution in="ra-sidd.ini" out="ra-sidd.iniThird"/>
+        </SingleSubst>
+      </Lookup>
+    </LookupList>
+  </GSUB>
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diff --git a/Tests/subset/data/Lobster.subset.otf b/Tests/subset/data/Lobster.subset.otf
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8147542
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/subset/data/Lobster.subset.otf
Binary files differ
diff --git a/Tests/subset/data/Lobster.subset.ttx b/Tests/subset/data/Lobster.subset.ttx
index c35e570..8089b24 100644
--- a/Tests/subset/data/Lobster.subset.ttx
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@@ -490,7 +490,7 @@
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-          <Coverage Format="2">
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@@ -616,7 +616,7 @@
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         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
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+        <SingleSubst index="0">
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@@ -625,7 +625,7 @@
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@@ -635,7 +635,7 @@
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         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
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+        <SingleSubst index="0">
           <Substitution in="A" out="A.salt"/>
           <Substitution in="B" out="B.salt"/>
         </SingleSubst>
diff --git a/Tests/subset/data/TestContextSubstFormat3.ttx b/Tests/subset/data/TestContextSubstFormat3.ttx
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0ed43ee
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/subset/data/TestContextSubstFormat3.ttx
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+    <Version value="0x00010000"/>
+    <ScriptList>
+      <!-- ScriptCount=4 -->
+      <ScriptRecord index="0">
+        <ScriptTag value="DFLT"/>
+        <Script>
+          <DefaultLangSys>
+            <ReqFeatureIndex value="65535"/>
+            <!-- FeatureCount=1 -->
+            <FeatureIndex index="0" value="0"/>
+          </DefaultLangSys>
+          <!-- LangSysCount=0 -->
+        </Script>
+      </ScriptRecord>
+      <ScriptRecord index="1">
+        <ScriptTag value="cyrl"/>
+        <Script>
+          <DefaultLangSys>
+            <ReqFeatureIndex value="65535"/>
+            <!-- FeatureCount=1 -->
+            <FeatureIndex index="0" value="0"/>
+          </DefaultLangSys>
+          <!-- LangSysCount=0 -->
+        </Script>
+      </ScriptRecord>
+      <ScriptRecord index="2">
+        <ScriptTag value="grek"/>
+        <Script>
+          <DefaultLangSys>
+            <ReqFeatureIndex value="65535"/>
+            <!-- FeatureCount=1 -->
+            <FeatureIndex index="0" value="0"/>
+          </DefaultLangSys>
+          <!-- LangSysCount=0 -->
+        </Script>
+      </ScriptRecord>
+      <ScriptRecord index="3">
+        <ScriptTag value="latn"/>
+        <Script>
+          <DefaultLangSys>
+            <ReqFeatureIndex value="65535"/>
+            <!-- FeatureCount=1 -->
+            <FeatureIndex index="0" value="0"/>
+          </DefaultLangSys>
+          <!-- LangSysCount=0 -->
+        </Script>
+      </ScriptRecord>
+    </ScriptList>
+    <FeatureList>
+      <!-- FeatureCount=1 -->
+      <FeatureRecord index="0">
+        <FeatureTag value="calt"/>
+        <Feature>
+          <!-- LookupCount=2 -->
+          <LookupListIndex index="0" value="0"/>
+          <LookupListIndex index="1" value="1"/>
+        </Feature>
+      </FeatureRecord>
+    </FeatureList>
+    <LookupList>
+      <!-- LookupCount=6 -->
+      <Lookup index="0">
+        <LookupType value="6"/>
+        <LookupFlag value="0"/>
+        <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
+        <ChainContextSubst index="0" Format="2">
+          <Coverage>
+            <Glyph value="plus"/>
+          </Coverage>
+          <BacktrackClassDef>
+            <ClassDef glyph="glyph00005" class="1"/>
+            <ClassDef glyph="glyph00007" class="1"/>
+          </BacktrackClassDef>
+          <InputClassDef>
+            <ClassDef glyph="plus" class="1"/>
+          </InputClassDef>
+          <LookAheadClassDef>
+          </LookAheadClassDef>
+          <!-- ChainSubClassSetCount=2 -->
+          <ChainSubClassSet index="0" empty="1"/>
+          <ChainSubClassSet index="1">
+            <!-- ChainSubClassRuleCount=4 -->
+            <ChainSubClassRule index="0">
+              <!-- BacktrackGlyphCount=1 -->
+              <Backtrack index="0" value="1"/>
+              <!-- InputGlyphCount=1 -->
+              <!-- LookAheadGlyphCount=0 -->
+              <!-- SubstCount=1 -->
+              <SubstLookupRecord index="0">
+                <SequenceIndex value="0"/>
+                <LookupListIndex value="5"/>
+              </SubstLookupRecord>
+            </ChainSubClassRule>
+            <ChainSubClassRule index="1">
+              <!-- BacktrackGlyphCount=0 -->
+              <!-- InputGlyphCount=4 -->
+              <Input index="0" value="1"/>
+              <Input index="1" value="1"/>
+              <Input index="2" value="1"/>
+              <!-- LookAheadGlyphCount=0 -->
+              <!-- SubstCount=4 -->
+              <SubstLookupRecord index="0">
+                <SequenceIndex value="0"/>
+                <LookupListIndex value="4"/>
+              </SubstLookupRecord>
+              <SubstLookupRecord index="1">
+                <SequenceIndex value="1"/>
+                <LookupListIndex value="3"/>
+              </SubstLookupRecord>
+              <SubstLookupRecord index="2">
+                <SequenceIndex value="2"/>
+                <LookupListIndex value="3"/>
+              </SubstLookupRecord>
+              <SubstLookupRecord index="3">
+                <SequenceIndex value="3"/>
+                <LookupListIndex value="2"/>
+              </SubstLookupRecord>
+            </ChainSubClassRule>
+            <ChainSubClassRule index="2">
+              <!-- BacktrackGlyphCount=0 -->
+              <!-- InputGlyphCount=3 -->
+              <Input index="0" value="1"/>
+              <Input index="1" value="1"/>
+              <!-- LookAheadGlyphCount=0 -->
+              <!-- SubstCount=3 -->
+              <SubstLookupRecord index="0">
+                <SequenceIndex value="0"/>
+                <LookupListIndex value="4"/>
+              </SubstLookupRecord>
+              <SubstLookupRecord index="1">
+                <SequenceIndex value="1"/>
+                <LookupListIndex value="3"/>
+              </SubstLookupRecord>
+              <SubstLookupRecord index="2">
+                <SequenceIndex value="2"/>
+                <LookupListIndex value="2"/>
+              </SubstLookupRecord>
+            </ChainSubClassRule>
+            <ChainSubClassRule index="3">
+              <!-- BacktrackGlyphCount=0 -->
+              <!-- InputGlyphCount=2 -->
+              <Input index="0" value="1"/>
+              <!-- LookAheadGlyphCount=0 -->
+              <!-- SubstCount=2 -->
+              <SubstLookupRecord index="0">
+                <SequenceIndex value="0"/>
+                <LookupListIndex value="4"/>
+              </SubstLookupRecord>
+              <SubstLookupRecord index="1">
+                <SequenceIndex value="1"/>
+                <LookupListIndex value="2"/>
+              </SubstLookupRecord>
+            </ChainSubClassRule>
+          </ChainSubClassSet>
+        </ChainContextSubst>
+      </Lookup>
+      <Lookup index="1">
+        <LookupType value="5"/>
+        <LookupFlag value="0"/>
+        <!-- SubTableCount=2 -->
+        <ContextSubst index="0" Format="3">
+          <!-- GlyphCount=3 -->
+          <!-- SubstCount=2 -->
+          <Coverage index="0">
+            <Glyph value="glyph00002"/>
+          </Coverage>
+          <Coverage index="1">
+            <Glyph value="glyph00004"/>
+          </Coverage>
+          <Coverage index="2">
+            <Glyph value="glyph00005"/>
+          </Coverage>
+          <SubstLookupRecord index="0">
+            <SequenceIndex value="0"/>
+            <LookupListIndex value="5"/>
+          </SubstLookupRecord>
+          <SubstLookupRecord index="1">
+            <SequenceIndex value="2"/>
+            <LookupListIndex value="5"/>
+          </SubstLookupRecord>
+        </ContextSubst>
+        <ContextSubst index="1" Format="3">
+          <!-- GlyphCount=2 -->
+          <!-- SubstCount=2 -->
+          <Coverage index="0">
+            <Glyph value="glyph00002"/>
+          </Coverage>
+          <Coverage index="1">
+            <Glyph value="glyph00005"/>
+          </Coverage>
+          <SubstLookupRecord index="0">
+            <SequenceIndex value="0"/>
+            <LookupListIndex value="5"/>
+          </SubstLookupRecord>
+          <SubstLookupRecord index="1">
+            <SequenceIndex value="1"/>
+            <LookupListIndex value="5"/>
+          </SubstLookupRecord>
+        </ContextSubst>
+      </Lookup>
+      <Lookup index="2">
+        <LookupType value="1"/>
+        <LookupFlag value="0"/>
+        <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
+        <SingleSubst index="0">
+          <Substitution in="plus" out="glyph00005"/>
+        </SingleSubst>
+      </Lookup>
+      <Lookup index="3">
+        <LookupType value="1"/>
+        <LookupFlag value="0"/>
+        <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
+        <SingleSubst index="0">
+          <Substitution in="plus" out="glyph00004"/>
+        </SingleSubst>
+      </Lookup>
+      <Lookup index="4">
+        <LookupType value="1"/>
+        <LookupFlag value="0"/>
+        <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
+        <SingleSubst index="0">
+          <Substitution in="plus" out="glyph00002"/>
+        </SingleSubst>
+      </Lookup>
+      <Lookup index="5">
+        <LookupType value="1"/>
+        <LookupFlag value="0"/>
+        <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
+        <SingleSubst index="0">
+          <Substitution in="glyph00002" out="glyph00003"/>
+          <Substitution in="glyph00005" out="glyph00006"/>
+          <Substitution in="plus" out="glyph00007"/>
+        </SingleSubst>
+      </Lookup>
+    </LookupList>
+  </GSUB>
+
+</ttFont>
diff --git a/Tests/subset/data/TestHVVAR.ttx b/Tests/subset/data/TestHVVAR.ttx
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3e74652
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/subset/data/TestHVVAR.ttx
@@ -0,0 +1,443 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<ttFont sfntVersion="\x00\x01\x00\x00" ttLibVersion="3.40">
+
+  <GlyphOrder>
+    <!-- The 'id' attribute is only for humans; it is ignored when parsed. -->
+    <GlyphID id="0" name=".notdef"/>
+    <GlyphID id="1" name="A"/>
+    <GlyphID id="2" name="B"/>
+    <GlyphID id="3" name="C"/>
+    <GlyphID id="4" name="D"/>
+    <GlyphID id="5" name="E"/>
+  </GlyphOrder>
+
+  <head>
+    <!-- Most of this table will be recalculated by the compiler -->
+    <tableVersion value="1.0"/>
+    <fontRevision value="1.0"/>
+    <checkSumAdjustment value="0xddab44f"/>
+    <magicNumber value="0x5f0f3cf5"/>
+    <flags value="00000000 00000001"/>
+    <unitsPerEm value="1000"/>
+    <created value="Tue Apr 23 17:22:52 2019"/>
+    <modified value="Tue Apr 23 17:22:52 2019"/>
+    <xMin value="0"/>
+    <yMin value="0"/>
+    <xMax value="0"/>
+    <yMax value="0"/>
+    <macStyle value="00000000 00000000"/>
+    <lowestRecPPEM value="7"/>
+    <fontDirectionHint value="2"/>
+    <indexToLocFormat value="0"/>
+    <glyphDataFormat value="0"/>
+  </head>
+
+  <hhea>
+    <tableVersion value="0x00010000"/>
+    <ascent value="1000"/>
+    <descent value="-200"/>
+    <lineGap value="0"/>
+    <advanceWidthMax value="700"/>
+    <minLeftSideBearing value="40"/>
+    <minRightSideBearing value="580"/>
+    <xMaxExtent value="80"/>
+    <caretSlopeRise value="1"/>
+    <caretSlopeRun value="0"/>
+    <caretOffset value="0"/>
+    <reserved0 value="0"/>
+    <reserved1 value="0"/>
+    <reserved2 value="0"/>
+    <reserved3 value="0"/>
+    <metricDataFormat value="0"/>
+    <numberOfHMetrics value="4"/>
+  </hhea>
+
+  <maxp>
+    <!-- Most of this table will be recalculated by the compiler -->
+    <tableVersion value="0x10000"/>
+    <numGlyphs value="6"/>
+    <maxPoints value="1"/>
+    <maxContours value="1"/>
+    <maxCompositePoints value="0"/>
+    <maxCompositeContours value="0"/>
+    <maxZones value="1"/>
+    <maxTwilightPoints value="0"/>
+    <maxStorage value="0"/>
+    <maxFunctionDefs value="1"/>
+    <maxInstructionDefs value="0"/>
+    <maxStackElements value="0"/>
+    <maxSizeOfInstructions value="0"/>
+    <maxComponentElements value="0"/>
+    <maxComponentDepth value="0"/>
+  </maxp>
+
+  <OS_2>
+    <!-- The fields 'usFirstCharIndex' and 'usLastCharIndex'
+         will be recalculated by the compiler -->
+    <version value="3"/>
+    <xAvgCharWidth value="606"/>
+    <usWeightClass value="400"/>
+    <usWidthClass value="5"/>
+    <fsType value="00000000 00001000"/>
+    <ySubscriptXSize value="650"/>
+    <ySubscriptYSize value="600"/>
+    <ySubscriptXOffset value="0"/>
+    <ySubscriptYOffset value="75"/>
+    <ySuperscriptXSize value="650"/>
+    <ySuperscriptYSize value="600"/>
+    <ySuperscriptXOffset value="0"/>
+    <ySuperscriptYOffset value="350"/>
+    <yStrikeoutSize value="50"/>
+    <yStrikeoutPosition value="300"/>
+    <sFamilyClass value="0"/>
+    <panose>
+      <bFamilyType value="0"/>
+      <bSerifStyle value="0"/>
+      <bWeight value="5"/>
+      <bProportion value="0"/>
+      <bContrast value="0"/>
+      <bStrokeVariation value="0"/>
+      <bArmStyle value="0"/>
+      <bLetterForm value="0"/>
+      <bMidline value="0"/>
+      <bXHeight value="0"/>
+    </panose>
+    <ulUnicodeRange1 value="00000000 00000000 00000000 00000001"/>
+    <ulUnicodeRange2 value="00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000"/>
+    <ulUnicodeRange3 value="00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000"/>
+    <ulUnicodeRange4 value="00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000"/>
+    <achVendID value="UKWN"/>
+    <fsSelection value="00000000 01000000"/>
+    <usFirstCharIndex value="32"/>
+    <usLastCharIndex value="8722"/>
+    <sTypoAscender value="800"/>
+    <sTypoDescender value="-200"/>
+    <sTypoLineGap value="200"/>
+    <usWinAscent value="1000"/>
+    <usWinDescent value="200"/>
+    <ulCodePageRange1 value="00000000 00000000 00000000 00000001"/>
+    <ulCodePageRange2 value="00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000"/>
+    <sxHeight value="500"/>
+    <sCapHeight value="700"/>
+    <usDefaultChar value="0"/>
+    <usBreakChar value="32"/>
+    <usMaxContext value="0"/>
+  </OS_2>
+
+  <hmtx>
+    <mtx name=".notdef" width="700" lsb="80"/>
+    <mtx name="A" width="700" lsb="0"/>
+    <mtx name="B" width="625" lsb="40"/>
+    <mtx name="C" width="660" lsb="80"/>
+    <mtx name="D" width="660" lsb="80"/>
+    <mtx name="E" width="660" lsb="80"/>
+  </hmtx>
+
+  <cmap>
+    <tableVersion version="0"/>
+    <cmap_format_4 platformID="0" platEncID="3" language="0">
+      <map code="0x41" name="A"/><!-- SPACE -->
+      <map code="0x42" name="B"/><!-- DIGIT ZERO -->
+      <map code="0x43" name="C"/><!-- EQUALS SIGN -->
+      <map code="0x44" name="D"/><!-- MINUS SIGN -->
+      <map code="0x45" name="E"/><!-- PLUS SIGN -->
+    </cmap_format_4>
+  </cmap>
+
+  <loca>
+    <!-- The 'loca' table will be calculated by the compiler -->
+  </loca>
+
+  <glyf>
+
+    <!-- The xMin, yMin, xMax and yMax values
+         will be recalculated by the compiler. -->
+
+    <TTGlyph name=".notdef" xMin="0" yMin="0" xMax="0" yMax="0">
+      <contour>
+        <pt x="0" y="0" on="1"/>
+      </contour>
+      <instructions/>
+    </TTGlyph>
+
+    <TTGlyph name="A"/><!-- contains no outline data -->
+
+    <TTGlyph name="B" xMin="0" yMin="0" xMax="0" yMax="0">
+      <contour>
+        <pt x="0" y="0" on="1"/>
+      </contour>
+      <instructions/>
+    </TTGlyph>
+
+    <TTGlyph name="C" xMin="0" yMin="0" xMax="0" yMax="0">
+      <contour>
+        <pt x="0" y="0" on="1"/>
+      </contour>
+      <instructions/>
+    </TTGlyph>
+
+    <TTGlyph name="D" xMin="0" yMin="0" xMax="0" yMax="0">
+      <contour>
+        <pt x="0" y="0" on="1"/>
+      </contour>
+      <instructions/>
+    </TTGlyph>
+
+    <TTGlyph name="E" xMin="0" yMin="0" xMax="0" yMax="0">
+      <contour>
+        <pt x="0" y="0" on="1"/>
+      </contour>
+      <instructions/>
+    </TTGlyph>
+
+  </glyf>
+
+  <name>
+    <namerecord nameID="1" platformID="1" platEncID="0" langID="0x0" unicode="True">
+      TestHVVAR
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="2" platformID="1" platEncID="0" langID="0x0" unicode="True">
+      Regular
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="3" platformID="1" platEncID="0" langID="0x0" unicode="True">
+      1.000;UKWN;TestHVVAR-Regular
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="4" platformID="1" platEncID="0" langID="0x0" unicode="True">
+      TestHVVAR
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="5" platformID="1" platEncID="0" langID="0x0" unicode="True">
+      Version 1.000
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="6" platformID="1" platEncID="0" langID="0x0" unicode="True">
+      TestHVVAR-Regular
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="1" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      TestHVVAR
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="2" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Regular
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="3" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      1.000;UKWN;TestHVVAR-Regular
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="4" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      TestHVVAR-Regular
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="5" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Version 1.000
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="6" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      TestHVVAR-Regular
+    </namerecord>
+  </name>
+
+  <post>
+    <formatType value="2.0"/>
+    <italicAngle value="0.0"/>
+    <underlinePosition value="-75"/>
+    <underlineThickness value="50"/>
+    <isFixedPitch value="0"/>
+    <minMemType42 value="0"/>
+    <maxMemType42 value="0"/>
+    <minMemType1 value="0"/>
+    <maxMemType1 value="0"/>
+    <psNames>
+      <!-- This file uses unique glyph names based on the information
+           found in the 'post' table. Since these names might not be unique,
+           we have to invent artificial names in case of clashes. In order to
+           be able to retain the original information, we need a name to
+           ps name mapping for those cases where they differ. That's what
+           you see below.
+            -->
+    </psNames>
+    <extraNames>
+      <!-- following are the name that are not taken from the standard Mac glyph order -->
+    </extraNames>
+  </post>
+
+  <HVAR>
+    <Version value="0x00010000"/>
+    <VarStore Format="1">
+      <Format value="1"/>
+      <VarRegionList>
+        <!-- RegionAxisCount=1 -->
+        <!-- RegionCount=2 -->
+        <Region index="0">
+          <VarRegionAxis index="0">
+            <StartCoord value="-1.0"/>
+            <PeakCoord value="-1.0"/>
+            <EndCoord value="0.0"/>
+          </VarRegionAxis>
+        </Region>
+        <Region index="1">
+          <VarRegionAxis index="0">
+            <StartCoord value="0.0"/>
+            <PeakCoord value="1.0"/>
+            <EndCoord value="1.0"/>
+          </VarRegionAxis>
+        </Region>
+      </VarRegionList>
+      <!-- VarDataCount=2 -->
+      <VarData index="0">
+        <!-- ItemCount=6 -->
+        <NumShorts value="0"/>
+        <!-- VarRegionCount=1 -->
+        <VarRegionIndex index="0" value="1"/>
+        <Item index="0" value="[1]"/>
+        <Item index="1" value="[2]"/>
+        <Item index="2" value="[3]"/>
+        <Item index="3" value="[4]"/>
+        <Item index="4" value="[5]"/>
+        <Item index="5" value="[6]"/>
+      </VarData>
+      <VarData index="1">
+        <!-- ItemCount=6 -->
+        <NumShorts value="1"/>
+        <!-- VarRegionCount=2 -->
+        <VarRegionIndex index="0" value="0"/>
+        <VarRegionIndex index="1" value="1"/>
+        <Item index="0" value="[10, 21]"/>
+        <Item index="1" value="[11, 22]"/>
+        <Item index="2" value="[126, 23]"/>
+        <Item index="3" value="[127, 24]"/>
+        <Item index="4" value="[-128, 25]"/>
+        <Item index="5" value="[-129, 26]"/>
+      </VarData>
+    </VarStore>
+    <LsbMap>
+      <Map glyph=".notdef" outer="0" inner="2"/>
+      <Map glyph="A" outer="0" inner="5"/>
+      <Map glyph="B" outer="1" inner="1"/>
+      <Map glyph="C" outer="1" inner="4"/>
+      <Map glyph="D" outer="0" inner="3"/>
+      <Map glyph="E" outer="1" inner="0"/>
+    </LsbMap>
+    <RsbMap>
+      <Map glyph=".notdef" outer="0" inner="1"/>
+      <Map glyph="A" outer="0" inner="4"/>
+      <Map glyph="B" outer="1" inner="5"/>
+      <Map glyph="C" outer="0" inner="0"/>
+      <Map glyph="D" outer="1" inner="2"/>
+      <Map glyph="E" outer="1" inner="3"/>
+    </RsbMap>
+  </HVAR>
+
+  <VVAR>
+    <Version value="0x00010000"/>
+    <VarStore Format="1">
+      <Format value="1"/>
+      <VarRegionList>
+        <!-- RegionAxisCount=1 -->
+        <!-- RegionCount=4 -->
+        <Region index="0">
+          <VarRegionAxis index="0">
+            <StartCoord value="-1.0"/>
+            <PeakCoord value="-1.0"/>
+            <EndCoord value="0.0"/>
+          </VarRegionAxis>
+        </Region>
+        <Region index="1">
+          <VarRegionAxis index="0">
+            <StartCoord value="0.0"/>
+            <PeakCoord value="1.0"/>
+            <EndCoord value="1.0"/>
+          </VarRegionAxis>
+        </Region>
+        <Region index="2">
+          <VarRegionAxis index="0">
+            <StartCoord value="-1.0"/>
+            <PeakCoord value="-0.5"/>
+            <EndCoord value="0.0"/>
+          </VarRegionAxis>
+        </Region>
+        <Region index="3">
+          <VarRegionAxis index="0">
+            <StartCoord value="0.0"/>
+            <PeakCoord value="0.5"/>
+            <EndCoord value="1.0"/>
+          </VarRegionAxis>
+        </Region>
+      </VarRegionList>
+      <!-- VarDataCount=2 -->
+      <VarData index="0">
+        <!-- ItemCount=4 -->
+        <NumShorts value="0"/>
+        <!-- VarRegionCount=1 -->
+        <VarRegionIndex index="0" value="1"/>
+        <Item index="0" value="[32]"/>
+        <Item index="1" value="[17]"/>
+        <Item index="2" value="[0]"/>
+        <Item index="3" value="[14]"/>
+        <Item index="4" value="[5]"/>
+        <Item index="5" value="[6]"/>
+      </VarData>
+      <VarData index="1">
+        <!-- ItemCount=6 -->
+        <NumShorts value="3"/>
+        <!-- VarRegionCount=4 -->
+        <VarRegionIndex index="0" value="0"/>
+        <VarRegionIndex index="1" value="1"/>
+        <VarRegionIndex index="2" value="2"/>
+        <VarRegionIndex index="3" value="3"/>
+        <Item index="0" value="[0, 1, 11, 21]"/>
+        <Item index="1" value="[0, 2, 12, 22]"/>
+        <Item index="2" value="[128, 130, 13, 23]"/>
+        <Item index="3" value="[0, 4, 14, 24]"/>
+        <Item index="4" value="[0, 5, -129, 25]"/>
+        <Item index="5" value="[14, 6, 16, 26]"/>
+      </VarData>
+    </VarStore>
+    <AdvHeightMap>
+      <Map glyph=".notdef" outer="1" inner="0"/>
+      <Map glyph="A" outer="1" inner="2"/>
+      <Map glyph="B" outer="0" inner="2"/>
+      <Map glyph="C" outer="0" inner="0"/>
+      <Map glyph="D" outer="1" inner="1"/>
+      <Map glyph="E" outer="0" inner="1"/>
+    </AdvHeightMap>
+    <VOrgMap>
+      <Map glyph=".notdef" outer="1" inner="3"/>
+      <Map glyph="A" outer="1" inner="5"/>
+      <Map glyph="B" outer="0" inner="5"/>
+      <Map glyph="C" outer="0" inner="3"/>
+      <Map glyph="D" outer="1" inner="4"/>
+      <Map glyph="E" outer="0" inner="4"/>
+    </VOrgMap>
+  </VVAR>
+
+  <avar>
+    <segment axis="wght">
+      <mapping from="-1.0" to="-1.0"/>
+      <mapping from="0.0" to="0.0"/>
+      <mapping from="0.3" to="0.5"/>
+      <mapping from="1.0" to="1.0"/>
+    </segment>
+  </avar>
+
+  <fvar>
+    <Axis>
+      <AxisTag>wght</AxisTag>
+      <Flags>0x0</Flags>
+      <MinValue>100.0</MinValue>
+      <DefaultValue>400.0</DefaultValue>
+      <MaxValue>900.0</MaxValue>
+      <AxisNameID>257</AxisNameID>
+    </Axis>
+    <NamedInstance flags="0x0" subfamilyNameID="258">
+      <coord axis="wght" value="100.0"/>
+    </NamedInstance>
+    <NamedInstance flags="0x0" subfamilyNameID="259">
+      <coord axis="wght" value="300.0"/>
+    </NamedInstance>
+    <NamedInstance flags="0x0" subfamilyNameID="260">
+      <coord axis="wght" value="400.0"/>
+    </NamedInstance>
+    <NamedInstance flags="0x0" subfamilyNameID="261">
+      <coord axis="wght" value="700.0"/>
+    </NamedInstance>
+    <NamedInstance flags="0x0" subfamilyNameID="262">
+      <coord axis="wght" value="900.0"/>
+    </NamedInstance>
+  </fvar>
+
+</ttFont>
diff --git a/Tests/subset/data/expect_HVVAR.ttx b/Tests/subset/data/expect_HVVAR.ttx
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5fbc177
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/subset/data/expect_HVVAR.ttx
@@ -0,0 +1,166 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<ttFont sfntVersion="\x00\x01\x00\x00" ttLibVersion="3.40">
+
+  <GlyphOrder>
+    <!-- The 'id' attribute is only for humans; it is ignored when parsed. -->
+    <GlyphID id="0" name=".notdef"/>
+    <GlyphID id="1" name="B"/>
+    <GlyphID id="2" name="D"/>
+  </GlyphOrder>
+
+  <HVAR>
+    <Version value="0x00010000"/>
+    <VarStore Format="1">
+      <Format value="1"/>
+      <VarRegionList>
+        <!-- RegionAxisCount=1 -->
+        <!-- RegionCount=2 -->
+        <Region index="0">
+          <VarRegionAxis index="0">
+            <StartCoord value="-1.0"/>
+            <PeakCoord value="-1.0"/>
+            <EndCoord value="0.0"/>
+          </VarRegionAxis>
+        </Region>
+        <Region index="1">
+          <VarRegionAxis index="0">
+            <StartCoord value="0.0"/>
+            <PeakCoord value="1.0"/>
+            <EndCoord value="1.0"/>
+          </VarRegionAxis>
+        </Region>
+      </VarRegionList>
+      <!-- VarDataCount=2 -->
+      <VarData index="0">
+        <!-- ItemCount=5 -->
+        <NumShorts value="0"/>
+        <!-- VarRegionCount=1 -->
+        <VarRegionIndex index="0" value="1"/>
+        <Item index="0" value="[1]"/>
+        <Item index="1" value="[3]"/>
+        <Item index="2" value="[5]"/>
+        <Item index="3" value="[2]"/>
+        <Item index="4" value="[4]"/>
+      </VarData>
+      <VarData index="1">
+        <!-- ItemCount=3 -->
+        <NumShorts value="1"/>
+        <!-- VarRegionCount=2 -->
+        <VarRegionIndex index="0" value="0"/>
+        <VarRegionIndex index="1" value="1"/>
+        <Item index="0" value="[11, 22]"/>
+        <Item index="1" value="[126, 23]"/>
+        <Item index="2" value="[-129, 26]"/>
+      </VarData>
+    </VarStore>
+    <LsbMap>
+      <Map glyph=".notdef" outer="0" inner="1"/>
+      <Map glyph="B" outer="1" inner="0"/>
+      <Map glyph="D" outer="0" inner="4"/>
+    </LsbMap>
+    <RsbMap>
+      <Map glyph=".notdef" outer="0" inner="3"/>
+      <Map glyph="B" outer="1" inner="2"/>
+      <Map glyph="D" outer="1" inner="1"/>
+    </RsbMap>
+  </HVAR>
+
+  <VVAR>
+    <Version value="0x00010000"/>
+    <VarStore Format="1">
+      <Format value="1"/>
+      <VarRegionList>
+        <!-- RegionAxisCount=1 -->
+        <!-- RegionCount=3 -->
+        <Region index="0">
+          <VarRegionAxis index="0">
+            <StartCoord value="0.0"/>
+            <PeakCoord value="1.0"/>
+            <EndCoord value="1.0"/>
+          </VarRegionAxis>
+        </Region>
+        <Region index="1">
+          <VarRegionAxis index="0">
+            <StartCoord value="-1.0"/>
+            <PeakCoord value="-0.5"/>
+            <EndCoord value="0.0"/>
+          </VarRegionAxis>
+        </Region>
+        <Region index="2">
+          <VarRegionAxis index="0">
+            <StartCoord value="0.0"/>
+            <PeakCoord value="0.5"/>
+            <EndCoord value="1.0"/>
+          </VarRegionAxis>
+        </Region>
+      </VarRegionList>
+      <!-- VarDataCount=2 -->
+      <VarData index="0">
+        <!-- ItemCount=2 -->
+        <NumShorts value="0"/>
+        <!-- VarRegionCount=1 -->
+        <VarRegionIndex index="0" value="0"/>
+        <Item index="0" value="[0]"/>
+        <Item index="1" value="[6]"/>
+      </VarData>
+      <VarData index="1">
+        <!-- ItemCount=4 -->
+        <NumShorts value="1"/>
+        <!-- VarRegionCount=3 -->
+        <VarRegionIndex index="0" value="1"/>
+        <VarRegionIndex index="1" value="0"/>
+        <VarRegionIndex index="2" value="2"/>
+        <Item index="0" value="[11, 1, 21]"/>
+        <Item index="1" value="[12, 2, 22]"/>
+        <Item index="2" value="[14, 4, 24]"/>
+        <Item index="3" value="[-129, 5, 25]"/>
+      </VarData>
+    </VarStore>
+    <AdvHeightMap>
+      <Map glyph=".notdef" outer="1" inner="0"/>
+      <Map glyph="B" outer="0" inner="0"/>
+      <Map glyph="D" outer="1" inner="1"/>
+    </AdvHeightMap>
+    <VOrgMap>
+      <Map glyph=".notdef" outer="1" inner="2"/>
+      <Map glyph="B" outer="0" inner="1"/>
+      <Map glyph="D" outer="1" inner="3"/>
+    </VOrgMap>
+  </VVAR>
+
+  <avar>
+    <segment axis="wght">
+      <mapping from="-1.0" to="-1.0"/>
+      <mapping from="0.0" to="0.0"/>
+      <mapping from="0.3" to="0.5"/>
+      <mapping from="1.0" to="1.0"/>
+    </segment>
+  </avar>
+
+  <fvar>
+    <Axis>
+      <AxisTag>wght</AxisTag>
+      <Flags>0x0</Flags>
+      <MinValue>100.0</MinValue>
+      <DefaultValue>400.0</DefaultValue>
+      <MaxValue>900.0</MaxValue>
+      <AxisNameID>257</AxisNameID>
+    </Axis>
+    <NamedInstance flags="0x0" subfamilyNameID="258">
+      <coord axis="wght" value="100.0"/>
+    </NamedInstance>
+    <NamedInstance flags="0x0" subfamilyNameID="259">
+      <coord axis="wght" value="300.0"/>
+    </NamedInstance>
+    <NamedInstance flags="0x0" subfamilyNameID="260">
+      <coord axis="wght" value="400.0"/>
+    </NamedInstance>
+    <NamedInstance flags="0x0" subfamilyNameID="261">
+      <coord axis="wght" value="700.0"/>
+    </NamedInstance>
+    <NamedInstance flags="0x0" subfamilyNameID="262">
+      <coord axis="wght" value="900.0"/>
+    </NamedInstance>
+  </fvar>
+
+</ttFont>
diff --git a/Tests/subset/data/expect_HVVAR_retain_gids.ttx b/Tests/subset/data/expect_HVVAR_retain_gids.ttx
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8e51ca7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/subset/data/expect_HVVAR_retain_gids.ttx
@@ -0,0 +1,177 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<ttFont sfntVersion="\x00\x01\x00\x00" ttLibVersion="3.40">
+
+  <GlyphOrder>
+    <!-- The 'id' attribute is only for humans; it is ignored when parsed. -->
+    <GlyphID id="0" name=".notdef"/>
+    <GlyphID id="1" name="glyph00001"/>
+    <GlyphID id="2" name="B"/>
+    <GlyphID id="3" name="glyph00003"/>
+    <GlyphID id="4" name="D"/>
+  </GlyphOrder>
+
+  <HVAR>
+    <Version value="0x00010000"/>
+    <VarStore Format="1">
+      <Format value="1"/>
+      <VarRegionList>
+        <!-- RegionAxisCount=1 -->
+        <!-- RegionCount=2 -->
+        <Region index="0">
+          <VarRegionAxis index="0">
+            <StartCoord value="-1.0"/>
+            <PeakCoord value="-1.0"/>
+            <EndCoord value="0.0"/>
+          </VarRegionAxis>
+        </Region>
+        <Region index="1">
+          <VarRegionAxis index="0">
+            <StartCoord value="0.0"/>
+            <PeakCoord value="1.0"/>
+            <EndCoord value="1.0"/>
+          </VarRegionAxis>
+        </Region>
+      </VarRegionList>
+      <!-- VarDataCount=2 -->
+      <VarData index="0">
+        <!-- ItemCount=6 -->
+        <NumShorts value="0"/>
+        <!-- VarRegionCount=1 -->
+        <VarRegionIndex index="0" value="1"/>
+        <Item index="0" value="[1]"/>
+        <Item index="1" value="[2]"/>
+        <Item index="2" value="[3]"/>
+        <Item index="3" value="[4]"/>
+        <Item index="4" value="[5]"/>
+        <Item index="5" value="[0]"/>
+      </VarData>
+      <VarData index="1">
+        <!-- ItemCount=3 -->
+        <NumShorts value="1"/>
+        <!-- VarRegionCount=2 -->
+        <VarRegionIndex index="0" value="0"/>
+        <VarRegionIndex index="1" value="1"/>
+        <Item index="0" value="[11, 22]"/>
+        <Item index="1" value="[126, 23]"/>
+        <Item index="2" value="[-129, 26]"/>
+      </VarData>
+    </VarStore>
+    <LsbMap>
+      <Map glyph=".notdef" outer="0" inner="2"/>
+      <Map glyph="B" outer="1" inner="0"/>
+      <Map glyph="D" outer="0" inner="3"/>
+      <Map glyph="glyph00001" outer="0" inner="0"/>
+      <Map glyph="glyph00003" outer="0" inner="0"/>
+    </LsbMap>
+    <RsbMap>
+      <Map glyph=".notdef" outer="0" inner="1"/>
+      <Map glyph="B" outer="1" inner="2"/>
+      <Map glyph="D" outer="1" inner="1"/>
+      <Map glyph="glyph00001" outer="0" inner="0"/>
+      <Map glyph="glyph00003" outer="0" inner="0"/>
+    </RsbMap>
+  </HVAR>
+
+  <VVAR>
+    <Version value="0x00010000"/>
+    <VarStore Format="1">
+      <Format value="1"/>
+      <VarRegionList>
+        <!-- RegionAxisCount=1 -->
+        <!-- RegionCount=3 -->
+        <Region index="0">
+          <VarRegionAxis index="0">
+            <StartCoord value="0.0"/>
+            <PeakCoord value="1.0"/>
+            <EndCoord value="1.0"/>
+          </VarRegionAxis>
+        </Region>
+        <Region index="1">
+          <VarRegionAxis index="0">
+            <StartCoord value="-1.0"/>
+            <PeakCoord value="-0.5"/>
+            <EndCoord value="0.0"/>
+          </VarRegionAxis>
+        </Region>
+        <Region index="2">
+          <VarRegionAxis index="0">
+            <StartCoord value="0.0"/>
+            <PeakCoord value="0.5"/>
+            <EndCoord value="1.0"/>
+          </VarRegionAxis>
+        </Region>
+      </VarRegionList>
+      <!-- VarDataCount=2 -->
+      <VarData index="0">
+        <!-- ItemCount=2 -->
+        <NumShorts value="0"/>
+        <!-- VarRegionCount=1 -->
+        <VarRegionIndex index="0" value="0"/>
+        <Item index="0" value="[0]"/>
+        <Item index="1" value="[6]"/>
+      </VarData>
+      <VarData index="1">
+        <!-- ItemCount=4 -->
+        <NumShorts value="1"/>
+        <!-- VarRegionCount=3 -->
+        <VarRegionIndex index="0" value="1"/>
+        <VarRegionIndex index="1" value="0"/>
+        <VarRegionIndex index="2" value="2"/>
+        <Item index="0" value="[11, 1, 21]"/>
+        <Item index="1" value="[12, 2, 22]"/>
+        <Item index="2" value="[14, 4, 24]"/>
+        <Item index="3" value="[-129, 5, 25]"/>
+      </VarData>
+    </VarStore>
+    <AdvHeightMap>
+      <Map glyph=".notdef" outer="1" inner="0"/>
+      <Map glyph="B" outer="0" inner="0"/>
+      <Map glyph="D" outer="1" inner="1"/>
+      <Map glyph="glyph00001" outer="0" inner="0"/>
+      <Map glyph="glyph00003" outer="0" inner="0"/>
+    </AdvHeightMap>
+    <VOrgMap>
+      <Map glyph=".notdef" outer="1" inner="2"/>
+      <Map glyph="B" outer="0" inner="1"/>
+      <Map glyph="D" outer="1" inner="3"/>
+      <Map glyph="glyph00001" outer="0" inner="0"/>
+      <Map glyph="glyph00003" outer="0" inner="0"/>
+    </VOrgMap>
+  </VVAR>
+
+  <avar>
+    <segment axis="wght">
+      <mapping from="-1.0" to="-1.0"/>
+      <mapping from="0.0" to="0.0"/>
+      <mapping from="0.3" to="0.5"/>
+      <mapping from="1.0" to="1.0"/>
+    </segment>
+  </avar>
+
+  <fvar>
+    <Axis>
+      <AxisTag>wght</AxisTag>
+      <Flags>0x0</Flags>
+      <MinValue>100.0</MinValue>
+      <DefaultValue>400.0</DefaultValue>
+      <MaxValue>900.0</MaxValue>
+      <AxisNameID>257</AxisNameID>
+    </Axis>
+    <NamedInstance flags="0x0" subfamilyNameID="258">
+      <coord axis="wght" value="100.0"/>
+    </NamedInstance>
+    <NamedInstance flags="0x0" subfamilyNameID="259">
+      <coord axis="wght" value="300.0"/>
+    </NamedInstance>
+    <NamedInstance flags="0x0" subfamilyNameID="260">
+      <coord axis="wght" value="400.0"/>
+    </NamedInstance>
+    <NamedInstance flags="0x0" subfamilyNameID="261">
+      <coord axis="wght" value="700.0"/>
+    </NamedInstance>
+    <NamedInstance flags="0x0" subfamilyNameID="262">
+      <coord axis="wght" value="900.0"/>
+    </NamedInstance>
+  </fvar>
+
+</ttFont>
diff --git a/Tests/subset/data/expect_keep_gvar.ttx b/Tests/subset/data/expect_keep_gvar.ttx
index 92bc3b0..43e4a34 100644
--- a/Tests/subset/data/expect_keep_gvar.ttx
+++ b/Tests/subset/data/expect_keep_gvar.ttx
@@ -131,6 +131,18 @@
     <namerecord nameID="2" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
       Regular
     </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="3" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      1.000;UKWN;TestGVAR-Regular
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="4" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      TestGVAR-Regular
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="5" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Version 1.000
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="6" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      TestGVAR-Regular
+    </namerecord>
     <namerecord nameID="257" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
       Weight
     </namerecord>
diff --git a/Tests/subset/data/expect_keep_gvar_notdef_outline.ttx b/Tests/subset/data/expect_keep_gvar_notdef_outline.ttx
index 94ead91..d4cc79f 100644
--- a/Tests/subset/data/expect_keep_gvar_notdef_outline.ttx
+++ b/Tests/subset/data/expect_keep_gvar_notdef_outline.ttx
@@ -178,6 +178,18 @@
     <namerecord nameID="2" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
       Regular
     </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="3" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      1.000;UKWN;TestGVAR-Regular
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="4" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      TestGVAR-Regular
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="5" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Version 1.000
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="6" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      TestGVAR-Regular
+    </namerecord>
     <namerecord nameID="257" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
       Weight
     </namerecord>
diff --git a/Tests/subset/data/expect_keep_math.ttx b/Tests/subset/data/expect_keep_math.ttx
index c734dd9..f2bc41d 100644
--- a/Tests/subset/data/expect_keep_math.ttx
+++ b/Tests/subset/data/expect_keep_math.ttx
@@ -417,7 +417,7 @@
     </MathConstants>
     <MathGlyphInfo>
       <MathItalicsCorrectionInfo>
-        <Coverage Format="1">
+        <Coverage>
           <Glyph value="u1D435"/>
         </Coverage>
         <!-- ItalicsCorrectionCount=1 -->
@@ -426,7 +426,7 @@
         </ItalicsCorrection>
       </MathItalicsCorrectionInfo>
       <MathTopAccentAttachment>
-        <TopAccentCoverage Format="1">
+        <TopAccentCoverage>
           <Glyph value="A"/>
           <Glyph value="uni0302"/>
           <Glyph value="u1D400"/>
@@ -466,14 +466,14 @@
           <Value value="1164"/>
         </TopAccentAttachment>
       </MathTopAccentAttachment>
-      <ExtendedShapeCoverage Format="1">
+      <ExtendedShapeCoverage>
         <Glyph value="parenleft.size1"/>
         <Glyph value="parenleft.size2"/>
         <Glyph value="parenleft.size3"/>
         <Glyph value="parenleft.size4"/>
       </ExtendedShapeCoverage>
       <MathKernInfo>
-        <MathKernCoverage Format="1">
+        <MathKernCoverage>
           <Glyph value="A"/>
           <Glyph value="u1D400"/>
         </MathKernCoverage>
@@ -522,10 +522,10 @@
     </MathGlyphInfo>
     <MathVariants>
       <MinConnectorOverlap value="50"/>
-      <VertGlyphCoverage Format="1">
+      <VertGlyphCoverage>
         <Glyph value="parenleft"/>
       </VertGlyphCoverage>
-      <HorizGlyphCoverage Format="1">
+      <HorizGlyphCoverage>
         <Glyph value="uni0302"/>
       </HorizGlyphCoverage>
       <!-- VertGlyphCount=1 -->
diff --git a/Tests/subset/data/expect_layout_scripts.ttx b/Tests/subset/data/expect_layout_scripts.ttx
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..bd35083
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/subset/data/expect_layout_scripts.ttx
@@ -0,0 +1,129 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<ttFont>
+
+  <GPOS>
+    <Version value="0x00010000"/>
+    <ScriptList>
+      <!-- ScriptCount=0 -->
+    </ScriptList>
+    <FeatureList>
+      <!-- FeatureCount=0 -->
+    </FeatureList>
+    <LookupList>
+      <!-- LookupCount=0 -->
+    </LookupList>
+  </GPOS>
+
+  <GSUB>
+    <Version value="0x00010000"/>
+    <ScriptList>
+      <!-- ScriptCount=2 -->
+      <ScriptRecord index="0">
+        <ScriptTag value="arab"/>
+        <Script>
+          <DefaultLangSys>
+            <ReqFeatureIndex value="65535"/>
+            <!-- FeatureCount=1 -->
+            <FeatureIndex index="0" value="2"/>
+          </DefaultLangSys>
+          <!-- LangSysCount=1 -->
+          <LangSysRecord index="0">
+            <LangSysTag value="URD "/>
+            <LangSys>
+              <ReqFeatureIndex value="65535"/>
+              <!-- FeatureCount=2 -->
+              <FeatureIndex index="0" value="1"/>
+              <FeatureIndex index="1" value="2"/>
+            </LangSys>
+          </LangSysRecord>
+        </Script>
+      </ScriptRecord>
+      <ScriptRecord index="1">
+        <ScriptTag value="latn"/>
+        <Script>
+          <DefaultLangSys>
+            <ReqFeatureIndex value="65535"/>
+            <!-- FeatureCount=1 -->
+            <FeatureIndex index="0" value="2"/>
+          </DefaultLangSys>
+          <!-- LangSysCount=1 -->
+          <LangSysRecord index="0">
+            <LangSysTag value="TRK "/>
+            <LangSys>
+              <ReqFeatureIndex value="65535"/>
+              <!-- FeatureCount=2 -->
+              <FeatureIndex index="0" value="0"/>
+              <FeatureIndex index="1" value="2"/>
+            </LangSys>
+          </LangSysRecord>
+        </Script>
+      </ScriptRecord>
+    </ScriptList>
+    <FeatureList>
+      <!-- FeatureCount=3 -->
+      <FeatureRecord index="0">
+        <FeatureTag value="locl"/>
+        <Feature>
+          <!-- LookupCount=1 -->
+          <LookupListIndex index="0" value="2"/>
+        </Feature>
+      </FeatureRecord>
+      <FeatureRecord index="1">
+        <FeatureTag value="locl"/>
+        <Feature>
+          <!-- LookupCount=1 -->
+          <LookupListIndex index="0" value="0"/>
+        </Feature>
+      </FeatureRecord>
+      <FeatureRecord index="2">
+        <FeatureTag value="numr"/>
+        <Feature>
+          <!-- LookupCount=1 -->
+          <LookupListIndex index="0" value="1"/>
+        </Feature>
+      </FeatureRecord>
+    </FeatureList>
+    <LookupList>
+      <!-- LookupCount=3 -->
+      <Lookup index="0">
+        <LookupType value="1"/>
+        <LookupFlag value="0"/>
+        <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
+        <SingleSubst index="0">
+          <Substitution in="uni06F4" out="uni06F4.urd"/>
+          <Substitution in="uni06F6" out="uni06F6.urd"/>
+          <Substitution in="uni06F7" out="uni06F7.urd"/>
+        </SingleSubst>
+      </Lookup>
+      <Lookup index="1">
+        <LookupType value="1"/>
+        <LookupFlag value="0"/>
+        <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
+        <SingleSubst index="0">
+          <Substitution in="uni06F0" out="uni06F0.numr"/>
+          <Substitution in="uni06F1" out="uni06F1.numr"/>
+          <Substitution in="uni06F2" out="uni06F2.numr"/>
+          <Substitution in="uni06F3" out="uni06F3.numr"/>
+          <Substitution in="uni06F4" out="uni06F4.numr"/>
+          <Substitution in="uni06F4.urd" out="uni06F4.urd.numr"/>
+          <Substitution in="uni06F5" out="uni06F5.numr"/>
+          <Substitution in="uni06F6" out="uni06F6.numr"/>
+          <Substitution in="uni06F6.urd" out="uni06F6.urd.numr"/>
+          <Substitution in="uni06F7" out="uni06F7.numr"/>
+          <Substitution in="uni06F7.urd" out="uni06F7.urd.numr"/>
+          <Substitution in="uni06F8" out="uni06F8.numr"/>
+          <Substitution in="uni06F9" out="uni06F9.numr"/>
+        </SingleSubst>
+      </Lookup>
+      <Lookup index="2">
+        <LookupType value="1"/>
+        <LookupFlag value="0"/>
+        <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
+        <SingleSubst index="0">
+          <Substitution in="i" out="i.TRK"/>
+        </SingleSubst>
+      </Lookup>
+    </LookupList>
+  </GSUB>
+
+</ttFont>
diff --git a/Tests/subset/data/expect_math_partial.ttx b/Tests/subset/data/expect_math_partial.ttx
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..34136e9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/subset/data/expect_math_partial.ttx
@@ -0,0 +1,168 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<ttFont sfntVersion="OTTO" ttLibVersion="3.41">
+
+  <MATH>
+    <Version value="0x00010000"/>
+    <MathConstants>
+      <ScriptPercentScaleDown value="75"/>
+      <ScriptScriptPercentScaleDown value="60"/>
+      <DelimitedSubFormulaMinHeight value="1500"/>
+      <DisplayOperatorMinHeight value="1450"/>
+      <MathLeading>
+        <Value value="150"/>
+      </MathLeading>
+      <AxisHeight>
+        <Value value="250"/>
+      </AxisHeight>
+      <AccentBaseHeight>
+        <Value value="450"/>
+      </AccentBaseHeight>
+      <FlattenedAccentBaseHeight>
+        <Value value="662"/>
+      </FlattenedAccentBaseHeight>
+      <SubscriptShiftDown>
+        <Value value="250"/>
+      </SubscriptShiftDown>
+      <SubscriptTopMax>
+        <Value value="400"/>
+      </SubscriptTopMax>
+      <SubscriptBaselineDropMin>
+        <Value value="50"/>
+      </SubscriptBaselineDropMin>
+      <SuperscriptShiftUp>
+        <Value value="400"/>
+      </SuperscriptShiftUp>
+      <SuperscriptShiftUpCramped>
+        <Value value="275"/>
+      </SuperscriptShiftUpCramped>
+      <SuperscriptBottomMin>
+        <Value value="125"/>
+      </SuperscriptBottomMin>
+      <SuperscriptBaselineDropMax>
+        <Value value="375"/>
+      </SuperscriptBaselineDropMax>
+      <SubSuperscriptGapMin>
+        <Value value="264"/>
+      </SubSuperscriptGapMin>
+      <SuperscriptBottomMaxWithSubscript>
+        <Value value="400"/>
+      </SuperscriptBottomMaxWithSubscript>
+      <SpaceAfterScript>
+        <Value value="41"/>
+      </SpaceAfterScript>
+      <UpperLimitGapMin>
+        <Value value="150"/>
+      </UpperLimitGapMin>
+      <UpperLimitBaselineRiseMin>
+        <Value value="300"/>
+      </UpperLimitBaselineRiseMin>
+      <LowerLimitGapMin>
+        <Value value="150"/>
+      </LowerLimitGapMin>
+      <LowerLimitBaselineDropMin>
+        <Value value="600"/>
+      </LowerLimitBaselineDropMin>
+      <StackTopShiftUp>
+        <Value value="480"/>
+      </StackTopShiftUp>
+      <StackTopDisplayStyleShiftUp>
+        <Value value="580"/>
+      </StackTopDisplayStyleShiftUp>
+      <StackBottomShiftDown>
+        <Value value="800"/>
+      </StackBottomShiftDown>
+      <StackBottomDisplayStyleShiftDown>
+        <Value value="900"/>
+      </StackBottomDisplayStyleShiftDown>
+      <StackGapMin>
+        <Value value="198"/>
+      </StackGapMin>
+      <StackDisplayStyleGapMin>
+        <Value value="462"/>
+      </StackDisplayStyleGapMin>
+      <StretchStackTopShiftUp>
+        <Value value="300"/>
+      </StretchStackTopShiftUp>
+      <StretchStackBottomShiftDown>
+        <Value value="600"/>
+      </StretchStackBottomShiftDown>
+      <StretchStackGapAboveMin>
+        <Value value="150"/>
+      </StretchStackGapAboveMin>
+      <StretchStackGapBelowMin>
+        <Value value="150"/>
+      </StretchStackGapBelowMin>
+      <FractionNumeratorShiftUp>
+        <Value value="480"/>
+      </FractionNumeratorShiftUp>
+      <FractionNumeratorDisplayStyleShiftUp>
+        <Value value="580"/>
+      </FractionNumeratorDisplayStyleShiftUp>
+      <FractionDenominatorShiftDown>
+        <Value value="480"/>
+      </FractionDenominatorShiftDown>
+      <FractionDenominatorDisplayStyleShiftDown>
+        <Value value="700"/>
+      </FractionDenominatorDisplayStyleShiftDown>
+      <FractionNumeratorGapMin>
+        <Value value="66"/>
+      </FractionNumeratorGapMin>
+      <FractionNumDisplayStyleGapMin>
+        <Value value="198"/>
+      </FractionNumDisplayStyleGapMin>
+      <FractionRuleThickness>
+        <Value value="66"/>
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+      <FractionDenominatorGapMin>
+        <Value value="66"/>
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+      <FractionDenomDisplayStyleGapMin>
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+      </FractionDenomDisplayStyleGapMin>
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+        <Value value="300"/>
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+        <Value value="66"/>
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+      <UnderbarExtraDescender>
+        <Value value="66"/>
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+        <Value value="82"/>
+      </RadicalVerticalGap>
+      <RadicalDisplayStyleVerticalGap>
+        <Value value="186"/>
+      </RadicalDisplayStyleVerticalGap>
+      <RadicalRuleThickness>
+        <Value value="66"/>
+      </RadicalRuleThickness>
+      <RadicalExtraAscender>
+        <Value value="66"/>
+      </RadicalExtraAscender>
+      <RadicalKernBeforeDegree>
+        <Value value="277"/>
+      </RadicalKernBeforeDegree>
+      <RadicalKernAfterDegree>
+        <Value value="-555"/>
+      </RadicalKernAfterDegree>
+      <RadicalDegreeBottomRaisePercent value="70"/>
+    </MathConstants>
+  </MATH>
+
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diff --git a/Tests/subset/data/expect_no_hinting_desubroutinize_CFF.ttx b/Tests/subset/data/expect_no_hinting_desubroutinize_CFF.ttx
index 7f44c90..7896626 100644
--- a/Tests/subset/data/expect_no_hinting_desubroutinize_CFF.ttx
+++ b/Tests/subset/data/expect_no_hinting_desubroutinize_CFF.ttx
@@ -1,16 +1,14 @@
 <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
-<ttFont sfntVersion="OTTO" ttLibVersion="3.5">
+<ttFont sfntVersion="OTTO" ttLibVersion="3.37">
 
   <CFF>
     <major value="1"/>
     <minor value="0"/>
-    <CFFFont name="Lobster1.4">
-      <version value="001.001"/>
-      <Notice value="Copyright (c) 2010 by Pablo Impallari. www.impallari.com. All rights reserved."/>
-      <Copyright value="Copyright (c) 2010 by Pablo Impallari. All rights reserved."/>
-      <FullName value="Lobster 1.4"/>
-      <FamilyName value="Lobster 1.4"/>
-      <Weight value="Regular"/>
+    <CFFFont name="SourceSerifPro-Regular">
+      <version value="1.0"/>
+      <Notice value="Source is a trademark of Adobe Systems Incorporated in the United States and/or other countries."/>
+      <Copyright value="Copyright 2014 Adobe Systems Incorporated. All Rights Reserved."/>
+      <FamilyName value="Source Serif Pro"/>
       <isFixedPitch value="0"/>
       <ItalicAngle value="0"/>
       <UnderlinePosition value="-100"/>
@@ -18,7 +16,7 @@
       <PaintType value="0"/>
       <CharstringType value="2"/>
       <FontMatrix value="0.001 0 0 0.001 0 0"/>
-      <FontBBox value="-209 -250 1186 1000"/>
+      <FontBBox value="0 -249 560 758"/>
       <StrokeWidth value="0"/>
       <!-- charset is dumped separately as the 'GlyphOrder' element -->
       <Encoding name="StandardEncoding"/>
@@ -30,165 +28,62 @@
         <LanguageGroup value="0"/>
         <ExpansionFactor value="0.06"/>
         <initialRandomSeed value="0"/>
-        <defaultWidthX value="267"/>
-        <nominalWidthX value="448"/>
+        <defaultWidthX value="0"/>
+        <nominalWidthX value="604"/>
       </Private>
       <CharStrings>
         <CharString name=".notdef">
-          -63 endchar
-        </CharString>
-        <CharString name="A">
-          220 535 hmoveto
-          157 736 rlineto
-          10 -24 -32 4 -23 hhcurveto
-          -117 -130 -135 -160 -101 hvcurveto
-          2 -21 -17 1 -14 hhcurveto
-          -118 -86 -55 -68 -39 28 -19 34 31 25 15 24 14 -8 17 -5 hvcurveto
-          13 34 42 14 62 4 rrcurveto
-          -87 -153 -60 -164 -90 vvcurveto
-          -104 80 -2 54 vhcurveto
-          -6 9 -8 15 32 vvcurveto
-          104 55 190 75 163 vhcurveto
-          44 -4 39 -9 51 -23 -77 -363 rcurveline
-          86 407 rmoveto
-          -39 16 -43 11 -40 8 56 112 64 93 60 32 rrcurveto
+          36 80 hmoveto
+          480 669 -480 hlineto
+          240 -286 rmoveto
+          -148 236 rlineto
+          296 hlineto
+          32 -523 rmoveto
+          -149 239 149 238 rlineto
+          -360 -477 rmoveto
+          477 vlineto
+          150 -238 rlineto
+          -118 -285 rmoveto
+          148 236 148 -236 rlineto
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-          142 459 hmoveto
-          157 736 rlineto
-          12 -30 -26 3 -24 hhcurveto
-          -238 -290 -563 -189 -106 65 -2 69 -4 hvcurveto
-          -1 9 -13 -4 51 vvcurveto
-          97 42 172 64 154 vhcurveto
-          158 hlineto
-          -77 -366 rlineto
-          -59 418 rmoveto
-          58 126 72 106 73 32 -56 -264 rcurveline
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+          82 56 75 177 67 hvcurveto
+          161 425 54 11 rlineto
+          36 -195 vlineto
+          -36 vlineto
+          87 -12 -123 -340 rlineto
+          -125 341 88 10 rlineto
+          37 -240 vlineto
+          -36 vlineto
+          55 -8 181 -457 -4 -12 -19 -54 -29 -54 -42 -36 rlinecurve
+          -5 5 rlineto
+          28 -27 -21 10 -26 hhcurveto
+          -31 -29 -15 -29 -7 hvcurveto
+          -39 42 -27 50 vhcurveto
           endchar
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-          -136 -636 rlineto
-          144 hlineto
-          82 383 rlineto
-          2 18 20 1 8 hhcurveto
-          73 22 -57 -70 hvcurveto
-          -76 -26 -104 -73 -23 -19 10 26 -25 vhcurveto
-          -9 -23 -4 -19 -16 vvcurveto
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-          -1 9 -13 8 51 vvcurveto
-          165 133 78 117 95 37 -51 -57 -75 -64 -87 -80 vhcurveto
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-          47 222 rlineto
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-        <CharString name="B.salt">
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-          144 hlineto
-          6 30 rlineto
-          -41 39 41 -17 39 hhcurveto
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-          83 -74 78 -144 -183 -177 -126 -139 -67 41 -25 66 vhcurveto
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-          47 222 rlineto
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-          2 18 20 1 7 hhcurveto
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-          -1 9 -13 8 51 vvcurveto
-          107 53 75 87 36 vhcurveto
-          -145 -679 rlineto
-          144 hlineto
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-          1 -13 -13 1 -14 hhcurveto
-          -167 -184 -127 -133 -72 38 -25 69 hvcurveto
-          -1 9 -13 8 51 vvcurveto
-          107 53 75 87 36 vhcurveto
-          -145 -679 rlineto
-          34 hlineto
-          -11 -20 -5 -23 -27 vvcurveto
-          -79 48 -58 113 155 66 109 138 29 vhcurveto
-          150 710 -150 -33 -164 -751 rlineto
-          -100 -22 -30 -23 -40 hhcurveto
-          -44 -27 29 39 40 29 33 36 16 17 -7 -16 16 hvcurveto
-          4 11 3 11 11 vvcurveto
-          34 -26 24 -41 6 vhcurveto
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-          107 54 76 87 36 vhcurveto
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-          -29 -39 18 52 37 24 37 46 20 15 -5 -21 25 hvcurveto
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-          150 710 rlineto
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-          -12 -46 rlineto
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-          -189 -425 rmoveto
-          225 17 105 148 60 hhcurveto
-          47 7 -63 -82 -232 -68 -246 -114 -48 -11 77 74 37 3 35 2 27 hvcurveto
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+          -92 92 -249 rmoveto
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+          -36 vlineto
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+          -32 -48 -29 -46 -28 -47 rrcurveto
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diff --git a/Tests/subset/data/expect_sbix.ttx b/Tests/subset/data/expect_sbix.ttx
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e7d39b6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/subset/data/expect_sbix.ttx
@@ -0,0 +1,7709 @@
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+          00004945 4e44ae42 6082 
+        </hexdata>
+      </glyph>
+    </strike>
+  </sbix>
+
+</ttFont>
diff --git a/Tests/subset/data/layout_scripts.ttx b/Tests/subset/data/layout_scripts.ttx
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ddf0cd6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/subset/data/layout_scripts.ttx
@@ -0,0 +1,997 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<ttFont sfntVersion="OTTO" ttLibVersion="4.17">
+
+  <GlyphOrder>
+    <!-- The 'id' attribute is only for humans; it is ignored when parsed. -->
+    <GlyphID id="0" name=".notdef"/>
+    <GlyphID id="1" name="i"/>
+    <GlyphID id="2" name="uni06F0"/>
+    <GlyphID id="3" name="uni06F1"/>
+    <GlyphID id="4" name="uni06F2"/>
+    <GlyphID id="5" name="uni06F3"/>
+    <GlyphID id="6" name="uni06F4"/>
+    <GlyphID id="7" name="uni06F5"/>
+    <GlyphID id="8" name="uni06F6"/>
+    <GlyphID id="9" name="uni06F7"/>
+    <GlyphID id="10" name="uni06F8"/>
+    <GlyphID id="11" name="uni06F9"/>
+    <GlyphID id="12" name="uni06F4.urd"/>
+    <GlyphID id="13" name="uni06F6.urd"/>
+    <GlyphID id="14" name="uni06F7.urd"/>
+    <GlyphID id="15" name="uni06F0.numr"/>
+    <GlyphID id="16" name="uni06F1.numr"/>
+    <GlyphID id="17" name="uni06F2.numr"/>
+    <GlyphID id="18" name="uni06F3.numr"/>
+    <GlyphID id="19" name="uni06F4.numr"/>
+    <GlyphID id="20" name="uni06F5.numr"/>
+    <GlyphID id="21" name="uni06F6.numr"/>
+    <GlyphID id="22" name="uni06F7.numr"/>
+    <GlyphID id="23" name="uni06F8.numr"/>
+    <GlyphID id="24" name="uni06F9.numr"/>
+    <GlyphID id="25" name="uni06F4.urd.numr"/>
+    <GlyphID id="26" name="uni06F6.urd.numr"/>
+    <GlyphID id="27" name="uni06F7.urd.numr"/>
+    <GlyphID id="28" name="i.TRK"/>
+  </GlyphOrder>
+
+  <head>
+    <!-- Most of this table will be recalculated by the compiler -->
+    <tableVersion value="1.0"/>
+    <fontRevision value="0.114"/>
+    <checkSumAdjustment value="0xe87b6e18"/>
+    <magicNumber value="0x5f0f3cf5"/>
+    <flags value="00000000 00000011"/>
+    <unitsPerEm value="1000"/>
+    <created value="Fri May  7 21:08:01 2010"/>
+    <modified value="Thu Jan  1 00:00:00 1970"/>
+    <xMin value="-581"/>
+    <yMin value="-898"/>
+    <xMax value="11462"/>
+    <yMax value="1814"/>
+    <macStyle value="00000000 00000000"/>
+    <lowestRecPPEM value="6"/>
+    <fontDirectionHint value="2"/>
+    <indexToLocFormat value="0"/>
+    <glyphDataFormat value="0"/>
+  </head>
+
+  <hhea>
+    <tableVersion value="0x00010000"/>
+    <ascent value="1124"/>
+    <descent value="-634"/>
+    <lineGap value="0"/>
+    <advanceWidthMax value="11435"/>
+    <minLeftSideBearing value="-581"/>
+    <minRightSideBearing value="-970"/>
+    <xMaxExtent value="11462"/>
+    <caretSlopeRise value="1"/>
+    <caretSlopeRun value="0"/>
+    <caretOffset value="0"/>
+    <reserved0 value="0"/>
+    <reserved1 value="0"/>
+    <reserved2 value="0"/>
+    <reserved3 value="0"/>
+    <metricDataFormat value="0"/>
+    <numberOfHMetrics value="29"/>
+  </hhea>
+
+  <maxp>
+    <tableVersion value="0x5000"/>
+    <numGlyphs value="29"/>
+  </maxp>
+
+  <OS_2>
+    <!-- The fields 'usFirstCharIndex' and 'usLastCharIndex'
+         will be recalculated by the compiler -->
+    <version value="4"/>
+    <xAvgCharWidth value="456"/>
+    <usWeightClass value="400"/>
+    <usWidthClass value="5"/>
+    <fsType value="00000000 00000000"/>
+    <ySubscriptXSize value="650"/>
+    <ySubscriptYSize value="600"/>
+    <ySubscriptXOffset value="0"/>
+    <ySubscriptYOffset value="75"/>
+    <ySuperscriptXSize value="650"/>
+    <ySuperscriptYSize value="600"/>
+    <ySuperscriptXOffset value="0"/>
+    <ySuperscriptYOffset value="350"/>
+    <yStrikeoutSize value="50"/>
+    <yStrikeoutPosition value="260"/>
+    <sFamilyClass value="0"/>
+    <panose>
+      <bFamilyType value="0"/>
+      <bSerifStyle value="0"/>
+      <bWeight value="5"/>
+      <bProportion value="0"/>
+      <bContrast value="0"/>
+      <bStrokeVariation value="0"/>
+      <bArmStyle value="0"/>
+      <bLetterForm value="0"/>
+      <bMidline value="0"/>
+      <bXHeight value="0"/>
+    </panose>
+    <ulUnicodeRange1 value="00000000 00000000 00100000 00000001"/>
+    <ulUnicodeRange2 value="00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000"/>
+    <ulUnicodeRange3 value="00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000"/>
+    <ulUnicodeRange4 value="00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000"/>
+    <achVendID value="ALIF"/>
+    <fsSelection value="00000000 11000000"/>
+    <usFirstCharIndex value="105"/>
+    <usLastCharIndex value="1785"/>
+    <sTypoAscender value="1124"/>
+    <sTypoDescender value="-634"/>
+    <sTypoLineGap value="0"/>
+    <usWinAscent value="1814"/>
+    <usWinDescent value="897"/>
+    <ulCodePageRange1 value="00000000 00000000 00000000 11010011"/>
+    <ulCodePageRange2 value="00000000 00001000 00000000 00000000"/>
+    <sxHeight value="433"/>
+    <sCapHeight value="646"/>
+    <usDefaultChar value="0"/>
+    <usBreakChar value="32"/>
+    <usMaxContext value="8"/>
+  </OS_2>
+
+  <name>
+    <namerecord nameID="0" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Copyright 2010-2020 The Amiri Project Authors (https://github.com/alif-type/amiri).
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="1" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Amiri
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="2" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Regular
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="3" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      0.114;ALIF;Amiri-Regular
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="4" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Amiri Regular
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="5" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Version 0.114
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="6" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Amiri-Regular
+    </namerecord>
+  </name>
+
+  <cmap>
+    <tableVersion version="0"/>
+    <cmap_format_4 platformID="0" platEncID="3" language="0">
+      <map code="0x69" name="i"/><!-- LATIN SMALL LETTER I -->
+      <map code="0x6f0" name="uni06F0"/><!-- EXTENDED ARABIC-INDIC DIGIT ZERO -->
+      <map code="0x6f1" name="uni06F1"/><!-- EXTENDED ARABIC-INDIC DIGIT ONE -->
+      <map code="0x6f2" name="uni06F2"/><!-- EXTENDED ARABIC-INDIC DIGIT TWO -->
+      <map code="0x6f3" name="uni06F3"/><!-- EXTENDED ARABIC-INDIC DIGIT THREE -->
+      <map code="0x6f4" name="uni06F4"/><!-- EXTENDED ARABIC-INDIC DIGIT FOUR -->
+      <map code="0x6f5" name="uni06F5"/><!-- EXTENDED ARABIC-INDIC DIGIT FIVE -->
+      <map code="0x6f6" name="uni06F6"/><!-- EXTENDED ARABIC-INDIC DIGIT SIX -->
+      <map code="0x6f7" name="uni06F7"/><!-- EXTENDED ARABIC-INDIC DIGIT SEVEN -->
+      <map code="0x6f8" name="uni06F8"/><!-- EXTENDED ARABIC-INDIC DIGIT EIGHT -->
+      <map code="0x6f9" name="uni06F9"/><!-- EXTENDED ARABIC-INDIC DIGIT NINE -->
+    </cmap_format_4>
+    <cmap_format_12 platformID="0" platEncID="4" format="12" reserved="0" length="40" language="0" nGroups="2">
+      <map code="0x69" name="i"/><!-- LATIN SMALL LETTER I -->
+      <map code="0x6f0" name="uni06F0"/><!-- EXTENDED ARABIC-INDIC DIGIT ZERO -->
+      <map code="0x6f1" name="uni06F1"/><!-- EXTENDED ARABIC-INDIC DIGIT ONE -->
+      <map code="0x6f2" name="uni06F2"/><!-- EXTENDED ARABIC-INDIC DIGIT TWO -->
+      <map code="0x6f3" name="uni06F3"/><!-- EXTENDED ARABIC-INDIC DIGIT THREE -->
+      <map code="0x6f4" name="uni06F4"/><!-- EXTENDED ARABIC-INDIC DIGIT FOUR -->
+      <map code="0x6f5" name="uni06F5"/><!-- EXTENDED ARABIC-INDIC DIGIT FIVE -->
+      <map code="0x6f6" name="uni06F6"/><!-- EXTENDED ARABIC-INDIC DIGIT SIX -->
+      <map code="0x6f7" name="uni06F7"/><!-- EXTENDED ARABIC-INDIC DIGIT SEVEN -->
+      <map code="0x6f8" name="uni06F8"/><!-- EXTENDED ARABIC-INDIC DIGIT EIGHT -->
+      <map code="0x6f9" name="uni06F9"/><!-- EXTENDED ARABIC-INDIC DIGIT NINE -->
+    </cmap_format_12>
+    <cmap_format_4 platformID="3" platEncID="1" language="0">
+      <map code="0x69" name="i"/><!-- LATIN SMALL LETTER I -->
+      <map code="0x6f0" name="uni06F0"/><!-- EXTENDED ARABIC-INDIC DIGIT ZERO -->
+      <map code="0x6f1" name="uni06F1"/><!-- EXTENDED ARABIC-INDIC DIGIT ONE -->
+      <map code="0x6f2" name="uni06F2"/><!-- EXTENDED ARABIC-INDIC DIGIT TWO -->
+      <map code="0x6f3" name="uni06F3"/><!-- EXTENDED ARABIC-INDIC DIGIT THREE -->
+      <map code="0x6f4" name="uni06F4"/><!-- EXTENDED ARABIC-INDIC DIGIT FOUR -->
+      <map code="0x6f5" name="uni06F5"/><!-- EXTENDED ARABIC-INDIC DIGIT FIVE -->
+      <map code="0x6f6" name="uni06F6"/><!-- EXTENDED ARABIC-INDIC DIGIT SIX -->
+      <map code="0x6f7" name="uni06F7"/><!-- EXTENDED ARABIC-INDIC DIGIT SEVEN -->
+      <map code="0x6f8" name="uni06F8"/><!-- EXTENDED ARABIC-INDIC DIGIT EIGHT -->
+      <map code="0x6f9" name="uni06F9"/><!-- EXTENDED ARABIC-INDIC DIGIT NINE -->
+    </cmap_format_4>
+    <cmap_format_12 platformID="3" platEncID="10" format="12" reserved="0" length="40" language="0" nGroups="2">
+      <map code="0x69" name="i"/><!-- LATIN SMALL LETTER I -->
+      <map code="0x6f0" name="uni06F0"/><!-- EXTENDED ARABIC-INDIC DIGIT ZERO -->
+      <map code="0x6f1" name="uni06F1"/><!-- EXTENDED ARABIC-INDIC DIGIT ONE -->
+      <map code="0x6f2" name="uni06F2"/><!-- EXTENDED ARABIC-INDIC DIGIT TWO -->
+      <map code="0x6f3" name="uni06F3"/><!-- EXTENDED ARABIC-INDIC DIGIT THREE -->
+      <map code="0x6f4" name="uni06F4"/><!-- EXTENDED ARABIC-INDIC DIGIT FOUR -->
+      <map code="0x6f5" name="uni06F5"/><!-- EXTENDED ARABIC-INDIC DIGIT FIVE -->
+      <map code="0x6f6" name="uni06F6"/><!-- EXTENDED ARABIC-INDIC DIGIT SIX -->
+      <map code="0x6f7" name="uni06F7"/><!-- EXTENDED ARABIC-INDIC DIGIT SEVEN -->
+      <map code="0x6f8" name="uni06F8"/><!-- EXTENDED ARABIC-INDIC DIGIT EIGHT -->
+      <map code="0x6f9" name="uni06F9"/><!-- EXTENDED ARABIC-INDIC DIGIT NINE -->
+    </cmap_format_12>
+  </cmap>
+
+  <post>
+    <formatType value="3.0"/>
+    <italicAngle value="0.0"/>
+    <underlinePosition value="-512"/>
+    <underlineThickness value="50"/>
+    <isFixedPitch value="0"/>
+    <minMemType42 value="0"/>
+    <maxMemType42 value="0"/>
+    <minMemType1 value="0"/>
+    <maxMemType1 value="0"/>
+  </post>
+
+  <CFF>
+    <major value="1"/>
+    <minor value="0"/>
+    <CFFFont name="Amiri-Regular">
+      <version value="0.114"/>
+      <Copyright value="Copyright 2010-2020 The Amiri Project Authors https:github.comalif-typeamiri."/>
+      <FullName value="Amiri"/>
+      <FamilyName value="Amiri"/>
+      <Weight value="Regular"/>
+      <isFixedPitch value="0"/>
+      <ItalicAngle value="0"/>
+      <UnderlinePosition value="-512"/>
+      <UnderlineThickness value="50"/>
+      <PaintType value="0"/>
+      <CharstringType value="2"/>
+      <FontMatrix value="0.001 0 0 0.001 0 0"/>
+      <FontBBox value="-581 -898 11462 1814"/>
+      <StrokeWidth value="0"/>
+      <!-- charset is dumped separately as the 'GlyphOrder' element -->
+      <Encoding name="StandardEncoding"/>
+      <Private>
+        <BlueScale value="0.039625"/>
+        <BlueShift value="7"/>
+        <BlueFuzz value="1"/>
+        <ForceBold value="0"/>
+        <LanguageGroup value="0"/>
+        <ExpansionFactor value="0.06"/>
+        <initialRandomSeed value="0"/>
+        <defaultWidthX value="0"/>
+        <nominalWidthX value="253"/>
+        <Subrs>
+          <!-- The 'index' attribute is only for humans; it is ignored when parsed. -->
+          <CharString index="0">
+            3 2 3 1 vhcurveto
+            endchar
+          </CharString>
+          <CharString index="1">
+            177 113 -106 callgsubr
+            return
+          </CharString>
+          <CharString index="2">
+            487 531 rmoveto
+            -5 -82 -21 -36 -38 10 -36 10 -16 18 5 25 5 25 1 18 -2 8 -2 8 -5 5 -8 1 -8 1 -4 -7 -3 -13 -14 -69 -26 -36 -40 -4 -29 -3 -23 4 -19 11 rrcurveto
+            -8 5 -24 31 -39 57 -17 26 -12 0 -6 -23 -25 -101 rcurveline
+            -3 -13 5 -16 14 -20 79 -117 45 -148 11 -178 1 -8 2 -6 4 -3 4 -3 4 0 6 2 6 2 3 4 2 7 20 79 -11 123 -42 169 39 -3 35 16 32 35 rrcurveto
+            14 -11 17 -9 20 -6 63 -20 40 23 18 65 13 49 7 46 2 41 rrcurveto
+            20 1 -6 9 -10 hhcurveto
+            -10 -5 -6 -12 -1 hvcurveto
+            endchar
+          </CharString>
+          <CharString index="3">
+            rmoveto
+            -45 13 -33 20 -23 28 -3 4 0 3 3 3 27 30 33 15 38 -1 rrcurveto
+            28 20 -8 -13 13 hvcurveto
+            5 -5 3 0 4 2 3 1 0 3 -1 6 -6 13 -11 16 -15 16 rrcurveto
+            14 -13 -14 7 -14 hhcurveto
+            -30 -33 -21 -43 -37 hvcurveto
+            -15 -19 -12 -20 -7 -23 -3 -7 1 -9 3 -8 11 -25 31 -23 53 -19 -51 -45 -38 -53 -24 -60 -5 -12 -1 -6 5 -1 6 -3 7 4 7 10 26 40 32 36 34 30 rrcurveto
+            37 33 37 24 37 16 10 4 7 8 4 13 16 50 rcurveline
+            4 10 -5 3 -12 -4 -18 -7 -23 -14 -28 -22 -7 -5 -9 -2 -9 3 rrcurveto
+            endchar
+          </CharString>
+          <CharString index="4">
+            311 -77 rmoveto
+            21 89 26 81 29 73 29 73 39 74 45 76 rrcurveto
+            6 11 2 9 8 vvcurveto
+            -6 97 rlineto
+            9 -1 -2 4 -5 hhcurveto
+            -5 -5 -6 -10 -5 hvcurveto
+            -79 -149 -53 -135 -27 -121 -4 -19 -7 2 -7 21 -55 159 -61 140 -70 124 -11 20 -8 -8 -5 -35 -13 -81 rcurveline
+            -2 -10 1 -8 3 -6 57 -95 46 -93 38 -90 38 -90 20 -68 2 -45 rrcurveto
+            -7 3 -4 4 -3 vhcurveto
+            4 -3 4 0 5 2 5 2 2 5 2 7 rrcurveto
+            endchar
+          </CharString>
+          <CharString index="5">
+            rmoveto
+            19 69 -12 87 -41 106 -10 24 -4 14 2 3 rrcurveto
+            10 10 11 5 12 hhcurveto
+            31 25 -26 -51 20 hvcurveto
+            2 -3 1 -2 3 -1 rrcurveto
+            2 2 1 3 2 hvcurveto
+            12 34 21 34 28 35 2 2 2 4 1 4 14 51 rcurveline
+            3 0 2 -3 1 vhcurveto
+            -3 1 -2 -1 -4 -3 -24 -22 -21 -32 -16 -43 -22 49 -28 24 -36 -2 -32 -1 -21 -19 -12 -38 -12 -39 2 -39 13 -38 29 -80 17 -68 4 -55 rrcurveto
+            -6 3 -2 4 5 -107 callsubr
+          </CharString>
+          <CharString index="6">
+            158 296 -95 callgsubr
+          </CharString>
+          <CharString index="7">
+            136 657 rmoveto
+            -13 -53 -16 -49 -17 -44 -18 -43 -22 -44 -27 -46 rrcurveto
+            -4 -6 -1 -6 -5 vvcurveto
+            3 -58 rlineto
+            -6 2 -2 3 3 3 3 6 3 vhcurveto
+            48 90 31 81 17 72 2 12 4 -1 4 -13 33 -95 37 -84 42 -75 7 -12 4 5 3 21 8 49 rcurveline
+            1 6 0 4 -2 4 -34 57 -28 56 -23 54 -22 54 -12 41 -2 27 rrcurveto
+            4 -1 3 -3 2 vhcurveto
+            -2 1 -3 0 -3 -1 -3 -1 -1 -4 -1 -4 rrcurveto
+            endchar
+          </CharString>
+          <CharString index="8">
+            220 500 rmoveto
+            -67 -86 -32 -66 2 -47 4 -86 75 -35 146 14 5 -82 22 -87 39 -91 15 -35 9 -2 6 33 18 105 rcurveline
+            3 15 -3 16 -10 18 -32 59 -18 73 -3 86 -3 87 -16 66 -32 45 -39 56 -43 0 -46 -56 rrcurveto
+            102 -152 rmoveto
+            6 -19 -1 -13 -6 -6 rrcurveto
+            -2 -3 -3 -2 -5 hhcurveto
+            -50 -3 -36 6 -22 14 -16 10 -5 16 7 21 12 39 24 15 36 -10 30 -9 21 -22 11 -35 rrcurveto
+            endchar
+          </CharString>
+          <CharString index="9">
+            53 654 -94 callgsubr
+          </CharString>
+          <CharString index="10">
+            38 655 -88 callgsubr
+          </CharString>
+          <CharString index="11">
+            hhcurveto
+            54 3 49 -4 45 -12 5 -1 4 0 2 1 54 31 rcurveline
+            10 6 0 4 -10 3 -61 14 -61 3 -60 -9 57 83 42 104 25 126 1 7 0 5 -2 2 -2 2 -3 -1 -4 -4 -40 -41 rcurveline
+            -4 -3 -3 -6 -1 -7 -25 -113 -35 -98 -45 -84 rrcurveto
+            endchar
+          </CharString>
+          <CharString index="12">
+            119 655 -85 callgsubr
+          </CharString>
+          <CharString index="13">
+            4 -4 5 0 6 2 6 2 3 5 1 7 20 return
+          </CharString>
+          <CharString index="14">
+            -3 -13 4 -15 12 -19 return
+          </CharString>
+        </Subrs>
+      </Private>
+      <CharStrings>
+        <CharString name=".notdef">
+          111 endchar
+        </CharString>
+        <CharString name="i">
+          10 -106 callsubr
+          -94 466 -80 callgsubr
+        </CharString>
+        <CharString name="i.TRK">
+          10 -106 callsubr
+          -94 466 -80 callgsubr
+        </CharString>
+        <CharString name="uni06F0">
+          332 -84 callgsubr
+        </CharString>
+        <CharString name="uni06F0.numr">
+          39 -82 callgsubr
+        </CharString>
+        <CharString name="uni06F1">
+          332 -87 callgsubr
+        </CharString>
+        <CharString name="uni06F1.numr">
+          39 -95 callsubr
+        </CharString>
+        <CharString name="uni06F2">
+          332 -97 callgsubr
+        </CharString>
+        <CharString name="uni06F2.numr">
+          39 -98 callsubr
+        </CharString>
+        <CharString name="uni06F3">
+          332 -105 callsubr
+        </CharString>
+        <CharString name="uni06F3.numr">
+          39 263 662 -107 callgsubr
+        </CharString>
+        <CharString name="uni06F4">
+          332 175 515 rmoveto
+          -12 19 -10 8 -7 -1 -4 -2 -4 -5 -2 -10 -25 -105 rcurveline
+          -93 callsubr
+          83 -128 46 -149 7 -168 rrcurveto
+          -7 3 -5 4 -4 vhcurveto
+          -94 callsubr
+          98 -4 110 -26 122 26 -13 33 -5 38 3 63 5 49 28 34 54 9 14 1 10 -7 7 -6 5 -9 -3 -13 -11 rrcurveto
+          -21 -18 -39 -7 -56 3 -38 2 -39 18 -40 34 20 66 50 34 83 1 rrcurveto
+          26 35 -15 -31 42 hvcurveto
+          10 -7 6 0 5 7 3 5 -2 9 -7 14 -35 66 -40 33 -44 -3 -76 -5 -57 -50 -40 -93 -4 -11 -5 0 -5 11 -11 28 -19 35 -27 42 rrcurveto
+          endchar
+        </CharString>
+        <CharString name="uni06F4.numr">
+          39 76 651 rmoveto
+          -12 19 -8 1 -3 -15 -15 -63 rcurveline
+          -2 -7 2 -9 7 -12 50 -77 28 -89 4 -101 rrcurveto
+          -4 2 -3 2 -2 vhcurveto
+          3 -3 3 0 3 1 rrcurveto
+          4 2 2 3 4 vvcurveto
+          12 59 -2 66 -16 73 16 -8 20 -3 22 2 38 3 30 17 20 32 5 8 1 6 -4 5 -4 3 -5 -2 -8 -7 -13 -11 -23 -4 -34 2 -22 1 -24 11 -24 20 rrcurveto
+          12 40 30 20 50 1 rrcurveto
+          16 21 -9 -19 25 hvcurveto
+          6 -4 3 0 3 4 2 3 -1 6 -4 8 -21 40 -24 20 -27 -2 -45 -3 -34 -30 -24 -56 -3 -7 -3 0 -3 7 -6 17 -12 21 -16 25 rrcurveto
+          endchar
+        </CharString>
+        <CharString name="uni06F4.urd">
+          332 229 -83 rmoveto
+          31 115 -20 145 -69 177 -16 40 -6 23 3 4 rrcurveto
+          18 16 19 8 19 hhcurveto
+          52 -1 42 -43 34 -84 2 -6 3 -3 5 -1 3 -1 3 2 3 5 21 57 34 57 47 57 3 4 3 6 2 7 23 85 rcurveline
+          1 6 -1 3 -5 2 -4 1 -4 -2 -6 -5 -41 -36 -34 -53 -27 -73 -36 82 -48 40 -59 -3 -53 -2 -36 -32 -19 -62 -20 -65 2 -65 22 -64 49 -133 28 -114 6 -92 rrcurveto
+          -9 1 4 -4 8 hhcurveto
+          8 5 3 6 2 hvcurveto
+          endchar
+        </CharString>
+        <CharString name="uni06F4.urd.numr">
+          39 108 303 -102 callsubr
+        </CharString>
+        <CharString name="uni06F5">
+          332 235 526 rmoveto
+          -12 12 -8 -2 -2 -16 -17 -121 rcurveline
+          -2 -15 3 -8 7 -4 8 -4 8 -5 7 -5 -75 -103 -42 -88 -8 -76 -11 -105 29 -55 68 -6 39 -3 34 17 31 36 16 -26 28 -10 40 7 54 9 33 60 13 110 rrcurveto
+          5 39 -17 59 -39 78 -29 58 -63 75 -98 92 rrcurveto
+          16 -184 rmoveto
+          76 -52 58 -68 42 -83 6 -12 2 -10 -4 -10 -10 -27 -17 -15 -23 -3 -17 -2 -14 3 -12 8 -1 7 1 6 3 5 -1 6 -3 4 -4 2 -5 2 -5 -3 -6 -6 rrcurveto
+          -64 -62 -52 -8 -40 45 -20 23 2 44 25 64 15 38 27 48 41 56 rrcurveto
+          endchar
+        </CharString>
+        <CharString name="uni06F5.numr">
+          39 112 656 -99 callgsubr
+        </CharString>
+        <CharString name="uni06F6">
+          332 331 285 rmoveto
+          -74 21 -56 34 -37 47 -5 6 0 5 5 5 45 50 54 25 63 -1 47 -1 34 -12 22 -23 7 -7 6 -1 6 3 5 3 1 5 -3 9 -9 22 -18 26 -26 28 rrcurveto
+          23 -22 -22 11 -24 hhcurveto
+          -50 -55 -35 -72 -61 hvcurveto
+          -26 -31 -20 -33 -12 -38 -4 -13 1 -14 5 -13 18 -43 52 -37 88 -32 -85 -75 -62 -88 -41 -100 -8 -20 -1 -10 8 -3 10 -4 12 7 11 16 44 66 52 60 58 51 rrcurveto
+          61 54 61 41 62 26 17 7 12 14 7 21 26 83 rcurveline
+          6 17 -8 5 -20 -7 -30 -11 -38 -24 -47 -36 -12 -9 -14 -3 -16 5 rrcurveto
+          endchar
+        </CharString>
+        <CharString name="uni06F6.numr">
+          39 170 512 -104 callsubr
+        </CharString>
+        <CharString name="uni06F6.urd">
+          332 -90 callgsubr
+        </CharString>
+        <CharString name="uni06F6.urd.numr">
+          39 -97 callsubr
+        </CharString>
+        <CharString name="uni06F7">
+          332 -103 callsubr
+        </CharString>
+        <CharString name="uni06F7.numr">
+          39 -101 callsubr
+        </CharString>
+        <CharString name="uni06F7.urd">
+          332 104 -50 rmoveto
+          -3 -6 -1 -5 2 -3 2 -3 4 -2 8 1 90 5 83 -7 75 -20 8 -2 6 0 4 2 89 51 rcurveline
+          18 10 0 8 -18 4 -101 23 -101 5 -100 -15 95 139 69 174 42 210 2 11 0 8 -3 3 -4 4 -5 -2 -6 -6 -68 -68 rcurveline
+          -6 -6 -5 -10 -2 -12 -42 -188 -58 -163 -74 -140 rrcurveto
+          endchar
+        </CharString>
+        <CharString name="uni06F7.urd.numr">
+          39 33 312 rmoveto
+          -8 -4 3 -3 9 -96 callsubr
+        </CharString>
+        <CharString name="uni06F8">
+          332 -98 callgsubr
+        </CharString>
+        <CharString name="uni06F8.numr">
+          39 -100 callsubr
+        </CharString>
+        <CharString name="uni06F9">
+          332 -99 callsubr
+        </CharString>
+        <CharString name="uni06F9.numr">
+          39 -93 callgsubr
+        </CharString>
+      </CharStrings>
+    </CFFFont>
+
+    <GlobalSubrs>
+      <!-- The 'index' attribute is only for humans; it is ignored when parsed. -->
+      <CharString index="0">
+        rmoveto
+        -3 -50 -12 -21 -23 6 -22 6 -9 11 3 15 3 15 0 10 -1 5 -1 5 -3 3 -5 1 rrcurveto
+        -5 -2 -4 -8 -2 hvcurveto
+        -8 -41 -16 -22 -24 -2 -17 -2 -14 2 -12 7 -4 3 -15 19 -23 34 -10 15 -8 0 -3 -13 -15 -61 rcurveline
+        -2 -8 3 -9 8 -12 48 -71 27 -88 6 -107 1 -5 1 -4 3 -1 2 -2 2 0 4 1 4 1 1 3 2 4 12 47 -7 74 -25 101 23 -1 21 9 19 21 rrcurveto
+        9 -6 10 -6 12 -3 38 -12 24 13 11 39 7 30 5 27 1 25 rrcurveto
+        12 -3 5 -6 -6 -3 -3 -7 -1 vhcurveto
+        endchar
+      </CharString>
+      <CharString index="1">
+        rmoveto
+        237 vlineto
+        -92 callgsubr
+        return
+      </CharString>
+      <CharString index="2">
+        vlineto
+        -29 0 -27 -5 -16 -102 callgsubr
+        -46 -77 callgsubr
+        vvcurveto
+        return
+      </CharString>
+      <CharString index="3">
+        rmoveto
+        -100 callgsubr
+        return
+      </CharString>
+      <CharString index="4">
+        -81 callgsubr
+        49 0 -17 7 hvcurveto
+        5 -12 0 return
+      </CharString>
+      <CharString index="5">
+        vhcurveto
+        -11 -3 -47 -74 callgsubr
+        26 -79 callgsubr
+        26 -78 callgsubr
+        return
+      </CharString>
+      <CharString index="6">
+        5 5 -1 18 -4 5 rrcurveto
+        -12 return
+      </CharString>
+      <CharString index="7">
+        -27 22 -22 27 27 22 22 27 27 -22 22 -27 -27 -22 -22 -27 vhcurveto
+        return
+      </CharString>
+      <CharString index="8">
+        rmoveto
+        -7 7 -5 -1 -1 -10 -10 -73 rcurveline
+        -2 -9 2 -4 4 -3 5 -2 5 -3 4 -3 -45 -62 -25 -53 -5 -45 -6 -63 17 -33 41 -4 23 -2 21 10 18 22 10 -16 17 -6 24 5 32 5 20 36 8 66 rrcurveto
+        3 23 -11 36 -23 47 -17 34 -38 45 -59 56 rrcurveto
+        10 -111 rmoveto
+        45 -31 35 -41 25 -50 4 -7 1 -6 -2 -6 -6 -16 -11 -9 -13 -2 -11 -1 -8 2 -7 5 -1 4 1 3 2 3 -1 4 -2 2 -2 2 -3 1 -3 -2 -4 -4 rrcurveto
+        -38 -37 -31 -5 -24 27 -12 14 1 27 15 38 9 23 16 29 25 33 rrcurveto
+        endchar
+      </CharString>
+      <CharString index="9">
+        275 527 rmoveto
+        -21 -89 -27 -81 -29 -73 -29 -73 -38 -73 -45 -76 rrcurveto
+        -6 -11 -2 -10 -8 vvcurveto
+        5 -97 rlineto
+        -9 1 3 -3 5 hhcurveto
+        5 5 5 10 5 hvcurveto
+        79 149 53 135 27 121 4 19 7 -2 7 -21 55 -159 61 -140 70 -124 11 -20 8 8 5 35 13 81 rcurveline
+        2 10 -1 8 -3 6 -57 95 -46 93 -38 90 -38 90 -20 68 -2 45 rrcurveto
+        7 -3 5 -4 3 vhcurveto
+        -4 3 -4 0 -5 -2 -5 -2 -2 -6 -2 -7 rrcurveto
+        endchar
+      </CharString>
+      <CharString index="10">
+        137 -96 callgsubr
+      </CharString>
+      <CharString index="11">
+        521 rmoveto
+        -25 -102 -3 -13 4 -15 12 -19 rlinecurve
+        79 -124 46 -149 11 -172 1 -7 2 -5 4 -4 4 -4 5 0 6 2 6 2 3 5 1 7 20 99 -12 128 -42 158 79 -13 57 18 33 49 21 30 13 33 6 37 rrcurveto
+        6 37 3 24 -3 7 rrcurveto
+        7 -3 -6 4 -9 hhcurveto
+        -9 -6 -6 -12 -2 hvcurveto
+        -69 -9 -43 -36 -79 hhcurveto
+        -55 -44 32 62 -33 hvcurveto
+        -11 21 -9 10 -7 -2 -5 -1 -4 -6 -3 -13 rrcurveto
+        endchar
+      </CharString>
+      <CharString index="12">
+        rmoveto
+        12 53 16 49 17 44 18 43 23 45 27 45 rrcurveto
+        4 7 1 5 5 vvcurveto
+        -4 58 rlineto
+        6 -2 2 -3 -3 -3 -3 -6 -3 vhcurveto
+        -47 -90 -32 -81 -16 -72 -2 -12 -5 1 -4 13 -33 95 -36 84 -42 75 -7 12 -5 -5 -3 -21 -8 -49 rcurveline
+        -1 -6 1 -4 2 -4 34 -57 27 -56 23 -54 23 -54 12 -41 1 -27 rrcurveto
+        -4 2 -2 2 -2 vhcurveto
+        3 -2 2 0 3 1 3 2 1 3 2 4 rrcurveto
+        endchar
+      </CharString>
+      <CharString index="13">
+        rmoveto
+        -15 -62 -2 -7 3 -9 7 -12 rlinecurve
+        47 -74 28 -90 7 -103 rrcurveto
+        -4 1 -3 3 -2 vhcurveto
+        2 -3 3 0 4 1 3 2 2 3 1 4 12 59 -7 77 -26 95 48 -8 34 11 20 29 12 18 8 20 4 22 3 22 2 15 -2 4 rrcurveto
+        4 -1 -4 3 -5 hhcurveto
+        -6 -3 -4 -7 -2 hvcurveto
+        -42 -5 -26 -21 -47 hhcurveto
+        -33 -27 19 37 -19 hvcurveto
+        -7 13 -5 6 -5 -1 -3 -1 -2 -4 -2 -7 rrcurveto
+        endchar
+      </CharString>
+      <CharString index="14">
+        103 641 -91 callgsubr
+      </CharString>
+      <CharString index="15">
+        10 6 47 1 7 vhcurveto
+        5 -6 11 -5 vhcurveto
+        -39 -21 -50 -103 callgsubr
+        -26 -13 vvcurveto
+        -182 -105 callgsubr
+        return
+      </CharString>
+      <CharString index="16">
+        rmoveto
+        -40 -52 -19 -39 1 -28 2 -52 45 -21 88 8 3 -49 13 -52 23 -55 9 -21 6 -1 3 20 11 63 rcurveline
+        2 9 -2 10 -6 10 -19 36 -11 44 -2 51 -1 52 -10 40 -19 27 -24 34 -25 0 -28 -34 rrcurveto
+        61 -91 rmoveto
+        -16 5 -2 -9 -10 hhcurveto
+        -30 -2 -22 3 -13 9 -9 6 -3 9 4 13 7 23 14 9 22 -6 18 -5 13 -13 6 -21 rrcurveto
+        endchar
+      </CharString>
+      <CharString index="17">
+        111 -89 callgsubr
+      </CharString>
+      <CharString index="18">
+        522 rmoveto
+        -15 -79 -3 -13 4 -12 9 -10 rlinecurve
+        50 -56 78 -14 105 27 rrcurveto
+        1 1 0 0 hvcurveto
+        3 -1 1 -4 -7 vvcurveto
+        -5 -150 31 -142 70 -132 15 -29 11 3 6 32 17 95 rcurveline
+        3 17 -4 18 -9 17 -71 128 -29 128 13 130 2 16 -8 6 -18 -5 -109 -33 -75 12 -38 57 -19 28 -12 0 -5 -27 rrcurveto
+        endchar
+      </CharString>
+      <CharString index="19">
+        rmoveto
+        -9 -47 -2 -8 2 -7 6 -6 rlinecurve
+        30 -34 46 -8 63 16 rrcurveto
+        3 1 1 -3 -5 vvcurveto
+        -3 -90 19 -85 42 -80 9 -17 6 2 4 19 10 57 rcurveline
+        2 10 -3 11 -5 10 -43 77 -17 77 8 78 1 9 -5 4 -11 -3 -65 -20 -45 7 -23 35 -11 16 -7 0 -3 -16 rrcurveto
+        endchar
+      </CharString>
+      <CharString index="20">
+        246 -86 callgsubr
+      </CharString>
+      <CharString index="21">
+        524 rmoveto
+        -34 -100 -5 -14 3 -17 11 -20 rlinecurve
+        71 -126 35 -148 -2 -171 rrcurveto
+        -12 4 -6 9 -2 vhcurveto
+        9 -2 5 5 4 10 23 69 4 99 -18 129 -13 92 -27 96 -39 100 -17 40 -14 6 -9 -28 rrcurveto
+        endchar
+      </CharString>
+      <CharString index="22">
+        rmoveto
+        -21 -60 -3 -8 2 -10 7 -12 rlinecurve
+        42 -76 21 -89 -1 -102 rrcurveto
+        -7 2 -4 6 -1 vhcurveto
+        5 -1 3 3 3 6 13 41 3 59 -11 78 -8 55 -16 58 -23 60 -11 24 -8 3 -5 -17 rrcurveto
+        endchar
+      </CharString>
+      <CharString index="23">
+        251 -83 callgsubr
+      </CharString>
+      <CharString index="24">
+        312 rmoveto
+        -38 -106 -5 -15 1 -10 8 -5 rlinecurve
+        91 -53 17 -10 11 2 6 17 rlinecurve
+        32 99 5 15 -3 11 -12 8 rlinecurve
+        -83 53 -9 6 -7 2 -5 -3 rlinecurve
+        -4 -1 -3 -4 -2 -6 rrcurveto
+        endchar
+      </CharString>
+      <CharString index="25">
+        122 527 rmoveto
+        -23 -63 -3 -9 0 -6 5 -3 rlinecurve
+        55 -32 10 -6 7 1 3 10 rlinecurve
+        19 60 3 9 -1 6 -8 5 rlinecurve
+        -49 32 -9 6 -6 -1 -3 -9 rlinecurve
+        endchar
+      </CharString>
+      <CharString index="26">
+        -13 -50 -7 -4 -5 2 -19 2 -2 rrcurveto
+        7 return
+      </CharString>
+      <CharString index="27">
+        -104 callgsubr
+        endchar
+      </CharString>
+      <CharString index="28">
+        3 38 hhcurveto
+        38 return
+      </CharString>
+      <CharString index="29">
+        -3 -2 40 hvcurveto
+        -101 callgsubr
+        return
+      </CharString>
+      <CharString index="30">
+        5 11 -3 hvcurveto
+        -5 16 0 27 29 return
+      </CharString>
+      <CharString index="31">
+        5 -5 rrcurveto
+        2 40 return
+      </CharString>
+      <CharString index="32">
+        -5 -12 hhcurveto
+        -4 -5 -1 return
+      </CharString>
+      <CharString index="33">
+        -75 callgsubr
+        -18 -76 callgsubr
+        return
+      </CharString>
+    </GlobalSubrs>
+  </CFF>
+
+  <GDEF>
+    <Version value="0x00010000"/>
+    <GlyphClassDef>
+      <ClassDef glyph="i" class="1"/>
+      <ClassDef glyph="i.TRK" class="1"/>
+      <ClassDef glyph="uni06F0" class="1"/>
+      <ClassDef glyph="uni06F0.numr" class="1"/>
+      <ClassDef glyph="uni06F1" class="1"/>
+      <ClassDef glyph="uni06F1.numr" class="1"/>
+      <ClassDef glyph="uni06F2" class="1"/>
+      <ClassDef glyph="uni06F2.numr" class="1"/>
+      <ClassDef glyph="uni06F3" class="1"/>
+      <ClassDef glyph="uni06F3.numr" class="1"/>
+      <ClassDef glyph="uni06F4" class="1"/>
+      <ClassDef glyph="uni06F4.numr" class="1"/>
+      <ClassDef glyph="uni06F4.urd" class="1"/>
+      <ClassDef glyph="uni06F4.urd.numr" class="1"/>
+      <ClassDef glyph="uni06F5" class="1"/>
+      <ClassDef glyph="uni06F5.numr" class="1"/>
+      <ClassDef glyph="uni06F6" class="1"/>
+      <ClassDef glyph="uni06F6.numr" class="1"/>
+      <ClassDef glyph="uni06F6.urd" class="1"/>
+      <ClassDef glyph="uni06F6.urd.numr" class="1"/>
+      <ClassDef glyph="uni06F7" class="1"/>
+      <ClassDef glyph="uni06F7.numr" class="1"/>
+      <ClassDef glyph="uni06F7.urd" class="1"/>
+      <ClassDef glyph="uni06F7.urd.numr" class="1"/>
+      <ClassDef glyph="uni06F8" class="1"/>
+      <ClassDef glyph="uni06F8.numr" class="1"/>
+      <ClassDef glyph="uni06F9" class="1"/>
+      <ClassDef glyph="uni06F9.numr" class="1"/>
+    </GlyphClassDef>
+  </GDEF>
+
+  <GPOS>
+    <Version value="0x00010000"/>
+    <ScriptList>
+      <!-- ScriptCount=1 -->
+      <ScriptRecord index="0">
+        <ScriptTag value="DFLT"/>
+        <Script>
+          <DefaultLangSys>
+            <ReqFeatureIndex value="65535"/>
+            <!-- FeatureCount=0 -->
+          </DefaultLangSys>
+          <!-- LangSysCount=0 -->
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+      </ScriptRecord>
+    </ScriptList>
+    <FeatureList>
+      <!-- FeatureCount=0 -->
+    </FeatureList>
+    <LookupList>
+      <!-- LookupCount=0 -->
+    </LookupList>
+  </GPOS>
+
+  <GSUB>
+    <Version value="0x00010000"/>
+    <ScriptList>
+      <!-- ScriptCount=3 -->
+      <ScriptRecord index="0">
+        <ScriptTag value="DFLT"/>
+        <Script>
+          <DefaultLangSys>
+            <ReqFeatureIndex value="65535"/>
+            <!-- FeatureCount=1 -->
+            <FeatureIndex index="0" value="4"/>
+          </DefaultLangSys>
+          <!-- LangSysCount=0 -->
+        </Script>
+      </ScriptRecord>
+      <ScriptRecord index="1">
+        <ScriptTag value="arab"/>
+        <Script>
+          <DefaultLangSys>
+            <ReqFeatureIndex value="65535"/>
+            <!-- FeatureCount=1 -->
+            <FeatureIndex index="0" value="4"/>
+          </DefaultLangSys>
+          <!-- LangSysCount=3 -->
+          <LangSysRecord index="0">
+            <LangSysTag value="KSH "/>
+            <LangSys>
+              <ReqFeatureIndex value="65535"/>
+              <!-- FeatureCount=2 -->
+              <FeatureIndex index="0" value="0"/>
+              <FeatureIndex index="1" value="4"/>
+            </LangSys>
+          </LangSysRecord>
+          <LangSysRecord index="1">
+            <LangSysTag value="SND "/>
+            <LangSys>
+              <ReqFeatureIndex value="65535"/>
+              <!-- FeatureCount=2 -->
+              <FeatureIndex index="0" value="1"/>
+              <FeatureIndex index="1" value="4"/>
+            </LangSys>
+          </LangSysRecord>
+          <LangSysRecord index="2">
+            <LangSysTag value="URD "/>
+            <LangSys>
+              <ReqFeatureIndex value="65535"/>
+              <!-- FeatureCount=2 -->
+              <FeatureIndex index="0" value="3"/>
+              <FeatureIndex index="1" value="4"/>
+            </LangSys>
+          </LangSysRecord>
+        </Script>
+      </ScriptRecord>
+      <ScriptRecord index="2">
+        <ScriptTag value="latn"/>
+        <Script>
+          <DefaultLangSys>
+            <ReqFeatureIndex value="65535"/>
+            <!-- FeatureCount=1 -->
+            <FeatureIndex index="0" value="4"/>
+          </DefaultLangSys>
+          <!-- LangSysCount=1 -->
+          <LangSysRecord index="0">
+            <LangSysTag value="TRK "/>
+            <LangSys>
+              <ReqFeatureIndex value="65535"/>
+              <!-- FeatureCount=2 -->
+              <FeatureIndex index="0" value="2"/>
+              <FeatureIndex index="1" value="4"/>
+            </LangSys>
+          </LangSysRecord>
+        </Script>
+      </ScriptRecord>
+    </ScriptList>
+    <FeatureList>
+      <!-- FeatureCount=5 -->
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+        <FeatureTag value="locl"/>
+        <Feature>
+          <!-- LookupCount=1 -->
+          <LookupListIndex index="0" value="1"/>
+        </Feature>
+      </FeatureRecord>
+      <FeatureRecord index="1">
+        <FeatureTag value="locl"/>
+        <Feature>
+          <!-- LookupCount=1 -->
+          <LookupListIndex index="0" value="2"/>
+        </Feature>
+      </FeatureRecord>
+      <FeatureRecord index="2">
+        <FeatureTag value="locl"/>
+        <Feature>
+          <!-- LookupCount=1 -->
+          <LookupListIndex index="0" value="4"/>
+        </Feature>
+      </FeatureRecord>
+      <FeatureRecord index="3">
+        <FeatureTag value="locl"/>
+        <Feature>
+          <!-- LookupCount=1 -->
+          <LookupListIndex index="0" value="0"/>
+        </Feature>
+      </FeatureRecord>
+      <FeatureRecord index="4">
+        <FeatureTag value="numr"/>
+        <Feature>
+          <!-- LookupCount=1 -->
+          <LookupListIndex index="0" value="3"/>
+        </Feature>
+      </FeatureRecord>
+    </FeatureList>
+    <LookupList>
+      <!-- LookupCount=5 -->
+      <Lookup index="0">
+        <LookupType value="1"/>
+        <LookupFlag value="0"/>
+        <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
+        <SingleSubst index="0">
+          <Substitution in="uni06F4" out="uni06F4.urd"/>
+          <Substitution in="uni06F6" out="uni06F6.urd"/>
+          <Substitution in="uni06F7" out="uni06F7.urd"/>
+        </SingleSubst>
+      </Lookup>
+      <Lookup index="1">
+        <LookupType value="1"/>
+        <LookupFlag value="0"/>
+        <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
+        <SingleSubst index="0">
+          <Substitution in="uni06F4" out="uni06F4.urd"/>
+          <Substitution in="uni06F6" out="uni06F6.urd"/>
+          <Substitution in="uni06F7" out="uni06F7.urd"/>
+        </SingleSubst>
+      </Lookup>
+      <Lookup index="2">
+        <LookupType value="1"/>
+        <LookupFlag value="0"/>
+        <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
+        <SingleSubst index="0">
+          <Substitution in="uni06F6" out="uni06F6.urd"/>
+          <Substitution in="uni06F7" out="uni06F7.urd"/>
+        </SingleSubst>
+      </Lookup>
+      <Lookup index="3">
+        <LookupType value="1"/>
+        <LookupFlag value="0"/>
+        <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
+        <SingleSubst index="0">
+          <Substitution in="uni06F0" out="uni06F0.numr"/>
+          <Substitution in="uni06F1" out="uni06F1.numr"/>
+          <Substitution in="uni06F2" out="uni06F2.numr"/>
+          <Substitution in="uni06F3" out="uni06F3.numr"/>
+          <Substitution in="uni06F4" out="uni06F4.numr"/>
+          <Substitution in="uni06F4.urd" out="uni06F4.urd.numr"/>
+          <Substitution in="uni06F5" out="uni06F5.numr"/>
+          <Substitution in="uni06F6" out="uni06F6.numr"/>
+          <Substitution in="uni06F6.urd" out="uni06F6.urd.numr"/>
+          <Substitution in="uni06F7" out="uni06F7.numr"/>
+          <Substitution in="uni06F7.urd" out="uni06F7.urd.numr"/>
+          <Substitution in="uni06F8" out="uni06F8.numr"/>
+          <Substitution in="uni06F9" out="uni06F9.numr"/>
+        </SingleSubst>
+      </Lookup>
+      <Lookup index="4">
+        <LookupType value="1"/>
+        <LookupFlag value="0"/>
+        <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
+        <SingleSubst index="0">
+          <Substitution in="i" out="i.TRK"/>
+        </SingleSubst>
+      </Lookup>
+    </LookupList>
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+  <hmtx>
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+    <mtx name="i.TRK" width="263" lsb="32"/>
+    <mtx name="uni06F0" width="585" lsb="210"/>
+    <mtx name="uni06F0.numr" width="292" lsb="97"/>
+    <mtx name="uni06F1" width="585" lsb="210"/>
+    <mtx name="uni06F1.numr" width="292" lsb="97"/>
+    <mtx name="uni06F2" width="585" lsb="111"/>
+    <mtx name="uni06F2.numr" width="292" lsb="37"/>
+    <mtx name="uni06F3" width="585" lsb="67"/>
+    <mtx name="uni06F3.numr" width="292" lsb="11"/>
+    <mtx name="uni06F4" width="585" lsb="110"/>
+    <mtx name="uni06F4.numr" width="292" lsb="37"/>
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+    <mtx name="uni06F4.urd.numr" width="292" lsb="31"/>
+    <mtx name="uni06F5" width="585" lsb="100"/>
+    <mtx name="uni06F5.numr" width="292" lsb="31"/>
+    <mtx name="uni06F6" width="585" lsb="71"/>
+    <mtx name="uni06F6.numr" width="292" lsb="14"/>
+    <mtx name="uni06F6.urd" width="585" lsb="95"/>
+    <mtx name="uni06F6.urd.numr" width="292" lsb="28"/>
+    <mtx name="uni06F7" width="585" lsb="78"/>
+    <mtx name="uni06F7.numr" width="292" lsb="18"/>
+    <mtx name="uni06F7.urd" width="585" lsb="101"/>
+    <mtx name="uni06F7.urd.numr" width="292" lsb="31"/>
+    <mtx name="uni06F8" width="585" lsb="78"/>
+    <mtx name="uni06F8.numr" width="292" lsb="18"/>
+    <mtx name="uni06F9" width="585" lsb="123"/>
+    <mtx name="uni06F9.numr" width="292" lsb="45"/>
+  </hmtx>
+
+</ttFont>
diff --git a/Tests/subset/data/sbix.ttx b/Tests/subset/data/sbix.ttx
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e5214d8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/subset/data/sbix.ttx
@@ -0,0 +1,12532 @@
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+<ttFont sfntVersion="\x00\x01\x00\x00" ttLibVersion="3.43">
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+    <GlyphID id="1" name="X"/>
+    <GlyphID id="2" name="Y"/>
+  </GlyphOrder>
+
+  <head>
+    <!-- Most of this table will be recalculated by the compiler -->
+    <tableVersion value="1.0"/>
+    <fontRevision value="1.0"/>
+    <checkSumAdjustment value="0x50cd2b65"/>
+    <magicNumber value="0x5f0f3cf5"/>
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+    <modified value="Tue Jun  7 12:30:54 2016"/>
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+    <fontDirectionHint value="2"/>
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+    <glyphDataFormat value="0"/>
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+  <hhea>
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+    <ascent value="860"/>
+    <descent value="-140"/>
+    <lineGap value="200"/>
+    <advanceWidthMax value="1417"/>
+    <minLeftSideBearing value="-49"/>
+    <minRightSideBearing value="-43"/>
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+    <metricDataFormat value="0"/>
+    <numberOfHMetrics value="3"/>
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+
+  <maxp>
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+    <tableVersion value="0x10000"/>
+    <numGlyphs value="3"/>
+    <maxPoints value="88"/>
+    <maxContours value="7"/>
+    <maxCompositePoints value="90"/>
+    <maxCompositeContours value="5"/>
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+    <maxTwilightPoints value="0"/>
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+    <maxFunctionDefs value="0"/>
+    <maxInstructionDefs value="0"/>
+    <maxStackElements value="512"/>
+    <maxSizeOfInstructions value="1023"/>
+    <maxComponentElements value="2"/>
+    <maxComponentDepth value="1"/>
+  </maxp>
+
+  <OS_2>
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+    <version value="3"/>
+    <xAvgCharWidth value="667"/>
+    <usWeightClass value="400"/>
+    <usWidthClass value="5"/>
+    <fsType value="00000000 00000001"/>
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+      <bStrokeVariation value="0"/>
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+    <mtx name="Y" width="705" lsb="45"/>
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+        </hexdata>
+      </glyph>
+    </strike>
+  </sbix>
+
+</ttFont>
diff --git a/Tests/subset/data/test_cntrmask_CFF.desub.ttx b/Tests/subset/data/test_cntrmask_CFF.desub.ttx
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ff1c8c5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/subset/data/test_cntrmask_CFF.desub.ttx
@@ -0,0 +1,70 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<ttFont sfntVersion="OTTO" ttLibVersion="3.41">
+
+  <CFF>
+    <major value="1"/>
+    <minor value="0"/>
+    <CFFFont name="LibertinusSerif-Regular">
+      <version value="6.8"/>
+      <Notice value="Copyright Â© 2012-2019 The Libertinus Project Authors."/>
+      <FullName value="Libertinus Serif Regular"/>
+      <FamilyName value="Libertinus Serif"/>
+      <Weight value="Regular"/>
+      <isFixedPitch value="0"/>
+      <ItalicAngle value="0"/>
+      <UnderlinePosition value="-98"/>
+      <UnderlineThickness value="40"/>
+      <PaintType value="0"/>
+      <CharstringType value="2"/>
+      <FontMatrix value="0.001 0 0 0.001 0 0"/>
+      <FontBBox value="-6275 -256 6171 1125"/>
+      <StrokeWidth value="0"/>
+      <!-- charset is dumped separately as the 'GlyphOrder' element -->
+      <Encoding name="StandardEncoding"/>
+      <Private>
+        <BlueValues value="-12 0 429 442 460 472 600 610 645 658 688 698"/>
+        <OtherBlues value="-238 -227"/>
+        <FamilyBlues value="-12 0 429 442 460 472 600 610 645 658 688 698"/>
+        <FamilyOtherBlues value="-238 -227"/>
+        <BlueScale value="0.0396"/>
+        <BlueShift value="6"/>
+        <BlueFuzz value="1"/>
+        <StdHW value="36"/>
+        <StdVW value="79"/>
+        <StemSnapH value="36"/>
+        <StemSnapV value="79 86"/>
+        <ForceBold value="0"/>
+        <LanguageGroup value="0"/>
+        <ExpansionFactor value="0.06"/>
+        <initialRandomSeed value="0"/>
+        <defaultWidthX value="0"/>
+        <nominalWidthX value="595"/>
+      </Private>
+      <CharStrings>
+        <CharString name=".notdef">
+          -95 endchar
+        </CharString>
+        <CharString name="Idieresis">
+          -298 -2 33 583 33 62 96 hstem
+          6 96 4 85 4 96 vstem
+          cntrmask 00011100
+          191 122 rmoveto
+          401 vlineto
+          0 83 17 5 70 3 6 6 0 21 -6 6 -44 -1 -47.5 -1 -38.5 0 -33.5 0 -48.5 1 -47 1 -6 -6 0 -21 6 -6 70 -3 17 -5 0 -83 rrcurveto
+          -401 vlineto
+          0 -83 -17 -5 -70 -3 -6 -6 0 -21 6 -6 45 1 48.7002 1 36.2998 0 35.59961 0 48.40039 -1 45 -1 6 6 0 21 -6 6 -70 3 -17 5 0 83 rrcurveto
+          4 635 rmoveto
+          -26 22 -22 26 26 22 22 26 26 -22 22 -26 -26 -22 -22 -26 vhcurveto
+          -189 hmoveto
+          -26 22 -22 26 26 22 22 26 26 -22 22 -26 -26 -22 -22 -26 vhcurveto
+          endchar
+        </CharString>
+      </CharStrings>
+    </CFFFont>
+
+    <GlobalSubrs>
+      <!-- The 'index' attribute is only for humans; it is ignored when parsed. -->
+    </GlobalSubrs>
+  </CFF>
+
+</ttFont>
diff --git a/Tests/subset/data/test_cntrmask_CFF.ttx b/Tests/subset/data/test_cntrmask_CFF.ttx
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9e7d205
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/subset/data/test_cntrmask_CFF.ttx
@@ -0,0 +1,417 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<ttFont sfntVersion="OTTO" ttLibVersion="3.41">
+
+  <GlyphOrder>
+    <!-- The 'id' attribute is only for humans; it is ignored when parsed. -->
+    <GlyphID id="0" name=".notdef"/>
+    <GlyphID id="1" name="Idieresis"/>
+  </GlyphOrder>
+
+  <head>
+    <!-- Most of this table will be recalculated by the compiler -->
+    <tableVersion value="1.0"/>
+    <fontRevision value="6.79999"/>
+    <checkSumAdjustment value="0xd2a3b881"/>
+    <magicNumber value="0x5f0f3cf5"/>
+    <flags value="00000000 00001011"/>
+    <unitsPerEm value="1000"/>
+    <created value="Thu Aug 24 21:44:22 2006"/>
+    <modified value="Thu Jan  1 00:00:00 1970"/>
+    <xMin value="-6275"/>
+    <yMin value="-256"/>
+    <xMax value="6171"/>
+    <yMax value="1125"/>
+    <macStyle value="00000000 00000000"/>
+    <lowestRecPPEM value="8"/>
+    <fontDirectionHint value="2"/>
+    <indexToLocFormat value="0"/>
+    <glyphDataFormat value="0"/>
+  </head>
+
+  <hhea>
+    <tableVersion value="0x00010000"/>
+    <ascent value="894"/>
+    <descent value="-246"/>
+    <lineGap value="0"/>
+    <advanceWidthMax value="6272"/>
+    <minLeftSideBearing value="-6275"/>
+    <minRightSideBearing value="-953"/>
+    <xMaxExtent value="6171"/>
+    <caretSlopeRise value="1"/>
+    <caretSlopeRun value="0"/>
+    <caretOffset value="0"/>
+    <reserved0 value="0"/>
+    <reserved1 value="0"/>
+    <reserved2 value="0"/>
+    <reserved3 value="0"/>
+    <metricDataFormat value="0"/>
+    <numberOfHMetrics value="2"/>
+  </hhea>
+
+  <maxp>
+    <tableVersion value="0x5000"/>
+    <numGlyphs value="2"/>
+  </maxp>
+
+  <OS_2>
+    <!-- The fields 'usFirstCharIndex' and 'usLastCharIndex'
+         will be recalculated by the compiler -->
+    <version value="4"/>
+    <xAvgCharWidth value="559"/>
+    <usWeightClass value="400"/>
+    <usWidthClass value="5"/>
+    <fsType value="00000000 00000000"/>
+    <ySubscriptXSize value="650"/>
+    <ySubscriptYSize value="700"/>
+    <ySubscriptXOffset value="0"/>
+    <ySubscriptYOffset value="140"/>
+    <ySuperscriptXSize value="650"/>
+    <ySuperscriptYSize value="700"/>
+    <ySuperscriptXOffset value="0"/>
+    <ySuperscriptYOffset value="480"/>
+    <yStrikeoutSize value="49"/>
+    <yStrikeoutPosition value="258"/>
+    <sFamilyClass value="261"/>
+    <panose>
+      <bFamilyType value="2"/>
+      <bSerifStyle value="0"/>
+      <bWeight value="5"/>
+      <bProportion value="3"/>
+      <bContrast value="0"/>
+      <bStrokeVariation value="0"/>
+      <bArmStyle value="0"/>
+      <bLetterForm value="0"/>
+      <bMidline value="0"/>
+      <bXHeight value="0"/>
+    </panose>
+    <ulUnicodeRange1 value="00000000 00000000 00000000 00000010"/>
+    <ulUnicodeRange2 value="00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000"/>
+    <ulUnicodeRange3 value="00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000"/>
+    <ulUnicodeRange4 value="00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000"/>
+    <achVendID value="ALIF"/>
+    <fsSelection value="00000000 11000000"/>
+    <usFirstCharIndex value="207"/>
+    <usLastCharIndex value="207"/>
+    <sTypoAscender value="894"/>
+    <sTypoDescender value="-246"/>
+    <sTypoLineGap value="0"/>
+    <usWinAscent value="894"/>
+    <usWinDescent value="246"/>
+    <ulCodePageRange1 value="01100000 00000000 00000001 10111111"/>
+    <ulCodePageRange2 value="00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000"/>
+    <sxHeight value="429"/>
+    <sCapHeight value="658"/>
+    <usDefaultChar value="32"/>
+    <usBreakChar value="32"/>
+    <usMaxContext value="12"/>
+  </OS_2>
+
+  <name>
+    <namerecord nameID="0" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Copyright © 2012-2019 The Libertinus Project Authors.
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="1" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Libertinus Serif
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="2" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Regular
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="3" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      6.8;ALIF;LibertinusSerif-Regular
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="4" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Libertinus Serif Regular
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="5" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Version 6.8 
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="6" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      LibertinusSerif-Regular
+    </namerecord>
+  </name>
+
+  <cmap>
+    <tableVersion version="0"/>
+    <cmap_format_4 platformID="0" platEncID="3" language="0">
+      <map code="0xcf" name="Idieresis"/><!-- LATIN CAPITAL LETTER I WITH DIAERESIS -->
+    </cmap_format_4>
+    <cmap_format_12 platformID="0" platEncID="4" format="12" reserved="0" length="28" language="0" nGroups="1">
+      <map code="0xcf" name="Idieresis"/><!-- LATIN CAPITAL LETTER I WITH DIAERESIS -->
+    </cmap_format_12>
+    <cmap_format_4 platformID="3" platEncID="1" language="0">
+      <map code="0xcf" name="Idieresis"/><!-- LATIN CAPITAL LETTER I WITH DIAERESIS -->
+    </cmap_format_4>
+    <cmap_format_12 platformID="3" platEncID="10" format="12" reserved="0" length="28" language="0" nGroups="1">
+      <map code="0xcf" name="Idieresis"/><!-- LATIN CAPITAL LETTER I WITH DIAERESIS -->
+    </cmap_format_12>
+  </cmap>
+
+  <post>
+    <formatType value="3.0"/>
+    <italicAngle value="0.0"/>
+    <underlinePosition value="-78"/>
+    <underlineThickness value="40"/>
+    <isFixedPitch value="0"/>
+    <minMemType42 value="0"/>
+    <maxMemType42 value="0"/>
+    <minMemType1 value="0"/>
+    <maxMemType1 value="0"/>
+  </post>
+
+  <CFF>
+    <major value="1"/>
+    <minor value="0"/>
+    <CFFFont name="LibertinusSerif-Regular">
+      <version value="6.8"/>
+      <Notice value="Copyright Â© 2012-2019 The Libertinus Project Authors."/>
+      <FullName value="Libertinus Serif Regular"/>
+      <FamilyName value="Libertinus Serif"/>
+      <Weight value="Regular"/>
+      <isFixedPitch value="0"/>
+      <ItalicAngle value="0"/>
+      <UnderlinePosition value="-98"/>
+      <UnderlineThickness value="40"/>
+      <PaintType value="0"/>
+      <CharstringType value="2"/>
+      <FontMatrix value="0.001 0 0 0.001 0 0"/>
+      <FontBBox value="-6275 -256 6171 1125"/>
+      <StrokeWidth value="0"/>
+      <!-- charset is dumped separately as the 'GlyphOrder' element -->
+      <Encoding name="StandardEncoding"/>
+      <Private>
+        <BlueValues value="-12 0 429 442 460 472 600 610 645 658 688 698"/>
+        <OtherBlues value="-238 -227"/>
+        <FamilyBlues value="-12 0 429 442 460 472 600 610 645 658 688 698"/>
+        <FamilyOtherBlues value="-238 -227"/>
+        <BlueScale value="0.0396"/>
+        <BlueShift value="6"/>
+        <BlueFuzz value="1"/>
+        <StdHW value="36"/>
+        <StdVW value="79"/>
+        <StemSnapH value="36"/>
+        <StemSnapV value="79 86"/>
+        <ForceBold value="0"/>
+        <LanguageGroup value="0"/>
+        <ExpansionFactor value="0.06"/>
+        <initialRandomSeed value="0"/>
+        <defaultWidthX value="0"/>
+        <nominalWidthX value="595"/>
+        <Subrs>
+          <!-- The 'index' attribute is only for humans; it is ignored when parsed. -->
+          <CharString index="0">
+            -26 22 -22 26 26 22 22 26 26 -22 22 -26 -26 -22 -22 -26 vhcurveto
+            return
+          </CharString>
+          <CharString index="1">
+            401 vlineto
+            0 83 17 5 70 3 6 6 0 21 -6 6 -44 -1 -47.5 -1 -38.5 0 -33.5 0 -48.5 1 -47 1 -6 -6 0 -21 6 -6 70 -3 17 -5 0 -83 rrcurveto
+            -401 vlineto
+            0 -83 -17 -5 -70 -3 -6 -6 0 -21 6 -6 45 1 48.7002 1 36.2998 0 35.59961 0 48.40039 -1 45 -1 6 6 0 21 -6 6 -70 3 -17 5 0 83 rrcurveto
+            return
+          </CharString>
+        </Subrs>
+      </Private>
+      <CharStrings>
+        <CharString name=".notdef">
+          -95 endchar
+        </CharString>
+        <CharString name="Idieresis">
+          -298 -2 33 583 33 62 96 hstem
+          6 96 4 85 4 96 vstem
+          cntrmask 00011100
+          191 122 rmoveto
+          -106 callsubr
+          4 635 rmoveto
+          -107 callsubr
+          -189 hmoveto
+          -107 callsubr
+          endchar
+        </CharString>
+      </CharStrings>
+    </CFFFont>
+
+    <GlobalSubrs>
+      <!-- The 'index' attribute is only for humans; it is ignored when parsed. -->
+    </GlobalSubrs>
+  </CFF>
+
+  <GDEF>
+    <Version value="0x00010002"/>
+    <GlyphClassDef>
+      <ClassDef glyph="Idieresis" class="1"/>
+    </GlyphClassDef>
+    <MarkGlyphSetsDef>
+      <MarkSetTableFormat value="1"/>
+      <!-- MarkSetCount=1 -->
+      <Coverage index="0">
+      </Coverage>
+    </MarkGlyphSetsDef>
+  </GDEF>
+
+  <GPOS>
+    <Version value="0x00010000"/>
+    <ScriptList>
+      <!-- ScriptCount=4 -->
+      <ScriptRecord index="0">
+        <ScriptTag value="DFLT"/>
+        <Script>
+          <DefaultLangSys>
+            <ReqFeatureIndex value="65535"/>
+            <!-- FeatureCount=1 -->
+            <FeatureIndex index="0" value="0"/>
+          </DefaultLangSys>
+          <!-- LangSysCount=0 -->
+        </Script>
+      </ScriptRecord>
+      <ScriptRecord index="1">
+        <ScriptTag value="cyrl"/>
+        <Script>
+          <DefaultLangSys>
+            <ReqFeatureIndex value="65535"/>
+            <!-- FeatureCount=1 -->
+            <FeatureIndex index="0" value="1"/>
+          </DefaultLangSys>
+          <!-- LangSysCount=0 -->
+        </Script>
+      </ScriptRecord>
+      <ScriptRecord index="2">
+        <ScriptTag value="grek"/>
+        <Script>
+          <DefaultLangSys>
+            <ReqFeatureIndex value="65535"/>
+            <!-- FeatureCount=1 -->
+            <FeatureIndex index="0" value="2"/>
+          </DefaultLangSys>
+          <!-- LangSysCount=0 -->
+        </Script>
+      </ScriptRecord>
+      <ScriptRecord index="3">
+        <ScriptTag value="latn"/>
+        <Script>
+          <DefaultLangSys>
+            <ReqFeatureIndex value="65535"/>
+            <!-- FeatureCount=1 -->
+            <FeatureIndex index="0" value="3"/>
+          </DefaultLangSys>
+          <!-- LangSysCount=0 -->
+        </Script>
+      </ScriptRecord>
+    </ScriptList>
+    <FeatureList>
+      <!-- FeatureCount=4 -->
+      <FeatureRecord index="0">
+        <FeatureTag value="kern"/>
+        <Feature>
+          <!-- LookupCount=1 -->
+          <LookupListIndex index="0" value="0"/>
+        </Feature>
+      </FeatureRecord>
+      <FeatureRecord index="1">
+        <FeatureTag value="kern"/>
+        <Feature>
+          <!-- LookupCount=1 -->
+          <LookupListIndex index="0" value="0"/>
+        </Feature>
+      </FeatureRecord>
+      <FeatureRecord index="2">
+        <FeatureTag value="kern"/>
+        <Feature>
+          <!-- LookupCount=1 -->
+          <LookupListIndex index="0" value="0"/>
+        </Feature>
+      </FeatureRecord>
+      <FeatureRecord index="3">
+        <FeatureTag value="kern"/>
+        <Feature>
+          <!-- LookupCount=1 -->
+          <LookupListIndex index="0" value="0"/>
+        </Feature>
+      </FeatureRecord>
+    </FeatureList>
+    <LookupList>
+      <!-- LookupCount=1 -->
+      <Lookup index="0">
+        <LookupType value="2"/>
+        <LookupFlag value="0"/>
+        <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
+        <PairPos index="0" Format="2">
+          <Coverage>
+            <Glyph value="Idieresis"/>
+          </Coverage>
+          <ValueFormat1 value="4"/>
+          <ValueFormat2 value="0"/>
+          <ClassDef1>
+            <ClassDef glyph="Idieresis" class="1"/>
+          </ClassDef1>
+          <ClassDef2>
+          </ClassDef2>
+          <!-- Class1Count=2 -->
+          <!-- Class2Count=1 -->
+          <Class1Record index="0">
+            <Class2Record index="0">
+              <Value1 XAdvance="0"/>
+            </Class2Record>
+          </Class1Record>
+          <Class1Record index="1">
+            <Class2Record index="0">
+              <Value1 XAdvance="0"/>
+            </Class2Record>
+          </Class1Record>
+        </PairPos>
+      </Lookup>
+    </LookupList>
+  </GPOS>
+
+  <GSUB>
+    <Version value="0x00010000"/>
+    <ScriptList>
+      <!-- ScriptCount=5 -->
+      <ScriptRecord index="0">
+        <ScriptTag value="DFLT"/>
+        <Script>
+          <DefaultLangSys>
+            <ReqFeatureIndex value="65535"/>
+            <!-- FeatureCount=0 -->
+          </DefaultLangSys>
+          <!-- LangSysCount=0 -->
+        </Script>
+      </ScriptRecord>
+      <ScriptRecord index="1">
+        <ScriptTag value="cyrl"/>
+        <Script>
+          <!-- LangSysCount=0 -->
+        </Script>
+      </ScriptRecord>
+      <ScriptRecord index="2">
+        <ScriptTag value="grek"/>
+        <Script>
+          <!-- LangSysCount=0 -->
+        </Script>
+      </ScriptRecord>
+      <ScriptRecord index="3">
+        <ScriptTag value="hebr"/>
+        <Script>
+          <!-- LangSysCount=0 -->
+        </Script>
+      </ScriptRecord>
+      <ScriptRecord index="4">
+        <ScriptTag value="latn"/>
+        <Script>
+          <!-- LangSysCount=0 -->
+        </Script>
+      </ScriptRecord>
+    </ScriptList>
+    <FeatureList>
+      <!-- FeatureCount=0 -->
+    </FeatureList>
+    <LookupList>
+      <!-- LookupCount=0 -->
+    </LookupList>
+  </GSUB>
+
+  <hmtx>
+    <mtx name=".notdef" width="500" lsb="0"/>
+    <mtx name="Idieresis" width="297" lsb="6"/>
+  </hmtx>
+
+</ttFont>
diff --git a/Tests/subset/data/test_hinted_subrs_CFF.desub.ttx b/Tests/subset/data/test_hinted_subrs_CFF.desub.ttx
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..50374b3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/subset/data/test_hinted_subrs_CFF.desub.ttx
@@ -0,0 +1,113 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<ttFont sfntVersion="OTTO" ttLibVersion="3.37">
+
+  <CFF>
+    <major value="1"/>
+    <minor value="0"/>
+    <CFFFont name="SourceSerifPro-Regular">
+      <version value="1.0"/>
+      <Notice value="Source is a trademark of Adobe Systems Incorporated in the United States and/or other countries."/>
+      <Copyright value="Copyright 2014 Adobe Systems Incorporated. All Rights Reserved."/>
+      <FamilyName value="Source Serif Pro"/>
+      <isFixedPitch value="0"/>
+      <ItalicAngle value="0"/>
+      <UnderlinePosition value="-100"/>
+      <UnderlineThickness value="50"/>
+      <PaintType value="0"/>
+      <CharstringType value="2"/>
+      <FontMatrix value="0.001 0 0 0.001 0 0"/>
+      <FontBBox value="0 -249 560 758"/>
+      <StrokeWidth value="0"/>
+      <!-- charset is dumped separately as the 'GlyphOrder' element -->
+      <Encoding name="StandardEncoding"/>
+      <Private>
+        <BlueValues value="-15 0 475 488 527 540 549 563 646 659 669 684 729 749"/>
+        <OtherBlues value="-249 -239"/>
+        <FamilyBlues value="-15 0 475 488 527 540 549 563 646 659 669 684 729 749"/>
+        <FamilyOtherBlues value="-249 -239"/>
+        <BlueScale value="0.0375"/>
+        <BlueShift value="7"/>
+        <BlueFuzz value="0"/>
+        <StdHW value="56"/>
+        <StdVW value="85"/>
+        <StemSnapH value="41 56"/>
+        <StemSnapV value="85 95"/>
+        <ForceBold value="0"/>
+        <LanguageGroup value="0"/>
+        <ExpansionFactor value="0.06"/>
+        <initialRandomSeed value="0"/>
+        <defaultWidthX value="0"/>
+        <nominalWidthX value="604"/>
+      </Private>
+      <CharStrings>
+        <CharString name=".notdef">
+          36 0 50 569 50 hstem
+          80 60 360 60 vstem
+          80 hmoveto
+          480 669 -480 hlineto
+          240 -286 rmoveto
+          -148 236 rlineto
+          296 hlineto
+          32 -523 rmoveto
+          -149 239 149 238 rlineto
+          -360 -477 rmoveto
+          477 vlineto
+          150 -238 rlineto
+          -118 -285 rmoveto
+          148 236 148 -236 rlineto
+          endchar
+        </CharString>
+        <CharString name="y">
+          -92 -249 110 572 42 -40 40 -36 36 0 1 hstemhm
+          0 512 -195 195 vstemhm
+          92 -249 rmoveto
+          82 56 75 177 67 hvcurveto
+          161 425 54 11 rlineto
+          36 -195 vlineto
+          -36 vlineto
+          87 -12 -123 -340 rlineto
+          -125 341 88 10 rlineto
+          37 -240 vlineto
+          -36 vlineto
+          55 -8 181 -457 -4 -12 -19 -54 -29 -54 -42 -36 rlinecurve
+          -5 5 rlineto
+          28 -27 -21 10 -26 hhcurveto
+          -31 -29 -15 -29 -7 hvcurveto
+          -39 42 -27 50 vhcurveto
+          hintmask 11001000
+          endchar
+        </CharString>
+        <CharString name="yacute">
+          -92 -249 110 572 42 -40 40 -36 36 10 5 5 4 3 2 2 1 1 0 hstemhm
+          0 512 -195 195 vstemhm
+          92 -249 rmoveto
+          82 56 75 177 67 hvcurveto
+          161 425 54 11 rlineto
+          36 -195 vlineto
+          -36 vlineto
+          87 -12 -123 -340 rlineto
+          -125 341 88 10 rlineto
+          37 -240 vlineto
+          -36 vlineto
+          55 -8 181 -457 -4 -12 -19 -54 -29 -54 -42 -36 rlinecurve
+          -5 5 rlineto
+          28 -27 -21 10 -26 hhcurveto
+          -31 -29 -15 -29 -7 hvcurveto
+          -39 42 -27 50 vhcurveto
+          hintmask 1100100010000000
+          155 825 rmoveto
+          26 -19 41 36 39 35 41 37 rlinecurve
+          28 26 6 15 14 vvcurveto
+          26 -19 12 -19 -18 -17 -10 -31 -19 vhcurveto
+          -32 -48 -29 -46 -28 -47 rrcurveto
+          endchar
+        </CharString>
+      </CharStrings>
+    </CFFFont>
+
+    <GlobalSubrs>
+      <!-- The 'index' attribute is only for humans; it is ignored when parsed. -->
+    </GlobalSubrs>
+  </CFF>
+
+</ttFont>
diff --git a/Tests/subset/data/test_hinted_subrs_CFF.ttx b/Tests/subset/data/test_hinted_subrs_CFF.ttx
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..daf9f0e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/subset/data/test_hinted_subrs_CFF.ttx
@@ -0,0 +1,351 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<ttFont sfntVersion="OTTO" ttLibVersion="3.37">
+
+  <GlyphOrder>
+    <!-- The 'id' attribute is only for humans; it is ignored when parsed. -->
+    <GlyphID id="0" name=".notdef"/>
+    <GlyphID id="1" name="y"/>
+    <GlyphID id="2" name="yacute"/>
+  </GlyphOrder>
+
+  <head>
+    <!-- Most of this table will be recalculated by the compiler -->
+    <tableVersion value="1.0"/>
+    <fontRevision value="2.0"/>
+    <checkSumAdjustment value="0x30fffb39"/>
+    <magicNumber value="0x5f0f3cf5"/>
+    <flags value="00000000 00000011"/>
+    <unitsPerEm value="1000"/>
+    <created value="Wed Jan  4 11:55:59 2017"/>
+    <modified value="Sat Feb  9 07:43:13 2019"/>
+    <xMin value="0"/>
+    <yMin value="-249"/>
+    <xMax value="560"/>
+    <yMax value="758"/>
+    <macStyle value="00000000 00000000"/>
+    <lowestRecPPEM value="3"/>
+    <fontDirectionHint value="2"/>
+    <indexToLocFormat value="0"/>
+    <glyphDataFormat value="0"/>
+  </head>
+
+  <hhea>
+    <tableVersion value="0x00010000"/>
+    <ascent value="1036"/>
+    <descent value="-335"/>
+    <lineGap value="0"/>
+    <advanceWidthMax value="640"/>
+    <minLeftSideBearing value="0"/>
+    <minRightSideBearing value="0"/>
+    <xMaxExtent value="560"/>
+    <caretSlopeRise value="1"/>
+    <caretSlopeRun value="0"/>
+    <caretOffset value="0"/>
+    <reserved0 value="0"/>
+    <reserved1 value="0"/>
+    <reserved2 value="0"/>
+    <reserved3 value="0"/>
+    <metricDataFormat value="0"/>
+    <numberOfHMetrics value="2"/>
+  </hhea>
+
+  <maxp>
+    <tableVersion value="0x5000"/>
+    <numGlyphs value="3"/>
+  </maxp>
+
+  <OS_2>
+    <!-- The fields 'usFirstCharIndex' and 'usLastCharIndex'
+         will be recalculated by the compiler -->
+    <version value="3"/>
+    <xAvgCharWidth value="554"/>
+    <usWeightClass value="400"/>
+    <usWidthClass value="5"/>
+    <fsType value="00000000 00000000"/>
+    <ySubscriptXSize value="650"/>
+    <ySubscriptYSize value="600"/>
+    <ySubscriptXOffset value="0"/>
+    <ySubscriptYOffset value="75"/>
+    <ySuperscriptXSize value="650"/>
+    <ySuperscriptYSize value="600"/>
+    <ySuperscriptXOffset value="0"/>
+    <ySuperscriptYOffset value="350"/>
+    <yStrikeoutSize value="50"/>
+    <yStrikeoutPosition value="285"/>
+    <sFamilyClass value="0"/>
+    <panose>
+      <bFamilyType value="2"/>
+      <bSerifStyle value="4"/>
+      <bWeight value="6"/>
+      <bProportion value="3"/>
+      <bContrast value="5"/>
+      <bStrokeVariation value="4"/>
+      <bArmStyle value="5"/>
+      <bLetterForm value="2"/>
+      <bMidline value="2"/>
+      <bXHeight value="4"/>
+    </panose>
+    <ulUnicodeRange1 value="00000000 00000000 00000000 00000011"/>
+    <ulUnicodeRange2 value="00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000"/>
+    <ulUnicodeRange3 value="00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000"/>
+    <ulUnicodeRange4 value="00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000"/>
+    <achVendID value="ADBO"/>
+    <fsSelection value="00000000 01000000"/>
+    <usFirstCharIndex value="121"/>
+    <usLastCharIndex value="253"/>
+    <sTypoAscender value="730"/>
+    <sTypoDescender value="-270"/>
+    <sTypoLineGap value="0"/>
+    <usWinAscent value="1036"/>
+    <usWinDescent value="335"/>
+    <ulCodePageRange1 value="00100000 00000000 00000001 10011111"/>
+    <ulCodePageRange2 value="00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000"/>
+    <sxHeight value="475"/>
+    <sCapHeight value="670"/>
+    <usDefaultChar value="0"/>
+    <usBreakChar value="32"/>
+    <usMaxContext value="3"/>
+  </OS_2>
+
+  <name>
+    <namerecord nameID="0" platformID="1" platEncID="0" langID="0x0" unicode="True">
+      Copyright 2014, 2015, 2016 Adobe Systems Incorporated (http://www.adobe.com/), with Reserved Font Name 'Source'.
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="1" platformID="1" platEncID="0" langID="0x0" unicode="True">
+      Source Serif Pro
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="2" platformID="1" platEncID="0" langID="0x0" unicode="True">
+      Regular
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="3" platformID="1" platEncID="0" langID="0x0" unicode="True">
+      2.000;ADBO;SourceSerifPro-Regular;ADOBE
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="4" platformID="1" platEncID="0" langID="0x0" unicode="True">
+      Source Serif Pro
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="5" platformID="1" platEncID="0" langID="0x0" unicode="True">
+      Version 2.000;PS 1.0;hotconv 16.6.51;makeotf.lib2.5.65220
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="6" platformID="1" platEncID="0" langID="0x0" unicode="True">
+      SourceSerifPro-Regular
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="7" platformID="1" platEncID="0" langID="0x0" unicode="True">
+      Source is a trademark of Adobe Systems Incorporated in the United States and/or other countries.
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="8" platformID="1" platEncID="0" langID="0x0" unicode="True">
+      Adobe Systems Incorporated
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="9" platformID="1" platEncID="0" langID="0x0" unicode="True">
+      Frank Grießhammer
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="11" platformID="1" platEncID="0" langID="0x0" unicode="True">
+      http://www.adobe.com/type
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="13" platformID="1" platEncID="0" langID="0x0" unicode="True">
+      This Font Software is licensed under the SIL Open Font License, Version 1.1.&#13;
+&#13;
+This Font Software is distributed on an 'AS IS' BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. See the SIL Open Font License for the specific language, permissions and limitations governing your use of this Font Software.
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="14" platformID="1" platEncID="0" langID="0x0" unicode="True">
+      http://scripts.sil.org/OFL
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="0" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Copyright 2014, 2015, 2016 Adobe Systems Incorporated (http://www.adobe.com/), with Reserved Font Name 'Source'.
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="1" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Source Serif Pro
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="2" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Regular
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="3" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      2.000;ADBO;SourceSerifPro-Regular;ADOBE
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="4" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Source Serif Pro
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="5" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Version 2.000;PS 1.0;hotconv 16.6.51;makeotf.lib2.5.65220
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="6" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      SourceSerifPro-Regular
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="7" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Source is a trademark of Adobe Systems Incorporated in the United States and/or other countries.
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="8" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Adobe Systems Incorporated
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="9" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Frank Grießhammer
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="11" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      http://www.adobe.com/type
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="13" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      This Font Software is licensed under the SIL Open Font License, Version 1.1.&#13;
+&#13;
+This Font Software is distributed on an 'AS IS' BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. See the SIL Open Font License for the specific language, permissions and limitations governing your use of this Font Software.
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="14" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      http://scripts.sil.org/OFL
+    </namerecord>
+  </name>
+
+  <cmap>
+    <tableVersion version="0"/>
+    <cmap_format_4 platformID="0" platEncID="3" language="0">
+      <map code="0x79" name="y"/><!-- LATIN SMALL LETTER Y -->
+      <map code="0xfd" name="yacute"/><!-- LATIN SMALL LETTER Y WITH ACUTE -->
+    </cmap_format_4>
+    <cmap_format_4 platformID="3" platEncID="1" language="0">
+      <map code="0x79" name="y"/><!-- LATIN SMALL LETTER Y -->
+      <map code="0xfd" name="yacute"/><!-- LATIN SMALL LETTER Y WITH ACUTE -->
+    </cmap_format_4>
+    <cmap_format_12 platformID="3" platEncID="10" format="12" reserved="0" length="40" language="0" nGroups="2">
+      <map code="0x79" name="y"/><!-- LATIN SMALL LETTER Y -->
+      <map code="0xfd" name="yacute"/><!-- LATIN SMALL LETTER Y WITH ACUTE -->
+    </cmap_format_12>
+  </cmap>
+
+  <post>
+    <formatType value="3.0"/>
+    <italicAngle value="0.0"/>
+    <underlinePosition value="-75"/>
+    <underlineThickness value="50"/>
+    <isFixedPitch value="0"/>
+    <minMemType42 value="0"/>
+    <maxMemType42 value="0"/>
+    <minMemType1 value="0"/>
+    <maxMemType1 value="0"/>
+  </post>
+
+  <CFF>
+    <major value="1"/>
+    <minor value="0"/>
+    <CFFFont name="SourceSerifPro-Regular">
+      <version value="1.0"/>
+      <Notice value="Source is a trademark of Adobe Systems Incorporated in the United States and/or other countries."/>
+      <Copyright value="Copyright 2014 Adobe Systems Incorporated. All Rights Reserved."/>
+      <FamilyName value="Source Serif Pro"/>
+      <isFixedPitch value="0"/>
+      <ItalicAngle value="0"/>
+      <UnderlinePosition value="-100"/>
+      <UnderlineThickness value="50"/>
+      <PaintType value="0"/>
+      <CharstringType value="2"/>
+      <FontMatrix value="0.001 0 0 0.001 0 0"/>
+      <FontBBox value="0 -249 560 758"/>
+      <StrokeWidth value="0"/>
+      <!-- charset is dumped separately as the 'GlyphOrder' element -->
+      <Encoding name="StandardEncoding"/>
+      <Private>
+        <BlueValues value="-15 0 475 488 527 540 549 563 646 659 669 684 729 749"/>
+        <OtherBlues value="-249 -239"/>
+        <FamilyBlues value="-15 0 475 488 527 540 549 563 646 659 669 684 729 749"/>
+        <FamilyOtherBlues value="-249 -239"/>
+        <BlueScale value="0.0375"/>
+        <BlueShift value="7"/>
+        <BlueFuzz value="0"/>
+        <StdHW value="56"/>
+        <StdVW value="85"/>
+        <StemSnapH value="41 56"/>
+        <StemSnapV value="85 95"/>
+        <ForceBold value="0"/>
+        <LanguageGroup value="0"/>
+        <ExpansionFactor value="0.06"/>
+        <initialRandomSeed value="0"/>
+        <defaultWidthX value="0"/>
+        <nominalWidthX value="604"/>
+        <Subrs>
+          <!-- The 'index' attribute is only for humans; it is ignored when parsed. -->
+          <CharString index="0">
+            rmoveto
+            26 -19 41 36 39 35 41 37 rlinecurve
+            28 26 6 15 14 vvcurveto
+            26 -19 12 -19 -18 -17 -10 -31 -19 vhcurveto
+            -32 -48 -29 -46 -28 -47 rrcurveto
+            endchar
+          </CharString>
+          <CharString index="1">
+            195 vstemhm
+            -107 callgsubr
+            161 425 54 11 rlineto
+            36 -195 vlineto
+            -36 vlineto
+            87 -12 -123 -340 rlineto
+            -125 341 88 10 rlineto
+            37 -240 vlineto
+            -105 callsubr
+            -39 42 -27 50 vhcurveto
+            return
+          </CharString>
+          <CharString index="2">
+            -36 vlineto
+            55 -8 181 -457 -4 -12 -19 -54 -29 -54 -42 -36 rlinecurve
+            -5 5 rlineto
+            28 -27 -21 10 -26 hhcurveto
+            -31 -29 -15 -29 -7 hvcurveto
+            return
+          </CharString>
+          <CharString index="3">
+            -92 -249 110 572 42 -40 40 -36 36 return
+          </CharString>
+          <CharString index="4">
+            hstemhm
+            return
+          </CharString>
+        </Subrs>
+      </Private>
+      <CharStrings>
+        <CharString name=".notdef">
+          36 0 50 569 50 hstem
+          80 60 360 60 vstem
+          80 hmoveto
+          480 669 -480 hlineto
+          240 -286 rmoveto
+          -148 236 rlineto
+          296 hlineto
+          32 -523 rmoveto
+          -149 239 149 238 rlineto
+          -360 -477 rmoveto
+          477 vlineto
+          150 -238 rlineto
+          -118 -285 rmoveto
+          148 236 148 -236 rlineto
+          endchar
+        </CharString>
+        <CharString name="y">
+          -104 callsubr
+          0 1 -103 callsubr
+          0 512 -195 -106 callsubr
+          hintmask 11001000
+          endchar
+        </CharString>
+        <CharString name="yacute">
+          -104 callsubr
+          10 5 5 4 3 2 2 1 1 0 -103 callsubr
+          0 512 -195 -106 callsubr
+          hintmask 1100100010000000
+          155 825 -107 callsubr
+        </CharString>
+      </CharStrings>
+    </CFFFont>
+
+    <GlobalSubrs>
+      <!-- The 'index' attribute is only for humans; it is ignored when parsed. -->
+      <CharString index="0">
+        92 -249 rmoveto
+        82 56 75 177 67 hvcurveto
+        return
+      </CharString>
+    </GlobalSubrs>
+  </CFF>
+
+  <hmtx>
+    <mtx name=".notdef" width="640" lsb="80"/>
+    <mtx name="y" width="512" lsb="0"/>
+    <mtx name="yacute" width="512" lsb="0"/>
+  </hmtx>
+
+</ttFont>
diff --git a/Tests/subset/data/test_math_partial.ttx b/Tests/subset/data/test_math_partial.ttx
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c0a70da
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/subset/data/test_math_partial.ttx
@@ -0,0 +1,391 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<ttFont sfntVersion="OTTO" ttLibVersion="3.41">
+
+  <GlyphOrder>
+    <!-- The 'id' attribute is only for humans; it is ignored when parsed. -->
+    <GlyphID id="0" name=".notdef"/>
+    <GlyphID id="1" name="A"/>
+  </GlyphOrder>
+
+  <head>
+    <!-- Most of this table will be recalculated by the compiler -->
+    <tableVersion value="1.0"/>
+    <fontRevision value="1.10799"/>
+    <checkSumAdjustment value="0x266835f6"/>
+    <magicNumber value="0x5f0f3cf5"/>
+    <flags value="00000000 00001011"/>
+    <unitsPerEm value="1000"/>
+    <created value="Sun Jan 10 17:35:12 2016"/>
+    <modified value="Sat Jun  8 23:59:34 2019"/>
+    <xMin value="-761"/>
+    <yMin value="-509"/>
+    <xMax value="3000"/>
+    <yMax value="2566"/>
+    <macStyle value="00000000 00000000"/>
+    <lowestRecPPEM value="8"/>
+    <fontDirectionHint value="2"/>
+    <indexToLocFormat value="0"/>
+    <glyphDataFormat value="0"/>
+  </head>
+
+  <hhea>
+    <tableVersion value="0x00010000"/>
+    <ascent value="750"/>
+    <descent value="-250"/>
+    <lineGap value="0"/>
+    <advanceWidthMax value="3000"/>
+    <minLeftSideBearing value="-761"/>
+    <minRightSideBearing value="-365"/>
+    <xMaxExtent value="3000"/>
+    <caretSlopeRise value="1"/>
+    <caretSlopeRun value="0"/>
+    <caretOffset value="0"/>
+    <reserved0 value="0"/>
+    <reserved1 value="0"/>
+    <reserved2 value="0"/>
+    <reserved3 value="0"/>
+    <metricDataFormat value="0"/>
+    <numberOfHMetrics value="2"/>
+  </hhea>
+
+  <maxp>
+    <tableVersion value="0x5000"/>
+    <numGlyphs value="2"/>
+  </maxp>
+
+  <OS_2>
+    <!-- The fields 'usFirstCharIndex' and 'usLastCharIndex'
+         will be recalculated by the compiler -->
+    <version value="4"/>
+    <xAvgCharWidth value="666"/>
+    <usWeightClass value="400"/>
+    <usWidthClass value="5"/>
+    <fsType value="00000000 00000000"/>
+    <ySubscriptXSize value="500"/>
+    <ySubscriptYSize value="500"/>
+    <ySubscriptXOffset value="0"/>
+    <ySubscriptYOffset value="250"/>
+    <ySuperscriptXSize value="500"/>
+    <ySuperscriptYSize value="500"/>
+    <ySuperscriptXOffset value="0"/>
+    <ySuperscriptYOffset value="500"/>
+    <yStrikeoutSize value="50"/>
+    <yStrikeoutPosition value="306"/>
+    <sFamilyClass value="0"/>
+    <panose>
+      <bFamilyType value="2"/>
+      <bSerifStyle value="0"/>
+      <bWeight value="5"/>
+      <bProportion value="3"/>
+      <bContrast value="0"/>
+      <bStrokeVariation value="0"/>
+      <bArmStyle value="0"/>
+      <bLetterForm value="0"/>
+      <bMidline value="0"/>
+      <bXHeight value="0"/>
+    </panose>
+    <ulUnicodeRange1 value="00000000 00000000 00000000 00000001"/>
+    <ulUnicodeRange2 value="00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000"/>
+    <ulUnicodeRange3 value="00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000"/>
+    <ulUnicodeRange4 value="00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000"/>
+    <achVendID value="STIX"/>
+    <fsSelection value="00000000 11000000"/>
+    <usFirstCharIndex value="65"/>
+    <usLastCharIndex value="65"/>
+    <sTypoAscender value="750"/>
+    <sTypoDescender value="-250"/>
+    <sTypoLineGap value="0"/>
+    <usWinAscent value="2598"/>
+    <usWinDescent value="918"/>
+    <ulCodePageRange1 value="01100000 00000000 00000000 10011111"/>
+    <ulCodePageRange2 value="11011111 11010111 00000000 00000000"/>
+    <sxHeight value="450"/>
+    <sCapHeight value="662"/>
+    <usDefaultChar value="0"/>
+    <usBreakChar value="32"/>
+    <usMaxContext value="2"/>
+  </OS_2>
+
+  <name>
+    <namerecord nameID="1" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      XITS Math
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="2" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Regular
+    </namerecord>
+  </name>
+
+  <cmap>
+    <tableVersion version="0"/>
+    <cmap_format_4 platformID="0" platEncID="3" language="0">
+      <map code="0x41" name="A"/><!-- LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A -->
+    </cmap_format_4>
+    <cmap_format_12 platformID="0" platEncID="4" format="12" reserved="0" length="28" language="0" nGroups="1">
+      <map code="0x41" name="A"/><!-- LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A -->
+    </cmap_format_12>
+    <cmap_format_4 platformID="3" platEncID="1" language="0">
+      <map code="0x41" name="A"/><!-- LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A -->
+    </cmap_format_4>
+    <cmap_format_12 platformID="3" platEncID="10" format="12" reserved="0" length="28" language="0" nGroups="1">
+      <map code="0x41" name="A"/><!-- LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A -->
+    </cmap_format_12>
+  </cmap>
+
+  <post>
+    <formatType value="3.0"/>
+    <italicAngle value="0.0"/>
+    <underlinePosition value="-75"/>
+    <underlineThickness value="50"/>
+    <isFixedPitch value="0"/>
+    <minMemType42 value="0"/>
+    <maxMemType42 value="0"/>
+    <minMemType1 value="0"/>
+    <maxMemType1 value="0"/>
+  </post>
+
+  <CFF>
+    <major value="1"/>
+    <minor value="0"/>
+    <CFFFont name="XITSMath">
+      <version value="1.108"/>
+      <Notice value="Copyright (c) 2001-2011 by the STI Pub Companies, consisting of the American Chemical Society, the American Institute of Physics, the American Mathematical Society, the American Physical Society, Elsevier, Inc., and The Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers, Inc.  Portions copyright (c) 1998-2003 by MicroPress, Inc.  Portions copyright (c) 1990 by Elsevier, Inc.  Portions copyright (c) 2009-2012 by Khaled Hosny.  All rights reserved. "/>
+      <FullName value="XITS Math"/>
+      <FamilyName value="XITS Math"/>
+      <Weight value="Regular"/>
+      <isFixedPitch value="0"/>
+      <ItalicAngle value="0"/>
+      <UnderlinePosition value="-50"/>
+      <UnderlineThickness value="50"/>
+      <PaintType value="0"/>
+      <CharstringType value="2"/>
+      <FontMatrix value="0.001 0 0 0.001 0 0"/>
+      <FontBBox value="-761 -509 3000 2566"/>
+      <StrokeWidth value="0"/>
+      <!-- charset is dumped separately as the 'GlyphOrder' element -->
+      <Encoding name="StandardEncoding"/>
+      <Private>
+        <BlueValues value="-14 0 450 460 662 676"/>
+        <BlueScale value="0.039625"/>
+        <BlueShift value="6"/>
+        <BlueFuzz value="1"/>
+        <StdHW value="66"/>
+        <StdVW value="66"/>
+        <StemSnapH value="23 28 31 34 38 43 50 54 63 66"/>
+        <StemSnapV value="39 43 48 52 56 59 66 73 79 83"/>
+        <ForceBold value="0"/>
+        <LanguageGroup value="0"/>
+        <ExpansionFactor value="0.06"/>
+        <initialRandomSeed value="0"/>
+        <defaultWidthX value="685"/>
+        <nominalWidthX value="601"/>
+        <Subrs>
+          <!-- The 'index' attribute is only for humans; it is ignored when parsed. -->
+          <CharString index="0">
+            19 vlineto
+            -52 6 -14 21 -28 65 rrcurveto
+            -246 563 -20 0 -206 -488 rlineto
+            -59 -140 -9 -21 -58 -6 rrcurveto
+            -19 199 19 vlineto
+            -48 -22 10 31 hvcurveto
+            0 12 4 17 5 13 rrcurveto
+            46 114 262 0 41 -94 rlineto
+            12 -28 7 -27 0 -15 0 -9 -6 -11 -8 -4 -12 -7 -7 -2 -36 0 rrcurveto
+            -19 vlineto
+            return
+          </CharString>
+          <CharString index="1">
+            -231 0 115 275 rlineto
+            return
+          </CharString>
+        </Subrs>
+      </Private>
+      <CharStrings>
+        <CharString name=".notdef">
+          -351 endchar
+        </CharString>
+        <CharString name="A">
+          121 0 20 196 41 397 20 hstem
+          707 hmoveto
+          -107 callsubr
+          -5 257 rmoveto
+          -106 callsubr
+          endchar
+        </CharString>
+      </CharStrings>
+    </CFFFont>
+
+    <GlobalSubrs>
+      <!-- The 'index' attribute is only for humans; it is ignored when parsed. -->
+    </GlobalSubrs>
+  </CFF>
+
+  <MATH>
+    <Version value="0x00010000"/>
+    <MathConstants>
+      <ScriptPercentScaleDown value="75"/>
+      <ScriptScriptPercentScaleDown value="60"/>
+      <DelimitedSubFormulaMinHeight value="1500"/>
+      <DisplayOperatorMinHeight value="1450"/>
+      <MathLeading>
+        <Value value="150"/>
+      </MathLeading>
+      <AxisHeight>
+        <Value value="250"/>
+      </AxisHeight>
+      <AccentBaseHeight>
+        <Value value="450"/>
+      </AccentBaseHeight>
+      <FlattenedAccentBaseHeight>
+        <Value value="662"/>
+      </FlattenedAccentBaseHeight>
+      <SubscriptShiftDown>
+        <Value value="250"/>
+      </SubscriptShiftDown>
+      <SubscriptTopMax>
+        <Value value="400"/>
+      </SubscriptTopMax>
+      <SubscriptBaselineDropMin>
+        <Value value="50"/>
+      </SubscriptBaselineDropMin>
+      <SuperscriptShiftUp>
+        <Value value="400"/>
+      </SuperscriptShiftUp>
+      <SuperscriptShiftUpCramped>
+        <Value value="275"/>
+      </SuperscriptShiftUpCramped>
+      <SuperscriptBottomMin>
+        <Value value="125"/>
+      </SuperscriptBottomMin>
+      <SuperscriptBaselineDropMax>
+        <Value value="375"/>
+      </SuperscriptBaselineDropMax>
+      <SubSuperscriptGapMin>
+        <Value value="264"/>
+      </SubSuperscriptGapMin>
+      <SuperscriptBottomMaxWithSubscript>
+        <Value value="400"/>
+      </SuperscriptBottomMaxWithSubscript>
+      <SpaceAfterScript>
+        <Value value="41"/>
+      </SpaceAfterScript>
+      <UpperLimitGapMin>
+        <Value value="150"/>
+      </UpperLimitGapMin>
+      <UpperLimitBaselineRiseMin>
+        <Value value="300"/>
+      </UpperLimitBaselineRiseMin>
+      <LowerLimitGapMin>
+        <Value value="150"/>
+      </LowerLimitGapMin>
+      <LowerLimitBaselineDropMin>
+        <Value value="600"/>
+      </LowerLimitBaselineDropMin>
+      <StackTopShiftUp>
+        <Value value="480"/>
+      </StackTopShiftUp>
+      <StackTopDisplayStyleShiftUp>
+        <Value value="580"/>
+      </StackTopDisplayStyleShiftUp>
+      <StackBottomShiftDown>
+        <Value value="800"/>
+      </StackBottomShiftDown>
+      <StackBottomDisplayStyleShiftDown>
+        <Value value="900"/>
+      </StackBottomDisplayStyleShiftDown>
+      <StackGapMin>
+        <Value value="198"/>
+      </StackGapMin>
+      <StackDisplayStyleGapMin>
+        <Value value="462"/>
+      </StackDisplayStyleGapMin>
+      <StretchStackTopShiftUp>
+        <Value value="300"/>
+      </StretchStackTopShiftUp>
+      <StretchStackBottomShiftDown>
+        <Value value="600"/>
+      </StretchStackBottomShiftDown>
+      <StretchStackGapAboveMin>
+        <Value value="150"/>
+      </StretchStackGapAboveMin>
+      <StretchStackGapBelowMin>
+        <Value value="150"/>
+      </StretchStackGapBelowMin>
+      <FractionNumeratorShiftUp>
+        <Value value="480"/>
+      </FractionNumeratorShiftUp>
+      <FractionNumeratorDisplayStyleShiftUp>
+        <Value value="580"/>
+      </FractionNumeratorDisplayStyleShiftUp>
+      <FractionDenominatorShiftDown>
+        <Value value="480"/>
+      </FractionDenominatorShiftDown>
+      <FractionDenominatorDisplayStyleShiftDown>
+        <Value value="700"/>
+      </FractionDenominatorDisplayStyleShiftDown>
+      <FractionNumeratorGapMin>
+        <Value value="66"/>
+      </FractionNumeratorGapMin>
+      <FractionNumDisplayStyleGapMin>
+        <Value value="198"/>
+      </FractionNumDisplayStyleGapMin>
+      <FractionRuleThickness>
+        <Value value="66"/>
+      </FractionRuleThickness>
+      <FractionDenominatorGapMin>
+        <Value value="66"/>
+      </FractionDenominatorGapMin>
+      <FractionDenomDisplayStyleGapMin>
+        <Value value="198"/>
+      </FractionDenomDisplayStyleGapMin>
+      <SkewedFractionHorizontalGap>
+        <Value value="300"/>
+      </SkewedFractionHorizontalGap>
+      <SkewedFractionVerticalGap>
+        <Value value="66"/>
+      </SkewedFractionVerticalGap>
+      <OverbarVerticalGap>
+        <Value value="198"/>
+      </OverbarVerticalGap>
+      <OverbarRuleThickness>
+        <Value value="66"/>
+      </OverbarRuleThickness>
+      <OverbarExtraAscender>
+        <Value value="66"/>
+      </OverbarExtraAscender>
+      <UnderbarVerticalGap>
+        <Value value="198"/>
+      </UnderbarVerticalGap>
+      <UnderbarRuleThickness>
+        <Value value="66"/>
+      </UnderbarRuleThickness>
+      <UnderbarExtraDescender>
+        <Value value="66"/>
+      </UnderbarExtraDescender>
+      <RadicalVerticalGap>
+        <Value value="82"/>
+      </RadicalVerticalGap>
+      <RadicalDisplayStyleVerticalGap>
+        <Value value="186"/>
+      </RadicalDisplayStyleVerticalGap>
+      <RadicalRuleThickness>
+        <Value value="66"/>
+      </RadicalRuleThickness>
+      <RadicalExtraAscender>
+        <Value value="66"/>
+      </RadicalExtraAscender>
+      <RadicalKernBeforeDegree>
+        <Value value="277"/>
+      </RadicalKernBeforeDegree>
+      <RadicalKernAfterDegree>
+        <Value value="-555"/>
+      </RadicalKernAfterDegree>
+      <RadicalDegreeBottomRaisePercent value="70"/>
+    </MathConstants>
+  </MATH>
+
+  <hmtx>
+    <mtx name=".notdef" width="250" lsb="0"/>
+    <mtx name="A" width="722" lsb="15"/>
+  </hmtx>
+
+</ttFont>
diff --git a/Tests/subset/subset_test.py b/Tests/subset/subset_test.py
index e9b3cba..12682ab 100644
--- a/Tests/subset/subset_test.py
+++ b/Tests/subset/subset_test.py
@@ -1,7 +1,11 @@
-from __future__ import print_function, division, absolute_import
-from fontTools.misc.py23 import *
+import io
+from fontTools.misc.py23 import tobytes, tostr
+from fontTools.misc.testTools import getXML
 from fontTools import subset
+from fontTools.fontBuilder import FontBuilder
+from fontTools.pens.ttGlyphPen import TTGlyphPen
 from fontTools.ttLib import TTFont, newTable
+from fontTools.ttLib.tables import otTables as ot
 from fontTools.misc.loggingTools import CapturingLogHandler
 import difflib
 import logging
@@ -10,6 +14,8 @@
 import sys
 import tempfile
 import unittest
+import pathlib
+import pytest
 
 
 class SubsetTest(unittest.TestCase):
@@ -44,15 +50,14 @@
         lines = []
         with open(path, "r", encoding="utf-8") as ttx:
             for line in ttx.readlines():
-                # Elide ttFont attributes because ttLibVersion may change,
-                # and use os-native line separators so we can run difflib.
+                # Elide ttFont attributes because ttLibVersion may change.
                 if line.startswith("<ttFont "):
-                    lines.append("<ttFont>" + os.linesep)
+                    lines.append("<ttFont>\n")
                 else:
-                    lines.append(line.rstrip() + os.linesep)
+                    lines.append(line.rstrip() + "\n")
         return lines
 
-    def expect_ttx(self, font, expected_ttx, tables):
+    def expect_ttx(self, font, expected_ttx, tables=None):
         path = self.temp_path(suffix=".ttx")
         font.saveXML(path, tables=tables)
         actual = self.read_ttx(path)
@@ -74,6 +79,16 @@
 # Tests
 # -----
 
+    def test_layout_scripts(self):
+        _, fontpath = self.compile_font(self.getpath("layout_scripts.ttx"), ".otf")
+        subsetpath = self.temp_path(".otf")
+        subset.main([fontpath, "--glyphs=*", "--layout-features=*",
+                     "--layout-scripts=latn,arab.URD,arab.dflt",
+                     "--output-file=%s" % subsetpath])
+        subsetfont = TTFont(subsetpath)
+        self.expect_ttx(subsetfont, self.getpath("expect_layout_scripts.ttx"),
+                        ["GPOS", "GSUB"])
+
     def test_no_notdef_outline_otf(self):
         _, fontpath = self.compile_font(self.getpath("TestOTF-Regular.ttx"), ".otf")
         subsetpath = self.temp_path(".otf")
@@ -237,6 +252,13 @@
         subsetfont = TTFont(subsetpath)
         self.expect_ttx(subsetfont, self.getpath("expect_keep_math.ttx"), ["GlyphOrder", "CFF ", "MATH", "hmtx"])
 
+    def test_subset_math_partial(self):
+        _, fontpath = self.compile_font(self.getpath("test_math_partial.ttx"), ".ttf")
+        subsetpath = self.temp_path(".ttf")
+        subset.main([fontpath, "--text=A", "--output-file=%s" % subsetpath])
+        subsetfont = TTFont(subsetpath)
+        self.expect_ttx(subsetfont, self.getpath("expect_math_partial.ttx"), ["MATH"])
+
     def test_subset_opbd_remove(self):
         # In the test font, only the glyphs 'A' and 'zero' have an entry in
         # the Optical Bounds table. When subsetting, we do not request any
@@ -298,7 +320,7 @@
         self.expect_ttx(subsetfont, self.getpath("expect_prop_1.ttx"), ["prop"])
 
     def test_options(self):
-        # https://github.com/behdad/fonttools/issues/413
+        # https://github.com/fonttools/fonttools/issues/413
         opt1 = subset.Options()
         self.assertTrue('Xyz-' not in opt1.layout_features)
         opt2 = subset.Options()
@@ -324,6 +346,14 @@
         self.assertTrue("x" in subsetfont['CBDT'].strikeData[0])
         self.assertTrue("y" in subsetfont['CBDT'].strikeData[0])
 
+    def test_sbix(self):
+        _, fontpath = self.compile_font(self.getpath("sbix.ttx"), ".ttf")
+        subsetpath = self.temp_path(".ttf")
+        subset.main([fontpath, "--gids=0,1", "--output-file=%s" % subsetpath])
+        subsetfont = TTFont(subsetpath)
+        self.expect_ttx(subsetfont, self.getpath(
+            "expect_sbix.ttx"), ["sbix"])
+
     def test_timing_publishes_parts(self):
         _, fontpath = self.compile_font(self.getpath("TestTTF-Regular.ttx"), ".ttf")
 
@@ -333,10 +363,8 @@
         subsetter.populate(text='ABC')
         font = TTFont(fontpath)
         with CapturingLogHandler('fontTools.subset.timer', logging.DEBUG) as captor:
-            captor.logger.propagate = False
             subsetter.subset(font)
-            logs = captor.records
-        captor.logger.propagate = True
+        logs = captor.records
 
         self.assertTrue(len(logs) > 5)
         self.assertEqual(len(logs), len([l for l in logs if 'msg' in l.args and 'time' in l.args]))
@@ -418,8 +446,28 @@
         self.expect_ttx(subsetfont, self.getpath(
             "expect_desubroutinize_CFF.ttx"), ["CFF "])
 
+    def test_desubroutinize_hinted_subrs_CFF(self):
+        ttxpath = self.getpath("test_hinted_subrs_CFF.ttx")
+        _, fontpath = self.compile_font(ttxpath, ".otf")
+        subsetpath = self.temp_path(".otf")
+        subset.main([fontpath, "--desubroutinize", "--notdef-outline",
+                     "--output-file=%s" % subsetpath, "*"])
+        subsetfont = TTFont(subsetpath)
+        self.expect_ttx(subsetfont, self.getpath(
+            "test_hinted_subrs_CFF.desub.ttx"), ["CFF "])
+
+    def test_desubroutinize_cntrmask_CFF(self):
+        ttxpath = self.getpath("test_cntrmask_CFF.ttx")
+        _, fontpath = self.compile_font(ttxpath, ".otf")
+        subsetpath = self.temp_path(".otf")
+        subset.main([fontpath, "--desubroutinize", "--notdef-outline",
+                     "--output-file=%s" % subsetpath, "*"])
+        subsetfont = TTFont(subsetpath)
+        self.expect_ttx(subsetfont, self.getpath(
+            "test_cntrmask_CFF.desub.ttx"), ["CFF "])
+
     def test_no_hinting_desubroutinize_CFF(self):
-        ttxpath = self.getpath("Lobster.subset.ttx")
+        ttxpath = self.getpath("test_hinted_subrs_CFF.ttx")
         _, fontpath = self.compile_font(ttxpath, ".otf")
         subsetpath = self.temp_path(".otf")
         subset.main([fontpath, "--no-hinting", "--desubroutinize", "--notdef-outline",
@@ -447,6 +495,46 @@
         subsetfont = TTFont(subsetpath)
         self.expect_ttx(subsetfont, self.getpath("expect_notdef_width_cid.ttx"), ["CFF "])
 
+    def test_recalc_bounds_ttf(self):
+        ttxpath = self.getpath("TestTTF-Regular.ttx")
+        font = TTFont()
+        font.importXML(ttxpath)
+        head = font['head']
+        bounds = [head.xMin, head.yMin, head.xMax, head.yMax]
+
+        _, fontpath = self.compile_font(ttxpath, ".ttf")
+        subsetpath = self.temp_path(".ttf")
+
+        # by default, the subsetter does not recalculate the bounding box
+        subset.main([fontpath, "--output-file=%s" % subsetpath, "*"])
+        head = TTFont(subsetpath)['head']
+        self.assertEqual(bounds, [head.xMin, head.yMin, head.xMax, head.yMax])
+
+        subset.main([fontpath, "--recalc-bounds", "--output-file=%s" % subsetpath, "*"])
+        head = TTFont(subsetpath)['head']
+        bounds = [132, 304, 365, 567]
+        self.assertEqual(bounds, [head.xMin, head.yMin, head.xMax, head.yMax])
+
+    def test_recalc_bounds_otf(self):
+        ttxpath = self.getpath("TestOTF-Regular.ttx")
+        font = TTFont()
+        font.importXML(ttxpath)
+        head = font['head']
+        bounds = [head.xMin, head.yMin, head.xMax, head.yMax]
+
+        _, fontpath = self.compile_font(ttxpath, ".otf")
+        subsetpath = self.temp_path(".otf")
+
+        # by default, the subsetter does not recalculate the bounding box
+        subset.main([fontpath, "--output-file=%s" % subsetpath, "*"])
+        head = TTFont(subsetpath)['head']
+        self.assertEqual(bounds, [head.xMin, head.yMin, head.xMax, head.yMax])
+
+        subset.main([fontpath, "--recalc-bounds", "--output-file=%s" % subsetpath, "*"])
+        head = TTFont(subsetpath)['head']
+        bounds = [132, 304, 365, 567]
+        self.assertEqual(bounds, [head.xMin, head.yMin, head.xMax, head.yMax])
+
     def test_recalc_timestamp_ttf(self):
         ttxpath = self.getpath("TestTTF-Regular.ttx")
         font = TTFont()
@@ -477,6 +565,753 @@
         subset.main([fontpath, "--recalc-timestamp", "--output-file=%s" % subsetpath, "*"])
         self.assertLess(modified, TTFont(subsetpath)['head'].modified)
 
+    def test_recalc_max_context(self):
+        ttxpath = self.getpath("Lobster.subset.ttx")
+        font = TTFont()
+        font.importXML(ttxpath)
+        max_context = font['OS/2'].usMaxContext
+        _, fontpath = self.compile_font(ttxpath, ".otf")
+        subsetpath = self.temp_path(".otf")
+
+        # by default, the subsetter does not recalculate the usMaxContext
+        subset.main([fontpath, "--drop-tables+=GSUB,GPOS",
+                               "--output-file=%s" % subsetpath])
+        self.assertEqual(max_context, TTFont(subsetpath)['OS/2'].usMaxContext)
+
+        subset.main([fontpath, "--recalc-max-context",
+                               "--drop-tables+=GSUB,GPOS",
+                               "--output-file=%s" % subsetpath])
+        self.assertEqual(0, TTFont(subsetpath)['OS/2'].usMaxContext)
+
+    def test_retain_gids_ttf(self):
+        _, fontpath = self.compile_font(self.getpath("TestTTF-Regular.ttx"), ".ttf")
+        font = TTFont(fontpath)
+
+        self.assertEqual(font["hmtx"]["A"], (500, 132))
+        self.assertEqual(font["hmtx"]["B"], (400, 132))
+
+        self.assertGreater(font["glyf"]["A"].numberOfContours, 0)
+        self.assertGreater(font["glyf"]["B"].numberOfContours, 0)
+
+        subsetpath = self.temp_path(".ttf")
+        subset.main(
+            [
+                fontpath,
+                "--retain-gids",
+                "--output-file=%s" % subsetpath,
+                "--glyph-names",
+                "B",
+            ]
+        )
+        subsetfont = TTFont(subsetpath)
+
+        self.assertEqual(subsetfont.getGlyphOrder(), font.getGlyphOrder()[0:3])
+
+        hmtx = subsetfont["hmtx"]
+        self.assertEqual(hmtx["A"], (  0,   0))
+        self.assertEqual(hmtx["B"], (400, 132))
+
+        glyf = subsetfont["glyf"]
+        self.assertEqual(glyf["A"].numberOfContours, 0)
+        self.assertGreater(glyf["B"].numberOfContours, 0)
+
+    def test_retain_gids_cff(self):
+        _, fontpath = self.compile_font(self.getpath("TestOTF-Regular.ttx"), ".otf")
+        font = TTFont(fontpath)
+
+        self.assertEqual(font["hmtx"]["A"], (500, 132))
+        self.assertEqual(font["hmtx"]["B"], (400, 132))
+        self.assertEqual(font["hmtx"]["C"], (500,   0))
+
+        font["CFF "].cff[0].decompileAllCharStrings()
+        cs = font["CFF "].cff[0].CharStrings
+        self.assertGreater(len(cs["A"].program), 0)
+        self.assertGreater(len(cs["B"].program), 0)
+        self.assertGreater(len(cs["C"].program), 0)
+
+        subsetpath = self.temp_path(".otf")
+        subset.main(
+            [
+                fontpath,
+                "--retain-gids",
+                "--output-file=%s" % subsetpath,
+                "--glyph-names",
+                "B",
+            ]
+        )
+        subsetfont = TTFont(subsetpath)
+
+        self.assertEqual(subsetfont.getGlyphOrder(), font.getGlyphOrder()[0:3])
+
+        hmtx = subsetfont["hmtx"]
+        self.assertEqual(hmtx["A"], (0,     0))
+        self.assertEqual(hmtx["B"], (400, 132))
+
+        subsetfont["CFF "].cff[0].decompileAllCharStrings()
+        cs = subsetfont["CFF "].cff[0].CharStrings
+
+        self.assertEqual(cs["A"].program, ["endchar"])
+        self.assertGreater(len(cs["B"].program), 0)
+
+    def test_retain_gids_cff2(self):
+        ttx_path = self.getpath("../../varLib/data/master_ttx_varfont_otf/TestCFF2VF.ttx")
+        font, fontpath = self.compile_font(ttx_path, ".otf")
+
+        self.assertEqual(font["hmtx"]["A"], (600, 31))
+        self.assertEqual(font["hmtx"]["T"], (600, 41))
+
+        font["CFF2"].cff[0].decompileAllCharStrings()
+        cs = font["CFF2"].cff[0].CharStrings
+        self.assertGreater(len(cs["A"].program), 0)
+        self.assertGreater(len(cs["T"].program), 0)
+
+        subsetpath = self.temp_path(".otf")
+        subset.main(
+            [
+                fontpath,
+                "--retain-gids",
+                "--output-file=%s" % subsetpath,
+                "T",
+            ]
+        )
+        subsetfont = TTFont(subsetpath)
+
+        self.assertEqual(len(subsetfont.getGlyphOrder()), len(font.getGlyphOrder()[0:3]))
+
+        hmtx = subsetfont["hmtx"]
+        self.assertEqual(hmtx["glyph00001"], (  0,  0))
+        self.assertEqual(hmtx["T"], (600, 41))
+
+        subsetfont["CFF2"].cff[0].decompileAllCharStrings()
+        cs = subsetfont["CFF2"].cff[0].CharStrings
+        self.assertEqual(cs["glyph00001"].program, [])
+        self.assertGreater(len(cs["T"].program), 0)
+
+    def test_HVAR_VVAR(self):
+        _, fontpath = self.compile_font(self.getpath("TestHVVAR.ttx"), ".ttf")
+        subsetpath = self.temp_path(".ttf")
+        subset.main([fontpath, "--text=BD", "--output-file=%s" % subsetpath])
+        subsetfont = TTFont(subsetpath)
+        self.expect_ttx(subsetfont, self.getpath("expect_HVVAR.ttx"), ["GlyphOrder", "HVAR", "VVAR", "avar", "fvar"])
+
+    def test_HVAR_VVAR_retain_gids(self):
+        _, fontpath = self.compile_font(self.getpath("TestHVVAR.ttx"), ".ttf")
+        subsetpath = self.temp_path(".ttf")
+        subset.main([fontpath, "--text=BD", "--retain-gids", "--output-file=%s" % subsetpath])
+        subsetfont = TTFont(subsetpath)
+        self.expect_ttx(subsetfont, self.getpath("expect_HVVAR_retain_gids.ttx"), ["GlyphOrder", "HVAR", "VVAR", "avar", "fvar"])
+
+    def test_subset_flavor(self):
+        _, fontpath = self.compile_font(self.getpath("TestTTF-Regular.ttx"), ".ttf")
+        font = TTFont(fontpath)
+
+        woff_path = self.temp_path(".woff")
+        subset.main(
+            [
+                fontpath,
+                "*",
+                "--flavor=woff",
+                "--output-file=%s" % woff_path,
+            ]
+        )
+        woff = TTFont(woff_path)
+
+        self.assertEqual(woff.flavor, "woff")
+
+        woff2_path = self.temp_path(".woff2")
+        subset.main(
+            [
+                woff_path,
+                "*",
+                "--flavor=woff2",
+                "--output-file=%s" % woff2_path,
+            ]
+        )
+        woff2 = TTFont(woff2_path)
+
+        self.assertEqual(woff2.flavor, "woff2")
+
+        ttf_path = self.temp_path(".ttf")
+        subset.main(
+            [
+                woff2_path,
+                "*",
+                "--output-file=%s" % ttf_path,
+            ]
+        )
+        ttf = TTFont(ttf_path)
+
+        self.assertEqual(ttf.flavor, None)
+
+    def test_subset_context_subst_format_3(self):
+        # https://github.com/fonttools/fonttools/issues/1879
+        # Test font contains 'calt' feature with Format 3 ContextSubst lookup subtables
+        ttx = self.getpath("TestContextSubstFormat3.ttx")
+        font, fontpath = self.compile_font(ttx, ".ttf")
+        subsetpath = self.temp_path(".ttf")
+        subset.main([fontpath, "--unicodes=*", "--output-file=%s" % subsetpath])
+        subsetfont = TTFont(subsetpath)
+        # check all glyphs are kept via GSUB closure, no changes expected
+        self.expect_ttx(subsetfont, ttx)
+
+    def test_cmap_prune_format12(self):
+        _, fontpath = self.compile_font(self.getpath("CmapSubsetTest.ttx"), ".ttf")
+        subsetpath = self.temp_path(".ttf")
+        subset.main([fontpath, "--glyphs=a", "--output-file=%s" % subsetpath])
+        subsetfont = TTFont(subsetpath)
+        self.expect_ttx(subsetfont, self.getpath("CmapSubsetTest.subset.ttx"), ["cmap"])
+
+    def test_GPOS_PairPos_Format2_useClass0(self):
+        # Check two things related to class 0 ('every other glyph'):
+        # 1) that it's reused for ClassDef1 when it becomes empty as the subset glyphset
+        #    is intersected with the table's Coverage
+        # 2) that it is never reused for ClassDef2 even when it happens to become empty
+        #    because of the subset glyphset. In this case, we don't keep a PairPosClass2
+        #    subtable if only ClassDef2's class0 survived subsetting.
+        # The test font (from Harfbuzz test suite) is constructed to trigger these two
+        # situations depending on the input subset --text.
+        # https://github.com/fonttools/fonttools/pull/2221
+        _, fontpath = self.compile_font(
+            self.getpath("GPOS_PairPos_Format2_PR_2221.ttx"), ".ttf"
+        )
+        subsetpath = self.temp_path(".ttf")
+
+        for n, text in enumerate("!#", start=1):
+            expected_ttx = self.getpath(
+                f"GPOS_PairPos_Format2_ClassDef{n}_useClass0.subset.ttx"
+            )
+            with self.subTest(text=text, expected_ttx=expected_ttx):
+                subset.main(
+                    [
+                        fontpath,
+                        f"--text='{text}'",
+                        "--layout-features+=test",
+                        "--output-file=%s" % subsetpath,
+                    ]
+                )
+                subsetfont = TTFont(subsetpath)
+                self.expect_ttx(subsetfont, expected_ttx, ["GPOS"])
+
+    def test_GPOS_SinglePos_prune_post_subset_no_value(self):
+        _, fontpath = self.compile_font(
+            self.getpath("GPOS_SinglePos_no_value_issue_2312.ttx"), ".ttf"
+        )
+        subsetpath = self.temp_path(".ttf")
+        subset.main([fontpath, "*", "--glyph-names", "--output-file=%s" % subsetpath])
+        subsetfont = TTFont(subsetpath)
+        self.expect_ttx(
+            subsetfont,
+            self.getpath("GPOS_SinglePos_no_value_issue_2312.subset.ttx"),
+            ["GlyphOrder", "GPOS"],
+        )
+
+
+@pytest.fixture
+def featureVarsTestFont():
+    fb = FontBuilder(unitsPerEm=100)
+    fb.setupGlyphOrder([".notdef", "f", "f_f", "dollar", "dollar.rvrn"])
+    fb.setupCharacterMap({ord("f"): "f", ord("$"): "dollar"})
+    fb.setupNameTable({"familyName": "TestFeatureVars", "styleName": "Regular"})
+    fb.setupPost()
+    fb.setupFvar(axes=[("wght", 100, 400, 900, "Weight")], instances=[])
+    fb.addOpenTypeFeatures("""\
+        feature dlig {
+            sub f f by f_f;
+        } dlig;
+    """)
+    fb.addFeatureVariations(
+        [([{"wght": (0.20886, 1.0)}], {"dollar": "dollar.rvrn"})],
+        featureTag="rvrn"
+    )
+    buf = io.BytesIO()
+    fb.save(buf)
+    buf.seek(0)
+
+    return TTFont(buf)
+
+
+def test_subset_feature_variations_keep_all(featureVarsTestFont):
+    font = featureVarsTestFont
+
+    options = subset.Options()
+    subsetter = subset.Subsetter(options)
+    subsetter.populate(unicodes=[ord("f"), ord("$")])
+    subsetter.subset(font)
+
+    featureTags = {
+        r.FeatureTag for r in font["GSUB"].table.FeatureList.FeatureRecord
+    }
+    # 'dlig' is discretionary so it is dropped by default
+    assert "dlig" not in featureTags
+    assert "f_f" not in font.getGlyphOrder()
+    # 'rvrn' is required so it is kept by default
+    assert "rvrn" in featureTags
+    assert "dollar.rvrn" in font.getGlyphOrder()
+
+
+def test_subset_feature_variations_drop_all(featureVarsTestFont):
+    font = featureVarsTestFont
+
+    options = subset.Options()
+    options.layout_features.remove("rvrn")  # drop 'rvrn'
+    subsetter = subset.Subsetter(options)
+    subsetter.populate(unicodes=[ord("f"), ord("$")])
+    subsetter.subset(font)
+
+    featureTags = {
+        r.FeatureTag for r in font["GSUB"].table.FeatureList.FeatureRecord
+    }
+    glyphs = set(font.getGlyphOrder())
+
+    assert "rvrn" not in featureTags
+    assert glyphs == {".notdef", "f", "dollar"}
+    # all FeatureVariationRecords were dropped
+    assert font["GSUB"].table.FeatureVariations is None
+    assert font["GSUB"].table.Version == 0x00010000
+
+
+# TODO test_subset_feature_variations_drop_from_end_empty_records
+# https://github.com/fonttools/fonttools/issues/1881#issuecomment-619415044
+
+
+def test_subset_single_pos_format():
+    fb = FontBuilder(unitsPerEm=1000)
+    fb.setupGlyphOrder([".notdef", "a", "b", "c"])
+    fb.setupCharacterMap({ord("a"): "a", ord("b"): "b", ord("c"): "c"})
+    fb.setupNameTable({"familyName": "TestSingePosFormat", "styleName": "Regular"})
+    fb.setupPost()
+    fb.addOpenTypeFeatures("""
+        feature kern {
+            pos a -50;
+            pos b -40;
+            pos c -50;
+        } kern;
+    """)
+
+    buf = io.BytesIO()
+    fb.save(buf)
+    buf.seek(0)
+
+    font = TTFont(buf)
+
+    # The input font has a SinglePos Format 2 subtable where each glyph has
+    # different ValueRecords
+    assert getXML(font["GPOS"].table.LookupList.Lookup[0].toXML, font) == [
+        '<Lookup>',
+        '  <LookupType value="1"/>',
+        '  <LookupFlag value="0"/>',
+        '  <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->',
+        '  <SinglePos index="0" Format="2">',
+        '    <Coverage>',
+        '      <Glyph value="a"/>',
+        '      <Glyph value="b"/>',
+        '      <Glyph value="c"/>',
+        '    </Coverage>',
+        '    <ValueFormat value="4"/>',
+        '    <!-- ValueCount=3 -->',
+        '    <Value index="0" XAdvance="-50"/>',
+        '    <Value index="1" XAdvance="-40"/>',
+        '    <Value index="2" XAdvance="-50"/>',
+        '  </SinglePos>',
+        '</Lookup>',
+    ]
+
+    options = subset.Options()
+    subsetter = subset.Subsetter(options)
+    subsetter.populate(unicodes=[ord("a"), ord("c")])
+    subsetter.subset(font)
+
+    # All the subsetted glyphs from the original SinglePos Format2 subtable
+    # now have the same ValueRecord, so we use a more compact Format 1 subtable.
+    assert getXML(font["GPOS"].table.LookupList.Lookup[0].toXML, font) == [
+        '<Lookup>',
+        '  <LookupType value="1"/>',
+        '  <LookupFlag value="0"/>',
+        '  <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->',
+        '  <SinglePos index="0" Format="1">',
+        '    <Coverage>',
+        '      <Glyph value="a"/>',
+        '      <Glyph value="c"/>',
+        '    </Coverage>',
+        '    <ValueFormat value="4"/>',
+        '    <Value XAdvance="-50"/>',
+        '  </SinglePos>',
+        '</Lookup>',
+    ]
+
+
+@pytest.fixture
+def ttf_path(tmp_path):
+    # $(dirname $0)/../ttLib/data
+    ttLib_data = pathlib.Path(__file__).parent.parent / "ttLib" / "data"
+    font = TTFont()
+    font.importXML(ttLib_data / "TestTTF-Regular.ttx")
+    font_path = tmp_path / "TestTTF-Regular.ttf"
+    font.save(font_path)
+    return font_path
+
+
+def test_subset_empty_glyf(tmp_path, ttf_path):
+    subset_path = tmp_path / (ttf_path.name + ".subset")
+    # only keep empty .notdef and space glyph, resulting in an empty glyf table
+    subset.main(
+        [
+            str(ttf_path),
+            "--no-notdef-outline",
+            "--glyph-names",
+            f"--output-file={subset_path}",
+            "--glyphs=.notdef space",
+        ]
+    )
+    subset_font = TTFont(subset_path)
+
+    assert subset_font.getGlyphOrder() == [".notdef", "space"]
+    assert subset_font.reader['glyf'] == b"\x00"
+
+    glyf = subset_font["glyf"]
+    assert all(glyf[g].numberOfContours == 0 for g in subset_font.getGlyphOrder())
+
+    loca = subset_font["loca"]
+    assert all(loc == 0 for loc in loca)
+
+
+@pytest.fixture
+def colrv1_path(tmp_path):
+    base_glyph_names = ["uni%04X" % i for i in range(0xE000, 0xE000 + 10)]
+    layer_glyph_names = ["glyph%05d" % i for i in range(10, 20)]
+    glyph_order = [".notdef"] + base_glyph_names + layer_glyph_names
+
+    pen = TTGlyphPen(glyphSet=None)
+    pen.moveTo((0, 0))
+    pen.lineTo((0, 500))
+    pen.lineTo((500, 500))
+    pen.lineTo((500, 0))
+    pen.closePath()
+    glyph = pen.glyph()
+    glyphs = {g: glyph for g in glyph_order}
+
+    fb = FontBuilder(unitsPerEm=1024, isTTF=True)
+    fb.setupGlyphOrder(glyph_order)
+    fb.setupCharacterMap({int(name[3:], 16): name for name in base_glyph_names})
+    fb.setupGlyf(glyphs)
+    fb.setupHorizontalMetrics({g: (500, 0) for g in glyph_order})
+    fb.setupHorizontalHeader()
+    fb.setupOS2()
+    fb.setupPost()
+    fb.setupNameTable({"familyName": "TestCOLRv1", "styleName": "Regular"})
+
+    fb.setupCOLR(
+        {
+            "uniE000": (
+                ot.PaintFormat.PaintColrLayers,
+                [
+                    {
+                        "Format": ot.PaintFormat.PaintGlyph,
+                        "Paint": (ot.PaintFormat.PaintSolid, 0),
+                        "Glyph": "glyph00010",
+                    },
+                    {
+                        "Format": ot.PaintFormat.PaintGlyph,
+                        "Paint": (ot.PaintFormat.PaintSolid, 2, 0.3),
+                        "Glyph": "glyph00011",
+                    },
+                ],
+            ),
+            "uniE001": (
+                ot.PaintFormat.PaintColrLayers,
+                [
+                    {
+                        "Format": ot.PaintFormat.PaintTransform,
+                        "Paint": {
+                            "Format": ot.PaintFormat.PaintGlyph,
+                            "Paint": {
+                                "Format": ot.PaintFormat.PaintRadialGradient,
+                                "x0": 250,
+                                "y0": 250,
+                                "r0": 250,
+                                "x1": 200,
+                                "y1": 200,
+                                "r1": 0,
+                                "ColorLine": {
+                                    "ColorStop": [(0.0, 1), (1.0, 2)],
+                                    "Extend": "repeat",
+                                },
+                            },
+                            "Glyph": "glyph00012",
+                        },
+                        "Transform": (0.7071, 0.7071, -0.7071, 0.7071, 0, 0),
+                    },
+                    {
+                        "Format": ot.PaintFormat.PaintGlyph,
+                        "Paint": (ot.PaintFormat.PaintSolid, 1, 0.5),
+                        "Glyph": "glyph00013",
+                    },
+                ],
+            ),
+            "uniE002": (
+                ot.PaintFormat.PaintColrLayers,
+                [
+                    {
+                        "Format": ot.PaintFormat.PaintGlyph,
+                        "Paint": {
+                            "Format": ot.PaintFormat.PaintLinearGradient,
+                            "x0": 0,
+                            "y0": 0,
+                            "x1": 500,
+                            "y1": 500,
+                            "x2": -500,
+                            "y2": 500,
+                            "ColorLine": {"ColorStop": [(0.0, 1), (1.0, 2)]},
+                        },
+                        "Glyph": "glyph00014",
+                    },
+                    {
+                        "Format": ot.PaintFormat.PaintTransform,
+                        "Paint": {
+                            "Format": ot.PaintFormat.PaintGlyph,
+                            "Paint": (ot.PaintFormat.PaintSolid, 1),
+                            "Glyph": "glyph00015",
+                        },
+                        "Transform": (1, 0, 0, 1, 400, 400),
+                    },
+                ],
+            ),
+            "uniE003": {
+                "Format": ot.PaintFormat.PaintRotateAroundCenter,
+                "Paint": {
+                    "Format": ot.PaintFormat.PaintColrGlyph,
+                    "Glyph": "uniE001",
+                },
+                "angle": 45,
+                "centerX": 250,
+                "centerY": 250,
+            },
+            "uniE004": [
+                ("glyph00016", 1),
+                ("glyph00017", 0xFFFF),  # special palette index for foreground text
+                ("glyph00018", 2),
+            ],
+        },
+    )
+    fb.setupCPAL(
+        [
+            [
+                (1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0),  # red
+                (0.0, 1.0, 0.0, 1.0),  # green
+                (0.0, 0.0, 1.0, 1.0),  # blue
+            ],
+        ],
+    )
+
+    output_path = tmp_path / "TestCOLRv1.ttf"
+    fb.save(output_path)
+
+    return output_path
+
+
+def test_subset_COLRv1_and_CPAL(colrv1_path):
+    subset_path = colrv1_path.parent / (colrv1_path.name + ".subset")
+
+    subset.main(
+        [
+            str(colrv1_path),
+            "--glyph-names",
+            f"--output-file={subset_path}",
+            "--unicodes=E002,E003,E004",
+        ]
+    )
+    subset_font = TTFont(subset_path)
+
+    glyph_set = set(subset_font.getGlyphOrder())
+
+    # uniE000 and its children are excluded from subset
+    assert "uniE000" not in glyph_set
+    assert "glyph00010" not in glyph_set
+    assert "glyph00011" not in glyph_set
+
+    # uniE001 and children are pulled in indirectly as PaintColrGlyph by uniE003
+    assert "uniE001" in glyph_set
+    assert "glyph00012" in glyph_set
+    assert "glyph00013" in glyph_set
+
+    assert "uniE002" in glyph_set
+    assert "glyph00014" in glyph_set
+    assert "glyph00015" in glyph_set
+
+    assert "uniE003" in glyph_set
+
+    assert "uniE004" in glyph_set
+    assert "glyph00016" in glyph_set
+    assert "glyph00017" in glyph_set
+    assert "glyph00018" in glyph_set
+
+    assert "COLR" in subset_font
+    colr = subset_font["COLR"].table
+    assert colr.Version == 1
+    assert len(colr.BaseGlyphRecordArray.BaseGlyphRecord) == 1
+    assert len(colr.BaseGlyphList.BaseGlyphPaintRecord) == 3  # was 4
+
+    base = colr.BaseGlyphList.BaseGlyphPaintRecord[0]
+    assert base.BaseGlyph == "uniE001"
+    layers = colr.LayerList.Paint[
+        base.Paint.FirstLayerIndex: base.Paint.FirstLayerIndex + base.Paint.NumLayers
+    ]
+    assert len(layers) == 2
+    # check v1 palette indices were remapped
+    assert layers[0].Paint.Paint.ColorLine.ColorStop[0].PaletteIndex == 0
+    assert layers[0].Paint.Paint.ColorLine.ColorStop[1].PaletteIndex == 1
+    assert layers[1].Paint.PaletteIndex == 0
+
+    baseRecV0 = colr.BaseGlyphRecordArray.BaseGlyphRecord[0]
+    assert baseRecV0.BaseGlyph == "uniE004"
+    layersV0 = colr.LayerRecordArray.LayerRecord
+    assert len(layersV0) == 3
+    # check v0 palette indices were remapped (except for 0xFFFF)
+    assert layersV0[0].PaletteIndex == 0
+    assert layersV0[1].PaletteIndex == 0xFFFF
+    assert layersV0[2].PaletteIndex == 1
+
+    assert "CPAL" in subset_font
+    cpal = subset_font["CPAL"]
+    assert [
+        tuple(v / 255 for v in (c.red, c.green, c.blue, c.alpha))
+        for c in cpal.palettes[0]
+    ] == [
+        # the first color 'red' was pruned
+        (0.0, 1.0, 0.0, 1.0),  # green
+        (0.0, 0.0, 1.0, 1.0),  # blue
+    ]
+
+
+def test_subset_COLRv1_and_CPAL_drop_empty(colrv1_path):
+    subset_path = colrv1_path.parent / (colrv1_path.name + ".subset")
+
+    subset.main(
+        [
+            str(colrv1_path),
+            "--glyph-names",
+            f"--output-file={subset_path}",
+            "--glyphs=glyph00010",
+        ]
+    )
+    subset_font = TTFont(subset_path)
+
+    glyph_set = set(subset_font.getGlyphOrder())
+
+    assert "glyph00010" in glyph_set
+    assert "uniE000" not in glyph_set
+
+    assert "COLR" not in subset_font
+    assert "CPAL" not in subset_font
+
+
+def test_subset_COLRv1_downgrade_version(colrv1_path):
+    subset_path = colrv1_path.parent / (colrv1_path.name + ".subset")
+
+    subset.main(
+        [
+            str(colrv1_path),
+            "--glyph-names",
+            f"--output-file={subset_path}",
+            "--unicodes=E004",
+        ]
+    )
+    subset_font = TTFont(subset_path)
+
+    assert set(subset_font.getGlyphOrder()) == {
+        ".notdef",
+        "uniE004",
+        "glyph00016",
+        "glyph00017",
+        "glyph00018",
+    }
+
+    assert "COLR" in subset_font
+    assert subset_font["COLR"].version == 0
+
+
+def test_subset_COLRv1_drop_all_v0_glyphs(colrv1_path):
+    subset_path = colrv1_path.parent / (colrv1_path.name + ".subset")
+
+    subset.main(
+        [
+            str(colrv1_path),
+            "--glyph-names",
+            f"--output-file={subset_path}",
+            "--unicodes=E003",
+        ]
+    )
+    subset_font = TTFont(subset_path)
+
+    assert set(subset_font.getGlyphOrder()) == {
+        ".notdef",
+        "uniE001",
+        "uniE003",
+        "glyph00012",
+        "glyph00013",
+    }
+
+    assert "COLR" in subset_font
+    colr = subset_font["COLR"]
+    assert colr.version == 1
+    assert colr.table.BaseGlyphRecordCount == 0
+    assert colr.table.BaseGlyphRecordArray is None
+    assert colr.table.LayerRecordArray is None
+    assert colr.table.LayerRecordCount is 0
+
+
+def test_subset_keep_size_drop_empty_stylistic_set():
+    fb = FontBuilder(unitsPerEm=1000, isTTF=True)
+    glyph_order = [".notdef", "a", "b", "b.ss01"]
+    fb.setupGlyphOrder(glyph_order)
+    fb.setupGlyf({g: TTGlyphPen(None).glyph() for g in glyph_order})
+    fb.setupCharacterMap({ord("a"): "a", ord("b"): "b"})
+    fb.setupHorizontalMetrics({g: (500, 0) for g in glyph_order})
+    fb.setupHorizontalHeader()
+    fb.setupOS2()
+    fb.setupPost()
+    fb.setupNameTable({"familyName": "TestKeepSizeFeature", "styleName": "Regular"})
+    fb.addOpenTypeFeatures("""
+        feature size {
+          parameters 10.0 0;
+        } size;
+        feature ss01 {
+          featureNames {
+            name "Alternate b";
+          };
+          sub b by b.ss01;
+        } ss01;
+    """)
+
+    buf = io.BytesIO()
+    fb.save(buf)
+    buf.seek(0)
+
+    font = TTFont(buf)
+
+    gpos_features = font["GPOS"].table.FeatureList.FeatureRecord
+    assert gpos_features[0].FeatureTag == "size"
+    assert isinstance(gpos_features[0].Feature.FeatureParams, ot.FeatureParamsSize)
+    assert gpos_features[0].Feature.LookupCount == 0
+    gsub_features = font["GSUB"].table.FeatureList.FeatureRecord
+    assert gsub_features[0].FeatureTag == "ss01"
+    assert isinstance(
+        gsub_features[0].Feature.FeatureParams, ot.FeatureParamsStylisticSet
+    )
+
+    options = subset.Options(layout_features=["*"])
+    subsetter = subset.Subsetter(options)
+    subsetter.populate(unicodes=[ord("a")])
+    subsetter.subset(font)
+
+    # empty size feature was kept
+    gpos_features = font["GPOS"].table.FeatureList.FeatureRecord
+    assert gpos_features[0].FeatureTag == "size"
+    assert isinstance(gpos_features[0].Feature.FeatureParams, ot.FeatureParamsSize)
+    assert gpos_features[0].Feature.LookupCount == 0
+    # empty ss01 feature was dropped
+    assert font["GSUB"].table.FeatureList.FeatureCount == 0
+
 
 if __name__ == "__main__":
     sys.exit(unittest.main())
diff --git a/Tests/svgLib/path/parser_test.py b/Tests/svgLib/path/parser_test.py
index 7865870..b533dd8 100644
--- a/Tests/svgLib/path/parser_test.py
+++ b/Tests/svgLib/path/parser_test.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import print_function, absolute_import, division
-
-from fontTools.misc.py23 import *
 from fontTools.pens.recordingPen import RecordingPen
 from fontTools.svgLib import parse_path
 
@@ -290,8 +287,150 @@
     assert exc_info.match("Unallowed implicit command")
 
 
-def test_arc_not_implemented():
-    pathdef = "M300,200 h-150 a150,150 0 1,0 150,-150 z"
-    with pytest.raises(NotImplementedError) as exc_info:
-        parse_path(pathdef, RecordingPen())
-    assert exc_info.match("arcs are not supported")
+def test_arc_to_cubic_bezier():
+    pen = RecordingPen()
+    parse_path("M300,200 h-150 a150,150 0 1,0 150,-150 z", pen)
+    expected = [
+        ('moveTo', ((300.0, 200.0),)),
+        ('lineTo', ((150.0, 200.0),)),
+        (
+            'curveTo',
+            (
+                (150.0, 282.842),
+                (217.157, 350.0),
+                (300.0, 350.0)
+            )
+        ),
+        (
+            'curveTo',
+            (
+                (382.842, 350.0),
+                (450.0, 282.842),
+                (450.0, 200.0)
+            )
+        ),
+        (
+            'curveTo',
+            (
+                (450.0, 117.157),
+                (382.842, 50.0),
+                (300.0, 50.0)
+            )
+        ),
+        ('lineTo', ((300.0, 200.0),)),
+        ('closePath', ())
+    ]
+
+    result = list(pen.value)
+    assert len(result) == len(expected)
+    for (cmd1, points1), (cmd2, points2) in zip(result, expected):
+        assert cmd1 == cmd2
+        assert len(points1) == len(points2)
+        for pt1, pt2 in zip(points1, points2):
+            assert pt1 == pytest.approx(pt2, rel=1e-5)
+
+
+
+class ArcRecordingPen(RecordingPen):
+
+    def arcTo(self, rx, ry, rotation, arc_large, arc_sweep, end_point):
+        self.value.append(
+            ("arcTo", (rx, ry, rotation, arc_large, arc_sweep, end_point))
+        )
+
+
+def test_arc_pen_with_arcTo():
+    pen = ArcRecordingPen()
+    parse_path("M300,200 h-150 a150,150 0 1,0 150,-150 z", pen)
+    expected = [
+        ('moveTo', ((300.0, 200.0),)),
+        ('lineTo', ((150.0, 200.0),)),
+        ('arcTo', (150.0, 150.0, 0.0, True, False, (300.0, 50.0))),
+        ('lineTo', ((300.0, 200.0),)),
+        ('closePath', ())
+    ]
+
+    assert pen.value == expected
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize(
+    "path, expected",
+    [
+        (
+            "M1-2A3-4-1.0 01.5.7",
+            [
+                ("moveTo", ((1.0, -2.0),)),
+                ("arcTo", (3.0, -4.0, -1.0, False, True, (0.5, 0.7))),
+                ("endPath", ()),
+            ],
+        ),
+        (
+            "M21.58 7.19a2.51 2.51 0 10-1.77-1.77",
+            [
+                ("moveTo", ((21.58, 7.19),)),
+                ("arcTo", (2.51, 2.51, 0.0, True, False, (19.81, 5.42))),
+                ("endPath", ()),
+            ],
+        ),
+        (
+            "M22 12a25.87 25.87 0 00-.42-4.81",
+            [
+                ("moveTo", ((22.0, 12.0),)),
+                ("arcTo", (25.87, 25.87, 0.0, False, False, (21.58, 7.19))),
+                ("endPath", ()),
+            ],
+        ),
+        (
+            "M0,0 A1.2 1.2 0 012 15.8",
+            [
+                ("moveTo", ((0.0, 0.0),)),
+                ("arcTo", (1.2, 1.2, 0.0, False, True, (2.0, 15.8))),
+                ("endPath", ()),
+            ],
+        ),
+        (
+            "M12 7a5 5 0 105 5 5 5 0 00-5-5",
+            [
+
+                ("moveTo", ((12.0, 7.0),)),
+                ("arcTo", (5.0, 5.0, 0.0, True, False, (17.0, 12.0))),
+                ("arcTo", (5.0, 5.0, 0.0, False, False, (12.0, 7.0))),
+                ("endPath", ()),
+            ],
+        )
+    ],
+)
+def test_arc_flags_without_spaces(path, expected):
+    pen = ArcRecordingPen()
+    parse_path(path, pen)
+    assert pen.value == expected
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize(
+    "path", ["A", "A0,0,0,0,0,0", "A 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0"]
+)
+def test_invalid_arc_not_enough_args(path):
+    pen = ArcRecordingPen()
+    with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="Invalid arc command") as e:
+        parse_path(path, pen)
+
+    assert isinstance(e.value.__cause__, ValueError)
+    assert "Not enough arguments" in str(e.value.__cause__)
+
+
+def test_invalid_arc_argument_value():
+    pen = ArcRecordingPen()
+    with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="Invalid arc command") as e:
+        parse_path("M0,0 A0,0,0,2,0,0,0", pen)
+
+    cause = e.value.__cause__
+    assert isinstance(cause, ValueError)
+    assert "Invalid argument for 'large-arc-flag' parameter: '2'" in str(cause)
+
+    pen = ArcRecordingPen()
+    with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="Invalid arc command") as e:
+        parse_path("M0,0 A0,0,0,0,-2.0,0,0", pen)
+
+    cause = e.value.__cause__
+    assert isinstance(cause, ValueError)
+    assert "Invalid argument for 'sweep-flag' parameter: '-2.0'" in str(cause)
diff --git a/Tests/svgLib/path/path_test.py b/Tests/svgLib/path/path_test.py
index 09b9447..8ee334a 100644
--- a/Tests/svgLib/path/path_test.py
+++ b/Tests/svgLib/path/path_test.py
@@ -1,6 +1,4 @@
-from __future__ import print_function, absolute_import, division
-
-from fontTools.misc.py23 import *
+from fontTools.misc.py23 import tobytes
 from fontTools.pens.recordingPen import RecordingPen
 from fontTools.svgLib import SVGPath
 
diff --git a/Tests/svgLib/path/shapes_test.py b/Tests/svgLib/path/shapes_test.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..24e3dd2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/svgLib/path/shapes_test.py
@@ -0,0 +1,130 @@
+from fontTools.svgLib.path import shapes
+from fontTools.misc import etree
+import pytest
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize(
+    "svg_xml, expected_path, expected_transform",
+    [
+        # path: direct passthrough
+        (
+            "<path d='I love kittens'/>",
+            "I love kittens",
+            None
+        ),
+        # path no @d
+        (
+            "<path duck='Mallard'/>",
+            None,
+            None
+        ),
+        # line
+        (
+            '<line x1="10" x2="50" y1="110" y2="150"/>',
+            'M10,110 L50,150',
+            None
+        ),
+        # line, decimal positioning
+        (
+            '<line x1="10.0" x2="50.5" y1="110.2" y2="150.7"/>',
+            'M10,110.2 L50.5,150.7',
+            None
+        ),
+        # rect: minimal valid example
+        (
+            "<rect width='1' height='1'/>",
+            "M0,0 H1 V1 H0 V0 z",
+            None
+        ),
+        # rect: sharp corners
+        (
+            "<rect x='10' y='11' width='17' height='11'/>",
+            "M10,11 H27 V22 H10 V11 z",
+            None
+        ),
+        # rect: round corners
+        (
+            "<rect x='9' y='9' width='11' height='7' rx='2'/>",
+            "M11,9 H18 A2,2 0 0 1 20,11 V14 A2,2 0 0 1 18,16 H11"
+            " A2,2 0 0 1 9,14 V11 A2,2 0 0 1 11,9 z",
+            None
+        ),
+        # rect: simple
+        (
+            "<rect x='11.5' y='16' width='11' height='2'/>",
+            "M11.5,16 H22.5 V18 H11.5 V16 z",
+            None
+        ),
+        # rect: the one above plus a rotation
+        (
+            "<rect x='11.5' y='16' transform='matrix(0.7071 -0.7071 0.7071 0.7071 -7.0416 16.9999)' width='11' height='2'/>",
+            "M11.5,16 H22.5 V18 H11.5 V16 z",
+            (0.7071, -0.7071, 0.7071, 0.7071, -7.0416, 16.9999)
+        ),
+        # polygon
+        (
+            "<polygon points='30,10 50,30 10,30'/>",
+            "M30,10 50,30 10,30 z",
+            None
+        ),
+        # polyline
+        (
+            "<polyline points='30,10 50,30 10,30'/>",
+            "M30,10 50,30 10,30",
+            None
+        ),
+        # circle, minimal valid example
+        (
+            "<circle r='1'/>",
+            "M-1,0 A1,1 0 1 1 1,0 A1,1 0 1 1 -1,0",
+            None
+        ),
+        # circle
+        (
+            "<circle cx='600' cy='200' r='100'/>",
+            "M500,200 A100,100 0 1 1 700,200 A100,100 0 1 1 500,200",
+            None
+        ),
+        # circle, decimal positioning
+        (
+            "<circle cx='12' cy='6.5' r='1.5'></circle>",
+            "M10.5,6.5 A1.5,1.5 0 1 1 13.5,6.5 A1.5,1.5 0 1 1 10.5,6.5",
+            None
+        ),
+        # circle, with transform
+        (
+            '<circle transform="matrix(0.9871 -0.1602 0.1602 0.9871 -7.525 8.6516)" cx="49.9" cy="51" r="14.3"/>',
+            'M35.6,51 A14.3,14.3 0 1 1 64.2,51 A14.3,14.3 0 1 1 35.6,51',
+            (0.9871, -0.1602, 0.1602, 0.9871, -7.525, 8.6516)
+        ),
+        # ellipse
+        (
+            '<ellipse cx="100" cy="50" rx="100" ry="50"/>',
+            'M0,50 A100,50 0 1 1 200,50 A100,50 0 1 1 0,50',
+            None
+        ),
+        # ellipse, decimal positioning
+        (
+            '<ellipse cx="100.5" cy="50" rx="10" ry="50.5"/>',
+            'M90.5,50 A10,50.5 0 1 1 110.5,50 A10,50.5 0 1 1 90.5,50',
+            None
+        ),
+        # ellipse, with transform
+        (
+            '<ellipse transform="matrix(0.9557 -0.2945 0.2945 0.9557 -14.7694 20.1454)" cx="59.5" cy="59.1" rx="30.9" ry="11.9"/>',
+            'M28.6,59.1 A30.9,11.9 0 1 1 90.4,59.1 A30.9,11.9 0 1 1 28.6,59.1',
+            (0.9557, -0.2945, 0.2945, 0.9557, -14.7694, 20.1454)
+        ),
+    ]
+)
+def test_el_to_path(svg_xml, expected_path, expected_transform):
+    pb = shapes.PathBuilder()
+    pb.add_path_from_element(etree.fromstring(svg_xml))
+    if expected_path:
+        expected_paths = [expected_path]
+        expected_transforms = [expected_transform]
+    else:
+        expected_paths = []
+        expected_transforms = []
+    assert pb.paths == expected_paths
+    assert pb.transforms == expected_transforms
diff --git a/Tests/t1Lib/data/TestT1-weird-zeros.pfa b/Tests/t1Lib/data/TestT1-weird-zeros.pfa
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..666b36b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/t1Lib/data/TestT1-weird-zeros.pfa
@@ -0,0 +1,63 @@
+%!FontType1-1.1: TestT1-Regular 1.0
+%%BeginResource: font TestT1-Regular
+12 dict dup begin
+/FontType 1 def
+/FontName /TestT1-Regular def
+/FontInfo 14 dict dup begin
+/version (1.0) def
+/Notice (Test T1 is not a trademark of FontTools.) def
+/Copyright (Copyright c 2015 by FontTools. No rights reserved.) def
+/FullName (Test T1) def
+/FamilyName (Test T1) def
+/Weight (Regular) def
+/ItalicAngle 0.000000 def
+/isFixedPitch false def
+/UnderlinePosition -75.000000 def
+/UnderlineThickness 50.000000 def
+/FSType 0 def
+end def
+/PaintType 0 def
+/FontMatrix [0.001 0 0 0.001 0 0] def
+/Encoding 256 array
+0 1 255 {1 index exch /.notdef put} for
+def
+/FontBBox {50.000000 0.000000 668.000000 750.000000} def
+end
+currentfile eexec bab431ea06bb0a1031e1aa11919e714ac1ac5197cb08b39a4d7e746fca0af12d89ac0ebd1bc11ab1
+b3887b922efcec739534242d2fd22e7c30e3edce24b93798627e1ac3387816a8c4b84d76047dada8
+28b2ad27c5603046fecbc2a97adc5c37a68912324d2d435f2ee0ccc38df10ba1271a1c9af8897a6d
+6e425cd7d18fd6bd64c2adadb74365bc101a850841669886291e158cbfa7f204b3fe0ba49ffe0c80
+4f6795d32eb770c5fcd38a3879c06a4bb87b2d3ab100d8c2b5f89e9be99248575575025c66381446
+e4d9183674880aef57fb2032a1e00431133b16f6d758de7c3d0c48a0fada1d40034742a69fb3a6f9
+450d2251e659158a04697cbfa70907346d27d37ef683284385c44a1b5089bd29b4629b6483122dc8
+cbce7327bdc33dd30e6fcdb346c0ddaf433a5ac740423aa35639b2386673832f5ae8cc380e9703ba
+d3369533bfa85af9f56a090c9d97f5fc26ed102c07b647137e83632be51a65a532bd26430b59a31c
+3cb037ded351c1d4e944733feb30a3e6f81c1a7b74ac4e0eadbe705412d47991c246e8820876bbc6
+1f6a3e264ae6b2ad4b864b0d7abee289308bea26eb15d00d2b9103861386e0a5f1802ba06f916810
+62110d2b1c3641806f78eea365614f440b580185e84bac6f87bee36108d95174c786600cf0e9dc4a
+5545d1a84cfe8392115c0b7027c17fd460481d21f684af32204085690946327bfded992852645149
+8d44150d2495bd2efe0db6a450c6e28d0a52ca234e252129d5095596b0d8de096682d2eb00bc8320
+f257fd653b05a22eab7a193ccc315a6ee274a03ff1fdf443b310157a02656ca4b06c581dca8ced72
+c6ddcab26eb856ad1093452c587438b7f8408c1311e19254955914612c09828fd4d4fc2b8b0406ea
+2ee38348a8bdab88a77b8033366b2e469834c01b7bd73207b7c67756937c7a9232947fde2e0ea327
+7b7d610e601b91389ccbcdd813c87db5333c0c723e48d3ef69285f246327978ce68ae9081076a227
+1a962a2a10e2b1147ec40b0f6553a00c8b329118569d16fe04a4fa195caf1b04c52c9a562b72e0cd
+e411d747af796b9d2fb086ed927efb0e5fc9f50aa18aaf4949cba0de0805210620a19eec4319dfef
+a74d9d13d16f8ad793323a231347e6b40022a1100c1e064b8679c1da63a26dfb217a6037096ad796
+320da5a9d0526eed51d7d64d3223e285c1a8c70780c59ecc9dd9bc90a0f84ffa038834918cebe247
+f6e8fa4ca0654019196388f2df008e63bc32c8e5e686dbb69193b7749638c22b389fb1f090fbb007
+fdb8a6ee4e4b29e123fe1652fe72239bd2c8
+00000000000 00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
+0000000000000000000000000000000	000000000000000000000000000000000
+00000000000000000000000
+00000000000000000000000000000000000000000
+0000000000000000000000000000000000000000 000000000000000000000000
+00
+00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
+00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000	00000000000
+00000000000000000000 00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
+00000000000000000000
+00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
+cleartomark
+%%EndResource
+%%EOF
diff --git a/Tests/t1Lib/t1Lib_test.py b/Tests/t1Lib/t1Lib_test.py
index 0e0fcbe..92b3e9e 100644
--- a/Tests/t1Lib/t1Lib_test.py
+++ b/Tests/t1Lib/t1Lib_test.py
@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
-from __future__ import print_function, division, absolute_import
-from fontTools.misc.py23 import *
 import unittest
 import os
+import sys
 from fontTools import t1Lib
 from fontTools.pens.basePen import NullPen
 import random
@@ -13,6 +12,7 @@
 LWFN = os.path.join(DATADIR, 'TestT1-Regular.lwfn')
 PFA = os.path.join(DATADIR, 'TestT1-Regular.pfa')
 PFB = os.path.join(DATADIR, 'TestT1-Regular.pfb')
+WEIRD_ZEROS = os.path.join(DATADIR, 'TestT1-weird-zeros.pfa')
 
 
 class FindEncryptedChunksTest(unittest.TestCase):
@@ -27,6 +27,14 @@
 		self.assertTrue(chunks[1][0])
 		self.assertFalse(chunks[2][0])
 
+	def test_findEncryptedChunks_weird_zeros(self):
+		with open(WEIRD_ZEROS, 'rb') as f:
+			data = f.read()
+
+		# Just assert that this doesn't raise any exception for not finding the
+		# end of eexec
+		t1Lib.findEncryptedChunks(data)
+
 
 class DecryptType1Test(unittest.TestCase):
 
@@ -50,6 +58,11 @@
 		data = self.write(font, 'OTHER', dohex=True)
 		self.assertEqual(font.getData(), data)
 
+	@unittest.skipIf(sys.version_info[:2] < (3, 6), "pathlib is only tested on 3.6 and up")
+	def test_read_with_path(self):
+		import pathlib
+		font = t1Lib.T1Font(pathlib.Path(PFB))
+
 	@staticmethod
 	def write(font, outtype, dohex=False):
 		temp = os.path.join(DATADIR, 'temp.' + outtype.lower())
@@ -67,8 +80,7 @@
 
 	def test_parse_lwfn(self):
 		# the extended attrs are lost on git so we can't auto-detect 'LWFN'
-		font = t1Lib.T1Font()
-		font.data = t1Lib.readLWFN(LWFN)
+		font = t1Lib.T1Font(LWFN, kind="LWFN")
 		font.parse()
 		self.assertEqual(font['FontName'], 'TestT1-Regular')
 		self.assertTrue('Subrs' in font['Private'])
diff --git a/Tests/tfmLib/data/cmex10.tfm b/Tests/tfmLib/data/cmex10.tfm
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d5427ad
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/tfmLib/data/cmex10.tfm
Binary files differ
diff --git a/Tests/tfmLib/data/cmr10.tfm b/Tests/tfmLib/data/cmr10.tfm
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6594c9c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/tfmLib/data/cmr10.tfm
Binary files differ
diff --git a/Tests/tfmLib/data/cmsy10.tfm b/Tests/tfmLib/data/cmsy10.tfm
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3e4488b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/tfmLib/data/cmsy10.tfm
Binary files differ
diff --git a/Tests/tfmLib/data/dummy-space.tfm b/Tests/tfmLib/data/dummy-space.tfm
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..fc0719e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/tfmLib/data/dummy-space.tfm
Binary files differ
diff --git a/Tests/tfmLib/tfmLib_test.py b/Tests/tfmLib/tfmLib_test.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ad74ed7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/tfmLib/tfmLib_test.py
@@ -0,0 +1,90 @@
+import glob
+import os
+
+import pytest
+
+from fontTools import tfmLib
+
+DATA_DIR = os.path.join(os.path.dirname(__file__), "data")
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("path", glob.glob(f"{DATA_DIR}/cm*.tfm"))
+def test_read(path):
+    tfm = tfmLib.TFM(path)
+    assert tfm.designsize == 10.0
+    assert tfm.fontdimens
+    assert len(tfm.fontdimens) >= 7
+    assert tfm.extraheader == {}
+    assert tfm.right_boundary_char is None
+    assert tfm.left_boundary_char is None
+    assert len(tfm.chars) == 128
+
+
+def test_read_boundary_char():
+    path = os.path.join(DATA_DIR, "dummy-space.tfm")
+    tfm = tfmLib.TFM(path)
+    assert tfm.right_boundary_char == 1
+    assert tfm.left_boundary_char == 256
+
+
+def test_read_fontdimens_vanilla():
+    path = os.path.join(DATA_DIR, "cmr10.tfm")
+    tfm = tfmLib.TFM(path)
+    assert tfm.fontdimens == {
+        "SLANT": 0.0,
+        "SPACE": 0.33333396911621094,
+        "STRETCH": 0.16666698455810547,
+        "SHRINK": 0.11111164093017578,
+        "XHEIGHT": 0.4305553436279297,
+        "QUAD": 1.0000028610229492,
+        "EXTRASPACE": 0.11111164093017578,
+    }
+
+
+def test_read_fontdimens_mathex():
+    path = os.path.join(DATA_DIR, "cmex10.tfm")
+    tfm = tfmLib.TFM(path)
+    assert tfm.fontdimens == {
+        "SLANT": 0.0,
+        "SPACE": 0.0,
+        "STRETCH": 0.0,
+        "SHRINK": 0.0,
+        "XHEIGHT": 0.4305553436279297,
+        "QUAD": 1.0000028610229492,
+        "EXTRASPACE": 0.0,
+        "DEFAULTRULETHICKNESS": 0.03999900817871094,
+        "BIGOPSPACING1": 0.11111164093017578,
+        "BIGOPSPACING2": 0.16666698455810547,
+        "BIGOPSPACING3": 0.19999980926513672,
+        "BIGOPSPACING4": 0.6000003814697266,
+        "BIGOPSPACING5": 0.10000038146972656,
+    }
+
+
+def test_read_fontdimens_mathsy():
+    path = os.path.join(DATA_DIR, "cmsy10.tfm")
+    tfm = tfmLib.TFM(path)
+    assert tfm.fontdimens == {
+        "SLANT": 0.25,
+        "SPACE": 0.0,
+        "STRETCH": 0.0,
+        "SHRINK": 0.0,
+        "XHEIGHT": 0.4305553436279297,
+        "QUAD": 1.0000028610229492,
+        "EXTRASPACE": 0.0,
+        "NUM1": 0.6765079498291016,
+        "NUM2": 0.39373207092285156,
+        "NUM3": 0.44373130798339844,
+        "DENOM1": 0.6859512329101562,
+        "DENOM2": 0.34484100341796875,
+        "SUP1": 0.41289234161376953,
+        "SUP2": 0.36289215087890625,
+        "SUP3": 0.28888893127441406,
+        "SUB1": 0.14999961853027344,
+        "SUB2": 0.24721717834472656,
+        "SUBDROP": 0.05000019073486328,
+        "SUPDROP": 0.3861083984375,
+        "DELIM1": 2.3899993896484375,
+        "DELIM2": 1.010000228881836,
+        "AXISHEIGHT": 0.25,
+    }
diff --git a/Tests/ttLib/data/TestOTF-Regular.otx b/Tests/ttLib/data/TestOTF-Regular.otx
index 573fe24..92e0b2f 100644
--- a/Tests/ttLib/data/TestOTF-Regular.otx
+++ b/Tests/ttLib/data/TestOTF-Regular.otx
@@ -142,13 +142,13 @@
       FontTools
     </namerecord>
     <namerecord nameID="11" platformID="1" platEncID="0" langID="0x0" unicode="True">
-      https://github.com/behdad/fonttools
+      https://github.com/fonttools/fonttools
     </namerecord>
     <namerecord nameID="12" platformID="1" platEncID="0" langID="0x0" unicode="True">
-      https://github.com/behdad/fonttools
+      https://github.com/fonttools/fonttools
     </namerecord>
     <namerecord nameID="14" platformID="1" platEncID="0" langID="0x0" unicode="True">
-      https://github.com/behdad/fonttools/blob/master/LICENSE.txt
+      https://github.com/fonttools/fonttools/blob/master/LICENSE
     </namerecord>
     <namerecord nameID="18" platformID="1" platEncID="0" langID="0x0" unicode="True">
       Test TTF
@@ -184,13 +184,13 @@
       FontTools
     </namerecord>
     <namerecord nameID="11" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
-      https://github.com/behdad/fonttools
+      https://github.com/fonttools/fonttools
     </namerecord>
     <namerecord nameID="12" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
-      https://github.com/behdad/fonttools
+      https://github.com/fonttools/fonttools
     </namerecord>
     <namerecord nameID="14" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
-      https://github.com/behdad/fonttools/blob/master/LICENSE.txt
+      https://github.com/fonttools/fonttools/blob/master/LICENSE
     </namerecord>
   </name>
 
diff --git a/Tests/ttLib/data/TestTTF-Regular.ttx b/Tests/ttLib/data/TestTTF-Regular.ttx
index 8ffcefe..1f1dd2b 100644
--- a/Tests/ttLib/data/TestTTF-Regular.ttx
+++ b/Tests/ttLib/data/TestTTF-Regular.ttx
@@ -462,13 +462,13 @@
       FontTools
     </namerecord>
     <namerecord nameID="11" platformID="1" platEncID="0" langID="0x0" unicode="True">
-      https://github.com/behdad/fonttools
+      https://github.com/fonttools/fonttools
     </namerecord>
     <namerecord nameID="12" platformID="1" platEncID="0" langID="0x0" unicode="True">
-      https://github.com/behdad/fonttools
+      https://github.com/fonttools/fonttools
     </namerecord>
     <namerecord nameID="14" platformID="1" platEncID="0" langID="0x0" unicode="True">
-      https://github.com/behdad/fonttools/blob/master/LICENSE.txt
+      https://github.com/fonttools/fonttools/blob/master/LICENSE
     </namerecord>
     <namerecord nameID="18" platformID="1" platEncID="0" langID="0x0" unicode="True">
       Test TTF
@@ -504,13 +504,13 @@
       FontTools
     </namerecord>
     <namerecord nameID="11" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
-      https://github.com/behdad/fonttools
+      https://github.com/fonttools/fonttools
     </namerecord>
     <namerecord nameID="12" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
-      https://github.com/behdad/fonttools
+      https://github.com/fonttools/fonttools
     </namerecord>
     <namerecord nameID="14" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
-      https://github.com/behdad/fonttools/blob/master/LICENSE.txt
+      https://github.com/fonttools/fonttools/blob/master/LICENSE
     </namerecord>
   </name>
 
diff --git a/Tests/ttLib/data/woff2_overlap_offcurve_in.ttx b/Tests/ttLib/data/woff2_overlap_offcurve_in.ttx
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a36dbf5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/ttLib/data/woff2_overlap_offcurve_in.ttx
@@ -0,0 +1,306 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<ttFont sfntVersion="\x00\x01\x00\x00" ttLibVersion="4.18">
+
+  <GlyphOrder>
+    <!-- The 'id' attribute is only for humans; it is ignored when parsed. -->
+    <GlyphID id="0" name=".notdef"/>
+    <GlyphID id="1" name="A"/>
+  </GlyphOrder>
+
+  <head>
+    <!-- Most of this table will be recalculated by the compiler -->
+    <tableVersion value="1.0"/>
+    <fontRevision value="1.0"/>
+    <checkSumAdjustment value="0x9aec19bb"/>
+    <magicNumber value="0x5f0f3cf5"/>
+    <flags value="00000000 00000010"/>
+    <unitsPerEm value="1000"/>
+    <created value="Thu Jan 28 15:17:57 2021"/>
+    <modified value="Thu Jan 28 15:52:10 2021"/>
+    <xMin value="178"/>
+    <yMin value="72"/>
+    <xMax value="586"/>
+    <yMax value="480"/>
+    <macStyle value="00000000 00000000"/>
+    <lowestRecPPEM value="6"/>
+    <fontDirectionHint value="2"/>
+    <indexToLocFormat value="0"/>
+    <glyphDataFormat value="0"/>
+  </head>
+
+  <hhea>
+    <tableVersion value="0x00010000"/>
+    <ascent value="750"/>
+    <descent value="-250"/>
+    <lineGap value="100"/>
+    <advanceWidthMax value="639"/>
+    <minLeftSideBearing value="178"/>
+    <minRightSideBearing value="53"/>
+    <xMaxExtent value="586"/>
+    <caretSlopeRise value="1"/>
+    <caretSlopeRun value="0"/>
+    <caretOffset value="0"/>
+    <reserved0 value="0"/>
+    <reserved1 value="0"/>
+    <reserved2 value="0"/>
+    <reserved3 value="0"/>
+    <metricDataFormat value="0"/>
+    <numberOfHMetrics value="2"/>
+  </hhea>
+
+  <maxp>
+    <!-- Most of this table will be recalculated by the compiler -->
+    <tableVersion value="0x10000"/>
+    <numGlyphs value="2"/>
+    <maxPoints value="20"/>
+    <maxContours value="1"/>
+    <maxCompositePoints value="0"/>
+    <maxCompositeContours value="0"/>
+    <maxZones value="1"/>
+    <maxTwilightPoints value="0"/>
+    <maxStorage value="0"/>
+    <maxFunctionDefs value="0"/>
+    <maxInstructionDefs value="0"/>
+    <maxStackElements value="0"/>
+    <maxSizeOfInstructions value="0"/>
+    <maxComponentElements value="0"/>
+    <maxComponentDepth value="0"/>
+  </maxp>
+
+  <OS_2>
+    <!-- The fields 'usFirstCharIndex' and 'usLastCharIndex'
+         will be recalculated by the compiler -->
+    <version value="4"/>
+    <xAvgCharWidth value="445"/>
+    <usWeightClass value="400"/>
+    <usWidthClass value="5"/>
+    <fsType value="00000000 00000100"/>
+    <ySubscriptXSize value="650"/>
+    <ySubscriptYSize value="600"/>
+    <ySubscriptXOffset value="0"/>
+    <ySubscriptYOffset value="75"/>
+    <ySuperscriptXSize value="650"/>
+    <ySuperscriptYSize value="600"/>
+    <ySuperscriptXOffset value="0"/>
+    <ySuperscriptYOffset value="350"/>
+    <yStrikeoutSize value="50"/>
+    <yStrikeoutPosition value="300"/>
+    <sFamilyClass value="0"/>
+    <panose>
+      <bFamilyType value="0"/>
+      <bSerifStyle value="0"/>
+      <bWeight value="0"/>
+      <bProportion value="0"/>
+      <bContrast value="0"/>
+      <bStrokeVariation value="0"/>
+      <bArmStyle value="0"/>
+      <bLetterForm value="0"/>
+      <bMidline value="0"/>
+      <bXHeight value="0"/>
+    </panose>
+    <ulUnicodeRange1 value="00000000 00000000 00000000 00000001"/>
+    <ulUnicodeRange2 value="00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000"/>
+    <ulUnicodeRange3 value="00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000"/>
+    <ulUnicodeRange4 value="00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000"/>
+    <achVendID value="NONE"/>
+    <fsSelection value="00000000 11000000"/>
+    <usFirstCharIndex value="65"/>
+    <usLastCharIndex value="65"/>
+    <sTypoAscender value="750"/>
+    <sTypoDescender value="-250"/>
+    <sTypoLineGap value="100"/>
+    <usWinAscent value="750"/>
+    <usWinDescent value="250"/>
+    <ulCodePageRange1 value="00000000 00000000 00000000 00000001"/>
+    <ulCodePageRange2 value="00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000"/>
+    <sxHeight value="500"/>
+    <sCapHeight value="700"/>
+    <usDefaultChar value="0"/>
+    <usBreakChar value="32"/>
+    <usMaxContext value="0"/>
+  </OS_2>
+
+  <hmtx>
+    <mtx name=".notdef" width="250" lsb="0"/>
+    <mtx name="A" width="639" lsb="178"/>
+  </hmtx>
+
+  <cmap>
+    <tableVersion version="0"/>
+    <cmap_format_4 platformID="0" platEncID="3" language="0">
+      <map code="0x41" name="A"/><!-- LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A -->
+    </cmap_format_4>
+    <cmap_format_4 platformID="3" platEncID="1" language="0">
+      <map code="0x41" name="A"/><!-- LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A -->
+    </cmap_format_4>
+  </cmap>
+
+  <loca>
+    <!-- The 'loca' table will be calculated by the compiler -->
+  </loca>
+
+  <glyf>
+
+    <!-- The xMin, yMin, xMax and yMax values
+         will be recalculated by the compiler. -->
+
+    <TTGlyph name=".notdef"/><!-- contains no outline data -->
+
+    <TTGlyph name="A" xMin="178" yMin="72" xMax="586" yMax="480">
+      <contour>
+        <pt x="382" y="72" on="0" overlap="1"/>
+        <pt x="336" y="72" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="261" y="101" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="207" y="155" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="178" y="230" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="178" y="276" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="178" y="322" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="207" y="397" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="261" y="451" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="336" y="480" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="382" y="480" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="428" y="480" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="503" y="451" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="557" y="397" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="586" y="322" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="586" y="276" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="586" y="230" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="557" y="155" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="503" y="101" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="428" y="72" on="0"/>
+      </contour>
+      <instructions/>
+    </TTGlyph>
+
+  </glyf>
+
+  <name>
+    <namerecord nameID="256" platformID="1" platEncID="0" langID="0x0" unicode="True">
+      Weight
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="1" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Unnamed
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="2" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Regular
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="3" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      1.000;NONE;Unnamed-Regular
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="4" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Unnamed Regular
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="5" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Version 1.000
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="6" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Unnamed-Regular
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="256" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Weight
+    </namerecord>
+  </name>
+
+  <post>
+    <formatType value="2.0"/>
+    <italicAngle value="0.0"/>
+    <underlinePosition value="-100"/>
+    <underlineThickness value="50"/>
+    <isFixedPitch value="0"/>
+    <minMemType42 value="0"/>
+    <maxMemType42 value="0"/>
+    <minMemType1 value="0"/>
+    <maxMemType1 value="0"/>
+    <psNames>
+      <!-- This file uses unique glyph names based on the information
+           found in the 'post' table. Since these names might not be unique,
+           we have to invent artificial names in case of clashes. In order to
+           be able to retain the original information, we need a name to
+           ps name mapping for those cases where they differ. That's what
+           you see below.
+            -->
+    </psNames>
+    <extraNames>
+      <!-- following are the name that are not taken from the standard Mac glyph order -->
+    </extraNames>
+  </post>
+
+  <gasp>
+    <gaspRange rangeMaxPPEM="65535" rangeGaspBehavior="15"/>
+  </gasp>
+
+  <HVAR>
+    <Version value="0x00010000"/>
+    <VarStore Format="1">
+      <Format value="1"/>
+      <VarRegionList>
+        <!-- RegionAxisCount=1 -->
+        <!-- RegionCount=1 -->
+        <Region index="0">
+          <VarRegionAxis index="0">
+            <StartCoord value="0.0"/>
+            <PeakCoord value="1.0"/>
+            <EndCoord value="1.0"/>
+          </VarRegionAxis>
+        </Region>
+      </VarRegionList>
+      <!-- VarDataCount=1 -->
+      <VarData index="0">
+        <!-- ItemCount=2 -->
+        <NumShorts value="0"/>
+        <!-- VarRegionCount=0 -->
+        <Item index="0" value="[]"/>
+        <Item index="1" value="[]"/>
+      </VarData>
+    </VarStore>
+  </HVAR>
+
+  <STAT>
+    <Version value="0x00010001"/>
+    <DesignAxisRecordSize value="8"/>
+    <!-- DesignAxisCount=1 -->
+    <DesignAxisRecord>
+      <Axis index="0">
+        <AxisTag value="wght"/>
+        <AxisNameID value="256"/>  <!-- Weight -->
+        <AxisOrdering value="0"/>
+      </Axis>
+    </DesignAxisRecord>
+    <!-- AxisValueCount=0 -->
+    <ElidedFallbackNameID value="2"/>  <!-- Regular -->
+  </STAT>
+
+  <fvar>
+
+    <!-- Weight -->
+    <Axis>
+      <AxisTag>wght</AxisTag>
+      <Flags>0x0</Flags>
+      <MinValue>400.0</MinValue>
+      <DefaultValue>400.0</DefaultValue>
+      <MaxValue>700.0</MaxValue>
+      <AxisNameID>256</AxisNameID>
+    </Axis>
+  </fvar>
+
+  <gvar>
+    <version value="1"/>
+    <reserved value="0"/>
+    <glyphVariations glyph="A">
+      <tuple>
+        <coord axis="wght" value="1.0"/>
+        <delta pt="0" x="-64" y="-44"/>
+        <delta pt="5" x="-138" y="30"/>
+        <delta pt="7" x="-127" y="73"/>
+        <delta pt="8" x="-108" y="92"/>
+        <delta pt="10" x="-64" y="103"/>
+        <delta pt="12" x="-21" y="92"/>
+        <delta pt="13" x="-2" y="73"/>
+        <delta pt="16" x="9" y="13"/>
+        <delta pt="17" x="-2" y="-14"/>
+        <delta pt="18" x="-21" y="-33"/>
+      </tuple>
+    </glyphVariations>
+  </gvar>
+
+</ttFont>
diff --git a/Tests/ttLib/removeOverlaps_test.py b/Tests/ttLib/removeOverlaps_test.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1320c9b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/ttLib/removeOverlaps_test.py
@@ -0,0 +1,51 @@
+import logging
+import pytest
+
+pathops = pytest.importorskip("pathops")
+
+from fontTools.ttLib.removeOverlaps import _simplify, _round_path
+
+
+def test_pathops_simplify_bug_workaround(caplog):
+    # Paths extracted from Noto Sans Ethiopic instance that fails skia-pathops
+    # https://github.com/google/fonts/issues/3365
+    # https://bugs.chromium.org/p/skia/issues/detail?id=11958
+    path = pathops.Path()
+    path.moveTo(550.461, 0)
+    path.lineTo(550.461, 366.308)
+    path.lineTo(713.229, 366.308)
+    path.lineTo(713.229, 0)
+    path.close()
+    path.moveTo(574.46, 0)
+    path.lineTo(574.46, 276.231)
+    path.lineTo(737.768, 276.231)
+    path.quadTo(820.075, 276.231, 859.806, 242.654)
+    path.quadTo(899.537, 209.077, 899.537, 144.154)
+    path.quadTo(899.537, 79, 853.46, 39.5)
+    path.quadTo(807.383, 0, 712.383, 0)
+    path.close()
+
+    # check that it fails without workaround
+    with pytest.raises(pathops.PathOpsError):
+        pathops.simplify(path)
+
+    # check our workaround works (but with a warning)
+    with caplog.at_level(logging.DEBUG, logger="fontTools.ttLib.removeOverlaps"):
+        result = _simplify(path, debugGlyphName="a")
+
+    assert "skia-pathops failed to simplify 'a' with float coordinates" in caplog.text
+
+    expected = pathops.Path()
+    expected.moveTo(550, 0)
+    expected.lineTo(550, 366)
+    expected.lineTo(713, 366)
+    expected.lineTo(713, 276)
+    expected.lineTo(738, 276)
+    expected.quadTo(820, 276, 860, 243)
+    expected.quadTo(900, 209, 900, 144)
+    expected.quadTo(900, 79, 853, 40)
+    expected.quadTo(807.242, 0.211, 713, 0.001)
+    expected.lineTo(713, 0)
+    expected.close()
+
+    assert expected == _round_path(result, round=lambda v: round(v, 3))
diff --git a/Tests/ttLib/sfnt_test.py b/Tests/ttLib/sfnt_test.py
index 2119351..9f81744 100644
--- a/Tests/ttLib/sfnt_test.py
+++ b/Tests/ttLib/sfnt_test.py
@@ -1,8 +1,59 @@
-from __future__ import print_function, division, absolute_import
-from fontTools.misc.py23 import *
-from fontTools.ttLib.sfnt import calcChecksum
+import io
+import copy
+import pickle
+from fontTools.ttLib.sfnt import calcChecksum, SFNTReader
+import pytest
 
 
 def test_calcChecksum():
     assert calcChecksum(b"abcd") == 1633837924
     assert calcChecksum(b"abcdxyz") == 3655064932
+
+
+EMPTY_SFNT = b"\x00\x01\x00\x00" + b"\x00" * 8
+
+
+def pickle_unpickle(obj):
+    return pickle.loads(pickle.dumps(obj))
+
+
+class SFNTReaderTest:
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize("deepcopy", [copy.deepcopy, pickle_unpickle])
+    def test_pickle_protocol_FileIO(self, deepcopy, tmp_path):
+        fontfile = tmp_path / "test.ttf"
+        fontfile.write_bytes(EMPTY_SFNT)
+        reader = SFNTReader(fontfile.open("rb"))
+
+        reader2 = deepcopy(reader)
+
+        assert reader2 is not reader
+        assert reader2.file is not reader.file
+
+        assert isinstance(reader2.file, io.BufferedReader)
+        assert isinstance(reader2.file.raw, io.FileIO)
+        assert reader2.file.name == reader.file.name
+        assert reader2.file.tell() == reader.file.tell()
+
+        for k, v in reader.__dict__.items():
+            if k == "file":
+                continue
+            assert getattr(reader2, k) == v
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize("deepcopy", [copy.deepcopy, pickle_unpickle])
+    def test_pickle_protocol_BytesIO(self, deepcopy, tmp_path):
+        buf = io.BytesIO(EMPTY_SFNT)
+        reader = SFNTReader(buf)
+
+        reader2 = deepcopy(reader)
+
+        assert reader2 is not reader
+        assert reader2.file is not reader.file
+
+        assert isinstance(reader2.file, io.BytesIO)
+        assert reader2.file.tell() == reader.file.tell()
+        assert reader2.file.getvalue() == reader.file.getvalue()
+
+        for k, v in reader.__dict__.items():
+            if k == "file":
+                continue
+            assert getattr(reader2, k) == v
diff --git a/Tests/ttLib/tables/C_B_L_C_test.py b/Tests/ttLib/tables/C_B_L_C_test.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..fed25f9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/ttLib/tables/C_B_L_C_test.py
@@ -0,0 +1,80 @@
+import base64
+import io
+import os
+
+from fontTools.misc.testTools import getXML
+from fontTools.ttLib import TTFont
+
+
+DATA_DIR = os.path.join(os.path.abspath(os.path.dirname(__file__)), "data")
+
+# This is a subset from NotoColorEmoji.ttf which contains an IndexTable format=3
+INDEX_FORMAT_3_TTX = os.path.join(DATA_DIR, "NotoColorEmoji.subset.index_format_3.ttx")
+# The CLBC table was compiled with Harfbuzz' hb-subset and contains the correct padding
+CBLC_INDEX_FORMAT_3 = base64.b64decode(
+    "AAMAAAAAAAEAAAA4AAAALAAAAAIAAAAAZeWIAAAAAAAAAAAAZeWIAAAAAAAAAAAAAAEAA"
+    "21tIAEAAQACAAAAEAADAAMAAAAgAAMAEQAAAAQAAAOmEQ0AAAADABEAABERAAAIUg=="
+)
+
+
+def test_compile_decompile_index_table_format_3():
+    font = TTFont()
+    font.importXML(INDEX_FORMAT_3_TTX)
+    buf = io.BytesIO()
+    font.save(buf)
+    buf.seek(0)
+    font = TTFont(buf)
+
+    assert font.reader["CBLC"] == CBLC_INDEX_FORMAT_3
+
+    assert getXML(font["CBLC"].toXML, font) == [
+        '<header version="3.0"/>',
+        '<strike index="0">',
+        "  <bitmapSizeTable>",
+        '    <sbitLineMetrics direction="hori">',
+        '      <ascender value="101"/>',
+        '      <descender value="-27"/>',
+        '      <widthMax value="136"/>',
+        '      <caretSlopeNumerator value="0"/>',
+        '      <caretSlopeDenominator value="0"/>',
+        '      <caretOffset value="0"/>',
+        '      <minOriginSB value="0"/>',
+        '      <minAdvanceSB value="0"/>',
+        '      <maxBeforeBL value="0"/>',
+        '      <minAfterBL value="0"/>',
+        '      <pad1 value="0"/>',
+        '      <pad2 value="0"/>',
+        "    </sbitLineMetrics>",
+        '    <sbitLineMetrics direction="vert">',
+        '      <ascender value="101"/>',
+        '      <descender value="-27"/>',
+        '      <widthMax value="136"/>',
+        '      <caretSlopeNumerator value="0"/>',
+        '      <caretSlopeDenominator value="0"/>',
+        '      <caretOffset value="0"/>',
+        '      <minOriginSB value="0"/>',
+        '      <minAdvanceSB value="0"/>',
+        '      <maxBeforeBL value="0"/>',
+        '      <minAfterBL value="0"/>',
+        '      <pad1 value="0"/>',
+        '      <pad2 value="0"/>',
+        "    </sbitLineMetrics>",
+        '    <colorRef value="0"/>',
+        '    <startGlyphIndex value="1"/>',
+        '    <endGlyphIndex value="3"/>',
+        '    <ppemX value="109"/>',
+        '    <ppemY value="109"/>',
+        '    <bitDepth value="32"/>',
+        '    <flags value="1"/>',
+        "  </bitmapSizeTable>",
+        "  <!-- GlyphIds are written but not read. The firstGlyphIndex and",
+        "       lastGlyphIndex values will be recalculated by the compiler. -->",
+        '  <eblc_index_sub_table_3 imageFormat="17" firstGlyphIndex="1" lastGlyphIndex="2">',
+        '    <glyphLoc id="1" name="eight"/>',
+        '    <glyphLoc id="2" name="registered"/>',
+        "  </eblc_index_sub_table_3>",
+        '  <eblc_index_sub_table_3 imageFormat="17" firstGlyphIndex="3" lastGlyphIndex="3">',
+        '    <glyphLoc id="3" name="uni2049"/>',
+        "  </eblc_index_sub_table_3>",
+        "</strike>",
+    ]
diff --git a/Tests/ttLib/tables/C_F_F__2_test.py b/Tests/ttLib/tables/C_F_F__2_test.py
index 191f60b..10f9b2f 100644
--- a/Tests/ttLib/tables/C_F_F__2_test.py
+++ b/Tests/ttLib/tables/C_F_F__2_test.py
@@ -1,9 +1,7 @@
 """cff2Lib_test.py -- unit test for Adobe CFF fonts."""
 
-from __future__ import print_function, division, absolute_import
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-from fontTools.misc.py23 import *
-from fontTools.ttLib import TTFont, newTable
+from fontTools.ttLib import TTFont
+from io import StringIO
 import re
 import os
 import unittest
@@ -41,7 +39,7 @@
         font = TTFont(file=CFF_BIN)
         cffTable = font['CFF2']
         cffData = cffTable.compile(font)
-        out = UnicodeIO()
+        out = StringIO()
         font.saveXML(out)
         cff2XML = out.getvalue()
         cff2XML = strip_VariableItems(cff2XML)
diff --git a/Tests/ttLib/tables/C_F_F_test.py b/Tests/ttLib/tables/C_F_F_test.py
index 63f767c..cb8d8c5 100644
--- a/Tests/ttLib/tables/C_F_F_test.py
+++ b/Tests/ttLib/tables/C_F_F_test.py
@@ -1,9 +1,7 @@
 """cffLib_test.py -- unit test for Adobe CFF fonts."""
 
-from __future__ import print_function, division, absolute_import
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-from fontTools.misc.py23 import *
 from fontTools.ttLib import TTFont, newTable
+from io import StringIO
 import re
 import os
 import unittest
@@ -33,7 +31,7 @@
         font = TTFont(sfntVersion='OTTO')
         cffTable = font['CFF '] = newTable('CFF ')
         cffTable.decompile(self.cffData, font)
-        out = UnicodeIO()
+        out = StringIO()
         font.saveXML(out)
         cffXML = strip_ttLibVersion(out.getvalue()).splitlines()
         self.assertEqual(cffXML, self.cffXML)
diff --git a/Tests/ttLib/tables/C_O_L_R_test.py b/Tests/ttLib/tables/C_O_L_R_test.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..aaf3300
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/ttLib/tables/C_O_L_R_test.py
@@ -0,0 +1,625 @@
+from fontTools import ttLib
+from fontTools.misc.testTools import getXML, parseXML
+from fontTools.ttLib.tables.C_O_L_R_ import table_C_O_L_R_
+
+import binascii
+import pytest
+
+
+COLR_V0_SAMPLE = (
+    (b"\x00\x00", "Version (0)"),
+    (b"\x00\x01", "BaseGlyphRecordCount (1)"),
+    (
+        b"\x00\x00\x00\x0e",
+        "Offset to BaseGlyphRecordArray from beginning of table (14)",
+    ),
+    (b"\x00\x00\x00\x14", "Offset to LayerRecordArray from beginning of table (20)"),
+    (b"\x00\x03", "LayerRecordCount (3)"),
+    (b"\x00\x06", "BaseGlyphRecord[0].BaseGlyph (6)"),
+    (b"\x00\x00", "BaseGlyphRecord[0].FirstLayerIndex (0)"),
+    (b"\x00\x03", "BaseGlyphRecord[0].NumLayers (3)"),
+    (b"\x00\x07", "LayerRecord[0].LayerGlyph (7)"),
+    (b"\x00\x00", "LayerRecord[0].PaletteIndex (0)"),
+    (b"\x00\x08", "LayerRecord[1].LayerGlyph (8)"),
+    (b"\x00\x01", "LayerRecord[1].PaletteIndex (1)"),
+    (b"\x00\t", "LayerRecord[2].LayerGlyph (9)"),
+    (b"\x00\x02", "LayerRecord[3].PaletteIndex (2)"),
+)
+
+COLR_V0_DATA = b"".join(t[0] for t in COLR_V0_SAMPLE)
+
+
+COLR_V0_XML = [
+    '<version value="0"/>',
+    '<ColorGlyph name="glyph00006">',
+    '  <layer colorID="0" name="glyph00007"/>',
+    '  <layer colorID="1" name="glyph00008"/>',
+    '  <layer colorID="2" name="glyph00009"/>',
+    "</ColorGlyph>",
+]
+
+
+def dump(table, ttFont=None):
+    print("\n".join(getXML(table.toXML, ttFont)))
+
+
+def diff_binary_fragments(font_bytes, expected_fragments):
+    pos = 0
+    prev_desc = ""
+    errors = 0
+    for expected_bytes, description in expected_fragments:
+        actual_bytes = font_bytes[pos : pos + len(expected_bytes)]
+        if actual_bytes != expected_bytes:
+            print(
+                f'{description} (previous "{prev_desc}", actual_bytes: {"".join("%02x" % v for v in actual_bytes)} bytes: {str(font_bytes[pos:pos+16])}'
+            )
+            errors += 1
+        pos += len(expected_bytes)
+        prev_desc = description
+    assert errors == 0
+    assert pos == len(
+        font_bytes
+    ), f"Leftover font bytes, used {pos} of {len(font_bytes)}"
+
+
+@pytest.fixture
+def font():
+    font = ttLib.TTFont()
+    font.setGlyphOrder(["glyph%05d" % i for i in range(30)])
+    return font
+
+
+class COLR_V0_Test(object):
+    def test_decompile_and_compile(self, font):
+        colr = table_C_O_L_R_()
+        colr.decompile(COLR_V0_DATA, font)
+        diff_binary_fragments(colr.compile(font), COLR_V0_SAMPLE)
+
+    def test_decompile_and_dump_xml(self, font):
+        colr = table_C_O_L_R_()
+        colr.decompile(COLR_V0_DATA, font)
+
+        dump(colr, font)
+        assert getXML(colr.toXML, font) == COLR_V0_XML
+
+    def test_load_from_xml_and_compile(self, font):
+        colr = table_C_O_L_R_()
+        for name, attrs, content in parseXML(COLR_V0_XML):
+            colr.fromXML(name, attrs, content, font)
+
+        diff_binary_fragments(colr.compile(font), COLR_V0_SAMPLE)
+
+    def test_round_trip_xml(self, font):
+        colr = table_C_O_L_R_()
+        for name, attrs, content in parseXML(COLR_V0_XML):
+            colr.fromXML(name, attrs, content, font)
+        compiled = colr.compile(font)
+
+        colr = table_C_O_L_R_()
+        colr.decompile(compiled, font)
+        assert getXML(colr.toXML, font) == COLR_V0_XML
+
+
+COLR_V1_SAMPLE = (
+    (b"\x00\x01", "Version (1)"),
+    (b"\x00\x01", "BaseGlyphRecordCount (1)"),
+    (
+        b"\x00\x00\x00\x22",
+        "Offset to BaseGlyphRecordArray from beginning of table (34)",
+    ),
+    (b"\x00\x00\x00\x28", "Offset to LayerRecordArray from beginning of table (40)"),
+    (b"\x00\x03", "LayerRecordCount (3)"),
+    (b"\x00\x00\x00\x34", "Offset to BaseGlyphList from beginning of table (52)"),
+    (b"\x00\x00\x00\x9f", "Offset to LayerList from beginning of table (159)"),
+    (b"\x00\x00\x01\x62", "Offset to ClipList (354)"),
+    (b"\x00\x00\x00\x00", "Offset to DeltaSetIndexMap (NULL)"),
+    (b"\x00\x00\x00\x00", "Offset to VarStore (NULL)"),
+    (b"\x00\x06", "BaseGlyphRecord[0].BaseGlyph (6)"),
+    (b"\x00\x00", "BaseGlyphRecord[0].FirstLayerIndex (0)"),
+    (b"\x00\x03", "BaseGlyphRecord[0].NumLayers (3)"),
+    (b"\x00\x07", "LayerRecord[0].LayerGlyph (7)"),
+    (b"\x00\x00", "LayerRecord[0].PaletteIndex (0)"),
+    (b"\x00\x08", "LayerRecord[1].LayerGlyph (8)"),
+    (b"\x00\x01", "LayerRecord[1].PaletteIndex (1)"),
+    (b"\x00\t", "LayerRecord[2].LayerGlyph (9)"),
+    (b"\x00\x02", "LayerRecord[2].PaletteIndex (2)"),
+    # BaseGlyphList
+    (b"\x00\x00\x00\x03", "BaseGlyphList.BaseGlyphCount (3)"),
+    (b"\x00\n", "BaseGlyphList.BaseGlyphPaintRecord[0].BaseGlyph (10)"),
+    (
+        b"\x00\x00\x00\x16",
+        "Offset to Paint table from beginning of BaseGlyphList (22)",
+    ),
+    (b"\x00\x0e", "BaseGlyphList.BaseGlyphPaintRecord[1].BaseGlyph (14)"),
+    (
+        b"\x00\x00\x00\x1c",
+        "Offset to Paint table from beginning of BaseGlyphList (28)",
+    ),
+    (b"\x00\x0f", "BaseGlyphList.BaseGlyphPaintRecord[2].BaseGlyph (15)"),
+    (
+        b"\x00\x00\x00\x4a",
+        "Offset to Paint table from beginning of BaseGlyphList (74)",
+    ),
+    # BaseGlyphPaintRecord[0]
+    (b"\x01", "BaseGlyphPaintRecord[0].Paint.Format (1)"),
+    (b"\x04", "BaseGlyphPaintRecord[0].Paint.NumLayers (4)"),
+    (b"\x00\x00\x00\x00", "BaseGlyphPaintRecord[0].Paint.FirstLayerIndex (0)"),
+    # BaseGlyphPaintRecord[1]
+    (b"\x20", "BaseGlyphPaintRecord[1].Paint.Format (32)"),
+    (b"\x00\x00\x0f", "Offset to SourcePaint from beginning of PaintComposite (15)"),
+    (b"\x03", "BaseGlyphPaintRecord[1].Paint.CompositeMode [SRC_OVER] (3)"),
+    (b"\x00\x00\x08", "Offset to BackdropPaint from beginning of PaintComposite (8)"),
+    (b"\x0d", "BaseGlyphPaintRecord[1].Paint.BackdropPaint.Format (13)"),
+    (b"\x00\x00\x07", "Offset to Paint from beginning of PaintVarTransform (7)"),
+    (b"\x00\x00\x0a", "Offset to VarAffine2x3 from beginning of PaintVarTransform (10)"),
+    (b"\x0b", "BaseGlyphPaintRecord[1].Paint.BackdropPaint.Format (11)"),
+    (b"\x00\x0a", "BaseGlyphPaintRecord[1].Paint.BackdropPaint.Glyph (10)"),
+    (b"\x00\x01\x00\x00", "VarAffine2x3.xx (1.0)"),
+    (b"\x00\x00\x00\x00", "VarAffine2x3.xy (0.0)"),
+    (b"\x00\x00\x00\x00", "VarAffine2x3.yx (0.0)"),
+    (b"\x00\x01\x00\x00", "VarAffine2x3.yy (1.0)"),
+    (b"\x01\x2c\x00\x00", "VarAffine2x3.dx (300.0)"),
+    (b"\x00\x00\x00\x00", "VarAffine2x3.dy (0.0)"),
+    (b"\x00\x00\x00\x00", "VarIndexBase (0)"),
+    (b"\x0a", "BaseGlyphPaintRecord[1].Paint.SourcePaint.Format (10)"),
+    (b"\x00\x00\x06", "Offset to Paint subtable from beginning of PaintGlyph (6)"),
+    (b"\x00\x0b", "BaseGlyphPaintRecord[1].Paint.SourcePaint.Glyph (11)"),
+    (b"\x08", "BaseGlyphPaintRecord[1].Paint.SourcePaint.Paint.Format (8)"),
+    (b"\x00\x00\x0c", "Offset to ColorLine from beginning of PaintSweepGradient (12)"),
+    (b"\x01\x03", "centerX (259)"),
+    (b"\x01\x2c", "centerY (300)"),
+    (b"\x10\x00", "startAngle (0.25)"),
+    (b"\x30\x00", "endAngle (0.75)"),
+    (b"\x00", "ColorLine.Extend (0; pad)"),
+    (b"\x00\x02", "ColorLine.StopCount (2)"),
+    (b"\x00\x00", "ColorLine.ColorStop[0].StopOffset (0.0)"),
+    (b"\x00\x03", "ColorLine.ColorStop[0].PaletteIndex (3)"),
+    (b"@\x00", "ColorLine.ColorStop[0].Alpha (1.0)"),
+    (b"@\x00", "ColorLine.ColorStop[1].StopOffset (1.0)"),
+    (b"\x00\x05", "ColorLine.ColorStop[1].PaletteIndex (5)"),
+    (b"@\x00", "ColorLine.ColorStop[1].Alpha (1.0)"),
+    # LayerList
+    (b"\x00\x00\x00\x04", "LayerList.LayerCount (4)"),
+    (
+        b"\x00\x00\x00\x14",
+        "First Offset to Paint table from beginning of LayerList (20)",
+    ),
+    (
+        b"\x00\x00\x00\x23",
+        "Second Offset to Paint table from beginning of LayerList (35)",
+    ),
+    (
+        b"\x00\x00\x00\x4e",
+        "Third Offset to Paint table from beginning of LayerList (78)",
+    ),
+    (
+        b"\x00\x00\x00\x9e",
+        "Fourth Offset to Paint table from beginning of LayerList (158)",
+    ),
+    # BaseGlyphPaintRecord[2]
+    (b"\x0a", "BaseGlyphPaintRecord[2].Paint.Format (10)"),
+    (b"\x00\x00\x06", "Offset to Paint subtable from beginning of PaintGlyph (6)"),
+    (b"\x00\x0b", "BaseGlyphPaintRecord[2].Paint.Glyph (11)"),
+    # PaintVarSolid
+    (b"\x03", "LayerList.Paint[0].Paint.Format (3)"),
+    (b"\x00\x02", "Paint.PaletteIndex (2)"),
+    (b" \x00", "Paint.Alpha.value (0.5)"),
+    (b"\x00\x00\x00\x06", "VarIndexBase (6)"),
+    # PaintGlyph glyph00012
+    (b"\x0a", "LayerList.Paint[1].Format (10)"),
+    (b"\x00\x00\x06", "Offset to Paint subtable from beginning of PaintGlyph (6)"),
+    (b"\x00\x0c", "LayerList.Paint[1].Glyph (glyph00012)"),
+    (b"\x04", "LayerList.Paint[1].Paint.Format (4)"),
+    (b"\x00\x00\x10", "Offset to ColorLine from beginning of PaintLinearGradient (16)"),
+    (b"\x00\x01", "Paint.x0 (1)"),
+    (b"\x00\x02", "Paint.y0 (2)"),
+    (b"\xff\xfd", "Paint.x1 (-3)"),
+    (b"\xff\xfc", "Paint.y1 (-4)"),
+    (b"\x00\x05", "Paint.x2 (5)"),
+    (b"\x00\x06", "Paint.y2 (6)"),
+    (b"\x01", "ColorLine.Extend (1; repeat)"),
+    (b"\x00\x03", "ColorLine.StopCount (3)"),
+    (b"\x00\x00", "ColorLine.ColorStop[0].StopOffset (0.0)"),
+    (b"\x00\x03", "ColorLine.ColorStop[0].PaletteIndex (3)"),
+    (b"@\x00", "ColorLine.ColorStop[0].Alpha (1.0)"),
+    (b" \x00", "ColorLine.ColorStop[1].StopOffset (0.5)"),
+    (b"\x00\x04", "ColorLine.ColorStop[1].PaletteIndex (4)"),
+    (b"@\x00", "ColorLine.ColorStop[1].Alpha (1.0)"),
+    (b"@\x00", "ColorLine.ColorStop[2].StopOffset (1.0)"),
+    (b"\x00\x05", "ColorLine.ColorStop[2].PaletteIndex (5)"),
+    (b"@\x00", "ColorLine.ColorStop[2].Alpha (1.0)"),
+    # PaintGlyph glyph00013
+    (b"\x0a", "LayerList.Paint[2].Format (10)"),
+    (b"\x00\x00\x06", "Offset to Paint subtable from beginning of PaintGlyph (6)"),
+    (b"\x00\x0d", "LayerList.Paint[2].Glyph (13)"),
+    (b"\x0c", "LayerList.Paint[2].Paint.Format (12)"),
+    (b"\x00\x00\x07", "Offset to Paint subtable from beginning of PaintTransform (7)"),
+    (b"\x00\x00\x32", "Offset to Affine2x3 subtable from beginning of PaintTransform (50)"),
+    (b"\x07", "LayerList.Paint[2].Paint.Paint.Format (7)"),
+    (b"\x00\x00\x14", "Offset to ColorLine from beginning of PaintVarRadialGradient (20)"),
+    (b"\x00\x07", "Paint.x0.value (7)"),
+    (b"\x00\x08", "Paint.y0.value (8)"),
+    (b"\x00\t", "Paint.r0.value (9)"),
+    (b"\x00\n", "Paint.x1.value (10)"),
+    (b"\x00\x0b", "Paint.y1.value (11)"),
+    (b"\x00\x0c", "Paint.r1.value (12)"),
+    (b"\xff\xff\xff\xff", "VarIndexBase (0xFFFFFFFF)"),
+    (b"\x00", "ColorLine.Extend (0; pad)"),
+    (b"\x00\x02", "ColorLine.StopCount (2)"),
+    (b"\x00\x00", "ColorLine.ColorStop[0].StopOffset.value (0.0)"),
+    (b"\x00\x06", "ColorLine.ColorStop[0].PaletteIndex (6)"),
+    (b"@\x00", "ColorLine.ColorStop[0].Alpha.value (1.0)"),
+    (b"\xff\xff\xff\xff", "VarIndexBase (0xFFFFFFFF)"),
+    (b"@\x00", "ColorLine.ColorStop[1].StopOffset.value (1.0)"),
+    (b"\x00\x07", "ColorLine.ColorStop[1].PaletteIndex (7)"),
+    (b"\x19\x9a", "ColorLine.ColorStop[1].Alpha.value (0.4)"),
+
+    (b"\x00\x00\x00\x07", "VarIndexBase (7)"),
+    (b"\xff\xf3\x00\x00", "Affine2x3.xx (-13)"),
+    (b"\x00\x0e\x00\x00", "Affine2x3.xy (14)"),
+    (b"\x00\x0f\x00\x00", "Affine2x3.yx (15)"),
+    (b"\xff\xef\x00\x00", "Affine2x3.yy (-17)"),
+    (b"\x00\x12\x00\x00", "Affine2x3.yy (18)"),
+    (b"\x00\x13\x00\x00", "Affine2x3.yy (19)"),
+
+    # PaintTranslate
+    (b"\x0e", "LayerList.Paint[3].Format (14)"),
+    (b"\x00\x00\x08", "Offset to Paint subtable from beginning of PaintTranslate (8)"),
+    (b"\x01\x01", "dx (257)"),
+    (b"\x01\x02", "dy (258)"),
+
+    # PaintRotateAroundCenter
+    (b"\x1a", "LayerList.Paint[3].Paint.Format (26)"),
+    (
+        b"\x00\x00\x0a",
+        "Offset to Paint subtable from beginning of PaintRotateAroundCenter (11)",
+    ),
+    (b"\x10\x00", "angle (0.25)"),
+    (b"\x00\xff", "centerX (255)"),
+    (b"\x01\x00", "centerY (256)"),
+
+    # PaintSkew
+    (b"\x1c", "LayerList.Paint[3].Paint.Paint.Format (28)"),
+    (
+        b"\x00\x00\x08",
+        "Offset to Paint subtable from beginning of PaintSkew (8)",
+    ),
+    (b"\xfc\x17", "xSkewAngle (-0.0611)"),
+    (b"\x01\xc7", "ySkewAngle (0.0278)"),
+
+    # PaintGlyph
+    (b"\x0a", "LayerList.Paint[3].Paint.Paint.Paint.Format (10)"),
+    (b"\x00\x00\x06", "Offset to Paint subtable from beginning of PaintGlyph (6)"),
+    (b"\x00\x0b", "LayerList.Paint[2].Glyph (11)"),
+
+    # PaintSolid
+    (b"\x02", "LayerList.Paint[0].Paint.Paint.Paint.Paint.Format (2)"),
+    (b"\x00\x02", "Paint.PaletteIndex (2)"),
+    (b" \x00", "Paint.Alpha (0.5)"),
+
+    # ClipList
+    (b'\x01', "ClipList.Format (1)"),
+    (b'\x00\x00\x00\x02', "ClipList.ClipCount (2)"),
+    (b'\x00\x0a', "ClipRecord[0].StartGlyphID (10)"),
+    (b'\x00\x0a', "ClipRecord[0].EndGlyphID (10)"),
+    (b'\x00\x00\x13', "Offset to ClipBox subtable from beginning of ClipList (19)"),
+    (b'\x00\x0e', "ClipRecord[1].StartGlyphID (14)"),
+    (b'\x00\x0f', "ClipRecord[1].EndGlyphID (15)"),
+    (b'\x00\x00\x20', "Offset to ClipBox subtable from beginning of ClipList (32)"),
+
+    (b'\x02', "ClipBox.Format (2)"),
+    (b'\x00\x00', "ClipBox.xMin (0)"),
+    (b'\x00\x00', "ClipBox.yMin (0)"),
+    (b'\x01\xf4', "ClipBox.xMax (500)"),
+    (b'\x01\xf4', "ClipBox.yMax (500)"),
+    (b'\x00\x00\x00\t', "ClipBox.VarIndexBase (9)"),
+
+    (b'\x01', "ClipBox.Format (1)"),
+    (b'\x00\x00', "ClipBox.xMin (0)"),
+    (b'\x00\x00', "ClipBox.yMin (0)"),
+    (b'\x03\xe8', "ClipBox.xMax (1000)"),
+    (b'\x03\xe8', "ClipBox.yMax (1000)"),
+)
+
+COLR_V1_DATA = b"".join(t[0] for t in COLR_V1_SAMPLE)
+
+COLR_V1_XML = [
+    '<Version value="1"/>',
+    "<!-- BaseGlyphRecordCount=1 -->",
+    "<BaseGlyphRecordArray>",
+    '  <BaseGlyphRecord index="0">',
+    '    <BaseGlyph value="glyph00006"/>',
+    '    <FirstLayerIndex value="0"/>',
+    '    <NumLayers value="3"/>',
+    "  </BaseGlyphRecord>",
+    "</BaseGlyphRecordArray>",
+    "<LayerRecordArray>",
+    '  <LayerRecord index="0">',
+    '    <LayerGlyph value="glyph00007"/>',
+    '    <PaletteIndex value="0"/>',
+    "  </LayerRecord>",
+    '  <LayerRecord index="1">',
+    '    <LayerGlyph value="glyph00008"/>',
+    '    <PaletteIndex value="1"/>',
+    "  </LayerRecord>",
+    '  <LayerRecord index="2">',
+    '    <LayerGlyph value="glyph00009"/>',
+    '    <PaletteIndex value="2"/>',
+    "  </LayerRecord>",
+    "</LayerRecordArray>",
+    "<!-- LayerRecordCount=3 -->",
+    "<BaseGlyphList>",
+    "  <!-- BaseGlyphCount=3 -->",
+    '  <BaseGlyphPaintRecord index="0">',
+    '    <BaseGlyph value="glyph00010"/>',
+    '    <Paint Format="1"><!-- PaintColrLayers -->',
+    '      <NumLayers value="4"/>',
+    '      <FirstLayerIndex value="0"/>',
+    "    </Paint>",
+    "  </BaseGlyphPaintRecord>",
+    '  <BaseGlyphPaintRecord index="1">',
+    '    <BaseGlyph value="glyph00014"/>',
+    '    <Paint Format="32"><!-- PaintComposite -->',
+    '      <SourcePaint Format="11"><!-- PaintColrGlyph -->',
+    '        <Glyph value="glyph00010"/>',
+    "      </SourcePaint>",
+    '      <CompositeMode value="src_over"/>',
+    '      <BackdropPaint Format="13"><!-- PaintVarTransform -->',
+    '        <Paint Format="11"><!-- PaintColrGlyph -->',
+    '          <Glyph value="glyph00010"/>',
+    "        </Paint>",
+    "        <Transform>",
+    '          <xx value="1.0"/>',
+    '          <yx value="0.0"/>',
+    '          <xy value="0.0"/>',
+    '          <yy value="1.0"/>',
+    '          <dx value="300.0"/>',
+    '          <dy value="0.0"/>',
+    '          <VarIndexBase value="0"/>',
+    "        </Transform>",
+    "      </BackdropPaint>",
+    "    </Paint>",
+    "  </BaseGlyphPaintRecord>",
+    '  <BaseGlyphPaintRecord index="2">',
+    '    <BaseGlyph value="glyph00015"/>',
+    '    <Paint Format="10"><!-- PaintGlyph -->',
+    '      <Paint Format="8"><!-- PaintSweepGradient -->',
+    "        <ColorLine>",
+    '          <Extend value="pad"/>',
+    "          <!-- StopCount=2 -->",
+    '          <ColorStop index="0">',
+    '            <StopOffset value="0.0"/>',
+    '            <PaletteIndex value="3"/>',
+    '            <Alpha value="1.0"/>',
+    "          </ColorStop>",
+    '          <ColorStop index="1">',
+    '            <StopOffset value="1.0"/>',
+    '            <PaletteIndex value="5"/>',
+    '            <Alpha value="1.0"/>',
+    "          </ColorStop>",
+    "        </ColorLine>",
+    '        <centerX value="259"/>',
+    '        <centerY value="300"/>',
+    '        <startAngle value="45.0"/>',
+    '        <endAngle value="135.0"/>',
+    "      </Paint>",
+    '      <Glyph value="glyph00011"/>',
+    "    </Paint>",
+    "  </BaseGlyphPaintRecord>",
+    "</BaseGlyphList>",
+    "<LayerList>",
+    "  <!-- LayerCount=4 -->",
+    '  <Paint index="0" Format="10"><!-- PaintGlyph -->',
+    '    <Paint Format="3"><!-- PaintVarSolid -->',
+    '      <PaletteIndex value="2"/>',
+    '      <Alpha value="0.5"/>',
+    '      <VarIndexBase value="6"/>',
+    "    </Paint>",
+    '    <Glyph value="glyph00011"/>',
+    "  </Paint>",
+    '  <Paint index="1" Format="10"><!-- PaintGlyph -->',
+    '    <Paint Format="4"><!-- PaintLinearGradient -->',
+    "      <ColorLine>",
+    '        <Extend value="repeat"/>',
+    "        <!-- StopCount=3 -->",
+    '        <ColorStop index="0">',
+    '          <StopOffset value="0.0"/>',
+    '          <PaletteIndex value="3"/>',
+    '          <Alpha value="1.0"/>',
+    "        </ColorStop>",
+    '        <ColorStop index="1">',
+    '          <StopOffset value="0.5"/>',
+    '          <PaletteIndex value="4"/>',
+    '          <Alpha value="1.0"/>',
+    "        </ColorStop>",
+    '        <ColorStop index="2">',
+    '          <StopOffset value="1.0"/>',
+    '          <PaletteIndex value="5"/>',
+    '          <Alpha value="1.0"/>',
+    "        </ColorStop>",
+    "      </ColorLine>",
+    '      <x0 value="1"/>',
+    '      <y0 value="2"/>',
+    '      <x1 value="-3"/>',
+    '      <y1 value="-4"/>',
+    '      <x2 value="5"/>',
+    '      <y2 value="6"/>',
+    "    </Paint>",
+    '    <Glyph value="glyph00012"/>',
+    "  </Paint>",
+    '  <Paint index="2" Format="10"><!-- PaintGlyph -->',
+    '    <Paint Format="12"><!-- PaintTransform -->',
+    '      <Paint Format="7"><!-- PaintVarRadialGradient -->',
+    "        <ColorLine>",
+    '          <Extend value="pad"/>',
+    "          <!-- StopCount=2 -->",
+    '          <ColorStop index="0">',
+    '            <StopOffset value="0.0"/>',
+    '            <PaletteIndex value="6"/>',
+    '            <Alpha value="1.0"/>',
+    "            <VarIndexBase/>",
+    "          </ColorStop>",
+    '          <ColorStop index="1">',
+    '            <StopOffset value="1.0"/>',
+    '            <PaletteIndex value="7"/>',
+    '            <Alpha value="0.4"/>',
+    '            <VarIndexBase value="7"/>',
+    "          </ColorStop>",
+    "        </ColorLine>",
+    '        <x0 value="7"/>',
+    '        <y0 value="8"/>',
+    '        <r0 value="9"/>',
+    '        <x1 value="10"/>',
+    '        <y1 value="11"/>',
+    '        <r1 value="12"/>',
+    "        <VarIndexBase/>",
+    "      </Paint>",
+    "      <Transform>",
+    '        <xx value="-13.0"/>',
+    '        <yx value="14.0"/>',
+    '        <xy value="15.0"/>',
+    '        <yy value="-17.0"/>',
+    '        <dx value="18.0"/>',
+    '        <dy value="19.0"/>',
+    "      </Transform>",
+    "    </Paint>",
+    '    <Glyph value="glyph00013"/>',
+    "  </Paint>",
+    '  <Paint index="3" Format="14"><!-- PaintTranslate -->',
+    '    <Paint Format="26"><!-- PaintRotateAroundCenter -->',
+    '      <Paint Format="28"><!-- PaintSkew -->',
+    '        <Paint Format="10"><!-- PaintGlyph -->',
+    '          <Paint Format="2"><!-- PaintSolid -->',
+    '            <PaletteIndex value="2"/>',
+    '            <Alpha value="0.5"/>',
+    "          </Paint>",
+    '          <Glyph value="glyph00011"/>',
+    "        </Paint>",
+    '        <xSkewAngle value="-11.0"/>',
+    '        <ySkewAngle value="5.0"/>',
+    "      </Paint>",
+    '      <angle value="45.0"/>',
+    '      <centerX value="255"/>',
+    '      <centerY value="256"/>',
+    "    </Paint>",
+    '    <dx value="257"/>',
+    '    <dy value="258"/>',
+    "  </Paint>",
+    "</LayerList>",
+    '<ClipList Format="1">',
+    "  <Clip>",
+    '    <Glyph value="glyph00010"/>',
+    '    <ClipBox Format="2">',
+    '      <xMin value="0"/>',
+    '      <yMin value="0"/>',
+    '      <xMax value="500"/>',
+    '      <yMax value="500"/>',
+    '      <VarIndexBase value="9"/>',
+    "    </ClipBox>",
+    "  </Clip>",
+    "  <Clip>",
+    '    <Glyph value="glyph00014"/>',
+    '    <Glyph value="glyph00015"/>',
+    '    <ClipBox Format="1">',
+    '      <xMin value="0"/>',
+    '      <yMin value="0"/>',
+    '      <xMax value="1000"/>',
+    '      <yMax value="1000"/>',
+    "    </ClipBox>",
+    "  </Clip>",
+    "</ClipList>",
+]
+
+COLR_V1_VAR_XML = [
+    '<VarIndexMap Format="0">',
+    '  <Map index="0" outer="1" inner="1"/>',
+    '  <Map index="1" outer="1" inner="0"/>',
+    '  <Map index="2" outer="1" inner="0"/>',
+    '  <Map index="3" outer="1" inner="1"/>',
+    '  <Map index="4" outer="1" inner="0"/>',
+    '  <Map index="5" outer="1" inner="0"/>',
+    '  <Map index="6" outer="0" inner="2"/>',
+    '  <Map index="7" outer="0" inner="0"/>',
+    '  <Map index="8" outer="0" inner="1"/>',
+    '  <Map index="9" outer="1" inner="0"/>',
+    '  <Map index="10" outer="1" inner="0"/>',
+    '  <Map index="11" outer="0" inner="3"/>',
+    '  <Map index="12" outer="0" inner="3"/>',
+    "</VarIndexMap>",
+    '<VarStore Format="1">',
+    '  <Format value="1"/>',
+    "  <VarRegionList>",
+    "    <!-- RegionAxisCount=1 -->",
+    "    <!-- RegionCount=1 -->",
+    '    <Region index="0">',
+    '      <VarRegionAxis index="0">',
+    '        <StartCoord value="0.0"/>',
+    '        <PeakCoord value="1.0"/>',
+    '        <EndCoord value="1.0"/>',
+    "      </VarRegionAxis>",
+    "    </Region>",
+    "  </VarRegionList>",
+    "  <!-- VarDataCount=2 -->",
+    '  <VarData index="0">',
+    "    <!-- ItemCount=4 -->",
+    '    <NumShorts value="1"/>',
+    "    <!-- VarRegionCount=1 -->",
+    '    <VarRegionIndex index="0" value="0"/>',
+    '    <Item index="0" value="[-3277]"/>',
+    '    <Item index="1" value="[6553]"/>',
+    '    <Item index="2" value="[8192]"/>',
+    '    <Item index="3" value="[500]"/>',
+    "  </VarData>",
+    '  <VarData index="1">',
+    "    <!-- ItemCount=2 -->",
+    '    <NumShorts value="32769"/>',
+    "    <!-- VarRegionCount=1 -->",
+    '    <VarRegionIndex index="0" value="0"/>',
+    '    <Item index="0" value="[0]"/>',
+    '    <Item index="1" value="[65536]"/>',
+    "  </VarData>",
+    "</VarStore>",
+]
+
+
+class COLR_V1_Test(object):
+    def test_decompile_and_compile(self, font):
+        colr = table_C_O_L_R_()
+        colr.decompile(COLR_V1_DATA, font)
+        diff_binary_fragments(colr.compile(font), COLR_V1_SAMPLE)
+
+    def test_decompile_and_dump_xml(self, font):
+        colr = table_C_O_L_R_()
+        colr.decompile(COLR_V1_DATA, font)
+
+        dump(colr, font)
+        assert getXML(colr.toXML, font) == COLR_V1_XML
+
+    def test_load_from_xml_and_compile(self, font):
+        colr = table_C_O_L_R_()
+        for name, attrs, content in parseXML(COLR_V1_XML):
+            colr.fromXML(name, attrs, content, font)
+        diff_binary_fragments(colr.compile(font), COLR_V1_SAMPLE)
+
+    def test_round_trip_xml(self, font):
+        colr = table_C_O_L_R_()
+        for name, attrs, content in parseXML(COLR_V1_XML):
+            colr.fromXML(name, attrs, content, font)
+        compiled = colr.compile(font)
+
+        colr = table_C_O_L_R_()
+        colr.decompile(compiled, font)
+        assert getXML(colr.toXML, font) == COLR_V1_XML
+
+
+class COLR_V1_Variable_Test(object):
+    def test_round_trip_xml(self, font):
+        colr = table_C_O_L_R_()
+        xml = COLR_V1_XML + COLR_V1_VAR_XML
+        for name, attrs, content in parseXML(xml):
+            colr.fromXML(name, attrs, content, font)
+        compiled = colr.compile(font)
+
+        colr = table_C_O_L_R_()
+        colr.decompile(compiled, font)
+        assert getXML(colr.toXML, font) == xml
diff --git a/Tests/ttLib/tables/C_P_A_L_test.py b/Tests/ttLib/tables/C_P_A_L_test.py
index bacd4a8..10c8ea0 100644
--- a/Tests/ttLib/tables/C_P_A_L_test.py
+++ b/Tests/ttLib/tables/C_P_A_L_test.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import print_function, division, absolute_import
-from fontTools.misc.py23 import *
 from fontTools.misc.testTools import getXML, parseXML
 from fontTools.misc.textTools import deHexStr
 from fontTools.ttLib import getTableModule, newTable
@@ -67,9 +65,6 @@
         self.assertEqual(cpal.numPaletteEntries, 2)
         self.assertEqual(repr(cpal.palettes),
                          '[[#000000FF, #66CCFFFF], [#000000FF, #800000FF]]')
-        self.assertEqual(cpal.paletteLabels, [0, 0])
-        self.assertEqual(cpal.paletteTypes, [0, 0])
-        self.assertEqual(cpal.paletteEntryLabels, [0, 0])
 
     def test_decompile_v0_sharingColors(self):
         cpal = newTable('CPAL')
@@ -81,9 +76,6 @@
             '[#223344FF, #99887711, #55555555]',
             '[#223344FF, #99887711, #FFFFFFFF]',
             '[#223344FF, #99887711, #55555555]'])
-        self.assertEqual(cpal.paletteLabels, [0, 0, 0, 0])
-        self.assertEqual(cpal.paletteTypes, [0, 0, 0, 0])
-        self.assertEqual(cpal.paletteEntryLabels, [0, 0, 0])
 
     def test_decompile_v1_noLabelsNoTypes(self):
         cpal = newTable('CPAL')
@@ -93,9 +85,10 @@
         self.assertEqual([repr(p) for p in cpal.palettes], [
             '[#CAFECAFE, #22110033, #66554477]',  # RGBA
             '[#59413127, #42424242, #13330037]'])
-        self.assertEqual(cpal.paletteLabels, [0, 0])
+        self.assertEqual(cpal.paletteLabels, [cpal.NO_NAME_ID] * len(cpal.palettes))
         self.assertEqual(cpal.paletteTypes, [0, 0])
-        self.assertEqual(cpal.paletteEntryLabels, [0, 0, 0])
+        self.assertEqual(cpal.paletteEntryLabels,
+                        [cpal.NO_NAME_ID] * cpal.numPaletteEntries)
 
     def test_decompile_v1(self):
         cpal = newTable('CPAL')
@@ -195,9 +188,6 @@
         self.assertEqual(cpal.version, 0)
         self.assertEqual(cpal.numPaletteEntries, 2)
         self.assertEqual(repr(cpal.palettes), '[[#12345678, #FEDCBA98]]')
-        self.assertEqual(cpal.paletteLabels, [0])
-        self.assertEqual(cpal.paletteTypes, [0])
-        self.assertEqual(cpal.paletteEntryLabels, [0, 0])
 
     def test_fromXML_v1(self):
         cpal = newTable('CPAL')
@@ -219,7 +209,8 @@
                          '[[#12345678, #FEDCBA98, #CAFECAFE]]')
         self.assertEqual(cpal.paletteLabels, [259])
         self.assertEqual(cpal.paletteTypes, [2])
-        self.assertEqual(cpal.paletteEntryLabels, [0, 262, 0])
+        self.assertEqual(cpal.paletteEntryLabels,
+                        [cpal.NO_NAME_ID, 262, cpal.NO_NAME_ID])
 
 
 if __name__ == "__main__":
diff --git a/Tests/ttLib/tables/M_V_A_R_test.py b/Tests/ttLib/tables/M_V_A_R_test.py
index 05a92e8..a8b092e 100644
--- a/Tests/ttLib/tables/M_V_A_R_test.py
+++ b/Tests/ttLib/tables/M_V_A_R_test.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import print_function, division, absolute_import
-from fontTools.misc.py23 import *
 from fontTools.misc.testTools import FakeFont, getXML, parseXML
 from fontTools.misc.textTools import deHexStr, hexStr
 from fontTools.ttLib.tables._f_v_a_r import Axis
@@ -10,8 +8,8 @@
 MVAR_DATA = deHexStr(
     '0001 0000 '  # 0:   version=1.0
     '0000 0008 '  # 4:   reserved=0, valueRecordSize=8
-    '0007 '       # 8:   valueRecordCount=7
-    '0044 '       # 10:  offsetToItemVariationStore=68
+    '0009 '       # 8:   valueRecordCount=9
+    '0054 '       # 10:  offsetToItemVariationStore=84
     '6861 7363 '  # 12:  ValueRecord.valueTag="hasc"
     '0000 '       # 16:  ValueRecord.deltaSetOuterIndex
     '0003 '       # 18:  ValueRecord.deltaSetInnerIndex
@@ -33,30 +31,36 @@
     '7370 796F '  # 60:  ValueRecord.valueTag="spyo"
     '0000 '       # 64:  ValueRecord.deltaSetOuterIndex
     '0002 '       # 66:  ValueRecord.deltaSetInnerIndex
-    '0001 '       # 68:  VarStore.format=1
-    '0000 000C '  # 70:  VarStore.offsetToVariationRegionList=12
-    '0001 '       # 74:  VarStore.itemVariationDataCount=1
-    '0000 0016 '  # 76:  VarStore.itemVariationDataOffsets[0]=22
-    '0001 '       # 80:  VarRegionList.axisCount=1
-    '0001 '       # 82:  VarRegionList.regionCount=1
-    '0000 '       # 84:  variationRegions[0].regionAxes[0].startCoord=0.0
-    '4000 '       # 86:  variationRegions[0].regionAxes[0].peakCoord=1.0
-    '4000 '       # 88:  variationRegions[0].regionAxes[0].endCoord=1.0
-    '0004 '       # 90:  VarData.ItemCount=4
-    '0001 '       # 92:  VarData.NumShorts=1
-    '0001 '       # 94:  VarData.VarRegionCount=1
-    '0000 '       # 96:  VarData.VarRegionIndex[0]=0
-    'FF38 '       # 98:  VarData.deltaSets[0]=-200
-    'FFCE '       # 100: VarData.deltaSets[0]=-50
-    '0064 '       # 102: VarData.deltaSets[0]=100
-    '00C8 '       # 104: VarData.deltaSets[0]=200
+    '7465 7374 '  # 68:  ValueRecord.valueTag="test"
+    '0000 '       # 72:  ValueRecord.deltaSetOuterIndex
+    '0002 '       # 74:  ValueRecord.deltaSetInnerIndex
+    '7465 7332 '  # 76:  ValueRecord.valueTag="tes2"
+    '0000 '       # 78:  ValueRecord.deltaSetOuterIndex
+    '0002 '       # 82:  ValueRecord.deltaSetInnerIndex
+    '0001 '       # 84:  VarStore.format=1
+    '0000 000C '  # 86:  VarStore.offsetToVariationRegionList=12
+    '0001 '       # 90:  VarStore.itemVariationDataCount=1
+    '0000 0016 '  # 92:  VarStore.itemVariationDataOffsets[0]=22
+    '0001 '       # 96:  VarRegionList.axisCount=1
+    '0001 '       # 98:  VarRegionList.regionCount=1
+    '0000 '       # 100:  variationRegions[0].regionAxes[0].startCoord=0.0
+    '4000 '       # 102:  variationRegions[0].regionAxes[0].peakCoord=1.0
+    '4000 '       # 104:  variationRegions[0].regionAxes[0].endCoord=1.0
+    '0004 '       # 106:  VarData.ItemCount=4
+    '0001 '       # 108:  VarData.NumShorts=1
+    '0001 '       # 110:  VarData.VarRegionCount=1
+    '0000 '       # 112:  VarData.VarRegionIndex[0]=0
+    'FF38 '       # 114:  VarData.deltaSets[0]=-200
+    'FFCE '       # 116: VarData.deltaSets[0]=-50
+    '0064 '       # 118: VarData.deltaSets[0]=100
+    '00C8 '       # 120: VarData.deltaSets[0]=200
 )
 
 MVAR_XML = [
     '<Version value="0x00010000"/>',
     '<Reserved value="0"/>',
     '<ValueRecordSize value="8"/>',
-    '<!-- ValueRecordCount=7 -->',
+    '<!-- ValueRecordCount=9 -->',
     '<VarStore Format="1">',
     '  <Format value="1"/>',
     '  <VarRegionList>',
@@ -110,6 +114,14 @@
     '  <ValueTag value="spyo"/>',
     '  <VarIdx value="2"/>',
     '</ValueRecord>',
+    '<ValueRecord index="7">',
+    '  <ValueTag value="test"/>',
+    '  <VarIdx value="2"/>',
+    '</ValueRecord>',
+    '<ValueRecord index="8">',
+    '  <ValueTag value="tes2"/>',
+    '  <VarIdx value="2"/>',
+    '</ValueRecord>',
 ]
 
 
@@ -125,6 +137,13 @@
         mvar.decompile(MVAR_DATA, font)
         self.assertEqual(getXML(mvar.toXML), MVAR_XML)
 
+
+    def test_decompile_toXML_lazy(self):
+        mvar = newTable('MVAR')
+        font = TTFont(lazy=True)
+        mvar.decompile(MVAR_DATA, font)
+        self.assertEqual(getXML(mvar.toXML), MVAR_XML)
+
     def test_compile_fromXML(self):
         mvar = newTable('MVAR')
         font = TTFont()
diff --git a/Tests/ttLib/tables/O_S_2f_2_test.py b/Tests/ttLib/tables/O_S_2f_2_test.py
index 116e82e..1f12309 100644
--- a/Tests/ttLib/tables/O_S_2f_2_test.py
+++ b/Tests/ttLib/tables/O_S_2f_2_test.py
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import print_function, division, absolute_import
 from fontTools.ttLib import TTFont, newTable, getTableModule
 from fontTools.ttLib.tables.O_S_2f_2 import *
 import unittest
diff --git a/Tests/ttLib/tables/S_T_A_T_test.py b/Tests/ttLib/tables/S_T_A_T_test.py
index e851f98..c5c1234 100644
--- a/Tests/ttLib/tables/S_T_A_T_test.py
+++ b/Tests/ttLib/tables/S_T_A_T_test.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import print_function, division, absolute_import
-from fontTools.misc.py23 import *
 from fontTools.misc.testTools import FakeFont, getXML, parseXML
 from fontTools.misc.textTools import deHexStr
 from fontTools.ttLib import newTable
@@ -148,7 +146,7 @@
     '<AxisValueArray>',
     '  <AxisValue index="0" Format="3">',
     '    <AxisIndex value="0"/>',
-    '    <Flags value="2"/>',
+    '    <Flags value="2"/>  <!-- ElidableAxisValueName -->',
     '    <ValueNameID value="2"/>',
     '    <Value value="400.0"/>',
     '    <LinkedValue value="700.0"/>',
@@ -192,7 +190,7 @@
     '<AxisValueArray>',
     '  <AxisValue index="0" Format="3">',
     '    <AxisIndex value="0"/>',
-    '    <Flags value="2"/>',
+    '    <Flags value="2"/>  <!-- ElidableAxisValueName -->',
     '    <ValueNameID value="2"/>',
     '    <Value value="400.0"/>',
     '    <LinkedValue value="700.0"/>',
diff --git a/Tests/ttLib/tables/T_S_I__0_test.py b/Tests/ttLib/tables/T_S_I__0_test.py
index 1de6b34..44ca44e 100644
--- a/Tests/ttLib/tables/T_S_I__0_test.py
+++ b/Tests/ttLib/tables/T_S_I__0_test.py
@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
-from __future__ import print_function, division, absolute_import
-from fontTools.misc.py23 import SimpleNamespace
+from types import SimpleNamespace
 from fontTools.misc.textTools import deHexStr
 from fontTools.misc.testTools import getXML
 from fontTools.ttLib.tables.T_S_I__0 import table_T_S_I__0
diff --git a/Tests/ttLib/tables/T_S_I__1_test.py b/Tests/ttLib/tables/T_S_I__1_test.py
index e529425..3a565ad 100644
--- a/Tests/ttLib/tables/T_S_I__1_test.py
+++ b/Tests/ttLib/tables/T_S_I__1_test.py
@@ -1,7 +1,4 @@
-from __future__ import (
-    print_function, division, absolute_import, unicode_literals
-)
-from fontTools.misc.py23 import unichr, tobytes
+from fontTools.misc.py23 import tobytes
 from fontTools.misc.loggingTools import CapturingLogHandler
 from fontTools.ttLib import TTFont, TTLibError
 from fontTools.ttLib.tables.T_S_I__0 import table_T_S_I__0
@@ -36,7 +33,7 @@
     # ['a', 'b', 'c', ...]
     ch = 0x61
     n = len(indextable.indices)
-    font.glyphOrder = [unichr(i) for i in range(ch, ch+n)]
+    font.glyphOrder = [chr(i) for i in range(ch, ch+n)]
     font['TSI0'] = indextable
     return font
 
diff --git a/Tests/ttLib/tables/TupleVariation_test.py b/Tests/ttLib/tables/TupleVariation_test.py
index 6986d5b..99b9491 100644
--- a/Tests/ttLib/tables/TupleVariation_test.py
+++ b/Tests/ttLib/tables/TupleVariation_test.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import \
-	print_function, division, absolute_import, unicode_literals
-from fontTools.misc.py23 import *
 from fontTools.misc.loggingTools import CapturingLogHandler
 from fontTools.misc.testTools import parseXML
 from fontTools.misc.textTools import deHexStr, hexStr
@@ -8,6 +5,7 @@
 from fontTools.ttLib.tables.TupleVariation import \
 	log, TupleVariation, compileSharedTuples, decompileSharedTuples, \
 	compileTupleVariationStore, decompileTupleVariationStore, inferRegion_
+from io import BytesIO
 import random
 import unittest
 
@@ -18,9 +16,9 @@
 
 
 AXES = {
-	"wdth": (0.3, 0.4, 0.5),
+	"wdth": (0.25, 0.375, 0.5),
 	"wght": (0.0, 1.0, 1.0),
-	"opsz": (-0.7, -0.7, 0.0)
+	"opsz": (-0.75, -0.75, 0.0)
 }
 
 
@@ -69,6 +67,13 @@
 
 
 class TupleVariationTest(unittest.TestCase):
+	def __init__(self, methodName):
+		unittest.TestCase.__init__(self, methodName)
+		# Python 3 renamed assertRaisesRegexp to assertRaisesRegex,
+		# and fires deprecation warnings if a program uses the old name.
+		if not hasattr(self, "assertRaisesRegex"):
+			self.assertRaisesRegex = self.assertRaisesRegexp
+
 	def test_equal(self):
 		var1 = TupleVariation({"wght":(0.0, 1.0, 1.0)}, [(0,0), (9,8), (7,6)])
 		var2 = TupleVariation({"wght":(0.0, 1.0, 1.0)}, [(0,0), (9,8), (7,6)])
@@ -107,7 +112,7 @@
 		self.assertIn("bad delta format", [r.msg for r in captor.records])
 		self.assertEqual([
 			'<tuple>',
-			  '<coord axis="wdth" max="0.5" min="0.3" value="0.4"/>',
+			  '<coord axis="wdth" min="0.25" value="0.375" max="0.5"/>',
 			  '<!-- bad delta #0 -->',
 			'</tuple>',
 		], TupleVariationTest.xml_lines(writer))
@@ -118,9 +123,9 @@
 		g.toXML(writer, ["wdth", "wght", "opsz"])
 		self.assertEqual([
 			'<tuple>',
-			  '<coord axis="wdth" max="0.5" min="0.3" value="0.4"/>',
+			  '<coord axis="wdth" min="0.25" value="0.375" max="0.5"/>',
 			  '<coord axis="wght" value="1.0"/>',
-			  '<coord axis="opsz" value="-0.7"/>',
+			  '<coord axis="opsz" value="-0.75"/>',
 			  '<delta cvt="0" value="42"/>',
 			  '<delta cvt="2" value="23"/>',
 			  '<delta cvt="3" value="0"/>',
@@ -134,9 +139,9 @@
 		g.toXML(writer, ["wdth", "wght", "opsz"])
 		self.assertEqual([
 			'<tuple>',
-			  '<coord axis="wdth" max="0.5" min="0.3" value="0.4"/>',
+			  '<coord axis="wdth" min="0.25" value="0.375" max="0.5"/>',
 			  '<coord axis="wght" value="1.0"/>',
-			  '<coord axis="opsz" value="-0.7"/>',
+			  '<coord axis="opsz" value="-0.75"/>',
 			  '<delta pt="0" x="9" y="8"/>',
 			  '<delta pt="2" x="7" y="6"/>',
 			  '<delta pt="3" x="0" y="0"/>',
@@ -156,6 +161,22 @@
 			'</tuple>'
 		], TupleVariationTest.xml_lines(writer))
 
+	def test_toXML_axes_floats(self):
+		writer = XMLWriter(BytesIO())
+		axes = {
+			"wght": (0.0, 0.2999878, 0.7000122),
+			"wdth": (0.0, 0.4000244, 0.4000244),
+		}
+		g = TupleVariation(axes, [None] * 5)
+		g.toXML(writer, ["wght", "wdth"])
+		self.assertEqual(
+			[
+				'<coord axis="wght" min="0.0" value="0.3" max="0.7"/>',
+				'<coord axis="wdth" value="0.4"/>',
+			],
+			TupleVariationTest.xml_lines(writer)[1:3]
+		)
+
 	def test_fromXML_badDeltaFormat(self):
 		g = TupleVariation({}, [])
 		with CapturingLogHandler(log, "WARNING") as captor:
@@ -167,9 +188,9 @@
 	def test_fromXML_constants(self):
 		g = TupleVariation({}, [None] * 4)
 		for name, attrs, content in parseXML(
-				'<coord axis="wdth" min="0.3" value="0.4" max="0.5"/>'
+				'<coord axis="wdth" min="0.25" value="0.375" max="0.5"/>'
 				'<coord axis="wght" value="1.0"/>'
-				'<coord axis="opsz" value="-0.7"/>'
+				'<coord axis="opsz" value="-0.75"/>'
 				'<delta cvt="1" value="42"/>'
 				'<delta cvt="2" value="-23"/>'):
 			g.fromXML(name, attrs, content)
@@ -179,23 +200,38 @@
 	def test_fromXML_points(self):
 		g = TupleVariation({}, [None] * 4)
 		for name, attrs, content in parseXML(
-				'<coord axis="wdth" min="0.3" value="0.4" max="0.5"/>'
+				'<coord axis="wdth" min="0.25" value="0.375" max="0.5"/>'
 				'<coord axis="wght" value="1.0"/>'
-				'<coord axis="opsz" value="-0.7"/>'
+				'<coord axis="opsz" value="-0.75"/>'
 				'<delta pt="1" x="33" y="44"/>'
 				'<delta pt="2" x="-2" y="170"/>'):
 			g.fromXML(name, attrs, content)
 		self.assertEqual(AXES, g.axes)
 		self.assertEqual([None, (33, 44), (-2, 170), None], g.coordinates)
 
+	def test_fromXML_axes_floats(self):
+		g = TupleVariation({}, [None] * 4)
+		for name, attrs, content in parseXML(
+			'<coord axis="wght" min="0.0" value="0.3" max="0.7"/>'
+			'<coord axis="wdth" value="0.4"/>'
+		):
+			g.fromXML(name, attrs, content)
+
+		self.assertEqual(g.axes["wght"][0], 0)
+		self.assertAlmostEqual(g.axes["wght"][1], 0.2999878)
+		self.assertAlmostEqual(g.axes["wght"][2], 0.7000122)
+
+		self.assertEqual(g.axes["wdth"][0], 0)
+		self.assertAlmostEqual(g.axes["wdth"][1], 0.4000244)
+		self.assertAlmostEqual(g.axes["wdth"][2], 0.4000244)
+
 	def test_compile_sharedPeaks_nonIntermediate_sharedPoints(self):
 		var = TupleVariation(
 			{"wght": (0.0, 0.5, 0.5), "wdth": (0.0, 0.8, 0.8)},
 			[(7,4), (8,5), (9,6)])
 		axisTags = ["wght", "wdth"]
 		sharedPeakIndices = { var.compileCoord(axisTags): 0x77 }
-		tup, deltas, _ = var.compile(axisTags, sharedPeakIndices,
-		                          sharedPoints={0,1,2})
+		tup, deltas = var.compile(axisTags, sharedPeakIndices, pointData=b'')
 		# len(deltas)=8; flags=None; tupleIndex=0x77
 		# embeddedPeaks=[]; intermediateCoord=[]
 		self.assertEqual("00 08 00 77", hexencode(tup))
@@ -209,8 +245,7 @@
 			[(7,4), (8,5), (9,6)])
 		axisTags = ["wght", "wdth"]
 		sharedPeakIndices = { var.compileCoord(axisTags): 0x77 }
-		tup, deltas, _ = var.compile(axisTags, sharedPeakIndices,
-		                          sharedPoints={0,1,2})
+		tup, deltas = var.compile(axisTags, sharedPeakIndices, pointData=b'')
 		# len(deltas)=8; flags=INTERMEDIATE_REGION; tupleIndex=0x77
 		# embeddedPeak=[]; intermediateCoord=[(0.3, 0.1), (0.7, 0.9)]
 		self.assertEqual("00 08 40 77 13 33 06 66 2C CD 39 9A", hexencode(tup))
@@ -224,8 +259,7 @@
 			[(7,4), (8,5), (9,6)])
 		axisTags = ["wght", "wdth"]
 		sharedPeakIndices = { var.compileCoord(axisTags): 0x77 }
-		tup, deltas, _ = var.compile(axisTags, sharedPeakIndices,
-		                          sharedPoints=None)
+		tup, deltas = var.compile(axisTags, sharedPeakIndices)
 		# len(deltas)=9; flags=PRIVATE_POINT_NUMBERS; tupleIndex=0x77
 		# embeddedPeak=[]; intermediateCoord=[]
 		self.assertEqual("00 09 20 77", hexencode(tup))
@@ -240,8 +274,7 @@
 			[(7,4), (8,5), (9,6)])
 		axisTags = ["wght", "wdth"]
 		sharedPeakIndices = { var.compileCoord(axisTags): 0x77 }
-		tuple, deltas, _ = var.compile(axisTags,
-		                            sharedPeakIndices, sharedPoints=None)
+		tuple, deltas = var.compile(axisTags, sharedPeakIndices)
 		# len(deltas)=9; flags=PRIVATE_POINT_NUMBERS; tupleIndex=0x77
 		# embeddedPeak=[]; intermediateCoord=[(0.0, 0.0), (1.0, 1.0)]
 		self.assertEqual("00 09 60 77 00 00 00 00 40 00 40 00",
@@ -255,8 +288,7 @@
 		var = TupleVariation(
 			{"wght": (0.0, 0.5, 0.5), "wdth": (0.0, 0.8, 0.8)},
 			[(7,4), (8,5), (9,6)])
-		tup, deltas, _ = var.compile(axisTags=["wght", "wdth"],
-		                          sharedCoordIndices={}, sharedPoints={0, 1, 2})
+		tup, deltas = var.compile(axisTags=["wght", "wdth"], pointData=b'')
 		# len(deltas)=8; flags=EMBEDDED_PEAK_TUPLE
 		# embeddedPeak=[(0.5, 0.8)]; intermediateCoord=[]
 		self.assertEqual("00 08 80 00 20 00 33 33", hexencode(tup))
@@ -268,8 +300,7 @@
 		var = TupleVariation(
 			{"wght": (0.0, 0.5, 0.5), "wdth": (0.0, 0.8, 0.8)},
 			[3, 1, 4])
-		tup, deltas, _ = var.compile(axisTags=["wght", "wdth"],
-		                          sharedCoordIndices={}, sharedPoints={0, 1, 2})
+		tup, deltas = var.compile(axisTags=["wght", "wdth"], pointData=b'')
 		# len(deltas)=4; flags=EMBEDDED_PEAK_TUPLE
 		# embeddedPeak=[(0.5, 0.8)]; intermediateCoord=[]
 		self.assertEqual("00 04 80 00 20 00 33 33", hexencode(tup))
@@ -280,9 +311,7 @@
 		var = TupleVariation(
 			{"wght": (0.0, 0.5, 1.0), "wdth": (0.0, 0.8, 0.8)},
 			[(7,4), (8,5), (9,6)])
-		tup, deltas, _ = var.compile(axisTags=["wght", "wdth"],
-		                          sharedCoordIndices={},
-		                          sharedPoints={0, 1, 2})
+		tup, deltas = var.compile(axisTags=["wght", "wdth"], pointData=b'')
 		# len(deltas)=8; flags=EMBEDDED_PEAK_TUPLE
 		# embeddedPeak=[(0.5, 0.8)]; intermediateCoord=[(0.0, 0.0), (1.0, 0.8)]
 		self.assertEqual("00 08 C0 00 20 00 33 33 00 00 00 00 40 00 33 33",
@@ -295,8 +324,7 @@
 		var = TupleVariation(
 			{"wght": (0.0, 0.5, 0.5), "wdth": (0.0, 0.8, 0.8)},
 			[(7,4), (8,5), (9,6)])
-		tup, deltas, _ = var.compile(
-			axisTags=["wght", "wdth"], sharedCoordIndices={}, sharedPoints=None)
+		tup, deltas = var.compile(axisTags=["wght", "wdth"])
 		# len(deltas)=9; flags=PRIVATE_POINT_NUMBERS|EMBEDDED_PEAK_TUPLE
 		# embeddedPeak=[(0.5, 0.8)]; intermediateCoord=[]
 		self.assertEqual("00 09 A0 00 20 00 33 33", hexencode(tup))
@@ -309,8 +337,7 @@
 		var = TupleVariation(
 			{"wght": (0.0, 0.5, 0.5), "wdth": (0.0, 0.8, 0.8)},
 			[7, 8, 9])
-		tup, deltas, _ = var.compile(
-			axisTags=["wght", "wdth"], sharedCoordIndices={}, sharedPoints=None)
+		tup, deltas = var.compile(axisTags=["wght", "wdth"])
 		# len(deltas)=5; flags=PRIVATE_POINT_NUMBERS|EMBEDDED_PEAK_TUPLE
 		# embeddedPeak=[(0.5, 0.8)]; intermediateCoord=[]
 		self.assertEqual("00 05 A0 00 20 00 33 33", hexencode(tup))
@@ -322,9 +349,7 @@
 		var = TupleVariation(
 			{"wght": (0.4, 0.5, 0.6), "wdth": (0.7, 0.8, 0.9)},
 			[(7,4), (8,5), (9,6)])
-		tup, deltas, _ = var.compile(
-			axisTags = ["wght", "wdth"],
-			sharedCoordIndices={}, sharedPoints=None)
+		tup, deltas = var.compile(axisTags = ["wght", "wdth"])
 		# len(deltas)=9;
 		# flags=PRIVATE_POINT_NUMBERS|INTERMEDIATE_REGION|EMBEDDED_PEAK_TUPLE
 		# embeddedPeak=(0.5, 0.8); intermediateCoord=[(0.4, 0.7), (0.6, 0.9)]
@@ -339,9 +364,7 @@
 		var = TupleVariation(
 			{"wght": (0.4, 0.5, 0.6), "wdth": (0.7, 0.8, 0.9)},
 			[7, 8, 9])
-		tup, deltas, _ = var.compile(
-			axisTags = ["wght", "wdth"],
-			sharedCoordIndices={}, sharedPoints=None)
+		tup, deltas = var.compile(axisTags = ["wght", "wdth"])
 		# len(deltas)=5;
 		# flags=PRIVATE_POINT_NUMBERS|INTERMEDIATE_REGION|EMBEDDED_PEAK_TUPLE
 		# embeddedPeak=(0.5, 0.8); intermediateCoord=[(0.4, 0.7), (0.6, 0.9)]
@@ -370,7 +393,7 @@
 		self.assertEqual(({"wght": -1.0, "wdth": 0.5}, 6), decompileCoord(["wght", "wdth"], data, 2))
 
 	def test_decompileCoord_roundTrip(self):
-		# Make sure we are not affected by https://github.com/behdad/fonttools/issues/286
+		# Make sure we are not affected by https://github.com/fonttools/fonttools/issues/286
 		data = deHexStr("7F B9 80 35")
 		values, _ = TupleVariation.decompileCoord_(["wght", "wdth"], data, 0)
 		axisValues = {axis:(val, val, val) for axis, val in  values.items()}
@@ -378,8 +401,8 @@
 		self.assertEqual("7F B9 80 35", hexencode(var.compileCoord(["wght", "wdth"])))
 
 	def test_compilePoints(self):
-		compilePoints = lambda p: TupleVariation.compilePoints(set(p), numPointsInGlyph=999)
-		self.assertEqual("00", hexencode(compilePoints(range(999))))  # all points in glyph
+		compilePoints = lambda p: TupleVariation.compilePoints(set(p))
+		self.assertEqual("00", hexencode(compilePoints(set())))  # all points in glyph
 		self.assertEqual("01 00 07", hexencode(compilePoints([7])))
 		self.assertEqual("01 80 FF FF", hexencode(compilePoints([65535])))
 		self.assertEqual("02 01 09 06", hexencode(compilePoints([9, 15])))
@@ -451,7 +474,7 @@
 
 	def test_decompilePoints_roundTrip(self):
 		numPointsInGlyph = 500  # greater than 255, so we also exercise code path for 16-bit encoding
-		compile = lambda points: TupleVariation.compilePoints(points, numPointsInGlyph)
+		compile = lambda points: TupleVariation.compilePoints(points)
 		decompile = lambda data: set(TupleVariation.decompilePoints_(numPointsInGlyph, data, 0, "gvar")[0])
 		for i in range(50):
 			points = set(random.sample(range(numPointsInGlyph), 30))
@@ -459,18 +482,17 @@
 					    "failed round-trip decompile/compilePoints; points=%s" % points)
 		allPoints = set(range(numPointsInGlyph))
 		self.assertSetEqual(allPoints, decompile(compile(allPoints)))
+		self.assertSetEqual(allPoints, decompile(compile(set())))
 
 	def test_compileDeltas_points(self):
-		var = TupleVariation({}, [(0,0), (1, 0), (2, 0), None, (4, 0), (5, 0)])
-		points = {1, 2, 3, 4}
+		var = TupleVariation({}, [None, (1, 0), (2, 0), None, (4, 0), None])
 		# deltaX for points: [1, 2, 4]; deltaY for points: [0, 0, 0]
-		self.assertEqual("02 01 02 04 82", hexencode(var.compileDeltas(points)))
+		self.assertEqual("02 01 02 04 82", hexencode(var.compileDeltas()))
 
 	def test_compileDeltas_constants(self):
-		var = TupleVariation({}, [0, 1, 2, None, 4, 5])
-		cvts = {1, 2, 3, 4}
+		var = TupleVariation({}, [None, 1, 2, None, 4, None])
 		# delta for cvts: [1, 2, 4]
-		self.assertEqual("02 01 02 04", hexencode(var.compileDeltas(cvts)))
+		self.assertEqual("02 01 02 04", hexencode(var.compileDeltas()))
 
 	def test_compileDeltaValues(self):
 		compileDeltaValues = lambda values: hexencode(TupleVariation.compileDeltaValues_(values))
@@ -512,11 +534,6 @@
 		# words, zeroes
 		self.assertEqual("40 66 66 80", compileDeltaValues([0x6666, 0]))
 		self.assertEqual("40 66 66 81", compileDeltaValues([0x6666, 0, 0]))
-		# bytes or words from floats
-		self.assertEqual("00 01", compileDeltaValues([1.1]))
-		self.assertEqual("00 02", compileDeltaValues([1.9]))
-		self.assertEqual("40 66 66", compileDeltaValues([0x6666 + 0.1]))
-		self.assertEqual("40 66 66", compileDeltaValues([0x6665 + 0.9]))
 
 	def test_decompileDeltas(self):
 		decompileDeltas = TupleVariation.decompileDeltas_
@@ -542,8 +559,12 @@
 			self.assertListEqual(deltas, decompile(compile(deltas)))
 
 	def test_compileSharedTuples(self):
-		# Below, the peak coordinate {"wght": 1.0, "wdth": 0.7} appears
-		# three times; {"wght": 1.0, "wdth": 0.8} appears twice.
+		# Below, the peak coordinate {"wght": 1.0, "wdth": 0.8} appears
+		# three times (most frequent sorted first); {"wght": 1.0, "wdth": 0.5}
+		# and {"wght": 1.0, "wdth": 0.7} both appears two times (tie) and
+		# are sorted alphanumerically to ensure determinism.
+		# The peak coordinate {"wght": 1.0, "wdth": 0.9} appears only once
+		# and is thus ignored.
 		# Because the start and end of variation ranges is not encoded
 		# into the shared pool, they should get ignored.
 		deltas = [None] * 4
@@ -562,7 +583,7 @@
 			}, deltas),
 			TupleVariation({
 				"wght": (1.0, 1.0, 1.0),
-				"wdth": (0.3, 0.7, 1.0)
+				"wdth": (0.3, 0.5, 1.0)
 			}, deltas),
 			TupleVariation({
 				"wght": (1.0, 1.0, 1.0),
@@ -571,11 +592,19 @@
 			TupleVariation({
 				"wght": (1.0, 1.0, 1.0),
 				"wdth": (0.3, 0.9, 1.0)
-            }, deltas)
+			}, deltas),
+			TupleVariation({
+				"wght": (1.0, 1.0, 1.0),
+				"wdth": (0.4, 0.8, 1.0)
+			}, deltas),
+			TupleVariation({
+				"wght": (1.0, 1.0, 1.0),
+				"wdth": (0.5, 0.5, 1.0)
+			}, deltas),
 		]
 		result = compileSharedTuples(["wght", "wdth"], variations)
 		self.assertEqual([hexencode(c) for c in result],
-		                 ["40 00 2C CD", "40 00 33 33"])
+		                 ["40 00 33 33", "40 00 20 00", "40 00 2C CD"])
 
 	def test_decompileSharedTuples_Skia(self):
 		sharedTuples = decompileSharedTuples(
@@ -681,6 +710,167 @@
 		content = writer.file.getvalue().decode("utf-8")
 		return [line.strip() for line in content.splitlines()][1:]
 
+	def test_getCoordWidth(self):
+		empty = TupleVariation({}, [])
+		self.assertEqual(empty.getCoordWidth(), 0)
+
+		empty = TupleVariation({}, [None])
+		self.assertEqual(empty.getCoordWidth(), 0)
+
+		gvarTuple = TupleVariation({}, [None, (0, 0)])
+		self.assertEqual(gvarTuple.getCoordWidth(), 2)
+
+		cvarTuple = TupleVariation({}, [None, 0])
+		self.assertEqual(cvarTuple.getCoordWidth(), 1)
+
+		cvarTuple.coordinates[1] *= 1.0
+		self.assertEqual(cvarTuple.getCoordWidth(), 1)
+
+		with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
+			TupleVariation({}, [None, "a"]).getCoordWidth()
+
+	def test_scaleDeltas_cvar(self):
+		var = TupleVariation({}, [100, None])
+
+		var.scaleDeltas(1.0)
+		self.assertEqual(var.coordinates, [100, None])
+
+		var.scaleDeltas(0.333)
+		self.assertAlmostEqual(var.coordinates[0], 33.3)
+		self.assertIsNone(var.coordinates[1])
+
+		var.scaleDeltas(0.0)
+		self.assertEqual(var.coordinates, [0, None])
+
+	def test_scaleDeltas_gvar(self):
+		var = TupleVariation({}, [(100, 200), None])
+
+		var.scaleDeltas(1.0)
+		self.assertEqual(var.coordinates, [(100, 200), None])
+
+		var.scaleDeltas(0.333)
+		self.assertAlmostEqual(var.coordinates[0][0], 33.3)
+		self.assertAlmostEqual(var.coordinates[0][1], 66.6)
+		self.assertIsNone(var.coordinates[1])
+
+		var.scaleDeltas(0.0)
+		self.assertEqual(var.coordinates, [(0, 0), None])
+
+	def test_roundDeltas_cvar(self):
+		var = TupleVariation({}, [55.5, None, 99.9])
+		var.roundDeltas()
+		self.assertEqual(var.coordinates, [56, None, 100])
+
+	def test_roundDeltas_gvar(self):
+		var = TupleVariation({}, [(55.5, 100.0), None, (99.9, 100.0)])
+		var.roundDeltas()
+		self.assertEqual(var.coordinates, [(56, 100), None, (100, 100)])
+
+	def test_calcInferredDeltas(self):
+		var = TupleVariation({}, [(0, 0), None, None, None])
+		coords = [(1, 1), (1, 1), (1, 1), (1, 1)]
+
+		var.calcInferredDeltas(coords, [])
+
+		self.assertEqual(
+			var.coordinates,
+			[(0, 0), (0, 0), (0, 0), (0, 0)]
+		)
+
+	def test_calcInferredDeltas_invalid(self):
+		# cvar tuples can't have inferred deltas
+		with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
+			TupleVariation({}, [0]).calcInferredDeltas([], [])
+
+		# origCoords must have same length as self.coordinates
+		with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
+			TupleVariation({}, [(0, 0), None]).calcInferredDeltas([], [])
+
+		# at least 4 phantom points required
+		with self.assertRaises(AssertionError):
+			TupleVariation({}, [(0, 0), None]).calcInferredDeltas([(0, 0), (0, 0)], [])
+
+		with self.assertRaises(AssertionError):
+			TupleVariation({}, [(0, 0)] + [None]*5).calcInferredDeltas(
+				[(0, 0)]*6,
+				[1, 0]  # endPts not in increasing order
+			)
+
+	def test_optimize(self):
+		var = TupleVariation({"wght": (0.0, 1.0, 1.0)}, [(0, 0)]*5)
+
+		var.optimize([(0, 0)]*5, [0])
+
+		self.assertEqual(var.coordinates, [None, None, None, None, None])
+
+	def test_optimize_isComposite(self):
+		# when a composite glyph's deltas are all (0, 0), we still want
+		# to write out an entry in gvar, else macOS doesn't apply any
+		# variations to the composite glyph (even if its individual components
+		# do vary).
+		# https://github.com/fonttools/fonttools/issues/1381
+		var = TupleVariation({"wght": (0.0, 1.0, 1.0)}, [(0, 0)]*5)
+		var.optimize([(0, 0)]*5, [0], isComposite=True)
+		self.assertEqual(var.coordinates, [(0, 0)]*5)
+
+		# it takes more than 128 (0, 0) deltas before the optimized tuple with
+		# (None) inferred deltas (except for the first) becomes smaller than
+		# the un-optimized one that has all deltas explicitly set to (0, 0).
+		var = TupleVariation({"wght": (0.0, 1.0, 1.0)}, [(0, 0)]*129)
+		var.optimize([(0, 0)]*129, list(range(129-4)), isComposite=True)
+		self.assertEqual(var.coordinates, [(0, 0)] + [None]*128)
+
+	def test_sum_deltas_gvar(self):
+		var1 = TupleVariation(
+			{},
+			[
+				(-20, 0), (-20, 0), (20, 0), (20, 0),
+				(0, 0), (0, 0), (0, 0), (0, 0),
+			]
+		)
+		var2 = TupleVariation(
+			{},
+			[
+				(-10, 0), (-10, 0), (10, 0), (10, 0),
+				(0, 0), (20, 0), (0, 0), (0, 0),
+			]
+		)
+
+		var1 += var2
+
+		self.assertEqual(
+			var1.coordinates,
+			[
+				(-30, 0), (-30, 0), (30, 0), (30, 0),
+				(0, 0), (20, 0), (0, 0), (0, 0),
+			]
+		)
+
+	def test_sum_deltas_gvar_invalid_length(self):
+		var1 = TupleVariation({}, [(1, 2)])
+		var2 = TupleVariation({}, [(1, 2), (3, 4)])
+
+		with self.assertRaisesRegex(ValueError, "deltas with different lengths"):
+			var1 += var2
+
+	def test_sum_deltas_gvar_with_inferred_points(self):
+		var1 = TupleVariation({}, [(1, 2), None])
+		var2 = TupleVariation({}, [(2, 3), None])
+
+		with self.assertRaisesRegex(ValueError, "deltas with inferred points"):
+			var1 += var2
+
+	def test_sum_deltas_cvar(self):
+		axes = {"wght": (0.0, 1.0, 1.0)}
+		var1 = TupleVariation(axes, [0, 1, None, None])
+		var2 = TupleVariation(axes, [None, 2, None, 3])
+		var3 = TupleVariation(axes, [None, None, None, 4])
+
+		var1 += var2
+		var1 += var3
+
+		self.assertEqual(var1.coordinates, [0, 3, None, 7])
+
 
 if __name__ == "__main__":
 	import sys
diff --git a/Tests/ttLib/tables/_a_n_k_r_test.py b/Tests/ttLib/tables/_a_n_k_r_test.py
index 0327e46..6c9be16 100644
--- a/Tests/ttLib/tables/_a_n_k_r_test.py
+++ b/Tests/ttLib/tables/_a_n_k_r_test.py
@@ -1,6 +1,4 @@
 # coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import print_function, division, absolute_import, unicode_literals
-from fontTools.misc.py23 import *
 from fontTools.misc.testTools import FakeFont, getXML, parseXML
 from fontTools.misc.textTools import deHexStr, hexStr
 from fontTools.ttLib import newTable
diff --git a/Tests/ttLib/tables/_a_v_a_r_test.py b/Tests/ttLib/tables/_a_v_a_r_test.py
index 7b92118..429ca2e 100644
--- a/Tests/ttLib/tables/_a_v_a_r_test.py
+++ b/Tests/ttLib/tables/_a_v_a_r_test.py
@@ -1,13 +1,10 @@
-from __future__ import print_function, division, absolute_import, unicode_literals
-from fontTools.misc.py23 import *
 from fontTools.misc.testTools import parseXML
 from fontTools.misc.textTools import deHexStr
 from fontTools.misc.xmlWriter import XMLWriter
 from fontTools.ttLib import TTLibError
 from fontTools.ttLib.tables._a_v_a_r import table__a_v_a_r
 from fontTools.ttLib.tables._f_v_a_r import table__f_v_a_r, Axis
-import collections
-import logging
+from io import BytesIO
 import unittest
 
 
@@ -18,6 +15,17 @@
 
 
 class AxisVariationTableTest(unittest.TestCase):
+    def assertAvarAlmostEqual(self, segments1, segments2):
+        self.assertSetEqual(set(segments1.keys()), set(segments2.keys()))
+        for axisTag, mapping1 in segments1.items():
+            mapping2 = segments2[axisTag]
+            self.assertEqual(len(mapping1), len(mapping2))
+            for (k1, v1), (k2, v2) in zip(
+                sorted(mapping1.items()), sorted(mapping2.items())
+            ):
+                self.assertAlmostEqual(k1, k2)
+                self.assertAlmostEqual(v1, v2)
+
     def test_compile(self):
         avar = table__a_v_a_r()
         avar.segments["wdth"] = {-1.0: -1.0, 0.0: 0.0, 0.3: 0.8, 1.0: 1.0}
@@ -27,8 +35,8 @@
     def test_decompile(self):
         avar = table__a_v_a_r()
         avar.decompile(TEST_DATA, self.makeFont(["wdth", "wght"]))
-        self.assertEqual({
-            "wdth": {-1.0: -1.0, 0.0: 0.0, 0.3: 0.8, 1.0: 1.0},
+        self.assertAvarAlmostEqual({
+            "wdth": {-1.0: -1.0, 0.0: 0.0, 0.2999878: 0.7999878, 1.0: 1.0},
             "wght": {-1.0: -1.0, 0.0: 0.0, 1.0: 1.0}
         }, avar.segments)
 
@@ -39,7 +47,7 @@
 
     def test_toXML(self):
         avar = table__a_v_a_r()
-        avar.segments["opsz"] = {-1.0: -1.0, 0.0: 0.0, 0.3: 0.8, 1.0: 1.0}
+        avar.segments["opsz"] = {-1.0: -1.0, 0.0: 0.0, 0.2999878: 0.7999878, 1.0: 1.0}
         writer = XMLWriter(BytesIO())
         avar.toXML(writer, self.makeFont(["opsz"]))
         self.assertEqual([
@@ -61,8 +69,10 @@
                 '    <mapping from="1.0" to="1.0"/>'
                 '</segment>'):
             avar.fromXML(name, attrs, content, ttFont=None)
-        self.assertEqual({"wdth": {-1: -1, 0: 0, 0.7: 0.2, 1.0: 1.0}},
-                         avar.segments)
+        self.assertAvarAlmostEqual(
+            {"wdth": {-1: -1, 0: 0, 0.7000122: 0.2000122, 1.0: 1.0}},
+            avar.segments
+        )
 
     @staticmethod
     def makeFont(axisTags):
diff --git a/Tests/ttLib/tables/_b_s_l_n_test.py b/Tests/ttLib/tables/_b_s_l_n_test.py
index 97ffa6a..e40c1bd 100644
--- a/Tests/ttLib/tables/_b_s_l_n_test.py
+++ b/Tests/ttLib/tables/_b_s_l_n_test.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import print_function, division, absolute_import, unicode_literals
-from fontTools.misc.py23 import *
 from fontTools.misc.testTools import FakeFont, getXML, parseXML
 from fontTools.misc.textTools import deHexStr, hexStr
 from fontTools.ttLib import newTable
diff --git a/Tests/ttLib/tables/_c_i_d_g_test.py b/Tests/ttLib/tables/_c_i_d_g_test.py
index c6e8d3c..11c1fc0 100644
--- a/Tests/ttLib/tables/_c_i_d_g_test.py
+++ b/Tests/ttLib/tables/_c_i_d_g_test.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import print_function, division, absolute_import, unicode_literals
-from fontTools.misc.py23 import *
 from fontTools.misc.testTools import FakeFont, getXML, parseXML
 from fontTools.misc.textTools import deHexStr, hexStr
 from fontTools.ttLib import newTable
diff --git a/Tests/ttLib/tables/_c_m_a_p_test.py b/Tests/ttLib/tables/_c_m_a_p_test.py
index 6647345..6328504 100644
--- a/Tests/ttLib/tables/_c_m_a_p_test.py
+++ b/Tests/ttLib/tables/_c_m_a_p_test.py
@@ -1,9 +1,21 @@
-from __future__ import print_function, division, absolute_import, unicode_literals
-from fontTools.misc.py23 import *
+import io
+import os
+import re
 from fontTools import ttLib
+from fontTools.fontBuilder import FontBuilder
 import unittest
 from fontTools.ttLib.tables._c_m_a_p import CmapSubtable, table__c_m_a_p
 
+CURR_DIR = os.path.abspath(os.path.dirname(os.path.realpath(__file__)))
+DATA_DIR = os.path.join(CURR_DIR, 'data')
+CMAP_FORMAT_14_TTX = os.path.join(DATA_DIR, "_c_m_a_p_format_14.ttx")
+CMAP_FORMAT_14_BW_COMPAT_TTX = os.path.join(DATA_DIR, "_c_m_a_p_format_14_bw_compat.ttx")
+
+def strip_VariableItems(string):
+    # ttlib changes with the fontTools version
+    string = re.sub(' ttLibVersion=".*"', '', string)
+    return string
+
 class CmapSubtableTest(unittest.TestCase):
 
 	def makeSubtable(self, cmapFormat, platformID, platEncID, langID):
@@ -37,6 +49,47 @@
 		self.assertEqual(subtable.getEncoding("ascii"), "ascii")
 		self.assertEqual(subtable.getEncoding(default="xyz"), "xyz")
 
+	def test_compile_2(self):
+		subtable = self.makeSubtable(2, 1, 2, 0)
+		subtable.cmap = {c: "cid%05d" % c for c in range(32, 8192)}
+		font = ttLib.TTFont()
+		font.setGlyphOrder([".notdef"] + list(subtable.cmap.values()))
+		data = subtable.compile(font)
+
+		subtable2 = CmapSubtable.newSubtable(2)
+		subtable2.decompile(data, font)
+		self.assertEqual(subtable2.cmap, subtable.cmap)
+
+	def test_compile_2_rebuild_rev_glyph_order(self):
+		for fmt in [2, 4, 12]:
+			subtable = self.makeSubtable(fmt, 1, 2, 0)
+			subtable.cmap = {c: "cid%05d" % c for c in range(32, 8192)}
+			font = ttLib.TTFont()
+			font.setGlyphOrder([".notdef"] + list(subtable.cmap.values()))
+			font._reverseGlyphOrderDict = {}  # force first KeyError branch in subtable.compile()
+			data = subtable.compile(font)
+			subtable2 = CmapSubtable.newSubtable(fmt)
+			subtable2.decompile(data, font)
+			self.assertEqual(subtable2.cmap, subtable.cmap, str(fmt))
+
+	def test_compile_2_gids(self):
+		for fmt in [2, 4, 12]:
+			subtable = self.makeSubtable(fmt, 1, 3, 0)
+			subtable.cmap = {0x0041:'gid001', 0x0042:'gid002'}
+			font = ttLib.TTFont()
+			font.setGlyphOrder([".notdef"])
+			data = subtable.compile(font)
+
+	def test_compile_decompile_4_empty(self):
+		subtable = self.makeSubtable(4, 3, 1, 0)
+		subtable.cmap = {}
+		font = ttLib.TTFont()
+		font.setGlyphOrder([])
+		data = subtable.compile(font)
+		subtable2 = CmapSubtable.newSubtable(4)
+		subtable2.decompile(data, font)
+		self.assertEqual(subtable2.cmap, {})
+
 	def test_decompile_4(self):
 		subtable = CmapSubtable.newSubtable(4)
 		font = ttLib.TTFont()
@@ -82,6 +135,37 @@
 		self.assertEqual(font.getBestCmap(cmapPreferences=[(3, 1)]), {0x0041:'A', 0x0391:'A'})
 		self.assertEqual(font.getBestCmap(cmapPreferences=[(0, 4)]), None)
 
+	def test_format_14(self):
+		subtable = self.makeSubtable(14, 0, 5, 0)
+		subtable.cmap = {}  # dummy
+		subtable.uvsDict = {
+			0xFE00: [(0x0030, "zero.slash")],
+			0xFE01: [(0x0030, None)],
+		}
+		fb = FontBuilder(1024, isTTF=True)
+		font = fb.font
+		fb.setupGlyphOrder([".notdef", "zero.slash"])
+		fb.setupMaxp()
+		fb.setupPost()
+		cmap = table__c_m_a_p()
+		cmap.tableVersion = 0
+		cmap.tables = [subtable]
+		font["cmap"] = cmap
+		f = io.BytesIO()
+		font.save(f)
+		f.seek(0)
+		font = ttLib.TTFont(f)
+		self.assertEqual(font["cmap"].getcmap(0, 5).uvsDict, subtable.uvsDict)
+		f = io.StringIO(newline=None)
+		font.saveXML(f, tables=["cmap"])
+		ttx = strip_VariableItems(f.getvalue())
+		with open(CMAP_FORMAT_14_TTX) as f:
+			expected = strip_VariableItems(f.read())
+		self.assertEqual(ttx, expected)
+		with open(CMAP_FORMAT_14_BW_COMPAT_TTX) as f:
+			font.importXML(f)
+		self.assertEqual(font["cmap"].getcmap(0, 5).uvsDict, subtable.uvsDict)
+
 
 if __name__ == "__main__":
 	import sys
diff --git a/Tests/ttLib/tables/_c_v_a_r_test.py b/Tests/ttLib/tables/_c_v_a_r_test.py
index 0fd5531..31c1953 100644
--- a/Tests/ttLib/tables/_c_v_a_r_test.py
+++ b/Tests/ttLib/tables/_c_v_a_r_test.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import \
-    print_function, division, absolute_import, unicode_literals
-from fontTools.misc.py23 import *
 from fontTools.misc.testTools import getXML, parseXML
 from fontTools.misc.textTools import deHexStr, hexStr
 from fontTools.ttLib import TTLibError, getTableModule, newTable
@@ -53,12 +50,23 @@
 
 CVAR_VARIATIONS = [
     TupleVariation({"wght": (0.0, 1.0, 1.0)}, [None, None, 3, 1, 4]),
-    TupleVariation({"wght": (-1, -1.0, 0.0), "wdth": (0.0, 0.8, 0.8)},
+    TupleVariation({"wght": (-1, -1.0, 0.0), "wdth": (0.0, 0.7999878, 0.7999878)},
                    [None, None, 9, 7, 8]),
 ]
 
 
 class CVARTableTest(unittest.TestCase):
+    def assertVariationsAlmostEqual(self, variations1, variations2):
+        self.assertEqual(len(variations1), len(variations2))
+        for (v1, v2) in zip(variations1, variations2):
+            self.assertSetEqual(set(v1.axes), set(v2.axes))
+            for axisTag, support1 in v1.axes.items():
+                support2 = v2.axes[axisTag]
+                self.assertEqual(len(support1), len(support2))
+                for s1, s2 in zip(support1, support2):
+                    self.assertAlmostEqual(s1, s2)
+                self.assertEqual(v1.coordinates, v2.coordinates)
+
     def makeFont(self):
         cvt, cvar, fvar = newTable("cvt "), newTable("cvar"), newTable("fvar")
         font = {"cvt ": cvt, "cvar": cvar, "fvar": fvar}
@@ -83,14 +91,14 @@
         cvar.decompile(CVAR_PRIVATE_POINT_DATA, font)
         self.assertEqual(cvar.majorVersion, 1)
         self.assertEqual(cvar.minorVersion, 0)
-        self.assertEqual(cvar.variations, CVAR_VARIATIONS)
+        self.assertVariationsAlmostEqual(cvar.variations, CVAR_VARIATIONS)
 
     def test_decompile_shared_points(self):
         font, cvar = self.makeFont()
         cvar.decompile(CVAR_DATA, font)
         self.assertEqual(cvar.majorVersion, 1)
         self.assertEqual(cvar.minorVersion, 0)
-        self.assertEqual(cvar.variations, CVAR_VARIATIONS)
+        self.assertVariationsAlmostEqual(cvar.variations, CVAR_VARIATIONS)
 
     def test_fromXML(self):
         font, cvar = self.makeFont()
@@ -98,7 +106,7 @@
             cvar.fromXML(name, attrs, content, ttFont=font)
         self.assertEqual(cvar.majorVersion, 1)
         self.assertEqual(cvar.minorVersion, 0)
-        self.assertEqual(cvar.variations, CVAR_VARIATIONS)
+        self.assertVariationsAlmostEqual(cvar.variations, CVAR_VARIATIONS)
 
     def test_toXML(self):
         font, cvar = self.makeFont()
diff --git a/Tests/ttLib/tables/_f_p_g_m_test.py b/Tests/ttLib/tables/_f_p_g_m_test.py
index 71fec48..ff233dd 100644
--- a/Tests/ttLib/tables/_f_p_g_m_test.py
+++ b/Tests/ttLib/tables/_f_p_g_m_test.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import print_function, division, absolute_import, unicode_literals
-from fontTools.misc.py23 import *
 from fontTools.ttLib.tables._f_p_g_m import table__f_p_g_m
 from fontTools.ttLib.tables import ttProgram
 
diff --git a/Tests/ttLib/tables/_f_v_a_r_test.py b/Tests/ttLib/tables/_f_v_a_r_test.py
index 4a8e767..2ac5237 100644
--- a/Tests/ttLib/tables/_f_v_a_r_test.py
+++ b/Tests/ttLib/tables/_f_v_a_r_test.py
@@ -1,11 +1,10 @@
-from __future__ import print_function, division, absolute_import, unicode_literals
-from fontTools.misc.py23 import *
 from fontTools.misc.testTools import parseXML
 from fontTools.misc.textTools import deHexStr
 from fontTools.misc.xmlWriter import XMLWriter
 from fontTools.ttLib import TTLibError
 from fontTools.ttLib.tables._f_v_a_r import table__f_v_a_r, Axis, NamedInstance
 from fontTools.ttLib.tables._n_a_m_e import table__n_a_m_e, NameRecord
+from io import BytesIO
 import unittest
 
 
@@ -120,7 +119,7 @@
         self.assertEqual("opsz", axis.axisTag)
         self.assertEqual(345, axis.axisNameID)
         self.assertEqual(-0.5, axis.minValue)
-        self.assertEqual(1.3, axis.defaultValue)
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(1.3000031, axis.defaultValue)
         self.assertEqual(1.5, axis.maxValue)
 
     def test_toXML(self):
@@ -166,6 +165,11 @@
 
 
 class NamedInstanceTest(unittest.TestCase):
+    def assertDictAlmostEqual(self, dict1, dict2):
+        self.assertEqual(set(dict1.keys()), set(dict2.keys()))
+        for key in dict1:
+            self.assertAlmostEqual(dict1[key], dict2[key])
+
     def test_compile_withPostScriptName(self):
         inst = NamedInstance()
         inst.subfamilyNameID = 345
@@ -187,14 +191,14 @@
         inst.decompile(FVAR_INSTANCE_DATA_WITH_PSNAME, ["wght", "wdth"])
         self.assertEqual(564, inst.postscriptNameID)
         self.assertEqual(345, inst.subfamilyNameID)
-        self.assertEqual({"wght": 0.7, "wdth": 0.5}, inst.coordinates)
+        self.assertDictAlmostEqual({"wght": 0.6999969, "wdth": 0.5}, inst.coordinates)
 
     def test_decompile_withoutPostScriptName(self):
         inst = NamedInstance()
         inst.decompile(FVAR_INSTANCE_DATA_WITHOUT_PSNAME, ["wght", "wdth"])
         self.assertEqual(0xFFFF, inst.postscriptNameID)
         self.assertEqual(345, inst.subfamilyNameID)
-        self.assertEqual({"wght": 0.7, "wdth": 0.5}, inst.coordinates)
+        self.assertDictAlmostEqual({"wght": 0.6999969, "wdth": 0.5}, inst.coordinates)
 
     def test_toXML_withPostScriptName(self):
         font = MakeFont()
@@ -244,7 +248,7 @@
             inst.fromXML(name, attrs, content, ttFont=MakeFont())
         self.assertEqual(257, inst.postscriptNameID)
         self.assertEqual(345, inst.subfamilyNameID)
-        self.assertEqual({"wght": 0.7, "wdth": 0.5}, inst.coordinates)
+        self.assertDictAlmostEqual({"wght": 0.6999969, "wdth": 0.5}, inst.coordinates)
 
     def test_fromXML_withoutPostScriptName(self):
         inst = NamedInstance()
@@ -256,7 +260,7 @@
             inst.fromXML(name, attrs, content, ttFont=MakeFont())
         self.assertEqual(0x123ABC, inst.flags)
         self.assertEqual(345, inst.subfamilyNameID)
-        self.assertEqual({"wght": 0.7, "wdth": 0.5}, inst.coordinates)
+        self.assertDictAlmostEqual({"wght": 0.6999969, "wdth": 0.5}, inst.coordinates)
 
 
 if __name__ == "__main__":
diff --git a/Tests/ttLib/tables/_g_c_i_d_test.py b/Tests/ttLib/tables/_g_c_i_d_test.py
index 1ec92fb..e766677 100644
--- a/Tests/ttLib/tables/_g_c_i_d_test.py
+++ b/Tests/ttLib/tables/_g_c_i_d_test.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import print_function, division, absolute_import, unicode_literals
-from fontTools.misc.py23 import *
 from fontTools.misc.testTools import FakeFont, getXML, parseXML
 from fontTools.misc.textTools import deHexStr, hexStr
 from fontTools.ttLib import newTable
diff --git a/Tests/ttLib/tables/_g_l_y_f_test.py b/Tests/ttLib/tables/_g_l_y_f_test.py
index 38ea8e5..84f30dc 100644
--- a/Tests/ttLib/tables/_g_l_y_f_test.py
+++ b/Tests/ttLib/tables/_g_l_y_f_test.py
@@ -1,8 +1,29 @@
-from __future__ import print_function, division, absolute_import
-from fontTools.misc.py23 import *
-from fontTools.ttLib.tables._g_l_y_f import GlyphCoordinates
+from fontTools.misc.fixedTools import otRound
+from fontTools.misc.testTools import getXML, parseXML
+from fontTools.pens.ttGlyphPen import TTGlyphPen
+from fontTools.pens.recordingPen import RecordingPen, RecordingPointPen
+from fontTools.pens.pointPen import PointToSegmentPen
+from fontTools.ttLib import TTFont, newTable, TTLibError
+from fontTools.ttLib.tables._g_l_y_f import (
+    Glyph,
+    GlyphCoordinates,
+    GlyphComponent,
+    ARGS_ARE_XY_VALUES,
+    SCALED_COMPONENT_OFFSET,
+    UNSCALED_COMPONENT_OFFSET,
+    WE_HAVE_A_SCALE,
+    WE_HAVE_A_TWO_BY_TWO,
+    WE_HAVE_AN_X_AND_Y_SCALE,
+)
+from fontTools.ttLib.tables import ttProgram
 import sys
+import array
+from io import StringIO
+import itertools
 import pytest
+import re
+import os
+import unittest
 
 
 class GlyphCoordinatesTest(object):
@@ -55,7 +76,7 @@
     def test__round__(self):
         g = GlyphCoordinates([(-1.5,2)])
         g2 = round(g)
-        assert g2 == GlyphCoordinates([(-2,2)])
+        assert g2 == GlyphCoordinates([(-1,2)])
 
     def test__add__(self):
         g1 = GlyphCoordinates([(1,2)])
@@ -149,4 +170,489 @@
         # this would return 242 if the internal array.array typecode is 'f',
         # since the Python float is truncated to a C float.
         # when using typecode 'd' it should return the correct value 243
-        assert g[0][0] == round(afloat)
+        assert g[0][0] == otRound(afloat)
+
+    def test__checkFloat_overflow(self):
+        g = GlyphCoordinates([(1, 1)])
+        g.append((0x8000, 0))
+        assert list(g.array) == [1.0, 1.0, 32768.0, 0.0]
+
+
+CURR_DIR = os.path.abspath(os.path.dirname(os.path.realpath(__file__)))
+DATA_DIR = os.path.join(CURR_DIR, 'data')
+
+GLYF_TTX = os.path.join(DATA_DIR, "_g_l_y_f_outline_flag_bit6.ttx")
+GLYF_BIN = os.path.join(DATA_DIR, "_g_l_y_f_outline_flag_bit6.glyf.bin")
+HEAD_BIN = os.path.join(DATA_DIR, "_g_l_y_f_outline_flag_bit6.head.bin")
+LOCA_BIN = os.path.join(DATA_DIR, "_g_l_y_f_outline_flag_bit6.loca.bin")
+MAXP_BIN = os.path.join(DATA_DIR, "_g_l_y_f_outline_flag_bit6.maxp.bin")
+
+
+def strip_ttLibVersion(string):
+    return re.sub(' ttLibVersion=".*"', '', string)
+
+
+class GlyfTableTest(unittest.TestCase):
+
+    def __init__(self, methodName):
+        unittest.TestCase.__init__(self, methodName)
+        # Python 3 renamed assertRaisesRegexp to assertRaisesRegex,
+        # and fires deprecation warnings if a program uses the old name.
+        if not hasattr(self, "assertRaisesRegex"):
+            self.assertRaisesRegex = self.assertRaisesRegexp
+
+    @classmethod
+    def setUpClass(cls):
+        with open(GLYF_BIN, 'rb') as f:
+            cls.glyfData = f.read()
+        with open(HEAD_BIN, 'rb') as f:
+            cls.headData = f.read()
+        with open(LOCA_BIN, 'rb') as f:
+            cls.locaData = f.read()
+        with open(MAXP_BIN, 'rb') as f:
+            cls.maxpData = f.read()
+        with open(GLYF_TTX, 'r') as f:
+            cls.glyfXML = strip_ttLibVersion(f.read()).splitlines()
+
+    def test_toXML(self):
+        font = TTFont(sfntVersion="\x00\x01\x00\x00")
+        glyfTable = font['glyf'] = newTable('glyf')
+        font['head'] = newTable('head')
+        font['loca'] = newTable('loca')
+        font['maxp'] = newTable('maxp')
+        font['maxp'].decompile(self.maxpData, font)
+        font['head'].decompile(self.headData, font)
+        font['loca'].decompile(self.locaData, font)
+        glyfTable.decompile(self.glyfData, font)
+        out = StringIO()
+        font.saveXML(out)
+        glyfXML = strip_ttLibVersion(out.getvalue()).splitlines()
+        self.assertEqual(glyfXML, self.glyfXML)
+
+    def test_fromXML(self):
+        font = TTFont(sfntVersion="\x00\x01\x00\x00")
+        font.importXML(GLYF_TTX)
+        glyfTable = font['glyf']
+        glyfData = glyfTable.compile(font)
+        self.assertEqual(glyfData, self.glyfData)
+
+    def test_recursiveComponent(self):
+        glyphSet = {}
+        pen_dummy = TTGlyphPen(glyphSet)
+        glyph_dummy = pen_dummy.glyph()
+        glyphSet["A"] = glyph_dummy
+        glyphSet["B"] = glyph_dummy
+        pen_A = TTGlyphPen(glyphSet)
+        pen_A.addComponent("B", (1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0))
+        pen_B = TTGlyphPen(glyphSet)
+        pen_B.addComponent("A", (1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0))
+        glyph_A = pen_A.glyph()
+        glyph_B = pen_B.glyph()
+        glyphSet["A"] = glyph_A
+        glyphSet["B"] = glyph_B
+        with self.assertRaisesRegex(TTLibError, "glyph '.' contains a recursive component reference"):
+            glyph_A.getCoordinates(glyphSet)
+
+    def test_trim_remove_hinting_composite_glyph(self):
+        glyphSet = {"dummy": TTGlyphPen(None).glyph()}
+
+        pen = TTGlyphPen(glyphSet)
+        pen.addComponent("dummy", (1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0))
+        composite = pen.glyph()
+        p = ttProgram.Program()
+        p.fromAssembly(['SVTCA[0]'])
+        composite.program = p
+        glyphSet["composite"] = composite
+
+        glyfTable = newTable("glyf")
+        glyfTable.glyphs = glyphSet
+        glyfTable.glyphOrder = sorted(glyphSet)
+
+        composite.compact(glyfTable)
+
+        self.assertTrue(hasattr(composite, "data"))
+
+        # remove hinting from the compacted composite glyph, without expanding it
+        composite.trim(remove_hinting=True)
+
+        # check that, after expanding the glyph, we have no instructions
+        composite.expand(glyfTable)
+        self.assertFalse(hasattr(composite, "program"))
+
+        # now remove hinting from expanded composite glyph
+        composite.program = p
+        composite.trim(remove_hinting=True)
+
+        # check we have no instructions
+        self.assertFalse(hasattr(composite, "program"))
+
+        composite.compact(glyfTable)
+
+    def test_bit6_draw_to_pen_issue1771(self):
+        # https://github.com/fonttools/fonttools/issues/1771
+        font = TTFont(sfntVersion="\x00\x01\x00\x00")
+        # glyph00003 contains a bit 6 flag on the first point,
+        # which triggered the issue
+        font.importXML(GLYF_TTX)
+        glyfTable = font['glyf']
+        pen = RecordingPen()
+        glyfTable["glyph00003"].draw(pen, glyfTable=glyfTable)
+        expected = [('moveTo', ((501, 1430),)),
+                    ('lineTo', ((683, 1430),)),
+                    ('lineTo', ((1172, 0),)),
+                    ('lineTo', ((983, 0),)),
+                    ('lineTo', ((591, 1193),)),
+                    ('lineTo', ((199, 0),)),
+                    ('lineTo', ((12, 0),)),
+                    ('closePath', ()),
+                    ('moveTo', ((249, 514),)),
+                    ('lineTo', ((935, 514),)),
+                    ('lineTo', ((935, 352),)),
+                    ('lineTo', ((249, 352),)),
+                    ('closePath', ())]
+        self.assertEqual(pen.value, expected)
+
+    def test_bit6_draw_to_pointpen(self):
+        # https://github.com/fonttools/fonttools/issues/1771
+        font = TTFont(sfntVersion="\x00\x01\x00\x00")
+        # glyph00003 contains a bit 6 flag on the first point
+        # which triggered the issue
+        font.importXML(GLYF_TTX)
+        glyfTable = font['glyf']
+        pen = RecordingPointPen()
+        glyfTable["glyph00003"].drawPoints(pen, glyfTable=glyfTable)
+        expected = [
+            ('beginPath', (), {}),
+            ('addPoint', ((501, 1430), 'line', False, None), {}),
+            ('addPoint', ((683, 1430), 'line', False, None), {}),
+            ('addPoint', ((1172, 0), 'line', False, None), {}),
+            ('addPoint', ((983, 0), 'line', False, None), {}),
+        ]
+        self.assertEqual(pen.value[:len(expected)], expected)
+
+    def test_draw_vs_drawpoints(self):
+        font = TTFont(sfntVersion="\x00\x01\x00\x00")
+        font.importXML(GLYF_TTX)
+        glyfTable = font['glyf']
+        pen1 = RecordingPen()
+        pen2 = RecordingPen()
+        glyfTable["glyph00003"].draw(pen1, glyfTable)
+        glyfTable["glyph00003"].drawPoints(PointToSegmentPen(pen2), glyfTable)
+        self.assertEqual(pen1.value, pen2.value)
+
+    def test_compile_empty_table(self):
+        font = TTFont(sfntVersion="\x00\x01\x00\x00")
+        font.importXML(GLYF_TTX)
+        glyfTable = font['glyf']
+        # set all glyphs to zero contours
+        glyfTable.glyphs = {glyphName: Glyph() for glyphName in font.getGlyphOrder()}
+        glyfData = glyfTable.compile(font)
+        self.assertEqual(glyfData, b"\x00")
+        self.assertEqual(list(font["loca"]), [0] * (font["maxp"].numGlyphs+1))
+
+    def test_decompile_empty_table(self):
+        font = TTFont()
+        glyphNames = [".notdef", "space"]
+        font.setGlyphOrder(glyphNames)
+        font["loca"] = newTable("loca")
+        font["loca"].locations = [0] * (len(glyphNames) + 1)
+        font["glyf"] = newTable("glyf")
+        font["glyf"].decompile(b"\x00", font)
+        self.assertEqual(len(font["glyf"]), 2)
+        self.assertEqual(font["glyf"][".notdef"].numberOfContours, 0)
+        self.assertEqual(font["glyf"]["space"].numberOfContours, 0)
+
+    def test_getPhantomPoints(self):
+        # https://github.com/fonttools/fonttools/issues/2295
+        font = TTFont()
+        glyphNames = [".notdef"]
+        font.setGlyphOrder(glyphNames)
+        font["loca"] = newTable("loca")
+        font["loca"].locations = [0] * (len(glyphNames) + 1)
+        font["glyf"] = newTable("glyf")
+        font["glyf"].decompile(b"\x00", font)
+        font["hmtx"] = newTable("hmtx")
+        font["hmtx"].metrics = {".notdef": (100,0)}
+        font["head"] = newTable("head")
+        font["head"].unitsPerEm = 1000
+        self.assertEqual(
+            font["glyf"].getPhantomPoints(".notdef", font, 0), 
+            [(0, 0), (100, 0), (0, 0), (0, -1000)]
+        )
+
+class GlyphTest:
+
+    def test_getCoordinates(self):
+        glyphSet = {}
+        pen = TTGlyphPen(glyphSet)
+        pen.moveTo((0, 0))
+        pen.lineTo((100, 0))
+        pen.lineTo((100, 100))
+        pen.lineTo((0, 100))
+        pen.closePath()
+        # simple contour glyph
+        glyphSet["a"] = a = pen.glyph()
+
+        assert a.getCoordinates(glyphSet) == (
+            GlyphCoordinates([(0, 0), (100, 0), (100, 100), (0, 100)]),
+            [3],
+            array.array("B", [1, 1, 1, 1]),
+        )
+
+        # composite glyph with only XY offset
+        pen = TTGlyphPen(glyphSet)
+        pen.addComponent("a", (1, 0, 0, 1, 10, 20))
+        glyphSet["b"] = b = pen.glyph()
+
+        assert b.getCoordinates(glyphSet) == (
+            GlyphCoordinates([(10, 20), (110, 20), (110, 120), (10, 120)]),
+            [3],
+            array.array("B", [1, 1, 1, 1]),
+        )
+
+        # composite glyph with a scale (and referencing another composite glyph)
+        pen = TTGlyphPen(glyphSet)
+        pen.addComponent("b", (0.5, 0, 0, 0.5, 0, 0))
+        glyphSet["c"] = c = pen.glyph()
+
+        assert c.getCoordinates(glyphSet) == (
+            GlyphCoordinates([(5, 10), (55, 10), (55, 60), (5, 60)]),
+            [3],
+            array.array("B", [1, 1, 1, 1]),
+        )
+
+        # composite glyph with unscaled offset (MS-style)
+        pen = TTGlyphPen(glyphSet)
+        pen.addComponent("a", (0.5, 0, 0, 0.5, 10, 20))
+        glyphSet["d"] = d = pen.glyph()
+        d.components[0].flags |= UNSCALED_COMPONENT_OFFSET
+
+        assert d.getCoordinates(glyphSet) == (
+            GlyphCoordinates([(10, 20), (60, 20), (60, 70), (10, 70)]),
+            [3],
+            array.array("B", [1, 1, 1, 1]),
+        )
+
+        # composite glyph with a scaled offset (Apple-style)
+        pen = TTGlyphPen(glyphSet)
+        pen.addComponent("a", (0.5, 0, 0, 0.5, 10, 20))
+        glyphSet["e"] = e = pen.glyph()
+        e.components[0].flags |= SCALED_COMPONENT_OFFSET
+
+        assert e.getCoordinates(glyphSet) == (
+            GlyphCoordinates([(5, 10), (55, 10), (55, 60), (5, 60)]),
+            [3],
+            array.array("B", [1, 1, 1, 1]),
+        )
+
+        # composite glyph where the 2nd and 3rd components use anchor points
+        pen = TTGlyphPen(glyphSet)
+        pen.addComponent("a", (1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0))
+        glyphSet["f"] = f = pen.glyph()
+
+        comp1 = GlyphComponent()
+        comp1.glyphName = "a"
+        # aling the new component's pt 0 to pt 2 of contour points added so far
+        comp1.firstPt = 2
+        comp1.secondPt = 0
+        comp1.flags = 0
+        f.components.append(comp1)
+
+        comp2 = GlyphComponent()
+        comp2.glyphName = "a"
+        # aling the new component's pt 0 to pt 6 of contour points added so far
+        comp2.firstPt = 6
+        comp2.secondPt = 0
+        comp2.transform = [[0.707107, 0.707107], [-0.707107, 0.707107]]  # rotate 45 deg
+        comp2.flags = WE_HAVE_A_TWO_BY_TWO
+        f.components.append(comp2)
+
+        coords, end_pts, flags = f.getCoordinates(glyphSet)
+        assert end_pts == [3, 7, 11]
+        assert flags == array.array("B", [1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1])
+        assert list(sum(coords, ())) == pytest.approx(
+            [
+                0, 0,
+                100, 0,
+                100, 100,
+                0, 100,
+                100, 100,
+                200, 100,
+                200, 200,
+                100, 200,
+                200, 200,
+                270.7107, 270.7107,
+                200.0, 341.4214,
+                129.2893, 270.7107,
+            ]
+        )
+
+    def test_getCompositeMaxpValues(self):
+        # https://github.com/fonttools/fonttools/issues/2044
+        glyphSet = {}
+        pen = TTGlyphPen(glyphSet)  # empty non-composite glyph
+        glyphSet["fraction"] = pen.glyph()
+        glyphSet["zero.numr"] = pen.glyph()
+        pen = TTGlyphPen(glyphSet)
+        pen.addComponent("zero.numr", (1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0))
+        glyphSet["zero.dnom"] = pen.glyph()
+        pen = TTGlyphPen(glyphSet)
+        pen.addComponent("zero.numr", (1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0))
+        pen.addComponent("fraction", (1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0))
+        pen.addComponent("zero.dnom", (1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0))
+        glyphSet["percent"] = pen.glyph()
+        pen = TTGlyphPen(glyphSet)
+        pen.addComponent("zero.numr", (1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0))
+        pen.addComponent("fraction", (1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0))
+        pen.addComponent("zero.dnom", (1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0))
+        pen.addComponent("zero.dnom", (1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0))
+        glyphSet["perthousand"] = pen.glyph()
+        assert glyphSet["zero.dnom"].getCompositeMaxpValues(glyphSet)[2] == 1
+        assert glyphSet["percent"].getCompositeMaxpValues(glyphSet)[2] == 2
+        assert glyphSet["perthousand"].getCompositeMaxpValues(glyphSet)[2] == 2
+
+
+class GlyphComponentTest:
+
+    def test_toXML_no_transform(self):
+        comp = GlyphComponent()
+        comp.glyphName = "a"
+        comp.flags = ARGS_ARE_XY_VALUES
+        comp.x, comp.y = 1, 2
+
+        assert getXML(comp.toXML) == [
+            '<component glyphName="a" x="1" y="2" flags="0x2"/>'
+        ]
+
+    def test_toXML_transform_scale(self):
+        comp = GlyphComponent()
+        comp.glyphName = "a"
+        comp.flags = ARGS_ARE_XY_VALUES | WE_HAVE_A_SCALE
+        comp.x, comp.y = 1, 2
+
+        comp.transform = [[0.2999878, 0], [0, 0.2999878]]
+        assert getXML(comp.toXML) == [
+            '<component glyphName="a" x="1" y="2" scale="0.3" flags="0xa"/>'
+        ]
+
+    def test_toXML_transform_xy_scale(self):
+        comp = GlyphComponent()
+        comp.glyphName = "a"
+        comp.flags = ARGS_ARE_XY_VALUES | WE_HAVE_AN_X_AND_Y_SCALE
+        comp.x, comp.y = 1, 2
+
+        comp.transform = [[0.5999756, 0], [0, 0.2999878]]
+        assert getXML(comp.toXML) == [
+            '<component glyphName="a" x="1" y="2" scalex="0.6" '
+            'scaley="0.3" flags="0x42"/>'
+        ]
+
+    def test_toXML_transform_2x2_scale(self):
+        comp = GlyphComponent()
+        comp.glyphName = "a"
+        comp.flags = ARGS_ARE_XY_VALUES | WE_HAVE_A_TWO_BY_TWO
+        comp.x, comp.y = 1, 2
+
+        comp.transform = [[0.5999756, -0.2000122], [0.2000122, 0.2999878]]
+        assert getXML(comp.toXML) == [
+            '<component glyphName="a" x="1" y="2" scalex="0.6" scale01="-0.2" '
+            'scale10="0.2" scaley="0.3" flags="0x82"/>'
+        ]
+
+    def test_fromXML_no_transform(self):
+        comp = GlyphComponent()
+        for name, attrs, content in parseXML(
+            ['<component glyphName="a" x="1" y="2" flags="0x2"/>']
+        ):
+            comp.fromXML(name, attrs, content, ttFont=None)
+
+        assert comp.glyphName == "a"
+        assert comp.flags & ARGS_ARE_XY_VALUES != 0
+        assert (comp.x, comp.y) == (1, 2)
+        assert not hasattr(comp, "transform")
+
+    def test_fromXML_transform_scale(self):
+        comp = GlyphComponent()
+        for name, attrs, content in parseXML(
+            ['<component glyphName="a" x="1" y="2" scale="0.3" flags="0xa"/>']
+        ):
+            comp.fromXML(name, attrs, content, ttFont=None)
+
+        assert comp.glyphName == "a"
+        assert comp.flags & ARGS_ARE_XY_VALUES != 0
+        assert comp.flags & WE_HAVE_A_SCALE != 0
+        assert (comp.x, comp.y) == (1, 2)
+        assert hasattr(comp, "transform")
+        for value, expected in zip(
+            itertools.chain(*comp.transform), [0.2999878, 0, 0, 0.2999878]
+        ):
+            assert value == pytest.approx(expected)
+
+    def test_fromXML_transform_xy_scale(self):
+        comp = GlyphComponent()
+        for name, attrs, content in parseXML(
+            [
+                '<component glyphName="a" x="1" y="2" scalex="0.6" '
+                'scaley="0.3" flags="0x42"/>'
+            ]
+        ):
+            comp.fromXML(name, attrs, content, ttFont=None)
+
+        assert comp.glyphName == "a"
+        assert comp.flags & ARGS_ARE_XY_VALUES != 0
+        assert comp.flags & WE_HAVE_AN_X_AND_Y_SCALE != 0
+        assert (comp.x, comp.y) == (1, 2)
+        assert hasattr(comp, "transform")
+        for value, expected in zip(
+            itertools.chain(*comp.transform), [0.5999756, 0, 0, 0.2999878]
+        ):
+            assert value == pytest.approx(expected)
+
+    def test_fromXML_transform_2x2_scale(self):
+        comp = GlyphComponent()
+        for name, attrs, content in parseXML(
+            [
+                '<component glyphName="a" x="1" y="2" scalex="0.6" scale01="-0.2" '
+                'scale10="0.2" scaley="0.3" flags="0x82"/>'
+            ]
+        ):
+            comp.fromXML(name, attrs, content, ttFont=None)
+
+        assert comp.glyphName == "a"
+        assert comp.flags & ARGS_ARE_XY_VALUES != 0
+        assert comp.flags & WE_HAVE_A_TWO_BY_TWO != 0
+        assert (comp.x, comp.y) == (1, 2)
+        assert hasattr(comp, "transform")
+        for value, expected in zip(
+            itertools.chain(*comp.transform),
+            [0.5999756, -0.2000122, 0.2000122, 0.2999878]
+        ):
+            assert value == pytest.approx(expected)
+
+    def test_toXML_reference_points(self):
+        comp = GlyphComponent()
+        comp.glyphName = "a"
+        comp.flags = 0
+        comp.firstPt = 1
+        comp.secondPt = 2
+
+        assert getXML(comp.toXML) == [
+            '<component glyphName="a" firstPt="1" secondPt="2" flags="0x0"/>'
+        ]
+
+    def test_fromXML_reference_points(self):
+        comp = GlyphComponent()
+        for name, attrs, content in parseXML(
+            ['<component glyphName="a" firstPt="1" secondPt="2" flags="0x0"/>']
+        ):
+            comp.fromXML(name, attrs, content, ttFont=None)
+
+        assert comp.glyphName == "a"
+        assert comp.flags == 0
+        assert (comp.firstPt, comp.secondPt) == (1, 2)
+        assert not hasattr(comp, "transform")
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    import sys
+    sys.exit(unittest.main())
diff --git a/Tests/ttLib/tables/_g_v_a_r_test.py b/Tests/ttLib/tables/_g_v_a_r_test.py
index 64adbb6..077bb63 100644
--- a/Tests/ttLib/tables/_g_v_a_r_test.py
+++ b/Tests/ttLib/tables/_g_v_a_r_test.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import print_function, division, absolute_import, unicode_literals
-from fontTools.misc.py23 import *
 from fontTools.misc.testTools import FakeFont, getXML, parseXML
 from fontTools.misc.textTools import deHexStr, hexStr
 from fontTools.ttLib import TTLibError, getTableClass, getTableModule, newTable
@@ -65,7 +63,7 @@
     ],
     "space": [
         TupleVariation(
-            {"wdth": (0.0, 0.7, 0.7)},
+            {"wdth": (0.0, 0.7000122, 0.7000122)},
             [(1, 11), (2, 22), (3, 33), (4, 44)]),
     ],
     "I": [
@@ -73,7 +71,7 @@
             {"wght": (0.0, 0.5, 1.0)},
             [(3,3), (1,1), (4,4), (1,1), (5,5), (9,9), (2,2), (6,6)]),
         TupleVariation(
-            {"wght": (-1.0, -1.0, 0.0), "wdth": (0.0, 0.8, 0.8)},
+            {"wght": (-1.0, -1.0, 0.0), "wdth": (0.0, 0.7999878, 0.7999878)},
             [(-8,-88), (7,77), None, None, (-4,44), (3,33), (-2,-22), (1,11)]),
     ],
 }
@@ -82,18 +80,9 @@
 GVAR_XML = [
     '<version value="1"/>',
     '<reserved value="0"/>',
-    '<glyphVariations glyph="space">',
-    '  <tuple>',
-    '    <coord axis="wdth" value="0.7"/>',
-    '    <delta pt="0" x="1" y="11"/>',
-    '    <delta pt="1" x="2" y="22"/>',
-    '    <delta pt="2" x="3" y="33"/>',
-    '    <delta pt="3" x="4" y="44"/>',
-    '  </tuple>',
-    '</glyphVariations>',
     '<glyphVariations glyph="I">',
     '  <tuple>',
-    '    <coord axis="wght" max="1.0" min="0.0" value="0.5"/>',
+    '    <coord axis="wght" min="0.0" value="0.5" max="1.0"/>',
     '    <delta pt="0" x="3" y="3"/>',
     '    <delta pt="1" x="1" y="1"/>',
     '    <delta pt="2" x="4" y="4"/>',
@@ -114,6 +103,15 @@
     '    <delta pt="7" x="1" y="11"/>',
     '  </tuple>',
     '</glyphVariations>',
+    '<glyphVariations glyph="space">',
+    '  <tuple>',
+    '    <coord axis="wdth" value="0.7"/>',
+    '    <delta pt="0" x="1" y="11"/>',
+    '    <delta pt="1" x="2" y="22"/>',
+    '    <delta pt="2" x="3" y="33"/>',
+    '    <delta pt="3" x="4" y="44"/>',
+    '  </tuple>',
+    '</glyphVariations>',
 ]
 
 
@@ -133,6 +131,20 @@
 
 
 class GVARTableTest(unittest.TestCase):
+	def assertVariationsAlmostEqual(self, vars1, vars2):
+		self.assertSetEqual(set(vars1.keys()), set(vars2.keys()))
+		for glyphName, variations1 in vars1.items():
+			variations2 = vars2[glyphName]
+			self.assertEqual(len(variations1), len(variations2))
+			for (v1, v2) in zip(variations1, variations2):
+				self.assertSetEqual(set(v1.axes), set(v2.axes))
+				for axisTag, support1 in v1.axes.items():
+					support2 = v2.axes[axisTag]
+					self.assertEqual(len(support1), len(support2))
+					for s1, s2 in zip(support1, support2):
+						self.assertAlmostEqual(s1, s2)
+				self.assertEqual(v1.coordinates, v2.coordinates)
+
 	def makeFont(self, variations):
 		glyphs=[".notdef", "space", "I"]
 		Axis = getTableModule("fvar").Axis
@@ -164,7 +176,7 @@
 	def test_decompile(self):
 		font, gvar = self.makeFont({})
 		gvar.decompile(GVAR_DATA, font)
-		self.assertEqual(gvar.variations, GVAR_VARIATIONS)
+		self.assertVariationsAlmostEqual(gvar.variations, GVAR_VARIATIONS)
 
 	def test_decompile_noVariations(self):
 		font, gvar = self.makeFont({})
@@ -176,8 +188,10 @@
 		font, gvar = self.makeFont({})
 		for name, attrs, content in parseXML(GVAR_XML):
 			gvar.fromXML(name, attrs, content, ttFont=font)
-		self.assertEqual(gvar.variations,
-                         {g:v for g,v in GVAR_VARIATIONS.items() if v})
+		self.assertVariationsAlmostEqual(
+			gvar.variations,
+			{g:v for g,v in GVAR_VARIATIONS.items() if v}
+		)
 
 	def test_toXML(self):
 		font, gvar = self.makeFont(GVAR_VARIATIONS)
diff --git a/Tests/ttLib/tables/_h_h_e_a_test.py b/Tests/ttLib/tables/_h_h_e_a_test.py
index 64849e9..e04fd7b 100644
--- a/Tests/ttLib/tables/_h_h_e_a_test.py
+++ b/Tests/ttLib/tables/_h_h_e_a_test.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import absolute_import, unicode_literals
-from fontTools.misc.py23 import *
 from fontTools.misc.loggingTools import CapturingLogHandler
 from fontTools.misc.testTools import parseXML, getXML
 from fontTools.misc.textTools import deHexStr
@@ -127,6 +125,18 @@
             len([r for r in captor.records
                  if "Table version value is a float" in r.msg]) == 1)
 
+    def test_aliases(self):
+        hhea = self.font['hhea']
+        self.assertEqual(hhea.ascent, hhea.ascender)
+        self.assertEqual(hhea.descent, hhea.descender)
+        hhea.ascender = 800
+        self.assertEqual(hhea.ascent, 800)
+        hhea.ascent = 750
+        self.assertEqual(hhea.ascender, 750)
+        hhea.descender = -300
+        self.assertEqual(hhea.descent, -300)
+        hhea.descent = -299
+        self.assertEqual(hhea.descender, -299)
 
 class HheaDecompileOrFromXMLTest(unittest.TestCase):
 
diff --git a/Tests/ttLib/tables/_h_m_t_x_test.py b/Tests/ttLib/tables/_h_m_t_x_test.py
index 0584a31..79d0cb7 100644
--- a/Tests/ttLib/tables/_h_m_t_x_test.py
+++ b/Tests/ttLib/tables/_h_m_t_x_test.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import print_function, division, absolute_import
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-from fontTools.misc.py23 import *
 from fontTools.misc.testTools import parseXML, getXML
 from fontTools.misc.textTools import deHexStr
 from fontTools.ttLib import TTFont, newTable, TTLibError
@@ -107,6 +104,27 @@
             len([r for r in captor.records
                 if "has a huge advance" in r.msg]) == 1)
 
+    def test_decompile_no_header_table(self):
+        font = TTFont()
+        maxp = font['maxp'] = newTable('maxp')
+        maxp.numGlyphs = 3
+        font.glyphOrder = ["A", "B", "C"]
+
+        self.assertNotIn(self.tableClass.headerTag, font)
+
+        data = deHexStr("0190 001E 0190 0028 0190 0032")
+        mtxTable = newTable(self.tag)
+        mtxTable.decompile(data, font)
+
+        self.assertEqual(
+            mtxTable.metrics,
+            {
+                "A": (400, 30),
+                "B": (400, 40),
+                "C": (400, 50),
+            }
+        )
+
     def test_compile(self):
         # we set the wrong 'numberOfMetrics' to check it gets adjusted
         font = self.makeFont(numGlyphs=3, numberOfMetrics=4)
@@ -164,14 +182,32 @@
         font = self.makeFont(numGlyphs=3, numberOfMetrics=2)
         mtxTable = font[self.tag] = newTable(self.tag)
         mtxTable.metrics = {
-            'A': (0.5, 0.5),  # round -> (0, 0)
+            'A': (0.5, 0.5),  # round -> (1, 1)
             'B': (0.1, 0.9),  # round -> (0, 1)
             'C': (0.1, 0.1),  # round -> (0, 0)
         }
 
         data = mtxTable.compile(font)
 
-        self.assertEqual(data, deHexStr("0000 0000 0000 0001 0000"))
+        self.assertEqual(data, deHexStr("0001 0001 0000 0001 0000"))
+
+    def test_compile_no_header_table(self):
+        font = TTFont()
+        maxp = font['maxp'] = newTable('maxp')
+        maxp.numGlyphs = 3
+        font.glyphOrder = [chr(i) for i in range(65, 68)]
+        mtxTable = font[self.tag] = newTable(self.tag)
+        mtxTable.metrics = {
+            "A": (400, 30),
+            "B": (400, 40),
+            "C": (400, 50),
+        }
+
+        self.assertNotIn(self.tableClass.headerTag, font)
+
+        data = mtxTable.compile(font)
+
+        self.assertEqual(data, deHexStr("0190 001E 0190 0028 0190 0032"))
 
     def test_toXML(self):
         font = self.makeFont(numGlyphs=2, numberOfMetrics=2)
diff --git a/Tests/ttLib/tables/_k_e_r_n_test.py b/Tests/ttLib/tables/_k_e_r_n_test.py
index 8ab1b1c..eb48bae 100644
--- a/Tests/ttLib/tables/_k_e_r_n_test.py
+++ b/Tests/ttLib/tables/_k_e_r_n_test.py
@@ -1,10 +1,9 @@
-from __future__ import print_function, absolute_import
-from fontTools.misc.py23 import *
 from fontTools.ttLib import newTable
 from fontTools.ttLib.tables._k_e_r_n import (
     KernTable_format_0, KernTable_format_unkown)
 from fontTools.misc.textTools import deHexStr
 from fontTools.misc.testTools import FakeFont, getXML, parseXML
+import itertools
 import pytest
 
 
@@ -120,12 +119,32 @@
     '</kernsubtable>',
 ]
 
+KERN_VER_0_FMT_0_OVERFLOWING_DATA = deHexStr(
+    '0000 '  #  0: version=0
+    '0001 '  #  2: nTables=1
+    '0000 '  #  4: version=0 (bogus field, unused)
+    '0274 '  #  6: length=628 (bogus value for 66164 % 0x10000)
+    '00 '    #  8: format=0
+    '01 '    #  9: coverage=1
+    '2B11 '  # 10: nPairs=11025
+    'C000 '  # 12: searchRange=49152
+    '000D '  # 14: entrySelector=13
+    '4266 '  # 16: rangeShift=16998
+) + deHexStr(' '.join(
+    '%04X %04X %04X' % (a, b, 0)
+    for (a, b) in itertools.product(range(105), repeat=2)
+))
+
 
 @pytest.fixture
 def font():
     return FakeFont(list("ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ"
                          "abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz"))
 
+@pytest.fixture
+def overflowing_font():
+    return FakeFont(["glyph%i" % i for i in range(105)])
+
 
 class KernTableTest(object):
 
@@ -364,6 +383,36 @@
         assert subtable[("B", "D")] == 1
         assert subtable[("B", "glyph65535")] == 2
 
+    def test_compileOverflowingSubtable(self, overflowing_font):
+        font = overflowing_font
+        kern = newTable("kern")
+        kern.version = 0
+        st = KernTable_format_0(0)
+        kern.kernTables = [st]
+        st.coverage = 1
+        st.tupleIndex = None
+        st.kernTable = {
+            (a, b): 0
+            for (a, b) in itertools.product(
+                font.getGlyphOrder(), repeat=2)
+        }
+        assert len(st.kernTable) == 11025
+        data = kern.compile(font)
+        assert data == KERN_VER_0_FMT_0_OVERFLOWING_DATA
+
+    def test_decompileOverflowingSubtable(self, overflowing_font):
+        font = overflowing_font
+        data = KERN_VER_0_FMT_0_OVERFLOWING_DATA
+        kern = newTable("kern")
+        kern.decompile(data, font)
+
+        st = kern.kernTables[0]
+        assert st.kernTable == {
+            (a, b): 0
+            for (a, b) in itertools.product(
+                font.getGlyphOrder(), repeat=2)
+        }
+
 
 if __name__ == "__main__":
     import sys
diff --git a/Tests/ttLib/tables/_l_c_a_r_test.py b/Tests/ttLib/tables/_l_c_a_r_test.py
index 4525def..5837a07 100644
--- a/Tests/ttLib/tables/_l_c_a_r_test.py
+++ b/Tests/ttLib/tables/_l_c_a_r_test.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import print_function, division, absolute_import
-from fontTools.misc.py23 import *
 from fontTools.misc.testTools import FakeFont, getXML, parseXML
 from fontTools.misc.textTools import deHexStr, hexStr
 from fontTools.ttLib import newTable
diff --git a/Tests/ttLib/tables/_l_t_a_g_test.py b/Tests/ttLib/tables/_l_t_a_g_test.py
index a4c5a0e..2911990 100644
--- a/Tests/ttLib/tables/_l_t_a_g_test.py
+++ b/Tests/ttLib/tables/_l_t_a_g_test.py
@@ -1,8 +1,6 @@
-from __future__ import print_function, division, absolute_import
-from fontTools.misc.py23 import *
 from fontTools.misc.testTools import parseXML
 from fontTools.misc.xmlWriter import XMLWriter
-import os
+from io import BytesIO
 import struct
 import unittest
 from fontTools.ttLib import newTable
@@ -47,14 +45,14 @@
 		table = newTable("ltag")
 		table.decompile(self.DATA_, ttFont=None)
 		table.toXML(writer, ttFont=None)
-		expected = os.linesep.join([
+		expected = "\n".join([
 			'<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>',
 			'<version value="1"/>',
 			'<flags value="0"/>',
 			'<LanguageTag tag="en"/>',
 			'<LanguageTag tag="zh-Hant"/>',
 			'<LanguageTag tag="zh"/>'
-		]) + os.linesep
+		]) + "\n"
 		self.assertEqual(expected.encode("utf_8"), writer.file.getvalue())
 
 
diff --git a/Tests/ttLib/tables/_m_e_t_a_test.py b/Tests/ttLib/tables/_m_e_t_a_test.py
index dc0f8cd..f05ff57 100644
--- a/Tests/ttLib/tables/_m_e_t_a_test.py
+++ b/Tests/ttLib/tables/_m_e_t_a_test.py
@@ -1,10 +1,9 @@
-from __future__ import print_function, division, absolute_import, unicode_literals
-from fontTools.misc.py23 import *
 from fontTools.misc.testTools import parseXML
 from fontTools.misc.textTools import deHexStr
 from fontTools.misc.xmlWriter import XMLWriter
 from fontTools.ttLib import TTLibError
 from fontTools.ttLib.tables._m_e_t_a import table__m_e_t_a
+from io import BytesIO
 import unittest
 
 
@@ -59,6 +58,19 @@
             '</hexdata>'
         ], [line.strip() for line in xml.splitlines()][1:])
 
+    def test_toXML_ascii_data(self):
+        table = table__m_e_t_a()
+        table.data["TEST"] = b"Hello!"
+        writer = XMLWriter(BytesIO())
+        table.toXML(writer, {"meta": table})
+        xml = writer.file.getvalue().decode("utf-8")
+        self.assertEqual([
+            '<hexdata tag="TEST">',
+                '<!-- ascii: Hello! -->',
+                '48656c6c 6f21',
+            '</hexdata>'
+        ], [line.strip() for line in xml.splitlines()][1:])
+
     def test_fromXML(self):
         table = table__m_e_t_a()
         for name, attrs, content in parseXML(
diff --git a/Tests/ttLib/tables/_m_o_r_t_test.py b/Tests/ttLib/tables/_m_o_r_t_test.py
index 70696e8..3e7169b 100644
--- a/Tests/ttLib/tables/_m_o_r_t_test.py
+++ b/Tests/ttLib/tables/_m_o_r_t_test.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import print_function, division, absolute_import, unicode_literals
-from fontTools.misc.py23 import *
 from fontTools.misc.testTools import FakeFont, getXML, parseXML
 from fontTools.misc.textTools import deHexStr, hexStr
 from fontTools.ttLib import newTable
diff --git a/Tests/ttLib/tables/_m_o_r_x_test.py b/Tests/ttLib/tables/_m_o_r_x_test.py
index 7deb39f..0b807f8 100644
--- a/Tests/ttLib/tables/_m_o_r_x_test.py
+++ b/Tests/ttLib/tables/_m_o_r_x_test.py
@@ -1,6 +1,4 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import print_function, division, absolute_import, unicode_literals
-from fontTools.misc.py23 import *
+from fontTools.misc.py23 import bytechr, bytesjoin
 from fontTools.misc.testTools import FakeFont, getXML, parseXML
 from fontTools.misc.textTools import deHexStr, hexStr
 from fontTools.ttLib import newTable
@@ -708,6 +706,160 @@
 ]
 
 
+# Taken from the `morx` table of the second font in DevanagariSangamMN.ttc
+# on macOS X 10.12.6; manually pruned to just contain the insertion lookup.
+MORX_INSERTION_DATA = deHexStr(
+    '0002 0000 '  #  0: Version=2, Reserved=0
+    '0000 0001 '  #  4: MorphChainCount=1
+    '0000 0001 '  #  8: DefaultFlags=1
+    '0000 00A4 '  # 12: StructLength=164 (+8=172)
+    '0000 0000 '  # 16: MorphFeatureCount=0
+    '0000 0001 '  # 20: MorphSubtableCount=1
+    '0000 0094 '  # 24: Subtable[0].StructLength=148 (+24=172)
+    '00 '         # 28: Subtable[0].CoverageFlags=0x00
+    '00 00 '      # 29: Subtable[0].Reserved=0
+    '05 '         # 31: Subtable[0].MorphType=5/InsertionMorph
+    '0000 0001 '  # 32: Subtable[0].SubFeatureFlags=0x1
+    '0000 0006 '  # 36: STXHeader.ClassCount=6
+    '0000 0014 '  # 40: STXHeader.ClassTableOffset=20 (+36=56)
+    '0000 004A '  # 44: STXHeader.StateArrayOffset=74 (+36=110)
+    '0000 006E '  # 48: STXHeader.EntryTableOffset=110 (+36=146)
+    '0000 0086 '  # 52: STXHeader.InsertionActionOffset=134 (+36=170)
+     # Glyph class table.
+    '0002 0006 '       #  56: ClassTable.LookupFormat=2, .UnitSize=6
+    '0006 0018 '       #  60:   .NUnits=6, .SearchRange=24
+    '0002 000C '       #  64:   .EntrySelector=2, .RangeShift=12
+    '00AC 00AC 0005 '  #  68: GlyphID 172..172 -> GlyphClass 5
+    '01EB 01E6 0005 '  #  74: GlyphID 486..491 -> GlyphClass 5
+    '01F0 01F0 0004 '  #  80: GlyphID 496..496 -> GlyphClass 4
+    '01F8 01F6 0004 '  #  88: GlyphID 502..504 -> GlyphClass 4
+    '01FC 01FA 0004 '  #  92: GlyphID 506..508 -> GlyphClass 4
+    '0250 0250 0005 '  #  98: GlyphID 592..592 -> GlyphClass 5
+    'FFFF FFFF 0000 '  # 104: <end of lookup>
+    # State array.
+    '0000 0000 0000 0000 0001 0000 '  # 110: State[0][0..5]
+    '0000 0000 0000 0000 0001 0000 '  # 122: State[1][0..5]
+    '0000 0000 0001 0000 0001 0002 '  # 134: State[2][0..5]
+    # Entry table.
+    '0000 0000 '  # 146: Entries[0].NewState=0, .Flags=0
+    'FFFF '       # 150: Entries[0].CurrentInsertIndex=<None>
+    'FFFF '       # 152: Entries[0].MarkedInsertIndex=<None>
+    '0002 0000 '  # 154: Entries[1].NewState=0, .Flags=0
+    'FFFF '       # 158: Entries[1].CurrentInsertIndex=<None>
+    'FFFF '       # 160: Entries[1].MarkedInsertIndex=<None>
+    '0000 '       # 162: Entries[2].NewState=0
+    '2820 '       # 164:   .Flags=CurrentIsKashidaLike,CurrentInsertBefore
+                  #        .CurrentInsertCount=1, .MarkedInsertCount=0
+    '0000 '       # 166: Entries[1].CurrentInsertIndex=0
+    'FFFF '       # 168: Entries[1].MarkedInsertIndex=<None>
+    # Insertion action table.
+    '022F'        # 170: InsertionActionTable[0]=GlyphID 559
+)   # 172: <end>
+assert len(MORX_INSERTION_DATA) == 172, len(MORX_INSERTION_DATA)
+
+
+MORX_INSERTION_XML = [
+    '<Version value="2"/>',
+    '<Reserved value="0"/>',
+    '<!-- MorphChainCount=1 -->',
+    '<MorphChain index="0">',
+    '  <DefaultFlags value="0x00000001"/>',
+    '  <!-- StructLength=164 -->',
+    '  <!-- MorphFeatureCount=0 -->',
+    '  <!-- MorphSubtableCount=1 -->',
+    '  <MorphSubtable index="0">',
+    '    <!-- StructLength=148 -->',
+    '    <TextDirection value="Horizontal"/>',
+    '    <ProcessingOrder value="LayoutOrder"/>',
+    '    <!-- MorphType=5 -->',
+    '    <SubFeatureFlags value="0x00000001"/>',
+    '    <InsertionMorph>',
+    '      <StateTable>',
+    '        <!-- GlyphClassCount=6 -->',
+    '        <GlyphClass glyph="g.172" value="5"/>',
+    '        <GlyphClass glyph="g.486" value="5"/>',
+    '        <GlyphClass glyph="g.487" value="5"/>',
+    '        <GlyphClass glyph="g.488" value="5"/>',
+    '        <GlyphClass glyph="g.489" value="5"/>',
+    '        <GlyphClass glyph="g.490" value="5"/>',
+    '        <GlyphClass glyph="g.491" value="5"/>',
+    '        <GlyphClass glyph="g.496" value="4"/>',
+    '        <GlyphClass glyph="g.502" value="4"/>',
+    '        <GlyphClass glyph="g.503" value="4"/>',
+    '        <GlyphClass glyph="g.504" value="4"/>',
+    '        <GlyphClass glyph="g.506" value="4"/>',
+    '        <GlyphClass glyph="g.507" value="4"/>',
+    '        <GlyphClass glyph="g.508" value="4"/>',
+    '        <GlyphClass glyph="g.592" value="5"/>',
+    '        <State index="0">',
+    '          <Transition onGlyphClass="0">',
+    '            <NewState value="0"/>',
+    '          </Transition>',
+    '          <Transition onGlyphClass="1">',
+    '            <NewState value="0"/>',
+    '          </Transition>',
+    '          <Transition onGlyphClass="2">',
+    '            <NewState value="0"/>',
+    '          </Transition>',
+    '          <Transition onGlyphClass="3">',
+    '            <NewState value="0"/>',
+    '          </Transition>',
+    '          <Transition onGlyphClass="4">',
+    '            <NewState value="2"/>',
+    '          </Transition>',
+    '          <Transition onGlyphClass="5">',
+    '            <NewState value="0"/>',
+    '          </Transition>',
+    '        </State>',
+    '        <State index="1">',
+    '          <Transition onGlyphClass="0">',
+    '            <NewState value="0"/>',
+    '          </Transition>',
+    '          <Transition onGlyphClass="1">',
+    '            <NewState value="0"/>',
+    '          </Transition>',
+    '          <Transition onGlyphClass="2">',
+    '            <NewState value="0"/>',
+    '          </Transition>',
+    '          <Transition onGlyphClass="3">',
+    '            <NewState value="0"/>',
+    '          </Transition>',
+    '          <Transition onGlyphClass="4">',
+    '            <NewState value="2"/>',
+    '          </Transition>',
+    '          <Transition onGlyphClass="5">',
+    '            <NewState value="0"/>',
+    '          </Transition>',
+    '        </State>',
+    '        <State index="2">',
+    '          <Transition onGlyphClass="0">',
+    '            <NewState value="0"/>',
+    '          </Transition>',
+    '          <Transition onGlyphClass="1">',
+    '            <NewState value="0"/>',
+    '          </Transition>',
+    '          <Transition onGlyphClass="2">',
+    '            <NewState value="2"/>',
+    '          </Transition>',
+    '          <Transition onGlyphClass="3">',
+    '            <NewState value="0"/>',
+    '          </Transition>',
+    '          <Transition onGlyphClass="4">',
+    '            <NewState value="2"/>',
+    '          </Transition>',
+    '          <Transition onGlyphClass="5">',
+    '            <NewState value="0"/>',
+    '            <Flags value="CurrentIsKashidaLike,CurrentInsertBefore"/>',
+    '            <CurrentInsertionAction glyph="g.559"/>',
+    '          </Transition>',
+    '        </State>',
+    '      </StateTable>',
+    '    </InsertionMorph>',
+    '  </MorphSubtable>',
+    '</MorphChain>',
+]
+
+
 class MORXNoncontextualGlyphSubstitutionTest(unittest.TestCase):
 
     @classmethod
@@ -802,6 +954,26 @@
                          hexStr(MORX_LIGATURE_DATA))
 
 
+class MORXGlyphInsertionTest(unittest.TestCase):
+
+    @classmethod
+    def setUpClass(cls):
+        cls.maxDiff = None
+        cls.font = FakeFont(['.notdef'] + ['g.%d' % i for i in range (1, 910)])
+
+    def test_decompile_toXML(self):
+        table = newTable('morx')
+        table.decompile(MORX_INSERTION_DATA, self.font)
+        self.assertEqual(getXML(table.toXML), MORX_INSERTION_XML)
+
+    def test_compile_fromXML(self):
+        table = newTable('morx')
+        for name, attrs, content in parseXML(MORX_INSERTION_XML):
+            table.fromXML(name, attrs, content, font=self.font)
+        self.assertEqual(hexStr(table.compile(self.font)),
+                         hexStr(MORX_INSERTION_DATA))
+
+
 class MORXCoverageFlagsTest(unittest.TestCase):
 
     @classmethod
diff --git a/Tests/ttLib/tables/_n_a_m_e_test.py b/Tests/ttLib/tables/_n_a_m_e_test.py
index eb21148..8e82970 100644
--- a/Tests/ttLib/tables/_n_a_m_e_test.py
+++ b/Tests/ttLib/tables/_n_a_m_e_test.py
@@ -1,10 +1,9 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
-from __future__ import print_function, division, absolute_import, unicode_literals
-from fontTools.misc.py23 import *
+from fontTools.misc.py23 import bytesjoin, tostr
 from fontTools.misc import sstruct
 from fontTools.misc.loggingTools import CapturingLogHandler
 from fontTools.misc.testTools import FakeFont
 from fontTools.misc.xmlWriter import XMLWriter
+from io import BytesIO
 import struct
 import unittest
 from fontTools.ttLib import newTable
@@ -54,6 +53,26 @@
 		with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
 			table.setName(1.000, 5, 1, 0, 0)
 
+	def test_names_sort_bytes_str(self):
+		# Corner case: If a user appends a name record directly to `names`, the
+		# `__lt__` method on NameRecord may run into duplicate name records where
+		# one `string` is a str and the other one bytes, leading to an exception.
+		table = table__n_a_m_e()
+		table.names = [
+			makeName("Test", 25, 3, 1, 0x409),
+			makeName("Test".encode("utf-16be"), 25, 3, 1, 0x409),
+		]
+		table.compile(None)
+
+	def test_names_sort_bytes_str_encoding_error(self):
+		table = table__n_a_m_e()
+		table.names = [
+			makeName("Test寬", 25, 1, 0, 0),
+			makeName("Test鬆鬆", 25, 1, 0, 0),
+		]
+		with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
+			table.names.sort()
+
 	def test_addName(self):
 		table = table__n_a_m_e()
 		nameIDs = []
@@ -76,6 +95,111 @@
 		with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
 			table.addName(b"abc")  # must be unicode string
 
+	def test_removeNames(self):
+		table = table__n_a_m_e()
+		table.setName("Regular", 2, 1, 0, 0)
+		table.setName("Regular", 2, 3, 1, 0x409)
+		table.removeNames(nameID=2)
+		self.assertEqual(table.names, [])
+
+		table = table__n_a_m_e()
+		table.setName("FamilyName", 1, 1, 0, 0)
+		table.setName("Regular", 2, 1, 0, 0)
+		table.setName("FamilyName", 1, 3, 1, 0x409)
+		table.setName("Regular", 2, 3, 1, 0x409)
+		table.removeNames(platformID=1)
+		self.assertEqual(len(table.names), 2)
+		self.assertIsNone(table.getName(1, 1, 0, 0))
+		self.assertIsNone(table.getName(2, 1, 0, 0))
+		rec1 = table.getName(1, 3, 1, 0x409)
+		self.assertEqual(str(rec1), "FamilyName")
+		rec2 = table.getName(2, 3, 1, 0x409)
+		self.assertEqual(str(rec2), "Regular")
+
+		table = table__n_a_m_e()
+		table.setName("FamilyName", 1, 1, 0, 0)
+		table.setName("Regular", 2, 1, 0, 0)
+		table.removeNames(nameID=1)
+		self.assertEqual(len(table.names), 1)
+		self.assertIsNone(table.getName(1, 1, 0, 0))
+		rec = table.getName(2, 1, 0, 0)
+		self.assertEqual(str(rec), "Regular")
+
+		table = table__n_a_m_e()
+		table.setName("FamilyName", 1, 1, 0, 0)
+		table.setName("Regular", 2, 1, 0, 0)
+		table.removeNames(2, 1, 0, 0)
+		self.assertEqual(len(table.names), 1)
+		self.assertIsNone(table.getName(2, 1, 0, 0))
+		rec = table.getName(1, 1, 0, 0)
+		self.assertEqual(str(rec), "FamilyName")
+
+		table = table__n_a_m_e()
+		table.setName("FamilyName", 1, 1, 0, 0)
+		table.setName("Regular", 2, 1, 0, 0)
+		table.removeNames()
+		self.assertEqual(len(table.names), 2)
+		rec1 = table.getName(1, 1, 0, 0)
+		self.assertEqual(str(rec1), "FamilyName")
+		rec2 = table.getName(2, 1, 0, 0)
+		self.assertEqual(str(rec2), "Regular")
+
+	@staticmethod
+	def _get_test_names():
+		names = {
+			"en": "Width",
+			"de-CH": "Breite",
+			"gsw-LI": "Bräiti",
+		}
+		namesSubSet = names.copy()
+		del namesSubSet["gsw-LI"]
+		namesSuperSet = names.copy()
+		namesSuperSet["nl"] = "Breedte"
+		return names, namesSubSet, namesSuperSet
+
+	def test_findMultilingualName(self):
+		table = table__n_a_m_e()
+		names, namesSubSet, namesSuperSet = self._get_test_names()
+		nameID = table.addMultilingualName(names)
+		assert nameID is not None
+		self.assertEqual(nameID, table.findMultilingualName(names))
+		self.assertEqual(nameID, table.findMultilingualName(namesSubSet))
+		self.assertEqual(None, table.findMultilingualName(namesSuperSet))
+
+	def test_findMultilingualName_compiled(self):
+		table = table__n_a_m_e()
+		names, namesSubSet, namesSuperSet = self._get_test_names()
+		nameID = table.addMultilingualName(names)
+		assert nameID is not None
+		# After compile/decompile, name.string is a bytes sequence, which
+		# findMultilingualName() should also handle
+		data = table.compile(None)
+		table = table__n_a_m_e()
+		table.decompile(data, None)
+		self.assertEqual(nameID, table.findMultilingualName(names))
+		self.assertEqual(nameID, table.findMultilingualName(namesSubSet))
+		self.assertEqual(None, table.findMultilingualName(namesSuperSet))
+
+	def test_addMultilingualNameReuse(self):
+		table = table__n_a_m_e()
+		names, namesSubSet, namesSuperSet = self._get_test_names()
+		nameID = table.addMultilingualName(names)
+		assert nameID is not None
+		self.assertEqual(nameID, table.addMultilingualName(names))
+		self.assertEqual(nameID, table.addMultilingualName(namesSubSet))
+		self.assertNotEqual(None, table.addMultilingualName(namesSuperSet))
+
+	def test_findMultilingualNameNoMac(self):
+		table = table__n_a_m_e()
+		names, namesSubSet, namesSuperSet = self._get_test_names()
+		nameID = table.addMultilingualName(names, mac=False)
+		assert nameID is not None
+		self.assertEqual(nameID, table.findMultilingualName(names, mac=False))
+		self.assertEqual(None, table.findMultilingualName(names))
+		self.assertEqual(nameID, table.findMultilingualName(namesSubSet, mac=False))
+		self.assertEqual(None, table.findMultilingualName(namesSubSet))
+		self.assertEqual(None, table.findMultilingualName(namesSuperSet))
+
 	def test_addMultilingualName(self):
 		# Microsoft Windows has language codes for “English” (en)
 		# and for “Standard German as used in Switzerland” (de-CH).
@@ -93,12 +217,12 @@
 				"en": "Width",
 				"de-CH": "Breite",
 				"gsw-LI": "Bräiti",
-			}, ttFont=font)
+			}, ttFont=font, mac=False)
 			self.assertEqual(widthID, 256)
 			xHeightID = nameTable.addMultilingualName({
 				"en": "X-Height",
 				"gsw-LI": "X-Hööchi"
-			}, ttFont=font)
+			}, ttFont=font, mac=False)
 			self.assertEqual(xHeightID, 257)
 		captor.assertRegex("cannot add Windows name in language gsw-LI")
 		self.assertEqual(names(nameTable), [
@@ -170,8 +294,19 @@
 			nameTable.addMultilingualName({"en": "A", "la": "ⱾƤℚⱤ"})
 		captor.assertRegex("cannot store language la into 'ltag' table")
 
+	def test_addMultilingualName_minNameID(self):
+		table = table__n_a_m_e()
+		names, namesSubSet, namesSuperSet = self._get_test_names()
+		nameID = table.addMultilingualName(names, nameID=2)
+		self.assertEqual(nameID, 2)
+		nameID = table.addMultilingualName(names)
+		self.assertEqual(nameID, 2)
+		nameID = table.addMultilingualName(names, minNameID=256)
+		self.assertGreaterEqual(nameID, 256)
+		self.assertEqual(nameID, table.findMultilingualName(names, minNameID=256))
+
 	def test_decompile_badOffset(self):
-                # https://github.com/behdad/fonttools/issues/525
+                # https://github.com/fonttools/fonttools/issues/525
 		table = table__n_a_m_e()
 		badRecord = {
 			"platformID": 1,
@@ -182,7 +317,7 @@
 			"offset": 8765  # out of range
 		}
 		data = bytesjoin([
-                        struct.pack(">HHH", 1, 1, 6 + nameRecordSize),
+                        struct.pack(tostr(">HHH"), 1, 1, 6 + nameRecordSize),
                         sstruct.pack(nameRecordFormat, badRecord)])
 		table.decompile(data, ttFont=None)
 		self.assertEqual(table.names, [])
@@ -203,13 +338,18 @@
 	def test_toUnicode_macromanian(self):
 		name = makeName(b"Foo Italic\xfb", 222, 1, 0, 37)  # Mac Romanian
 		self.assertEqual("mac_romanian", name.getEncoding())
-		self.assertEqual("Foo Italic"+unichr(0x02DA), name.toUnicode())
+		self.assertEqual("Foo Italic"+chr(0x02DA), name.toUnicode())
 
 	def test_toUnicode_UnicodeDecodeError(self):
 		name = makeName(b"\1", 111, 0, 2, 7)
 		self.assertEqual("utf_16_be", name.getEncoding())
 		self.assertRaises(UnicodeDecodeError, name.toUnicode)
 
+	def test_toUnicode_singleChar(self):
+		# https://github.com/fonttools/fonttools/issues/1997
+		name = makeName("A", 256, 3, 1, 0x409)
+		self.assertEqual(name.toUnicode(), "A")
+
 	def toXML(self, name):
 		writer = XMLWriter(BytesIO())
 		name.toXML(writer, ttFont=None)
@@ -290,7 +430,19 @@
 
 	def test_extended_mac_encodings(self):
 		name = makeName(b'\xfe', 123, 1, 1, 0) # Mac Japanese
-		self.assertEqual(name.toUnicode(), unichr(0x2122))
+		self.assertEqual(name.toUnicode(), chr(0x2122))
+
+	def test_extended_mac_encodings_errors(self):
+		s = "汉仪彩云体简"
+		name = makeName(s.encode("x_mac_simp_chinese_ttx"), 123, 1, 25, 0)
+		# first check we round-trip with 'strict'
+		self.assertEqual(name.toUnicode(errors="strict"), s)
+
+		# append an incomplete invalid sequence and check that we handle
+		# errors with the requested error handler
+		name.string += b"\xba"
+		self.assertEqual(name.toUnicode(errors="backslashreplace"), s + "\\xba")
+		self.assertEqual(name.toUnicode(errors="replace"), s + "�")
 
 	def test_extended_unknown(self):
 		name = makeName(b'\xfe', 123, 10, 11, 12)
diff --git a/Tests/ttLib/tables/_o_p_b_d_test.py b/Tests/ttLib/tables/_o_p_b_d_test.py
index 131d3f9..d62ada8 100644
--- a/Tests/ttLib/tables/_o_p_b_d_test.py
+++ b/Tests/ttLib/tables/_o_p_b_d_test.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import print_function, division, absolute_import, unicode_literals
-from fontTools.misc.py23 import *
 from fontTools.misc.testTools import FakeFont, getXML, parseXML
 from fontTools.misc.textTools import deHexStr, hexStr
 from fontTools.ttLib import newTable
diff --git a/Tests/ttLib/tables/_p_r_o_p_test.py b/Tests/ttLib/tables/_p_r_o_p_test.py
index edac915..63c2924 100644
--- a/Tests/ttLib/tables/_p_r_o_p_test.py
+++ b/Tests/ttLib/tables/_p_r_o_p_test.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import print_function, division, absolute_import, unicode_literals
-from fontTools.misc.py23 import *
 from fontTools.misc.testTools import FakeFont, getXML, parseXML
 from fontTools.misc.textTools import deHexStr, hexStr
 from fontTools.ttLib import newTable
diff --git a/Tests/ttLib/tables/_t_r_a_k_test.py b/Tests/ttLib/tables/_t_r_a_k_test.py
index c223c81..2ea6cf5 100644
--- a/Tests/ttLib/tables/_t_r_a_k_test.py
+++ b/Tests/ttLib/tables/_t_r_a_k_test.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import print_function, division, absolute_import, unicode_literals
-from fontTools.misc.py23 import *
 from fontTools.misc.testTools import parseXML, getXML
 from fontTools.misc.textTools import deHexStr
 from fontTools.ttLib import TTFont, TTLibError
diff --git a/Tests/ttLib/tables/_v_h_e_a_test.py b/Tests/ttLib/tables/_v_h_e_a_test.py
index 8979e92..c601863 100644
--- a/Tests/ttLib/tables/_v_h_e_a_test.py
+++ b/Tests/ttLib/tables/_v_h_e_a_test.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import absolute_import, unicode_literals
-from fontTools.misc.py23 import *
 from fontTools.misc.loggingTools import CapturingLogHandler
 from fontTools.misc.testTools import parseXML, getXML
 from fontTools.misc.textTools import deHexStr
diff --git a/Tests/ttLib/tables/_v_m_t_x_test.py b/Tests/ttLib/tables/_v_m_t_x_test.py
index f55dbec..5ea2d24 100644
--- a/Tests/ttLib/tables/_v_m_t_x_test.py
+++ b/Tests/ttLib/tables/_v_m_t_x_test.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import print_function, division, absolute_import
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-from fontTools.misc.py23 import *
 from fontTools.ttLib.tables._v_m_t_x import table__v_m_t_x
 import _h_m_t_x_test
 import unittest
diff --git a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/C_F_F__2.bin b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/C_F_F__2.bin
index faa0e91..52b0177 100644
--- a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/C_F_F__2.bin
+++ b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/C_F_F__2.bin
Binary files differ
diff --git a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/C_F_F__2.ttx b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/C_F_F__2.ttx
index c86252b..95f840f 100644
--- a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/C_F_F__2.ttx
+++ b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/C_F_F__2.ttx
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@
     <xMin value="51"/>
     <yMin value="-115"/>
     <xMax value="560"/>
-    <yMax value="762"/>
+    <yMax value="731"/>
     <macStyle value="00000000 00000000"/>
     <lowestRecPPEM value="3"/>
     <fontDirectionHint value="2"/>
@@ -106,6 +106,8 @@
                 <blend value="190 -110 -162 0 -110 -162"/>
                 <blend value="200 0 -6 0 0 -6"/>
             </StemSnapV>
+            <LanguageGroup value="0"/>
+            <ExpansionFactor value="0.06"/>
           </Private>
         </FontDict>
       </FDArray>
diff --git a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/NotoColorEmoji.subset.index_format_3.ttx b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/NotoColorEmoji.subset.index_format_3.ttx
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6a1728e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/NotoColorEmoji.subset.index_format_3.ttx
@@ -0,0 +1,705 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<ttFont sfntVersion="\x00\x01\x00\x00" ttLibVersion="3.44">
+
+  <GlyphOrder>
+    <!-- The 'id' attribute is only for humans; it is ignored when parsed. -->
+    <GlyphID id="0" name=".notdef"/>
+    <GlyphID id="1" name="eight"/>
+    <GlyphID id="2" name="registered"/>
+    <GlyphID id="3" name="uni2049"/>
+  </GlyphOrder>
+
+  <head>
+    <!-- Most of this table will be recalculated by the compiler -->
+    <tableVersion value="1.0"/>
+    <fontRevision value="2.011"/>
+    <checkSumAdjustment value="0x73631d70"/>
+    <magicNumber value="0x5f0f3cf5"/>
+    <flags value="00000000 00001011"/>
+    <unitsPerEm value="2048"/>
+    <created value="Wed May 22 20:00:43 2013"/>
+    <modified value="Thu Jan 30 14:31:14 2020"/>
+    <xMin value="0"/>
+    <yMin value="-500"/>
+    <xMax value="2550"/>
+    <yMax value="1900"/>
+    <macStyle value="00000000 00000000"/>
+    <lowestRecPPEM value="8"/>
+    <fontDirectionHint value="2"/>
+    <indexToLocFormat value="0"/>
+    <glyphDataFormat value="0"/>
+  </head>
+
+  <hhea>
+    <tableVersion value="0x00010000"/>
+    <ascent value="1900"/>
+    <descent value="-500"/>
+    <lineGap value="0"/>
+    <advanceWidthMax value="2550"/>
+    <minLeftSideBearing value="0"/>
+    <minRightSideBearing value="0"/>
+    <xMaxExtent value="2550"/>
+    <caretSlopeRise value="1"/>
+    <caretSlopeRun value="0"/>
+    <caretOffset value="0"/>
+    <reserved0 value="0"/>
+    <reserved1 value="0"/>
+    <reserved2 value="0"/>
+    <reserved3 value="0"/>
+    <metricDataFormat value="0"/>
+    <numberOfHMetrics value="1"/>
+  </hhea>
+
+  <maxp>
+    <!-- Most of this table will be recalculated by the compiler -->
+    <tableVersion value="0x10000"/>
+    <numGlyphs value="4"/>
+    <maxPoints value="8"/>
+    <maxContours value="2"/>
+    <maxCompositePoints value="0"/>
+    <maxCompositeContours value="0"/>
+    <maxZones value="2"/>
+    <maxTwilightPoints value="0"/>
+    <maxStorage value="1"/>
+    <maxFunctionDefs value="1"/>
+    <maxInstructionDefs value="0"/>
+    <maxStackElements value="64"/>
+    <maxSizeOfInstructions value="46"/>
+    <maxComponentElements value="0"/>
+    <maxComponentDepth value="0"/>
+  </maxp>
+
+  <OS_2>
+    <!-- The fields 'usFirstCharIndex' and 'usLastCharIndex'
+         will be recalculated by the compiler -->
+    <version value="4"/>
+    <xAvgCharWidth value="2550"/>
+    <usWeightClass value="400"/>
+    <usWidthClass value="5"/>
+    <fsType value="00000000 00000000"/>
+    <ySubscriptXSize value="1331"/>
+    <ySubscriptYSize value="1433"/>
+    <ySubscriptXOffset value="0"/>
+    <ySubscriptYOffset value="286"/>
+    <ySuperscriptXSize value="1331"/>
+    <ySuperscriptYSize value="1433"/>
+    <ySuperscriptXOffset value="0"/>
+    <ySuperscriptYOffset value="983"/>
+    <yStrikeoutSize value="102"/>
+    <yStrikeoutPosition value="530"/>
+    <sFamilyClass value="0"/>
+    <panose>
+      <bFamilyType value="2"/>
+      <bSerifStyle value="0"/>
+      <bWeight value="6"/>
+      <bProportion value="9"/>
+      <bContrast value="0"/>
+      <bStrokeVariation value="0"/>
+      <bArmStyle value="0"/>
+      <bLetterForm value="0"/>
+      <bMidline value="0"/>
+      <bXHeight value="0"/>
+    </panose>
+    <ulUnicodeRange1 value="00000000 00000000 00000000 00000001"/>
+    <ulUnicodeRange2 value="00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000"/>
+    <ulUnicodeRange3 value="00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000"/>
+    <ulUnicodeRange4 value="00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000"/>
+    <achVendID value="GOOG"/>
+    <fsSelection value="00000000 01000000"/>
+    <usFirstCharIndex value="56"/>
+    <usLastCharIndex value="8265"/>
+    <sTypoAscender value="1900"/>
+    <sTypoDescender value="-500"/>
+    <sTypoLineGap value="0"/>
+    <usWinAscent value="1900"/>
+    <usWinDescent value="500"/>
+    <ulCodePageRange1 value="00000000 00000000 00000000 00000001"/>
+    <ulCodePageRange2 value="00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000"/>
+    <sxHeight value="0"/>
+    <sCapHeight value="1900"/>
+    <usDefaultChar value="0"/>
+    <usBreakChar value="32"/>
+    <usMaxContext value="1"/>
+  </OS_2>
+
+  <hmtx>
+    <mtx name=".notdef" width="2550" lsb="0"/>
+    <mtx name="eight" width="2550" lsb="0"/>
+    <mtx name="registered" width="2550" lsb="0"/>
+    <mtx name="uni2049" width="2550" lsb="0"/>
+  </hmtx>
+
+  <cmap>
+    <tableVersion version="0"/>
+    <cmap_format_14 platformID="0" platEncID="5">
+      <map uv="0x38" uvs="0xfe0f"/>
+      <map uv="0xae" uvs="0xfe0f"/>
+      <map uv="0x2049" uvs="0xfe0f"/>
+    </cmap_format_14>
+    <cmap_format_12 platformID="3" platEncID="10" format="12" reserved="0" length="52" language="0" nGroups="3">
+      <map code="0x38" name="eight"/><!-- DIGIT EIGHT -->
+      <map code="0xae" name="registered"/><!-- REGISTERED SIGN -->
+      <map code="0x2049" name="uni2049"/><!-- EXCLAMATION QUESTION MARK -->
+    </cmap_format_12>
+  </cmap>
+
+  <name>
+    <namerecord nameID="0" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Copyright 2013 Google Inc.
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="1" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Noto Color Emoji
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="2" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Regular
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="3" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Noto Color Emoji
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="4" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Noto Color Emoji
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="5" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Version 2.011;GOOG;noto-emoji:20180424; pistol
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="6" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      NotoColorEmoji
+    </namerecord>
+  </name>
+
+  <post>
+    <formatType value="3.0"/>
+    <italicAngle value="0.0"/>
+    <underlinePosition value="-1244"/>
+    <underlineThickness value="131"/>
+    <isFixedPitch value="1"/>
+    <minMemType42 value="0"/>
+    <maxMemType42 value="0"/>
+    <minMemType1 value="0"/>
+    <maxMemType1 value="0"/>
+  </post>
+
+  <CBDT>
+    <header version="3.0"/>
+    <strikedata index="0">
+      <cbdt_bitmap_format_17 name="registered">
+        <SmallGlyphMetrics>
+          <height value="128"/>
+          <width value="136"/>
+          <BearingX value="0"/>
+          <BearingY value="101"/>
+          <Advance value="136"/>
+        </SmallGlyphMetrics>
+        <rawimagedata>
+          89504e47 0d0a1a0a 0000000d 49484452
+          00000088 00000080 08030000 00e737d1
+          0d000000 ff504c54 454c6971 74747475
+          75757878 78777777 7b7b7b7e 7e7e6868
+          68787878 79797977 77777777 77787878
+          6969697b 7b7b7777 77737373 6f6f6f6c
+          6c6c6767 67787878 6a6a6a64 64646161
+          617d7d7d 7a7a7a60 60607575 75797979
+          6666665e 5e5e7171 716e6e6e 6565655c
+          5c5c5a5a 5a6c6c6c 58585857 57577373
+          73555555 53535352 52526e6e 6e505050
+          4e4e4e6b 6b6b4c4c 4c666666 4b4b4b66
+          66666565 65494949 65656547 47474646
+          465b5b5b 4444445a 5a5a4242 42606060
+          5757573f 3f3f6060 60575757 3d3d3d58
+          58583a3a 3a5c5c5c 5d5d5d39 39393737
+          37353535 33333353 53535252 52525252
+          2f2f2f52 52524f4f 4f2b2b2b 28282825
+          25252323 23212121 f9766a48 00000050
+          74524e53 00406180 bfefff20 9fcf508e
+          df30ffff ffffffff 10ffffff ffffffff
+          afffffff ffffffff 70ffffef ffffff80
+          ffffc0ff 8fffefa4 ffdfffff 50ff10ff
+          c162ff80 40ffa7ff d6efffff ffff8fdb
+          7fffefbf 08ff47de 00000bbe 49444154
+          7801ecd5 d77eab30 0c067033 dcb0629b
+          8d11a381 aef77fc2 23b70c93 09745c9d
+          ff5533ac 7e96941f e4bfff7e 8d615ab6
+          4d9f26d4 b62dd320 7fea603a eed30dae
+          631ec89f f0fce0e9 81c0f7c8 2f3bfaf3
+          30181761 144fa250 70360fca 3f925f93
+          98d34078 9866f915 591af269 4866f23b
+          312c5a7c 9222cdcb 3bf254c8 e213b592
+          5f8bc144 5cae100b f63b5186 181c7bb1
+          529ef221 0af93946 50281097 9bc45028
+          81f15353 a976c5d0 a2543f32 1f8f1648
+          d6cd2eb5 2c10f5be df0ebf40 2cbaf63f
+          a210a098 0084d1b5 b4112b90 ffcda61c
+          dc0241d6 9c89435e 5cc5c38b 301914c8
+          3d7c6b4b e9b576c4 2d2bee60 6d7cad29
+          d420bb99 0cf1653b f267c906 d4f62dcf
+          1878966f 533690cf f9b2299c 2193ec64
+          31d4968d e624d897 407fc8ea 8fe5807d
+          11a74653 b60c5964 1787a168 39ed2185
+          7fbcf75c 1cb240b6 1c0f7276 e788bb59
+          13b24fce c3611bea 2c0a9b6e 16ef4ca2
+          6ac9ac9b a592216a 252b1f4d 0cc9b49b
+          65724f12 4b95c9bb 492ef418 eba308bd
+          86dcbe27 e6598e5a 32541dc8 06878a21
+          59eb49b6 fe760c89 b4b94412 05c6f687
+          a544913e 1db4a1cc 814a29e3 794b8544
+          4e42364b 1c89c4bc b331bea4 87d5c75d
+          29b5356b 409d36c9 2ea6ba13 cc49527c
+          e9aebd92 affad98f 4ad58fe0 88350379
+          07b52bcb bb72d7a3 3a25ca7e a4a6ec93
+          553c75b2 9b72f0af 3b24b65c 21f0bdab
+          fde55392 4eddcb5b 35187a71 cec65e3a
+          7225ea1f ce0ada17 37a36b86 53a9455d
+          e4705487 d5a8b3fc b6380d85 1c386751
+          9c4512b5 b0d5ba5f 6edb8f5a d50f822c
+          2979d33f d0652948 85be9005 7b5974d5
+          6f38e01c bad741ca 397793a1 54d4af91
+          4752b193 e59e60a1 f475d001 e70179c0
+          c213f578 22e77822 19ef94f6 eb349144
+          f4b84812 60a9fc75 50e30beb d1a6722e
+          f4e4586f 631094c3 459223d5 3b2db070
+          f2b021e5 db20c417 e63865ce e3d7d5fa
+          673cba4c 62e23be1 58b97cd4 92e45dfb
+          f609bfed 903d4150 346cd7cc c1774eda
+          1ddf937b 0d0180e6 e3cbab00 08123dc8
+          db166acf fde59a00 88d7a178 0300d6bd
+          86003c7f 0c520030 c8ad20fd 29d4a531
+          0e74a9c5 2406d118 00908ed5 9f01eeb4
+          c4d41ad2 01404526 3640fd31 eb045c88
+          f0a8a607 009be82a 00e8b496 98e41657
+          6bc83f52 ca43c759 1c8ac2c0 163205c9
+          258e2524 c7941448 4fa6effc efff5c7b
+          b35c6106 dfb059f6 53733807 fbb3cd8c
+          00e59814 c16b23c8 601987c1 236d89d7
+          60db3992 87e00609 bca9dd81 e025b622
+          b95b23bf eef6b70e bf3f372a ba72acc0
+          76e27d82 05a61ac6 4940f304 5f535537
+          28bc435a 4474ae0d 897f7bee 9b4898c3
+          fb06152e 5081e653 40033589 b5a53b10
+          5ac4a56e 99eb8659 f9f32b79 f48e6489
+          4ba026c1 2363acc0 9681f1b4 2f52b7a0
+          08f5b18b da61fb9b 9ec2b406 c302c68f
+          f4cd30c6 db29189b 043d91d9 90084e01
+          2685ab49 f777834c 18b335c2 19a3efe6
+          196c370d 57dbf0a7 08631d11 c5182932
+          5d33265d 4d33d63b fdf07aea b8089cfa
+          73401013 9d6111fa 54adab95 30e5f06e
+          63ea82e1 798d1d0b a7e68b60 0880c816
+          037fc755 5babf060 7ba698d6 904681cf
+          c45ab56b 28adb589 27a20745 1098bc74
+          3d5f2481 a94b5c46 593ba1fe ad5aabb1
+          31b3b67f 7bbfb729 4e714364 6d6dea7a
+          b06ad8bf 1b6b6798 6a6ba97f ae84ea08
+          11ec1122 f4c113b7 0b4feb7d 030ca3c1
+          05e47891 089ee132 b51f030b 6b332cac
+          a010fb0b a4840879 ae832231 3c5bb90d
+          2f823e5b ce25e605 e7eb8010 d9b7d022
+          6e197247 c89af302 73c9b93f cd81f319
+          e69af303 11cf3126 674022ce f9aead2d
+          e117b590 c67c060b f97996cd 8f0d26cb
+          4e2345a0 a65c6d4e 2d74ca32 830bcdb3
+          cccfd759 563891ed 8027d540 1eb37616
+          ac4dfc6f c0891459 b6f67221 448d390c
+          1f478924 b01bb16f 5b7bd08a 7c59981e
+          0b350cff 4524f444 84e86c35 17624b79
+          c09b956b 95f033f6 5ae11d22 e7867122
+          d39300f4 d1a18438 04a4082e 3456e4dc
+          a285b874 2bd370f1 22aea467 c70a7e47
+          ff592486 679bd77f 38c230a1 445e5b36
+          82022bc8 f540de02 5a042b3b fa44ba22
+          2129e248 0541ba7f eda0f19b 1f10d950
+          224aa91d e630f445 942a5f3b 94aac76c
+          797ced17 0e012502 01767630 1c2be2d8
+          7539bff6 a86092cb 74acc87b c32d91f7
+          fb291590 04b744b0 754b64ff d100c34f
+          4264f971 2faf7305 4401c927 44d8db53
+          2217a52a ccb552db ff23b2cf 490f64ab
+          94c66205 d7e7e507 29575f0d a9942732
+          be8f4202 9724b8c1 49ca149b 2b290f94
+          48817949 e41057f7 79ec2470 f82ba0c0
+          994aa7ec 8b6c9d68 0d1b1a2f a2e1ed45
+          709b8b94 b53bfaad 972fa4cc bf1b8eb0
+          a59810f9 be0b7839 1af08821 3f623597
+          d2570ea1 f04ece45 8bec2ac7 7b4f241c
+          108920c7 e63b5d35 c6ecb191 1af3d217
+          31a6fe76 bc42a5c3 a613cddc cb142fc6
+          a4d8dcc3 9b44e397 5baa32e6 ad9fe679
+          5744e73f d9bb6809 3f07be91 37632a6c
+          d6c6fca2 54f3bcc0 c619e64a 86447650
+          787b796a 8028d75f 3f242f71 708304ca
+          672c1679 4e9ddddf 8456c792 eb2010f4
+          4da77785 2a0e1c98 924b72ce 56708e9b
+          feff7b5e d72e3028 d9fddeee 4a9aeea6
+          67c0612f 84280f7f 9042cc6a 4184181c
+          3c8c1041 2f199486 8b53c1d5 06664248
+          cb2bc1db b71d673c 9f5a4e22 c4fa5510
+          12e2180e 13d23957 53c1e53a d6422441
+          e0e80d67 0ecea91e 64d419a4 58a0cfd2
+          574b0d79 fb3beb89 2373b72d 53d307de
+          9b6523c8 d98383f0 e6f4b9bc e9dc9c25
+          efcc4157 f7bfeab6 b15629ae 8b4a1029
+          8320b194 d5d95fa4 942bae8f 24134214
+          b04d83b4 59c79baf 948e55b2 930f327e
+          11a48056 1d9840d0 9f7a0d1c f1b874bd
+          4ab9e83a d1815902 5ad119a4 df6838c3
+          12092a41 236bafe7 b84c3a28 29675daf
+          f160be79 6d243ba5 c6578fbe 52f5c95f
+          94525b66 8c713b6b 1b486e17 58e1baf3
+          abc24d29 0ad6ba47 9520535e 26690629
+          ee4ae973 85a26a9b 1381d277 7552ead6
+          ebc21ee2 dc124b5c 5faa411e 1e1c8491
+          419032e5 a0d149d1 185a69ed 735cefb9
+          d4d255e2 9c069596 765a4f9f 1e89d61c
+          c4e1a2b5 ce99b3c2 ed25ac9f 6038e056
+          38660b8e 1097d6e8 6cb4be15 4190392f
+          928641b8 0dadcdb5 42d25950 bea17cb6
+          b552571c 5abd92b0 a5e5fb20 8c0c8211
+          931ea475 70cc96a8 ae8291f2 405e8c84
+          5bdabb20 c6ac3e3c 5263dafa b918634a
+          6695b8dd f9f307b3 f4f97620 3c126362
+          67742663 eeffda82 0c10a443 4d4fa68d
+          90e464df 1a50a2b3 2bc4c6f0 40da7184
+          761bb674 2b7c904f 8f6a1046 06c18869
+          cfc4982f 7b40c261 6d0deb3b 01053d9c
+          62ee9320 c8865718 358d7873 0ecc5b61
+          6f7c8eb9 737d105c 7bef7082 6410b46e
+          ad2e4463 5e8088f6 adeae84e 147f78de
+          98e862db a8999e7a 6f812529 779a8f94
+          febcf6f8 fb704f4b dcb4bd3d 5bdedcf1
+          1e84c0d6 32f5f172 6bf90e05 9aea5f2b
+          4976452f 8ae338b1 5f1256b8 feee92ef
+          501c1f7e 799b04d7 51afd855 725cfb44
+          7c525f21 838ee7f8 808e704e 7ee20a3a
+          471bdd2b bc1f9c0f 42670fde 18dcfe6f
+          af5e7694 85a1008e 9f1d2b5e 83585342
+          4c8cdc02 2975a2f4 4a19bff7 7f96ef94
+          4174eee0 e8ace647 5c68da93 bf674306
+          b3481cb0 356747ea 1710828c 2e6c059f
+          0a6d7421 2154789d 1ecd995f a784798a
+          273c5c1a 235e1ee1 4b6c058c ab68f024
+          832fafeb 2e1a28ce a0b2be43 4cc372fc
+          8afb9d29 f07faa36 67228e10 2f60b182
+          472816e6 acf6eb0c 603616a1 8399e411
+          520c1662 2a42b999 1c22b468 4c851748
+          6b267b12 211ec002 018f10d9 9b49eba7
+          54b0885e ad56a475 1391ac90 d505cc54
+          68bb4289 709396e0 0f1a16e2 bee4e8cc
+          f8385793 29657606 a99d9b46 1cfd000e
+          8b71821a 77617232 e00cbec1 3819e4c6
+          5d34c35d 801b4b6a 77456cc9 40c9103e
+          154a4506 5be1aed4 b776204d 50eeaeb5
+          2979a178 15c03b41 c5157991 b6ee5a4e
+          90861b55 0425a2bf 664a4a46 b6933a63
+          28c44fa6 6567c988 96a6bf26 12822ab8
+          19b3ebf5 9aeefbd7 da92aebf 40cbb67f
+          6defcf5b 063f10a8 35dab9fe 0d516fd7
+          1fdad6a2 7fc3edd6 4805f023 85a4283e
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+          65325255 010f134a 9b9c6dcb a615ceeb
+          1d126d53 26132b43 78b04caa cd3794cc
+          e0570415 ff346678 2dff2aa6 75d7d9cd
+          c4769dd6 0cfefc79 94ff183d 2a93948d
+          64820000 00004945 4e44ae42 6082
+        </rawimagedata>
+      </cbdt_bitmap_format_17>
+      <cbdt_bitmap_format_17 name="eight">
+        <SmallGlyphMetrics>
+          <height value="128"/>
+          <width value="136"/>
+          <BearingX value="0"/>
+          <BearingY value="101"/>
+          <Advance value="136"/>
+        </SmallGlyphMetrics>
+        <rawimagedata>
+          89504e47 0d0a1a0a 0000000d 49484452
+          00000088 00000080 08030000 00e737d1
+          0d000000 36504c54 454c6971 40404040
+          40404040 40404040 40404071 7171c3c3
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+          1ce56d0e d5f126b5 bc49d26c f5bc3c29
+          eed980f0 a9ad0da1 23daefb1 98e9104a
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+          6569669b 681e803d e5d291d3 0180375d
+          cd63afd7 15c1ba83 b239242e 708bf502
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+          30180c06 83c160f0 13e55b78 1b5bd5fd
+          5a000000 0049454e 44ae4260 82
+        </rawimagedata>
+      </cbdt_bitmap_format_17>
+      <cbdt_bitmap_format_17 name="uni2049">
+        <SmallGlyphMetrics>
+          <height value="128"/>
+          <width value="136"/>
+          <BearingX value="0"/>
+          <BearingY value="101"/>
+          <Advance value="136"/>
+        </SmallGlyphMetrics>
+        <rawimagedata>
+          89504e47 0d0a1a0a 0000000d 49484452
+          00000088 00000080 08030000 00e737d1
+          0d000001 3b504c54 454c6971 d73b3bd9
+          4141da44 44d94141 d94242d5 3737d83f
+          3fd84040 d94040d9 4141d941 41d53838
+          d13030d8 3f3fee4a 4af74d4d e34545eb
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+          4ffb4747 d94040d3 3434fd4c 4ce14040
+          f34747fc 4b4bd83e 3eeb4242 fb4949fa
+          4545d639 39d02e2e dc3a3aef 3f3fd333
+          33f94343 d43737f8 4141f740 40ed3939
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+          3131f439 39d02c2c cc2626d0 2d2df337
+          37f23535 e83030cf 2b2bf132 32ce2929
+          dd2b2bcb 2222f030 30cb2323 d42525cd
+          2626ef2d 2dc81d1d c31313cb 2222eb25
+          25ee2929 c81b1bdb 2121c91f 1fec2525
+          ea2222eb 2424c71a 1ac10c0c c61919c0
+          0a0ac00a 0ac20c0c c10c0cd1 0b0bda0c
+          0cc00a0a e10c0cc1 0808be06 06df0909
+          cb0202de 0606d403 03bc0202 dc0303b9
+          0000b800 00da0101 b80000b9 0000b800
+          00b70000 fbff4a1d 00000068 74524e53
+          0040cfff df583080 afbfef8f 10209fff
+          ffffffff ffffffff ffff70ff ffffffff
+          ffffffff 60ffffef ffffffff ffffffbf
+          ffffffff 9fd5ffff ffffffff ffff80ff
+          8fffffff ef40ffff ffbfffff ffffffff
+          a0ff50df ff8fffff 8fffffff ffffffff
+          ffffdf9f ff50ff8f 9e461cce 00000655
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+          55812254 dcfabfef ff929320 636b6c71
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+          96710283 c5d5bc46 719985e8 189b9430
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+          0be79d70 2a513891 b96b9d3a 8b8d5c04
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+          3fac7315 d99b8241 ca8d78a5 993c3951
+          cd0b340b 217cee93 6d8da29a 2752ca4f
+          96372915 e5e54e4a cdb71eb3 21389d50
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+          594a4b47 80dc48a9 c77eb494 a378c898
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+          4e9190c9 64c22138 6541ae51 34c183e0
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+          aca81492 e358042b eb094e97 89907590
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+          f1ede07d 644f8342 4455e060 59fdb814
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+          ba8aebee f1cd2d73 d4dc5104 594555d5
+          c1d1963b 4a21f716 1f9db77e 921d0cd2
+          068985a0 597741b3 2b70d0ca 390e712e
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+          1143c74a 0ac25014 865359b1 2f604d6f
+          2305eb05 f50a27c8 d1d57dff 9759ab4d
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+          41f622d2 1ebcda4f 11a9cddf 2122dd21
+          a8135986 5412efd2 1d4521bd 881ca395
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+          fea8531d aa321057 0a442388 aaeecd0a
+          90118075 8ba905b0 c9850031 045882d4
+          0026af0e 684c01c8 14e420cb 2337d917
+          825cdc97 00d94510 00f52a7f e40accde
+          c202d864 43c81842 2e411af2 176227db
+          91340520 b8f9d904 08c9bb37 99c9abc9
+          6d24790b 421ac4ba 8a416c10 c9716134
+          909c5d24 4f45205f 410990fe 1137e643
+          5eafdc83 129ead9a c8d19b22 90d977cc
+          49f7d5cf abeb399a fcaae1f1 5e6556a8
+          7f77f466 95b6c377 d090e9f8 698f0e76
+          1c048130 8e73da5b 1f8b3b11 4b5b953a
+          8222efff 043b241b 56d9c334 0e7be377
+          2bc9ff8b 50869b3c b889a669 9a0b3aa5
+          7ba455c7 6f18a4ee 332d990d c3bd3f51
+          179abba8 40f58979 20437c09 aba13c7b
+          645e3fcc 47abcf61 188e0dfe 7c0a2699
+          361fafec 91563ba2 19c77138 36031e48
+          c1a30f9b 7955d76f 281ddec5 bc4e0c1e
+          7564339d 900d49e1 e5a6025e 4f5d69b8
+          ff8c9d0a 16df996a de05aa21 e193ceef
+          c28c87b5 1b1200fc 1dc5c3af 0bcdbf7c
+          c88d6896 02e34388 d1ca0dc9 01d8a560
+          015ced86 e401c6a5 300278aa 590b5443
+          da420876 3db178b4 d56e682e 0498d783
+          194270f5 1b920c79 356f86ed 422305d3
+          9e566d7e e3b4e9c9 26c6187e 9b803f77
+          c1e62302 3b230b11 f98f9b24 377c7b3c
+          d9990d83 74317392 df306cde 45e4fc56
+          af691a86 6f38d2f4 13a054ea b3000000
+          0049454e 44ae4260 82 
+        </rawimagedata>
+      </cbdt_bitmap_format_17>
+    </strikedata>
+  </CBDT>
+
+  <CBLC>
+    <header version="3.0"/>
+    <strike index="0">
+      <bitmapSizeTable>
+        <sbitLineMetrics direction="hori">
+          <ascender value="101"/>
+          <descender value="-27"/>
+          <widthMax value="136"/>
+          <caretSlopeNumerator value="0"/>
+          <caretSlopeDenominator value="0"/>
+          <caretOffset value="0"/>
+          <minOriginSB value="0"/>
+          <minAdvanceSB value="0"/>
+          <maxBeforeBL value="0"/>
+          <minAfterBL value="0"/>
+          <pad1 value="0"/>
+          <pad2 value="0"/>
+        </sbitLineMetrics>
+        <sbitLineMetrics direction="vert">
+          <ascender value="101"/>
+          <descender value="-27"/>
+          <widthMax value="136"/>
+          <caretSlopeNumerator value="0"/>
+          <caretSlopeDenominator value="0"/>
+          <caretOffset value="0"/>
+          <minOriginSB value="0"/>
+          <minAdvanceSB value="0"/>
+          <maxBeforeBL value="0"/>
+          <minAfterBL value="0"/>
+          <pad1 value="0"/>
+          <pad2 value="0"/>
+        </sbitLineMetrics>
+        <colorRef value="0"/>
+        <startGlyphIndex value="1"/>
+        <endGlyphIndex value="3"/>
+        <ppemX value="109"/>
+        <ppemY value="109"/>
+        <bitDepth value="32"/>
+        <flags value="1"/>
+      </bitmapSizeTable>
+      <!-- GlyphIds are written but not read. The firstGlyphIndex and
+           lastGlyphIndex values will be recalculated by the compiler. -->
+      <eblc_index_sub_table_3 imageFormat="17" firstGlyphIndex="1" lastGlyphIndex="2">
+        <glyphLoc id="1" name="eight"/>
+        <glyphLoc id="2" name="registered"/>
+      </eblc_index_sub_table_3>
+      <eblc_index_sub_table_3 imageFormat="17" firstGlyphIndex="3" lastGlyphIndex="3">
+        <glyphLoc id="3" name="uni2049"/>
+      </eblc_index_sub_table_3>
+    </strike>
+  </CBLC>
+
+  <vhea>
+    <tableVersion value="0x00010000"/>
+    <ascent value="1275"/>
+    <descent value="-1275"/>
+    <lineGap value="0"/>
+    <advanceHeightMax value="2500"/>
+    <minTopSideBearing value="0"/>
+    <minBottomSideBearing value="0"/>
+    <yMaxExtent value="2400"/>
+    <caretSlopeRise value="0"/>
+    <caretSlopeRun value="1"/>
+    <caretOffset value="0"/>
+    <reserved1 value="0"/>
+    <reserved2 value="0"/>
+    <reserved3 value="0"/>
+    <reserved4 value="0"/>
+    <metricDataFormat value="0"/>
+    <numberOfVMetrics value="1"/>
+  </vhea>
+
+  <vmtx>
+    <mtx name=".notdef" height="2500" tsb="0"/>
+    <mtx name="eight" height="2500" tsb="0"/>
+    <mtx name="registered" height="2500" tsb="0"/>
+    <mtx name="uni2049" height="2500" tsb="0"/>
+  </vmtx>
+
+</ttFont>
diff --git a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/_c_m_a_p_format_14.ttx b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/_c_m_a_p_format_14.ttx
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..73bc6bf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/_c_m_a_p_format_14.ttx
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<ttFont sfntVersion="\x00\x01\x00\x00" ttLibVersion="3.35">
+
+  <cmap>
+    <tableVersion version="0"/>
+    <cmap_format_14 platformID="0" platEncID="5">
+      <map uv="0x30" uvs="0xfe00" name="zero.slash"/>
+      <map uv="0x30" uvs="0xfe01"/>
+    </cmap_format_14>
+  </cmap>
+
+</ttFont>
diff --git a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/_c_m_a_p_format_14_bw_compat.ttx b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/_c_m_a_p_format_14_bw_compat.ttx
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..00be8ca
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/_c_m_a_p_format_14_bw_compat.ttx
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<ttFont sfntVersion="\x00\x01\x00\x00" ttLibVersion="3.35">
+
+  <cmap>
+    <tableVersion version="0"/>
+    <cmap_format_14 platformID="0" platEncID="5">
+      <map uvs="0xfe00" uv="0x30" name="zero.slash"/>
+      <map uvs="0xfe01" uv="0x30" name="None"/><!-- testing whether the old format that uses name="None" is still accepted -->
+    </cmap_format_14>
+  </cmap>
+
+</ttFont>
diff --git a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/_g_l_y_f_outline_flag_bit6.glyf.bin b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/_g_l_y_f_outline_flag_bit6.glyf.bin
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4e18ddb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/_g_l_y_f_outline_flag_bit6.glyf.bin
Binary files differ
diff --git a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/_g_l_y_f_outline_flag_bit6.head.bin b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/_g_l_y_f_outline_flag_bit6.head.bin
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3114f38
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/_g_l_y_f_outline_flag_bit6.head.bin
Binary files differ
diff --git a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/_g_l_y_f_outline_flag_bit6.loca.bin b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/_g_l_y_f_outline_flag_bit6.loca.bin
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d0a95fd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/_g_l_y_f_outline_flag_bit6.loca.bin
Binary files differ
diff --git a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/_g_l_y_f_outline_flag_bit6.maxp.bin b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/_g_l_y_f_outline_flag_bit6.maxp.bin
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7fbd12e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/_g_l_y_f_outline_flag_bit6.maxp.bin
Binary files differ
diff --git a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/_g_l_y_f_outline_flag_bit6.ttx b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/_g_l_y_f_outline_flag_bit6.ttx
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d0194d6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/_g_l_y_f_outline_flag_bit6.ttx
@@ -0,0 +1,88 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<ttFont sfntVersion="\x00\x01\x00\x00" ttLibVersion="3.29">
+
+  <GlyphOrder>
+    <!-- The 'id' attribute is only for humans; it is ignored when parsed. -->
+    <GlyphID id="0" name=".notdef"/>
+    <GlyphID id="1" name="glyph00001"/>
+    <GlyphID id="2" name="glyph00002"/>
+    <GlyphID id="3" name="glyph00003"/>
+  </GlyphOrder>
+
+  <head>
+    <!-- Most of this table will be recalculated by the compiler -->
+    <tableVersion value="1.0"/>
+    <fontRevision value="1.0"/>
+    <checkSumAdjustment value="0x6e4f1ccf"/>
+    <magicNumber value="0x5f0f3cf5"/>
+    <flags value="00100000 00011011"/>
+    <unitsPerEm value="2048"/>
+    <created value="Thu Sep 13 14:22:20 2018"/>
+    <modified value="Fri Sep 14 09:25:13 2018"/>
+    <xMin value="12"/>
+    <yMin value="0"/>
+    <xMax value="1172"/>
+    <yMax value="1430"/>
+    <macStyle value="00000000 00000000"/>
+    <lowestRecPPEM value="9"/>
+    <fontDirectionHint value="2"/>
+    <indexToLocFormat value="0"/>
+    <glyphDataFormat value="0"/>
+  </head>
+
+  <maxp>
+    <!-- Most of this table will be recalculated by the compiler -->
+    <tableVersion value="0x10000"/>
+    <numGlyphs value="4"/>
+    <maxPoints value="11"/>
+    <maxContours value="2"/>
+    <maxCompositePoints value="0"/>
+    <maxCompositeContours value="0"/>
+    <maxZones value="1"/>
+    <maxTwilightPoints value="0"/>
+    <maxStorage value="0"/>
+    <maxFunctionDefs value="10"/>
+    <maxInstructionDefs value="0"/>
+    <maxStackElements value="512"/>
+    <maxSizeOfInstructions value="353"/>
+    <maxComponentElements value="0"/>
+    <maxComponentDepth value="0"/>
+  </maxp>
+
+  <loca>
+    <!-- The 'loca' table will be calculated by the compiler -->
+  </loca>
+
+  <glyf>
+
+    <!-- The xMin, yMin, xMax and yMax values
+         will be recalculated by the compiler. -->
+
+    <TTGlyph name=".notdef"/><!-- contains no outline data -->
+
+    <TTGlyph name="glyph00001"/><!-- contains no outline data -->
+
+    <TTGlyph name="glyph00002"/><!-- contains no outline data -->
+
+    <TTGlyph name="glyph00003" xMin="12" yMin="0" xMax="1172" yMax="1430">
+      <contour>
+        <pt x="501" y="1430" on="1" overlap="1"/>
+        <pt x="683" y="1430" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="1172" y="0" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="983" y="0" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="591" y="1193" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="199" y="0" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="12" y="0" on="1"/>
+      </contour>
+      <contour>
+        <pt x="249" y="514" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="935" y="514" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="935" y="352" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="249" y="352" on="1"/>
+      </contour>
+      <instructions/>
+    </TTGlyph>
+
+  </glyf>
+
+</ttFont>
diff --git a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/classdef1_font1.ttx.GSUB b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/classdef1_font1.ttx.GSUB
index 21f1ab1..7a8f510 100644
--- a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/classdef1_font1.ttx.GSUB
+++ b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/classdef1_font1.ttx.GSUB
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@
         <LookupType value="1"/>
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
-        <SingleSubst index="0" Format="1">
+        <SingleSubst index="0">
           <Substitution in=".notdef" out="g3"/>
           <Substitution in="g1" out="g4"/>
           <Substitution in="g10" out="g13"/>
@@ -140,7 +140,7 @@
         <LookupType value="1"/>
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
-        <SingleSubst index="0" Format="1">
+        <SingleSubst index="0">
           <Substitution in=".notdef" out="g4"/>
           <Substitution in="g1" out="g5"/>
           <Substitution in="g10" out="g14"/>
@@ -247,7 +247,7 @@
         <LookupType value="1"/>
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
-        <SingleSubst index="0" Format="1">
+        <SingleSubst index="0">
           <Substitution in=".notdef" out="g5"/>
           <Substitution in="g1" out="g6"/>
           <Substitution in="g10" out="g15"/>
@@ -355,7 +355,7 @@
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
         <ContextSubst index="0" Format="2">
-          <Coverage Format="1">
+          <Coverage>
             <Glyph value=".notdef"/>
             <Glyph value="g1"/>
             <Glyph value="g2"/>
@@ -457,7 +457,7 @@
             <Glyph value="g98"/>
             <Glyph value="g99"/>
           </Coverage>
-          <ClassDef Format="1">
+          <ClassDef>
             <ClassDef glyph="g18" class="1"/>
             <ClassDef glyph="g19" class="1"/>
             <ClassDef glyph="g20" class="1"/>
diff --git a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/classdef1_font2.ttx.GSUB b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/classdef1_font2.ttx.GSUB
index ec7278e..563d6b6 100644
--- a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/classdef1_font2.ttx.GSUB
+++ b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/classdef1_font2.ttx.GSUB
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@
         <LookupType value="1"/>
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
-        <SingleSubst index="0" Format="1">
+        <SingleSubst index="0">
           <Substitution in=".notdef" out="g3"/>
           <Substitution in="g1" out="g4"/>
           <Substitution in="g10" out="g13"/>
@@ -140,7 +140,7 @@
         <LookupType value="1"/>
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
-        <SingleSubst index="0" Format="1">
+        <SingleSubst index="0">
           <Substitution in=".notdef" out="g4"/>
           <Substitution in="g1" out="g5"/>
           <Substitution in="g10" out="g14"/>
@@ -247,7 +247,7 @@
         <LookupType value="1"/>
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
-        <SingleSubst index="0" Format="1">
+        <SingleSubst index="0">
           <Substitution in=".notdef" out="g5"/>
           <Substitution in="g1" out="g6"/>
           <Substitution in="g10" out="g15"/>
@@ -355,7 +355,7 @@
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
         <ContextSubst index="0" Format="2">
-          <Coverage Format="1">
+          <Coverage>
             <Glyph value=".notdef"/>
             <Glyph value="g1"/>
             <Glyph value="g2"/>
@@ -457,7 +457,7 @@
             <Glyph value="g98"/>
             <Glyph value="g99"/>
           </Coverage>
-          <ClassDef Format="1">
+          <ClassDef>
             <ClassDef glyph="g18" class="2"/>
             <ClassDef glyph="g19" class="2"/>
             <ClassDef glyph="g20" class="2"/>
diff --git a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/classdef1_font3.ttx.GSUB b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/classdef1_font3.ttx.GSUB
index 9bc1e43..0bcbc72 100644
--- a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/classdef1_font3.ttx.GSUB
+++ b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/classdef1_font3.ttx.GSUB
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@
         <LookupType value="1"/>
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
-        <SingleSubst index="0" Format="1">
+        <SingleSubst index="0">
           <Substitution in=".notdef" out="g3"/>
           <Substitution in="g1" out="g4"/>
           <Substitution in="g10" out="g13"/>
@@ -140,7 +140,7 @@
         <LookupType value="1"/>
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
-        <SingleSubst index="0" Format="1">
+        <SingleSubst index="0">
           <Substitution in=".notdef" out="g4"/>
           <Substitution in="g1" out="g5"/>
           <Substitution in="g10" out="g14"/>
@@ -247,7 +247,7 @@
         <LookupType value="1"/>
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
-        <SingleSubst index="0" Format="1">
+        <SingleSubst index="0">
           <Substitution in=".notdef" out="g5"/>
           <Substitution in="g1" out="g6"/>
           <Substitution in="g10" out="g15"/>
@@ -355,7 +355,7 @@
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
         <ContextSubst index="0" Format="2">
-          <Coverage Format="1">
+          <Coverage>
             <Glyph value=".notdef"/>
             <Glyph value="g1"/>
             <Glyph value="g2"/>
@@ -457,7 +457,7 @@
             <Glyph value="g98"/>
             <Glyph value="g99"/>
           </Coverage>
-          <ClassDef Format="1">
+          <ClassDef>
             <ClassDef glyph="g18" class="2"/>
             <ClassDef glyph="g19" class="2"/>
             <ClassDef glyph="g20" class="2"/>
diff --git a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/classdef1_font4.ttx.GSUB b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/classdef1_font4.ttx.GSUB
index 681240d..dce2706 100644
--- a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/classdef1_font4.ttx.GSUB
+++ b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/classdef1_font4.ttx.GSUB
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@
         <LookupType value="1"/>
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
-        <SingleSubst index="0" Format="1">
+        <SingleSubst index="0">
           <Substitution in=".notdef" out="g3"/>
           <Substitution in="g1" out="g4"/>
           <Substitution in="g10" out="g13"/>
@@ -140,7 +140,7 @@
         <LookupType value="1"/>
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
-        <SingleSubst index="0" Format="1">
+        <SingleSubst index="0">
           <Substitution in=".notdef" out="g4"/>
           <Substitution in="g1" out="g5"/>
           <Substitution in="g10" out="g14"/>
@@ -247,7 +247,7 @@
         <LookupType value="1"/>
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
-        <SingleSubst index="0" Format="1">
+        <SingleSubst index="0">
           <Substitution in=".notdef" out="g5"/>
           <Substitution in="g1" out="g6"/>
           <Substitution in="g10" out="g15"/>
@@ -355,7 +355,7 @@
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
         <ContextSubst index="0" Format="2">
-          <Coverage Format="1">
+          <Coverage>
             <Glyph value=".notdef"/>
             <Glyph value="g1"/>
             <Glyph value="g2"/>
@@ -457,7 +457,7 @@
             <Glyph value="g98"/>
             <Glyph value="g99"/>
           </Coverage>
-          <ClassDef Format="1">
+          <ClassDef>
           </ClassDef>
           <!-- SubClassSetCount=1 -->
           <SubClassSet index="0" empty="1"/>
diff --git a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/classdef2_font1.ttx.GSUB b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/classdef2_font1.ttx.GSUB
index f602354..7a8f510 100644
--- a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/classdef2_font1.ttx.GSUB
+++ b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/classdef2_font1.ttx.GSUB
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@
         <LookupType value="1"/>
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
-        <SingleSubst index="0" Format="1">
+        <SingleSubst index="0">
           <Substitution in=".notdef" out="g3"/>
           <Substitution in="g1" out="g4"/>
           <Substitution in="g10" out="g13"/>
@@ -140,7 +140,7 @@
         <LookupType value="1"/>
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
-        <SingleSubst index="0" Format="1">
+        <SingleSubst index="0">
           <Substitution in=".notdef" out="g4"/>
           <Substitution in="g1" out="g5"/>
           <Substitution in="g10" out="g14"/>
@@ -247,7 +247,7 @@
         <LookupType value="1"/>
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
-        <SingleSubst index="0" Format="1">
+        <SingleSubst index="0">
           <Substitution in=".notdef" out="g5"/>
           <Substitution in="g1" out="g6"/>
           <Substitution in="g10" out="g15"/>
@@ -355,7 +355,7 @@
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
         <ContextSubst index="0" Format="2">
-          <Coverage Format="1">
+          <Coverage>
             <Glyph value=".notdef"/>
             <Glyph value="g1"/>
             <Glyph value="g2"/>
@@ -457,7 +457,7 @@
             <Glyph value="g98"/>
             <Glyph value="g99"/>
           </Coverage>
-          <ClassDef Format="2">
+          <ClassDef>
             <ClassDef glyph="g18" class="1"/>
             <ClassDef glyph="g19" class="1"/>
             <ClassDef glyph="g20" class="1"/>
diff --git a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/classdef2_font2.ttx.GSUB b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/classdef2_font2.ttx.GSUB
index d4650bd..563d6b6 100644
--- a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/classdef2_font2.ttx.GSUB
+++ b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/classdef2_font2.ttx.GSUB
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@
         <LookupType value="1"/>
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
-        <SingleSubst index="0" Format="1">
+        <SingleSubst index="0">
           <Substitution in=".notdef" out="g3"/>
           <Substitution in="g1" out="g4"/>
           <Substitution in="g10" out="g13"/>
@@ -140,7 +140,7 @@
         <LookupType value="1"/>
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
-        <SingleSubst index="0" Format="1">
+        <SingleSubst index="0">
           <Substitution in=".notdef" out="g4"/>
           <Substitution in="g1" out="g5"/>
           <Substitution in="g10" out="g14"/>
@@ -247,7 +247,7 @@
         <LookupType value="1"/>
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
-        <SingleSubst index="0" Format="1">
+        <SingleSubst index="0">
           <Substitution in=".notdef" out="g5"/>
           <Substitution in="g1" out="g6"/>
           <Substitution in="g10" out="g15"/>
@@ -355,7 +355,7 @@
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
         <ContextSubst index="0" Format="2">
-          <Coverage Format="1">
+          <Coverage>
             <Glyph value=".notdef"/>
             <Glyph value="g1"/>
             <Glyph value="g2"/>
@@ -457,7 +457,7 @@
             <Glyph value="g98"/>
             <Glyph value="g99"/>
           </Coverage>
-          <ClassDef Format="2">
+          <ClassDef>
             <ClassDef glyph="g18" class="2"/>
             <ClassDef glyph="g19" class="2"/>
             <ClassDef glyph="g20" class="2"/>
diff --git a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/classdef2_font3.ttx.GSUB b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/classdef2_font3.ttx.GSUB
index 7cb045f..0bcbc72 100644
--- a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/classdef2_font3.ttx.GSUB
+++ b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/classdef2_font3.ttx.GSUB
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@
         <LookupType value="1"/>
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
-        <SingleSubst index="0" Format="1">
+        <SingleSubst index="0">
           <Substitution in=".notdef" out="g3"/>
           <Substitution in="g1" out="g4"/>
           <Substitution in="g10" out="g13"/>
@@ -140,7 +140,7 @@
         <LookupType value="1"/>
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
-        <SingleSubst index="0" Format="1">
+        <SingleSubst index="0">
           <Substitution in=".notdef" out="g4"/>
           <Substitution in="g1" out="g5"/>
           <Substitution in="g10" out="g14"/>
@@ -247,7 +247,7 @@
         <LookupType value="1"/>
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
-        <SingleSubst index="0" Format="1">
+        <SingleSubst index="0">
           <Substitution in=".notdef" out="g5"/>
           <Substitution in="g1" out="g6"/>
           <Substitution in="g10" out="g15"/>
@@ -355,7 +355,7 @@
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
         <ContextSubst index="0" Format="2">
-          <Coverage Format="1">
+          <Coverage>
             <Glyph value=".notdef"/>
             <Glyph value="g1"/>
             <Glyph value="g2"/>
@@ -457,7 +457,7 @@
             <Glyph value="g98"/>
             <Glyph value="g99"/>
           </Coverage>
-          <ClassDef Format="2">
+          <ClassDef>
             <ClassDef glyph="g18" class="2"/>
             <ClassDef glyph="g19" class="2"/>
             <ClassDef glyph="g20" class="2"/>
diff --git a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/classdef2_font4.ttx.GSUB b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/classdef2_font4.ttx.GSUB
index 90f0b93..dce2706 100644
--- a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/classdef2_font4.ttx.GSUB
+++ b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/classdef2_font4.ttx.GSUB
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@
         <LookupType value="1"/>
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
-        <SingleSubst index="0" Format="1">
+        <SingleSubst index="0">
           <Substitution in=".notdef" out="g3"/>
           <Substitution in="g1" out="g4"/>
           <Substitution in="g10" out="g13"/>
@@ -140,7 +140,7 @@
         <LookupType value="1"/>
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
-        <SingleSubst index="0" Format="1">
+        <SingleSubst index="0">
           <Substitution in=".notdef" out="g4"/>
           <Substitution in="g1" out="g5"/>
           <Substitution in="g10" out="g14"/>
@@ -247,7 +247,7 @@
         <LookupType value="1"/>
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
-        <SingleSubst index="0" Format="1">
+        <SingleSubst index="0">
           <Substitution in=".notdef" out="g5"/>
           <Substitution in="g1" out="g6"/>
           <Substitution in="g10" out="g15"/>
@@ -355,7 +355,7 @@
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
         <ContextSubst index="0" Format="2">
-          <Coverage Format="1">
+          <Coverage>
             <Glyph value=".notdef"/>
             <Glyph value="g1"/>
             <Glyph value="g2"/>
@@ -457,7 +457,7 @@
             <Glyph value="g98"/>
             <Glyph value="g99"/>
           </Coverage>
-          <ClassDef Format="2">
+          <ClassDef>
           </ClassDef>
           <!-- SubClassSetCount=1 -->
           <SubClassSet index="0" empty="1"/>
diff --git a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/cmap14_font1.ttx.cmap b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/cmap14_font1.ttx.cmap
index ced8c8a..acead7b 100644
--- a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/cmap14_font1.ttx.cmap
+++ b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/cmap14_font1.ttx.cmap
@@ -3,14 +3,14 @@
 
   <cmap>
     <tableVersion version="0"/>
-    <cmap_format_14 platformID="0" platEncID="5" format="14" length="47" numVarSelectorRecords="1">
-      <map uvs="0xe0100" uv="0x4e00" name="None"/>
-      <map uvs="0xe0100" uv="0x4e03" name="None"/>
-      <map uvs="0xe0100" uv="0x4e04" name="None"/>
-      <map uvs="0xe0100" uv="0x4e05" name="None"/>
-      <map uvs="0xe0100" uv="0x4e06" name="None"/>
-      <map uvs="0xe0100" uv="0x4e10" name="g25"/>
-      <map uvs="0xe0100" uv="0x4e11" name="g26"/>
+    <cmap_format_14 platformID="0" platEncID="5">
+      <map uv="0x4e00" uvs="0xe0100"/>
+      <map uv="0x4e03" uvs="0xe0100"/>
+      <map uv="0x4e04" uvs="0xe0100"/>
+      <map uv="0x4e05" uvs="0xe0100"/>
+      <map uv="0x4e06" uvs="0xe0100"/>
+      <map uv="0x4e10" uvs="0xe0100" name="g25"/>
+      <map uv="0x4e11" uvs="0xe0100" name="g26"/>
     </cmap_format_14>
     <cmap_format_4 platformID="3" platEncID="1" language="0">
       <map code="0x4e00" name="g10"/><!-- CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4E00 -->
diff --git a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos1_1_lookupflag_f1.ttx.GDEF b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos1_1_lookupflag_f1.ttx.GDEF
index 971a3f1..08e65de 100644
--- a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos1_1_lookupflag_f1.ttx.GDEF
+++ b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos1_1_lookupflag_f1.ttx.GDEF
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 
   <GDEF>
     <Version value="0x00010000"/>
-    <GlyphClassDef Format="2">
+    <GlyphClassDef>
       <ClassDef glyph="g18" class="1"/>
     </GlyphClassDef>
   </GDEF>
diff --git a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos1_1_lookupflag_f1.ttx.GPOS b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos1_1_lookupflag_f1.ttx.GPOS
index 93d3a05..3ab19a6 100644
--- a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos1_1_lookupflag_f1.ttx.GPOS
+++ b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos1_1_lookupflag_f1.ttx.GPOS
@@ -31,10 +31,10 @@
       <!-- LookupCount=1 -->
       <Lookup index="0">
         <LookupType value="1"/>
-        <LookupFlag value="2"/>
+        <LookupFlag value="2"/><!-- ignoreBaseGlyphs -->
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
         <SinglePos index="0" Format="1">
-          <Coverage Format="1">
+          <Coverage>
             <Glyph value="g18"/>
             <Glyph value="g20"/>
           </Coverage>
diff --git a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos1_1_simple_f1.ttx.GPOS b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos1_1_simple_f1.ttx.GPOS
index 00eacc3..508d14e 100644
--- a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos1_1_simple_f1.ttx.GPOS
+++ b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos1_1_simple_f1.ttx.GPOS
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
         <SinglePos index="0" Format="1">
-          <Coverage Format="1">
+          <Coverage>
             <Glyph value="g18"/>
             <Glyph value="g20"/>
           </Coverage>
diff --git a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos1_1_simple_f2.ttx.GPOS b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos1_1_simple_f2.ttx.GPOS
index 1eff021..ef78ece 100644
--- a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos1_1_simple_f2.ttx.GPOS
+++ b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos1_1_simple_f2.ttx.GPOS
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
         <SinglePos index="0" Format="1">
-          <Coverage Format="1">
+          <Coverage>
             <Glyph value="g18"/>
             <Glyph value="g20"/>
           </Coverage>
diff --git a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos1_1_simple_f3.ttx.GPOS b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos1_1_simple_f3.ttx.GPOS
index c3850df..523b139 100644
--- a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos1_1_simple_f3.ttx.GPOS
+++ b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos1_1_simple_f3.ttx.GPOS
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
         <SinglePos index="0" Format="1">
-          <Coverage Format="1">
+          <Coverage>
             <Glyph value="g18"/>
             <Glyph value="g20"/>
           </Coverage>
diff --git a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos1_1_simple_f4.ttx.GPOS b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos1_1_simple_f4.ttx.GPOS
index f80286c..027d687 100644
--- a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos1_1_simple_f4.ttx.GPOS
+++ b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos1_1_simple_f4.ttx.GPOS
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
         <SinglePos index="0" Format="1">
-          <Coverage Format="1">
+          <Coverage>
             <Glyph value="g18"/>
             <Glyph value="g20"/>
           </Coverage>
diff --git a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos1_2_font1.ttx.GPOS b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos1_2_font1.ttx.GPOS
index 11351a6..058c302 100644
--- a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos1_2_font1.ttx.GPOS
+++ b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos1_2_font1.ttx.GPOS
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
         <SinglePos index="0" Format="2">
-          <Coverage Format="1">
+          <Coverage>
             <Glyph value="g18"/>
             <Glyph value="g20"/>
           </Coverage>
diff --git a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos1_2_font2.ttx.GDEF b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos1_2_font2.ttx.GDEF
index 971a3f1..08e65de 100644
--- a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos1_2_font2.ttx.GDEF
+++ b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos1_2_font2.ttx.GDEF
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 
   <GDEF>
     <Version value="0x00010000"/>
-    <GlyphClassDef Format="2">
+    <GlyphClassDef>
       <ClassDef glyph="g18" class="1"/>
     </GlyphClassDef>
   </GDEF>
diff --git a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos1_2_font2.ttx.GPOS b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos1_2_font2.ttx.GPOS
index 88257ac..2b557f7 100644
--- a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos1_2_font2.ttx.GPOS
+++ b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos1_2_font2.ttx.GPOS
@@ -31,10 +31,10 @@
       <!-- LookupCount=1 -->
       <Lookup index="0">
         <LookupType value="1"/>
-        <LookupFlag value="2"/>
+        <LookupFlag value="2"/><!-- ignoreBaseGlyphs -->
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
         <SinglePos index="0" Format="2">
-          <Coverage Format="1">
+          <Coverage>
             <Glyph value="g18"/>
             <Glyph value="g20"/>
           </Coverage>
diff --git a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos2_1_font6.ttx.GPOS b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos2_1_font6.ttx.GPOS
index db1315b..e27e72b 100644
--- a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos2_1_font6.ttx.GPOS
+++ b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos2_1_font6.ttx.GPOS
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
         <PairPos index="0" Format="1">
-          <Coverage Format="1">
+          <Coverage>
             <Glyph value="g18"/>
           </Coverage>
           <ValueFormat1 value="1"/>
diff --git a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos2_1_font7.ttx.GPOS b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos2_1_font7.ttx.GPOS
index 8b22294..01f6b45 100644
--- a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos2_1_font7.ttx.GPOS
+++ b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos2_1_font7.ttx.GPOS
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
         <PairPos index="0" Format="1">
-          <Coverage Format="1">
+          <Coverage>
             <Glyph value="g18"/>
             <Glyph value="g21"/>
           </Coverage>
diff --git a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos2_1_lookupflag_f1.ttx.GDEF b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos2_1_lookupflag_f1.ttx.GDEF
index 971a3f1..08e65de 100644
--- a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos2_1_lookupflag_f1.ttx.GDEF
+++ b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos2_1_lookupflag_f1.ttx.GDEF
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 
   <GDEF>
     <Version value="0x00010000"/>
-    <GlyphClassDef Format="2">
+    <GlyphClassDef>
       <ClassDef glyph="g18" class="1"/>
     </GlyphClassDef>
   </GDEF>
diff --git a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos2_1_lookupflag_f1.ttx.GPOS b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos2_1_lookupflag_f1.ttx.GPOS
index 06b0691..329315c 100644
--- a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos2_1_lookupflag_f1.ttx.GPOS
+++ b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos2_1_lookupflag_f1.ttx.GPOS
@@ -31,10 +31,10 @@
       <!-- LookupCount=1 -->
       <Lookup index="0">
         <LookupType value="2"/>
-        <LookupFlag value="2"/>
+        <LookupFlag value="2"/><!-- ignoreBaseGlyphs -->
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
         <PairPos index="0" Format="1">
-          <Coverage Format="1">
+          <Coverage>
             <Glyph value="g19"/>
           </Coverage>
           <ValueFormat1 value="1"/>
diff --git a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos2_1_lookupflag_f2.ttx.GDEF b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos2_1_lookupflag_f2.ttx.GDEF
index 971a3f1..08e65de 100644
--- a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos2_1_lookupflag_f2.ttx.GDEF
+++ b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos2_1_lookupflag_f2.ttx.GDEF
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 
   <GDEF>
     <Version value="0x00010000"/>
-    <GlyphClassDef Format="2">
+    <GlyphClassDef>
       <ClassDef glyph="g18" class="1"/>
     </GlyphClassDef>
   </GDEF>
diff --git a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos2_1_lookupflag_f2.ttx.GPOS b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos2_1_lookupflag_f2.ttx.GPOS
index 03e9f8b..5650616 100644
--- a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos2_1_lookupflag_f2.ttx.GPOS
+++ b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos2_1_lookupflag_f2.ttx.GPOS
@@ -31,10 +31,10 @@
       <!-- LookupCount=1 -->
       <Lookup index="0">
         <LookupType value="2"/>
-        <LookupFlag value="2"/>
+        <LookupFlag value="2"/><!-- ignoreBaseGlyphs -->
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
         <PairPos index="0" Format="1">
-          <Coverage Format="1">
+          <Coverage>
             <Glyph value="g19"/>
           </Coverage>
           <ValueFormat1 value="4"/>
diff --git a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos2_1_next_glyph_f1.ttx.GPOS b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos2_1_next_glyph_f1.ttx.GPOS
index d8b4e83..e5f8cc7 100644
--- a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos2_1_next_glyph_f1.ttx.GPOS
+++ b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos2_1_next_glyph_f1.ttx.GPOS
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
         <PairPos index="0" Format="1">
-          <Coverage Format="1">
+          <Coverage>
             <Glyph value="g18"/>
           </Coverage>
           <ValueFormat1 value="1"/>
diff --git a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos2_1_next_glyph_f2.ttx.GPOS b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos2_1_next_glyph_f2.ttx.GPOS
index cf71f47..820bea6 100644
--- a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos2_1_next_glyph_f2.ttx.GPOS
+++ b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos2_1_next_glyph_f2.ttx.GPOS
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
         <PairPos index="0" Format="1">
-          <Coverage Format="1">
+          <Coverage>
             <Glyph value="g18"/>
           </Coverage>
           <ValueFormat1 value="1"/>
diff --git a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos2_1_simple_f1.ttx.GPOS b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos2_1_simple_f1.ttx.GPOS
index 81b1720..55b8402 100644
--- a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos2_1_simple_f1.ttx.GPOS
+++ b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos2_1_simple_f1.ttx.GPOS
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
         <PairPos index="0" Format="1">
-          <Coverage Format="1">
+          <Coverage>
             <Glyph value="g18"/>
           </Coverage>
           <ValueFormat1 value="1"/>
diff --git a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos2_2_font1.ttx.GPOS b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos2_2_font1.ttx.GPOS
index 5595b99..d41d02d 100644
--- a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos2_2_font1.ttx.GPOS
+++ b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos2_2_font1.ttx.GPOS
@@ -34,15 +34,15 @@
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
         <PairPos index="0" Format="2">
-          <Coverage Format="1">
+          <Coverage>
             <Glyph value="g18"/>
           </Coverage>
           <ValueFormat1 value="1"/>
           <ValueFormat2 value="2"/>
-          <ClassDef1 Format="2">
+          <ClassDef1>
             <ClassDef glyph="g18" class="1"/>
           </ClassDef1>
-          <ClassDef2 Format="2">
+          <ClassDef2>
             <ClassDef glyph="g19" class="1"/>
           </ClassDef2>
           <!-- Class1Count=2 -->
diff --git a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos2_2_font2.ttx.GDEF b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos2_2_font2.ttx.GDEF
index 971a3f1..08e65de 100644
--- a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos2_2_font2.ttx.GDEF
+++ b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos2_2_font2.ttx.GDEF
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 
   <GDEF>
     <Version value="0x00010000"/>
-    <GlyphClassDef Format="2">
+    <GlyphClassDef>
       <ClassDef glyph="g18" class="1"/>
     </GlyphClassDef>
   </GDEF>
diff --git a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos2_2_font2.ttx.GPOS b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos2_2_font2.ttx.GPOS
index 7896be3..c7f3f32 100644
--- a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos2_2_font2.ttx.GPOS
+++ b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos2_2_font2.ttx.GPOS
@@ -31,18 +31,18 @@
       <!-- LookupCount=1 -->
       <Lookup index="0">
         <LookupType value="2"/>
-        <LookupFlag value="2"/>
+        <LookupFlag value="2"/><!-- ignoreBaseGlyphs -->
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
         <PairPos index="0" Format="2">
-          <Coverage Format="1">
+          <Coverage>
             <Glyph value="g19"/>
           </Coverage>
           <ValueFormat1 value="1"/>
           <ValueFormat2 value="2"/>
-          <ClassDef1 Format="2">
+          <ClassDef1>
             <ClassDef glyph="g19" class="1"/>
           </ClassDef1>
-          <ClassDef2 Format="2">
+          <ClassDef2>
             <ClassDef glyph="g20" class="1"/>
           </ClassDef2>
           <!-- Class1Count=2 -->
diff --git a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos2_2_font3.ttx.GDEF b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos2_2_font3.ttx.GDEF
index 971a3f1..08e65de 100644
--- a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos2_2_font3.ttx.GDEF
+++ b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos2_2_font3.ttx.GDEF
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 
   <GDEF>
     <Version value="0x00010000"/>
-    <GlyphClassDef Format="2">
+    <GlyphClassDef>
       <ClassDef glyph="g18" class="1"/>
     </GlyphClassDef>
   </GDEF>
diff --git a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos2_2_font3.ttx.GPOS b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos2_2_font3.ttx.GPOS
index 216a591..25ac07c 100644
--- a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos2_2_font3.ttx.GPOS
+++ b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos2_2_font3.ttx.GPOS
@@ -31,18 +31,18 @@
       <!-- LookupCount=1 -->
       <Lookup index="0">
         <LookupType value="2"/>
-        <LookupFlag value="2"/>
+        <LookupFlag value="2"/><!-- ignoreBaseGlyphs -->
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
         <PairPos index="0" Format="2">
-          <Coverage Format="1">
+          <Coverage>
             <Glyph value="g19"/>
           </Coverage>
           <ValueFormat1 value="4"/>
           <ValueFormat2 value="2"/>
-          <ClassDef1 Format="2">
+          <ClassDef1>
             <ClassDef glyph="g19" class="1"/>
           </ClassDef1>
-          <ClassDef2 Format="2">
+          <ClassDef2>
             <ClassDef glyph="g20" class="1"/>
           </ClassDef2>
           <!-- Class1Count=2 -->
diff --git a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos2_2_font4.ttx.GPOS b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos2_2_font4.ttx.GPOS
index a2e6017..46f3e6e 100644
--- a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos2_2_font4.ttx.GPOS
+++ b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos2_2_font4.ttx.GPOS
@@ -34,15 +34,15 @@
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
         <PairPos index="0" Format="2">
-          <Coverage Format="1">
+          <Coverage>
             <Glyph value="g18"/>
           </Coverage>
           <ValueFormat1 value="1"/>
           <ValueFormat2 value="2"/>
-          <ClassDef1 Format="2">
+          <ClassDef1>
             <ClassDef glyph="g18" class="1"/>
           </ClassDef1>
-          <ClassDef2 Format="2">
+          <ClassDef2>
             <ClassDef glyph="g18" class="1"/>
           </ClassDef2>
           <!-- Class1Count=2 -->
diff --git a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos2_2_font5.ttx.GPOS b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos2_2_font5.ttx.GPOS
index d269735..1d589ca 100644
--- a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos2_2_font5.ttx.GPOS
+++ b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos2_2_font5.ttx.GPOS
@@ -34,15 +34,15 @@
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
         <PairPos index="0" Format="2">
-          <Coverage Format="1">
+          <Coverage>
             <Glyph value="g18"/>
           </Coverage>
           <ValueFormat1 value="1"/>
           <ValueFormat2 value="0"/>
-          <ClassDef1 Format="2">
+          <ClassDef1>
             <ClassDef glyph="g18" class="1"/>
           </ClassDef1>
-          <ClassDef2 Format="2">
+          <ClassDef2>
             <ClassDef glyph="g18" class="1"/>
           </ClassDef2>
           <!-- Class1Count=2 -->
diff --git a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos3_font1.ttx.GPOS b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos3_font1.ttx.GPOS
index 8cbdbc7..8babfbf 100644
--- a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos3_font1.ttx.GPOS
+++ b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos3_font1.ttx.GPOS
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
         <CursivePos index="0" Format="1">
-          <Coverage Format="1">
+          <Coverage>
             <Glyph value="g18"/>
             <Glyph value="g19"/>
           </Coverage>
diff --git a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos3_font2.ttx.GDEF b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos3_font2.ttx.GDEF
index b5ca1ed..d2981b4 100644
--- a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos3_font2.ttx.GDEF
+++ b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos3_font2.ttx.GDEF
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 
   <GDEF>
     <Version value="0x00010000"/>
-    <GlyphClassDef Format="2">
+    <GlyphClassDef>
       <ClassDef glyph="g21" class="1"/>
     </GlyphClassDef>
   </GDEF>
diff --git a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos3_font2.ttx.GPOS b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos3_font2.ttx.GPOS
index 3ded3a7..378af37 100644
--- a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos3_font2.ttx.GPOS
+++ b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos3_font2.ttx.GPOS
@@ -31,10 +31,10 @@
       <!-- LookupCount=1 -->
       <Lookup index="0">
         <LookupType value="3"/>
-        <LookupFlag value="2"/>
+        <LookupFlag value="2"/><!-- ignoreBaseGlyphs -->
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
         <CursivePos index="0" Format="1">
-          <Coverage Format="1">
+          <Coverage>
             <Glyph value="g18"/>
             <Glyph value="g19"/>
           </Coverage>
diff --git a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos3_font3.ttx.GDEF b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos3_font3.ttx.GDEF
index b5ca1ed..d2981b4 100644
--- a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos3_font3.ttx.GDEF
+++ b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos3_font3.ttx.GDEF
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 
   <GDEF>
     <Version value="0x00010000"/>
-    <GlyphClassDef Format="2">
+    <GlyphClassDef>
       <ClassDef glyph="g21" class="1"/>
     </GlyphClassDef>
   </GDEF>
diff --git a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos3_font3.ttx.GPOS b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos3_font3.ttx.GPOS
index e6a1c04..7da5f5e 100644
--- a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos3_font3.ttx.GPOS
+++ b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos3_font3.ttx.GPOS
@@ -31,10 +31,10 @@
       <!-- LookupCount=1 -->
       <Lookup index="0">
         <LookupType value="3"/>
-        <LookupFlag value="2"/>
+        <LookupFlag value="2"/><!-- ignoreBaseGlyphs -->
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
         <CursivePos index="0" Format="1">
-          <Coverage Format="1">
+          <Coverage>
             <Glyph value="g18"/>
             <Glyph value="g19"/>
             <Glyph value="g20"/>
diff --git a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos4_lookupflag_f1.ttx.GDEF b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos4_lookupflag_f1.ttx.GDEF
index 5118ad8..e6b3946 100644
--- a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos4_lookupflag_f1.ttx.GDEF
+++ b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos4_lookupflag_f1.ttx.GDEF
@@ -3,13 +3,13 @@
 
   <GDEF>
     <Version value="0x00010000"/>
-    <GlyphClassDef Format="2">
+    <GlyphClassDef>
       <ClassDef glyph="g17" class="1"/>
       <ClassDef glyph="g18" class="1"/>
       <ClassDef glyph="g19" class="3"/>
       <ClassDef glyph="g20" class="3"/>
     </GlyphClassDef>
-    <MarkAttachClassDef Format="2">
+    <MarkAttachClassDef>
       <ClassDef glyph="g19" class="1"/>
       <ClassDef glyph="g20" class="2"/>
     </MarkAttachClassDef>
diff --git a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos4_lookupflag_f1.ttx.GPOS b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos4_lookupflag_f1.ttx.GPOS
index 744eaaa..d7526b5 100644
--- a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos4_lookupflag_f1.ttx.GPOS
+++ b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos4_lookupflag_f1.ttx.GPOS
@@ -31,13 +31,13 @@
       <!-- LookupCount=1 -->
       <Lookup index="0">
         <LookupType value="4"/>
-        <LookupFlag value="2"/>
+        <LookupFlag value="2"/><!-- ignoreBaseGlyphs -->
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
         <MarkBasePos index="0" Format="1">
-          <MarkCoverage Format="1">
+          <MarkCoverage>
             <Glyph value="g19"/>
           </MarkCoverage>
-          <BaseCoverage Format="1">
+          <BaseCoverage>
             <Glyph value="g18"/>
           </BaseCoverage>
           <!-- ClassCount=1 -->
diff --git a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos4_lookupflag_f2.ttx.GDEF b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos4_lookupflag_f2.ttx.GDEF
index 2627f21..8184af2 100644
--- a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos4_lookupflag_f2.ttx.GDEF
+++ b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos4_lookupflag_f2.ttx.GDEF
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 
   <GDEF>
     <Version value="0x00010000"/>
-    <GlyphClassDef Format="2">
+    <GlyphClassDef>
       <ClassDef glyph="g17" class="1"/>
       <ClassDef glyph="g18" class="1"/>
       <ClassDef glyph="g19" class="3"/>
diff --git a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos4_lookupflag_f2.ttx.GPOS b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos4_lookupflag_f2.ttx.GPOS
index 7817336..3efed82 100644
--- a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos4_lookupflag_f2.ttx.GPOS
+++ b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos4_lookupflag_f2.ttx.GPOS
@@ -31,13 +31,13 @@
       <!-- LookupCount=1 -->
       <Lookup index="0">
         <LookupType value="4"/>
-        <LookupFlag value="8"/>
+        <LookupFlag value="8"/><!-- ignoreMarks -->
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
         <MarkBasePos index="0" Format="1">
-          <MarkCoverage Format="1">
+          <MarkCoverage>
             <Glyph value="g19"/>
           </MarkCoverage>
-          <BaseCoverage Format="1">
+          <BaseCoverage>
             <Glyph value="g18"/>
           </BaseCoverage>
           <!-- ClassCount=1 -->
diff --git a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos4_multiple_anchors_1.ttx.GDEF b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos4_multiple_anchors_1.ttx.GDEF
index 4f9f64a..a8df0fd 100644
--- a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos4_multiple_anchors_1.ttx.GDEF
+++ b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos4_multiple_anchors_1.ttx.GDEF
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 
   <GDEF>
     <Version value="0x00010000"/>
-    <GlyphClassDef Format="2">
+    <GlyphClassDef>
       <ClassDef glyph="g17" class="1"/>
       <ClassDef glyph="g18" class="1"/>
       <ClassDef glyph="g19" class="3"/>
diff --git a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos4_multiple_anchors_1.ttx.GPOS b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos4_multiple_anchors_1.ttx.GPOS
index afe7e6a..cfd3ddb 100644
--- a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos4_multiple_anchors_1.ttx.GPOS
+++ b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos4_multiple_anchors_1.ttx.GPOS
@@ -34,13 +34,13 @@
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
         <MarkBasePos index="0" Format="1">
-          <MarkCoverage Format="1">
+          <MarkCoverage>
             <Glyph value="g19"/>
             <Glyph value="g20"/>
             <Glyph value="g21"/>
             <Glyph value="g22"/>
           </MarkCoverage>
-          <BaseCoverage Format="1">
+          <BaseCoverage>
             <Glyph value="g17"/>
             <Glyph value="g18"/>
           </BaseCoverage>
diff --git a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos4_simple_1.ttx.GDEF b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos4_simple_1.ttx.GDEF
index 2627f21..8184af2 100644
--- a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos4_simple_1.ttx.GDEF
+++ b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos4_simple_1.ttx.GDEF
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 
   <GDEF>
     <Version value="0x00010000"/>
-    <GlyphClassDef Format="2">
+    <GlyphClassDef>
       <ClassDef glyph="g17" class="1"/>
       <ClassDef glyph="g18" class="1"/>
       <ClassDef glyph="g19" class="3"/>
diff --git a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos4_simple_1.ttx.GPOS b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos4_simple_1.ttx.GPOS
index 3a2e623..ccbc784 100644
--- a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos4_simple_1.ttx.GPOS
+++ b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos4_simple_1.ttx.GPOS
@@ -34,10 +34,10 @@
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
         <MarkBasePos index="0" Format="1">
-          <MarkCoverage Format="1">
+          <MarkCoverage>
             <Glyph value="g19"/>
           </MarkCoverage>
-          <BaseCoverage Format="1">
+          <BaseCoverage>
             <Glyph value="g18"/>
           </BaseCoverage>
           <!-- ClassCount=1 -->
diff --git a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos5_font1.ttx.GDEF b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos5_font1.ttx.GDEF
index ff2dc98..461a982 100644
--- a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos5_font1.ttx.GDEF
+++ b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos5_font1.ttx.GDEF
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 
   <GDEF>
     <Version value="0x00010000"/>
-    <GlyphClassDef Format="2">
+    <GlyphClassDef>
       <ClassDef glyph="g17" class="1"/>
       <ClassDef glyph="g18" class="2"/>
       <ClassDef glyph="g19" class="3"/>
diff --git a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos5_font1.ttx.GPOS b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos5_font1.ttx.GPOS
index b5017b3..d5abadc 100644
--- a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos5_font1.ttx.GPOS
+++ b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos5_font1.ttx.GPOS
@@ -34,10 +34,10 @@
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
         <MarkLigPos index="0" Format="1">
-          <MarkCoverage Format="1">
+          <MarkCoverage>
             <Glyph value="g19"/>
           </MarkCoverage>
-          <LigatureCoverage Format="1">
+          <LigatureCoverage>
             <Glyph value="g18"/>
           </LigatureCoverage>
           <!-- ClassCount=1 -->
diff --git a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos5_font1.ttx.GSUB b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos5_font1.ttx.GSUB
index 85d3308..f81552a 100644
--- a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos5_font1.ttx.GSUB
+++ b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos5_font1.ttx.GSUB
@@ -31,9 +31,9 @@
       <!-- LookupCount=1 -->
       <Lookup index="0">
         <LookupType value="4"/>
-        <LookupFlag value="8"/>
+        <LookupFlag value="8"/><!-- ignoreMarks -->
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
-        <LigatureSubst index="0" Format="1">
+        <LigatureSubst index="0">
           <LigatureSet glyph="g30">
             <Ligature components="g31" glyph="g18"/>
           </LigatureSet>
diff --git a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos6_font1.ttx.GDEF b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos6_font1.ttx.GDEF
index 640f3eb..f07a29b 100644
--- a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos6_font1.ttx.GDEF
+++ b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos6_font1.ttx.GDEF
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 
   <GDEF>
     <Version value="0x00010000"/>
-    <GlyphClassDef Format="2">
+    <GlyphClassDef>
       <ClassDef glyph="g17" class="1"/>
       <ClassDef glyph="g18" class="3"/>
       <ClassDef glyph="g19" class="3"/>
diff --git a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos6_font1.ttx.GPOS b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos6_font1.ttx.GPOS
index d4c4da5..f2fd253 100644
--- a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos6_font1.ttx.GPOS
+++ b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos6_font1.ttx.GPOS
@@ -34,10 +34,10 @@
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
         <MarkMarkPos index="0" Format="1">
-          <Mark1Coverage Format="1">
+          <Mark1Coverage>
             <Glyph value="g19"/>
           </Mark1Coverage>
-          <Mark2Coverage Format="1">
+          <Mark2Coverage>
             <Glyph value="g18"/>
           </Mark2Coverage>
           <!-- ClassCount=1 -->
diff --git a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos7_1_font1.ttx.GPOS b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos7_1_font1.ttx.GPOS
index 3d82e68..db3b76e 100644
--- a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos7_1_font1.ttx.GPOS
+++ b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos7_1_font1.ttx.GPOS
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
         <SinglePos index="0" Format="2">
-          <Coverage Format="1">
+          <Coverage>
             <Glyph value="g18"/>
             <Glyph value="g19"/>
             <Glyph value="g20"/>
@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
         <ContextPos index="0" Format="1">
-          <Coverage Format="1">
+          <Coverage>
             <Glyph value="g18"/>
           </Coverage>
           <!-- PosRuleSetCount=1 -->
diff --git a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos9_font1.ttx.GPOS b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos9_font1.ttx.GPOS
index bbc1c38..9bcef94 100644
--- a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos9_font1.ttx.GPOS
+++ b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos9_font1.ttx.GPOS
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@
         <ExtensionPos index="0" Format="1">
           <ExtensionLookupType value="1"/>
           <SinglePos Format="1">
-            <Coverage Format="1">
+            <Coverage>
               <Glyph value="g18"/>
               <Glyph value="g20"/>
             </Coverage>
diff --git a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos9_font2.ttx.GPOS b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos9_font2.ttx.GPOS
index ac6d6af..ffb993b 100644
--- a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos9_font2.ttx.GPOS
+++ b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos9_font2.ttx.GPOS
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@
         <ExtensionPos index="0" Format="1">
           <ExtensionLookupType value="1"/>
           <SinglePos Format="1">
-            <Coverage Format="1">
+            <Coverage>
               <Glyph value="g18"/>
               <Glyph value="g20"/>
             </Coverage>
@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@
         <ExtensionPos index="1" Format="1">
           <ExtensionLookupType value="1"/>
           <SinglePos Format="1">
-            <Coverage Format="1">
+            <Coverage>
               <Glyph value="g19"/>
               <Glyph value="g21"/>
             </Coverage>
diff --git a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_chaining1_boundary_f1.ttx.GDEF b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_chaining1_boundary_f1.ttx.GDEF
index dba5550..b5c2ac3 100644
--- a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_chaining1_boundary_f1.ttx.GDEF
+++ b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_chaining1_boundary_f1.ttx.GDEF
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 
   <GDEF>
     <Version value="0x00010000"/>
-    <GlyphClassDef Format="2">
+    <GlyphClassDef>
       <ClassDef glyph="g80" class="1"/>
       <ClassDef glyph="g81" class="1"/>
       <ClassDef glyph="g82" class="1"/>
diff --git a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_chaining1_boundary_f1.ttx.GPOS b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_chaining1_boundary_f1.ttx.GPOS
index ea85d9f..a701d03 100644
--- a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_chaining1_boundary_f1.ttx.GPOS
+++ b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_chaining1_boundary_f1.ttx.GPOS
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
         <SinglePos index="0" Format="1">
-          <Coverage Format="1">
+          <Coverage>
             <Glyph value="g20"/>
             <Glyph value="g21"/>
             <Glyph value="g22"/>
@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
         <PairPos index="0" Format="1">
-          <Coverage Format="1">
+          <Coverage>
             <Glyph value="g21"/>
           </Coverage>
           <ValueFormat1 value="1"/>
@@ -72,10 +72,10 @@
       </Lookup>
       <Lookup index="2">
         <LookupType value="2"/>
-        <LookupFlag value="8"/>
+        <LookupFlag value="8"/><!-- ignoreMarks -->
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
         <PairPos index="0" Format="1">
-          <Coverage Format="1">
+          <Coverage>
             <Glyph value="g21"/>
           </Coverage>
           <ValueFormat1 value="1"/>
@@ -100,7 +100,7 @@
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
         <ChainContextPos index="0" Format="1">
-          <Coverage Format="1">
+          <Coverage>
             <Glyph value="g21"/>
           </Coverage>
           <!-- ChainPosRuleSetCount=1 -->
diff --git a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_chaining1_boundary_f2.ttx.GDEF b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_chaining1_boundary_f2.ttx.GDEF
index dba5550..b5c2ac3 100644
--- a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_chaining1_boundary_f2.ttx.GDEF
+++ b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_chaining1_boundary_f2.ttx.GDEF
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 
   <GDEF>
     <Version value="0x00010000"/>
-    <GlyphClassDef Format="2">
+    <GlyphClassDef>
       <ClassDef glyph="g80" class="1"/>
       <ClassDef glyph="g81" class="1"/>
       <ClassDef glyph="g82" class="1"/>
diff --git a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_chaining1_boundary_f2.ttx.GPOS b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_chaining1_boundary_f2.ttx.GPOS
index bd176ba..865a69b 100644
--- a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_chaining1_boundary_f2.ttx.GPOS
+++ b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_chaining1_boundary_f2.ttx.GPOS
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
         <SinglePos index="0" Format="1">
-          <Coverage Format="1">
+          <Coverage>
             <Glyph value="g20"/>
             <Glyph value="g21"/>
             <Glyph value="g22"/>
@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
         <PairPos index="0" Format="1">
-          <Coverage Format="1">
+          <Coverage>
             <Glyph value="g21"/>
           </Coverage>
           <ValueFormat1 value="1"/>
@@ -72,10 +72,10 @@
       </Lookup>
       <Lookup index="2">
         <LookupType value="2"/>
-        <LookupFlag value="8"/>
+        <LookupFlag value="8"/><!-- ignoreMarks -->
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
         <PairPos index="0" Format="1">
-          <Coverage Format="1">
+          <Coverage>
             <Glyph value="g21"/>
           </Coverage>
           <ValueFormat1 value="1"/>
@@ -100,7 +100,7 @@
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
         <ChainContextPos index="0" Format="1">
-          <Coverage Format="1">
+          <Coverage>
             <Glyph value="g21"/>
           </Coverage>
           <!-- ChainPosRuleSetCount=1 -->
diff --git a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_chaining1_boundary_f3.ttx.GDEF b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_chaining1_boundary_f3.ttx.GDEF
index dba5550..b5c2ac3 100644
--- a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_chaining1_boundary_f3.ttx.GDEF
+++ b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_chaining1_boundary_f3.ttx.GDEF
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 
   <GDEF>
     <Version value="0x00010000"/>
-    <GlyphClassDef Format="2">
+    <GlyphClassDef>
       <ClassDef glyph="g80" class="1"/>
       <ClassDef glyph="g81" class="1"/>
       <ClassDef glyph="g82" class="1"/>
diff --git a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_chaining1_boundary_f3.ttx.GPOS b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_chaining1_boundary_f3.ttx.GPOS
index b189067..f36b48a 100644
--- a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_chaining1_boundary_f3.ttx.GPOS
+++ b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_chaining1_boundary_f3.ttx.GPOS
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
         <SinglePos index="0" Format="1">
-          <Coverage Format="1">
+          <Coverage>
             <Glyph value="g20"/>
             <Glyph value="g21"/>
             <Glyph value="g22"/>
@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
         <PairPos index="0" Format="1">
-          <Coverage Format="1">
+          <Coverage>
             <Glyph value="g21"/>
           </Coverage>
           <ValueFormat1 value="1"/>
@@ -72,10 +72,10 @@
       </Lookup>
       <Lookup index="2">
         <LookupType value="2"/>
-        <LookupFlag value="8"/>
+        <LookupFlag value="8"/><!-- ignoreMarks -->
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
         <PairPos index="0" Format="1">
-          <Coverage Format="1">
+          <Coverage>
             <Glyph value="g21"/>
           </Coverage>
           <ValueFormat1 value="1"/>
@@ -100,7 +100,7 @@
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
         <ChainContextPos index="0" Format="1">
-          <Coverage Format="1">
+          <Coverage>
             <Glyph value="g21"/>
           </Coverage>
           <!-- ChainPosRuleSetCount=1 -->
diff --git a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_chaining1_boundary_f4.ttx.GDEF b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_chaining1_boundary_f4.ttx.GDEF
index dba5550..b5c2ac3 100644
--- a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_chaining1_boundary_f4.ttx.GDEF
+++ b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_chaining1_boundary_f4.ttx.GDEF
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 
   <GDEF>
     <Version value="0x00010000"/>
-    <GlyphClassDef Format="2">
+    <GlyphClassDef>
       <ClassDef glyph="g80" class="1"/>
       <ClassDef glyph="g81" class="1"/>
       <ClassDef glyph="g82" class="1"/>
diff --git a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_chaining1_boundary_f4.ttx.GPOS b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_chaining1_boundary_f4.ttx.GPOS
index f750652..d497f58 100644
--- a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_chaining1_boundary_f4.ttx.GPOS
+++ b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_chaining1_boundary_f4.ttx.GPOS
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
         <SinglePos index="0" Format="1">
-          <Coverage Format="1">
+          <Coverage>
             <Glyph value="g20"/>
             <Glyph value="g21"/>
             <Glyph value="g22"/>
@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
         <PairPos index="0" Format="1">
-          <Coverage Format="1">
+          <Coverage>
             <Glyph value="g21"/>
           </Coverage>
           <ValueFormat1 value="1"/>
@@ -72,10 +72,10 @@
       </Lookup>
       <Lookup index="2">
         <LookupType value="2"/>
-        <LookupFlag value="8"/>
+        <LookupFlag value="8"/><!-- ignoreMarks -->
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
         <PairPos index="0" Format="1">
-          <Coverage Format="1">
+          <Coverage>
             <Glyph value="g21"/>
           </Coverage>
           <ValueFormat1 value="1"/>
@@ -100,7 +100,7 @@
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
         <ChainContextPos index="0" Format="1">
-          <Coverage Format="1">
+          <Coverage>
             <Glyph value="g22"/>
           </Coverage>
           <!-- ChainPosRuleSetCount=1 -->
diff --git a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_chaining1_lookupflag_f1.ttx.GDEF b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_chaining1_lookupflag_f1.ttx.GDEF
index dba5550..b5c2ac3 100644
--- a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_chaining1_lookupflag_f1.ttx.GDEF
+++ b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_chaining1_lookupflag_f1.ttx.GDEF
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 
   <GDEF>
     <Version value="0x00010000"/>
-    <GlyphClassDef Format="2">
+    <GlyphClassDef>
       <ClassDef glyph="g80" class="1"/>
       <ClassDef glyph="g81" class="1"/>
       <ClassDef glyph="g82" class="1"/>
diff --git a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_chaining1_lookupflag_f1.ttx.GPOS b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_chaining1_lookupflag_f1.ttx.GPOS
index b07a9ba..540a00e 100644
--- a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_chaining1_lookupflag_f1.ttx.GPOS
+++ b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_chaining1_lookupflag_f1.ttx.GPOS
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
         <SinglePos index="0" Format="1">
-          <Coverage Format="1">
+          <Coverage>
             <Glyph value="g20"/>
             <Glyph value="g21"/>
             <Glyph value="g22"/>
@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
         <PairPos index="0" Format="1">
-          <Coverage Format="1">
+          <Coverage>
             <Glyph value="g21"/>
           </Coverage>
           <ValueFormat1 value="1"/>
@@ -72,10 +72,10 @@
       </Lookup>
       <Lookup index="2">
         <LookupType value="2"/>
-        <LookupFlag value="8"/>
+        <LookupFlag value="8"/><!-- ignoreMarks -->
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
         <PairPos index="0" Format="1">
-          <Coverage Format="1">
+          <Coverage>
             <Glyph value="g21"/>
           </Coverage>
           <ValueFormat1 value="1"/>
@@ -97,10 +97,10 @@
       </Lookup>
       <Lookup index="4">
         <LookupType value="8"/>
-        <LookupFlag value="8"/>
+        <LookupFlag value="8"/><!-- ignoreMarks -->
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
         <ChainContextPos index="0" Format="1">
-          <Coverage Format="1">
+          <Coverage>
             <Glyph value="g22"/>
           </Coverage>
           <!-- ChainPosRuleSetCount=1 -->
diff --git a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_chaining1_multiple_subrules_f1.ttx.GDEF b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_chaining1_multiple_subrules_f1.ttx.GDEF
index dba5550..b5c2ac3 100644
--- a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_chaining1_multiple_subrules_f1.ttx.GDEF
+++ b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_chaining1_multiple_subrules_f1.ttx.GDEF
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 
   <GDEF>
     <Version value="0x00010000"/>
-    <GlyphClassDef Format="2">
+    <GlyphClassDef>
       <ClassDef glyph="g80" class="1"/>
       <ClassDef glyph="g81" class="1"/>
       <ClassDef glyph="g82" class="1"/>
diff --git a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_chaining1_multiple_subrules_f1.ttx.GPOS b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_chaining1_multiple_subrules_f1.ttx.GPOS
index 09b5bd8..81374bc 100644
--- a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_chaining1_multiple_subrules_f1.ttx.GPOS
+++ b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_chaining1_multiple_subrules_f1.ttx.GPOS
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
         <SinglePos index="0" Format="1">
-          <Coverage Format="1">
+          <Coverage>
             <Glyph value="g20"/>
             <Glyph value="g21"/>
             <Glyph value="g22"/>
@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
         <PairPos index="0" Format="1">
-          <Coverage Format="1">
+          <Coverage>
             <Glyph value="g21"/>
           </Coverage>
           <ValueFormat1 value="1"/>
@@ -72,10 +72,10 @@
       </Lookup>
       <Lookup index="2">
         <LookupType value="2"/>
-        <LookupFlag value="8"/>
+        <LookupFlag value="8"/><!-- ignoreMarks -->
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
         <PairPos index="0" Format="1">
-          <Coverage Format="1">
+          <Coverage>
             <Glyph value="g21"/>
           </Coverage>
           <ValueFormat1 value="1"/>
@@ -100,7 +100,7 @@
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
         <ChainContextPos index="0" Format="1">
-          <Coverage Format="1">
+          <Coverage>
             <Glyph value="g21"/>
           </Coverage>
           <!-- ChainPosRuleSetCount=1 -->
diff --git a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_chaining1_multiple_subrules_f2.ttx.GDEF b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_chaining1_multiple_subrules_f2.ttx.GDEF
index dba5550..b5c2ac3 100644
--- a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_chaining1_multiple_subrules_f2.ttx.GDEF
+++ b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_chaining1_multiple_subrules_f2.ttx.GDEF
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 
   <GDEF>
     <Version value="0x00010000"/>
-    <GlyphClassDef Format="2">
+    <GlyphClassDef>
       <ClassDef glyph="g80" class="1"/>
       <ClassDef glyph="g81" class="1"/>
       <ClassDef glyph="g82" class="1"/>
diff --git a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_chaining1_multiple_subrules_f2.ttx.GPOS b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_chaining1_multiple_subrules_f2.ttx.GPOS
index e8fb516..404e929 100644
--- a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_chaining1_multiple_subrules_f2.ttx.GPOS
+++ b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_chaining1_multiple_subrules_f2.ttx.GPOS
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
         <SinglePos index="0" Format="1">
-          <Coverage Format="1">
+          <Coverage>
             <Glyph value="g20"/>
             <Glyph value="g21"/>
             <Glyph value="g22"/>
@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
         <PairPos index="0" Format="1">
-          <Coverage Format="1">
+          <Coverage>
             <Glyph value="g21"/>
           </Coverage>
           <ValueFormat1 value="1"/>
@@ -72,10 +72,10 @@
       </Lookup>
       <Lookup index="2">
         <LookupType value="2"/>
-        <LookupFlag value="8"/>
+        <LookupFlag value="8"/><!-- ignoreMarks -->
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
         <PairPos index="0" Format="1">
-          <Coverage Format="1">
+          <Coverage>
             <Glyph value="g21"/>
           </Coverage>
           <ValueFormat1 value="1"/>
@@ -100,7 +100,7 @@
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
         <ChainContextPos index="0" Format="1">
-          <Coverage Format="1">
+          <Coverage>
             <Glyph value="g21"/>
           </Coverage>
           <!-- ChainPosRuleSetCount=1 -->
diff --git a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_chaining1_next_glyph_f1.ttx.GDEF b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_chaining1_next_glyph_f1.ttx.GDEF
index dba5550..b5c2ac3 100644
--- a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_chaining1_next_glyph_f1.ttx.GDEF
+++ b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_chaining1_next_glyph_f1.ttx.GDEF
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 
   <GDEF>
     <Version value="0x00010000"/>
-    <GlyphClassDef Format="2">
+    <GlyphClassDef>
       <ClassDef glyph="g80" class="1"/>
       <ClassDef glyph="g81" class="1"/>
       <ClassDef glyph="g82" class="1"/>
diff --git a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_chaining1_next_glyph_f1.ttx.GPOS b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_chaining1_next_glyph_f1.ttx.GPOS
index 1f7539e..87be738 100644
--- a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_chaining1_next_glyph_f1.ttx.GPOS
+++ b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_chaining1_next_glyph_f1.ttx.GPOS
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
         <SinglePos index="0" Format="1">
-          <Coverage Format="1">
+          <Coverage>
             <Glyph value="g20"/>
             <Glyph value="g21"/>
             <Glyph value="g22"/>
@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
         <PairPos index="0" Format="1">
-          <Coverage Format="1">
+          <Coverage>
             <Glyph value="g21"/>
           </Coverage>
           <ValueFormat1 value="1"/>
@@ -72,10 +72,10 @@
       </Lookup>
       <Lookup index="2">
         <LookupType value="2"/>
-        <LookupFlag value="8"/>
+        <LookupFlag value="8"/><!-- ignoreMarks -->
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
         <PairPos index="0" Format="1">
-          <Coverage Format="1">
+          <Coverage>
             <Glyph value="g21"/>
           </Coverage>
           <ValueFormat1 value="1"/>
@@ -100,7 +100,7 @@
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
         <ChainContextPos index="0" Format="1">
-          <Coverage Format="1">
+          <Coverage>
             <Glyph value="g21"/>
             <Glyph value="g23"/>
           </Coverage>
diff --git a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_chaining1_simple_f1.ttx.GDEF b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_chaining1_simple_f1.ttx.GDEF
index dba5550..b5c2ac3 100644
--- a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_chaining1_simple_f1.ttx.GDEF
+++ b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_chaining1_simple_f1.ttx.GDEF
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 
   <GDEF>
     <Version value="0x00010000"/>
-    <GlyphClassDef Format="2">
+    <GlyphClassDef>
       <ClassDef glyph="g80" class="1"/>
       <ClassDef glyph="g81" class="1"/>
       <ClassDef glyph="g82" class="1"/>
diff --git a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_chaining1_simple_f1.ttx.GPOS b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_chaining1_simple_f1.ttx.GPOS
index 1780fda..c755f87 100644
--- a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_chaining1_simple_f1.ttx.GPOS
+++ b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_chaining1_simple_f1.ttx.GPOS
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
         <SinglePos index="0" Format="1">
-          <Coverage Format="1">
+          <Coverage>
             <Glyph value="g20"/>
             <Glyph value="g21"/>
             <Glyph value="g22"/>
@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
         <PairPos index="0" Format="1">
-          <Coverage Format="1">
+          <Coverage>
             <Glyph value="g21"/>
           </Coverage>
           <ValueFormat1 value="1"/>
@@ -72,10 +72,10 @@
       </Lookup>
       <Lookup index="2">
         <LookupType value="2"/>
-        <LookupFlag value="8"/>
+        <LookupFlag value="8"/><!-- ignoreMarks -->
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
         <PairPos index="0" Format="1">
-          <Coverage Format="1">
+          <Coverage>
             <Glyph value="g21"/>
           </Coverage>
           <ValueFormat1 value="1"/>
@@ -100,7 +100,7 @@
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
         <ChainContextPos index="0" Format="1">
-          <Coverage Format="1">
+          <Coverage>
             <Glyph value="g21"/>
           </Coverage>
           <!-- ChainPosRuleSetCount=1 -->
diff --git a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_chaining1_simple_f2.ttx.GDEF b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_chaining1_simple_f2.ttx.GDEF
index dba5550..b5c2ac3 100644
--- a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_chaining1_simple_f2.ttx.GDEF
+++ b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_chaining1_simple_f2.ttx.GDEF
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 
   <GDEF>
     <Version value="0x00010000"/>
-    <GlyphClassDef Format="2">
+    <GlyphClassDef>
       <ClassDef glyph="g80" class="1"/>
       <ClassDef glyph="g81" class="1"/>
       <ClassDef glyph="g82" class="1"/>
diff --git a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_chaining1_simple_f2.ttx.GPOS b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_chaining1_simple_f2.ttx.GPOS
index c2d3411..e211d85 100644
--- a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_chaining1_simple_f2.ttx.GPOS
+++ b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_chaining1_simple_f2.ttx.GPOS
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
         <SinglePos index="0" Format="1">
-          <Coverage Format="1">
+          <Coverage>
             <Glyph value="g20"/>
             <Glyph value="g21"/>
             <Glyph value="g22"/>
@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
         <PairPos index="0" Format="1">
-          <Coverage Format="1">
+          <Coverage>
             <Glyph value="g21"/>
           </Coverage>
           <ValueFormat1 value="1"/>
@@ -72,10 +72,10 @@
       </Lookup>
       <Lookup index="2">
         <LookupType value="2"/>
-        <LookupFlag value="8"/>
+        <LookupFlag value="8"/><!-- ignoreMarks -->
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
         <PairPos index="0" Format="1">
-          <Coverage Format="1">
+          <Coverage>
             <Glyph value="g21"/>
           </Coverage>
           <ValueFormat1 value="1"/>
@@ -100,7 +100,7 @@
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
         <ChainContextPos index="0" Format="1">
-          <Coverage Format="1">
+          <Coverage>
             <Glyph value="g22"/>
           </Coverage>
           <!-- ChainPosRuleSetCount=1 -->
diff --git a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_chaining1_successive_f1.ttx.GDEF b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_chaining1_successive_f1.ttx.GDEF
index dba5550..b5c2ac3 100644
--- a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_chaining1_successive_f1.ttx.GDEF
+++ b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_chaining1_successive_f1.ttx.GDEF
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 
   <GDEF>
     <Version value="0x00010000"/>
-    <GlyphClassDef Format="2">
+    <GlyphClassDef>
       <ClassDef glyph="g80" class="1"/>
       <ClassDef glyph="g81" class="1"/>
       <ClassDef glyph="g82" class="1"/>
diff --git a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_chaining1_successive_f1.ttx.GPOS b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_chaining1_successive_f1.ttx.GPOS
index 3960d8a..a2da259 100644
--- a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_chaining1_successive_f1.ttx.GPOS
+++ b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_chaining1_successive_f1.ttx.GPOS
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
         <SinglePos index="0" Format="1">
-          <Coverage Format="1">
+          <Coverage>
             <Glyph value="g20"/>
             <Glyph value="g21"/>
             <Glyph value="g22"/>
@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
         <PairPos index="0" Format="1">
-          <Coverage Format="1">
+          <Coverage>
             <Glyph value="g21"/>
           </Coverage>
           <ValueFormat1 value="1"/>
@@ -72,10 +72,10 @@
       </Lookup>
       <Lookup index="2">
         <LookupType value="2"/>
-        <LookupFlag value="8"/>
+        <LookupFlag value="8"/><!-- ignoreMarks -->
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
         <PairPos index="0" Format="1">
-          <Coverage Format="1">
+          <Coverage>
             <Glyph value="g21"/>
           </Coverage>
           <ValueFormat1 value="1"/>
@@ -100,7 +100,7 @@
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
         <ChainContextPos index="0" Format="1">
-          <Coverage Format="1">
+          <Coverage>
             <Glyph value="g20"/>
           </Coverage>
           <!-- ChainPosRuleSetCount=1 -->
diff --git a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_chaining2_boundary_f1.ttx.GDEF b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_chaining2_boundary_f1.ttx.GDEF
index dba5550..b5c2ac3 100644
--- a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_chaining2_boundary_f1.ttx.GDEF
+++ b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_chaining2_boundary_f1.ttx.GDEF
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 
   <GDEF>
     <Version value="0x00010000"/>
-    <GlyphClassDef Format="2">
+    <GlyphClassDef>
       <ClassDef glyph="g80" class="1"/>
       <ClassDef glyph="g81" class="1"/>
       <ClassDef glyph="g82" class="1"/>
diff --git a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_chaining2_boundary_f1.ttx.GPOS b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_chaining2_boundary_f1.ttx.GPOS
index fe06077..f8b5eac 100644
--- a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_chaining2_boundary_f1.ttx.GPOS
+++ b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_chaining2_boundary_f1.ttx.GPOS
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
         <SinglePos index="0" Format="1">
-          <Coverage Format="1">
+          <Coverage>
             <Glyph value="g20"/>
             <Glyph value="g21"/>
             <Glyph value="g22"/>
@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
         <PairPos index="0" Format="1">
-          <Coverage Format="1">
+          <Coverage>
             <Glyph value="g21"/>
           </Coverage>
           <ValueFormat1 value="1"/>
@@ -72,10 +72,10 @@
       </Lookup>
       <Lookup index="2">
         <LookupType value="2"/>
-        <LookupFlag value="8"/>
+        <LookupFlag value="8"/><!-- ignoreMarks -->
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
         <PairPos index="0" Format="1">
-          <Coverage Format="1">
+          <Coverage>
             <Glyph value="g21"/>
           </Coverage>
           <ValueFormat1 value="1"/>
@@ -100,7 +100,7 @@
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
         <ChainContextPos index="0" Format="2">
-          <Coverage Format="1">
+          <Coverage>
             <Glyph value="g20"/>
             <Glyph value="g21"/>
             <Glyph value="g22"/>
@@ -109,7 +109,7 @@
             <Glyph value="g25"/>
             <Glyph value="g26"/>
           </Coverage>
-          <BacktrackClassDef Format="2">
+          <BacktrackClassDef>
             <ClassDef glyph="g20" class="20"/>
             <ClassDef glyph="g21" class="21"/>
             <ClassDef glyph="g22" class="22"/>
@@ -118,7 +118,7 @@
             <ClassDef glyph="g25" class="25"/>
             <ClassDef glyph="g26" class="26"/>
           </BacktrackClassDef>
-          <InputClassDef Format="2">
+          <InputClassDef>
             <ClassDef glyph="g20" class="20"/>
             <ClassDef glyph="g21" class="21"/>
             <ClassDef glyph="g22" class="22"/>
@@ -127,7 +127,7 @@
             <ClassDef glyph="g25" class="25"/>
             <ClassDef glyph="g26" class="26"/>
           </InputClassDef>
-          <LookAheadClassDef Format="2">
+          <LookAheadClassDef>
             <ClassDef glyph="g20" class="20"/>
             <ClassDef glyph="g21" class="21"/>
             <ClassDef glyph="g22" class="22"/>
diff --git a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_chaining2_boundary_f2.ttx.GDEF b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_chaining2_boundary_f2.ttx.GDEF
index dba5550..b5c2ac3 100644
--- a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_chaining2_boundary_f2.ttx.GDEF
+++ b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_chaining2_boundary_f2.ttx.GDEF
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 
   <GDEF>
     <Version value="0x00010000"/>
-    <GlyphClassDef Format="2">
+    <GlyphClassDef>
       <ClassDef glyph="g80" class="1"/>
       <ClassDef glyph="g81" class="1"/>
       <ClassDef glyph="g82" class="1"/>
diff --git a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_chaining2_boundary_f2.ttx.GPOS b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_chaining2_boundary_f2.ttx.GPOS
index c529371..aa832de 100644
--- a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_chaining2_boundary_f2.ttx.GPOS
+++ b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_chaining2_boundary_f2.ttx.GPOS
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
         <SinglePos index="0" Format="1">
-          <Coverage Format="1">
+          <Coverage>
             <Glyph value="g20"/>
             <Glyph value="g21"/>
             <Glyph value="g22"/>
@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
         <PairPos index="0" Format="1">
-          <Coverage Format="1">
+          <Coverage>
             <Glyph value="g21"/>
           </Coverage>
           <ValueFormat1 value="1"/>
@@ -72,10 +72,10 @@
       </Lookup>
       <Lookup index="2">
         <LookupType value="2"/>
-        <LookupFlag value="8"/>
+        <LookupFlag value="8"/><!-- ignoreMarks -->
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
         <PairPos index="0" Format="1">
-          <Coverage Format="1">
+          <Coverage>
             <Glyph value="g21"/>
           </Coverage>
           <ValueFormat1 value="1"/>
@@ -100,7 +100,7 @@
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
         <ChainContextPos index="0" Format="2">
-          <Coverage Format="1">
+          <Coverage>
             <Glyph value="g20"/>
             <Glyph value="g21"/>
             <Glyph value="g22"/>
@@ -109,7 +109,7 @@
             <Glyph value="g25"/>
             <Glyph value="g26"/>
           </Coverage>
-          <BacktrackClassDef Format="2">
+          <BacktrackClassDef>
             <ClassDef glyph="g20" class="20"/>
             <ClassDef glyph="g21" class="21"/>
             <ClassDef glyph="g22" class="22"/>
@@ -118,7 +118,7 @@
             <ClassDef glyph="g25" class="25"/>
             <ClassDef glyph="g26" class="26"/>
           </BacktrackClassDef>
-          <InputClassDef Format="2">
+          <InputClassDef>
             <ClassDef glyph="g20" class="20"/>
             <ClassDef glyph="g21" class="21"/>
             <ClassDef glyph="g22" class="22"/>
@@ -127,7 +127,7 @@
             <ClassDef glyph="g25" class="25"/>
             <ClassDef glyph="g26" class="26"/>
           </InputClassDef>
-          <LookAheadClassDef Format="2">
+          <LookAheadClassDef>
             <ClassDef glyph="g20" class="20"/>
             <ClassDef glyph="g21" class="21"/>
             <ClassDef glyph="g22" class="22"/>
diff --git a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_chaining2_boundary_f3.ttx.GDEF b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_chaining2_boundary_f3.ttx.GDEF
index dba5550..b5c2ac3 100644
--- a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_chaining2_boundary_f3.ttx.GDEF
+++ b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_chaining2_boundary_f3.ttx.GDEF
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 
   <GDEF>
     <Version value="0x00010000"/>
-    <GlyphClassDef Format="2">
+    <GlyphClassDef>
       <ClassDef glyph="g80" class="1"/>
       <ClassDef glyph="g81" class="1"/>
       <ClassDef glyph="g82" class="1"/>
diff --git a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_chaining2_boundary_f3.ttx.GPOS b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_chaining2_boundary_f3.ttx.GPOS
index fa55cf1..6ee0bc9 100644
--- a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_chaining2_boundary_f3.ttx.GPOS
+++ b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_chaining2_boundary_f3.ttx.GPOS
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
         <SinglePos index="0" Format="1">
-          <Coverage Format="1">
+          <Coverage>
             <Glyph value="g20"/>
             <Glyph value="g21"/>
             <Glyph value="g22"/>
@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
         <PairPos index="0" Format="1">
-          <Coverage Format="1">
+          <Coverage>
             <Glyph value="g21"/>
           </Coverage>
           <ValueFormat1 value="1"/>
@@ -72,10 +72,10 @@
       </Lookup>
       <Lookup index="2">
         <LookupType value="2"/>
-        <LookupFlag value="8"/>
+        <LookupFlag value="8"/><!-- ignoreMarks -->
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
         <PairPos index="0" Format="1">
-          <Coverage Format="1">
+          <Coverage>
             <Glyph value="g21"/>
           </Coverage>
           <ValueFormat1 value="1"/>
@@ -100,7 +100,7 @@
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
         <ChainContextPos index="0" Format="2">
-          <Coverage Format="1">
+          <Coverage>
             <Glyph value="g20"/>
             <Glyph value="g21"/>
             <Glyph value="g22"/>
@@ -109,7 +109,7 @@
             <Glyph value="g25"/>
             <Glyph value="g26"/>
           </Coverage>
-          <BacktrackClassDef Format="2">
+          <BacktrackClassDef>
             <ClassDef glyph="g20" class="20"/>
             <ClassDef glyph="g21" class="21"/>
             <ClassDef glyph="g22" class="22"/>
@@ -118,7 +118,7 @@
             <ClassDef glyph="g25" class="25"/>
             <ClassDef glyph="g26" class="26"/>
           </BacktrackClassDef>
-          <InputClassDef Format="2">
+          <InputClassDef>
             <ClassDef glyph="g20" class="20"/>
             <ClassDef glyph="g21" class="21"/>
             <ClassDef glyph="g22" class="22"/>
@@ -127,7 +127,7 @@
             <ClassDef glyph="g25" class="25"/>
             <ClassDef glyph="g26" class="26"/>
           </InputClassDef>
-          <LookAheadClassDef Format="2">
+          <LookAheadClassDef>
             <ClassDef glyph="g20" class="20"/>
             <ClassDef glyph="g21" class="21"/>
             <ClassDef glyph="g22" class="22"/>
diff --git a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_chaining2_boundary_f4.ttx.GDEF b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_chaining2_boundary_f4.ttx.GDEF
index dba5550..b5c2ac3 100644
--- a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_chaining2_boundary_f4.ttx.GDEF
+++ b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_chaining2_boundary_f4.ttx.GDEF
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 
   <GDEF>
     <Version value="0x00010000"/>
-    <GlyphClassDef Format="2">
+    <GlyphClassDef>
       <ClassDef glyph="g80" class="1"/>
       <ClassDef glyph="g81" class="1"/>
       <ClassDef glyph="g82" class="1"/>
diff --git a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_chaining2_boundary_f4.ttx.GPOS b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_chaining2_boundary_f4.ttx.GPOS
index f943402..1acf6c4 100644
--- a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_chaining2_boundary_f4.ttx.GPOS
+++ b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_chaining2_boundary_f4.ttx.GPOS
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
         <SinglePos index="0" Format="1">
-          <Coverage Format="1">
+          <Coverage>
             <Glyph value="g20"/>
             <Glyph value="g21"/>
             <Glyph value="g22"/>
@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
         <PairPos index="0" Format="1">
-          <Coverage Format="1">
+          <Coverage>
             <Glyph value="g21"/>
           </Coverage>
           <ValueFormat1 value="1"/>
@@ -72,10 +72,10 @@
       </Lookup>
       <Lookup index="2">
         <LookupType value="2"/>
-        <LookupFlag value="8"/>
+        <LookupFlag value="8"/><!-- ignoreMarks -->
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
         <PairPos index="0" Format="1">
-          <Coverage Format="1">
+          <Coverage>
             <Glyph value="g21"/>
           </Coverage>
           <ValueFormat1 value="1"/>
@@ -100,7 +100,7 @@
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
         <ChainContextPos index="0" Format="2">
-          <Coverage Format="1">
+          <Coverage>
             <Glyph value="g20"/>
             <Glyph value="g21"/>
             <Glyph value="g22"/>
@@ -109,7 +109,7 @@
             <Glyph value="g25"/>
             <Glyph value="g26"/>
           </Coverage>
-          <BacktrackClassDef Format="2">
+          <BacktrackClassDef>
             <ClassDef glyph="g20" class="20"/>
             <ClassDef glyph="g21" class="21"/>
             <ClassDef glyph="g22" class="22"/>
@@ -118,7 +118,7 @@
             <ClassDef glyph="g25" class="25"/>
             <ClassDef glyph="g26" class="26"/>
           </BacktrackClassDef>
-          <InputClassDef Format="2">
+          <InputClassDef>
             <ClassDef glyph="g20" class="20"/>
             <ClassDef glyph="g21" class="21"/>
             <ClassDef glyph="g22" class="22"/>
@@ -127,7 +127,7 @@
             <ClassDef glyph="g25" class="25"/>
             <ClassDef glyph="g26" class="26"/>
           </InputClassDef>
-          <LookAheadClassDef Format="2">
+          <LookAheadClassDef>
             <ClassDef glyph="g20" class="20"/>
             <ClassDef glyph="g21" class="21"/>
             <ClassDef glyph="g22" class="22"/>
diff --git a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_chaining2_lookupflag_f1.ttx.GDEF b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_chaining2_lookupflag_f1.ttx.GDEF
index dba5550..b5c2ac3 100644
--- a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_chaining2_lookupflag_f1.ttx.GDEF
+++ b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_chaining2_lookupflag_f1.ttx.GDEF
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 
   <GDEF>
     <Version value="0x00010000"/>
-    <GlyphClassDef Format="2">
+    <GlyphClassDef>
       <ClassDef glyph="g80" class="1"/>
       <ClassDef glyph="g81" class="1"/>
       <ClassDef glyph="g82" class="1"/>
diff --git a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_chaining2_lookupflag_f1.ttx.GPOS b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_chaining2_lookupflag_f1.ttx.GPOS
index b26d93b..a5b4dec 100644
--- a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_chaining2_lookupflag_f1.ttx.GPOS
+++ b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_chaining2_lookupflag_f1.ttx.GPOS
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
         <SinglePos index="0" Format="1">
-          <Coverage Format="1">
+          <Coverage>
             <Glyph value="g20"/>
             <Glyph value="g21"/>
             <Glyph value="g22"/>
@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
         <PairPos index="0" Format="1">
-          <Coverage Format="1">
+          <Coverage>
             <Glyph value="g21"/>
           </Coverage>
           <ValueFormat1 value="1"/>
@@ -72,10 +72,10 @@
       </Lookup>
       <Lookup index="2">
         <LookupType value="2"/>
-        <LookupFlag value="8"/>
+        <LookupFlag value="8"/><!-- ignoreMarks -->
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
         <PairPos index="0" Format="1">
-          <Coverage Format="1">
+          <Coverage>
             <Glyph value="g21"/>
           </Coverage>
           <ValueFormat1 value="1"/>
@@ -97,10 +97,10 @@
       </Lookup>
       <Lookup index="4">
         <LookupType value="8"/>
-        <LookupFlag value="8"/>
+        <LookupFlag value="8"/><!-- ignoreMarks -->
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
         <ChainContextPos index="0" Format="2">
-          <Coverage Format="1">
+          <Coverage>
             <Glyph value="g20"/>
             <Glyph value="g21"/>
             <Glyph value="g22"/>
@@ -109,7 +109,7 @@
             <Glyph value="g25"/>
             <Glyph value="g26"/>
           </Coverage>
-          <BacktrackClassDef Format="2">
+          <BacktrackClassDef>
             <ClassDef glyph="g20" class="20"/>
             <ClassDef glyph="g21" class="21"/>
             <ClassDef glyph="g22" class="22"/>
@@ -118,7 +118,7 @@
             <ClassDef glyph="g25" class="25"/>
             <ClassDef glyph="g26" class="26"/>
           </BacktrackClassDef>
-          <InputClassDef Format="2">
+          <InputClassDef>
             <ClassDef glyph="g20" class="20"/>
             <ClassDef glyph="g21" class="21"/>
             <ClassDef glyph="g22" class="22"/>
@@ -127,7 +127,7 @@
             <ClassDef glyph="g25" class="25"/>
             <ClassDef glyph="g26" class="26"/>
           </InputClassDef>
-          <LookAheadClassDef Format="2">
+          <LookAheadClassDef>
             <ClassDef glyph="g20" class="20"/>
             <ClassDef glyph="g21" class="21"/>
             <ClassDef glyph="g22" class="22"/>
diff --git a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_chaining2_multiple_subrules_f1.ttx.GDEF b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_chaining2_multiple_subrules_f1.ttx.GDEF
index dba5550..b5c2ac3 100644
--- a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_chaining2_multiple_subrules_f1.ttx.GDEF
+++ b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_chaining2_multiple_subrules_f1.ttx.GDEF
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 
   <GDEF>
     <Version value="0x00010000"/>
-    <GlyphClassDef Format="2">
+    <GlyphClassDef>
       <ClassDef glyph="g80" class="1"/>
       <ClassDef glyph="g81" class="1"/>
       <ClassDef glyph="g82" class="1"/>
diff --git a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_chaining2_multiple_subrules_f1.ttx.GPOS b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_chaining2_multiple_subrules_f1.ttx.GPOS
index 33399ba..c5b5253 100644
--- a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_chaining2_multiple_subrules_f1.ttx.GPOS
+++ b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_chaining2_multiple_subrules_f1.ttx.GPOS
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
         <SinglePos index="0" Format="1">
-          <Coverage Format="1">
+          <Coverage>
             <Glyph value="g20"/>
             <Glyph value="g21"/>
             <Glyph value="g22"/>
@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
         <PairPos index="0" Format="1">
-          <Coverage Format="1">
+          <Coverage>
             <Glyph value="g21"/>
           </Coverage>
           <ValueFormat1 value="1"/>
@@ -72,10 +72,10 @@
       </Lookup>
       <Lookup index="2">
         <LookupType value="2"/>
-        <LookupFlag value="8"/>
+        <LookupFlag value="8"/><!-- ignoreMarks -->
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
         <PairPos index="0" Format="1">
-          <Coverage Format="1">
+          <Coverage>
             <Glyph value="g21"/>
           </Coverage>
           <ValueFormat1 value="1"/>
@@ -100,7 +100,7 @@
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
         <ChainContextPos index="0" Format="2">
-          <Coverage Format="1">
+          <Coverage>
             <Glyph value="g20"/>
             <Glyph value="g21"/>
             <Glyph value="g22"/>
@@ -109,7 +109,7 @@
             <Glyph value="g25"/>
             <Glyph value="g26"/>
           </Coverage>
-          <BacktrackClassDef Format="2">
+          <BacktrackClassDef>
             <ClassDef glyph="g20" class="20"/>
             <ClassDef glyph="g21" class="21"/>
             <ClassDef glyph="g22" class="22"/>
@@ -118,7 +118,7 @@
             <ClassDef glyph="g25" class="25"/>
             <ClassDef glyph="g26" class="26"/>
           </BacktrackClassDef>
-          <InputClassDef Format="2">
+          <InputClassDef>
             <ClassDef glyph="g20" class="20"/>
             <ClassDef glyph="g21" class="21"/>
             <ClassDef glyph="g22" class="22"/>
@@ -127,7 +127,7 @@
             <ClassDef glyph="g25" class="25"/>
             <ClassDef glyph="g26" class="26"/>
           </InputClassDef>
-          <LookAheadClassDef Format="2">
+          <LookAheadClassDef>
             <ClassDef glyph="g20" class="20"/>
             <ClassDef glyph="g21" class="21"/>
             <ClassDef glyph="g22" class="22"/>
diff --git a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_chaining2_multiple_subrules_f2.ttx.GDEF b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_chaining2_multiple_subrules_f2.ttx.GDEF
index dba5550..b5c2ac3 100644
--- a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_chaining2_multiple_subrules_f2.ttx.GDEF
+++ b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_chaining2_multiple_subrules_f2.ttx.GDEF
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 
   <GDEF>
     <Version value="0x00010000"/>
-    <GlyphClassDef Format="2">
+    <GlyphClassDef>
       <ClassDef glyph="g80" class="1"/>
       <ClassDef glyph="g81" class="1"/>
       <ClassDef glyph="g82" class="1"/>
diff --git a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_chaining2_multiple_subrules_f2.ttx.GPOS b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_chaining2_multiple_subrules_f2.ttx.GPOS
index dc10c2f..b9512fa 100644
--- a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_chaining2_multiple_subrules_f2.ttx.GPOS
+++ b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_chaining2_multiple_subrules_f2.ttx.GPOS
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
         <SinglePos index="0" Format="1">
-          <Coverage Format="1">
+          <Coverage>
             <Glyph value="g20"/>
             <Glyph value="g21"/>
             <Glyph value="g22"/>
@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
         <PairPos index="0" Format="1">
-          <Coverage Format="1">
+          <Coverage>
             <Glyph value="g21"/>
           </Coverage>
           <ValueFormat1 value="1"/>
@@ -72,10 +72,10 @@
       </Lookup>
       <Lookup index="2">
         <LookupType value="2"/>
-        <LookupFlag value="8"/>
+        <LookupFlag value="8"/><!-- ignoreMarks -->
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
         <PairPos index="0" Format="1">
-          <Coverage Format="1">
+          <Coverage>
             <Glyph value="g21"/>
           </Coverage>
           <ValueFormat1 value="1"/>
@@ -100,7 +100,7 @@
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
         <ChainContextPos index="0" Format="2">
-          <Coverage Format="1">
+          <Coverage>
             <Glyph value="g20"/>
             <Glyph value="g21"/>
             <Glyph value="g22"/>
@@ -109,7 +109,7 @@
             <Glyph value="g25"/>
             <Glyph value="g26"/>
           </Coverage>
-          <BacktrackClassDef Format="2">
+          <BacktrackClassDef>
             <ClassDef glyph="g20" class="20"/>
             <ClassDef glyph="g21" class="21"/>
             <ClassDef glyph="g22" class="22"/>
@@ -118,7 +118,7 @@
             <ClassDef glyph="g25" class="25"/>
             <ClassDef glyph="g26" class="26"/>
           </BacktrackClassDef>
-          <InputClassDef Format="2">
+          <InputClassDef>
             <ClassDef glyph="g20" class="20"/>
             <ClassDef glyph="g21" class="21"/>
             <ClassDef glyph="g22" class="22"/>
@@ -127,7 +127,7 @@
             <ClassDef glyph="g25" class="25"/>
             <ClassDef glyph="g26" class="26"/>
           </InputClassDef>
-          <LookAheadClassDef Format="2">
+          <LookAheadClassDef>
             <ClassDef glyph="g20" class="20"/>
             <ClassDef glyph="g21" class="21"/>
             <ClassDef glyph="g22" class="22"/>
diff --git a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_chaining2_next_glyph_f1.ttx.GDEF b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_chaining2_next_glyph_f1.ttx.GDEF
index dba5550..b5c2ac3 100644
--- a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_chaining2_next_glyph_f1.ttx.GDEF
+++ b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_chaining2_next_glyph_f1.ttx.GDEF
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 
   <GDEF>
     <Version value="0x00010000"/>
-    <GlyphClassDef Format="2">
+    <GlyphClassDef>
       <ClassDef glyph="g80" class="1"/>
       <ClassDef glyph="g81" class="1"/>
       <ClassDef glyph="g82" class="1"/>
diff --git a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_chaining2_next_glyph_f1.ttx.GPOS b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_chaining2_next_glyph_f1.ttx.GPOS
index 9c18a9b..b9e864d 100644
--- a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_chaining2_next_glyph_f1.ttx.GPOS
+++ b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_chaining2_next_glyph_f1.ttx.GPOS
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
         <SinglePos index="0" Format="1">
-          <Coverage Format="1">
+          <Coverage>
             <Glyph value="g20"/>
             <Glyph value="g21"/>
             <Glyph value="g22"/>
@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
         <PairPos index="0" Format="1">
-          <Coverage Format="1">
+          <Coverage>
             <Glyph value="g21"/>
           </Coverage>
           <ValueFormat1 value="1"/>
@@ -72,10 +72,10 @@
       </Lookup>
       <Lookup index="2">
         <LookupType value="2"/>
-        <LookupFlag value="8"/>
+        <LookupFlag value="8"/><!-- ignoreMarks -->
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
         <PairPos index="0" Format="1">
-          <Coverage Format="1">
+          <Coverage>
             <Glyph value="g21"/>
           </Coverage>
           <ValueFormat1 value="1"/>
@@ -100,7 +100,7 @@
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
         <ChainContextPos index="0" Format="2">
-          <Coverage Format="1">
+          <Coverage>
             <Glyph value="g20"/>
             <Glyph value="g21"/>
             <Glyph value="g22"/>
@@ -109,7 +109,7 @@
             <Glyph value="g25"/>
             <Glyph value="g26"/>
           </Coverage>
-          <BacktrackClassDef Format="2">
+          <BacktrackClassDef>
             <ClassDef glyph="g20" class="20"/>
             <ClassDef glyph="g21" class="21"/>
             <ClassDef glyph="g22" class="22"/>
@@ -118,7 +118,7 @@
             <ClassDef glyph="g25" class="25"/>
             <ClassDef glyph="g26" class="26"/>
           </BacktrackClassDef>
-          <InputClassDef Format="2">
+          <InputClassDef>
             <ClassDef glyph="g20" class="20"/>
             <ClassDef glyph="g21" class="21"/>
             <ClassDef glyph="g22" class="22"/>
@@ -127,7 +127,7 @@
             <ClassDef glyph="g25" class="25"/>
             <ClassDef glyph="g26" class="26"/>
           </InputClassDef>
-          <LookAheadClassDef Format="2">
+          <LookAheadClassDef>
             <ClassDef glyph="g20" class="20"/>
             <ClassDef glyph="g21" class="21"/>
             <ClassDef glyph="g22" class="22"/>
diff --git a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_chaining2_simple_f1.ttx.GDEF b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_chaining2_simple_f1.ttx.GDEF
index dba5550..b5c2ac3 100644
--- a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_chaining2_simple_f1.ttx.GDEF
+++ b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_chaining2_simple_f1.ttx.GDEF
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 
   <GDEF>
     <Version value="0x00010000"/>
-    <GlyphClassDef Format="2">
+    <GlyphClassDef>
       <ClassDef glyph="g80" class="1"/>
       <ClassDef glyph="g81" class="1"/>
       <ClassDef glyph="g82" class="1"/>
diff --git a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_chaining2_simple_f1.ttx.GPOS b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_chaining2_simple_f1.ttx.GPOS
index decc575..3fddfb2 100644
--- a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_chaining2_simple_f1.ttx.GPOS
+++ b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_chaining2_simple_f1.ttx.GPOS
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
         <SinglePos index="0" Format="1">
-          <Coverage Format="1">
+          <Coverage>
             <Glyph value="g20"/>
             <Glyph value="g21"/>
             <Glyph value="g22"/>
@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
         <PairPos index="0" Format="1">
-          <Coverage Format="1">
+          <Coverage>
             <Glyph value="g21"/>
           </Coverage>
           <ValueFormat1 value="1"/>
@@ -72,10 +72,10 @@
       </Lookup>
       <Lookup index="2">
         <LookupType value="2"/>
-        <LookupFlag value="8"/>
+        <LookupFlag value="8"/><!-- ignoreMarks -->
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
         <PairPos index="0" Format="1">
-          <Coverage Format="1">
+          <Coverage>
             <Glyph value="g21"/>
           </Coverage>
           <ValueFormat1 value="1"/>
@@ -100,7 +100,7 @@
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
         <ChainContextPos index="0" Format="2">
-          <Coverage Format="1">
+          <Coverage>
             <Glyph value="g20"/>
             <Glyph value="g21"/>
             <Glyph value="g22"/>
@@ -109,7 +109,7 @@
             <Glyph value="g25"/>
             <Glyph value="g26"/>
           </Coverage>
-          <BacktrackClassDef Format="2">
+          <BacktrackClassDef>
             <ClassDef glyph="g20" class="20"/>
             <ClassDef glyph="g21" class="21"/>
             <ClassDef glyph="g22" class="22"/>
@@ -118,7 +118,7 @@
             <ClassDef glyph="g25" class="25"/>
             <ClassDef glyph="g26" class="26"/>
           </BacktrackClassDef>
-          <InputClassDef Format="2">
+          <InputClassDef>
             <ClassDef glyph="g20" class="20"/>
             <ClassDef glyph="g21" class="21"/>
             <ClassDef glyph="g22" class="22"/>
@@ -127,7 +127,7 @@
             <ClassDef glyph="g25" class="25"/>
             <ClassDef glyph="g26" class="26"/>
           </InputClassDef>
-          <LookAheadClassDef Format="2">
+          <LookAheadClassDef>
             <ClassDef glyph="g20" class="20"/>
             <ClassDef glyph="g21" class="21"/>
             <ClassDef glyph="g22" class="22"/>
diff --git a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_chaining2_simple_f2.ttx.GDEF b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_chaining2_simple_f2.ttx.GDEF
index dba5550..b5c2ac3 100644
--- a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_chaining2_simple_f2.ttx.GDEF
+++ b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_chaining2_simple_f2.ttx.GDEF
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 
   <GDEF>
     <Version value="0x00010000"/>
-    <GlyphClassDef Format="2">
+    <GlyphClassDef>
       <ClassDef glyph="g80" class="1"/>
       <ClassDef glyph="g81" class="1"/>
       <ClassDef glyph="g82" class="1"/>
diff --git a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_chaining2_simple_f2.ttx.GPOS b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_chaining2_simple_f2.ttx.GPOS
index a35678d..248c52a 100644
--- a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_chaining2_simple_f2.ttx.GPOS
+++ b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_chaining2_simple_f2.ttx.GPOS
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
         <SinglePos index="0" Format="1">
-          <Coverage Format="1">
+          <Coverage>
             <Glyph value="g20"/>
             <Glyph value="g21"/>
             <Glyph value="g22"/>
@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
         <PairPos index="0" Format="1">
-          <Coverage Format="1">
+          <Coverage>
             <Glyph value="g21"/>
           </Coverage>
           <ValueFormat1 value="1"/>
@@ -72,10 +72,10 @@
       </Lookup>
       <Lookup index="2">
         <LookupType value="2"/>
-        <LookupFlag value="8"/>
+        <LookupFlag value="8"/><!-- ignoreMarks -->
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
         <PairPos index="0" Format="1">
-          <Coverage Format="1">
+          <Coverage>
             <Glyph value="g21"/>
           </Coverage>
           <ValueFormat1 value="1"/>
@@ -100,7 +100,7 @@
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
         <ChainContextPos index="0" Format="2">
-          <Coverage Format="1">
+          <Coverage>
             <Glyph value="g20"/>
             <Glyph value="g21"/>
             <Glyph value="g22"/>
@@ -109,7 +109,7 @@
             <Glyph value="g25"/>
             <Glyph value="g26"/>
           </Coverage>
-          <BacktrackClassDef Format="2">
+          <BacktrackClassDef>
             <ClassDef glyph="g20" class="20"/>
             <ClassDef glyph="g21" class="21"/>
             <ClassDef glyph="g22" class="22"/>
@@ -118,7 +118,7 @@
             <ClassDef glyph="g25" class="25"/>
             <ClassDef glyph="g26" class="26"/>
           </BacktrackClassDef>
-          <InputClassDef Format="2">
+          <InputClassDef>
             <ClassDef glyph="g20" class="20"/>
             <ClassDef glyph="g21" class="21"/>
             <ClassDef glyph="g22" class="22"/>
@@ -127,7 +127,7 @@
             <ClassDef glyph="g25" class="25"/>
             <ClassDef glyph="g26" class="26"/>
           </InputClassDef>
-          <LookAheadClassDef Format="2">
+          <LookAheadClassDef>
             <ClassDef glyph="g20" class="20"/>
             <ClassDef glyph="g21" class="21"/>
             <ClassDef glyph="g22" class="22"/>
diff --git a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_chaining2_successive_f1.ttx.GDEF b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_chaining2_successive_f1.ttx.GDEF
index dba5550..b5c2ac3 100644
--- a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_chaining2_successive_f1.ttx.GDEF
+++ b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_chaining2_successive_f1.ttx.GDEF
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 
   <GDEF>
     <Version value="0x00010000"/>
-    <GlyphClassDef Format="2">
+    <GlyphClassDef>
       <ClassDef glyph="g80" class="1"/>
       <ClassDef glyph="g81" class="1"/>
       <ClassDef glyph="g82" class="1"/>
diff --git a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_chaining2_successive_f1.ttx.GPOS b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_chaining2_successive_f1.ttx.GPOS
index 6775e5b..4914552 100644
--- a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_chaining2_successive_f1.ttx.GPOS
+++ b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_chaining2_successive_f1.ttx.GPOS
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
         <SinglePos index="0" Format="1">
-          <Coverage Format="1">
+          <Coverage>
             <Glyph value="g20"/>
             <Glyph value="g21"/>
             <Glyph value="g22"/>
@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
         <PairPos index="0" Format="1">
-          <Coverage Format="1">
+          <Coverage>
             <Glyph value="g21"/>
           </Coverage>
           <ValueFormat1 value="1"/>
@@ -72,10 +72,10 @@
       </Lookup>
       <Lookup index="2">
         <LookupType value="2"/>
-        <LookupFlag value="8"/>
+        <LookupFlag value="8"/><!-- ignoreMarks -->
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
         <PairPos index="0" Format="1">
-          <Coverage Format="1">
+          <Coverage>
             <Glyph value="g21"/>
           </Coverage>
           <ValueFormat1 value="1"/>
@@ -100,7 +100,7 @@
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
         <ChainContextPos index="0" Format="2">
-          <Coverage Format="1">
+          <Coverage>
             <Glyph value="g20"/>
             <Glyph value="g21"/>
             <Glyph value="g22"/>
@@ -109,7 +109,7 @@
             <Glyph value="g25"/>
             <Glyph value="g26"/>
           </Coverage>
-          <BacktrackClassDef Format="2">
+          <BacktrackClassDef>
             <ClassDef glyph="g20" class="20"/>
             <ClassDef glyph="g21" class="21"/>
             <ClassDef glyph="g22" class="22"/>
@@ -118,7 +118,7 @@
             <ClassDef glyph="g25" class="25"/>
             <ClassDef glyph="g26" class="26"/>
           </BacktrackClassDef>
-          <InputClassDef Format="2">
+          <InputClassDef>
             <ClassDef glyph="g20" class="20"/>
             <ClassDef glyph="g21" class="21"/>
             <ClassDef glyph="g22" class="22"/>
@@ -127,7 +127,7 @@
             <ClassDef glyph="g25" class="25"/>
             <ClassDef glyph="g26" class="26"/>
           </InputClassDef>
-          <LookAheadClassDef Format="2">
+          <LookAheadClassDef>
             <ClassDef glyph="g20" class="20"/>
             <ClassDef glyph="g21" class="21"/>
             <ClassDef glyph="g22" class="22"/>
diff --git a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_chaining3_boundary_f1.ttx.GDEF b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_chaining3_boundary_f1.ttx.GDEF
index dba5550..b5c2ac3 100644
--- a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_chaining3_boundary_f1.ttx.GDEF
+++ b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_chaining3_boundary_f1.ttx.GDEF
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 
   <GDEF>
     <Version value="0x00010000"/>
-    <GlyphClassDef Format="2">
+    <GlyphClassDef>
       <ClassDef glyph="g80" class="1"/>
       <ClassDef glyph="g81" class="1"/>
       <ClassDef glyph="g82" class="1"/>
diff --git a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_chaining3_boundary_f1.ttx.GPOS b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_chaining3_boundary_f1.ttx.GPOS
index c362427..4a4f076 100644
--- a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_chaining3_boundary_f1.ttx.GPOS
+++ b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_chaining3_boundary_f1.ttx.GPOS
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
         <SinglePos index="0" Format="1">
-          <Coverage Format="1">
+          <Coverage>
             <Glyph value="g20"/>
             <Glyph value="g21"/>
             <Glyph value="g22"/>
@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
         <PairPos index="0" Format="1">
-          <Coverage Format="1">
+          <Coverage>
             <Glyph value="g21"/>
           </Coverage>
           <ValueFormat1 value="1"/>
@@ -72,10 +72,10 @@
       </Lookup>
       <Lookup index="2">
         <LookupType value="2"/>
-        <LookupFlag value="8"/>
+        <LookupFlag value="8"/><!-- ignoreMarks -->
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
         <PairPos index="0" Format="1">
-          <Coverage Format="1">
+          <Coverage>
             <Glyph value="g21"/>
           </Coverage>
           <ValueFormat1 value="1"/>
@@ -101,18 +101,18 @@
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
         <ChainContextPos index="0" Format="3">
           <!-- BacktrackGlyphCount=1 -->
-          <BacktrackCoverage index="0" Format="1">
+          <BacktrackCoverage index="0">
             <Glyph value="g20"/>
           </BacktrackCoverage>
           <!-- InputGlyphCount=2 -->
-          <InputCoverage index="0" Format="1">
+          <InputCoverage index="0">
             <Glyph value="g21"/>
           </InputCoverage>
-          <InputCoverage index="1" Format="1">
+          <InputCoverage index="1">
             <Glyph value="g22"/>
           </InputCoverage>
           <!-- LookAheadGlyphCount=1 -->
-          <LookAheadCoverage index="0" Format="1">
+          <LookAheadCoverage index="0">
             <Glyph value="g23"/>
           </LookAheadCoverage>
           <!-- PosCount=0 -->
diff --git a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_chaining3_boundary_f2.ttx.GDEF b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_chaining3_boundary_f2.ttx.GDEF
index dba5550..b5c2ac3 100644
--- a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_chaining3_boundary_f2.ttx.GDEF
+++ b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_chaining3_boundary_f2.ttx.GDEF
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 
   <GDEF>
     <Version value="0x00010000"/>
-    <GlyphClassDef Format="2">
+    <GlyphClassDef>
       <ClassDef glyph="g80" class="1"/>
       <ClassDef glyph="g81" class="1"/>
       <ClassDef glyph="g82" class="1"/>
diff --git a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_chaining3_boundary_f2.ttx.GPOS b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_chaining3_boundary_f2.ttx.GPOS
index 7b27f90..4f38aec 100644
--- a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_chaining3_boundary_f2.ttx.GPOS
+++ b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_chaining3_boundary_f2.ttx.GPOS
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
         <SinglePos index="0" Format="1">
-          <Coverage Format="1">
+          <Coverage>
             <Glyph value="g20"/>
             <Glyph value="g21"/>
             <Glyph value="g22"/>
@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
         <PairPos index="0" Format="1">
-          <Coverage Format="1">
+          <Coverage>
             <Glyph value="g21"/>
           </Coverage>
           <ValueFormat1 value="1"/>
@@ -72,10 +72,10 @@
       </Lookup>
       <Lookup index="2">
         <LookupType value="2"/>
-        <LookupFlag value="8"/>
+        <LookupFlag value="8"/><!-- ignoreMarks -->
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
         <PairPos index="0" Format="1">
-          <Coverage Format="1">
+          <Coverage>
             <Glyph value="g21"/>
           </Coverage>
           <ValueFormat1 value="1"/>
@@ -101,18 +101,18 @@
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
         <ChainContextPos index="0" Format="3">
           <!-- BacktrackGlyphCount=1 -->
-          <BacktrackCoverage index="0" Format="1">
+          <BacktrackCoverage index="0">
             <Glyph value="g20"/>
           </BacktrackCoverage>
           <!-- InputGlyphCount=1 -->
-          <InputCoverage index="0" Format="1">
+          <InputCoverage index="0">
             <Glyph value="g21"/>
           </InputCoverage>
           <!-- LookAheadGlyphCount=2 -->
-          <LookAheadCoverage index="0" Format="1">
+          <LookAheadCoverage index="0">
             <Glyph value="g22"/>
           </LookAheadCoverage>
-          <LookAheadCoverage index="1" Format="1">
+          <LookAheadCoverage index="1">
             <Glyph value="g23"/>
           </LookAheadCoverage>
           <!-- PosCount=1 -->
diff --git a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_chaining3_boundary_f3.ttx.GDEF b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_chaining3_boundary_f3.ttx.GDEF
index dba5550..b5c2ac3 100644
--- a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_chaining3_boundary_f3.ttx.GDEF
+++ b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_chaining3_boundary_f3.ttx.GDEF
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 
   <GDEF>
     <Version value="0x00010000"/>
-    <GlyphClassDef Format="2">
+    <GlyphClassDef>
       <ClassDef glyph="g80" class="1"/>
       <ClassDef glyph="g81" class="1"/>
       <ClassDef glyph="g82" class="1"/>
diff --git a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_chaining3_boundary_f3.ttx.GPOS b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_chaining3_boundary_f3.ttx.GPOS
index 73df34c..4cde228 100644
--- a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_chaining3_boundary_f3.ttx.GPOS
+++ b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_chaining3_boundary_f3.ttx.GPOS
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
         <SinglePos index="0" Format="1">
-          <Coverage Format="1">
+          <Coverage>
             <Glyph value="g20"/>
             <Glyph value="g21"/>
             <Glyph value="g22"/>
@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
         <PairPos index="0" Format="1">
-          <Coverage Format="1">
+          <Coverage>
             <Glyph value="g21"/>
           </Coverage>
           <ValueFormat1 value="1"/>
@@ -72,10 +72,10 @@
       </Lookup>
       <Lookup index="2">
         <LookupType value="2"/>
-        <LookupFlag value="8"/>
+        <LookupFlag value="8"/><!-- ignoreMarks -->
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
         <PairPos index="0" Format="1">
-          <Coverage Format="1">
+          <Coverage>
             <Glyph value="g21"/>
           </Coverage>
           <ValueFormat1 value="1"/>
@@ -102,14 +102,14 @@
         <ChainContextPos index="0" Format="3">
           <!-- BacktrackGlyphCount=0 -->
           <!-- InputGlyphCount=1 -->
-          <InputCoverage index="0" Format="1">
+          <InputCoverage index="0">
             <Glyph value="g21"/>
           </InputCoverage>
           <!-- LookAheadGlyphCount=2 -->
-          <LookAheadCoverage index="0" Format="1">
+          <LookAheadCoverage index="0">
             <Glyph value="g22"/>
           </LookAheadCoverage>
-          <LookAheadCoverage index="1" Format="1">
+          <LookAheadCoverage index="1">
             <Glyph value="g23"/>
           </LookAheadCoverage>
           <!-- PosCount=1 -->
diff --git a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_chaining3_boundary_f4.ttx.GDEF b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_chaining3_boundary_f4.ttx.GDEF
index dba5550..b5c2ac3 100644
--- a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_chaining3_boundary_f4.ttx.GDEF
+++ b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_chaining3_boundary_f4.ttx.GDEF
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 
   <GDEF>
     <Version value="0x00010000"/>
-    <GlyphClassDef Format="2">
+    <GlyphClassDef>
       <ClassDef glyph="g80" class="1"/>
       <ClassDef glyph="g81" class="1"/>
       <ClassDef glyph="g82" class="1"/>
diff --git a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_chaining3_boundary_f4.ttx.GPOS b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_chaining3_boundary_f4.ttx.GPOS
index 67bfc0e..ab46ecb 100644
--- a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_chaining3_boundary_f4.ttx.GPOS
+++ b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_chaining3_boundary_f4.ttx.GPOS
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
         <SinglePos index="0" Format="1">
-          <Coverage Format="1">
+          <Coverage>
             <Glyph value="g20"/>
             <Glyph value="g21"/>
             <Glyph value="g22"/>
@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
         <PairPos index="0" Format="1">
-          <Coverage Format="1">
+          <Coverage>
             <Glyph value="g21"/>
           </Coverage>
           <ValueFormat1 value="1"/>
@@ -72,10 +72,10 @@
       </Lookup>
       <Lookup index="2">
         <LookupType value="2"/>
-        <LookupFlag value="8"/>
+        <LookupFlag value="8"/><!-- ignoreMarks -->
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
         <PairPos index="0" Format="1">
-          <Coverage Format="1">
+          <Coverage>
             <Glyph value="g21"/>
           </Coverage>
           <ValueFormat1 value="1"/>
@@ -101,14 +101,14 @@
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
         <ChainContextPos index="0" Format="3">
           <!-- BacktrackGlyphCount=2 -->
-          <BacktrackCoverage index="0" Format="1">
+          <BacktrackCoverage index="0">
             <Glyph value="g21"/>
           </BacktrackCoverage>
-          <BacktrackCoverage index="1" Format="1">
+          <BacktrackCoverage index="1">
             <Glyph value="g20"/>
           </BacktrackCoverage>
           <!-- InputGlyphCount=1 -->
-          <InputCoverage index="0" Format="1">
+          <InputCoverage index="0">
             <Glyph value="g22"/>
           </InputCoverage>
           <!-- LookAheadGlyphCount=0 -->
diff --git a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_chaining3_lookupflag_f1.ttx.GDEF b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_chaining3_lookupflag_f1.ttx.GDEF
index dba5550..b5c2ac3 100644
--- a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_chaining3_lookupflag_f1.ttx.GDEF
+++ b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_chaining3_lookupflag_f1.ttx.GDEF
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 
   <GDEF>
     <Version value="0x00010000"/>
-    <GlyphClassDef Format="2">
+    <GlyphClassDef>
       <ClassDef glyph="g80" class="1"/>
       <ClassDef glyph="g81" class="1"/>
       <ClassDef glyph="g82" class="1"/>
diff --git a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_chaining3_lookupflag_f1.ttx.GPOS b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_chaining3_lookupflag_f1.ttx.GPOS
index b12b665..2bc6f6b 100644
--- a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_chaining3_lookupflag_f1.ttx.GPOS
+++ b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_chaining3_lookupflag_f1.ttx.GPOS
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
         <SinglePos index="0" Format="1">
-          <Coverage Format="1">
+          <Coverage>
             <Glyph value="g20"/>
             <Glyph value="g21"/>
             <Glyph value="g22"/>
@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
         <PairPos index="0" Format="1">
-          <Coverage Format="1">
+          <Coverage>
             <Glyph value="g21"/>
           </Coverage>
           <ValueFormat1 value="1"/>
@@ -72,10 +72,10 @@
       </Lookup>
       <Lookup index="2">
         <LookupType value="2"/>
-        <LookupFlag value="8"/>
+        <LookupFlag value="8"/><!-- ignoreMarks -->
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
         <PairPos index="0" Format="1">
-          <Coverage Format="1">
+          <Coverage>
             <Glyph value="g21"/>
           </Coverage>
           <ValueFormat1 value="1"/>
@@ -97,31 +97,31 @@
       </Lookup>
       <Lookup index="4">
         <LookupType value="8"/>
-        <LookupFlag value="8"/>
+        <LookupFlag value="8"/><!-- ignoreMarks -->
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
         <ChainContextPos index="0" Format="3">
           <!-- BacktrackGlyphCount=2 -->
-          <BacktrackCoverage index="0" Format="1">
+          <BacktrackCoverage index="0">
             <Glyph value="g21"/>
           </BacktrackCoverage>
-          <BacktrackCoverage index="1" Format="1">
+          <BacktrackCoverage index="1">
             <Glyph value="g20"/>
           </BacktrackCoverage>
           <!-- InputGlyphCount=3 -->
-          <InputCoverage index="0" Format="1">
+          <InputCoverage index="0">
             <Glyph value="g22"/>
           </InputCoverage>
-          <InputCoverage index="1" Format="1">
+          <InputCoverage index="1">
             <Glyph value="g23"/>
           </InputCoverage>
-          <InputCoverage index="2" Format="1">
+          <InputCoverage index="2">
             <Glyph value="g24"/>
           </InputCoverage>
           <!-- LookAheadGlyphCount=2 -->
-          <LookAheadCoverage index="0" Format="1">
+          <LookAheadCoverage index="0">
             <Glyph value="g25"/>
           </LookAheadCoverage>
-          <LookAheadCoverage index="1" Format="1">
+          <LookAheadCoverage index="1">
             <Glyph value="g26"/>
           </LookAheadCoverage>
           <!-- PosCount=1 -->
diff --git a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_chaining3_next_glyph_f1.ttx.GDEF b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_chaining3_next_glyph_f1.ttx.GDEF
index dba5550..b5c2ac3 100644
--- a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_chaining3_next_glyph_f1.ttx.GDEF
+++ b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_chaining3_next_glyph_f1.ttx.GDEF
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 
   <GDEF>
     <Version value="0x00010000"/>
-    <GlyphClassDef Format="2">
+    <GlyphClassDef>
       <ClassDef glyph="g80" class="1"/>
       <ClassDef glyph="g81" class="1"/>
       <ClassDef glyph="g82" class="1"/>
diff --git a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_chaining3_next_glyph_f1.ttx.GPOS b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_chaining3_next_glyph_f1.ttx.GPOS
index d5b0c1f..76be0ca 100644
--- a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_chaining3_next_glyph_f1.ttx.GPOS
+++ b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_chaining3_next_glyph_f1.ttx.GPOS
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
         <SinglePos index="0" Format="1">
-          <Coverage Format="1">
+          <Coverage>
             <Glyph value="g20"/>
             <Glyph value="g21"/>
             <Glyph value="g22"/>
@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
         <PairPos index="0" Format="1">
-          <Coverage Format="1">
+          <Coverage>
             <Glyph value="g21"/>
           </Coverage>
           <ValueFormat1 value="1"/>
@@ -72,10 +72,10 @@
       </Lookup>
       <Lookup index="2">
         <LookupType value="2"/>
-        <LookupFlag value="8"/>
+        <LookupFlag value="8"/><!-- ignoreMarks -->
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
         <PairPos index="0" Format="1">
-          <Coverage Format="1">
+          <Coverage>
             <Glyph value="g21"/>
           </Coverage>
           <ValueFormat1 value="1"/>
@@ -101,18 +101,18 @@
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
         <ChainContextPos index="0" Format="3">
           <!-- BacktrackGlyphCount=1 -->
-          <BacktrackCoverage index="0" Format="1">
+          <BacktrackCoverage index="0">
             <Glyph value="g22"/>
           </BacktrackCoverage>
           <!-- InputGlyphCount=2 -->
-          <InputCoverage index="0" Format="1">
+          <InputCoverage index="0">
             <Glyph value="g21"/>
           </InputCoverage>
-          <InputCoverage index="1" Format="1">
+          <InputCoverage index="1">
             <Glyph value="g22"/>
           </InputCoverage>
           <!-- LookAheadGlyphCount=1 -->
-          <LookAheadCoverage index="0" Format="1">
+          <LookAheadCoverage index="0">
             <Glyph value="g21"/>
           </LookAheadCoverage>
           <!-- PosCount=1 -->
diff --git a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_chaining3_simple_f1.ttx.GDEF b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_chaining3_simple_f1.ttx.GDEF
index dba5550..b5c2ac3 100644
--- a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_chaining3_simple_f1.ttx.GDEF
+++ b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_chaining3_simple_f1.ttx.GDEF
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 
   <GDEF>
     <Version value="0x00010000"/>
-    <GlyphClassDef Format="2">
+    <GlyphClassDef>
       <ClassDef glyph="g80" class="1"/>
       <ClassDef glyph="g81" class="1"/>
       <ClassDef glyph="g82" class="1"/>
diff --git a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_chaining3_simple_f1.ttx.GPOS b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_chaining3_simple_f1.ttx.GPOS
index b9b0ce5..4a3d10a 100644
--- a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_chaining3_simple_f1.ttx.GPOS
+++ b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_chaining3_simple_f1.ttx.GPOS
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
         <SinglePos index="0" Format="1">
-          <Coverage Format="1">
+          <Coverage>
             <Glyph value="g20"/>
             <Glyph value="g21"/>
             <Glyph value="g22"/>
@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
         <PairPos index="0" Format="1">
-          <Coverage Format="1">
+          <Coverage>
             <Glyph value="g21"/>
           </Coverage>
           <ValueFormat1 value="1"/>
@@ -72,10 +72,10 @@
       </Lookup>
       <Lookup index="2">
         <LookupType value="2"/>
-        <LookupFlag value="8"/>
+        <LookupFlag value="8"/><!-- ignoreMarks -->
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
         <PairPos index="0" Format="1">
-          <Coverage Format="1">
+          <Coverage>
             <Glyph value="g21"/>
           </Coverage>
           <ValueFormat1 value="1"/>
@@ -101,18 +101,18 @@
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
         <ChainContextPos index="0" Format="3">
           <!-- BacktrackGlyphCount=1 -->
-          <BacktrackCoverage index="0" Format="1">
+          <BacktrackCoverage index="0">
             <Glyph value="g20"/>
           </BacktrackCoverage>
           <!-- InputGlyphCount=2 -->
-          <InputCoverage index="0" Format="1">
+          <InputCoverage index="0">
             <Glyph value="g21"/>
           </InputCoverage>
-          <InputCoverage index="1" Format="1">
+          <InputCoverage index="1">
             <Glyph value="g22"/>
           </InputCoverage>
           <!-- LookAheadGlyphCount=1 -->
-          <LookAheadCoverage index="0" Format="1">
+          <LookAheadCoverage index="0">
             <Glyph value="g23"/>
           </LookAheadCoverage>
           <!-- PosCount=2 -->
diff --git a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_chaining3_simple_f2.ttx.GDEF b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_chaining3_simple_f2.ttx.GDEF
index dba5550..b5c2ac3 100644
--- a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_chaining3_simple_f2.ttx.GDEF
+++ b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_chaining3_simple_f2.ttx.GDEF
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 
   <GDEF>
     <Version value="0x00010000"/>
-    <GlyphClassDef Format="2">
+    <GlyphClassDef>
       <ClassDef glyph="g80" class="1"/>
       <ClassDef glyph="g81" class="1"/>
       <ClassDef glyph="g82" class="1"/>
diff --git a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_chaining3_simple_f2.ttx.GPOS b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_chaining3_simple_f2.ttx.GPOS
index 6d023ec..1a1f57b 100644
--- a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_chaining3_simple_f2.ttx.GPOS
+++ b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_chaining3_simple_f2.ttx.GPOS
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
         <SinglePos index="0" Format="1">
-          <Coverage Format="1">
+          <Coverage>
             <Glyph value="g20"/>
             <Glyph value="g21"/>
             <Glyph value="g22"/>
@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
         <PairPos index="0" Format="1">
-          <Coverage Format="1">
+          <Coverage>
             <Glyph value="g21"/>
           </Coverage>
           <ValueFormat1 value="1"/>
@@ -72,10 +72,10 @@
       </Lookup>
       <Lookup index="2">
         <LookupType value="2"/>
-        <LookupFlag value="8"/>
+        <LookupFlag value="8"/><!-- ignoreMarks -->
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
         <PairPos index="0" Format="1">
-          <Coverage Format="1">
+          <Coverage>
             <Glyph value="g21"/>
           </Coverage>
           <ValueFormat1 value="1"/>
@@ -101,27 +101,27 @@
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
         <ChainContextPos index="0" Format="3">
           <!-- BacktrackGlyphCount=2 -->
-          <BacktrackCoverage index="0" Format="1">
+          <BacktrackCoverage index="0">
             <Glyph value="g21"/>
           </BacktrackCoverage>
-          <BacktrackCoverage index="1" Format="1">
+          <BacktrackCoverage index="1">
             <Glyph value="g20"/>
           </BacktrackCoverage>
           <!-- InputGlyphCount=3 -->
-          <InputCoverage index="0" Format="1">
+          <InputCoverage index="0">
             <Glyph value="g22"/>
           </InputCoverage>
-          <InputCoverage index="1" Format="1">
+          <InputCoverage index="1">
             <Glyph value="g23"/>
           </InputCoverage>
-          <InputCoverage index="2" Format="1">
+          <InputCoverage index="2">
             <Glyph value="g24"/>
           </InputCoverage>
           <!-- LookAheadGlyphCount=2 -->
-          <LookAheadCoverage index="0" Format="1">
+          <LookAheadCoverage index="0">
             <Glyph value="g25"/>
           </LookAheadCoverage>
-          <LookAheadCoverage index="1" Format="1">
+          <LookAheadCoverage index="1">
             <Glyph value="g26"/>
           </LookAheadCoverage>
           <!-- PosCount=1 -->
diff --git a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_chaining3_successive_f1.ttx.GDEF b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_chaining3_successive_f1.ttx.GDEF
index dba5550..b5c2ac3 100644
--- a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_chaining3_successive_f1.ttx.GDEF
+++ b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_chaining3_successive_f1.ttx.GDEF
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 
   <GDEF>
     <Version value="0x00010000"/>
-    <GlyphClassDef Format="2">
+    <GlyphClassDef>
       <ClassDef glyph="g80" class="1"/>
       <ClassDef glyph="g81" class="1"/>
       <ClassDef glyph="g82" class="1"/>
diff --git a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_chaining3_successive_f1.ttx.GPOS b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_chaining3_successive_f1.ttx.GPOS
index f7c85b6..2c6ebb6 100644
--- a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_chaining3_successive_f1.ttx.GPOS
+++ b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_chaining3_successive_f1.ttx.GPOS
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
         <SinglePos index="0" Format="1">
-          <Coverage Format="1">
+          <Coverage>
             <Glyph value="g20"/>
             <Glyph value="g21"/>
             <Glyph value="g22"/>
@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
         <PairPos index="0" Format="1">
-          <Coverage Format="1">
+          <Coverage>
             <Glyph value="g21"/>
           </Coverage>
           <ValueFormat1 value="1"/>
@@ -72,10 +72,10 @@
       </Lookup>
       <Lookup index="2">
         <LookupType value="2"/>
-        <LookupFlag value="8"/>
+        <LookupFlag value="8"/><!-- ignoreMarks -->
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
         <PairPos index="0" Format="1">
-          <Coverage Format="1">
+          <Coverage>
             <Glyph value="g21"/>
           </Coverage>
           <ValueFormat1 value="1"/>
@@ -101,24 +101,24 @@
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
         <ChainContextPos index="0" Format="3">
           <!-- BacktrackGlyphCount=1 -->
-          <BacktrackCoverage index="0" Format="1">
+          <BacktrackCoverage index="0">
             <Glyph value="g25"/>
           </BacktrackCoverage>
           <!-- InputGlyphCount=4 -->
-          <InputCoverage index="0" Format="1">
+          <InputCoverage index="0">
             <Glyph value="g20"/>
           </InputCoverage>
-          <InputCoverage index="1" Format="1">
+          <InputCoverage index="1">
             <Glyph value="g21"/>
           </InputCoverage>
-          <InputCoverage index="2" Format="1">
+          <InputCoverage index="2">
             <Glyph value="g22"/>
           </InputCoverage>
-          <InputCoverage index="3" Format="1">
+          <InputCoverage index="3">
             <Glyph value="g23"/>
           </InputCoverage>
           <!-- LookAheadGlyphCount=1 -->
-          <LookAheadCoverage index="0" Format="1">
+          <LookAheadCoverage index="0">
             <Glyph value="g24"/>
           </LookAheadCoverage>
           <!-- PosCount=2 -->
diff --git a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_context1_boundary_f1.ttx.GDEF b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_context1_boundary_f1.ttx.GDEF
index dba5550..b5c2ac3 100644
--- a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_context1_boundary_f1.ttx.GDEF
+++ b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_context1_boundary_f1.ttx.GDEF
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 
   <GDEF>
     <Version value="0x00010000"/>
-    <GlyphClassDef Format="2">
+    <GlyphClassDef>
       <ClassDef glyph="g80" class="1"/>
       <ClassDef glyph="g81" class="1"/>
       <ClassDef glyph="g82" class="1"/>
diff --git a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_context1_boundary_f1.ttx.GPOS b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_context1_boundary_f1.ttx.GPOS
index 662ae54..e61cc4e 100644
--- a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_context1_boundary_f1.ttx.GPOS
+++ b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_context1_boundary_f1.ttx.GPOS
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
         <SinglePos index="0" Format="1">
-          <Coverage Format="1">
+          <Coverage>
             <Glyph value="g20"/>
             <Glyph value="g21"/>
             <Glyph value="g22"/>
@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
         <PairPos index="0" Format="1">
-          <Coverage Format="1">
+          <Coverage>
             <Glyph value="g21"/>
           </Coverage>
           <ValueFormat1 value="1"/>
@@ -72,10 +72,10 @@
       </Lookup>
       <Lookup index="2">
         <LookupType value="2"/>
-        <LookupFlag value="8"/>
+        <LookupFlag value="8"/><!-- ignoreMarks -->
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
         <PairPos index="0" Format="1">
-          <Coverage Format="1">
+          <Coverage>
             <Glyph value="g21"/>
           </Coverage>
           <ValueFormat1 value="1"/>
@@ -100,7 +100,7 @@
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
         <ContextPos index="0" Format="1">
-          <Coverage Format="1">
+          <Coverage>
             <Glyph value="g20"/>
           </Coverage>
           <!-- PosRuleSetCount=1 -->
diff --git a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_context1_boundary_f2.ttx.GDEF b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_context1_boundary_f2.ttx.GDEF
index dba5550..b5c2ac3 100644
--- a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_context1_boundary_f2.ttx.GDEF
+++ b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_context1_boundary_f2.ttx.GDEF
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 
   <GDEF>
     <Version value="0x00010000"/>
-    <GlyphClassDef Format="2">
+    <GlyphClassDef>
       <ClassDef glyph="g80" class="1"/>
       <ClassDef glyph="g81" class="1"/>
       <ClassDef glyph="g82" class="1"/>
diff --git a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_context1_boundary_f2.ttx.GPOS b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_context1_boundary_f2.ttx.GPOS
index 56a4f7b..70c9250 100644
--- a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_context1_boundary_f2.ttx.GPOS
+++ b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_context1_boundary_f2.ttx.GPOS
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
         <SinglePos index="0" Format="1">
-          <Coverage Format="1">
+          <Coverage>
             <Glyph value="g20"/>
             <Glyph value="g21"/>
             <Glyph value="g22"/>
@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
         <PairPos index="0" Format="1">
-          <Coverage Format="1">
+          <Coverage>
             <Glyph value="g21"/>
           </Coverage>
           <ValueFormat1 value="1"/>
@@ -72,10 +72,10 @@
       </Lookup>
       <Lookup index="2">
         <LookupType value="2"/>
-        <LookupFlag value="8"/>
+        <LookupFlag value="8"/><!-- ignoreMarks -->
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
         <PairPos index="0" Format="1">
-          <Coverage Format="1">
+          <Coverage>
             <Glyph value="g21"/>
           </Coverage>
           <ValueFormat1 value="1"/>
@@ -100,7 +100,7 @@
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
         <ContextPos index="0" Format="1">
-          <Coverage Format="1">
+          <Coverage>
             <Glyph value="g20"/>
           </Coverage>
           <!-- PosRuleSetCount=1 -->
diff --git a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_context1_expansion_f1.ttx.GDEF b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_context1_expansion_f1.ttx.GDEF
index dba5550..b5c2ac3 100644
--- a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_context1_expansion_f1.ttx.GDEF
+++ b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_context1_expansion_f1.ttx.GDEF
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 
   <GDEF>
     <Version value="0x00010000"/>
-    <GlyphClassDef Format="2">
+    <GlyphClassDef>
       <ClassDef glyph="g80" class="1"/>
       <ClassDef glyph="g81" class="1"/>
       <ClassDef glyph="g82" class="1"/>
diff --git a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_context1_expansion_f1.ttx.GPOS b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_context1_expansion_f1.ttx.GPOS
index 77d52eb..ba6c146 100644
--- a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_context1_expansion_f1.ttx.GPOS
+++ b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_context1_expansion_f1.ttx.GPOS
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
         <SinglePos index="0" Format="1">
-          <Coverage Format="1">
+          <Coverage>
             <Glyph value="g20"/>
             <Glyph value="g21"/>
             <Glyph value="g22"/>
@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
         <PairPos index="0" Format="1">
-          <Coverage Format="1">
+          <Coverage>
             <Glyph value="g21"/>
           </Coverage>
           <ValueFormat1 value="1"/>
@@ -72,10 +72,10 @@
       </Lookup>
       <Lookup index="2">
         <LookupType value="2"/>
-        <LookupFlag value="8"/>
+        <LookupFlag value="8"/><!-- ignoreMarks -->
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
         <PairPos index="0" Format="1">
-          <Coverage Format="1">
+          <Coverage>
             <Glyph value="g21"/>
           </Coverage>
           <ValueFormat1 value="1"/>
@@ -100,7 +100,7 @@
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
         <ContextPos index="0" Format="1">
-          <Coverage Format="1">
+          <Coverage>
             <Glyph value="g20"/>
           </Coverage>
           <!-- PosRuleSetCount=1 -->
diff --git a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_context1_lookupflag_f1.ttx.GDEF b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_context1_lookupflag_f1.ttx.GDEF
index dba5550..b5c2ac3 100644
--- a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_context1_lookupflag_f1.ttx.GDEF
+++ b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_context1_lookupflag_f1.ttx.GDEF
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 
   <GDEF>
     <Version value="0x00010000"/>
-    <GlyphClassDef Format="2">
+    <GlyphClassDef>
       <ClassDef glyph="g80" class="1"/>
       <ClassDef glyph="g81" class="1"/>
       <ClassDef glyph="g82" class="1"/>
diff --git a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_context1_lookupflag_f1.ttx.GPOS b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_context1_lookupflag_f1.ttx.GPOS
index 2d5f796..8688a39 100644
--- a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_context1_lookupflag_f1.ttx.GPOS
+++ b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_context1_lookupflag_f1.ttx.GPOS
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
         <SinglePos index="0" Format="1">
-          <Coverage Format="1">
+          <Coverage>
             <Glyph value="g20"/>
             <Glyph value="g21"/>
             <Glyph value="g22"/>
@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
         <PairPos index="0" Format="1">
-          <Coverage Format="1">
+          <Coverage>
             <Glyph value="g21"/>
           </Coverage>
           <ValueFormat1 value="1"/>
@@ -72,10 +72,10 @@
       </Lookup>
       <Lookup index="2">
         <LookupType value="2"/>
-        <LookupFlag value="8"/>
+        <LookupFlag value="8"/><!-- ignoreMarks -->
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
         <PairPos index="0" Format="1">
-          <Coverage Format="1">
+          <Coverage>
             <Glyph value="g21"/>
           </Coverage>
           <ValueFormat1 value="1"/>
@@ -97,10 +97,10 @@
       </Lookup>
       <Lookup index="4">
         <LookupType value="7"/>
-        <LookupFlag value="8"/>
+        <LookupFlag value="8"/><!-- ignoreMarks -->
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
         <ContextPos index="0" Format="1">
-          <Coverage Format="1">
+          <Coverage>
             <Glyph value="g20"/>
           </Coverage>
           <!-- PosRuleSetCount=1 -->
diff --git a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_context1_lookupflag_f2.ttx.GDEF b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_context1_lookupflag_f2.ttx.GDEF
index dba5550..b5c2ac3 100644
--- a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_context1_lookupflag_f2.ttx.GDEF
+++ b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_context1_lookupflag_f2.ttx.GDEF
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 
   <GDEF>
     <Version value="0x00010000"/>
-    <GlyphClassDef Format="2">
+    <GlyphClassDef>
       <ClassDef glyph="g80" class="1"/>
       <ClassDef glyph="g81" class="1"/>
       <ClassDef glyph="g82" class="1"/>
diff --git a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_context1_lookupflag_f2.ttx.GPOS b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_context1_lookupflag_f2.ttx.GPOS
index ef419ff..8e2621f 100644
--- a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_context1_lookupflag_f2.ttx.GPOS
+++ b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_context1_lookupflag_f2.ttx.GPOS
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
         <SinglePos index="0" Format="1">
-          <Coverage Format="1">
+          <Coverage>
             <Glyph value="g20"/>
             <Glyph value="g21"/>
             <Glyph value="g22"/>
@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
         <PairPos index="0" Format="1">
-          <Coverage Format="1">
+          <Coverage>
             <Glyph value="g21"/>
           </Coverage>
           <ValueFormat1 value="1"/>
@@ -72,10 +72,10 @@
       </Lookup>
       <Lookup index="2">
         <LookupType value="2"/>
-        <LookupFlag value="8"/>
+        <LookupFlag value="8"/><!-- ignoreMarks -->
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
         <PairPos index="0" Format="1">
-          <Coverage Format="1">
+          <Coverage>
             <Glyph value="g21"/>
           </Coverage>
           <ValueFormat1 value="1"/>
@@ -97,10 +97,10 @@
       </Lookup>
       <Lookup index="4">
         <LookupType value="7"/>
-        <LookupFlag value="8"/>
+        <LookupFlag value="8"/><!-- ignoreMarks -->
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
         <ContextPos index="0" Format="1">
-          <Coverage Format="1">
+          <Coverage>
             <Glyph value="g20"/>
           </Coverage>
           <!-- PosRuleSetCount=1 -->
diff --git a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_context1_multiple_subrules_f1.ttx.GDEF b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_context1_multiple_subrules_f1.ttx.GDEF
index dba5550..b5c2ac3 100644
--- a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_context1_multiple_subrules_f1.ttx.GDEF
+++ b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_context1_multiple_subrules_f1.ttx.GDEF
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 
   <GDEF>
     <Version value="0x00010000"/>
-    <GlyphClassDef Format="2">
+    <GlyphClassDef>
       <ClassDef glyph="g80" class="1"/>
       <ClassDef glyph="g81" class="1"/>
       <ClassDef glyph="g82" class="1"/>
diff --git a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_context1_multiple_subrules_f1.ttx.GPOS b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_context1_multiple_subrules_f1.ttx.GPOS
index 82750d5..03cec90 100644
--- a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_context1_multiple_subrules_f1.ttx.GPOS
+++ b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_context1_multiple_subrules_f1.ttx.GPOS
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
         <SinglePos index="0" Format="1">
-          <Coverage Format="1">
+          <Coverage>
             <Glyph value="g20"/>
             <Glyph value="g21"/>
             <Glyph value="g22"/>
@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
         <PairPos index="0" Format="1">
-          <Coverage Format="1">
+          <Coverage>
             <Glyph value="g21"/>
           </Coverage>
           <ValueFormat1 value="1"/>
@@ -72,10 +72,10 @@
       </Lookup>
       <Lookup index="2">
         <LookupType value="2"/>
-        <LookupFlag value="8"/>
+        <LookupFlag value="8"/><!-- ignoreMarks -->
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
         <PairPos index="0" Format="1">
-          <Coverage Format="1">
+          <Coverage>
             <Glyph value="g21"/>
           </Coverage>
           <ValueFormat1 value="1"/>
@@ -100,7 +100,7 @@
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
         <ContextPos index="0" Format="1">
-          <Coverage Format="1">
+          <Coverage>
             <Glyph value="g20"/>
           </Coverage>
           <!-- PosRuleSetCount=1 -->
diff --git a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_context1_multiple_subrules_f2.ttx.GDEF b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_context1_multiple_subrules_f2.ttx.GDEF
index dba5550..b5c2ac3 100644
--- a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_context1_multiple_subrules_f2.ttx.GDEF
+++ b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_context1_multiple_subrules_f2.ttx.GDEF
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 
   <GDEF>
     <Version value="0x00010000"/>
-    <GlyphClassDef Format="2">
+    <GlyphClassDef>
       <ClassDef glyph="g80" class="1"/>
       <ClassDef glyph="g81" class="1"/>
       <ClassDef glyph="g82" class="1"/>
diff --git a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_context1_multiple_subrules_f2.ttx.GPOS b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_context1_multiple_subrules_f2.ttx.GPOS
index 764703b..652850f 100644
--- a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_context1_multiple_subrules_f2.ttx.GPOS
+++ b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_context1_multiple_subrules_f2.ttx.GPOS
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
         <SinglePos index="0" Format="1">
-          <Coverage Format="1">
+          <Coverage>
             <Glyph value="g20"/>
             <Glyph value="g21"/>
             <Glyph value="g22"/>
@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
         <PairPos index="0" Format="1">
-          <Coverage Format="1">
+          <Coverage>
             <Glyph value="g21"/>
           </Coverage>
           <ValueFormat1 value="1"/>
@@ -72,10 +72,10 @@
       </Lookup>
       <Lookup index="2">
         <LookupType value="2"/>
-        <LookupFlag value="8"/>
+        <LookupFlag value="8"/><!-- ignoreMarks -->
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
         <PairPos index="0" Format="1">
-          <Coverage Format="1">
+          <Coverage>
             <Glyph value="g21"/>
           </Coverage>
           <ValueFormat1 value="1"/>
@@ -100,7 +100,7 @@
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
         <ContextPos index="0" Format="1">
-          <Coverage Format="1">
+          <Coverage>
             <Glyph value="g20"/>
           </Coverage>
           <!-- PosRuleSetCount=1 -->
diff --git a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_context1_next_glyph_f1.ttx.GDEF b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_context1_next_glyph_f1.ttx.GDEF
index dba5550..b5c2ac3 100644
--- a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_context1_next_glyph_f1.ttx.GDEF
+++ b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_context1_next_glyph_f1.ttx.GDEF
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 
   <GDEF>
     <Version value="0x00010000"/>
-    <GlyphClassDef Format="2">
+    <GlyphClassDef>
       <ClassDef glyph="g80" class="1"/>
       <ClassDef glyph="g81" class="1"/>
       <ClassDef glyph="g82" class="1"/>
diff --git a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_context1_next_glyph_f1.ttx.GPOS b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_context1_next_glyph_f1.ttx.GPOS
index ac00f86..6ad207d 100644
--- a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_context1_next_glyph_f1.ttx.GPOS
+++ b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_context1_next_glyph_f1.ttx.GPOS
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
         <SinglePos index="0" Format="1">
-          <Coverage Format="1">
+          <Coverage>
             <Glyph value="g20"/>
             <Glyph value="g21"/>
             <Glyph value="g22"/>
@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
         <PairPos index="0" Format="1">
-          <Coverage Format="1">
+          <Coverage>
             <Glyph value="g21"/>
           </Coverage>
           <ValueFormat1 value="1"/>
@@ -72,10 +72,10 @@
       </Lookup>
       <Lookup index="2">
         <LookupType value="2"/>
-        <LookupFlag value="8"/>
+        <LookupFlag value="8"/><!-- ignoreMarks -->
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
         <PairPos index="0" Format="1">
-          <Coverage Format="1">
+          <Coverage>
             <Glyph value="g21"/>
           </Coverage>
           <ValueFormat1 value="1"/>
@@ -100,7 +100,7 @@
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
         <ContextPos index="0" Format="1">
-          <Coverage Format="1">
+          <Coverage>
             <Glyph value="g20"/>
           </Coverage>
           <!-- PosRuleSetCount=1 -->
diff --git a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_context1_simple_f1.ttx.GDEF b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_context1_simple_f1.ttx.GDEF
index dba5550..b5c2ac3 100644
--- a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_context1_simple_f1.ttx.GDEF
+++ b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_context1_simple_f1.ttx.GDEF
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 
   <GDEF>
     <Version value="0x00010000"/>
-    <GlyphClassDef Format="2">
+    <GlyphClassDef>
       <ClassDef glyph="g80" class="1"/>
       <ClassDef glyph="g81" class="1"/>
       <ClassDef glyph="g82" class="1"/>
diff --git a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_context1_simple_f1.ttx.GPOS b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_context1_simple_f1.ttx.GPOS
index 031f56f..a4c824f 100644
--- a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_context1_simple_f1.ttx.GPOS
+++ b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_context1_simple_f1.ttx.GPOS
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
         <SinglePos index="0" Format="1">
-          <Coverage Format="1">
+          <Coverage>
             <Glyph value="g20"/>
             <Glyph value="g21"/>
             <Glyph value="g22"/>
@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
         <PairPos index="0" Format="1">
-          <Coverage Format="1">
+          <Coverage>
             <Glyph value="g21"/>
           </Coverage>
           <ValueFormat1 value="1"/>
@@ -72,10 +72,10 @@
       </Lookup>
       <Lookup index="2">
         <LookupType value="2"/>
-        <LookupFlag value="8"/>
+        <LookupFlag value="8"/><!-- ignoreMarks -->
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
         <PairPos index="0" Format="1">
-          <Coverage Format="1">
+          <Coverage>
             <Glyph value="g21"/>
           </Coverage>
           <ValueFormat1 value="1"/>
@@ -100,7 +100,7 @@
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
         <ContextPos index="0" Format="1">
-          <Coverage Format="1">
+          <Coverage>
             <Glyph value="g20"/>
           </Coverage>
           <!-- PosRuleSetCount=1 -->
diff --git a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_context1_simple_f2.ttx.GDEF b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_context1_simple_f2.ttx.GDEF
index dba5550..b5c2ac3 100644
--- a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_context1_simple_f2.ttx.GDEF
+++ b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_context1_simple_f2.ttx.GDEF
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 
   <GDEF>
     <Version value="0x00010000"/>
-    <GlyphClassDef Format="2">
+    <GlyphClassDef>
       <ClassDef glyph="g80" class="1"/>
       <ClassDef glyph="g81" class="1"/>
       <ClassDef glyph="g82" class="1"/>
diff --git a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_context1_simple_f2.ttx.GPOS b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_context1_simple_f2.ttx.GPOS
index bb3d01d..15faa22 100644
--- a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_context1_simple_f2.ttx.GPOS
+++ b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_context1_simple_f2.ttx.GPOS
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
         <SinglePos index="0" Format="1">
-          <Coverage Format="1">
+          <Coverage>
             <Glyph value="g20"/>
             <Glyph value="g21"/>
             <Glyph value="g22"/>
@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
         <PairPos index="0" Format="1">
-          <Coverage Format="1">
+          <Coverage>
             <Glyph value="g21"/>
           </Coverage>
           <ValueFormat1 value="1"/>
@@ -72,10 +72,10 @@
       </Lookup>
       <Lookup index="2">
         <LookupType value="2"/>
-        <LookupFlag value="8"/>
+        <LookupFlag value="8"/><!-- ignoreMarks -->
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
         <PairPos index="0" Format="1">
-          <Coverage Format="1">
+          <Coverage>
             <Glyph value="g21"/>
           </Coverage>
           <ValueFormat1 value="1"/>
@@ -100,7 +100,7 @@
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
         <ContextPos index="0" Format="1">
-          <Coverage Format="1">
+          <Coverage>
             <Glyph value="g20"/>
           </Coverage>
           <!-- PosRuleSetCount=1 -->
diff --git a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_context1_successive_f1.ttx.GDEF b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_context1_successive_f1.ttx.GDEF
index dba5550..b5c2ac3 100644
--- a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_context1_successive_f1.ttx.GDEF
+++ b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_context1_successive_f1.ttx.GDEF
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 
   <GDEF>
     <Version value="0x00010000"/>
-    <GlyphClassDef Format="2">
+    <GlyphClassDef>
       <ClassDef glyph="g80" class="1"/>
       <ClassDef glyph="g81" class="1"/>
       <ClassDef glyph="g82" class="1"/>
diff --git a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_context1_successive_f1.ttx.GPOS b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_context1_successive_f1.ttx.GPOS
index 2d17ca5..11ae1c7 100644
--- a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_context1_successive_f1.ttx.GPOS
+++ b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_context1_successive_f1.ttx.GPOS
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
         <SinglePos index="0" Format="1">
-          <Coverage Format="1">
+          <Coverage>
             <Glyph value="g20"/>
             <Glyph value="g21"/>
             <Glyph value="g22"/>
@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
         <PairPos index="0" Format="1">
-          <Coverage Format="1">
+          <Coverage>
             <Glyph value="g21"/>
           </Coverage>
           <ValueFormat1 value="1"/>
@@ -72,10 +72,10 @@
       </Lookup>
       <Lookup index="2">
         <LookupType value="2"/>
-        <LookupFlag value="8"/>
+        <LookupFlag value="8"/><!-- ignoreMarks -->
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
         <PairPos index="0" Format="1">
-          <Coverage Format="1">
+          <Coverage>
             <Glyph value="g21"/>
           </Coverage>
           <ValueFormat1 value="1"/>
@@ -100,7 +100,7 @@
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
         <ContextPos index="0" Format="1">
-          <Coverage Format="1">
+          <Coverage>
             <Glyph value="g20"/>
           </Coverage>
           <!-- PosRuleSetCount=1 -->
diff --git a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_context2_boundary_f1.ttx.GDEF b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_context2_boundary_f1.ttx.GDEF
index dba5550..b5c2ac3 100644
--- a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_context2_boundary_f1.ttx.GDEF
+++ b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_context2_boundary_f1.ttx.GDEF
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 
   <GDEF>
     <Version value="0x00010000"/>
-    <GlyphClassDef Format="2">
+    <GlyphClassDef>
       <ClassDef glyph="g80" class="1"/>
       <ClassDef glyph="g81" class="1"/>
       <ClassDef glyph="g82" class="1"/>
diff --git a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_context2_boundary_f1.ttx.GPOS b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_context2_boundary_f1.ttx.GPOS
index b830138..08af7f3 100644
--- a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_context2_boundary_f1.ttx.GPOS
+++ b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_context2_boundary_f1.ttx.GPOS
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
         <SinglePos index="0" Format="1">
-          <Coverage Format="1">
+          <Coverage>
             <Glyph value="g20"/>
             <Glyph value="g21"/>
             <Glyph value="g22"/>
@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
         <PairPos index="0" Format="1">
-          <Coverage Format="1">
+          <Coverage>
             <Glyph value="g21"/>
           </Coverage>
           <ValueFormat1 value="1"/>
@@ -72,10 +72,10 @@
       </Lookup>
       <Lookup index="2">
         <LookupType value="2"/>
-        <LookupFlag value="8"/>
+        <LookupFlag value="8"/><!-- ignoreMarks -->
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
         <PairPos index="0" Format="1">
-          <Coverage Format="1">
+          <Coverage>
             <Glyph value="g21"/>
           </Coverage>
           <ValueFormat1 value="1"/>
@@ -100,10 +100,10 @@
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
         <ContextPos index="0" Format="2">
-          <Coverage Format="1">
+          <Coverage>
             <Glyph value="g20"/>
           </Coverage>
-          <ClassDef Format="2">
+          <ClassDef>
             <ClassDef glyph="g20" class="1"/>
           </ClassDef>
           <!-- PosClassSetCount=2 -->
diff --git a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_context2_boundary_f2.ttx.GDEF b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_context2_boundary_f2.ttx.GDEF
index dba5550..b5c2ac3 100644
--- a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_context2_boundary_f2.ttx.GDEF
+++ b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_context2_boundary_f2.ttx.GDEF
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 
   <GDEF>
     <Version value="0x00010000"/>
-    <GlyphClassDef Format="2">
+    <GlyphClassDef>
       <ClassDef glyph="g80" class="1"/>
       <ClassDef glyph="g81" class="1"/>
       <ClassDef glyph="g82" class="1"/>
diff --git a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_context2_boundary_f2.ttx.GPOS b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_context2_boundary_f2.ttx.GPOS
index a48dc6a..832e37b 100644
--- a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_context2_boundary_f2.ttx.GPOS
+++ b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_context2_boundary_f2.ttx.GPOS
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
         <SinglePos index="0" Format="1">
-          <Coverage Format="1">
+          <Coverage>
             <Glyph value="g20"/>
             <Glyph value="g21"/>
             <Glyph value="g22"/>
@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
         <PairPos index="0" Format="1">
-          <Coverage Format="1">
+          <Coverage>
             <Glyph value="g21"/>
           </Coverage>
           <ValueFormat1 value="1"/>
@@ -72,10 +72,10 @@
       </Lookup>
       <Lookup index="2">
         <LookupType value="2"/>
-        <LookupFlag value="8"/>
+        <LookupFlag value="8"/><!-- ignoreMarks -->
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
         <PairPos index="0" Format="1">
-          <Coverage Format="1">
+          <Coverage>
             <Glyph value="g21"/>
           </Coverage>
           <ValueFormat1 value="1"/>
@@ -100,10 +100,10 @@
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
         <ContextPos index="0" Format="2">
-          <Coverage Format="1">
+          <Coverage>
             <Glyph value="g20"/>
           </Coverage>
-          <ClassDef Format="2">
+          <ClassDef>
             <ClassDef glyph="g20" class="1"/>
           </ClassDef>
           <!-- PosClassSetCount=2 -->
diff --git a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_context2_classes_f1.ttx.GDEF b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_context2_classes_f1.ttx.GDEF
index dba5550..b5c2ac3 100644
--- a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_context2_classes_f1.ttx.GDEF
+++ b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_context2_classes_f1.ttx.GDEF
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 
   <GDEF>
     <Version value="0x00010000"/>
-    <GlyphClassDef Format="2">
+    <GlyphClassDef>
       <ClassDef glyph="g80" class="1"/>
       <ClassDef glyph="g81" class="1"/>
       <ClassDef glyph="g82" class="1"/>
diff --git a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_context2_classes_f1.ttx.GPOS b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_context2_classes_f1.ttx.GPOS
index 7573e48..b06382d 100644
--- a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_context2_classes_f1.ttx.GPOS
+++ b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_context2_classes_f1.ttx.GPOS
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
         <SinglePos index="0" Format="1">
-          <Coverage Format="1">
+          <Coverage>
             <Glyph value="g20"/>
             <Glyph value="g21"/>
             <Glyph value="g22"/>
@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
         <PairPos index="0" Format="1">
-          <Coverage Format="1">
+          <Coverage>
             <Glyph value="g21"/>
           </Coverage>
           <ValueFormat1 value="1"/>
@@ -72,10 +72,10 @@
       </Lookup>
       <Lookup index="2">
         <LookupType value="2"/>
-        <LookupFlag value="8"/>
+        <LookupFlag value="8"/><!-- ignoreMarks -->
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
         <PairPos index="0" Format="1">
-          <Coverage Format="1">
+          <Coverage>
             <Glyph value="g21"/>
           </Coverage>
           <ValueFormat1 value="1"/>
@@ -100,11 +100,11 @@
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
         <ContextPos index="0" Format="2">
-          <Coverage Format="1">
+          <Coverage>
             <Glyph value="g20"/>
             <Glyph value="g21"/>
           </Coverage>
-          <ClassDef Format="2">
+          <ClassDef>
             <ClassDef glyph="g20" class="1"/>
             <ClassDef glyph="g21" class="1"/>
             <ClassDef glyph="g22" class="1"/>
diff --git a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_context2_classes_f2.ttx.GDEF b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_context2_classes_f2.ttx.GDEF
index dba5550..b5c2ac3 100644
--- a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_context2_classes_f2.ttx.GDEF
+++ b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_context2_classes_f2.ttx.GDEF
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 
   <GDEF>
     <Version value="0x00010000"/>
-    <GlyphClassDef Format="2">
+    <GlyphClassDef>
       <ClassDef glyph="g80" class="1"/>
       <ClassDef glyph="g81" class="1"/>
       <ClassDef glyph="g82" class="1"/>
diff --git a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_context2_classes_f2.ttx.GPOS b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_context2_classes_f2.ttx.GPOS
index 4435c02..a266ada 100644
--- a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_context2_classes_f2.ttx.GPOS
+++ b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_context2_classes_f2.ttx.GPOS
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
         <SinglePos index="0" Format="1">
-          <Coverage Format="1">
+          <Coverage>
             <Glyph value="g20"/>
             <Glyph value="g21"/>
             <Glyph value="g22"/>
@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
         <PairPos index="0" Format="1">
-          <Coverage Format="1">
+          <Coverage>
             <Glyph value="g21"/>
           </Coverage>
           <ValueFormat1 value="1"/>
@@ -72,10 +72,10 @@
       </Lookup>
       <Lookup index="2">
         <LookupType value="2"/>
-        <LookupFlag value="8"/>
+        <LookupFlag value="8"/><!-- ignoreMarks -->
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
         <PairPos index="0" Format="1">
-          <Coverage Format="1">
+          <Coverage>
             <Glyph value="g21"/>
           </Coverage>
           <ValueFormat1 value="1"/>
@@ -100,13 +100,13 @@
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
         <ContextPos index="0" Format="2">
-          <Coverage Format="1">
+          <Coverage>
             <Glyph value="g20"/>
             <Glyph value="g21"/>
             <Glyph value="g22"/>
             <Glyph value="g24"/>
           </Coverage>
-          <ClassDef Format="2">
+          <ClassDef>
             <ClassDef glyph="g20" class="1"/>
             <ClassDef glyph="g21" class="1"/>
             <ClassDef glyph="g22" class="1"/>
diff --git a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_context2_expansion_f1.ttx.GDEF b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_context2_expansion_f1.ttx.GDEF
index dba5550..b5c2ac3 100644
--- a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_context2_expansion_f1.ttx.GDEF
+++ b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_context2_expansion_f1.ttx.GDEF
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 
   <GDEF>
     <Version value="0x00010000"/>
-    <GlyphClassDef Format="2">
+    <GlyphClassDef>
       <ClassDef glyph="g80" class="1"/>
       <ClassDef glyph="g81" class="1"/>
       <ClassDef glyph="g82" class="1"/>
diff --git a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_context2_expansion_f1.ttx.GPOS b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_context2_expansion_f1.ttx.GPOS
index 584892f..48833f7 100644
--- a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_context2_expansion_f1.ttx.GPOS
+++ b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_context2_expansion_f1.ttx.GPOS
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
         <SinglePos index="0" Format="1">
-          <Coverage Format="1">
+          <Coverage>
             <Glyph value="g20"/>
             <Glyph value="g21"/>
             <Glyph value="g22"/>
@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
         <PairPos index="0" Format="1">
-          <Coverage Format="1">
+          <Coverage>
             <Glyph value="g21"/>
           </Coverage>
           <ValueFormat1 value="1"/>
@@ -72,10 +72,10 @@
       </Lookup>
       <Lookup index="2">
         <LookupType value="2"/>
-        <LookupFlag value="8"/>
+        <LookupFlag value="8"/><!-- ignoreMarks -->
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
         <PairPos index="0" Format="1">
-          <Coverage Format="1">
+          <Coverage>
             <Glyph value="g21"/>
           </Coverage>
           <ValueFormat1 value="1"/>
@@ -100,10 +100,10 @@
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
         <ContextPos index="0" Format="2">
-          <Coverage Format="1">
+          <Coverage>
             <Glyph value="g20"/>
           </Coverage>
-          <ClassDef Format="2">
+          <ClassDef>
             <ClassDef glyph="g20" class="1"/>
             <ClassDef glyph="g21" class="2"/>
             <ClassDef glyph="g22" class="3"/>
diff --git a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_context2_lookupflag_f1.ttx.GDEF b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_context2_lookupflag_f1.ttx.GDEF
index dba5550..b5c2ac3 100644
--- a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_context2_lookupflag_f1.ttx.GDEF
+++ b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_context2_lookupflag_f1.ttx.GDEF
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 
   <GDEF>
     <Version value="0x00010000"/>
-    <GlyphClassDef Format="2">
+    <GlyphClassDef>
       <ClassDef glyph="g80" class="1"/>
       <ClassDef glyph="g81" class="1"/>
       <ClassDef glyph="g82" class="1"/>
diff --git a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_context2_lookupflag_f1.ttx.GPOS b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_context2_lookupflag_f1.ttx.GPOS
index 99546b5..d45c280 100644
--- a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_context2_lookupflag_f1.ttx.GPOS
+++ b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_context2_lookupflag_f1.ttx.GPOS
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
         <SinglePos index="0" Format="1">
-          <Coverage Format="1">
+          <Coverage>
             <Glyph value="g20"/>
             <Glyph value="g21"/>
             <Glyph value="g22"/>
@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
         <PairPos index="0" Format="1">
-          <Coverage Format="1">
+          <Coverage>
             <Glyph value="g21"/>
           </Coverage>
           <ValueFormat1 value="1"/>
@@ -72,10 +72,10 @@
       </Lookup>
       <Lookup index="2">
         <LookupType value="2"/>
-        <LookupFlag value="8"/>
+        <LookupFlag value="8"/><!-- ignoreMarks -->
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
         <PairPos index="0" Format="1">
-          <Coverage Format="1">
+          <Coverage>
             <Glyph value="g21"/>
           </Coverage>
           <ValueFormat1 value="1"/>
@@ -97,13 +97,13 @@
       </Lookup>
       <Lookup index="4">
         <LookupType value="7"/>
-        <LookupFlag value="8"/>
+        <LookupFlag value="8"/><!-- ignoreMarks -->
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
         <ContextPos index="0" Format="2">
-          <Coverage Format="1">
+          <Coverage>
             <Glyph value="g20"/>
           </Coverage>
-          <ClassDef Format="2">
+          <ClassDef>
             <ClassDef glyph="g20" class="1"/>
             <ClassDef glyph="g21" class="2"/>
             <ClassDef glyph="g22" class="3"/>
diff --git a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_context2_lookupflag_f2.ttx.GDEF b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_context2_lookupflag_f2.ttx.GDEF
index dba5550..b5c2ac3 100644
--- a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_context2_lookupflag_f2.ttx.GDEF
+++ b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_context2_lookupflag_f2.ttx.GDEF
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 
   <GDEF>
     <Version value="0x00010000"/>
-    <GlyphClassDef Format="2">
+    <GlyphClassDef>
       <ClassDef glyph="g80" class="1"/>
       <ClassDef glyph="g81" class="1"/>
       <ClassDef glyph="g82" class="1"/>
diff --git a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_context2_lookupflag_f2.ttx.GPOS b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_context2_lookupflag_f2.ttx.GPOS
index 4a0fcb8..6f3c016 100644
--- a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_context2_lookupflag_f2.ttx.GPOS
+++ b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_context2_lookupflag_f2.ttx.GPOS
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
         <SinglePos index="0" Format="1">
-          <Coverage Format="1">
+          <Coverage>
             <Glyph value="g20"/>
             <Glyph value="g21"/>
             <Glyph value="g22"/>
@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
         <PairPos index="0" Format="1">
-          <Coverage Format="1">
+          <Coverage>
             <Glyph value="g21"/>
           </Coverage>
           <ValueFormat1 value="1"/>
@@ -72,10 +72,10 @@
       </Lookup>
       <Lookup index="2">
         <LookupType value="2"/>
-        <LookupFlag value="8"/>
+        <LookupFlag value="8"/><!-- ignoreMarks -->
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
         <PairPos index="0" Format="1">
-          <Coverage Format="1">
+          <Coverage>
             <Glyph value="g21"/>
           </Coverage>
           <ValueFormat1 value="1"/>
@@ -97,13 +97,13 @@
       </Lookup>
       <Lookup index="4">
         <LookupType value="7"/>
-        <LookupFlag value="8"/>
+        <LookupFlag value="8"/><!-- ignoreMarks -->
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
         <ContextPos index="0" Format="2">
-          <Coverage Format="1">
+          <Coverage>
             <Glyph value="g20"/>
           </Coverage>
-          <ClassDef Format="2">
+          <ClassDef>
             <ClassDef glyph="g20" class="1"/>
             <ClassDef glyph="g21" class="2"/>
             <ClassDef glyph="g22" class="3"/>
diff --git a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_context2_multiple_subrules_f1.ttx.GDEF b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_context2_multiple_subrules_f1.ttx.GDEF
index dba5550..b5c2ac3 100644
--- a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_context2_multiple_subrules_f1.ttx.GDEF
+++ b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_context2_multiple_subrules_f1.ttx.GDEF
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 
   <GDEF>
     <Version value="0x00010000"/>
-    <GlyphClassDef Format="2">
+    <GlyphClassDef>
       <ClassDef glyph="g80" class="1"/>
       <ClassDef glyph="g81" class="1"/>
       <ClassDef glyph="g82" class="1"/>
diff --git a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_context2_multiple_subrules_f1.ttx.GPOS b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_context2_multiple_subrules_f1.ttx.GPOS
index d2f38c3..1a9b1e2 100644
--- a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_context2_multiple_subrules_f1.ttx.GPOS
+++ b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_context2_multiple_subrules_f1.ttx.GPOS
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
         <SinglePos index="0" Format="1">
-          <Coverage Format="1">
+          <Coverage>
             <Glyph value="g20"/>
             <Glyph value="g21"/>
             <Glyph value="g22"/>
@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
         <PairPos index="0" Format="1">
-          <Coverage Format="1">
+          <Coverage>
             <Glyph value="g21"/>
           </Coverage>
           <ValueFormat1 value="1"/>
@@ -72,10 +72,10 @@
       </Lookup>
       <Lookup index="2">
         <LookupType value="2"/>
-        <LookupFlag value="8"/>
+        <LookupFlag value="8"/><!-- ignoreMarks -->
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
         <PairPos index="0" Format="1">
-          <Coverage Format="1">
+          <Coverage>
             <Glyph value="g21"/>
           </Coverage>
           <ValueFormat1 value="1"/>
@@ -100,10 +100,10 @@
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
         <ContextPos index="0" Format="2">
-          <Coverage Format="1">
+          <Coverage>
             <Glyph value="g20"/>
           </Coverage>
-          <ClassDef Format="2">
+          <ClassDef>
             <ClassDef glyph="g20" class="1"/>
             <ClassDef glyph="g21" class="2"/>
             <ClassDef glyph="g22" class="3"/>
diff --git a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_context2_multiple_subrules_f2.ttx.GDEF b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_context2_multiple_subrules_f2.ttx.GDEF
index dba5550..b5c2ac3 100644
--- a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_context2_multiple_subrules_f2.ttx.GDEF
+++ b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_context2_multiple_subrules_f2.ttx.GDEF
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 
   <GDEF>
     <Version value="0x00010000"/>
-    <GlyphClassDef Format="2">
+    <GlyphClassDef>
       <ClassDef glyph="g80" class="1"/>
       <ClassDef glyph="g81" class="1"/>
       <ClassDef glyph="g82" class="1"/>
diff --git a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_context2_multiple_subrules_f2.ttx.GPOS b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_context2_multiple_subrules_f2.ttx.GPOS
index e5d0a63..f3f9d9d 100644
--- a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_context2_multiple_subrules_f2.ttx.GPOS
+++ b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_context2_multiple_subrules_f2.ttx.GPOS
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
         <SinglePos index="0" Format="1">
-          <Coverage Format="1">
+          <Coverage>
             <Glyph value="g20"/>
             <Glyph value="g21"/>
             <Glyph value="g22"/>
@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
         <PairPos index="0" Format="1">
-          <Coverage Format="1">
+          <Coverage>
             <Glyph value="g21"/>
           </Coverage>
           <ValueFormat1 value="1"/>
@@ -72,10 +72,10 @@
       </Lookup>
       <Lookup index="2">
         <LookupType value="2"/>
-        <LookupFlag value="8"/>
+        <LookupFlag value="8"/><!-- ignoreMarks -->
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
         <PairPos index="0" Format="1">
-          <Coverage Format="1">
+          <Coverage>
             <Glyph value="g21"/>
           </Coverage>
           <ValueFormat1 value="1"/>
@@ -100,10 +100,10 @@
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
         <ContextPos index="0" Format="2">
-          <Coverage Format="1">
+          <Coverage>
             <Glyph value="g20"/>
           </Coverage>
-          <ClassDef Format="2">
+          <ClassDef>
             <ClassDef glyph="g20" class="1"/>
             <ClassDef glyph="g21" class="2"/>
             <ClassDef glyph="g22" class="3"/>
diff --git a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_context2_next_glyph_f1.ttx.GDEF b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_context2_next_glyph_f1.ttx.GDEF
index dba5550..b5c2ac3 100644
--- a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_context2_next_glyph_f1.ttx.GDEF
+++ b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_context2_next_glyph_f1.ttx.GDEF
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 
   <GDEF>
     <Version value="0x00010000"/>
-    <GlyphClassDef Format="2">
+    <GlyphClassDef>
       <ClassDef glyph="g80" class="1"/>
       <ClassDef glyph="g81" class="1"/>
       <ClassDef glyph="g82" class="1"/>
diff --git a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_context2_next_glyph_f1.ttx.GPOS b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_context2_next_glyph_f1.ttx.GPOS
index c171781..655d1d3 100644
--- a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_context2_next_glyph_f1.ttx.GPOS
+++ b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_context2_next_glyph_f1.ttx.GPOS
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
         <SinglePos index="0" Format="1">
-          <Coverage Format="1">
+          <Coverage>
             <Glyph value="g20"/>
             <Glyph value="g21"/>
             <Glyph value="g22"/>
@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
         <PairPos index="0" Format="1">
-          <Coverage Format="1">
+          <Coverage>
             <Glyph value="g21"/>
           </Coverage>
           <ValueFormat1 value="1"/>
@@ -72,10 +72,10 @@
       </Lookup>
       <Lookup index="2">
         <LookupType value="2"/>
-        <LookupFlag value="8"/>
+        <LookupFlag value="8"/><!-- ignoreMarks -->
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
         <PairPos index="0" Format="1">
-          <Coverage Format="1">
+          <Coverage>
             <Glyph value="g21"/>
           </Coverage>
           <ValueFormat1 value="1"/>
@@ -100,10 +100,10 @@
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
         <ContextPos index="0" Format="2">
-          <Coverage Format="1">
+          <Coverage>
             <Glyph value="g20"/>
           </Coverage>
-          <ClassDef Format="2">
+          <ClassDef>
             <ClassDef glyph="g20" class="1"/>
           </ClassDef>
           <!-- PosClassSetCount=2 -->
diff --git a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_context2_simple_f1.ttx.GDEF b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_context2_simple_f1.ttx.GDEF
index dba5550..b5c2ac3 100644
--- a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_context2_simple_f1.ttx.GDEF
+++ b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_context2_simple_f1.ttx.GDEF
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 
   <GDEF>
     <Version value="0x00010000"/>
-    <GlyphClassDef Format="2">
+    <GlyphClassDef>
       <ClassDef glyph="g80" class="1"/>
       <ClassDef glyph="g81" class="1"/>
       <ClassDef glyph="g82" class="1"/>
diff --git a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_context2_simple_f1.ttx.GPOS b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_context2_simple_f1.ttx.GPOS
index 266f31b..bc06db5 100644
--- a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_context2_simple_f1.ttx.GPOS
+++ b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_context2_simple_f1.ttx.GPOS
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
         <SinglePos index="0" Format="1">
-          <Coverage Format="1">
+          <Coverage>
             <Glyph value="g20"/>
             <Glyph value="g21"/>
             <Glyph value="g22"/>
@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
         <PairPos index="0" Format="1">
-          <Coverage Format="1">
+          <Coverage>
             <Glyph value="g21"/>
           </Coverage>
           <ValueFormat1 value="1"/>
@@ -72,10 +72,10 @@
       </Lookup>
       <Lookup index="2">
         <LookupType value="2"/>
-        <LookupFlag value="8"/>
+        <LookupFlag value="8"/><!-- ignoreMarks -->
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
         <PairPos index="0" Format="1">
-          <Coverage Format="1">
+          <Coverage>
             <Glyph value="g21"/>
           </Coverage>
           <ValueFormat1 value="1"/>
@@ -100,10 +100,10 @@
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
         <ContextPos index="0" Format="2">
-          <Coverage Format="1">
+          <Coverage>
             <Glyph value="g20"/>
           </Coverage>
-          <ClassDef Format="2">
+          <ClassDef>
             <ClassDef glyph="g20" class="1"/>
             <ClassDef glyph="g21" class="2"/>
             <ClassDef glyph="g22" class="3"/>
diff --git a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_context2_simple_f2.ttx.GDEF b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_context2_simple_f2.ttx.GDEF
index dba5550..b5c2ac3 100644
--- a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_context2_simple_f2.ttx.GDEF
+++ b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_context2_simple_f2.ttx.GDEF
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 
   <GDEF>
     <Version value="0x00010000"/>
-    <GlyphClassDef Format="2">
+    <GlyphClassDef>
       <ClassDef glyph="g80" class="1"/>
       <ClassDef glyph="g81" class="1"/>
       <ClassDef glyph="g82" class="1"/>
diff --git a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_context2_simple_f2.ttx.GPOS b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_context2_simple_f2.ttx.GPOS
index 8001658..c2964bb 100644
--- a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_context2_simple_f2.ttx.GPOS
+++ b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_context2_simple_f2.ttx.GPOS
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
         <SinglePos index="0" Format="1">
-          <Coverage Format="1">
+          <Coverage>
             <Glyph value="g20"/>
             <Glyph value="g21"/>
             <Glyph value="g22"/>
@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
         <PairPos index="0" Format="1">
-          <Coverage Format="1">
+          <Coverage>
             <Glyph value="g21"/>
           </Coverage>
           <ValueFormat1 value="1"/>
@@ -72,10 +72,10 @@
       </Lookup>
       <Lookup index="2">
         <LookupType value="2"/>
-        <LookupFlag value="8"/>
+        <LookupFlag value="8"/><!-- ignoreMarks -->
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
         <PairPos index="0" Format="1">
-          <Coverage Format="1">
+          <Coverage>
             <Glyph value="g21"/>
           </Coverage>
           <ValueFormat1 value="1"/>
@@ -100,10 +100,10 @@
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
         <ContextPos index="0" Format="2">
-          <Coverage Format="1">
+          <Coverage>
             <Glyph value="g20"/>
           </Coverage>
-          <ClassDef Format="2">
+          <ClassDef>
             <ClassDef glyph="g20" class="1"/>
           </ClassDef>
           <!-- PosClassSetCount=2 -->
diff --git a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_context2_successive_f1.ttx.GDEF b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_context2_successive_f1.ttx.GDEF
index dba5550..b5c2ac3 100644
--- a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_context2_successive_f1.ttx.GDEF
+++ b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_context2_successive_f1.ttx.GDEF
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 
   <GDEF>
     <Version value="0x00010000"/>
-    <GlyphClassDef Format="2">
+    <GlyphClassDef>
       <ClassDef glyph="g80" class="1"/>
       <ClassDef glyph="g81" class="1"/>
       <ClassDef glyph="g82" class="1"/>
diff --git a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_context2_successive_f1.ttx.GPOS b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_context2_successive_f1.ttx.GPOS
index 2de586f..797b37b 100644
--- a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_context2_successive_f1.ttx.GPOS
+++ b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_context2_successive_f1.ttx.GPOS
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
         <SinglePos index="0" Format="1">
-          <Coverage Format="1">
+          <Coverage>
             <Glyph value="g20"/>
             <Glyph value="g21"/>
             <Glyph value="g22"/>
@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
         <PairPos index="0" Format="1">
-          <Coverage Format="1">
+          <Coverage>
             <Glyph value="g21"/>
           </Coverage>
           <ValueFormat1 value="1"/>
@@ -72,10 +72,10 @@
       </Lookup>
       <Lookup index="2">
         <LookupType value="2"/>
-        <LookupFlag value="8"/>
+        <LookupFlag value="8"/><!-- ignoreMarks -->
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
         <PairPos index="0" Format="1">
-          <Coverage Format="1">
+          <Coverage>
             <Glyph value="g21"/>
           </Coverage>
           <ValueFormat1 value="1"/>
@@ -100,10 +100,10 @@
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
         <ContextPos index="0" Format="2">
-          <Coverage Format="1">
+          <Coverage>
             <Glyph value="g20"/>
           </Coverage>
-          <ClassDef Format="2">
+          <ClassDef>
             <ClassDef glyph="g20" class="1"/>
             <ClassDef glyph="g21" class="2"/>
             <ClassDef glyph="g22" class="3"/>
diff --git a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_context3_boundary_f1.ttx.GDEF b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_context3_boundary_f1.ttx.GDEF
index dba5550..b5c2ac3 100644
--- a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_context3_boundary_f1.ttx.GDEF
+++ b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_context3_boundary_f1.ttx.GDEF
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 
   <GDEF>
     <Version value="0x00010000"/>
-    <GlyphClassDef Format="2">
+    <GlyphClassDef>
       <ClassDef glyph="g80" class="1"/>
       <ClassDef glyph="g81" class="1"/>
       <ClassDef glyph="g82" class="1"/>
diff --git a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_context3_boundary_f1.ttx.GPOS b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_context3_boundary_f1.ttx.GPOS
index fd85d19..f709b3b 100644
--- a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_context3_boundary_f1.ttx.GPOS
+++ b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_context3_boundary_f1.ttx.GPOS
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
         <SinglePos index="0" Format="1">
-          <Coverage Format="1">
+          <Coverage>
             <Glyph value="g20"/>
             <Glyph value="g21"/>
             <Glyph value="g22"/>
@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
         <PairPos index="0" Format="1">
-          <Coverage Format="1">
+          <Coverage>
             <Glyph value="g21"/>
           </Coverage>
           <ValueFormat1 value="1"/>
@@ -72,10 +72,10 @@
       </Lookup>
       <Lookup index="2">
         <LookupType value="2"/>
-        <LookupFlag value="8"/>
+        <LookupFlag value="8"/><!-- ignoreMarks -->
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
         <PairPos index="0" Format="1">
-          <Coverage Format="1">
+          <Coverage>
             <Glyph value="g21"/>
           </Coverage>
           <ValueFormat1 value="1"/>
@@ -102,10 +102,10 @@
         <ContextPos index="0" Format="3">
           <!-- GlyphCount=2 -->
           <!-- PosCount=0 -->
-          <Coverage index="0" Format="1">
+          <Coverage index="0">
             <Glyph value="g20"/>
           </Coverage>
-          <Coverage index="1" Format="1">
+          <Coverage index="1">
             <Glyph value="g20"/>
           </Coverage>
         </ContextPos>
diff --git a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_context3_boundary_f2.ttx.GDEF b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_context3_boundary_f2.ttx.GDEF
index dba5550..b5c2ac3 100644
--- a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_context3_boundary_f2.ttx.GDEF
+++ b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_context3_boundary_f2.ttx.GDEF
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 
   <GDEF>
     <Version value="0x00010000"/>
-    <GlyphClassDef Format="2">
+    <GlyphClassDef>
       <ClassDef glyph="g80" class="1"/>
       <ClassDef glyph="g81" class="1"/>
       <ClassDef glyph="g82" class="1"/>
diff --git a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_context3_boundary_f2.ttx.GPOS b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_context3_boundary_f2.ttx.GPOS
index bee96ff..a885d1a 100644
--- a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_context3_boundary_f2.ttx.GPOS
+++ b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_context3_boundary_f2.ttx.GPOS
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
         <SinglePos index="0" Format="1">
-          <Coverage Format="1">
+          <Coverage>
             <Glyph value="g20"/>
             <Glyph value="g21"/>
             <Glyph value="g22"/>
@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
         <PairPos index="0" Format="1">
-          <Coverage Format="1">
+          <Coverage>
             <Glyph value="g21"/>
           </Coverage>
           <ValueFormat1 value="1"/>
@@ -72,10 +72,10 @@
       </Lookup>
       <Lookup index="2">
         <LookupType value="2"/>
-        <LookupFlag value="8"/>
+        <LookupFlag value="8"/><!-- ignoreMarks -->
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
         <PairPos index="0" Format="1">
-          <Coverage Format="1">
+          <Coverage>
             <Glyph value="g21"/>
           </Coverage>
           <ValueFormat1 value="1"/>
@@ -102,7 +102,7 @@
         <ContextPos index="0" Format="3">
           <!-- GlyphCount=1 -->
           <!-- PosCount=1 -->
-          <Coverage index="0" Format="1">
+          <Coverage index="0">
             <Glyph value="g20"/>
           </Coverage>
           <PosLookupRecord index="0">
diff --git a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_context3_lookupflag_f1.ttx.GDEF b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_context3_lookupflag_f1.ttx.GDEF
index dba5550..b5c2ac3 100644
--- a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_context3_lookupflag_f1.ttx.GDEF
+++ b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_context3_lookupflag_f1.ttx.GDEF
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 
   <GDEF>
     <Version value="0x00010000"/>
-    <GlyphClassDef Format="2">
+    <GlyphClassDef>
       <ClassDef glyph="g80" class="1"/>
       <ClassDef glyph="g81" class="1"/>
       <ClassDef glyph="g82" class="1"/>
diff --git a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_context3_lookupflag_f1.ttx.GPOS b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_context3_lookupflag_f1.ttx.GPOS
index e9c854c..286a200 100644
--- a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_context3_lookupflag_f1.ttx.GPOS
+++ b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_context3_lookupflag_f1.ttx.GPOS
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
         <SinglePos index="0" Format="1">
-          <Coverage Format="1">
+          <Coverage>
             <Glyph value="g20"/>
             <Glyph value="g21"/>
             <Glyph value="g22"/>
@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
         <PairPos index="0" Format="1">
-          <Coverage Format="1">
+          <Coverage>
             <Glyph value="g21"/>
           </Coverage>
           <ValueFormat1 value="1"/>
@@ -72,10 +72,10 @@
       </Lookup>
       <Lookup index="2">
         <LookupType value="2"/>
-        <LookupFlag value="8"/>
+        <LookupFlag value="8"/><!-- ignoreMarks -->
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
         <PairPos index="0" Format="1">
-          <Coverage Format="1">
+          <Coverage>
             <Glyph value="g21"/>
           </Coverage>
           <ValueFormat1 value="1"/>
@@ -97,18 +97,18 @@
       </Lookup>
       <Lookup index="4">
         <LookupType value="7"/>
-        <LookupFlag value="8"/>
+        <LookupFlag value="8"/><!-- ignoreMarks -->
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
         <ContextPos index="0" Format="3">
           <!-- GlyphCount=3 -->
           <!-- PosCount=3 -->
-          <Coverage index="0" Format="1">
+          <Coverage index="0">
             <Glyph value="g20"/>
           </Coverage>
-          <Coverage index="1" Format="1">
+          <Coverage index="1">
             <Glyph value="g21"/>
           </Coverage>
-          <Coverage index="2" Format="1">
+          <Coverage index="2">
             <Glyph value="g22"/>
           </Coverage>
           <PosLookupRecord index="0">
diff --git a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_context3_lookupflag_f2.ttx.GDEF b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_context3_lookupflag_f2.ttx.GDEF
index dba5550..b5c2ac3 100644
--- a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_context3_lookupflag_f2.ttx.GDEF
+++ b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_context3_lookupflag_f2.ttx.GDEF
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 
   <GDEF>
     <Version value="0x00010000"/>
-    <GlyphClassDef Format="2">
+    <GlyphClassDef>
       <ClassDef glyph="g80" class="1"/>
       <ClassDef glyph="g81" class="1"/>
       <ClassDef glyph="g82" class="1"/>
diff --git a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_context3_lookupflag_f2.ttx.GPOS b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_context3_lookupflag_f2.ttx.GPOS
index e2b4a23..ea697fc 100644
--- a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_context3_lookupflag_f2.ttx.GPOS
+++ b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_context3_lookupflag_f2.ttx.GPOS
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
         <SinglePos index="0" Format="1">
-          <Coverage Format="1">
+          <Coverage>
             <Glyph value="g20"/>
             <Glyph value="g21"/>
             <Glyph value="g22"/>
@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
         <PairPos index="0" Format="1">
-          <Coverage Format="1">
+          <Coverage>
             <Glyph value="g21"/>
           </Coverage>
           <ValueFormat1 value="1"/>
@@ -72,10 +72,10 @@
       </Lookup>
       <Lookup index="2">
         <LookupType value="2"/>
-        <LookupFlag value="8"/>
+        <LookupFlag value="8"/><!-- ignoreMarks -->
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
         <PairPos index="0" Format="1">
-          <Coverage Format="1">
+          <Coverage>
             <Glyph value="g21"/>
           </Coverage>
           <ValueFormat1 value="1"/>
@@ -97,18 +97,18 @@
       </Lookup>
       <Lookup index="4">
         <LookupType value="7"/>
-        <LookupFlag value="8"/>
+        <LookupFlag value="8"/><!-- ignoreMarks -->
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
         <ContextPos index="0" Format="3">
           <!-- GlyphCount=3 -->
           <!-- PosCount=1 -->
-          <Coverage index="0" Format="1">
+          <Coverage index="0">
             <Glyph value="g20"/>
           </Coverage>
-          <Coverage index="1" Format="1">
+          <Coverage index="1">
             <Glyph value="g21"/>
           </Coverage>
-          <Coverage index="2" Format="1">
+          <Coverage index="2">
             <Glyph value="g22"/>
           </Coverage>
           <PosLookupRecord index="0">
diff --git a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_context3_next_glyph_f1.ttx.GDEF b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_context3_next_glyph_f1.ttx.GDEF
index dba5550..b5c2ac3 100644
--- a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_context3_next_glyph_f1.ttx.GDEF
+++ b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_context3_next_glyph_f1.ttx.GDEF
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 
   <GDEF>
     <Version value="0x00010000"/>
-    <GlyphClassDef Format="2">
+    <GlyphClassDef>
       <ClassDef glyph="g80" class="1"/>
       <ClassDef glyph="g81" class="1"/>
       <ClassDef glyph="g82" class="1"/>
diff --git a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_context3_next_glyph_f1.ttx.GPOS b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_context3_next_glyph_f1.ttx.GPOS
index 44ce072..c4b9d8a 100644
--- a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_context3_next_glyph_f1.ttx.GPOS
+++ b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_context3_next_glyph_f1.ttx.GPOS
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
         <SinglePos index="0" Format="1">
-          <Coverage Format="1">
+          <Coverage>
             <Glyph value="g20"/>
             <Glyph value="g21"/>
             <Glyph value="g22"/>
@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
         <PairPos index="0" Format="1">
-          <Coverage Format="1">
+          <Coverage>
             <Glyph value="g21"/>
           </Coverage>
           <ValueFormat1 value="1"/>
@@ -72,10 +72,10 @@
       </Lookup>
       <Lookup index="2">
         <LookupType value="2"/>
-        <LookupFlag value="8"/>
+        <LookupFlag value="8"/><!-- ignoreMarks -->
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
         <PairPos index="0" Format="1">
-          <Coverage Format="1">
+          <Coverage>
             <Glyph value="g21"/>
           </Coverage>
           <ValueFormat1 value="1"/>
@@ -102,10 +102,10 @@
         <ContextPos index="0" Format="3">
           <!-- GlyphCount=2 -->
           <!-- PosCount=1 -->
-          <Coverage index="0" Format="1">
+          <Coverage index="0">
             <Glyph value="g20"/>
           </Coverage>
-          <Coverage index="1" Format="1">
+          <Coverage index="1">
             <Glyph value="g20"/>
           </Coverage>
           <PosLookupRecord index="0">
diff --git a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_context3_simple_f1.ttx.GDEF b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_context3_simple_f1.ttx.GDEF
index dba5550..b5c2ac3 100644
--- a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_context3_simple_f1.ttx.GDEF
+++ b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_context3_simple_f1.ttx.GDEF
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 
   <GDEF>
     <Version value="0x00010000"/>
-    <GlyphClassDef Format="2">
+    <GlyphClassDef>
       <ClassDef glyph="g80" class="1"/>
       <ClassDef glyph="g81" class="1"/>
       <ClassDef glyph="g82" class="1"/>
diff --git a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_context3_simple_f1.ttx.GPOS b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_context3_simple_f1.ttx.GPOS
index c559a7d..7804fb8 100644
--- a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_context3_simple_f1.ttx.GPOS
+++ b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_context3_simple_f1.ttx.GPOS
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
         <SinglePos index="0" Format="1">
-          <Coverage Format="1">
+          <Coverage>
             <Glyph value="g20"/>
             <Glyph value="g21"/>
             <Glyph value="g22"/>
@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
         <PairPos index="0" Format="1">
-          <Coverage Format="1">
+          <Coverage>
             <Glyph value="g21"/>
           </Coverage>
           <ValueFormat1 value="1"/>
@@ -72,10 +72,10 @@
       </Lookup>
       <Lookup index="2">
         <LookupType value="2"/>
-        <LookupFlag value="8"/>
+        <LookupFlag value="8"/><!-- ignoreMarks -->
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
         <PairPos index="0" Format="1">
-          <Coverage Format="1">
+          <Coverage>
             <Glyph value="g21"/>
           </Coverage>
           <ValueFormat1 value="1"/>
@@ -102,13 +102,13 @@
         <ContextPos index="0" Format="3">
           <!-- GlyphCount=3 -->
           <!-- PosCount=3 -->
-          <Coverage index="0" Format="1">
+          <Coverage index="0">
             <Glyph value="g20"/>
           </Coverage>
-          <Coverage index="1" Format="1">
+          <Coverage index="1">
             <Glyph value="g21"/>
           </Coverage>
-          <Coverage index="2" Format="1">
+          <Coverage index="2">
             <Glyph value="g22"/>
           </Coverage>
           <PosLookupRecord index="0">
diff --git a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_context3_successive_f1.ttx.GDEF b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_context3_successive_f1.ttx.GDEF
index dba5550..b5c2ac3 100644
--- a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_context3_successive_f1.ttx.GDEF
+++ b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_context3_successive_f1.ttx.GDEF
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 
   <GDEF>
     <Version value="0x00010000"/>
-    <GlyphClassDef Format="2">
+    <GlyphClassDef>
       <ClassDef glyph="g80" class="1"/>
       <ClassDef glyph="g81" class="1"/>
       <ClassDef glyph="g82" class="1"/>
diff --git a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_context3_successive_f1.ttx.GPOS b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_context3_successive_f1.ttx.GPOS
index 8ff7eea..17b5ed2 100644
--- a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_context3_successive_f1.ttx.GPOS
+++ b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gpos_context3_successive_f1.ttx.GPOS
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
         <SinglePos index="0" Format="1">
-          <Coverage Format="1">
+          <Coverage>
             <Glyph value="g20"/>
             <Glyph value="g21"/>
             <Glyph value="g22"/>
@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
         <PairPos index="0" Format="1">
-          <Coverage Format="1">
+          <Coverage>
             <Glyph value="g21"/>
           </Coverage>
           <ValueFormat1 value="1"/>
@@ -72,10 +72,10 @@
       </Lookup>
       <Lookup index="2">
         <LookupType value="2"/>
-        <LookupFlag value="8"/>
+        <LookupFlag value="8"/><!-- ignoreMarks -->
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
         <PairPos index="0" Format="1">
-          <Coverage Format="1">
+          <Coverage>
             <Glyph value="g21"/>
           </Coverage>
           <ValueFormat1 value="1"/>
@@ -102,16 +102,16 @@
         <ContextPos index="0" Format="3">
           <!-- GlyphCount=4 -->
           <!-- PosCount=2 -->
-          <Coverage index="0" Format="1">
+          <Coverage index="0">
             <Glyph value="g20"/>
           </Coverage>
-          <Coverage index="1" Format="1">
+          <Coverage index="1">
             <Glyph value="g21"/>
           </Coverage>
-          <Coverage index="2" Format="1">
+          <Coverage index="2">
             <Glyph value="g22"/>
           </Coverage>
-          <Coverage index="3" Format="1">
+          <Coverage index="3">
             <Glyph value="g23"/>
           </Coverage>
           <PosLookupRecord index="0">
diff --git a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub1_1_lookupflag_f1.ttx.GDEF b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub1_1_lookupflag_f1.ttx.GDEF
index 971a3f1..08e65de 100644
--- a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub1_1_lookupflag_f1.ttx.GDEF
+++ b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub1_1_lookupflag_f1.ttx.GDEF
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 
   <GDEF>
     <Version value="0x00010000"/>
-    <GlyphClassDef Format="2">
+    <GlyphClassDef>
       <ClassDef glyph="g18" class="1"/>
     </GlyphClassDef>
   </GDEF>
diff --git a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub1_1_lookupflag_f1.ttx.GSUB b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub1_1_lookupflag_f1.ttx.GSUB
index ba7b68f..d5e0bf7 100644
--- a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub1_1_lookupflag_f1.ttx.GSUB
+++ b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub1_1_lookupflag_f1.ttx.GSUB
@@ -31,9 +31,9 @@
       <!-- LookupCount=1 -->
       <Lookup index="0">
         <LookupType value="1"/>
-        <LookupFlag value="2"/>
+        <LookupFlag value="2"/><!-- ignoreBaseGlyphs -->
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
-        <SingleSubst index="0" Format="1">
+        <SingleSubst index="0">
           <Substitution in="g18" out="g23"/>
           <Substitution in="g19" out="g24"/>
         </SingleSubst>
diff --git a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub1_1_modulo_f1.ttx.GSUB b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub1_1_modulo_f1.ttx.GSUB
index b9923da..f145dd3 100644
--- a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub1_1_modulo_f1.ttx.GSUB
+++ b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub1_1_modulo_f1.ttx.GSUB
@@ -34,11 +34,11 @@
         <LookupType value="1"/>
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=2 -->
-        <SingleSubst index="0" Format="1">
+        <SingleSubst index="0">
           <Substitution in="g21" out="glyph32787"/>
           <Substitution in="g22" out="glyph32788"/>
         </SingleSubst>
-        <SingleSubst index="1" Format="1">
+        <SingleSubst index="1">
           <Substitution in="g19" out="glyph32789"/>
           <Substitution in="g20" out="glyph32790"/>
         </SingleSubst>
@@ -47,16 +47,16 @@
         <LookupType value="1"/>
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=4 -->
-        <SingleSubst index="0" Format="1">
+        <SingleSubst index="0">
           <Substitution in="glyph32787" out="g23"/>
         </SingleSubst>
-        <SingleSubst index="1" Format="1">
+        <SingleSubst index="1">
           <Substitution in="glyph32788" out="g18"/>
         </SingleSubst>
-        <SingleSubst index="2" Format="1">
+        <SingleSubst index="2">
           <Substitution in="glyph32789" out="g17"/>
         </SingleSubst>
-        <SingleSubst index="3" Format="1">
+        <SingleSubst index="3">
           <Substitution in="glyph32790" out="g24"/>
         </SingleSubst>
       </Lookup>
diff --git a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub1_1_simple_f1.ttx.GSUB b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub1_1_simple_f1.ttx.GSUB
index e76ba74..7de19b0 100644
--- a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub1_1_simple_f1.ttx.GSUB
+++ b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub1_1_simple_f1.ttx.GSUB
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@
         <LookupType value="1"/>
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
-        <SingleSubst index="0" Format="1">
+        <SingleSubst index="0">
           <Substitution in="g18" out="g23"/>
           <Substitution in="g19" out="g24"/>
         </SingleSubst>
diff --git a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub1_2_lookupflag_f1.ttx.GDEF b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub1_2_lookupflag_f1.ttx.GDEF
index 971a3f1..08e65de 100644
--- a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub1_2_lookupflag_f1.ttx.GDEF
+++ b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub1_2_lookupflag_f1.ttx.GDEF
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 
   <GDEF>
     <Version value="0x00010000"/>
-    <GlyphClassDef Format="2">
+    <GlyphClassDef>
       <ClassDef glyph="g18" class="1"/>
     </GlyphClassDef>
   </GDEF>
diff --git a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub1_2_lookupflag_f1.ttx.GSUB b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub1_2_lookupflag_f1.ttx.GSUB
index 51bfbb1..a518afb 100644
--- a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub1_2_lookupflag_f1.ttx.GSUB
+++ b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub1_2_lookupflag_f1.ttx.GSUB
@@ -31,9 +31,9 @@
       <!-- LookupCount=1 -->
       <Lookup index="0">
         <LookupType value="1"/>
-        <LookupFlag value="2"/>
+        <LookupFlag value="2"/><!-- ignoreBaseGlyphs -->
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
-        <SingleSubst index="0" Format="2">
+        <SingleSubst index="0">
           <Substitution in="g18" out="g22"/>
           <Substitution in="g20" out="g25"/>
         </SingleSubst>
diff --git a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub1_2_simple_f1.ttx.GSUB b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub1_2_simple_f1.ttx.GSUB
index 55649d2..392ff3c 100644
--- a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub1_2_simple_f1.ttx.GSUB
+++ b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub1_2_simple_f1.ttx.GSUB
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@
         <LookupType value="1"/>
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
-        <SingleSubst index="0" Format="2">
+        <SingleSubst index="0">
           <Substitution in="g18" out="g22"/>
           <Substitution in="g20" out="g25"/>
         </SingleSubst>
diff --git a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub2_1_lookupflag_f1.ttx.GDEF b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub2_1_lookupflag_f1.ttx.GDEF
index 971a3f1..08e65de 100644
--- a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub2_1_lookupflag_f1.ttx.GDEF
+++ b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub2_1_lookupflag_f1.ttx.GDEF
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 
   <GDEF>
     <Version value="0x00010000"/>
-    <GlyphClassDef Format="2">
+    <GlyphClassDef>
       <ClassDef glyph="g18" class="1"/>
     </GlyphClassDef>
   </GDEF>
diff --git a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub2_1_lookupflag_f1.ttx.GSUB b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub2_1_lookupflag_f1.ttx.GSUB
index 2c59793..d3c37dc 100644
--- a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub2_1_lookupflag_f1.ttx.GSUB
+++ b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub2_1_lookupflag_f1.ttx.GSUB
@@ -31,9 +31,9 @@
       <!-- LookupCount=1 -->
       <Lookup index="0">
         <LookupType value="2"/>
-        <LookupFlag value="2"/>
+        <LookupFlag value="2"/><!-- ignoreBaseGlyphs -->
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
-        <MultipleSubst index="0" Format="1">
+        <MultipleSubst index="0">
           <Substitution in="g18" out="g20,g21"/>
           <Substitution in="g19" out="g22,g23"/>
         </MultipleSubst>
diff --git a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub2_1_multiple_sequences_f1.ttx.GSUB b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub2_1_multiple_sequences_f1.ttx.GSUB
index 5ec800e..1c4cd4c 100644
--- a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub2_1_multiple_sequences_f1.ttx.GSUB
+++ b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub2_1_multiple_sequences_f1.ttx.GSUB
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@
         <LookupType value="2"/>
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
-        <MultipleSubst index="0" Format="1">
+        <MultipleSubst index="0">
           <Substitution in="g18" out="g20,g21"/>
           <Substitution in="g19" out="g22,g23"/>
         </MultipleSubst>
diff --git a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub2_1_simple_f1.ttx.GSUB b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub2_1_simple_f1.ttx.GSUB
index cae4f66..b2453ec 100644
--- a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub2_1_simple_f1.ttx.GSUB
+++ b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub2_1_simple_f1.ttx.GSUB
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@
         <LookupType value="2"/>
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
-        <MultipleSubst index="0" Format="1">
+        <MultipleSubst index="0">
           <Substitution in="g18" out="g20,g21,g22"/>
         </MultipleSubst>
       </Lookup>
diff --git a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub3_1_lookupflag_f1.ttx.GDEF b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub3_1_lookupflag_f1.ttx.GDEF
index 971a3f1..08e65de 100644
--- a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub3_1_lookupflag_f1.ttx.GDEF
+++ b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub3_1_lookupflag_f1.ttx.GDEF
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 
   <GDEF>
     <Version value="0x00010000"/>
-    <GlyphClassDef Format="2">
+    <GlyphClassDef>
       <ClassDef glyph="g18" class="1"/>
     </GlyphClassDef>
   </GDEF>
diff --git a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub3_1_lookupflag_f1.ttx.GSUB b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub3_1_lookupflag_f1.ttx.GSUB
index 63c53b4..531c608 100644
--- a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub3_1_lookupflag_f1.ttx.GSUB
+++ b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub3_1_lookupflag_f1.ttx.GSUB
@@ -31,9 +31,9 @@
       <!-- LookupCount=1 -->
       <Lookup index="0">
         <LookupType value="3"/>
-        <LookupFlag value="2"/>
+        <LookupFlag value="2"/><!-- ignoreBaseGlyphs -->
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
-        <AlternateSubst index="0" Format="1">
+        <AlternateSubst index="0">
           <AlternateSet glyph="g18">
             <Alternate glyph="g20"/>
             <Alternate glyph="g21"/>
diff --git a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub3_1_multiple_f1.ttx.GSUB b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub3_1_multiple_f1.ttx.GSUB
index 1eae117..54a5219 100644
--- a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub3_1_multiple_f1.ttx.GSUB
+++ b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub3_1_multiple_f1.ttx.GSUB
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@
         <LookupType value="3"/>
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
-        <AlternateSubst index="0" Format="1">
+        <AlternateSubst index="0">
           <AlternateSet glyph="g18">
             <Alternate glyph="g20"/>
             <Alternate glyph="g21"/>
diff --git a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub3_1_simple_f1.ttx.GSUB b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub3_1_simple_f1.ttx.GSUB
index 7372cd0..9a516b2 100644
--- a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub3_1_simple_f1.ttx.GSUB
+++ b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub3_1_simple_f1.ttx.GSUB
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@
         <LookupType value="3"/>
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
-        <AlternateSubst index="0" Format="1">
+        <AlternateSubst index="0">
           <AlternateSet glyph="g18">
             <Alternate glyph="g20"/>
             <Alternate glyph="g21"/>
diff --git a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub4_1_lookupflag_f1.ttx.GDEF b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub4_1_lookupflag_f1.ttx.GDEF
index ffcc7a1..269092d 100644
--- a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub4_1_lookupflag_f1.ttx.GDEF
+++ b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub4_1_lookupflag_f1.ttx.GDEF
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 
   <GDEF>
     <Version value="0x00010000"/>
-    <GlyphClassDef Format="2">
+    <GlyphClassDef>
       <ClassDef glyph="g24" class="1"/>
     </GlyphClassDef>
   </GDEF>
diff --git a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub4_1_lookupflag_f1.ttx.GSUB b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub4_1_lookupflag_f1.ttx.GSUB
index 0982ef6..7dc3472 100644
--- a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub4_1_lookupflag_f1.ttx.GSUB
+++ b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub4_1_lookupflag_f1.ttx.GSUB
@@ -31,9 +31,9 @@
       <!-- LookupCount=1 -->
       <Lookup index="0">
         <LookupType value="4"/>
-        <LookupFlag value="2"/>
+        <LookupFlag value="2"/><!-- ignoreBaseGlyphs -->
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
-        <LigatureSubst index="0" Format="1">
+        <LigatureSubst index="0">
           <LigatureSet glyph="g18">
             <Ligature components="g19,g20" glyph="g23"/>
           </LigatureSet>
diff --git a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub4_1_multiple_ligatures_f1.ttx.GSUB b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub4_1_multiple_ligatures_f1.ttx.GSUB
index 9466f91..e9eb9ea 100644
--- a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub4_1_multiple_ligatures_f1.ttx.GSUB
+++ b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub4_1_multiple_ligatures_f1.ttx.GSUB
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@
         <LookupType value="4"/>
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
-        <LigatureSubst index="0" Format="1">
+        <LigatureSubst index="0">
           <LigatureSet glyph="g18">
             <Ligature components="g19,g20" glyph="g23"/>
             <Ligature components="g19" glyph="g24"/>
diff --git a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub4_1_multiple_ligatures_f2.ttx.GSUB b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub4_1_multiple_ligatures_f2.ttx.GSUB
index bc25e84..6756dfd 100644
--- a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub4_1_multiple_ligatures_f2.ttx.GSUB
+++ b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub4_1_multiple_ligatures_f2.ttx.GSUB
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@
         <LookupType value="4"/>
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
-        <LigatureSubst index="0" Format="1">
+        <LigatureSubst index="0">
           <LigatureSet glyph="g18">
             <Ligature components="g19" glyph="g24"/>
             <Ligature components="g19,g20" glyph="g23"/>
diff --git a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub4_1_multiple_ligsets_f1.ttx.GSUB b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub4_1_multiple_ligsets_f1.ttx.GSUB
index 0ea6495..ab04368 100644
--- a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub4_1_multiple_ligsets_f1.ttx.GSUB
+++ b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub4_1_multiple_ligsets_f1.ttx.GSUB
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@
         <LookupType value="4"/>
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
-        <LigatureSubst index="0" Format="1">
+        <LigatureSubst index="0">
           <LigatureSet glyph="g18">
             <Ligature components="g19" glyph="g23"/>
           </LigatureSet>
diff --git a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub4_1_simple_f1.ttx.GSUB b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub4_1_simple_f1.ttx.GSUB
index ecc8fa6..7f3012a 100644
--- a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub4_1_simple_f1.ttx.GSUB
+++ b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub4_1_simple_f1.ttx.GSUB
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@
         <LookupType value="4"/>
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
-        <LigatureSubst index="0" Format="1">
+        <LigatureSubst index="0">
           <LigatureSet glyph="g18">
             <Ligature components="g19,g20" glyph="g23"/>
           </LigatureSet>
diff --git a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub7_font1.ttx.GSUB b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub7_font1.ttx.GSUB
index 3f65d93..cf43ec6 100644
--- a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub7_font1.ttx.GSUB
+++ b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub7_font1.ttx.GSUB
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
         <ExtensionSubst index="0" Format="1">
           <ExtensionLookupType value="1"/>
-          <SingleSubst Format="1">
+          <SingleSubst>
             <Substitution in="g18" out="g23"/>
             <Substitution in="g19" out="g24"/>
           </SingleSubst>
diff --git a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub7_font2.ttx.GSUB b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub7_font2.ttx.GSUB
index 98338ed..1f488f3 100644
--- a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub7_font2.ttx.GSUB
+++ b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub7_font2.ttx.GSUB
@@ -35,13 +35,13 @@
         <!-- SubTableCount=2 -->
         <ExtensionSubst index="0" Format="1">
           <ExtensionLookupType value="1"/>
-          <SingleSubst Format="1">
+          <SingleSubst>
             <Substitution in="g18" out="g23"/>
           </SingleSubst>
         </ExtensionSubst>
         <ExtensionSubst index="1" Format="1">
           <ExtensionLookupType value="1"/>
-          <SingleSubst Format="1">
+          <SingleSubst>
             <Substitution in="g19" out="g29"/>
           </SingleSubst>
         </ExtensionSubst>
diff --git a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_chaining1_boundary_f1.ttx.GDEF b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_chaining1_boundary_f1.ttx.GDEF
index dba5550..b5c2ac3 100644
--- a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_chaining1_boundary_f1.ttx.GDEF
+++ b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_chaining1_boundary_f1.ttx.GDEF
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 
   <GDEF>
     <Version value="0x00010000"/>
-    <GlyphClassDef Format="2">
+    <GlyphClassDef>
       <ClassDef glyph="g80" class="1"/>
       <ClassDef glyph="g81" class="1"/>
       <ClassDef glyph="g82" class="1"/>
diff --git a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_chaining1_boundary_f1.ttx.GSUB b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_chaining1_boundary_f1.ttx.GSUB
index 49ed83d..897946e 100644
--- a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_chaining1_boundary_f1.ttx.GSUB
+++ b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_chaining1_boundary_f1.ttx.GSUB
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@
         <LookupType value="1"/>
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
-        <SingleSubst index="0" Format="1">
+        <SingleSubst index="0">
           <Substitution in="g20" out="g60"/>
           <Substitution in="g21" out="g61"/>
           <Substitution in="g22" out="g62"/>
@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@
         <LookupType value="4"/>
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
-        <LigatureSubst index="0" Format="1">
+        <LigatureSubst index="0">
           <LigatureSet glyph="g21">
             <Ligature components="g22" glyph="g61"/>
           </LigatureSet>
@@ -58,9 +58,9 @@
       </Lookup>
       <Lookup index="2">
         <LookupType value="4"/>
-        <LookupFlag value="8"/>
+        <LookupFlag value="8"/><!-- ignoreMarks -->
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
-        <LigatureSubst index="0" Format="1">
+        <LigatureSubst index="0">
           <LigatureSet glyph="g21">
             <Ligature components="g22" glyph="g61"/>
           </LigatureSet>
@@ -70,7 +70,7 @@
         <LookupType value="2"/>
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
-        <MultipleSubst index="0" Format="1">
+        <MultipleSubst index="0">
           <Substitution in="g21" out="g61,g62,g63"/>
         </MultipleSubst>
       </Lookup>
@@ -79,7 +79,7 @@
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
         <ChainContextSubst index="0" Format="1">
-          <Coverage Format="1">
+          <Coverage>
             <Glyph value="g21"/>
           </Coverage>
           <!-- ChainSubRuleSetCount=1 -->
diff --git a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_chaining1_boundary_f2.ttx.GDEF b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_chaining1_boundary_f2.ttx.GDEF
index dba5550..b5c2ac3 100644
--- a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_chaining1_boundary_f2.ttx.GDEF
+++ b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_chaining1_boundary_f2.ttx.GDEF
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 
   <GDEF>
     <Version value="0x00010000"/>
-    <GlyphClassDef Format="2">
+    <GlyphClassDef>
       <ClassDef glyph="g80" class="1"/>
       <ClassDef glyph="g81" class="1"/>
       <ClassDef glyph="g82" class="1"/>
diff --git a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_chaining1_boundary_f2.ttx.GSUB b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_chaining1_boundary_f2.ttx.GSUB
index 7790bf9..896736c 100644
--- a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_chaining1_boundary_f2.ttx.GSUB
+++ b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_chaining1_boundary_f2.ttx.GSUB
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@
         <LookupType value="1"/>
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
-        <SingleSubst index="0" Format="1">
+        <SingleSubst index="0">
           <Substitution in="g20" out="g60"/>
           <Substitution in="g21" out="g61"/>
           <Substitution in="g22" out="g62"/>
@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@
         <LookupType value="4"/>
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
-        <LigatureSubst index="0" Format="1">
+        <LigatureSubst index="0">
           <LigatureSet glyph="g21">
             <Ligature components="g22" glyph="g61"/>
           </LigatureSet>
@@ -58,9 +58,9 @@
       </Lookup>
       <Lookup index="2">
         <LookupType value="4"/>
-        <LookupFlag value="8"/>
+        <LookupFlag value="8"/><!-- ignoreMarks -->
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
-        <LigatureSubst index="0" Format="1">
+        <LigatureSubst index="0">
           <LigatureSet glyph="g21">
             <Ligature components="g22" glyph="g61"/>
           </LigatureSet>
@@ -70,7 +70,7 @@
         <LookupType value="2"/>
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
-        <MultipleSubst index="0" Format="1">
+        <MultipleSubst index="0">
           <Substitution in="g21" out="g61,g62,g63"/>
         </MultipleSubst>
       </Lookup>
@@ -79,7 +79,7 @@
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
         <ChainContextSubst index="0" Format="1">
-          <Coverage Format="1">
+          <Coverage>
             <Glyph value="g21"/>
           </Coverage>
           <!-- ChainSubRuleSetCount=1 -->
diff --git a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_chaining1_boundary_f3.ttx.GDEF b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_chaining1_boundary_f3.ttx.GDEF
index dba5550..b5c2ac3 100644
--- a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_chaining1_boundary_f3.ttx.GDEF
+++ b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_chaining1_boundary_f3.ttx.GDEF
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 
   <GDEF>
     <Version value="0x00010000"/>
-    <GlyphClassDef Format="2">
+    <GlyphClassDef>
       <ClassDef glyph="g80" class="1"/>
       <ClassDef glyph="g81" class="1"/>
       <ClassDef glyph="g82" class="1"/>
diff --git a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_chaining1_boundary_f3.ttx.GSUB b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_chaining1_boundary_f3.ttx.GSUB
index c58e3d5..43a5914 100644
--- a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_chaining1_boundary_f3.ttx.GSUB
+++ b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_chaining1_boundary_f3.ttx.GSUB
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@
         <LookupType value="1"/>
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
-        <SingleSubst index="0" Format="1">
+        <SingleSubst index="0">
           <Substitution in="g20" out="g60"/>
           <Substitution in="g21" out="g61"/>
           <Substitution in="g22" out="g62"/>
@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@
         <LookupType value="4"/>
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
-        <LigatureSubst index="0" Format="1">
+        <LigatureSubst index="0">
           <LigatureSet glyph="g21">
             <Ligature components="g22" glyph="g61"/>
           </LigatureSet>
@@ -58,9 +58,9 @@
       </Lookup>
       <Lookup index="2">
         <LookupType value="4"/>
-        <LookupFlag value="8"/>
+        <LookupFlag value="8"/><!-- ignoreMarks -->
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
-        <LigatureSubst index="0" Format="1">
+        <LigatureSubst index="0">
           <LigatureSet glyph="g21">
             <Ligature components="g22" glyph="g61"/>
           </LigatureSet>
@@ -70,7 +70,7 @@
         <LookupType value="2"/>
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
-        <MultipleSubst index="0" Format="1">
+        <MultipleSubst index="0">
           <Substitution in="g21" out="g61,g62,g63"/>
         </MultipleSubst>
       </Lookup>
@@ -79,7 +79,7 @@
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
         <ChainContextSubst index="0" Format="1">
-          <Coverage Format="1">
+          <Coverage>
             <Glyph value="g21"/>
           </Coverage>
           <!-- ChainSubRuleSetCount=1 -->
diff --git a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_chaining1_boundary_f4.ttx.GDEF b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_chaining1_boundary_f4.ttx.GDEF
index dba5550..b5c2ac3 100644
--- a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_chaining1_boundary_f4.ttx.GDEF
+++ b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_chaining1_boundary_f4.ttx.GDEF
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 
   <GDEF>
     <Version value="0x00010000"/>
-    <GlyphClassDef Format="2">
+    <GlyphClassDef>
       <ClassDef glyph="g80" class="1"/>
       <ClassDef glyph="g81" class="1"/>
       <ClassDef glyph="g82" class="1"/>
diff --git a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_chaining1_boundary_f4.ttx.GSUB b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_chaining1_boundary_f4.ttx.GSUB
index 43a1181..d649b63 100644
--- a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_chaining1_boundary_f4.ttx.GSUB
+++ b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_chaining1_boundary_f4.ttx.GSUB
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@
         <LookupType value="1"/>
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
-        <SingleSubst index="0" Format="1">
+        <SingleSubst index="0">
           <Substitution in="g20" out="g60"/>
           <Substitution in="g21" out="g61"/>
           <Substitution in="g22" out="g62"/>
@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@
         <LookupType value="4"/>
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
-        <LigatureSubst index="0" Format="1">
+        <LigatureSubst index="0">
           <LigatureSet glyph="g21">
             <Ligature components="g22" glyph="g61"/>
           </LigatureSet>
@@ -58,9 +58,9 @@
       </Lookup>
       <Lookup index="2">
         <LookupType value="4"/>
-        <LookupFlag value="8"/>
+        <LookupFlag value="8"/><!-- ignoreMarks -->
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
-        <LigatureSubst index="0" Format="1">
+        <LigatureSubst index="0">
           <LigatureSet glyph="g21">
             <Ligature components="g22" glyph="g61"/>
           </LigatureSet>
@@ -70,7 +70,7 @@
         <LookupType value="2"/>
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
-        <MultipleSubst index="0" Format="1">
+        <MultipleSubst index="0">
           <Substitution in="g21" out="g61,g62,g63"/>
         </MultipleSubst>
       </Lookup>
@@ -79,7 +79,7 @@
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
         <ChainContextSubst index="0" Format="1">
-          <Coverage Format="1">
+          <Coverage>
             <Glyph value="g22"/>
           </Coverage>
           <!-- ChainSubRuleSetCount=1 -->
diff --git a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_chaining1_lookupflag_f1.ttx.GDEF b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_chaining1_lookupflag_f1.ttx.GDEF
index dba5550..b5c2ac3 100644
--- a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_chaining1_lookupflag_f1.ttx.GDEF
+++ b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_chaining1_lookupflag_f1.ttx.GDEF
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 
   <GDEF>
     <Version value="0x00010000"/>
-    <GlyphClassDef Format="2">
+    <GlyphClassDef>
       <ClassDef glyph="g80" class="1"/>
       <ClassDef glyph="g81" class="1"/>
       <ClassDef glyph="g82" class="1"/>
diff --git a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_chaining1_lookupflag_f1.ttx.GSUB b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_chaining1_lookupflag_f1.ttx.GSUB
index e3bdf7f..dd83bd7 100644
--- a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_chaining1_lookupflag_f1.ttx.GSUB
+++ b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_chaining1_lookupflag_f1.ttx.GSUB
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@
         <LookupType value="1"/>
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
-        <SingleSubst index="0" Format="1">
+        <SingleSubst index="0">
           <Substitution in="g20" out="g60"/>
           <Substitution in="g21" out="g61"/>
           <Substitution in="g22" out="g62"/>
@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@
         <LookupType value="4"/>
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
-        <LigatureSubst index="0" Format="1">
+        <LigatureSubst index="0">
           <LigatureSet glyph="g21">
             <Ligature components="g22" glyph="g61"/>
           </LigatureSet>
@@ -58,9 +58,9 @@
       </Lookup>
       <Lookup index="2">
         <LookupType value="4"/>
-        <LookupFlag value="8"/>
+        <LookupFlag value="8"/><!-- ignoreMarks -->
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
-        <LigatureSubst index="0" Format="1">
+        <LigatureSubst index="0">
           <LigatureSet glyph="g21">
             <Ligature components="g22" glyph="g61"/>
           </LigatureSet>
@@ -70,16 +70,16 @@
         <LookupType value="2"/>
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
-        <MultipleSubst index="0" Format="1">
+        <MultipleSubst index="0">
           <Substitution in="g21" out="g61,g62,g63"/>
         </MultipleSubst>
       </Lookup>
       <Lookup index="4">
         <LookupType value="6"/>
-        <LookupFlag value="8"/>
+        <LookupFlag value="8"/><!-- ignoreMarks -->
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
         <ChainContextSubst index="0" Format="1">
-          <Coverage Format="1">
+          <Coverage>
             <Glyph value="g22"/>
           </Coverage>
           <!-- ChainSubRuleSetCount=1 -->
diff --git a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_chaining1_multiple_subrules_f1.ttx.GDEF b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_chaining1_multiple_subrules_f1.ttx.GDEF
index dba5550..b5c2ac3 100644
--- a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_chaining1_multiple_subrules_f1.ttx.GDEF
+++ b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_chaining1_multiple_subrules_f1.ttx.GDEF
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 
   <GDEF>
     <Version value="0x00010000"/>
-    <GlyphClassDef Format="2">
+    <GlyphClassDef>
       <ClassDef glyph="g80" class="1"/>
       <ClassDef glyph="g81" class="1"/>
       <ClassDef glyph="g82" class="1"/>
diff --git a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_chaining1_multiple_subrules_f1.ttx.GSUB b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_chaining1_multiple_subrules_f1.ttx.GSUB
index a8ceb2b..b446f62 100644
--- a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_chaining1_multiple_subrules_f1.ttx.GSUB
+++ b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_chaining1_multiple_subrules_f1.ttx.GSUB
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@
         <LookupType value="1"/>
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
-        <SingleSubst index="0" Format="1">
+        <SingleSubst index="0">
           <Substitution in="g20" out="g60"/>
           <Substitution in="g21" out="g61"/>
           <Substitution in="g22" out="g62"/>
@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@
         <LookupType value="4"/>
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
-        <LigatureSubst index="0" Format="1">
+        <LigatureSubst index="0">
           <LigatureSet glyph="g21">
             <Ligature components="g22" glyph="g61"/>
           </LigatureSet>
@@ -58,9 +58,9 @@
       </Lookup>
       <Lookup index="2">
         <LookupType value="4"/>
-        <LookupFlag value="8"/>
+        <LookupFlag value="8"/><!-- ignoreMarks -->
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
-        <LigatureSubst index="0" Format="1">
+        <LigatureSubst index="0">
           <LigatureSet glyph="g21">
             <Ligature components="g22" glyph="g61"/>
           </LigatureSet>
@@ -70,7 +70,7 @@
         <LookupType value="2"/>
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
-        <MultipleSubst index="0" Format="1">
+        <MultipleSubst index="0">
           <Substitution in="g21" out="g61,g62,g63"/>
         </MultipleSubst>
       </Lookup>
@@ -79,7 +79,7 @@
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
         <ChainContextSubst index="0" Format="1">
-          <Coverage Format="1">
+          <Coverage>
             <Glyph value="g21"/>
           </Coverage>
           <!-- ChainSubRuleSetCount=1 -->
diff --git a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_chaining1_multiple_subrules_f2.ttx.GDEF b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_chaining1_multiple_subrules_f2.ttx.GDEF
index dba5550..b5c2ac3 100644
--- a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_chaining1_multiple_subrules_f2.ttx.GDEF
+++ b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_chaining1_multiple_subrules_f2.ttx.GDEF
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 
   <GDEF>
     <Version value="0x00010000"/>
-    <GlyphClassDef Format="2">
+    <GlyphClassDef>
       <ClassDef glyph="g80" class="1"/>
       <ClassDef glyph="g81" class="1"/>
       <ClassDef glyph="g82" class="1"/>
diff --git a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_chaining1_multiple_subrules_f2.ttx.GSUB b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_chaining1_multiple_subrules_f2.ttx.GSUB
index f73b4ec..9b6b835 100644
--- a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_chaining1_multiple_subrules_f2.ttx.GSUB
+++ b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_chaining1_multiple_subrules_f2.ttx.GSUB
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@
         <LookupType value="1"/>
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
-        <SingleSubst index="0" Format="1">
+        <SingleSubst index="0">
           <Substitution in="g20" out="g60"/>
           <Substitution in="g21" out="g61"/>
           <Substitution in="g22" out="g62"/>
@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@
         <LookupType value="4"/>
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
-        <LigatureSubst index="0" Format="1">
+        <LigatureSubst index="0">
           <LigatureSet glyph="g21">
             <Ligature components="g22" glyph="g61"/>
           </LigatureSet>
@@ -58,9 +58,9 @@
       </Lookup>
       <Lookup index="2">
         <LookupType value="4"/>
-        <LookupFlag value="8"/>
+        <LookupFlag value="8"/><!-- ignoreMarks -->
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
-        <LigatureSubst index="0" Format="1">
+        <LigatureSubst index="0">
           <LigatureSet glyph="g21">
             <Ligature components="g22" glyph="g61"/>
           </LigatureSet>
@@ -70,7 +70,7 @@
         <LookupType value="2"/>
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
-        <MultipleSubst index="0" Format="1">
+        <MultipleSubst index="0">
           <Substitution in="g21" out="g61,g62,g63"/>
         </MultipleSubst>
       </Lookup>
@@ -79,7 +79,7 @@
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
         <ChainContextSubst index="0" Format="1">
-          <Coverage Format="1">
+          <Coverage>
             <Glyph value="g21"/>
           </Coverage>
           <!-- ChainSubRuleSetCount=1 -->
diff --git a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_chaining1_next_glyph_f1.ttx.GDEF b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_chaining1_next_glyph_f1.ttx.GDEF
index dba5550..b5c2ac3 100644
--- a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_chaining1_next_glyph_f1.ttx.GDEF
+++ b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_chaining1_next_glyph_f1.ttx.GDEF
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 
   <GDEF>
     <Version value="0x00010000"/>
-    <GlyphClassDef Format="2">
+    <GlyphClassDef>
       <ClassDef glyph="g80" class="1"/>
       <ClassDef glyph="g81" class="1"/>
       <ClassDef glyph="g82" class="1"/>
diff --git a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_chaining1_next_glyph_f1.ttx.GSUB b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_chaining1_next_glyph_f1.ttx.GSUB
index 3858160..8b554ab 100644
--- a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_chaining1_next_glyph_f1.ttx.GSUB
+++ b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_chaining1_next_glyph_f1.ttx.GSUB
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@
         <LookupType value="1"/>
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
-        <SingleSubst index="0" Format="1">
+        <SingleSubst index="0">
           <Substitution in="g20" out="g60"/>
           <Substitution in="g21" out="g61"/>
           <Substitution in="g22" out="g62"/>
@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@
         <LookupType value="4"/>
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
-        <LigatureSubst index="0" Format="1">
+        <LigatureSubst index="0">
           <LigatureSet glyph="g21">
             <Ligature components="g22" glyph="g61"/>
           </LigatureSet>
@@ -58,9 +58,9 @@
       </Lookup>
       <Lookup index="2">
         <LookupType value="4"/>
-        <LookupFlag value="8"/>
+        <LookupFlag value="8"/><!-- ignoreMarks -->
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
-        <LigatureSubst index="0" Format="1">
+        <LigatureSubst index="0">
           <LigatureSet glyph="g21">
             <Ligature components="g22" glyph="g61"/>
           </LigatureSet>
@@ -70,7 +70,7 @@
         <LookupType value="2"/>
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
-        <MultipleSubst index="0" Format="1">
+        <MultipleSubst index="0">
           <Substitution in="g21" out="g61,g62,g63"/>
         </MultipleSubst>
       </Lookup>
@@ -79,7 +79,7 @@
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
         <ChainContextSubst index="0" Format="1">
-          <Coverage Format="1">
+          <Coverage>
             <Glyph value="g21"/>
             <Glyph value="g23"/>
           </Coverage>
diff --git a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_chaining1_simple_f1.ttx.GDEF b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_chaining1_simple_f1.ttx.GDEF
index dba5550..b5c2ac3 100644
--- a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_chaining1_simple_f1.ttx.GDEF
+++ b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_chaining1_simple_f1.ttx.GDEF
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 
   <GDEF>
     <Version value="0x00010000"/>
-    <GlyphClassDef Format="2">
+    <GlyphClassDef>
       <ClassDef glyph="g80" class="1"/>
       <ClassDef glyph="g81" class="1"/>
       <ClassDef glyph="g82" class="1"/>
diff --git a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_chaining1_simple_f1.ttx.GSUB b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_chaining1_simple_f1.ttx.GSUB
index d7dbd6b..f7dbe58 100644
--- a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_chaining1_simple_f1.ttx.GSUB
+++ b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_chaining1_simple_f1.ttx.GSUB
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@
         <LookupType value="1"/>
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
-        <SingleSubst index="0" Format="1">
+        <SingleSubst index="0">
           <Substitution in="g20" out="g60"/>
           <Substitution in="g21" out="g61"/>
           <Substitution in="g22" out="g62"/>
@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@
         <LookupType value="4"/>
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
-        <LigatureSubst index="0" Format="1">
+        <LigatureSubst index="0">
           <LigatureSet glyph="g21">
             <Ligature components="g22" glyph="g61"/>
           </LigatureSet>
@@ -58,9 +58,9 @@
       </Lookup>
       <Lookup index="2">
         <LookupType value="4"/>
-        <LookupFlag value="8"/>
+        <LookupFlag value="8"/><!-- ignoreMarks -->
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
-        <LigatureSubst index="0" Format="1">
+        <LigatureSubst index="0">
           <LigatureSet glyph="g21">
             <Ligature components="g22" glyph="g61"/>
           </LigatureSet>
@@ -70,7 +70,7 @@
         <LookupType value="2"/>
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
-        <MultipleSubst index="0" Format="1">
+        <MultipleSubst index="0">
           <Substitution in="g21" out="g61,g62,g63"/>
         </MultipleSubst>
       </Lookup>
@@ -79,7 +79,7 @@
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
         <ChainContextSubst index="0" Format="1">
-          <Coverage Format="1">
+          <Coverage>
             <Glyph value="g21"/>
           </Coverage>
           <!-- ChainSubRuleSetCount=1 -->
diff --git a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_chaining1_simple_f2.ttx.GDEF b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_chaining1_simple_f2.ttx.GDEF
index dba5550..b5c2ac3 100644
--- a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_chaining1_simple_f2.ttx.GDEF
+++ b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_chaining1_simple_f2.ttx.GDEF
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 
   <GDEF>
     <Version value="0x00010000"/>
-    <GlyphClassDef Format="2">
+    <GlyphClassDef>
       <ClassDef glyph="g80" class="1"/>
       <ClassDef glyph="g81" class="1"/>
       <ClassDef glyph="g82" class="1"/>
diff --git a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_chaining1_simple_f2.ttx.GSUB b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_chaining1_simple_f2.ttx.GSUB
index e97a6b1..a8894e5 100644
--- a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_chaining1_simple_f2.ttx.GSUB
+++ b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_chaining1_simple_f2.ttx.GSUB
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@
         <LookupType value="1"/>
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
-        <SingleSubst index="0" Format="1">
+        <SingleSubst index="0">
           <Substitution in="g20" out="g60"/>
           <Substitution in="g21" out="g61"/>
           <Substitution in="g22" out="g62"/>
@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@
         <LookupType value="4"/>
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
-        <LigatureSubst index="0" Format="1">
+        <LigatureSubst index="0">
           <LigatureSet glyph="g21">
             <Ligature components="g22" glyph="g61"/>
           </LigatureSet>
@@ -58,9 +58,9 @@
       </Lookup>
       <Lookup index="2">
         <LookupType value="4"/>
-        <LookupFlag value="8"/>
+        <LookupFlag value="8"/><!-- ignoreMarks -->
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
-        <LigatureSubst index="0" Format="1">
+        <LigatureSubst index="0">
           <LigatureSet glyph="g21">
             <Ligature components="g22" glyph="g61"/>
           </LigatureSet>
@@ -70,7 +70,7 @@
         <LookupType value="2"/>
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
-        <MultipleSubst index="0" Format="1">
+        <MultipleSubst index="0">
           <Substitution in="g21" out="g61,g62,g63"/>
         </MultipleSubst>
       </Lookup>
@@ -79,7 +79,7 @@
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
         <ChainContextSubst index="0" Format="1">
-          <Coverage Format="1">
+          <Coverage>
             <Glyph value="g22"/>
           </Coverage>
           <!-- ChainSubRuleSetCount=1 -->
diff --git a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_chaining1_successive_f1.ttx.GDEF b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_chaining1_successive_f1.ttx.GDEF
index dba5550..b5c2ac3 100644
--- a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_chaining1_successive_f1.ttx.GDEF
+++ b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_chaining1_successive_f1.ttx.GDEF
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 
   <GDEF>
     <Version value="0x00010000"/>
-    <GlyphClassDef Format="2">
+    <GlyphClassDef>
       <ClassDef glyph="g80" class="1"/>
       <ClassDef glyph="g81" class="1"/>
       <ClassDef glyph="g82" class="1"/>
diff --git a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_chaining1_successive_f1.ttx.GSUB b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_chaining1_successive_f1.ttx.GSUB
index 146dd2a..52cf963 100644
--- a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_chaining1_successive_f1.ttx.GSUB
+++ b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_chaining1_successive_f1.ttx.GSUB
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@
         <LookupType value="1"/>
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
-        <SingleSubst index="0" Format="1">
+        <SingleSubst index="0">
           <Substitution in="g20" out="g60"/>
           <Substitution in="g21" out="g61"/>
           <Substitution in="g22" out="g62"/>
@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@
         <LookupType value="4"/>
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
-        <LigatureSubst index="0" Format="1">
+        <LigatureSubst index="0">
           <LigatureSet glyph="g21">
             <Ligature components="g22" glyph="g61"/>
           </LigatureSet>
@@ -58,9 +58,9 @@
       </Lookup>
       <Lookup index="2">
         <LookupType value="4"/>
-        <LookupFlag value="8"/>
+        <LookupFlag value="8"/><!-- ignoreMarks -->
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
-        <LigatureSubst index="0" Format="1">
+        <LigatureSubst index="0">
           <LigatureSet glyph="g21">
             <Ligature components="g22" glyph="g61"/>
           </LigatureSet>
@@ -70,7 +70,7 @@
         <LookupType value="2"/>
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
-        <MultipleSubst index="0" Format="1">
+        <MultipleSubst index="0">
           <Substitution in="g21" out="g61,g62,g63"/>
         </MultipleSubst>
       </Lookup>
@@ -79,7 +79,7 @@
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
         <ChainContextSubst index="0" Format="1">
-          <Coverage Format="1">
+          <Coverage>
             <Glyph value="g20"/>
           </Coverage>
           <!-- ChainSubRuleSetCount=1 -->
diff --git a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_chaining2_boundary_f1.ttx.GDEF b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_chaining2_boundary_f1.ttx.GDEF
index dba5550..b5c2ac3 100644
--- a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_chaining2_boundary_f1.ttx.GDEF
+++ b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_chaining2_boundary_f1.ttx.GDEF
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 
   <GDEF>
     <Version value="0x00010000"/>
-    <GlyphClassDef Format="2">
+    <GlyphClassDef>
       <ClassDef glyph="g80" class="1"/>
       <ClassDef glyph="g81" class="1"/>
       <ClassDef glyph="g82" class="1"/>
diff --git a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_chaining2_boundary_f1.ttx.GSUB b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_chaining2_boundary_f1.ttx.GSUB
index ecd0a6b..9109e59 100644
--- a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_chaining2_boundary_f1.ttx.GSUB
+++ b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_chaining2_boundary_f1.ttx.GSUB
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@
         <LookupType value="1"/>
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
-        <SingleSubst index="0" Format="1">
+        <SingleSubst index="0">
           <Substitution in="g20" out="g60"/>
           <Substitution in="g21" out="g61"/>
           <Substitution in="g22" out="g62"/>
@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@
         <LookupType value="4"/>
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
-        <LigatureSubst index="0" Format="1">
+        <LigatureSubst index="0">
           <LigatureSet glyph="g21">
             <Ligature components="g22" glyph="g61"/>
           </LigatureSet>
@@ -58,9 +58,9 @@
       </Lookup>
       <Lookup index="2">
         <LookupType value="4"/>
-        <LookupFlag value="8"/>
+        <LookupFlag value="8"/><!-- ignoreMarks -->
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
-        <LigatureSubst index="0" Format="1">
+        <LigatureSubst index="0">
           <LigatureSet glyph="g21">
             <Ligature components="g22" glyph="g61"/>
           </LigatureSet>
@@ -70,7 +70,7 @@
         <LookupType value="2"/>
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
-        <MultipleSubst index="0" Format="1">
+        <MultipleSubst index="0">
           <Substitution in="g21" out="g61,g62,g63"/>
         </MultipleSubst>
       </Lookup>
@@ -79,7 +79,7 @@
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
         <ChainContextSubst index="0" Format="2">
-          <Coverage Format="1">
+          <Coverage>
             <Glyph value="g20"/>
             <Glyph value="g21"/>
             <Glyph value="g22"/>
@@ -88,7 +88,7 @@
             <Glyph value="g25"/>
             <Glyph value="g26"/>
           </Coverage>
-          <BacktrackClassDef Format="2">
+          <BacktrackClassDef>
             <ClassDef glyph="g20" class="20"/>
             <ClassDef glyph="g21" class="21"/>
             <ClassDef glyph="g22" class="22"/>
@@ -97,7 +97,7 @@
             <ClassDef glyph="g25" class="25"/>
             <ClassDef glyph="g26" class="26"/>
           </BacktrackClassDef>
-          <InputClassDef Format="2">
+          <InputClassDef>
             <ClassDef glyph="g20" class="20"/>
             <ClassDef glyph="g21" class="21"/>
             <ClassDef glyph="g22" class="22"/>
@@ -106,7 +106,7 @@
             <ClassDef glyph="g25" class="25"/>
             <ClassDef glyph="g26" class="26"/>
           </InputClassDef>
-          <LookAheadClassDef Format="2">
+          <LookAheadClassDef>
             <ClassDef glyph="g20" class="20"/>
             <ClassDef glyph="g21" class="21"/>
             <ClassDef glyph="g22" class="22"/>
diff --git a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_chaining2_boundary_f2.ttx.GDEF b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_chaining2_boundary_f2.ttx.GDEF
index dba5550..b5c2ac3 100644
--- a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_chaining2_boundary_f2.ttx.GDEF
+++ b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_chaining2_boundary_f2.ttx.GDEF
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 
   <GDEF>
     <Version value="0x00010000"/>
-    <GlyphClassDef Format="2">
+    <GlyphClassDef>
       <ClassDef glyph="g80" class="1"/>
       <ClassDef glyph="g81" class="1"/>
       <ClassDef glyph="g82" class="1"/>
diff --git a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_chaining2_boundary_f2.ttx.GSUB b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_chaining2_boundary_f2.ttx.GSUB
index 076cb30..ead59dc 100644
--- a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_chaining2_boundary_f2.ttx.GSUB
+++ b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_chaining2_boundary_f2.ttx.GSUB
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@
         <LookupType value="1"/>
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
-        <SingleSubst index="0" Format="1">
+        <SingleSubst index="0">
           <Substitution in="g20" out="g60"/>
           <Substitution in="g21" out="g61"/>
           <Substitution in="g22" out="g62"/>
@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@
         <LookupType value="4"/>
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
-        <LigatureSubst index="0" Format="1">
+        <LigatureSubst index="0">
           <LigatureSet glyph="g21">
             <Ligature components="g22" glyph="g61"/>
           </LigatureSet>
@@ -58,9 +58,9 @@
       </Lookup>
       <Lookup index="2">
         <LookupType value="4"/>
-        <LookupFlag value="8"/>
+        <LookupFlag value="8"/><!-- ignoreMarks -->
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
-        <LigatureSubst index="0" Format="1">
+        <LigatureSubst index="0">
           <LigatureSet glyph="g21">
             <Ligature components="g22" glyph="g61"/>
           </LigatureSet>
@@ -70,7 +70,7 @@
         <LookupType value="2"/>
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
-        <MultipleSubst index="0" Format="1">
+        <MultipleSubst index="0">
           <Substitution in="g21" out="g61,g62,g63"/>
         </MultipleSubst>
       </Lookup>
@@ -79,7 +79,7 @@
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
         <ChainContextSubst index="0" Format="2">
-          <Coverage Format="1">
+          <Coverage>
             <Glyph value="g20"/>
             <Glyph value="g21"/>
             <Glyph value="g22"/>
@@ -88,7 +88,7 @@
             <Glyph value="g25"/>
             <Glyph value="g26"/>
           </Coverage>
-          <BacktrackClassDef Format="2">
+          <BacktrackClassDef>
             <ClassDef glyph="g20" class="20"/>
             <ClassDef glyph="g21" class="21"/>
             <ClassDef glyph="g22" class="22"/>
@@ -97,7 +97,7 @@
             <ClassDef glyph="g25" class="25"/>
             <ClassDef glyph="g26" class="26"/>
           </BacktrackClassDef>
-          <InputClassDef Format="2">
+          <InputClassDef>
             <ClassDef glyph="g20" class="20"/>
             <ClassDef glyph="g21" class="21"/>
             <ClassDef glyph="g22" class="22"/>
@@ -106,7 +106,7 @@
             <ClassDef glyph="g25" class="25"/>
             <ClassDef glyph="g26" class="26"/>
           </InputClassDef>
-          <LookAheadClassDef Format="2">
+          <LookAheadClassDef>
             <ClassDef glyph="g20" class="20"/>
             <ClassDef glyph="g21" class="21"/>
             <ClassDef glyph="g22" class="22"/>
diff --git a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_chaining2_boundary_f3.ttx.GDEF b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_chaining2_boundary_f3.ttx.GDEF
index dba5550..b5c2ac3 100644
--- a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_chaining2_boundary_f3.ttx.GDEF
+++ b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_chaining2_boundary_f3.ttx.GDEF
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 
   <GDEF>
     <Version value="0x00010000"/>
-    <GlyphClassDef Format="2">
+    <GlyphClassDef>
       <ClassDef glyph="g80" class="1"/>
       <ClassDef glyph="g81" class="1"/>
       <ClassDef glyph="g82" class="1"/>
diff --git a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_chaining2_boundary_f3.ttx.GSUB b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_chaining2_boundary_f3.ttx.GSUB
index c6fc1dc..8163db1 100644
--- a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_chaining2_boundary_f3.ttx.GSUB
+++ b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_chaining2_boundary_f3.ttx.GSUB
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@
         <LookupType value="1"/>
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
-        <SingleSubst index="0" Format="1">
+        <SingleSubst index="0">
           <Substitution in="g20" out="g60"/>
           <Substitution in="g21" out="g61"/>
           <Substitution in="g22" out="g62"/>
@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@
         <LookupType value="4"/>
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
-        <LigatureSubst index="0" Format="1">
+        <LigatureSubst index="0">
           <LigatureSet glyph="g21">
             <Ligature components="g22" glyph="g61"/>
           </LigatureSet>
@@ -58,9 +58,9 @@
       </Lookup>
       <Lookup index="2">
         <LookupType value="4"/>
-        <LookupFlag value="8"/>
+        <LookupFlag value="8"/><!-- ignoreMarks -->
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
-        <LigatureSubst index="0" Format="1">
+        <LigatureSubst index="0">
           <LigatureSet glyph="g21">
             <Ligature components="g22" glyph="g61"/>
           </LigatureSet>
@@ -70,7 +70,7 @@
         <LookupType value="2"/>
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
-        <MultipleSubst index="0" Format="1">
+        <MultipleSubst index="0">
           <Substitution in="g21" out="g61,g62,g63"/>
         </MultipleSubst>
       </Lookup>
@@ -79,7 +79,7 @@
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
         <ChainContextSubst index="0" Format="2">
-          <Coverage Format="1">
+          <Coverage>
             <Glyph value="g20"/>
             <Glyph value="g21"/>
             <Glyph value="g22"/>
@@ -88,7 +88,7 @@
             <Glyph value="g25"/>
             <Glyph value="g26"/>
           </Coverage>
-          <BacktrackClassDef Format="2">
+          <BacktrackClassDef>
             <ClassDef glyph="g20" class="20"/>
             <ClassDef glyph="g21" class="21"/>
             <ClassDef glyph="g22" class="22"/>
@@ -97,7 +97,7 @@
             <ClassDef glyph="g25" class="25"/>
             <ClassDef glyph="g26" class="26"/>
           </BacktrackClassDef>
-          <InputClassDef Format="2">
+          <InputClassDef>
             <ClassDef glyph="g20" class="20"/>
             <ClassDef glyph="g21" class="21"/>
             <ClassDef glyph="g22" class="22"/>
@@ -106,7 +106,7 @@
             <ClassDef glyph="g25" class="25"/>
             <ClassDef glyph="g26" class="26"/>
           </InputClassDef>
-          <LookAheadClassDef Format="2">
+          <LookAheadClassDef>
             <ClassDef glyph="g20" class="20"/>
             <ClassDef glyph="g21" class="21"/>
             <ClassDef glyph="g22" class="22"/>
diff --git a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_chaining2_boundary_f4.ttx.GDEF b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_chaining2_boundary_f4.ttx.GDEF
index dba5550..b5c2ac3 100644
--- a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_chaining2_boundary_f4.ttx.GDEF
+++ b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_chaining2_boundary_f4.ttx.GDEF
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 
   <GDEF>
     <Version value="0x00010000"/>
-    <GlyphClassDef Format="2">
+    <GlyphClassDef>
       <ClassDef glyph="g80" class="1"/>
       <ClassDef glyph="g81" class="1"/>
       <ClassDef glyph="g82" class="1"/>
diff --git a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_chaining2_boundary_f4.ttx.GSUB b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_chaining2_boundary_f4.ttx.GSUB
index 4221c6c..48f9483 100644
--- a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_chaining2_boundary_f4.ttx.GSUB
+++ b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_chaining2_boundary_f4.ttx.GSUB
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@
         <LookupType value="1"/>
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
-        <SingleSubst index="0" Format="1">
+        <SingleSubst index="0">
           <Substitution in="g20" out="g60"/>
           <Substitution in="g21" out="g61"/>
           <Substitution in="g22" out="g62"/>
@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@
         <LookupType value="4"/>
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
-        <LigatureSubst index="0" Format="1">
+        <LigatureSubst index="0">
           <LigatureSet glyph="g21">
             <Ligature components="g22" glyph="g61"/>
           </LigatureSet>
@@ -58,9 +58,9 @@
       </Lookup>
       <Lookup index="2">
         <LookupType value="4"/>
-        <LookupFlag value="8"/>
+        <LookupFlag value="8"/><!-- ignoreMarks -->
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
-        <LigatureSubst index="0" Format="1">
+        <LigatureSubst index="0">
           <LigatureSet glyph="g21">
             <Ligature components="g22" glyph="g61"/>
           </LigatureSet>
@@ -70,7 +70,7 @@
         <LookupType value="2"/>
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
-        <MultipleSubst index="0" Format="1">
+        <MultipleSubst index="0">
           <Substitution in="g21" out="g61,g62,g63"/>
         </MultipleSubst>
       </Lookup>
@@ -79,7 +79,7 @@
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
         <ChainContextSubst index="0" Format="2">
-          <Coverage Format="1">
+          <Coverage>
             <Glyph value="g20"/>
             <Glyph value="g21"/>
             <Glyph value="g22"/>
@@ -88,7 +88,7 @@
             <Glyph value="g25"/>
             <Glyph value="g26"/>
           </Coverage>
-          <BacktrackClassDef Format="2">
+          <BacktrackClassDef>
             <ClassDef glyph="g20" class="20"/>
             <ClassDef glyph="g21" class="21"/>
             <ClassDef glyph="g22" class="22"/>
@@ -97,7 +97,7 @@
             <ClassDef glyph="g25" class="25"/>
             <ClassDef glyph="g26" class="26"/>
           </BacktrackClassDef>
-          <InputClassDef Format="2">
+          <InputClassDef>
             <ClassDef glyph="g20" class="20"/>
             <ClassDef glyph="g21" class="21"/>
             <ClassDef glyph="g22" class="22"/>
@@ -106,7 +106,7 @@
             <ClassDef glyph="g25" class="25"/>
             <ClassDef glyph="g26" class="26"/>
           </InputClassDef>
-          <LookAheadClassDef Format="2">
+          <LookAheadClassDef>
             <ClassDef glyph="g20" class="20"/>
             <ClassDef glyph="g21" class="21"/>
             <ClassDef glyph="g22" class="22"/>
diff --git a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_chaining2_lookupflag_f1.ttx.GDEF b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_chaining2_lookupflag_f1.ttx.GDEF
index dba5550..b5c2ac3 100644
--- a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_chaining2_lookupflag_f1.ttx.GDEF
+++ b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_chaining2_lookupflag_f1.ttx.GDEF
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 
   <GDEF>
     <Version value="0x00010000"/>
-    <GlyphClassDef Format="2">
+    <GlyphClassDef>
       <ClassDef glyph="g80" class="1"/>
       <ClassDef glyph="g81" class="1"/>
       <ClassDef glyph="g82" class="1"/>
diff --git a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_chaining2_lookupflag_f1.ttx.GSUB b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_chaining2_lookupflag_f1.ttx.GSUB
index eaccba0..a7f4ce6 100644
--- a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_chaining2_lookupflag_f1.ttx.GSUB
+++ b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_chaining2_lookupflag_f1.ttx.GSUB
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@
         <LookupType value="1"/>
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
-        <SingleSubst index="0" Format="1">
+        <SingleSubst index="0">
           <Substitution in="g20" out="g60"/>
           <Substitution in="g21" out="g61"/>
           <Substitution in="g22" out="g62"/>
@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@
         <LookupType value="4"/>
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
-        <LigatureSubst index="0" Format="1">
+        <LigatureSubst index="0">
           <LigatureSet glyph="g21">
             <Ligature components="g22" glyph="g61"/>
           </LigatureSet>
@@ -58,9 +58,9 @@
       </Lookup>
       <Lookup index="2">
         <LookupType value="4"/>
-        <LookupFlag value="8"/>
+        <LookupFlag value="8"/><!-- ignoreMarks -->
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
-        <LigatureSubst index="0" Format="1">
+        <LigatureSubst index="0">
           <LigatureSet glyph="g21">
             <Ligature components="g22" glyph="g61"/>
           </LigatureSet>
@@ -70,16 +70,16 @@
         <LookupType value="2"/>
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
-        <MultipleSubst index="0" Format="1">
+        <MultipleSubst index="0">
           <Substitution in="g21" out="g61,g62,g63"/>
         </MultipleSubst>
       </Lookup>
       <Lookup index="4">
         <LookupType value="6"/>
-        <LookupFlag value="8"/>
+        <LookupFlag value="8"/><!-- ignoreMarks -->
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
         <ChainContextSubst index="0" Format="2">
-          <Coverage Format="1">
+          <Coverage>
             <Glyph value="g20"/>
             <Glyph value="g21"/>
             <Glyph value="g22"/>
@@ -88,7 +88,7 @@
             <Glyph value="g25"/>
             <Glyph value="g26"/>
           </Coverage>
-          <BacktrackClassDef Format="2">
+          <BacktrackClassDef>
             <ClassDef glyph="g20" class="20"/>
             <ClassDef glyph="g21" class="21"/>
             <ClassDef glyph="g22" class="22"/>
@@ -97,7 +97,7 @@
             <ClassDef glyph="g25" class="25"/>
             <ClassDef glyph="g26" class="26"/>
           </BacktrackClassDef>
-          <InputClassDef Format="2">
+          <InputClassDef>
             <ClassDef glyph="g20" class="20"/>
             <ClassDef glyph="g21" class="21"/>
             <ClassDef glyph="g22" class="22"/>
@@ -106,7 +106,7 @@
             <ClassDef glyph="g25" class="25"/>
             <ClassDef glyph="g26" class="26"/>
           </InputClassDef>
-          <LookAheadClassDef Format="2">
+          <LookAheadClassDef>
             <ClassDef glyph="g20" class="20"/>
             <ClassDef glyph="g21" class="21"/>
             <ClassDef glyph="g22" class="22"/>
diff --git a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_chaining2_multiple_subrules_f1.ttx.GDEF b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_chaining2_multiple_subrules_f1.ttx.GDEF
index dba5550..b5c2ac3 100644
--- a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_chaining2_multiple_subrules_f1.ttx.GDEF
+++ b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_chaining2_multiple_subrules_f1.ttx.GDEF
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 
   <GDEF>
     <Version value="0x00010000"/>
-    <GlyphClassDef Format="2">
+    <GlyphClassDef>
       <ClassDef glyph="g80" class="1"/>
       <ClassDef glyph="g81" class="1"/>
       <ClassDef glyph="g82" class="1"/>
diff --git a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_chaining2_multiple_subrules_f1.ttx.GSUB b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_chaining2_multiple_subrules_f1.ttx.GSUB
index c0447c2..34cea46 100644
--- a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_chaining2_multiple_subrules_f1.ttx.GSUB
+++ b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_chaining2_multiple_subrules_f1.ttx.GSUB
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@
         <LookupType value="1"/>
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
-        <SingleSubst index="0" Format="1">
+        <SingleSubst index="0">
           <Substitution in="g20" out="g60"/>
           <Substitution in="g21" out="g61"/>
           <Substitution in="g22" out="g62"/>
@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@
         <LookupType value="4"/>
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
-        <LigatureSubst index="0" Format="1">
+        <LigatureSubst index="0">
           <LigatureSet glyph="g21">
             <Ligature components="g22" glyph="g61"/>
           </LigatureSet>
@@ -58,9 +58,9 @@
       </Lookup>
       <Lookup index="2">
         <LookupType value="4"/>
-        <LookupFlag value="8"/>
+        <LookupFlag value="8"/><!-- ignoreMarks -->
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
-        <LigatureSubst index="0" Format="1">
+        <LigatureSubst index="0">
           <LigatureSet glyph="g21">
             <Ligature components="g22" glyph="g61"/>
           </LigatureSet>
@@ -70,7 +70,7 @@
         <LookupType value="2"/>
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
-        <MultipleSubst index="0" Format="1">
+        <MultipleSubst index="0">
           <Substitution in="g21" out="g61,g62,g63"/>
         </MultipleSubst>
       </Lookup>
@@ -79,7 +79,7 @@
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
         <ChainContextSubst index="0" Format="2">
-          <Coverage Format="1">
+          <Coverage>
             <Glyph value="g20"/>
             <Glyph value="g21"/>
             <Glyph value="g22"/>
@@ -88,7 +88,7 @@
             <Glyph value="g25"/>
             <Glyph value="g26"/>
           </Coverage>
-          <BacktrackClassDef Format="2">
+          <BacktrackClassDef>
             <ClassDef glyph="g20" class="20"/>
             <ClassDef glyph="g21" class="21"/>
             <ClassDef glyph="g22" class="22"/>
@@ -97,7 +97,7 @@
             <ClassDef glyph="g25" class="25"/>
             <ClassDef glyph="g26" class="26"/>
           </BacktrackClassDef>
-          <InputClassDef Format="2">
+          <InputClassDef>
             <ClassDef glyph="g20" class="20"/>
             <ClassDef glyph="g21" class="21"/>
             <ClassDef glyph="g22" class="22"/>
@@ -106,7 +106,7 @@
             <ClassDef glyph="g25" class="25"/>
             <ClassDef glyph="g26" class="26"/>
           </InputClassDef>
-          <LookAheadClassDef Format="2">
+          <LookAheadClassDef>
             <ClassDef glyph="g20" class="20"/>
             <ClassDef glyph="g21" class="21"/>
             <ClassDef glyph="g22" class="22"/>
diff --git a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_chaining2_multiple_subrules_f2.ttx.GDEF b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_chaining2_multiple_subrules_f2.ttx.GDEF
index dba5550..b5c2ac3 100644
--- a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_chaining2_multiple_subrules_f2.ttx.GDEF
+++ b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_chaining2_multiple_subrules_f2.ttx.GDEF
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 
   <GDEF>
     <Version value="0x00010000"/>
-    <GlyphClassDef Format="2">
+    <GlyphClassDef>
       <ClassDef glyph="g80" class="1"/>
       <ClassDef glyph="g81" class="1"/>
       <ClassDef glyph="g82" class="1"/>
diff --git a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_chaining2_multiple_subrules_f2.ttx.GSUB b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_chaining2_multiple_subrules_f2.ttx.GSUB
index 6067dfd..21cbe2a 100644
--- a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_chaining2_multiple_subrules_f2.ttx.GSUB
+++ b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_chaining2_multiple_subrules_f2.ttx.GSUB
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@
         <LookupType value="1"/>
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
-        <SingleSubst index="0" Format="1">
+        <SingleSubst index="0">
           <Substitution in="g20" out="g60"/>
           <Substitution in="g21" out="g61"/>
           <Substitution in="g22" out="g62"/>
@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@
         <LookupType value="4"/>
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
-        <LigatureSubst index="0" Format="1">
+        <LigatureSubst index="0">
           <LigatureSet glyph="g21">
             <Ligature components="g22" glyph="g61"/>
           </LigatureSet>
@@ -58,9 +58,9 @@
       </Lookup>
       <Lookup index="2">
         <LookupType value="4"/>
-        <LookupFlag value="8"/>
+        <LookupFlag value="8"/><!-- ignoreMarks -->
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
-        <LigatureSubst index="0" Format="1">
+        <LigatureSubst index="0">
           <LigatureSet glyph="g21">
             <Ligature components="g22" glyph="g61"/>
           </LigatureSet>
@@ -70,7 +70,7 @@
         <LookupType value="2"/>
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
-        <MultipleSubst index="0" Format="1">
+        <MultipleSubst index="0">
           <Substitution in="g21" out="g61,g62,g63"/>
         </MultipleSubst>
       </Lookup>
@@ -79,7 +79,7 @@
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
         <ChainContextSubst index="0" Format="2">
-          <Coverage Format="1">
+          <Coverage>
             <Glyph value="g20"/>
             <Glyph value="g21"/>
             <Glyph value="g22"/>
@@ -88,7 +88,7 @@
             <Glyph value="g25"/>
             <Glyph value="g26"/>
           </Coverage>
-          <BacktrackClassDef Format="2">
+          <BacktrackClassDef>
             <ClassDef glyph="g20" class="20"/>
             <ClassDef glyph="g21" class="21"/>
             <ClassDef glyph="g22" class="22"/>
@@ -97,7 +97,7 @@
             <ClassDef glyph="g25" class="25"/>
             <ClassDef glyph="g26" class="26"/>
           </BacktrackClassDef>
-          <InputClassDef Format="2">
+          <InputClassDef>
             <ClassDef glyph="g20" class="20"/>
             <ClassDef glyph="g21" class="21"/>
             <ClassDef glyph="g22" class="22"/>
@@ -106,7 +106,7 @@
             <ClassDef glyph="g25" class="25"/>
             <ClassDef glyph="g26" class="26"/>
           </InputClassDef>
-          <LookAheadClassDef Format="2">
+          <LookAheadClassDef>
             <ClassDef glyph="g20" class="20"/>
             <ClassDef glyph="g21" class="21"/>
             <ClassDef glyph="g22" class="22"/>
diff --git a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_chaining2_next_glyph_f1.ttx.GDEF b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_chaining2_next_glyph_f1.ttx.GDEF
index dba5550..b5c2ac3 100644
--- a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_chaining2_next_glyph_f1.ttx.GDEF
+++ b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_chaining2_next_glyph_f1.ttx.GDEF
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 
   <GDEF>
     <Version value="0x00010000"/>
-    <GlyphClassDef Format="2">
+    <GlyphClassDef>
       <ClassDef glyph="g80" class="1"/>
       <ClassDef glyph="g81" class="1"/>
       <ClassDef glyph="g82" class="1"/>
diff --git a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_chaining2_next_glyph_f1.ttx.GSUB b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_chaining2_next_glyph_f1.ttx.GSUB
index f3dcb64..d14ac1b 100644
--- a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_chaining2_next_glyph_f1.ttx.GSUB
+++ b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_chaining2_next_glyph_f1.ttx.GSUB
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@
         <LookupType value="1"/>
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
-        <SingleSubst index="0" Format="1">
+        <SingleSubst index="0">
           <Substitution in="g20" out="g60"/>
           <Substitution in="g21" out="g61"/>
           <Substitution in="g22" out="g62"/>
@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@
         <LookupType value="4"/>
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
-        <LigatureSubst index="0" Format="1">
+        <LigatureSubst index="0">
           <LigatureSet glyph="g21">
             <Ligature components="g22" glyph="g61"/>
           </LigatureSet>
@@ -58,9 +58,9 @@
       </Lookup>
       <Lookup index="2">
         <LookupType value="4"/>
-        <LookupFlag value="8"/>
+        <LookupFlag value="8"/><!-- ignoreMarks -->
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
-        <LigatureSubst index="0" Format="1">
+        <LigatureSubst index="0">
           <LigatureSet glyph="g21">
             <Ligature components="g22" glyph="g61"/>
           </LigatureSet>
@@ -70,7 +70,7 @@
         <LookupType value="2"/>
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
-        <MultipleSubst index="0" Format="1">
+        <MultipleSubst index="0">
           <Substitution in="g21" out="g61,g62,g63"/>
         </MultipleSubst>
       </Lookup>
@@ -79,7 +79,7 @@
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
         <ChainContextSubst index="0" Format="2">
-          <Coverage Format="1">
+          <Coverage>
             <Glyph value="g20"/>
             <Glyph value="g21"/>
             <Glyph value="g22"/>
@@ -88,7 +88,7 @@
             <Glyph value="g25"/>
             <Glyph value="g26"/>
           </Coverage>
-          <BacktrackClassDef Format="2">
+          <BacktrackClassDef>
             <ClassDef glyph="g20" class="20"/>
             <ClassDef glyph="g21" class="21"/>
             <ClassDef glyph="g22" class="22"/>
@@ -97,7 +97,7 @@
             <ClassDef glyph="g25" class="25"/>
             <ClassDef glyph="g26" class="26"/>
           </BacktrackClassDef>
-          <InputClassDef Format="2">
+          <InputClassDef>
             <ClassDef glyph="g20" class="20"/>
             <ClassDef glyph="g21" class="21"/>
             <ClassDef glyph="g22" class="22"/>
@@ -106,7 +106,7 @@
             <ClassDef glyph="g25" class="25"/>
             <ClassDef glyph="g26" class="26"/>
           </InputClassDef>
-          <LookAheadClassDef Format="2">
+          <LookAheadClassDef>
             <ClassDef glyph="g20" class="20"/>
             <ClassDef glyph="g21" class="21"/>
             <ClassDef glyph="g22" class="22"/>
diff --git a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_chaining2_simple_f1.ttx.GDEF b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_chaining2_simple_f1.ttx.GDEF
index dba5550..b5c2ac3 100644
--- a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_chaining2_simple_f1.ttx.GDEF
+++ b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_chaining2_simple_f1.ttx.GDEF
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 
   <GDEF>
     <Version value="0x00010000"/>
-    <GlyphClassDef Format="2">
+    <GlyphClassDef>
       <ClassDef glyph="g80" class="1"/>
       <ClassDef glyph="g81" class="1"/>
       <ClassDef glyph="g82" class="1"/>
diff --git a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_chaining2_simple_f1.ttx.GSUB b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_chaining2_simple_f1.ttx.GSUB
index 7997e3a..da6a915 100644
--- a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_chaining2_simple_f1.ttx.GSUB
+++ b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_chaining2_simple_f1.ttx.GSUB
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@
         <LookupType value="1"/>
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
-        <SingleSubst index="0" Format="1">
+        <SingleSubst index="0">
           <Substitution in="g20" out="g60"/>
           <Substitution in="g21" out="g61"/>
           <Substitution in="g22" out="g62"/>
@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@
         <LookupType value="4"/>
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
-        <LigatureSubst index="0" Format="1">
+        <LigatureSubst index="0">
           <LigatureSet glyph="g21">
             <Ligature components="g22" glyph="g61"/>
           </LigatureSet>
@@ -58,9 +58,9 @@
       </Lookup>
       <Lookup index="2">
         <LookupType value="4"/>
-        <LookupFlag value="8"/>
+        <LookupFlag value="8"/><!-- ignoreMarks -->
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
-        <LigatureSubst index="0" Format="1">
+        <LigatureSubst index="0">
           <LigatureSet glyph="g21">
             <Ligature components="g22" glyph="g61"/>
           </LigatureSet>
@@ -70,7 +70,7 @@
         <LookupType value="2"/>
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
-        <MultipleSubst index="0" Format="1">
+        <MultipleSubst index="0">
           <Substitution in="g21" out="g61,g62,g63"/>
         </MultipleSubst>
       </Lookup>
@@ -79,7 +79,7 @@
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
         <ChainContextSubst index="0" Format="2">
-          <Coverage Format="1">
+          <Coverage>
             <Glyph value="g20"/>
             <Glyph value="g21"/>
             <Glyph value="g22"/>
@@ -88,7 +88,7 @@
             <Glyph value="g25"/>
             <Glyph value="g26"/>
           </Coverage>
-          <BacktrackClassDef Format="2">
+          <BacktrackClassDef>
             <ClassDef glyph="g20" class="20"/>
             <ClassDef glyph="g21" class="21"/>
             <ClassDef glyph="g22" class="22"/>
@@ -97,7 +97,7 @@
             <ClassDef glyph="g25" class="25"/>
             <ClassDef glyph="g26" class="26"/>
           </BacktrackClassDef>
-          <InputClassDef Format="2">
+          <InputClassDef>
             <ClassDef glyph="g20" class="20"/>
             <ClassDef glyph="g21" class="21"/>
             <ClassDef glyph="g22" class="22"/>
@@ -106,7 +106,7 @@
             <ClassDef glyph="g25" class="25"/>
             <ClassDef glyph="g26" class="26"/>
           </InputClassDef>
-          <LookAheadClassDef Format="2">
+          <LookAheadClassDef>
             <ClassDef glyph="g20" class="20"/>
             <ClassDef glyph="g21" class="21"/>
             <ClassDef glyph="g22" class="22"/>
diff --git a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_chaining2_simple_f2.ttx.GDEF b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_chaining2_simple_f2.ttx.GDEF
index dba5550..b5c2ac3 100644
--- a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_chaining2_simple_f2.ttx.GDEF
+++ b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_chaining2_simple_f2.ttx.GDEF
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 
   <GDEF>
     <Version value="0x00010000"/>
-    <GlyphClassDef Format="2">
+    <GlyphClassDef>
       <ClassDef glyph="g80" class="1"/>
       <ClassDef glyph="g81" class="1"/>
       <ClassDef glyph="g82" class="1"/>
diff --git a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_chaining2_simple_f2.ttx.GSUB b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_chaining2_simple_f2.ttx.GSUB
index bd3645a..94f6217 100644
--- a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_chaining2_simple_f2.ttx.GSUB
+++ b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_chaining2_simple_f2.ttx.GSUB
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@
         <LookupType value="1"/>
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
-        <SingleSubst index="0" Format="1">
+        <SingleSubst index="0">
           <Substitution in="g20" out="g60"/>
           <Substitution in="g21" out="g61"/>
           <Substitution in="g22" out="g62"/>
@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@
         <LookupType value="4"/>
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
-        <LigatureSubst index="0" Format="1">
+        <LigatureSubst index="0">
           <LigatureSet glyph="g21">
             <Ligature components="g22" glyph="g61"/>
           </LigatureSet>
@@ -58,9 +58,9 @@
       </Lookup>
       <Lookup index="2">
         <LookupType value="4"/>
-        <LookupFlag value="8"/>
+        <LookupFlag value="8"/><!-- ignoreMarks -->
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
-        <LigatureSubst index="0" Format="1">
+        <LigatureSubst index="0">
           <LigatureSet glyph="g21">
             <Ligature components="g22" glyph="g61"/>
           </LigatureSet>
@@ -70,7 +70,7 @@
         <LookupType value="2"/>
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
-        <MultipleSubst index="0" Format="1">
+        <MultipleSubst index="0">
           <Substitution in="g21" out="g61,g62,g63"/>
         </MultipleSubst>
       </Lookup>
@@ -79,7 +79,7 @@
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
         <ChainContextSubst index="0" Format="2">
-          <Coverage Format="1">
+          <Coverage>
             <Glyph value="g20"/>
             <Glyph value="g21"/>
             <Glyph value="g22"/>
@@ -88,7 +88,7 @@
             <Glyph value="g25"/>
             <Glyph value="g26"/>
           </Coverage>
-          <BacktrackClassDef Format="2">
+          <BacktrackClassDef>
             <ClassDef glyph="g20" class="20"/>
             <ClassDef glyph="g21" class="21"/>
             <ClassDef glyph="g22" class="22"/>
@@ -97,7 +97,7 @@
             <ClassDef glyph="g25" class="25"/>
             <ClassDef glyph="g26" class="26"/>
           </BacktrackClassDef>
-          <InputClassDef Format="2">
+          <InputClassDef>
             <ClassDef glyph="g20" class="20"/>
             <ClassDef glyph="g21" class="21"/>
             <ClassDef glyph="g22" class="22"/>
@@ -106,7 +106,7 @@
             <ClassDef glyph="g25" class="25"/>
             <ClassDef glyph="g26" class="26"/>
           </InputClassDef>
-          <LookAheadClassDef Format="2">
+          <LookAheadClassDef>
             <ClassDef glyph="g20" class="20"/>
             <ClassDef glyph="g21" class="21"/>
             <ClassDef glyph="g22" class="22"/>
diff --git a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_chaining2_successive_f1.ttx.GDEF b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_chaining2_successive_f1.ttx.GDEF
index dba5550..b5c2ac3 100644
--- a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_chaining2_successive_f1.ttx.GDEF
+++ b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_chaining2_successive_f1.ttx.GDEF
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 
   <GDEF>
     <Version value="0x00010000"/>
-    <GlyphClassDef Format="2">
+    <GlyphClassDef>
       <ClassDef glyph="g80" class="1"/>
       <ClassDef glyph="g81" class="1"/>
       <ClassDef glyph="g82" class="1"/>
diff --git a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_chaining2_successive_f1.ttx.GSUB b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_chaining2_successive_f1.ttx.GSUB
index fd6ead4..7dbc5e0 100644
--- a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_chaining2_successive_f1.ttx.GSUB
+++ b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_chaining2_successive_f1.ttx.GSUB
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@
         <LookupType value="1"/>
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
-        <SingleSubst index="0" Format="1">
+        <SingleSubst index="0">
           <Substitution in="g20" out="g60"/>
           <Substitution in="g21" out="g61"/>
           <Substitution in="g22" out="g62"/>
@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@
         <LookupType value="4"/>
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
-        <LigatureSubst index="0" Format="1">
+        <LigatureSubst index="0">
           <LigatureSet glyph="g21">
             <Ligature components="g22" glyph="g61"/>
           </LigatureSet>
@@ -58,9 +58,9 @@
       </Lookup>
       <Lookup index="2">
         <LookupType value="4"/>
-        <LookupFlag value="8"/>
+        <LookupFlag value="8"/><!-- ignoreMarks -->
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
-        <LigatureSubst index="0" Format="1">
+        <LigatureSubst index="0">
           <LigatureSet glyph="g21">
             <Ligature components="g22" glyph="g61"/>
           </LigatureSet>
@@ -70,7 +70,7 @@
         <LookupType value="2"/>
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
-        <MultipleSubst index="0" Format="1">
+        <MultipleSubst index="0">
           <Substitution in="g21" out="g61,g62,g63"/>
         </MultipleSubst>
       </Lookup>
@@ -79,7 +79,7 @@
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
         <ChainContextSubst index="0" Format="2">
-          <Coverage Format="1">
+          <Coverage>
             <Glyph value="g20"/>
             <Glyph value="g21"/>
             <Glyph value="g22"/>
@@ -88,7 +88,7 @@
             <Glyph value="g25"/>
             <Glyph value="g26"/>
           </Coverage>
-          <BacktrackClassDef Format="2">
+          <BacktrackClassDef>
             <ClassDef glyph="g20" class="20"/>
             <ClassDef glyph="g21" class="21"/>
             <ClassDef glyph="g22" class="22"/>
@@ -97,7 +97,7 @@
             <ClassDef glyph="g25" class="25"/>
             <ClassDef glyph="g26" class="26"/>
           </BacktrackClassDef>
-          <InputClassDef Format="2">
+          <InputClassDef>
             <ClassDef glyph="g20" class="20"/>
             <ClassDef glyph="g21" class="21"/>
             <ClassDef glyph="g22" class="22"/>
@@ -106,7 +106,7 @@
             <ClassDef glyph="g25" class="25"/>
             <ClassDef glyph="g26" class="26"/>
           </InputClassDef>
-          <LookAheadClassDef Format="2">
+          <LookAheadClassDef>
             <ClassDef glyph="g20" class="20"/>
             <ClassDef glyph="g21" class="21"/>
             <ClassDef glyph="g22" class="22"/>
diff --git a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_chaining3_boundary_f1.ttx.GDEF b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_chaining3_boundary_f1.ttx.GDEF
index dba5550..b5c2ac3 100644
--- a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_chaining3_boundary_f1.ttx.GDEF
+++ b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_chaining3_boundary_f1.ttx.GDEF
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 
   <GDEF>
     <Version value="0x00010000"/>
-    <GlyphClassDef Format="2">
+    <GlyphClassDef>
       <ClassDef glyph="g80" class="1"/>
       <ClassDef glyph="g81" class="1"/>
       <ClassDef glyph="g82" class="1"/>
diff --git a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_chaining3_boundary_f1.ttx.GSUB b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_chaining3_boundary_f1.ttx.GSUB
index 579d6ce..82eb133 100644
--- a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_chaining3_boundary_f1.ttx.GSUB
+++ b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_chaining3_boundary_f1.ttx.GSUB
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@
         <LookupType value="1"/>
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
-        <SingleSubst index="0" Format="1">
+        <SingleSubst index="0">
           <Substitution in="g20" out="g60"/>
           <Substitution in="g21" out="g61"/>
           <Substitution in="g22" out="g62"/>
@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@
         <LookupType value="4"/>
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
-        <LigatureSubst index="0" Format="1">
+        <LigatureSubst index="0">
           <LigatureSet glyph="g21">
             <Ligature components="g22" glyph="g61"/>
           </LigatureSet>
@@ -58,9 +58,9 @@
       </Lookup>
       <Lookup index="2">
         <LookupType value="4"/>
-        <LookupFlag value="8"/>
+        <LookupFlag value="8"/><!-- ignoreMarks -->
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
-        <LigatureSubst index="0" Format="1">
+        <LigatureSubst index="0">
           <LigatureSet glyph="g21">
             <Ligature components="g22" glyph="g61"/>
           </LigatureSet>
@@ -70,7 +70,7 @@
         <LookupType value="2"/>
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
-        <MultipleSubst index="0" Format="1">
+        <MultipleSubst index="0">
           <Substitution in="g21" out="g61,g62,g63"/>
         </MultipleSubst>
       </Lookup>
@@ -80,18 +80,18 @@
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
         <ChainContextSubst index="0" Format="3">
           <!-- BacktrackGlyphCount=1 -->
-          <BacktrackCoverage index="0" Format="1">
+          <BacktrackCoverage index="0">
             <Glyph value="g20"/>
           </BacktrackCoverage>
           <!-- InputGlyphCount=2 -->
-          <InputCoverage index="0" Format="1">
+          <InputCoverage index="0">
             <Glyph value="g21"/>
           </InputCoverage>
-          <InputCoverage index="1" Format="1">
+          <InputCoverage index="1">
             <Glyph value="g22"/>
           </InputCoverage>
           <!-- LookAheadGlyphCount=1 -->
-          <LookAheadCoverage index="0" Format="1">
+          <LookAheadCoverage index="0">
             <Glyph value="g23"/>
           </LookAheadCoverage>
           <!-- SubstCount=0 -->
diff --git a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_chaining3_boundary_f2.ttx.GDEF b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_chaining3_boundary_f2.ttx.GDEF
index dba5550..b5c2ac3 100644
--- a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_chaining3_boundary_f2.ttx.GDEF
+++ b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_chaining3_boundary_f2.ttx.GDEF
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 
   <GDEF>
     <Version value="0x00010000"/>
-    <GlyphClassDef Format="2">
+    <GlyphClassDef>
       <ClassDef glyph="g80" class="1"/>
       <ClassDef glyph="g81" class="1"/>
       <ClassDef glyph="g82" class="1"/>
diff --git a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_chaining3_boundary_f2.ttx.GSUB b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_chaining3_boundary_f2.ttx.GSUB
index 5098ceb..b5c1636 100644
--- a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_chaining3_boundary_f2.ttx.GSUB
+++ b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_chaining3_boundary_f2.ttx.GSUB
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@
         <LookupType value="1"/>
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
-        <SingleSubst index="0" Format="1">
+        <SingleSubst index="0">
           <Substitution in="g20" out="g60"/>
           <Substitution in="g21" out="g61"/>
           <Substitution in="g22" out="g62"/>
@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@
         <LookupType value="4"/>
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
-        <LigatureSubst index="0" Format="1">
+        <LigatureSubst index="0">
           <LigatureSet glyph="g21">
             <Ligature components="g22" glyph="g61"/>
           </LigatureSet>
@@ -58,9 +58,9 @@
       </Lookup>
       <Lookup index="2">
         <LookupType value="4"/>
-        <LookupFlag value="8"/>
+        <LookupFlag value="8"/><!-- ignoreMarks -->
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
-        <LigatureSubst index="0" Format="1">
+        <LigatureSubst index="0">
           <LigatureSet glyph="g21">
             <Ligature components="g22" glyph="g61"/>
           </LigatureSet>
@@ -70,7 +70,7 @@
         <LookupType value="2"/>
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
-        <MultipleSubst index="0" Format="1">
+        <MultipleSubst index="0">
           <Substitution in="g21" out="g61,g62,g63"/>
         </MultipleSubst>
       </Lookup>
@@ -80,18 +80,18 @@
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
         <ChainContextSubst index="0" Format="3">
           <!-- BacktrackGlyphCount=1 -->
-          <BacktrackCoverage index="0" Format="1">
+          <BacktrackCoverage index="0">
             <Glyph value="g20"/>
           </BacktrackCoverage>
           <!-- InputGlyphCount=1 -->
-          <InputCoverage index="0" Format="1">
+          <InputCoverage index="0">
             <Glyph value="g21"/>
           </InputCoverage>
           <!-- LookAheadGlyphCount=2 -->
-          <LookAheadCoverage index="0" Format="1">
+          <LookAheadCoverage index="0">
             <Glyph value="g22"/>
           </LookAheadCoverage>
-          <LookAheadCoverage index="1" Format="1">
+          <LookAheadCoverage index="1">
             <Glyph value="g23"/>
           </LookAheadCoverage>
           <!-- SubstCount=1 -->
diff --git a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_chaining3_boundary_f3.ttx.GDEF b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_chaining3_boundary_f3.ttx.GDEF
index dba5550..b5c2ac3 100644
--- a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_chaining3_boundary_f3.ttx.GDEF
+++ b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_chaining3_boundary_f3.ttx.GDEF
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 
   <GDEF>
     <Version value="0x00010000"/>
-    <GlyphClassDef Format="2">
+    <GlyphClassDef>
       <ClassDef glyph="g80" class="1"/>
       <ClassDef glyph="g81" class="1"/>
       <ClassDef glyph="g82" class="1"/>
diff --git a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_chaining3_boundary_f3.ttx.GSUB b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_chaining3_boundary_f3.ttx.GSUB
index 3d6b966..76d5a46 100644
--- a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_chaining3_boundary_f3.ttx.GSUB
+++ b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_chaining3_boundary_f3.ttx.GSUB
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@
         <LookupType value="1"/>
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
-        <SingleSubst index="0" Format="1">
+        <SingleSubst index="0">
           <Substitution in="g20" out="g60"/>
           <Substitution in="g21" out="g61"/>
           <Substitution in="g22" out="g62"/>
@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@
         <LookupType value="4"/>
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
-        <LigatureSubst index="0" Format="1">
+        <LigatureSubst index="0">
           <LigatureSet glyph="g21">
             <Ligature components="g22" glyph="g61"/>
           </LigatureSet>
@@ -58,9 +58,9 @@
       </Lookup>
       <Lookup index="2">
         <LookupType value="4"/>
-        <LookupFlag value="8"/>
+        <LookupFlag value="8"/><!-- ignoreMarks -->
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
-        <LigatureSubst index="0" Format="1">
+        <LigatureSubst index="0">
           <LigatureSet glyph="g21">
             <Ligature components="g22" glyph="g61"/>
           </LigatureSet>
@@ -70,7 +70,7 @@
         <LookupType value="2"/>
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
-        <MultipleSubst index="0" Format="1">
+        <MultipleSubst index="0">
           <Substitution in="g21" out="g61,g62,g63"/>
         </MultipleSubst>
       </Lookup>
@@ -81,14 +81,14 @@
         <ChainContextSubst index="0" Format="3">
           <!-- BacktrackGlyphCount=0 -->
           <!-- InputGlyphCount=1 -->
-          <InputCoverage index="0" Format="1">
+          <InputCoverage index="0">
             <Glyph value="g21"/>
           </InputCoverage>
           <!-- LookAheadGlyphCount=2 -->
-          <LookAheadCoverage index="0" Format="1">
+          <LookAheadCoverage index="0">
             <Glyph value="g22"/>
           </LookAheadCoverage>
-          <LookAheadCoverage index="1" Format="1">
+          <LookAheadCoverage index="1">
             <Glyph value="g23"/>
           </LookAheadCoverage>
           <!-- SubstCount=1 -->
diff --git a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_chaining3_boundary_f4.ttx.GDEF b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_chaining3_boundary_f4.ttx.GDEF
index dba5550..b5c2ac3 100644
--- a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_chaining3_boundary_f4.ttx.GDEF
+++ b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_chaining3_boundary_f4.ttx.GDEF
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 
   <GDEF>
     <Version value="0x00010000"/>
-    <GlyphClassDef Format="2">
+    <GlyphClassDef>
       <ClassDef glyph="g80" class="1"/>
       <ClassDef glyph="g81" class="1"/>
       <ClassDef glyph="g82" class="1"/>
diff --git a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_chaining3_boundary_f4.ttx.GSUB b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_chaining3_boundary_f4.ttx.GSUB
index 9cf6009..9346d47 100644
--- a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_chaining3_boundary_f4.ttx.GSUB
+++ b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_chaining3_boundary_f4.ttx.GSUB
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@
         <LookupType value="1"/>
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
-        <SingleSubst index="0" Format="1">
+        <SingleSubst index="0">
           <Substitution in="g20" out="g60"/>
           <Substitution in="g21" out="g61"/>
           <Substitution in="g22" out="g62"/>
@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@
         <LookupType value="4"/>
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
-        <LigatureSubst index="0" Format="1">
+        <LigatureSubst index="0">
           <LigatureSet glyph="g21">
             <Ligature components="g22" glyph="g61"/>
           </LigatureSet>
@@ -58,9 +58,9 @@
       </Lookup>
       <Lookup index="2">
         <LookupType value="4"/>
-        <LookupFlag value="8"/>
+        <LookupFlag value="8"/><!-- ignoreMarks -->
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
-        <LigatureSubst index="0" Format="1">
+        <LigatureSubst index="0">
           <LigatureSet glyph="g21">
             <Ligature components="g22" glyph="g61"/>
           </LigatureSet>
@@ -70,7 +70,7 @@
         <LookupType value="2"/>
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
-        <MultipleSubst index="0" Format="1">
+        <MultipleSubst index="0">
           <Substitution in="g21" out="g61,g62,g63"/>
         </MultipleSubst>
       </Lookup>
@@ -80,14 +80,14 @@
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
         <ChainContextSubst index="0" Format="3">
           <!-- BacktrackGlyphCount=2 -->
-          <BacktrackCoverage index="0" Format="1">
+          <BacktrackCoverage index="0">
             <Glyph value="g21"/>
           </BacktrackCoverage>
-          <BacktrackCoverage index="1" Format="1">
+          <BacktrackCoverage index="1">
             <Glyph value="g20"/>
           </BacktrackCoverage>
           <!-- InputGlyphCount=1 -->
-          <InputCoverage index="0" Format="1">
+          <InputCoverage index="0">
             <Glyph value="g22"/>
           </InputCoverage>
           <!-- LookAheadGlyphCount=0 -->
diff --git a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_chaining3_lookupflag_f1.ttx.GDEF b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_chaining3_lookupflag_f1.ttx.GDEF
index dba5550..b5c2ac3 100644
--- a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_chaining3_lookupflag_f1.ttx.GDEF
+++ b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_chaining3_lookupflag_f1.ttx.GDEF
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 
   <GDEF>
     <Version value="0x00010000"/>
-    <GlyphClassDef Format="2">
+    <GlyphClassDef>
       <ClassDef glyph="g80" class="1"/>
       <ClassDef glyph="g81" class="1"/>
       <ClassDef glyph="g82" class="1"/>
diff --git a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_chaining3_lookupflag_f1.ttx.GSUB b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_chaining3_lookupflag_f1.ttx.GSUB
index 9cc951e..c329936 100644
--- a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_chaining3_lookupflag_f1.ttx.GSUB
+++ b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_chaining3_lookupflag_f1.ttx.GSUB
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@
         <LookupType value="1"/>
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
-        <SingleSubst index="0" Format="1">
+        <SingleSubst index="0">
           <Substitution in="g20" out="g60"/>
           <Substitution in="g21" out="g61"/>
           <Substitution in="g22" out="g62"/>
@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@
         <LookupType value="4"/>
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
-        <LigatureSubst index="0" Format="1">
+        <LigatureSubst index="0">
           <LigatureSet glyph="g21">
             <Ligature components="g22" glyph="g61"/>
           </LigatureSet>
@@ -58,9 +58,9 @@
       </Lookup>
       <Lookup index="2">
         <LookupType value="4"/>
-        <LookupFlag value="8"/>
+        <LookupFlag value="8"/><!-- ignoreMarks -->
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
-        <LigatureSubst index="0" Format="1">
+        <LigatureSubst index="0">
           <LigatureSet glyph="g21">
             <Ligature components="g22" glyph="g61"/>
           </LigatureSet>
@@ -70,37 +70,37 @@
         <LookupType value="2"/>
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
-        <MultipleSubst index="0" Format="1">
+        <MultipleSubst index="0">
           <Substitution in="g21" out="g61,g62,g63"/>
         </MultipleSubst>
       </Lookup>
       <Lookup index="4">
         <LookupType value="6"/>
-        <LookupFlag value="8"/>
+        <LookupFlag value="8"/><!-- ignoreMarks -->
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
         <ChainContextSubst index="0" Format="3">
           <!-- BacktrackGlyphCount=2 -->
-          <BacktrackCoverage index="0" Format="1">
+          <BacktrackCoverage index="0">
             <Glyph value="g21"/>
           </BacktrackCoverage>
-          <BacktrackCoverage index="1" Format="1">
+          <BacktrackCoverage index="1">
             <Glyph value="g20"/>
           </BacktrackCoverage>
           <!-- InputGlyphCount=3 -->
-          <InputCoverage index="0" Format="1">
+          <InputCoverage index="0">
             <Glyph value="g22"/>
           </InputCoverage>
-          <InputCoverage index="1" Format="1">
+          <InputCoverage index="1">
             <Glyph value="g23"/>
           </InputCoverage>
-          <InputCoverage index="2" Format="1">
+          <InputCoverage index="2">
             <Glyph value="g24"/>
           </InputCoverage>
           <!-- LookAheadGlyphCount=2 -->
-          <LookAheadCoverage index="0" Format="1">
+          <LookAheadCoverage index="0">
             <Glyph value="g25"/>
           </LookAheadCoverage>
-          <LookAheadCoverage index="1" Format="1">
+          <LookAheadCoverage index="1">
             <Glyph value="g26"/>
           </LookAheadCoverage>
           <!-- SubstCount=1 -->
diff --git a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_chaining3_next_glyph_f1.ttx.GDEF b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_chaining3_next_glyph_f1.ttx.GDEF
index dba5550..b5c2ac3 100644
--- a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_chaining3_next_glyph_f1.ttx.GDEF
+++ b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_chaining3_next_glyph_f1.ttx.GDEF
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 
   <GDEF>
     <Version value="0x00010000"/>
-    <GlyphClassDef Format="2">
+    <GlyphClassDef>
       <ClassDef glyph="g80" class="1"/>
       <ClassDef glyph="g81" class="1"/>
       <ClassDef glyph="g82" class="1"/>
diff --git a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_chaining3_next_glyph_f1.ttx.GSUB b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_chaining3_next_glyph_f1.ttx.GSUB
index 00ff357..46d1f85 100644
--- a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_chaining3_next_glyph_f1.ttx.GSUB
+++ b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_chaining3_next_glyph_f1.ttx.GSUB
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@
         <LookupType value="1"/>
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
-        <SingleSubst index="0" Format="1">
+        <SingleSubst index="0">
           <Substitution in="g20" out="g60"/>
           <Substitution in="g21" out="g61"/>
           <Substitution in="g22" out="g62"/>
@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@
         <LookupType value="4"/>
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
-        <LigatureSubst index="0" Format="1">
+        <LigatureSubst index="0">
           <LigatureSet glyph="g21">
             <Ligature components="g22" glyph="g61"/>
           </LigatureSet>
@@ -58,9 +58,9 @@
       </Lookup>
       <Lookup index="2">
         <LookupType value="4"/>
-        <LookupFlag value="8"/>
+        <LookupFlag value="8"/><!-- ignoreMarks -->
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
-        <LigatureSubst index="0" Format="1">
+        <LigatureSubst index="0">
           <LigatureSet glyph="g21">
             <Ligature components="g22" glyph="g61"/>
           </LigatureSet>
@@ -70,7 +70,7 @@
         <LookupType value="2"/>
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
-        <MultipleSubst index="0" Format="1">
+        <MultipleSubst index="0">
           <Substitution in="g21" out="g61,g62,g63"/>
         </MultipleSubst>
       </Lookup>
@@ -80,18 +80,18 @@
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
         <ChainContextSubst index="0" Format="3">
           <!-- BacktrackGlyphCount=1 -->
-          <BacktrackCoverage index="0" Format="1">
+          <BacktrackCoverage index="0">
             <Glyph value="g22"/>
           </BacktrackCoverage>
           <!-- InputGlyphCount=2 -->
-          <InputCoverage index="0" Format="1">
+          <InputCoverage index="0">
             <Glyph value="g21"/>
           </InputCoverage>
-          <InputCoverage index="1" Format="1">
+          <InputCoverage index="1">
             <Glyph value="g22"/>
           </InputCoverage>
           <!-- LookAheadGlyphCount=1 -->
-          <LookAheadCoverage index="0" Format="1">
+          <LookAheadCoverage index="0">
             <Glyph value="g21"/>
           </LookAheadCoverage>
           <!-- SubstCount=1 -->
diff --git a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_chaining3_simple_f1.ttx.GDEF b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_chaining3_simple_f1.ttx.GDEF
index dba5550..b5c2ac3 100644
--- a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_chaining3_simple_f1.ttx.GDEF
+++ b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_chaining3_simple_f1.ttx.GDEF
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 
   <GDEF>
     <Version value="0x00010000"/>
-    <GlyphClassDef Format="2">
+    <GlyphClassDef>
       <ClassDef glyph="g80" class="1"/>
       <ClassDef glyph="g81" class="1"/>
       <ClassDef glyph="g82" class="1"/>
diff --git a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_chaining3_simple_f1.ttx.GSUB b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_chaining3_simple_f1.ttx.GSUB
index 6cbf5f9..722dcad 100644
--- a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_chaining3_simple_f1.ttx.GSUB
+++ b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_chaining3_simple_f1.ttx.GSUB
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@
         <LookupType value="1"/>
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
-        <SingleSubst index="0" Format="1">
+        <SingleSubst index="0">
           <Substitution in="g20" out="g60"/>
           <Substitution in="g21" out="g61"/>
           <Substitution in="g22" out="g62"/>
@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@
         <LookupType value="4"/>
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
-        <LigatureSubst index="0" Format="1">
+        <LigatureSubst index="0">
           <LigatureSet glyph="g21">
             <Ligature components="g22" glyph="g61"/>
           </LigatureSet>
@@ -58,9 +58,9 @@
       </Lookup>
       <Lookup index="2">
         <LookupType value="4"/>
-        <LookupFlag value="8"/>
+        <LookupFlag value="8"/><!-- ignoreMarks -->
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
-        <LigatureSubst index="0" Format="1">
+        <LigatureSubst index="0">
           <LigatureSet glyph="g21">
             <Ligature components="g22" glyph="g61"/>
           </LigatureSet>
@@ -70,7 +70,7 @@
         <LookupType value="2"/>
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
-        <MultipleSubst index="0" Format="1">
+        <MultipleSubst index="0">
           <Substitution in="g21" out="g61,g62,g63"/>
         </MultipleSubst>
       </Lookup>
@@ -80,18 +80,18 @@
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
         <ChainContextSubst index="0" Format="3">
           <!-- BacktrackGlyphCount=1 -->
-          <BacktrackCoverage index="0" Format="1">
+          <BacktrackCoverage index="0">
             <Glyph value="g20"/>
           </BacktrackCoverage>
           <!-- InputGlyphCount=2 -->
-          <InputCoverage index="0" Format="1">
+          <InputCoverage index="0">
             <Glyph value="g21"/>
           </InputCoverage>
-          <InputCoverage index="1" Format="1">
+          <InputCoverage index="1">
             <Glyph value="g22"/>
           </InputCoverage>
           <!-- LookAheadGlyphCount=1 -->
-          <LookAheadCoverage index="0" Format="1">
+          <LookAheadCoverage index="0">
             <Glyph value="g23"/>
           </LookAheadCoverage>
           <!-- SubstCount=2 -->
diff --git a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_chaining3_simple_f2.ttx.GDEF b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_chaining3_simple_f2.ttx.GDEF
index dba5550..b5c2ac3 100644
--- a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_chaining3_simple_f2.ttx.GDEF
+++ b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_chaining3_simple_f2.ttx.GDEF
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 
   <GDEF>
     <Version value="0x00010000"/>
-    <GlyphClassDef Format="2">
+    <GlyphClassDef>
       <ClassDef glyph="g80" class="1"/>
       <ClassDef glyph="g81" class="1"/>
       <ClassDef glyph="g82" class="1"/>
diff --git a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_chaining3_simple_f2.ttx.GSUB b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_chaining3_simple_f2.ttx.GSUB
index 65fea5d..5842c55 100644
--- a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_chaining3_simple_f2.ttx.GSUB
+++ b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_chaining3_simple_f2.ttx.GSUB
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@
         <LookupType value="1"/>
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
-        <SingleSubst index="0" Format="1">
+        <SingleSubst index="0">
           <Substitution in="g20" out="g60"/>
           <Substitution in="g21" out="g61"/>
           <Substitution in="g22" out="g62"/>
@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@
         <LookupType value="4"/>
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
-        <LigatureSubst index="0" Format="1">
+        <LigatureSubst index="0">
           <LigatureSet glyph="g21">
             <Ligature components="g22" glyph="g61"/>
           </LigatureSet>
@@ -58,9 +58,9 @@
       </Lookup>
       <Lookup index="2">
         <LookupType value="4"/>
-        <LookupFlag value="8"/>
+        <LookupFlag value="8"/><!-- ignoreMarks -->
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
-        <LigatureSubst index="0" Format="1">
+        <LigatureSubst index="0">
           <LigatureSet glyph="g21">
             <Ligature components="g22" glyph="g61"/>
           </LigatureSet>
@@ -70,7 +70,7 @@
         <LookupType value="2"/>
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
-        <MultipleSubst index="0" Format="1">
+        <MultipleSubst index="0">
           <Substitution in="g21" out="g61,g62,g63"/>
         </MultipleSubst>
       </Lookup>
@@ -80,27 +80,27 @@
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
         <ChainContextSubst index="0" Format="3">
           <!-- BacktrackGlyphCount=2 -->
-          <BacktrackCoverage index="0" Format="1">
+          <BacktrackCoverage index="0">
             <Glyph value="g21"/>
           </BacktrackCoverage>
-          <BacktrackCoverage index="1" Format="1">
+          <BacktrackCoverage index="1">
             <Glyph value="g20"/>
           </BacktrackCoverage>
           <!-- InputGlyphCount=3 -->
-          <InputCoverage index="0" Format="1">
+          <InputCoverage index="0">
             <Glyph value="g22"/>
           </InputCoverage>
-          <InputCoverage index="1" Format="1">
+          <InputCoverage index="1">
             <Glyph value="g23"/>
           </InputCoverage>
-          <InputCoverage index="2" Format="1">
+          <InputCoverage index="2">
             <Glyph value="g24"/>
           </InputCoverage>
           <!-- LookAheadGlyphCount=2 -->
-          <LookAheadCoverage index="0" Format="1">
+          <LookAheadCoverage index="0">
             <Glyph value="g25"/>
           </LookAheadCoverage>
-          <LookAheadCoverage index="1" Format="1">
+          <LookAheadCoverage index="1">
             <Glyph value="g26"/>
           </LookAheadCoverage>
           <!-- SubstCount=1 -->
diff --git a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_chaining3_successive_f1.ttx.GDEF b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_chaining3_successive_f1.ttx.GDEF
index dba5550..b5c2ac3 100644
--- a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_chaining3_successive_f1.ttx.GDEF
+++ b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_chaining3_successive_f1.ttx.GDEF
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 
   <GDEF>
     <Version value="0x00010000"/>
-    <GlyphClassDef Format="2">
+    <GlyphClassDef>
       <ClassDef glyph="g80" class="1"/>
       <ClassDef glyph="g81" class="1"/>
       <ClassDef glyph="g82" class="1"/>
diff --git a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_chaining3_successive_f1.ttx.GSUB b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_chaining3_successive_f1.ttx.GSUB
index 6e8918f..610ea56 100644
--- a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_chaining3_successive_f1.ttx.GSUB
+++ b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_chaining3_successive_f1.ttx.GSUB
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@
         <LookupType value="1"/>
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
-        <SingleSubst index="0" Format="1">
+        <SingleSubst index="0">
           <Substitution in="g20" out="g60"/>
           <Substitution in="g21" out="g61"/>
           <Substitution in="g22" out="g62"/>
@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@
         <LookupType value="4"/>
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
-        <LigatureSubst index="0" Format="1">
+        <LigatureSubst index="0">
           <LigatureSet glyph="g21">
             <Ligature components="g22" glyph="g61"/>
           </LigatureSet>
@@ -58,9 +58,9 @@
       </Lookup>
       <Lookup index="2">
         <LookupType value="4"/>
-        <LookupFlag value="8"/>
+        <LookupFlag value="8"/><!-- ignoreMarks -->
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
-        <LigatureSubst index="0" Format="1">
+        <LigatureSubst index="0">
           <LigatureSet glyph="g21">
             <Ligature components="g22" glyph="g61"/>
           </LigatureSet>
@@ -70,7 +70,7 @@
         <LookupType value="2"/>
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
-        <MultipleSubst index="0" Format="1">
+        <MultipleSubst index="0">
           <Substitution in="g21" out="g61,g62,g63"/>
         </MultipleSubst>
       </Lookup>
@@ -80,24 +80,24 @@
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
         <ChainContextSubst index="0" Format="3">
           <!-- BacktrackGlyphCount=1 -->
-          <BacktrackCoverage index="0" Format="1">
+          <BacktrackCoverage index="0">
             <Glyph value="g25"/>
           </BacktrackCoverage>
           <!-- InputGlyphCount=4 -->
-          <InputCoverage index="0" Format="1">
+          <InputCoverage index="0">
             <Glyph value="g20"/>
           </InputCoverage>
-          <InputCoverage index="1" Format="1">
+          <InputCoverage index="1">
             <Glyph value="g21"/>
           </InputCoverage>
-          <InputCoverage index="2" Format="1">
+          <InputCoverage index="2">
             <Glyph value="g22"/>
           </InputCoverage>
-          <InputCoverage index="3" Format="1">
+          <InputCoverage index="3">
             <Glyph value="g23"/>
           </InputCoverage>
           <!-- LookAheadGlyphCount=1 -->
-          <LookAheadCoverage index="0" Format="1">
+          <LookAheadCoverage index="0">
             <Glyph value="g24"/>
           </LookAheadCoverage>
           <!-- SubstCount=2 -->
diff --git a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_context1_boundary_f1.ttx.GDEF b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_context1_boundary_f1.ttx.GDEF
index dba5550..b5c2ac3 100644
--- a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_context1_boundary_f1.ttx.GDEF
+++ b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_context1_boundary_f1.ttx.GDEF
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 
   <GDEF>
     <Version value="0x00010000"/>
-    <GlyphClassDef Format="2">
+    <GlyphClassDef>
       <ClassDef glyph="g80" class="1"/>
       <ClassDef glyph="g81" class="1"/>
       <ClassDef glyph="g82" class="1"/>
diff --git a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_context1_boundary_f1.ttx.GSUB b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_context1_boundary_f1.ttx.GSUB
index 5ce2dbc..6de6506 100644
--- a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_context1_boundary_f1.ttx.GSUB
+++ b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_context1_boundary_f1.ttx.GSUB
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@
         <LookupType value="1"/>
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
-        <SingleSubst index="0" Format="1">
+        <SingleSubst index="0">
           <Substitution in="g20" out="g60"/>
           <Substitution in="g21" out="g61"/>
           <Substitution in="g22" out="g62"/>
@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@
         <LookupType value="4"/>
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
-        <LigatureSubst index="0" Format="1">
+        <LigatureSubst index="0">
           <LigatureSet glyph="g21">
             <Ligature components="g22" glyph="g61"/>
           </LigatureSet>
@@ -58,9 +58,9 @@
       </Lookup>
       <Lookup index="2">
         <LookupType value="4"/>
-        <LookupFlag value="8"/>
+        <LookupFlag value="8"/><!-- ignoreMarks -->
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
-        <LigatureSubst index="0" Format="1">
+        <LigatureSubst index="0">
           <LigatureSet glyph="g21">
             <Ligature components="g22" glyph="g61"/>
           </LigatureSet>
@@ -70,7 +70,7 @@
         <LookupType value="2"/>
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
-        <MultipleSubst index="0" Format="1">
+        <MultipleSubst index="0">
           <Substitution in="g21" out="g61,g62,g63"/>
         </MultipleSubst>
       </Lookup>
@@ -79,7 +79,7 @@
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
         <ContextSubst index="0" Format="1">
-          <Coverage Format="1">
+          <Coverage>
             <Glyph value="g20"/>
           </Coverage>
           <!-- SubRuleSetCount=1 -->
diff --git a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_context1_boundary_f2.ttx.GDEF b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_context1_boundary_f2.ttx.GDEF
index dba5550..b5c2ac3 100644
--- a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_context1_boundary_f2.ttx.GDEF
+++ b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_context1_boundary_f2.ttx.GDEF
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 
   <GDEF>
     <Version value="0x00010000"/>
-    <GlyphClassDef Format="2">
+    <GlyphClassDef>
       <ClassDef glyph="g80" class="1"/>
       <ClassDef glyph="g81" class="1"/>
       <ClassDef glyph="g82" class="1"/>
diff --git a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_context1_boundary_f2.ttx.GSUB b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_context1_boundary_f2.ttx.GSUB
index f4df5df..7d5772c 100644
--- a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_context1_boundary_f2.ttx.GSUB
+++ b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_context1_boundary_f2.ttx.GSUB
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@
         <LookupType value="1"/>
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
-        <SingleSubst index="0" Format="1">
+        <SingleSubst index="0">
           <Substitution in="g20" out="g60"/>
           <Substitution in="g21" out="g61"/>
           <Substitution in="g22" out="g62"/>
@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@
         <LookupType value="4"/>
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
-        <LigatureSubst index="0" Format="1">
+        <LigatureSubst index="0">
           <LigatureSet glyph="g21">
             <Ligature components="g22" glyph="g61"/>
           </LigatureSet>
@@ -58,9 +58,9 @@
       </Lookup>
       <Lookup index="2">
         <LookupType value="4"/>
-        <LookupFlag value="8"/>
+        <LookupFlag value="8"/><!-- ignoreMarks -->
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
-        <LigatureSubst index="0" Format="1">
+        <LigatureSubst index="0">
           <LigatureSet glyph="g21">
             <Ligature components="g22" glyph="g61"/>
           </LigatureSet>
@@ -70,7 +70,7 @@
         <LookupType value="2"/>
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
-        <MultipleSubst index="0" Format="1">
+        <MultipleSubst index="0">
           <Substitution in="g21" out="g61,g62,g63"/>
         </MultipleSubst>
       </Lookup>
@@ -79,7 +79,7 @@
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
         <ContextSubst index="0" Format="1">
-          <Coverage Format="1">
+          <Coverage>
             <Glyph value="g20"/>
           </Coverage>
           <!-- SubRuleSetCount=1 -->
diff --git a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_context1_expansion_f1.ttx.GDEF b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_context1_expansion_f1.ttx.GDEF
index dba5550..b5c2ac3 100644
--- a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_context1_expansion_f1.ttx.GDEF
+++ b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_context1_expansion_f1.ttx.GDEF
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 
   <GDEF>
     <Version value="0x00010000"/>
-    <GlyphClassDef Format="2">
+    <GlyphClassDef>
       <ClassDef glyph="g80" class="1"/>
       <ClassDef glyph="g81" class="1"/>
       <ClassDef glyph="g82" class="1"/>
diff --git a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_context1_expansion_f1.ttx.GSUB b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_context1_expansion_f1.ttx.GSUB
index e03d5c3..e8dca8a 100644
--- a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_context1_expansion_f1.ttx.GSUB
+++ b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_context1_expansion_f1.ttx.GSUB
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@
         <LookupType value="1"/>
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
-        <SingleSubst index="0" Format="1">
+        <SingleSubst index="0">
           <Substitution in="g20" out="g60"/>
           <Substitution in="g21" out="g61"/>
           <Substitution in="g22" out="g62"/>
@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@
         <LookupType value="4"/>
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
-        <LigatureSubst index="0" Format="1">
+        <LigatureSubst index="0">
           <LigatureSet glyph="g21">
             <Ligature components="g22" glyph="g61"/>
           </LigatureSet>
@@ -58,9 +58,9 @@
       </Lookup>
       <Lookup index="2">
         <LookupType value="4"/>
-        <LookupFlag value="8"/>
+        <LookupFlag value="8"/><!-- ignoreMarks -->
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
-        <LigatureSubst index="0" Format="1">
+        <LigatureSubst index="0">
           <LigatureSet glyph="g21">
             <Ligature components="g22" glyph="g61"/>
           </LigatureSet>
@@ -70,7 +70,7 @@
         <LookupType value="2"/>
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
-        <MultipleSubst index="0" Format="1">
+        <MultipleSubst index="0">
           <Substitution in="g21" out="g61,g62,g63"/>
         </MultipleSubst>
       </Lookup>
@@ -79,7 +79,7 @@
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
         <ContextSubst index="0" Format="1">
-          <Coverage Format="1">
+          <Coverage>
             <Glyph value="g20"/>
           </Coverage>
           <!-- SubRuleSetCount=1 -->
diff --git a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_context1_lookupflag_f1.ttx.GDEF b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_context1_lookupflag_f1.ttx.GDEF
index dba5550..b5c2ac3 100644
--- a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_context1_lookupflag_f1.ttx.GDEF
+++ b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_context1_lookupflag_f1.ttx.GDEF
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 
   <GDEF>
     <Version value="0x00010000"/>
-    <GlyphClassDef Format="2">
+    <GlyphClassDef>
       <ClassDef glyph="g80" class="1"/>
       <ClassDef glyph="g81" class="1"/>
       <ClassDef glyph="g82" class="1"/>
diff --git a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_context1_lookupflag_f1.ttx.GSUB b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_context1_lookupflag_f1.ttx.GSUB
index 7f7dbae..579294f 100644
--- a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_context1_lookupflag_f1.ttx.GSUB
+++ b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_context1_lookupflag_f1.ttx.GSUB
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@
         <LookupType value="1"/>
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
-        <SingleSubst index="0" Format="1">
+        <SingleSubst index="0">
           <Substitution in="g20" out="g60"/>
           <Substitution in="g21" out="g61"/>
           <Substitution in="g22" out="g62"/>
@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@
         <LookupType value="4"/>
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
-        <LigatureSubst index="0" Format="1">
+        <LigatureSubst index="0">
           <LigatureSet glyph="g21">
             <Ligature components="g22" glyph="g61"/>
           </LigatureSet>
@@ -58,9 +58,9 @@
       </Lookup>
       <Lookup index="2">
         <LookupType value="4"/>
-        <LookupFlag value="8"/>
+        <LookupFlag value="8"/><!-- ignoreMarks -->
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
-        <LigatureSubst index="0" Format="1">
+        <LigatureSubst index="0">
           <LigatureSet glyph="g21">
             <Ligature components="g22" glyph="g61"/>
           </LigatureSet>
@@ -70,16 +70,16 @@
         <LookupType value="2"/>
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
-        <MultipleSubst index="0" Format="1">
+        <MultipleSubst index="0">
           <Substitution in="g21" out="g61,g62,g63"/>
         </MultipleSubst>
       </Lookup>
       <Lookup index="4">
         <LookupType value="5"/>
-        <LookupFlag value="8"/>
+        <LookupFlag value="8"/><!-- ignoreMarks -->
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
         <ContextSubst index="0" Format="1">
-          <Coverage Format="1">
+          <Coverage>
             <Glyph value="g20"/>
           </Coverage>
           <!-- SubRuleSetCount=1 -->
diff --git a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_context1_lookupflag_f2.ttx.GDEF b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_context1_lookupflag_f2.ttx.GDEF
index dba5550..b5c2ac3 100644
--- a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_context1_lookupflag_f2.ttx.GDEF
+++ b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_context1_lookupflag_f2.ttx.GDEF
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 
   <GDEF>
     <Version value="0x00010000"/>
-    <GlyphClassDef Format="2">
+    <GlyphClassDef>
       <ClassDef glyph="g80" class="1"/>
       <ClassDef glyph="g81" class="1"/>
       <ClassDef glyph="g82" class="1"/>
diff --git a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_context1_lookupflag_f2.ttx.GSUB b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_context1_lookupflag_f2.ttx.GSUB
index 921576c..e583f6a 100644
--- a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_context1_lookupflag_f2.ttx.GSUB
+++ b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_context1_lookupflag_f2.ttx.GSUB
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@
         <LookupType value="1"/>
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
-        <SingleSubst index="0" Format="1">
+        <SingleSubst index="0">
           <Substitution in="g20" out="g60"/>
           <Substitution in="g21" out="g61"/>
           <Substitution in="g22" out="g62"/>
@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@
         <LookupType value="4"/>
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
-        <LigatureSubst index="0" Format="1">
+        <LigatureSubst index="0">
           <LigatureSet glyph="g21">
             <Ligature components="g22" glyph="g61"/>
           </LigatureSet>
@@ -58,9 +58,9 @@
       </Lookup>
       <Lookup index="2">
         <LookupType value="4"/>
-        <LookupFlag value="8"/>
+        <LookupFlag value="8"/><!-- ignoreMarks -->
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
-        <LigatureSubst index="0" Format="1">
+        <LigatureSubst index="0">
           <LigatureSet glyph="g21">
             <Ligature components="g22" glyph="g61"/>
           </LigatureSet>
@@ -70,16 +70,16 @@
         <LookupType value="2"/>
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
-        <MultipleSubst index="0" Format="1">
+        <MultipleSubst index="0">
           <Substitution in="g21" out="g61,g62,g63"/>
         </MultipleSubst>
       </Lookup>
       <Lookup index="4">
         <LookupType value="5"/>
-        <LookupFlag value="8"/>
+        <LookupFlag value="8"/><!-- ignoreMarks -->
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
         <ContextSubst index="0" Format="1">
-          <Coverage Format="1">
+          <Coverage>
             <Glyph value="g20"/>
           </Coverage>
           <!-- SubRuleSetCount=1 -->
diff --git a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_context1_multiple_subrules_f1.ttx.GDEF b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_context1_multiple_subrules_f1.ttx.GDEF
index dba5550..b5c2ac3 100644
--- a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_context1_multiple_subrules_f1.ttx.GDEF
+++ b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_context1_multiple_subrules_f1.ttx.GDEF
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 
   <GDEF>
     <Version value="0x00010000"/>
-    <GlyphClassDef Format="2">
+    <GlyphClassDef>
       <ClassDef glyph="g80" class="1"/>
       <ClassDef glyph="g81" class="1"/>
       <ClassDef glyph="g82" class="1"/>
diff --git a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_context1_multiple_subrules_f1.ttx.GSUB b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_context1_multiple_subrules_f1.ttx.GSUB
index 3bcb882..2202320 100644
--- a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_context1_multiple_subrules_f1.ttx.GSUB
+++ b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_context1_multiple_subrules_f1.ttx.GSUB
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@
         <LookupType value="1"/>
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
-        <SingleSubst index="0" Format="1">
+        <SingleSubst index="0">
           <Substitution in="g20" out="g60"/>
           <Substitution in="g21" out="g61"/>
           <Substitution in="g22" out="g62"/>
@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@
         <LookupType value="4"/>
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
-        <LigatureSubst index="0" Format="1">
+        <LigatureSubst index="0">
           <LigatureSet glyph="g21">
             <Ligature components="g22" glyph="g61"/>
           </LigatureSet>
@@ -58,9 +58,9 @@
       </Lookup>
       <Lookup index="2">
         <LookupType value="4"/>
-        <LookupFlag value="8"/>
+        <LookupFlag value="8"/><!-- ignoreMarks -->
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
-        <LigatureSubst index="0" Format="1">
+        <LigatureSubst index="0">
           <LigatureSet glyph="g21">
             <Ligature components="g22" glyph="g61"/>
           </LigatureSet>
@@ -70,7 +70,7 @@
         <LookupType value="2"/>
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
-        <MultipleSubst index="0" Format="1">
+        <MultipleSubst index="0">
           <Substitution in="g21" out="g61,g62,g63"/>
         </MultipleSubst>
       </Lookup>
@@ -79,7 +79,7 @@
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
         <ContextSubst index="0" Format="1">
-          <Coverage Format="1">
+          <Coverage>
             <Glyph value="g20"/>
           </Coverage>
           <!-- SubRuleSetCount=1 -->
diff --git a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_context1_multiple_subrules_f2.ttx.GDEF b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_context1_multiple_subrules_f2.ttx.GDEF
index dba5550..b5c2ac3 100644
--- a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_context1_multiple_subrules_f2.ttx.GDEF
+++ b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_context1_multiple_subrules_f2.ttx.GDEF
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 
   <GDEF>
     <Version value="0x00010000"/>
-    <GlyphClassDef Format="2">
+    <GlyphClassDef>
       <ClassDef glyph="g80" class="1"/>
       <ClassDef glyph="g81" class="1"/>
       <ClassDef glyph="g82" class="1"/>
diff --git a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_context1_multiple_subrules_f2.ttx.GSUB b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_context1_multiple_subrules_f2.ttx.GSUB
index 04e9696..df568c3 100644
--- a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_context1_multiple_subrules_f2.ttx.GSUB
+++ b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_context1_multiple_subrules_f2.ttx.GSUB
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@
         <LookupType value="1"/>
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
-        <SingleSubst index="0" Format="1">
+        <SingleSubst index="0">
           <Substitution in="g20" out="g60"/>
           <Substitution in="g21" out="g61"/>
           <Substitution in="g22" out="g62"/>
@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@
         <LookupType value="4"/>
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
-        <LigatureSubst index="0" Format="1">
+        <LigatureSubst index="0">
           <LigatureSet glyph="g21">
             <Ligature components="g22" glyph="g61"/>
           </LigatureSet>
@@ -58,9 +58,9 @@
       </Lookup>
       <Lookup index="2">
         <LookupType value="4"/>
-        <LookupFlag value="8"/>
+        <LookupFlag value="8"/><!-- ignoreMarks -->
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
-        <LigatureSubst index="0" Format="1">
+        <LigatureSubst index="0">
           <LigatureSet glyph="g21">
             <Ligature components="g22" glyph="g61"/>
           </LigatureSet>
@@ -70,7 +70,7 @@
         <LookupType value="2"/>
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
-        <MultipleSubst index="0" Format="1">
+        <MultipleSubst index="0">
           <Substitution in="g21" out="g61,g62,g63"/>
         </MultipleSubst>
       </Lookup>
@@ -79,7 +79,7 @@
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
         <ContextSubst index="0" Format="1">
-          <Coverage Format="1">
+          <Coverage>
             <Glyph value="g20"/>
           </Coverage>
           <!-- SubRuleSetCount=1 -->
diff --git a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_context1_next_glyph_f1.ttx.GDEF b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_context1_next_glyph_f1.ttx.GDEF
index dba5550..b5c2ac3 100644
--- a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_context1_next_glyph_f1.ttx.GDEF
+++ b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_context1_next_glyph_f1.ttx.GDEF
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 
   <GDEF>
     <Version value="0x00010000"/>
-    <GlyphClassDef Format="2">
+    <GlyphClassDef>
       <ClassDef glyph="g80" class="1"/>
       <ClassDef glyph="g81" class="1"/>
       <ClassDef glyph="g82" class="1"/>
diff --git a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_context1_next_glyph_f1.ttx.GSUB b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_context1_next_glyph_f1.ttx.GSUB
index 1276fb9..518e754 100644
--- a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_context1_next_glyph_f1.ttx.GSUB
+++ b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_context1_next_glyph_f1.ttx.GSUB
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@
         <LookupType value="1"/>
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
-        <SingleSubst index="0" Format="1">
+        <SingleSubst index="0">
           <Substitution in="g20" out="g60"/>
           <Substitution in="g21" out="g61"/>
           <Substitution in="g22" out="g62"/>
@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@
         <LookupType value="4"/>
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
-        <LigatureSubst index="0" Format="1">
+        <LigatureSubst index="0">
           <LigatureSet glyph="g21">
             <Ligature components="g22" glyph="g61"/>
           </LigatureSet>
@@ -58,9 +58,9 @@
       </Lookup>
       <Lookup index="2">
         <LookupType value="4"/>
-        <LookupFlag value="8"/>
+        <LookupFlag value="8"/><!-- ignoreMarks -->
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
-        <LigatureSubst index="0" Format="1">
+        <LigatureSubst index="0">
           <LigatureSet glyph="g21">
             <Ligature components="g22" glyph="g61"/>
           </LigatureSet>
@@ -70,7 +70,7 @@
         <LookupType value="2"/>
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
-        <MultipleSubst index="0" Format="1">
+        <MultipleSubst index="0">
           <Substitution in="g21" out="g61,g62,g63"/>
         </MultipleSubst>
       </Lookup>
@@ -79,7 +79,7 @@
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
         <ContextSubst index="0" Format="1">
-          <Coverage Format="1">
+          <Coverage>
             <Glyph value="g20"/>
           </Coverage>
           <!-- SubRuleSetCount=1 -->
diff --git a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_context1_simple_f1.ttx.GDEF b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_context1_simple_f1.ttx.GDEF
index dba5550..b5c2ac3 100644
--- a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_context1_simple_f1.ttx.GDEF
+++ b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_context1_simple_f1.ttx.GDEF
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 
   <GDEF>
     <Version value="0x00010000"/>
-    <GlyphClassDef Format="2">
+    <GlyphClassDef>
       <ClassDef glyph="g80" class="1"/>
       <ClassDef glyph="g81" class="1"/>
       <ClassDef glyph="g82" class="1"/>
diff --git a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_context1_simple_f1.ttx.GSUB b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_context1_simple_f1.ttx.GSUB
index 4e135b5..2906b06 100644
--- a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_context1_simple_f1.ttx.GSUB
+++ b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_context1_simple_f1.ttx.GSUB
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@
         <LookupType value="1"/>
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
-        <SingleSubst index="0" Format="1">
+        <SingleSubst index="0">
           <Substitution in="g20" out="g60"/>
           <Substitution in="g21" out="g61"/>
           <Substitution in="g22" out="g62"/>
@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@
         <LookupType value="4"/>
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
-        <LigatureSubst index="0" Format="1">
+        <LigatureSubst index="0">
           <LigatureSet glyph="g21">
             <Ligature components="g22" glyph="g61"/>
           </LigatureSet>
@@ -58,9 +58,9 @@
       </Lookup>
       <Lookup index="2">
         <LookupType value="4"/>
-        <LookupFlag value="8"/>
+        <LookupFlag value="8"/><!-- ignoreMarks -->
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
-        <LigatureSubst index="0" Format="1">
+        <LigatureSubst index="0">
           <LigatureSet glyph="g21">
             <Ligature components="g22" glyph="g61"/>
           </LigatureSet>
@@ -70,7 +70,7 @@
         <LookupType value="2"/>
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
-        <MultipleSubst index="0" Format="1">
+        <MultipleSubst index="0">
           <Substitution in="g21" out="g61,g62,g63"/>
         </MultipleSubst>
       </Lookup>
@@ -79,7 +79,7 @@
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
         <ContextSubst index="0" Format="1">
-          <Coverage Format="1">
+          <Coverage>
             <Glyph value="g20"/>
           </Coverage>
           <!-- SubRuleSetCount=1 -->
diff --git a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_context1_simple_f2.ttx.GDEF b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_context1_simple_f2.ttx.GDEF
index dba5550..b5c2ac3 100644
--- a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_context1_simple_f2.ttx.GDEF
+++ b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_context1_simple_f2.ttx.GDEF
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 
   <GDEF>
     <Version value="0x00010000"/>
-    <GlyphClassDef Format="2">
+    <GlyphClassDef>
       <ClassDef glyph="g80" class="1"/>
       <ClassDef glyph="g81" class="1"/>
       <ClassDef glyph="g82" class="1"/>
diff --git a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_context1_simple_f2.ttx.GSUB b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_context1_simple_f2.ttx.GSUB
index 787c216..554168b 100644
--- a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_context1_simple_f2.ttx.GSUB
+++ b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_context1_simple_f2.ttx.GSUB
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@
         <LookupType value="1"/>
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
-        <SingleSubst index="0" Format="1">
+        <SingleSubst index="0">
           <Substitution in="g20" out="g60"/>
           <Substitution in="g21" out="g61"/>
           <Substitution in="g22" out="g62"/>
@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@
         <LookupType value="4"/>
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
-        <LigatureSubst index="0" Format="1">
+        <LigatureSubst index="0">
           <LigatureSet glyph="g21">
             <Ligature components="g22" glyph="g61"/>
           </LigatureSet>
@@ -58,9 +58,9 @@
       </Lookup>
       <Lookup index="2">
         <LookupType value="4"/>
-        <LookupFlag value="8"/>
+        <LookupFlag value="8"/><!-- ignoreMarks -->
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
-        <LigatureSubst index="0" Format="1">
+        <LigatureSubst index="0">
           <LigatureSet glyph="g21">
             <Ligature components="g22" glyph="g61"/>
           </LigatureSet>
@@ -70,7 +70,7 @@
         <LookupType value="2"/>
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
-        <MultipleSubst index="0" Format="1">
+        <MultipleSubst index="0">
           <Substitution in="g21" out="g61,g62,g63"/>
         </MultipleSubst>
       </Lookup>
@@ -79,7 +79,7 @@
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
         <ContextSubst index="0" Format="1">
-          <Coverage Format="1">
+          <Coverage>
             <Glyph value="g20"/>
           </Coverage>
           <!-- SubRuleSetCount=1 -->
diff --git a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_context1_successive_f1.ttx.GDEF b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_context1_successive_f1.ttx.GDEF
index dba5550..b5c2ac3 100644
--- a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_context1_successive_f1.ttx.GDEF
+++ b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_context1_successive_f1.ttx.GDEF
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 
   <GDEF>
     <Version value="0x00010000"/>
-    <GlyphClassDef Format="2">
+    <GlyphClassDef>
       <ClassDef glyph="g80" class="1"/>
       <ClassDef glyph="g81" class="1"/>
       <ClassDef glyph="g82" class="1"/>
diff --git a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_context1_successive_f1.ttx.GSUB b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_context1_successive_f1.ttx.GSUB
index e0b1c54..fc66abd 100644
--- a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_context1_successive_f1.ttx.GSUB
+++ b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_context1_successive_f1.ttx.GSUB
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@
         <LookupType value="1"/>
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
-        <SingleSubst index="0" Format="1">
+        <SingleSubst index="0">
           <Substitution in="g20" out="g60"/>
           <Substitution in="g21" out="g61"/>
           <Substitution in="g22" out="g62"/>
@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@
         <LookupType value="4"/>
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
-        <LigatureSubst index="0" Format="1">
+        <LigatureSubst index="0">
           <LigatureSet glyph="g21">
             <Ligature components="g22" glyph="g61"/>
           </LigatureSet>
@@ -58,9 +58,9 @@
       </Lookup>
       <Lookup index="2">
         <LookupType value="4"/>
-        <LookupFlag value="8"/>
+        <LookupFlag value="8"/><!-- ignoreMarks -->
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
-        <LigatureSubst index="0" Format="1">
+        <LigatureSubst index="0">
           <LigatureSet glyph="g21">
             <Ligature components="g22" glyph="g61"/>
           </LigatureSet>
@@ -70,7 +70,7 @@
         <LookupType value="2"/>
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
-        <MultipleSubst index="0" Format="1">
+        <MultipleSubst index="0">
           <Substitution in="g21" out="g61,g62,g63"/>
         </MultipleSubst>
       </Lookup>
@@ -79,7 +79,7 @@
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
         <ContextSubst index="0" Format="1">
-          <Coverage Format="1">
+          <Coverage>
             <Glyph value="g20"/>
           </Coverage>
           <!-- SubRuleSetCount=1 -->
diff --git a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_context2_boundary_f1.ttx.GDEF b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_context2_boundary_f1.ttx.GDEF
index dba5550..b5c2ac3 100644
--- a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_context2_boundary_f1.ttx.GDEF
+++ b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_context2_boundary_f1.ttx.GDEF
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 
   <GDEF>
     <Version value="0x00010000"/>
-    <GlyphClassDef Format="2">
+    <GlyphClassDef>
       <ClassDef glyph="g80" class="1"/>
       <ClassDef glyph="g81" class="1"/>
       <ClassDef glyph="g82" class="1"/>
diff --git a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_context2_boundary_f1.ttx.GSUB b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_context2_boundary_f1.ttx.GSUB
index 705389b..e1e12f8 100644
--- a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_context2_boundary_f1.ttx.GSUB
+++ b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_context2_boundary_f1.ttx.GSUB
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@
         <LookupType value="1"/>
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
-        <SingleSubst index="0" Format="1">
+        <SingleSubst index="0">
           <Substitution in="g20" out="g60"/>
           <Substitution in="g21" out="g61"/>
           <Substitution in="g22" out="g62"/>
@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@
         <LookupType value="4"/>
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
-        <LigatureSubst index="0" Format="1">
+        <LigatureSubst index="0">
           <LigatureSet glyph="g21">
             <Ligature components="g22" glyph="g61"/>
           </LigatureSet>
@@ -58,9 +58,9 @@
       </Lookup>
       <Lookup index="2">
         <LookupType value="4"/>
-        <LookupFlag value="8"/>
+        <LookupFlag value="8"/><!-- ignoreMarks -->
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
-        <LigatureSubst index="0" Format="1">
+        <LigatureSubst index="0">
           <LigatureSet glyph="g21">
             <Ligature components="g22" glyph="g61"/>
           </LigatureSet>
@@ -70,7 +70,7 @@
         <LookupType value="2"/>
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
-        <MultipleSubst index="0" Format="1">
+        <MultipleSubst index="0">
           <Substitution in="g21" out="g61,g62,g63"/>
         </MultipleSubst>
       </Lookup>
@@ -79,10 +79,10 @@
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
         <ContextSubst index="0" Format="2">
-          <Coverage Format="1">
+          <Coverage>
             <Glyph value="g20"/>
           </Coverage>
-          <ClassDef Format="2">
+          <ClassDef>
             <ClassDef glyph="g20" class="1"/>
           </ClassDef>
           <!-- SubClassSetCount=2 -->
diff --git a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_context2_boundary_f2.ttx.GDEF b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_context2_boundary_f2.ttx.GDEF
index dba5550..b5c2ac3 100644
--- a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_context2_boundary_f2.ttx.GDEF
+++ b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_context2_boundary_f2.ttx.GDEF
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 
   <GDEF>
     <Version value="0x00010000"/>
-    <GlyphClassDef Format="2">
+    <GlyphClassDef>
       <ClassDef glyph="g80" class="1"/>
       <ClassDef glyph="g81" class="1"/>
       <ClassDef glyph="g82" class="1"/>
diff --git a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_context2_boundary_f2.ttx.GSUB b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_context2_boundary_f2.ttx.GSUB
index 3a35d50..d2598d9 100644
--- a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_context2_boundary_f2.ttx.GSUB
+++ b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_context2_boundary_f2.ttx.GSUB
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@
         <LookupType value="1"/>
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
-        <SingleSubst index="0" Format="1">
+        <SingleSubst index="0">
           <Substitution in="g20" out="g60"/>
           <Substitution in="g21" out="g61"/>
           <Substitution in="g22" out="g62"/>
@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@
         <LookupType value="4"/>
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
-        <LigatureSubst index="0" Format="1">
+        <LigatureSubst index="0">
           <LigatureSet glyph="g21">
             <Ligature components="g22" glyph="g61"/>
           </LigatureSet>
@@ -58,9 +58,9 @@
       </Lookup>
       <Lookup index="2">
         <LookupType value="4"/>
-        <LookupFlag value="8"/>
+        <LookupFlag value="8"/><!-- ignoreMarks -->
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
-        <LigatureSubst index="0" Format="1">
+        <LigatureSubst index="0">
           <LigatureSet glyph="g21">
             <Ligature components="g22" glyph="g61"/>
           </LigatureSet>
@@ -70,7 +70,7 @@
         <LookupType value="2"/>
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
-        <MultipleSubst index="0" Format="1">
+        <MultipleSubst index="0">
           <Substitution in="g21" out="g61,g62,g63"/>
         </MultipleSubst>
       </Lookup>
@@ -79,10 +79,10 @@
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
         <ContextSubst index="0" Format="2">
-          <Coverage Format="1">
+          <Coverage>
             <Glyph value="g20"/>
           </Coverage>
-          <ClassDef Format="2">
+          <ClassDef>
             <ClassDef glyph="g20" class="1"/>
           </ClassDef>
           <!-- SubClassSetCount=2 -->
diff --git a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_context2_classes_f1.ttx.GDEF b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_context2_classes_f1.ttx.GDEF
index dba5550..b5c2ac3 100644
--- a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_context2_classes_f1.ttx.GDEF
+++ b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_context2_classes_f1.ttx.GDEF
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 
   <GDEF>
     <Version value="0x00010000"/>
-    <GlyphClassDef Format="2">
+    <GlyphClassDef>
       <ClassDef glyph="g80" class="1"/>
       <ClassDef glyph="g81" class="1"/>
       <ClassDef glyph="g82" class="1"/>
diff --git a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_context2_classes_f1.ttx.GSUB b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_context2_classes_f1.ttx.GSUB
index 6716203..394df78 100644
--- a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_context2_classes_f1.ttx.GSUB
+++ b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_context2_classes_f1.ttx.GSUB
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@
         <LookupType value="1"/>
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
-        <SingleSubst index="0" Format="1">
+        <SingleSubst index="0">
           <Substitution in="g20" out="g60"/>
           <Substitution in="g21" out="g61"/>
           <Substitution in="g22" out="g62"/>
@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@
         <LookupType value="4"/>
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
-        <LigatureSubst index="0" Format="1">
+        <LigatureSubst index="0">
           <LigatureSet glyph="g21">
             <Ligature components="g22" glyph="g61"/>
           </LigatureSet>
@@ -58,9 +58,9 @@
       </Lookup>
       <Lookup index="2">
         <LookupType value="4"/>
-        <LookupFlag value="8"/>
+        <LookupFlag value="8"/><!-- ignoreMarks -->
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
-        <LigatureSubst index="0" Format="1">
+        <LigatureSubst index="0">
           <LigatureSet glyph="g21">
             <Ligature components="g22" glyph="g61"/>
           </LigatureSet>
@@ -70,7 +70,7 @@
         <LookupType value="2"/>
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
-        <MultipleSubst index="0" Format="1">
+        <MultipleSubst index="0">
           <Substitution in="g21" out="g61,g62,g63"/>
         </MultipleSubst>
       </Lookup>
@@ -79,11 +79,11 @@
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
         <ContextSubst index="0" Format="2">
-          <Coverage Format="1">
+          <Coverage>
             <Glyph value="g20"/>
             <Glyph value="g21"/>
           </Coverage>
-          <ClassDef Format="2">
+          <ClassDef>
             <ClassDef glyph="g20" class="1"/>
             <ClassDef glyph="g21" class="1"/>
             <ClassDef glyph="g22" class="1"/>
diff --git a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_context2_classes_f2.ttx.GDEF b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_context2_classes_f2.ttx.GDEF
index dba5550..b5c2ac3 100644
--- a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_context2_classes_f2.ttx.GDEF
+++ b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_context2_classes_f2.ttx.GDEF
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 
   <GDEF>
     <Version value="0x00010000"/>
-    <GlyphClassDef Format="2">
+    <GlyphClassDef>
       <ClassDef glyph="g80" class="1"/>
       <ClassDef glyph="g81" class="1"/>
       <ClassDef glyph="g82" class="1"/>
diff --git a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_context2_classes_f2.ttx.GSUB b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_context2_classes_f2.ttx.GSUB
index deeea52..4de5bc6 100644
--- a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_context2_classes_f2.ttx.GSUB
+++ b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_context2_classes_f2.ttx.GSUB
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@
         <LookupType value="1"/>
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
-        <SingleSubst index="0" Format="1">
+        <SingleSubst index="0">
           <Substitution in="g20" out="g60"/>
           <Substitution in="g21" out="g61"/>
           <Substitution in="g22" out="g62"/>
@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@
         <LookupType value="4"/>
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
-        <LigatureSubst index="0" Format="1">
+        <LigatureSubst index="0">
           <LigatureSet glyph="g21">
             <Ligature components="g22" glyph="g61"/>
           </LigatureSet>
@@ -58,9 +58,9 @@
       </Lookup>
       <Lookup index="2">
         <LookupType value="4"/>
-        <LookupFlag value="8"/>
+        <LookupFlag value="8"/><!-- ignoreMarks -->
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
-        <LigatureSubst index="0" Format="1">
+        <LigatureSubst index="0">
           <LigatureSet glyph="g21">
             <Ligature components="g22" glyph="g61"/>
           </LigatureSet>
@@ -70,7 +70,7 @@
         <LookupType value="2"/>
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
-        <MultipleSubst index="0" Format="1">
+        <MultipleSubst index="0">
           <Substitution in="g21" out="g61,g62,g63"/>
         </MultipleSubst>
       </Lookup>
@@ -79,13 +79,13 @@
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
         <ContextSubst index="0" Format="2">
-          <Coverage Format="1">
+          <Coverage>
             <Glyph value="g20"/>
             <Glyph value="g21"/>
             <Glyph value="g22"/>
             <Glyph value="g24"/>
           </Coverage>
-          <ClassDef Format="2">
+          <ClassDef>
             <ClassDef glyph="g20" class="1"/>
             <ClassDef glyph="g21" class="1"/>
             <ClassDef glyph="g22" class="1"/>
diff --git a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_context2_expansion_f1.ttx.GDEF b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_context2_expansion_f1.ttx.GDEF
index dba5550..b5c2ac3 100644
--- a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_context2_expansion_f1.ttx.GDEF
+++ b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_context2_expansion_f1.ttx.GDEF
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 
   <GDEF>
     <Version value="0x00010000"/>
-    <GlyphClassDef Format="2">
+    <GlyphClassDef>
       <ClassDef glyph="g80" class="1"/>
       <ClassDef glyph="g81" class="1"/>
       <ClassDef glyph="g82" class="1"/>
diff --git a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_context2_expansion_f1.ttx.GSUB b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_context2_expansion_f1.ttx.GSUB
index 3952840..5ab7d08 100644
--- a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_context2_expansion_f1.ttx.GSUB
+++ b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_context2_expansion_f1.ttx.GSUB
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@
         <LookupType value="1"/>
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
-        <SingleSubst index="0" Format="1">
+        <SingleSubst index="0">
           <Substitution in="g20" out="g60"/>
           <Substitution in="g21" out="g61"/>
           <Substitution in="g22" out="g62"/>
@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@
         <LookupType value="4"/>
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
-        <LigatureSubst index="0" Format="1">
+        <LigatureSubst index="0">
           <LigatureSet glyph="g21">
             <Ligature components="g22" glyph="g61"/>
           </LigatureSet>
@@ -58,9 +58,9 @@
       </Lookup>
       <Lookup index="2">
         <LookupType value="4"/>
-        <LookupFlag value="8"/>
+        <LookupFlag value="8"/><!-- ignoreMarks -->
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
-        <LigatureSubst index="0" Format="1">
+        <LigatureSubst index="0">
           <LigatureSet glyph="g21">
             <Ligature components="g22" glyph="g61"/>
           </LigatureSet>
@@ -70,7 +70,7 @@
         <LookupType value="2"/>
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
-        <MultipleSubst index="0" Format="1">
+        <MultipleSubst index="0">
           <Substitution in="g21" out="g61,g62,g63"/>
         </MultipleSubst>
       </Lookup>
@@ -79,10 +79,10 @@
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
         <ContextSubst index="0" Format="2">
-          <Coverage Format="1">
+          <Coverage>
             <Glyph value="g20"/>
           </Coverage>
-          <ClassDef Format="2">
+          <ClassDef>
             <ClassDef glyph="g20" class="1"/>
             <ClassDef glyph="g21" class="2"/>
             <ClassDef glyph="g22" class="3"/>
diff --git a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_context2_lookupflag_f1.ttx.GDEF b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_context2_lookupflag_f1.ttx.GDEF
index dba5550..b5c2ac3 100644
--- a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_context2_lookupflag_f1.ttx.GDEF
+++ b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_context2_lookupflag_f1.ttx.GDEF
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 
   <GDEF>
     <Version value="0x00010000"/>
-    <GlyphClassDef Format="2">
+    <GlyphClassDef>
       <ClassDef glyph="g80" class="1"/>
       <ClassDef glyph="g81" class="1"/>
       <ClassDef glyph="g82" class="1"/>
diff --git a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_context2_lookupflag_f1.ttx.GSUB b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_context2_lookupflag_f1.ttx.GSUB
index 80a6237..4a8d749 100644
--- a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_context2_lookupflag_f1.ttx.GSUB
+++ b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_context2_lookupflag_f1.ttx.GSUB
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@
         <LookupType value="1"/>
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
-        <SingleSubst index="0" Format="1">
+        <SingleSubst index="0">
           <Substitution in="g20" out="g60"/>
           <Substitution in="g21" out="g61"/>
           <Substitution in="g22" out="g62"/>
@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@
         <LookupType value="4"/>
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
-        <LigatureSubst index="0" Format="1">
+        <LigatureSubst index="0">
           <LigatureSet glyph="g21">
             <Ligature components="g22" glyph="g61"/>
           </LigatureSet>
@@ -58,9 +58,9 @@
       </Lookup>
       <Lookup index="2">
         <LookupType value="4"/>
-        <LookupFlag value="8"/>
+        <LookupFlag value="8"/><!-- ignoreMarks -->
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
-        <LigatureSubst index="0" Format="1">
+        <LigatureSubst index="0">
           <LigatureSet glyph="g21">
             <Ligature components="g22" glyph="g61"/>
           </LigatureSet>
@@ -70,19 +70,19 @@
         <LookupType value="2"/>
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
-        <MultipleSubst index="0" Format="1">
+        <MultipleSubst index="0">
           <Substitution in="g21" out="g61,g62,g63"/>
         </MultipleSubst>
       </Lookup>
       <Lookup index="4">
         <LookupType value="5"/>
-        <LookupFlag value="8"/>
+        <LookupFlag value="8"/><!-- ignoreMarks -->
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
         <ContextSubst index="0" Format="2">
-          <Coverage Format="1">
+          <Coverage>
             <Glyph value="g20"/>
           </Coverage>
-          <ClassDef Format="2">
+          <ClassDef>
             <ClassDef glyph="g20" class="1"/>
             <ClassDef glyph="g21" class="2"/>
             <ClassDef glyph="g22" class="3"/>
diff --git a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_context2_lookupflag_f2.ttx.GDEF b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_context2_lookupflag_f2.ttx.GDEF
index dba5550..b5c2ac3 100644
--- a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_context2_lookupflag_f2.ttx.GDEF
+++ b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_context2_lookupflag_f2.ttx.GDEF
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 
   <GDEF>
     <Version value="0x00010000"/>
-    <GlyphClassDef Format="2">
+    <GlyphClassDef>
       <ClassDef glyph="g80" class="1"/>
       <ClassDef glyph="g81" class="1"/>
       <ClassDef glyph="g82" class="1"/>
diff --git a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_context2_lookupflag_f2.ttx.GSUB b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_context2_lookupflag_f2.ttx.GSUB
index 715a1cd..a672edf 100644
--- a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_context2_lookupflag_f2.ttx.GSUB
+++ b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_context2_lookupflag_f2.ttx.GSUB
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@
         <LookupType value="1"/>
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
-        <SingleSubst index="0" Format="1">
+        <SingleSubst index="0">
           <Substitution in="g20" out="g60"/>
           <Substitution in="g21" out="g61"/>
           <Substitution in="g22" out="g62"/>
@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@
         <LookupType value="4"/>
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
-        <LigatureSubst index="0" Format="1">
+        <LigatureSubst index="0">
           <LigatureSet glyph="g21">
             <Ligature components="g22" glyph="g61"/>
           </LigatureSet>
@@ -58,9 +58,9 @@
       </Lookup>
       <Lookup index="2">
         <LookupType value="4"/>
-        <LookupFlag value="8"/>
+        <LookupFlag value="8"/><!-- ignoreMarks -->
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
-        <LigatureSubst index="0" Format="1">
+        <LigatureSubst index="0">
           <LigatureSet glyph="g21">
             <Ligature components="g22" glyph="g61"/>
           </LigatureSet>
@@ -70,19 +70,19 @@
         <LookupType value="2"/>
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
-        <MultipleSubst index="0" Format="1">
+        <MultipleSubst index="0">
           <Substitution in="g21" out="g61,g62,g63"/>
         </MultipleSubst>
       </Lookup>
       <Lookup index="4">
         <LookupType value="5"/>
-        <LookupFlag value="8"/>
+        <LookupFlag value="8"/><!-- ignoreMarks -->
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
         <ContextSubst index="0" Format="2">
-          <Coverage Format="1">
+          <Coverage>
             <Glyph value="g20"/>
           </Coverage>
-          <ClassDef Format="2">
+          <ClassDef>
             <ClassDef glyph="g20" class="1"/>
             <ClassDef glyph="g21" class="2"/>
             <ClassDef glyph="g22" class="3"/>
diff --git a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_context2_multiple_subrules_f1.ttx.GDEF b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_context2_multiple_subrules_f1.ttx.GDEF
index dba5550..b5c2ac3 100644
--- a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_context2_multiple_subrules_f1.ttx.GDEF
+++ b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_context2_multiple_subrules_f1.ttx.GDEF
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 
   <GDEF>
     <Version value="0x00010000"/>
-    <GlyphClassDef Format="2">
+    <GlyphClassDef>
       <ClassDef glyph="g80" class="1"/>
       <ClassDef glyph="g81" class="1"/>
       <ClassDef glyph="g82" class="1"/>
diff --git a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_context2_multiple_subrules_f1.ttx.GSUB b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_context2_multiple_subrules_f1.ttx.GSUB
index 827db06..07b5f5e 100644
--- a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_context2_multiple_subrules_f1.ttx.GSUB
+++ b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_context2_multiple_subrules_f1.ttx.GSUB
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@
         <LookupType value="1"/>
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
-        <SingleSubst index="0" Format="1">
+        <SingleSubst index="0">
           <Substitution in="g20" out="g60"/>
           <Substitution in="g21" out="g61"/>
           <Substitution in="g22" out="g62"/>
@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@
         <LookupType value="4"/>
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
-        <LigatureSubst index="0" Format="1">
+        <LigatureSubst index="0">
           <LigatureSet glyph="g21">
             <Ligature components="g22" glyph="g61"/>
           </LigatureSet>
@@ -58,9 +58,9 @@
       </Lookup>
       <Lookup index="2">
         <LookupType value="4"/>
-        <LookupFlag value="8"/>
+        <LookupFlag value="8"/><!-- ignoreMarks -->
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
-        <LigatureSubst index="0" Format="1">
+        <LigatureSubst index="0">
           <LigatureSet glyph="g21">
             <Ligature components="g22" glyph="g61"/>
           </LigatureSet>
@@ -70,7 +70,7 @@
         <LookupType value="2"/>
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
-        <MultipleSubst index="0" Format="1">
+        <MultipleSubst index="0">
           <Substitution in="g21" out="g61,g62,g63"/>
         </MultipleSubst>
       </Lookup>
@@ -79,10 +79,10 @@
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
         <ContextSubst index="0" Format="2">
-          <Coverage Format="1">
+          <Coverage>
             <Glyph value="g20"/>
           </Coverage>
-          <ClassDef Format="2">
+          <ClassDef>
             <ClassDef glyph="g20" class="1"/>
             <ClassDef glyph="g21" class="2"/>
             <ClassDef glyph="g22" class="3"/>
diff --git a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_context2_multiple_subrules_f2.ttx.GDEF b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_context2_multiple_subrules_f2.ttx.GDEF
index dba5550..b5c2ac3 100644
--- a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_context2_multiple_subrules_f2.ttx.GDEF
+++ b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_context2_multiple_subrules_f2.ttx.GDEF
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 
   <GDEF>
     <Version value="0x00010000"/>
-    <GlyphClassDef Format="2">
+    <GlyphClassDef>
       <ClassDef glyph="g80" class="1"/>
       <ClassDef glyph="g81" class="1"/>
       <ClassDef glyph="g82" class="1"/>
diff --git a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_context2_multiple_subrules_f2.ttx.GSUB b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_context2_multiple_subrules_f2.ttx.GSUB
index 83d6af5..2252761 100644
--- a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_context2_multiple_subrules_f2.ttx.GSUB
+++ b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_context2_multiple_subrules_f2.ttx.GSUB
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@
         <LookupType value="1"/>
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
-        <SingleSubst index="0" Format="1">
+        <SingleSubst index="0">
           <Substitution in="g20" out="g60"/>
           <Substitution in="g21" out="g61"/>
           <Substitution in="g22" out="g62"/>
@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@
         <LookupType value="4"/>
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
-        <LigatureSubst index="0" Format="1">
+        <LigatureSubst index="0">
           <LigatureSet glyph="g21">
             <Ligature components="g22" glyph="g61"/>
           </LigatureSet>
@@ -58,9 +58,9 @@
       </Lookup>
       <Lookup index="2">
         <LookupType value="4"/>
-        <LookupFlag value="8"/>
+        <LookupFlag value="8"/><!-- ignoreMarks -->
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
-        <LigatureSubst index="0" Format="1">
+        <LigatureSubst index="0">
           <LigatureSet glyph="g21">
             <Ligature components="g22" glyph="g61"/>
           </LigatureSet>
@@ -70,7 +70,7 @@
         <LookupType value="2"/>
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
-        <MultipleSubst index="0" Format="1">
+        <MultipleSubst index="0">
           <Substitution in="g21" out="g61,g62,g63"/>
         </MultipleSubst>
       </Lookup>
@@ -79,10 +79,10 @@
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
         <ContextSubst index="0" Format="2">
-          <Coverage Format="1">
+          <Coverage>
             <Glyph value="g20"/>
           </Coverage>
-          <ClassDef Format="2">
+          <ClassDef>
             <ClassDef glyph="g20" class="1"/>
             <ClassDef glyph="g21" class="2"/>
             <ClassDef glyph="g22" class="3"/>
diff --git a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_context2_next_glyph_f1.ttx.GDEF b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_context2_next_glyph_f1.ttx.GDEF
index dba5550..b5c2ac3 100644
--- a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_context2_next_glyph_f1.ttx.GDEF
+++ b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_context2_next_glyph_f1.ttx.GDEF
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 
   <GDEF>
     <Version value="0x00010000"/>
-    <GlyphClassDef Format="2">
+    <GlyphClassDef>
       <ClassDef glyph="g80" class="1"/>
       <ClassDef glyph="g81" class="1"/>
       <ClassDef glyph="g82" class="1"/>
diff --git a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_context2_next_glyph_f1.ttx.GSUB b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_context2_next_glyph_f1.ttx.GSUB
index 09e9dc9..b78220b 100644
--- a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_context2_next_glyph_f1.ttx.GSUB
+++ b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_context2_next_glyph_f1.ttx.GSUB
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@
         <LookupType value="1"/>
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
-        <SingleSubst index="0" Format="1">
+        <SingleSubst index="0">
           <Substitution in="g20" out="g60"/>
           <Substitution in="g21" out="g61"/>
           <Substitution in="g22" out="g62"/>
@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@
         <LookupType value="4"/>
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
-        <LigatureSubst index="0" Format="1">
+        <LigatureSubst index="0">
           <LigatureSet glyph="g21">
             <Ligature components="g22" glyph="g61"/>
           </LigatureSet>
@@ -58,9 +58,9 @@
       </Lookup>
       <Lookup index="2">
         <LookupType value="4"/>
-        <LookupFlag value="8"/>
+        <LookupFlag value="8"/><!-- ignoreMarks -->
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
-        <LigatureSubst index="0" Format="1">
+        <LigatureSubst index="0">
           <LigatureSet glyph="g21">
             <Ligature components="g22" glyph="g61"/>
           </LigatureSet>
@@ -70,7 +70,7 @@
         <LookupType value="2"/>
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
-        <MultipleSubst index="0" Format="1">
+        <MultipleSubst index="0">
           <Substitution in="g21" out="g61,g62,g63"/>
         </MultipleSubst>
       </Lookup>
@@ -79,10 +79,10 @@
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
         <ContextSubst index="0" Format="2">
-          <Coverage Format="1">
+          <Coverage>
             <Glyph value="g20"/>
           </Coverage>
-          <ClassDef Format="2">
+          <ClassDef>
             <ClassDef glyph="g20" class="1"/>
           </ClassDef>
           <!-- SubClassSetCount=2 -->
diff --git a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_context2_simple_f1.ttx.GDEF b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_context2_simple_f1.ttx.GDEF
index dba5550..b5c2ac3 100644
--- a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_context2_simple_f1.ttx.GDEF
+++ b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_context2_simple_f1.ttx.GDEF
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 
   <GDEF>
     <Version value="0x00010000"/>
-    <GlyphClassDef Format="2">
+    <GlyphClassDef>
       <ClassDef glyph="g80" class="1"/>
       <ClassDef glyph="g81" class="1"/>
       <ClassDef glyph="g82" class="1"/>
diff --git a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_context2_simple_f1.ttx.GSUB b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_context2_simple_f1.ttx.GSUB
index 6bc8a46..35fff94 100644
--- a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_context2_simple_f1.ttx.GSUB
+++ b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_context2_simple_f1.ttx.GSUB
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@
         <LookupType value="1"/>
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
-        <SingleSubst index="0" Format="1">
+        <SingleSubst index="0">
           <Substitution in="g20" out="g60"/>
           <Substitution in="g21" out="g61"/>
           <Substitution in="g22" out="g62"/>
@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@
         <LookupType value="4"/>
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
-        <LigatureSubst index="0" Format="1">
+        <LigatureSubst index="0">
           <LigatureSet glyph="g21">
             <Ligature components="g22" glyph="g61"/>
           </LigatureSet>
@@ -58,9 +58,9 @@
       </Lookup>
       <Lookup index="2">
         <LookupType value="4"/>
-        <LookupFlag value="8"/>
+        <LookupFlag value="8"/><!-- ignoreMarks -->
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
-        <LigatureSubst index="0" Format="1">
+        <LigatureSubst index="0">
           <LigatureSet glyph="g21">
             <Ligature components="g22" glyph="g61"/>
           </LigatureSet>
@@ -70,7 +70,7 @@
         <LookupType value="2"/>
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
-        <MultipleSubst index="0" Format="1">
+        <MultipleSubst index="0">
           <Substitution in="g21" out="g61,g62,g63"/>
         </MultipleSubst>
       </Lookup>
@@ -79,10 +79,10 @@
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
         <ContextSubst index="0" Format="2">
-          <Coverage Format="1">
+          <Coverage>
             <Glyph value="g20"/>
           </Coverage>
-          <ClassDef Format="2">
+          <ClassDef>
             <ClassDef glyph="g20" class="1"/>
             <ClassDef glyph="g21" class="2"/>
             <ClassDef glyph="g22" class="3"/>
diff --git a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_context2_simple_f2.ttx.GDEF b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_context2_simple_f2.ttx.GDEF
index dba5550..b5c2ac3 100644
--- a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_context2_simple_f2.ttx.GDEF
+++ b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_context2_simple_f2.ttx.GDEF
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 
   <GDEF>
     <Version value="0x00010000"/>
-    <GlyphClassDef Format="2">
+    <GlyphClassDef>
       <ClassDef glyph="g80" class="1"/>
       <ClassDef glyph="g81" class="1"/>
       <ClassDef glyph="g82" class="1"/>
diff --git a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_context2_simple_f2.ttx.GSUB b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_context2_simple_f2.ttx.GSUB
index f65bf4d..28ab11e 100644
--- a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_context2_simple_f2.ttx.GSUB
+++ b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_context2_simple_f2.ttx.GSUB
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@
         <LookupType value="1"/>
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
-        <SingleSubst index="0" Format="1">
+        <SingleSubst index="0">
           <Substitution in="g20" out="g60"/>
           <Substitution in="g21" out="g61"/>
           <Substitution in="g22" out="g62"/>
@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@
         <LookupType value="4"/>
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
-        <LigatureSubst index="0" Format="1">
+        <LigatureSubst index="0">
           <LigatureSet glyph="g21">
             <Ligature components="g22" glyph="g61"/>
           </LigatureSet>
@@ -58,9 +58,9 @@
       </Lookup>
       <Lookup index="2">
         <LookupType value="4"/>
-        <LookupFlag value="8"/>
+        <LookupFlag value="8"/><!-- ignoreMarks -->
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
-        <LigatureSubst index="0" Format="1">
+        <LigatureSubst index="0">
           <LigatureSet glyph="g21">
             <Ligature components="g22" glyph="g61"/>
           </LigatureSet>
@@ -70,7 +70,7 @@
         <LookupType value="2"/>
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
-        <MultipleSubst index="0" Format="1">
+        <MultipleSubst index="0">
           <Substitution in="g21" out="g61,g62,g63"/>
         </MultipleSubst>
       </Lookup>
@@ -79,10 +79,10 @@
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
         <ContextSubst index="0" Format="2">
-          <Coverage Format="1">
+          <Coverage>
             <Glyph value="g20"/>
           </Coverage>
-          <ClassDef Format="2">
+          <ClassDef>
             <ClassDef glyph="g20" class="1"/>
           </ClassDef>
           <!-- SubClassSetCount=2 -->
diff --git a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_context2_successive_f1.ttx.GDEF b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_context2_successive_f1.ttx.GDEF
index dba5550..b5c2ac3 100644
--- a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_context2_successive_f1.ttx.GDEF
+++ b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_context2_successive_f1.ttx.GDEF
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 
   <GDEF>
     <Version value="0x00010000"/>
-    <GlyphClassDef Format="2">
+    <GlyphClassDef>
       <ClassDef glyph="g80" class="1"/>
       <ClassDef glyph="g81" class="1"/>
       <ClassDef glyph="g82" class="1"/>
diff --git a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_context2_successive_f1.ttx.GSUB b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_context2_successive_f1.ttx.GSUB
index 3c7e0f9..a364207 100644
--- a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_context2_successive_f1.ttx.GSUB
+++ b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_context2_successive_f1.ttx.GSUB
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@
         <LookupType value="1"/>
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
-        <SingleSubst index="0" Format="1">
+        <SingleSubst index="0">
           <Substitution in="g20" out="g60"/>
           <Substitution in="g21" out="g61"/>
           <Substitution in="g22" out="g62"/>
@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@
         <LookupType value="4"/>
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
-        <LigatureSubst index="0" Format="1">
+        <LigatureSubst index="0">
           <LigatureSet glyph="g21">
             <Ligature components="g22" glyph="g61"/>
           </LigatureSet>
@@ -58,9 +58,9 @@
       </Lookup>
       <Lookup index="2">
         <LookupType value="4"/>
-        <LookupFlag value="8"/>
+        <LookupFlag value="8"/><!-- ignoreMarks -->
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
-        <LigatureSubst index="0" Format="1">
+        <LigatureSubst index="0">
           <LigatureSet glyph="g21">
             <Ligature components="g22" glyph="g61"/>
           </LigatureSet>
@@ -70,7 +70,7 @@
         <LookupType value="2"/>
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
-        <MultipleSubst index="0" Format="1">
+        <MultipleSubst index="0">
           <Substitution in="g21" out="g61,g62,g63"/>
         </MultipleSubst>
       </Lookup>
@@ -79,10 +79,10 @@
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
         <ContextSubst index="0" Format="2">
-          <Coverage Format="1">
+          <Coverage>
             <Glyph value="g20"/>
           </Coverage>
-          <ClassDef Format="2">
+          <ClassDef>
             <ClassDef glyph="g20" class="1"/>
             <ClassDef glyph="g21" class="2"/>
             <ClassDef glyph="g22" class="3"/>
diff --git a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_context3_boundary_f1.ttx.GDEF b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_context3_boundary_f1.ttx.GDEF
index dba5550..b5c2ac3 100644
--- a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_context3_boundary_f1.ttx.GDEF
+++ b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_context3_boundary_f1.ttx.GDEF
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 
   <GDEF>
     <Version value="0x00010000"/>
-    <GlyphClassDef Format="2">
+    <GlyphClassDef>
       <ClassDef glyph="g80" class="1"/>
       <ClassDef glyph="g81" class="1"/>
       <ClassDef glyph="g82" class="1"/>
diff --git a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_context3_boundary_f1.ttx.GSUB b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_context3_boundary_f1.ttx.GSUB
index 843e88d..9a73fac 100644
--- a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_context3_boundary_f1.ttx.GSUB
+++ b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_context3_boundary_f1.ttx.GSUB
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@
         <LookupType value="1"/>
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
-        <SingleSubst index="0" Format="1">
+        <SingleSubst index="0">
           <Substitution in="g20" out="g60"/>
           <Substitution in="g21" out="g61"/>
           <Substitution in="g22" out="g62"/>
@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@
         <LookupType value="4"/>
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
-        <LigatureSubst index="0" Format="1">
+        <LigatureSubst index="0">
           <LigatureSet glyph="g21">
             <Ligature components="g22" glyph="g61"/>
           </LigatureSet>
@@ -58,9 +58,9 @@
       </Lookup>
       <Lookup index="2">
         <LookupType value="4"/>
-        <LookupFlag value="8"/>
+        <LookupFlag value="8"/><!-- ignoreMarks -->
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
-        <LigatureSubst index="0" Format="1">
+        <LigatureSubst index="0">
           <LigatureSet glyph="g21">
             <Ligature components="g22" glyph="g61"/>
           </LigatureSet>
@@ -70,7 +70,7 @@
         <LookupType value="2"/>
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
-        <MultipleSubst index="0" Format="1">
+        <MultipleSubst index="0">
           <Substitution in="g21" out="g61,g62,g63"/>
         </MultipleSubst>
       </Lookup>
@@ -81,10 +81,10 @@
         <ContextSubst index="0" Format="3">
           <!-- GlyphCount=2 -->
           <!-- SubstCount=0 -->
-          <Coverage index="0" Format="1">
+          <Coverage index="0">
             <Glyph value="g20"/>
           </Coverage>
-          <Coverage index="1" Format="1">
+          <Coverage index="1">
             <Glyph value="g20"/>
           </Coverage>
         </ContextSubst>
diff --git a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_context3_boundary_f2.ttx.GDEF b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_context3_boundary_f2.ttx.GDEF
index dba5550..b5c2ac3 100644
--- a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_context3_boundary_f2.ttx.GDEF
+++ b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_context3_boundary_f2.ttx.GDEF
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 
   <GDEF>
     <Version value="0x00010000"/>
-    <GlyphClassDef Format="2">
+    <GlyphClassDef>
       <ClassDef glyph="g80" class="1"/>
       <ClassDef glyph="g81" class="1"/>
       <ClassDef glyph="g82" class="1"/>
diff --git a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_context3_boundary_f2.ttx.GSUB b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_context3_boundary_f2.ttx.GSUB
index cba8c31..d45e67b 100644
--- a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_context3_boundary_f2.ttx.GSUB
+++ b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_context3_boundary_f2.ttx.GSUB
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@
         <LookupType value="1"/>
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
-        <SingleSubst index="0" Format="1">
+        <SingleSubst index="0">
           <Substitution in="g20" out="g60"/>
           <Substitution in="g21" out="g61"/>
           <Substitution in="g22" out="g62"/>
@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@
         <LookupType value="4"/>
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
-        <LigatureSubst index="0" Format="1">
+        <LigatureSubst index="0">
           <LigatureSet glyph="g21">
             <Ligature components="g22" glyph="g61"/>
           </LigatureSet>
@@ -58,9 +58,9 @@
       </Lookup>
       <Lookup index="2">
         <LookupType value="4"/>
-        <LookupFlag value="8"/>
+        <LookupFlag value="8"/><!-- ignoreMarks -->
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
-        <LigatureSubst index="0" Format="1">
+        <LigatureSubst index="0">
           <LigatureSet glyph="g21">
             <Ligature components="g22" glyph="g61"/>
           </LigatureSet>
@@ -70,7 +70,7 @@
         <LookupType value="2"/>
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
-        <MultipleSubst index="0" Format="1">
+        <MultipleSubst index="0">
           <Substitution in="g21" out="g61,g62,g63"/>
         </MultipleSubst>
       </Lookup>
@@ -81,7 +81,7 @@
         <ContextSubst index="0" Format="3">
           <!-- GlyphCount=1 -->
           <!-- SubstCount=1 -->
-          <Coverage index="0" Format="1">
+          <Coverage index="0">
             <Glyph value="g20"/>
           </Coverage>
           <SubstLookupRecord index="0">
diff --git a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_context3_lookupflag_f1.ttx.GDEF b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_context3_lookupflag_f1.ttx.GDEF
index dba5550..b5c2ac3 100644
--- a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_context3_lookupflag_f1.ttx.GDEF
+++ b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_context3_lookupflag_f1.ttx.GDEF
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 
   <GDEF>
     <Version value="0x00010000"/>
-    <GlyphClassDef Format="2">
+    <GlyphClassDef>
       <ClassDef glyph="g80" class="1"/>
       <ClassDef glyph="g81" class="1"/>
       <ClassDef glyph="g82" class="1"/>
diff --git a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_context3_lookupflag_f1.ttx.GSUB b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_context3_lookupflag_f1.ttx.GSUB
index d485a04..90b53f4 100644
--- a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_context3_lookupflag_f1.ttx.GSUB
+++ b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_context3_lookupflag_f1.ttx.GSUB
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@
         <LookupType value="1"/>
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
-        <SingleSubst index="0" Format="1">
+        <SingleSubst index="0">
           <Substitution in="g20" out="g60"/>
           <Substitution in="g21" out="g61"/>
           <Substitution in="g22" out="g62"/>
@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@
         <LookupType value="4"/>
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
-        <LigatureSubst index="0" Format="1">
+        <LigatureSubst index="0">
           <LigatureSet glyph="g21">
             <Ligature components="g22" glyph="g61"/>
           </LigatureSet>
@@ -58,9 +58,9 @@
       </Lookup>
       <Lookup index="2">
         <LookupType value="4"/>
-        <LookupFlag value="8"/>
+        <LookupFlag value="8"/><!-- ignoreMarks -->
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
-        <LigatureSubst index="0" Format="1">
+        <LigatureSubst index="0">
           <LigatureSet glyph="g21">
             <Ligature components="g22" glyph="g61"/>
           </LigatureSet>
@@ -70,24 +70,24 @@
         <LookupType value="2"/>
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
-        <MultipleSubst index="0" Format="1">
+        <MultipleSubst index="0">
           <Substitution in="g21" out="g61,g62,g63"/>
         </MultipleSubst>
       </Lookup>
       <Lookup index="4">
         <LookupType value="5"/>
-        <LookupFlag value="8"/>
+        <LookupFlag value="8"/><!-- ignoreMarks -->
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
         <ContextSubst index="0" Format="3">
           <!-- GlyphCount=3 -->
           <!-- SubstCount=3 -->
-          <Coverage index="0" Format="1">
+          <Coverage index="0">
             <Glyph value="g20"/>
           </Coverage>
-          <Coverage index="1" Format="1">
+          <Coverage index="1">
             <Glyph value="g21"/>
           </Coverage>
-          <Coverage index="2" Format="1">
+          <Coverage index="2">
             <Glyph value="g22"/>
           </Coverage>
           <SubstLookupRecord index="0">
diff --git a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_context3_lookupflag_f2.ttx.GDEF b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_context3_lookupflag_f2.ttx.GDEF
index dba5550..b5c2ac3 100644
--- a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_context3_lookupflag_f2.ttx.GDEF
+++ b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_context3_lookupflag_f2.ttx.GDEF
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 
   <GDEF>
     <Version value="0x00010000"/>
-    <GlyphClassDef Format="2">
+    <GlyphClassDef>
       <ClassDef glyph="g80" class="1"/>
       <ClassDef glyph="g81" class="1"/>
       <ClassDef glyph="g82" class="1"/>
diff --git a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_context3_lookupflag_f2.ttx.GSUB b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_context3_lookupflag_f2.ttx.GSUB
index 016350f..a82c3c0 100644
--- a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_context3_lookupflag_f2.ttx.GSUB
+++ b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_context3_lookupflag_f2.ttx.GSUB
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@
         <LookupType value="1"/>
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
-        <SingleSubst index="0" Format="1">
+        <SingleSubst index="0">
           <Substitution in="g20" out="g60"/>
           <Substitution in="g21" out="g61"/>
           <Substitution in="g22" out="g62"/>
@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@
         <LookupType value="4"/>
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
-        <LigatureSubst index="0" Format="1">
+        <LigatureSubst index="0">
           <LigatureSet glyph="g21">
             <Ligature components="g22" glyph="g61"/>
           </LigatureSet>
@@ -58,9 +58,9 @@
       </Lookup>
       <Lookup index="2">
         <LookupType value="4"/>
-        <LookupFlag value="8"/>
+        <LookupFlag value="8"/><!-- ignoreMarks -->
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
-        <LigatureSubst index="0" Format="1">
+        <LigatureSubst index="0">
           <LigatureSet glyph="g21">
             <Ligature components="g22" glyph="g61"/>
           </LigatureSet>
@@ -70,24 +70,24 @@
         <LookupType value="2"/>
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
-        <MultipleSubst index="0" Format="1">
+        <MultipleSubst index="0">
           <Substitution in="g21" out="g61,g62,g63"/>
         </MultipleSubst>
       </Lookup>
       <Lookup index="4">
         <LookupType value="5"/>
-        <LookupFlag value="8"/>
+        <LookupFlag value="8"/><!-- ignoreMarks -->
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
         <ContextSubst index="0" Format="3">
           <!-- GlyphCount=3 -->
           <!-- SubstCount=1 -->
-          <Coverage index="0" Format="1">
+          <Coverage index="0">
             <Glyph value="g20"/>
           </Coverage>
-          <Coverage index="1" Format="1">
+          <Coverage index="1">
             <Glyph value="g21"/>
           </Coverage>
-          <Coverage index="2" Format="1">
+          <Coverage index="2">
             <Glyph value="g22"/>
           </Coverage>
           <SubstLookupRecord index="0">
diff --git a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_context3_next_glyph_f1.ttx.GDEF b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_context3_next_glyph_f1.ttx.GDEF
index dba5550..b5c2ac3 100644
--- a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_context3_next_glyph_f1.ttx.GDEF
+++ b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_context3_next_glyph_f1.ttx.GDEF
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 
   <GDEF>
     <Version value="0x00010000"/>
-    <GlyphClassDef Format="2">
+    <GlyphClassDef>
       <ClassDef glyph="g80" class="1"/>
       <ClassDef glyph="g81" class="1"/>
       <ClassDef glyph="g82" class="1"/>
diff --git a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_context3_next_glyph_f1.ttx.GSUB b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_context3_next_glyph_f1.ttx.GSUB
index 10fcba5..a4f5add 100644
--- a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_context3_next_glyph_f1.ttx.GSUB
+++ b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_context3_next_glyph_f1.ttx.GSUB
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@
         <LookupType value="1"/>
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
-        <SingleSubst index="0" Format="1">
+        <SingleSubst index="0">
           <Substitution in="g20" out="g60"/>
           <Substitution in="g21" out="g61"/>
           <Substitution in="g22" out="g62"/>
@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@
         <LookupType value="4"/>
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
-        <LigatureSubst index="0" Format="1">
+        <LigatureSubst index="0">
           <LigatureSet glyph="g21">
             <Ligature components="g22" glyph="g61"/>
           </LigatureSet>
@@ -58,9 +58,9 @@
       </Lookup>
       <Lookup index="2">
         <LookupType value="4"/>
-        <LookupFlag value="8"/>
+        <LookupFlag value="8"/><!-- ignoreMarks -->
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
-        <LigatureSubst index="0" Format="1">
+        <LigatureSubst index="0">
           <LigatureSet glyph="g21">
             <Ligature components="g22" glyph="g61"/>
           </LigatureSet>
@@ -70,7 +70,7 @@
         <LookupType value="2"/>
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
-        <MultipleSubst index="0" Format="1">
+        <MultipleSubst index="0">
           <Substitution in="g21" out="g61,g62,g63"/>
         </MultipleSubst>
       </Lookup>
@@ -81,10 +81,10 @@
         <ContextSubst index="0" Format="3">
           <!-- GlyphCount=2 -->
           <!-- SubstCount=1 -->
-          <Coverage index="0" Format="1">
+          <Coverage index="0">
             <Glyph value="g20"/>
           </Coverage>
-          <Coverage index="1" Format="1">
+          <Coverage index="1">
             <Glyph value="g20"/>
           </Coverage>
           <SubstLookupRecord index="0">
diff --git a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_context3_simple_f1.ttx.GDEF b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_context3_simple_f1.ttx.GDEF
index dba5550..b5c2ac3 100644
--- a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_context3_simple_f1.ttx.GDEF
+++ b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_context3_simple_f1.ttx.GDEF
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 
   <GDEF>
     <Version value="0x00010000"/>
-    <GlyphClassDef Format="2">
+    <GlyphClassDef>
       <ClassDef glyph="g80" class="1"/>
       <ClassDef glyph="g81" class="1"/>
       <ClassDef glyph="g82" class="1"/>
diff --git a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_context3_simple_f1.ttx.GSUB b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_context3_simple_f1.ttx.GSUB
index 93f4bdd..15d6c08 100644
--- a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_context3_simple_f1.ttx.GSUB
+++ b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_context3_simple_f1.ttx.GSUB
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@
         <LookupType value="1"/>
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
-        <SingleSubst index="0" Format="1">
+        <SingleSubst index="0">
           <Substitution in="g20" out="g60"/>
           <Substitution in="g21" out="g61"/>
           <Substitution in="g22" out="g62"/>
@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@
         <LookupType value="4"/>
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
-        <LigatureSubst index="0" Format="1">
+        <LigatureSubst index="0">
           <LigatureSet glyph="g21">
             <Ligature components="g22" glyph="g61"/>
           </LigatureSet>
@@ -58,9 +58,9 @@
       </Lookup>
       <Lookup index="2">
         <LookupType value="4"/>
-        <LookupFlag value="8"/>
+        <LookupFlag value="8"/><!-- ignoreMarks -->
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
-        <LigatureSubst index="0" Format="1">
+        <LigatureSubst index="0">
           <LigatureSet glyph="g21">
             <Ligature components="g22" glyph="g61"/>
           </LigatureSet>
@@ -70,7 +70,7 @@
         <LookupType value="2"/>
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
-        <MultipleSubst index="0" Format="1">
+        <MultipleSubst index="0">
           <Substitution in="g21" out="g61,g62,g63"/>
         </MultipleSubst>
       </Lookup>
@@ -81,13 +81,13 @@
         <ContextSubst index="0" Format="3">
           <!-- GlyphCount=3 -->
           <!-- SubstCount=3 -->
-          <Coverage index="0" Format="1">
+          <Coverage index="0">
             <Glyph value="g20"/>
           </Coverage>
-          <Coverage index="1" Format="1">
+          <Coverage index="1">
             <Glyph value="g21"/>
           </Coverage>
-          <Coverage index="2" Format="1">
+          <Coverage index="2">
             <Glyph value="g22"/>
           </Coverage>
           <SubstLookupRecord index="0">
diff --git a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_context3_successive_f1.ttx.GDEF b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_context3_successive_f1.ttx.GDEF
index dba5550..b5c2ac3 100644
--- a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_context3_successive_f1.ttx.GDEF
+++ b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_context3_successive_f1.ttx.GDEF
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 
   <GDEF>
     <Version value="0x00010000"/>
-    <GlyphClassDef Format="2">
+    <GlyphClassDef>
       <ClassDef glyph="g80" class="1"/>
       <ClassDef glyph="g81" class="1"/>
       <ClassDef glyph="g82" class="1"/>
diff --git a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_context3_successive_f1.ttx.GSUB b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_context3_successive_f1.ttx.GSUB
index 73e3567..6558c69 100644
--- a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_context3_successive_f1.ttx.GSUB
+++ b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/gsub_context3_successive_f1.ttx.GSUB
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@
         <LookupType value="1"/>
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
-        <SingleSubst index="0" Format="1">
+        <SingleSubst index="0">
           <Substitution in="g20" out="g60"/>
           <Substitution in="g21" out="g61"/>
           <Substitution in="g22" out="g62"/>
@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@
         <LookupType value="4"/>
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
-        <LigatureSubst index="0" Format="1">
+        <LigatureSubst index="0">
           <LigatureSet glyph="g21">
             <Ligature components="g22" glyph="g61"/>
           </LigatureSet>
@@ -58,9 +58,9 @@
       </Lookup>
       <Lookup index="2">
         <LookupType value="4"/>
-        <LookupFlag value="8"/>
+        <LookupFlag value="8"/><!-- ignoreMarks -->
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
-        <LigatureSubst index="0" Format="1">
+        <LigatureSubst index="0">
           <LigatureSet glyph="g21">
             <Ligature components="g22" glyph="g61"/>
           </LigatureSet>
@@ -70,7 +70,7 @@
         <LookupType value="2"/>
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
-        <MultipleSubst index="0" Format="1">
+        <MultipleSubst index="0">
           <Substitution in="g21" out="g61,g62,g63"/>
         </MultipleSubst>
       </Lookup>
@@ -81,16 +81,16 @@
         <ContextSubst index="0" Format="3">
           <!-- GlyphCount=4 -->
           <!-- SubstCount=2 -->
-          <Coverage index="0" Format="1">
+          <Coverage index="0">
             <Glyph value="g20"/>
           </Coverage>
-          <Coverage index="1" Format="1">
+          <Coverage index="1">
             <Glyph value="g21"/>
           </Coverage>
-          <Coverage index="2" Format="1">
+          <Coverage index="2">
             <Glyph value="g22"/>
           </Coverage>
-          <Coverage index="3" Format="1">
+          <Coverage index="3">
             <Glyph value="g23"/>
           </Coverage>
           <SubstLookupRecord index="0">
diff --git a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/lookupflag_ignore_attach_f1.ttx.GDEF b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/lookupflag_ignore_attach_f1.ttx.GDEF
index 802351a..736e2d8 100644
--- a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/lookupflag_ignore_attach_f1.ttx.GDEF
+++ b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/lookupflag_ignore_attach_f1.ttx.GDEF
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 
   <GDEF>
     <Version value="0x00010000"/>
-    <GlyphClassDef Format="2">
+    <GlyphClassDef>
       <ClassDef glyph="g10" class="1"/>
       <ClassDef glyph="g11" class="1"/>
       <ClassDef glyph="g12" class="1"/>
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@
       <ClassDef glyph="g28" class="3"/>
       <ClassDef glyph="g29" class="3"/>
     </GlyphClassDef>
-    <MarkAttachClassDef Format="2">
+    <MarkAttachClassDef>
       <ClassDef glyph="g20" class="1"/>
       <ClassDef glyph="g21" class="1"/>
       <ClassDef glyph="g22" class="1"/>
diff --git a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/lookupflag_ignore_attach_f1.ttx.GSUB b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/lookupflag_ignore_attach_f1.ttx.GSUB
index f8064cb..42876ea 100644
--- a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/lookupflag_ignore_attach_f1.ttx.GSUB
+++ b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/lookupflag_ignore_attach_f1.ttx.GSUB
@@ -31,9 +31,9 @@
       <!-- LookupCount=1 -->
       <Lookup index="0">
         <LookupType value="4"/>
-        <LookupFlag value="512"/>
+        <LookupFlag value="512"/><!-- markAttachmentType[2] -->
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
-        <LigatureSubst index="0" Format="1">
+        <LigatureSubst index="0">
           <LigatureSet glyph="g11">
             <Ligature components="g13,g26" glyph="g15"/>
           </LigatureSet>
diff --git a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/lookupflag_ignore_base_f1.ttx.GDEF b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/lookupflag_ignore_base_f1.ttx.GDEF
index 2b0a686..c6abc87 100644
--- a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/lookupflag_ignore_base_f1.ttx.GDEF
+++ b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/lookupflag_ignore_base_f1.ttx.GDEF
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 
   <GDEF>
     <Version value="0x00010000"/>
-    <GlyphClassDef Format="2">
+    <GlyphClassDef>
       <ClassDef glyph="g24" class="1"/>
       <ClassDef glyph="g25" class="1"/>
     </GlyphClassDef>
diff --git a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/lookupflag_ignore_base_f1.ttx.GSUB b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/lookupflag_ignore_base_f1.ttx.GSUB
index 0982ef6..7dc3472 100644
--- a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/lookupflag_ignore_base_f1.ttx.GSUB
+++ b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/lookupflag_ignore_base_f1.ttx.GSUB
@@ -31,9 +31,9 @@
       <!-- LookupCount=1 -->
       <Lookup index="0">
         <LookupType value="4"/>
-        <LookupFlag value="2"/>
+        <LookupFlag value="2"/><!-- ignoreBaseGlyphs -->
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
-        <LigatureSubst index="0" Format="1">
+        <LigatureSubst index="0">
           <LigatureSet glyph="g18">
             <Ligature components="g19,g20" glyph="g23"/>
           </LigatureSet>
diff --git a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/lookupflag_ignore_combination_f1.ttx.GDEF b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/lookupflag_ignore_combination_f1.ttx.GDEF
index b67d75e..e81490b 100644
--- a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/lookupflag_ignore_combination_f1.ttx.GDEF
+++ b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/lookupflag_ignore_combination_f1.ttx.GDEF
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 
   <GDEF>
     <Version value="0x00010000"/>
-    <GlyphClassDef Format="2">
+    <GlyphClassDef>
       <ClassDef glyph="g24" class="1"/>
       <ClassDef glyph="g25" class="1"/>
       <ClassDef glyph="g26" class="1"/>
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@
       <ClassDef glyph="g31" class="3"/>
       <ClassDef glyph="g32" class="3"/>
     </GlyphClassDef>
-    <MarkAttachClassDef Format="2">
+    <MarkAttachClassDef>
       <ClassDef glyph="g25" class="1"/>
       <ClassDef glyph="g26" class="2"/>
       <ClassDef glyph="g28" class="1"/>
diff --git a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/lookupflag_ignore_combination_f1.ttx.GSUB b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/lookupflag_ignore_combination_f1.ttx.GSUB
index 95047b3..ffdc2ae 100644
--- a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/lookupflag_ignore_combination_f1.ttx.GSUB
+++ b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/lookupflag_ignore_combination_f1.ttx.GSUB
@@ -31,9 +31,9 @@
       <!-- LookupCount=1 -->
       <Lookup index="0">
         <LookupType value="4"/>
-        <LookupFlag value="514"/>
+        <LookupFlag value="514"/><!-- ignoreBaseGlyphs markAttachmentType[2] -->
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
-        <LigatureSubst index="0" Format="1">
+        <LigatureSubst index="0">
           <LigatureSet glyph="g18">
             <Ligature components="g19,g20" glyph="g23"/>
           </LigatureSet>
diff --git a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/lookupflag_ignore_ligatures_f1.ttx.GDEF b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/lookupflag_ignore_ligatures_f1.ttx.GDEF
index 19aa7aa..b914431 100644
--- a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/lookupflag_ignore_ligatures_f1.ttx.GDEF
+++ b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/lookupflag_ignore_ligatures_f1.ttx.GDEF
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 
   <GDEF>
     <Version value="0x00010000"/>
-    <GlyphClassDef Format="2">
+    <GlyphClassDef>
       <ClassDef glyph="g24" class="1"/>
       <ClassDef glyph="g25" class="1"/>
       <ClassDef glyph="g26" class="2"/>
diff --git a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/lookupflag_ignore_ligatures_f1.ttx.GSUB b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/lookupflag_ignore_ligatures_f1.ttx.GSUB
index 3bc1e8d..db7fcc0 100644
--- a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/lookupflag_ignore_ligatures_f1.ttx.GSUB
+++ b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/lookupflag_ignore_ligatures_f1.ttx.GSUB
@@ -31,9 +31,9 @@
       <!-- LookupCount=1 -->
       <Lookup index="0">
         <LookupType value="4"/>
-        <LookupFlag value="4"/>
+        <LookupFlag value="4"/><!-- ignoreLigatures -->
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
-        <LigatureSubst index="0" Format="1">
+        <LigatureSubst index="0">
           <LigatureSet glyph="g18">
             <Ligature components="g19,g20" glyph="g23"/>
           </LigatureSet>
diff --git a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/lookupflag_ignore_marks_f1.ttx.GDEF b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/lookupflag_ignore_marks_f1.ttx.GDEF
index 19aa7aa..b914431 100644
--- a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/lookupflag_ignore_marks_f1.ttx.GDEF
+++ b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/lookupflag_ignore_marks_f1.ttx.GDEF
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 
   <GDEF>
     <Version value="0x00010000"/>
-    <GlyphClassDef Format="2">
+    <GlyphClassDef>
       <ClassDef glyph="g24" class="1"/>
       <ClassDef glyph="g25" class="1"/>
       <ClassDef glyph="g26" class="2"/>
diff --git a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/lookupflag_ignore_marks_f1.ttx.GSUB b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/lookupflag_ignore_marks_f1.ttx.GSUB
index 28b4682..b3fd500 100644
--- a/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/lookupflag_ignore_marks_f1.ttx.GSUB
+++ b/Tests/ttLib/tables/data/aots/lookupflag_ignore_marks_f1.ttx.GSUB
@@ -31,9 +31,9 @@
       <!-- LookupCount=1 -->
       <Lookup index="0">
         <LookupType value="4"/>
-        <LookupFlag value="8"/>
+        <LookupFlag value="8"/><!-- ignoreMarks -->
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
-        <LigatureSubst index="0" Format="1">
+        <LigatureSubst index="0">
           <LigatureSet glyph="g18">
             <Ligature components="g19,g20" glyph="g23"/>
           </LigatureSet>
diff --git a/Tests/ttLib/tables/otBase_test.py b/Tests/ttLib/tables/otBase_test.py
index f1fa5b0..ce0416e 100644
--- a/Tests/ttLib/tables/otBase_test.py
+++ b/Tests/ttLib/tables/otBase_test.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import print_function, division, absolute_import
-from fontTools.misc.py23 import *
 from fontTools.misc.textTools import deHexStr
 from fontTools.ttLib.tables.otBase import OTTableReader, OTTableWriter
 import unittest
diff --git a/Tests/ttLib/tables/otConverters_test.py b/Tests/ttLib/tables/otConverters_test.py
index 7f76d71..1aff03b 100644
--- a/Tests/ttLib/tables/otConverters_test.py
+++ b/Tests/ttLib/tables/otConverters_test.py
@@ -1,7 +1,3 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import print_function, division, absolute_import, \
-    unicode_literals
-from fontTools.misc.py23 import *
 from fontTools.misc.loggingTools import CapturingLogHandler
 from fontTools.misc.testTools import FakeFont, makeXMLWriter
 from fontTools.misc.textTools import deHexStr
@@ -114,6 +110,7 @@
     def makeFont(self):
         nameTable = newTable('name')
         nameTable.setName(u"Demibold Condensed", 0x123, 3, 0, 0x409)
+        nameTable.setName(u"Copyright 2018", 0, 3, 0, 0x409)
         return {"name": nameTable}
 
     def test_read(self):
@@ -148,6 +145,14 @@
             '<Entity attrib="val"'
             ' value="666"/>  <!-- missing from name table -->')
 
+    def test_xmlWrite_NULL(self):
+        writer = makeXMLWriter()
+        self.converter.xmlWrite(writer, self.makeFont(), 0,
+                                "FooNameID", [("attr", "val")])
+        xml = writer.file.getvalue().decode("utf-8").rstrip()
+        self.assertEqual(
+            xml, '<FooNameID attr="val" value="0"/>')
+
 
 class UInt8Test(unittest.TestCase):
     font = FakeFont([])
diff --git a/Tests/ttLib/tables/otTables_test.py b/Tests/ttLib/tables/otTables_test.py
index e02b22f..b169776 100644
--- a/Tests/ttLib/tables/otTables_test.py
+++ b/Tests/ttLib/tables/otTables_test.py
@@ -1,11 +1,9 @@
-# coding: utf-8
-from __future__ import print_function, division, absolute_import, unicode_literals
-from fontTools.misc.py23 import *
 from fontTools.misc.testTools import getXML, parseXML, FakeFont
 from fontTools.misc.textTools import deHexStr, hexStr
 from fontTools.misc.xmlWriter import XMLWriter
 from fontTools.ttLib.tables.otBase import OTTableReader, OTTableWriter
 import fontTools.ttLib.tables.otTables as otTables
+from io import StringIO
 import unittest
 
 
@@ -166,11 +164,11 @@
                          {'c_t': ['c', 't'], 'f_f_i': ['f', 'f', 'i']})
 
     def test_fromXML_oldFormat_bug385(self):
-        # https://github.com/behdad/fonttools/issues/385
+        # https://github.com/fonttools/fonttools/issues/385
         table = otTables.MultipleSubst()
         table.Format = 1
         for name, attrs, content in parseXML(
-                '<Coverage Format="1">'
+                '<Coverage>'
                 '  <Glyph value="o"/>'
                 '  <Glyph value="l"/>'
                 '</Coverage>'
@@ -383,6 +381,10 @@
         r.compile(writer, self.font, actionIndex=None)
         self.assertEqual(hexStr(writer.getAllData()), "1234fffd")
 
+    def testCompileActions(self):
+        act = otTables.RearrangementMorphAction()
+        self.assertEqual(act.compileActions(self.font, []), (None, None))
+
     def testDecompileToXML(self):
         r = otTables.RearrangementMorphAction()
         r.decompile(OTTableReader(deHexStr("1234fffd")),
@@ -411,6 +413,10 @@
         a.compile(writer, self.font, actionIndex=None)
         self.assertEqual(hexStr(writer.getAllData()), "1234f117deadbeef")
 
+    def testCompileActions(self):
+        act = otTables.ContextualMorphAction()
+        self.assertEqual(act.compileActions(self.font, []), (None, None))
+
     def testDecompileToXML(self):
         a = otTables.ContextualMorphAction()
         a.decompile(OTTableReader(deHexStr("1234f117deadbeef")),
@@ -447,6 +453,32 @@
                 '</Transition>',
         ])
 
+    def testCompileActions_empty(self):
+        act = otTables.LigatureMorphAction()
+        actions, actionIndex = act.compileActions(self.font, [])
+        self.assertEqual(actions, b'')
+        self.assertEqual(actionIndex, {})
+
+    def testCompileActions_shouldShareSubsequences(self):
+        state = otTables.AATState()
+        t = state.Transitions = {i: otTables.LigatureMorphAction()
+                                 for i in range(3)}
+        ligs = [otTables.LigAction() for _ in range(3)]
+        for i, lig in enumerate(ligs):
+            lig.GlyphIndexDelta = i
+        t[0].Actions = ligs[1:2]
+        t[1].Actions = ligs[0:3]
+        t[2].Actions = ligs[1:3]
+        actions, actionIndex = t[0].compileActions(self.font, [state])
+        self.assertEqual(actions,
+                         deHexStr("00000000 00000001 80000002 80000001"))
+        self.assertEqual(actionIndex, {
+            deHexStr("00000000 00000001 80000002"): 0,
+            deHexStr("00000001 80000002"): 1,
+            deHexStr("80000002"): 2,
+            deHexStr("80000001"): 3,
+        })
+
 
 class InsertionMorphActionTest(unittest.TestCase):
     MORPH_ACTION_XML = [
@@ -480,10 +512,180 @@
         for name, attrs, content in parseXML(self.MORPH_ACTION_XML):
             a.fromXML(name, attrs, content, self.font)
         writer = OTTableWriter()
-        a.compile(writer, self.font,
-	          actionIndex={('B', 'C'): 9, ('B', 'A', 'D'): 7})
+        a.compile(
+            writer,
+            self.font,
+            actionIndex={('B', 'C'): 9, ('B', 'A', 'D'): 7},
+        )
         self.assertEqual(hexStr(writer.getAllData()), "1234fc4300090007")
 
+    def testCompileActions_empty(self):
+        act = otTables.InsertionMorphAction()
+        actions, actionIndex = act.compileActions(self.font, [])
+        self.assertEqual(actions, b'')
+        self.assertEqual(actionIndex, {})
+
+    def testCompileActions_shouldShareSubsequences(self):
+        state = otTables.AATState()
+        t = state.Transitions = {i: otTables.InsertionMorphAction()
+                                 for i in range(3)}
+        t[1].CurrentInsertionAction = []
+        t[0].MarkedInsertionAction = ['A']
+        t[1].CurrentInsertionAction = ['C', 'D']
+        t[1].MarkedInsertionAction = ['B']
+        t[2].CurrentInsertionAction = ['B', 'C', 'D']
+        t[2].MarkedInsertionAction = ['C', 'D']
+        actions, actionIndex = t[0].compileActions(self.font, [state])
+        self.assertEqual(actions, deHexStr('0002 0003 0004 0001'))
+        self.assertEqual(actionIndex, {
+            ('A',): 3,
+            ('B',): 0,
+            ('B', 'C'): 0,
+            ('B', 'C', 'D'): 0,
+            ('C',): 1,
+            ('C', 'D'): 1,
+            ('D',): 2,
+        })
+
+
+class SplitMultipleSubstTest:
+    def overflow(self, itemName, itemRecord):
+        from fontTools.otlLib.builder import buildMultipleSubstSubtable
+        from fontTools.ttLib.tables.otBase import OverflowErrorRecord
+
+        oldSubTable = buildMultipleSubstSubtable({'e': 1, 'a': 2, 'b': 3, 'c': 4, 'd': 5})
+        newSubTable = otTables.MultipleSubst()
+
+        ok = otTables.splitMultipleSubst(oldSubTable, newSubTable, OverflowErrorRecord((None, None, None, itemName, itemRecord)))
+
+        assert ok
+        return oldSubTable.mapping, newSubTable.mapping
+
+    def test_Coverage(self):
+        oldMapping, newMapping = self.overflow('Coverage', None)
+        assert oldMapping == {'a': 2, 'b': 3}
+        assert newMapping == {'c': 4, 'd': 5, 'e': 1}
+
+    def test_RangeRecord(self):
+        oldMapping, newMapping = self.overflow('RangeRecord', None)
+        assert oldMapping == {'a': 2, 'b': 3}
+        assert newMapping == {'c': 4, 'd': 5, 'e': 1}
+
+    def test_Sequence(self):
+        oldMapping, newMapping = self.overflow('Sequence', 4)
+        assert oldMapping == {'a': 2, 'b': 3,'c': 4}
+        assert newMapping == {'d': 5, 'e': 1}
+
+
+def test_splitMarkBasePos():
+    from fontTools.otlLib.builder import buildAnchor, buildMarkBasePosSubtable
+
+    marks = {
+        "acutecomb": (0, buildAnchor(0, 600)),
+        "gravecomb": (0, buildAnchor(0, 590)),
+        "cedillacomb": (1, buildAnchor(0, 0)),
+    }
+    bases = {
+        "a": {
+            0: buildAnchor(350, 500),
+            1: None,
+        },
+        "c": {
+            0: buildAnchor(300, 700),
+            1: buildAnchor(300, 0),
+        },
+    }
+    glyphOrder = ["a", "c", "acutecomb", "gravecomb", "cedillacomb"]
+    glyphMap = {g: i for i, g in enumerate(glyphOrder)}
+
+    oldSubTable = buildMarkBasePosSubtable(marks, bases, glyphMap)
+    newSubTable = otTables.MarkBasePos()
+
+    ok = otTables.splitMarkBasePos(oldSubTable, newSubTable, overflowRecord=None)
+
+    assert ok
+
+    assert getXML(oldSubTable.toXML) == [
+        '<MarkBasePos Format="1">',
+        '  <MarkCoverage>',
+        '    <Glyph value="acutecomb"/>',
+        '    <Glyph value="gravecomb"/>',
+        '  </MarkCoverage>',
+        '  <BaseCoverage>',
+        '    <Glyph value="a"/>',
+        '    <Glyph value="c"/>',
+        '  </BaseCoverage>',
+        '  <!-- ClassCount=1 -->',
+        '  <MarkArray>',
+        '    <!-- MarkCount=2 -->',
+        '    <MarkRecord index="0">',
+        '      <Class value="0"/>',
+        '      <MarkAnchor Format="1">',
+        '        <XCoordinate value="0"/>',
+        '        <YCoordinate value="600"/>',
+        '      </MarkAnchor>',
+        '    </MarkRecord>',
+        '    <MarkRecord index="1">',
+        '      <Class value="0"/>',
+        '      <MarkAnchor Format="1">',
+        '        <XCoordinate value="0"/>',
+        '        <YCoordinate value="590"/>',
+        '      </MarkAnchor>',
+        '    </MarkRecord>',
+        '  </MarkArray>',
+        '  <BaseArray>',
+        '    <!-- BaseCount=2 -->',
+        '    <BaseRecord index="0">',
+        '      <BaseAnchor index="0" Format="1">',
+        '        <XCoordinate value="350"/>',
+        '        <YCoordinate value="500"/>',
+        '      </BaseAnchor>',
+        '    </BaseRecord>',
+        '    <BaseRecord index="1">',
+        '      <BaseAnchor index="0" Format="1">',
+        '        <XCoordinate value="300"/>',
+        '        <YCoordinate value="700"/>',
+        '      </BaseAnchor>',
+        '    </BaseRecord>',
+        '  </BaseArray>',
+        '</MarkBasePos>',
+    ]
+
+    assert getXML(newSubTable.toXML) == [
+        '<MarkBasePos Format="1">',
+        '  <MarkCoverage>',
+        '    <Glyph value="cedillacomb"/>',
+        '  </MarkCoverage>',
+        '  <BaseCoverage>',
+        '    <Glyph value="a"/>',
+        '    <Glyph value="c"/>',
+        '  </BaseCoverage>',
+        '  <!-- ClassCount=1 -->',
+        '  <MarkArray>',
+        '    <!-- MarkCount=1 -->',
+        '    <MarkRecord index="0">',
+        '      <Class value="0"/>',
+        '      <MarkAnchor Format="1">',
+        '        <XCoordinate value="0"/>',
+        '        <YCoordinate value="0"/>',
+        '      </MarkAnchor>',
+        '    </MarkRecord>',
+        '  </MarkArray>',
+        '  <BaseArray>',
+        '    <!-- BaseCount=2 -->',
+        '    <BaseRecord index="0">',
+        '      <BaseAnchor index="0" empty="1"/>',
+        '    </BaseRecord>',
+        '    <BaseRecord index="1">',
+        '      <BaseAnchor index="0" Format="1">',
+        '        <XCoordinate value="300"/>',
+        '        <YCoordinate value="0"/>',
+        '      </BaseAnchor>',
+        '    </BaseRecord>',
+        '  </BaseArray>',
+        '</MarkBasePos>',
+    ]
+
 
 if __name__ == "__main__":
     import sys
diff --git a/Tests/ttLib/tables/tables_test.py b/Tests/ttLib/tables/tables_test.py
index 9d03814..be8c63e 100644
--- a/Tests/ttLib/tables/tables_test.py
+++ b/Tests/ttLib/tables/tables_test.py
@@ -1,7 +1,5 @@
-from __future__ import print_function, division, absolute_import
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-from fontTools.misc.py23 import *
 from fontTools.ttLib import TTFont, tagToXML
+from io import StringIO
 import os
 import sys
 import re
@@ -255,13 +253,13 @@
 
 
 def dump_ttx(font, tableTag):
-    f = UnicodeIO()
-    font.saveXML(f, newlinestr='\n', tables=[tableTag])
+    f = StringIO()
+    font.saveXML(f, tables=[tableTag])
     return ttLibVersion_RE.sub('', f.getvalue())
 
 
 def load_ttx(ttx):
-    f = UnicodeIO()
+    f = StringIO()
     f.write(ttx)
     f.seek(0)
     font = TTFont()
diff --git a/Tests/ttLib/tables/ttProgram_test.py b/Tests/ttLib/tables/ttProgram_test.py
index 9a7d232..13d1ba8 100644
--- a/Tests/ttLib/tables/ttProgram_test.py
+++ b/Tests/ttLib/tables/ttProgram_test.py
@@ -1,11 +1,9 @@
-from __future__ import print_function, division, absolute_import
-from fontTools.misc.py23 import *
 from fontTools.misc.xmlWriter import XMLWriter
 from fontTools.ttLib.tables.ttProgram import Program
 from fontTools.misc.textTools import deHexStr
 import array
+from io import StringIO
 import os
-import re
 import unittest
 
 CURR_DIR = os.path.abspath(os.path.dirname(os.path.realpath(__file__)))
@@ -105,8 +103,8 @@
         p = Program()
         p.fromBytecode(BYTECODE)
         ttfont = TestFont()
-        buf = UnicodeIO()
-        writer = XMLWriter(buf, newlinestr='\n')
+        buf = StringIO()
+        writer = XMLWriter(buf)
         try:
             p.toXML(writer, ttfont)
         finally:
diff --git a/Tests/ttLib/ttFont_test.py b/Tests/ttLib/ttFont_test.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..33dcc09
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/ttLib/ttFont_test.py
@@ -0,0 +1,80 @@
+import io
+from fontTools.ttLib import TTFont, newTable, registerCustomTableClass, unregisterCustomTableClass
+from fontTools.ttLib.tables.DefaultTable import DefaultTable
+
+
+class CustomTableClass(DefaultTable):
+
+    def decompile(self, data, ttFont):
+        self.numbers = list(data)
+
+    def compile(self, ttFont):
+        return bytes(self.numbers)
+
+    # not testing XML read/write
+
+
+table_C_U_S_T_ = CustomTableClass  # alias for testing
+
+
+TABLETAG = "CUST"
+
+
+def test_registerCustomTableClass():
+    font = TTFont()
+    font[TABLETAG] = newTable(TABLETAG)
+    font[TABLETAG].data = b"\x00\x01\xff"
+    f = io.BytesIO()
+    font.save(f)
+    f.seek(0)
+    assert font[TABLETAG].data == b"\x00\x01\xff"
+    registerCustomTableClass(TABLETAG, "ttFont_test", "CustomTableClass")
+    try:
+        font = TTFont(f)
+        assert font[TABLETAG].numbers == [0, 1, 255]
+        assert font[TABLETAG].compile(font) == b"\x00\x01\xff"
+    finally:
+        unregisterCustomTableClass(TABLETAG)
+
+
+def test_registerCustomTableClassStandardName():
+    registerCustomTableClass(TABLETAG, "ttFont_test")
+    try:
+        font = TTFont()
+        font[TABLETAG] = newTable(TABLETAG)
+        font[TABLETAG].numbers = [4, 5, 6]
+        assert font[TABLETAG].compile(font) == b"\x04\x05\x06"
+    finally:
+        unregisterCustomTableClass(TABLETAG)
+
+
+ttxTTF = r"""<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<ttFont sfntVersion="\x00\x01\x00\x00" ttLibVersion="4.9.0">
+  <hmtx>
+    <mtx name=".notdef" width="300" lsb="0"/>
+  </hmtx>
+</ttFont>
+"""
+
+
+ttxOTF = """<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<ttFont sfntVersion="OTTO" ttLibVersion="4.9.0">
+  <hmtx>
+    <mtx name=".notdef" width="300" lsb="0"/>
+  </hmtx>
+</ttFont>
+"""
+
+
+def test_sfntVersionFromTTX():
+    # https://github.com/fonttools/fonttools/issues/2370
+    font = TTFont()
+    assert font.sfntVersion == "\x00\x01\x00\x00"
+    ttx = io.StringIO(ttxOTF)
+    # Font is "empty", TTX file will determine sfntVersion
+    font.importXML(ttx)
+    assert font.sfntVersion == "OTTO"
+    ttx = io.StringIO(ttxTTF)
+    # Font is not "empty", sfntVersion in TTX file will be ignored
+    font.importXML(ttx)
+    assert font.sfntVersion == "OTTO"
diff --git a/Tests/ttLib/woff2_test.py b/Tests/ttLib/woff2_test.py
index b3ec6b2..c0d60ce 100644
--- a/Tests/ttLib/woff2_test.py
+++ b/Tests/ttLib/woff2_test.py
@@ -1,23 +1,32 @@
-from __future__ import print_function, division, absolute_import, unicode_literals
-from fontTools.misc.py23 import *
+from fontTools.misc.py23 import Tag, bytechr, byteord
 from fontTools import ttLib
+from fontTools.ttLib import woff2
+from fontTools.ttLib.tables import _g_l_y_f
 from fontTools.ttLib.woff2 import (
 	WOFF2Reader, woff2DirectorySize, woff2DirectoryFormat,
 	woff2FlagsSize, woff2UnknownTagSize, woff2Base128MaxSize, WOFF2DirectoryEntry,
 	getKnownTagIndex, packBase128, base128Size, woff2UnknownTagIndex,
 	WOFF2FlavorData, woff2TransformedTableTags, WOFF2GlyfTable, WOFF2LocaTable,
-	WOFF2Writer, unpackBase128, unpack255UShort, pack255UShort)
+	WOFF2HmtxTable, WOFF2Writer, unpackBase128, unpack255UShort, pack255UShort)
 import unittest
 from fontTools.misc import sstruct
+from fontTools import fontBuilder
+from fontTools.pens.ttGlyphPen import TTGlyphPen
+from io import BytesIO
 import struct
 import os
 import random
 import copy
 from collections import OrderedDict
+from functools import partial
+import pytest
 
 haveBrotli = False
 try:
-	import brotli
+	try:
+		import brotlicffi as brotli
+	except ImportError:
+		import brotli
 	haveBrotli = True
 except ImportError:
 	pass
@@ -122,7 +131,7 @@
 	def test_reconstruct_unknown(self):
 		reader = WOFF2Reader(self.file)
 		with self.assertRaisesRegex(ttLib.TTLibError, 'transform for table .* unknown'):
-			reader.reconstructTable('ZZZZ')
+			reader.reconstructTable('head')
 
 
 class WOFF2ReaderTTFTest(WOFF2ReaderTest):
@@ -145,6 +154,7 @@
 	def test_reconstruct_loca(self):
 		woff2Reader = WOFF2Reader(self.file)
 		reconstructedData = woff2Reader['loca']
+		self.font.getTableData("glyf")  # 'glyf' needs to be compiled before 'loca'
 		self.assertEqual(self.font.getTableData('loca'), reconstructedData)
 		self.assertTrue(hasattr(woff2Reader.tables['glyf'], 'data'))
 
@@ -195,7 +205,7 @@
 	# drop DSIG but keep a copy
 	DSIG_copy = copy.deepcopy(font['DSIG'])
 	del font['DSIG']
-	# ovverride TTFont attributes
+	# override TTFont attributes
 	origFlavor = font.flavor
 	origRecalcBBoxes = font.recalcBBoxes
 	origRecalcTimestamp = font.recalcTimestamp
@@ -242,10 +252,6 @@
 		with self.assertRaisesRegex(ttLib.TTLibError, "can't read table 'tag'"):
 			self.entry.fromString(bytes(incompleteData))
 
-	def test_table_reserved_flags(self):
-		with self.assertRaisesRegex(ttLib.TTLibError, "bits 6-7 are reserved"):
-			self.entry.fromString(bytechr(0xC0))
-
 	def test_loca_zero_transformLength(self):
 		data = bytechr(getKnownTagIndex('loca'))  # flags
 		data += packBase128(random.randint(1, 100))  # origLength
@@ -291,6 +297,35 @@
 		data = self.entry.toString()
 		self.assertEqual(len(data), expectedSize)
 
+	def test_glyf_loca_transform_flags(self):
+		for tag in ("glyf", "loca"):
+			entry = WOFF2DirectoryEntry()
+			entry.tag = Tag(tag)
+			entry.flags = getKnownTagIndex(entry.tag)
+
+			self.assertEqual(entry.transformVersion, 0)
+			self.assertTrue(entry.transformed)
+
+			entry.transformed = False
+
+			self.assertEqual(entry.transformVersion, 3)
+			self.assertEqual(entry.flags & 0b11000000, (3 << 6))
+			self.assertFalse(entry.transformed)
+
+	def test_other_transform_flags(self):
+		entry = WOFF2DirectoryEntry()
+		entry.tag = Tag('ZZZZ')
+		entry.flags = woff2UnknownTagIndex
+
+		self.assertEqual(entry.transformVersion, 0)
+		self.assertFalse(entry.transformed)
+
+		entry.transformed = True
+
+		self.assertEqual(entry.transformVersion, 1)
+		self.assertEqual(entry.flags & 0b11000000, (1 << 6))
+		self.assertTrue(entry.transformed)
+
 
 class DummyReader(WOFF2Reader):
 
@@ -299,6 +334,7 @@
 		for attr in ('majorVersion', 'minorVersion', 'metaOffset', 'metaLength',
 				'metaOrigLength', 'privLength', 'privOffset'):
 			setattr(self, attr, 0)
+		self.tables = {}
 
 
 class WOFF2FlavorDataTest(unittest.TestCase):
@@ -353,6 +389,27 @@
 		self.assertEqual(flavorData.majorVersion, 1)
 		self.assertEqual(flavorData.minorVersion, 1)
 
+	def test_mutually_exclusive_args(self):
+		msg = "arguments are mutually exclusive"
+		reader = DummyReader(self.file)
+		with self.assertRaisesRegex(TypeError, msg):
+			WOFF2FlavorData(reader, transformedTables={"hmtx"})
+		with self.assertRaisesRegex(TypeError, msg):
+			WOFF2FlavorData(reader, data=WOFF2FlavorData())
+
+	def test_transformedTables_default(self):
+		flavorData = WOFF2FlavorData()
+		self.assertEqual(flavorData.transformedTables, set(woff2TransformedTableTags))
+
+	def test_transformedTables_invalid(self):
+		msg = r"'glyf' and 'loca' must be transformed \(or not\) together"
+
+		with self.assertRaisesRegex(ValueError, msg):
+			WOFF2FlavorData(transformedTables={"glyf"})
+
+		with self.assertRaisesRegex(ValueError, msg):
+			WOFF2FlavorData(transformedTables={"loca"})
+
 
 class WOFF2WriterTest(unittest.TestCase):
 
@@ -360,7 +417,7 @@
 	def setUpClass(cls):
 		cls.font = ttLib.TTFont(recalcBBoxes=False, recalcTimestamp=False, flavor="woff2")
 		cls.font.importXML(OTX)
-		cls.tags = [t for t in cls.font.keys() if t != 'GlyphOrder']
+		cls.tags = sorted(t for t in cls.font.keys() if t != 'GlyphOrder')
 		cls.numTables = len(cls.tags)
 		cls.file = BytesIO(CFF_WOFF2.getvalue())
 		cls.file.seek(0, 2)
@@ -511,6 +568,30 @@
 		flavorData.majorVersion, flavorData.minorVersion = (10, 11)
 		self.assertEqual((10, 11), self.writer._getVersion())
 
+	def test_hmtx_trasform(self):
+		tableTransforms = {"glyf", "loca", "hmtx"}
+
+		writer = WOFF2Writer(BytesIO(), self.numTables, self.font.sfntVersion)
+		writer.flavorData = WOFF2FlavorData(transformedTables=tableTransforms)
+
+		for tag in self.tags:
+			writer[tag] = self.font.getTableData(tag)
+		writer.close()
+
+		# enabling hmtx transform has no effect when font has no glyf table
+		self.assertEqual(writer.file.getvalue(), CFF_WOFF2.getvalue())
+
+	def test_no_transforms(self):
+		writer = WOFF2Writer(BytesIO(), self.numTables, self.font.sfntVersion)
+		writer.flavorData = WOFF2FlavorData(transformedTables=())
+
+		for tag in self.tags:
+			writer[tag] = self.font.getTableData(tag)
+		writer.close()
+
+		# transforms settings have no effect when font is CFF-flavored, since
+		# all the current transforms only apply to TrueType-flavored fonts.
+		self.assertEqual(writer.file.getvalue(), CFF_WOFF2.getvalue())
 
 class WOFF2WriterTTFTest(WOFF2WriterTest):
 
@@ -518,7 +599,7 @@
 	def setUpClass(cls):
 		cls.font = ttLib.TTFont(recalcBBoxes=False, recalcTimestamp=False, flavor="woff2")
 		cls.font.importXML(TTX)
-		cls.tags = [t for t in cls.font.keys() if t != 'GlyphOrder']
+		cls.tags = sorted(t for t in cls.font.keys() if t != 'GlyphOrder')
 		cls.numTables = len(cls.tags)
 		cls.file = BytesIO(TT_WOFF2.getvalue())
 		cls.file.seek(0, 2)
@@ -539,6 +620,35 @@
 		for tag in normTables:
 			self.assertEqual(self.writer.tables[tag].data, normTables[tag])
 
+	def test_hmtx_trasform(self):
+		tableTransforms = {"glyf", "loca", "hmtx"}
+
+		writer = WOFF2Writer(BytesIO(), self.numTables, self.font.sfntVersion)
+		writer.flavorData = WOFF2FlavorData(transformedTables=tableTransforms)
+
+		for tag in self.tags:
+			writer[tag] = self.font.getTableData(tag)
+		writer.close()
+
+		length = len(writer.file.getvalue())
+
+		# enabling optional hmtx transform shaves off a few bytes
+		self.assertLess(length, len(TT_WOFF2.getvalue()))
+
+	def test_no_transforms(self):
+		writer = WOFF2Writer(BytesIO(), self.numTables, self.font.sfntVersion)
+		writer.flavorData = WOFF2FlavorData(transformedTables=())
+
+		for tag in self.tags:
+			writer[tag] = self.font.getTableData(tag)
+		writer.close()
+
+		self.assertNotEqual(writer.file.getvalue(), TT_WOFF2.getvalue())
+
+		writer.file.seek(0)
+		reader = WOFF2Reader(writer.file)
+		self.assertEqual(len(reader.flavorData.transformedTables), 0)
+
 
 class WOFF2LocaTableTest(unittest.TestCase):
 
@@ -708,28 +818,6 @@
 		data = glyfTable.transform(self.font)
 		self.assertEqual(self.transformedGlyfData, data)
 
-	def test_transform_glyf_incorrect_glyphOrder(self):
-		glyfTable = self.font['glyf']
-		badGlyphOrder = self.font.getGlyphOrder()[:-1]
-		del glyfTable.glyphOrder
-		self.font.setGlyphOrder(badGlyphOrder)
-		with self.assertRaisesRegex(ttLib.TTLibError, "incorrect glyphOrder"):
-			glyfTable.transform(self.font)
-		glyfTable.glyphOrder = badGlyphOrder
-		with self.assertRaisesRegex(ttLib.TTLibError, "incorrect glyphOrder"):
-			glyfTable.transform(self.font)
-
-	def test_transform_glyf_missing_glyphOrder(self):
-		glyfTable = self.font['glyf']
-		del glyfTable.glyphOrder
-		del self.font.glyphOrder
-		numGlyphs = self.font['maxp'].numGlyphs
-		del self.font['maxp']
-		glyfTable.transform(self.font)
-		expected = [".notdef"]
-		expected.extend(["glyph%.5d" % i for i in range(1, numGlyphs)])
-		self.assertEqual(expected, glyfTable.glyphOrder)
-
 	def test_roundtrip_glyf_reconstruct_and_transform(self):
 		glyfTable = WOFF2GlyfTable()
 		glyfTable.reconstruct(self.transformedGlyfData, self.font)
@@ -747,6 +835,521 @@
 		self.assertEqual(normGlyfData, reconstructedData)
 
 
+@pytest.fixture(scope="module")
+def fontfile():
+
+	class Glyph(object):
+		def __init__(self, empty=False, **kwargs):
+			if not empty:
+				self.draw = partial(self.drawRect, **kwargs)
+			else:
+				self.draw = lambda pen: None
+
+		@staticmethod
+		def drawRect(pen, xMin, xMax):
+			pen.moveTo((xMin, 0))
+			pen.lineTo((xMin, 1000))
+			pen.lineTo((xMax, 1000))
+			pen.lineTo((xMax, 0))
+			pen.closePath()
+
+	class CompositeGlyph(object):
+		def __init__(self, components):
+			self.components = components
+
+		def draw(self, pen):
+			for baseGlyph, (offsetX, offsetY) in self.components:
+				pen.addComponent(baseGlyph, (1, 0, 0, 1, offsetX, offsetY))
+
+	fb = fontBuilder.FontBuilder(unitsPerEm=1000, isTTF=True)
+	fb.setupGlyphOrder(
+		[".notdef", "space", "A", "acutecomb", "Aacute", "zero", "one", "two"]
+	)
+	fb.setupCharacterMap(
+		{
+			0x20: "space",
+			0x41: "A",
+			0x0301: "acutecomb",
+			0xC1: "Aacute",
+			0x30: "zero",
+			0x31: "one",
+			0x32: "two",
+		}
+	)
+	fb.setupHorizontalMetrics(
+		{
+			".notdef": (500, 50),
+			"space": (600, 0),
+			"A": (550, 40),
+			"acutecomb": (0, -40),
+			"Aacute": (550, 40),
+			"zero": (500, 30),
+			"one": (500, 50),
+			"two": (500, 40),
+		}
+	)
+	fb.setupHorizontalHeader(ascent=1000, descent=-200)
+
+	srcGlyphs = {
+		".notdef": Glyph(xMin=50, xMax=450),
+		"space": Glyph(empty=True),
+		"A": Glyph(xMin=40, xMax=510),
+		"acutecomb": Glyph(xMin=-40, xMax=60),
+		"Aacute": CompositeGlyph([("A", (0, 0)), ("acutecomb", (200, 0))]),
+		"zero": Glyph(xMin=30, xMax=470),
+		"one": Glyph(xMin=50, xMax=450),
+		"two": Glyph(xMin=40, xMax=460),
+	}
+	pen = TTGlyphPen(srcGlyphs)
+	glyphSet = {}
+	for glyphName, glyph in srcGlyphs.items():
+		glyph.draw(pen)
+		glyphSet[glyphName] = pen.glyph()
+	fb.setupGlyf(glyphSet)
+
+	fb.setupNameTable(
+		{
+			"familyName": "TestWOFF2",
+			"styleName": "Regular",
+			"uniqueFontIdentifier": "TestWOFF2 Regular; Version 1.000; ABCD",
+			"fullName": "TestWOFF2 Regular",
+			"version": "Version 1.000",
+			"psName": "TestWOFF2-Regular",
+		}
+	)
+	fb.setupOS2()
+	fb.setupPost()
+
+	buf = BytesIO()
+	fb.save(buf)
+	buf.seek(0)
+
+	assert fb.font["maxp"].numGlyphs == 8
+	assert fb.font["hhea"].numberOfHMetrics == 6
+	for glyphName in fb.font.getGlyphOrder():
+		xMin = getattr(fb.font["glyf"][glyphName], "xMin", 0)
+		assert xMin == fb.font["hmtx"][glyphName][1]
+
+	return buf
+
+
+@pytest.fixture
+def ttFont(fontfile):
+	return ttLib.TTFont(fontfile, recalcBBoxes=False, recalcTimestamp=False)
+
+
+class WOFF2HmtxTableTest(object):
+	def test_transform_no_sidebearings(self, ttFont):
+		hmtxTable = WOFF2HmtxTable()
+		hmtxTable.metrics = ttFont["hmtx"].metrics
+
+		data = hmtxTable.transform(ttFont)
+
+		assert data == (
+			b"\x03"  # 00000011 | bits 0 and 1 are set (no sidebearings arrays)
+
+			# advanceWidthArray
+			b'\x01\xf4'  # .notdef: 500
+			b'\x02X'     # space: 600
+			b'\x02&'     # A: 550
+			b'\x00\x00'  # acutecomb: 0
+			b'\x02&'     # Aacute: 550
+			b'\x01\xf4'  # zero: 500
+		)
+
+	def test_transform_proportional_sidebearings(self, ttFont):
+		hmtxTable = WOFF2HmtxTable()
+		metrics = ttFont["hmtx"].metrics
+		# force one of the proportional glyphs to have its left sidebearing be
+		# different from its xMin (40)
+		metrics["A"] = (550, 39)
+		hmtxTable.metrics = metrics
+
+		assert ttFont["glyf"]["A"].xMin != metrics["A"][1]
+
+		data = hmtxTable.transform(ttFont)
+
+		assert data == (
+			b"\x02"  # 00000010 | bits 0 unset: explicit proportional sidebearings
+
+			# advanceWidthArray
+			b'\x01\xf4'  # .notdef: 500
+			b'\x02X'     # space: 600
+			b'\x02&'     # A: 550
+			b'\x00\x00'  # acutecomb: 0
+			b'\x02&'     # Aacute: 550
+			b'\x01\xf4'  # zero: 500
+
+			# lsbArray
+			b'\x002'     # .notdef: 50
+			b'\x00\x00'  # space: 0
+			b"\x00'"     # A: 39 (xMin: 40)
+			b'\xff\xd8'  # acutecomb: -40
+			b'\x00('     # Aacute: 40
+			b'\x00\x1e'  # zero: 30
+		)
+
+	def test_transform_monospaced_sidebearings(self, ttFont):
+		hmtxTable = WOFF2HmtxTable()
+		metrics = ttFont["hmtx"].metrics
+		hmtxTable.metrics = metrics
+
+		# force one of the monospaced glyphs at the end of hmtx table to have
+		# its xMin different from its left sidebearing (50)
+		ttFont["glyf"]["one"].xMin = metrics["one"][1] + 1
+
+		data = hmtxTable.transform(ttFont)
+
+		assert data == (
+			b"\x01"  # 00000001 | bits 1 unset: explicit monospaced sidebearings
+
+			# advanceWidthArray
+			b'\x01\xf4'  # .notdef: 500
+			b'\x02X'     # space: 600
+			b'\x02&'     # A: 550
+			b'\x00\x00'  # acutecomb: 0
+			b'\x02&'     # Aacute: 550
+			b'\x01\xf4'  # zero: 500
+
+			# leftSideBearingArray
+			b'\x002'     # one: 50 (xMin: 51)
+			b'\x00('     # two: 40
+		)
+
+	def test_transform_not_applicable(self, ttFont):
+		hmtxTable = WOFF2HmtxTable()
+		metrics = ttFont["hmtx"].metrics
+		# force both a proportional and monospaced glyph to have sidebearings
+		# different from the respective xMin coordinates
+		metrics["A"] = (550, 39)
+		metrics["one"] = (500, 51)
+		hmtxTable.metrics = metrics
+
+		# 'None' signals to fall back using untransformed hmtx table data
+		assert hmtxTable.transform(ttFont) is None
+
+	def test_reconstruct_no_sidebearings(self, ttFont):
+		hmtxTable = WOFF2HmtxTable()
+
+		data = (
+			b"\x03"  # 00000011 | bits 0 and 1 are set (no sidebearings arrays)
+
+			# advanceWidthArray
+			b'\x01\xf4'  # .notdef: 500
+			b'\x02X'     # space: 600
+			b'\x02&'     # A: 550
+			b'\x00\x00'  # acutecomb: 0
+			b'\x02&'     # Aacute: 550
+			b'\x01\xf4'  # zero: 500
+		)
+
+		hmtxTable.reconstruct(data, ttFont)
+
+		assert hmtxTable.metrics == {
+			".notdef": (500, 50),
+			"space": (600, 0),
+			"A": (550, 40),
+			"acutecomb": (0, -40),
+			"Aacute": (550, 40),
+			"zero": (500, 30),
+			"one": (500, 50),
+			"two": (500, 40),
+		}
+
+	def test_reconstruct_proportional_sidebearings(self, ttFont):
+		hmtxTable = WOFF2HmtxTable()
+
+		data = (
+			b"\x02"  # 00000010 | bits 0 unset: explicit proportional sidebearings
+
+			# advanceWidthArray
+			b'\x01\xf4'  # .notdef: 500
+			b'\x02X'     # space: 600
+			b'\x02&'     # A: 550
+			b'\x00\x00'  # acutecomb: 0
+			b'\x02&'     # Aacute: 550
+			b'\x01\xf4'  # zero: 500
+
+			# lsbArray
+			b'\x002'     # .notdef: 50
+			b'\x00\x00'  # space: 0
+			b"\x00'"     # A: 39 (xMin: 40)
+			b'\xff\xd8'  # acutecomb: -40
+			b'\x00('     # Aacute: 40
+			b'\x00\x1e'  # zero: 30
+		)
+
+		hmtxTable.reconstruct(data, ttFont)
+
+		assert hmtxTable.metrics == {
+			".notdef": (500, 50),
+			"space": (600, 0),
+			"A": (550, 39),
+			"acutecomb": (0, -40),
+			"Aacute": (550, 40),
+			"zero": (500, 30),
+			"one": (500, 50),
+			"two": (500, 40),
+		}
+
+		assert ttFont["glyf"]["A"].xMin == 40
+
+	def test_reconstruct_monospaced_sidebearings(self, ttFont):
+		hmtxTable = WOFF2HmtxTable()
+
+		data = (
+			b"\x01"  # 00000001 | bits 1 unset: explicit monospaced sidebearings
+
+			# advanceWidthArray
+			b'\x01\xf4'  # .notdef: 500
+			b'\x02X'     # space: 600
+			b'\x02&'     # A: 550
+			b'\x00\x00'  # acutecomb: 0
+			b'\x02&'     # Aacute: 550
+			b'\x01\xf4'  # zero: 500
+
+			# leftSideBearingArray
+			b'\x003'     # one: 51 (xMin: 50)
+			b'\x00('     # two: 40
+		)
+
+		hmtxTable.reconstruct(data, ttFont)
+
+		assert hmtxTable.metrics == {
+			".notdef": (500, 50),
+			"space": (600, 0),
+			"A": (550, 40),
+			"acutecomb": (0, -40),
+			"Aacute": (550, 40),
+			"zero": (500, 30),
+			"one": (500, 51),
+			"two": (500, 40),
+		}
+
+		assert ttFont["glyf"]["one"].xMin == 50
+
+	def test_reconstruct_flags_reserved_bits(self):
+		hmtxTable = WOFF2HmtxTable()
+
+		with pytest.raises(
+			ttLib.TTLibError, match="Bits 2-7 of 'hmtx' flags are reserved"
+		):
+			hmtxTable.reconstruct(b"\xFF", ttFont=None)
+
+	def test_reconstruct_flags_required_bits(self):
+		hmtxTable = WOFF2HmtxTable()
+
+		with pytest.raises(ttLib.TTLibError, match="either bits 0 or 1 .* must set"):
+			hmtxTable.reconstruct(b"\x00", ttFont=None)
+
+	def test_reconstruct_too_much_data(self, ttFont):
+		ttFont["hhea"].numberOfHMetrics = 2
+		data = b'\x03\x01\xf4\x02X\x02&'
+		hmtxTable = WOFF2HmtxTable()
+
+		with pytest.raises(ttLib.TTLibError, match="too much 'hmtx' table data"):
+			hmtxTable.reconstruct(data, ttFont)
+
+
+class WOFF2RoundtripTest(object):
+	@staticmethod
+	def roundtrip(infile):
+		infile.seek(0)
+		ttFont = ttLib.TTFont(infile, recalcBBoxes=False, recalcTimestamp=False)
+		outfile = BytesIO()
+		ttFont.save(outfile)
+		return outfile, ttFont
+
+	def test_roundtrip_default_transforms(self, ttFont):
+		ttFont.flavor = "woff2"
+		# ttFont.flavorData = None
+		tmp = BytesIO()
+		ttFont.save(tmp)
+
+		tmp2, ttFont2 = self.roundtrip(tmp)
+
+		assert tmp.getvalue() == tmp2.getvalue()
+		assert ttFont2.reader.flavorData.transformedTables == {"glyf", "loca"}
+
+	def test_roundtrip_no_transforms(self, ttFont):
+		ttFont.flavor = "woff2"
+		ttFont.flavorData = WOFF2FlavorData(transformedTables=[])
+		tmp = BytesIO()
+		ttFont.save(tmp)
+
+		tmp2, ttFont2 = self.roundtrip(tmp)
+
+		assert tmp.getvalue() == tmp2.getvalue()
+		assert not ttFont2.reader.flavorData.transformedTables
+
+	def test_roundtrip_all_transforms(self, ttFont):
+		ttFont.flavor = "woff2"
+		ttFont.flavorData = WOFF2FlavorData(transformedTables=["glyf", "loca", "hmtx"])
+		tmp = BytesIO()
+		ttFont.save(tmp)
+
+		tmp2, ttFont2 = self.roundtrip(tmp)
+
+		assert tmp.getvalue() == tmp2.getvalue()
+		assert ttFont2.reader.flavorData.transformedTables == {"glyf", "loca", "hmtx"}
+
+	def test_roundtrip_only_hmtx_no_glyf_transform(self, ttFont):
+		ttFont.flavor = "woff2"
+		ttFont.flavorData = WOFF2FlavorData(transformedTables=["hmtx"])
+		tmp = BytesIO()
+		ttFont.save(tmp)
+
+		tmp2, ttFont2 = self.roundtrip(tmp)
+
+		assert tmp.getvalue() == tmp2.getvalue()
+		assert ttFont2.reader.flavorData.transformedTables == {"hmtx"}
+
+	def test_roundtrip_no_glyf_and_loca_tables(self):
+		ttx = os.path.join(
+			os.path.dirname(current_dir), "subset", "data", "google_color.ttx"
+		)
+		ttFont = ttLib.TTFont()
+		ttFont.importXML(ttx)
+
+		assert "glyf" not in ttFont
+		assert "loca" not in ttFont
+
+		ttFont.flavor = "woff2"
+		tmp = BytesIO()
+		ttFont.save(tmp)
+
+		tmp2, ttFont2 = self.roundtrip(tmp)
+		assert tmp.getvalue() == tmp2.getvalue()
+		assert ttFont.flavor == "woff2"
+
+	def test_roundtrip_off_curve_despite_overlap_bit(self):
+		ttx = os.path.join(data_dir, "woff2_overlap_offcurve_in.ttx")
+		ttFont = ttLib.TTFont()
+		ttFont.importXML(ttx)
+
+		assert ttFont["glyf"]["A"].flags[0] == _g_l_y_f.flagOverlapSimple
+
+		ttFont.flavor = "woff2"
+		tmp = BytesIO()
+		ttFont.save(tmp)
+
+		_, ttFont2 = self.roundtrip(tmp)
+		assert ttFont2.flavor == "woff2"
+		assert ttFont2["glyf"]["A"].flags[0] == 0
+
+class MainTest(object):
+
+	@staticmethod
+	def make_ttf(tmpdir):
+		ttFont = ttLib.TTFont(recalcBBoxes=False, recalcTimestamp=False)
+		ttFont.importXML(TTX)
+		filename = str(tmpdir / "TestTTF-Regular.ttf")
+		ttFont.save(filename)
+		return filename
+
+	def test_compress_ttf(self, tmpdir):
+		input_file = self.make_ttf(tmpdir)
+
+		assert woff2.main(["compress", input_file]) is None
+
+		assert (tmpdir / "TestTTF-Regular.woff2").check(file=True)
+
+	def test_compress_ttf_no_glyf_transform(self, tmpdir):
+		input_file = self.make_ttf(tmpdir)
+
+		assert woff2.main(["compress", "--no-glyf-transform", input_file]) is None
+
+		assert (tmpdir / "TestTTF-Regular.woff2").check(file=True)
+
+	def test_compress_ttf_hmtx_transform(self, tmpdir):
+		input_file = self.make_ttf(tmpdir)
+
+		assert woff2.main(["compress", "--hmtx-transform", input_file]) is None
+
+		assert (tmpdir / "TestTTF-Regular.woff2").check(file=True)
+
+	def test_compress_ttf_no_glyf_transform_hmtx_transform(self, tmpdir):
+		input_file = self.make_ttf(tmpdir)
+
+		assert woff2.main(
+			["compress", "--no-glyf-transform", "--hmtx-transform", input_file]
+		) is None
+
+		assert (tmpdir / "TestTTF-Regular.woff2").check(file=True)
+
+	def test_compress_output_file(self, tmpdir):
+		input_file = self.make_ttf(tmpdir)
+		output_file = tmpdir / "TestTTF.woff2"
+
+		assert woff2.main(
+			["compress", "-o", str(output_file), str(input_file)]
+		) is None
+
+		assert output_file.check(file=True)
+
+	def test_compress_otf(self, tmpdir):
+		ttFont = ttLib.TTFont(recalcBBoxes=False, recalcTimestamp=False)
+		ttFont.importXML(OTX)
+		input_file = str(tmpdir / "TestOTF-Regular.otf")
+		ttFont.save(input_file)
+
+		assert woff2.main(["compress", input_file]) is None
+
+		assert (tmpdir / "TestOTF-Regular.woff2").check(file=True)
+
+	def test_recompress_woff2_keeps_flavorData(self, tmpdir):
+		woff2_font = ttLib.TTFont(BytesIO(TT_WOFF2.getvalue()))
+		woff2_font.flavorData.privData = b"FOOBAR"
+		woff2_file = tmpdir / "TestTTF-Regular.woff2"
+		woff2_font.save(str(woff2_file))
+
+		assert woff2_font.flavorData.transformedTables == {"glyf", "loca"}
+
+		woff2.main(["compress", "--hmtx-transform", str(woff2_file)])
+
+		output_file = tmpdir / "TestTTF-Regular#1.woff2"
+		assert output_file.check(file=True)
+
+		new_woff2_font = ttLib.TTFont(str(output_file))
+
+		assert new_woff2_font.flavorData.transformedTables == {"glyf", "loca", "hmtx"}
+		assert new_woff2_font.flavorData.privData == b"FOOBAR"
+
+	def test_decompress_ttf(self, tmpdir):
+		input_file = tmpdir / "TestTTF-Regular.woff2"
+		input_file.write_binary(TT_WOFF2.getvalue())
+
+		assert woff2.main(["decompress", str(input_file)]) is None
+
+		assert (tmpdir / "TestTTF-Regular.ttf").check(file=True)
+
+	def test_decompress_otf(self, tmpdir):
+		input_file = tmpdir / "TestTTF-Regular.woff2"
+		input_file.write_binary(CFF_WOFF2.getvalue())
+
+		assert woff2.main(["decompress", str(input_file)]) is None
+
+		assert (tmpdir / "TestTTF-Regular.otf").check(file=True)
+
+	def test_decompress_output_file(self, tmpdir):
+		input_file = tmpdir / "TestTTF-Regular.woff2"
+		input_file.write_binary(TT_WOFF2.getvalue())
+		output_file = tmpdir / "TestTTF.ttf"
+
+		assert woff2.main(
+			["decompress", "-o", str(output_file), str(input_file)]
+		) is None
+
+		assert output_file.check(file=True)
+
+	def test_no_subcommand_show_help(self, capsys):
+		with pytest.raises(SystemExit):
+			woff2.main(["--help"])
+
+		captured = capsys.readouterr()
+		assert "usage: fonttools ttLib.woff2" in captured.out
+
+
 class Base128Test(unittest.TestCase):
 
 	def test_unpackBase128(self):
@@ -765,7 +1368,7 @@
 
 		self.assertRaisesRegex(
 			ttLib.TTLibError,
-			"UIntBase128 value exceeds 2\*\*32-1",
+			r"UIntBase128 value exceeds 2\*\*32-1",
 			unpackBase128, b'\x90\x80\x80\x80\x00')
 
 		self.assertRaisesRegex(
@@ -783,11 +1386,11 @@
 		self.assertEqual(packBase128(2**32-1), b'\x8f\xff\xff\xff\x7f')
 		self.assertRaisesRegex(
 			ttLib.TTLibError,
-			"UIntBase128 format requires 0 <= integer <= 2\*\*32-1",
+			r"UIntBase128 format requires 0 <= integer <= 2\*\*32-1",
 			packBase128, 2**32+1)
 		self.assertRaisesRegex(
 			ttLib.TTLibError,
-			"UIntBase128 format requires 0 <= integer <= 2\*\*32-1",
+			r"UIntBase128 format requires 0 <= integer <= 2\*\*32-1",
 			packBase128, -1)
 
 
diff --git a/Tests/ttx/data/TestOTF.ttx b/Tests/ttx/data/TestOTF.ttx
index 852dacf..96f1844 100644
--- a/Tests/ttx/data/TestOTF.ttx
+++ b/Tests/ttx/data/TestOTF.ttx
@@ -142,13 +142,13 @@
       FontTools
     </namerecord>
     <namerecord nameID="11" platformID="1" platEncID="0" langID="0x0" unicode="True">
-      https://github.com/behdad/fonttools
+      https://github.com/fonttools/fonttools
     </namerecord>
     <namerecord nameID="12" platformID="1" platEncID="0" langID="0x0" unicode="True">
-      https://github.com/behdad/fonttools
+      https://github.com/fonttools/fonttools
     </namerecord>
     <namerecord nameID="14" platformID="1" platEncID="0" langID="0x0" unicode="True">
-      https://github.com/behdad/fonttools/blob/master/LICENSE.txt
+      https://github.com/fonttools/fonttools/blob/master/LICENSE
     </namerecord>
     <namerecord nameID="18" platformID="1" platEncID="0" langID="0x0" unicode="True">
       Test TTF
@@ -184,13 +184,13 @@
       FontTools
     </namerecord>
     <namerecord nameID="11" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
-      https://github.com/behdad/fonttools
+      https://github.com/fonttools/fonttools
     </namerecord>
     <namerecord nameID="12" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
-      https://github.com/behdad/fonttools
+      https://github.com/fonttools/fonttools
     </namerecord>
     <namerecord nameID="14" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
-      https://github.com/behdad/fonttools/blob/master/LICENSE.txt
+      https://github.com/fonttools/fonttools/blob/master/LICENSE
     </namerecord>
   </name>
 
diff --git a/Tests/ttx/data/TestTTF.ttx b/Tests/ttx/data/TestTTF.ttx
index c283a29..66caf6c 100644
--- a/Tests/ttx/data/TestTTF.ttx
+++ b/Tests/ttx/data/TestTTF.ttx
@@ -462,13 +462,13 @@
       FontTools
     </namerecord>
     <namerecord nameID="11" platformID="1" platEncID="0" langID="0x0" unicode="True">
-      https://github.com/behdad/fonttools
+      https://github.com/fonttools/fonttools
     </namerecord>
     <namerecord nameID="12" platformID="1" platEncID="0" langID="0x0" unicode="True">
-      https://github.com/behdad/fonttools
+      https://github.com/fonttools/fonttools
     </namerecord>
     <namerecord nameID="14" platformID="1" platEncID="0" langID="0x0" unicode="True">
-      https://github.com/behdad/fonttools/blob/master/LICENSE.txt
+      https://github.com/fonttools/fonttools/blob/master/LICENSE
     </namerecord>
     <namerecord nameID="18" platformID="1" platEncID="0" langID="0x0" unicode="True">
       Test TTF
@@ -504,13 +504,13 @@
       FontTools
     </namerecord>
     <namerecord nameID="11" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
-      https://github.com/behdad/fonttools
+      https://github.com/fonttools/fonttools
     </namerecord>
     <namerecord nameID="12" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
-      https://github.com/behdad/fonttools
+      https://github.com/fonttools/fonttools
     </namerecord>
     <namerecord nameID="14" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
-      https://github.com/behdad/fonttools/blob/master/LICENSE.txt
+      https://github.com/fonttools/fonttools/blob/master/LICENSE
     </namerecord>
   </name>
 
diff --git a/Tests/ttx/ttx_test.py b/Tests/ttx/ttx_test.py
index 4d9372d..c246347 100644
--- a/Tests/ttx/ttx_test.py
+++ b/Tests/ttx/ttx_test.py
@@ -1,15 +1,32 @@
-from __future__ import print_function, division, absolute_import
-from fontTools.misc.py23 import *
+from fontTools.misc.testTools import parseXML
+from fontTools.misc.timeTools import timestampSinceEpoch
+from fontTools.ttLib import TTFont, TTLibError
 from fontTools import ttx
 import getopt
+import logging
 import os
 import shutil
 import sys
 import tempfile
 import unittest
 
+import pytest
+
+try:
+    import zopfli
+except ImportError:
+    zopfli = None
+try:
+    try:
+        import brotlicffi as brotli
+    except ImportError:
+        import brotli
+except ImportError:
+    brotli = None
+
 
 class TTXTest(unittest.TestCase):
+
     def __init__(self, methodName):
         unittest.TestCase.__init__(self, methodName)
         # Python 3 renamed assertRaisesRegexp to assertRaisesRegex,
@@ -40,148 +57,969 @@
         shutil.copy2(font_path, temppath)
         return temppath
 
-# -----
-# Tests
-# -----
+    @staticmethod
+    def read_file(file_path):
+        with open(file_path, "r", encoding="utf-8") as f:
+            return f.readlines()
+
+    # -----
+    # Tests
+    # -----
 
     def test_parseOptions_no_args(self):
         with self.assertRaises(getopt.GetoptError) as cm:
             ttx.parseOptions([])
-        self.assertTrue('Must specify at least one input file' in str(cm.exception))
+        self.assertTrue(
+            "Must specify at least one input file" in str(cm.exception)
+        )
 
     def test_parseOptions_invalid_path(self):
-        file_path = 'invalid_font_path'
+        file_path = "invalid_font_path"
         with self.assertRaises(getopt.GetoptError) as cm:
             ttx.parseOptions([file_path])
         self.assertTrue('File not found: "%s"' % file_path in str(cm.exception))
 
     def test_parseOptions_font2ttx_1st_time(self):
-        file_name = 'TestOTF.otf'
+        file_name = "TestOTF.otf"
         font_path = self.getpath(file_name)
         temp_path = self.temp_font(font_path, file_name)
         jobs, _ = ttx.parseOptions([temp_path])
-        self.assertEqual(jobs[0][0].__name__, 'ttDump')
-        self.assertEqual(jobs[0][1:],
-                        (os.path.join(self.tempdir, file_name),
-                         os.path.join(self.tempdir, file_name.split('.')[0] + '.ttx')))
+        self.assertEqual(jobs[0][0].__name__, "ttDump")
+        self.assertEqual(
+            jobs[0][1:],
+            (
+                os.path.join(self.tempdir, file_name),
+                os.path.join(self.tempdir, file_name.split(".")[0] + ".ttx"),
+            ),
+        )
 
     def test_parseOptions_font2ttx_2nd_time(self):
-        file_name = 'TestTTF.ttf'
+        file_name = "TestTTF.ttf"
         font_path = self.getpath(file_name)
         temp_path = self.temp_font(font_path, file_name)
-        _, _ = ttx.parseOptions([temp_path]) # this is NOT a mistake
+        _, _ = ttx.parseOptions([temp_path])  # this is NOT a mistake
         jobs, _ = ttx.parseOptions([temp_path])
-        self.assertEqual(jobs[0][0].__name__, 'ttDump')
-        self.assertEqual(jobs[0][1:],
-                        (os.path.join(self.tempdir, file_name),
-                         os.path.join(self.tempdir, file_name.split('.')[0] + '#1.ttx')))
+        self.assertEqual(jobs[0][0].__name__, "ttDump")
+        self.assertEqual(
+            jobs[0][1:],
+            (
+                os.path.join(self.tempdir, file_name),
+                os.path.join(self.tempdir, file_name.split(".")[0] + "#1.ttx"),
+            ),
+        )
 
     def test_parseOptions_ttx2font_1st_time(self):
-        file_name = 'TestTTF.ttx'
+        file_name = "TestTTF.ttx"
         font_path = self.getpath(file_name)
         temp_path = self.temp_font(font_path, file_name)
         jobs, _ = ttx.parseOptions([temp_path])
-        self.assertEqual(jobs[0][0].__name__, 'ttCompile')
-        self.assertEqual(jobs[0][1:],
-                        (os.path.join(self.tempdir, file_name),
-                         os.path.join(self.tempdir, file_name.split('.')[0] + '.ttf')))
+        self.assertEqual(jobs[0][0].__name__, "ttCompile")
+        self.assertEqual(
+            jobs[0][1:],
+            (
+                os.path.join(self.tempdir, file_name),
+                os.path.join(self.tempdir, file_name.split(".")[0] + ".ttf"),
+            ),
+        )
 
     def test_parseOptions_ttx2font_2nd_time(self):
-        file_name = 'TestOTF.ttx'
+        file_name = "TestOTF.ttx"
         font_path = self.getpath(file_name)
         temp_path = self.temp_font(font_path, file_name)
-        _, _ = ttx.parseOptions([temp_path]) # this is NOT a mistake
+        _, _ = ttx.parseOptions([temp_path])  # this is NOT a mistake
         jobs, _ = ttx.parseOptions([temp_path])
-        self.assertEqual(jobs[0][0].__name__, 'ttCompile')
-        self.assertEqual(jobs[0][1:],
-                        (os.path.join(self.tempdir, file_name),
-                         os.path.join(self.tempdir, file_name.split('.')[0] + '#1.otf')))
+        self.assertEqual(jobs[0][0].__name__, "ttCompile")
+        self.assertEqual(
+            jobs[0][1:],
+            (
+                os.path.join(self.tempdir, file_name),
+                os.path.join(self.tempdir, file_name.split(".")[0] + "#1.otf"),
+            ),
+        )
 
     def test_parseOptions_multiple_fonts(self):
-        file_names = ['TestOTF.otf', 'TestTTF.ttf']
+        file_names = ["TestOTF.otf", "TestTTF.ttf"]
         font_paths = [self.getpath(file_name) for file_name in file_names]
-        temp_paths = [self.temp_font(font_path, file_name) \
-                      for font_path, file_name in zip(font_paths, file_names)]
+        temp_paths = [
+            self.temp_font(font_path, file_name)
+            for font_path, file_name in zip(font_paths, file_names)
+        ]
         jobs, _ = ttx.parseOptions(temp_paths)
         for i in range(len(jobs)):
-            self.assertEqual(jobs[i][0].__name__, 'ttDump')
-            self.assertEqual(jobs[i][1:],
-                    (os.path.join(self.tempdir, file_names[i]),
-                     os.path.join(self.tempdir, file_names[i].split('.')[0] + '.ttx')))
+            self.assertEqual(jobs[i][0].__name__, "ttDump")
+            self.assertEqual(
+                jobs[i][1:],
+                (
+                    os.path.join(self.tempdir, file_names[i]),
+                    os.path.join(
+                        self.tempdir, file_names[i].split(".")[0] + ".ttx"
+                    ),
+                ),
+            )
 
     def test_parseOptions_mixed_files(self):
-        operations = ['ttDump', 'ttCompile']
-        extensions = ['.ttx', '.ttf']
-        file_names = ['TestOTF.otf', 'TestTTF.ttx']
+        operations = ["ttDump", "ttCompile"]
+        extensions = [".ttx", ".ttf"]
+        file_names = ["TestOTF.otf", "TestTTF.ttx"]
         font_paths = [self.getpath(file_name) for file_name in file_names]
-        temp_paths = [self.temp_font(font_path, file_name) \
-                      for font_path, file_name in zip(font_paths, file_names)]
+        temp_paths = [
+            self.temp_font(font_path, file_name)
+            for font_path, file_name in zip(font_paths, file_names)
+        ]
         jobs, _ = ttx.parseOptions(temp_paths)
         for i in range(len(jobs)):
             self.assertEqual(jobs[i][0].__name__, operations[i])
-            self.assertEqual(jobs[i][1:],
-                (os.path.join(self.tempdir, file_names[i]),
-                 os.path.join(self.tempdir, file_names[i].split('.')[0] + extensions[i])))
+            self.assertEqual(
+                jobs[i][1:],
+                (
+                    os.path.join(self.tempdir, file_names[i]),
+                    os.path.join(
+                        self.tempdir,
+                        file_names[i].split(".")[0] + extensions[i],
+                    ),
+                ),
+            )
+
+    def test_parseOptions_splitTables(self):
+        file_name = "TestTTF.ttf"
+        font_path = self.getpath(file_name)
+        temp_path = self.temp_font(font_path, file_name)
+        args = ["-s", temp_path]
+
+        jobs, options = ttx.parseOptions(args)
+
+        ttx_file_path = jobs[0][2]
+        temp_folder = os.path.dirname(ttx_file_path)
+        self.assertTrue(options.splitTables)
+        self.assertTrue(os.path.exists(ttx_file_path))
+
+        ttx.process(jobs, options)
+
+        # Read the TTX file but strip the first two and the last lines:
+        # <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+        # <ttFont sfntVersion="\x00\x01\x00\x00" ttLibVersion="3.22">
+        # ...
+        # </ttFont>
+        parsed_xml = parseXML(self.read_file(ttx_file_path)[2:-1])
+        for item in parsed_xml:
+            if not isinstance(item, tuple):
+                continue
+            # the tuple looks like this:
+            # (u'head', {u'src': u'TestTTF._h_e_a_d.ttx'}, [])
+            table_file_name = item[1].get("src")
+            table_file_path = os.path.join(temp_folder, table_file_name)
+            self.assertTrue(os.path.exists(table_file_path))
+
+    def test_parseOptions_splitGlyphs(self):
+        file_name = "TestTTF.ttf"
+        font_path = self.getpath(file_name)
+        temp_path = self.temp_font(font_path, file_name)
+        args = ["-g", temp_path]
+
+        jobs, options = ttx.parseOptions(args)
+
+        ttx_file_path = jobs[0][2]
+        temp_folder = os.path.dirname(ttx_file_path)
+        self.assertTrue(options.splitGlyphs)
+        # splitGlyphs also forces splitTables
+        self.assertTrue(options.splitTables)
+        self.assertTrue(os.path.exists(ttx_file_path))
+
+        ttx.process(jobs, options)
+
+        # Read the TTX file but strip the first two and the last lines:
+        # <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+        # <ttFont sfntVersion="\x00\x01\x00\x00" ttLibVersion="3.22">
+        # ...
+        # </ttFont>
+        for item in parseXML(self.read_file(ttx_file_path)[2:-1]):
+            if not isinstance(item, tuple):
+                continue
+            # the tuple looks like this:
+            # (u'head', {u'src': u'TestTTF._h_e_a_d.ttx'}, [])
+            table_tag = item[0]
+            table_file_name = item[1].get("src")
+            table_file_path = os.path.join(temp_folder, table_file_name)
+            self.assertTrue(os.path.exists(table_file_path))
+            if table_tag != "glyf":
+                continue
+            # also strip the enclosing 'glyf' element
+            for item in parseXML(self.read_file(table_file_path)[4:-3]):
+                if not isinstance(item, tuple):
+                    continue
+                # glyphs without outline data only have 'name' attribute
+                glyph_file_name = item[1].get("src")
+                if glyph_file_name is not None:
+                    glyph_file_path = os.path.join(temp_folder, glyph_file_name)
+                    self.assertTrue(os.path.exists(glyph_file_path))
 
     def test_guessFileType_ttf(self):
-        file_name = 'TestTTF.ttf'
+        file_name = "TestTTF.ttf"
         font_path = self.getpath(file_name)
-        self.assertEqual(ttx.guessFileType(font_path), 'TTF')
+        self.assertEqual(ttx.guessFileType(font_path), "TTF")
 
     def test_guessFileType_otf(self):
-        file_name = 'TestOTF.otf'
+        file_name = "TestOTF.otf"
         font_path = self.getpath(file_name)
-        self.assertEqual(ttx.guessFileType(font_path), 'OTF')
+        self.assertEqual(ttx.guessFileType(font_path), "OTF")
 
     def test_guessFileType_woff(self):
-        file_name = 'TestWOFF.woff'
+        file_name = "TestWOFF.woff"
         font_path = self.getpath(file_name)
-        self.assertEqual(ttx.guessFileType(font_path), 'WOFF')
+        self.assertEqual(ttx.guessFileType(font_path), "WOFF")
 
     def test_guessFileType_woff2(self):
-        file_name = 'TestWOFF2.woff2'
+        file_name = "TestWOFF2.woff2"
         font_path = self.getpath(file_name)
-        self.assertEqual(ttx.guessFileType(font_path), 'WOFF2')
+        self.assertEqual(ttx.guessFileType(font_path), "WOFF2")
 
     def test_guessFileType_ttc(self):
-        file_name = 'TestTTC.ttc'
+        file_name = "TestTTC.ttc"
         font_path = self.getpath(file_name)
-        self.assertEqual(ttx.guessFileType(font_path), 'TTC')
+        self.assertEqual(ttx.guessFileType(font_path), "TTC")
 
     def test_guessFileType_dfont(self):
-        file_name = 'TestDFONT.dfont'
+        file_name = "TestDFONT.dfont"
         font_path = self.getpath(file_name)
-        self.assertEqual(ttx.guessFileType(font_path), 'TTF')
+        self.assertEqual(ttx.guessFileType(font_path), "TTF")
 
     def test_guessFileType_ttx_ttf(self):
-        file_name = 'TestTTF.ttx'
+        file_name = "TestTTF.ttx"
         font_path = self.getpath(file_name)
-        self.assertEqual(ttx.guessFileType(font_path), 'TTX')
+        self.assertEqual(ttx.guessFileType(font_path), "TTX")
 
     def test_guessFileType_ttx_otf(self):
-        file_name = 'TestOTF.ttx'
+        file_name = "TestOTF.ttx"
         font_path = self.getpath(file_name)
-        self.assertEqual(ttx.guessFileType(font_path), 'OTX')
+        self.assertEqual(ttx.guessFileType(font_path), "OTX")
 
     def test_guessFileType_ttx_bom(self):
-        file_name = 'TestBOM.ttx'
+        file_name = "TestBOM.ttx"
         font_path = self.getpath(file_name)
-        self.assertEqual(ttx.guessFileType(font_path), 'TTX')
+        self.assertEqual(ttx.guessFileType(font_path), "TTX")
 
     def test_guessFileType_ttx_no_sfntVersion(self):
-        file_name = 'TestNoSFNT.ttx'
+        file_name = "TestNoSFNT.ttx"
         font_path = self.getpath(file_name)
-        self.assertEqual(ttx.guessFileType(font_path), 'TTX')
+        self.assertEqual(ttx.guessFileType(font_path), "TTX")
 
     def test_guessFileType_ttx_no_xml(self):
-        file_name = 'TestNoXML.ttx'
+        file_name = "TestNoXML.ttx"
         font_path = self.getpath(file_name)
         self.assertIsNone(ttx.guessFileType(font_path))
 
     def test_guessFileType_invalid_path(self):
-        font_path = 'invalid_font_path'
+        font_path = "invalid_font_path"
         self.assertIsNone(ttx.guessFileType(font_path))
 
 
-if __name__ == "__main__":
-    sys.exit(unittest.main())
+# -----------------------
+# ttx.Options class tests
+# -----------------------
+
+
+def test_options_flag_h(capsys):
+    with pytest.raises(SystemExit):
+        ttx.Options([("-h", None)], 1)
+
+    out, err = capsys.readouterr()
+    assert "TTX -- From OpenType To XML And Back" in out
+
+
+def test_options_flag_version(capsys):
+    with pytest.raises(SystemExit):
+        ttx.Options([("--version", None)], 1)
+
+    out, err = capsys.readouterr()
+    version_list = out.split(".")
+    assert len(version_list) >= 3
+    assert version_list[0].isdigit()
+    assert version_list[1].isdigit()
+    assert version_list[2].strip().isdigit()
+
+
+def test_options_d_goodpath(tmpdir):
+    temp_dir_path = str(tmpdir)
+    tto = ttx.Options([("-d", temp_dir_path)], 1)
+    assert tto.outputDir == temp_dir_path
+
+
+def test_options_d_badpath():
+    with pytest.raises(getopt.GetoptError):
+        ttx.Options([("-d", "bogusdir")], 1)
+
+
+def test_options_o():
+    tto = ttx.Options([("-o", "testfile.ttx")], 1)
+    assert tto.outputFile == "testfile.ttx"
+
+
+def test_options_f():
+    tto = ttx.Options([("-f", "")], 1)
+    assert tto.overWrite is True
+
+
+def test_options_v():
+    tto = ttx.Options([("-v", "")], 1)
+    assert tto.verbose is True
+    assert tto.logLevel == logging.DEBUG
+
+
+def test_options_q():
+    tto = ttx.Options([("-q", "")], 1)
+    assert tto.quiet is True
+    assert tto.logLevel == logging.WARNING
+
+
+def test_options_l():
+    tto = ttx.Options([("-l", "")], 1)
+    assert tto.listTables is True
+
+
+def test_options_t_nopadding():
+    tto = ttx.Options([("-t", "CFF2")], 1)
+    assert len(tto.onlyTables) == 1
+    assert tto.onlyTables[0] == "CFF2"
+
+
+def test_options_t_withpadding():
+    tto = ttx.Options([("-t", "CFF")], 1)
+    assert len(tto.onlyTables) == 1
+    assert tto.onlyTables[0] == "CFF "
+
+
+def test_options_s():
+    tto = ttx.Options([("-s", "")], 1)
+    assert tto.splitTables is True
+    assert tto.splitGlyphs is False
+
+
+def test_options_g():
+    tto = ttx.Options([("-g", "")], 1)
+    assert tto.splitGlyphs is True
+    assert tto.splitTables is True
+
+
+def test_options_i():
+    tto = ttx.Options([("-i", "")], 1)
+    assert tto.disassembleInstructions is False
+
+
+def test_options_z_validoptions():
+    valid_options = ("raw", "row", "bitwise", "extfile")
+    for option in valid_options:
+        tto = ttx.Options([("-z", option)], 1)
+        assert tto.bitmapGlyphDataFormat == option
+
+
+def test_options_z_invalidoption():
+    with pytest.raises(getopt.GetoptError):
+        ttx.Options([("-z", "bogus")], 1)
+
+
+def test_options_y_validvalue():
+    tto = ttx.Options([("-y", "1")], 1)
+    assert tto.fontNumber == 1
+
+
+def test_options_y_invalidvalue():
+    with pytest.raises(ValueError):
+        ttx.Options([("-y", "A")], 1)
+
+
+def test_options_m():
+    tto = ttx.Options([("-m", "testfont.ttf")], 1)
+    assert tto.mergeFile == "testfont.ttf"
+
+
+def test_options_b():
+    tto = ttx.Options([("-b", "")], 1)
+    assert tto.recalcBBoxes is False
+
+
+def test_options_a():
+    tto = ttx.Options([("-a", "")], 1)
+    assert tto.allowVID is True
+
+
+def test_options_e():
+    tto = ttx.Options([("-e", "")], 1)
+    assert tto.ignoreDecompileErrors is False
+
+
+def test_options_unicodedata():
+    tto = ttx.Options([("--unicodedata", "UnicodeData.txt")], 1)
+    assert tto.unicodedata == "UnicodeData.txt"
+
+
+def test_options_newline_lf():
+    tto = ttx.Options([("--newline", "LF")], 1)
+    assert tto.newlinestr == "\n"
+
+
+def test_options_newline_cr():
+    tto = ttx.Options([("--newline", "CR")], 1)
+    assert tto.newlinestr == "\r"
+
+
+def test_options_newline_crlf():
+    tto = ttx.Options([("--newline", "CRLF")], 1)
+    assert tto.newlinestr == "\r\n"
+
+
+def test_options_newline_invalid():
+    with pytest.raises(getopt.GetoptError):
+        ttx.Options([("--newline", "BOGUS")], 1)
+
+
+def test_options_recalc_timestamp():
+    tto = ttx.Options([("--recalc-timestamp", "")], 1)
+    assert tto.recalcTimestamp is True
+
+
+def test_options_recalc_timestamp():
+    tto = ttx.Options([("--no-recalc-timestamp", "")], 1)
+    assert tto.recalcTimestamp is False
+
+
+def test_options_flavor():
+    tto = ttx.Options([("--flavor", "woff")], 1)
+    assert tto.flavor == "woff"
+
+
+def test_options_with_zopfli():
+    tto = ttx.Options([("--with-zopfli", ""), ("--flavor", "woff")], 1)
+    assert tto.useZopfli is True
+
+
+def test_options_with_zopfli_fails_without_woff_flavor():
+    with pytest.raises(getopt.GetoptError):
+        ttx.Options([("--with-zopfli", "")], 1)
+
+
+def test_options_quiet_and_verbose_shouldfail():
+    with pytest.raises(getopt.GetoptError):
+        ttx.Options([("-q", ""), ("-v", "")], 1)
+
+
+def test_options_mergefile_and_flavor_shouldfail():
+    with pytest.raises(getopt.GetoptError):
+        ttx.Options([("-m", "testfont.ttf"), ("--flavor", "woff")], 1)
+
+
+def test_options_onlytables_and_skiptables_shouldfail():
+    with pytest.raises(getopt.GetoptError):
+        ttx.Options([("-t", "CFF"), ("-x", "CFF2")], 1)
+
+
+def test_options_mergefile_and_multiplefiles_shouldfail():
+    with pytest.raises(getopt.GetoptError):
+        ttx.Options([("-m", "testfont.ttf")], 2)
+
+
+def test_options_woff2_and_zopfli_shouldfail():
+    with pytest.raises(getopt.GetoptError):
+        ttx.Options([("--with-zopfli", ""), ("--flavor", "woff2")], 1)
+
+
+# ----------------------------
+# ttx.ttCompile function tests
+# ----------------------------
+
+
+def test_ttcompile_otf_compile_default(tmpdir):
+    inttx = os.path.join("Tests", "ttx", "data", "TestOTF.ttx")
+    # outotf = os.path.join(str(tmpdir), "TestOTF.otf")
+    outotf = tmpdir.join("TestOTF.ttx")
+    default_options = ttx.Options([], 1)
+    ttx.ttCompile(inttx, str(outotf), default_options)
+    # confirm that font was built
+    assert outotf.check(file=True)
+    # confirm that it is valid OTF file, can instantiate a TTFont, has expected OpenType tables
+    ttf = TTFont(str(outotf))
+    expected_tables = (
+        "head",
+        "hhea",
+        "maxp",
+        "OS/2",
+        "name",
+        "cmap",
+        "post",
+        "CFF ",
+        "hmtx",
+        "DSIG",
+    )
+    for table in expected_tables:
+        assert table in ttf
+
+
+def test_ttcompile_otf_to_woff_without_zopfli(tmpdir):
+    inttx = os.path.join("Tests", "ttx", "data", "TestOTF.ttx")
+    outwoff = tmpdir.join("TestOTF.woff")
+    options = ttx.Options([], 1)
+    options.flavor = "woff"
+    ttx.ttCompile(inttx, str(outwoff), options)
+    # confirm that font was built
+    assert outwoff.check(file=True)
+    # confirm that it is valid TTF file, can instantiate a TTFont, has expected OpenType tables
+    ttf = TTFont(str(outwoff))
+    expected_tables = (
+        "head",
+        "hhea",
+        "maxp",
+        "OS/2",
+        "name",
+        "cmap",
+        "post",
+        "CFF ",
+        "hmtx",
+        "DSIG",
+    )
+    for table in expected_tables:
+        assert table in ttf
+
+
+@pytest.mark.skipif(zopfli is None, reason="zopfli not installed")
+def test_ttcompile_otf_to_woff_with_zopfli(tmpdir):
+    inttx = os.path.join("Tests", "ttx", "data", "TestOTF.ttx")
+    outwoff = tmpdir.join("TestOTF.woff")
+    options = ttx.Options([], 1)
+    options.flavor = "woff"
+    options.useZopfli = True
+    ttx.ttCompile(inttx, str(outwoff), options)
+    # confirm that font was built
+    assert outwoff.check(file=True)
+    # confirm that it is valid TTF file, can instantiate a TTFont, has expected OpenType tables
+    ttf = TTFont(str(outwoff))
+    expected_tables = (
+        "head",
+        "hhea",
+        "maxp",
+        "OS/2",
+        "name",
+        "cmap",
+        "post",
+        "CFF ",
+        "hmtx",
+        "DSIG",
+    )
+    for table in expected_tables:
+        assert table in ttf
+
+
+@pytest.mark.skipif(brotli is None, reason="brotli not installed")
+def test_ttcompile_otf_to_woff2(tmpdir):
+    inttx = os.path.join("Tests", "ttx", "data", "TestOTF.ttx")
+    outwoff2 = tmpdir.join("TestTTF.woff2")
+    options = ttx.Options([], 1)
+    options.flavor = "woff2"
+    ttx.ttCompile(inttx, str(outwoff2), options)
+    # confirm that font was built
+    assert outwoff2.check(file=True)
+    # confirm that it is valid TTF file, can instantiate a TTFont, has expected OpenType tables
+    ttf = TTFont(str(outwoff2))
+    # DSIG should not be included from original ttx as per woff2 spec (https://dev.w3.org/webfonts/WOFF2/spec/)
+    assert "DSIG" not in ttf
+    expected_tables = (
+        "head",
+        "hhea",
+        "maxp",
+        "OS/2",
+        "name",
+        "cmap",
+        "post",
+        "CFF ",
+        "hmtx",
+    )
+    for table in expected_tables:
+        assert table in ttf
+
+
+def test_ttcompile_ttf_compile_default(tmpdir):
+    inttx = os.path.join("Tests", "ttx", "data", "TestTTF.ttx")
+    outttf = tmpdir.join("TestTTF.ttf")
+    default_options = ttx.Options([], 1)
+    ttx.ttCompile(inttx, str(outttf), default_options)
+    # confirm that font was built
+    assert outttf.check(file=True)
+    # confirm that it is valid TTF file, can instantiate a TTFont, has expected OpenType tables
+    ttf = TTFont(str(outttf))
+    expected_tables = (
+        "head",
+        "hhea",
+        "maxp",
+        "OS/2",
+        "name",
+        "cmap",
+        "hmtx",
+        "fpgm",
+        "prep",
+        "cvt ",
+        "loca",
+        "glyf",
+        "post",
+        "gasp",
+        "DSIG",
+    )
+    for table in expected_tables:
+        assert table in ttf
+
+
+def test_ttcompile_ttf_to_woff_without_zopfli(tmpdir):
+    inttx = os.path.join("Tests", "ttx", "data", "TestTTF.ttx")
+    outwoff = tmpdir.join("TestTTF.woff")
+    options = ttx.Options([], 1)
+    options.flavor = "woff"
+    ttx.ttCompile(inttx, str(outwoff), options)
+    # confirm that font was built
+    assert outwoff.check(file=True)
+    # confirm that it is valid TTF file, can instantiate a TTFont, has expected OpenType tables
+    ttf = TTFont(str(outwoff))
+    expected_tables = (
+        "head",
+        "hhea",
+        "maxp",
+        "OS/2",
+        "name",
+        "cmap",
+        "hmtx",
+        "fpgm",
+        "prep",
+        "cvt ",
+        "loca",
+        "glyf",
+        "post",
+        "gasp",
+        "DSIG",
+    )
+    for table in expected_tables:
+        assert table in ttf
+
+
+@pytest.mark.skipif(zopfli is None, reason="zopfli not installed")
+def test_ttcompile_ttf_to_woff_with_zopfli(tmpdir):
+    inttx = os.path.join("Tests", "ttx", "data", "TestTTF.ttx")
+    outwoff = tmpdir.join("TestTTF.woff")
+    options = ttx.Options([], 1)
+    options.flavor = "woff"
+    options.useZopfli = True
+    ttx.ttCompile(inttx, str(outwoff), options)
+    # confirm that font was built
+    assert outwoff.check(file=True)
+    # confirm that it is valid TTF file, can instantiate a TTFont, has expected OpenType tables
+    ttf = TTFont(str(outwoff))
+    expected_tables = (
+        "head",
+        "hhea",
+        "maxp",
+        "OS/2",
+        "name",
+        "cmap",
+        "hmtx",
+        "fpgm",
+        "prep",
+        "cvt ",
+        "loca",
+        "glyf",
+        "post",
+        "gasp",
+        "DSIG",
+    )
+    for table in expected_tables:
+        assert table in ttf
+
+
+@pytest.mark.skipif(brotli is None, reason="brotli not installed")
+def test_ttcompile_ttf_to_woff2(tmpdir):
+    inttx = os.path.join("Tests", "ttx", "data", "TestTTF.ttx")
+    outwoff2 = tmpdir.join("TestTTF.woff2")
+    options = ttx.Options([], 1)
+    options.flavor = "woff2"
+    ttx.ttCompile(inttx, str(outwoff2), options)
+    # confirm that font was built
+    assert outwoff2.check(file=True)
+    # confirm that it is valid TTF file, can instantiate a TTFont, has expected OpenType tables
+    ttf = TTFont(str(outwoff2))
+    # DSIG should not be included from original ttx as per woff2 spec (https://dev.w3.org/webfonts/WOFF2/spec/)
+    assert "DSIG" not in ttf
+    expected_tables = (
+        "head",
+        "hhea",
+        "maxp",
+        "OS/2",
+        "name",
+        "cmap",
+        "hmtx",
+        "fpgm",
+        "prep",
+        "cvt ",
+        "loca",
+        "glyf",
+        "post",
+        "gasp",
+    )
+    for table in expected_tables:
+        assert table in ttf
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize(
+    "inpath, outpath1, outpath2",
+    [
+        ("TestTTF.ttx", "TestTTF1.ttf", "TestTTF2.ttf"),
+        ("TestOTF.ttx", "TestOTF1.otf", "TestOTF2.otf"),
+    ],
+)
+def test_ttcompile_timestamp_calcs(inpath, outpath1, outpath2, tmpdir):
+    inttx = os.path.join("Tests", "ttx", "data", inpath)
+    outttf1 = tmpdir.join(outpath1)
+    outttf2 = tmpdir.join(outpath2)
+    options = ttx.Options([], 1)
+    # build with default options = do not recalculate timestamp
+    ttx.ttCompile(inttx, str(outttf1), options)
+    # confirm that font was built
+    assert outttf1.check(file=True)
+    # confirm that timestamp is same as modified time on ttx file
+    mtime = os.path.getmtime(inttx)
+    epochtime = timestampSinceEpoch(mtime)
+    ttf = TTFont(str(outttf1))
+    assert ttf["head"].modified == epochtime
+
+    # reset options to recalculate the timestamp and compile new font
+    options.recalcTimestamp = True
+    ttx.ttCompile(inttx, str(outttf2), options)
+    # confirm that font was built
+    assert outttf2.check(file=True)
+    # confirm that timestamp is more recent than modified time on ttx file
+    mtime = os.path.getmtime(inttx)
+    epochtime = timestampSinceEpoch(mtime)
+    ttf = TTFont(str(outttf2))
+    assert ttf["head"].modified > epochtime
+
+    # --no-recalc-timestamp will keep original timestamp
+    options.recalcTimestamp = False
+    ttx.ttCompile(inttx, str(outttf2), options)
+    assert outttf2.check(file=True)
+    inttf = TTFont()
+    inttf.importXML(inttx)
+    assert inttf["head"].modified == TTFont(str(outttf2))["head"].modified
+
+
+# -------------------------
+# ttx.ttList function tests
+# -------------------------
+
+
+def test_ttlist_ttf(capsys, tmpdir):
+    inpath = os.path.join("Tests", "ttx", "data", "TestTTF.ttf")
+    fakeoutpath = tmpdir.join("TestTTF.ttx")
+    options = ttx.Options([], 1)
+    options.listTables = True
+    ttx.ttList(inpath, str(fakeoutpath), options)
+    out, err = capsys.readouterr()
+    expected_tables = (
+        "head",
+        "hhea",
+        "maxp",
+        "OS/2",
+        "name",
+        "cmap",
+        "hmtx",
+        "fpgm",
+        "prep",
+        "cvt ",
+        "loca",
+        "glyf",
+        "post",
+        "gasp",
+        "DSIG",
+    )
+    # confirm that expected tables are printed to stdout
+    for table in expected_tables:
+        assert table in out
+    # test for one of the expected tag/checksum/length/offset strings
+    assert "OS/2  0x67230FF8        96       376" in out
+
+
+def test_ttlist_otf(capsys, tmpdir):
+    inpath = os.path.join("Tests", "ttx", "data", "TestOTF.otf")
+    fakeoutpath = tmpdir.join("TestOTF.ttx")
+    options = ttx.Options([], 1)
+    options.listTables = True
+    ttx.ttList(inpath, str(fakeoutpath), options)
+    out, err = capsys.readouterr()
+    expected_tables = (
+        "head",
+        "hhea",
+        "maxp",
+        "OS/2",
+        "name",
+        "cmap",
+        "post",
+        "CFF ",
+        "hmtx",
+        "DSIG",
+    )
+    # confirm that expected tables are printed to stdout
+    for table in expected_tables:
+        assert table in out
+    # test for one of the expected tag/checksum/length/offset strings
+    assert "OS/2  0x67230FF8        96       272" in out
+
+
+def test_ttlist_woff(capsys, tmpdir):
+    inpath = os.path.join("Tests", "ttx", "data", "TestWOFF.woff")
+    fakeoutpath = tmpdir.join("TestWOFF.ttx")
+    options = ttx.Options([], 1)
+    options.listTables = True
+    options.flavor = "woff"
+    ttx.ttList(inpath, str(fakeoutpath), options)
+    out, err = capsys.readouterr()
+    expected_tables = (
+        "head",
+        "hhea",
+        "maxp",
+        "OS/2",
+        "name",
+        "cmap",
+        "post",
+        "CFF ",
+        "hmtx",
+        "DSIG",
+    )
+    # confirm that expected tables are printed to stdout
+    for table in expected_tables:
+        assert table in out
+    # test for one of the expected tag/checksum/length/offset strings
+    assert "OS/2  0x67230FF8        84       340" in out
+
+
+@pytest.mark.skipif(brotli is None, reason="brotli not installed")
+def test_ttlist_woff2(capsys, tmpdir):
+    inpath = os.path.join("Tests", "ttx", "data", "TestWOFF2.woff2")
+    fakeoutpath = tmpdir.join("TestWOFF2.ttx")
+    options = ttx.Options([], 1)
+    options.listTables = True
+    options.flavor = "woff2"
+    ttx.ttList(inpath, str(fakeoutpath), options)
+    out, err = capsys.readouterr()
+    expected_tables = (
+        "head",
+        "hhea",
+        "maxp",
+        "OS/2",
+        "name",
+        "cmap",
+        "hmtx",
+        "fpgm",
+        "prep",
+        "cvt ",
+        "loca",
+        "glyf",
+        "post",
+        "gasp",
+    )
+    # confirm that expected tables are printed to stdout
+    for table in expected_tables:
+        assert table in out
+    # test for one of the expected tag/checksum/length/offset strings
+    assert "OS/2  0x67230FF8        96         0" in out
+
+
+# -------------------
+# main function tests
+# -------------------
+
+
+def test_main_default_ttf_dump_to_ttx(tmpdir):
+    inpath = os.path.join("Tests", "ttx", "data", "TestTTF.ttf")
+    outpath = tmpdir.join("TestTTF.ttx")
+    args = ["-o", str(outpath), inpath]
+    ttx.main(args)
+    assert outpath.check(file=True)
+
+
+def test_main_default_ttx_compile_to_ttf(tmpdir):
+    inpath = os.path.join("Tests", "ttx", "data", "TestTTF.ttx")
+    outpath = tmpdir.join("TestTTF.ttf")
+    args = ["-o", str(outpath), inpath]
+    ttx.main(args)
+    assert outpath.check(file=True)
+
+
+def test_main_getopterror_missing_directory():
+    with pytest.raises(SystemExit):
+        with pytest.raises(getopt.GetoptError):
+            inpath = os.path.join("Tests", "ttx", "data", "TestTTF.ttf")
+            args = ["-d", "bogusdir", inpath]
+            ttx.main(args)
+
+
+def test_main_keyboard_interrupt(tmpdir, monkeypatch, caplog):
+    with pytest.raises(SystemExit):
+        inpath = os.path.join("Tests", "ttx", "data", "TestTTF.ttx")
+        outpath = tmpdir.join("TestTTF.ttf")
+        args = ["-o", str(outpath), inpath]
+        monkeypatch.setattr(
+            ttx, "process", (lambda x, y: raise_exception(KeyboardInterrupt))
+        )
+        ttx.main(args)
+
+    assert "(Cancelled.)" in caplog.text
+
+
+@pytest.mark.skipif(
+    sys.platform == "win32",
+    reason="waitForKeyPress function causes test to hang on Windows platform",
+)
+def test_main_system_exit(tmpdir, monkeypatch):
+    with pytest.raises(SystemExit):
+        inpath = os.path.join("Tests", "ttx", "data", "TestTTF.ttx")
+        outpath = tmpdir.join("TestTTF.ttf")
+        args = ["-o", str(outpath), inpath]
+        monkeypatch.setattr(
+            ttx, "process", (lambda x, y: raise_exception(SystemExit))
+        )
+        ttx.main(args)
+
+
+def test_main_ttlib_error(tmpdir, monkeypatch, caplog):
+    with pytest.raises(SystemExit):
+        inpath = os.path.join("Tests", "ttx", "data", "TestTTF.ttx")
+        outpath = tmpdir.join("TestTTF.ttf")
+        args = ["-o", str(outpath), inpath]
+        monkeypatch.setattr(
+            ttx,
+            "process",
+            (lambda x, y: raise_exception(TTLibError("Test error"))),
+        )
+        ttx.main(args)
+
+    assert "Test error" in caplog.text
+
+
+@pytest.mark.skipif(
+    sys.platform == "win32",
+    reason="waitForKeyPress function causes test to hang on Windows platform",
+)
+def test_main_base_exception(tmpdir, monkeypatch, caplog):
+    with pytest.raises(SystemExit):
+        inpath = os.path.join("Tests", "ttx", "data", "TestTTF.ttx")
+        outpath = tmpdir.join("TestTTF.ttf")
+        args = ["-o", str(outpath), inpath]
+        monkeypatch.setattr(
+            ttx,
+            "process",
+            (lambda x, y: raise_exception(Exception("Test error"))),
+        )
+        ttx.main(args)
+
+    assert "Unhandled exception has occurred" in caplog.text
+
+
+# ---------------------------
+# support functions for tests
+# ---------------------------
+
+
+def raise_exception(exception):
+    raise exception
diff --git a/Tests/ufoLib/GLIF1_test.py b/Tests/ufoLib/GLIF1_test.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..85fcc71
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/ufoLib/GLIF1_test.py
@@ -0,0 +1,1331 @@
+import unittest
+from fontTools.ufoLib.glifLib import GlifLibError, readGlyphFromString, writeGlyphToString
+from .testSupport import Glyph, stripText
+from itertools import islice
+
+# ----------
+# Test Cases
+# ----------
+
+class TestGLIF1(unittest.TestCase):
+
+	def assertEqual(self, first, second, msg=None):
+		if isinstance(first, str):
+			first = stripText(first)
+		if isinstance(second, str):
+			second = stripText(second)
+		return super().assertEqual(first, second, msg=msg)
+
+	def pyToGLIF(self, py):
+		py = stripText(py)
+		glyph = Glyph()
+		exec(py, {"glyph" : glyph, "pointPen" : glyph})
+		glif = writeGlyphToString(glyph.name, glyphObject=glyph, drawPointsFunc=glyph.drawPoints, formatVersion=1, validate=True)
+		# discard the first line containing the xml declaration
+		return "\n".join(islice(glif.splitlines(), 1, None))
+
+	def glifToPy(self, glif):
+		glif = stripText(glif)
+		glif = "<?xml version=\"1.0\"?>\n" + glif
+		glyph = Glyph()
+		readGlyphFromString(glif, glyphObject=glyph, pointPen=glyph, validate=True)
+		return glyph.py()
+
+	def testTopElement(self):
+		# not glyph
+		glif = """
+		<notglyph name="a" format="1">
+			<outline>
+			</outline>
+		</notglyph>
+		"""
+		self.assertRaises(GlifLibError, self.glifToPy, glif)
+
+	def testName_legal(self):
+		# legal
+		glif = """
+		<glyph name="a" format="1">
+			<outline>
+			</outline>
+		</glyph>
+		"""
+		py = """
+		glyph.name = "a"
+		"""
+		resultGlif = self.pyToGLIF(py)
+		resultPy = self.glifToPy(glif)
+		self.assertEqual(glif, resultGlif)
+		self.assertEqual(py, resultPy)
+
+	def testName_empty(self):
+		# empty
+		glif = """
+		<glyph name="" format="1">
+			<outline>
+			</outline>
+		</glyph>
+		"""
+		py = """
+		glyph.name = ""
+		"""
+		self.assertRaises(GlifLibError, self.pyToGLIF, py)
+		self.assertRaises(GlifLibError, self.glifToPy, glif)
+
+	def testName_not_a_string(self):
+		# not a string
+		py = """
+		glyph.name = 1
+		"""
+		self.assertRaises(GlifLibError, self.pyToGLIF, py)
+
+	def testFormat_legal(self):
+		# legal
+		glif = """
+		<glyph name="a" format="1">
+			<outline>
+			</outline>
+		</glyph>
+		"""
+		py = """
+		glyph.name = "a"
+		"""
+		resultGlif = self.pyToGLIF(py)
+		resultPy = self.glifToPy(glif)
+		self.assertEqual(glif, resultGlif)
+		self.assertEqual(py, resultPy)
+
+	def testFormat_wrong_number(self):
+		# wrong number
+		glif = """
+		<glyph name="a" format="-1">
+			<outline>
+			</outline>
+		</glyph>
+		"""
+		self.assertRaises(GlifLibError, self.glifToPy, glif)
+
+	def testFormat_not_an_int(self):
+		# not an int
+		glif = """
+		<glyph name="a" format="A">
+			<outline>
+			</outline>
+		</glyph>
+		"""
+		self.assertRaises(GlifLibError, self.glifToPy, glif)
+
+	def testBogusGlyphStructure_unknown_element(self):
+		# unknown element
+		glif = """
+		<glyph name="a" format="1">
+			<unknown />
+		</glyph>
+		"""
+		self.assertRaises(GlifLibError, self.glifToPy, glif)
+
+	def testBogusGlyphStructure_content(self):
+		# content
+		glif = """
+		<glyph name="a" format="1">
+			Hello World.
+		</glyph>
+		"""
+		self.assertRaises(GlifLibError, self.glifToPy, glif)
+
+	def testAdvance_legal_width_and_height(self):
+		# legal: width and height
+		glif = """
+		<glyph name="a" format="1">
+			<advance height="200" width="100"/>
+			<outline>
+			</outline>
+		</glyph>
+		"""
+		py = """
+		glyph.name = "a"
+		glyph.width = 100
+		glyph.height = 200
+		"""
+		resultGlif = self.pyToGLIF(py)
+		resultPy = self.glifToPy(glif)
+		self.assertEqual(glif, resultGlif)
+		self.assertEqual(py, resultPy)
+
+	def testAdvance_legal_width_and_height_floats(self):
+		# legal: width and height floats
+		glif = """
+		<glyph name="a" format="1">
+			<advance height="200.1" width="100.1"/>
+			<outline>
+			</outline>
+		</glyph>
+		"""
+		py = """
+		glyph.name = "a"
+		glyph.width = 100.1
+		glyph.height = 200.1
+		"""
+		resultGlif = self.pyToGLIF(py)
+		resultPy = self.glifToPy(glif)
+		self.assertEqual(glif, resultGlif)
+		self.assertEqual(py, resultPy)
+
+	def testAdvance_legal_width(self):
+		# legal: width
+		glif = """
+		<glyph name="a" format="1">
+			<advance width="100"/>
+			<outline>
+			</outline>
+		</glyph>
+		"""
+		py = """
+		glyph.name = "a"
+		glyph.width = 100
+		"""
+		resultGlif = self.pyToGLIF(py)
+		resultPy = self.glifToPy(glif)
+		self.assertEqual(glif, resultGlif)
+		self.assertEqual(py, resultPy)
+
+	def testAdvance_legal_height(self):
+		# legal: height
+		glif = """
+		<glyph name="a" format="1">
+			<advance height="200"/>
+			<outline>
+			</outline>
+		</glyph>
+		"""
+		py = """
+		glyph.name = "a"
+		glyph.height = 200
+		"""
+		resultGlif = self.pyToGLIF(py)
+		resultPy = self.glifToPy(glif)
+		self.assertEqual(glif, resultGlif)
+		self.assertEqual(py, resultPy)
+
+	def testAdvance_illegal_width(self):
+		# illegal: not a number
+		glif = """
+		<glyph name="a" format="1">
+			<advance width="a"/>
+			<outline>
+			</outline>
+		</glyph>
+		"""
+		py = """
+		glyph.name = "a"
+		glyph.width = "a"
+		"""
+		self.assertRaises(GlifLibError, self.pyToGLIF, py)
+		self.assertRaises(GlifLibError, self.glifToPy, glif)
+
+	def testAdvance_illegal_height(self):
+		glif = """
+		<glyph name="a" format="1">
+			<advance height="a"/>
+			<outline>
+			</outline>
+		</glyph>
+		"""
+		py = """
+		glyph.name = "a"
+		glyph.height = "a"
+		"""
+		self.assertRaises(GlifLibError, self.pyToGLIF, py)
+		self.assertRaises(GlifLibError, self.glifToPy, glif)
+
+	def testUnicodes_legal(self):
+		# legal
+		glif = """
+		<glyph name="a" format="1">
+			<unicode hex="0061"/>
+			<outline>
+			</outline>
+		</glyph>
+		"""
+		py = """
+		glyph.name = "a"
+		glyph.unicodes = [97]
+		"""
+		resultGlif = self.pyToGLIF(py)
+		resultPy = self.glifToPy(glif)
+		self.assertEqual(glif, resultGlif)
+		self.assertEqual(py, resultPy)
+
+	def testUnicodes_legal_multiple(self):
+		glif = """
+		<glyph name="a" format="1">
+			<unicode hex="0062"/>
+			<unicode hex="0063"/>
+			<unicode hex="0061"/>
+			<outline>
+			</outline>
+		</glyph>
+		"""
+		py = """
+		glyph.name = "a"
+		glyph.unicodes = [98, 99, 97]
+		"""
+		resultGlif = self.pyToGLIF(py)
+		resultPy = self.glifToPy(glif)
+		self.assertEqual(glif, resultGlif)
+		self.assertEqual(py, resultPy)
+
+	def testUnicodes_illegal(self):
+		# illegal
+		glif = """
+		<glyph name="a" format="1">
+			<unicode hex="1.1"/>
+			<outline>
+			</outline>
+		</glyph>
+		"""
+		py = """
+		glyph.name = "zzzzzz"
+		glyph.unicodes = ["1.1"]
+		"""
+		self.assertRaises(GlifLibError, self.pyToGLIF, py)
+		self.assertRaises(GlifLibError, self.glifToPy, glif)
+
+	def testNote(self):
+		glif = """
+		<glyph name="a" format="1">
+			<note>
+				\U0001F4A9
+			</note>
+			<outline>
+			</outline>
+		</glyph>
+		"""
+		py = """
+		glyph.name = "a"
+		glyph.note = "💩"
+		"""
+		resultGlif = self.pyToGLIF(py)
+		resultPy = self.glifToPy(glif)
+		self.assertEqual(glif, resultGlif)
+		self.assertEqual(py, resultPy)
+
+	def testLib_legal(self):
+		glif = """
+		<glyph name="a" format="1">
+			<outline>
+			</outline>
+			<lib>
+				<dict>
+					<key>dict</key>
+					<dict>
+						<key>hello</key>
+						<string>world</string>
+					</dict>
+					<key>float</key>
+					<real>2.5</real>
+					<key>int</key>
+					<integer>1</integer>
+					<key>list</key>
+					<array>
+						<string>a</string>
+						<string>b</string>
+						<integer>1</integer>
+						<real>2.5</real>
+					</array>
+					<key>string</key>
+					<string>a</string>
+				</dict>
+			</lib>
+		</glyph>
+		"""
+		py = """
+		glyph.name = "a"
+		glyph.lib = {"dict" : {"hello" : "world"}, "float" : 2.5, "int" : 1, "list" : ["a", "b", 1, 2.5], "string" : "a"}
+		"""
+		resultGlif = self.pyToGLIF(py)
+		resultPy = self.glifToPy(glif)
+		self.assertEqual(glif, resultGlif)
+		self.assertEqual(py, resultPy)
+
+	def testOutline_unknown_element(self):
+		# unknown element
+		glif = """
+		<glyph name="a" format="1">
+			<outline>
+				<unknown/>
+			</outline>
+		</glyph>
+		"""
+		self.assertRaises(GlifLibError, self.glifToPy, glif)
+
+	def testOutline_content(self):
+		# content
+		glif = """
+		<glyph name="a" format="1">
+			<outline>
+				hello
+			</outline>
+		</glyph>
+		"""
+		self.assertRaises(GlifLibError, self.glifToPy, glif)
+
+	def testComponent_legal(self):
+		# legal
+		glif = """
+		<glyph name="a" format="1">
+			<outline>
+				<component base="x" xScale="2" xyScale="3" yxScale="6" yScale="5" xOffset="1" yOffset="4"/>
+			</outline>
+		</glyph>
+		"""
+		py = """
+		glyph.name = "a"
+		pointPen.addComponent(*["x", (2, 3, 6, 5, 1, 4)])
+		"""
+		resultGlif = self.pyToGLIF(py)
+		resultPy = self.glifToPy(glif)
+		self.assertEqual(glif, resultGlif)
+		self.assertEqual(py, resultPy)
+
+	def testComponent_illegal_no_base(self):
+		# no base
+		glif = """
+		<glyph name="a" format="1">
+			<outline>
+				<component xScale="2" xyScale="3" yxScale="6" yScale="5" xOffset="1" yOffset="4"/>
+			</outline>
+		</glyph>
+		"""
+		self.assertRaises(GlifLibError, self.glifToPy, glif)
+
+	def testComponent_bogus_transformation(self):
+		# bogus values in transformation
+		glif = """
+		<glyph name="a" format="1">
+			<outline>
+				<component base="x" xScale="a" xyScale="3" yxScale="6" yScale="5" xOffset="1" yOffset="4"/>
+			</outline>
+		</glyph>
+		"""
+		py = """
+		glyph.name = "a"
+		pointPen.addComponent(*["x", ("a", 3, 6, 5, 1, 4)])
+		"""
+		self.assertRaises(GlifLibError, self.pyToGLIF, py)
+		self.assertRaises(GlifLibError, self.glifToPy, glif)
+		glif = """
+		<glyph name="a" format="1">
+			<outline>
+				<component base="x" xScale="a" xyScale="3" yxScale="6" yScale="5" xOffset="1" yOffset="4"/>
+			</outline>
+		</glyph>
+		"""
+		py = """
+		glyph.name = "a"
+		pointPen.addComponent(*["x", (2, "a", 6, 5, 1, 4)])
+		"""
+		self.assertRaises(GlifLibError, self.pyToGLIF, py)
+		self.assertRaises(GlifLibError, self.glifToPy, glif)
+		glif = """
+		<glyph name="a" format="1">
+			<outline>
+				<component base="x" xScale="2" xyScale="3" yxScale="a" yScale="5" xOffset="1" yOffset="4"/>
+			</outline>
+		</glyph>
+		"""
+		py = """
+		glyph.name = "a"
+		pointPen.addComponent(*["x", (2, 3, "a", 5, 1, 4)])
+		"""
+		self.assertRaises(GlifLibError, self.pyToGLIF, py)
+		self.assertRaises(GlifLibError, self.glifToPy, glif)
+		glif = """
+		<glyph name="a" format="1">
+			<outline>
+				<component base="x" xScale="2" xyScale="3" yxScale="6" yScale="a" xOffset="1" yOffset="4"/>
+			</outline>
+		</glyph>
+		"""
+		py = """
+		glyph.name = "a"
+		pointPen.addComponent(*["x", (2, 3, 6, "a", 1, 4)])
+		"""
+		self.assertRaises(GlifLibError, self.pyToGLIF, py)
+		self.assertRaises(GlifLibError, self.glifToPy, glif)
+		glif = """
+		<glyph name="a" format="1">
+			<outline>
+				<component base="x" xScale="2" xyScale="3" yxScale="6" yScale="5" xOffset="a" yOffset="4"/>
+			</outline>
+		</glyph>
+		"""
+		py = """
+		glyph.name = "a"
+		pointPen.addComponent(*["x", (2, 3, 6, 5, "a", 4)])
+		"""
+		self.assertRaises(GlifLibError, self.pyToGLIF, py)
+		self.assertRaises(GlifLibError, self.glifToPy, glif)
+		glif = """
+		<glyph name="a" format="1">
+			<outline>
+				<component base="x" xScale="2" xyScale="3" yxScale="6" yScale="5" xOffset="1" yOffset="a"/>
+			</outline>
+		</glyph>
+		"""
+		py = """
+		glyph.name = "a"
+		pointPen.addComponent(*["x", (2, 3, 6, 5, 1, "a")])
+		"""
+		self.assertRaises(GlifLibError, self.pyToGLIF, py)
+		self.assertRaises(GlifLibError, self.glifToPy, glif)
+
+	def testContour_legal_one_contour(self):
+		# legal: one contour
+		glif = """
+		<glyph name="a" format="1">
+			<outline>
+				<contour>
+				</contour>
+			</outline>
+		</glyph>
+		"""
+		py = """
+		glyph.name = "a"
+		pointPen.beginPath()
+		pointPen.endPath()
+		"""
+		resultGlif = self.pyToGLIF(py)
+		resultPy = self.glifToPy(glif)
+		self.assertEqual(glif, resultGlif)
+		self.assertEqual(py, resultPy)
+
+	def testContour_legal_two_contours(self):
+		# legal: two contours
+		glif = """
+		<glyph name="a" format="1">
+			<outline>
+				<contour>
+					<point x="1" y="2" type="move"/>
+					<point x="10" y="20" type="line"/>
+				</contour>
+				<contour>
+					<point x="1" y="2" type="move"/>
+					<point x="10" y="20" type="line"/>
+				</contour>
+			</outline>
+		</glyph>
+		"""
+		py = """
+		glyph.name = "a"
+		pointPen.beginPath()
+		pointPen.addPoint(*[(1, 2)], **{"segmentType" : "move", "smooth" : False})
+		pointPen.addPoint(*[(10, 20)], **{"segmentType" : "line", "smooth" : False})
+		pointPen.endPath()
+		pointPen.beginPath()
+		pointPen.addPoint(*[(1, 2)], **{"segmentType" : "move", "smooth" : False})
+		pointPen.addPoint(*[(10, 20)], **{"segmentType" : "line", "smooth" : False})
+		pointPen.endPath()
+		"""
+		resultGlif = self.pyToGLIF(py)
+		resultPy = self.glifToPy(glif)
+		self.assertEqual(glif, resultGlif)
+		self.assertEqual(py, resultPy)
+
+	def testContour_illegal_unkonwn_element(self):
+		# unknown element
+		glif = """
+		<glyph name="a" format="1">
+			<outline>
+				<contour>
+					<unknown/>
+				</contour>
+			</outline>
+		</glyph>
+		"""
+		self.assertRaises(GlifLibError, self.glifToPy, glif)
+
+	def testPointCoordinates_legal_int(self):
+		# legal: int
+		glif = """
+		<glyph name="a" format="1">
+			<outline>
+				<contour>
+					<point x="1" y="-2" type="move"/>
+					<point x="0" y="0" type="line" name="this is here so that the contour isn't seen as an anchor"/>
+				</contour>
+			</outline>
+		</glyph>
+		"""
+		py = """
+		glyph.name = "a"
+		pointPen.beginPath()
+		pointPen.addPoint(*[(1, -2)], **{"segmentType" : "move", "smooth" : False})
+		pointPen.addPoint(*[(0, 0)], **{"name" : "this is here so that the contour isn't seen as an anchor", "segmentType" : "line", "smooth" : False})
+		pointPen.endPath()
+		"""
+		resultGlif = self.pyToGLIF(py)
+		resultPy = self.glifToPy(glif)
+		self.assertEqual(glif, resultGlif)
+		self.assertEqual(py, resultPy)
+
+	def testPointCoordinates_legal_float(self):
+		# legal: float
+		glif = """
+		<glyph name="a" format="1">
+			<outline>
+				<contour>
+					<point x="1.1" y="-2.2" type="move"/>
+					<point x="0" y="0" type="line" name="this is here so that the contour isn't seen as an anchor"/>
+				</contour>
+			</outline>
+		</glyph>
+		"""
+		py = """
+		glyph.name = "a"
+		pointPen.beginPath()
+		pointPen.addPoint(*[(1.1, -2.2)], **{"segmentType" : "move", "smooth" : False})
+		pointPen.addPoint(*[(0, 0)], **{"name" : "this is here so that the contour isn't seen as an anchor", "segmentType" : "line", "smooth" : False})
+		pointPen.endPath()
+		"""
+		resultGlif = self.pyToGLIF(py)
+		resultPy = self.glifToPy(glif)
+		self.assertEqual(glif, resultGlif)
+		self.assertEqual(py, resultPy)
+
+	def testPointCoordinates_illegal_x(self):
+		# illegal: string
+		glif = """
+		<glyph name="a" format="1">
+			<outline>
+				<contour>
+					<point x="a" y="2" type="move"/>
+					<point x="0" y="0" type="line" name="this is here so that the contour isn't seen as an anchor"/>
+				</contour>
+			</outline>
+		</glyph>
+		"""
+		py = """
+		glyph.name = "a"
+		pointPen.beginPath()
+		pointPen.addPoint(*[("a", 2)], **{"segmentType" : "move", "smooth" : False})
+		pointPen.addPoint(*[(0, 0)], **{"name" : "this is here so that the contour isn't seen as an anchor", "segmentType" : "line", "smooth" : False})
+		pointPen.endPath()
+		"""
+		self.assertRaises(GlifLibError, self.pyToGLIF, py)
+		self.assertRaises(GlifLibError, self.glifToPy, glif)
+
+	def testPointCoordinates_illegal_y(self):
+		# legal: int
+		glif = """
+		<glyph name="a" format="1">
+			<outline>
+				<contour>
+					<point x="1" y="a" type="move"/>
+					<point x="0" y="0" type="line" name="this is here so that the contour isn't seen as an anchor"/>
+				</contour>
+			</outline>
+		</glyph>
+		"""
+		py = """
+		glyph.name = "a"
+		pointPen.beginPath()
+		pointPen.addPoint(*[(1, "a")], **{"segmentType" : "move", "smooth" : False})
+		pointPen.addPoint(*[(0, 0)], **{"name" : "this is here so that the contour isn't seen as an anchor", "segmentType" : "line", "smooth" : False})
+		pointPen.endPath()
+		"""
+		self.assertRaises(GlifLibError, self.pyToGLIF, py)
+		self.assertRaises(GlifLibError, self.glifToPy, glif)
+
+	def testPointTypeMove_legal(self):
+		# legal
+		glif = """
+		<glyph name="a" format="1">
+			<outline>
+				<contour>
+					<point x="1" y="-2" type="move"/>
+					<point x="3" y="-4" type="line"/>
+				</contour>
+			</outline>
+		</glyph>
+		"""
+		py = """
+		glyph.name = "a"
+		pointPen.beginPath()
+		pointPen.addPoint(*[(1, -2)], **{"segmentType" : "move", "smooth" : False})
+		pointPen.addPoint(*[(3, -4)], **{"segmentType" : "line", "smooth" : False})
+		pointPen.endPath()
+		"""
+		resultGlif = self.pyToGLIF(py)
+		resultPy = self.glifToPy(glif)
+		self.assertEqual(glif, resultGlif)
+		self.assertEqual(py, resultPy)
+
+	def testPointTypeMove_legal_smooth(self):
+		# legal: smooth=True
+		glif = """
+		<glyph name="a" format="1">
+			<outline>
+				<contour>
+					<point x="1" y="-2" type="move" smooth="yes"/>
+					<point x="3" y="-4" type="line"/>
+				</contour>
+			</outline>
+		</glyph>
+		"""
+		py = """
+		glyph.name = "a"
+		pointPen.beginPath()
+		pointPen.addPoint(*[(1, -2)], **{"segmentType" : "move", "smooth" : True})
+		pointPen.addPoint(*[(3, -4)], **{"segmentType" : "line", "smooth" : False})
+		pointPen.endPath()
+		"""
+		resultGlif = self.pyToGLIF(py)
+		resultPy = self.glifToPy(glif)
+		self.assertEqual(glif, resultGlif)
+		self.assertEqual(py, resultPy)
+
+	def testPointTypeMove_illegal_not_at_start(self):
+		# illegal: not at start
+		glif = """
+		<glyph name="a" format="1">
+			<outline>
+				<contour>
+					<point x="3" y="-4" type="line"/>
+					<point x="1" y="-2" type="move"/>
+				</contour>
+			</outline>
+		</glyph>
+		"""
+		py = """
+		glyph.name = "a"
+		pointPen.beginPath()
+		pointPen.addPoint(*[(3, -4)], **{"segmentType" : "line", "smooth" : False})
+		pointPen.addPoint(*[(1, -2)], **{"segmentType" : "move", "smooth" : False})
+		pointPen.endPath()
+		"""
+		self.assertRaises(GlifLibError, self.pyToGLIF, py)
+		self.assertRaises(GlifLibError, self.glifToPy, glif)
+
+	def testPointTypeLine_legal(self):
+		# legal
+		glif = """
+		<glyph name="a" format="1">
+			<outline>
+				<contour>
+					<point x="1" y="-2" type="move"/>
+					<point x="3" y="-4" type="line"/>
+				</contour>
+			</outline>
+		</glyph>
+		"""
+		py = """
+		glyph.name = "a"
+		pointPen.beginPath()
+		pointPen.addPoint(*[(1, -2)], **{"segmentType" : "move", "smooth" : False})
+		pointPen.addPoint(*[(3, -4)], **{"segmentType" : "line", "smooth" : False})
+		pointPen.endPath()
+		"""
+		resultGlif = self.pyToGLIF(py)
+		resultPy = self.glifToPy(glif)
+		self.assertEqual(glif, resultGlif)
+		self.assertEqual(py, resultPy)
+
+	def testPointTypeLine_legal_start_of_contour(self):
+		# legal: start of contour
+		glif = """
+		<glyph name="a" format="1">
+			<outline>
+				<contour>
+					<point x="1" y="-2" type="line"/>
+					<point x="3" y="-4" type="line"/>
+				</contour>
+			</outline>
+		</glyph>
+		"""
+		py = """
+		glyph.name = "a"
+		pointPen.beginPath()
+		pointPen.addPoint(*[(1, -2)], **{"segmentType" : "line", "smooth" : False})
+		pointPen.addPoint(*[(3, -4)], **{"segmentType" : "line", "smooth" : False})
+		pointPen.endPath()
+		"""
+		resultGlif = self.pyToGLIF(py)
+		resultPy = self.glifToPy(glif)
+		self.assertEqual(glif, resultGlif)
+		self.assertEqual(py, resultPy)
+
+	def testPointTypeLine_legal_smooth(self):
+		# legal: smooth=True
+		glif = """
+		<glyph name="a" format="1">
+			<outline>
+				<contour>
+					<point x="1" y="-2" type="move"/>
+					<point x="3" y="-4" type="line" smooth="yes"/>
+				</contour>
+			</outline>
+		</glyph>
+		"""
+		py = """
+		glyph.name = "a"
+		pointPen.beginPath()
+		pointPen.addPoint(*[(1, -2)], **{"segmentType" : "move", "smooth" : False})
+		pointPen.addPoint(*[(3, -4)], **{"segmentType" : "line", "smooth" : True})
+		pointPen.endPath()
+		"""
+		resultGlif = self.pyToGLIF(py)
+		resultPy = self.glifToPy(glif)
+		self.assertEqual(glif, resultGlif)
+		self.assertEqual(py, resultPy)
+
+	def testPointTypeCurve_legal(self):
+		# legal
+		glif = """
+		<glyph name="a" format="1">
+			<outline>
+				<contour>
+					<point x="0" y="0" type="move"/>
+					<point x="0" y="65"/>
+					<point x="65" y="200"/>
+					<point x="100" y="200" type="curve"/>
+				</contour>
+			</outline>
+		</glyph>
+		"""
+		py = """
+		glyph.name = "a"
+		pointPen.beginPath()
+		pointPen.addPoint(*[(0, 0)], **{"segmentType" : "move", "smooth" : False})
+		pointPen.addPoint(*[(0, 65)], **{"smooth" : False})
+		pointPen.addPoint(*[(65, 200)], **{"smooth" : False})
+		pointPen.addPoint(*[(100, 200)], **{"segmentType" : "curve", "smooth" : False})
+		pointPen.endPath()
+		"""
+		resultGlif = self.pyToGLIF(py)
+		resultPy = self.glifToPy(glif)
+		self.assertEqual(glif, resultGlif)
+		self.assertEqual(py, resultPy)
+
+	def testPointTypeCurve_legal_start_of_contour(self):
+		# legal: start of contour
+		glif = """
+		<glyph name="a" format="1">
+			<outline>
+				<contour>
+					<point x="100" y="200" type="curve"/>
+					<point x="0" y="65"/>
+					<point x="65" y="200"/>
+				</contour>
+			</outline>
+		</glyph>
+		"""
+		py = """
+		glyph.name = "a"
+		pointPen.beginPath()
+		pointPen.addPoint(*[(100, 200)], **{"segmentType" : "curve", "smooth" : False})
+		pointPen.addPoint(*[(0, 65)], **{"smooth" : False})
+		pointPen.addPoint(*[(65, 200)], **{"smooth" : False})
+		pointPen.endPath()
+		"""
+		resultGlif = self.pyToGLIF(py)
+		resultPy = self.glifToPy(glif)
+		self.assertEqual(glif, resultGlif)
+		self.assertEqual(py, resultPy)
+
+	def testPointTypeCurve_legal_smooth(self):
+		# legal: smooth=True
+		glif = """
+		<glyph name="a" format="1">
+			<outline>
+				<contour>
+					<point x="0" y="0" type="move"/>
+					<point x="0" y="65"/>
+					<point x="65" y="200"/>
+					<point x="100" y="200" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+				</contour>
+			</outline>
+		</glyph>
+		"""
+		py = """
+		glyph.name = "a"
+		pointPen.beginPath()
+		pointPen.addPoint(*[(0, 0)], **{"segmentType" : "move", "smooth" : False})
+		pointPen.addPoint(*[(0, 65)], **{"smooth" : False})
+		pointPen.addPoint(*[(65, 200)], **{"smooth" : False})
+		pointPen.addPoint(*[(100, 200)], **{"segmentType" : "curve", "smooth" : True})
+		pointPen.endPath()
+		"""
+		resultGlif = self.pyToGLIF(py)
+		resultPy = self.glifToPy(glif)
+		self.assertEqual(glif, resultGlif)
+		self.assertEqual(py, resultPy)
+
+	def testPointTypeCurve_legal_no_off_curves(self):
+		# legal: no off-curves
+		glif = """
+		<glyph name="a" format="1">
+			<outline>
+				<contour>
+					<point x="0" y="0" type="move"/>
+					<point x="100" y="200" type="curve"/>
+				</contour>
+			</outline>
+		</glyph>
+		"""
+		py = """
+		glyph.name = "a"
+		pointPen.beginPath()
+		pointPen.addPoint(*[(0, 0)], **{"segmentType" : "move", "smooth" : False})
+		pointPen.addPoint(*[(100, 200)], **{"segmentType" : "curve", "smooth" : False})
+		pointPen.endPath()
+		"""
+		resultGlif = self.pyToGLIF(py)
+		resultPy = self.glifToPy(glif)
+		self.assertEqual(glif, resultGlif)
+		self.assertEqual(py, resultPy)
+
+	def testPointTypeCurve_legal_1_off_curve(self):
+		# legal: 1 off-curve
+		glif = """
+		<glyph name="a" format="1">
+			<outline>
+				<contour>
+					<point x="0" y="0" type="move"/>
+					<point x="50" y="100"/>
+					<point x="100" y="200" type="curve"/>
+				</contour>
+			</outline>
+		</glyph>
+		"""
+		py = """
+		glyph.name = "a"
+		pointPen.beginPath()
+		pointPen.addPoint(*[(0, 0)], **{"segmentType" : "move", "smooth" : False})
+		pointPen.addPoint(*[(50, 100)], **{"smooth" : False})
+		pointPen.addPoint(*[(100, 200)], **{"segmentType" : "curve", "smooth" : False})
+		pointPen.endPath()
+		"""
+		resultGlif = self.pyToGLIF(py)
+		resultPy = self.glifToPy(glif)
+		self.assertEqual(glif, resultGlif)
+		self.assertEqual(py, resultPy)
+
+	def testPointTypeCurve_illegal_3_off_curves(self):
+		# illegal: 3 off-curves
+		glif = """
+		<glyph name="a" format="1">
+			<outline>
+				<contour>
+					<point x="0" y="0" type="move"/>
+					<point x="0" y="100"/>
+					<point x="35" y="125"/>
+					<point x="65" y="200"/>
+					<point x="100" y="200" type="curve"/>
+				</contour>
+			</outline>
+		</glyph>
+		"""
+		py = """
+		glyph.name = "a"
+		pointPen.beginPath()
+		pointPen.addPoint(*[(0, 0)], **{"segmentType" : "move", "smooth" : False})
+		pointPen.addPoint(*[(0, 100)], **{"smooth" : False})
+		pointPen.addPoint(*[(35, 125)], **{"smooth" : False})
+		pointPen.addPoint(*[(65, 200)], **{"smooth" : False})
+		pointPen.addPoint(*[(100, 200)], **{"segmentType" : "curve", "smooth" : False})
+		pointPen.endPath()
+		"""
+		self.assertRaises(GlifLibError, self.pyToGLIF, py)
+		self.assertRaises(GlifLibError, self.glifToPy, glif)
+
+	def testPointQCurve_legal(self):
+		# legal
+		glif = """
+		<glyph name="a" format="1">
+			<outline>
+				<contour>
+					<point x="0" y="0" type="move"/>
+					<point x="0" y="65"/>
+					<point x="65" y="200"/>
+					<point x="100" y="200" type="qcurve"/>
+				</contour>
+			</outline>
+		</glyph>
+		"""
+		py = """
+		glyph.name = "a"
+		pointPen.beginPath()
+		pointPen.addPoint(*[(0, 0)], **{"segmentType" : "move", "smooth" : False})
+		pointPen.addPoint(*[(0, 65)], **{"smooth" : False})
+		pointPen.addPoint(*[(65, 200)], **{"smooth" : False})
+		pointPen.addPoint(*[(100, 200)], **{"segmentType" : "qcurve", "smooth" : False})
+		pointPen.endPath()
+		"""
+		resultGlif = self.pyToGLIF(py)
+		resultPy = self.glifToPy(glif)
+		self.assertEqual(glif, resultGlif)
+		self.assertEqual(py, resultPy)
+
+	def testPointQCurve_legal_start_of_contour(self):
+		# legal: start of contour
+		glif = """
+		<glyph name="a" format="1">
+			<outline>
+				<contour>
+					<point x="100" y="200" type="qcurve"/>
+					<point x="0" y="65"/>
+					<point x="65" y="200"/>
+				</contour>
+			</outline>
+		</glyph>
+		"""
+		py = """
+		glyph.name = "a"
+		pointPen.beginPath()
+		pointPen.addPoint(*[(100, 200)], **{"segmentType" : "qcurve", "smooth" : False})
+		pointPen.addPoint(*[(0, 65)], **{"smooth" : False})
+		pointPen.addPoint(*[(65, 200)], **{"smooth" : False})
+		pointPen.endPath()
+		"""
+		resultGlif = self.pyToGLIF(py)
+		resultPy = self.glifToPy(glif)
+		self.assertEqual(glif, resultGlif)
+		self.assertEqual(py, resultPy)
+
+	def testPointQCurve_legal_smooth(self):
+		# legal: smooth=True
+		glif = """
+		<glyph name="a" format="1">
+			<outline>
+				<contour>
+					<point x="0" y="0" type="move"/>
+					<point x="0" y="65"/>
+					<point x="65" y="200"/>
+					<point x="100" y="200" type="qcurve" smooth="yes"/>
+				</contour>
+			</outline>
+		</glyph>
+		"""
+		py = """
+		glyph.name = "a"
+		pointPen.beginPath()
+		pointPen.addPoint(*[(0, 0)], **{"segmentType" : "move", "smooth" : False})
+		pointPen.addPoint(*[(0, 65)], **{"smooth" : False})
+		pointPen.addPoint(*[(65, 200)], **{"smooth" : False})
+		pointPen.addPoint(*[(100, 200)], **{"segmentType" : "qcurve", "smooth" : True})
+		pointPen.endPath()
+		"""
+		resultGlif = self.pyToGLIF(py)
+		resultPy = self.glifToPy(glif)
+		self.assertEqual(glif, resultGlif)
+		self.assertEqual(py, resultPy)
+
+	def testPointQCurve_legal_no_off_curves(self):
+		# legal: no off-curves
+		glif = """
+		<glyph name="a" format="1">
+			<outline>
+				<contour>
+					<point x="0" y="0" type="move"/>
+					<point x="100" y="200" type="qcurve"/>
+				</contour>
+			</outline>
+		</glyph>
+		"""
+		py = """
+		glyph.name = "a"
+		pointPen.beginPath()
+		pointPen.addPoint(*[(0, 0)], **{"segmentType" : "move", "smooth" : False})
+		pointPen.addPoint(*[(100, 200)], **{"segmentType" : "qcurve", "smooth" : False})
+		pointPen.endPath()
+		"""
+		resultGlif = self.pyToGLIF(py)
+		resultPy = self.glifToPy(glif)
+		self.assertEqual(glif, resultGlif)
+		self.assertEqual(py, resultPy)
+
+	def testPointQCurve_legal_one_off_curve(self):
+		# legal: 1 off-curve
+		glif = """
+		<glyph name="a" format="1">
+			<outline>
+				<contour>
+					<point x="0" y="0" type="move"/>
+					<point x="50" y="100"/>
+					<point x="100" y="200" type="qcurve"/>
+				</contour>
+			</outline>
+		</glyph>
+		"""
+		py = """
+		glyph.name = "a"
+		pointPen.beginPath()
+		pointPen.addPoint(*[(0, 0)], **{"segmentType" : "move", "smooth" : False})
+		pointPen.addPoint(*[(50, 100)], **{"smooth" : False})
+		pointPen.addPoint(*[(100, 200)], **{"segmentType" : "qcurve", "smooth" : False})
+		pointPen.endPath()
+		"""
+		resultGlif = self.pyToGLIF(py)
+		resultPy = self.glifToPy(glif)
+		self.assertEqual(glif, resultGlif)
+		self.assertEqual(py, resultPy)
+
+	def testPointQCurve_legal_3_off_curves(self):
+		# legal: 3 off-curves
+		glif = """
+		<glyph name="a" format="1">
+			<outline>
+				<contour>
+					<point x="0" y="0" type="move"/>
+					<point x="0" y="100"/>
+					<point x="35" y="125"/>
+					<point x="65" y="200"/>
+					<point x="100" y="200" type="qcurve"/>
+				</contour>
+			</outline>
+		</glyph>
+		"""
+		py = """
+		glyph.name = "a"
+		pointPen.beginPath()
+		pointPen.addPoint(*[(0, 0)], **{"segmentType" : "move", "smooth" : False})
+		pointPen.addPoint(*[(0, 100)], **{"smooth" : False})
+		pointPen.addPoint(*[(35, 125)], **{"smooth" : False})
+		pointPen.addPoint(*[(65, 200)], **{"smooth" : False})
+		pointPen.addPoint(*[(100, 200)], **{"segmentType" : "qcurve", "smooth" : False})
+		pointPen.endPath()
+		"""
+		resultGlif = self.pyToGLIF(py)
+		resultPy = self.glifToPy(glif)
+		self.assertEqual(glif, resultGlif)
+		self.assertEqual(py, resultPy)
+
+	def testSpecialCaseQCurve(self):
+		# contour with no on curve
+		glif = """
+		<glyph name="a" format="1">
+			<outline>
+				<contour>
+					<point x="0" y="0"/>
+					<point x="0" y="100"/>
+					<point x="100" y="100"/>
+					<point x="100" y="0"/>
+				</contour>
+			</outline>
+		</glyph>
+		"""
+		py = """
+		glyph.name = "a"
+		pointPen.beginPath()
+		pointPen.addPoint(*[(0, 0)], **{"smooth" : False})
+		pointPen.addPoint(*[(0, 100)], **{"smooth" : False})
+		pointPen.addPoint(*[(100, 100)], **{"smooth" : False})
+		pointPen.addPoint(*[(100, 0)], **{"smooth" : False})
+		pointPen.endPath()
+		"""
+		resultGlif = self.pyToGLIF(py)
+		resultPy = self.glifToPy(glif)
+		self.assertEqual(glif, resultGlif)
+		self.assertEqual(py, resultPy)
+
+	def testPointTypeOffCurve_legal(self):
+		# legal
+		glif = """
+		<glyph name="a" format="1">
+			<outline>
+				<contour>
+					<point x="0" y="0" type="move"/>
+					<point x="0" y="65"/>
+					<point x="65" y="200"/>
+					<point x="100" y="200" type="curve"/>
+				</contour>
+			</outline>
+		</glyph>
+		"""
+		py = """
+		glyph.name = "a"
+		pointPen.beginPath()
+		pointPen.addPoint(*[(0, 0)], **{"segmentType" : "move", "smooth" : False})
+		pointPen.addPoint(*[(0, 65)], **{"smooth" : False})
+		pointPen.addPoint(*[(65, 200)], **{"smooth" : False})
+		pointPen.addPoint(*[(100, 200)], **{"segmentType" : "curve", "smooth" : False})
+		pointPen.endPath()
+		"""
+		resultGlif = self.pyToGLIF(py)
+		resultPy = self.glifToPy(glif)
+		self.assertEqual(glif, resultGlif)
+		self.assertEqual(py, resultPy)
+
+	def testPointTypeOffCurve_legal_start_of_contour(self):
+		# legal: start of contour
+		glif = """
+		<glyph name="a" format="1">
+			<outline>
+				<contour>
+					<point x="0" y="65"/>
+					<point x="65" y="200"/>
+					<point x="100" y="200" type="curve"/>
+				</contour>
+			</outline>
+		</glyph>
+		"""
+		py = """
+		glyph.name = "a"
+		pointPen.beginPath()
+		pointPen.addPoint(*[(0, 65)], **{"smooth" : False})
+		pointPen.addPoint(*[(65, 200)], **{"smooth" : False})
+		pointPen.addPoint(*[(100, 200)], **{"segmentType" : "curve", "smooth" : False})
+		pointPen.endPath()
+		"""
+		resultGlif = self.pyToGLIF(py)
+		resultPy = self.glifToPy(glif)
+		self.assertEqual(glif, resultGlif)
+		self.assertEqual(py, resultPy)
+
+	def testPointTypeOffCurve_illegal_before_move(self):
+		# before move
+		glif = """
+		<glyph name="a" format="1">
+			<outline>
+				<contour>
+					<point x="0" y="65"/>
+					<point x="0" y="0" type="move"/>
+				</contour>
+			</outline>
+		</glyph>
+		"""
+		py = """
+		glyph.name = "a"
+		pointPen.beginPath()
+		pointPen.addPoint(*[(0, 65)], **{"smooth" : False})
+		pointPen.addPoint(*[(0, 0)], **{"segmentType" : "move", "smooth" : False})
+		pointPen.endPath()
+		"""
+		self.assertRaises(GlifLibError, self.pyToGLIF, py)
+		self.assertRaises(GlifLibError, self.glifToPy, glif)
+
+	def testPointTypeOffCurve_illegal_before_line(self):
+		# before line
+		glif = """
+		<glyph name="a" format="1">
+			<outline>
+				<contour>
+					<point x="0" y="65"/>
+					<point x="0" y="0" type="line"/>
+				</contour>
+			</outline>
+		</glyph>
+		"""
+		py = """
+		glyph.name = "a"
+		pointPen.beginPath()
+		pointPen.addPoint(*[(0, 65)], **{"smooth" : False})
+		pointPen.addPoint(*[(0, 0)], **{"segmentType" : "line", "smooth" : False})
+		pointPen.endPath()
+		"""
+		self.assertRaises(GlifLibError, self.pyToGLIF, py)
+		self.assertRaises(GlifLibError, self.glifToPy, glif)
+
+	def testPointTypeOffCurve_illegal_smooth(self):
+		# smooth=True
+		glif = """
+		<glyph name="a" format="1">
+			<outline>
+				<contour>
+					<point x="0" y="65" smooth="yes"/>
+					<point x="0" y="0" type="curve"/>
+				</contour>
+			</outline>
+		</glyph>
+		"""
+		py = """
+		glyph.name = "a"
+		pointPen.beginPath()
+		pointPen.addPoint(*[(0, 65)], **{"smooth" : True})
+		pointPen.addPoint(*[(0, 0)], **{"segmentType" : "curve", "smooth" : False})
+		pointPen.endPath()
+		"""
+		self.assertRaises(GlifLibError, self.pyToGLIF, py)
+		self.assertRaises(GlifLibError, self.glifToPy, glif)
+
+	def testSinglePoint_legal_without_name(self):
+		# legal
+		# glif format 1 single point without a name was not an anchor
+		glif = """
+		<glyph name="a" format="1">
+			<outline>
+				<contour>
+					<point x="1" y="2" type="move"/>
+				</contour>
+			</outline>
+		</glyph>
+		"""
+		py = """
+		glyph.name = "a"
+		pointPen.beginPath()
+		pointPen.addPoint(*[(1, 2)], **{"segmentType" : "move", "smooth" : False})
+		pointPen.endPath()
+		"""
+		resultGlif = self.pyToGLIF(py)
+		resultPy = self.glifToPy(glif)
+		self.assertEqual(glif, resultGlif)
+		self.assertEqual(py, resultPy)
+
+	def testAnchor_legal_with_name(self):
+		glif = """
+		<glyph name="a" format="1">
+			<outline>
+				<contour>
+					<point x="1" y="2" type="move" name="test"/>
+				</contour>
+			</outline>
+		</glyph>
+		"""
+		py = """
+		glyph.name = "a"
+		glyph.anchors = [{"name" : "test", "x" : 1, "y" : 2}]
+		"""
+		resultGlif = self.pyToGLIF(py)
+		resultPy = self.glifToPy(glif)
+		self.assertEqual(glif, resultGlif)
+		self.assertEqual(py, resultPy)
+
+	def testOpenContourLooseOffCurves_legal(self):
+		# a piece of software was writing this kind of structure
+		glif = """
+		<glyph name="a" format="1">
+			<outline>
+				<contour>
+					<point x="1" y="2" type="move"/>
+					<point x="1" y="2"/>
+					<point x="1" y="2"/>
+					<point x="1" y="2" type="curve"/>
+					<point x="1" y="2"/>
+				</contour>
+			</outline>
+		</glyph>
+		"""
+		expectedPy = """
+		glyph.name = "a"
+		pointPen.beginPath()
+		pointPen.addPoint(*[(1, 2)], **{"segmentType" : "move", "smooth" : False})
+		pointPen.addPoint(*[(1, 2)], **{"smooth" : False})
+		pointPen.addPoint(*[(1, 2)], **{"smooth" : False})
+		pointPen.addPoint(*[(1, 2)], **{"segmentType" : "curve", "smooth" : False})
+		pointPen.endPath()
+		"""
+		resultPy = self.glifToPy(glif)
+		self.assertEqual(resultPy, expectedPy)
+
+	def testOpenContourLooseOffCurves_illegal(self):
+		py = """
+		glyph.name = "a"
+		pointPen.beginPath()
+		pointPen.addPoint(*[(1, 2)], **{"segmentType" : "move", "smooth" : False})
+		pointPen.addPoint(*[(1, 2)], **{"smooth" : False})
+		pointPen.addPoint(*[(1, 2)], **{"smooth" : False})
+		pointPen.addPoint(*[(1, 2)], **{"segmentType" : "curve", "smooth" : False})
+		pointPen.addPoint(*[(1, 2)], **{"smooth" : False})
+		pointPen.endPath()
+		"""
+		self.assertRaises(GlifLibError, self.pyToGLIF, py)
diff --git a/Tests/ufoLib/GLIF2_test.py b/Tests/ufoLib/GLIF2_test.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ab9495d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/ufoLib/GLIF2_test.py
@@ -0,0 +1,2366 @@
+import unittest
+from fontTools.ufoLib.glifLib import GlifLibError, readGlyphFromString, writeGlyphToString
+from .testSupport import Glyph, stripText
+from itertools import islice
+
+# ----------
+# Test Cases
+# ----------
+
+class TestGLIF2(unittest.TestCase):
+
+	def assertEqual(self, first, second, msg=None):
+		if isinstance(first, str):
+			first = stripText(first)
+		if isinstance(second, str):
+			second = stripText(second)
+		return super().assertEqual(first, second, msg=msg)
+
+	def pyToGLIF(self, py):
+		py = stripText(py)
+		glyph = Glyph()
+		exec(py, {"glyph" : glyph, "pointPen" : glyph})
+		glif = writeGlyphToString(glyph.name, glyphObject=glyph, drawPointsFunc=glyph.drawPoints, formatVersion=2, validate=True)
+		# discard the first line containing the xml declaration
+		return "\n".join(islice(glif.splitlines(), 1, None))
+
+	def glifToPy(self, glif):
+		glif = stripText(glif)
+		glif = "<?xml version=\"1.0\"?>\n" + glif
+		glyph = Glyph()
+		readGlyphFromString(glif, glyphObject=glyph, pointPen=glyph, validate=True)
+		return glyph.py()
+
+	def testTopElement(self):
+		# not glyph
+		glif = """
+		<notglyph name="a" format="2">
+			<outline>
+			</outline>
+		</notglyph>
+		"""
+		self.assertRaises(GlifLibError, self.glifToPy, glif)
+
+	def testName_legal(self):
+		# legal
+		glif = """
+		<glyph name="a" format="2">
+			<outline>
+			</outline>
+		</glyph>
+		"""
+		py = """
+		glyph.name = "a"
+		"""
+		resultGlif = self.pyToGLIF(py)
+		resultPy = self.glifToPy(glif)
+		self.assertEqual(glif, resultGlif)
+		self.assertEqual(py, resultPy)
+
+	def testName_empty(self):
+		# empty
+		glif = """
+		<glyph name="" format="2">
+			<outline>
+			</outline>
+		</glyph>
+		"""
+		py = """
+		glyph.name = ""
+		"""
+		self.assertRaises(GlifLibError, self.pyToGLIF, py)
+		self.assertRaises(GlifLibError, self.glifToPy, glif)
+
+	def testName_not_a_string(self):
+		# not a string
+		py = """
+		glyph.name = 1
+		"""
+		self.assertRaises(GlifLibError, self.pyToGLIF, py)
+
+	def testFormat_legal(self):
+		# legal
+		glif = """
+		<glyph name="a" format="2">
+			<outline>
+			</outline>
+		</glyph>
+		"""
+		py = """
+		glyph.name = "a"
+		"""
+		resultGlif = self.pyToGLIF(py)
+		resultPy = self.glifToPy(glif)
+		self.assertEqual(glif, resultGlif)
+		self.assertEqual(py, resultPy)
+
+	def testFormat_illegal_wrong_number(self):
+		# wrong number
+		glif = """
+		<glyph name="a" format="-1">
+			<outline>
+			</outline>
+		</glyph>
+		"""
+		self.assertRaises(GlifLibError, self.glifToPy, glif)
+
+	def testFormat_illegal_not_int(self):
+		# not an int
+		glif = """
+		<glyph name="a" format="A">
+			<outline>
+			</outline>
+		</glyph>
+		"""
+		self.assertRaises(GlifLibError, self.glifToPy, glif)
+
+	def testBogusGlyphStructure_unknown_element(self):
+		# unknown element
+		glif = """
+		<glyph name="a" format="2">
+			<unknown />
+		</glyph>
+		"""
+		self.assertRaises(GlifLibError, self.glifToPy, glif)
+
+	def testBogusGlyphStructure_content(self):
+		# content
+		glif = """
+		<glyph name="a" format="2">
+			Hello World.
+		</glyph>
+		"""
+		self.assertRaises(GlifLibError, self.glifToPy, glif)
+
+	def testAdvance_legal_widht_and_height(self):
+		# legal: width and height
+		glif = """
+		<glyph name="a" format="2">
+			<advance height="200" width="100"/>
+			<outline>
+			</outline>
+		</glyph>
+		"""
+		py = """
+		glyph.name = "a"
+		glyph.width = 100
+		glyph.height = 200
+		"""
+		resultGlif = self.pyToGLIF(py)
+		resultPy = self.glifToPy(glif)
+		self.assertEqual(glif, resultGlif)
+		self.assertEqual(py, resultPy)
+
+	def testAdvance_legal_width_and_height_floats(self):
+		# legal: width and height floats
+		glif = """
+		<glyph name="a" format="2">
+			<advance height="200.1" width="100.1"/>
+			<outline>
+			</outline>
+		</glyph>
+		"""
+		py = """
+		glyph.name = "a"
+		glyph.width = 100.1
+		glyph.height = 200.1
+		"""
+		resultGlif = self.pyToGLIF(py)
+		resultPy = self.glifToPy(glif)
+		self.assertEqual(glif, resultGlif)
+		self.assertEqual(py, resultPy)
+
+	def testAdvance_legal_width(self):
+		# legal: width
+		glif = """
+		<glyph name="a" format="2">
+			<advance width="100"/>
+			<outline>
+			</outline>
+		</glyph>
+		"""
+		py = """
+		glyph.name = "a"
+		glyph.width = 100
+		"""
+		resultGlif = self.pyToGLIF(py)
+		resultPy = self.glifToPy(glif)
+		self.assertEqual(glif, resultGlif)
+		self.assertEqual(py, resultPy)
+
+	def testAdvance_legal_height(self):
+		# legal: height
+		glif = """
+		<glyph name="a" format="2">
+			<advance height="200"/>
+			<outline>
+			</outline>
+		</glyph>
+		"""
+		py = """
+		glyph.name = "a"
+		glyph.height = 200
+		"""
+		resultGlif = self.pyToGLIF(py)
+		resultPy = self.glifToPy(glif)
+		self.assertEqual(glif, resultGlif)
+		self.assertEqual(py, resultPy)
+
+	def testAdvance_illegal_width(self):
+		# illegal: not a number
+		glif = """
+		<glyph name="a" format="2">
+			<advance width="a"/>
+			<outline>
+			</outline>
+		</glyph>
+		"""
+		py = """
+		glyph.name = "a"
+		glyph.width = "a"
+		"""
+		self.assertRaises(GlifLibError, self.pyToGLIF, py)
+		self.assertRaises(GlifLibError, self.glifToPy, glif)
+
+	def testAdvance_illegal_height(self):
+		glif = """
+		<glyph name="a" format="2">
+			<advance height="a"/>
+			<outline>
+			</outline>
+		</glyph>
+		"""
+		py = """
+		glyph.name = "a"
+		glyph.height = "a"
+		"""
+		self.assertRaises(GlifLibError, self.pyToGLIF, py)
+		self.assertRaises(GlifLibError, self.glifToPy, glif)
+
+	def testUnicodes_legal(self):
+		# legal
+		glif = """
+		<glyph name="a" format="2">
+			<unicode hex="0061"/>
+			<outline>
+			</outline>
+		</glyph>
+		"""
+		py = """
+		glyph.name = "a"
+		glyph.unicodes = [97]
+		"""
+		resultGlif = self.pyToGLIF(py)
+		resultPy = self.glifToPy(glif)
+		self.assertEqual(glif, resultGlif)
+		self.assertEqual(py, resultPy)
+
+	def testUnicodes_legal_multiple(self):
+		glif = """
+		<glyph name="a" format="2">
+			<unicode hex="0062"/>
+			<unicode hex="0063"/>
+			<unicode hex="0061"/>
+			<outline>
+			</outline>
+		</glyph>
+		"""
+		py = """
+		glyph.name = "a"
+		glyph.unicodes = [98, 99, 97]
+		"""
+		resultGlif = self.pyToGLIF(py)
+		resultPy = self.glifToPy(glif)
+		self.assertEqual(glif, resultGlif)
+		self.assertEqual(py, resultPy)
+
+	def testUnicodes_illegal(self):
+		# illegal
+		glif = """
+		<glyph name="a" format="2">
+			<unicode hex="1.1"/>
+			<outline>
+			</outline>
+		</glyph>
+		"""
+		py = """
+		glyph.name = "zzzzzz"
+		glyph.unicodes = ["1.1"]
+		"""
+		self.assertRaises(GlifLibError, self.pyToGLIF, py)
+		self.assertRaises(GlifLibError, self.glifToPy, glif)
+
+	def testNote(self):
+		glif = """
+		<glyph name="a" format="2">
+			<note>
+				hëllö
+			</note>
+			<outline>
+			</outline>
+		</glyph>
+		"""
+		py = """
+		glyph.name = "a"
+		glyph.note = "hëllö"
+		"""
+		resultGlif = self.pyToGLIF(py)
+		resultPy = self.glifToPy(glif)
+		self.assertEqual(glif, resultGlif)
+		self.assertEqual(py, resultPy)
+
+	def testLib(self):
+		glif = """
+		<glyph name="a" format="2">
+			<outline>
+			</outline>
+			<lib>
+				<dict>
+					<key>dict</key>
+					<dict>
+						<key>hello</key>
+						<string>world</string>
+					</dict>
+					<key>float</key>
+					<real>2.5</real>
+					<key>int</key>
+					<integer>1</integer>
+					<key>list</key>
+					<array>
+						<string>a</string>
+						<string>b</string>
+						<integer>1</integer>
+						<real>2.5</real>
+					</array>
+					<key>string</key>
+					<string>a</string>
+				</dict>
+			</lib>
+		</glyph>
+		"""
+		py = """
+		glyph.name = "a"
+		glyph.lib = {"dict" : {"hello" : "world"}, "float" : 2.5, "int" : 1, "list" : ["a", "b", 1, 2.5], "string" : "a"}
+		"""
+		resultGlif = self.pyToGLIF(py)
+		resultPy = self.glifToPy(glif)
+		self.assertEqual(glif, resultGlif)
+		self.assertEqual(py, resultPy)
+
+	def testGuidelines_legal(self):
+		# legal
+		glif = """
+		<glyph name="a" format="2">
+			<guideline x="1"/>
+			<guideline y="1"/>
+			<guideline x="1" y="1" angle="0"/>
+			<guideline x="1" y="1" angle="360"/>
+			<guideline x="1.1" y="1.1" angle="45.5"/>
+			<guideline x="1" name="a"/>
+			<guideline x="1" color="1,1,1,1"/>
+			<outline>
+			</outline>
+		</glyph>
+		"""
+		py = """
+		glyph.name = "a"
+		glyph.guidelines = [{"x" : 1}, {"y" : 1}, {"angle" : 0, "x" : 1, "y" : 1}, {"angle" : 360, "x" : 1, "y" : 1}, {"angle" : 45.5, "x" : 1.1, "y" : 1.1}, {"name" : "a", "x" : 1}, {"color" : "1,1,1,1", "x" : 1}]
+		"""
+		resultGlif = self.pyToGLIF(py)
+		resultPy = self.glifToPy(glif)
+		self.assertEqual(glif, resultGlif)
+		self.assertEqual(py, resultPy)
+
+	def testGuidelines_illegal_x(self):
+		# x not an int or float
+		glif = """
+		<glyph name="a" format="2">
+			<guideline x="a" y="1" angle="45"/>
+			<outline>
+			</outline>
+		</glyph>
+		"""
+		py = """
+		glyph.name = "a"
+		glyph.guidelines = [{"angle" : 45, "x" : "a", "y" : 1}]
+		"""
+		self.assertRaises(GlifLibError, self.pyToGLIF, py)
+		self.assertRaises(GlifLibError, self.glifToPy, glif)
+
+	def testGuidelines_illegal_y(self):
+		# y not an int or float
+		glif = """
+		<glyph name="a" format="2">
+			<guideline x="1" y="y" angle="45"/>
+			<outline>
+			</outline>
+		</glyph>
+		"""
+		py = """
+		glyph.name = "a"
+		glyph.guidelines = [{"angle" : 45, "x" : 1, "y" : "a"}]
+		"""
+		self.assertRaises(GlifLibError, self.pyToGLIF, py)
+		self.assertRaises(GlifLibError, self.glifToPy, glif)
+
+	def testGuidelines_illegal_angle(self):
+		# angle not an int or float
+		glif = """
+		<glyph name="a" format="2">
+			<guideline x="1" y="1" angle="a"/>
+			<outline>
+			</outline>
+		</glyph>
+		"""
+		py = """
+		glyph.name = "a"
+		glyph.guidelines = [{"angle" : "a", "x" : 1, "y" : 1}]
+		"""
+		self.assertRaises(GlifLibError, self.pyToGLIF, py)
+		self.assertRaises(GlifLibError, self.glifToPy, glif)
+
+	def testGuidelines_illegal_x_missing(self):
+		# x missing
+		glif = """
+		<glyph name="a" format="2">
+			<guideline y="1" angle="45"/>
+			<outline>
+			</outline>
+		</glyph>
+		"""
+		py = """
+		glyph.name = "a"
+		glyph.guidelines = [{"angle" : 45, "y" : 1}]
+		"""
+		self.assertRaises(GlifLibError, self.pyToGLIF, py)
+		self.assertRaises(GlifLibError, self.glifToPy, glif)
+
+	def testGuidelines_illegal_y_missing(self):
+		# y missing
+		glif = """
+		<glyph name="a" format="2">
+			<guideline x="1" angle="45"/>
+			<outline>
+			</outline>
+		</glyph>
+		"""
+		py = """
+		glyph.name = "a"
+		glyph.guidelines = [{"angle" : 45, "x" : 1}]
+		"""
+		self.assertRaises(GlifLibError, self.pyToGLIF, py)
+		self.assertRaises(GlifLibError, self.glifToPy, glif)
+
+	def testGuidelines_illegal_angle_missing(self):
+		# angle missing
+		glif = """
+		<glyph name="a" format="2">
+			<guideline x="1" y="1"/>
+			<outline>
+			</outline>
+		</glyph>
+		"""
+		py = """
+		glyph.name = "a"
+		glyph.guidelines = [{"x" : 1, "y" : 1}]
+		"""
+		self.assertRaises(GlifLibError, self.pyToGLIF, py)
+		self.assertRaises(GlifLibError, self.glifToPy, glif)
+
+	def testGuidelines_illegal_angle_out_of_range(self):
+		# angle out of range
+		glif = """
+		<glyph name="a" format="2">
+			<guideline x="1" y="1" angle="-1"/>
+			<outline>
+			</outline>
+		</glyph>
+		"""
+		py = """
+		glyph.name = "a"
+		glyph.guidelines = [{"angle" : -1, "x" : "1", "y" : 1}]
+		"""
+		self.assertRaises(GlifLibError, self.pyToGLIF, py)
+		self.assertRaises(GlifLibError, self.glifToPy, glif)
+		glif = """
+		<glyph name="a" format="2">
+			<guideline x="1" y="1" angle="361"/>
+			<outline>
+			</outline>
+		</glyph>
+		"""
+		py = """
+		glyph.name = "a"
+		glyph.guidelines = [{"angle" : 361, "x" : "1", "y" : 1}]
+		"""
+		self.assertRaises(GlifLibError, self.pyToGLIF, py)
+		self.assertRaises(GlifLibError, self.glifToPy, glif)
+
+	def testAnchors_legal(self):
+		# legal
+		glif = """
+		<glyph name="a" format="2">
+			<anchor x="1" y="2" name="test" color="1,0,0,1"/>
+			<anchor x="1" y="2"/>
+			<outline>
+			</outline>
+		</glyph>
+		"""
+		py = """
+		glyph.name = "a"
+		glyph.anchors = [{"color" : "1,0,0,1", "name" : "test", "x" : 1, "y" : 2}, {"x" : 1, "y" : 2}]
+		"""
+		resultGlif = self.pyToGLIF(py)
+		resultPy = self.glifToPy(glif)
+		self.assertEqual(glif, resultGlif)
+		self.assertEqual(py, resultPy)
+
+	def testAnchors_illegal_x(self):
+		# x not an int or float
+		glif = """
+		<glyph name="a" format="2">
+			<anchor x="a" y="1"/>
+			<outline>
+			</outline>
+		</glyph>
+		"""
+		py = """
+		glyph.name = "a"
+		glyph.anchors = [{"x" : "a", "y" : 1}]
+		"""
+		self.assertRaises(GlifLibError, self.pyToGLIF, py)
+		self.assertRaises(GlifLibError, self.glifToPy, glif)
+
+	def testAnchors_illegal_y(self):
+		# y not an int or float
+		glif = """
+		<glyph name="a" format="2">
+			<anchor x="1" y="a"/>
+			<outline>
+			</outline>
+		</glyph>
+		"""
+		py = """
+		glyph.name = "a"
+		glyph.anchors = [{"x" : 1, "y" : "a"}]
+		"""
+		self.assertRaises(GlifLibError, self.pyToGLIF, py)
+		self.assertRaises(GlifLibError, self.glifToPy, glif)
+
+	def testAnchors_illegal_x_missing(self):
+		# x missing
+		glif = """
+		<glyph name="a" format="2">
+			<anchor y="1"/>
+			<outline>
+			</outline>
+		</glyph>
+		"""
+		py = """
+		glyph.name = "a"
+		glyph.anchors = [{"y" : 1}]
+		"""
+		self.assertRaises(GlifLibError, self.pyToGLIF, py)
+		self.assertRaises(GlifLibError, self.glifToPy, glif)
+
+	def testAnchors_illegal_y_missing(self):
+		# y missing
+		glif = """
+		<glyph name="a" format="2">
+			<anchor x="1"/>
+			<outline>
+			</outline>
+		</glyph>
+		"""
+		py = """
+		glyph.name = "a"
+		glyph.anchors = [{"x" : 1}]
+		"""
+		self.assertRaises(GlifLibError, self.pyToGLIF, py)
+		self.assertRaises(GlifLibError, self.glifToPy, glif)
+
+	def testImage_legal(self):
+		# legal
+		glif = """
+		<glyph name="a" format="2">
+			<image fileName="test.png" xScale="2" xyScale="3" yxScale="6" yScale="5" xOffset="1" yOffset="4" color="1,1,1,1"/>
+			<outline>
+			</outline>
+		</glyph>
+		"""
+		py = """
+		glyph.name = "a"
+		glyph.image = {"color" : "1,1,1,1", "fileName" : "test.png", "xOffset" : 1, "xScale" : 2, "xyScale" : 3, "yOffset" : 4, "yScale" : 5, "yxScale" : 6}
+		"""
+		resultGlif = self.pyToGLIF(py)
+		resultPy = self.glifToPy(glif)
+		self.assertEqual(glif, resultGlif)
+		self.assertEqual(py, resultPy)
+
+	def testImage_legal_no_color_or_transformation(self):
+		# legal: no color or transformation
+		glif = """
+		<glyph name="a" format="2">
+			<image fileName="test.png"/>
+			<outline>
+			</outline>
+		</glyph>
+		"""
+		py = """
+		glyph.name = "a"
+		glyph.image = {"fileName" : "test.png", "xOffset" : 0, "xScale" : 1, "xyScale" : 0, "yOffset" : 0, "yScale" : 1, "yxScale" : 0}
+		"""
+		resultGlif = self.pyToGLIF(py)
+		resultPy = self.glifToPy(glif)
+		self.assertEqual(glif, resultGlif)
+		self.assertEqual(py, resultPy)
+
+	def testImage_illegal_no_file_name(self):
+		# no file name
+		glif = """
+		<glyph name="a" format="2">
+			<image xScale="2" xyScale="3" yxScale="6" yScale="5" xOffset="1" yOffset="4" color="1,1,1,1"/>
+			<outline>
+			</outline>
+		</glyph>
+		"""
+		py = """
+		glyph.name = "a"
+		glyph.image = {"color" : "1,1,1,1", "xOffset" : 1, "xScale" : 2, "xyScale" : 3, "yOffset" : 4, "yScale" : 5, "yxScale" : 6}
+		"""
+		self.assertRaises(GlifLibError, self.pyToGLIF, py)
+		self.assertRaises(GlifLibError, self.glifToPy, glif)
+
+	def testImage_bogus_transformation(self):
+		# bogus transformation
+		glif = """
+		<glyph name="a" format="2">
+			<image fileName="test.png" xScale="a" xyScale="3" yxScale="6" yScale="5" xOffset="1" yOffset="4"/>
+			<outline>
+			</outline>
+		</glyph>
+		"""
+		py = """
+		glyph.name = "a"
+		glyph.image = {"fileName" : "test.png", "xOffset" : 1, "xScale" : "a", "xyScale" : 3, "yOffset" : 4, "yScale" : 5, "yxScale" : 6}
+		"""
+		self.assertRaises(GlifLibError, self.pyToGLIF, py)
+		self.assertRaises(GlifLibError, self.glifToPy, glif)
+		glif = """
+		<glyph name="a" format="2">
+			<image fileName="test.png" xScale="2" xyScale="a" yxScale="6" yScale="5" xOffset="1" yOffset="4"/>
+			<outline>
+			</outline>
+		</glyph>
+		"""
+		py = """
+		glyph.name = "a"
+		glyph.image = {"fileName" : "test.png", "xOffset" : 1, "xScale" : 2, "xyScale" : "a", "yOffset" : 4, "yScale" : 5, "yxScale" : 6}
+		"""
+		self.assertRaises(GlifLibError, self.pyToGLIF, py)
+		self.assertRaises(GlifLibError, self.glifToPy, glif)
+		glif = """
+		<glyph name="a" format="2">
+			<image fileName="test.png" xScale="2" xyScale="3" yxScale="a" yScale="5" xOffset="1" yOffset="4"/>
+			<outline>
+			</outline>
+		</glyph>
+		"""
+		py = """
+		glyph.name = "a"
+		glyph.image = {"fileName" : "test.png", "xOffset" : 1, "xScale" : 2, "xyScale" : 3, "yOffset" : 4, "yScale" : 5, "yxScale" : "a"}
+		"""
+		self.assertRaises(GlifLibError, self.pyToGLIF, py)
+		self.assertRaises(GlifLibError, self.glifToPy, glif)
+		glif = """
+		<glyph name="a" format="2">
+			<image fileName="test.png" xScale="2" xyScale="3" yxScale="6" yScale="a" xOffset="1" yOffset="4"/>
+			<outline>
+			</outline>
+		</glyph>
+		"""
+		py = """
+		glyph.name = "a"
+		glyph.image = {"fileName" : "test.png", "xOffset" : 1, "xScale" : 2, "xyScale" : 3, "yOffset" : 4, "yScale" : "a", "yxScale" : 6}
+		"""
+		self.assertRaises(GlifLibError, self.pyToGLIF, py)
+		self.assertRaises(GlifLibError, self.glifToPy, glif)
+		glif = """
+		<glyph name="a" format="2">
+			<image fileName="test.png" xScale="2" xyScale="3" yxScale="6" yScale="5" xOffset="a" yOffset="4"/>
+			<outline>
+			</outline>
+		</glyph>
+		"""
+		py = """
+		glyph.name = "a"
+		glyph.image = {"fileName" : "test.png", "xOffset" : "a", "xScale" : 2, "xyScale" : 3, "yOffset" : 4, "yScale" : 5, "yxScale" : 6}
+		"""
+		self.assertRaises(GlifLibError, self.pyToGLIF, py)
+		self.assertRaises(GlifLibError, self.glifToPy, glif)
+		glif = """
+		<glyph name="a" format="2">
+			<image fileName="test.png" xScale="2" xyScale="3" yxScale="6" yScale="5" xOffset="1" yOffset="a"/>
+			<outline>
+			</outline>
+		</glyph>
+		"""
+		py = """
+		glyph.name = "a"
+		glyph.image = {"fileName" : "test.png", "xOffset" : 1, "xScale" : 2, "xyScale" : 3, "yOffset" : "a", "yScale" : 5, "yxScale" : 6}
+		"""
+		self.assertRaises(GlifLibError, self.pyToGLIF, py)
+		self.assertRaises(GlifLibError, self.glifToPy, glif)
+
+	def testImage_bogus_color(self):
+		# bogus color
+		glif = """
+		<glyph name="a" format="2">
+			<image fileName="test.png" color="1,1,1,x"/>
+			<outline>
+			</outline>
+		</glyph>
+		"""
+		py = """
+		glyph.name = "a"
+		glyph.image = {"color" : "1,1,1,x"}
+		"""
+		self.assertRaises(GlifLibError, self.pyToGLIF, py)
+		self.assertRaises(GlifLibError, self.glifToPy, glif)
+
+	def testOutline_unknown_element(self):
+		# unknown element
+		glif = """
+		<glyph name="a" format="2">
+			<outline>
+				<unknown/>
+			</outline>
+		</glyph>
+		"""
+		self.assertRaises(GlifLibError, self.glifToPy, glif)
+
+	def testOutline_content(self):
+		# content
+		glif = """
+		<glyph name="a" format="2">
+			<outline>
+				hello
+			</outline>
+		</glyph>
+		"""
+		self.assertRaises(GlifLibError, self.glifToPy, glif)
+
+	def testComponent_legal(self):
+		# legal
+		glif = """
+		<glyph name="a" format="2">
+			<outline>
+				<component base="x" xScale="2" xyScale="3" yxScale="6" yScale="5" xOffset="1" yOffset="4"/>
+			</outline>
+		</glyph>
+		"""
+		py = """
+		glyph.name = "a"
+		pointPen.addComponent(*["x", (2, 3, 6, 5, 1, 4)])
+		"""
+		resultGlif = self.pyToGLIF(py)
+		resultPy = self.glifToPy(glif)
+		self.assertEqual(glif, resultGlif)
+		self.assertEqual(py, resultPy)
+
+	def testComponent_illegal_no_base(self):
+		# no base
+		glif = """
+		<glyph name="a" format="2">
+			<outline>
+				<component xScale="2" xyScale="3" yxScale="6" yScale="5" xOffset="1" yOffset="4"/>
+			</outline>
+		</glyph>
+		"""
+		self.assertRaises(GlifLibError, self.glifToPy, glif)
+
+	def testComponent_illegal_bogus_transformation(self):
+		# bogus values in transformation
+		glif = """
+		<glyph name="a" format="2">
+			<outline>
+				<component base="x" xScale="a" xyScale="3" yxScale="6" yScale="5" xOffset="1" yOffset="4"/>
+			</outline>
+		</glyph>
+		"""
+		py = """
+		glyph.name = "a"
+		pointPen.addComponent(*["x", ("a", 3, 6, 5, 1, 4)])
+		"""
+		self.assertRaises(GlifLibError, self.pyToGLIF, py)
+		self.assertRaises(GlifLibError, self.glifToPy, glif)
+		glif = """
+		<glyph name="a" format="2">
+			<outline>
+				<component base="x" xScale="a" xyScale="3" yxScale="6" yScale="5" xOffset="1" yOffset="4"/>
+			</outline>
+		</glyph>
+		"""
+		py = """
+		glyph.name = "a"
+		pointPen.addComponent(*["x", (2, "a", 6, 5, 1, 4)])
+		"""
+		self.assertRaises(GlifLibError, self.pyToGLIF, py)
+		self.assertRaises(GlifLibError, self.glifToPy, glif)
+		glif = """
+		<glyph name="a" format="2">
+			<outline>
+				<component base="x" xScale="2" xyScale="3" yxScale="a" yScale="5" xOffset="1" yOffset="4"/>
+			</outline>
+		</glyph>
+		"""
+		py = """
+		glyph.name = "a"
+		pointPen.addComponent(*["x", (2, 3, "a", 5, 1, 4)])
+		"""
+		self.assertRaises(GlifLibError, self.pyToGLIF, py)
+		self.assertRaises(GlifLibError, self.glifToPy, glif)
+		glif = """
+		<glyph name="a" format="2">
+			<outline>
+				<component base="x" xScale="2" xyScale="3" yxScale="6" yScale="a" xOffset="1" yOffset="4"/>
+			</outline>
+		</glyph>
+		"""
+		py = """
+		glyph.name = "a"
+		pointPen.addComponent(*["x", (2, 3, 6, "a", 1, 4)])
+		"""
+		self.assertRaises(GlifLibError, self.pyToGLIF, py)
+		self.assertRaises(GlifLibError, self.glifToPy, glif)
+		glif = """
+		<glyph name="a" format="2">
+			<outline>
+				<component base="x" xScale="2" xyScale="3" yxScale="6" yScale="5" xOffset="a" yOffset="4"/>
+			</outline>
+		</glyph>
+		"""
+		py = """
+		glyph.name = "a"
+		pointPen.addComponent(*["x", (2, 3, 6, 5, "a", 4)])
+		"""
+		self.assertRaises(GlifLibError, self.pyToGLIF, py)
+		self.assertRaises(GlifLibError, self.glifToPy, glif)
+		glif = """
+		<glyph name="a" format="2">
+			<outline>
+				<component base="x" xScale="2" xyScale="3" yxScale="6" yScale="5" xOffset="1" yOffset="a"/>
+			</outline>
+		</glyph>
+		"""
+		py = """
+		glyph.name = "a"
+		pointPen.addComponent(*["x", (2, 3, 6, 5, 1, "a")])
+		"""
+		self.assertRaises(GlifLibError, self.pyToGLIF, py)
+		self.assertRaises(GlifLibError, self.glifToPy, glif)
+
+	def testContour_legal_one_contour(self):
+		# legal: one contour
+		glif = """
+		<glyph name="a" format="2">
+			<outline>
+				<contour>
+				</contour>
+			</outline>
+		</glyph>
+		"""
+		py = """
+		glyph.name = "a"
+		pointPen.beginPath()
+		pointPen.endPath()
+		"""
+		resultGlif = self.pyToGLIF(py)
+		resultPy = self.glifToPy(glif)
+		self.assertEqual(glif, resultGlif)
+		self.assertEqual(py, resultPy)
+
+	def testContour_legal_two_contours(self):
+		# legal: two contours
+		glif = """
+		<glyph name="a" format="2">
+			<outline>
+				<contour>
+					<point x="1" y="2" type="move"/>
+				</contour>
+				<contour>
+					<point x="1" y="2" type="move"/>
+					<point x="10" y="20" type="line"/>
+				</contour>
+			</outline>
+		</glyph>
+		"""
+		py = """
+		glyph.name = "a"
+		pointPen.beginPath()
+		pointPen.addPoint(*[(1, 2)], **{"segmentType" : "move", "smooth" : False})
+		pointPen.endPath()
+		pointPen.beginPath()
+		pointPen.addPoint(*[(1, 2)], **{"segmentType" : "move", "smooth" : False})
+		pointPen.addPoint(*[(10, 20)], **{"segmentType" : "line", "smooth" : False})
+		pointPen.endPath()
+		"""
+		resultGlif = self.pyToGLIF(py)
+		resultPy = self.glifToPy(glif)
+		self.assertEqual(glif, resultGlif)
+		self.assertEqual(py, resultPy)
+
+	def testContour_illegal_unkonwn_element(self):
+		# unknown element
+		glif = """
+		<glyph name="a" format="2">
+			<outline>
+				<contour>
+					<unknown/>
+				</contour>
+			</outline>
+		</glyph>
+		"""
+		self.assertRaises(GlifLibError, self.glifToPy, glif)
+
+	def testContourIdentifier(self):
+		glif = """
+		<glyph name="a" format="2">
+			<outline>
+				<contour identifier="foo">
+				</contour>
+			</outline>
+		</glyph>
+		"""
+		py = """
+		glyph.name = "a"
+		pointPen.beginPath(**{"identifier" : "foo"})
+		pointPen.endPath()
+		"""
+		resultGlif = self.pyToGLIF(py)
+		resultPy = self.glifToPy(glif)
+		self.assertEqual(glif, resultGlif)
+		self.assertEqual(py, resultPy)
+
+	def testPointCoordinates_legal_int(self):
+		# legal: int
+		glif = """
+		<glyph name="a" format="2">
+			<outline>
+				<contour>
+					<point x="1" y="-2" type="move"/>
+				</contour>
+			</outline>
+		</glyph>
+		"""
+		py = """
+		glyph.name = "a"
+		pointPen.beginPath()
+		pointPen.addPoint(*[(1, -2)], **{"segmentType" : "move", "smooth" : False})
+		pointPen.endPath()
+		"""
+		resultGlif = self.pyToGLIF(py)
+		resultPy = self.glifToPy(glif)
+		self.assertEqual(glif, resultGlif)
+		self.assertEqual(py, resultPy)
+
+	def testPointCoordinates_legal_float(self):
+		# legal: float
+		glif = """
+		<glyph name="a" format="2">
+			<outline>
+				<contour>
+					<point x="1.1" y="-2.2" type="move"/>
+				</contour>
+			</outline>
+		</glyph>
+		"""
+		py = """
+		glyph.name = "a"
+		pointPen.beginPath()
+		pointPen.addPoint(*[(1.1, -2.2)], **{"segmentType" : "move", "smooth" : False})
+		pointPen.endPath()
+		"""
+		resultGlif = self.pyToGLIF(py)
+		resultPy = self.glifToPy(glif)
+		self.assertEqual(glif, resultGlif)
+		self.assertEqual(py, resultPy)
+
+	def testPointCoordinates_illegal_x(self):
+		# illegal: x as string
+		glif = """
+		<glyph name="a" format="2">
+			<outline>
+				<contour>
+					<point x="a" y="2" type="move"/>
+				</contour>
+			</outline>
+		</glyph>
+		"""
+		py = """
+		glyph.name = "a"
+		pointPen.beginPath()
+		pointPen.addPoint(*[("a", 2)], **{"segmentType" : "move", "smooth" : False})
+		pointPen.endPath()
+		"""
+		self.assertRaises(GlifLibError, self.pyToGLIF, py)
+		self.assertRaises(GlifLibError, self.glifToPy, glif)
+
+	def testPointCoordinates_illegal_y(self):
+		# illegal: y as string
+		glif = """
+		<glyph name="a" format="2">
+			<outline>
+				<contour>
+					<point x="1" y="a" type="move"/>
+				</contour>
+			</outline>
+		</glyph>
+		"""
+		py = """
+		glyph.name = "a"
+		pointPen.beginPath()
+		pointPen.addPoint(*[(1, "a")], **{"segmentType" : "move", "smooth" : False})
+		pointPen.endPath()
+		"""
+		self.assertRaises(GlifLibError, self.pyToGLIF, py)
+		self.assertRaises(GlifLibError, self.glifToPy, glif)
+
+	def testPointTypeMove_legal(self):
+		# legal
+		glif = """
+		<glyph name="a" format="2">
+			<outline>
+				<contour>
+					<point x="1" y="-2" type="move"/>
+					<point x="3" y="-4" type="line"/>
+				</contour>
+			</outline>
+		</glyph>
+		"""
+		py = """
+		glyph.name = "a"
+		pointPen.beginPath()
+		pointPen.addPoint(*[(1, -2)], **{"segmentType" : "move", "smooth" : False})
+		pointPen.addPoint(*[(3, -4)], **{"segmentType" : "line", "smooth" : False})
+		pointPen.endPath()
+		"""
+		resultGlif = self.pyToGLIF(py)
+		resultPy = self.glifToPy(glif)
+		self.assertEqual(glif, resultGlif)
+		self.assertEqual(py, resultPy)
+
+	def testPointTypeMove_legal_smooth(self):
+		# legal: smooth=True
+		glif = """
+		<glyph name="a" format="2">
+			<outline>
+				<contour>
+					<point x="1" y="-2" type="move" smooth="yes"/>
+					<point x="3" y="-4" type="line"/>
+				</contour>
+			</outline>
+		</glyph>
+		"""
+		py = """
+		glyph.name = "a"
+		pointPen.beginPath()
+		pointPen.addPoint(*[(1, -2)], **{"segmentType" : "move", "smooth" : True})
+		pointPen.addPoint(*[(3, -4)], **{"segmentType" : "line", "smooth" : False})
+		pointPen.endPath()
+		"""
+		resultGlif = self.pyToGLIF(py)
+		resultPy = self.glifToPy(glif)
+		self.assertEqual(glif, resultGlif)
+		self.assertEqual(py, resultPy)
+
+	def testPointTypeMove_illegal_not_at_start(self):
+		# illegal: not at start
+		glif = """
+		<glyph name="a" format="2">
+			<outline>
+				<contour>
+					<point x="3" y="-4" type="line"/>
+					<point x="1" y="-2" type="move"/>
+				</contour>
+			</outline>
+		</glyph>
+		"""
+		py = """
+		glyph.name = "a"
+		pointPen.beginPath()
+		pointPen.addPoint(*[(3, -4)], **{"segmentType" : "line", "smooth" : False})
+		pointPen.addPoint(*[(1, -2)], **{"segmentType" : "move", "smooth" : False})
+		pointPen.endPath()
+		"""
+		self.assertRaises(GlifLibError, self.pyToGLIF, py)
+		self.assertRaises(GlifLibError, self.glifToPy, glif)
+
+	def testPointTypeLine_legal(self):
+		# legal
+		glif = """
+		<glyph name="a" format="2">
+			<outline>
+				<contour>
+					<point x="1" y="-2" type="move"/>
+					<point x="3" y="-4" type="line"/>
+				</contour>
+			</outline>
+		</glyph>
+		"""
+		py = """
+		glyph.name = "a"
+		pointPen.beginPath()
+		pointPen.addPoint(*[(1, -2)], **{"segmentType" : "move", "smooth" : False})
+		pointPen.addPoint(*[(3, -4)], **{"segmentType" : "line", "smooth" : False})
+		pointPen.endPath()
+		"""
+		resultGlif = self.pyToGLIF(py)
+		resultPy = self.glifToPy(glif)
+		self.assertEqual(glif, resultGlif)
+		self.assertEqual(py, resultPy)
+
+	def testPointTypeLine_legal_start_of_contour(self):
+		# legal: start of contour
+		glif = """
+		<glyph name="a" format="2">
+			<outline>
+				<contour>
+					<point x="1" y="-2" type="line"/>
+					<point x="3" y="-4" type="line"/>
+				</contour>
+			</outline>
+		</glyph>
+		"""
+		py = """
+		glyph.name = "a"
+		pointPen.beginPath()
+		pointPen.addPoint(*[(1, -2)], **{"segmentType" : "line", "smooth" : False})
+		pointPen.addPoint(*[(3, -4)], **{"segmentType" : "line", "smooth" : False})
+		pointPen.endPath()
+		"""
+		resultGlif = self.pyToGLIF(py)
+		resultPy = self.glifToPy(glif)
+		self.assertEqual(glif, resultGlif)
+		self.assertEqual(py, resultPy)
+
+	def testPointTypeLine_legal_smooth(self):
+		# legal: smooth=True
+		glif = """
+		<glyph name="a" format="2">
+			<outline>
+				<contour>
+					<point x="1" y="-2" type="move"/>
+					<point x="3" y="-4" type="line" smooth="yes"/>
+				</contour>
+			</outline>
+		</glyph>
+		"""
+		py = """
+		glyph.name = "a"
+		pointPen.beginPath()
+		pointPen.addPoint(*[(1, -2)], **{"segmentType" : "move", "smooth" : False})
+		pointPen.addPoint(*[(3, -4)], **{"segmentType" : "line", "smooth" : True})
+		pointPen.endPath()
+		"""
+		resultGlif = self.pyToGLIF(py)
+		resultPy = self.glifToPy(glif)
+		self.assertEqual(glif, resultGlif)
+		self.assertEqual(py, resultPy)
+
+	def testPointTypeCurve_legal(self):
+		# legal
+		glif = """
+		<glyph name="a" format="2">
+			<outline>
+				<contour>
+					<point x="0" y="0" type="move"/>
+					<point x="0" y="65"/>
+					<point x="65" y="200"/>
+					<point x="100" y="200" type="curve"/>
+				</contour>
+			</outline>
+		</glyph>
+		"""
+		py = """
+		glyph.name = "a"
+		pointPen.beginPath()
+		pointPen.addPoint(*[(0, 0)], **{"segmentType" : "move", "smooth" : False})
+		pointPen.addPoint(*[(0, 65)], **{"smooth" : False})
+		pointPen.addPoint(*[(65, 200)], **{"smooth" : False})
+		pointPen.addPoint(*[(100, 200)], **{"segmentType" : "curve", "smooth" : False})
+		pointPen.endPath()
+		"""
+		resultGlif = self.pyToGLIF(py)
+		resultPy = self.glifToPy(glif)
+		self.assertEqual(glif, resultGlif)
+		self.assertEqual(py, resultPy)
+
+	def testPointTypeCurve_legal_start_of_contour(self):
+		# legal: start of contour
+		glif = """
+		<glyph name="a" format="2">
+			<outline>
+				<contour>
+					<point x="100" y="200" type="curve"/>
+					<point x="0" y="65"/>
+					<point x="65" y="200"/>
+				</contour>
+			</outline>
+		</glyph>
+		"""
+		py = """
+		glyph.name = "a"
+		pointPen.beginPath()
+		pointPen.addPoint(*[(100, 200)], **{"segmentType" : "curve", "smooth" : False})
+		pointPen.addPoint(*[(0, 65)], **{"smooth" : False})
+		pointPen.addPoint(*[(65, 200)], **{"smooth" : False})
+		pointPen.endPath()
+		"""
+		resultGlif = self.pyToGLIF(py)
+		resultPy = self.glifToPy(glif)
+		self.assertEqual(glif, resultGlif)
+		self.assertEqual(py, resultPy)
+
+	def testPointTypeCurve_legal_smooth(self):
+		# legal: smooth=True
+		glif = """
+		<glyph name="a" format="2">
+			<outline>
+				<contour>
+					<point x="0" y="0" type="move"/>
+					<point x="0" y="65"/>
+					<point x="65" y="200"/>
+					<point x="100" y="200" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+				</contour>
+			</outline>
+		</glyph>
+		"""
+		py = """
+		glyph.name = "a"
+		pointPen.beginPath()
+		pointPen.addPoint(*[(0, 0)], **{"segmentType" : "move", "smooth" : False})
+		pointPen.addPoint(*[(0, 65)], **{"smooth" : False})
+		pointPen.addPoint(*[(65, 200)], **{"smooth" : False})
+		pointPen.addPoint(*[(100, 200)], **{"segmentType" : "curve", "smooth" : True})
+		pointPen.endPath()
+		"""
+		resultGlif = self.pyToGLIF(py)
+		resultPy = self.glifToPy(glif)
+		self.assertEqual(glif, resultGlif)
+		self.assertEqual(py, resultPy)
+
+	def testPointTypeCurve_legal_no_off_curves(self):
+		# legal: no off-curves
+		glif = """
+		<glyph name="a" format="2">
+			<outline>
+				<contour>
+					<point x="0" y="0" type="move"/>
+					<point x="100" y="200" type="curve"/>
+				</contour>
+			</outline>
+		</glyph>
+		"""
+		py = """
+		glyph.name = "a"
+		pointPen.beginPath()
+		pointPen.addPoint(*[(0, 0)], **{"segmentType" : "move", "smooth" : False})
+		pointPen.addPoint(*[(100, 200)], **{"segmentType" : "curve", "smooth" : False})
+		pointPen.endPath()
+		"""
+		resultGlif = self.pyToGLIF(py)
+		resultPy = self.glifToPy(glif)
+		self.assertEqual(glif, resultGlif)
+		self.assertEqual(py, resultPy)
+
+	def testPointTypeCurve_legal_1_off_curve(self):
+		# legal: 1 off-curve
+		glif = """
+		<glyph name="a" format="2">
+			<outline>
+				<contour>
+					<point x="0" y="0" type="move"/>
+					<point x="50" y="100"/>
+					<point x="100" y="200" type="curve"/>
+				</contour>
+			</outline>
+		</glyph>
+		"""
+		py = """
+		glyph.name = "a"
+		pointPen.beginPath()
+		pointPen.addPoint(*[(0, 0)], **{"segmentType" : "move", "smooth" : False})
+		pointPen.addPoint(*[(50, 100)], **{"smooth" : False})
+		pointPen.addPoint(*[(100, 200)], **{"segmentType" : "curve", "smooth" : False})
+		pointPen.endPath()
+		"""
+		resultGlif = self.pyToGLIF(py)
+		resultPy = self.glifToPy(glif)
+		self.assertEqual(glif, resultGlif)
+		self.assertEqual(py, resultPy)
+
+	def testPointTypeCurve_illegal_3_off_curves(self):
+		# illegal: 3 off-curves
+		glif = """
+		<glyph name="a" format="2">
+			<outline>
+				<contour>
+					<point x="0" y="0" type="move"/>
+					<point x="0" y="100"/>
+					<point x="35" y="125"/>
+					<point x="65" y="200"/>
+					<point x="100" y="200" type="curve"/>
+				</contour>
+			</outline>
+		</glyph>
+		"""
+		py = """
+		glyph.name = "a"
+		pointPen.beginPath()
+		pointPen.addPoint(*[(0, 0)], **{"segmentType" : "move", "smooth" : False})
+		pointPen.addPoint(*[(0, 100)], **{"smooth" : False})
+		pointPen.addPoint(*[(35, 125)], **{"smooth" : False})
+		pointPen.addPoint(*[(65, 200)], **{"smooth" : False})
+		pointPen.addPoint(*[(100, 200)], **{"segmentType" : "curve", "smooth" : False})
+		pointPen.endPath()
+		"""
+		self.assertRaises(GlifLibError, self.pyToGLIF, py)
+		self.assertRaises(GlifLibError, self.glifToPy, glif)
+
+	def testPointQCurve_legal(self):
+		# legal
+		glif = """
+		<glyph name="a" format="2">
+			<outline>
+				<contour>
+					<point x="0" y="0" type="move"/>
+					<point x="0" y="65"/>
+					<point x="65" y="200"/>
+					<point x="100" y="200" type="qcurve"/>
+				</contour>
+			</outline>
+		</glyph>
+		"""
+		py = """
+		glyph.name = "a"
+		pointPen.beginPath()
+		pointPen.addPoint(*[(0, 0)], **{"segmentType" : "move", "smooth" : False})
+		pointPen.addPoint(*[(0, 65)], **{"smooth" : False})
+		pointPen.addPoint(*[(65, 200)], **{"smooth" : False})
+		pointPen.addPoint(*[(100, 200)], **{"segmentType" : "qcurve", "smooth" : False})
+		pointPen.endPath()
+		"""
+		resultGlif = self.pyToGLIF(py)
+		resultPy = self.glifToPy(glif)
+		self.assertEqual(glif, resultGlif)
+		self.assertEqual(py, resultPy)
+
+	def testPointQCurve_legal_start_of_contour(self):
+		# legal: start of contour
+		glif = """
+		<glyph name="a" format="2">
+			<outline>
+				<contour>
+					<point x="100" y="200" type="qcurve"/>
+					<point x="0" y="65"/>
+					<point x="65" y="200"/>
+				</contour>
+			</outline>
+		</glyph>
+		"""
+		py = """
+		glyph.name = "a"
+		pointPen.beginPath()
+		pointPen.addPoint(*[(100, 200)], **{"segmentType" : "qcurve", "smooth" : False})
+		pointPen.addPoint(*[(0, 65)], **{"smooth" : False})
+		pointPen.addPoint(*[(65, 200)], **{"smooth" : False})
+		pointPen.endPath()
+		"""
+		resultGlif = self.pyToGLIF(py)
+		resultPy = self.glifToPy(glif)
+		self.assertEqual(glif, resultGlif)
+		self.assertEqual(py, resultPy)
+
+	def testPointQCurve_legal_smooth(self):
+		# legal: smooth=True
+		glif = """
+		<glyph name="a" format="2">
+			<outline>
+				<contour>
+					<point x="0" y="0" type="move"/>
+					<point x="0" y="65"/>
+					<point x="65" y="200"/>
+					<point x="100" y="200" type="qcurve" smooth="yes"/>
+				</contour>
+			</outline>
+		</glyph>
+		"""
+		py = """
+		glyph.name = "a"
+		pointPen.beginPath()
+		pointPen.addPoint(*[(0, 0)], **{"segmentType" : "move", "smooth" : False})
+		pointPen.addPoint(*[(0, 65)], **{"smooth" : False})
+		pointPen.addPoint(*[(65, 200)], **{"smooth" : False})
+		pointPen.addPoint(*[(100, 200)], **{"segmentType" : "qcurve", "smooth" : True})
+		pointPen.endPath()
+		"""
+		resultGlif = self.pyToGLIF(py)
+		resultPy = self.glifToPy(glif)
+		self.assertEqual(glif, resultGlif)
+		self.assertEqual(py, resultPy)
+
+	def testPointQCurve_legal_no_off_curves(self):
+		# legal: no off-curves
+		glif = """
+		<glyph name="a" format="2">
+			<outline>
+				<contour>
+					<point x="0" y="0" type="move"/>
+					<point x="100" y="200" type="qcurve"/>
+				</contour>
+			</outline>
+		</glyph>
+		"""
+		py = """
+		glyph.name = "a"
+		pointPen.beginPath()
+		pointPen.addPoint(*[(0, 0)], **{"segmentType" : "move", "smooth" : False})
+		pointPen.addPoint(*[(100, 200)], **{"segmentType" : "qcurve", "smooth" : False})
+		pointPen.endPath()
+		"""
+		resultGlif = self.pyToGLIF(py)
+		resultPy = self.glifToPy(glif)
+		self.assertEqual(glif, resultGlif)
+		self.assertEqual(py, resultPy)
+
+	def testPointQCurve_legal_one_off_curve(self):
+		# legal: 1 off-curve
+		glif = """
+		<glyph name="a" format="2">
+			<outline>
+				<contour>
+					<point x="0" y="0" type="move"/>
+					<point x="50" y="100"/>
+					<point x="100" y="200" type="qcurve"/>
+				</contour>
+			</outline>
+		</glyph>
+		"""
+		py = """
+		glyph.name = "a"
+		pointPen.beginPath()
+		pointPen.addPoint(*[(0, 0)], **{"segmentType" : "move", "smooth" : False})
+		pointPen.addPoint(*[(50, 100)], **{"smooth" : False})
+		pointPen.addPoint(*[(100, 200)], **{"segmentType" : "qcurve", "smooth" : False})
+		pointPen.endPath()
+		"""
+		resultGlif = self.pyToGLIF(py)
+		resultPy = self.glifToPy(glif)
+		self.assertEqual(glif, resultGlif)
+		self.assertEqual(py, resultPy)
+
+	def testPointQCurve_legal_3_off_curves(self):
+		# legal: 3 off-curves
+		glif = """
+		<glyph name="a" format="2">
+			<outline>
+				<contour>
+					<point x="0" y="0" type="move"/>
+					<point x="0" y="100"/>
+					<point x="35" y="125"/>
+					<point x="65" y="200"/>
+					<point x="100" y="200" type="qcurve"/>
+				</contour>
+			</outline>
+		</glyph>
+		"""
+		py = """
+		glyph.name = "a"
+		pointPen.beginPath()
+		pointPen.addPoint(*[(0, 0)], **{"segmentType" : "move", "smooth" : False})
+		pointPen.addPoint(*[(0, 100)], **{"smooth" : False})
+		pointPen.addPoint(*[(35, 125)], **{"smooth" : False})
+		pointPen.addPoint(*[(65, 200)], **{"smooth" : False})
+		pointPen.addPoint(*[(100, 200)], **{"segmentType" : "qcurve", "smooth" : False})
+		pointPen.endPath()
+		"""
+		resultGlif = self.pyToGLIF(py)
+		resultPy = self.glifToPy(glif)
+		self.assertEqual(glif, resultGlif)
+		self.assertEqual(py, resultPy)
+
+	def testSpecialCaseQCurve_legal_no_on_curve(self):
+		# contour with no on curve
+		glif = """
+		<glyph name="a" format="2">
+			<outline>
+				<contour>
+					<point x="0" y="0"/>
+					<point x="0" y="100"/>
+					<point x="100" y="100"/>
+					<point x="100" y="0"/>
+				</contour>
+			</outline>
+		</glyph>
+		"""
+		py = """
+		glyph.name = "a"
+		pointPen.beginPath()
+		pointPen.addPoint(*[(0, 0)], **{"smooth" : False})
+		pointPen.addPoint(*[(0, 100)], **{"smooth" : False})
+		pointPen.addPoint(*[(100, 100)], **{"smooth" : False})
+		pointPen.addPoint(*[(100, 0)], **{"smooth" : False})
+		pointPen.endPath()
+		"""
+		resultGlif = self.pyToGLIF(py)
+		resultPy = self.glifToPy(glif)
+		self.assertEqual(glif, resultGlif)
+		self.assertEqual(py, resultPy)
+
+	def testPointTypeOffCurve_legal(self):
+		# legal
+		glif = """
+		<glyph name="a" format="2">
+			<outline>
+				<contour>
+					<point x="0" y="0" type="move"/>
+					<point x="0" y="65"/>
+					<point x="65" y="200"/>
+					<point x="100" y="200" type="curve"/>
+				</contour>
+			</outline>
+		</glyph>
+		"""
+		py = """
+		glyph.name = "a"
+		pointPen.beginPath()
+		pointPen.addPoint(*[(0, 0)], **{"segmentType" : "move", "smooth" : False})
+		pointPen.addPoint(*[(0, 65)], **{"smooth" : False})
+		pointPen.addPoint(*[(65, 200)], **{"smooth" : False})
+		pointPen.addPoint(*[(100, 200)], **{"segmentType" : "curve", "smooth" : False})
+		pointPen.endPath()
+		"""
+		resultGlif = self.pyToGLIF(py)
+		resultPy = self.glifToPy(glif)
+		self.assertEqual(glif, resultGlif)
+		self.assertEqual(py, resultPy)
+
+	def testPointTypeOffCurve_legal_start_of_contour(self):
+		# legal: start of contour
+		glif = """
+		<glyph name="a" format="2">
+			<outline>
+				<contour>
+					<point x="0" y="65"/>
+					<point x="65" y="200"/>
+					<point x="100" y="200" type="curve"/>
+				</contour>
+			</outline>
+		</glyph>
+		"""
+		py = """
+		glyph.name = "a"
+		pointPen.beginPath()
+		pointPen.addPoint(*[(0, 65)], **{"smooth" : False})
+		pointPen.addPoint(*[(65, 200)], **{"smooth" : False})
+		pointPen.addPoint(*[(100, 200)], **{"segmentType" : "curve", "smooth" : False})
+		pointPen.endPath()
+		"""
+		resultGlif = self.pyToGLIF(py)
+		resultPy = self.glifToPy(glif)
+		self.assertEqual(glif, resultGlif)
+		self.assertEqual(py, resultPy)
+
+	def testPointTypeOffCurve_illegal_before_move(self):
+		# before move
+		glif = """
+		<glyph name="a" format="2">
+			<outline>
+				<contour>
+					<point x="0" y="65"/>
+					<point x="0" y="0" type="move"/>
+				</contour>
+			</outline>
+		</glyph>
+		"""
+		py = """
+		glyph.name = "a"
+		pointPen.beginPath()
+		pointPen.addPoint(*[(0, 65)], **{"smooth" : False})
+		pointPen.addPoint(*[(0, 0)], **{"segmentType" : "move", "smooth" : False})
+		pointPen.endPath()
+		"""
+		self.assertRaises(GlifLibError, self.pyToGLIF, py)
+		self.assertRaises(GlifLibError, self.glifToPy, glif)
+
+	def testPointTypeOffCurve_illegal_before_line(self):
+		# before line
+		glif = """
+		<glyph name="a" format="2">
+			<outline>
+				<contour>
+					<point x="0" y="65"/>
+					<point x="0" y="0" type="line"/>
+				</contour>
+			</outline>
+		</glyph>
+		"""
+		py = """
+		glyph.name = "a"
+		pointPen.beginPath()
+		pointPen.addPoint(*[(0, 65)], **{"smooth" : False})
+		pointPen.addPoint(*[(0, 0)], **{"segmentType" : "line", "smooth" : False})
+		pointPen.endPath()
+		"""
+		self.assertRaises(GlifLibError, self.pyToGLIF, py)
+		self.assertRaises(GlifLibError, self.glifToPy, glif)
+
+	def testPointTypeOffCurve_illegal_smooth(self):
+		# smooth=True
+		glif = """
+		<glyph name="a" format="2">
+			<outline>
+				<contour>
+					<point x="0" y="65" smooth="yess"/>
+					<point x="0" y="0" type="curve"/>
+				</contour>
+			</outline>
+		</glyph>
+		"""
+		py = """
+		glyph.name = "a"
+		pointPen.beginPath()
+		pointPen.addPoint(*[(0, 65)], **{"smooth" : True})
+		pointPen.addPoint(*[(0, 0)], **{"segmentType" : "curve", "smooth" : False})
+		pointPen.endPath()
+		"""
+		self.assertRaises(GlifLibError, self.pyToGLIF, py)
+		self.assertRaises(GlifLibError, self.glifToPy, glif)
+
+	def testOpenContourLooseOffCurves(self):
+		glif = """
+		<glyph name="a" format="2">
+			<outline>
+				<contour>
+					<point x="1" y="2" type="move"/>
+					<point x="1" y="2"/>
+					<point x="1" y="2"/>
+					<point x="1" y="2" type="curve"/>
+					<point x="1" y="2"/>
+				</contour>
+			</outline>
+		</glyph>
+		"""
+		self.assertRaises(GlifLibError, self.glifToPy, glif)
+		py = """
+		glyph.name = "a"
+		pointPen.beginPath()
+		pointPen.addPoint(*[(1, 2)], **{"segmentType" : "move", "smooth" : False})
+		pointPen.addPoint(*[(1, 2)], **{"smooth" : False})
+		pointPen.addPoint(*[(1, 2)], **{"smooth" : False})
+		pointPen.addPoint(*[(1, 2)], **{"segmentType" : "curve", "smooth" : False})
+		pointPen.addPoint(*[(1, 2)], **{"smooth" : False})
+		pointPen.endPath()
+		"""
+		self.assertRaises(GlifLibError, self.pyToGLIF, py)
+
+	def testPointIdentifier(self):
+		glif = """
+		<glyph name="a" format="2">
+			<outline>
+				<contour>
+					<point x="1" y="-2" type="move" identifier="1"/>
+					<point x="1" y="-2" type="line" identifier="2"/>
+					<point x="1" y="-2" type="curve" identifier="3"/>
+					<point x="1" y="-2" type="qcurve" identifier="4"/>
+				</contour>
+			</outline>
+		</glyph>
+		"""
+		py = """
+		glyph.name = "a"
+		pointPen.beginPath()
+		pointPen.addPoint(*[(1, -2)], **{"identifier" : "1", "segmentType" : "move", "smooth" : False})
+		pointPen.addPoint(*[(1, -2)], **{"identifier" : "2", "segmentType" : "line", "smooth" : False})
+		pointPen.addPoint(*[(1, -2)], **{"identifier" : "3", "segmentType" : "curve", "smooth" : False})
+		pointPen.addPoint(*[(1, -2)], **{"identifier" : "4", "segmentType" : "qcurve", "smooth" : False})
+		pointPen.endPath()
+		"""
+		resultGlif = self.pyToGLIF(py)
+		resultPy = self.glifToPy(glif)
+		self.assertEqual(glif, resultGlif)
+		self.assertEqual(py, resultPy)
+
+	def testIdentifierConflict_legal_no_conflict(self):
+		glif = """
+		<glyph name="a" format="2">
+			<guideline x="0" identifier="guideline1"/>
+			<guideline x="0" identifier="guideline2"/>
+			<anchor x="0" y="0" identifier="anchor1"/>
+			<anchor x="0" y="0" identifier="anchor2"/>
+			<outline>
+				<contour identifier="contour1">
+					<point x="1" y="-2" type="move" identifier="point1"/>
+					<point x="1" y="-2" type="line" identifier="point2"/>
+					<point x="1" y="-2" type="curve" identifier="point3"/>
+					<point x="1" y="-2" type="qcurve" identifier="point4"/>
+				</contour>
+				<contour identifier="contour2">
+					<point x="1" y="-2" type="move" identifier="point5"/>
+				</contour>
+				<component base="x" xyScale="1" yxScale="1" xOffset="1" yOffset="1" identifier="component1"/>
+				<component base="x" xyScale="1" yxScale="1" xOffset="1" yOffset="1" identifier="component2"/>
+			</outline>
+		</glyph>
+		"""
+		py = """
+		glyph.name = "a"
+		glyph.guidelines = [{"identifier" : "guideline1", "x" : 0}, {"identifier" : "guideline2", "x" : 0}]
+		glyph.anchors = [{"identifier" : "anchor1", "x" : 0, "y" : 0}, {"identifier" : "anchor2", "x" : 0, "y" : 0}]
+		pointPen.beginPath(**{"identifier" : "contour1"})
+		pointPen.addPoint(*[(1, -2)], **{"identifier" : "point1", "segmentType" : "move", "smooth" : False})
+		pointPen.addPoint(*[(1, -2)], **{"identifier" : "point2", "segmentType" : "line", "smooth" : False})
+		pointPen.addPoint(*[(1, -2)], **{"identifier" : "point3", "segmentType" : "curve", "smooth" : False})
+		pointPen.addPoint(*[(1, -2)], **{"identifier" : "point4", "segmentType" : "qcurve", "smooth" : False})
+		pointPen.endPath()
+		pointPen.beginPath(**{"identifier" : "contour2"})
+		pointPen.addPoint(*[(1, -2)], **{"identifier" : "point5", "segmentType" : "move", "smooth" : False})
+		pointPen.endPath()
+		pointPen.addComponent(*["x", (1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1)], **{"identifier" : "component1"})
+		pointPen.addComponent(*["x", (1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1)], **{"identifier" : "component2"})
+		"""
+		resultGlif = self.pyToGLIF(py)
+		resultPy = self.glifToPy(glif)
+		self.assertEqual(glif, resultGlif)
+		self.assertEqual(py, resultPy)
+
+	def testIdentifierConflict_point_point(self):
+		# point - point
+		glif = """
+		<glyph name="a" format="2">
+			<guideline x="0" identifier="guideline1"/>
+			<guideline x="0" identifier="guideline2"/>
+			<anchor x="0" y="0" identifier="anchor1"/>
+			<anchor x="0" y="0" identifier="anchor2"/>
+			<outline>
+				<contour identifier="contour1">
+					<point x="1" y="-2" type="move" identifier="point1"/>
+					<point x="1" y="-2" type="line" identifier="point1"/>
+					<point x="1" y="-2" type="curve" identifier="point3"/>
+					<point x="1" y="-2" type="qcurve" identifier="point4"/>
+				</contour>
+				<contour identifier="contour2">
+					<point x="1" y="-2" type="move" identifier="point5"/>
+				</contour>
+				<component base="x" xyScale="1" yxScale="1" xOffset="1" yOffset="1" identifier="component1"/>
+				<component base="x" xyScale="1" yxScale="1" xOffset="1" yOffset="1" identifier="component2"/>
+			</outline>
+		</glyph>
+		"""
+		py = """
+		glyph.name = "a"
+		glyph.guidelines = [{"identifier" : "guideline1", "x" : 0}, {"identifier" : "guideline2", "x" : 0}]
+		glyph.anchors = [{"identifier" : "anchor1", "x" : 0, "y" : 0}, {"identifier" : "anchor2", "x" : 0, "y" : 0}]
+		pointPen.beginPath(**{"identifier" : "contour1"})
+		pointPen.addPoint(*[(1, -2)], **{"identifier" : "point1", "segmentType" : "move", "smooth" : False})
+		pointPen.addPoint(*[(1, -2)], **{"identifier" : "point1", "segmentType" : "line", "smooth" : False})
+		pointPen.addPoint(*[(1, -2)], **{"identifier" : "point3", "segmentType" : "curve", "smooth" : False})
+		pointPen.addPoint(*[(1, -2)], **{"identifier" : "point4", "segmentType" : "qcurve", "smooth" : False})
+		pointPen.endPath()
+		pointPen.beginPath(**{"identifier" : "contour2"})
+		pointPen.addPoint(*[(1, -2)], **{"identifier" : "point5", "segmentType" : "move", "smooth" : False})
+		pointPen.endPath()
+		pointPen.addComponent(*["x", (1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1)], **{"identifier" : "component1"})
+		pointPen.addComponent(*["x", (1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1)], **{"identifier" : "component2"})
+		"""
+		self.assertRaises(GlifLibError, self.pyToGLIF, py)
+		self.assertRaises(GlifLibError, self.glifToPy, glif)
+
+	def testIdentifierConflict_point_contour(self):
+		# point - contour
+		glif = """
+		<glyph name="a" format="2">
+			<guideline x="0" identifier="guideline1"/>
+			<guideline x="0" identifier="guideline2"/>
+			<anchor x="0" y="0" identifier="anchor1"/>
+			<anchor x="0" y="0" identifier="anchor2"/>
+			<outline>
+				<contour identifier="contour1">
+					<point x="1" y="-2" type="move" identifier="contour1"/>
+					<point x="1" y="-2" type="line" identifier="point2"/>
+					<point x="1" y="-2" type="curve" identifier="point3"/>
+					<point x="1" y="-2" type="qcurve" identifier="point4"/>
+				</contour>
+				<contour identifier="contour2">
+					<point x="1" y="-2" type="move" identifier="point5"/>
+				</contour>
+				<component base="x" xyScale="1" yxScale="1" xOffset="1" yOffset="1" identifier="component1"/>
+				<component base="x" xyScale="1" yxScale="1" xOffset="1" yOffset="1" identifier="component2"/>
+			</outline>
+		</glyph>
+		"""
+		py = """
+		glyph.name = "a"
+		glyph.guidelines = [{"identifier" : "guideline1", "x" : 0}, {"identifier" : "guideline2", "x" : 0}]
+		glyph.anchors = [{"identifier" : "anchor1", "x" : 0, "y" : 0}, {"identifier" : "anchor2", "x" : 0, "y" : 0}]
+		pointPen.beginPath(**{"identifier" : "contour1"})
+		pointPen.addPoint(*[(1, -2)], **{"identifier" : "contour1", "segmentType" : "move", "smooth" : False})
+		pointPen.addPoint(*[(1, -2)], **{"identifier" : "point2", "segmentType" : "line", "smooth" : False})
+		pointPen.addPoint(*[(1, -2)], **{"identifier" : "point3", "segmentType" : "curve", "smooth" : False})
+		pointPen.addPoint(*[(1, -2)], **{"identifier" : "point4", "segmentType" : "qcurve", "smooth" : False})
+		pointPen.endPath()
+		pointPen.beginPath(**{"identifier" : "contour2"})
+		pointPen.addPoint(*[(1, -2)], **{"identifier" : "point5", "segmentType" : "move", "smooth" : False})
+		pointPen.endPath()
+		pointPen.addComponent(*["x", (1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1)], **{"identifier" : "component1"})
+		pointPen.addComponent(*["x", (1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1)], **{"identifier" : "component2"})
+		"""
+		self.assertRaises(GlifLibError, self.pyToGLIF, py)
+		self.assertRaises(GlifLibError, self.glifToPy, glif)
+
+	def testIdentifierConflict_point_component(self):
+		# point - component
+		glif = """
+		<glyph name="a" format="2">
+			<guideline x="0" identifier="guideline1"/>
+			<guideline x="0" identifier="guideline2"/>
+			<anchor x="0" y="0" identifier="anchor1"/>
+			<anchor x="0" y="0" identifier="anchor2"/>
+			<outline>
+				<contour identifier="contour1">
+					<point x="1" y="-2" type="move" identifier="component1"/>
+					<point x="1" y="-2" type="line" identifier="point2"/>
+					<point x="1" y="-2" type="curve" identifier="point3"/>
+					<point x="1" y="-2" type="qcurve" identifier="point4"/>
+				</contour>
+				<contour identifier="contour2">
+					<point x="1" y="-2" type="move" identifier="point5"/>
+				</contour>
+				<component base="x" xyScale="1" yxScale="1" xOffset="1" yOffset="1" identifier="component1"/>
+				<component base="x" xyScale="1" yxScale="1" xOffset="1" yOffset="1" identifier="component2"/>
+			</outline>
+		</glyph>
+		"""
+		py = """
+		glyph.name = "a"
+		glyph.guidelines = [{"identifier" : "guideline1", "x" : 0}, {"identifier" : "guideline2", "x" : 0}]
+		glyph.anchors = [{"identifier" : "anchor1", "x" : 0, "y" : 0}, {"identifier" : "anchor2", "x" : 0, "y" : 0}]
+		pointPen.beginPath(**{"identifier" : "contour1"})
+		pointPen.addPoint(*[(1, -2)], **{"identifier" : "component1", "segmentType" : "move", "smooth" : False})
+		pointPen.addPoint(*[(1, -2)], **{"identifier" : "point2", "segmentType" : "line", "smooth" : False})
+		pointPen.addPoint(*[(1, -2)], **{"identifier" : "point3", "segmentType" : "curve", "smooth" : False})
+		pointPen.addPoint(*[(1, -2)], **{"identifier" : "point4", "segmentType" : "qcurve", "smooth" : False})
+		pointPen.endPath()
+		pointPen.beginPath(**{"identifier" : "contour2"})
+		pointPen.addPoint(*[(1, -2)], **{"identifier" : "point5", "segmentType" : "move", "smooth" : False})
+		pointPen.endPath()
+		pointPen.addComponent(*["x", (1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1)], **{"identifier" : "component1"})
+		pointPen.addComponent(*["x", (1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1)], **{"identifier" : "component2"})
+		"""
+		self.assertRaises(GlifLibError, self.pyToGLIF, py)
+		self.assertRaises(GlifLibError, self.glifToPy, glif)
+
+	def testIdentifierConflict_point_guideline(self):
+		# point - guideline
+		glif = """
+		<glyph name="a" format="2">
+			<guideline x="0" identifier="guideline1"/>
+			<guideline x="0" identifier="guideline2"/>
+			<anchor x="0" y="0" identifier="anchor1"/>
+			<anchor x="0" y="0" identifier="anchor2"/>
+			<outline>
+				<contour identifier="contour1">
+					<point x="1" y="-2" type="move" identifier="guideline1"/>
+					<point x="1" y="-2" type="line" identifier="point2"/>
+					<point x="1" y="-2" type="curve" identifier="point3"/>
+					<point x="1" y="-2" type="qcurve" identifier="point4"/>
+				</contour>
+				<contour identifier="contour2">
+					<point x="1" y="-2" type="move" identifier="point5"/>
+				</contour>
+				<component base="x" xyScale="1" yxScale="1" xOffset="1" yOffset="1" identifier="component1"/>
+				<component base="x" xyScale="1" yxScale="1" xOffset="1" yOffset="1" identifier="component2"/>
+			</outline>
+		</glyph>
+		"""
+		py = """
+		glyph.name = "a"
+		glyph.guidelines = [{"identifier" : "guideline1", "x" : 0}, {"identifier" : "guideline2", "x" : 0}]
+		glyph.anchors = [{"identifier" : "anchor1", "x" : 0, "y" : 0}, {"identifier" : "anchor2", "x" : 0, "y" : 0}]
+		pointPen.beginPath(**{"identifier" : "contour1"})
+		pointPen.addPoint(*[(1, -2)], **{"identifier" : "guideline1", "segmentType" : "move", "smooth" : False})
+		pointPen.addPoint(*[(1, -2)], **{"identifier" : "point2", "segmentType" : "line", "smooth" : False})
+		pointPen.addPoint(*[(1, -2)], **{"identifier" : "point3", "segmentType" : "curve", "smooth" : False})
+		pointPen.addPoint(*[(1, -2)], **{"identifier" : "point4", "segmentType" : "qcurve", "smooth" : False})
+		pointPen.endPath()
+		pointPen.beginPath(**{"identifier" : "contour2"})
+		pointPen.addPoint(*[(1, -2)], **{"identifier" : "point5", "segmentType" : "move", "smooth" : False})
+		pointPen.endPath()
+		pointPen.addComponent(*["x", (1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1)], **{"identifier" : "component1"})
+		pointPen.addComponent(*["x", (1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1)], **{"identifier" : "component2"})
+		"""
+		self.assertRaises(GlifLibError, self.pyToGLIF, py)
+		self.assertRaises(GlifLibError, self.glifToPy, glif)
+
+	def testIdentifierConflict_point_anchor(self):
+		# point - anchor
+		glif = """
+		<glyph name="a" format="2">
+			<guideline x="0" identifier="guideline1"/>
+			<guideline x="0" identifier="guideline2"/>
+			<anchor x="0" y="0" identifier="anchor1"/>
+			<anchor x="0" y="0" identifier="anchor2"/>
+			<outline>
+				<contour identifier="contour1">
+					<point x="1" y="-2" type="move" identifier="anchor1"/>
+					<point x="1" y="-2" type="line" identifier="point2"/>
+					<point x="1" y="-2" type="curve" identifier="point3"/>
+					<point x="1" y="-2" type="qcurve" identifier="point4"/>
+				</contour>
+				<contour identifier="contour2">
+					<point x="1" y="-2" type="move" identifier="point5"/>
+				</contour>
+				<component base="x" xyScale="1" yxScale="1" xOffset="1" yOffset="1" identifier="component1"/>
+				<component base="x" xyScale="1" yxScale="1" xOffset="1" yOffset="1" identifier="component2"/>
+			</outline>
+		</glyph>
+		"""
+		py = """
+		glyph.name = "a"
+		glyph.guidelines = [{"identifier" : "guideline1", "x" : 0}, {"identifier" : "guideline2", "x" : 0}]
+		glyph.anchors = [{"identifier" : "anchor1", "x" : 0, "y" : 0}, {"identifier" : "anchor2", "x" : 0, "y" : 0}]
+		pointPen.beginPath(**{"identifier" : "contour1"})
+		pointPen.addPoint(*[(1, -2)], **{"identifier" : "anchor1", "segmentType" : "move", "smooth" : False})
+		pointPen.addPoint(*[(1, -2)], **{"identifier" : "point2", "segmentType" : "line", "smooth" : False})
+		pointPen.addPoint(*[(1, -2)], **{"identifier" : "point3", "segmentType" : "curve", "smooth" : False})
+		pointPen.addPoint(*[(1, -2)], **{"identifier" : "point4", "segmentType" : "qcurve", "smooth" : False})
+		pointPen.endPath()
+		pointPen.beginPath(**{"identifier" : "contour2"})
+		pointPen.addPoint(*[(1, -2)], **{"identifier" : "point5", "segmentType" : "move", "smooth" : False})
+		pointPen.endPath()
+		pointPen.addComponent(*["x", (1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1)], **{"identifier" : "component1"})
+		pointPen.addComponent(*["x", (1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1)], **{"identifier" : "component2"})
+		"""
+		self.assertRaises(GlifLibError, self.pyToGLIF, py)
+		self.assertRaises(GlifLibError, self.glifToPy, glif)
+
+	def testIdentifierConflict_contour_contour(self):
+		# contour - contour
+		glif = """
+		<glyph name="a" format="2">
+			<guideline x="0" identifier="guideline1"/>
+			<guideline x="0" identifier="guideline2"/>
+			<anchor x="0" y="0" identifier="anchor1"/>
+			<anchor x="0" y="0" identifier="anchor2"/>
+			<outline>
+				<contour identifier="contour1">
+					<point x="1" y="-2" type="move" identifier="point1"/>
+					<point x="1" y="-2" type="line" identifier="point2"/>
+					<point x="1" y="-2" type="curve" identifier="point3"/>
+					<point x="1" y="-2" type="qcurve" identifier="point4"/>
+				</contour>
+				<contour identifier="contour1">
+					<point x="1" y="-2" type="move" identifier="point5"/>
+				</contour>
+				<component base="x" xyScale="1" yxScale="1" xOffset="1" yOffset="1" identifier="component1"/>
+				<component base="x" xyScale="1" yxScale="1" xOffset="1" yOffset="1" identifier="component2"/>
+			</outline>
+		</glyph>
+		"""
+		py = """
+		glyph.name = "a"
+		glyph.guidelines = [{"identifier" : "guideline1", "x" : 0}, {"identifier" : "guideline2", "x" : 0}]
+		glyph.anchors = [{"identifier" : "anchor1", "x" : 0, "y" : 0}, {"identifier" : "anchor2", "x" : 0, "y" : 0}]
+		pointPen.beginPath(**{"identifier" : "contour1"})
+		pointPen.addPoint(*[(1, -2)], **{"identifier" : "point1", "segmentType" : "move", "smooth" : False})
+		pointPen.addPoint(*[(1, -2)], **{"identifier" : "point2", "segmentType" : "line", "smooth" : False})
+		pointPen.addPoint(*[(1, -2)], **{"identifier" : "point3", "segmentType" : "curve", "smooth" : False})
+		pointPen.addPoint(*[(1, -2)], **{"identifier" : "point4", "segmentType" : "qcurve", "smooth" : False})
+		pointPen.endPath()
+		pointPen.beginPath(**{"identifier" : "contour1"})
+		pointPen.addPoint(*[(1, -2)], **{"identifier" : "point5", "segmentType" : "move", "smooth" : False})
+		pointPen.endPath()
+		pointPen.addComponent(*["x", (1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1)], **{"identifier" : "component1"})
+		pointPen.addComponent(*["x", (1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1)], **{"identifier" : "component2"})
+		"""
+		self.assertRaises(GlifLibError, self.pyToGLIF, py)
+		self.assertRaises(GlifLibError, self.glifToPy, glif)
+
+	def testIdentifierConflict_contour_component(self):
+		# contour - component
+		glif = """
+		<glyph name="a" format="2">
+			<guideline x="0" identifier="guideline1"/>
+			<guideline x="0" identifier="guideline2"/>
+			<anchor x="0" y="0" identifier="anchor1"/>
+			<anchor x="0" y="0" identifier="anchor2"/>
+			<outline>
+				<contour identifier="contour1">
+					<point x="1" y="-2" type="move" identifier="point1"/>
+					<point x="1" y="-2" type="line" identifier="point2"/>
+					<point x="1" y="-2" type="curve" identifier="point3"/>
+					<point x="1" y="-2" type="qcurve" identifier="point4"/>
+				</contour>
+				<contour identifier="contour2">
+					<point x="1" y="-2" type="move" identifier="point5"/>
+				</contour>
+				<component base="x" xyScale="1" yxScale="1" xOffset="1" yOffset="1" identifier="contour1"/>
+				<component base="x" xyScale="1" yxScale="1" xOffset="1" yOffset="1" identifier="component2"/>
+			</outline>
+		</glyph>
+		"""
+		py = """
+		glyph.name = "a"
+		glyph.guidelines = [{"identifier" : "guideline1", "x" : 0}, {"identifier" : "guideline2", "x" : 0}]
+		glyph.anchors = [{"identifier" : "anchor1", "x" : 0, "y" : 0}, {"identifier" : "anchor2", "x" : 0, "y" : 0}]
+		pointPen.beginPath(**{"identifier" : "contour1"})
+		pointPen.addPoint(*[(1, -2)], **{"identifier" : "point1", "segmentType" : "move", "smooth" : False})
+		pointPen.addPoint(*[(1, -2)], **{"identifier" : "point2", "segmentType" : "line", "smooth" : False})
+		pointPen.addPoint(*[(1, -2)], **{"identifier" : "point3", "segmentType" : "curve", "smooth" : False})
+		pointPen.addPoint(*[(1, -2)], **{"identifier" : "point4", "segmentType" : "qcurve", "smooth" : False})
+		pointPen.endPath()
+		pointPen.beginPath(**{"identifier" : "contour2"})
+		pointPen.addPoint(*[(1, -2)], **{"identifier" : "point5", "segmentType" : "move", "smooth" : False})
+		pointPen.endPath()
+		pointPen.addComponent(*["x", (1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1)], **{"identifier" : "contour1"})
+		pointPen.addComponent(*["x", (1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1)], **{"identifier" : "component2"})
+		"""
+		self.assertRaises(GlifLibError, self.pyToGLIF, py)
+		self.assertRaises(GlifLibError, self.glifToPy, glif)
+
+	def testIdentifierConflict_contour_guideline(self):
+		# contour - guideline
+		glif = """
+		<glyph name="a" format="2">
+			<guideline x="0" identifier="contour1"/>
+			<guideline x="0" identifier="guideline2"/>
+			<anchor x="0" y="0" identifier="anchor1"/>
+			<anchor x="0" y="0" identifier="anchor2"/>
+			<outline>
+				<contour identifier="contour1">
+					<point x="1" y="-2" type="move" identifier="point1"/>
+					<point x="1" y="-2" type="line" identifier="point2"/>
+					<point x="1" y="-2" type="curve" identifier="point3"/>
+					<point x="1" y="-2" type="qcurve" identifier="point4"/>
+				</contour>
+				<contour identifier="contour2">
+					<point x="1" y="-2" type="move" identifier="point5"/>
+				</contour>
+				<component base="x" xyScale="1" yxScale="1" xOffset="1" yOffset="1" identifier="component1"/>
+				<component base="x" xyScale="1" yxScale="1" xOffset="1" yOffset="1" identifier="component2"/>
+			</outline>
+		</glyph>
+		"""
+		py = """
+		glyph.name = "a"
+		glyph.guidelines = [{"identifier" : "contour1", "x" : 0}, {"identifier" : "guideline2", "x" : 0}]
+		glyph.anchors = [{"identifier" : "anchor1", "x" : 0, "y" : 0}, {"identifier" : "anchor2", "x" : 0, "y" : 0}]
+		pointPen.beginPath(**{"identifier" : "contour1"})
+		pointPen.addPoint(*[(1, -2)], **{"identifier" : "point1", "segmentType" : "move", "smooth" : False})
+		pointPen.addPoint(*[(1, -2)], **{"identifier" : "point2", "segmentType" : "line", "smooth" : False})
+		pointPen.addPoint(*[(1, -2)], **{"identifier" : "point3", "segmentType" : "curve", "smooth" : False})
+		pointPen.addPoint(*[(1, -2)], **{"identifier" : "point4", "segmentType" : "qcurve", "smooth" : False})
+		pointPen.endPath()
+		pointPen.beginPath(**{"identifier" : "contour2"})
+		pointPen.addPoint(*[(1, -2)], **{"identifier" : "point5", "segmentType" : "move", "smooth" : False})
+		pointPen.endPath()
+		pointPen.addComponent(*["x", (1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1)], **{"identifier" : "component1"})
+		pointPen.addComponent(*["x", (1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1)], **{"identifier" : "component2"})
+		"""
+		self.assertRaises(GlifLibError, self.pyToGLIF, py)
+		self.assertRaises(GlifLibError, self.glifToPy, glif)
+
+	def testIdentifierConflict_contour_anchor(self):
+		# contour - anchor
+		glif = """
+		<glyph name="a" format="2">
+			<guideline x="0" identifier="guideline1"/>
+			<guideline x="0" identifier="guideline2"/>
+			<anchor x="0" y="0" identifier="anchor1"/>
+			<anchor x="0" y="0" identifier="anchor2"/>
+			<outline>
+				<contour identifier="anchor1">
+					<point x="1" y="-2" type="move" identifier="point1"/>
+					<point x="1" y="-2" type="line" identifier="point2"/>
+					<point x="1" y="-2" type="curve" identifier="point3"/>
+					<point x="1" y="-2" type="qcurve" identifier="point4"/>
+				</contour>
+				<contour identifier="contour2">
+					<point x="1" y="-2" type="move" identifier="point5"/>
+				</contour>
+				<component base="x" xyScale="1" yxScale="1" xOffset="1" yOffset="1" identifier="component1"/>
+				<component base="x" xyScale="1" yxScale="1" xOffset="1" yOffset="1" identifier="component2"/>
+			</outline>
+		</glyph>
+		"""
+		py = """
+		glyph.name = "a"
+		glyph.guidelines = [{"identifier" : "guideline1", "x" : 0}, {"identifier" : "guideline2", "x" : 0}]
+		glyph.anchors = [{"identifier" : "anchor1", "x" : 0, "y" : 0}, {"identifier" : "anchor2", "x" : 0, "y" : 0}]
+		pointPen.beginPath(**{"identifier" : "anchor1"})
+		pointPen.addPoint(*[(1, -2)], **{"identifier" : "point1", "segmentType" : "move", "smooth" : False})
+		pointPen.addPoint(*[(1, -2)], **{"identifier" : "point2", "segmentType" : "line", "smooth" : False})
+		pointPen.addPoint(*[(1, -2)], **{"identifier" : "point3", "segmentType" : "curve", "smooth" : False})
+		pointPen.addPoint(*[(1, -2)], **{"identifier" : "point4", "segmentType" : "qcurve", "smooth" : False})
+		pointPen.endPath()
+		pointPen.beginPath(**{"identifier" : "contour2"})
+		pointPen.addPoint(*[(1, -2)], **{"identifier" : "point5", "segmentType" : "move", "smooth" : False})
+		pointPen.endPath()
+		pointPen.addComponent(*["x", (1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1)], **{"identifier" : "component1"})
+		pointPen.addComponent(*["x", (1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1)], **{"identifier" : "component2"})
+		"""
+		self.assertRaises(GlifLibError, self.pyToGLIF, py)
+		self.assertRaises(GlifLibError, self.glifToPy, glif)
+
+	def testIdentifierConflict_component_component(self):
+		# component - component
+		glif = """
+		<glyph name="a" format="2">
+			<guideline x="0" identifier="guideline1"/>
+			<guideline x="0" identifier="guideline2"/>
+			<anchor x="0" y="0" identifier="anchor1"/>
+			<anchor x="0" y="0" identifier="anchor2"/>
+			<outline>
+				<contour identifier="contour1">
+					<point x="1" y="-2" type="move" identifier="point1"/>
+					<point x="1" y="-2" type="line" identifier="point2"/>
+					<point x="1" y="-2" type="curve" identifier="point3"/>
+					<point x="1" y="-2" type="qcurve" identifier="point4"/>
+				</contour>
+				<contour identifier="contour2">
+					<point x="1" y="-2" type="move" identifier="point5"/>
+				</contour>
+				<component base="x" xyScale="1" yxScale="1" xOffset="1" yOffset="1" identifier="component1"/>
+				<component base="x" xyScale="1" yxScale="1" xOffset="1" yOffset="1" identifier="component1"/>
+			</outline>
+		</glyph>
+		"""
+		py = """
+		glyph.name = "a"
+		glyph.guidelines = [{"identifier" : "guideline1", "x" : 0}, {"identifier" : "guideline2", "x" : 0}]
+		glyph.anchors = [{"identifier" : "anchor1", "x" : 0, "y" : 0}, {"identifier" : "anchor2", "x" : 0, "y" : 0}]
+		pointPen.beginPath(**{"identifier" : "contour1"})
+		pointPen.addPoint(*[(1, -2)], **{"identifier" : "point1", "segmentType" : "move", "smooth" : False})
+		pointPen.addPoint(*[(1, -2)], **{"identifier" : "point2", "segmentType" : "line", "smooth" : False})
+		pointPen.addPoint(*[(1, -2)], **{"identifier" : "point3", "segmentType" : "curve", "smooth" : False})
+		pointPen.addPoint(*[(1, -2)], **{"identifier" : "point4", "segmentType" : "qcurve", "smooth" : False})
+		pointPen.endPath()
+		pointPen.beginPath(**{"identifier" : "contour2"})
+		pointPen.addPoint(*[(1, -2)], **{"identifier" : "point5", "segmentType" : "move", "smooth" : False})
+		pointPen.endPath()
+		pointPen.addComponent(*["x", (1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1)], **{"identifier" : "component1"})
+		pointPen.addComponent(*["x", (1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1)], **{"identifier" : "component1"})
+		"""
+		self.assertRaises(GlifLibError, self.pyToGLIF, py)
+		self.assertRaises(GlifLibError, self.glifToPy, glif)
+
+	def testIdentifierConflict_component_guideline(self):
+		# component - guideline
+		glif = """
+		<glyph name="a" format="2">
+			<guideline x="0" identifier="component1"/>
+			<guideline x="0" identifier="guideline2"/>
+			<anchor x="0" y="0" identifier="anchor1"/>
+			<anchor x="0" y="0" identifier="anchor2"/>
+			<outline>
+				<contour identifier="contour1">
+					<point x="1" y="-2" type="move" identifier="point1"/>
+					<point x="1" y="-2" type="line" identifier="point2"/>
+					<point x="1" y="-2" type="curve" identifier="point3"/>
+					<point x="1" y="-2" type="qcurve" identifier="point4"/>
+				</contour>
+				<contour identifier="contour2">
+					<point x="1" y="-2" type="move" identifier="point5"/>
+				</contour>
+				<component base="x" xyScale="1" yxScale="1" xOffset="1" yOffset="1" identifier="component1"/>
+				<component base="x" xyScale="1" yxScale="1" xOffset="1" yOffset="1" identifier="component2"/>
+			</outline>
+		</glyph>
+		"""
+		py = """
+		glyph.name = "a"
+		glyph.guidelines = [{"identifier" : "component1", "x" : 0}, {"identifier" : "guideline2", "x" : 0}]
+		glyph.anchors = [{"identifier" : "anchor1", "x" : 0, "y" : 0}, {"identifier" : "anchor2", "x" : 0, "y" : 0}]
+		pointPen.beginPath(**{"identifier" : "contour1"})
+		pointPen.addPoint(*[(1, -2)], **{"identifier" : "point1", "segmentType" : "move", "smooth" : False})
+		pointPen.addPoint(*[(1, -2)], **{"identifier" : "point2", "segmentType" : "line", "smooth" : False})
+		pointPen.addPoint(*[(1, -2)], **{"identifier" : "point3", "segmentType" : "curve", "smooth" : False})
+		pointPen.addPoint(*[(1, -2)], **{"identifier" : "point4", "segmentType" : "qcurve", "smooth" : False})
+		pointPen.endPath()
+		pointPen.beginPath(**{"identifier" : "contour2"})
+		pointPen.addPoint(*[(1, -2)], **{"identifier" : "point5", "segmentType" : "move", "smooth" : False})
+		pointPen.endPath()
+		pointPen.addComponent(*["x", (1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1)], **{"identifier" : "component1"})
+		pointPen.addComponent(*["x", (1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1)], **{"identifier" : "component2"})
+		"""
+		self.assertRaises(GlifLibError, self.pyToGLIF, py)
+		self.assertRaises(GlifLibError, self.glifToPy, glif)
+
+	def testIdentifierConflict_component_anchor(self):
+		# component - anchor
+		glif = """
+		<glyph name="a" format="2">
+			<guideline x="0" identifier="guideline1"/>
+			<guideline x="0" identifier="guideline2"/>
+			<anchor x="0" y="0" identifier="anchor1"/>
+			<anchor x="0" y="0" identifier="anchor2"/>
+			<outline>
+				<contour identifier="contour1">
+					<point x="1" y="-2" type="move" identifier="point1"/>
+					<point x="1" y="-2" type="line" identifier="point2"/>
+					<point x="1" y="-2" type="curve" identifier="point3"/>
+					<point x="1" y="-2" type="qcurve" identifier="point4"/>
+				</contour>
+				<contour identifier="contour2">
+					<point x="1" y="-2" type="move" identifier="point5"/>
+				</contour>
+				<component base="x" xyScale="1" yxScale="1" xOffset="1" yOffset="1" identifier="anchor1"/>
+				<component base="x" xyScale="1" yxScale="1" xOffset="1" yOffset="1" identifier="component2"/>
+			</outline>
+		</glyph>
+		"""
+		py = """
+		glyph.name = "a"
+		glyph.guidelines = [{"identifier" : "guideline1", "x" : 0}, {"identifier" : "guideline2", "x" : 0}]
+		glyph.anchors = [{"identifier" : "anchor1", "x" : 0, "y" : 0}, {"identifier" : "anchor2", "x" : 0, "y" : 0}]
+		pointPen.beginPath(**{"identifier" : "contour1"})
+		pointPen.addPoint(*[(1, -2)], **{"identifier" : "point1", "segmentType" : "move", "smooth" : False})
+		pointPen.addPoint(*[(1, -2)], **{"identifier" : "point2", "segmentType" : "line", "smooth" : False})
+		pointPen.addPoint(*[(1, -2)], **{"identifier" : "point3", "segmentType" : "curve", "smooth" : False})
+		pointPen.addPoint(*[(1, -2)], **{"identifier" : "point4", "segmentType" : "qcurve", "smooth" : False})
+		pointPen.endPath()
+		pointPen.beginPath(**{"identifier" : "contour2"})
+		pointPen.addPoint(*[(1, -2)], **{"identifier" : "point5", "segmentType" : "move", "smooth" : False})
+		pointPen.endPath()
+		pointPen.addComponent(*["x", (1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1)], **{"identifier" : "anchor1"})
+		pointPen.addComponent(*["x", (1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1)], **{"identifier" : "component2"})
+		"""
+		self.assertRaises(GlifLibError, self.pyToGLIF, py)
+		self.assertRaises(GlifLibError, self.glifToPy, glif)
+
+	def testIdentifierConflict_guideline_guideline(self):
+		# guideline - guideline
+		glif = """
+		<glyph name="a" format="2">
+			<guideline x="0" identifier="guideline1"/>
+			<guideline x="0" identifier="guideline1"/>
+			<anchor x="0" y="0" identifier="anchor1"/>
+			<anchor x="0" y="0" identifier="anchor2"/>
+			<outline>
+				<contour identifier="contour1">
+					<point x="1" y="-2" type="move" identifier="point1"/>
+					<point x="1" y="-2" type="line" identifier="point2"/>
+					<point x="1" y="-2" type="curve" identifier="point3"/>
+					<point x="1" y="-2" type="qcurve" identifier="point4"/>
+				</contour>
+				<contour identifier="contour2">
+					<point x="1" y="-2" type="move" identifier="point5"/>
+				</contour>
+				<component base="x" xyScale="1" yxScale="1" xOffset="1" yOffset="1" identifier="component1"/>
+				<component base="x" xyScale="1" yxScale="1" xOffset="1" yOffset="1" identifier="component2"/>
+			</outline>
+		</glyph>
+		"""
+		py = """
+		glyph.name = "a"
+		glyph.guidelines = [{"identifier" : "guideline1", "x" : 0}, {"identifier" : "guideline1", "x" : 0}]
+		glyph.anchors = [{"identifier" : "anchor1", "x" : 0, "y" : 0}, {"identifier" : "anchor2", "x" : 0, "y" : 0}]
+		pointPen.beginPath(**{"identifier" : "contour1"})
+		pointPen.addPoint(*[(1, -2)], **{"identifier" : "point1", "segmentType" : "move", "smooth" : False})
+		pointPen.addPoint(*[(1, -2)], **{"identifier" : "point2", "segmentType" : "line", "smooth" : False})
+		pointPen.addPoint(*[(1, -2)], **{"identifier" : "point3", "segmentType" : "curve", "smooth" : False})
+		pointPen.addPoint(*[(1, -2)], **{"identifier" : "point4", "segmentType" : "qcurve", "smooth" : False})
+		pointPen.endPath()
+		pointPen.beginPath(**{"identifier" : "contour2"})
+		pointPen.addPoint(*[(1, -2)], **{"identifier" : "point5", "segmentType" : "move", "smooth" : False})
+		pointPen.endPath()
+		pointPen.addComponent(*["x", (1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1)], **{"identifier" : "component1"})
+		pointPen.addComponent(*["x", (1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1)], **{"identifier" : "component2"})
+		"""
+		self.assertRaises(GlifLibError, self.pyToGLIF, py)
+		self.assertRaises(GlifLibError, self.glifToPy, glif)
+
+	def testIdentifierConflict_guideline_anchor(self):
+		# guideline - anchor
+		glif = """
+		<glyph name="a" format="2">
+			<guideline x="0" identifier="anchor1"/>
+			<guideline x="0" identifier="guideline2"/>
+			<anchor x="0" y="0" identifier="anchor1"/>
+			<anchor x="0" y="0" identifier="anchor2"/>
+			<outline>
+				<contour identifier="contour1">
+					<point x="1" y="-2" type="move" identifier="point1"/>
+					<point x="1" y="-2" type="line" identifier="point2"/>
+					<point x="1" y="-2" type="curve" identifier="point3"/>
+					<point x="1" y="-2" type="qcurve" identifier="point4"/>
+				</contour>
+				<contour identifier="contour2">
+					<point x="1" y="-2" type="move" identifier="point5"/>
+				</contour>
+				<component base="x" xyScale="1" yxScale="1" xOffset="1" yOffset="1" identifier="component1"/>
+				<component base="x" xyScale="1" yxScale="1" xOffset="1" yOffset="1" identifier="component2"/>
+			</outline>
+		</glyph>
+		"""
+		py = """
+		glyph.name = "a"
+		glyph.guidelines = [{"identifier" : "anchor1", "x" : 0}, {"identifier" : "guideline2", "x" : 0}]
+		glyph.anchors = [{"identifier" : "anchor1", "x" : 0, "y" : 0}, {"identifier" : "anchor2", "x" : 0, "y" : 0}]
+		pointPen.beginPath(**{"identifier" : "contour1"})
+		pointPen.addPoint(*[(1, -2)], **{"identifier" : "point1", "segmentType" : "move", "smooth" : False})
+		pointPen.addPoint(*[(1, -2)], **{"identifier" : "point2", "segmentType" : "line", "smooth" : False})
+		pointPen.addPoint(*[(1, -2)], **{"identifier" : "point3", "segmentType" : "curve", "smooth" : False})
+		pointPen.addPoint(*[(1, -2)], **{"identifier" : "point4", "segmentType" : "qcurve", "smooth" : False})
+		pointPen.endPath()
+		pointPen.beginPath(**{"identifier" : "contour2"})
+		pointPen.addPoint(*[(1, -2)], **{"identifier" : "point5", "segmentType" : "move", "smooth" : False})
+		pointPen.endPath()
+		pointPen.addComponent(*["x", (1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1)], **{"identifier" : "component1"})
+		pointPen.addComponent(*["x", (1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1)], **{"identifier" : "component2"})
+		"""
+		self.assertRaises(GlifLibError, self.pyToGLIF, py)
+		self.assertRaises(GlifLibError, self.glifToPy, glif)
+
+	def testIdentifierConflict_anchor_anchor(self):
+		# anchor - anchor
+		glif = """
+		<glyph name="a" format="2">
+			<guideline x="0" identifier="guideline1"/>
+			<guideline x="0" identifier="guideline2"/>
+			<anchor x="0" y="0" identifier="anchor1"/>
+			<anchor x="0" y="0" identifier="anchor1"/>
+			<outline>
+				<contour identifier="contour1">
+					<point x="1" y="-2" type="move" identifier="point1"/>
+					<point x="1" y="-2" type="line" identifier="point2"/>
+					<point x="1" y="-2" type="curve" identifier="point3"/>
+					<point x="1" y="-2" type="qcurve" identifier="point4"/>
+				</contour>
+				<contour identifier="contour2">
+					<point x="1" y="-2" type="move" identifier="point5"/>
+				</contour>
+				<component base="x" xyScale="1" yxScale="1" xOffset="1" yOffset="1" identifier="component1"/>
+				<component base="x" xyScale="1" yxScale="1" xOffset="1" yOffset="1" identifier="component2"/>
+			</outline>
+		</glyph>
+		"""
+		py = """
+		glyph.name = "a"
+		glyph.guidelines = [{"identifier" : "guideline1", "x" : 0}, {"identifier" : "guideline2", "x" : 0}]
+		glyph.anchors = [{"identifier" : "anchor1", "x" : 0, "y" : 0}, {"identifier" : "anchor1", "x" : 0, "y" : 0}]
+		pointPen.beginPath(**{"identifier" : "contour1"})
+		pointPen.addPoint(*[(1, -2)], **{"identifier" : "point1", "segmentType" : "move", "smooth" : False})
+		pointPen.addPoint(*[(1, -2)], **{"identifier" : "point2", "segmentType" : "line", "smooth" : False})
+		pointPen.addPoint(*[(1, -2)], **{"identifier" : "point3", "segmentType" : "curve", "smooth" : False})
+		pointPen.addPoint(*[(1, -2)], **{"identifier" : "point4", "segmentType" : "qcurve", "smooth" : False})
+		pointPen.endPath()
+		pointPen.beginPath(**{"identifier" : "contour2"})
+		pointPen.addPoint(*[(1, -2)], **{"identifier" : "point5", "segmentType" : "move", "smooth" : False})
+		pointPen.endPath()
+		pointPen.addComponent(*["x", (1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1)], **{"identifier" : "component1"})
+		pointPen.addComponent(*["x", (1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1)], **{"identifier" : "component2"})
+		"""
+		self.assertRaises(GlifLibError, self.pyToGLIF, py)
+		self.assertRaises(GlifLibError, self.glifToPy, glif)
diff --git a/Tests/ufoLib/UFO1_test.py b/Tests/ufoLib/UFO1_test.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5feb045
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/ufoLib/UFO1_test.py
@@ -0,0 +1,150 @@
+import os
+import shutil
+import unittest
+import tempfile
+from io import open
+from fontTools.ufoLib import UFOReader, UFOWriter, UFOLibError
+from fontTools.ufoLib import plistlib
+from .testSupport import fontInfoVersion1, fontInfoVersion2
+
+
+class TestInfoObject: pass
+
+
+class ReadFontInfoVersion1TestCase(unittest.TestCase):
+
+	def setUp(self):
+		self.dstDir = tempfile.mktemp()
+		os.mkdir(self.dstDir)
+		metaInfo = {
+			"creator": "test",
+			"formatVersion": 1
+		}
+		path = os.path.join(self.dstDir, "metainfo.plist")
+		with open(path, "wb") as f:
+			plistlib.dump(metaInfo, f)
+
+	def tearDown(self):
+		shutil.rmtree(self.dstDir)
+
+	def _writeInfoToPlist(self, info):
+		path = os.path.join(self.dstDir, "fontinfo.plist")
+		with open(path, "wb") as f:
+			plistlib.dump(info, f)
+
+	def testRead(self):
+		originalData = dict(fontInfoVersion1)
+		self._writeInfoToPlist(originalData)
+		infoObject = TestInfoObject()
+		reader = UFOReader(self.dstDir, validate=True)
+		reader.readInfo(infoObject)
+		for attr in dir(infoObject):
+			if attr not in fontInfoVersion2:
+				continue
+			originalValue = fontInfoVersion2[attr]
+			readValue = getattr(infoObject, attr)
+			self.assertEqual(originalValue, readValue)
+
+	def testFontStyleConversion(self):
+		fontStyle1To2 = {
+			64 : "regular",
+			1  : "italic",
+			32 : "bold",
+			33 : "bold italic"
+		}
+		for old, new in list(fontStyle1To2.items()):
+			info = dict(fontInfoVersion1)
+			info["fontStyle"] = old
+			self._writeInfoToPlist(info)
+			reader = UFOReader(self.dstDir, validate=True)
+			infoObject = TestInfoObject()
+			reader.readInfo(infoObject)
+			self.assertEqual(new, infoObject.styleMapStyleName)
+
+	def testWidthNameConversion(self):
+		widthName1To2 = {
+			"Ultra-condensed" : 1,
+			"Extra-condensed" : 2,
+			"Condensed"		  : 3,
+			"Semi-condensed"  : 4,
+			"Medium (normal)" : 5,
+			"Semi-expanded"	  : 6,
+			"Expanded"		  : 7,
+			"Extra-expanded"  : 8,
+			"Ultra-expanded"  : 9
+		}
+		for old, new in list(widthName1To2.items()):
+			info = dict(fontInfoVersion1)
+			info["widthName"] = old
+			self._writeInfoToPlist(info)
+			reader = UFOReader(self.dstDir, validate=True)
+			infoObject = TestInfoObject()
+			reader.readInfo(infoObject)
+			self.assertEqual(new, infoObject.openTypeOS2WidthClass)
+
+
+class WriteFontInfoVersion1TestCase(unittest.TestCase):
+
+	def setUp(self):
+		self.tempDir = tempfile.mktemp()
+		os.mkdir(self.tempDir)
+		self.dstDir = os.path.join(self.tempDir, "test.ufo")
+
+	def tearDown(self):
+		shutil.rmtree(self.tempDir)
+
+	def makeInfoObject(self):
+		infoObject = TestInfoObject()
+		for attr, value in list(fontInfoVersion2.items()):
+			setattr(infoObject, attr, value)
+		return infoObject
+
+	def readPlist(self):
+		path = os.path.join(self.dstDir, "fontinfo.plist")
+		with open(path, "rb") as f:
+			plist = plistlib.load(f)
+		return plist
+
+	def testWrite(self):
+		infoObject = self.makeInfoObject()
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.dstDir, formatVersion=1)
+		writer.writeInfo(infoObject)
+		writtenData = self.readPlist()
+		for attr, originalValue in list(fontInfoVersion1.items()):
+			newValue = writtenData[attr]
+			self.assertEqual(newValue, originalValue)
+
+	def testFontStyleConversion(self):
+		fontStyle1To2 = {
+			64 : "regular",
+			1  : "italic",
+			32 : "bold",
+			33 : "bold italic"
+		}
+		for old, new in list(fontStyle1To2.items()):
+			infoObject = self.makeInfoObject()
+			infoObject.styleMapStyleName = new
+			writer = UFOWriter(self.dstDir, formatVersion=1)
+			writer.writeInfo(infoObject)
+			writtenData = self.readPlist()
+			self.assertEqual(writtenData["fontStyle"], old)
+
+	def testWidthNameConversion(self):
+		widthName1To2 = {
+			"Ultra-condensed" : 1,
+			"Extra-condensed" : 2,
+			"Condensed"		  : 3,
+			"Semi-condensed"  : 4,
+			"Medium (normal)" : 5,
+			"Semi-expanded"	  : 6,
+			"Expanded"		  : 7,
+			"Extra-expanded"  : 8,
+			"Ultra-expanded"  : 9
+		}
+		for old, new in list(widthName1To2.items()):
+			infoObject = self.makeInfoObject()
+			infoObject.openTypeOS2WidthClass = new
+			writer = UFOWriter(self.dstDir, formatVersion=1)
+			writer.writeInfo(infoObject)
+			writtenData = self.readPlist()
+			self.assertEqual(writtenData["widthName"], old)
diff --git a/Tests/ufoLib/UFO2_test.py b/Tests/ufoLib/UFO2_test.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..68b4baf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/ufoLib/UFO2_test.py
@@ -0,0 +1,1412 @@
+import os
+import shutil
+import unittest
+import tempfile
+from io import open
+from fontTools.ufoLib import UFOReader, UFOWriter, UFOLibError
+from fontTools.ufoLib import plistlib
+from .testSupport import fontInfoVersion2
+
+
+class TestInfoObject: pass
+
+
+class ReadFontInfoVersion2TestCase(unittest.TestCase):
+
+	def setUp(self):
+		self.dstDir = tempfile.mktemp()
+		os.mkdir(self.dstDir)
+		metaInfo = {
+			"creator": "test",
+			"formatVersion": 2
+		}
+		path = os.path.join(self.dstDir, "metainfo.plist")
+		with open(path, "wb") as f:
+			plistlib.dump(metaInfo, f)
+
+	def tearDown(self):
+		shutil.rmtree(self.dstDir)
+
+	def _writeInfoToPlist(self, info):
+		path = os.path.join(self.dstDir, "fontinfo.plist")
+		with open(path, "wb") as f:
+			plistlib.dump(info, f)
+
+	def testRead(self):
+		originalData = dict(fontInfoVersion2)
+		self._writeInfoToPlist(originalData)
+		infoObject = TestInfoObject()
+		reader = UFOReader(self.dstDir, validate=True)
+		reader.readInfo(infoObject)
+		readData = {}
+		for attr in list(fontInfoVersion2.keys()):
+			readData[attr] = getattr(infoObject, attr)
+		self.assertEqual(originalData, readData)
+
+	def testGenericRead(self):
+		# familyName
+		info = dict(fontInfoVersion2)
+		info["familyName"] = 123
+		self._writeInfoToPlist(info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.dstDir, validate=True)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, reader.readInfo, info=TestInfoObject())
+		# styleName
+		info = dict(fontInfoVersion2)
+		info["styleName"] = 123
+		self._writeInfoToPlist(info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.dstDir, validate=True)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, reader.readInfo, info=TestInfoObject())
+		# styleMapFamilyName
+		info = dict(fontInfoVersion2)
+		info["styleMapFamilyName"] = 123
+		self._writeInfoToPlist(info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.dstDir, validate=True)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, reader.readInfo, info=TestInfoObject())
+		# styleMapStyleName
+		## not a string
+		info = dict(fontInfoVersion2)
+		info["styleMapStyleName"] = 123
+		self._writeInfoToPlist(info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.dstDir, validate=True)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, reader.readInfo, info=TestInfoObject())
+		## out of range
+		info = dict(fontInfoVersion2)
+		info["styleMapStyleName"] = "REGULAR"
+		self._writeInfoToPlist(info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.dstDir, validate=True)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, reader.readInfo, info=TestInfoObject())
+		# versionMajor
+		info = dict(fontInfoVersion2)
+		info["versionMajor"] = "1"
+		self._writeInfoToPlist(info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.dstDir, validate=True)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, reader.readInfo, info=TestInfoObject())
+		# versionMinor
+		info = dict(fontInfoVersion2)
+		info["versionMinor"] = "0"
+		self._writeInfoToPlist(info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.dstDir, validate=True)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, reader.readInfo, info=TestInfoObject())
+		# copyright
+		info = dict(fontInfoVersion2)
+		info["copyright"] = 123
+		self._writeInfoToPlist(info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.dstDir, validate=True)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, reader.readInfo, info=TestInfoObject())
+		# trademark
+		info = dict(fontInfoVersion2)
+		info["trademark"] = 123
+		self._writeInfoToPlist(info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.dstDir, validate=True)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, reader.readInfo, info=TestInfoObject())
+		# unitsPerEm
+		info = dict(fontInfoVersion2)
+		info["unitsPerEm"] = "abc"
+		self._writeInfoToPlist(info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.dstDir, validate=True)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, reader.readInfo, info=TestInfoObject())
+		# descender
+		info = dict(fontInfoVersion2)
+		info["descender"] = "abc"
+		self._writeInfoToPlist(info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.dstDir, validate=True)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, reader.readInfo, info=TestInfoObject())
+		# xHeight
+		info = dict(fontInfoVersion2)
+		info["xHeight"] = "abc"
+		self._writeInfoToPlist(info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.dstDir, validate=True)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, reader.readInfo, info=TestInfoObject())
+		# capHeight
+		info = dict(fontInfoVersion2)
+		info["capHeight"] = "abc"
+		self._writeInfoToPlist(info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.dstDir, validate=True)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, reader.readInfo, info=TestInfoObject())
+		# ascender
+		info = dict(fontInfoVersion2)
+		info["ascender"] = "abc"
+		self._writeInfoToPlist(info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.dstDir, validate=True)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, reader.readInfo, info=TestInfoObject())
+		# italicAngle
+		info = dict(fontInfoVersion2)
+		info["italicAngle"] = "abc"
+		self._writeInfoToPlist(info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.dstDir, validate=True)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, reader.readInfo, info=TestInfoObject())
+
+	def testHeadRead(self):
+		# openTypeHeadCreated
+		## not a string
+		info = dict(fontInfoVersion2)
+		info["openTypeHeadCreated"] = 123
+		self._writeInfoToPlist(info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.dstDir, validate=True)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, reader.readInfo, info=TestInfoObject())
+		## invalid format
+		info = dict(fontInfoVersion2)
+		info["openTypeHeadCreated"] = "2000-Jan-01 00:00:00"
+		self._writeInfoToPlist(info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.dstDir, validate=True)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, reader.readInfo, info=TestInfoObject())
+		# openTypeHeadLowestRecPPEM
+		info = dict(fontInfoVersion2)
+		info["openTypeHeadLowestRecPPEM"] = "abc"
+		self._writeInfoToPlist(info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.dstDir, validate=True)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, reader.readInfo, info=TestInfoObject())
+		# openTypeHeadFlags
+		info = dict(fontInfoVersion2)
+		info["openTypeHeadFlags"] = [-1]
+		self._writeInfoToPlist(info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.dstDir, validate=True)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, reader.readInfo, info=TestInfoObject())
+
+	def testHheaRead(self):
+		# openTypeHheaAscender
+		info = dict(fontInfoVersion2)
+		info["openTypeHheaAscender"] = "abc"
+		self._writeInfoToPlist(info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.dstDir, validate=True)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, reader.readInfo, info=TestInfoObject())
+		# openTypeHheaDescender
+		info = dict(fontInfoVersion2)
+		info["openTypeHheaDescender"] = "abc"
+		self._writeInfoToPlist(info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.dstDir, validate=True)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, reader.readInfo, info=TestInfoObject())
+		# openTypeHheaLineGap
+		info = dict(fontInfoVersion2)
+		info["openTypeHheaLineGap"] = "abc"
+		self._writeInfoToPlist(info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.dstDir, validate=True)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, reader.readInfo, info=TestInfoObject())
+		# openTypeHheaCaretSlopeRise
+		info = dict(fontInfoVersion2)
+		info["openTypeHheaCaretSlopeRise"] = "abc"
+		self._writeInfoToPlist(info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.dstDir, validate=True)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, reader.readInfo, info=TestInfoObject())
+		# openTypeHheaCaretSlopeRun
+		info = dict(fontInfoVersion2)
+		info["openTypeHheaCaretSlopeRun"] = "abc"
+		self._writeInfoToPlist(info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.dstDir, validate=True)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, reader.readInfo, info=TestInfoObject())
+		# openTypeHheaCaretOffset
+		info = dict(fontInfoVersion2)
+		info["openTypeHheaCaretOffset"] = "abc"
+		self._writeInfoToPlist(info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.dstDir, validate=True)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, reader.readInfo, info=TestInfoObject())
+
+	def testNameRead(self):
+		# openTypeNameDesigner
+		info = dict(fontInfoVersion2)
+		info["openTypeNameDesigner"] = 123
+		self._writeInfoToPlist(info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.dstDir, validate=True)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, reader.readInfo, info=TestInfoObject())
+		# openTypeNameDesignerURL
+		info = dict(fontInfoVersion2)
+		info["openTypeNameDesignerURL"] = 123
+		self._writeInfoToPlist(info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.dstDir, validate=True)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, reader.readInfo, info=TestInfoObject())
+		# openTypeNameManufacturer
+		info = dict(fontInfoVersion2)
+		info["openTypeNameManufacturer"] = 123
+		self._writeInfoToPlist(info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.dstDir, validate=True)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, reader.readInfo, info=TestInfoObject())
+		# openTypeNameManufacturerURL
+		info = dict(fontInfoVersion2)
+		info["openTypeNameManufacturerURL"] = 123
+		self._writeInfoToPlist(info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.dstDir, validate=True)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, reader.readInfo, info=TestInfoObject())
+		# openTypeNameLicense
+		info = dict(fontInfoVersion2)
+		info["openTypeNameLicense"] = 123
+		self._writeInfoToPlist(info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.dstDir, validate=True)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, reader.readInfo, info=TestInfoObject())
+		# openTypeNameLicenseURL
+		info = dict(fontInfoVersion2)
+		info["openTypeNameLicenseURL"] = 123
+		self._writeInfoToPlist(info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.dstDir, validate=True)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, reader.readInfo, info=TestInfoObject())
+		# openTypeNameVersion
+		info = dict(fontInfoVersion2)
+		info["openTypeNameVersion"] = 123
+		self._writeInfoToPlist(info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.dstDir, validate=True)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, reader.readInfo, info=TestInfoObject())
+		# openTypeNameUniqueID
+		info = dict(fontInfoVersion2)
+		info["openTypeNameUniqueID"] = 123
+		self._writeInfoToPlist(info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.dstDir, validate=True)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, reader.readInfo, info=TestInfoObject())
+		# openTypeNameDescription
+		info = dict(fontInfoVersion2)
+		info["openTypeNameDescription"] = 123
+		self._writeInfoToPlist(info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.dstDir, validate=True)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, reader.readInfo, info=TestInfoObject())
+		# openTypeNamePreferredFamilyName
+		info = dict(fontInfoVersion2)
+		info["openTypeNamePreferredFamilyName"] = 123
+		self._writeInfoToPlist(info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.dstDir, validate=True)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, reader.readInfo, info=TestInfoObject())
+		# openTypeNamePreferredSubfamilyName
+		info = dict(fontInfoVersion2)
+		info["openTypeNamePreferredSubfamilyName"] = 123
+		self._writeInfoToPlist(info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.dstDir, validate=True)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, reader.readInfo, info=TestInfoObject())
+		# openTypeNameCompatibleFullName
+		info = dict(fontInfoVersion2)
+		info["openTypeNameCompatibleFullName"] = 123
+		self._writeInfoToPlist(info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.dstDir, validate=True)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, reader.readInfo, info=TestInfoObject())
+		# openTypeNameSampleText
+		info = dict(fontInfoVersion2)
+		info["openTypeNameSampleText"] = 123
+		self._writeInfoToPlist(info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.dstDir, validate=True)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, reader.readInfo, info=TestInfoObject())
+		# openTypeNameWWSFamilyName
+		info = dict(fontInfoVersion2)
+		info["openTypeNameWWSFamilyName"] = 123
+		self._writeInfoToPlist(info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.dstDir, validate=True)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, reader.readInfo, info=TestInfoObject())
+		# openTypeNameWWSSubfamilyName
+		info = dict(fontInfoVersion2)
+		info["openTypeNameWWSSubfamilyName"] = 123
+		self._writeInfoToPlist(info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.dstDir, validate=True)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, reader.readInfo, info=TestInfoObject())
+
+	def testOS2Read(self):
+		# openTypeOS2WidthClass
+		## not an int
+		info = dict(fontInfoVersion2)
+		info["openTypeOS2WidthClass"] = "abc"
+		self._writeInfoToPlist(info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.dstDir, validate=True)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, reader.readInfo, info=TestInfoObject())
+		## out or range
+		info = dict(fontInfoVersion2)
+		info["openTypeOS2WidthClass"] = 15
+		self._writeInfoToPlist(info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.dstDir, validate=True)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, reader.readInfo, info=TestInfoObject())
+		# openTypeOS2WeightClass
+		info = dict(fontInfoVersion2)
+		## not an int
+		info["openTypeOS2WeightClass"] = "abc"
+		self._writeInfoToPlist(info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.dstDir, validate=True)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, reader.readInfo, info=TestInfoObject())
+		## out of range
+		info["openTypeOS2WeightClass"] = -50
+		self._writeInfoToPlist(info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.dstDir, validate=True)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, reader.readInfo, info=TestInfoObject())
+		# openTypeOS2Selection
+		info = dict(fontInfoVersion2)
+		info["openTypeOS2Selection"] = [-1]
+		self._writeInfoToPlist(info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.dstDir, validate=True)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, reader.readInfo, info=TestInfoObject())
+		# openTypeOS2VendorID
+		info = dict(fontInfoVersion2)
+		info["openTypeOS2VendorID"] = 1234
+		self._writeInfoToPlist(info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.dstDir, validate=True)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, reader.readInfo, info=TestInfoObject())
+		# openTypeOS2Panose
+		## not an int
+		info = dict(fontInfoVersion2)
+		info["openTypeOS2Panose"] = [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, str(9)]
+		self._writeInfoToPlist(info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.dstDir, validate=True)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, reader.readInfo, info=TestInfoObject())
+		## too few values
+		info = dict(fontInfoVersion2)
+		info["openTypeOS2Panose"] = [0, 1, 2, 3]
+		self._writeInfoToPlist(info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.dstDir, validate=True)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, reader.readInfo, info=TestInfoObject())
+		## too many values
+		info = dict(fontInfoVersion2)
+		info["openTypeOS2Panose"] = [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10]
+		self._writeInfoToPlist(info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.dstDir, validate=True)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, reader.readInfo, info=TestInfoObject())
+		# openTypeOS2FamilyClass
+		## not an int
+		info = dict(fontInfoVersion2)
+		info["openTypeOS2FamilyClass"] = [1, str(1)]
+		self._writeInfoToPlist(info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.dstDir, validate=True)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, reader.readInfo, info=TestInfoObject())
+		## too few values
+		info = dict(fontInfoVersion2)
+		info["openTypeOS2FamilyClass"] = [1]
+		self._writeInfoToPlist(info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.dstDir, validate=True)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, reader.readInfo, info=TestInfoObject())
+		## too many values
+		info = dict(fontInfoVersion2)
+		info["openTypeOS2FamilyClass"] = [1, 1, 1]
+		self._writeInfoToPlist(info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.dstDir, validate=True)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, reader.readInfo, info=TestInfoObject())
+		## out of range
+		info = dict(fontInfoVersion2)
+		info["openTypeOS2FamilyClass"] = [1, 201]
+		self._writeInfoToPlist(info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.dstDir, validate=True)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, reader.readInfo, info=TestInfoObject())
+		# openTypeOS2UnicodeRanges
+		## not an int
+		info = dict(fontInfoVersion2)
+		info["openTypeOS2UnicodeRanges"] = ["0"]
+		self._writeInfoToPlist(info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.dstDir, validate=True)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, reader.readInfo, info=TestInfoObject())
+		## out of range
+		info = dict(fontInfoVersion2)
+		info["openTypeOS2UnicodeRanges"] = [-1]
+		self._writeInfoToPlist(info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.dstDir, validate=True)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, reader.readInfo, info=TestInfoObject())
+		# openTypeOS2CodePageRanges
+		## not an int
+		info = dict(fontInfoVersion2)
+		info["openTypeOS2CodePageRanges"] = ["0"]
+		self._writeInfoToPlist(info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.dstDir, validate=True)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, reader.readInfo, info=TestInfoObject())
+		## out of range
+		info = dict(fontInfoVersion2)
+		info["openTypeOS2CodePageRanges"] = [-1]
+		self._writeInfoToPlist(info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.dstDir, validate=True)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, reader.readInfo, info=TestInfoObject())
+		# openTypeOS2TypoAscender
+		info = dict(fontInfoVersion2)
+		info["openTypeOS2TypoAscender"] = "abc"
+		self._writeInfoToPlist(info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.dstDir, validate=True)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, reader.readInfo, info=TestInfoObject())
+		# openTypeOS2TypoDescender
+		info = dict(fontInfoVersion2)
+		info["openTypeOS2TypoDescender"] = "abc"
+		self._writeInfoToPlist(info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.dstDir, validate=True)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, reader.readInfo, info=TestInfoObject())
+		# openTypeOS2TypoLineGap
+		info = dict(fontInfoVersion2)
+		info["openTypeOS2TypoLineGap"] = "abc"
+		self._writeInfoToPlist(info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.dstDir, validate=True)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, reader.readInfo, info=TestInfoObject())
+		# openTypeOS2WinAscent
+		info = dict(fontInfoVersion2)
+		info["openTypeOS2WinAscent"] = "abc"
+		self._writeInfoToPlist(info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.dstDir, validate=True)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, reader.readInfo, info=TestInfoObject())
+		# openTypeOS2WinDescent
+		info = dict(fontInfoVersion2)
+		info["openTypeOS2WinDescent"] = "abc"
+		self._writeInfoToPlist(info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.dstDir, validate=True)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, reader.readInfo, info=TestInfoObject())
+		# openTypeOS2Type
+		## not an int
+		info = dict(fontInfoVersion2)
+		info["openTypeOS2Type"] = ["1"]
+		self._writeInfoToPlist(info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.dstDir, validate=True)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, reader.readInfo, info=TestInfoObject())
+		## out of range
+		info = dict(fontInfoVersion2)
+		info["openTypeOS2Type"] = [-1]
+		self._writeInfoToPlist(info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.dstDir, validate=True)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, reader.readInfo, info=TestInfoObject())
+		# openTypeOS2SubscriptXSize
+		info = dict(fontInfoVersion2)
+		info["openTypeOS2SubscriptXSize"] = "abc"
+		self._writeInfoToPlist(info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.dstDir, validate=True)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, reader.readInfo, info=TestInfoObject())
+		# openTypeOS2SubscriptYSize
+		info = dict(fontInfoVersion2)
+		info["openTypeOS2SubscriptYSize"] = "abc"
+		self._writeInfoToPlist(info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.dstDir, validate=True)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, reader.readInfo, info=TestInfoObject())
+		# openTypeOS2SubscriptXOffset
+		info = dict(fontInfoVersion2)
+		info["openTypeOS2SubscriptXOffset"] = "abc"
+		self._writeInfoToPlist(info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.dstDir, validate=True)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, reader.readInfo, info=TestInfoObject())
+		# openTypeOS2SubscriptYOffset
+		info = dict(fontInfoVersion2)
+		info["openTypeOS2SubscriptYOffset"] = "abc"
+		self._writeInfoToPlist(info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.dstDir, validate=True)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, reader.readInfo, info=TestInfoObject())
+		# openTypeOS2SuperscriptXSize
+		info = dict(fontInfoVersion2)
+		info["openTypeOS2SuperscriptXSize"] = "abc"
+		self._writeInfoToPlist(info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.dstDir, validate=True)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, reader.readInfo, info=TestInfoObject())
+		# openTypeOS2SuperscriptYSize
+		info = dict(fontInfoVersion2)
+		info["openTypeOS2SuperscriptYSize"] = "abc"
+		self._writeInfoToPlist(info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.dstDir, validate=True)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, reader.readInfo, info=TestInfoObject())
+		# openTypeOS2SuperscriptXOffset
+		info = dict(fontInfoVersion2)
+		info["openTypeOS2SuperscriptXOffset"] = "abc"
+		self._writeInfoToPlist(info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.dstDir, validate=True)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, reader.readInfo, info=TestInfoObject())
+		# openTypeOS2SuperscriptYOffset
+		info = dict(fontInfoVersion2)
+		info["openTypeOS2SuperscriptYOffset"] = "abc"
+		self._writeInfoToPlist(info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.dstDir, validate=True)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, reader.readInfo, info=TestInfoObject())
+		# openTypeOS2StrikeoutSize
+		info = dict(fontInfoVersion2)
+		info["openTypeOS2StrikeoutSize"] = "abc"
+		self._writeInfoToPlist(info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.dstDir, validate=True)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, reader.readInfo, info=TestInfoObject())
+		# openTypeOS2StrikeoutPosition
+		info = dict(fontInfoVersion2)
+		info["openTypeOS2StrikeoutPosition"] = "abc"
+		self._writeInfoToPlist(info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.dstDir, validate=True)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, reader.readInfo, info=TestInfoObject())
+
+	def testVheaRead(self):
+		# openTypeVheaVertTypoAscender
+		info = dict(fontInfoVersion2)
+		info["openTypeVheaVertTypoAscender"] = "abc"
+		self._writeInfoToPlist(info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.dstDir, validate=True)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, reader.readInfo, info=TestInfoObject())
+		# openTypeVheaVertTypoDescender
+		info = dict(fontInfoVersion2)
+		info["openTypeVheaVertTypoDescender"] = "abc"
+		self._writeInfoToPlist(info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.dstDir, validate=True)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, reader.readInfo, info=TestInfoObject())
+		# openTypeVheaVertTypoLineGap
+		info = dict(fontInfoVersion2)
+		info["openTypeVheaVertTypoLineGap"] = "abc"
+		self._writeInfoToPlist(info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.dstDir, validate=True)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, reader.readInfo, info=TestInfoObject())
+		# openTypeVheaCaretSlopeRise
+		info = dict(fontInfoVersion2)
+		info["openTypeVheaCaretSlopeRise"] = "abc"
+		self._writeInfoToPlist(info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.dstDir, validate=True)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, reader.readInfo, info=TestInfoObject())
+		# openTypeVheaCaretSlopeRun
+		info = dict(fontInfoVersion2)
+		info["openTypeVheaCaretSlopeRun"] = "abc"
+		self._writeInfoToPlist(info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.dstDir, validate=True)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, reader.readInfo, info=TestInfoObject())
+		# openTypeVheaCaretOffset
+		info = dict(fontInfoVersion2)
+		info["openTypeVheaCaretOffset"] = "abc"
+		self._writeInfoToPlist(info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.dstDir, validate=True)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, reader.readInfo, info=TestInfoObject())
+
+	def testFONDRead(self):
+		# macintoshFONDFamilyID
+		info = dict(fontInfoVersion2)
+		info["macintoshFONDFamilyID"] = "abc"
+		self._writeInfoToPlist(info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.dstDir, validate=True)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, reader.readInfo, info=TestInfoObject())
+		# macintoshFONDName
+		info = dict(fontInfoVersion2)
+		info["macintoshFONDName"] = 123
+		self._writeInfoToPlist(info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.dstDir, validate=True)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, reader.readInfo, info=TestInfoObject())
+
+	def testPostscriptRead(self):
+		# postscriptFontName
+		info = dict(fontInfoVersion2)
+		info["postscriptFontName"] = 123
+		self._writeInfoToPlist(info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.dstDir, validate=True)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, reader.readInfo, info=TestInfoObject())
+		# postscriptFullName
+		info = dict(fontInfoVersion2)
+		info["postscriptFullName"] = 123
+		self._writeInfoToPlist(info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.dstDir, validate=True)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, reader.readInfo, info=TestInfoObject())
+		# postscriptSlantAngle
+		info = dict(fontInfoVersion2)
+		info["postscriptSlantAngle"] = "abc"
+		self._writeInfoToPlist(info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.dstDir, validate=True)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, reader.readInfo, info=TestInfoObject())
+		# postscriptUniqueID
+		info = dict(fontInfoVersion2)
+		info["postscriptUniqueID"] = "abc"
+		self._writeInfoToPlist(info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.dstDir, validate=True)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, reader.readInfo, TestInfoObject())
+		# postscriptUnderlineThickness
+		info = dict(fontInfoVersion2)
+		info["postscriptUnderlineThickness"] = "abc"
+		self._writeInfoToPlist(info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.dstDir, validate=True)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, reader.readInfo, TestInfoObject())
+		# postscriptUnderlinePosition
+		info = dict(fontInfoVersion2)
+		info["postscriptUnderlinePosition"] = "abc"
+		self._writeInfoToPlist(info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.dstDir, validate=True)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, reader.readInfo, TestInfoObject())
+		# postscriptIsFixedPitch
+		info = dict(fontInfoVersion2)
+		info["postscriptIsFixedPitch"] = 2
+		self._writeInfoToPlist(info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.dstDir, validate=True)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, reader.readInfo, TestInfoObject())
+		# postscriptBlueValues
+		## not a list
+		info = dict(fontInfoVersion2)
+		info["postscriptBlueValues"] = "abc"
+		self._writeInfoToPlist(info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.dstDir, validate=True)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, reader.readInfo, TestInfoObject())
+		## uneven value count
+		info = dict(fontInfoVersion2)
+		info["postscriptBlueValues"] = [500]
+		self._writeInfoToPlist(info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.dstDir, validate=True)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, reader.readInfo, TestInfoObject())
+		## too many values
+		info = dict(fontInfoVersion2)
+		info["postscriptBlueValues"] = [10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 110, 120, 130, 140, 150, 160]
+		self._writeInfoToPlist(info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.dstDir, validate=True)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, reader.readInfo, TestInfoObject())
+		# postscriptOtherBlues
+		## not a list
+		info = dict(fontInfoVersion2)
+		info["postscriptOtherBlues"] = "abc"
+		self._writeInfoToPlist(info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.dstDir, validate=True)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, reader.readInfo, TestInfoObject())
+		## uneven value count
+		info = dict(fontInfoVersion2)
+		info["postscriptOtherBlues"] = [500]
+		self._writeInfoToPlist(info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.dstDir, validate=True)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, reader.readInfo, TestInfoObject())
+		## too many values
+		info = dict(fontInfoVersion2)
+		info["postscriptOtherBlues"] = [10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 110, 120, 130, 140, 150, 160]
+		self._writeInfoToPlist(info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.dstDir, validate=True)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, reader.readInfo, TestInfoObject())
+		# postscriptFamilyBlues
+		## not a list
+		info = dict(fontInfoVersion2)
+		info["postscriptFamilyBlues"] = "abc"
+		self._writeInfoToPlist(info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.dstDir, validate=True)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, reader.readInfo, TestInfoObject())
+		## uneven value count
+		info = dict(fontInfoVersion2)
+		info["postscriptFamilyBlues"] = [500]
+		self._writeInfoToPlist(info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.dstDir, validate=True)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, reader.readInfo, TestInfoObject())
+		## too many values
+		info = dict(fontInfoVersion2)
+		info["postscriptFamilyBlues"] = [10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 110, 120, 130, 140, 150, 160]
+		self._writeInfoToPlist(info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.dstDir, validate=True)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, reader.readInfo, TestInfoObject())
+		# postscriptFamilyOtherBlues
+		## not a list
+		info = dict(fontInfoVersion2)
+		info["postscriptFamilyOtherBlues"] = "abc"
+		self._writeInfoToPlist(info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.dstDir, validate=True)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, reader.readInfo, TestInfoObject())
+		## uneven value count
+		info = dict(fontInfoVersion2)
+		info["postscriptFamilyOtherBlues"] = [500]
+		self._writeInfoToPlist(info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.dstDir, validate=True)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, reader.readInfo, TestInfoObject())
+		## too many values
+		info = dict(fontInfoVersion2)
+		info["postscriptFamilyOtherBlues"] = [10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 110, 120, 130, 140, 150, 160]
+		self._writeInfoToPlist(info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.dstDir, validate=True)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, reader.readInfo, TestInfoObject())
+		# postscriptStemSnapH
+		## not list
+		info = dict(fontInfoVersion2)
+		info["postscriptStemSnapH"] = "abc"
+		self._writeInfoToPlist(info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.dstDir, validate=True)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, reader.readInfo, TestInfoObject())
+		## too many values
+		info = dict(fontInfoVersion2)
+		info["postscriptStemSnapH"] = [10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 110, 120, 130, 140, 150, 160]
+		self._writeInfoToPlist(info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.dstDir, validate=True)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, reader.readInfo, TestInfoObject())
+		# postscriptStemSnapV
+		## not list
+		info = dict(fontInfoVersion2)
+		info["postscriptStemSnapV"] = "abc"
+		self._writeInfoToPlist(info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.dstDir, validate=True)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, reader.readInfo, TestInfoObject())
+		## too many values
+		info = dict(fontInfoVersion2)
+		info["postscriptStemSnapV"] = [10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 110, 120, 130, 140, 150, 160]
+		self._writeInfoToPlist(info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.dstDir, validate=True)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, reader.readInfo, TestInfoObject())
+		# postscriptBlueFuzz
+		info = dict(fontInfoVersion2)
+		info["postscriptBlueFuzz"] = "abc"
+		self._writeInfoToPlist(info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.dstDir, validate=True)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, reader.readInfo, TestInfoObject())
+		# postscriptBlueShift
+		info = dict(fontInfoVersion2)
+		info["postscriptBlueShift"] = "abc"
+		self._writeInfoToPlist(info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.dstDir, validate=True)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, reader.readInfo, TestInfoObject())
+		# postscriptBlueScale
+		info = dict(fontInfoVersion2)
+		info["postscriptBlueScale"] = "abc"
+		self._writeInfoToPlist(info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.dstDir, validate=True)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, reader.readInfo, TestInfoObject())
+		# postscriptForceBold
+		info = dict(fontInfoVersion2)
+		info["postscriptForceBold"] = "abc"
+		self._writeInfoToPlist(info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.dstDir, validate=True)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, reader.readInfo, TestInfoObject())
+		# postscriptDefaultWidthX
+		info = dict(fontInfoVersion2)
+		info["postscriptDefaultWidthX"] = "abc"
+		self._writeInfoToPlist(info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.dstDir, validate=True)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, reader.readInfo, TestInfoObject())
+		# postscriptNominalWidthX
+		info = dict(fontInfoVersion2)
+		info["postscriptNominalWidthX"] = "abc"
+		self._writeInfoToPlist(info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.dstDir, validate=True)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, reader.readInfo, TestInfoObject())
+		# postscriptWeightName
+		info = dict(fontInfoVersion2)
+		info["postscriptWeightName"] = 123
+		self._writeInfoToPlist(info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.dstDir, validate=True)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, reader.readInfo, TestInfoObject())
+		# postscriptDefaultCharacter
+		info = dict(fontInfoVersion2)
+		info["postscriptDefaultCharacter"] = 123
+		self._writeInfoToPlist(info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.dstDir, validate=True)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, reader.readInfo, TestInfoObject())
+		# postscriptWindowsCharacterSet
+		info = dict(fontInfoVersion2)
+		info["postscriptWindowsCharacterSet"] = -1
+		self._writeInfoToPlist(info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.dstDir, validate=True)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, reader.readInfo, TestInfoObject())
+		# macintoshFONDFamilyID
+		info = dict(fontInfoVersion2)
+		info["macintoshFONDFamilyID"] = "abc"
+		self._writeInfoToPlist(info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.dstDir, validate=True)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, reader.readInfo, TestInfoObject())
+		# macintoshFONDName
+		info = dict(fontInfoVersion2)
+		info["macintoshFONDName"] = 123
+		self._writeInfoToPlist(info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.dstDir, validate=True)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, reader.readInfo, TestInfoObject())
+
+
+class WriteFontInfoVersion2TestCase(unittest.TestCase):
+
+	def setUp(self):
+		self.tempDir = tempfile.mktemp()
+		os.mkdir(self.tempDir)
+		self.dstDir = os.path.join(self.tempDir, "test.ufo")
+
+	def tearDown(self):
+		shutil.rmtree(self.tempDir)
+
+	def makeInfoObject(self):
+		infoObject = TestInfoObject()
+		for attr, value in list(fontInfoVersion2.items()):
+			setattr(infoObject, attr, value)
+		return infoObject
+
+	def readPlist(self):
+		path = os.path.join(self.dstDir, "fontinfo.plist")
+		with open(path, "rb") as f:
+			plist = plistlib.load(f)
+		return plist
+
+	def testWrite(self):
+		infoObject = self.makeInfoObject()
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.dstDir, formatVersion=2)
+		writer.writeInfo(infoObject)
+		writtenData = self.readPlist()
+		for attr, originalValue in list(fontInfoVersion2.items()):
+			newValue = writtenData[attr]
+			self.assertEqual(newValue, originalValue)
+
+	def testGenericWrite(self):
+		# familyName
+		infoObject = self.makeInfoObject()
+		infoObject.familyName = 123
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.dstDir, formatVersion=2)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, writer.writeInfo, info=infoObject)
+		# styleName
+		infoObject = self.makeInfoObject()
+		infoObject.styleName = 123
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.dstDir, formatVersion=2)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, writer.writeInfo, info=infoObject)
+		# styleMapFamilyName
+		infoObject = self.makeInfoObject()
+		infoObject.styleMapFamilyName = 123
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.dstDir, formatVersion=2)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, writer.writeInfo, info=infoObject)
+		# styleMapStyleName
+		## not a string
+		infoObject = self.makeInfoObject()
+		infoObject.styleMapStyleName = 123
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.dstDir, formatVersion=2)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, writer.writeInfo, info=infoObject)
+		## out of range
+		infoObject = self.makeInfoObject()
+		infoObject.styleMapStyleName = "REGULAR"
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.dstDir, formatVersion=2)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, writer.writeInfo, info=infoObject)
+		# versionMajor
+		infoObject = self.makeInfoObject()
+		infoObject.versionMajor = "1"
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.dstDir, formatVersion=2)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, writer.writeInfo, info=infoObject)
+		# versionMinor
+		infoObject = self.makeInfoObject()
+		infoObject.versionMinor = "0"
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.dstDir, formatVersion=2)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, writer.writeInfo, info=infoObject)
+		# copyright
+		infoObject = self.makeInfoObject()
+		infoObject.copyright = 123
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.dstDir, formatVersion=2)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, writer.writeInfo, info=infoObject)
+		# trademark
+		infoObject = self.makeInfoObject()
+		infoObject.trademark = 123
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.dstDir, formatVersion=2)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, writer.writeInfo, info=infoObject)
+		# unitsPerEm
+		infoObject = self.makeInfoObject()
+		infoObject.unitsPerEm = "abc"
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.dstDir, formatVersion=2)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, writer.writeInfo, info=infoObject)
+		# descender
+		infoObject = self.makeInfoObject()
+		infoObject.descender = "abc"
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.dstDir, formatVersion=2)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, writer.writeInfo, info=infoObject)
+		# xHeight
+		infoObject = self.makeInfoObject()
+		infoObject.xHeight = "abc"
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.dstDir, formatVersion=2)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, writer.writeInfo, info=infoObject)
+		# capHeight
+		infoObject = self.makeInfoObject()
+		infoObject.capHeight = "abc"
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.dstDir, formatVersion=2)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, writer.writeInfo, info=infoObject)
+		# ascender
+		infoObject = self.makeInfoObject()
+		infoObject.ascender = "abc"
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.dstDir, formatVersion=2)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, writer.writeInfo, info=infoObject)
+		# italicAngle
+		infoObject = self.makeInfoObject()
+		infoObject.italicAngle = "abc"
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.dstDir, formatVersion=2)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, writer.writeInfo, info=infoObject)
+
+	def testHeadWrite(self):
+		# openTypeHeadCreated
+		## not a string
+		infoObject = self.makeInfoObject()
+		infoObject.openTypeHeadCreated = 123
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.dstDir, formatVersion=2)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, writer.writeInfo, info=infoObject)
+		## invalid format
+		infoObject = self.makeInfoObject()
+		infoObject.openTypeHeadCreated = "2000-Jan-01 00:00:00"
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.dstDir, formatVersion=2)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, writer.writeInfo, info=infoObject)
+		# openTypeHeadLowestRecPPEM
+		infoObject = self.makeInfoObject()
+		infoObject.openTypeHeadLowestRecPPEM = "abc"
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.dstDir, formatVersion=2)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, writer.writeInfo, info=infoObject)
+		# openTypeHeadFlags
+		infoObject = self.makeInfoObject()
+		infoObject.openTypeHeadFlags = [-1]
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.dstDir, formatVersion=2)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, writer.writeInfo, info=infoObject)
+
+	def testHheaWrite(self):
+		# openTypeHheaAscender
+		infoObject = self.makeInfoObject()
+		infoObject.openTypeHheaAscender = "abc"
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.dstDir, formatVersion=2)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, writer.writeInfo, info=infoObject)
+		# openTypeHheaDescender
+		infoObject = self.makeInfoObject()
+		infoObject.openTypeHheaDescender = "abc"
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.dstDir, formatVersion=2)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, writer.writeInfo, info=infoObject)
+		# openTypeHheaLineGap
+		infoObject = self.makeInfoObject()
+		infoObject.openTypeHheaLineGap = "abc"
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.dstDir, formatVersion=2)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, writer.writeInfo, info=infoObject)
+		# openTypeHheaCaretSlopeRise
+		infoObject = self.makeInfoObject()
+		infoObject.openTypeHheaCaretSlopeRise = "abc"
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.dstDir, formatVersion=2)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, writer.writeInfo, info=infoObject)
+		# openTypeHheaCaretSlopeRun
+		infoObject = self.makeInfoObject()
+		infoObject.openTypeHheaCaretSlopeRun = "abc"
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.dstDir, formatVersion=2)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, writer.writeInfo, info=infoObject)
+		# openTypeHheaCaretOffset
+		infoObject = self.makeInfoObject()
+		infoObject.openTypeHheaCaretOffset = "abc"
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.dstDir, formatVersion=2)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, writer.writeInfo, info=infoObject)
+
+	def testNameWrite(self):
+		# openTypeNameDesigner
+		infoObject = self.makeInfoObject()
+		infoObject.openTypeNameDesigner = 123
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.dstDir, formatVersion=2)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, writer.writeInfo, info=infoObject)
+		# openTypeNameDesignerURL
+		infoObject = self.makeInfoObject()
+		infoObject.openTypeNameDesignerURL = 123
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.dstDir, formatVersion=2)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, writer.writeInfo, info=infoObject)
+		# openTypeNameManufacturer
+		infoObject = self.makeInfoObject()
+		infoObject.openTypeNameManufacturer = 123
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.dstDir, formatVersion=2)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, writer.writeInfo, info=infoObject)
+		# openTypeNameManufacturerURL
+		infoObject = self.makeInfoObject()
+		infoObject.openTypeNameManufacturerURL = 123
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.dstDir, formatVersion=2)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, writer.writeInfo, info=infoObject)
+		# openTypeNameLicense
+		infoObject = self.makeInfoObject()
+		infoObject.openTypeNameLicense = 123
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.dstDir, formatVersion=2)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, writer.writeInfo, info=infoObject)
+		# openTypeNameLicenseURL
+		infoObject = self.makeInfoObject()
+		infoObject.openTypeNameLicenseURL = 123
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.dstDir, formatVersion=2)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, writer.writeInfo, info=infoObject)
+		# openTypeNameVersion
+		infoObject = self.makeInfoObject()
+		infoObject.openTypeNameVersion = 123
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.dstDir, formatVersion=2)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, writer.writeInfo, info=infoObject)
+		# openTypeNameUniqueID
+		infoObject = self.makeInfoObject()
+		infoObject.openTypeNameUniqueID = 123
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.dstDir, formatVersion=2)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, writer.writeInfo, info=infoObject)
+		# openTypeNameDescription
+		infoObject = self.makeInfoObject()
+		infoObject.openTypeNameDescription = 123
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.dstDir, formatVersion=2)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, writer.writeInfo, info=infoObject)
+		# openTypeNamePreferredFamilyName
+		infoObject = self.makeInfoObject()
+		infoObject.openTypeNamePreferredFamilyName = 123
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.dstDir, formatVersion=2)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, writer.writeInfo, info=infoObject)
+		# openTypeNamePreferredSubfamilyName
+		infoObject = self.makeInfoObject()
+		infoObject.openTypeNamePreferredSubfamilyName = 123
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.dstDir, formatVersion=2)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, writer.writeInfo, info=infoObject)
+		# openTypeNameCompatibleFullName
+		infoObject = self.makeInfoObject()
+		infoObject.openTypeNameCompatibleFullName = 123
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.dstDir, formatVersion=2)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, writer.writeInfo, info=infoObject)
+		# openTypeNameSampleText
+		infoObject = self.makeInfoObject()
+		infoObject.openTypeNameSampleText = 123
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.dstDir, formatVersion=2)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, writer.writeInfo, info=infoObject)
+		# openTypeNameWWSFamilyName
+		infoObject = self.makeInfoObject()
+		infoObject.openTypeNameWWSFamilyName = 123
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.dstDir, formatVersion=2)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, writer.writeInfo, info=infoObject)
+		# openTypeNameWWSSubfamilyName
+		infoObject = self.makeInfoObject()
+		infoObject.openTypeNameWWSSubfamilyName = 123
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.dstDir, formatVersion=2)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, writer.writeInfo, info=infoObject)
+
+	def testOS2Write(self):
+		# openTypeOS2WidthClass
+		## not an int
+		infoObject = self.makeInfoObject()
+		infoObject.openTypeOS2WidthClass = "abc"
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.dstDir, formatVersion=2)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, writer.writeInfo, info=infoObject)
+		## out or range
+		infoObject = self.makeInfoObject()
+		infoObject.openTypeOS2WidthClass = 15
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.dstDir, formatVersion=2)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, writer.writeInfo, info=infoObject)
+		# openTypeOS2WeightClass
+		infoObject = self.makeInfoObject()
+		## not an int
+		infoObject.openTypeOS2WeightClass = "abc"
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.dstDir, formatVersion=2)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, writer.writeInfo, info=infoObject)
+		## out of range
+		infoObject.openTypeOS2WeightClass = -50
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.dstDir, formatVersion=2)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, writer.writeInfo, info=infoObject)
+		# openTypeOS2Selection
+		infoObject = self.makeInfoObject()
+		infoObject.openTypeOS2Selection = [-1]
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.dstDir, formatVersion=2)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, writer.writeInfo, info=infoObject)
+		# openTypeOS2VendorID
+		infoObject = self.makeInfoObject()
+		infoObject.openTypeOS2VendorID = 1234
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.dstDir, formatVersion=2)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, writer.writeInfo, info=infoObject)
+		# openTypeOS2Panose
+		## not an int
+		infoObject = self.makeInfoObject()
+		infoObject.openTypeOS2Panose = [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, str(9)]
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.dstDir, formatVersion=2)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, writer.writeInfo, info=infoObject)
+		## too few values
+		infoObject = self.makeInfoObject()
+		infoObject.openTypeOS2Panose = [0, 1, 2, 3]
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.dstDir, formatVersion=2)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, writer.writeInfo, info=infoObject)
+		## too many values
+		infoObject = self.makeInfoObject()
+		infoObject.openTypeOS2Panose = [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10]
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.dstDir, formatVersion=2)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, writer.writeInfo, info=infoObject)
+		# openTypeOS2FamilyClass
+		## not an int
+		infoObject = self.makeInfoObject()
+		infoObject.openTypeOS2FamilyClass = [0, str(1)]
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.dstDir, formatVersion=2)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, writer.writeInfo, info=infoObject)
+		## too few values
+		infoObject = self.makeInfoObject()
+		infoObject.openTypeOS2FamilyClass = [1]
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.dstDir, formatVersion=2)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, writer.writeInfo, info=infoObject)
+		## too many values
+		infoObject = self.makeInfoObject()
+		infoObject.openTypeOS2FamilyClass = [1, 1, 1]
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.dstDir, formatVersion=2)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, writer.writeInfo, info=infoObject)
+		## out of range
+		infoObject = self.makeInfoObject()
+		infoObject.openTypeOS2FamilyClass = [1, 20]
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.dstDir, formatVersion=2)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, writer.writeInfo, info=infoObject)
+		# openTypeOS2UnicodeRanges
+		## not an int
+		infoObject = self.makeInfoObject()
+		infoObject.openTypeOS2UnicodeRanges = ["0"]
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.dstDir, formatVersion=2)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, writer.writeInfo, info=infoObject)
+		## out of range
+		infoObject = self.makeInfoObject()
+		infoObject.openTypeOS2UnicodeRanges = [-1]
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.dstDir, formatVersion=2)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, writer.writeInfo, info=infoObject)
+		# openTypeOS2CodePageRanges
+		## not an int
+		infoObject = self.makeInfoObject()
+		infoObject.openTypeOS2CodePageRanges = ["0"]
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.dstDir, formatVersion=2)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, writer.writeInfo, info=infoObject)
+		## out of range
+		infoObject = self.makeInfoObject()
+		infoObject.openTypeOS2CodePageRanges = [-1]
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.dstDir, formatVersion=2)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, writer.writeInfo, info=infoObject)
+		# openTypeOS2TypoAscender
+		infoObject = self.makeInfoObject()
+		infoObject.openTypeOS2TypoAscender = "abc"
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.dstDir, formatVersion=2)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, writer.writeInfo, info=infoObject)
+		# openTypeOS2TypoDescender
+		infoObject = self.makeInfoObject()
+		infoObject.openTypeOS2TypoDescender = "abc"
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.dstDir, formatVersion=2)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, writer.writeInfo, info=infoObject)
+		# openTypeOS2TypoLineGap
+		infoObject = self.makeInfoObject()
+		infoObject.openTypeOS2TypoLineGap = "abc"
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.dstDir, formatVersion=2)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, writer.writeInfo, info=infoObject)
+		# openTypeOS2WinAscent
+		infoObject = self.makeInfoObject()
+		infoObject.openTypeOS2WinAscent = "abc"
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.dstDir, formatVersion=2)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, writer.writeInfo, info=infoObject)
+		# openTypeOS2WinDescent
+		infoObject = self.makeInfoObject()
+		infoObject.openTypeOS2WinDescent = "abc"
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.dstDir, formatVersion=2)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, writer.writeInfo, info=infoObject)
+		# openTypeOS2Type
+		## not an int
+		infoObject = self.makeInfoObject()
+		infoObject.openTypeOS2Type = ["1"]
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.dstDir, formatVersion=2)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, writer.writeInfo, info=infoObject)
+		## out of range
+		infoObject = self.makeInfoObject()
+		infoObject.openTypeOS2Type = [-1]
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.dstDir, formatVersion=2)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, writer.writeInfo, info=infoObject)
+		# openTypeOS2SubscriptXSize
+		infoObject = self.makeInfoObject()
+		infoObject.openTypeOS2SubscriptXSize = "abc"
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.dstDir, formatVersion=2)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, writer.writeInfo, info=infoObject)
+		# openTypeOS2SubscriptYSize
+		infoObject = self.makeInfoObject()
+		infoObject.openTypeOS2SubscriptYSize = "abc"
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.dstDir, formatVersion=2)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, writer.writeInfo, info=infoObject)
+		# openTypeOS2SubscriptXOffset
+		infoObject = self.makeInfoObject()
+		infoObject.openTypeOS2SubscriptXOffset = "abc"
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.dstDir, formatVersion=2)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, writer.writeInfo, info=infoObject)
+		# openTypeOS2SubscriptYOffset
+		infoObject = self.makeInfoObject()
+		infoObject.openTypeOS2SubscriptYOffset = "abc"
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.dstDir, formatVersion=2)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, writer.writeInfo, info=infoObject)
+		# openTypeOS2SuperscriptXSize
+		infoObject = self.makeInfoObject()
+		infoObject.openTypeOS2SuperscriptXSize = "abc"
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.dstDir, formatVersion=2)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, writer.writeInfo, info=infoObject)
+		# openTypeOS2SuperscriptYSize
+		infoObject = self.makeInfoObject()
+		infoObject.openTypeOS2SuperscriptYSize = "abc"
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.dstDir, formatVersion=2)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, writer.writeInfo, info=infoObject)
+		# openTypeOS2SuperscriptXOffset
+		infoObject = self.makeInfoObject()
+		infoObject.openTypeOS2SuperscriptXOffset = "abc"
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.dstDir, formatVersion=2)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, writer.writeInfo, info=infoObject)
+		# openTypeOS2SuperscriptYOffset
+		infoObject = self.makeInfoObject()
+		infoObject.openTypeOS2SuperscriptYOffset = "abc"
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.dstDir, formatVersion=2)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, writer.writeInfo, info=infoObject)
+		# openTypeOS2StrikeoutSize
+		infoObject = self.makeInfoObject()
+		infoObject.openTypeOS2StrikeoutSize = "abc"
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.dstDir, formatVersion=2)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, writer.writeInfo, info=infoObject)
+		# openTypeOS2StrikeoutPosition
+		infoObject = self.makeInfoObject()
+		infoObject.openTypeOS2StrikeoutPosition = "abc"
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.dstDir, formatVersion=2)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, writer.writeInfo, info=infoObject)
+
+	def testVheaWrite(self):
+		# openTypeVheaVertTypoAscender
+		infoObject = self.makeInfoObject()
+		infoObject.openTypeVheaVertTypoAscender = "abc"
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.dstDir, formatVersion=2)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, writer.writeInfo, info=infoObject)
+		# openTypeVheaVertTypoDescender
+		infoObject = self.makeInfoObject()
+		infoObject.openTypeVheaVertTypoDescender = "abc"
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.dstDir, formatVersion=2)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, writer.writeInfo, info=infoObject)
+		# openTypeVheaVertTypoLineGap
+		infoObject = self.makeInfoObject()
+		infoObject.openTypeVheaVertTypoLineGap = "abc"
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.dstDir, formatVersion=2)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, writer.writeInfo, info=infoObject)
+		# openTypeVheaCaretSlopeRise
+		infoObject = self.makeInfoObject()
+		infoObject.openTypeVheaCaretSlopeRise = "abc"
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.dstDir, formatVersion=2)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, writer.writeInfo, info=infoObject)
+		# openTypeVheaCaretSlopeRun
+		infoObject = self.makeInfoObject()
+		infoObject.openTypeVheaCaretSlopeRun = "abc"
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.dstDir, formatVersion=2)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, writer.writeInfo, info=infoObject)
+		# openTypeVheaCaretOffset
+		infoObject = self.makeInfoObject()
+		infoObject.openTypeVheaCaretOffset = "abc"
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.dstDir, formatVersion=2)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, writer.writeInfo, info=infoObject)
+
+	def testFONDWrite(self):
+		# macintoshFONDFamilyID
+		infoObject = self.makeInfoObject()
+		infoObject.macintoshFONDFamilyID = "abc"
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.dstDir, formatVersion=2)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, writer.writeInfo, info=infoObject)
+		# macintoshFONDName
+		infoObject = self.makeInfoObject()
+		infoObject.macintoshFONDName = 123
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.dstDir, formatVersion=2)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, writer.writeInfo, info=infoObject)
+
+	def testPostscriptWrite(self):
+		# postscriptFontName
+		infoObject = self.makeInfoObject()
+		infoObject.postscriptFontName = 123
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.dstDir, formatVersion=2)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, writer.writeInfo, info=infoObject)
+		# postscriptFullName
+		infoObject = self.makeInfoObject()
+		infoObject.postscriptFullName = 123
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.dstDir, formatVersion=2)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, writer.writeInfo, info=infoObject)
+		# postscriptSlantAngle
+		infoObject = self.makeInfoObject()
+		infoObject.postscriptSlantAngle = "abc"
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.dstDir, formatVersion=2)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, writer.writeInfo, info=infoObject)
+		# postscriptUniqueID
+		infoObject = self.makeInfoObject()
+		infoObject.postscriptUniqueID = "abc"
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.dstDir, formatVersion=2)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, writer.writeInfo, info=infoObject)
+		# postscriptUnderlineThickness
+		infoObject = self.makeInfoObject()
+		infoObject.postscriptUnderlineThickness = "abc"
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.dstDir, formatVersion=2)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, writer.writeInfo, info=infoObject)
+		# postscriptUnderlinePosition
+		infoObject = self.makeInfoObject()
+		infoObject.postscriptUnderlinePosition = "abc"
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.dstDir, formatVersion=2)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, writer.writeInfo, info=infoObject)
+		# postscriptIsFixedPitch
+		infoObject = self.makeInfoObject()
+		infoObject.postscriptIsFixedPitch = 2
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.dstDir, formatVersion=2)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, writer.writeInfo, info=infoObject)
+		# postscriptBlueValues
+		## not a list
+		infoObject = self.makeInfoObject()
+		infoObject.postscriptBlueValues = "abc"
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.dstDir, formatVersion=2)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, writer.writeInfo, info=infoObject)
+		## uneven value count
+		infoObject = self.makeInfoObject()
+		infoObject.postscriptBlueValues = [500]
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.dstDir, formatVersion=2)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, writer.writeInfo, info=infoObject)
+		## too many values
+		infoObject = self.makeInfoObject()
+		infoObject.postscriptBlueValues = [10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 110, 120, 130, 140, 150, 160]
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.dstDir, formatVersion=2)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, writer.writeInfo, info=infoObject)
+		# postscriptOtherBlues
+		## not a list
+		infoObject = self.makeInfoObject()
+		infoObject.postscriptOtherBlues = "abc"
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.dstDir, formatVersion=2)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, writer.writeInfo, info=infoObject)
+		## uneven value count
+		infoObject = self.makeInfoObject()
+		infoObject.postscriptOtherBlues = [500]
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.dstDir, formatVersion=2)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, writer.writeInfo, info=infoObject)
+		## too many values
+		infoObject = self.makeInfoObject()
+		infoObject.postscriptOtherBlues = [10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 110, 120, 130, 140, 150, 160]
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.dstDir, formatVersion=2)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, writer.writeInfo, info=infoObject)
+		# postscriptFamilyBlues
+		## not a list
+		infoObject = self.makeInfoObject()
+		infoObject.postscriptFamilyBlues = "abc"
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.dstDir, formatVersion=2)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, writer.writeInfo, info=infoObject)
+		## uneven value count
+		infoObject = self.makeInfoObject()
+		infoObject.postscriptFamilyBlues = [500]
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.dstDir, formatVersion=2)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, writer.writeInfo, info=infoObject)
+		## too many values
+		infoObject = self.makeInfoObject()
+		infoObject.postscriptFamilyBlues = [10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 110, 120, 130, 140, 150, 160]
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.dstDir, formatVersion=2)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, writer.writeInfo, info=infoObject)
+		# postscriptFamilyOtherBlues
+		## not a list
+		infoObject = self.makeInfoObject()
+		infoObject.postscriptFamilyOtherBlues = "abc"
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.dstDir, formatVersion=2)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, writer.writeInfo, info=infoObject)
+		## uneven value count
+		infoObject = self.makeInfoObject()
+		infoObject.postscriptFamilyOtherBlues = [500]
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.dstDir, formatVersion=2)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, writer.writeInfo, info=infoObject)
+		## too many values
+		infoObject = self.makeInfoObject()
+		infoObject.postscriptFamilyOtherBlues = [10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 110, 120, 130, 140, 150, 160]
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.dstDir, formatVersion=2)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, writer.writeInfo, info=infoObject)
+		# postscriptStemSnapH
+		## not list
+		infoObject = self.makeInfoObject()
+		infoObject.postscriptStemSnapH = "abc"
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.dstDir, formatVersion=2)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, writer.writeInfo, info=infoObject)
+		## too many values
+		infoObject = self.makeInfoObject()
+		infoObject.postscriptStemSnapH = [10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 110, 120, 130, 140, 150, 160]
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.dstDir, formatVersion=2)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, writer.writeInfo, info=infoObject)
+		# postscriptStemSnapV
+		## not list
+		infoObject = self.makeInfoObject()
+		infoObject.postscriptStemSnapV = "abc"
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.dstDir, formatVersion=2)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, writer.writeInfo, info=infoObject)
+		## too many values
+		infoObject = self.makeInfoObject()
+		infoObject.postscriptStemSnapV = [10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 110, 120, 130, 140, 150, 160]
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.dstDir, formatVersion=2)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, writer.writeInfo, info=infoObject)
+		# postscriptBlueFuzz
+		infoObject = self.makeInfoObject()
+		infoObject.postscriptBlueFuzz = "abc"
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.dstDir, formatVersion=2)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, writer.writeInfo, info=infoObject)
+		# postscriptBlueShift
+		infoObject = self.makeInfoObject()
+		infoObject.postscriptBlueShift = "abc"
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.dstDir, formatVersion=2)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, writer.writeInfo, info=infoObject)
+		# postscriptBlueScale
+		infoObject = self.makeInfoObject()
+		infoObject.postscriptBlueScale = "abc"
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.dstDir, formatVersion=2)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, writer.writeInfo, info=infoObject)
+		# postscriptForceBold
+		infoObject = self.makeInfoObject()
+		infoObject.postscriptForceBold = "abc"
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.dstDir, formatVersion=2)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, writer.writeInfo, info=infoObject)
+		# postscriptDefaultWidthX
+		infoObject = self.makeInfoObject()
+		infoObject.postscriptDefaultWidthX = "abc"
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.dstDir, formatVersion=2)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, writer.writeInfo, info=infoObject)
+		# postscriptNominalWidthX
+		infoObject = self.makeInfoObject()
+		infoObject.postscriptNominalWidthX = "abc"
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.dstDir, formatVersion=2)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, writer.writeInfo, info=infoObject)
+		# postscriptWeightName
+		infoObject = self.makeInfoObject()
+		infoObject.postscriptWeightName = 123
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.dstDir, formatVersion=2)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, writer.writeInfo, info=infoObject)
+		# postscriptDefaultCharacter
+		infoObject = self.makeInfoObject()
+		infoObject.postscriptDefaultCharacter = 123
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.dstDir, formatVersion=2)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, writer.writeInfo, info=infoObject)
+		# postscriptWindowsCharacterSet
+		infoObject = self.makeInfoObject()
+		infoObject.postscriptWindowsCharacterSet = -1
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.dstDir, formatVersion=2)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, writer.writeInfo, info=infoObject)
+		# macintoshFONDFamilyID
+		infoObject = self.makeInfoObject()
+		infoObject.macintoshFONDFamilyID = "abc"
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.dstDir, formatVersion=2)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, writer.writeInfo, info=infoObject)
+		# macintoshFONDName
+		infoObject = self.makeInfoObject()
+		infoObject.macintoshFONDName = 123
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.dstDir, formatVersion=2)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, writer.writeInfo, info=infoObject)
diff --git a/Tests/ufoLib/UFO3_test.py b/Tests/ufoLib/UFO3_test.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c421802
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/ufoLib/UFO3_test.py
@@ -0,0 +1,4713 @@
+import os
+import shutil
+import unittest
+import tempfile
+from io import open
+from fontTools.ufoLib import UFOReader, UFOWriter, UFOLibError
+from fontTools.ufoLib.glifLib import GlifLibError
+from fontTools.misc import plistlib
+from .testSupport import fontInfoVersion3
+
+
+class TestInfoObject: pass
+
+
+# --------------
+# fontinfo.plist
+# --------------
+
+class ReadFontInfoVersion3TestCase(unittest.TestCase):
+
+	def setUp(self):
+		self.dstDir = tempfile.mktemp()
+		os.mkdir(self.dstDir)
+		metaInfo = {
+			"creator": "test",
+			"formatVersion": 3
+		}
+		path = os.path.join(self.dstDir, "metainfo.plist")
+		with open(path, "wb") as f:
+			plistlib.dump(metaInfo, f)
+
+	def tearDown(self):
+		shutil.rmtree(self.dstDir)
+
+	def _writeInfoToPlist(self, info):
+		path = os.path.join(self.dstDir, "fontinfo.plist")
+		with open(path, "wb") as f:
+			plistlib.dump(info, f)
+
+	def testRead(self):
+		originalData = dict(fontInfoVersion3)
+		self._writeInfoToPlist(originalData)
+		infoObject = TestInfoObject()
+		reader = UFOReader(self.dstDir, validate=True)
+		reader.readInfo(infoObject)
+		readData = {}
+		for attr in list(fontInfoVersion3.keys()):
+			readData[attr] = getattr(infoObject, attr)
+		self.assertEqual(originalData, readData)
+
+	def testGenericRead(self):
+		# familyName
+		info = dict(fontInfoVersion3)
+		info["familyName"] = 123
+		self._writeInfoToPlist(info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.dstDir, validate=True)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, reader.readInfo, info=TestInfoObject())
+		# styleName
+		info = dict(fontInfoVersion3)
+		info["styleName"] = 123
+		self._writeInfoToPlist(info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.dstDir, validate=True)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, reader.readInfo, info=TestInfoObject())
+		# styleMapFamilyName
+		info = dict(fontInfoVersion3)
+		info["styleMapFamilyName"] = 123
+		self._writeInfoToPlist(info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.dstDir, validate=True)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, reader.readInfo, info=TestInfoObject())
+		# styleMapStyleName
+		## not a string
+		info = dict(fontInfoVersion3)
+		info["styleMapStyleName"] = 123
+		self._writeInfoToPlist(info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.dstDir, validate=True)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, reader.readInfo, info=TestInfoObject())
+		## out of range
+		info = dict(fontInfoVersion3)
+		info["styleMapStyleName"] = "REGULAR"
+		self._writeInfoToPlist(info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.dstDir, validate=True)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, reader.readInfo, info=TestInfoObject())
+		# versionMajor
+		info = dict(fontInfoVersion3)
+		info["versionMajor"] = "1"
+		self._writeInfoToPlist(info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.dstDir, validate=True)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, reader.readInfo, info=TestInfoObject())
+		# versionMinor
+		info = dict(fontInfoVersion3)
+		info["versionMinor"] = "0"
+		self._writeInfoToPlist(info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.dstDir, validate=True)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, reader.readInfo, info=TestInfoObject())
+		info = dict(fontInfoVersion3)
+		info["versionMinor"] = -1
+		self._writeInfoToPlist(info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.dstDir, validate=True)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, reader.readInfo, info=TestInfoObject())
+		# copyright
+		info = dict(fontInfoVersion3)
+		info["copyright"] = 123
+		self._writeInfoToPlist(info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.dstDir, validate=True)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, reader.readInfo, info=TestInfoObject())
+		# trademark
+		info = dict(fontInfoVersion3)
+		info["trademark"] = 123
+		self._writeInfoToPlist(info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.dstDir, validate=True)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, reader.readInfo, info=TestInfoObject())
+		# unitsPerEm
+		info = dict(fontInfoVersion3)
+		info["unitsPerEm"] = "abc"
+		self._writeInfoToPlist(info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.dstDir, validate=True)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, reader.readInfo, info=TestInfoObject())
+		info = dict(fontInfoVersion3)
+		info["unitsPerEm"] = -1
+		self._writeInfoToPlist(info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.dstDir, validate=True)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, reader.readInfo, info=TestInfoObject())
+		info = dict(fontInfoVersion3)
+		info["unitsPerEm"] = -1.0
+		self._writeInfoToPlist(info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.dstDir, validate=True)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, reader.readInfo, info=TestInfoObject())
+		# descender
+		info = dict(fontInfoVersion3)
+		info["descender"] = "abc"
+		self._writeInfoToPlist(info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.dstDir, validate=True)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, reader.readInfo, info=TestInfoObject())
+		# xHeight
+		info = dict(fontInfoVersion3)
+		info["xHeight"] = "abc"
+		self._writeInfoToPlist(info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.dstDir, validate=True)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, reader.readInfo, info=TestInfoObject())
+		# capHeight
+		info = dict(fontInfoVersion3)
+		info["capHeight"] = "abc"
+		self._writeInfoToPlist(info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.dstDir, validate=True)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, reader.readInfo, info=TestInfoObject())
+		# ascender
+		info = dict(fontInfoVersion3)
+		info["ascender"] = "abc"
+		self._writeInfoToPlist(info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.dstDir, validate=True)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, reader.readInfo, info=TestInfoObject())
+		# italicAngle
+		info = dict(fontInfoVersion3)
+		info["italicAngle"] = "abc"
+		self._writeInfoToPlist(info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.dstDir, validate=True)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, reader.readInfo, info=TestInfoObject())
+
+	def testGaspRead(self):
+		# not a list
+		info = dict(fontInfoVersion3)
+		info["openTypeGaspRangeRecords"] = "abc"
+		self._writeInfoToPlist(info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.dstDir, validate=True)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, reader.readInfo, info=TestInfoObject())
+		# empty list
+		info = dict(fontInfoVersion3)
+		info["openTypeGaspRangeRecords"] = []
+		self._writeInfoToPlist(info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.dstDir, validate=True)
+		reader.readInfo(TestInfoObject())
+		# not a dict
+		info = dict(fontInfoVersion3)
+		info["openTypeGaspRangeRecords"] = ["abc"]
+		self._writeInfoToPlist(info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.dstDir, validate=True)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, reader.readInfo, info=TestInfoObject())
+		# dict not properly formatted
+		info = dict(fontInfoVersion3)
+		info["openTypeGaspRangeRecords"] = [dict(rangeMaxPPEM=0xFFFF, notTheRightKey=1)]
+		self._writeInfoToPlist(info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.dstDir, validate=True)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, reader.readInfo, info=TestInfoObject())
+		info = dict(fontInfoVersion3)
+		info["openTypeGaspRangeRecords"] = [dict(notTheRightKey=1, rangeGaspBehavior=[0])]
+		self._writeInfoToPlist(info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.dstDir, validate=True)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, reader.readInfo, info=TestInfoObject())
+		# not an int for ppem
+		info = dict(fontInfoVersion3)
+		info["openTypeGaspRangeRecords"] = [dict(rangeMaxPPEM="abc", rangeGaspBehavior=[0]), dict(rangeMaxPPEM=0xFFFF, rangeGaspBehavior=[0])]
+		self._writeInfoToPlist(info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.dstDir, validate=True)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, reader.readInfo, info=TestInfoObject())
+		# not a list for behavior
+		info = dict(fontInfoVersion3)
+		info["openTypeGaspRangeRecords"] = [dict(rangeMaxPPEM=10, rangeGaspBehavior="abc"), dict(rangeMaxPPEM=0xFFFF, rangeGaspBehavior=[0])]
+		self._writeInfoToPlist(info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.dstDir, validate=True)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, reader.readInfo, info=TestInfoObject())
+		# invalid behavior value
+		info = dict(fontInfoVersion3)
+		info["openTypeGaspRangeRecords"] = [dict(rangeMaxPPEM=10, rangeGaspBehavior=[-1]), dict(rangeMaxPPEM=0xFFFF, rangeGaspBehavior=[0])]
+		self._writeInfoToPlist(info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.dstDir, validate=True)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, reader.readInfo, info=TestInfoObject())
+		# not sorted
+		info = dict(fontInfoVersion3)
+		info["openTypeGaspRangeRecords"] = [dict(rangeMaxPPEM=0xFFFF, rangeGaspBehavior=[0]), dict(rangeMaxPPEM=10, rangeGaspBehavior=[0])]
+		self._writeInfoToPlist(info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.dstDir, validate=True)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, reader.readInfo, info=TestInfoObject())
+		# no 0xFFFF
+		info = dict(fontInfoVersion3)
+		info["openTypeGaspRangeRecords"] = [dict(rangeMaxPPEM=10, rangeGaspBehavior=[0]), dict(rangeMaxPPEM=20, rangeGaspBehavior=[0])]
+		self._writeInfoToPlist(info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.dstDir, validate=True)
+		reader.readInfo(TestInfoObject())
+
+	def testHeadRead(self):
+		# openTypeHeadCreated
+		## not a string
+		info = dict(fontInfoVersion3)
+		info["openTypeHeadCreated"] = 123
+		self._writeInfoToPlist(info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.dstDir, validate=True)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, reader.readInfo, info=TestInfoObject())
+		## invalid format
+		info = dict(fontInfoVersion3)
+		info["openTypeHeadCreated"] = "2000-Jan-01 00:00:00"
+		self._writeInfoToPlist(info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.dstDir, validate=True)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, reader.readInfo, info=TestInfoObject())
+		# openTypeHeadLowestRecPPEM
+		info = dict(fontInfoVersion3)
+		info["openTypeHeadLowestRecPPEM"] = "abc"
+		self._writeInfoToPlist(info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.dstDir, validate=True)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, reader.readInfo, info=TestInfoObject())
+		info = dict(fontInfoVersion3)
+		info["openTypeHeadLowestRecPPEM"] = -1
+		self._writeInfoToPlist(info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.dstDir, validate=True)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, reader.readInfo, info=TestInfoObject())
+		# openTypeHeadFlags
+		info = dict(fontInfoVersion3)
+		info["openTypeHeadFlags"] = [-1]
+		self._writeInfoToPlist(info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.dstDir, validate=True)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, reader.readInfo, info=TestInfoObject())
+
+	def testHheaRead(self):
+		# openTypeHheaAscender
+		info = dict(fontInfoVersion3)
+		info["openTypeHheaAscender"] = "abc"
+		self._writeInfoToPlist(info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.dstDir, validate=True)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, reader.readInfo, info=TestInfoObject())
+		# openTypeHheaDescender
+		info = dict(fontInfoVersion3)
+		info["openTypeHheaDescender"] = "abc"
+		self._writeInfoToPlist(info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.dstDir, validate=True)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, reader.readInfo, info=TestInfoObject())
+		# openTypeHheaLineGap
+		info = dict(fontInfoVersion3)
+		info["openTypeHheaLineGap"] = "abc"
+		self._writeInfoToPlist(info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.dstDir, validate=True)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, reader.readInfo, info=TestInfoObject())
+		# openTypeHheaCaretSlopeRise
+		info = dict(fontInfoVersion3)
+		info["openTypeHheaCaretSlopeRise"] = "abc"
+		self._writeInfoToPlist(info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.dstDir, validate=True)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, reader.readInfo, info=TestInfoObject())
+		# openTypeHheaCaretSlopeRun
+		info = dict(fontInfoVersion3)
+		info["openTypeHheaCaretSlopeRun"] = "abc"
+		self._writeInfoToPlist(info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.dstDir, validate=True)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, reader.readInfo, info=TestInfoObject())
+		# openTypeHheaCaretOffset
+		info = dict(fontInfoVersion3)
+		info["openTypeHheaCaretOffset"] = "abc"
+		self._writeInfoToPlist(info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.dstDir, validate=True)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, reader.readInfo, info=TestInfoObject())
+
+	def testNameRead(self):
+		# openTypeNameDesigner
+		info = dict(fontInfoVersion3)
+		info["openTypeNameDesigner"] = 123
+		self._writeInfoToPlist(info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.dstDir, validate=True)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, reader.readInfo, info=TestInfoObject())
+		# openTypeNameDesignerURL
+		info = dict(fontInfoVersion3)
+		info["openTypeNameDesignerURL"] = 123
+		self._writeInfoToPlist(info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.dstDir, validate=True)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, reader.readInfo, info=TestInfoObject())
+		# openTypeNameManufacturer
+		info = dict(fontInfoVersion3)
+		info["openTypeNameManufacturer"] = 123
+		self._writeInfoToPlist(info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.dstDir, validate=True)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, reader.readInfo, info=TestInfoObject())
+		# openTypeNameManufacturerURL
+		info = dict(fontInfoVersion3)
+		info["openTypeNameManufacturerURL"] = 123
+		self._writeInfoToPlist(info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.dstDir, validate=True)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, reader.readInfo, info=TestInfoObject())
+		# openTypeNameLicense
+		info = dict(fontInfoVersion3)
+		info["openTypeNameLicense"] = 123
+		self._writeInfoToPlist(info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.dstDir, validate=True)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, reader.readInfo, info=TestInfoObject())
+		# openTypeNameLicenseURL
+		info = dict(fontInfoVersion3)
+		info["openTypeNameLicenseURL"] = 123
+		self._writeInfoToPlist(info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.dstDir, validate=True)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, reader.readInfo, info=TestInfoObject())
+		# openTypeNameVersion
+		info = dict(fontInfoVersion3)
+		info["openTypeNameVersion"] = 123
+		self._writeInfoToPlist(info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.dstDir, validate=True)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, reader.readInfo, info=TestInfoObject())
+		# openTypeNameUniqueID
+		info = dict(fontInfoVersion3)
+		info["openTypeNameUniqueID"] = 123
+		self._writeInfoToPlist(info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.dstDir, validate=True)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, reader.readInfo, info=TestInfoObject())
+		# openTypeNameDescription
+		info = dict(fontInfoVersion3)
+		info["openTypeNameDescription"] = 123
+		self._writeInfoToPlist(info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.dstDir, validate=True)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, reader.readInfo, info=TestInfoObject())
+		# openTypeNamePreferredFamilyName
+		info = dict(fontInfoVersion3)
+		info["openTypeNamePreferredFamilyName"] = 123
+		self._writeInfoToPlist(info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.dstDir, validate=True)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, reader.readInfo, info=TestInfoObject())
+		# openTypeNamePreferredSubfamilyName
+		info = dict(fontInfoVersion3)
+		info["openTypeNamePreferredSubfamilyName"] = 123
+		self._writeInfoToPlist(info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.dstDir, validate=True)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, reader.readInfo, info=TestInfoObject())
+		# openTypeNameCompatibleFullName
+		info = dict(fontInfoVersion3)
+		info["openTypeNameCompatibleFullName"] = 123
+		self._writeInfoToPlist(info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.dstDir, validate=True)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, reader.readInfo, info=TestInfoObject())
+		# openTypeNameSampleText
+		info = dict(fontInfoVersion3)
+		info["openTypeNameSampleText"] = 123
+		self._writeInfoToPlist(info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.dstDir, validate=True)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, reader.readInfo, info=TestInfoObject())
+		# openTypeNameWWSFamilyName
+		info = dict(fontInfoVersion3)
+		info["openTypeNameWWSFamilyName"] = 123
+		self._writeInfoToPlist(info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.dstDir, validate=True)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, reader.readInfo, info=TestInfoObject())
+		# openTypeNameWWSSubfamilyName
+		info = dict(fontInfoVersion3)
+		info["openTypeNameWWSSubfamilyName"] = 123
+		self._writeInfoToPlist(info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.dstDir, validate=True)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, reader.readInfo, info=TestInfoObject())
+		# openTypeNameRecords
+		## not a list
+		info = dict(fontInfoVersion3)
+		info["openTypeNameRecords"] = "abc"
+		self._writeInfoToPlist(info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.dstDir, validate=True)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, reader.readInfo, info=TestInfoObject())
+		## not a dict
+		info = dict(fontInfoVersion3)
+		info["openTypeNameRecords"] = ["abc"]
+		self._writeInfoToPlist(info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.dstDir, validate=True)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, reader.readInfo, info=TestInfoObject())
+		## invalid dict structure
+		info = dict(fontInfoVersion3)
+		info["openTypeNameRecords"] = [dict(foo="bar")]
+		self._writeInfoToPlist(info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.dstDir, validate=True)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, reader.readInfo, info=TestInfoObject())
+		## incorrect keys
+		info = dict(fontInfoVersion3)
+		info["openTypeNameRecords"] = [
+			dict(nameID=1, platformID=1, encodingID=1, languageID=1, string="Name Record.", foo="bar")
+		]
+		self._writeInfoToPlist(info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.dstDir, validate=True)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, reader.readInfo, info=TestInfoObject())
+		info = dict(fontInfoVersion3)
+		info["openTypeNameRecords"] = [
+			dict(platformID=1, encodingID=1, languageID=1, string="Name Record.")
+		]
+		self._writeInfoToPlist(info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.dstDir, validate=True)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, reader.readInfo, info=TestInfoObject())
+		info = dict(fontInfoVersion3)
+		info["openTypeNameRecords"] = [
+			dict(nameID=1, encodingID=1, languageID=1, string="Name Record.")
+		]
+		self._writeInfoToPlist(info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.dstDir, validate=True)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, reader.readInfo, info=TestInfoObject())
+		info = dict(fontInfoVersion3)
+		info["openTypeNameRecords"] = [
+			dict(nameID=1, platformID=1, languageID=1, string="Name Record.")
+		]
+		self._writeInfoToPlist(info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.dstDir, validate=True)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, reader.readInfo, info=TestInfoObject())
+		info = dict(fontInfoVersion3)
+		info["openTypeNameRecords"] = [
+			dict(nameID=1, platformID=1, encodingID=1, string="Name Record.")
+		]
+		self._writeInfoToPlist(info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.dstDir, validate=True)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, reader.readInfo, info=TestInfoObject())
+		info = dict(fontInfoVersion3)
+		info["openTypeNameRecords"] = [
+			dict(nameID=1, platformID=1, encodingID=1, languageID=1)
+		]
+		self._writeInfoToPlist(info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.dstDir, validate=True)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, reader.readInfo, info=TestInfoObject())
+		## invalid values
+		info = dict(fontInfoVersion3)
+		info["openTypeNameRecords"] = [
+			dict(nameID="1", platformID=1, encodingID=1, languageID=1, string="Name Record.")
+		]
+		self._writeInfoToPlist(info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.dstDir, validate=True)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, reader.readInfo, info=TestInfoObject())
+		info = dict(fontInfoVersion3)
+		info["openTypeNameRecords"] = [
+			dict(nameID=1, platformID="1", encodingID=1, languageID=1, string="Name Record.")
+		]
+		self._writeInfoToPlist(info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.dstDir, validate=True)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, reader.readInfo, info=TestInfoObject())
+		info = dict(fontInfoVersion3)
+		info["openTypeNameRecords"] = [
+			dict(nameID=1, platformID=1, encodingID="1", languageID=1, string="Name Record.")
+		]
+		self._writeInfoToPlist(info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.dstDir, validate=True)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, reader.readInfo, info=TestInfoObject())
+		info = dict(fontInfoVersion3)
+		info["openTypeNameRecords"] = [
+			dict(nameID=1, platformID=1, encodingID=1, languageID="1", string="Name Record.")
+		]
+		self._writeInfoToPlist(info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.dstDir, validate=True)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, reader.readInfo, info=TestInfoObject())
+		info = dict(fontInfoVersion3)
+		info["openTypeNameRecords"] = [
+			dict(nameID=1, platformID=1, encodingID=1, languageID=1, string=1)
+		]
+		self._writeInfoToPlist(info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.dstDir, validate=True)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, reader.readInfo, info=TestInfoObject())
+		## duplicate
+		info = dict(fontInfoVersion3)
+		info["openTypeNameRecords"] = [
+			dict(nameID=1, platformID=1, encodingID=1, languageID=1, string="Name Record."),
+			dict(nameID=1, platformID=1, encodingID=1, languageID=1, string="Name Record.")
+		]
+		self._writeInfoToPlist(info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.dstDir, validate=True)
+		reader.readInfo(TestInfoObject())
+
+	def testOS2Read(self):
+		# openTypeOS2WidthClass
+		## not an int
+		info = dict(fontInfoVersion3)
+		info["openTypeOS2WidthClass"] = "abc"
+		self._writeInfoToPlist(info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.dstDir, validate=True)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, reader.readInfo, info=TestInfoObject())
+		## out or range
+		info = dict(fontInfoVersion3)
+		info["openTypeOS2WidthClass"] = 15
+		self._writeInfoToPlist(info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.dstDir, validate=True)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, reader.readInfo, info=TestInfoObject())
+		# openTypeOS2WeightClass
+		info = dict(fontInfoVersion3)
+		## not an int
+		info["openTypeOS2WeightClass"] = "abc"
+		self._writeInfoToPlist(info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.dstDir, validate=True)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, reader.readInfo, info=TestInfoObject())
+		## out of range
+		info["openTypeOS2WeightClass"] = -50
+		self._writeInfoToPlist(info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.dstDir, validate=True)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, reader.readInfo, info=TestInfoObject())
+		# openTypeOS2Selection
+		info = dict(fontInfoVersion3)
+		info["openTypeOS2Selection"] = [-1]
+		self._writeInfoToPlist(info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.dstDir, validate=True)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, reader.readInfo, info=TestInfoObject())
+		# openTypeOS2VendorID
+		info = dict(fontInfoVersion3)
+		info["openTypeOS2VendorID"] = 1234
+		self._writeInfoToPlist(info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.dstDir, validate=True)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, reader.readInfo, info=TestInfoObject())
+		# openTypeOS2Panose
+		## not an int
+		info = dict(fontInfoVersion3)
+		info["openTypeOS2Panose"] = [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, str(9)]
+		self._writeInfoToPlist(info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.dstDir, validate=True)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, reader.readInfo, info=TestInfoObject())
+		## negative
+		info = dict(fontInfoVersion3)
+		info["openTypeOS2Panose"] = [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, -9]
+		self._writeInfoToPlist(info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.dstDir, validate=True)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, reader.readInfo, info=TestInfoObject())
+		## too few values
+		info = dict(fontInfoVersion3)
+		info["openTypeOS2Panose"] = [0, 1, 2, 3]
+		self._writeInfoToPlist(info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.dstDir, validate=True)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, reader.readInfo, info=TestInfoObject())
+		## too many values
+		info = dict(fontInfoVersion3)
+		info["openTypeOS2Panose"] = [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10]
+		self._writeInfoToPlist(info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.dstDir, validate=True)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, reader.readInfo, info=TestInfoObject())
+		# openTypeOS2FamilyClass
+		## not an int
+		info = dict(fontInfoVersion3)
+		info["openTypeOS2FamilyClass"] = [1, str(1)]
+		self._writeInfoToPlist(info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.dstDir, validate=True)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, reader.readInfo, info=TestInfoObject())
+		## too few values
+		info = dict(fontInfoVersion3)
+		info["openTypeOS2FamilyClass"] = [1]
+		self._writeInfoToPlist(info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.dstDir, validate=True)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, reader.readInfo, info=TestInfoObject())
+		## too many values
+		info = dict(fontInfoVersion3)
+		info["openTypeOS2FamilyClass"] = [1, 1, 1]
+		self._writeInfoToPlist(info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.dstDir, validate=True)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, reader.readInfo, info=TestInfoObject())
+		## out of range
+		info = dict(fontInfoVersion3)
+		info["openTypeOS2FamilyClass"] = [1, 201]
+		self._writeInfoToPlist(info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.dstDir, validate=True)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, reader.readInfo, info=TestInfoObject())
+		# openTypeOS2UnicodeRanges
+		## not an int
+		info = dict(fontInfoVersion3)
+		info["openTypeOS2UnicodeRanges"] = ["0"]
+		self._writeInfoToPlist(info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.dstDir, validate=True)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, reader.readInfo, info=TestInfoObject())
+		## out of range
+		info = dict(fontInfoVersion3)
+		info["openTypeOS2UnicodeRanges"] = [-1]
+		self._writeInfoToPlist(info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.dstDir, validate=True)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, reader.readInfo, info=TestInfoObject())
+		# openTypeOS2CodePageRanges
+		## not an int
+		info = dict(fontInfoVersion3)
+		info["openTypeOS2CodePageRanges"] = ["0"]
+		self._writeInfoToPlist(info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.dstDir, validate=True)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, reader.readInfo, info=TestInfoObject())
+		## out of range
+		info = dict(fontInfoVersion3)
+		info["openTypeOS2CodePageRanges"] = [-1]
+		self._writeInfoToPlist(info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.dstDir, validate=True)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, reader.readInfo, info=TestInfoObject())
+		# openTypeOS2TypoAscender
+		info = dict(fontInfoVersion3)
+		info["openTypeOS2TypoAscender"] = "abc"
+		self._writeInfoToPlist(info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.dstDir, validate=True)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, reader.readInfo, info=TestInfoObject())
+		# openTypeOS2TypoDescender
+		info = dict(fontInfoVersion3)
+		info["openTypeOS2TypoDescender"] = "abc"
+		self._writeInfoToPlist(info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.dstDir, validate=True)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, reader.readInfo, info=TestInfoObject())
+		# openTypeOS2TypoLineGap
+		info = dict(fontInfoVersion3)
+		info["openTypeOS2TypoLineGap"] = "abc"
+		self._writeInfoToPlist(info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.dstDir, validate=True)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, reader.readInfo, info=TestInfoObject())
+		# openTypeOS2WinAscent
+		info = dict(fontInfoVersion3)
+		info["openTypeOS2WinAscent"] = "abc"
+		self._writeInfoToPlist(info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.dstDir, validate=True)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, reader.readInfo, info=TestInfoObject())
+		info = dict(fontInfoVersion3)
+		info["openTypeOS2WinAscent"] = -1
+		self._writeInfoToPlist(info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.dstDir, validate=True)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, reader.readInfo, info=TestInfoObject())
+		# openTypeOS2WinDescent
+		info = dict(fontInfoVersion3)
+		info["openTypeOS2WinDescent"] = "abc"
+		self._writeInfoToPlist(info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.dstDir, validate=True)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, reader.readInfo, info=TestInfoObject())
+		info = dict(fontInfoVersion3)
+		info["openTypeOS2WinDescent"] = -1
+		self._writeInfoToPlist(info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.dstDir, validate=True)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, reader.readInfo, info=TestInfoObject())
+		# openTypeOS2Type
+		## not an int
+		info = dict(fontInfoVersion3)
+		info["openTypeOS2Type"] = ["1"]
+		self._writeInfoToPlist(info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.dstDir, validate=True)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, reader.readInfo, info=TestInfoObject())
+		## out of range
+		info = dict(fontInfoVersion3)
+		info["openTypeOS2Type"] = [-1]
+		self._writeInfoToPlist(info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.dstDir, validate=True)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, reader.readInfo, info=TestInfoObject())
+		# openTypeOS2SubscriptXSize
+		info = dict(fontInfoVersion3)
+		info["openTypeOS2SubscriptXSize"] = "abc"
+		self._writeInfoToPlist(info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.dstDir, validate=True)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, reader.readInfo, info=TestInfoObject())
+		# openTypeOS2SubscriptYSize
+		info = dict(fontInfoVersion3)
+		info["openTypeOS2SubscriptYSize"] = "abc"
+		self._writeInfoToPlist(info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.dstDir, validate=True)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, reader.readInfo, info=TestInfoObject())
+		# openTypeOS2SubscriptXOffset
+		info = dict(fontInfoVersion3)
+		info["openTypeOS2SubscriptXOffset"] = "abc"
+		self._writeInfoToPlist(info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.dstDir, validate=True)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, reader.readInfo, info=TestInfoObject())
+		# openTypeOS2SubscriptYOffset
+		info = dict(fontInfoVersion3)
+		info["openTypeOS2SubscriptYOffset"] = "abc"
+		self._writeInfoToPlist(info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.dstDir, validate=True)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, reader.readInfo, info=TestInfoObject())
+		# openTypeOS2SuperscriptXSize
+		info = dict(fontInfoVersion3)
+		info["openTypeOS2SuperscriptXSize"] = "abc"
+		self._writeInfoToPlist(info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.dstDir, validate=True)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, reader.readInfo, info=TestInfoObject())
+		# openTypeOS2SuperscriptYSize
+		info = dict(fontInfoVersion3)
+		info["openTypeOS2SuperscriptYSize"] = "abc"
+		self._writeInfoToPlist(info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.dstDir, validate=True)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, reader.readInfo, info=TestInfoObject())
+		# openTypeOS2SuperscriptXOffset
+		info = dict(fontInfoVersion3)
+		info["openTypeOS2SuperscriptXOffset"] = "abc"
+		self._writeInfoToPlist(info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.dstDir, validate=True)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, reader.readInfo, info=TestInfoObject())
+		# openTypeOS2SuperscriptYOffset
+		info = dict(fontInfoVersion3)
+		info["openTypeOS2SuperscriptYOffset"] = "abc"
+		self._writeInfoToPlist(info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.dstDir, validate=True)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, reader.readInfo, info=TestInfoObject())
+		# openTypeOS2StrikeoutSize
+		info = dict(fontInfoVersion3)
+		info["openTypeOS2StrikeoutSize"] = "abc"
+		self._writeInfoToPlist(info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.dstDir, validate=True)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, reader.readInfo, info=TestInfoObject())
+		# openTypeOS2StrikeoutPosition
+		info = dict(fontInfoVersion3)
+		info["openTypeOS2StrikeoutPosition"] = "abc"
+		self._writeInfoToPlist(info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.dstDir, validate=True)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, reader.readInfo, info=TestInfoObject())
+
+	def testVheaRead(self):
+		# openTypeVheaVertTypoAscender
+		info = dict(fontInfoVersion3)
+		info["openTypeVheaVertTypoAscender"] = "abc"
+		self._writeInfoToPlist(info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.dstDir, validate=True)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, reader.readInfo, info=TestInfoObject())
+		# openTypeVheaVertTypoDescender
+		info = dict(fontInfoVersion3)
+		info["openTypeVheaVertTypoDescender"] = "abc"
+		self._writeInfoToPlist(info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.dstDir, validate=True)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, reader.readInfo, info=TestInfoObject())
+		# openTypeVheaVertTypoLineGap
+		info = dict(fontInfoVersion3)
+		info["openTypeVheaVertTypoLineGap"] = "abc"
+		self._writeInfoToPlist(info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.dstDir, validate=True)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, reader.readInfo, info=TestInfoObject())
+		# openTypeVheaCaretSlopeRise
+		info = dict(fontInfoVersion3)
+		info["openTypeVheaCaretSlopeRise"] = "abc"
+		self._writeInfoToPlist(info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.dstDir, validate=True)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, reader.readInfo, info=TestInfoObject())
+		# openTypeVheaCaretSlopeRun
+		info = dict(fontInfoVersion3)
+		info["openTypeVheaCaretSlopeRun"] = "abc"
+		self._writeInfoToPlist(info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.dstDir, validate=True)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, reader.readInfo, info=TestInfoObject())
+		# openTypeVheaCaretOffset
+		info = dict(fontInfoVersion3)
+		info["openTypeVheaCaretOffset"] = "abc"
+		self._writeInfoToPlist(info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.dstDir, validate=True)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, reader.readInfo, info=TestInfoObject())
+
+	def testFONDRead(self):
+		# macintoshFONDFamilyID
+		info = dict(fontInfoVersion3)
+		info["macintoshFONDFamilyID"] = "abc"
+		self._writeInfoToPlist(info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.dstDir, validate=True)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, reader.readInfo, info=TestInfoObject())
+		# macintoshFONDName
+		info = dict(fontInfoVersion3)
+		info["macintoshFONDName"] = 123
+		self._writeInfoToPlist(info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.dstDir, validate=True)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, reader.readInfo, info=TestInfoObject())
+
+	def testPostscriptRead(self):
+		# postscriptFontName
+		info = dict(fontInfoVersion3)
+		info["postscriptFontName"] = 123
+		self._writeInfoToPlist(info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.dstDir, validate=True)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, reader.readInfo, info=TestInfoObject())
+		# postscriptFullName
+		info = dict(fontInfoVersion3)
+		info["postscriptFullName"] = 123
+		self._writeInfoToPlist(info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.dstDir, validate=True)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, reader.readInfo, info=TestInfoObject())
+		# postscriptSlantAngle
+		info = dict(fontInfoVersion3)
+		info["postscriptSlantAngle"] = "abc"
+		self._writeInfoToPlist(info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.dstDir, validate=True)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, reader.readInfo, info=TestInfoObject())
+		# postscriptUniqueID
+		info = dict(fontInfoVersion3)
+		info["postscriptUniqueID"] = "abc"
+		self._writeInfoToPlist(info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.dstDir, validate=True)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, reader.readInfo, TestInfoObject())
+		# postscriptUnderlineThickness
+		info = dict(fontInfoVersion3)
+		info["postscriptUnderlineThickness"] = "abc"
+		self._writeInfoToPlist(info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.dstDir, validate=True)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, reader.readInfo, TestInfoObject())
+		# postscriptUnderlinePosition
+		info = dict(fontInfoVersion3)
+		info["postscriptUnderlinePosition"] = "abc"
+		self._writeInfoToPlist(info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.dstDir, validate=True)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, reader.readInfo, TestInfoObject())
+		# postscriptIsFixedPitch
+		info = dict(fontInfoVersion3)
+		info["postscriptIsFixedPitch"] = 2
+		self._writeInfoToPlist(info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.dstDir, validate=True)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, reader.readInfo, TestInfoObject())
+		# postscriptBlueValues
+		## not a list
+		info = dict(fontInfoVersion3)
+		info["postscriptBlueValues"] = "abc"
+		self._writeInfoToPlist(info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.dstDir, validate=True)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, reader.readInfo, TestInfoObject())
+		## uneven value count
+		info = dict(fontInfoVersion3)
+		info["postscriptBlueValues"] = [500]
+		self._writeInfoToPlist(info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.dstDir, validate=True)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, reader.readInfo, TestInfoObject())
+		## too many values
+		info = dict(fontInfoVersion3)
+		info["postscriptBlueValues"] = [10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 110, 120, 130, 140, 150, 160]
+		self._writeInfoToPlist(info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.dstDir, validate=True)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, reader.readInfo, TestInfoObject())
+		# postscriptOtherBlues
+		## not a list
+		info = dict(fontInfoVersion3)
+		info["postscriptOtherBlues"] = "abc"
+		self._writeInfoToPlist(info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.dstDir, validate=True)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, reader.readInfo, TestInfoObject())
+		## uneven value count
+		info = dict(fontInfoVersion3)
+		info["postscriptOtherBlues"] = [500]
+		self._writeInfoToPlist(info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.dstDir, validate=True)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, reader.readInfo, TestInfoObject())
+		## too many values
+		info = dict(fontInfoVersion3)
+		info["postscriptOtherBlues"] = [10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 110, 120, 130, 140, 150, 160]
+		self._writeInfoToPlist(info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.dstDir, validate=True)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, reader.readInfo, TestInfoObject())
+		# postscriptFamilyBlues
+		## not a list
+		info = dict(fontInfoVersion3)
+		info["postscriptFamilyBlues"] = "abc"
+		self._writeInfoToPlist(info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.dstDir, validate=True)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, reader.readInfo, TestInfoObject())
+		## uneven value count
+		info = dict(fontInfoVersion3)
+		info["postscriptFamilyBlues"] = [500]
+		self._writeInfoToPlist(info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.dstDir, validate=True)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, reader.readInfo, TestInfoObject())
+		## too many values
+		info = dict(fontInfoVersion3)
+		info["postscriptFamilyBlues"] = [10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 110, 120, 130, 140, 150, 160]
+		self._writeInfoToPlist(info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.dstDir, validate=True)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, reader.readInfo, TestInfoObject())
+		# postscriptFamilyOtherBlues
+		## not a list
+		info = dict(fontInfoVersion3)
+		info["postscriptFamilyOtherBlues"] = "abc"
+		self._writeInfoToPlist(info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.dstDir, validate=True)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, reader.readInfo, TestInfoObject())
+		## uneven value count
+		info = dict(fontInfoVersion3)
+		info["postscriptFamilyOtherBlues"] = [500]
+		self._writeInfoToPlist(info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.dstDir, validate=True)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, reader.readInfo, TestInfoObject())
+		## too many values
+		info = dict(fontInfoVersion3)
+		info["postscriptFamilyOtherBlues"] = [10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 110, 120, 130, 140, 150, 160]
+		self._writeInfoToPlist(info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.dstDir, validate=True)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, reader.readInfo, TestInfoObject())
+		# postscriptStemSnapH
+		## not list
+		info = dict(fontInfoVersion3)
+		info["postscriptStemSnapH"] = "abc"
+		self._writeInfoToPlist(info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.dstDir, validate=True)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, reader.readInfo, TestInfoObject())
+		## too many values
+		info = dict(fontInfoVersion3)
+		info["postscriptStemSnapH"] = [10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 110, 120, 130, 140, 150, 160]
+		self._writeInfoToPlist(info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.dstDir, validate=True)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, reader.readInfo, TestInfoObject())
+		# postscriptStemSnapV
+		## not list
+		info = dict(fontInfoVersion3)
+		info["postscriptStemSnapV"] = "abc"
+		self._writeInfoToPlist(info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.dstDir, validate=True)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, reader.readInfo, TestInfoObject())
+		## too many values
+		info = dict(fontInfoVersion3)
+		info["postscriptStemSnapV"] = [10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 110, 120, 130, 140, 150, 160]
+		self._writeInfoToPlist(info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.dstDir, validate=True)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, reader.readInfo, TestInfoObject())
+		# postscriptBlueFuzz
+		info = dict(fontInfoVersion3)
+		info["postscriptBlueFuzz"] = "abc"
+		self._writeInfoToPlist(info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.dstDir, validate=True)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, reader.readInfo, TestInfoObject())
+		# postscriptBlueShift
+		info = dict(fontInfoVersion3)
+		info["postscriptBlueShift"] = "abc"
+		self._writeInfoToPlist(info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.dstDir, validate=True)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, reader.readInfo, TestInfoObject())
+		# postscriptBlueScale
+		info = dict(fontInfoVersion3)
+		info["postscriptBlueScale"] = "abc"
+		self._writeInfoToPlist(info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.dstDir, validate=True)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, reader.readInfo, TestInfoObject())
+		# postscriptForceBold
+		info = dict(fontInfoVersion3)
+		info["postscriptForceBold"] = "abc"
+		self._writeInfoToPlist(info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.dstDir, validate=True)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, reader.readInfo, TestInfoObject())
+		# postscriptDefaultWidthX
+		info = dict(fontInfoVersion3)
+		info["postscriptDefaultWidthX"] = "abc"
+		self._writeInfoToPlist(info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.dstDir, validate=True)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, reader.readInfo, TestInfoObject())
+		# postscriptNominalWidthX
+		info = dict(fontInfoVersion3)
+		info["postscriptNominalWidthX"] = "abc"
+		self._writeInfoToPlist(info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.dstDir, validate=True)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, reader.readInfo, TestInfoObject())
+		# postscriptWeightName
+		info = dict(fontInfoVersion3)
+		info["postscriptWeightName"] = 123
+		self._writeInfoToPlist(info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.dstDir, validate=True)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, reader.readInfo, TestInfoObject())
+		# postscriptDefaultCharacter
+		info = dict(fontInfoVersion3)
+		info["postscriptDefaultCharacter"] = 123
+		self._writeInfoToPlist(info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.dstDir, validate=True)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, reader.readInfo, TestInfoObject())
+		# postscriptWindowsCharacterSet
+		info = dict(fontInfoVersion3)
+		info["postscriptWindowsCharacterSet"] = -1
+		self._writeInfoToPlist(info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.dstDir, validate=True)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, reader.readInfo, TestInfoObject())
+		# macintoshFONDFamilyID
+		info = dict(fontInfoVersion3)
+		info["macintoshFONDFamilyID"] = "abc"
+		self._writeInfoToPlist(info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.dstDir, validate=True)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, reader.readInfo, TestInfoObject())
+		# macintoshFONDName
+		info = dict(fontInfoVersion3)
+		info["macintoshFONDName"] = 123
+		self._writeInfoToPlist(info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.dstDir, validate=True)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, reader.readInfo, TestInfoObject())
+
+	def testWOFFRead(self):
+		# woffMajorVersion
+		info = dict(fontInfoVersion3)
+		info["woffMajorVersion"] = 1.0
+		self._writeInfoToPlist(info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.dstDir, validate=True)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, reader.readInfo, TestInfoObject())
+		info = dict(fontInfoVersion3)
+		info["woffMajorVersion"] = "abc"
+		self._writeInfoToPlist(info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.dstDir, validate=True)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, reader.readInfo, TestInfoObject())
+		# woffMinorVersion
+		info = dict(fontInfoVersion3)
+		info["woffMinorVersion"] = 1.0
+		self._writeInfoToPlist(info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.dstDir, validate=True)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, reader.readInfo, TestInfoObject())
+		info = dict(fontInfoVersion3)
+		info["woffMinorVersion"] = "abc"
+		self._writeInfoToPlist(info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.dstDir, validate=True)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, reader.readInfo, TestInfoObject())
+		# woffMetadataUniqueID
+		## none
+		info = dict(fontInfoVersion3)
+		del info["woffMetadataUniqueID"]
+		self._writeInfoToPlist(info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.dstDir, validate=True)
+		reader.readInfo(TestInfoObject())
+		## not a dict
+		info = dict(fontInfoVersion3)
+		info["woffMetadataUniqueID"] = 1
+		self._writeInfoToPlist(info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.dstDir, validate=True)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, reader.readInfo, TestInfoObject())
+		## unknown key
+		info = dict(fontInfoVersion3)
+		info["woffMetadataUniqueID"] = dict(id="foo", notTheRightKey=1)
+		self._writeInfoToPlist(info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.dstDir, validate=True)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, reader.readInfo, TestInfoObject())
+		## no id
+		info = dict(fontInfoVersion3)
+		info["woffMetadataUniqueID"] = dict()
+		self._writeInfoToPlist(info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.dstDir, validate=True)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, reader.readInfo, TestInfoObject())
+		## not a string for id
+		info = dict(fontInfoVersion3)
+		info["woffMetadataUniqueID"] = dict(id=1)
+		self._writeInfoToPlist(info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.dstDir, validate=True)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, reader.readInfo, TestInfoObject())
+		## empty string
+		info = dict(fontInfoVersion3)
+		info["woffMetadataUniqueID"] = dict(id="")
+		self._writeInfoToPlist(info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.dstDir, validate=True)
+		reader.readInfo(TestInfoObject())
+		# woffMetadataVendor
+		## no name
+		info = dict(fontInfoVersion3)
+		info["woffMetadataVendor"] = dict(url="foo")
+		self._writeInfoToPlist(info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.dstDir, validate=True)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, reader.readInfo, TestInfoObject())
+		## name not a string
+		info = dict(fontInfoVersion3)
+		info["woffMetadataVendor"] = dict(name=1, url="foo")
+		self._writeInfoToPlist(info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.dstDir, validate=True)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, reader.readInfo, TestInfoObject())
+		## name an empty string
+		info = dict(fontInfoVersion3)
+		info["woffMetadataVendor"] = dict(name="", url="foo")
+		self._writeInfoToPlist(info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.dstDir, validate=True)
+		reader.readInfo(TestInfoObject())
+		## no URL
+		info = dict(fontInfoVersion3)
+		info["woffMetadataVendor"] = dict(name="foo")
+		self._writeInfoToPlist(info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.dstDir, validate=True)
+		reader.readInfo(TestInfoObject())
+		## url not a string
+		info = dict(fontInfoVersion3)
+		info["woffMetadataVendor"] = dict(name="foo", url=1)
+		self._writeInfoToPlist(info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.dstDir, validate=True)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, reader.readInfo, TestInfoObject())
+		## url empty string
+		info = dict(fontInfoVersion3)
+		info["woffMetadataVendor"] = dict(name="foo", url="")
+		self._writeInfoToPlist(info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.dstDir, validate=True)
+		reader.readInfo(TestInfoObject())
+		## have dir
+		info = dict(fontInfoVersion3)
+		info["woffMetadataVendor"] = dict(name="foo", url="bar", dir="ltr")
+		self._writeInfoToPlist(info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.dstDir, validate=True)
+		reader.readInfo(TestInfoObject())
+		info = dict(fontInfoVersion3)
+		info["woffMetadataVendor"] = dict(name="foo", url="bar", dir="rtl")
+		self._writeInfoToPlist(info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.dstDir, validate=True)
+		reader.readInfo(TestInfoObject())
+		## dir not a string
+		info = dict(fontInfoVersion3)
+		info["woffMetadataVendor"] = dict(name="foo", url="bar", dir=1)
+		self._writeInfoToPlist(info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.dstDir, validate=True)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, reader.readInfo, TestInfoObject())
+		## dir not ltr or rtl
+		info = dict(fontInfoVersion3)
+		info["woffMetadataVendor"] = dict(name="foo", url="bar", dir="utd")
+		self._writeInfoToPlist(info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.dstDir, validate=True)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, reader.readInfo, TestInfoObject())
+		## have class
+		info = dict(fontInfoVersion3)
+		info["woffMetadataVendor"] = {"name"  : "foo", "url" : "bar", "class" : "hello"}
+		self._writeInfoToPlist(info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.dstDir, validate=True)
+		reader.readInfo(TestInfoObject())
+		## class not a string
+		info = dict(fontInfoVersion3)
+		info["woffMetadataVendor"] = {"name"  : "foo", "url" : "bar", "class" : 1}
+		self._writeInfoToPlist(info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.dstDir, validate=True)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, reader.readInfo, TestInfoObject())
+		## class empty string
+		info = dict(fontInfoVersion3)
+		info["woffMetadataVendor"] = {"name"  : "foo", "url" : "bar", "class" : ""}
+		self._writeInfoToPlist(info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.dstDir, validate=True)
+		reader.readInfo(TestInfoObject())
+		# woffMetadataCredits
+		## no credits attribute
+		info = dict(fontInfoVersion3)
+		info["woffMetadataCredits"] = {}
+		self._writeInfoToPlist(info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.dstDir, validate=True)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, reader.readInfo, TestInfoObject())
+		## unknown attribute
+		info = dict(fontInfoVersion3)
+		info["woffMetadataCredits"] = dict(credits=[dict(name="foo")], notTheRightKey=1)
+		self._writeInfoToPlist(info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.dstDir, validate=True)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, reader.readInfo, TestInfoObject())
+		## not a list
+		info = dict(fontInfoVersion3)
+		info["woffMetadataCredits"] = dict(credits="abc")
+		self._writeInfoToPlist(info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.dstDir, validate=True)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, reader.readInfo, TestInfoObject())
+		## no elements in credits
+		info = dict(fontInfoVersion3)
+		info["woffMetadataCredits"] = dict(credits=[])
+		self._writeInfoToPlist(info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.dstDir, validate=True)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, reader.readInfo, TestInfoObject())
+		## credit not a dict
+		info = dict(fontInfoVersion3)
+		info["woffMetadataCredits"] = dict(credits=["abc"])
+		self._writeInfoToPlist(info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.dstDir, validate=True)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, reader.readInfo, TestInfoObject())
+		## unknown key
+		info = dict(fontInfoVersion3)
+		info["woffMetadataCredits"] = dict(credits=[dict(name="foo", notTheRightKey=1)])
+		self._writeInfoToPlist(info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.dstDir, validate=True)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, reader.readInfo, TestInfoObject())
+		## no name
+		info = dict(fontInfoVersion3)
+		info["woffMetadataCredits"] = dict(credits=[dict(url="foo")])
+		self._writeInfoToPlist(info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.dstDir, validate=True)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, reader.readInfo, TestInfoObject())
+		## name not a string
+		info = dict(fontInfoVersion3)
+		info["woffMetadataCredits"] = dict(credits=[dict(name=1)])
+		self._writeInfoToPlist(info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.dstDir, validate=True)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, reader.readInfo, TestInfoObject())
+		## url not a string
+		info = dict(fontInfoVersion3)
+		info["woffMetadataCredits"] = dict(credits=[dict(name="foo", url=1)])
+		self._writeInfoToPlist(info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.dstDir, validate=True)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, reader.readInfo, TestInfoObject())
+		## role not a string
+		info = dict(fontInfoVersion3)
+		info["woffMetadataCredits"] = dict(credits=[dict(name="foo", role=1)])
+		self._writeInfoToPlist(info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.dstDir, validate=True)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, reader.readInfo, TestInfoObject())
+		## dir not a string
+		info = dict(fontInfoVersion3)
+		info["woffMetadataCredits"] = dict(credits=[dict(name="foo", dir=1)])
+		self._writeInfoToPlist(info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.dstDir, validate=True)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, reader.readInfo, TestInfoObject())
+		## dir not ltr or rtl
+		info = dict(fontInfoVersion3)
+		info["woffMetadataCredits"] = dict(credits=[dict(name="foo", dir="utd")])
+		self._writeInfoToPlist(info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.dstDir, validate=True)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, reader.readInfo, TestInfoObject())
+		## class not a string
+		info = dict(fontInfoVersion3)
+		info["woffMetadataCredits"] = dict(credits=[{"name"  : "foo", "class" : 1}])
+		self._writeInfoToPlist(info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.dstDir, validate=True)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, reader.readInfo, TestInfoObject())
+		# woffMetadataDescription
+		## no url
+		info = dict(fontInfoVersion3)
+		info["woffMetadataDescription"] = dict(text=[dict(text="foo")])
+		self._writeInfoToPlist(info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.dstDir, validate=True)
+		reader.readInfo(TestInfoObject())
+		## url not a string
+		info = dict(fontInfoVersion3)
+		info["woffMetadataDescription"] = dict(text=[dict(text="foo")], url=1)
+		self._writeInfoToPlist(info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.dstDir, validate=True)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, reader.readInfo, TestInfoObject())
+		## no text
+		info = dict(fontInfoVersion3)
+		info["woffMetadataDescription"] = dict(url="foo")
+		self._writeInfoToPlist(info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.dstDir, validate=True)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, reader.readInfo, TestInfoObject())
+		## text not a list
+		info = dict(fontInfoVersion3)
+		info["woffMetadataDescription"] = dict(text="abc")
+		self._writeInfoToPlist(info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.dstDir, validate=True)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, reader.readInfo, TestInfoObject())
+		## text item not a dict
+		info = dict(fontInfoVersion3)
+		info["woffMetadataDescription"] = dict(text=["abc"])
+		self._writeInfoToPlist(info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.dstDir, validate=True)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, reader.readInfo, TestInfoObject())
+		## text item unknown key
+		info = dict(fontInfoVersion3)
+		info["woffMetadataDescription"] = dict(text=[dict(text="foo", notTheRightKey=1)])
+		self._writeInfoToPlist(info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.dstDir, validate=True)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, reader.readInfo, TestInfoObject())
+		## text item missing text
+		info = dict(fontInfoVersion3)
+		info["woffMetadataDescription"] = dict(text=[dict(language="foo")])
+		self._writeInfoToPlist(info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.dstDir, validate=True)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, reader.readInfo, TestInfoObject())
+		## text not a string
+		info = dict(fontInfoVersion3)
+		info["woffMetadataDescription"] = dict(text=[dict(text=1)])
+		self._writeInfoToPlist(info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.dstDir, validate=True)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, reader.readInfo, TestInfoObject())
+		## url not a string
+		info = dict(fontInfoVersion3)
+		info["woffMetadataDescription"] = dict(text=[dict(text="foo", url=1)])
+		self._writeInfoToPlist(info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.dstDir, validate=True)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, reader.readInfo, TestInfoObject())
+		## language not a string
+		info = dict(fontInfoVersion3)
+		info["woffMetadataDescription"] = dict(text=[dict(text="foo", language=1)])
+		self._writeInfoToPlist(info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.dstDir, validate=True)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, reader.readInfo, TestInfoObject())
+		## dir not ltr or rtl
+		info = dict(fontInfoVersion3)
+		info["woffMetadataDescription"] = dict(text=[dict(text="foo", dir="utd")])
+		self._writeInfoToPlist(info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.dstDir, validate=True)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, reader.readInfo, TestInfoObject())
+		## class not a string
+		info = dict(fontInfoVersion3)
+		info["woffMetadataDescription"] = dict(text=[{"text"  : "foo", "class" : 1}])
+		self._writeInfoToPlist(info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.dstDir, validate=True)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, reader.readInfo, TestInfoObject())
+		# woffMetadataLicense
+		## no url
+		info = dict(fontInfoVersion3)
+		info["woffMetadataLicense"] = dict(text=[dict(text="foo")])
+		self._writeInfoToPlist(info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.dstDir, validate=True)
+		reader.readInfo(TestInfoObject())
+		## url not a string
+		info = dict(fontInfoVersion3)
+		info["woffMetadataLicense"] = dict(text=[dict(text="foo")], url=1)
+		self._writeInfoToPlist(info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.dstDir, validate=True)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, reader.readInfo, TestInfoObject())
+		## id not a string
+		info = dict(fontInfoVersion3)
+		info["woffMetadataLicense"] = dict(text=[dict(text="foo")], id=1)
+		self._writeInfoToPlist(info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.dstDir, validate=True)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, reader.readInfo, TestInfoObject())
+		## no text
+		info = dict(fontInfoVersion3)
+		info["woffMetadataLicense"] = dict(url="foo")
+		self._writeInfoToPlist(info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.dstDir, validate=True)
+		reader.readInfo(TestInfoObject())
+		## text not a list
+		info = dict(fontInfoVersion3)
+		info["woffMetadataLicense"] = dict(text="abc")
+		self._writeInfoToPlist(info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.dstDir, validate=True)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, reader.readInfo, TestInfoObject())
+		## text item not a dict
+		info = dict(fontInfoVersion3)
+		info["woffMetadataLicense"] = dict(text=["abc"])
+		self._writeInfoToPlist(info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.dstDir, validate=True)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, reader.readInfo, TestInfoObject())
+		## text item unknown key
+		info = dict(fontInfoVersion3)
+		info["woffMetadataLicense"] = dict(text=[dict(text="foo", notTheRightKey=1)])
+		self._writeInfoToPlist(info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.dstDir, validate=True)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, reader.readInfo, TestInfoObject())
+		## text item missing text
+		info = dict(fontInfoVersion3)
+		info["woffMetadataLicense"] = dict(text=[dict(language="foo")])
+		self._writeInfoToPlist(info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.dstDir, validate=True)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, reader.readInfo, TestInfoObject())
+		## text not a string
+		info = dict(fontInfoVersion3)
+		info["woffMetadataLicense"] = dict(text=[dict(text=1)])
+		self._writeInfoToPlist(info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.dstDir, validate=True)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, reader.readInfo, TestInfoObject())
+		## url not a string
+		info = dict(fontInfoVersion3)
+		info["woffMetadataLicense"] = dict(text=[dict(text="foo", url=1)])
+		self._writeInfoToPlist(info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.dstDir, validate=True)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, reader.readInfo, TestInfoObject())
+		## language not a string
+		info = dict(fontInfoVersion3)
+		info["woffMetadataLicense"] = dict(text=[dict(text="foo", language=1)])
+		self._writeInfoToPlist(info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.dstDir, validate=True)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, reader.readInfo, TestInfoObject())
+		## dir not ltr or rtl
+		info = dict(fontInfoVersion3)
+		info["woffMetadataLicense"] = dict(text=[dict(text="foo", dir="utd")])
+		self._writeInfoToPlist(info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.dstDir, validate=True)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, reader.readInfo, TestInfoObject())
+		## class not a string
+		info = dict(fontInfoVersion3)
+		info["woffMetadataLicense"] = dict(text=[{"text"  : "foo", "class" : 1}])
+		self._writeInfoToPlist(info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.dstDir, validate=True)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, reader.readInfo, TestInfoObject())
+		# woffMetadataCopyright
+		## unknown attribute
+		info = dict(fontInfoVersion3)
+		info["woffMetadataCopyright"] = dict(text=[dict(text="foo")], notTheRightKey=1)
+		self._writeInfoToPlist(info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.dstDir, validate=True)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, reader.readInfo, TestInfoObject())
+		## no text
+		info = dict(fontInfoVersion3)
+		info["woffMetadataCopyright"] = dict()
+		self._writeInfoToPlist(info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.dstDir, validate=True)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, reader.readInfo, TestInfoObject())
+		## text not a list
+		info = dict(fontInfoVersion3)
+		info["woffMetadataCopyright"] = dict(text="abc")
+		self._writeInfoToPlist(info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.dstDir, validate=True)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, reader.readInfo, TestInfoObject())
+		## text item not a dict
+		info = dict(fontInfoVersion3)
+		info["woffMetadataCopyright"] = dict(text=["abc"])
+		self._writeInfoToPlist(info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.dstDir, validate=True)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, reader.readInfo, TestInfoObject())
+		## text item unknown key
+		info = dict(fontInfoVersion3)
+		info["woffMetadataCopyright"] = dict(text=[dict(text="foo", notTheRightKey=1)])
+		self._writeInfoToPlist(info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.dstDir, validate=True)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, reader.readInfo, TestInfoObject())
+		## text item missing text
+		info = dict(fontInfoVersion3)
+		info["woffMetadataCopyright"] = dict(text=[dict(language="foo")])
+		self._writeInfoToPlist(info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.dstDir, validate=True)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, reader.readInfo, TestInfoObject())
+		## text not a string
+		info = dict(fontInfoVersion3)
+		info["woffMetadataCopyright"] = dict(text=[dict(text=1)])
+		self._writeInfoToPlist(info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.dstDir, validate=True)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, reader.readInfo, TestInfoObject())
+		## url not a string
+		info = dict(fontInfoVersion3)
+		info["woffMetadataCopyright"] = dict(text=[dict(text="foo", url=1)])
+		self._writeInfoToPlist(info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.dstDir, validate=True)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, reader.readInfo, TestInfoObject())
+		## language not a string
+		info = dict(fontInfoVersion3)
+		info["woffMetadataCopyright"] = dict(text=[dict(text="foo", language=1)])
+		self._writeInfoToPlist(info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.dstDir, validate=True)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, reader.readInfo, TestInfoObject())
+		## dir not ltr or rtl
+		info = dict(fontInfoVersion3)
+		info["woffMetadataCopyright"] = dict(text=[dict(text="foo", dir="utd")])
+		self._writeInfoToPlist(info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.dstDir, validate=True)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, reader.readInfo, TestInfoObject())
+		## class not a string
+		info = dict(fontInfoVersion3)
+		info["woffMetadataCopyright"] = dict(text=[{"text"  : "foo", "class" : 1}])
+		self._writeInfoToPlist(info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.dstDir, validate=True)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, reader.readInfo, TestInfoObject())
+		# woffMetadataTrademark
+		## unknown attribute
+		info = dict(fontInfoVersion3)
+		info["woffMetadataTrademark"] = dict(text=[dict(text="foo")], notTheRightKey=1)
+		self._writeInfoToPlist(info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.dstDir, validate=True)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, reader.readInfo, TestInfoObject())
+		## no text
+		info = dict(fontInfoVersion3)
+		info["woffMetadataTrademark"] = dict()
+		self._writeInfoToPlist(info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.dstDir, validate=True)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, reader.readInfo, TestInfoObject())
+		## text not a list
+		info = dict(fontInfoVersion3)
+		info["woffMetadataTrademark"] = dict(text="abc")
+		self._writeInfoToPlist(info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.dstDir, validate=True)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, reader.readInfo, TestInfoObject())
+		## text item not a dict
+		info = dict(fontInfoVersion3)
+		info["woffMetadataTrademark"] = dict(text=["abc"])
+		self._writeInfoToPlist(info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.dstDir, validate=True)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, reader.readInfo, TestInfoObject())
+		## text item unknown key
+		info = dict(fontInfoVersion3)
+		info["woffMetadataTrademark"] = dict(text=[dict(text="foo", notTheRightKey=1)])
+		self._writeInfoToPlist(info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.dstDir, validate=True)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, reader.readInfo, TestInfoObject())
+		## text item missing text
+		info = dict(fontInfoVersion3)
+		info["woffMetadataTrademark"] = dict(text=[dict(language="foo")])
+		self._writeInfoToPlist(info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.dstDir, validate=True)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, reader.readInfo, TestInfoObject())
+		## text not a string
+		info = dict(fontInfoVersion3)
+		info["woffMetadataTrademark"] = dict(text=[dict(text=1)])
+		self._writeInfoToPlist(info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.dstDir, validate=True)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, reader.readInfo, TestInfoObject())
+		## url not a string
+		info = dict(fontInfoVersion3)
+		info["woffMetadataTrademark"] = dict(text=[dict(text="foo", url=1)])
+		self._writeInfoToPlist(info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.dstDir, validate=True)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, reader.readInfo, TestInfoObject())
+		## language not a string
+		info = dict(fontInfoVersion3)
+		info["woffMetadataTrademark"] = dict(text=[dict(text="foo", language=1)])
+		self._writeInfoToPlist(info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.dstDir, validate=True)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, reader.readInfo, TestInfoObject())
+		## dir not ltr or rtl
+		info = dict(fontInfoVersion3)
+		info["woffMetadataTrademark"] = dict(text=[dict(text="foo", dir="utd")])
+		self._writeInfoToPlist(info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.dstDir, validate=True)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, reader.readInfo, TestInfoObject())
+		## class not a string
+		info = dict(fontInfoVersion3)
+		info["woffMetadataTrademark"] = dict(text=[{"text"  : "foo", "class" : 1}])
+		self._writeInfoToPlist(info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.dstDir, validate=True)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, reader.readInfo, TestInfoObject())
+		# woffMetadataLicensee
+		## no name
+		info = dict(fontInfoVersion3)
+		info["woffMetadataLicensee"] = dict()
+		self._writeInfoToPlist(info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.dstDir, validate=True)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, reader.readInfo, TestInfoObject())
+		## unknown attribute
+		info = dict(fontInfoVersion3)
+		info["woffMetadataLicensee"] = dict(name="foo", notTheRightKey=1)
+		self._writeInfoToPlist(info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.dstDir, validate=True)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, reader.readInfo, TestInfoObject())
+		## name not a string
+		info = dict(fontInfoVersion3)
+		info["woffMetadataLicensee"] = dict(name=1)
+		self._writeInfoToPlist(info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.dstDir, validate=True)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, reader.readInfo, TestInfoObject())
+		## dir options
+		info = dict(fontInfoVersion3)
+		info["woffMetadataLicensee"] = dict(name="foo", dir="ltr")
+		self._writeInfoToPlist(info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.dstDir, validate=True)
+		reader.readInfo(TestInfoObject())
+		info = dict(fontInfoVersion3)
+		info["woffMetadataLicensee"] = dict(name="foo", dir="rtl")
+		self._writeInfoToPlist(info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.dstDir, validate=True)
+		reader.readInfo(TestInfoObject())
+		## dir not ltr or rtl
+		info = dict(fontInfoVersion3)
+		info["woffMetadataLicensee"] = dict(name="foo", dir="utd")
+		self._writeInfoToPlist(info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.dstDir, validate=True)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, reader.readInfo, TestInfoObject())
+		## have class
+		info = dict(fontInfoVersion3)
+		info["woffMetadataLicensee"] = {"name" : "foo", "class" : "hello"}
+		self._writeInfoToPlist(info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.dstDir, validate=True)
+		reader.readInfo(TestInfoObject())
+		## class not a string
+		info = dict(fontInfoVersion3)
+		info["woffMetadataLicensee"] = {"name" : "foo", "class" : 1}
+		self._writeInfoToPlist(info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.dstDir, validate=True)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, reader.readInfo, TestInfoObject())
+
+	def testGuidelinesRead(self):
+		# x
+		## not an int or float
+		info = dict(fontInfoVersion3)
+		info["guidelines"] = [dict(x="1")]
+		self._writeInfoToPlist(info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.dstDir, validate=True)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, reader.readInfo, TestInfoObject())
+		# y
+		## not an int or float
+		info = dict(fontInfoVersion3)
+		info["guidelines"] = [dict(y="1")]
+		self._writeInfoToPlist(info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.dstDir, validate=True)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, reader.readInfo, TestInfoObject())
+		# angle
+		## < 0
+		info = dict(fontInfoVersion3)
+		info["guidelines"] = [dict(x=0, y=0, angle=-1)]
+		self._writeInfoToPlist(info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.dstDir, validate=True)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, reader.readInfo, TestInfoObject())
+		## > 360
+		info = dict(fontInfoVersion3)
+		info["guidelines"] = [dict(x=0, y=0, angle=361)]
+		self._writeInfoToPlist(info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.dstDir, validate=True)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, reader.readInfo, TestInfoObject())
+		# name
+		## not a string
+		info = dict(fontInfoVersion3)
+		info["guidelines"] = [dict(x=0, name=1)]
+		self._writeInfoToPlist(info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.dstDir, validate=True)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, reader.readInfo, TestInfoObject())
+		# color
+		## not a string
+		info = dict(fontInfoVersion3)
+		info["guidelines"] = [dict(x=0, color=1)]
+		self._writeInfoToPlist(info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.dstDir, validate=True)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, reader.readInfo, TestInfoObject())
+		## not enough commas
+		info = dict(fontInfoVersion3)
+		info["guidelines"] = [dict(x=0, color="1 0, 0, 0")]
+		self._writeInfoToPlist(info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.dstDir, validate=True)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, reader.readInfo, TestInfoObject())
+		info = dict(fontInfoVersion3)
+		info["guidelines"] = [dict(x=0, color="1 0 0, 0")]
+		self._writeInfoToPlist(info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.dstDir, validate=True)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, reader.readInfo, TestInfoObject())
+		info = dict(fontInfoVersion3)
+		info["guidelines"] = [dict(x=0, color="1 0 0 0")]
+		self._writeInfoToPlist(info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.dstDir, validate=True)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, reader.readInfo, TestInfoObject())
+		## not enough parts
+		info = dict(fontInfoVersion3)
+		info["guidelines"] = [dict(x=0, color=", 0, 0, 0")]
+		self._writeInfoToPlist(info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.dstDir, validate=True)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, reader.readInfo, TestInfoObject())
+		info = dict(fontInfoVersion3)
+		info["guidelines"] = [dict(x=0, color="1, , 0, 0")]
+		self._writeInfoToPlist(info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.dstDir, validate=True)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, reader.readInfo, TestInfoObject())
+		info = dict(fontInfoVersion3)
+		info["guidelines"] = [dict(x=0, color="1, 0, , 0")]
+		self._writeInfoToPlist(info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.dstDir, validate=True)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, reader.readInfo, TestInfoObject())
+		info = dict(fontInfoVersion3)
+		info["guidelines"] = [dict(x=0, color="1, 0, 0, ")]
+		self._writeInfoToPlist(info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.dstDir, validate=True)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, reader.readInfo, TestInfoObject())
+		info = dict(fontInfoVersion3)
+		info["guidelines"] = [dict(x=0, color=", , , ")]
+		self._writeInfoToPlist(info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.dstDir, validate=True)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, reader.readInfo, TestInfoObject())
+		## not a number in all positions
+		info = dict(fontInfoVersion3)
+		info["guidelines"] = [dict(x=0, color="r, 1, 1, 1")]
+		self._writeInfoToPlist(info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.dstDir, validate=True)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, reader.readInfo, TestInfoObject())
+		info = dict(fontInfoVersion3)
+		info["guidelines"] = [dict(x=0, color="1, g, 1, 1")]
+		self._writeInfoToPlist(info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.dstDir, validate=True)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, reader.readInfo, TestInfoObject())
+		info = dict(fontInfoVersion3)
+		info["guidelines"] = [dict(x=0, color="1, 1, b, 1")]
+		self._writeInfoToPlist(info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.dstDir, validate=True)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, reader.readInfo, TestInfoObject())
+		info = dict(fontInfoVersion3)
+		info["guidelines"] = [dict(x=0, color="1, 1, 1, a")]
+		self._writeInfoToPlist(info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.dstDir, validate=True)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, reader.readInfo, TestInfoObject())
+		## too many parts
+		info = dict(fontInfoVersion3)
+		info["guidelines"] = [dict(x=0, color="1, 0, 0, 0, 0")]
+		self._writeInfoToPlist(info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.dstDir, validate=True)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, reader.readInfo, TestInfoObject())
+		## < 0 in each position
+		info = dict(fontInfoVersion3)
+		info["guidelines"] = [dict(x=0, color="-1, 0, 0, 0")]
+		self._writeInfoToPlist(info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.dstDir, validate=True)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, reader.readInfo, TestInfoObject())
+		info = dict(fontInfoVersion3)
+		info["guidelines"] = [dict(x=0, color="0, -1, 0, 0")]
+		self._writeInfoToPlist(info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.dstDir, validate=True)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, reader.readInfo, TestInfoObject())
+		info = dict(fontInfoVersion3)
+		info["guidelines"] = [dict(x=0, color="0, 0, -1, 0")]
+		self._writeInfoToPlist(info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.dstDir, validate=True)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, reader.readInfo, TestInfoObject())
+		info = dict(fontInfoVersion3)
+		info["guidelines"] = [dict(x=0, color="0, 0, 0, -1")]
+		self._writeInfoToPlist(info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.dstDir, validate=True)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, reader.readInfo, TestInfoObject())
+		## > 1 in each position
+		info = dict(fontInfoVersion3)
+		info["guidelines"] = [dict(x=0, color="2, 0, 0, 0")]
+		self._writeInfoToPlist(info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.dstDir, validate=True)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, reader.readInfo, TestInfoObject())
+		info = dict(fontInfoVersion3)
+		info["guidelines"] = [dict(x=0, color="0, 2, 0, 0")]
+		self._writeInfoToPlist(info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.dstDir, validate=True)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, reader.readInfo, TestInfoObject())
+		info = dict(fontInfoVersion3)
+		info["guidelines"] = [dict(x=0, color="0, 0, 2, 0")]
+		self._writeInfoToPlist(info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.dstDir, validate=True)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, reader.readInfo, TestInfoObject())
+		info = dict(fontInfoVersion3)
+		info["guidelines"] = [dict(x=0, color="0, 0, 0, 2")]
+		self._writeInfoToPlist(info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.dstDir, validate=True)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, reader.readInfo, TestInfoObject())
+		# identifier
+		## duplicate
+		info = dict(fontInfoVersion3)
+		info["guidelines"] = [dict(x=0, identifier="guide1"), dict(y=0, identifier="guide1")]
+		self._writeInfoToPlist(info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.dstDir, validate=True)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, reader.readInfo, TestInfoObject())
+
+
+class WriteFontInfoVersion3TestCase(unittest.TestCase):
+
+	def setUp(self):
+		self.tempDir = tempfile.mktemp()
+		os.mkdir(self.tempDir)
+		self.dstDir = os.path.join(self.tempDir, "test.ufo")
+
+	def tearDown(self):
+		shutil.rmtree(self.tempDir)
+
+	def tearDownUFO(self):
+		if os.path.exists(self.dstDir):
+			shutil.rmtree(self.dstDir)
+
+	def makeInfoObject(self):
+		infoObject = TestInfoObject()
+		for attr, value in list(fontInfoVersion3.items()):
+			setattr(infoObject, attr, value)
+		return infoObject
+
+	def readPlist(self):
+		path = os.path.join(self.dstDir, "fontinfo.plist")
+		with open(path, "rb") as f:
+			plist = plistlib.load(f)
+		return plist
+
+	def testWrite(self):
+		infoObject = self.makeInfoObject()
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.dstDir, formatVersion=3)
+		writer.writeInfo(infoObject)
+		writtenData = self.readPlist()
+		for attr, originalValue in list(fontInfoVersion3.items()):
+			newValue = writtenData[attr]
+			self.assertEqual(newValue, originalValue)
+		self.tearDownUFO()
+
+	def testGenericWrite(self):
+		# familyName
+		infoObject = self.makeInfoObject()
+		infoObject.familyName = 123
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.dstDir, formatVersion=3)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, writer.writeInfo, info=infoObject)
+		self.tearDownUFO()
+		# styleName
+		infoObject = self.makeInfoObject()
+		infoObject.styleName = 123
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.dstDir, formatVersion=3)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, writer.writeInfo, info=infoObject)
+		self.tearDownUFO()
+		# styleMapFamilyName
+		infoObject = self.makeInfoObject()
+		infoObject.styleMapFamilyName = 123
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.dstDir, formatVersion=3)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, writer.writeInfo, info=infoObject)
+		self.tearDownUFO()
+		# styleMapStyleName
+		## not a string
+		infoObject = self.makeInfoObject()
+		infoObject.styleMapStyleName = 123
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.dstDir, formatVersion=3)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, writer.writeInfo, info=infoObject)
+		self.tearDownUFO()
+		## out of range
+		infoObject = self.makeInfoObject()
+		infoObject.styleMapStyleName = "REGULAR"
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.dstDir, formatVersion=3)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, writer.writeInfo, info=infoObject)
+		self.tearDownUFO()
+		# versionMajor
+		infoObject = self.makeInfoObject()
+		infoObject.versionMajor = "1"
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.dstDir, formatVersion=3)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, writer.writeInfo, info=infoObject)
+		self.tearDownUFO()
+		# versionMinor
+		infoObject = self.makeInfoObject()
+		infoObject.versionMinor = "0"
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.dstDir, formatVersion=3)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, writer.writeInfo, info=infoObject)
+		self.tearDownUFO()
+		# copyright
+		infoObject = self.makeInfoObject()
+		infoObject.copyright = 123
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.dstDir, formatVersion=3)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, writer.writeInfo, info=infoObject)
+		self.tearDownUFO()
+		# trademark
+		infoObject = self.makeInfoObject()
+		infoObject.trademark = 123
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.dstDir, formatVersion=3)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, writer.writeInfo, info=infoObject)
+		self.tearDownUFO()
+		# unitsPerEm
+		infoObject = self.makeInfoObject()
+		infoObject.unitsPerEm = "abc"
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.dstDir, formatVersion=3)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, writer.writeInfo, info=infoObject)
+		self.tearDownUFO()
+		# descender
+		infoObject = self.makeInfoObject()
+		infoObject.descender = "abc"
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.dstDir, formatVersion=3)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, writer.writeInfo, info=infoObject)
+		self.tearDownUFO()
+		# xHeight
+		infoObject = self.makeInfoObject()
+		infoObject.xHeight = "abc"
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.dstDir, formatVersion=3)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, writer.writeInfo, info=infoObject)
+		self.tearDownUFO()
+		# capHeight
+		infoObject = self.makeInfoObject()
+		infoObject.capHeight = "abc"
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.dstDir, formatVersion=3)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, writer.writeInfo, info=infoObject)
+		self.tearDownUFO()
+		# ascender
+		infoObject = self.makeInfoObject()
+		infoObject.ascender = "abc"
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.dstDir, formatVersion=3)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, writer.writeInfo, info=infoObject)
+		self.tearDownUFO()
+		# italicAngle
+		infoObject = self.makeInfoObject()
+		infoObject.italicAngle = "abc"
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.dstDir, formatVersion=3)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, writer.writeInfo, info=infoObject)
+		self.tearDownUFO()
+
+	def testGaspWrite(self):
+		# not a list
+		infoObject = self.makeInfoObject()
+		infoObject.openTypeGaspRangeRecords = "abc"
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.dstDir, formatVersion=3)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, writer.writeInfo, info=infoObject)
+		self.tearDownUFO()
+		# empty list
+		infoObject = self.makeInfoObject()
+		infoObject.openTypeGaspRangeRecords = []
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.dstDir, formatVersion=3)
+		writer.writeInfo(infoObject)
+		self.tearDownUFO()
+		# not a dict
+		infoObject = self.makeInfoObject()
+		infoObject.openTypeGaspRangeRecords = ["abc"]
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.dstDir, formatVersion=3)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, writer.writeInfo, info=infoObject)
+		self.tearDownUFO()
+		# dict not properly formatted
+		infoObject = self.makeInfoObject()
+		infoObject.openTypeGaspRangeRecords = [dict(rangeMaxPPEM=0xFFFF, notTheRightKey=1)]
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.dstDir, formatVersion=3)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, writer.writeInfo, info=infoObject)
+		self.tearDownUFO()
+		infoObject = self.makeInfoObject()
+		infoObject.openTypeGaspRangeRecords = [dict(notTheRightKey=1, rangeGaspBehavior=[0])]
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.dstDir, formatVersion=3)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, writer.writeInfo, info=infoObject)
+		self.tearDownUFO()
+		# not an int for ppem
+		infoObject = self.makeInfoObject()
+		infoObject.openTypeGaspRangeRecords = [dict(rangeMaxPPEM="abc", rangeGaspBehavior=[0]), dict(rangeMaxPPEM=0xFFFF, rangeGaspBehavior=[0])]
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.dstDir, formatVersion=3)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, writer.writeInfo, info=infoObject)
+		self.tearDownUFO()
+		# not a list for behavior
+		infoObject = self.makeInfoObject()
+		infoObject.openTypeGaspRangeRecords = [dict(rangeMaxPPEM=10, rangeGaspBehavior="abc"), dict(rangeMaxPPEM=0xFFFF, rangeGaspBehavior=[0])]
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.dstDir, formatVersion=3)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, writer.writeInfo, info=infoObject)
+		self.tearDownUFO()
+		# invalid behavior value
+		infoObject = self.makeInfoObject()
+		infoObject.openTypeGaspRangeRecords = [dict(rangeMaxPPEM=10, rangeGaspBehavior=[-1]), dict(rangeMaxPPEM=0xFFFF, rangeGaspBehavior=[0])]
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.dstDir, formatVersion=3)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, writer.writeInfo, info=infoObject)
+		self.tearDownUFO()
+		# not sorted
+		infoObject = self.makeInfoObject()
+		infoObject.openTypeGaspRangeRecords = [dict(rangeMaxPPEM=0xFFFF, rangeGaspBehavior=[0]), dict(rangeMaxPPEM=10, rangeGaspBehavior=[0])]
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.dstDir, formatVersion=3)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, writer.writeInfo, info=infoObject)
+		self.tearDownUFO()
+		# no 0xFFFF
+		infoObject = self.makeInfoObject()
+		infoObject.openTypeGaspRangeRecords = [dict(rangeMaxPPEM=10, rangeGaspBehavior=[0]), dict(rangeMaxPPEM=20, rangeGaspBehavior=[0])]
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.dstDir, formatVersion=3)
+		writer.writeInfo(infoObject)
+		self.tearDownUFO()
+
+	def testHeadWrite(self):
+		# openTypeHeadCreated
+		## not a string
+		infoObject = self.makeInfoObject()
+		infoObject.openTypeHeadCreated = 123
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.dstDir, formatVersion=3)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, writer.writeInfo, info=infoObject)
+		self.tearDownUFO()
+		## invalid format
+		infoObject = self.makeInfoObject()
+		infoObject.openTypeHeadCreated = "2000-Jan-01 00:00:00"
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.dstDir, formatVersion=3)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, writer.writeInfo, info=infoObject)
+		self.tearDownUFO()
+		# openTypeHeadLowestRecPPEM
+		infoObject = self.makeInfoObject()
+		infoObject.openTypeHeadLowestRecPPEM = "abc"
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.dstDir, formatVersion=3)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, writer.writeInfo, info=infoObject)
+		self.tearDownUFO()
+		# openTypeHeadFlags
+		infoObject = self.makeInfoObject()
+		infoObject.openTypeHeadFlags = [-1]
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.dstDir, formatVersion=3)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, writer.writeInfo, info=infoObject)
+		self.tearDownUFO()
+
+	def testHheaWrite(self):
+		# openTypeHheaAscender
+		infoObject = self.makeInfoObject()
+		infoObject.openTypeHheaAscender = "abc"
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.dstDir, formatVersion=3)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, writer.writeInfo, info=infoObject)
+		self.tearDownUFO()
+		# openTypeHheaDescender
+		infoObject = self.makeInfoObject()
+		infoObject.openTypeHheaDescender = "abc"
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.dstDir, formatVersion=3)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, writer.writeInfo, info=infoObject)
+		self.tearDownUFO()
+		# openTypeHheaLineGap
+		infoObject = self.makeInfoObject()
+		infoObject.openTypeHheaLineGap = "abc"
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.dstDir, formatVersion=3)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, writer.writeInfo, info=infoObject)
+		self.tearDownUFO()
+		# openTypeHheaCaretSlopeRise
+		infoObject = self.makeInfoObject()
+		infoObject.openTypeHheaCaretSlopeRise = "abc"
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.dstDir, formatVersion=3)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, writer.writeInfo, info=infoObject)
+		self.tearDownUFO()
+		# openTypeHheaCaretSlopeRun
+		infoObject = self.makeInfoObject()
+		infoObject.openTypeHheaCaretSlopeRun = "abc"
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.dstDir, formatVersion=3)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, writer.writeInfo, info=infoObject)
+		self.tearDownUFO()
+		# openTypeHheaCaretOffset
+		infoObject = self.makeInfoObject()
+		infoObject.openTypeHheaCaretOffset = "abc"
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.dstDir, formatVersion=3)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, writer.writeInfo, info=infoObject)
+		self.tearDownUFO()
+
+	def testNameWrite(self):
+		# openTypeNameDesigner
+		infoObject = self.makeInfoObject()
+		infoObject.openTypeNameDesigner = 123
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.dstDir, formatVersion=3)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, writer.writeInfo, info=infoObject)
+		self.tearDownUFO()
+		# openTypeNameDesignerURL
+		infoObject = self.makeInfoObject()
+		infoObject.openTypeNameDesignerURL = 123
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.dstDir, formatVersion=3)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, writer.writeInfo, info=infoObject)
+		self.tearDownUFO()
+		# openTypeNameManufacturer
+		infoObject = self.makeInfoObject()
+		infoObject.openTypeNameManufacturer = 123
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.dstDir, formatVersion=3)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, writer.writeInfo, info=infoObject)
+		self.tearDownUFO()
+		# openTypeNameManufacturerURL
+		infoObject = self.makeInfoObject()
+		infoObject.openTypeNameManufacturerURL = 123
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.dstDir, formatVersion=3)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, writer.writeInfo, info=infoObject)
+		self.tearDownUFO()
+		# openTypeNameLicense
+		infoObject = self.makeInfoObject()
+		infoObject.openTypeNameLicense = 123
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.dstDir, formatVersion=3)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, writer.writeInfo, info=infoObject)
+		self.tearDownUFO()
+		# openTypeNameLicenseURL
+		infoObject = self.makeInfoObject()
+		infoObject.openTypeNameLicenseURL = 123
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.dstDir, formatVersion=3)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, writer.writeInfo, info=infoObject)
+		self.tearDownUFO()
+		# openTypeNameVersion
+		infoObject = self.makeInfoObject()
+		infoObject.openTypeNameVersion = 123
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.dstDir, formatVersion=3)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, writer.writeInfo, info=infoObject)
+		self.tearDownUFO()
+		# openTypeNameUniqueID
+		infoObject = self.makeInfoObject()
+		infoObject.openTypeNameUniqueID = 123
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.dstDir, formatVersion=3)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, writer.writeInfo, info=infoObject)
+		self.tearDownUFO()
+		# openTypeNameDescription
+		infoObject = self.makeInfoObject()
+		infoObject.openTypeNameDescription = 123
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.dstDir, formatVersion=3)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, writer.writeInfo, info=infoObject)
+		self.tearDownUFO()
+		# openTypeNamePreferredFamilyName
+		infoObject = self.makeInfoObject()
+		infoObject.openTypeNamePreferredFamilyName = 123
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.dstDir, formatVersion=3)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, writer.writeInfo, info=infoObject)
+		self.tearDownUFO()
+		# openTypeNamePreferredSubfamilyName
+		infoObject = self.makeInfoObject()
+		infoObject.openTypeNamePreferredSubfamilyName = 123
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.dstDir, formatVersion=3)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, writer.writeInfo, info=infoObject)
+		self.tearDownUFO()
+		# openTypeNameCompatibleFullName
+		infoObject = self.makeInfoObject()
+		infoObject.openTypeNameCompatibleFullName = 123
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.dstDir, formatVersion=3)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, writer.writeInfo, info=infoObject)
+		self.tearDownUFO()
+		# openTypeNameSampleText
+		infoObject = self.makeInfoObject()
+		infoObject.openTypeNameSampleText = 123
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.dstDir, formatVersion=3)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, writer.writeInfo, info=infoObject)
+		self.tearDownUFO()
+		# openTypeNameWWSFamilyName
+		infoObject = self.makeInfoObject()
+		infoObject.openTypeNameWWSFamilyName = 123
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.dstDir, formatVersion=3)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, writer.writeInfo, info=infoObject)
+		self.tearDownUFO()
+		# openTypeNameWWSSubfamilyName
+		infoObject = self.makeInfoObject()
+		infoObject.openTypeNameWWSSubfamilyName = 123
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.dstDir, formatVersion=3)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, writer.writeInfo, info=infoObject)
+		self.tearDownUFO()
+		# openTypeNameRecords
+		## not a list
+		infoObject = self.makeInfoObject()
+		infoObject.openTypeNameRecords = "abc"
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.dstDir, formatVersion=3)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, writer.writeInfo, info=infoObject)
+		self.tearDownUFO()
+		## not a dict
+		infoObject = self.makeInfoObject()
+		infoObject.openTypeNameRecords = ["abc"]
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.dstDir, formatVersion=3)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, writer.writeInfo, info=infoObject)
+		self.tearDownUFO()
+		## invalid dict structure
+		infoObject = self.makeInfoObject()
+		infoObject.openTypeNameRecords = [dict(foo="bar")]
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.dstDir, formatVersion=3)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, writer.writeInfo, info=infoObject)
+		self.tearDownUFO()
+		## incorrect keys
+		infoObject = self.makeInfoObject()
+		infoObject.openTypeNameRecords = [
+			dict(nameID=1, platformID=1, encodingID=1, languageID=1, string="Name Record.", foo="bar")
+		]
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.dstDir, formatVersion=3)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, writer.writeInfo, info=infoObject)
+		self.tearDownUFO()
+		infoObject = self.makeInfoObject()
+		infoObject.openTypeNameRecords = [
+			dict(platformID=1, encodingID=1, languageID=1, string="Name Record.")
+		]
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.dstDir, formatVersion=3)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, writer.writeInfo, info=infoObject)
+		self.tearDownUFO()
+		infoObject = self.makeInfoObject()
+		infoObject.openTypeNameRecords = [
+			dict(nameID=1, encodingID=1, languageID=1, string="Name Record.")
+		]
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.dstDir, formatVersion=3)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, writer.writeInfo, info=infoObject)
+		self.tearDownUFO()
+		infoObject = self.makeInfoObject()
+		infoObject.openTypeNameRecords = [
+			dict(nameID=1, platformID=1, languageID=1, string="Name Record.")
+		]
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.dstDir, formatVersion=3)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, writer.writeInfo, info=infoObject)
+		self.tearDownUFO()
+		infoObject = self.makeInfoObject()
+		infoObject.openTypeNameRecords = [
+			dict(nameID=1, platformID=1, encodingID=1, string="Name Record.")
+		]
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.dstDir, formatVersion=3)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, writer.writeInfo, info=infoObject)
+		self.tearDownUFO()
+		infoObject = self.makeInfoObject()
+		infoObject.openTypeNameRecords = [
+			dict(nameID=1, platformID=1, encodingID=1, languageID=1)
+		]
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.dstDir, formatVersion=3)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, writer.writeInfo, info=infoObject)
+		self.tearDownUFO()
+		## invalid values
+		infoObject = self.makeInfoObject()
+		infoObject.openTypeNameRecords = [
+			dict(nameID="1", platformID=1, encodingID=1, languageID=1, string="Name Record.")
+		]
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.dstDir, formatVersion=3)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, writer.writeInfo, info=infoObject)
+		self.tearDownUFO()
+		infoObject = self.makeInfoObject()
+		infoObject.openTypeNameRecords = [
+			dict(nameID=1, platformID="1", encodingID=1, languageID=1, string="Name Record.")
+		]
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.dstDir, formatVersion=3)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, writer.writeInfo, info=infoObject)
+		self.tearDownUFO()
+		infoObject = self.makeInfoObject()
+		infoObject.openTypeNameRecords = [
+			dict(nameID=1, platformID=1, encodingID="1", languageID=1, string="Name Record.")
+		]
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.dstDir, formatVersion=3)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, writer.writeInfo, info=infoObject)
+		self.tearDownUFO()
+		infoObject = self.makeInfoObject()
+		infoObject.openTypeNameRecords = [
+			dict(nameID=1, platformID=1, encodingID=1, languageID="1", string="Name Record.")
+		]
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.dstDir, formatVersion=3)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, writer.writeInfo, info=infoObject)
+		self.tearDownUFO()
+		infoObject = self.makeInfoObject()
+		infoObject.openTypeNameRecords = [
+			dict(nameID=1, platformID=1, encodingID=1, languageID=1, string=1)
+		]
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.dstDir, formatVersion=3)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, writer.writeInfo, info=infoObject)
+		self.tearDownUFO()
+		## duplicate
+		infoObject = self.makeInfoObject()
+		infoObject.openTypeNameRecords = [
+			dict(nameID=1, platformID=1, encodingID=1, languageID=1, string="Name Record."),
+			dict(nameID=1, platformID=1, encodingID=1, languageID=1, string="Name Record.")
+		]
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.dstDir, formatVersion=3)
+		writer.writeInfo(infoObject)
+
+	def testOS2Write(self):
+		# openTypeOS2WidthClass
+		## not an int
+		infoObject = self.makeInfoObject()
+		infoObject.openTypeOS2WidthClass = "abc"
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.dstDir, formatVersion=3)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, writer.writeInfo, info=infoObject)
+		self.tearDownUFO()
+		## out or range
+		infoObject = self.makeInfoObject()
+		infoObject.openTypeOS2WidthClass = 15
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.dstDir, formatVersion=3)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, writer.writeInfo, info=infoObject)
+		self.tearDownUFO()
+		# openTypeOS2WeightClass
+		## not an int
+		infoObject = self.makeInfoObject()
+		infoObject.openTypeOS2WeightClass = "abc"
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.dstDir, formatVersion=3)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, writer.writeInfo, info=infoObject)
+		self.tearDownUFO()
+		## out of range
+		infoObject = self.makeInfoObject()
+		infoObject.openTypeOS2WeightClass = -50
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.dstDir, formatVersion=3)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, writer.writeInfo, info=infoObject)
+		self.tearDownUFO()
+		# openTypeOS2Selection
+		infoObject = self.makeInfoObject()
+		infoObject.openTypeOS2Selection = [-1]
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.dstDir, formatVersion=3)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, writer.writeInfo, info=infoObject)
+		self.tearDownUFO()
+		# openTypeOS2VendorID
+		infoObject = self.makeInfoObject()
+		infoObject.openTypeOS2VendorID = 1234
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.dstDir, formatVersion=3)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, writer.writeInfo, info=infoObject)
+		self.tearDownUFO()
+		# openTypeOS2Panose
+		## not an int
+		infoObject = self.makeInfoObject()
+		infoObject.openTypeOS2Panose = [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, str(9)]
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.dstDir, formatVersion=3)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, writer.writeInfo, info=infoObject)
+		self.tearDownUFO()
+		## too few values
+		infoObject = self.makeInfoObject()
+		infoObject.openTypeOS2Panose = [0, 1, 2, 3]
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.dstDir, formatVersion=3)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, writer.writeInfo, info=infoObject)
+		self.tearDownUFO()
+		## too many values
+		infoObject = self.makeInfoObject()
+		infoObject.openTypeOS2Panose = [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10]
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.dstDir, formatVersion=3)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, writer.writeInfo, info=infoObject)
+		self.tearDownUFO()
+		# openTypeOS2FamilyClass
+		## not an int
+		infoObject = self.makeInfoObject()
+		infoObject.openTypeOS2FamilyClass = [0, str(1)]
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.dstDir, formatVersion=3)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, writer.writeInfo, info=infoObject)
+		self.tearDownUFO()
+		## too few values
+		infoObject = self.makeInfoObject()
+		infoObject.openTypeOS2FamilyClass = [1]
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.dstDir, formatVersion=3)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, writer.writeInfo, info=infoObject)
+		self.tearDownUFO()
+		## too many values
+		infoObject = self.makeInfoObject()
+		infoObject.openTypeOS2FamilyClass = [1, 1, 1]
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.dstDir, formatVersion=3)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, writer.writeInfo, info=infoObject)
+		self.tearDownUFO()
+		## out of range
+		infoObject = self.makeInfoObject()
+		infoObject.openTypeOS2FamilyClass = [1, 20]
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.dstDir, formatVersion=3)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, writer.writeInfo, info=infoObject)
+		self.tearDownUFO()
+		# openTypeOS2UnicodeRanges
+		## not an int
+		infoObject = self.makeInfoObject()
+		infoObject.openTypeOS2UnicodeRanges = ["0"]
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.dstDir, formatVersion=3)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, writer.writeInfo, info=infoObject)
+		self.tearDownUFO()
+		## out of range
+		infoObject = self.makeInfoObject()
+		infoObject.openTypeOS2UnicodeRanges = [-1]
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.dstDir, formatVersion=3)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, writer.writeInfo, info=infoObject)
+		self.tearDownUFO()
+		# openTypeOS2CodePageRanges
+		## not an int
+		infoObject = self.makeInfoObject()
+		infoObject.openTypeOS2CodePageRanges = ["0"]
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.dstDir, formatVersion=3)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, writer.writeInfo, info=infoObject)
+		self.tearDownUFO()
+		## out of range
+		infoObject = self.makeInfoObject()
+		infoObject.openTypeOS2CodePageRanges = [-1]
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.dstDir, formatVersion=3)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, writer.writeInfo, info=infoObject)
+		self.tearDownUFO()
+		# openTypeOS2TypoAscender
+		infoObject = self.makeInfoObject()
+		infoObject.openTypeOS2TypoAscender = "abc"
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.dstDir, formatVersion=3)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, writer.writeInfo, info=infoObject)
+		self.tearDownUFO()
+		# openTypeOS2TypoDescender
+		infoObject = self.makeInfoObject()
+		infoObject.openTypeOS2TypoDescender = "abc"
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.dstDir, formatVersion=3)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, writer.writeInfo, info=infoObject)
+		self.tearDownUFO()
+		# openTypeOS2TypoLineGap
+		infoObject = self.makeInfoObject()
+		infoObject.openTypeOS2TypoLineGap = "abc"
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.dstDir, formatVersion=3)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, writer.writeInfo, info=infoObject)
+		self.tearDownUFO()
+		# openTypeOS2WinAscent
+		infoObject = self.makeInfoObject()
+		infoObject.openTypeOS2WinAscent = "abc"
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.dstDir, formatVersion=3)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, writer.writeInfo, info=infoObject)
+		self.tearDownUFO()
+		infoObject = self.makeInfoObject()
+		infoObject.openTypeOS2WinAscent = -1
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.dstDir, formatVersion=3)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, writer.writeInfo, info=infoObject)
+		self.tearDownUFO()
+		# openTypeOS2WinDescent
+		infoObject = self.makeInfoObject()
+		infoObject.openTypeOS2WinDescent = "abc"
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.dstDir, formatVersion=3)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, writer.writeInfo, info=infoObject)
+		self.tearDownUFO()
+		infoObject = self.makeInfoObject()
+		infoObject.openTypeOS2WinDescent = -1
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.dstDir, formatVersion=3)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, writer.writeInfo, info=infoObject)
+		self.tearDownUFO()
+		# openTypeOS2Type
+		## not an int
+		infoObject = self.makeInfoObject()
+		infoObject.openTypeOS2Type = ["1"]
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.dstDir, formatVersion=3)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, writer.writeInfo, info=infoObject)
+		self.tearDownUFO()
+		## out of range
+		infoObject = self.makeInfoObject()
+		infoObject.openTypeOS2Type = [-1]
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.dstDir, formatVersion=3)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, writer.writeInfo, info=infoObject)
+		self.tearDownUFO()
+		# openTypeOS2SubscriptXSize
+		infoObject = self.makeInfoObject()
+		infoObject.openTypeOS2SubscriptXSize = "abc"
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.dstDir, formatVersion=3)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, writer.writeInfo, info=infoObject)
+		self.tearDownUFO()
+		# openTypeOS2SubscriptYSize
+		infoObject = self.makeInfoObject()
+		infoObject.openTypeOS2SubscriptYSize = "abc"
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.dstDir, formatVersion=3)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, writer.writeInfo, info=infoObject)
+		self.tearDownUFO()
+		# openTypeOS2SubscriptXOffset
+		infoObject = self.makeInfoObject()
+		infoObject.openTypeOS2SubscriptXOffset = "abc"
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.dstDir, formatVersion=3)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, writer.writeInfo, info=infoObject)
+		self.tearDownUFO()
+		# openTypeOS2SubscriptYOffset
+		infoObject = self.makeInfoObject()
+		infoObject.openTypeOS2SubscriptYOffset = "abc"
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.dstDir, formatVersion=3)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, writer.writeInfo, info=infoObject)
+		self.tearDownUFO()
+		# openTypeOS2SuperscriptXSize
+		infoObject = self.makeInfoObject()
+		infoObject.openTypeOS2SuperscriptXSize = "abc"
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.dstDir, formatVersion=3)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, writer.writeInfo, info=infoObject)
+		self.tearDownUFO()
+		# openTypeOS2SuperscriptYSize
+		infoObject = self.makeInfoObject()
+		infoObject.openTypeOS2SuperscriptYSize = "abc"
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.dstDir, formatVersion=3)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, writer.writeInfo, info=infoObject)
+		self.tearDownUFO()
+		# openTypeOS2SuperscriptXOffset
+		infoObject = self.makeInfoObject()
+		infoObject.openTypeOS2SuperscriptXOffset = "abc"
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.dstDir, formatVersion=3)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, writer.writeInfo, info=infoObject)
+		self.tearDownUFO()
+		# openTypeOS2SuperscriptYOffset
+		infoObject = self.makeInfoObject()
+		infoObject.openTypeOS2SuperscriptYOffset = "abc"
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.dstDir, formatVersion=3)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, writer.writeInfo, info=infoObject)
+		self.tearDownUFO()
+		# openTypeOS2StrikeoutSize
+		infoObject = self.makeInfoObject()
+		infoObject.openTypeOS2StrikeoutSize = "abc"
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.dstDir, formatVersion=3)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, writer.writeInfo, info=infoObject)
+		self.tearDownUFO()
+		# openTypeOS2StrikeoutPosition
+		infoObject = self.makeInfoObject()
+		infoObject.openTypeOS2StrikeoutPosition = "abc"
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.dstDir, formatVersion=3)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, writer.writeInfo, info=infoObject)
+		self.tearDownUFO()
+
+	def testVheaWrite(self):
+		# openTypeVheaVertTypoAscender
+		infoObject = self.makeInfoObject()
+		infoObject.openTypeVheaVertTypoAscender = "abc"
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.dstDir, formatVersion=3)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, writer.writeInfo, info=infoObject)
+		self.tearDownUFO()
+		# openTypeVheaVertTypoDescender
+		infoObject = self.makeInfoObject()
+		infoObject.openTypeVheaVertTypoDescender = "abc"
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.dstDir, formatVersion=3)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, writer.writeInfo, info=infoObject)
+		self.tearDownUFO()
+		# openTypeVheaVertTypoLineGap
+		infoObject = self.makeInfoObject()
+		infoObject.openTypeVheaVertTypoLineGap = "abc"
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.dstDir, formatVersion=3)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, writer.writeInfo, info=infoObject)
+		self.tearDownUFO()
+		# openTypeVheaCaretSlopeRise
+		infoObject = self.makeInfoObject()
+		infoObject.openTypeVheaCaretSlopeRise = "abc"
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.dstDir, formatVersion=3)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, writer.writeInfo, info=infoObject)
+		self.tearDownUFO()
+		# openTypeVheaCaretSlopeRun
+		infoObject = self.makeInfoObject()
+		infoObject.openTypeVheaCaretSlopeRun = "abc"
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.dstDir, formatVersion=3)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, writer.writeInfo, info=infoObject)
+		self.tearDownUFO()
+		# openTypeVheaCaretOffset
+		infoObject = self.makeInfoObject()
+		infoObject.openTypeVheaCaretOffset = "abc"
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.dstDir, formatVersion=3)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, writer.writeInfo, info=infoObject)
+		self.tearDownUFO()
+
+	def testFONDWrite(self):
+		# macintoshFONDFamilyID
+		infoObject = self.makeInfoObject()
+		infoObject.macintoshFONDFamilyID = "abc"
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.dstDir, formatVersion=3)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, writer.writeInfo, info=infoObject)
+		self.tearDownUFO()
+		# macintoshFONDName
+		infoObject = self.makeInfoObject()
+		infoObject.macintoshFONDName = 123
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.dstDir, formatVersion=3)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, writer.writeInfo, info=infoObject)
+		self.tearDownUFO()
+
+	def testPostscriptWrite(self):
+		# postscriptFontName
+		infoObject = self.makeInfoObject()
+		infoObject.postscriptFontName = 123
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.dstDir, formatVersion=3)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, writer.writeInfo, info=infoObject)
+		self.tearDownUFO()
+		# postscriptFullName
+		infoObject = self.makeInfoObject()
+		infoObject.postscriptFullName = 123
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.dstDir, formatVersion=3)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, writer.writeInfo, info=infoObject)
+		self.tearDownUFO()
+		# postscriptSlantAngle
+		infoObject = self.makeInfoObject()
+		infoObject.postscriptSlantAngle = "abc"
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.dstDir, formatVersion=3)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, writer.writeInfo, info=infoObject)
+		self.tearDownUFO()
+		# postscriptUniqueID
+		infoObject = self.makeInfoObject()
+		infoObject.postscriptUniqueID = "abc"
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.dstDir, formatVersion=3)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, writer.writeInfo, info=infoObject)
+		self.tearDownUFO()
+		# postscriptUnderlineThickness
+		infoObject = self.makeInfoObject()
+		infoObject.postscriptUnderlineThickness = "abc"
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.dstDir, formatVersion=3)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, writer.writeInfo, info=infoObject)
+		self.tearDownUFO()
+		# postscriptUnderlinePosition
+		infoObject = self.makeInfoObject()
+		infoObject.postscriptUnderlinePosition = "abc"
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.dstDir, formatVersion=3)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, writer.writeInfo, info=infoObject)
+		self.tearDownUFO()
+		# postscriptIsFixedPitch
+		infoObject = self.makeInfoObject()
+		infoObject.postscriptIsFixedPitch = 2
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.dstDir, formatVersion=3)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, writer.writeInfo, info=infoObject)
+		self.tearDownUFO()
+		# postscriptBlueValues
+		## not a list
+		infoObject = self.makeInfoObject()
+		infoObject.postscriptBlueValues = "abc"
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.dstDir, formatVersion=3)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, writer.writeInfo, info=infoObject)
+		self.tearDownUFO()
+		## uneven value count
+		infoObject = self.makeInfoObject()
+		infoObject.postscriptBlueValues = [500]
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.dstDir, formatVersion=3)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, writer.writeInfo, info=infoObject)
+		self.tearDownUFO()
+		## too many values
+		infoObject = self.makeInfoObject()
+		infoObject.postscriptBlueValues = [10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 110, 120, 130, 140, 150, 160]
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.dstDir, formatVersion=3)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, writer.writeInfo, info=infoObject)
+		self.tearDownUFO()
+		# postscriptOtherBlues
+		## not a list
+		infoObject = self.makeInfoObject()
+		infoObject.postscriptOtherBlues = "abc"
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.dstDir, formatVersion=3)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, writer.writeInfo, info=infoObject)
+		self.tearDownUFO()
+		## uneven value count
+		infoObject = self.makeInfoObject()
+		infoObject.postscriptOtherBlues = [500]
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.dstDir, formatVersion=3)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, writer.writeInfo, info=infoObject)
+		self.tearDownUFO()
+		## too many values
+		infoObject = self.makeInfoObject()
+		infoObject.postscriptOtherBlues = [10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 110, 120, 130, 140, 150, 160]
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.dstDir, formatVersion=3)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, writer.writeInfo, info=infoObject)
+		self.tearDownUFO()
+		# postscriptFamilyBlues
+		## not a list
+		infoObject = self.makeInfoObject()
+		infoObject.postscriptFamilyBlues = "abc"
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.dstDir, formatVersion=3)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, writer.writeInfo, info=infoObject)
+		self.tearDownUFO()
+		## uneven value count
+		infoObject = self.makeInfoObject()
+		infoObject.postscriptFamilyBlues = [500]
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.dstDir, formatVersion=3)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, writer.writeInfo, info=infoObject)
+		self.tearDownUFO()
+		## too many values
+		infoObject = self.makeInfoObject()
+		infoObject.postscriptFamilyBlues = [10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 110, 120, 130, 140, 150, 160]
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.dstDir, formatVersion=3)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, writer.writeInfo, info=infoObject)
+		self.tearDownUFO()
+		# postscriptFamilyOtherBlues
+		## not a list
+		infoObject = self.makeInfoObject()
+		infoObject.postscriptFamilyOtherBlues = "abc"
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.dstDir, formatVersion=3)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, writer.writeInfo, info=infoObject)
+		self.tearDownUFO()
+		## uneven value count
+		infoObject = self.makeInfoObject()
+		infoObject.postscriptFamilyOtherBlues = [500]
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.dstDir, formatVersion=3)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, writer.writeInfo, info=infoObject)
+		self.tearDownUFO()
+		## too many values
+		infoObject = self.makeInfoObject()
+		infoObject.postscriptFamilyOtherBlues = [10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 110, 120, 130, 140, 150, 160]
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.dstDir, formatVersion=3)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, writer.writeInfo, info=infoObject)
+		self.tearDownUFO()
+		# postscriptStemSnapH
+		## not list
+		infoObject = self.makeInfoObject()
+		infoObject.postscriptStemSnapH = "abc"
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.dstDir, formatVersion=3)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, writer.writeInfo, info=infoObject)
+		self.tearDownUFO()
+		## too many values
+		infoObject = self.makeInfoObject()
+		infoObject.postscriptStemSnapH = [10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 110, 120, 130, 140, 150, 160]
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.dstDir, formatVersion=3)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, writer.writeInfo, info=infoObject)
+		self.tearDownUFO()
+		# postscriptStemSnapV
+		## not list
+		infoObject = self.makeInfoObject()
+		infoObject.postscriptStemSnapV = "abc"
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.dstDir, formatVersion=3)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, writer.writeInfo, info=infoObject)
+		self.tearDownUFO()
+		## too many values
+		infoObject = self.makeInfoObject()
+		infoObject.postscriptStemSnapV = [10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 110, 120, 130, 140, 150, 160]
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.dstDir, formatVersion=3)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, writer.writeInfo, info=infoObject)
+		self.tearDownUFO()
+		# postscriptBlueFuzz
+		infoObject = self.makeInfoObject()
+		infoObject.postscriptBlueFuzz = "abc"
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.dstDir, formatVersion=3)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, writer.writeInfo, info=infoObject)
+		self.tearDownUFO()
+		# postscriptBlueShift
+		infoObject = self.makeInfoObject()
+		infoObject.postscriptBlueShift = "abc"
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.dstDir, formatVersion=3)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, writer.writeInfo, info=infoObject)
+		self.tearDownUFO()
+		# postscriptBlueScale
+		infoObject = self.makeInfoObject()
+		infoObject.postscriptBlueScale = "abc"
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.dstDir, formatVersion=3)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, writer.writeInfo, info=infoObject)
+		self.tearDownUFO()
+		# postscriptForceBold
+		infoObject = self.makeInfoObject()
+		infoObject.postscriptForceBold = "abc"
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.dstDir, formatVersion=3)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, writer.writeInfo, info=infoObject)
+		self.tearDownUFO()
+		# postscriptDefaultWidthX
+		infoObject = self.makeInfoObject()
+		infoObject.postscriptDefaultWidthX = "abc"
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.dstDir, formatVersion=3)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, writer.writeInfo, info=infoObject)
+		self.tearDownUFO()
+		# postscriptNominalWidthX
+		infoObject = self.makeInfoObject()
+		infoObject.postscriptNominalWidthX = "abc"
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.dstDir, formatVersion=3)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, writer.writeInfo, info=infoObject)
+		self.tearDownUFO()
+		# postscriptWeightName
+		infoObject = self.makeInfoObject()
+		infoObject.postscriptWeightName = 123
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.dstDir, formatVersion=3)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, writer.writeInfo, info=infoObject)
+		self.tearDownUFO()
+		# postscriptDefaultCharacter
+		infoObject = self.makeInfoObject()
+		infoObject.postscriptDefaultCharacter = 123
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.dstDir, formatVersion=3)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, writer.writeInfo, info=infoObject)
+		self.tearDownUFO()
+		# postscriptWindowsCharacterSet
+		infoObject = self.makeInfoObject()
+		infoObject.postscriptWindowsCharacterSet = -1
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.dstDir, formatVersion=3)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, writer.writeInfo, info=infoObject)
+		self.tearDownUFO()
+		# macintoshFONDFamilyID
+		infoObject = self.makeInfoObject()
+		infoObject.macintoshFONDFamilyID = "abc"
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.dstDir, formatVersion=3)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, writer.writeInfo, info=infoObject)
+		self.tearDownUFO()
+		# macintoshFONDName
+		infoObject = self.makeInfoObject()
+		infoObject.macintoshFONDName = 123
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.dstDir, formatVersion=3)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, writer.writeInfo, info=infoObject)
+		self.tearDownUFO()
+
+	def testWOFFWrite(self):
+		# woffMajorVersion
+		infoObject = self.makeInfoObject()
+		infoObject.woffMajorVersion = 1.0
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.dstDir, formatVersion=3)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, writer.writeInfo, info=infoObject)
+		self.tearDownUFO()
+		infoObject = self.makeInfoObject()
+		infoObject.woffMajorVersion = "abc"
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.dstDir, formatVersion=3)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, writer.writeInfo, info=infoObject)
+		self.tearDownUFO()
+		# woffMinorVersion
+		infoObject = self.makeInfoObject()
+		infoObject.woffMinorVersion = 1.0
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.dstDir, formatVersion=3)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, writer.writeInfo, info=infoObject)
+		self.tearDownUFO()
+		infoObject = self.makeInfoObject()
+		infoObject.woffMinorVersion = "abc"
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.dstDir, formatVersion=3)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, writer.writeInfo, info=infoObject)
+		self.tearDownUFO()
+		# woffMetadataUniqueID
+		## none
+		infoObject = self.makeInfoObject()
+		infoObject.woffMetadataUniqueID = None
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.dstDir, formatVersion=3)
+		writer.writeInfo(infoObject)
+		self.tearDownUFO()
+		## not a dict
+		infoObject = self.makeInfoObject()
+		infoObject.woffMetadataUniqueID = 1
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.dstDir, formatVersion=3)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, writer.writeInfo, info=infoObject)
+		self.tearDownUFO()
+		## unknown key
+		infoObject = self.makeInfoObject()
+		infoObject.woffMetadataUniqueID = dict(id="foo", notTheRightKey=1)
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.dstDir, formatVersion=3)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, writer.writeInfo, info=infoObject)
+		self.tearDownUFO()
+		## no id
+		infoObject = self.makeInfoObject()
+		infoObject.woffMetadataUniqueID = dict()
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.dstDir, formatVersion=3)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, writer.writeInfo, info=infoObject)
+		self.tearDownUFO()
+		## not a string for id
+		infoObject = self.makeInfoObject()
+		infoObject.woffMetadataUniqueID = dict(id=1)
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.dstDir, formatVersion=3)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, writer.writeInfo, info=infoObject)
+		self.tearDownUFO()
+		## empty string
+		infoObject = self.makeInfoObject()
+		infoObject.woffMetadataUniqueID = dict(id="")
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.dstDir, formatVersion=3)
+		writer.writeInfo(infoObject)
+		self.tearDownUFO()
+		# woffMetadataVendor
+		## no name
+		infoObject = self.makeInfoObject()
+		infoObject.woffMetadataVendor = dict(url="foo")
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.dstDir, formatVersion=3)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, writer.writeInfo, info=infoObject)
+		self.tearDownUFO()
+		## name not a string
+		infoObject = self.makeInfoObject()
+		infoObject.woffMetadataVendor = dict(name=1, url="foo")
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.dstDir, formatVersion=3)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, writer.writeInfo, info=infoObject)
+		self.tearDownUFO()
+		## name an empty string
+		infoObject = self.makeInfoObject()
+		infoObject.woffMetadataVendor = dict(name="", url="foo")
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.dstDir, formatVersion=3)
+		writer.writeInfo(infoObject)
+		self.tearDownUFO()
+		## no URL
+		infoObject = self.makeInfoObject()
+		infoObject.woffMetadataVendor = dict(name="foo")
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.dstDir, formatVersion=3)
+		writer.writeInfo(infoObject)
+		self.tearDownUFO()
+		## url not a string
+		infoObject = self.makeInfoObject()
+		infoObject.woffMetadataVendor = dict(name="foo", url=1)
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.dstDir, formatVersion=3)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, writer.writeInfo, info=infoObject)
+		self.tearDownUFO()
+		## url empty string
+		infoObject = self.makeInfoObject()
+		infoObject.woffMetadataVendor = dict(name="foo", url="")
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.dstDir, formatVersion=3)
+		writer.writeInfo(infoObject)
+		self.tearDownUFO()
+		## have dir
+		infoObject = self.makeInfoObject()
+		infoObject.woffMetadataVendor = dict(name="foo", url="bar", dir="ltr")
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.dstDir, formatVersion=3)
+		writer.writeInfo(infoObject)
+		self.tearDownUFO()
+		infoObject = self.makeInfoObject()
+		infoObject.woffMetadataVendor = dict(name="foo", url="bar", dir="rtl")
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.dstDir, formatVersion=3)
+		writer.writeInfo(infoObject)
+		self.tearDownUFO()
+		## dir not a string
+		infoObject = self.makeInfoObject()
+		infoObject.woffMetadataVendor = dict(name="foo", url="bar", dir=1)
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.dstDir, formatVersion=3)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, writer.writeInfo, info=infoObject)
+		self.tearDownUFO()
+		## dir not ltr or rtl
+		infoObject = self.makeInfoObject()
+		infoObject.woffMetadataVendor = dict(name="foo", url="bar", dir="utd")
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.dstDir, formatVersion=3)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, writer.writeInfo, info=infoObject)
+		self.tearDownUFO()
+		## have class
+		infoObject = self.makeInfoObject()
+		infoObject.woffMetadataVendor = {"name"  : "foo", "url" : "bar", "class" : "hello"}
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.dstDir, formatVersion=3)
+		writer.writeInfo(infoObject)
+		self.tearDownUFO()
+		## class not a string
+		infoObject = self.makeInfoObject()
+		infoObject.woffMetadataVendor = {"name"  : "foo", "url" : "bar", "class" : 1}
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.dstDir, formatVersion=3)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, writer.writeInfo, info=infoObject)
+		self.tearDownUFO()
+		## class empty string
+		infoObject = self.makeInfoObject()
+		infoObject.woffMetadataVendor = {"name"  : "foo", "url" : "bar", "class" : ""}
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.dstDir, formatVersion=3)
+		writer.writeInfo(infoObject)
+		self.tearDownUFO()
+		# woffMetadataCredits
+		## no credits attribute
+		infoObject = self.makeInfoObject()
+		infoObject.woffMetadataCredits = {}
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.dstDir, formatVersion=3)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, writer.writeInfo, info=infoObject)
+		self.tearDownUFO()
+		## unknown attribute
+		infoObject = self.makeInfoObject()
+		infoObject.woffMetadataCredits = dict(credits=[dict(name="foo")], notTheRightKey=1)
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.dstDir, formatVersion=3)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, writer.writeInfo, info=infoObject)
+		self.tearDownUFO()
+		## not a list
+		infoObject = self.makeInfoObject()
+		infoObject.woffMetadataCredits = dict(credits="abc")
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.dstDir, formatVersion=3)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, writer.writeInfo, info=infoObject)
+		self.tearDownUFO()
+		## no elements in credits
+		infoObject = self.makeInfoObject()
+		infoObject.woffMetadataCredits = dict(credits=[])
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.dstDir, formatVersion=3)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, writer.writeInfo, info=infoObject)
+		self.tearDownUFO()
+		## credit not a dict
+		infoObject = self.makeInfoObject()
+		infoObject.woffMetadataCredits = dict(credits=["abc"])
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.dstDir, formatVersion=3)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, writer.writeInfo, info=infoObject)
+		self.tearDownUFO()
+		## unknown key
+		infoObject = self.makeInfoObject()
+		infoObject.woffMetadataCredits = dict(credits=[dict(name="foo", notTheRightKey=1)])
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.dstDir, formatVersion=3)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, writer.writeInfo, info=infoObject)
+		self.tearDownUFO()
+		## no name
+		infoObject = self.makeInfoObject()
+		infoObject.woffMetadataCredits = dict(credits=[dict(url="foo")])
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.dstDir, formatVersion=3)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, writer.writeInfo, info=infoObject)
+		self.tearDownUFO()
+		## name not a string
+		infoObject = self.makeInfoObject()
+		infoObject.woffMetadataCredits = dict(credits=[dict(name=1)])
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.dstDir, formatVersion=3)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, writer.writeInfo, info=infoObject)
+		self.tearDownUFO()
+		## url not a string
+		infoObject = self.makeInfoObject()
+		infoObject.woffMetadataCredits = dict(credits=[dict(name="foo", url=1)])
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.dstDir, formatVersion=3)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, writer.writeInfo, info=infoObject)
+		self.tearDownUFO()
+		## role not a string
+		infoObject = self.makeInfoObject()
+		infoObject.woffMetadataCredits = dict(credits=[dict(name="foo", role=1)])
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.dstDir, formatVersion=3)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, writer.writeInfo, info=infoObject)
+		self.tearDownUFO()
+		## dir not a string
+		infoObject = self.makeInfoObject()
+		infoObject.woffMetadataCredits = dict(credits=[dict(name="foo", dir=1)])
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.dstDir, formatVersion=3)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, writer.writeInfo, info=infoObject)
+		self.tearDownUFO()
+		## dir not ltr or rtl
+		infoObject = self.makeInfoObject()
+		infoObject.woffMetadataCredits = dict(credits=[dict(name="foo", dir="utd")])
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.dstDir, formatVersion=3)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, writer.writeInfo, info=infoObject)
+		self.tearDownUFO()
+		## class not a string
+		infoObject = self.makeInfoObject()
+		infoObject.woffMetadataCredits = dict(credits=[{"name"  : "foo", "class" : 1}])
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.dstDir, formatVersion=3)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, writer.writeInfo, info=infoObject)
+		self.tearDownUFO()
+		# woffMetadataDescription
+		## no url
+		infoObject = self.makeInfoObject()
+		infoObject.woffMetadataDescription = dict(text=[dict(text="foo")])
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.dstDir, formatVersion=3)
+		writer.writeInfo(infoObject)
+		self.tearDownUFO()
+		## url not a string
+		infoObject = self.makeInfoObject()
+		infoObject.woffMetadataDescription = dict(text=[dict(text="foo")], url=1)
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.dstDir, formatVersion=3)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, writer.writeInfo, info=infoObject)
+		self.tearDownUFO()
+		## no text
+		infoObject = self.makeInfoObject()
+		infoObject.woffMetadataDescription = dict(url="foo")
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.dstDir, formatVersion=3)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, writer.writeInfo, info=infoObject)
+		self.tearDownUFO()
+		## text not a list
+		infoObject = self.makeInfoObject()
+		infoObject.woffMetadataDescription = dict(text="abc")
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.dstDir, formatVersion=3)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, writer.writeInfo, info=infoObject)
+		self.tearDownUFO()
+		## text item not a dict
+		infoObject = self.makeInfoObject()
+		infoObject.woffMetadataDescription = dict(text=["abc"])
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.dstDir, formatVersion=3)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, writer.writeInfo, info=infoObject)
+		self.tearDownUFO()
+		## text item unknown key
+		infoObject = self.makeInfoObject()
+		infoObject.woffMetadataDescription = dict(text=[dict(text="foo", notTheRightKey=1)])
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.dstDir, formatVersion=3)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, writer.writeInfo, info=infoObject)
+		self.tearDownUFO()
+		## text item missing text
+		infoObject = self.makeInfoObject()
+		infoObject.woffMetadataDescription = dict(text=[dict(language="foo")])
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.dstDir, formatVersion=3)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, writer.writeInfo, info=infoObject)
+		self.tearDownUFO()
+		## text not a string
+		infoObject = self.makeInfoObject()
+		infoObject.woffMetadataDescription = dict(text=[dict(text=1)])
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.dstDir, formatVersion=3)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, writer.writeInfo, info=infoObject)
+		self.tearDownUFO()
+		## url not a string
+		infoObject = self.makeInfoObject()
+		infoObject.woffMetadataDescription = dict(text=[dict(text="foo", url=1)])
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.dstDir, formatVersion=3)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, writer.writeInfo, info=infoObject)
+		self.tearDownUFO()
+		## language not a string
+		infoObject = self.makeInfoObject()
+		infoObject.woffMetadataDescription = dict(text=[dict(text="foo", language=1)])
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.dstDir, formatVersion=3)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, writer.writeInfo, info=infoObject)
+		self.tearDownUFO()
+		## dir not ltr or rtl
+		infoObject = self.makeInfoObject()
+		infoObject.woffMetadataDescription = dict(text=[dict(text="foo", dir="utd")])
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.dstDir, formatVersion=3)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, writer.writeInfo, info=infoObject)
+		self.tearDownUFO()
+		## class not a string
+		infoObject = self.makeInfoObject()
+		infoObject.woffMetadataDescription = dict(text=[{"text"  : "foo", "class" : 1}])
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.dstDir, formatVersion=3)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, writer.writeInfo, info=infoObject)
+		self.tearDownUFO()
+		# woffMetadataLicense
+		## no url
+		infoObject = self.makeInfoObject()
+		infoObject.woffMetadataLicense = dict(text=[dict(text="foo")])
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.dstDir, formatVersion=3)
+		writer.writeInfo(infoObject)
+		self.tearDownUFO()
+		## url not a string
+		infoObject = self.makeInfoObject()
+		infoObject.woffMetadataLicense = dict(text=[dict(text="foo")], url=1)
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.dstDir, formatVersion=3)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, writer.writeInfo, info=infoObject)
+		self.tearDownUFO()
+		## id not a string
+		infoObject = self.makeInfoObject()
+		infoObject.woffMetadataLicense = dict(text=[dict(text="foo")], id=1)
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.dstDir, formatVersion=3)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, writer.writeInfo, info=infoObject)
+		self.tearDownUFO()
+		## no text
+		infoObject = self.makeInfoObject()
+		infoObject.woffMetadataLicense = dict(url="foo")
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.dstDir, formatVersion=3)
+		writer.writeInfo(infoObject)
+		self.tearDownUFO()
+		## text not a list
+		infoObject = self.makeInfoObject()
+		infoObject.woffMetadataLicense = dict(text="abc")
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.dstDir, formatVersion=3)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, writer.writeInfo, info=infoObject)
+		self.tearDownUFO()
+		## text item not a dict
+		infoObject = self.makeInfoObject()
+		infoObject.woffMetadataLicense = dict(text=["abc"])
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.dstDir, formatVersion=3)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, writer.writeInfo, info=infoObject)
+		self.tearDownUFO()
+		## text item unknown key
+		infoObject = self.makeInfoObject()
+		infoObject.woffMetadataLicense = dict(text=[dict(text="foo", notTheRightKey=1)])
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.dstDir, formatVersion=3)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, writer.writeInfo, info=infoObject)
+		self.tearDownUFO()
+		## text item missing text
+		infoObject = self.makeInfoObject()
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.dstDir, formatVersion=3)
+		infoObject.woffMetadataLicense = dict(text=[dict(language="foo")])
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, writer.writeInfo, info=infoObject)
+		self.tearDownUFO()
+		## text not a string
+		infoObject = self.makeInfoObject()
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.dstDir, formatVersion=3)
+		infoObject.woffMetadataLicense = dict(text=[dict(text=1)])
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, writer.writeInfo, info=infoObject)
+		self.tearDownUFO()
+		## url not a string
+		infoObject = self.makeInfoObject()
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.dstDir, formatVersion=3)
+		infoObject.woffMetadataLicense = dict(text=[dict(text="foo", url=1)])
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, writer.writeInfo, info=infoObject)
+		self.tearDownUFO()
+		## language not a string
+		infoObject = self.makeInfoObject()
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.dstDir, formatVersion=3)
+		infoObject.woffMetadataLicense = dict(text=[dict(text="foo", language=1)])
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, writer.writeInfo, info=infoObject)
+		self.tearDownUFO()
+		## dir not ltr or rtl
+		infoObject = self.makeInfoObject()
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.dstDir, formatVersion=3)
+		infoObject.woffMetadataLicense = dict(text=[dict(text="foo", dir="utd")])
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, writer.writeInfo, info=infoObject)
+		self.tearDownUFO()
+		## class not a string
+		infoObject = self.makeInfoObject()
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.dstDir, formatVersion=3)
+		infoObject.woffMetadataLicense = dict(text=[{"text"  : "foo", "class" : 1}])
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, writer.writeInfo, info=infoObject)
+		self.tearDownUFO()
+		# woffMetadataCopyright
+		## unknown attribute
+		infoObject = self.makeInfoObject()
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.dstDir, formatVersion=3)
+		infoObject.woffMetadataCopyright = dict(text=[dict(text="foo")], notTheRightKey=1)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, writer.writeInfo, info=infoObject)
+		self.tearDownUFO()
+		## no text
+		infoObject = self.makeInfoObject()
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.dstDir, formatVersion=3)
+		infoObject.woffMetadataCopyright = dict()
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, writer.writeInfo, info=infoObject)
+		self.tearDownUFO()
+		## text not a list
+		infoObject = self.makeInfoObject()
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.dstDir, formatVersion=3)
+		infoObject.woffMetadataCopyright = dict(text="abc")
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, writer.writeInfo, info=infoObject)
+		self.tearDownUFO()
+		## text item not a dict
+		infoObject = self.makeInfoObject()
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.dstDir, formatVersion=3)
+		infoObject.woffMetadataCopyright = dict(text=["abc"])
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, writer.writeInfo, info=infoObject)
+		self.tearDownUFO()
+		## text item unknown key
+		infoObject = self.makeInfoObject()
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.dstDir, formatVersion=3)
+		infoObject.woffMetadataCopyright = dict(text=[dict(text="foo", notTheRightKey=1)])
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, writer.writeInfo, info=infoObject)
+		self.tearDownUFO()
+		## text item missing text
+		infoObject = self.makeInfoObject()
+		infoObject.woffMetadataCopyright = dict(text=[dict(language="foo")])
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, writer.writeInfo, info=infoObject)
+		self.tearDownUFO()
+		## text not a string
+		infoObject = self.makeInfoObject()
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.dstDir, formatVersion=3)
+		infoObject.woffMetadataCopyright = dict(text=[dict(text=1)])
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, writer.writeInfo, info=infoObject)
+		self.tearDownUFO()
+		## url not a string
+		infoObject = self.makeInfoObject()
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.dstDir, formatVersion=3)
+		infoObject.woffMetadataCopyright = dict(text=[dict(text="foo", url=1)])
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, writer.writeInfo, info=infoObject)
+		self.tearDownUFO()
+		## language not a string
+		infoObject = self.makeInfoObject()
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.dstDir, formatVersion=3)
+		infoObject.woffMetadataCopyright = dict(text=[dict(text="foo", language=1)])
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, writer.writeInfo, info=infoObject)
+		self.tearDownUFO()
+		## dir not ltr or rtl
+		infoObject = self.makeInfoObject()
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.dstDir, formatVersion=3)
+		infoObject.woffMetadataCopyright = dict(text=[dict(text="foo", dir="utd")])
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, writer.writeInfo, info=infoObject)
+		self.tearDownUFO()
+		## class not a string
+		infoObject = self.makeInfoObject()
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.dstDir, formatVersion=3)
+		infoObject.woffMetadataCopyright = dict(text=[{"text"  : "foo", "class" : 1}])
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, writer.writeInfo, info=infoObject)
+		self.tearDownUFO()
+		# woffMetadataTrademark
+		## unknown attribute
+		infoObject = self.makeInfoObject()
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.dstDir, formatVersion=3)
+		infoObject.woffMetadataTrademark = dict(text=[dict(text="foo")], notTheRightKey=1)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, writer.writeInfo, info=infoObject)
+		self.tearDownUFO()
+		## no text
+		infoObject = self.makeInfoObject()
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.dstDir, formatVersion=3)
+		infoObject.woffMetadataTrademark = dict()
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, writer.writeInfo, info=infoObject)
+		self.tearDownUFO()
+		## text not a list
+		infoObject = self.makeInfoObject()
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.dstDir, formatVersion=3)
+		infoObject.woffMetadataTrademark = dict(text="abc")
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, writer.writeInfo, info=infoObject)
+		self.tearDownUFO()
+		## text item not a dict
+		infoObject = self.makeInfoObject()
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.dstDir, formatVersion=3)
+		infoObject.woffMetadataTrademark = dict(text=["abc"])
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, writer.writeInfo, info=infoObject)
+		self.tearDownUFO()
+		## text item unknown key
+		infoObject = self.makeInfoObject()
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.dstDir, formatVersion=3)
+		infoObject.woffMetadataTrademark = dict(text=[dict(text="foo", notTheRightKey=1)])
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, writer.writeInfo, info=infoObject)
+		self.tearDownUFO()
+		## text item missing text
+		infoObject = self.makeInfoObject()
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.dstDir, formatVersion=3)
+		infoObject.woffMetadataTrademark = dict(text=[dict(language="foo")])
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, writer.writeInfo, info=infoObject)
+		self.tearDownUFO()
+		## text not a string
+		infoObject = self.makeInfoObject()
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.dstDir, formatVersion=3)
+		infoObject.woffMetadataTrademark = dict(text=[dict(text=1)])
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, writer.writeInfo, info=infoObject)
+		self.tearDownUFO()
+		## url not a string
+		infoObject = self.makeInfoObject()
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.dstDir, formatVersion=3)
+		infoObject.woffMetadataTrademark = dict(text=[dict(text="foo", url=1)])
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, writer.writeInfo, info=infoObject)
+		self.tearDownUFO()
+		## language not a string
+		infoObject = self.makeInfoObject()
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.dstDir, formatVersion=3)
+		infoObject.woffMetadataTrademark = dict(text=[dict(text="foo", language=1)])
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, writer.writeInfo, info=infoObject)
+		self.tearDownUFO()
+		## dir not ltr or rtl
+		infoObject = self.makeInfoObject()
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.dstDir, formatVersion=3)
+		infoObject.woffMetadataTrademark = dict(text=[dict(text="foo", dir="utd")])
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, writer.writeInfo, info=infoObject)
+		self.tearDownUFO()
+		## class not a string
+		infoObject = self.makeInfoObject()
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.dstDir, formatVersion=3)
+		infoObject.woffMetadataTrademark = dict(text=[{"text"  : "foo", "class" : 1}])
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, writer.writeInfo, info=infoObject)
+		self.tearDownUFO()
+		# woffMetadataLicensee
+		## no name
+		infoObject = self.makeInfoObject()
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.dstDir, formatVersion=3)
+		infoObject.woffMetadataLicensee = dict()
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, writer.writeInfo, info=infoObject)
+		self.tearDownUFO()
+		## unknown attribute
+		infoObject = self.makeInfoObject()
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.dstDir, formatVersion=3)
+		infoObject.woffMetadataLicensee = dict(name="foo", notTheRightKey=1)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, writer.writeInfo, info=infoObject)
+		self.tearDownUFO()
+		## name not a string
+		infoObject = self.makeInfoObject()
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.dstDir, formatVersion=3)
+		infoObject.woffMetadataLicensee = dict(name=1)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, writer.writeInfo, info=infoObject)
+		self.tearDownUFO()
+		## dir options
+		infoObject = self.makeInfoObject()
+		infoObject.woffMetadataLicensee = dict(name="foo", dir="ltr")
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.dstDir, formatVersion=3)
+		writer.writeInfo(infoObject)
+		self.tearDownUFO()
+		infoObject = self.makeInfoObject()
+		infoObject.woffMetadataLicensee = dict(name="foo", dir="rtl")
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.dstDir, formatVersion=3)
+		writer.writeInfo(infoObject)
+		self.tearDownUFO()
+		## dir not ltr or rtl
+		infoObject = self.makeInfoObject()
+		infoObject.woffMetadataLicensee = dict(name="foo", dir="utd")
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.dstDir, formatVersion=3)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, writer.writeInfo, info=infoObject)
+		self.tearDownUFO()
+		## have class
+		infoObject = self.makeInfoObject()
+		infoObject.woffMetadataLicensee = {"name" : "foo", "class" : "hello"}
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.dstDir, formatVersion=3)
+		writer.writeInfo(infoObject)
+		self.tearDownUFO()
+		## class not a string
+		infoObject = self.makeInfoObject()
+		infoObject.woffMetadataLicensee = {"name" : "foo", "class" : 1}
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.dstDir, formatVersion=3)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, writer.writeInfo, info=infoObject)
+		self.tearDownUFO()
+
+	def testGuidelinesWrite(self):
+		# x
+		## not an int or float
+		infoObject = self.makeInfoObject()
+		infoObject.guidelines = [dict(x="1")]
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.dstDir, formatVersion=3)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, writer.writeInfo, info=infoObject)
+		self.tearDownUFO()
+		# y
+		## not an int or float
+		infoObject = self.makeInfoObject()
+		infoObject.guidelines = [dict(y="1")]
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.dstDir, formatVersion=3)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, writer.writeInfo, info=infoObject)
+		self.tearDownUFO()
+		# angle
+		## < 0
+		infoObject = self.makeInfoObject()
+		infoObject.guidelines = [dict(x=0, y=0, angle=-1)]
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.dstDir, formatVersion=3)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, writer.writeInfo, info=infoObject)
+		self.tearDownUFO()
+		## > 360
+		infoObject = self.makeInfoObject()
+		infoObject.guidelines = [dict(x=0, y=0, angle=361)]
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.dstDir, formatVersion=3)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, writer.writeInfo, info=infoObject)
+		self.tearDownUFO()
+		# name
+		## not a string
+		infoObject = self.makeInfoObject()
+		infoObject.guidelines = [dict(x=0, name=1)]
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.dstDir, formatVersion=3)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, writer.writeInfo, info=infoObject)
+		self.tearDownUFO()
+		# color
+		## not a string
+		infoObject = self.makeInfoObject()
+		infoObject.guidelines = [dict(x=0, color=1)]
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.dstDir, formatVersion=3)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, writer.writeInfo, info=infoObject)
+		self.tearDownUFO()
+		## not enough commas
+		infoObject = self.makeInfoObject()
+		infoObject.guidelines = [dict(x=0, color="1 0, 0, 0")]
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.dstDir, formatVersion=3)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, writer.writeInfo, info=infoObject)
+		self.tearDownUFO()
+		infoObject = self.makeInfoObject()
+		infoObject.guidelines = [dict(x=0, color="1 0 0, 0")]
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.dstDir, formatVersion=3)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, writer.writeInfo, info=infoObject)
+		self.tearDownUFO()
+		infoObject = self.makeInfoObject()
+		infoObject.guidelines = [dict(x=0, color="1 0 0 0")]
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.dstDir, formatVersion=3)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, writer.writeInfo, info=infoObject)
+		self.tearDownUFO()
+		## not enough parts
+		infoObject = self.makeInfoObject()
+		infoObject.guidelines = [dict(x=0, color=", 0, 0, 0")]
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.dstDir, formatVersion=3)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, writer.writeInfo, info=infoObject)
+		self.tearDownUFO()
+		infoObject = self.makeInfoObject()
+		infoObject.guidelines = [dict(x=0, color="1, , 0, 0")]
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.dstDir, formatVersion=3)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, writer.writeInfo, info=infoObject)
+		self.tearDownUFO()
+		infoObject = self.makeInfoObject()
+		infoObject.guidelines = [dict(x=0, color="1, 0, , 0")]
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.dstDir, formatVersion=3)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, writer.writeInfo, info=infoObject)
+		self.tearDownUFO()
+		infoObject = self.makeInfoObject()
+		infoObject.guidelines = [dict(x=0, color="1, 0, 0, ")]
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.dstDir, formatVersion=3)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, writer.writeInfo, info=infoObject)
+		self.tearDownUFO()
+		infoObject = self.makeInfoObject()
+		infoObject.guidelines = [dict(x=0, color=", , , ")]
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.dstDir, formatVersion=3)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, writer.writeInfo, info=infoObject)
+		self.tearDownUFO()
+		## not a number in all positions
+		infoObject = self.makeInfoObject()
+		infoObject.guidelines = [dict(x=0, color="r, 1, 1, 1")]
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.dstDir, formatVersion=3)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, writer.writeInfo, info=infoObject)
+		self.tearDownUFO()
+		infoObject = self.makeInfoObject()
+		infoObject.guidelines = [dict(x=0, color="1, g, 1, 1")]
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.dstDir, formatVersion=3)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, writer.writeInfo, info=infoObject)
+		self.tearDownUFO()
+		infoObject = self.makeInfoObject()
+		infoObject.guidelines = [dict(x=0, color="1, 1, b, 1")]
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.dstDir, formatVersion=3)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, writer.writeInfo, info=infoObject)
+		self.tearDownUFO()
+		infoObject = self.makeInfoObject()
+		infoObject.guidelines = [dict(x=0, color="1, 1, 1, a")]
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.dstDir, formatVersion=3)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, writer.writeInfo, info=infoObject)
+		self.tearDownUFO()
+		## too many parts
+		infoObject = self.makeInfoObject()
+		infoObject.guidelines = [dict(x=0, color="1, 0, 0, 0, 0")]
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.dstDir, formatVersion=3)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, writer.writeInfo, info=infoObject)
+		self.tearDownUFO()
+		## < 0 in each position
+		infoObject = self.makeInfoObject()
+		infoObject.guidelines = [dict(x=0, color="-1, 0, 0, 0")]
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.dstDir, formatVersion=3)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, writer.writeInfo, info=infoObject)
+		self.tearDownUFO()
+		infoObject = self.makeInfoObject()
+		infoObject.guidelines = [dict(x=0, color="0, -1, 0, 0")]
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.dstDir, formatVersion=3)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, writer.writeInfo, info=infoObject)
+		self.tearDownUFO()
+		infoObject = self.makeInfoObject()
+		infoObject.guidelines = [dict(x=0, color="0, 0, -1, 0")]
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.dstDir, formatVersion=3)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, writer.writeInfo, info=infoObject)
+		self.tearDownUFO()
+		infoObject = self.makeInfoObject()
+		infoObject.guidelines = [dict(x=0, color="0, 0, 0, -1")]
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.dstDir, formatVersion=3)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, writer.writeInfo, info=infoObject)
+		self.tearDownUFO()
+		## > 1 in each position
+		infoObject = self.makeInfoObject()
+		infoObject.guidelines = [dict(x=0, color="2, 0, 0, 0")]
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.dstDir, formatVersion=3)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, writer.writeInfo, info=infoObject)
+		self.tearDownUFO()
+		infoObject = self.makeInfoObject()
+		infoObject.guidelines = [dict(x=0, color="0, 2, 0, 0")]
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.dstDir, formatVersion=3)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, writer.writeInfo, info=infoObject)
+		self.tearDownUFO()
+		infoObject = self.makeInfoObject()
+		infoObject.guidelines = [dict(x=0, color="0, 0, 2, 0")]
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.dstDir, formatVersion=3)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, writer.writeInfo, info=infoObject)
+		self.tearDownUFO()
+		infoObject = self.makeInfoObject()
+		infoObject.guidelines = [dict(x=0, color="0, 0, 0, 2")]
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.dstDir, formatVersion=3)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, writer.writeInfo, info=infoObject)
+		self.tearDownUFO()
+		# identifier
+		## duplicate
+		infoObject = self.makeInfoObject()
+		infoObject.guidelines = [dict(x=0, identifier="guide1"), dict(y=0, identifier="guide1")]
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.dstDir, formatVersion=3)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, writer.writeInfo, info=infoObject)
+		self.tearDownUFO()
+		## below min
+		infoObject = self.makeInfoObject()
+		infoObject.guidelines = [dict(x=0, identifier="\0x1F")]
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.dstDir, formatVersion=3)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, writer.writeInfo, info=infoObject)
+		self.tearDownUFO()
+		## above max
+		infoObject = self.makeInfoObject()
+		infoObject.guidelines = [dict(x=0, identifier="\0x7F")]
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.dstDir, formatVersion=3)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, writer.writeInfo, info=infoObject)
+		self.tearDownUFO()
+
+
+# ------
+# layers
+# ------
+
+class UFO3ReadLayersTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
+
+	def setUp(self):
+		self.tempDir = tempfile.mktemp()
+		os.mkdir(self.tempDir)
+		self.ufoPath = os.path.join(self.tempDir, "test.ufo")
+
+	def tearDown(self):
+		shutil.rmtree(self.tempDir)
+
+	def makeUFO(self, metaInfo=None, layerContents=None):
+		self.clearUFO()
+		if not os.path.exists(self.ufoPath):
+			os.mkdir(self.ufoPath)
+		# metainfo.plist
+		if metaInfo is None:
+			metaInfo = dict(creator="test", formatVersion=3)
+		path = os.path.join(self.ufoPath, "metainfo.plist")
+		with open(path, "wb") as f:
+			plistlib.dump(metaInfo, f)
+		# layers
+		if layerContents is None:
+			layerContents = [
+				("public.default", "glyphs"),
+				("layer 1", "glyphs.layer 1"),
+				("layer 2", "glyphs.layer 2"),
+			]
+		if layerContents:
+			path = os.path.join(self.ufoPath, "layercontents.plist")
+			with open(path, "wb") as f:
+				plistlib.dump(layerContents, f)
+		else:
+			layerContents = [("", "glyphs")]
+		for name, directory in layerContents:
+			glyphsPath = os.path.join(self.ufoPath, directory)
+			os.mkdir(glyphsPath)
+			contents = dict(a="a.glif")
+			path = os.path.join(glyphsPath, "contents.plist")
+			with open(path, "wb") as f:
+				plistlib.dump(contents, f)
+			path = os.path.join(glyphsPath, "a.glif")
+			with open(path, "w") as f:
+				f.write(" ")
+
+	def clearUFO(self):
+		if os.path.exists(self.ufoPath):
+			shutil.rmtree(self.ufoPath)
+
+	# valid
+
+	def testValidRead(self):
+		# UFO 1
+		self.makeUFO(
+			metaInfo=dict(creator="test", formatVersion=1),
+			layerContents=dict()
+		)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.ufoPath, validate=True)
+		reader.getGlyphSet()
+		# UFO 2
+		self.makeUFO(
+			metaInfo=dict(creator="test", formatVersion=2),
+			layerContents=dict()
+		)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.ufoPath, validate=True)
+		reader.getGlyphSet()
+		# UFO 3
+		self.makeUFO()
+		reader = UFOReader(self.ufoPath, validate=True)
+		reader.getGlyphSet()
+
+	# missing layer contents
+
+	def testMissingLayerContents(self):
+		self.makeUFO()
+		path = os.path.join(self.ufoPath, "layercontents.plist")
+		os.remove(path)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.ufoPath, validate=True)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, reader.getGlyphSet)
+
+	# layer contents invalid format
+
+	def testInvalidLayerContentsFormat(self):
+		# bogus
+		self.makeUFO()
+		path = os.path.join(self.ufoPath, "layercontents.plist")
+		os.remove(path)
+		with open(path, "w") as f:
+			f.write("test")
+		reader = UFOReader(self.ufoPath, validate=True)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, reader.getGlyphSet)
+		# dict
+		self.makeUFO()
+		path = os.path.join(self.ufoPath, "layercontents.plist")
+		os.remove(path)
+		layerContents = {
+			"public.default" : "glyphs",
+			"layer 1" : "glyphs.layer 1",
+			"layer 2" : "glyphs.layer 2",
+		}
+		with open(path, "wb") as f:
+			plistlib.dump(layerContents, f)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.ufoPath, validate=True)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, reader.getGlyphSet)
+
+	# layer contents invalid name format
+
+	def testInvalidLayerContentsNameFormat(self):
+		self.makeUFO()
+		path = os.path.join(self.ufoPath, "layercontents.plist")
+		os.remove(path)
+		layerContents = [
+			(1, "glyphs"),
+			("layer 1", "glyphs.layer 1"),
+			("layer 2", "glyphs.layer 2")
+		]
+		with open(path, "wb") as f:
+			plistlib.dump(layerContents, f)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.ufoPath, validate=True)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, reader.getGlyphSet)
+
+	# layer contents invalid directory format
+
+	def testInvalidLayerContentsDirectoryFormat(self):
+		self.makeUFO()
+		path = os.path.join(self.ufoPath, "layercontents.plist")
+		os.remove(path)
+		layerContents = [
+			("public.foregound", "glyphs"),
+			("layer 1", 1),
+			("layer 2", "glyphs.layer 2")
+		]
+		with open(path, "wb") as f:
+			plistlib.dump(layerContents, f)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.ufoPath, validate=True)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, reader.getGlyphSet)
+
+	# directory listed in contents not on disk
+
+	def testLayerContentsHasMissingDirectory(self):
+		self.makeUFO()
+		path = os.path.join(self.ufoPath, "layercontents.plist")
+		os.remove(path)
+		layerContents = [
+			("public.foregound", "glyphs"),
+			("layer 1", "glyphs.doesnotexist"),
+			("layer 2", "glyphs.layer 2")
+		]
+		with open(path, "wb") as f:
+			plistlib.dump(layerContents, f)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.ufoPath, validate=True)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, reader.getGlyphSet)
+
+	# # directory on disk not listed in contents
+	# XXX should this raise an error?
+	#
+	# def testLayerContentsHasMissingDirectory(self):
+	# 	self.makeUFO()
+	# 	path = os.path.join(self.ufoPath, "layercontents.plist")
+	# 	os.remove(path)
+	# 	layerContents = [
+	# 		("public.foregound", "glyphs"),
+	# 		("layer 1", "glyphs.layer 2")
+	# 	]
+	# 	with open(path, "wb") as f:
+	# 		plistlib.dump(layerContents, f)
+	# 	reader = UFOReader(self.ufoPath, validate=True)
+	# 	with self.assertRaises(UFOLibError):
+	# 		reader.getGlyphSet()
+
+	# no default layer on disk
+
+	def testMissingDefaultLayer(self):
+		self.makeUFO()
+		path = os.path.join(self.ufoPath, "layercontents.plist")
+		os.remove(path)
+		layerContents = [
+			("layer 1", "glyphs.layer 1"),
+			("layer 2", "glyphs.layer 2")
+		]
+		with open(path, "wb") as f:
+			plistlib.dump(layerContents, f)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.ufoPath, validate=True)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, reader.getGlyphSet)
+
+	# duplicate layer name
+
+	def testDuplicateLayerName(self):
+		self.makeUFO()
+		path = os.path.join(self.ufoPath, "layercontents.plist")
+		os.remove(path)
+		layerContents = [
+			("public.foregound", "glyphs"),
+			("layer 1", "glyphs.layer 1"),
+			("layer 1", "glyphs.layer 2")
+		]
+		with open(path, "wb") as f:
+			plistlib.dump(layerContents, f)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.ufoPath, validate=True)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, reader.getGlyphSet)
+
+	# directory referenced by two layer names
+
+	def testDuplicateLayerDirectory(self):
+		self.makeUFO()
+		path = os.path.join(self.ufoPath, "layercontents.plist")
+		os.remove(path)
+		layerContents = [
+			("public.foregound", "glyphs"),
+			("layer 1", "glyphs.layer 1"),
+			("layer 2", "glyphs.layer 1")
+		]
+		with open(path, "wb") as f:
+			plistlib.dump(layerContents, f)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.ufoPath, validate=True)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, reader.getGlyphSet)
+
+	# default without a name
+
+	def testDefaultLayerNoName(self):
+		# get the glyph set
+		self.makeUFO()
+		path = os.path.join(self.ufoPath, "layercontents.plist")
+		os.remove(path)
+		layerContents = [
+			("public.foregound", "glyphs"),
+			("layer 1", "glyphs.layer 1"),
+			("layer 2", "glyphs.layer 2")
+		]
+		with open(path, "wb") as f:
+			plistlib.dump(layerContents, f)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.ufoPath, validate=True)
+		reader.getGlyphSet()
+
+	# default with a name
+
+	def testDefaultLayerName(self):
+		# get the name
+		self.makeUFO()
+		path = os.path.join(self.ufoPath, "layercontents.plist")
+		os.remove(path)
+		layerContents = [
+			("custom name", "glyphs"),
+			("layer 1", "glyphs.layer 1"),
+			("layer 2", "glyphs.layer 2")
+		]
+		expected = layerContents[0][0]
+		with open(path, "wb") as f:
+			plistlib.dump(layerContents, f)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.ufoPath, validate=True)
+		result = reader.getDefaultLayerName()
+		self.assertEqual(expected, result)
+		# get the glyph set
+		self.makeUFO()
+		path = os.path.join(self.ufoPath, "layercontents.plist")
+		os.remove(path)
+		layerContents = [
+			("custom name", "glyphs"),
+			("layer 1", "glyphs.layer 1"),
+			("layer 2", "glyphs.layer 2")
+		]
+		with open(path, "wb") as f:
+			plistlib.dump(layerContents, f)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.ufoPath, validate=True)
+		reader.getGlyphSet(expected)
+
+	# layer order
+
+	def testLayerOrder(self):
+		self.makeUFO()
+		path = os.path.join(self.ufoPath, "layercontents.plist")
+		os.remove(path)
+		layerContents = [
+			("public.foregound", "glyphs"),
+			("layer 1", "glyphs.layer 1"),
+			("layer 2", "glyphs.layer 2")
+		]
+		expected = [name for (name, directory) in layerContents]
+		with open(path, "wb") as f:
+			plistlib.dump(layerContents, f)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.ufoPath, validate=True)
+		result = reader.getLayerNames()
+		self.assertEqual(expected, result)
+		self.makeUFO()
+		path = os.path.join(self.ufoPath, "layercontents.plist")
+		os.remove(path)
+		layerContents = [
+			("layer 1", "glyphs.layer 1"),
+			("public.foregound", "glyphs"),
+			("layer 2", "glyphs.layer 2")
+		]
+		expected = [name for (name, directory) in layerContents]
+		with open(path, "wb") as f:
+			plistlib.dump(layerContents, f)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.ufoPath, validate=True)
+		result = reader.getLayerNames()
+		self.assertEqual(expected, result)
+		self.makeUFO()
+		path = os.path.join(self.ufoPath, "layercontents.plist")
+		os.remove(path)
+		layerContents = [
+			("layer 2", "glyphs.layer 2"),
+			("layer 1", "glyphs.layer 1"),
+			("public.foregound", "glyphs")
+		]
+		expected = [name for (name, directory) in layerContents]
+		with open(path, "wb") as f:
+			plistlib.dump(layerContents, f)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.ufoPath, validate=True)
+		result = reader.getLayerNames()
+		self.assertEqual(expected, result)
+
+
+class UFO3WriteLayersTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
+
+	def setUp(self):
+		self.tempDir = tempfile.mktemp()
+		os.mkdir(self.tempDir)
+		self.ufoPath = os.path.join(self.tempDir, "test.ufo")
+
+	def tearDown(self):
+		shutil.rmtree(self.tempDir)
+
+	def makeUFO(self, metaInfo=None, layerContents=None):
+		self.clearUFO()
+		if not os.path.exists(self.ufoPath):
+			os.mkdir(self.ufoPath)
+		# metainfo.plist
+		if metaInfo is None:
+			metaInfo = dict(creator="test", formatVersion=3)
+		path = os.path.join(self.ufoPath, "metainfo.plist")
+		with open(path, "wb") as f:
+			plistlib.dump(metaInfo, f)
+		# layers
+		if layerContents is None:
+			layerContents = [
+				("public.default", "glyphs"),
+				("layer 1", "glyphs.layer 1"),
+				("layer 2", "glyphs.layer 2"),
+			]
+		if layerContents:
+			path = os.path.join(self.ufoPath, "layercontents.plist")
+			with open(path, "wb") as f:
+				plistlib.dump(layerContents, f)
+		else:
+			layerContents = [("", "glyphs")]
+		for name, directory in layerContents:
+			glyphsPath = os.path.join(self.ufoPath, directory)
+			os.mkdir(glyphsPath)
+			contents = dict(a="a.glif")
+			path = os.path.join(glyphsPath, "contents.plist")
+			with open(path, "wb") as f:
+				plistlib.dump(contents, f)
+			path = os.path.join(glyphsPath, "a.glif")
+			with open(path, "w") as f:
+				f.write(" ")
+
+	def clearUFO(self):
+		if os.path.exists(self.ufoPath):
+			shutil.rmtree(self.ufoPath)
+
+	# __init__: missing layer contents
+
+	def testMissingLayerContents(self):
+		self.makeUFO()
+		path = os.path.join(self.ufoPath, "layercontents.plist")
+		os.remove(path)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, UFOWriter, self.ufoPath)
+
+	# __init__: layer contents invalid format
+
+	def testInvalidLayerContentsFormat(self):
+		# bogus
+		self.makeUFO()
+		path = os.path.join(self.ufoPath, "layercontents.plist")
+		os.remove(path)
+		with open(path, "w") as f:
+			f.write("test")
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, UFOWriter, self.ufoPath)
+		# dict
+		self.makeUFO()
+		path = os.path.join(self.ufoPath, "layercontents.plist")
+		os.remove(path)
+		layerContents = {
+			"public.default" : "glyphs",
+			"layer 1" : "glyphs.layer 1",
+			"layer 2" : "glyphs.layer 2",
+		}
+		with open(path, "wb") as f:
+			plistlib.dump(layerContents, f)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, UFOWriter, self.ufoPath)
+
+	# __init__: layer contents invalid name format
+
+	def testInvalidLayerContentsNameFormat(self):
+		self.makeUFO()
+		path = os.path.join(self.ufoPath, "layercontents.plist")
+		os.remove(path)
+		layerContents = [
+			(1, "glyphs"),
+			("layer 1", "glyphs.layer 1"),
+			("layer 2", "glyphs.layer 2")
+		]
+		with open(path, "wb") as f:
+			plistlib.dump(layerContents, f)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, UFOWriter, self.ufoPath)
+
+	# __init__: layer contents invalid directory format
+
+	def testInvalidLayerContentsDirectoryFormat(self):
+		self.makeUFO()
+		path = os.path.join(self.ufoPath, "layercontents.plist")
+		os.remove(path)
+		layerContents = [
+			("public.foregound", "glyphs"),
+			("layer 1", 1),
+			("layer 2", "glyphs.layer 2")
+		]
+		with open(path, "wb") as f:
+			plistlib.dump(layerContents, f)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, UFOWriter, self.ufoPath)
+
+	# __init__: directory listed in contents not on disk
+
+	def testLayerContentsHasMissingDirectory(self):
+		self.makeUFO()
+		path = os.path.join(self.ufoPath, "layercontents.plist")
+		os.remove(path)
+		layerContents = [
+			("public.foregound", "glyphs"),
+			("layer 1", "glyphs.doesnotexist"),
+			("layer 2", "glyphs.layer 2")
+		]
+		with open(path, "wb") as f:
+			plistlib.dump(layerContents, f)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, UFOWriter, self.ufoPath)
+
+	# __init__: no default layer on disk
+
+	def testMissingDefaultLayer(self):
+		self.makeUFO()
+		path = os.path.join(self.ufoPath, "layercontents.plist")
+		os.remove(path)
+		layerContents = [
+			("layer 1", "glyphs.layer 1"),
+			("layer 2", "glyphs.layer 2")
+		]
+		with open(path, "wb") as f:
+			plistlib.dump(layerContents, f)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, UFOWriter, self.ufoPath)
+
+	# __init__: duplicate layer name
+
+	def testDuplicateLayerName(self):
+		self.makeUFO()
+		path = os.path.join(self.ufoPath, "layercontents.plist")
+		os.remove(path)
+		layerContents = [
+			("public.foregound", "glyphs"),
+			("layer 1", "glyphs.layer 1"),
+			("layer 1", "glyphs.layer 2")
+		]
+		with open(path, "wb") as f:
+			plistlib.dump(layerContents, f)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, UFOWriter, self.ufoPath)
+
+	# __init__: directory referenced by two layer names
+
+	def testDuplicateLayerDirectory(self):
+		self.makeUFO()
+		path = os.path.join(self.ufoPath, "layercontents.plist")
+		os.remove(path)
+		layerContents = [
+			("public.foregound", "glyphs"),
+			("layer 1", "glyphs.layer 1"),
+			("layer 2", "glyphs.layer 1")
+		]
+		with open(path, "wb") as f:
+			plistlib.dump(layerContents, f)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, UFOWriter, self.ufoPath)
+
+	# __init__: default without a name
+
+	def testDefaultLayerNoName(self):
+		# get the glyph set
+		self.makeUFO()
+		path = os.path.join(self.ufoPath, "layercontents.plist")
+		os.remove(path)
+		layerContents = [
+			("public.foregound", "glyphs"),
+			("layer 1", "glyphs.layer 1"),
+			("layer 2", "glyphs.layer 2")
+		]
+		with open(path, "wb") as f:
+			plistlib.dump(layerContents, f)
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.ufoPath)
+
+	# __init__: default with a name
+
+	def testDefaultLayerName(self):
+		self.makeUFO()
+		path = os.path.join(self.ufoPath, "layercontents.plist")
+		os.remove(path)
+		layerContents = [
+			("custom name", "glyphs"),
+			("layer 1", "glyphs.layer 1"),
+			("layer 2", "glyphs.layer 2")
+		]
+		with open(path, "wb") as f:
+			plistlib.dump(layerContents, f)
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.ufoPath)
+
+	# __init__: up convert 1 > 3
+
+	def testUpConvert1To3(self):
+		self.makeUFO(
+			metaInfo=dict(creator="test", formatVersion=1),
+			layerContents=dict()
+		)
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.ufoPath)
+		writer.writeLayerContents(["public.default"])
+		path = os.path.join(self.ufoPath, "layercontents.plist")
+		with open(path, "rb") as f:
+			result = plistlib.load(f)
+		expected = [["public.default", "glyphs"]]
+		self.assertEqual(expected, result)
+
+	# __init__: up convert 2 > 3
+
+	def testUpConvert2To3(self):
+		self.makeUFO(
+			metaInfo=dict(creator="test", formatVersion=2),
+			layerContents=dict()
+		)
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.ufoPath)
+		writer.writeLayerContents(["public.default"])
+		path = os.path.join(self.ufoPath, "layercontents.plist")
+		with open(path, "rb") as f:
+			result = plistlib.load(f)
+		expected = [["public.default", "glyphs"]]
+		self.assertEqual(expected, result)
+
+	# __init__: down convert 3 > 1
+
+	def testDownConvert3To1(self):
+		self.makeUFO()
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, UFOWriter, self.ufoPath, formatVersion=1)
+
+	# __init__: down convert 3 > 2
+
+	def testDownConvert3To2(self):
+		self.makeUFO()
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, UFOWriter, self.ufoPath, formatVersion=2)
+
+	# get glyph sets
+
+	def testGetGlyphSets(self):
+		self.makeUFO()
+		# hack contents.plist
+		path = os.path.join(self.ufoPath, "glyphs.layer 1", "contents.plist")
+		with open(path, "wb") as f:
+			plistlib.dump(dict(b="a.glif"), f)
+		path = os.path.join(self.ufoPath, "glyphs.layer 2", "contents.plist")
+		with open(path, "wb") as f:
+			plistlib.dump(dict(c="a.glif"), f)
+		# now test
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.ufoPath)
+		# default
+		expected = ["a"]
+		result = list(writer.getGlyphSet().keys())
+		self.assertEqual(expected, result)
+		# layer 1
+		expected = ["b"]
+		result = list(writer.getGlyphSet("layer 1", defaultLayer=False).keys())
+		self.assertEqual(expected, result)
+		# layer 2
+		expected = ["c"]
+		result = list(writer.getGlyphSet("layer 2", defaultLayer=False).keys())
+		self.assertEqual(expected, result)
+
+	def testGetGlyphSetNoContents(self):
+		self.makeUFO()
+		os.remove(os.path.join(self.ufoPath, "glyphs.layer 1", "contents.plist"))
+
+		reader = UFOReader(self.ufoPath, validate=True)
+		with self.assertRaises(GlifLibError):
+			reader.getGlyphSet("layer 1")
+
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.ufoPath, validate=True)
+		with self.assertRaises(GlifLibError):
+			writer.getGlyphSet("layer 1", defaultLayer=False, expectContentsFile=True)
+
+		# There's a separate code path for < v3 UFOs.
+		with open(os.path.join(self.ufoPath, "metainfo.plist"), "wb") as f:
+			plistlib.dump(dict(creator="test", formatVersion=2), f)
+		os.remove(os.path.join(self.ufoPath, "glyphs", "contents.plist"))
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.ufoPath, validate=True, formatVersion=2)
+		with self.assertRaises(GlifLibError):
+			writer.getGlyphSet(expectContentsFile=True)
+
+	# make a new font with two layers
+
+	def testNewFontOneLayer(self):
+		self.clearUFO()
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.ufoPath)
+		writer.getGlyphSet()
+		writer.writeLayerContents(["public.default"])
+		# directory
+		path = os.path.join(self.ufoPath, "glyphs")
+		exists = os.path.exists(path)
+		self.assertEqual(True, exists)
+		# layer contents
+		path = os.path.join(self.ufoPath, "layercontents.plist")
+		with open(path, "rb") as f:
+			result = plistlib.load(f)
+		expected = [["public.default", "glyphs"]]
+		self.assertEqual(expected, result)
+
+	def testNewFontThreeLayers(self):
+		self.clearUFO()
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.ufoPath)
+		writer.getGlyphSet("layer 1", defaultLayer=False)
+		writer.getGlyphSet()
+		writer.getGlyphSet("layer 2", defaultLayer=False)
+		writer.writeLayerContents(["layer 1", "public.default", "layer 2"])
+		# directories
+		path = os.path.join(self.ufoPath, "glyphs")
+		exists = os.path.exists(path)
+		self.assertEqual(True, exists)
+		path = os.path.join(self.ufoPath, "glyphs.layer 1")
+		exists = os.path.exists(path)
+		self.assertEqual(True, exists)
+		path = os.path.join(self.ufoPath, "glyphs.layer 2")
+		exists = os.path.exists(path)
+		self.assertEqual(True, exists)
+		# layer contents
+		path = os.path.join(self.ufoPath, "layercontents.plist")
+		with open(path, "rb") as f:
+			result = plistlib.load(f)
+		expected = [["layer 1", "glyphs.layer 1"], ["public.default", "glyphs"], ["layer 2", "glyphs.layer 2"]]
+		self.assertEqual(expected, result)
+
+	# add a layer to an existing font
+
+	def testAddLayerToExistingFont(self):
+		self.makeUFO()
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.ufoPath)
+		writer.getGlyphSet("layer 3", defaultLayer=False)
+		writer.writeLayerContents(["public.default", "layer 1", "layer 2", "layer 3"])
+		# directories
+		path = os.path.join(self.ufoPath, "glyphs")
+		exists = os.path.exists(path)
+		self.assertEqual(True, exists)
+		path = os.path.join(self.ufoPath, "glyphs.layer 1")
+		exists = os.path.exists(path)
+		self.assertEqual(True, exists)
+		path = os.path.join(self.ufoPath, "glyphs.layer 2")
+		exists = os.path.exists(path)
+		self.assertEqual(True, exists)
+		path = os.path.join(self.ufoPath, "glyphs.layer 3")
+		exists = os.path.exists(path)
+		self.assertEqual(True, exists)
+		# layer contents
+		path = os.path.join(self.ufoPath, "layercontents.plist")
+		with open(path, "rb") as f:
+			result = plistlib.load(f)
+		expected = [['public.default', 'glyphs'], ['layer 1', 'glyphs.layer 1'], ['layer 2', 'glyphs.layer 2'], ["layer 3", "glyphs.layer 3"]]
+		self.assertEqual(expected, result)
+
+	# rename valid name
+
+	def testRenameLayer(self):
+		self.makeUFO()
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.ufoPath)
+		writer.renameGlyphSet("layer 1", "layer 3")
+		writer.writeLayerContents(["public.default", "layer 3", "layer 2"])
+		# directories
+		path = os.path.join(self.ufoPath, "glyphs")
+		exists = os.path.exists(path)
+		self.assertEqual(True, exists)
+		path = os.path.join(self.ufoPath, "glyphs.layer 1")
+		exists = os.path.exists(path)
+		self.assertEqual(False, exists)
+		path = os.path.join(self.ufoPath, "glyphs.layer 2")
+		exists = os.path.exists(path)
+		self.assertEqual(True, exists)
+		path = os.path.join(self.ufoPath, "glyphs.layer 3")
+		exists = os.path.exists(path)
+		self.assertEqual(True, exists)
+		# layer contents
+		path = os.path.join(self.ufoPath, "layercontents.plist")
+		with open(path, "rb") as f:
+			result = plistlib.load(f)
+		expected = [['public.default', 'glyphs'], ['layer 3', 'glyphs.layer 3'], ['layer 2', 'glyphs.layer 2']]
+		self.assertEqual(expected, result)
+
+	def testRenameLayerDefault(self):
+		self.makeUFO()
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.ufoPath)
+		writer.renameGlyphSet("public.default", "layer xxx")
+		writer.renameGlyphSet("layer 1", "layer 1", defaultLayer=True)
+		writer.writeLayerContents(["layer xxx", "layer 1", "layer 2"])
+		path = os.path.join(self.ufoPath, "glyphs")
+		exists = os.path.exists(path)
+		self.assertEqual(True, exists)
+		path = os.path.join(self.ufoPath, "glyphs.layer 1")
+		exists = os.path.exists(path)
+		self.assertEqual(False, exists)
+		path = os.path.join(self.ufoPath, "glyphs.layer 2")
+		exists = os.path.exists(path)
+		self.assertEqual(True, exists)
+		path = os.path.join(self.ufoPath, "glyphs.layer xxx")
+		exists = os.path.exists(path)
+		self.assertEqual(True, exists)
+		# layer contents
+		path = os.path.join(self.ufoPath, "layercontents.plist")
+		with open(path, "rb") as f:
+			result = plistlib.load(f)
+		expected = [['layer xxx', 'glyphs.layer xxx'], ['layer 1', 'glyphs'], ['layer 2', 'glyphs.layer 2']]
+		self.assertEqual(expected, result)
+
+	# rename duplicate name
+
+	def testRenameLayerDuplicateName(self):
+		self.makeUFO()
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.ufoPath)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, writer.renameGlyphSet, "layer 1", "layer 2")
+
+	# rename unknown layer
+
+	def testRenameLayerUnknownName(self):
+		self.makeUFO()
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.ufoPath)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, writer.renameGlyphSet, "does not exist", "layer 2")
+
+	# remove valid layer
+
+	def testRemoveLayer(self):
+		self.makeUFO()
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.ufoPath)
+		writer.deleteGlyphSet("layer 1")
+		writer.writeLayerContents(["public.default", "layer 2"])
+		# directories
+		path = os.path.join(self.ufoPath, "glyphs")
+		exists = os.path.exists(path)
+		self.assertEqual(True, exists)
+		path = os.path.join(self.ufoPath, "glyphs.layer 1")
+		exists = os.path.exists(path)
+		self.assertEqual(False, exists)
+		path = os.path.join(self.ufoPath, "glyphs.layer 2")
+		exists = os.path.exists(path)
+		self.assertEqual(True, exists)
+		# layer contents
+		path = os.path.join(self.ufoPath, "layercontents.plist")
+		with open(path, "rb") as f:
+			result = plistlib.load(f)
+		expected = [["public.default", "glyphs"], ["layer 2", "glyphs.layer 2"]]
+		self.assertEqual(expected, result)
+
+	# remove default layer
+
+	def testRemoveDefaultLayer(self):
+		self.makeUFO()
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.ufoPath)
+		writer.deleteGlyphSet("public.default")
+		writer.writeLayerContents(["layer 1", "layer 2"])
+		# directories
+		path = os.path.join(self.ufoPath, "glyphs")
+		self.assertEqual(False, os.path.exists(path))
+		path = os.path.join(self.ufoPath, "glyphs.layer 1")
+		self.assertEqual(True, os.path.exists(path))
+		path = os.path.join(self.ufoPath, "glyphs.layer 2")
+		self.assertEqual(True, os.path.exists(path))
+		# layer contents
+		path = os.path.join(self.ufoPath, "layercontents.plist")
+		with open(path, "rb") as f:
+			result = plistlib.load(f)
+		expected = [["layer 1", "glyphs.layer 1"], ["layer 2", "glyphs.layer 2"]]
+		self.assertEqual(expected, result)
+
+	# remove unknown layer
+
+	def testRemoveDefaultLayer2(self):
+		self.makeUFO()
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.ufoPath)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, writer.deleteGlyphSet, "does not exist")
+
+	def testWriteAsciiLayerOrder(self):
+		self.makeUFO(
+			layerContents=[
+				["public.default", "glyphs"],
+				["layer 1", "glyphs.layer 1"],
+				["layer 2", "glyphs.layer 2"],
+			]
+		)
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.ufoPath)
+		writer.writeLayerContents(["public.default", "layer 2", "layer 1"])
+		path = os.path.join(self.ufoPath, "layercontents.plist")
+		with open(path, "rb") as f:
+			result = plistlib.load(f)
+		expected = [
+			["public.default", "glyphs"],
+			["layer 2", "glyphs.layer 2"],
+			["layer 1", "glyphs.layer 1"],
+		]
+		self.assertEqual(expected, result)
+		for layerName, _ in result:
+			assert isinstance(layerName, str)
+
+# -----
+# /data
+# -----
+
+
+class UFO3ReadDataTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
+
+	def getFontPath(self):
+		testdata = os.path.join(os.path.dirname(__file__), "testdata")
+		return os.path.join(testdata, "UFO3-Read Data.ufo")
+
+	def testUFOReaderDataDirectoryListing(self):
+		reader = UFOReader(self.getFontPath())
+		found = reader.getDataDirectoryListing()
+		expected = [
+			'org.unifiedfontobject.directory/bar/lol.txt',
+			'org.unifiedfontobject.directory/foo.txt',
+			'org.unifiedfontobject.file.txt'
+		]
+		self.assertEqual(set(found), set(expected))
+
+	def testUFOReaderBytesFromPath(self):
+		reader = UFOReader(self.getFontPath())
+		found = reader.readBytesFromPath("data/org.unifiedfontobject.file.txt")
+		expected = b"file.txt"
+		self.assertEqual(found, expected)
+		found = reader.readBytesFromPath("data/org.unifiedfontobject.directory/bar/lol.txt")
+		expected = b"lol.txt"
+		self.assertEqual(found, expected)
+		found = reader.readBytesFromPath("data/org.unifiedfontobject.doesNotExist")
+		expected = None
+		self.assertEqual(found, expected)
+
+	def testUFOReaderReadFileFromPath(self):
+		reader = UFOReader(self.getFontPath())
+		fileObject = reader.getReadFileForPath("data/org.unifiedfontobject.file.txt")
+		self.assertNotEqual(fileObject, None)
+		hasRead = hasattr(fileObject, "read")
+		self.assertEqual(hasRead, True)
+		fileObject.close()
+		fileObject = reader.getReadFileForPath("data/org.unifiedfontobject.doesNotExist")
+		self.assertEqual(fileObject, None)
+
+	def testUFOReaderKernGroupDuplicatesRemoved(self):
+		# Non-kerning group duplicates are kept
+		# Kerning group duplicates are removed
+		expected_groups = {
+			"group1" : ["A"],
+			"group2" : ["B", "C", "B"],
+			"public.kern1.A" : ["A"],
+			"public.kern2.B" : ["B", "A", "C"],
+		}
+		reader = UFOReader(self.getFontPath())
+		groups = reader.readGroups()
+		self.assertEqual(expected_groups, groups)
+
+
+class UFO3WriteDataTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
+
+	def setUp(self):
+		self.tempDir = tempfile.mktemp()
+		os.mkdir(self.tempDir)
+		self.dstDir = os.path.join(self.tempDir, "test.ufo")
+
+	def tearDown(self):
+		shutil.rmtree(self.tempDir)
+
+	def tearDownUFO(self):
+		if os.path.exists(self.dstDir):
+			shutil.rmtree(self.dstDir)
+
+	def testUFOWriterWriteBytesToPath(self):
+		# basic file
+		path = "data/org.unifiedfontobject.writebytesbasicfile.txt"
+		testBytes = b"test"
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.dstDir, formatVersion=3)
+		writer.writeBytesToPath(path, testBytes)
+		path = os.path.join(self.dstDir, path)
+		self.assertEqual(os.path.exists(path), True)
+		with open(path, "rb") as f:
+			written = f.read()
+		self.assertEqual(testBytes, written)
+		self.tearDownUFO()
+		# basic file with unicode text
+		path = "data/org.unifiedfontobject.writebytesbasicunicodefile.txt"
+		text = b"t\xeb\xdft"
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.dstDir, formatVersion=3)
+		writer.writeBytesToPath(path, text)
+		path = os.path.join(self.dstDir, path)
+		self.assertEqual(os.path.exists(path), True)
+		with open(path, "rb") as f:
+			written = f.read()
+		self.assertEqual(text, written)
+		self.tearDownUFO()
+		# basic directory
+		path = "data/org.unifiedfontobject.writebytesdirectory/level1/level2/file.txt"
+		testBytes = b"test"
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.dstDir, formatVersion=3)
+		writer.writeBytesToPath(path, testBytes)
+		path = os.path.join(self.dstDir, path)
+		self.assertEqual(os.path.exists(path), True)
+		with open(path, "rb") as f:
+			written = f.read()
+		self.assertEqual(testBytes, written)
+		self.tearDownUFO()
+
+	def testUFOWriterWriteFileToPath(self):
+		# basic file
+		path = "data/org.unifiedfontobject.getwritefile.txt"
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.dstDir, formatVersion=3)
+		fileObject = writer.getFileObjectForPath(path)
+		self.assertNotEqual(fileObject, None)
+		hasRead = hasattr(fileObject, "read")
+		self.assertEqual(hasRead, True)
+		fileObject.close()
+		self.tearDownUFO()
+
+	def testUFOWriterRemoveFile(self):
+		path1 = "data/org.unifiedfontobject.removefile/level1/level2/file1.txt"
+		path2 = "data/org.unifiedfontobject.removefile/level1/level2/file2.txt"
+		path3 = "data/org.unifiedfontobject.removefile/level1/file3.txt"
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.dstDir, formatVersion=3)
+		writer.writeBytesToPath(path1, b"test")
+		writer.writeBytesToPath(path2, b"test")
+		writer.writeBytesToPath(path3, b"test")
+		self.assertEqual(os.path.exists(os.path.join(self.dstDir, path1)), True)
+		self.assertEqual(os.path.exists(os.path.join(self.dstDir, path2)), True)
+		self.assertEqual(os.path.exists(os.path.join(self.dstDir, path3)), True)
+		writer.removeFileForPath(path1)
+		self.assertEqual(os.path.exists(os.path.join(self.dstDir, path1)), False)
+		self.assertEqual(os.path.exists(os.path.dirname(os.path.join(self.dstDir, path1))), True)
+		self.assertEqual(os.path.exists(os.path.join(self.dstDir, path2)), True)
+		self.assertEqual(os.path.exists(os.path.join(self.dstDir, path3)), True)
+		writer.removeFileForPath(path2)
+		self.assertEqual(os.path.exists(os.path.dirname(os.path.join(self.dstDir, path1))), False)
+		self.assertEqual(os.path.exists(os.path.join(self.dstDir, path2)), False)
+		self.assertEqual(os.path.exists(os.path.join(self.dstDir, path3)), True)
+		writer.removeFileForPath(path3)
+		self.assertEqual(os.path.exists(os.path.join(self.dstDir, path3)), False)
+		self.assertEqual(os.path.exists(os.path.dirname(os.path.join(self.dstDir, path2))), False)
+		self.assertEqual(os.path.exists(os.path.join(self.dstDir, "data/org.unifiedfontobject.removefile")), False)
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, writer.removeFileForPath, path="data/org.unifiedfontobject.doesNotExist.txt")
+		self.tearDownUFO()
+
+	def testUFOWriterCopy(self):
+		sourceDir = self.dstDir.replace(".ufo", "") + "-copy source" + ".ufo"
+		dataPath = "data/org.unifiedfontobject.copy/level1/level2/file1.txt"
+		writer = UFOWriter(sourceDir, formatVersion=3)
+		writer.writeBytesToPath(dataPath, b"test")
+		# copy a file
+		reader = UFOReader(sourceDir)
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.dstDir, formatVersion=3)
+		writer.copyFromReader(reader, dataPath, dataPath)
+		path = os.path.join(self.dstDir, dataPath)
+		self.assertEqual(os.path.exists(path), True)
+		self.tearDownUFO()
+		# copy a directory
+		reader = UFOReader(sourceDir)
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.dstDir, formatVersion=3)
+		p = "data/org.unifiedfontobject.copy"
+		writer.copyFromReader(reader, p, p)
+		path = os.path.join(self.dstDir, dataPath)
+		self.assertEqual(os.path.exists(path), True)
+		self.tearDownUFO()
+
+# ---------------
+# layerinfo.plist
+# ---------------
+
+class TestLayerInfoObject:
+
+	color = guidelines = lib = None
+
+
+class UFO3ReadLayerInfoTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
+
+	def setUp(self):
+		self.tempDir = tempfile.mktemp()
+		os.mkdir(self.tempDir)
+		self.ufoPath = os.path.join(self.tempDir, "test.ufo")
+
+	def tearDown(self):
+		shutil.rmtree(self.tempDir)
+
+	def makeUFO(self, formatVersion=3, layerInfo=None):
+		self.clearUFO()
+		if not os.path.exists(self.ufoPath):
+			os.mkdir(self.ufoPath)
+		# metainfo.plist
+		metaInfo = dict(creator="test", formatVersion=formatVersion)
+		path = os.path.join(self.ufoPath, "metainfo.plist")
+		with open(path, "wb") as f:
+			plistlib.dump(metaInfo, f)
+		# layercontents.plist
+		layerContents = [("public.default", "glyphs")]
+		path = os.path.join(self.ufoPath, "layercontents.plist")
+		with open(path, "wb") as f:
+			plistlib.dump(layerContents, f)
+		# glyphs
+		glyphsPath = os.path.join(self.ufoPath, "glyphs")
+		os.mkdir(glyphsPath)
+		contents = dict(a="a.glif")
+		path = os.path.join(glyphsPath, "contents.plist")
+		with open(path, "wb") as f:
+			plistlib.dump(contents, f)
+		path = os.path.join(glyphsPath, "a.glif")
+		with open(path, "w") as f:
+			f.write(" ")
+		# layerinfo.plist
+		if layerInfo is None:
+			layerInfo = dict(
+				color="0,0,0,1",
+				lib={"foo" : "bar"}
+			)
+		path = os.path.join(glyphsPath, "layerinfo.plist")
+		with open(path, "wb") as f:
+			plistlib.dump(layerInfo, f)
+
+	def clearUFO(self):
+		if os.path.exists(self.ufoPath):
+			shutil.rmtree(self.ufoPath)
+
+	def testValidLayerInfo(self):
+		self.makeUFO()
+		reader = UFOReader(self.ufoPath, validate=True)
+		glyphSet = reader.getGlyphSet()
+		info = TestLayerInfoObject()
+		glyphSet.readLayerInfo(info)
+		expectedColor = "0,0,0,1"
+		self.assertEqual(expectedColor, info.color)
+		expectedLib = {"foo": "bar"}
+		self.assertEqual(expectedLib, info.lib)
+
+	def testMissingLayerInfo(self):
+		self.makeUFO()
+		path = os.path.join(self.ufoPath, "glyphs", "layerinfo.plist")
+		os.remove(path)
+		# read
+		reader = UFOReader(self.ufoPath, validate=True)
+		glyphSet = reader.getGlyphSet()
+		info = TestLayerInfoObject()
+		glyphSet.readLayerInfo(info)
+		self.assertEqual(None, info.color)
+		self.assertEqual(None, info.guidelines)
+		self.assertEqual(None, info.lib)
+
+	def testBogusLayerInfo(self):
+		self.makeUFO()
+		path = os.path.join(self.ufoPath, "glyphs", "layerinfo.plist")
+		os.remove(path)
+		with open(path, "w") as f:
+			f.write("test")
+		# read
+		reader = UFOReader(self.ufoPath, validate=True)
+		glyphSet = reader.getGlyphSet()
+		info = TestLayerInfoObject()
+		self.assertRaises(UFOLibError, glyphSet.readLayerInfo, info)
+
+	def testInvalidFormatLayerInfo(self):
+		self.makeUFO()
+		path = os.path.join(self.ufoPath, "glyphs", "layerinfo.plist")
+		info = [("color", "0,0,0,0")]
+		with open(path, "wb") as f:
+			plistlib.dump(info, f)
+		# read
+		reader = UFOReader(self.ufoPath, validate=True)
+		glyphSet = reader.getGlyphSet()
+		info = TestLayerInfoObject()
+		self.assertRaises(GlifLibError, glyphSet.readLayerInfo, info)
+
+	def testColor(self):
+		## not a string
+		info = {}
+		info["color"] = 1
+		self.makeUFO(layerInfo=info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.ufoPath, validate=True)
+		glyphSet = reader.getGlyphSet()
+		self.assertRaises(GlifLibError, glyphSet.readLayerInfo, TestLayerInfoObject())
+		## not enough commas
+		info = {}
+		info["color"] = "1 0, 0, 0"
+		self.makeUFO(layerInfo=info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.ufoPath, validate=True)
+		glyphSet = reader.getGlyphSet()
+		self.assertRaises(GlifLibError, glyphSet.readLayerInfo, TestLayerInfoObject())
+		info = {}
+		info["color"] = "1 0 0, 0"
+		self.makeUFO(layerInfo=info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.ufoPath, validate=True)
+		glyphSet = reader.getGlyphSet()
+		self.assertRaises(GlifLibError, glyphSet.readLayerInfo, TestLayerInfoObject())
+		info = {}
+		info["color"] = "1 0 0 0"
+		self.makeUFO(layerInfo=info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.ufoPath, validate=True)
+		glyphSet = reader.getGlyphSet()
+		self.assertRaises(GlifLibError, glyphSet.readLayerInfo, TestLayerInfoObject())
+		## not enough parts
+		info = {}
+		info["color"] = ", 0, 0, 0"
+		self.makeUFO(layerInfo=info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.ufoPath, validate=True)
+		glyphSet = reader.getGlyphSet()
+		self.assertRaises(GlifLibError, glyphSet.readLayerInfo, TestLayerInfoObject())
+		info = {}
+		info["color"] = "1, , 0, 0"
+		self.makeUFO(layerInfo=info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.ufoPath, validate=True)
+		glyphSet = reader.getGlyphSet()
+		self.assertRaises(GlifLibError, glyphSet.readLayerInfo, TestLayerInfoObject())
+		info = {}
+		info["color"] = "1, 0, , 0"
+		self.makeUFO(layerInfo=info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.ufoPath, validate=True)
+		glyphSet = reader.getGlyphSet()
+		self.assertRaises(GlifLibError, glyphSet.readLayerInfo, TestLayerInfoObject())
+		info = {}
+		info["color"] = "1, 0, 0, "
+		self.makeUFO(layerInfo=info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.ufoPath, validate=True)
+		glyphSet = reader.getGlyphSet()
+		self.assertRaises(GlifLibError, glyphSet.readLayerInfo, TestLayerInfoObject())
+		info = {}
+		info["color"] = ", , , "
+		self.makeUFO(layerInfo=info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.ufoPath, validate=True)
+		glyphSet = reader.getGlyphSet()
+		self.assertRaises(GlifLibError, glyphSet.readLayerInfo, TestLayerInfoObject())
+		## not a number in all positions
+		info = {}
+		info["color"] = "r, 1, 1, 1"
+		self.makeUFO(layerInfo=info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.ufoPath, validate=True)
+		glyphSet = reader.getGlyphSet()
+		self.assertRaises(GlifLibError, glyphSet.readLayerInfo, TestLayerInfoObject())
+		info = {}
+		info["color"] = "1, g, 1, 1"
+		self.makeUFO(layerInfo=info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.ufoPath, validate=True)
+		glyphSet = reader.getGlyphSet()
+		self.assertRaises(GlifLibError, glyphSet.readLayerInfo, TestLayerInfoObject())
+		info = {}
+		info["color"] = "1, 1, b, 1"
+		self.makeUFO(layerInfo=info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.ufoPath, validate=True)
+		glyphSet = reader.getGlyphSet()
+		self.assertRaises(GlifLibError, glyphSet.readLayerInfo, TestLayerInfoObject())
+		info = {}
+		info["color"] = "1, 1, 1, a"
+		self.makeUFO(layerInfo=info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.ufoPath, validate=True)
+		glyphSet = reader.getGlyphSet()
+		self.assertRaises(GlifLibError, glyphSet.readLayerInfo, TestLayerInfoObject())
+		## too many parts
+		info = {}
+		info["color"] = "1, 0, 0, 0, 0"
+		self.makeUFO(layerInfo=info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.ufoPath, validate=True)
+		glyphSet = reader.getGlyphSet()
+		self.assertRaises(GlifLibError, glyphSet.readLayerInfo, TestLayerInfoObject())
+		## < 0 in each position
+		info = {}
+		info["color"] = "-1, 0, 0, 0"
+		self.makeUFO(layerInfo=info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.ufoPath, validate=True)
+		glyphSet = reader.getGlyphSet()
+		self.assertRaises(GlifLibError, glyphSet.readLayerInfo, TestLayerInfoObject())
+		info = {}
+		info["color"] = "0, -1, 0, 0"
+		self.makeUFO(layerInfo=info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.ufoPath, validate=True)
+		glyphSet = reader.getGlyphSet()
+		self.assertRaises(GlifLibError, glyphSet.readLayerInfo, TestLayerInfoObject())
+		info = {}
+		info["color"] = "0, 0, -1, 0"
+		self.makeUFO(layerInfo=info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.ufoPath, validate=True)
+		glyphSet = reader.getGlyphSet()
+		self.assertRaises(GlifLibError, glyphSet.readLayerInfo, TestLayerInfoObject())
+		info = {}
+		info["color"] = "0, 0, 0, -1"
+		self.makeUFO(layerInfo=info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.ufoPath, validate=True)
+		glyphSet = reader.getGlyphSet()
+		self.assertRaises(GlifLibError, glyphSet.readLayerInfo, TestLayerInfoObject())
+		## > 1 in each position
+		info = {}
+		info["color"] = "2, 0, 0, 0"
+		self.makeUFO(layerInfo=info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.ufoPath, validate=True)
+		glyphSet = reader.getGlyphSet()
+		self.assertRaises(GlifLibError, glyphSet.readLayerInfo, TestLayerInfoObject())
+		info = {}
+		info["color"] = "0, 2, 0, 0"
+		self.makeUFO(layerInfo=info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.ufoPath, validate=True)
+		glyphSet = reader.getGlyphSet()
+		self.assertRaises(GlifLibError, glyphSet.readLayerInfo, TestLayerInfoObject())
+		info = {}
+		info["color"] = "0, 0, 2, 0"
+		self.makeUFO(layerInfo=info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.ufoPath, validate=True)
+		glyphSet = reader.getGlyphSet()
+		self.assertRaises(GlifLibError, glyphSet.readLayerInfo, TestLayerInfoObject())
+		info = {}
+		info["color"] = "0, 0, 0, 2"
+		self.makeUFO(layerInfo=info)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.ufoPath, validate=True)
+		glyphSet = reader.getGlyphSet()
+		self.assertRaises(GlifLibError, glyphSet.readLayerInfo, TestLayerInfoObject())
+
+
+class UFO3WriteLayerInfoTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
+
+	def setUp(self):
+		self.tempDir = tempfile.mktemp()
+		os.mkdir(self.tempDir)
+		self.ufoPath = os.path.join(self.tempDir, "test.ufo")
+
+	def tearDown(self):
+		shutil.rmtree(self.tempDir)
+
+	def makeGlyphSet(self):
+		self.clearUFO()
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.ufoPath)
+		return writer.getGlyphSet()
+
+	def clearUFO(self):
+		if os.path.exists(self.ufoPath):
+			shutil.rmtree(self.ufoPath)
+
+	def testValidWrite(self):
+		expected = dict(
+			color="0,0,0,1",
+			lib={"foo" : "bar"}
+		)
+		info = TestLayerInfoObject()
+		info.color = expected["color"]
+		info.lib = expected["lib"]
+		glyphSet = self.makeGlyphSet()
+		glyphSet.writeLayerInfo(info)
+		path = os.path.join(self.ufoPath, "glyphs", "layerinfo.plist")
+		with open(path, "rb") as f:
+			result = plistlib.load(f)
+		self.assertEqual(expected, result)
+
+	def testColor(self):
+		## not a string
+		info = TestLayerInfoObject()
+		info.color = 1
+		glyphSet = self.makeGlyphSet()
+		self.assertRaises(GlifLibError, glyphSet.writeLayerInfo, info)
+		## not enough commas
+		info = TestLayerInfoObject()
+		info.color = "1 0, 0, 0"
+		glyphSet = self.makeGlyphSet()
+		self.assertRaises(GlifLibError, glyphSet.writeLayerInfo, info)
+		info = TestLayerInfoObject()
+		info.color = "1 0 0, 0"
+		glyphSet = self.makeGlyphSet()
+		self.assertRaises(GlifLibError, glyphSet.writeLayerInfo, info)
+		info = TestLayerInfoObject()
+		info.color = "1 0 0 0"
+		glyphSet = self.makeGlyphSet()
+		self.assertRaises(GlifLibError, glyphSet.writeLayerInfo, info)
+		## not enough parts
+		info = TestLayerInfoObject()
+		info.color = ", 0, 0, 0"
+		glyphSet = self.makeGlyphSet()
+		self.assertRaises(GlifLibError, glyphSet.writeLayerInfo, info)
+		info = TestLayerInfoObject()
+		info.color = "1, , 0, 0"
+		glyphSet = self.makeGlyphSet()
+		self.assertRaises(GlifLibError, glyphSet.writeLayerInfo, info)
+		info = TestLayerInfoObject()
+		info.color = "1, 0, , 0"
+		glyphSet = self.makeGlyphSet()
+		self.assertRaises(GlifLibError, glyphSet.writeLayerInfo, info)
+		info = TestLayerInfoObject()
+		info.color = "1, 0, 0, "
+		glyphSet = self.makeGlyphSet()
+		self.assertRaises(GlifLibError, glyphSet.writeLayerInfo, info)
+		info = TestLayerInfoObject()
+		info.color = ", , , "
+		glyphSet = self.makeGlyphSet()
+		self.assertRaises(GlifLibError, glyphSet.writeLayerInfo, info)
+		## not a number in all positions
+		info = TestLayerInfoObject()
+		info.color = "r, 1, 1, 1"
+		glyphSet = self.makeGlyphSet()
+		self.assertRaises(GlifLibError, glyphSet.writeLayerInfo, info)
+		info = TestLayerInfoObject()
+		info.color = "1, g, 1, 1"
+		glyphSet = self.makeGlyphSet()
+		self.assertRaises(GlifLibError, glyphSet.writeLayerInfo, info)
+		info = TestLayerInfoObject()
+		info.color = "1, 1, b, 1"
+		glyphSet = self.makeGlyphSet()
+		self.assertRaises(GlifLibError, glyphSet.writeLayerInfo, info)
+		info = TestLayerInfoObject()
+		info.color = "1, 1, 1, a"
+		glyphSet = self.makeGlyphSet()
+		self.assertRaises(GlifLibError, glyphSet.writeLayerInfo, info)
+		## too many parts
+		info = TestLayerInfoObject()
+		info.color = "1, 0, 0, 0, 0"
+		glyphSet = self.makeGlyphSet()
+		self.assertRaises(GlifLibError, glyphSet.writeLayerInfo, info)
+		## < 0 in each position
+		info = TestLayerInfoObject()
+		info.color = "-1, 0, 0, 0"
+		glyphSet = self.makeGlyphSet()
+		self.assertRaises(GlifLibError, glyphSet.writeLayerInfo, info)
+		info = TestLayerInfoObject()
+		info.color = "0, -1, 0, 0"
+		glyphSet = self.makeGlyphSet()
+		self.assertRaises(GlifLibError, glyphSet.writeLayerInfo, info)
+		info = TestLayerInfoObject()
+		info.color = "0, 0, -1, 0"
+		glyphSet = self.makeGlyphSet()
+		self.assertRaises(GlifLibError, glyphSet.writeLayerInfo, info)
+		info = TestLayerInfoObject()
+		info.color = "0, 0, 0, -1"
+		glyphSet = self.makeGlyphSet()
+		self.assertRaises(GlifLibError, glyphSet.writeLayerInfo, info)
+		## > 1 in each position
+		info = TestLayerInfoObject()
+		info.color = "2, 0, 0, 0"
+		glyphSet = self.makeGlyphSet()
+		self.assertRaises(GlifLibError, glyphSet.writeLayerInfo, info)
+		info = TestLayerInfoObject()
+		info.color = "0, 2, 0, 0"
+		glyphSet = self.makeGlyphSet()
+		self.assertRaises(GlifLibError, glyphSet.writeLayerInfo, info)
+		info = TestLayerInfoObject()
+		info.color = "0, 0, 2, 0"
+		glyphSet = self.makeGlyphSet()
+		self.assertRaises(GlifLibError, glyphSet.writeLayerInfo, info)
+		info = TestLayerInfoObject()
+		info.color = "0, 0, 0, 2"
+		glyphSet = self.makeGlyphSet()
+		self.assertRaises(GlifLibError, glyphSet.writeLayerInfo, info)
diff --git a/Tests/ufoLib/UFOConversion_test.py b/Tests/ufoLib/UFOConversion_test.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..98a0812
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/ufoLib/UFOConversion_test.py
@@ -0,0 +1,367 @@
+import os
+import shutil
+import unittest
+import tempfile
+from io import open
+from fontTools.ufoLib import UFOReader, UFOWriter
+from fontTools.ufoLib import plistlib
+from .testSupport import expectedFontInfo1To2Conversion, expectedFontInfo2To1Conversion
+
+
+# the format version 1 lib.plist contains some data
+# that these tests shouldn't be concerned about.
+removeFromFormatVersion1Lib = [
+	"org.robofab.opentype.classes",
+	"org.robofab.opentype.features",
+	"org.robofab.opentype.featureorder",
+	"org.robofab.postScriptHintData"
+]
+
+
+class ConversionFunctionsTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
+
+	def tearDown(self):
+		path = self.getFontPath("TestFont1 (UFO1) converted.ufo")
+		if os.path.exists(path):
+			shutil.rmtree(path)
+		path = self.getFontPath("TestFont1 (UFO2) converted.ufo")
+		if os.path.exists(path):
+			shutil.rmtree(path)
+
+	def getFontPath(self, fileName):
+		testdata = os.path.join(os.path.dirname(__file__), "testdata")
+		return os.path.join(testdata, fileName)
+
+	def compareFileStructures(self, path1, path2, expectedInfoData, testFeatures):
+		# result
+		metainfoPath1 = os.path.join(path1, "metainfo.plist")
+		fontinfoPath1 = os.path.join(path1, "fontinfo.plist")
+		kerningPath1 = os.path.join(path1, "kerning.plist")
+		groupsPath1 = os.path.join(path1, "groups.plist")
+		libPath1 = os.path.join(path1, "lib.plist")
+		featuresPath1 = os.path.join(path1, "features.plist")
+		glyphsPath1 = os.path.join(path1, "glyphs")
+		glyphsPath1_contents = os.path.join(glyphsPath1, "contents.plist")
+		glyphsPath1_A = os.path.join(glyphsPath1, "A_.glif")
+		glyphsPath1_B = os.path.join(glyphsPath1, "B_.glif")
+		# expected result
+		metainfoPath2 = os.path.join(path2, "metainfo.plist")
+		fontinfoPath2 = os.path.join(path2, "fontinfo.plist")
+		kerningPath2 = os.path.join(path2, "kerning.plist")
+		groupsPath2 = os.path.join(path2, "groups.plist")
+		libPath2 = os.path.join(path2, "lib.plist")
+		featuresPath2 = os.path.join(path2, "features.plist")
+		glyphsPath2 = os.path.join(path2, "glyphs")
+		glyphsPath2_contents = os.path.join(glyphsPath2, "contents.plist")
+		glyphsPath2_A = os.path.join(glyphsPath2, "A_.glif")
+		glyphsPath2_B = os.path.join(glyphsPath2, "B_.glif")
+		# look for existence
+		self.assertEqual(os.path.exists(metainfoPath1), True)
+		self.assertEqual(os.path.exists(fontinfoPath1), True)
+		self.assertEqual(os.path.exists(kerningPath1), True)
+		self.assertEqual(os.path.exists(groupsPath1), True)
+		self.assertEqual(os.path.exists(libPath1), True)
+		self.assertEqual(os.path.exists(glyphsPath1), True)
+		self.assertEqual(os.path.exists(glyphsPath1_contents), True)
+		self.assertEqual(os.path.exists(glyphsPath1_A), True)
+		self.assertEqual(os.path.exists(glyphsPath1_B), True)
+		if testFeatures:
+			self.assertEqual(os.path.exists(featuresPath1), True)
+		# look for aggrement
+		with open(metainfoPath1, "rb") as f:
+			data1 = plistlib.load(f)
+		with open(metainfoPath2, "rb") as f:
+			data2 = plistlib.load(f)
+		self.assertEqual(data1, data2)
+		with open(fontinfoPath1, "rb") as f:
+			data1 = plistlib.load(f)
+		self.assertEqual(sorted(data1.items()), sorted(expectedInfoData.items()))
+		with open(kerningPath1, "rb") as f:
+			data1 = plistlib.load(f)
+		with open(kerningPath2, "rb") as f:
+			data2 = plistlib.load(f)
+		self.assertEqual(data1, data2)
+		with open(groupsPath1, "rb") as f:
+			data1 = plistlib.load(f)
+		with open(groupsPath2, "rb") as f:
+			data2 = plistlib.load(f)
+		self.assertEqual(data1, data2)
+		with open(libPath1, "rb") as f:
+			data1 = plistlib.load(f)
+		with open(libPath2, "rb") as f:
+			data2 = plistlib.load(f)
+		if "UFO1" in libPath1:
+			for key in removeFromFormatVersion1Lib:
+				if key in data1:
+					del data1[key]
+		if "UFO1" in libPath2:
+			for key in removeFromFormatVersion1Lib:
+				if key in data2:
+					del data2[key]
+		self.assertEqual(data1, data2)
+		with open(glyphsPath1_contents, "rb") as f:
+			data1 = plistlib.load(f)
+		with open(glyphsPath2_contents, "rb") as f:
+			data2 = plistlib.load(f)
+		self.assertEqual(data1, data2)
+		with open(glyphsPath1_A, "rb") as f:
+			data1 = plistlib.load(f)
+		with open(glyphsPath2_A, "rb") as f:
+			data2 = plistlib.load(f)
+		self.assertEqual(data1, data2)
+		with open(glyphsPath1_B, "rb") as f:
+			data1 = plistlib.load(f)
+		with open(glyphsPath2_B, "rb") as f:
+			data2 = plistlib.load(f)
+		self.assertEqual(data1, data2)
+
+
+# ---------------------
+# kerning up conversion
+# ---------------------
+
+class TestInfoObject: pass
+
+
+class KerningUpConversionTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
+
+	expectedKerning = {
+		("public.kern1.BGroup", "public.kern2.CGroup"): 7,
+		("public.kern1.BGroup", "public.kern2.DGroup"): 8,
+		("public.kern1.BGroup", "A"): 5,
+		("public.kern1.BGroup", "B"): 6,
+		("public.kern1.CGroup", "public.kern2.CGroup"): 11,
+		("public.kern1.CGroup", "public.kern2.DGroup"): 12,
+		("public.kern1.CGroup", "A"): 9,
+		("public.kern1.CGroup", "B"): 10,
+		("A", "public.kern2.CGroup"): 3,
+		("A", "public.kern2.DGroup"): 4,
+		("A", "A"): 1,
+		("A", "B"): 2,
+		("X", "A"): 13,
+		("X", "public.kern2.CGroup"): 14
+	}
+
+	expectedGroups = {
+		"BGroup": ["B"],
+		"CGroup": ["C", "Ccedilla"],
+		"DGroup": ["D"],
+		"public.kern1.BGroup": ["B"],
+		"public.kern1.CGroup": ["C", "Ccedilla"],
+		"public.kern2.CGroup": ["C", "Ccedilla"],
+		"public.kern2.DGroup": ["D"],
+		"Not A Kerning Group" : ["A"],
+		"X": ["X", "X.sc"]
+	}
+
+	def setUp(self):
+		self.tempDir = tempfile.mktemp()
+		os.mkdir(self.tempDir)
+		self.ufoPath = os.path.join(self.tempDir, "test.ufo")
+
+	def tearDown(self):
+		shutil.rmtree(self.tempDir)
+
+	def makeUFO(self, formatVersion):
+		self.clearUFO()
+		if not os.path.exists(self.ufoPath):
+			os.mkdir(self.ufoPath)
+
+		# glyphs
+		glyphsPath = os.path.join(self.ufoPath, "glyphs")
+		if not os.path.exists(glyphsPath):
+			os.mkdir(glyphsPath)
+		glyphFile = "X_.glif"
+		glyphsContents = dict(X=glyphFile)
+		path = os.path.join(glyphsPath, "contents.plist")
+		with open(path, "wb") as f:
+			plistlib.dump(glyphsContents, f)
+		path = os.path.join(glyphsPath, glyphFile)
+		with open(path, "w") as f:
+			f.write('<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>\n')
+
+		# metainfo.plist
+		metaInfo = dict(creator="test", formatVersion=formatVersion)
+		path = os.path.join(self.ufoPath, "metainfo.plist")
+		with open(path, "wb") as f:
+			plistlib.dump(metaInfo, f)
+		# kerning
+		kerning = {
+			"A" : {
+				"A" : 1,
+				"B" : 2,
+				"CGroup" : 3,
+				"DGroup" : 4
+			},
+			"BGroup" : {
+				"A" : 5,
+				"B" : 6,
+				"CGroup" : 7,
+				"DGroup" : 8
+			},
+			"CGroup" : {
+				"A" : 9,
+				"B" : 10,
+				"CGroup" : 11,
+				"DGroup" : 12
+			},
+			"X": {
+				"A" : 13,
+				"CGroup" : 14
+			}
+		}
+		path = os.path.join(self.ufoPath, "kerning.plist")
+		with open(path, "wb") as f:
+			plistlib.dump(kerning, f)
+		# groups
+		groups = {
+			"BGroup" : ["B"],
+			"CGroup" : ["C", "Ccedilla"],
+			"DGroup" : ["D"],
+			"Not A Kerning Group" : ["A"],
+			"X" : ["X", "X.sc"]  # a group with a name that is also a glyph name
+		}
+		path = os.path.join(self.ufoPath, "groups.plist")
+		with open(path, "wb") as f:
+			plistlib.dump(groups, f)
+		# font info
+		fontInfo = {
+			"familyName" : "Test"
+		}
+		path = os.path.join(self.ufoPath, "fontinfo.plist")
+		with open(path, "wb") as f:
+			plistlib.dump(fontInfo, f)
+
+	def clearUFO(self):
+		if os.path.exists(self.ufoPath):
+			shutil.rmtree(self.ufoPath)
+
+	def testUFO1(self):
+		self.makeUFO(formatVersion=2)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.ufoPath, validate=True)
+		kerning = reader.readKerning()
+		self.assertEqual(self.expectedKerning, kerning)
+		groups = reader.readGroups()
+		self.assertEqual(self.expectedGroups, groups)
+		info = TestInfoObject()
+		reader.readInfo(info)
+
+	def testUFO2(self):
+		self.makeUFO(formatVersion=2)
+		reader = UFOReader(self.ufoPath, validate=True)
+		kerning = reader.readKerning()
+		self.assertEqual(self.expectedKerning, kerning)
+		groups = reader.readGroups()
+		self.assertEqual(self.expectedGroups, groups)
+		info = TestInfoObject()
+		reader.readInfo(info)
+
+
+class KerningDownConversionTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
+
+	expectedKerning = {
+		("public.kern1.BGroup", "public.kern2.CGroup"): 7,
+		("public.kern1.BGroup", "public.kern2.DGroup"): 8,
+		("public.kern1.BGroup", "A"): 5,
+		("public.kern1.BGroup", "B"): 6,
+		("public.kern1.CGroup", "public.kern2.CGroup"): 11,
+		("public.kern1.CGroup", "public.kern2.DGroup"): 12,
+		("public.kern1.CGroup", "A"): 9,
+		("public.kern1.CGroup", "B"): 10,
+		("A", "public.kern2.CGroup"): 3,
+		("A", "public.kern2.DGroup"): 4,
+		("A", "A"): 1,
+		("A", "B"): 2
+	}
+
+	groups = {
+		"BGroup": ["B"],
+		"CGroup": ["C"],
+		"DGroup": ["D"],
+		"public.kern1.BGroup": ["B"],
+		"public.kern1.CGroup": ["C", "Ccedilla"],
+		"public.kern2.CGroup": ["C", "Ccedilla"],
+		"public.kern2.DGroup": ["D"],
+		"Not A Kerning Group" : ["A"]
+	}
+	expectedWrittenGroups = {
+		"BGroup": ["B"],
+		"CGroup": ["C", "Ccedilla"],
+		"DGroup": ["D"],
+		"Not A Kerning Group" : ["A"]
+	}
+
+	kerning = {
+		("public.kern1.BGroup", "public.kern2.CGroup"): 7,
+		("public.kern1.BGroup", "public.kern2.DGroup"): 8,
+		("public.kern1.BGroup", "A"): 5,
+		("public.kern1.BGroup", "B"): 6,
+		("public.kern1.CGroup", "public.kern2.CGroup"): 11,
+		("public.kern1.CGroup", "public.kern2.DGroup"): 12,
+		("public.kern1.CGroup", "A"): 9,
+		("public.kern1.CGroup", "B"): 10,
+		("A", "public.kern2.CGroup"): 3,
+		("A", "public.kern2.DGroup"): 4,
+		("A", "A"): 1,
+		("A", "B"): 2
+	}
+	expectedWrittenKerning = {
+		"BGroup" : {
+			"CGroup" : 7,
+			"DGroup" : 8,
+			"A" : 5,
+			"B" : 6
+		},
+		"CGroup" : {
+			"CGroup" : 11,
+			"DGroup" : 12,
+			"A" : 9,
+			"B" : 10
+		},
+		"A" : {
+			"CGroup" : 3,
+			"DGroup" : 4,
+			"A" : 1,
+			"B" : 2
+		}
+	}
+
+
+	downConversionMapping = {
+		"side1" : {
+			"BGroup" : "public.kern1.BGroup",
+			"CGroup" : "public.kern1.CGroup"
+		},
+		"side2" : {
+			"CGroup" : "public.kern2.CGroup",
+			"DGroup" : "public.kern2.DGroup"
+		}
+	}
+
+	def setUp(self):
+		self.tempDir = tempfile.mktemp()
+		os.mkdir(self.tempDir)
+		self.dstDir = os.path.join(self.tempDir, "test.ufo")
+
+	def tearDown(self):
+		shutil.rmtree(self.tempDir)
+
+	def tearDownUFO(self):
+		shutil.rmtree(self.dstDir)
+
+	def testWrite(self):
+		writer = UFOWriter(self.dstDir, formatVersion=2)
+		writer.setKerningGroupConversionRenameMaps(self.downConversionMapping)
+		writer.writeKerning(self.kerning)
+		writer.writeGroups(self.groups)
+		# test groups
+		path = os.path.join(self.dstDir, "groups.plist")
+		with open(path, "rb") as f:
+			writtenGroups = plistlib.load(f)
+		self.assertEqual(writtenGroups, self.expectedWrittenGroups)
+		# test kerning
+		path = os.path.join(self.dstDir, "kerning.plist")
+		with open(path, "rb") as f:
+			writtenKerning = plistlib.load(f)
+		self.assertEqual(writtenKerning, self.expectedWrittenKerning)
+		self.tearDownUFO()
diff --git a/Tests/ufoLib/UFOZ_test.py b/Tests/ufoLib/UFOZ_test.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5136210
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/ufoLib/UFOZ_test.py
@@ -0,0 +1,97 @@
+from fontTools.misc.py23 import tostr
+from fontTools.ufoLib import UFOReader, UFOWriter, UFOFileStructure
+from fontTools.ufoLib.errors import UFOLibError, GlifLibError
+from fontTools.misc import plistlib
+import sys
+import os
+import fs.osfs
+import fs.tempfs
+import fs.memoryfs
+import fs.copy
+import pytest
+import warnings
+
+
+TESTDATA = fs.osfs.OSFS(
+    os.path.join(os.path.dirname(__file__), "testdata")
+)
+TEST_UFO3 = "TestFont1 (UFO3).ufo"
+TEST_UFOZ = "TestFont1 (UFO3).ufoz"
+
+
+@pytest.fixture(params=[TEST_UFO3, TEST_UFOZ])
+def testufo(request):
+    name = request.param
+    with fs.tempfs.TempFS() as tmp:
+        if TESTDATA.isdir(name):
+            fs.copy.copy_dir(TESTDATA, name, tmp, name)
+        else:
+            fs.copy.copy_file(TESTDATA, name, tmp, name)
+        yield tmp.getsyspath(name)
+
+
+@pytest.fixture
+def testufoz():
+    with fs.tempfs.TempFS() as tmp:
+        fs.copy.copy_file(TESTDATA, TEST_UFOZ, tmp, TEST_UFOZ)
+        yield tmp.getsyspath(TEST_UFOZ)
+
+
+class TestUFOZ:
+
+    def test_read(self, testufoz):
+        with UFOReader(testufoz) as reader:
+            assert reader.fileStructure == UFOFileStructure.ZIP
+            assert reader.formatVersion == 3
+
+    def test_write(self, testufoz):
+        with UFOWriter(testufoz, structure="zip") as writer:
+            writer.writeLib({"hello world": 123})
+        with UFOReader(testufoz) as reader:
+            assert reader.readLib() == {"hello world": 123}
+
+
+def test_pathlike(testufo):
+
+    class PathLike:
+
+        def __init__(self, s):
+            self._path = s
+
+        def __fspath__(self):
+            return tostr(self._path, sys.getfilesystemencoding())
+
+    path = PathLike(testufo)
+
+    with UFOReader(path) as reader:
+        assert reader._path == path.__fspath__()
+
+    with UFOWriter(path) as writer:
+        assert writer._path == path.__fspath__()
+
+
+def test_path_attribute_deprecated(testufo):
+    with UFOWriter(testufo) as writer:
+        with pytest.warns(DeprecationWarning, match="The 'path' attribute"):
+            writer.path
+
+
+@pytest.fixture
+def memufo():
+    m = fs.memoryfs.MemoryFS()
+    fs.copy.copy_dir(TESTDATA, TEST_UFO3, m, "/")
+    return m
+
+
+class TestMemoryFS:
+
+    def test_init_reader(self, memufo):
+        with UFOReader(memufo) as reader:
+            assert reader.formatVersion == 3
+            assert reader.fileStructure == UFOFileStructure.PACKAGE
+
+    def test_init_writer(self):
+        m = fs.memoryfs.MemoryFS()
+        with UFOWriter(m) as writer:
+            assert m.exists("metainfo.plist")
+            assert writer._path == "<memfs>"
diff --git a/Tests/ufoLib/__init__.py b/Tests/ufoLib/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e69de29
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/ufoLib/__init__.py
diff --git a/Tests/ufoLib/filenames_test.py b/Tests/ufoLib/filenames_test.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a9415a1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/ufoLib/filenames_test.py
@@ -0,0 +1,97 @@
+import unittest
+from fontTools.ufoLib.filenames import userNameToFileName, handleClash1, handleClash2
+
+
+class TestFilenames(unittest.TestCase):
+
+    def test_userNameToFileName(self):
+        self.assertEqual(userNameToFileName("a"), "a")
+        self.assertEqual(userNameToFileName("A"), "A_")
+        self.assertEqual(userNameToFileName("AE"), "A_E_")
+        self.assertEqual(userNameToFileName("Ae"), "A_e")
+        self.assertEqual(userNameToFileName("ae"), "ae")
+        self.assertEqual(userNameToFileName("aE"), "aE_")
+        self.assertEqual(userNameToFileName("a.alt"), "a.alt")
+        self.assertEqual(userNameToFileName("A.alt"), "A_.alt")
+        self.assertEqual(userNameToFileName("A.Alt"), "A_.A_lt")
+        self.assertEqual(userNameToFileName("A.aLt"), "A_.aL_t")
+        self.assertEqual(userNameToFileName("A.alT"), "A_.alT_")
+        self.assertEqual(userNameToFileName("T_H"), "T__H_")
+        self.assertEqual(userNameToFileName("T_h"), "T__h")
+        self.assertEqual(userNameToFileName("t_h"), "t_h")
+        self.assertEqual(userNameToFileName("F_F_I"), "F__F__I_")
+        self.assertEqual(userNameToFileName("f_f_i"), "f_f_i")
+        self.assertEqual(userNameToFileName("Aacute_V.swash"),
+                         "A_acute_V_.swash")
+        self.assertEqual(userNameToFileName(".notdef"), "_notdef")
+        self.assertEqual(userNameToFileName("con"), "_con")
+        self.assertEqual(userNameToFileName("CON"), "C_O_N_")
+        self.assertEqual(userNameToFileName("con.alt"), "_con.alt")
+        self.assertEqual(userNameToFileName("alt.con"), "alt._con")
+
+    def test_userNameToFileName_ValueError(self):
+        with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
+            userNameToFileName(b"a")
+        with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
+            userNameToFileName({"a"})
+        with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
+            userNameToFileName(("a",))
+        with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
+            userNameToFileName(["a"])
+        with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
+            userNameToFileName(["a"])
+        with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
+            userNameToFileName(b"\xd8\x00")
+
+    def test_handleClash1(self):
+        prefix = ("0" * 5) + "."
+        suffix = "." + ("0" * 10)
+        existing = ["a" * 5]
+
+        e = list(existing)
+        self.assertEqual(
+            handleClash1(userName="A" * 5, existing=e, prefix=prefix,
+                         suffix=suffix),
+            '00000.AAAAA000000000000001.0000000000'
+        )
+
+        e = list(existing)
+        e.append(prefix + "aaaaa" + "1".zfill(15) + suffix)
+        self.assertEqual(
+            handleClash1(userName="A" * 5, existing=e, prefix=prefix,
+                         suffix=suffix),
+            '00000.AAAAA000000000000002.0000000000'
+        )
+
+        e = list(existing)
+        e.append(prefix + "AAAAA" + "2".zfill(15) + suffix)
+        self.assertEqual(
+            handleClash1(userName="A" * 5, existing=e, prefix=prefix,
+                         suffix=suffix),
+            '00000.AAAAA000000000000001.0000000000'
+        )
+
+    def test_handleClash2(self):
+        prefix = ("0" * 5) + "."
+        suffix = "." + ("0" * 10)
+        existing = [prefix + str(i) + suffix for i in range(100)]
+
+        e = list(existing)
+        self.assertEqual(
+            handleClash2(existing=e, prefix=prefix, suffix=suffix),
+            '00000.100.0000000000'
+        )
+
+        e = list(existing)
+        e.remove(prefix + "1" + suffix)
+        self.assertEqual(
+            handleClash2(existing=e, prefix=prefix, suffix=suffix),
+            '00000.1.0000000000'
+        )
+
+        e = list(existing)
+        e.remove(prefix + "2" + suffix)
+        self.assertEqual(
+            handleClash2(existing=e, prefix=prefix, suffix=suffix),
+            '00000.2.0000000000'
+        )
diff --git a/Tests/ufoLib/glifLib_test.py b/Tests/ufoLib/glifLib_test.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3af0256
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/ufoLib/glifLib_test.py
@@ -0,0 +1,314 @@
+import logging
+import os
+import tempfile
+import shutil
+import unittest
+from io import open
+from .testSupport import getDemoFontGlyphSetPath
+from fontTools.ufoLib.glifLib import (
+	GlyphSet, glyphNameToFileName, readGlyphFromString, writeGlyphToString,
+)
+from fontTools.ufoLib.errors import GlifLibError, UnsupportedGLIFFormat, UnsupportedUFOFormat
+from fontTools.misc.etree import XML_DECLARATION
+from fontTools.pens.recordingPen import RecordingPointPen
+import pytest
+
+GLYPHSETDIR = getDemoFontGlyphSetPath()
+
+
+class GlyphSetTests(unittest.TestCase):
+
+	def setUp(self):
+		self.dstDir = tempfile.mktemp()
+		os.mkdir(self.dstDir)
+
+	def tearDown(self):
+		shutil.rmtree(self.dstDir)
+
+	def testRoundTrip(self):
+		import difflib
+		srcDir = GLYPHSETDIR
+		dstDir = self.dstDir
+		src = GlyphSet(srcDir, ufoFormatVersion=2, validateRead=True, validateWrite=True)
+		dst = GlyphSet(dstDir, ufoFormatVersion=2, validateRead=True, validateWrite=True)
+		for glyphName in src.keys():
+			g = src[glyphName]
+			g.drawPoints(None)  # load attrs
+			dst.writeGlyph(glyphName, g, g.drawPoints)
+		# compare raw file data:
+		for glyphName in sorted(src.keys()):
+			fileName = src.contents[glyphName]
+			with open(os.path.join(srcDir, fileName), "r") as f:
+				org = f.read()
+			with open(os.path.join(dstDir, fileName), "r") as f:
+				new = f.read()
+			added = []
+			removed = []
+			for line in difflib.unified_diff(
+					org.split("\n"), new.split("\n")):
+				if line.startswith("+ "):
+					added.append(line[1:])
+				elif line.startswith("- "):
+					removed.append(line[1:])
+			self.assertEqual(
+				added, removed,
+				"%s.glif file differs after round tripping" % glyphName)
+
+	def testContentsExist(self):
+		with self.assertRaises(GlifLibError):
+			GlyphSet(
+				self.dstDir,
+				ufoFormatVersion=2,
+				validateRead=True,
+				validateWrite=True,
+				expectContentsFile=True,
+			)
+
+	def testRebuildContents(self):
+		gset = GlyphSet(GLYPHSETDIR, validateRead=True, validateWrite=True)
+		contents = gset.contents
+		gset.rebuildContents()
+		self.assertEqual(contents, gset.contents)
+
+	def testReverseContents(self):
+		gset = GlyphSet(GLYPHSETDIR, validateRead=True, validateWrite=True)
+		d = {}
+		for k, v in gset.getReverseContents().items():
+			d[v] = k
+		org = {}
+		for k, v in gset.contents.items():
+			org[k] = v.lower()
+		self.assertEqual(d, org)
+
+	def testReverseContents2(self):
+		src = GlyphSet(GLYPHSETDIR, validateRead=True, validateWrite=True)
+		dst = GlyphSet(self.dstDir, validateRead=True, validateWrite=True)
+		dstMap = dst.getReverseContents()
+		self.assertEqual(dstMap, {})
+		for glyphName in src.keys():
+			g = src[glyphName]
+			g.drawPoints(None)  # load attrs
+			dst.writeGlyph(glyphName, g, g.drawPoints)
+		self.assertNotEqual(dstMap, {})
+		srcMap = dict(src.getReverseContents())  # copy
+		self.assertEqual(dstMap, srcMap)
+		del srcMap["a.glif"]
+		dst.deleteGlyph("a")
+		self.assertEqual(dstMap, srcMap)
+
+	def testCustomFileNamingScheme(self):
+		def myGlyphNameToFileName(glyphName, glyphSet):
+			return "prefix" + glyphNameToFileName(glyphName, glyphSet)
+		src = GlyphSet(GLYPHSETDIR, validateRead=True, validateWrite=True)
+		dst = GlyphSet(self.dstDir, myGlyphNameToFileName, validateRead=True, validateWrite=True)
+		for glyphName in src.keys():
+			g = src[glyphName]
+			g.drawPoints(None)  # load attrs
+			dst.writeGlyph(glyphName, g, g.drawPoints)
+		d = {}
+		for k, v in src.contents.items():
+			d[k] = "prefix" + v
+		self.assertEqual(d, dst.contents)
+
+	def testGetUnicodes(self):
+		src = GlyphSet(GLYPHSETDIR, validateRead=True, validateWrite=True)
+		unicodes = src.getUnicodes()
+		for glyphName in src.keys():
+			g = src[glyphName]
+			g.drawPoints(None)  # load attrs
+			if not hasattr(g, "unicodes"):
+				self.assertEqual(unicodes[glyphName], [])
+			else:
+				self.assertEqual(g.unicodes, unicodes[glyphName])
+
+
+class FileNameTest:
+
+	def test_default_file_name_scheme(self):
+		assert glyphNameToFileName("a", None) == "a.glif"
+		assert glyphNameToFileName("A", None) == "A_.glif"
+		assert glyphNameToFileName("Aring", None) == "A_ring.glif"
+		assert glyphNameToFileName("F_A_B", None) == "F__A__B_.glif"
+		assert glyphNameToFileName("A.alt", None) == "A_.alt.glif"
+		assert glyphNameToFileName("A.Alt", None) == "A_.A_lt.glif"
+		assert glyphNameToFileName(".notdef", None) == "_notdef.glif"
+		assert glyphNameToFileName("T_H", None) =="T__H_.glif"
+		assert glyphNameToFileName("T_h", None) =="T__h.glif"
+		assert glyphNameToFileName("t_h", None) =="t_h.glif"
+		assert glyphNameToFileName("F_F_I", None) == "F__F__I_.glif"
+		assert glyphNameToFileName("f_f_i", None) == "f_f_i.glif"
+		assert glyphNameToFileName("AE", None) == "A_E_.glif"
+		assert glyphNameToFileName("Ae", None) == "A_e.glif"
+		assert glyphNameToFileName("ae", None) == "ae.glif"
+		assert glyphNameToFileName("aE", None) == "aE_.glif"
+		assert glyphNameToFileName("a.alt", None) == "a.alt.glif"
+		assert glyphNameToFileName("A.aLt", None) == "A_.aL_t.glif"
+		assert glyphNameToFileName("A.alT", None) == "A_.alT_.glif"
+		assert glyphNameToFileName("Aacute_V.swash", None) == "A_acute_V_.swash.glif"
+		assert glyphNameToFileName(".notdef", None) == "_notdef.glif"
+		assert glyphNameToFileName("con", None) == "_con.glif"
+		assert glyphNameToFileName("CON", None) == "C_O_N_.glif"
+		assert glyphNameToFileName("con.alt", None) == "_con.alt.glif"
+		assert glyphNameToFileName("alt.con", None) == "alt._con.glif"
+
+	def test_conflicting_case_insensitive_file_names(self, tmp_path):
+		src = GlyphSet(GLYPHSETDIR)
+		dst = GlyphSet(tmp_path)
+		glyph = src["a"]
+
+		dst.writeGlyph("a", glyph)
+		dst.writeGlyph("A", glyph)
+		dst.writeGlyph("a_", glyph)
+		dst.writeGlyph("A_", glyph)
+		dst.writeGlyph("i_j", glyph)
+
+		assert dst.contents == {
+			'a': 'a.glif',
+			'A': 'A_.glif',
+			'a_': 'a_000000000000001.glif',
+			'A_': 'A__.glif',
+			'i_j': 'i_j.glif',
+		}
+
+		# make sure filenames are unique even on case-insensitive filesystems
+		assert len({fileName.lower() for fileName in dst.contents.values()}) == 5
+
+
+class _Glyph:
+	pass
+
+
+class ReadWriteFuncTest:
+
+	def test_roundtrip(self):
+		glyph = _Glyph()
+		glyph.name = "a"
+		glyph.unicodes = [0x0061]
+
+		s1 = writeGlyphToString(glyph.name, glyph)
+
+		glyph2 = _Glyph()
+		readGlyphFromString(s1, glyph2)
+		assert glyph.__dict__ == glyph2.__dict__
+
+		s2 = writeGlyphToString(glyph2.name, glyph2)
+		assert s1 == s2
+
+	def test_xml_declaration(self):
+		s = writeGlyphToString("a", _Glyph())
+		assert s.startswith(XML_DECLARATION % "UTF-8")
+
+	def test_parse_xml_remove_comments(self):
+		s = b"""<?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?>
+		<!-- a comment -->
+		<glyph name="A" format="2">
+			<advance width="1290"/>
+			<unicode hex="0041"/>
+			<!-- another comment -->
+		</glyph>
+		"""
+
+		g = _Glyph()
+		readGlyphFromString(s, g)
+
+		assert g.name == "A"
+		assert g.width == 1290
+		assert g.unicodes == [0x0041]
+
+	def test_read_unsupported_format_version(self, caplog):
+		s = """<?xml version='1.0' encoding='utf-8'?>
+		<glyph name="A" format="0" formatMinor="0">
+			<advance width="500"/>
+			<unicode hex="0041"/>
+		</glyph>
+		"""
+
+		with pytest.raises(UnsupportedGLIFFormat):
+			readGlyphFromString(s, _Glyph())  # validate=True by default
+
+		with pytest.raises(UnsupportedGLIFFormat):
+			readGlyphFromString(s, _Glyph(), validate=True)
+
+		caplog.clear()
+		with caplog.at_level(logging.WARNING, logger="fontTools.ufoLib.glifLib"):
+			readGlyphFromString(s, _Glyph(), validate=False)
+
+		assert len(caplog.records) == 1
+		assert "Unsupported GLIF format" in caplog.text
+		assert "Assuming the latest supported version" in caplog.text
+
+	def test_read_allow_format_versions(self):
+		s = """<?xml version='1.0' encoding='utf-8'?>
+		<glyph name="A" format="2">
+			<advance width="500"/>
+			<unicode hex="0041"/>
+		</glyph>
+		"""
+
+		# these two calls are are equivalent
+		readGlyphFromString(s, _Glyph(), formatVersions=[1, 2])
+		readGlyphFromString(s, _Glyph(), formatVersions=[(1, 0), (2, 0)])
+
+		# if at least one supported formatVersion, unsupported ones are ignored
+		readGlyphFromString(s, _Glyph(), formatVersions=[(2, 0), (123, 456)])
+
+		with pytest.raises(
+			ValueError,
+			match="None of the requested GLIF formatVersions are supported"
+		):
+			readGlyphFromString(s, _Glyph(), formatVersions=[0, 2001])
+
+		with pytest.raises(GlifLibError, match="Forbidden GLIF format version"):
+			readGlyphFromString(s, _Glyph(), formatVersions=[1])
+
+	def test_read_ensure_x_y(self):
+		"""Ensure that a proper GlifLibError is raised when point coordinates are
+		missing, regardless of validation setting."""
+
+		s = """<?xml version='1.0' encoding='utf-8'?>
+		<glyph name="A" format="2">
+			<outline>
+				<contour>
+					<point x="545" y="0" type="line"/>
+					<point x="638" type="line"/>
+				</contour>
+			</outline>
+		</glyph>
+		"""
+		pen = RecordingPointPen() 
+
+		with pytest.raises(GlifLibError, match="Required y attribute"):
+			readGlyphFromString(s, _Glyph(), pen)
+
+		with pytest.raises(GlifLibError, match="Required y attribute"):
+			readGlyphFromString(s, _Glyph(), pen, validate=False)
+
+def test_GlyphSet_unsupported_ufoFormatVersion(tmp_path, caplog):
+	with pytest.raises(UnsupportedUFOFormat):
+		GlyphSet(tmp_path, ufoFormatVersion=0)
+	with pytest.raises(UnsupportedUFOFormat):
+		GlyphSet(tmp_path, ufoFormatVersion=(0, 1))
+
+
+def test_GlyphSet_writeGlyph_formatVersion(tmp_path):
+	src = GlyphSet(GLYPHSETDIR)
+	dst = GlyphSet(tmp_path, ufoFormatVersion=(2, 0))
+	glyph = src["A"]
+
+	# no explicit formatVersion passed: use the more recent GLIF formatVersion
+	# that is supported by given ufoFormatVersion (GLIF 1 for UFO 2)
+	dst.writeGlyph("A", glyph)
+	glif = dst.getGLIF("A")
+	assert b'format="1"' in glif
+	assert b'formatMinor' not in glif  # omitted when 0
+
+	# explicit, unknown formatVersion
+	with pytest.raises(UnsupportedGLIFFormat):
+		dst.writeGlyph("A", glyph, formatVersion=(0, 0))
+
+	# explicit, known formatVersion but unsupported by given ufoFormatVersion
+	with pytest.raises(
+		UnsupportedGLIFFormat,
+		match="Unsupported GLIF format version .*for UFO format version",
+	):
+		dst.writeGlyph("A", glyph, formatVersion=(2, 0))
diff --git a/Tests/ufoLib/testSupport.py b/Tests/ufoLib/testSupport.py
new file mode 100755
index 0000000..49f6a53
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/ufoLib/testSupport.py
@@ -0,0 +1,667 @@
+"""Miscellaneous helpers for our test suite."""
+
+import os
+from fontTools.ufoLib.utils import numberTypes
+
+
+def getDemoFontPath():
+	"""Return the path to Data/DemoFont.ufo/."""
+	testdata = os.path.join(os.path.dirname(__file__), "testdata")
+	return os.path.join(testdata, "DemoFont.ufo")
+
+
+def getDemoFontGlyphSetPath():
+	"""Return the path to Data/DemoFont.ufo/glyphs/."""
+	return os.path.join(getDemoFontPath(), "glyphs")
+
+
+# GLIF test tools
+
+class Glyph:
+
+	def __init__(self):
+		self.name = None
+		self.width = None
+		self.height = None
+		self.unicodes = None
+		self.note = None
+		self.lib = None
+		self.image = None
+		self.guidelines = None
+		self.anchors = None
+		self.outline = []
+
+	def _writePointPenCommand(self, command, args, kwargs):
+		args = _listToString(args)
+		kwargs = _dictToString(kwargs)
+		if args and kwargs:
+			return f"pointPen.{command}(*{args}, **{kwargs})"
+		elif len(args):
+			return f"pointPen.{command}(*{args})"
+		elif len(kwargs):
+			return f"pointPen.{command}(**{kwargs})"
+		else:
+			return "pointPen.%s()" % command
+
+	def beginPath(self, **kwargs):
+		self.outline.append(self._writePointPenCommand("beginPath", [], kwargs))
+
+	def endPath(self):
+		self.outline.append(self._writePointPenCommand("endPath", [], {}))
+
+	def addPoint(self, *args, **kwargs):
+		self.outline.append(self._writePointPenCommand("addPoint", args, kwargs))
+
+	def addComponent(self, *args, **kwargs):
+		self.outline.append(self._writePointPenCommand("addComponent", args, kwargs))
+
+	def drawPoints(self, pointPen):
+		if self.outline:
+			py = "\n".join(self.outline)
+			exec(py, {"pointPen" : pointPen})
+
+	def py(self):
+		text = []
+		if self.name is not None:
+			text.append("glyph.name = \"%s\"" % self.name)
+		if self.width:
+			text.append("glyph.width = %r" % self.width)
+		if self.height:
+			text.append("glyph.height = %r" % self.height)
+		if self.unicodes is not None:
+			text.append("glyph.unicodes = [%s]" % ", ".join([str(i) for i in self.unicodes]))
+		if self.note is not None:
+			text.append("glyph.note = \"%s\"" % self.note)
+		if self.lib is not None:
+			text.append("glyph.lib = %s" % _dictToString(self.lib))
+		if self.image is not None:
+			text.append("glyph.image = %s" % _dictToString(self.image))
+		if self.guidelines is not None:
+			text.append("glyph.guidelines = %s" % _listToString(self.guidelines))
+		if self.anchors is not None:
+			text.append("glyph.anchors = %s" % _listToString(self.anchors))
+		if self.outline:
+			text += self.outline
+		return "\n".join(text)
+
+def _dictToString(d):
+	text = []
+	for key, value in sorted(d.items()):
+		if value is None:
+			continue
+		key = "\"%s\"" % key
+		if isinstance(value, dict):
+			value = _dictToString(value)
+		elif isinstance(value, list):
+			value = _listToString(value)
+		elif isinstance(value, tuple):
+			value = _tupleToString(value)
+		elif isinstance(value, numberTypes):
+			value = repr(value)
+		elif isinstance(value, str):
+			value = "\"%s\"" % value
+		text.append(f"{key} : {value}")
+	if not text:
+		return ""
+	return "{%s}" % ", ".join(text)
+
+def _listToString(l):
+	text = []
+	for value in l:
+		if isinstance(value, dict):
+			value = _dictToString(value)
+		elif isinstance(value, list):
+			value = _listToString(value)
+		elif isinstance(value, tuple):
+			value = _tupleToString(value)
+		elif isinstance(value, numberTypes):
+			value = repr(value)
+		elif isinstance(value, str):
+			value = "\"%s\"" % value
+		text.append(value)
+	if not text:
+		return ""
+	return "[%s]" % ", ".join(text)
+
+def _tupleToString(t):
+	text = []
+	for value in t:
+		if isinstance(value, dict):
+			value = _dictToString(value)
+		elif isinstance(value, list):
+			value = _listToString(value)
+		elif isinstance(value, tuple):
+			value = _tupleToString(value)
+		elif isinstance(value, numberTypes):
+			value = repr(value)
+		elif isinstance(value, str):
+			value = "\"%s\"" % value
+		text.append(value)
+	if not text:
+		return ""
+	return "(%s)" % ", ".join(text)
+
+def stripText(text):
+	new = []
+	for line in text.strip().splitlines():
+		line = line.strip()
+		if not line:
+			continue
+		new.append(line)
+	return "\n".join(new)
+
+# font info values used by several tests
+
+fontInfoVersion1 = {
+	"familyName"   : "Some Font (Family Name)",
+	"styleName"	   : "Regular (Style Name)",
+	"fullName"	   : "Some Font-Regular (Postscript Full Name)",
+	"fontName"	   : "SomeFont-Regular (Postscript Font Name)",
+	"menuName"	   : "Some Font Regular (Style Map Family Name)",
+	"fontStyle"	   : 64,
+	"note"		   : "A note.",
+	"versionMajor" : 1,
+	"versionMinor" : 0,
+	"year"		   : 2008,
+	"copyright"	   : "Copyright Some Foundry.",
+	"notice"	   : "Some Font by Some Designer for Some Foundry.",
+	"trademark"	   : "Trademark Some Foundry",
+	"license"	   : "License info for Some Foundry.",
+	"licenseURL"   : "http://somefoundry.com/license",
+	"createdBy"	   : "Some Foundry",
+	"designer"	   : "Some Designer",
+	"designerURL"  : "http://somedesigner.com",
+	"vendorURL"	   : "http://somefoundry.com",
+	"unitsPerEm"   : 1000,
+	"ascender"	   : 750,
+	"descender"	   : -250,
+	"capHeight"	   : 750,
+	"xHeight"	   : 500,
+	"defaultWidth" : 400,
+	"slantAngle"   : -12.5,
+	"italicAngle"  : -12.5,
+	"widthName"	   : "Medium (normal)",
+	"weightName"   : "Medium",
+	"weightValue"  : 500,
+	"fondName"	   : "SomeFont Regular (FOND Name)",
+	"otFamilyName" : "Some Font (Preferred Family Name)",
+	"otStyleName"  : "Regular (Preferred Subfamily Name)",
+	"otMacName"	   : "Some Font Regular (Compatible Full Name)",
+	"msCharSet"	   : 0,
+	"fondID"	   : 15000,
+	"uniqueID"	   : 4000000,
+	"ttVendor"	   : "SOME",
+	"ttUniqueID"   : "OpenType name Table Unique ID",
+	"ttVersion"	   : "OpenType name Table Version",
+}
+
+fontInfoVersion2 = {
+	"familyName"						 : "Some Font (Family Name)",
+	"styleName"							 : "Regular (Style Name)",
+	"styleMapFamilyName"				 : "Some Font Regular (Style Map Family Name)",
+	"styleMapStyleName"					 : "regular",
+	"versionMajor"						 : 1,
+	"versionMinor"						 : 0,
+	"year"								 : 2008,
+	"copyright"							 : "Copyright Some Foundry.",
+	"trademark"							 : "Trademark Some Foundry",
+	"unitsPerEm"						 : 1000,
+	"descender"							 : -250,
+	"xHeight"							 : 500,
+	"capHeight"							 : 750,
+	"ascender"							 : 750,
+	"italicAngle"						 : -12.5,
+	"note"								 : "A note.",
+	"openTypeHeadCreated"				 : "2000/01/01 00:00:00",
+	"openTypeHeadLowestRecPPEM"			 : 10,
+	"openTypeHeadFlags"					 : [0, 1],
+	"openTypeHheaAscender"				 : 750,
+	"openTypeHheaDescender"				 : -250,
+	"openTypeHheaLineGap"				 : 200,
+	"openTypeHheaCaretSlopeRise"		 : 1,
+	"openTypeHheaCaretSlopeRun"			 : 0,
+	"openTypeHheaCaretOffset"			 : 0,
+	"openTypeNameDesigner"				 : "Some Designer",
+	"openTypeNameDesignerURL"			 : "http://somedesigner.com",
+	"openTypeNameManufacturer"			 : "Some Foundry",
+	"openTypeNameManufacturerURL"		 : "http://somefoundry.com",
+	"openTypeNameLicense"				 : "License info for Some Foundry.",
+	"openTypeNameLicenseURL"			 : "http://somefoundry.com/license",
+	"openTypeNameVersion"				 : "OpenType name Table Version",
+	"openTypeNameUniqueID"				 : "OpenType name Table Unique ID",
+	"openTypeNameDescription"			 : "Some Font by Some Designer for Some Foundry.",
+	"openTypeNamePreferredFamilyName"	 : "Some Font (Preferred Family Name)",
+	"openTypeNamePreferredSubfamilyName" : "Regular (Preferred Subfamily Name)",
+	"openTypeNameCompatibleFullName"	 : "Some Font Regular (Compatible Full Name)",
+	"openTypeNameSampleText"			 : "Sample Text for Some Font.",
+	"openTypeNameWWSFamilyName"			 : "Some Font (WWS Family Name)",
+	"openTypeNameWWSSubfamilyName"		 : "Regular (WWS Subfamily Name)",
+	"openTypeOS2WidthClass"				 : 5,
+	"openTypeOS2WeightClass"			 : 500,
+	"openTypeOS2Selection"				 : [3],
+	"openTypeOS2VendorID"				 : "SOME",
+	"openTypeOS2Panose"					 : [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9],
+	"openTypeOS2FamilyClass"			 : [1, 1],
+	"openTypeOS2UnicodeRanges"			 : [0, 1],
+	"openTypeOS2CodePageRanges"			 : [0, 1],
+	"openTypeOS2TypoAscender"			 : 750,
+	"openTypeOS2TypoDescender"			 : -250,
+	"openTypeOS2TypoLineGap"			 : 200,
+	"openTypeOS2WinAscent"				 : 750,
+	"openTypeOS2WinDescent"				 : 250,
+	"openTypeOS2Type"					 : [],
+	"openTypeOS2SubscriptXSize"			 : 200,
+	"openTypeOS2SubscriptYSize"			 : 400,
+	"openTypeOS2SubscriptXOffset"		 : 0,
+	"openTypeOS2SubscriptYOffset"		 : -100,
+	"openTypeOS2SuperscriptXSize"		 : 200,
+	"openTypeOS2SuperscriptYSize"		 : 400,
+	"openTypeOS2SuperscriptXOffset"		 : 0,
+	"openTypeOS2SuperscriptYOffset"		 : 200,
+	"openTypeOS2StrikeoutSize"			 : 20,
+	"openTypeOS2StrikeoutPosition"		 : 300,
+	"openTypeVheaVertTypoAscender"		 : 750,
+	"openTypeVheaVertTypoDescender"		 : -250,
+	"openTypeVheaVertTypoLineGap"		 : 200,
+	"openTypeVheaCaretSlopeRise"		 : 0,
+	"openTypeVheaCaretSlopeRun"			 : 1,
+	"openTypeVheaCaretOffset"			 : 0,
+	"postscriptFontName"				 : "SomeFont-Regular (Postscript Font Name)",
+	"postscriptFullName"				 : "Some Font-Regular (Postscript Full Name)",
+	"postscriptSlantAngle"				 : -12.5,
+	"postscriptUniqueID"				 : 4000000,
+	"postscriptUnderlineThickness"		 : 20,
+	"postscriptUnderlinePosition"		 : -200,
+	"postscriptIsFixedPitch"			 : False,
+	"postscriptBlueValues"				 : [500, 510],
+	"postscriptOtherBlues"				 : [-250, -260],
+	"postscriptFamilyBlues"				 : [500, 510],
+	"postscriptFamilyOtherBlues"		 : [-250, -260],
+	"postscriptStemSnapH"				 : [100, 120],
+	"postscriptStemSnapV"				 : [80, 90],
+	"postscriptBlueFuzz"				 : 1,
+	"postscriptBlueShift"				 : 7,
+	"postscriptBlueScale"				 : 0.039625,
+	"postscriptForceBold"				 : True,
+	"postscriptDefaultWidthX"			 : 400,
+	"postscriptNominalWidthX"			 : 400,
+	"postscriptWeightName"				 : "Medium",
+	"postscriptDefaultCharacter"		 : ".notdef",
+	"postscriptWindowsCharacterSet"		 : 1,
+	"macintoshFONDFamilyID"				 : 15000,
+	"macintoshFONDName"					 : "SomeFont Regular (FOND Name)",
+}
+
+fontInfoVersion3 = {
+	"familyName"						 : "Some Font (Family Name)",
+	"styleName"							 : "Regular (Style Name)",
+	"styleMapFamilyName"				 : "Some Font Regular (Style Map Family Name)",
+	"styleMapStyleName"					 : "regular",
+	"versionMajor"						 : 1,
+	"versionMinor"						 : 0,
+	"year"								 : 2008,
+	"copyright"							 : "Copyright Some Foundry.",
+	"trademark"							 : "Trademark Some Foundry",
+	"unitsPerEm"						 : 1000,
+	"descender"							 : -250,
+	"xHeight"							 : 500,
+	"capHeight"							 : 750,
+	"ascender"							 : 750,
+	"italicAngle"						 : -12.5,
+	"note"								 : "A note.",
+	"openTypeGaspRangeRecords"			 : [
+		dict(rangeMaxPPEM=10, rangeGaspBehavior=[0]),
+		dict(rangeMaxPPEM=20, rangeGaspBehavior=[1]),
+		dict(rangeMaxPPEM=30, rangeGaspBehavior=[2]),
+		dict(rangeMaxPPEM=40, rangeGaspBehavior=[3]),
+		dict(rangeMaxPPEM=50, rangeGaspBehavior=[0, 1, 2, 3]),
+		dict(rangeMaxPPEM=0xFFFF, rangeGaspBehavior=[0])
+	],
+	"openTypeHeadCreated"				 : "2000/01/01 00:00:00",
+	"openTypeHeadLowestRecPPEM"			 : 10,
+	"openTypeHeadFlags"					 : [0, 1],
+	"openTypeHheaAscender"				 : 750,
+	"openTypeHheaDescender"				 : -250,
+	"openTypeHheaLineGap"				 : 200,
+	"openTypeHheaCaretSlopeRise"		 : 1,
+	"openTypeHheaCaretSlopeRun"			 : 0,
+	"openTypeHheaCaretOffset"			 : 0,
+	"openTypeNameDesigner"				 : "Some Designer",
+	"openTypeNameDesignerURL"			 : "http://somedesigner.com",
+	"openTypeNameManufacturer"			 : "Some Foundry",
+	"openTypeNameManufacturerURL"		 : "http://somefoundry.com",
+	"openTypeNameLicense"				 : "License info for Some Foundry.",
+	"openTypeNameLicenseURL"			 : "http://somefoundry.com/license",
+	"openTypeNameVersion"				 : "OpenType name Table Version",
+	"openTypeNameUniqueID"				 : "OpenType name Table Unique ID",
+	"openTypeNameDescription"			 : "Some Font by Some Designer for Some Foundry.",
+	"openTypeNamePreferredFamilyName"	 : "Some Font (Preferred Family Name)",
+	"openTypeNamePreferredSubfamilyName" : "Regular (Preferred Subfamily Name)",
+	"openTypeNameCompatibleFullName"	 : "Some Font Regular (Compatible Full Name)",
+	"openTypeNameSampleText"			 : "Sample Text for Some Font.",
+	"openTypeNameWWSFamilyName"			 : "Some Font (WWS Family Name)",
+	"openTypeNameWWSSubfamilyName"		 : "Regular (WWS Subfamily Name)",
+	"openTypeNameRecords"				 : [
+		dict(nameID=1, platformID=1, encodingID=1, languageID=1, string="Name Record."),
+		dict(nameID=2, platformID=1, encodingID=1, languageID=1, string="Name Record.")
+	],
+	"openTypeOS2WidthClass"				 : 5,
+	"openTypeOS2WeightClass"			 : 500,
+	"openTypeOS2Selection"				 : [3],
+	"openTypeOS2VendorID"				 : "SOME",
+	"openTypeOS2Panose"					 : [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9],
+	"openTypeOS2FamilyClass"			 : [1, 1],
+	"openTypeOS2UnicodeRanges"			 : [0, 1],
+	"openTypeOS2CodePageRanges"			 : [0, 1],
+	"openTypeOS2TypoAscender"			 : 750,
+	"openTypeOS2TypoDescender"			 : -250,
+	"openTypeOS2TypoLineGap"			 : 200,
+	"openTypeOS2WinAscent"				 : 750,
+	"openTypeOS2WinDescent"				 : 250,
+	"openTypeOS2Type"					 : [],
+	"openTypeOS2SubscriptXSize"			 : 200,
+	"openTypeOS2SubscriptYSize"			 : 400,
+	"openTypeOS2SubscriptXOffset"		 : 0,
+	"openTypeOS2SubscriptYOffset"		 : -100,
+	"openTypeOS2SuperscriptXSize"		 : 200,
+	"openTypeOS2SuperscriptYSize"		 : 400,
+	"openTypeOS2SuperscriptXOffset"		 : 0,
+	"openTypeOS2SuperscriptYOffset"		 : 200,
+	"openTypeOS2StrikeoutSize"			 : 20,
+	"openTypeOS2StrikeoutPosition"		 : 300,
+	"openTypeVheaVertTypoAscender"		 : 750,
+	"openTypeVheaVertTypoDescender"		 : -250,
+	"openTypeVheaVertTypoLineGap"		 : 200,
+	"openTypeVheaCaretSlopeRise"		 : 0,
+	"openTypeVheaCaretSlopeRun"			 : 1,
+	"openTypeVheaCaretOffset"			 : 0,
+	"postscriptFontName"				 : "SomeFont-Regular (Postscript Font Name)",
+	"postscriptFullName"				 : "Some Font-Regular (Postscript Full Name)",
+	"postscriptSlantAngle"				 : -12.5,
+	"postscriptUniqueID"				 : 4000000,
+	"postscriptUnderlineThickness"		 : 20,
+	"postscriptUnderlinePosition"		 : -200,
+	"postscriptIsFixedPitch"			 : False,
+	"postscriptBlueValues"				 : [500, 510],
+	"postscriptOtherBlues"				 : [-250, -260],
+	"postscriptFamilyBlues"				 : [500, 510],
+	"postscriptFamilyOtherBlues"		 : [-250, -260],
+	"postscriptStemSnapH"				 : [100, 120],
+	"postscriptStemSnapV"				 : [80, 90],
+	"postscriptBlueFuzz"				 : 1,
+	"postscriptBlueShift"				 : 7,
+	"postscriptBlueScale"				 : 0.039625,
+	"postscriptForceBold"				 : True,
+	"postscriptDefaultWidthX"			 : 400,
+	"postscriptNominalWidthX"			 : 400,
+	"postscriptWeightName"				 : "Medium",
+	"postscriptDefaultCharacter"		 : ".notdef",
+	"postscriptWindowsCharacterSet"		 : 1,
+	"macintoshFONDFamilyID"				 : 15000,
+	"macintoshFONDName"					 : "SomeFont Regular (FOND Name)",
+	"woffMajorVersion"					 : 1,
+	"woffMinorVersion"					 : 0,
+	"woffMetadataUniqueID"				 : dict(id="string"),
+	"woffMetadataVendor"				 : dict(name="Some Foundry", url="http://somefoundry.com"),
+	"woffMetadataCredits"				 : dict(
+												credits=[
+													dict(name="Some Designer"),
+													dict(name=""),
+													dict(name="Some Designer", url="http://somedesigner.com"),
+													dict(name="Some Designer", url=""),
+													dict(name="Some Designer", role="Designer"),
+													dict(name="Some Designer", role=""),
+													dict(name="Some Designer", dir="ltr"),
+													dict(name="rengiseD emoS", dir="rtl"),
+													{"name" : "Some Designer", "class" : "hello"},
+													{"name" : "Some Designer", "class" : ""},
+												]
+											),
+	"woffMetadataDescription"			 : dict(
+												url="http://somefoundry.com/foo/description",
+												text=[
+													dict(text="foo"),
+													dict(text=""),
+													dict(text="foo", language="bar"),
+													dict(text="foo", language=""),
+													dict(text="foo", dir="ltr"),
+													dict(text="foo", dir="rtl"),
+													{"text" : "foo", "class" : "foo"},
+													{"text" : "foo", "class" : ""},
+												]
+											),
+	"woffMetadataLicense"				 : dict(
+												url="http://somefoundry.com/foo/license",
+												id="foo",
+												text=[
+													dict(text="foo"),
+													dict(text=""),
+													dict(text="foo", language="bar"),
+													dict(text="foo", language=""),
+													dict(text="foo", dir="ltr"),
+													dict(text="foo", dir="rtl"),
+													{"text" : "foo", "class" : "foo"},
+													{"text" : "foo", "class" : ""},
+												]
+											),
+	"woffMetadataCopyright"				 : dict(
+												text=[
+													dict(text="foo"),
+													dict(text=""),
+													dict(text="foo", language="bar"),
+													dict(text="foo", language=""),
+													dict(text="foo", dir="ltr"),
+													dict(text="foo", dir="rtl"),
+													{"text" : "foo", "class" : "foo"},
+													{"text" : "foo", "class" : ""},
+												]
+											),
+	"woffMetadataTrademark"				 : dict(
+												text=[
+													dict(text="foo"),
+													dict(text=""),
+													dict(text="foo", language="bar"),
+													dict(text="foo", language=""),
+													dict(text="foo", dir="ltr"),
+													dict(text="foo", dir="rtl"),
+													{"text" : "foo", "class" : "foo"},
+													{"text" : "foo", "class" : ""},
+												]
+											),
+	"woffMetadataLicensee"				 : dict(
+												name="Some Licensee"
+											),
+	"woffMetadataExtensions"			 : [
+												dict(
+													# everything
+													names=[
+														dict(text="foo"),
+														dict(text=""),
+														dict(text="foo", language="bar"),
+														dict(text="foo", language=""),
+														dict(text="foo", dir="ltr"),
+														dict(text="foo", dir="rtl"),
+														{"text" : "foo", "class" : "hello"},
+														{"text" : "foo", "class" : ""},
+													],
+													items=[
+														# everything
+														dict(
+															id="foo",
+															names=[
+																dict(text="foo"),
+																dict(text=""),
+																dict(text="foo", language="bar"),
+																dict(text="foo", language=""),
+																dict(text="foo", dir="ltr"),
+																dict(text="foo", dir="rtl"),
+																{"text" : "foo", "class" : "hello"},
+																{"text" : "foo", "class" : ""},
+															],
+															values=[
+																dict(text="foo"),
+																dict(text=""),
+																dict(text="foo", language="bar"),
+																dict(text="foo", language=""),
+																dict(text="foo", dir="ltr"),
+																dict(text="foo", dir="rtl"),
+																{"text" : "foo", "class" : "hello"},
+																{"text" : "foo", "class" : ""},
+															]
+														),
+														# no id
+														dict(
+															names=[
+																dict(text="foo")
+															],
+															values=[
+																dict(text="foo")
+															]
+														)
+													]
+												),
+												# no names
+												dict(
+													items=[
+														dict(
+															id="foo",
+															names=[
+																dict(text="foo")
+															],
+															values=[
+																dict(text="foo")
+															]
+														)
+													]
+												),
+											],
+	"guidelines"						 : [
+											# ints
+											dict(x=100, y=200, angle=45),
+											# floats
+											dict(x=100.5, y=200.5, angle=45.5),
+											# edges
+											dict(x=0, y=0, angle=0),
+											dict(x=0, y=0, angle=360),
+											dict(x=0, y=0, angle=360.0),
+											# no y
+											dict(x=100),
+											# no x
+											dict(y=200),
+											# name
+											dict(x=100, y=200, angle=45, name="foo"),
+											dict(x=100, y=200, angle=45, name=""),
+											# identifier
+											dict(x=100, y=200, angle=45, identifier="guide1"),
+											dict(x=100, y=200, angle=45, identifier="guide2"),
+											dict(x=100, y=200, angle=45, identifier="\x20"),
+											dict(x=100, y=200, angle=45, identifier="\x7E"),
+											# colors
+											dict(x=100, y=200, angle=45, color="0,0,0,0"),
+											dict(x=100, y=200, angle=45, color="1,0,0,0"),
+											dict(x=100, y=200, angle=45, color="1,1,1,1"),
+											dict(x=100, y=200, angle=45, color="0,1,0,0"),
+											dict(x=100, y=200, angle=45, color="0,0,1,0"),
+											dict(x=100, y=200, angle=45, color="0,0,0,1"),
+											dict(x=100, y=200, angle=45, color="1, 0, 0, 0"),
+											dict(x=100, y=200, angle=45, color="0, 1, 0, 0"),
+											dict(x=100, y=200, angle=45, color="0, 0, 1, 0"),
+											dict(x=100, y=200, angle=45, color="0, 0, 0, 1"),
+											dict(x=100, y=200, angle=45, color=".5,0,0,0"),
+											dict(x=100, y=200, angle=45, color="0,.5,0,0"),
+											dict(x=100, y=200, angle=45, color="0,0,.5,0"),
+											dict(x=100, y=200, angle=45, color="0,0,0,.5"),
+											dict(x=100, y=200, angle=45, color=".5,1,1,1"),
+											dict(x=100, y=200, angle=45, color="1,.5,1,1"),
+											dict(x=100, y=200, angle=45, color="1,1,.5,1"),
+											dict(x=100, y=200, angle=45, color="1,1,1,.5"),
+										],
+}
+
+expectedFontInfo1To2Conversion = {
+	"familyName"						: "Some Font (Family Name)",
+	"styleMapFamilyName"				: "Some Font Regular (Style Map Family Name)",
+	"styleMapStyleName"					: "regular",
+	"styleName"							: "Regular (Style Name)",
+	"unitsPerEm"						: 1000,
+	"ascender"							: 750,
+	"capHeight"							: 750,
+	"xHeight"							: 500,
+	"descender"							: -250,
+	"italicAngle"						: -12.5,
+	"versionMajor"						: 1,
+	"versionMinor"						: 0,
+	"year"								: 2008,
+	"copyright"							: "Copyright Some Foundry.",
+	"trademark"							: "Trademark Some Foundry",
+	"note"								: "A note.",
+	"macintoshFONDFamilyID"				: 15000,
+	"macintoshFONDName"					: "SomeFont Regular (FOND Name)",
+	"openTypeNameCompatibleFullName"	: "Some Font Regular (Compatible Full Name)",
+	"openTypeNameDescription"			: "Some Font by Some Designer for Some Foundry.",
+	"openTypeNameDesigner"				: "Some Designer",
+	"openTypeNameDesignerURL"			: "http://somedesigner.com",
+	"openTypeNameLicense"				: "License info for Some Foundry.",
+	"openTypeNameLicenseURL"			: "http://somefoundry.com/license",
+	"openTypeNameManufacturer"			: "Some Foundry",
+	"openTypeNameManufacturerURL"		: "http://somefoundry.com",
+	"openTypeNamePreferredFamilyName"	: "Some Font (Preferred Family Name)",
+	"openTypeNamePreferredSubfamilyName": "Regular (Preferred Subfamily Name)",
+	"openTypeNameCompatibleFullName"	: "Some Font Regular (Compatible Full Name)",
+	"openTypeNameUniqueID"				: "OpenType name Table Unique ID",
+	"openTypeNameVersion"				: "OpenType name Table Version",
+	"openTypeOS2VendorID"				: "SOME",
+	"openTypeOS2WeightClass"			: 500,
+	"openTypeOS2WidthClass"				: 5,
+	"postscriptDefaultWidthX"			: 400,
+	"postscriptFontName"				: "SomeFont-Regular (Postscript Font Name)",
+	"postscriptFullName"				: "Some Font-Regular (Postscript Full Name)",
+	"postscriptSlantAngle"				: -12.5,
+	"postscriptUniqueID"				: 4000000,
+	"postscriptWeightName"				: "Medium",
+	"postscriptWindowsCharacterSet"		: 1
+}
+
+expectedFontInfo2To1Conversion = {
+	"familyName"  	: "Some Font (Family Name)",
+	"menuName"	  	: "Some Font Regular (Style Map Family Name)",
+	"fontStyle"	  	: 64,
+	"styleName"	  	: "Regular (Style Name)",
+	"unitsPerEm"  	: 1000,
+	"ascender"	  	: 750,
+	"capHeight"	  	: 750,
+	"xHeight"	  	: 500,
+	"descender"	  	: -250,
+	"italicAngle" 	: -12.5,
+	"versionMajor"	: 1,
+	"versionMinor"	: 0,
+	"copyright"	  	: "Copyright Some Foundry.",
+	"trademark"	  	: "Trademark Some Foundry",
+	"note"		  	: "A note.",
+	"fondID"	  	: 15000,
+	"fondName"	  	: "SomeFont Regular (FOND Name)",
+	"fullName"	  	: "Some Font Regular (Compatible Full Name)",
+	"notice"	  	: "Some Font by Some Designer for Some Foundry.",
+	"designer"	  	: "Some Designer",
+	"designerURL" 	: "http://somedesigner.com",
+	"license"	  	: "License info for Some Foundry.",
+	"licenseURL"  	: "http://somefoundry.com/license",
+	"createdBy"	  	: "Some Foundry",
+	"vendorURL"	  	: "http://somefoundry.com",
+	"otFamilyName"	: "Some Font (Preferred Family Name)",
+	"otStyleName" 	: "Regular (Preferred Subfamily Name)",
+	"otMacName"	  	: "Some Font Regular (Compatible Full Name)",
+	"ttUniqueID"  	: "OpenType name Table Unique ID",
+	"ttVersion"	  	: "OpenType name Table Version",
+	"ttVendor"	  	: "SOME",
+	"weightValue" 	: 500,
+	"widthName"	  	: "Medium (normal)",
+	"defaultWidth"	: 400,
+	"fontName"	  	: "SomeFont-Regular (Postscript Font Name)",
+	"fullName"	  	: "Some Font-Regular (Postscript Full Name)",
+	"slantAngle"  	: -12.5,
+	"uniqueID"	  	: 4000000,
+	"weightName"  	: "Medium",
+	"msCharSet"	  	: 0,
+	"year"			: 2008
+}
diff --git a/Tests/ufoLib/testdata/DemoFont.ufo/fontinfo.plist b/Tests/ufoLib/testdata/DemoFont.ufo/fontinfo.plist
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..501e77f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/ufoLib/testdata/DemoFont.ufo/fontinfo.plist
@@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<!DOCTYPE plist PUBLIC "-//Apple Computer//DTD PLIST 1.0//EN" "http://www.apple.com/DTDs/PropertyList-1.0.dtd">
+<plist version="1.0">
+<dict>
+	<key>ascender</key>
+	<integer>750</integer>
+	<key>capHeight</key>
+	<integer>527</integer>
+	<key>copyright</key>
+	<string>TOKEN COPYRIGHT STRING.  COPYRIGHT SAME AS PACKAGE. </string>
+	<key>defaultWidth</key>
+	<integer>500</integer>
+	<key>descender</key>
+	<integer>-170</integer>
+	<key>designer</key>
+	<string>Various</string>
+	<key>designerURL</key>
+	<string></string>
+	<key>familyName</key>
+	<string>UFODEMOFONT</string>
+	<key>fontStyle</key>
+	<integer>64</integer>
+	<key>license</key>
+	<string>LICENSE SAME AS PACKAGE.</string>
+	<key>notice</key>
+	<string>TOKEN DESCRIPTION</string>
+	<key>styleName</key>
+	<string>JUSTADEMO</string>
+	<key>trademark</key>
+	<string>NO TRADEMARKS</string>
+	<key>ttVendor</key>
+	<string>NONE</string>
+	<key>ttVersion</key>
+	<string>Version 1.000;PS development 5;hotconv 1.0.38</string>
+	<key>unitsPerEm</key>
+	<integer>1000</integer>
+	<key>vendorURL</key>
+	<string></string>
+	<key>versionMajor</key>
+	<integer>1</integer>
+	<key>xHeight</key>
+	<integer>456</integer>
+	<key>year</key>
+	<integer>2003</integer>
+</dict>
+</plist>
diff --git a/Tests/ufoLib/testdata/DemoFont.ufo/glyphs/A_.glif b/Tests/ufoLib/testdata/DemoFont.ufo/glyphs/A_.glif
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..54b23d2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/ufoLib/testdata/DemoFont.ufo/glyphs/A_.glif
@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<glyph name="A" format="1">
+  <advance width="487"/>
+  <unicode hex="0041"/>
+  <outline>
+    <contour>
+      <point x="243" y="681" type="move" name="top"/>
+    </contour>
+    <contour>
+      <point x="243" y="739" type="move" name="top"/>
+    </contour>
+    <contour>
+      <point x="243" y="-75" type="move" name="bottom"/>
+    </contour>
+    <contour>
+      <point x="243" y="739" type="move" name="top"/>
+    </contour>
+    <contour>
+      <point x="243" y="-75" type="move" name="bottom"/>
+    </contour>
+    <contour>
+      <point x="460" y="0" type="line"/>
+      <point x="318" y="664" type="line"/>
+      <point x="169" y="664" type="line"/>
+      <point x="27" y="0" type="line"/>
+      <point x="129" y="0" type="line"/>
+      <point x="150" y="94" type="line"/>
+      <point x="328" y="94" type="line"/>
+      <point x="348" y="0" type="line"/>
+    </contour>
+    <contour>
+      <point x="307" y="189" type="line"/>
+      <point x="172" y="189" type="line"/>
+      <point x="214" y="398" type="line"/>
+      <point x="239" y="541" type="line"/>
+      <point x="249" y="541" type="line"/>
+      <point x="264" y="399" type="line"/>
+    </contour>
+  </outline>
+</glyph>
diff --git a/Tests/ufoLib/testdata/DemoFont.ufo/glyphs/B_.glif b/Tests/ufoLib/testdata/DemoFont.ufo/glyphs/B_.glif
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..97fed73
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/ufoLib/testdata/DemoFont.ufo/glyphs/B_.glif
@@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<glyph name="B" format="1">
+  <advance width="460"/>
+  <unicode hex="0042"/>
+  <outline>
+    <contour>
+      <point x="201" y="681" type="move" name="top"/>
+    </contour>
+    <contour>
+      <point x="412" y="474" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+      <point x="412" y="606"/>
+      <point x="323" y="664"/>
+      <point x="170" y="664" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+      <point x="47" y="664" type="line"/>
+      <point x="47" y="0" type="line"/>
+      <point x="170" y="0" type="line" smooth="yes"/>
+      <point x="340" y="0"/>
+      <point x="421" y="70"/>
+      <point x="421" y="189" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+      <point x="421" y="265"/>
+      <point x="358" y="330"/>
+      <point x="285" y="330" type="curve"/>
+      <point x="285" y="340" type="line"/>
+      <point x="358" y="340"/>
+      <point x="412" y="392"/>
+    </contour>
+    <contour>
+      <point x="151" y="284" type="line"/>
+      <point x="264" y="284"/>
+      <point x="314" y="253"/>
+      <point x="314" y="189" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+      <point x="314" y="130"/>
+      <point x="265" y="95"/>
+      <point x="151" y="95" type="curve"/>
+    </contour>
+    <contour>
+      <point x="151" y="569" type="line"/>
+      <point x="259" y="569"/>
+      <point x="304" y="551"/>
+      <point x="304" y="474" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+      <point x="304" y="409"/>
+      <point x="261" y="379"/>
+      <point x="151" y="379" type="curve"/>
+    </contour>
+  </outline>
+</glyph>
diff --git a/Tests/ufoLib/testdata/DemoFont.ufo/glyphs/F_.glif b/Tests/ufoLib/testdata/DemoFont.ufo/glyphs/F_.glif
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4baff85
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/ufoLib/testdata/DemoFont.ufo/glyphs/F_.glif
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<glyph name="F" format="1">
+  <advance width="417"/>
+  <unicode hex="0046"/>
+  <outline>
+    <contour>
+      <point x="213" y="681" type="move" name="top"/>
+    </contour>
+    <contour>
+      <point x="332" y="350" type="line"/>
+      <point x="151" y="350" type="line"/>
+      <point x="151" y="560" type="line"/>
+      <point x="379" y="560" type="line"/>
+      <point x="379" y="664" type="line"/>
+      <point x="47" y="664" type="line"/>
+      <point x="47" y="0" type="line"/>
+      <point x="151" y="0" type="line"/>
+      <point x="151" y="250" type="line"/>
+      <point x="332" y="250" type="line"/>
+    </contour>
+  </outline>
+</glyph>
diff --git a/Tests/ufoLib/testdata/DemoFont.ufo/glyphs/F__A__B_.glif b/Tests/ufoLib/testdata/DemoFont.ufo/glyphs/F__A__B_.glif
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f3cbe3f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/ufoLib/testdata/DemoFont.ufo/glyphs/F__A__B_.glif
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<glyph name="F_A_B" format="1">
+  <advance width="900"/>
+  <outline>
+    <component base="A"/>
+    <component base="B" xOffset="350"/>
+    <component base="F" xScale="0.965925826289" xyScale="-0.258819045103" yxScale="0.258819045103" yScale="0.965925826289" xOffset="-50" yOffset="500"/>
+  </outline>
+</glyph>
diff --git a/Tests/ufoLib/testdata/DemoFont.ufo/glyphs/G_.glif b/Tests/ufoLib/testdata/DemoFont.ufo/glyphs/G_.glif
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3531c30
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/ufoLib/testdata/DemoFont.ufo/glyphs/G_.glif
@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<glyph name="G" format="1">
+  <advance width="494"/>
+  <unicode hex="0047"/>
+  <outline>
+    <contour>
+      <point x="301" y="681" type="move" name="top"/>
+    </contour>
+    <contour>
+      <point x="272" y="0" type="move" name="bottom"/>
+    </contour>
+    <contour>
+      <point x="446" y="379" type="line"/>
+      <point x="231" y="379" type="line"/>
+      <point x="231" y="284" type="line"/>
+      <point x="350" y="284" type="line"/>
+      <point x="350" y="98" type="line"/>
+      <point x="338" y="95"/>
+      <point x="300" y="94"/>
+      <point x="288" y="94" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+      <point x="197" y="94"/>
+      <point x="142" y="130"/>
+      <point x="142" y="322" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+      <point x="142" y="514"/>
+      <point x="177" y="569"/>
+      <point x="300" y="569" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+      <point x="324" y="569"/>
+      <point x="387" y="567"/>
+      <point x="417" y="563" type="curve"/>
+      <point x="427" y="653" type="line"/>
+      <point x="401" y="663"/>
+      <point x="338" y="674"/>
+      <point x="300" y="674" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+      <point x="120" y="674"/>
+      <point x="37" y="570"/>
+      <point x="37" y="322" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+      <point x="37" y="71"/>
+      <point x="134" y="-9"/>
+      <point x="272" y="-9" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+      <point x="353" y="-9"/>
+      <point x="396" y="-1"/>
+      <point x="446" y="18" type="curve"/>
+    </contour>
+  </outline>
+</glyph>
diff --git a/Tests/ufoLib/testdata/DemoFont.ufo/glyphs/O_.glif b/Tests/ufoLib/testdata/DemoFont.ufo/glyphs/O_.glif
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d0cdba6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/ufoLib/testdata/DemoFont.ufo/glyphs/O_.glif
@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<glyph name="O" format="1">
+  <advance width="513"/>
+  <unicode hex="004F"/>
+  <outline>
+    <contour>
+      <point x="259" y="681" type="move" name="top"/>
+    </contour>
+    <contour>
+      <point x="257" y="0" type="move" name="bottom"/>
+    </contour>
+    <contour>
+      <point x="474" y="332" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+      <point x="474" y="579"/>
+      <point x="414" y="674"/>
+      <point x="257" y="674" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+      <point x="106" y="674"/>
+      <point x="37" y="567"/>
+      <point x="37" y="332" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+      <point x="37" y="85"/>
+      <point x="98" y="-9"/>
+      <point x="256" y="-9" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+      <point x="405" y="-9"/>
+      <point x="474" y="98"/>
+    </contour>
+    <contour>
+      <point x="257" y="574" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+      <point x="336" y="574"/>
+      <point x="367" y="511"/>
+      <point x="367" y="332" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+      <point x="367" y="163"/>
+      <point x="332" y="91"/>
+      <point x="256" y="91" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+      <point x="176" y="91"/>
+      <point x="145" y="153"/>
+      <point x="145" y="332" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+      <point x="145" y="501"/>
+      <point x="180" y="574"/>
+    </contour>
+  </outline>
+</glyph>
diff --git a/Tests/ufoLib/testdata/DemoFont.ufo/glyphs/R_.glif b/Tests/ufoLib/testdata/DemoFont.ufo/glyphs/R_.glif
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ba45f0e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/ufoLib/testdata/DemoFont.ufo/glyphs/R_.glif
@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<glyph name="R" format="1">
+  <advance width="463"/>
+  <unicode hex="0052"/>
+  <outline>
+    <contour>
+      <point x="208" y="681" type="move" name="top"/>
+    </contour>
+    <contour>
+      <point x="445" y="0" type="line"/>
+      <point x="319" y="249" type="line"/>
+      <point x="380" y="286"/>
+      <point x="417" y="349"/>
+      <point x="417" y="436" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+      <point x="417" y="590"/>
+      <point x="315" y="664"/>
+      <point x="151" y="664" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+      <point x="47" y="664" type="line"/>
+      <point x="47" y="0" type="line"/>
+      <point x="151" y="0" type="line"/>
+      <point x="151" y="208" type="line"/>
+      <point x="180" y="208"/>
+      <point x="197" y="210"/>
+      <point x="221" y="214" type="curve"/>
+      <point x="331" y="0" type="line"/>
+    </contour>
+    <contour>
+      <point x="313" y="436" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+      <point x="313" y="345"/>
+      <point x="250" y="303"/>
+      <point x="151" y="303" type="curve"/>
+      <point x="151" y="569" type="line"/>
+      <point x="251" y="569"/>
+      <point x="313" y="535"/>
+    </contour>
+  </outline>
+</glyph>
diff --git a/Tests/ufoLib/testdata/DemoFont.ufo/glyphs/a.glif b/Tests/ufoLib/testdata/DemoFont.ufo/glyphs/a.glif
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..dc1cbdf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/ufoLib/testdata/DemoFont.ufo/glyphs/a.glif
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<glyph name="a" format="1">
+  <unicode hex="0061"/>
+  <outline>
+  </outline>
+</glyph>
diff --git a/Tests/ufoLib/testdata/DemoFont.ufo/glyphs/contents.plist b/Tests/ufoLib/testdata/DemoFont.ufo/glyphs/contents.plist
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8607953
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/ufoLib/testdata/DemoFont.ufo/glyphs/contents.plist
@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<!DOCTYPE plist PUBLIC "-//Apple Computer//DTD PLIST 1.0//EN" "http://www.apple.com/DTDs/PropertyList-1.0.dtd">
+<plist version="1.0">
+<dict>
+	<key>A</key>
+	<string>A_.glif</string>
+	<key>B</key>
+	<string>B_.glif</string>
+	<key>F</key>
+	<string>F_.glif</string>
+	<key>F_A_B</key>
+	<string>F__A__B_.glif</string>
+	<key>G</key>
+	<string>G_.glif</string>
+	<key>O</key>
+	<string>O_.glif</string>
+	<key>R</key>
+	<string>R_.glif</string>
+	<key>a</key>
+	<string>a.glif</string>
+	<key>testglyph1</key>
+	<string>testglyph1.glif</string>
+	<key>testglyph1.reversed</key>
+	<string>testglyph1.reversed.glif</string>
+</dict>
+</plist>
diff --git a/Tests/ufoLib/testdata/DemoFont.ufo/glyphs/testglyph1.glif b/Tests/ufoLib/testdata/DemoFont.ufo/glyphs/testglyph1.glif
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0559cac
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/ufoLib/testdata/DemoFont.ufo/glyphs/testglyph1.glif
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<glyph name="testglyph1" format="1">
+  <advance width="500"/>
+  <outline>
+    <contour>
+      <point x="58" y="443" type="move"/>
+      <point x="84" y="667" type="line"/>
+      <point x="313" y="632" type="line"/>
+      <point x="354" y="380" type="line"/>
+    </contour>
+    <contour>
+      <point x="328" y="238" type="line"/>
+      <point x="328" y="32" type="line"/>
+      <point x="90" y="29" type="line"/>
+      <point x="87" y="235" type="line"/>
+    </contour>
+  </outline>
+</glyph>
diff --git a/Tests/ufoLib/testdata/DemoFont.ufo/glyphs/testglyph1.reversed.glif b/Tests/ufoLib/testdata/DemoFont.ufo/glyphs/testglyph1.reversed.glif
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..91c3377
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/ufoLib/testdata/DemoFont.ufo/glyphs/testglyph1.reversed.glif
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<glyph name="testglyph1.reversed" format="1">
+  <advance width="500"/>
+  <outline>
+    <contour>
+      <point x="354" y="380" type="move"/>
+      <point x="313" y="632" type="line"/>
+      <point x="84" y="667" type="line"/>
+      <point x="58" y="443" type="line"/>
+    </contour>
+    <contour>
+      <point x="328" y="238" type="line"/>
+      <point x="87" y="235" type="line"/>
+      <point x="90" y="29" type="line"/>
+      <point x="328" y="32" type="line"/>
+    </contour>
+  </outline>
+</glyph>
diff --git a/Tests/ufoLib/testdata/DemoFont.ufo/lib.plist b/Tests/ufoLib/testdata/DemoFont.ufo/lib.plist
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6056e7d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/ufoLib/testdata/DemoFont.ufo/lib.plist
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<!DOCTYPE plist PUBLIC "-//Apple Computer//DTD PLIST 1.0//EN" "http://www.apple.com/DTDs/PropertyList-1.0.dtd">
+<plist version="1.0">
+<dict>
+</dict>
+</plist>
diff --git a/Tests/ufoLib/testdata/DemoFont.ufo/metainfo.plist b/Tests/ufoLib/testdata/DemoFont.ufo/metainfo.plist
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c044a5f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/ufoLib/testdata/DemoFont.ufo/metainfo.plist
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<!DOCTYPE plist PUBLIC "-//Apple Computer//DTD PLIST 1.0//EN" "http://www.apple.com/DTDs/PropertyList-1.0.dtd">
+<plist version="1.0">
+<dict>
+	<key>creator</key>
+	<string>org.robofab.ufoLib</string>
+	<key>formatVersion</key>
+	<integer>1</integer>
+</dict>
+</plist>
diff --git "a/Tests/ufoLib/testdata/TestFont1 \050UFO1\051.ufo/fontinfo.plist" "b/Tests/ufoLib/testdata/TestFont1 \050UFO1\051.ufo/fontinfo.plist"
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..bab3aa2
--- /dev/null
+++ "b/Tests/ufoLib/testdata/TestFont1 \050UFO1\051.ufo/fontinfo.plist"
@@ -0,0 +1,87 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<!DOCTYPE plist PUBLIC "-//Apple Computer//DTD PLIST 1.0//EN" "http://www.apple.com/DTDs/PropertyList-1.0.dtd">
+<plist version="1.0">
+<dict>
+	<key>ascender</key>
+	<integer>750</integer>
+	<key>capHeight</key>
+	<integer>750</integer>
+	<key>copyright</key>
+	<string>Copyright Some Foundry.</string>
+	<key>createdBy</key>
+	<string>Some Foundry</string>
+	<key>defaultWidth</key>
+	<integer>400</integer>
+	<key>descender</key>
+	<integer>-250</integer>
+	<key>designer</key>
+	<string>Some Designer</string>
+	<key>designerURL</key>
+	<string>http://somedesigner.com</string>
+	<key>familyName</key>
+	<string>Some Font (Family Name)</string>
+	<key>fondID</key>
+	<integer>15000</integer>
+	<key>fondName</key>
+	<string>SomeFont Regular (FOND Name)</string>
+	<key>fontName</key>
+	<string>SomeFont-Regular (Postscript Font Name)</string>
+	<key>fontStyle</key>
+	<integer>64</integer>
+	<key>fullName</key>
+	<string>Some Font-Regular (Postscript Full Name)</string>
+	<key>italicAngle</key>
+	<real>-12.5</real>
+	<key>license</key>
+	<string>License info for Some Foundry.</string>
+	<key>licenseURL</key>
+	<string>http://somefoundry.com/license</string>
+	<key>menuName</key>
+	<string>Some Font Regular (Style Map Family Name)</string>
+	<key>msCharSet</key>
+	<integer>0</integer>
+	<key>note</key>
+	<string>A note.</string>
+	<key>notice</key>
+	<string>Some Font by Some Designer for Some Foundry.</string>
+	<key>otFamilyName</key>
+	<string>Some Font (Preferred Family Name)</string>
+	<key>otMacName</key>
+	<string>Some Font Regular (Compatible Full Name)</string>
+	<key>otStyleName</key>
+	<string>Regular (Preferred Subfamily Name)</string>
+	<key>slantAngle</key>
+	<real>-12.5</real>
+	<key>styleName</key>
+	<string>Regular (Style Name)</string>
+	<key>trademark</key>
+	<string>Trademark Some Foundry</string>
+	<key>ttUniqueID</key>
+	<string>OpenType name Table Unique ID</string>
+	<key>ttVendor</key>
+	<string>SOME</string>
+	<key>ttVersion</key>
+	<string>OpenType name Table Version</string>
+	<key>uniqueID</key>
+	<integer>4000000</integer>
+	<key>unitsPerEm</key>
+	<integer>1000</integer>
+	<key>vendorURL</key>
+	<string>http://somefoundry.com</string>
+	<key>versionMajor</key>
+	<integer>1</integer>
+	<key>versionMinor</key>
+	<integer>0</integer>
+	<key>weightName</key>
+	<string>Medium</string>
+	<key>weightValue</key>
+	<integer>500</integer>
+	<key>widthName</key>
+	<string>Medium (normal)</string>
+	<key>xHeight</key>
+	<integer>500</integer>
+	<key>year</key>
+	<integer>2008</integer>
+</dict>
+</plist>
+
diff --git "a/Tests/ufoLib/testdata/TestFont1 \050UFO1\051.ufo/glyphs/A_.glif" "b/Tests/ufoLib/testdata/TestFont1 \050UFO1\051.ufo/glyphs/A_.glif"
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..36afacc
--- /dev/null
+++ "b/Tests/ufoLib/testdata/TestFont1 \050UFO1\051.ufo/glyphs/A_.glif"
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<glyph name="A" format="1">
+  <advance width="740"/>
+  <unicode hex="0041"/>
+  <outline>
+    <contour>
+      <point x="20" y="0" type="line"/>
+      <point x="720" y="0" type="line"/>
+      <point x="720" y="700" type="line"/>
+      <point x="20" y="700" type="line"/>
+    </contour>
+  </outline>
+</glyph>
diff --git "a/Tests/ufoLib/testdata/TestFont1 \050UFO1\051.ufo/glyphs/B_.glif" "b/Tests/ufoLib/testdata/TestFont1 \050UFO1\051.ufo/glyphs/B_.glif"
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ddcf3b2
--- /dev/null
+++ "b/Tests/ufoLib/testdata/TestFont1 \050UFO1\051.ufo/glyphs/B_.glif"
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<glyph name="B" format="1">
+  <advance width="740"/>
+  <unicode hex="0042"/>
+  <outline>
+    <contour>
+      <point x="20" y="350" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+      <point x="20" y="157"/>
+      <point x="177" y="0"/>
+      <point x="370" y="0" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+      <point x="563" y="0"/>
+      <point x="720" y="157"/>
+      <point x="720" y="350" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+      <point x="720" y="543"/>
+      <point x="563" y="700"/>
+      <point x="370" y="700" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+      <point x="177" y="700"/>
+      <point x="20" y="543"/>
+    </contour>
+  </outline>
+</glyph>
diff --git "a/Tests/ufoLib/testdata/TestFont1 \050UFO1\051.ufo/glyphs/contents.plist" "b/Tests/ufoLib/testdata/TestFont1 \050UFO1\051.ufo/glyphs/contents.plist"
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..08f7bba
--- /dev/null
+++ "b/Tests/ufoLib/testdata/TestFont1 \050UFO1\051.ufo/glyphs/contents.plist"
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<!DOCTYPE plist PUBLIC "-//Apple Computer//DTD PLIST 1.0//EN" "http://www.apple.com/DTDs/PropertyList-1.0.dtd">
+<plist version="1.0">
+<dict>
+	<key>A</key>
+	<string>A_.glif</string>
+	<key>B</key>
+	<string>B_.glif</string>
+</dict>
+</plist>
diff --git "a/Tests/ufoLib/testdata/TestFont1 \050UFO1\051.ufo/groups.plist" "b/Tests/ufoLib/testdata/TestFont1 \050UFO1\051.ufo/groups.plist"
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..40d17d9
--- /dev/null
+++ "b/Tests/ufoLib/testdata/TestFont1 \050UFO1\051.ufo/groups.plist"
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<!DOCTYPE plist PUBLIC "-//Apple Computer//DTD PLIST 1.0//EN" "http://www.apple.com/DTDs/PropertyList-1.0.dtd">
+<plist version="1.0">
+<dict>
+	<key>group1</key>
+	<array>
+		<string>A</string>
+	</array>
+	<key>group2</key>
+	<array>
+		<string>A</string>
+		<string>B</string>
+	</array>
+</dict>
+</plist>
diff --git "a/Tests/ufoLib/testdata/TestFont1 \050UFO1\051.ufo/kerning.plist" "b/Tests/ufoLib/testdata/TestFont1 \050UFO1\051.ufo/kerning.plist"
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c07bf22
--- /dev/null
+++ "b/Tests/ufoLib/testdata/TestFont1 \050UFO1\051.ufo/kerning.plist"
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<!DOCTYPE plist PUBLIC "-//Apple Computer//DTD PLIST 1.0//EN" "http://www.apple.com/DTDs/PropertyList-1.0.dtd">
+<plist version="1.0">
+<dict>
+	<key>A</key>
+	<dict>
+		<key>B</key>
+		<integer>100</integer>
+	</dict>
+	<key>B</key>
+	<dict>
+		<key>A</key>
+		<integer>-200</integer>
+	</dict>
+</dict>
+</plist>
diff --git "a/Tests/ufoLib/testdata/TestFont1 \050UFO1\051.ufo/lib.plist" "b/Tests/ufoLib/testdata/TestFont1 \050UFO1\051.ufo/lib.plist"
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..df50b29
--- /dev/null
+++ "b/Tests/ufoLib/testdata/TestFont1 \050UFO1\051.ufo/lib.plist"
@@ -0,0 +1,72 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<!DOCTYPE plist PUBLIC "-//Apple Computer//DTD PLIST 1.0//EN" "http://www.apple.com/DTDs/PropertyList-1.0.dtd">
+<plist version="1.0">
+<dict>
+	<key>org.robofab.opentype.classes</key>
+	<string>@myClass = [A B];
+</string>
+	<key>org.robofab.opentype.featureorder</key>
+	<array>
+		<string>liga</string>
+	</array>
+	<key>org.robofab.opentype.features</key>
+	<dict>
+		<key>liga</key>
+		<string>feature liga {
+    sub A A by b;
+} liga;
+</string>
+	</dict>
+	<key>org.robofab.postScriptHintData</key>
+	<dict>
+		<key>blueFuzz</key>
+		<integer>1</integer>
+		<key>blueScale</key>
+		<real>0.039625</real>
+		<key>blueShift</key>
+		<integer>7</integer>
+		<key>blueValues</key>
+		<array>
+			<array>
+				<integer>500</integer>
+				<integer>510</integer>
+			</array>
+		</array>
+		<key>familyBlues</key>
+		<array>
+			<array>
+				<integer>500</integer>
+				<integer>510</integer>
+			</array>
+		</array>
+		<key>familyOtherBlues</key>
+		<array>
+			<array>
+				<integer>-260</integer>
+				<integer>-250</integer>
+			</array>
+		</array>
+		<key>forceBold</key>
+		<true/>
+		<key>hStems</key>
+		<array>
+			<integer>100</integer>
+			<integer>120</integer>
+		</array>
+		<key>otherBlues</key>
+		<array>
+			<array>
+				<integer>-260</integer>
+				<integer>-250</integer>
+			</array>
+		</array>
+		<key>vStems</key>
+		<array>
+			<integer>80</integer>
+			<integer>90</integer>
+		</array>
+	</dict>
+	<key>org.robofab.testFontLibData</key>
+	<string>Foo Bar</string>
+</dict>
+</plist>
diff --git "a/Tests/ufoLib/testdata/TestFont1 \050UFO1\051.ufo/metainfo.plist" "b/Tests/ufoLib/testdata/TestFont1 \050UFO1\051.ufo/metainfo.plist"
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c044a5f
--- /dev/null
+++ "b/Tests/ufoLib/testdata/TestFont1 \050UFO1\051.ufo/metainfo.plist"
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<!DOCTYPE plist PUBLIC "-//Apple Computer//DTD PLIST 1.0//EN" "http://www.apple.com/DTDs/PropertyList-1.0.dtd">
+<plist version="1.0">
+<dict>
+	<key>creator</key>
+	<string>org.robofab.ufoLib</string>
+	<key>formatVersion</key>
+	<integer>1</integer>
+</dict>
+</plist>
diff --git "a/Tests/ufoLib/testdata/TestFont1 \050UFO2\051.ufo/features.fea" "b/Tests/ufoLib/testdata/TestFont1 \050UFO2\051.ufo/features.fea"
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..40188d9
--- /dev/null
+++ "b/Tests/ufoLib/testdata/TestFont1 \050UFO2\051.ufo/features.fea"
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+@myClass = [A B];
+
+feature liga {
+    sub A A by b;
+} liga;
diff --git "a/Tests/ufoLib/testdata/TestFont1 \050UFO2\051.ufo/fontinfo.plist" "b/Tests/ufoLib/testdata/TestFont1 \050UFO2\051.ufo/fontinfo.plist"
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..021d46d
--- /dev/null
+++ "b/Tests/ufoLib/testdata/TestFont1 \050UFO2\051.ufo/fontinfo.plist"
@@ -0,0 +1,239 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<!DOCTYPE plist PUBLIC "-//Apple Computer//DTD PLIST 1.0//EN" "http://www.apple.com/DTDs/PropertyList-1.0.dtd">
+<plist version="1.0">
+<dict>
+	<key>ascender</key>
+	<integer>750</integer>
+	<key>capHeight</key>
+	<integer>750</integer>
+	<key>copyright</key>
+	<string>Copyright Some Foundry.</string>
+	<key>descender</key>
+	<integer>-250</integer>
+	<key>familyName</key>
+	<string>Some Font (Family Name)</string>
+	<key>italicAngle</key>
+	<real>-12.5</real>
+	<key>macintoshFONDFamilyID</key>
+	<integer>15000</integer>
+	<key>macintoshFONDName</key>
+	<string>SomeFont Regular (FOND Name)</string>
+	<key>note</key>
+	<string>A note.</string>
+	<key>openTypeHeadCreated</key>
+	<string>2000/01/01 00:00:00</string>
+	<key>openTypeHeadFlags</key>
+	<array>
+		<integer>0</integer>
+		<integer>1</integer>
+	</array>
+	<key>openTypeHeadLowestRecPPEM</key>
+	<integer>10</integer>
+	<key>openTypeHheaAscender</key>
+	<integer>750</integer>
+	<key>openTypeHheaCaretOffset</key>
+	<integer>0</integer>
+	<key>openTypeHheaCaretSlopeRise</key>
+	<integer>1</integer>
+	<key>openTypeHheaCaretSlopeRun</key>
+	<integer>0</integer>
+	<key>openTypeHheaDescender</key>
+	<integer>-250</integer>
+	<key>openTypeHheaLineGap</key>
+	<integer>200</integer>
+	<key>openTypeNameCompatibleFullName</key>
+	<string>Some Font Regular (Compatible Full Name)</string>
+	<key>openTypeNameDescription</key>
+	<string>Some Font by Some Designer for Some Foundry.</string>
+	<key>openTypeNameDesigner</key>
+	<string>Some Designer</string>
+	<key>openTypeNameDesignerURL</key>
+	<string>http://somedesigner.com</string>
+	<key>openTypeNameLicense</key>
+	<string>License info for Some Foundry.</string>
+	<key>openTypeNameLicenseURL</key>
+	<string>http://somefoundry.com/license</string>
+	<key>openTypeNameManufacturer</key>
+	<string>Some Foundry</string>
+	<key>openTypeNameManufacturerURL</key>
+	<string>http://somefoundry.com</string>
+	<key>openTypeNamePreferredFamilyName</key>
+	<string>Some Font (Preferred Family Name)</string>
+	<key>openTypeNamePreferredSubfamilyName</key>
+	<string>Regular (Preferred Subfamily Name)</string>
+	<key>openTypeNameSampleText</key>
+	<string>Sample Text for Some Font.</string>
+	<key>openTypeNameUniqueID</key>
+	<string>OpenType name Table Unique ID</string>
+	<key>openTypeNameVersion</key>
+	<string>OpenType name Table Version</string>
+	<key>openTypeNameWWSFamilyName</key>
+	<string>Some Font (WWS Family Name)</string>
+	<key>openTypeNameWWSSubfamilyName</key>
+	<string>Regular (WWS Subfamily Name)</string>
+	<key>openTypeOS2CodePageRanges</key>
+	<array>
+		<integer>0</integer>
+		<integer>1</integer>
+	</array>
+	<key>openTypeOS2Panose</key>
+	<array>
+		<integer>0</integer>
+		<integer>1</integer>
+		<integer>2</integer>
+		<integer>3</integer>
+		<integer>4</integer>
+		<integer>5</integer>
+		<integer>6</integer>
+		<integer>7</integer>
+		<integer>8</integer>
+		<integer>9</integer>
+	</array>
+	<key>openTypeOS2FamilyClass</key>
+	<array>
+		<integer>1</integer>
+		<integer>1</integer>
+	</array>
+	<key>openTypeOS2Selection</key>
+	<array>
+		<integer>3</integer>
+	</array>
+	<key>openTypeOS2StrikeoutPosition</key>
+	<integer>300</integer>
+	<key>openTypeOS2StrikeoutSize</key>
+	<integer>20</integer>
+	<key>openTypeOS2SubscriptXOffset</key>
+	<integer>0</integer>
+	<key>openTypeOS2SubscriptXSize</key>
+	<integer>200</integer>
+	<key>openTypeOS2SubscriptYOffset</key>
+	<integer>-100</integer>
+	<key>openTypeOS2SubscriptYSize</key>
+	<integer>400</integer>
+	<key>openTypeOS2SuperscriptXOffset</key>
+	<integer>0</integer>
+	<key>openTypeOS2SuperscriptXSize</key>
+	<integer>200</integer>
+	<key>openTypeOS2SuperscriptYOffset</key>
+	<integer>200</integer>
+	<key>openTypeOS2SuperscriptYSize</key>
+	<integer>400</integer>
+	<key>openTypeOS2Type</key>
+	<array>
+	</array>
+	<key>openTypeOS2TypoAscender</key>
+	<integer>750</integer>
+	<key>openTypeOS2TypoDescender</key>
+	<integer>-250</integer>
+	<key>openTypeOS2TypoLineGap</key>
+	<integer>200</integer>
+	<key>openTypeOS2UnicodeRanges</key>
+	<array>
+		<integer>0</integer>
+		<integer>1</integer>
+	</array>
+	<key>openTypeOS2VendorID</key>
+	<string>SOME</string>
+	<key>openTypeOS2WeightClass</key>
+	<integer>500</integer>
+	<key>openTypeOS2WidthClass</key>
+	<integer>5</integer>
+	<key>openTypeOS2WinAscent</key>
+	<integer>750</integer>
+	<key>openTypeOS2WinDescent</key>
+	<integer>-250</integer>
+	<key>openTypeVheaCaretOffset</key>
+	<integer>0</integer>
+	<key>openTypeVheaCaretSlopeRise</key>
+	<integer>0</integer>
+	<key>openTypeVheaCaretSlopeRun</key>
+	<integer>1</integer>
+	<key>openTypeVheaVertTypoAscender</key>
+	<integer>750</integer>
+	<key>openTypeVheaVertTypoDescender</key>
+	<integer>-250</integer>
+	<key>openTypeVheaVertTypoLineGap</key>
+	<integer>200</integer>
+	<key>postscriptBlueFuzz</key>
+	<integer>1</integer>
+	<key>postscriptBlueScale</key>
+	<real>0.039625</real>
+	<key>postscriptBlueShift</key>
+	<integer>7</integer>
+	<key>postscriptBlueValues</key>
+	<array>
+		<integer>500</integer>
+		<integer>510</integer>
+	</array>
+	<key>postscriptDefaultCharacter</key>
+	<string>.notdef</string>
+	<key>postscriptDefaultWidthX</key>
+	<integer>400</integer>
+	<key>postscriptFamilyBlues</key>
+	<array>
+		<integer>500</integer>
+		<integer>510</integer>
+	</array>
+	<key>postscriptFamilyOtherBlues</key>
+	<array>
+		<integer>-250</integer>
+		<integer>-260</integer>
+	</array>
+	<key>postscriptFontName</key>
+	<string>SomeFont-Regular (Postscript Font Name)</string>
+	<key>postscriptForceBold</key>
+	<true/>
+	<key>postscriptFullName</key>
+	<string>Some Font-Regular (Postscript Full Name)</string>
+	<key>postscriptIsFixedPitch</key>
+	<false/>
+	<key>postscriptNominalWidthX</key>
+	<integer>400</integer>
+	<key>postscriptOtherBlues</key>
+	<array>
+		<integer>-250</integer>
+		<integer>-260</integer>
+	</array>
+	<key>postscriptSlantAngle</key>
+	<real>-12.5</real>
+	<key>postscriptStemSnapH</key>
+	<array>
+		<integer>100</integer>
+		<integer>120</integer>
+	</array>
+	<key>postscriptStemSnapV</key>
+	<array>
+		<integer>80</integer>
+		<integer>90</integer>
+	</array>
+	<key>postscriptUnderlinePosition</key>
+	<integer>-200</integer>
+	<key>postscriptUnderlineThickness</key>
+	<integer>20</integer>
+	<key>postscriptUniqueID</key>
+	<integer>4000000</integer>
+	<key>postscriptWeightName</key>
+	<string>Medium</string>
+	<key>postscriptWindowsCharacterSet</key>
+	<integer>1</integer>
+	<key>styleMapFamilyName</key>
+	<string>Some Font Regular (Style Map Family Name)</string>
+	<key>styleMapStyleName</key>
+	<string>regular</string>
+	<key>styleName</key>
+	<string>Regular (Style Name)</string>
+	<key>trademark</key>
+	<string>Trademark Some Foundry</string>
+	<key>unitsPerEm</key>
+	<integer>1000</integer>
+	<key>versionMajor</key>
+	<integer>1</integer>
+	<key>versionMinor</key>
+	<integer>0</integer>
+	<key>xHeight</key>
+	<integer>500</integer>
+	<key>year</key>
+	<integer>2008</integer>
+</dict>
+</plist>
+
diff --git "a/Tests/ufoLib/testdata/TestFont1 \050UFO2\051.ufo/glyphs/A_.glif" "b/Tests/ufoLib/testdata/TestFont1 \050UFO2\051.ufo/glyphs/A_.glif"
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..36afacc
--- /dev/null
+++ "b/Tests/ufoLib/testdata/TestFont1 \050UFO2\051.ufo/glyphs/A_.glif"
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<glyph name="A" format="1">
+  <advance width="740"/>
+  <unicode hex="0041"/>
+  <outline>
+    <contour>
+      <point x="20" y="0" type="line"/>
+      <point x="720" y="0" type="line"/>
+      <point x="720" y="700" type="line"/>
+      <point x="20" y="700" type="line"/>
+    </contour>
+  </outline>
+</glyph>
diff --git "a/Tests/ufoLib/testdata/TestFont1 \050UFO2\051.ufo/glyphs/B_.glif" "b/Tests/ufoLib/testdata/TestFont1 \050UFO2\051.ufo/glyphs/B_.glif"
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ddcf3b2
--- /dev/null
+++ "b/Tests/ufoLib/testdata/TestFont1 \050UFO2\051.ufo/glyphs/B_.glif"
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<glyph name="B" format="1">
+  <advance width="740"/>
+  <unicode hex="0042"/>
+  <outline>
+    <contour>
+      <point x="20" y="350" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+      <point x="20" y="157"/>
+      <point x="177" y="0"/>
+      <point x="370" y="0" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+      <point x="563" y="0"/>
+      <point x="720" y="157"/>
+      <point x="720" y="350" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+      <point x="720" y="543"/>
+      <point x="563" y="700"/>
+      <point x="370" y="700" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+      <point x="177" y="700"/>
+      <point x="20" y="543"/>
+    </contour>
+  </outline>
+</glyph>
diff --git "a/Tests/ufoLib/testdata/TestFont1 \050UFO2\051.ufo/glyphs/contents.plist" "b/Tests/ufoLib/testdata/TestFont1 \050UFO2\051.ufo/glyphs/contents.plist"
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..08f7bba
--- /dev/null
+++ "b/Tests/ufoLib/testdata/TestFont1 \050UFO2\051.ufo/glyphs/contents.plist"
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<!DOCTYPE plist PUBLIC "-//Apple Computer//DTD PLIST 1.0//EN" "http://www.apple.com/DTDs/PropertyList-1.0.dtd">
+<plist version="1.0">
+<dict>
+	<key>A</key>
+	<string>A_.glif</string>
+	<key>B</key>
+	<string>B_.glif</string>
+</dict>
+</plist>
diff --git "a/Tests/ufoLib/testdata/TestFont1 \050UFO2\051.ufo/groups.plist" "b/Tests/ufoLib/testdata/TestFont1 \050UFO2\051.ufo/groups.plist"
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..40d17d9
--- /dev/null
+++ "b/Tests/ufoLib/testdata/TestFont1 \050UFO2\051.ufo/groups.plist"
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<!DOCTYPE plist PUBLIC "-//Apple Computer//DTD PLIST 1.0//EN" "http://www.apple.com/DTDs/PropertyList-1.0.dtd">
+<plist version="1.0">
+<dict>
+	<key>group1</key>
+	<array>
+		<string>A</string>
+	</array>
+	<key>group2</key>
+	<array>
+		<string>A</string>
+		<string>B</string>
+	</array>
+</dict>
+</plist>
diff --git "a/Tests/ufoLib/testdata/TestFont1 \050UFO2\051.ufo/kerning.plist" "b/Tests/ufoLib/testdata/TestFont1 \050UFO2\051.ufo/kerning.plist"
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c07bf22
--- /dev/null
+++ "b/Tests/ufoLib/testdata/TestFont1 \050UFO2\051.ufo/kerning.plist"
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<!DOCTYPE plist PUBLIC "-//Apple Computer//DTD PLIST 1.0//EN" "http://www.apple.com/DTDs/PropertyList-1.0.dtd">
+<plist version="1.0">
+<dict>
+	<key>A</key>
+	<dict>
+		<key>B</key>
+		<integer>100</integer>
+	</dict>
+	<key>B</key>
+	<dict>
+		<key>A</key>
+		<integer>-200</integer>
+	</dict>
+</dict>
+</plist>
diff --git "a/Tests/ufoLib/testdata/TestFont1 \050UFO2\051.ufo/lib.plist" "b/Tests/ufoLib/testdata/TestFont1 \050UFO2\051.ufo/lib.plist"
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0931165
--- /dev/null
+++ "b/Tests/ufoLib/testdata/TestFont1 \050UFO2\051.ufo/lib.plist"
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<!DOCTYPE plist PUBLIC "-//Apple Computer//DTD PLIST 1.0//EN" "http://www.apple.com/DTDs/PropertyList-1.0.dtd">
+<plist version="1.0">
+<dict>
+	<key>org.robofab.testFontLibData</key>
+	<string>Foo Bar</string>
+</dict>
+</plist>
diff --git "a/Tests/ufoLib/testdata/TestFont1 \050UFO2\051.ufo/metainfo.plist" "b/Tests/ufoLib/testdata/TestFont1 \050UFO2\051.ufo/metainfo.plist"
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f5ec4e5
--- /dev/null
+++ "b/Tests/ufoLib/testdata/TestFont1 \050UFO2\051.ufo/metainfo.plist"
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<!DOCTYPE plist PUBLIC "-//Apple Computer//DTD PLIST 1.0//EN" "http://www.apple.com/DTDs/PropertyList-1.0.dtd">
+<plist version="1.0">
+<dict>
+	<key>creator</key>
+	<string>org.robofab.ufoLib</string>
+	<key>formatVersion</key>
+	<integer>2</integer>
+</dict>
+</plist>
diff --git "a/Tests/ufoLib/testdata/TestFont1 \050UFO3\051.ufo/data/com.github.fonttools.ttx/CUST.ttx" "b/Tests/ufoLib/testdata/TestFont1 \050UFO3\051.ufo/data/com.github.fonttools.ttx/CUST.ttx"
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..51847fd
--- /dev/null
+++ "b/Tests/ufoLib/testdata/TestFont1 \050UFO3\051.ufo/data/com.github.fonttools.ttx/CUST.ttx"
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<ttFont sfntVersion="\x00\x01\x00\x00" ttLibVersion="3.13">
+
+  <CUST raw="True">
+    <hexdata>
+      0001beef
+    </hexdata>
+  </CUST>
+
+</ttFont>
diff --git "a/Tests/ufoLib/testdata/TestFont1 \050UFO3\051.ufo/fontinfo.plist" "b/Tests/ufoLib/testdata/TestFont1 \050UFO3\051.ufo/fontinfo.plist"
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..78dd88e
--- /dev/null
+++ "b/Tests/ufoLib/testdata/TestFont1 \050UFO3\051.ufo/fontinfo.plist"
@@ -0,0 +1,338 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<!DOCTYPE plist PUBLIC "-//Apple//DTD PLIST 1.0//EN" "http://www.apple.com/DTDs/PropertyList-1.0.dtd">
+<plist version="1.0">
+  <dict>
+    <key>ascender</key>
+    <integer>750</integer>
+    <key>capHeight</key>
+    <integer>750</integer>
+    <key>copyright</key>
+    <string>Copyright © Some Foundry.</string>
+    <key>descender</key>
+    <integer>-250</integer>
+    <key>familyName</key>
+    <string>Some Font (Family Name)</string>
+    <key>guidelines</key>
+    <array>
+      <dict>
+        <key>x</key>
+        <integer>250</integer>
+      </dict>
+      <dict>
+        <key>x</key>
+        <integer>-20</integer>
+      </dict>
+      <dict>
+        <key>x</key>
+        <integer>30</integer>
+      </dict>
+      <dict>
+        <key>y</key>
+        <integer>500</integer>
+      </dict>
+      <dict>
+        <key>y</key>
+        <integer>-200</integer>
+      </dict>
+      <dict>
+        <key>y</key>
+        <integer>700</integer>
+      </dict>
+      <dict>
+        <key>angle</key>
+        <integer>135</integer>
+        <key>x</key>
+        <integer>0</integer>
+        <key>y</key>
+        <integer>0</integer>
+      </dict>
+      <dict>
+        <key>angle</key>
+        <integer>45</integer>
+        <key>x</key>
+        <integer>0</integer>
+        <key>y</key>
+        <integer>700</integer>
+      </dict>
+      <dict>
+        <key>angle</key>
+        <integer>135</integer>
+        <key>x</key>
+        <integer>20</integer>
+        <key>y</key>
+        <integer>0</integer>
+      </dict>
+    </array>
+    <key>italicAngle</key>
+    <real>-12.5</real>
+    <key>macintoshFONDFamilyID</key>
+    <integer>15000</integer>
+    <key>macintoshFONDName</key>
+    <string>SomeFont Regular (FOND Name)</string>
+    <key>note</key>
+    <string>A note.</string>
+    <key>openTypeGaspRangeRecords</key>
+    <array>
+      <dict>
+        <key>rangeGaspBehavior</key>
+        <array>
+          <integer>1</integer>
+          <integer>3</integer>
+        </array>
+        <key>rangeMaxPPEM</key>
+        <integer>7</integer>
+      </dict>
+      <dict>
+        <key>rangeGaspBehavior</key>
+        <array>
+          <integer>0</integer>
+          <integer>1</integer>
+          <integer>2</integer>
+          <integer>3</integer>
+        </array>
+        <key>rangeMaxPPEM</key>
+        <integer>65535</integer>
+      </dict>
+    </array>
+    <key>openTypeHeadCreated</key>
+    <string>2000/01/01 00:00:00</string>
+    <key>openTypeHeadFlags</key>
+    <array>
+      <integer>0</integer>
+      <integer>1</integer>
+    </array>
+    <key>openTypeHeadLowestRecPPEM</key>
+    <integer>10</integer>
+    <key>openTypeHheaAscender</key>
+    <integer>750</integer>
+    <key>openTypeHheaCaretOffset</key>
+    <integer>0</integer>
+    <key>openTypeHheaCaretSlopeRise</key>
+    <integer>1</integer>
+    <key>openTypeHheaCaretSlopeRun</key>
+    <integer>0</integer>
+    <key>openTypeHheaDescender</key>
+    <integer>-250</integer>
+    <key>openTypeHheaLineGap</key>
+    <integer>200</integer>
+    <key>openTypeNameCompatibleFullName</key>
+    <string>Some Font Regular (Compatible Full Name)</string>
+    <key>openTypeNameDescription</key>
+    <string>Some Font by Some Designer for Some Foundry.</string>
+    <key>openTypeNameDesigner</key>
+    <string>Some Designer</string>
+    <key>openTypeNameDesignerURL</key>
+    <string>http://somedesigner.com</string>
+    <key>openTypeNameLicense</key>
+    <string>License info for Some Foundry.</string>
+    <key>openTypeNameLicenseURL</key>
+    <string>http://somefoundry.com/license</string>
+    <key>openTypeNameManufacturer</key>
+    <string>Some Foundry</string>
+    <key>openTypeNameManufacturerURL</key>
+    <string>http://somefoundry.com</string>
+    <key>openTypeNamePreferredFamilyName</key>
+    <string>Some Font (Preferred Family Name)</string>
+    <key>openTypeNamePreferredSubfamilyName</key>
+    <string>Regular (Preferred Subfamily Name)</string>
+    <key>openTypeNameRecords</key>
+    <array>
+      <dict>
+        <key>encodingID</key>
+        <integer>0</integer>
+        <key>languageID</key>
+        <integer>0</integer>
+        <key>nameID</key>
+        <integer>3</integer>
+        <key>platformID</key>
+        <integer>1</integer>
+        <key>string</key>
+        <string>Unique Font Identifier</string>
+      </dict>
+      <dict>
+        <key>encodingID</key>
+        <integer>1</integer>
+        <key>languageID</key>
+        <integer>1033</integer>
+        <key>nameID</key>
+        <integer>8</integer>
+        <key>platformID</key>
+        <integer>3</integer>
+        <key>string</key>
+        <string>Some Foundry (Manufacturer Name)</string>
+      </dict>
+    </array>
+    <key>openTypeNameSampleText</key>
+    <string>Sample Text for Some Font.</string>
+    <key>openTypeNameUniqueID</key>
+    <string>OpenType name Table Unique ID</string>
+    <key>openTypeNameVersion</key>
+    <string>OpenType name Table Version</string>
+    <key>openTypeNameWWSFamilyName</key>
+    <string>Some Font (WWS Family Name)</string>
+    <key>openTypeNameWWSSubfamilyName</key>
+    <string>Regular (WWS Subfamily Name)</string>
+    <key>openTypeOS2CodePageRanges</key>
+    <array>
+      <integer>0</integer>
+      <integer>1</integer>
+    </array>
+    <key>openTypeOS2FamilyClass</key>
+    <array>
+      <integer>1</integer>
+      <integer>1</integer>
+    </array>
+    <key>openTypeOS2Panose</key>
+    <array>
+      <integer>0</integer>
+      <integer>1</integer>
+      <integer>2</integer>
+      <integer>3</integer>
+      <integer>4</integer>
+      <integer>5</integer>
+      <integer>6</integer>
+      <integer>7</integer>
+      <integer>8</integer>
+      <integer>9</integer>
+    </array>
+    <key>openTypeOS2Selection</key>
+    <array>
+      <integer>3</integer>
+    </array>
+    <key>openTypeOS2StrikeoutPosition</key>
+    <integer>300</integer>
+    <key>openTypeOS2StrikeoutSize</key>
+    <integer>20</integer>
+    <key>openTypeOS2SubscriptXOffset</key>
+    <integer>0</integer>
+    <key>openTypeOS2SubscriptXSize</key>
+    <integer>200</integer>
+    <key>openTypeOS2SubscriptYOffset</key>
+    <integer>-100</integer>
+    <key>openTypeOS2SubscriptYSize</key>
+    <integer>400</integer>
+    <key>openTypeOS2SuperscriptXOffset</key>
+    <integer>0</integer>
+    <key>openTypeOS2SuperscriptXSize</key>
+    <integer>200</integer>
+    <key>openTypeOS2SuperscriptYOffset</key>
+    <integer>200</integer>
+    <key>openTypeOS2SuperscriptYSize</key>
+    <integer>400</integer>
+    <key>openTypeOS2Type</key>
+    <array/>
+    <key>openTypeOS2TypoAscender</key>
+    <integer>750</integer>
+    <key>openTypeOS2TypoDescender</key>
+    <integer>-250</integer>
+    <key>openTypeOS2TypoLineGap</key>
+    <integer>200</integer>
+    <key>openTypeOS2UnicodeRanges</key>
+    <array>
+      <integer>0</integer>
+      <integer>1</integer>
+    </array>
+    <key>openTypeOS2VendorID</key>
+    <string>SOME</string>
+    <key>openTypeOS2WeightClass</key>
+    <integer>500</integer>
+    <key>openTypeOS2WidthClass</key>
+    <integer>5</integer>
+    <key>openTypeOS2WinAscent</key>
+    <integer>750</integer>
+    <key>openTypeOS2WinDescent</key>
+    <integer>250</integer>
+    <key>openTypeVheaCaretOffset</key>
+    <integer>0</integer>
+    <key>openTypeVheaCaretSlopeRise</key>
+    <integer>0</integer>
+    <key>openTypeVheaCaretSlopeRun</key>
+    <integer>1</integer>
+    <key>openTypeVheaVertTypoAscender</key>
+    <integer>750</integer>
+    <key>openTypeVheaVertTypoDescender</key>
+    <integer>-250</integer>
+    <key>openTypeVheaVertTypoLineGap</key>
+    <integer>200</integer>
+    <key>postscriptBlueFuzz</key>
+    <integer>1</integer>
+    <key>postscriptBlueScale</key>
+    <real>0.039625</real>
+    <key>postscriptBlueShift</key>
+    <integer>7</integer>
+    <key>postscriptBlueValues</key>
+    <array>
+      <integer>500</integer>
+      <integer>510</integer>
+    </array>
+    <key>postscriptDefaultCharacter</key>
+    <string>.notdef</string>
+    <key>postscriptDefaultWidthX</key>
+    <integer>400</integer>
+    <key>postscriptFamilyBlues</key>
+    <array>
+      <integer>500</integer>
+      <integer>510</integer>
+    </array>
+    <key>postscriptFamilyOtherBlues</key>
+    <array>
+      <integer>-250</integer>
+      <integer>-260</integer>
+    </array>
+    <key>postscriptFontName</key>
+    <string>SomeFont-Regular (Postscript Font Name)</string>
+    <key>postscriptForceBold</key>
+    <true/>
+    <key>postscriptFullName</key>
+    <string>Some Font-Regular (Postscript Full Name)</string>
+    <key>postscriptIsFixedPitch</key>
+    <false/>
+    <key>postscriptNominalWidthX</key>
+    <integer>400</integer>
+    <key>postscriptOtherBlues</key>
+    <array>
+      <integer>-250</integer>
+      <integer>-260</integer>
+    </array>
+    <key>postscriptSlantAngle</key>
+    <real>-12.5</real>
+    <key>postscriptStemSnapH</key>
+    <array>
+      <integer>100</integer>
+      <integer>120</integer>
+    </array>
+    <key>postscriptStemSnapV</key>
+    <array>
+      <integer>80</integer>
+      <integer>90</integer>
+    </array>
+    <key>postscriptUnderlinePosition</key>
+    <integer>-200</integer>
+    <key>postscriptUnderlineThickness</key>
+    <integer>20</integer>
+    <key>postscriptUniqueID</key>
+    <integer>4000000</integer>
+    <key>postscriptWeightName</key>
+    <string>Medium</string>
+    <key>postscriptWindowsCharacterSet</key>
+    <integer>1</integer>
+    <key>styleMapFamilyName</key>
+    <string>Some Font Regular (Style Map Family Name)</string>
+    <key>styleMapStyleName</key>
+    <string>regular</string>
+    <key>styleName</key>
+    <string>Regular (Style Name)</string>
+    <key>trademark</key>
+    <string>Trademark Some Foundry</string>
+    <key>unitsPerEm</key>
+    <integer>1000</integer>
+    <key>versionMajor</key>
+    <integer>1</integer>
+    <key>versionMinor</key>
+    <integer>0</integer>
+    <key>xHeight</key>
+    <integer>500</integer>
+    <key>year</key>
+    <integer>2008</integer>
+  </dict>
+</plist>
diff --git "a/Tests/ufoLib/testdata/TestFont1 \050UFO3\051.ufo/glyphs/_notdef.glif" "b/Tests/ufoLib/testdata/TestFont1 \050UFO3\051.ufo/glyphs/_notdef.glif"
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..630ec6b
--- /dev/null
+++ "b/Tests/ufoLib/testdata/TestFont1 \050UFO3\051.ufo/glyphs/_notdef.glif"
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<glyph name=".notdef" format="2">
+  <advance height="1000" width="500"/>
+  <outline>
+    <contour>
+      <point x="450" y="0" type="line"/>
+      <point x="450" y="750" type="line"/>
+      <point x="50" y="750" type="line"/>
+      <point x="50" y="0" type="line"/>
+    </contour>
+    <contour>
+      <point x="400" y="50" type="line"/>
+      <point x="100" y="50" type="line"/>
+      <point x="100" y="700" type="line"/>
+      <point x="400" y="700" type="line"/>
+    </contour>
+  </outline>
+</glyph>
diff --git "a/Tests/ufoLib/testdata/TestFont1 \050UFO3\051.ufo/glyphs/a.glif" "b/Tests/ufoLib/testdata/TestFont1 \050UFO3\051.ufo/glyphs/a.glif"
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a751d87
--- /dev/null
+++ "b/Tests/ufoLib/testdata/TestFont1 \050UFO3\051.ufo/glyphs/a.glif"
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<glyph name="a" format="2">
+  <advance height="750" width="388"/>
+  <unicode hex="0061"/>
+  <outline>
+    <contour>
+      <point x="66" y="0" type="line"/>
+      <point x="322" y="0" type="line"/>
+      <point x="194" y="510" type="line"/>
+    </contour>
+  </outline>
+</glyph>
diff --git "a/Tests/ufoLib/testdata/TestFont1 \050UFO3\051.ufo/glyphs/b.glif" "b/Tests/ufoLib/testdata/TestFont1 \050UFO3\051.ufo/glyphs/b.glif"
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..54066a2
--- /dev/null
+++ "b/Tests/ufoLib/testdata/TestFont1 \050UFO3\051.ufo/glyphs/b.glif"
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<glyph name="b" format="2">
+  <advance height="750" width="410"/>
+  <unicode hex="0062"/>
+  <outline>
+    <contour>
+      <point x="100" y="505" type="line"/>
+      <point x="100" y="-5" type="line"/>
+      <point x="310" y="-5" type="line"/>
+      <point x="310" y="505" type="line"/>
+    </contour>
+  </outline>
+</glyph>
diff --git "a/Tests/ufoLib/testdata/TestFont1 \050UFO3\051.ufo/glyphs/c.glif" "b/Tests/ufoLib/testdata/TestFont1 \050UFO3\051.ufo/glyphs/c.glif"
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7abf451
--- /dev/null
+++ "b/Tests/ufoLib/testdata/TestFont1 \050UFO3\051.ufo/glyphs/c.glif"
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<glyph name="c" format="2">
+  <advance height="750" width="374"/>
+  <unicode hex="0063"/>
+  <outline>
+    <contour>
+      <point x="300" y="-10" type="curve"/>
+      <point x="300" y="500" type="line"/>
+      <point x="150" y="500"/>
+      <point x="100" y="450"/>
+      <point x="100" y="245" type="curve"/>
+      <point x="100" y="40"/>
+      <point x="150" y="-10"/>
+    </contour>
+  </outline>
+</glyph>
diff --git "a/Tests/ufoLib/testdata/TestFont1 \050UFO3\051.ufo/glyphs/contents.plist" "b/Tests/ufoLib/testdata/TestFont1 \050UFO3\051.ufo/glyphs/contents.plist"
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f730b93
--- /dev/null
+++ "b/Tests/ufoLib/testdata/TestFont1 \050UFO3\051.ufo/glyphs/contents.plist"
@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<!DOCTYPE plist PUBLIC "-//Apple//DTD PLIST 1.0//EN" "http://www.apple.com/DTDs/PropertyList-1.0.dtd">
+<plist version="1.0">
+  <dict>
+    <key>.notdef</key>
+    <string>_notdef.glif</string>
+    <key>a</key>
+    <string>a.glif</string>
+    <key>b</key>
+    <string>b.glif</string>
+    <key>c</key>
+    <string>c.glif</string>
+    <key>d</key>
+    <string>d.glif</string>
+    <key>e</key>
+    <string>e.glif</string>
+    <key>f</key>
+    <string>f.glif</string>
+    <key>g</key>
+    <string>g.glif</string>
+    <key>h</key>
+    <string>h.glif</string>
+    <key>i</key>
+    <string>i.glif</string>
+    <key>j</key>
+    <string>j.glif</string>
+    <key>k</key>
+    <string>k.glif</string>
+    <key>l</key>
+    <string>l.glif</string>
+    <key>space</key>
+    <string>space.glif</string>
+  </dict>
+</plist>
diff --git "a/Tests/ufoLib/testdata/TestFont1 \050UFO3\051.ufo/glyphs/d.glif" "b/Tests/ufoLib/testdata/TestFont1 \050UFO3\051.ufo/glyphs/d.glif"
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..09b619b
--- /dev/null
+++ "b/Tests/ufoLib/testdata/TestFont1 \050UFO3\051.ufo/glyphs/d.glif"
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<glyph name="d" format="2">
+  <advance height="750" width="374"/>
+  <unicode hex="0064"/>
+  <outline>
+    <contour>
+      <point x="150.66" y="197.32" type="curve"/>
+      <point x="117" y="197.32"/>
+      <point x="90.33" y="170.33"/>
+      <point x="90.33" y="137" type="curve"/>
+      <point x="90.33" y="103.67"/>
+      <point x="117" y="77.01"/>
+      <point x="150.66" y="77.01" type="curve"/>
+      <point x="183.99" y="77.01"/>
+      <point x="210.65" y="103.67"/>
+      <point x="210.65" y="137" type="curve"/>
+      <point x="210.65" y="170.33"/>
+      <point x="183.99" y="197.32"/>
+    </contour>
+  </outline>
+</glyph>
diff --git "a/Tests/ufoLib/testdata/TestFont1 \050UFO3\051.ufo/glyphs/e.glif" "b/Tests/ufoLib/testdata/TestFont1 \050UFO3\051.ufo/glyphs/e.glif"
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..52abd0a
--- /dev/null
+++ "b/Tests/ufoLib/testdata/TestFont1 \050UFO3\051.ufo/glyphs/e.glif"
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<glyph name="e" format="2">
+  <advance height="750" width="388"/>
+  <unicode hex="0065"/>
+  <outline>
+    <contour>
+      <point x="66" y="510" type="line"/>
+      <point x="194" y="75" type="line"/>
+      <point x="322" y="510" type="line"/>
+    </contour>
+    <contour>
+      <point x="-55" y="23" type="curve"/>
+      <point x="454" y="23" type="line"/>
+      <point x="454" y="173"/>
+      <point x="404" y="223"/>
+      <point x="199" y="223" type="curve"/>
+      <point x="-5" y="223"/>
+      <point x="-55" y="173"/>
+    </contour>
+  </outline>
+</glyph>
diff --git "a/Tests/ufoLib/testdata/TestFont1 \050UFO3\051.ufo/glyphs/f.glif" "b/Tests/ufoLib/testdata/TestFont1 \050UFO3\051.ufo/glyphs/f.glif"
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2c13b95
--- /dev/null
+++ "b/Tests/ufoLib/testdata/TestFont1 \050UFO3\051.ufo/glyphs/f.glif"
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<glyph name="f" format="2">
+  <advance height="750" width="410"/>
+  <unicode hex="0066"/>
+  <outline>
+    <contour>
+      <point x="66" y="510" type="line"/>
+      <point x="322" y="510" type="line"/>
+      <point x="194" y="75" type="line"/>
+    </contour>
+    <contour>
+      <point x="-55" y="23" type="curve"/>
+      <point x="454" y="23" type="line"/>
+      <point x="454" y="173"/>
+      <point x="404" y="223"/>
+      <point x="199" y="223" type="curve"/>
+      <point x="-5" y="223"/>
+      <point x="-55" y="173"/>
+    </contour>
+  </outline>
+</glyph>
diff --git "a/Tests/ufoLib/testdata/TestFont1 \050UFO3\051.ufo/glyphs/g.glif" "b/Tests/ufoLib/testdata/TestFont1 \050UFO3\051.ufo/glyphs/g.glif"
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..fdbe8ac
--- /dev/null
+++ "b/Tests/ufoLib/testdata/TestFont1 \050UFO3\051.ufo/glyphs/g.glif"
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<glyph name="g" format="2">
+  <advance height="750" width="388"/>
+  <unicode hex="0067"/>
+  <outline>
+    <component base="a"/>
+  </outline>
+</glyph>
diff --git "a/Tests/ufoLib/testdata/TestFont1 \050UFO3\051.ufo/glyphs/h.glif" "b/Tests/ufoLib/testdata/TestFont1 \050UFO3\051.ufo/glyphs/h.glif"
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..561563f
--- /dev/null
+++ "b/Tests/ufoLib/testdata/TestFont1 \050UFO3\051.ufo/glyphs/h.glif"
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<glyph name="h" format="2">
+  <advance height="1000" width="410"/>
+  <unicode hex="0068"/>
+  <outline>
+    <component base="d" xOffset="60" yOffset="460"/>
+    <component base="b"/>
+  </outline>
+</glyph>
diff --git "a/Tests/ufoLib/testdata/TestFont1 \050UFO3\051.ufo/glyphs/i.glif" "b/Tests/ufoLib/testdata/TestFont1 \050UFO3\051.ufo/glyphs/i.glif"
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..84ef89b
--- /dev/null
+++ "b/Tests/ufoLib/testdata/TestFont1 \050UFO3\051.ufo/glyphs/i.glif"
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<glyph name="i" format="2">
+  <advance height="750" width="600"/>
+  <unicode hex="0069"/>
+  <outline>
+    <contour>
+      <point x="-55" y="-80" type="curve"/>
+      <point x="454" y="-80" type="line"/>
+      <point x="454" y="69"/>
+      <point x="404" y="119"/>
+      <point x="199" y="119" type="curve"/>
+      <point x="-5" y="119"/>
+      <point x="-55" y="69"/>
+    </contour>
+    <component base="a"/>
+  </outline>
+</glyph>
diff --git "a/Tests/ufoLib/testdata/TestFont1 \050UFO3\051.ufo/glyphs/j.glif" "b/Tests/ufoLib/testdata/TestFont1 \050UFO3\051.ufo/glyphs/j.glif"
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..550ee9b
--- /dev/null
+++ "b/Tests/ufoLib/testdata/TestFont1 \050UFO3\051.ufo/glyphs/j.glif"
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<glyph name="j" format="2">
+  <advance height="1000" width="600"/>
+  <unicode hex="006A"/>
+  <outline>
+    <contour>
+      <point x="-55" y="-80" type="curve"/>
+      <point x="454" y="-80" type="line"/>
+      <point x="454" y="69"/>
+      <point x="404" y="119"/>
+      <point x="199" y="119" type="curve"/>
+      <point x="-5" y="119"/>
+      <point x="-55" y="69"/>
+    </contour>
+    <component base="a" yScale="-1" yOffset="230"/>
+  </outline>
+</glyph>
diff --git "a/Tests/ufoLib/testdata/TestFont1 \050UFO3\051.ufo/glyphs/k.glif" "b/Tests/ufoLib/testdata/TestFont1 \050UFO3\051.ufo/glyphs/k.glif"
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c09ac3a
--- /dev/null
+++ "b/Tests/ufoLib/testdata/TestFont1 \050UFO3\051.ufo/glyphs/k.glif"
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<glyph name="k" format="2">
+  <advance height="1000" width="600"/>
+  <unicode hex="006B"/>
+  <outline>
+    <component base="a"/>
+    <component base="a" xOffset="100"/>
+  </outline>
+</glyph>
diff --git "a/Tests/ufoLib/testdata/TestFont1 \050UFO3\051.ufo/glyphs/l.glif" "b/Tests/ufoLib/testdata/TestFont1 \050UFO3\051.ufo/glyphs/l.glif"
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f71c34f
--- /dev/null
+++ "b/Tests/ufoLib/testdata/TestFont1 \050UFO3\051.ufo/glyphs/l.glif"
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<glyph name="l" format="2">
+  <advance height="1000" width="600"/>
+  <unicode hex="006C"/>
+  <outline>
+    <component base="a" xScale="-1" xOffset="400"/>
+    <component base="a" xOffset="100"/>
+  </outline>
+</glyph>
diff --git "a/Tests/ufoLib/testdata/TestFont1 \050UFO3\051.ufo/glyphs/space.glif" "b/Tests/ufoLib/testdata/TestFont1 \050UFO3\051.ufo/glyphs/space.glif"
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..eaa0d16
--- /dev/null
+++ "b/Tests/ufoLib/testdata/TestFont1 \050UFO3\051.ufo/glyphs/space.glif"
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<glyph name="space" format="2">
+  <advance height="250" width="250"/>
+  <unicode hex="0020"/>
+  <outline>
+  </outline>
+</glyph>
diff --git "a/Tests/ufoLib/testdata/TestFont1 \050UFO3\051.ufo/kerning.plist" "b/Tests/ufoLib/testdata/TestFont1 \050UFO3\051.ufo/kerning.plist"
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1dd116e
--- /dev/null
+++ "b/Tests/ufoLib/testdata/TestFont1 \050UFO3\051.ufo/kerning.plist"
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<!DOCTYPE plist PUBLIC "-//Apple//DTD PLIST 1.0//EN" "http://www.apple.com/DTDs/PropertyList-1.0.dtd">
+<plist version="1.0">
+  <dict>
+    <key>a</key>
+    <dict>
+      <key>a</key>
+      <integer>5</integer>
+      <key>b</key>
+      <integer>-10</integer>
+      <key>space</key>
+      <integer>1</integer>
+    </dict>
+    <key>b</key>
+    <dict>
+      <key>a</key>
+      <integer>-7</integer>
+    </dict>
+  </dict>
+</plist>
diff --git "a/Tests/ufoLib/testdata/TestFont1 \050UFO3\051.ufo/layercontents.plist" "b/Tests/ufoLib/testdata/TestFont1 \050UFO3\051.ufo/layercontents.plist"
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..963df40
--- /dev/null
+++ "b/Tests/ufoLib/testdata/TestFont1 \050UFO3\051.ufo/layercontents.plist"
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<!DOCTYPE plist PUBLIC "-//Apple//DTD PLIST 1.0//EN" "http://www.apple.com/DTDs/PropertyList-1.0.dtd">
+<plist version="1.0">
+  <array>
+    <array>
+      <string>public.default</string>
+      <string>glyphs</string>
+    </array>
+  </array>
+</plist>
diff --git "a/Tests/ufoLib/testdata/TestFont1 \050UFO3\051.ufo/lib.plist" "b/Tests/ufoLib/testdata/TestFont1 \050UFO3\051.ufo/lib.plist"
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f257b3a
--- /dev/null
+++ "b/Tests/ufoLib/testdata/TestFont1 \050UFO3\051.ufo/lib.plist"
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<!DOCTYPE plist PUBLIC "-//Apple//DTD PLIST 1.0//EN" "http://www.apple.com/DTDs/PropertyList-1.0.dtd">
+<plist version="1.0">
+  <dict>
+    <key>public.glyphOrder</key>
+    <array>
+      <string>.notdef</string>
+      <string>glyph1</string>
+      <string>glyph2</string>
+      <string>space</string>
+      <string>a</string>
+      <string>b</string>
+      <string>c</string>
+      <string>d</string>
+      <string>e</string>
+      <string>f</string>
+      <string>g</string>
+      <string>h</string>
+      <string>i</string>
+      <string>j</string>
+      <string>k</string>
+      <string>l</string>
+    </array>
+  </dict>
+</plist>
diff --git "a/Tests/ufoLib/testdata/TestFont1 \050UFO3\051.ufo/metainfo.plist" "b/Tests/ufoLib/testdata/TestFont1 \050UFO3\051.ufo/metainfo.plist"
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8e836fb
--- /dev/null
+++ "b/Tests/ufoLib/testdata/TestFont1 \050UFO3\051.ufo/metainfo.plist"
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<!DOCTYPE plist PUBLIC "-//Apple//DTD PLIST 1.0//EN" "http://www.apple.com/DTDs/PropertyList-1.0.dtd">
+<plist version="1.0">
+  <dict>
+    <key>creator</key>
+    <string>org.robofab.ufoLib</string>
+    <key>formatVersion</key>
+    <integer>3</integer>
+  </dict>
+</plist>
diff --git "a/Tests/ufoLib/testdata/TestFont1 \050UFO3\051.ufoz" "b/Tests/ufoLib/testdata/TestFont1 \050UFO3\051.ufoz"
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d78d494
--- /dev/null
+++ "b/Tests/ufoLib/testdata/TestFont1 \050UFO3\051.ufoz"
Binary files differ
diff --git a/Tests/ufoLib/testdata/UFO3-Read Data.ufo/data/org.unifiedfontobject.directory/bar/lol.txt b/Tests/ufoLib/testdata/UFO3-Read Data.ufo/data/org.unifiedfontobject.directory/bar/lol.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8449c6b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/ufoLib/testdata/UFO3-Read Data.ufo/data/org.unifiedfontobject.directory/bar/lol.txt
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+lol.txt
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/Tests/ufoLib/testdata/UFO3-Read Data.ufo/data/org.unifiedfontobject.directory/foo.txt b/Tests/ufoLib/testdata/UFO3-Read Data.ufo/data/org.unifiedfontobject.directory/foo.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..996f178
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/ufoLib/testdata/UFO3-Read Data.ufo/data/org.unifiedfontobject.directory/foo.txt
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+foo.txt
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/Tests/ufoLib/testdata/UFO3-Read Data.ufo/data/org.unifiedfontobject.file.txt b/Tests/ufoLib/testdata/UFO3-Read Data.ufo/data/org.unifiedfontobject.file.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4c33073
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/ufoLib/testdata/UFO3-Read Data.ufo/data/org.unifiedfontobject.file.txt
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+file.txt
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/Tests/ufoLib/testdata/UFO3-Read Data.ufo/groups.plist b/Tests/ufoLib/testdata/UFO3-Read Data.ufo/groups.plist
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d61c281
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/ufoLib/testdata/UFO3-Read Data.ufo/groups.plist
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<!DOCTYPE plist PUBLIC "-//Apple Computer//DTD PLIST 1.0//EN" "http://www.apple.com/DTDs/PropertyList-1.0.dtd">
+<plist version="1.0">
+<dict>
+	<key>group1</key>
+	<array>
+		<string>A</string>
+	</array>
+	<key>group2</key>
+	<array>
+		<string>B</string>
+		<string>C</string>
+		<string>B</string>
+	</array>
+	<key>public.kern1.A</key>
+	<array>
+		<string>A</string>
+	</array>
+	<key>public.kern2.B</key>
+	<array>
+		<string>B</string>
+		<string>A</string>
+		<string>B</string>
+		<string>A</string>
+		<string>C</string>
+	</array>
+</dict>
+</plist>
diff --git a/Tests/ufoLib/testdata/UFO3-Read Data.ufo/metainfo.plist b/Tests/ufoLib/testdata/UFO3-Read Data.ufo/metainfo.plist
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b584ee2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/ufoLib/testdata/UFO3-Read Data.ufo/metainfo.plist
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<!DOCTYPE plist PUBLIC "-//Apple Computer//DTD PLIST 1.0//EN" "http://www.apple.com/DTDs/PropertyList-1.0.dtd">
+<plist version="1.0">
+<dict>
+	<key>creator</key>
+	<string>org.robofab.ufoLib</string>
+	<key>formatVersion</key>
+	<integer>3</integer>
+</dict>
+</plist>
diff --git a/Tests/ufoLib/ufoLib_test.py b/Tests/ufoLib/ufoLib_test.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..430e7a7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/ufoLib/ufoLib_test.py
@@ -0,0 +1,98 @@
+import logging
+import shutil
+
+from fontTools.misc import plistlib
+from fontTools.ufoLib import UFOReader, UFOWriter, UFOFormatVersion
+from fontTools.ufoLib.errors import UFOLibError, UnsupportedUFOFormat
+import pytest
+
+
+@pytest.fixture
+def ufo_path(tmp_path):
+    ufodir = tmp_path / "TestFont.ufo"
+    ufodir.mkdir()
+    with (ufodir / "metainfo.plist").open("wb") as f:
+        plistlib.dump({"creator": "pytest", "formatVersion": 3}, f)
+    (ufodir / "glyphs").mkdir()
+    with (ufodir / "layercontents.plist").open("wb") as f:
+        plistlib.dump([("public.default", "glyphs")], f)
+    return ufodir
+
+
+def test_formatVersion_deprecated(ufo_path):
+    reader = UFOReader(ufo_path)
+
+    with pytest.warns(DeprecationWarning) as warnings:
+        assert reader.formatVersion == 3
+
+    assert len(warnings) == 1
+    assert "is deprecated; use the 'formatVersionTuple'" in warnings[0].message.args[0]
+
+
+def test_formatVersionTuple(ufo_path):
+    reader = UFOReader(ufo_path)
+
+    assert reader.formatVersionTuple == (3, 0)
+    assert reader.formatVersionTuple.major == 3
+    assert reader.formatVersionTuple.minor == 0
+    assert str(reader.formatVersionTuple) == "3.0"
+
+
+def test_readMetaInfo_errors(ufo_path):
+    (ufo_path / "metainfo.plist").unlink()
+    with pytest.raises(UFOLibError, match="'metainfo.plist' is missing"):
+        UFOReader(ufo_path)
+
+    (ufo_path / "metainfo.plist").write_bytes(plistlib.dumps({}))
+    with pytest.raises(UFOLibError, match="Missing required formatVersion"):
+        UFOReader(ufo_path)
+
+    (ufo_path / "metainfo.plist").write_bytes(plistlib.dumps([]))
+    with pytest.raises(UFOLibError, match="metainfo.plist is not properly formatted"):
+        UFOReader(ufo_path)
+
+
+def test_readMetaInfo_unsupported_format_version(ufo_path, caplog):
+    metainfo = {"formatVersion": 10, "formatVersionMinor": 15}
+    (ufo_path / "metainfo.plist").write_bytes(plistlib.dumps(metainfo))
+
+    with pytest.raises(UnsupportedUFOFormat):
+        UFOReader(ufo_path)  # validate=True by default
+
+    with pytest.raises(UnsupportedUFOFormat):
+        UFOReader(ufo_path, validate=True)
+
+    caplog.clear()
+    with caplog.at_level(logging.WARNING, logger="fontTools.ufoLib"):
+        UFOReader(ufo_path, validate=False)
+
+    assert len(caplog.records) == 1
+    assert "Unsupported UFO format" in caplog.text
+    assert "Assuming the latest supported version" in caplog.text
+
+
+def test_UFOWriter_formatVersion(tmp_path):
+    ufo_path = tmp_path / "TestFont.ufo"
+    with UFOWriter(ufo_path, formatVersion=3) as writer:
+        assert writer.formatVersionTuple == (3, 0)
+
+    shutil.rmtree(str(ufo_path))
+    with UFOWriter(ufo_path, formatVersion=(2, 0)) as writer:
+        assert writer.formatVersionTuple == (2, 0)
+
+
+def test_UFOWriter_formatVersion_default_latest(tmp_path):
+    writer = UFOWriter(tmp_path / "TestFont.ufo")
+    assert writer.formatVersionTuple == UFOFormatVersion.default()
+
+
+def test_UFOWriter_unsupported_format_version(tmp_path):
+    with pytest.raises(UnsupportedUFOFormat):
+        UFOWriter(tmp_path, formatVersion=(123, 456))
+
+
+def test_UFOWriter_previous_higher_format_version(ufo_path):
+    with pytest.raises(
+        UnsupportedUFOFormat, match="UFO located at this path is a higher version"
+    ):
+        UFOWriter(ufo_path, formatVersion=(2, 0))
diff --git a/Tests/unicodedata_test.py b/Tests/unicodedata_test.py
index dba02e7..05f7de6 100644
--- a/Tests/unicodedata_test.py
+++ b/Tests/unicodedata_test.py
@@ -1,7 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import (
-    print_function, division, absolute_import, unicode_literals)
-from fontTools.misc.py23 import *
-
 from fontTools import unicodedata
 
 import pytest
@@ -9,164 +5,165 @@
 
 def test_script():
     assert unicodedata.script("a") == "Latn"
-    assert unicodedata.script(unichr(0)) == "Zyyy"
-    assert unicodedata.script(unichr(0x0378)) == "Zzzz"
-    assert unicodedata.script(unichr(0x10FFFF)) == "Zzzz"
+    assert unicodedata.script(chr(0)) == "Zyyy"
+    assert unicodedata.script(chr(0x0378)) == "Zzzz"
+    assert unicodedata.script(chr(0x10FFFF)) == "Zzzz"
 
     # these were randomly sampled, one character per script
-    assert unicodedata.script(unichr(0x1E918)) == 'Adlm'
-    assert unicodedata.script(unichr(0x1170D)) == 'Ahom'
-    assert unicodedata.script(unichr(0x145A0)) == 'Hluw'
-    assert unicodedata.script(unichr(0x0607)) == 'Arab'
-    assert unicodedata.script(unichr(0x056C)) == 'Armn'
-    assert unicodedata.script(unichr(0x10B27)) == 'Avst'
-    assert unicodedata.script(unichr(0x1B41)) == 'Bali'
-    assert unicodedata.script(unichr(0x168AD)) == 'Bamu'
-    assert unicodedata.script(unichr(0x16ADD)) == 'Bass'
-    assert unicodedata.script(unichr(0x1BE5)) == 'Batk'
-    assert unicodedata.script(unichr(0x09F3)) == 'Beng'
-    assert unicodedata.script(unichr(0x11C5B)) == 'Bhks'
-    assert unicodedata.script(unichr(0x3126)) == 'Bopo'
-    assert unicodedata.script(unichr(0x1103B)) == 'Brah'
-    assert unicodedata.script(unichr(0x2849)) == 'Brai'
-    assert unicodedata.script(unichr(0x1A0A)) == 'Bugi'
-    assert unicodedata.script(unichr(0x174E)) == 'Buhd'
-    assert unicodedata.script(unichr(0x18EE)) == 'Cans'
-    assert unicodedata.script(unichr(0x102B7)) == 'Cari'
-    assert unicodedata.script(unichr(0x1053D)) == 'Aghb'
-    assert unicodedata.script(unichr(0x11123)) == 'Cakm'
-    assert unicodedata.script(unichr(0xAA1F)) == 'Cham'
-    assert unicodedata.script(unichr(0xAB95)) == 'Cher'
-    assert unicodedata.script(unichr(0x1F0C7)) == 'Zyyy'
-    assert unicodedata.script(unichr(0x2C85)) == 'Copt'
-    assert unicodedata.script(unichr(0x12014)) == 'Xsux'
-    assert unicodedata.script(unichr(0x1082E)) == 'Cprt'
-    assert unicodedata.script(unichr(0xA686)) == 'Cyrl'
-    assert unicodedata.script(unichr(0x10417)) == 'Dsrt'
-    assert unicodedata.script(unichr(0x093E)) == 'Deva'
-    assert unicodedata.script(unichr(0x1BC4B)) == 'Dupl'
-    assert unicodedata.script(unichr(0x1310C)) == 'Egyp'
-    assert unicodedata.script(unichr(0x1051C)) == 'Elba'
-    assert unicodedata.script(unichr(0x2DA6)) == 'Ethi'
-    assert unicodedata.script(unichr(0x10AD)) == 'Geor'
-    assert unicodedata.script(unichr(0x2C52)) == 'Glag'
-    assert unicodedata.script(unichr(0x10343)) == 'Goth'
-    assert unicodedata.script(unichr(0x11371)) == 'Gran'
-    assert unicodedata.script(unichr(0x03D0)) == 'Grek'
-    assert unicodedata.script(unichr(0x0AAA)) == 'Gujr'
-    assert unicodedata.script(unichr(0x0A4C)) == 'Guru'
-    assert unicodedata.script(unichr(0x23C9F)) == 'Hani'
-    assert unicodedata.script(unichr(0xC259)) == 'Hang'
-    assert unicodedata.script(unichr(0x1722)) == 'Hano'
-    assert unicodedata.script(unichr(0x108F5)) == 'Hatr'
-    assert unicodedata.script(unichr(0x05C2)) == 'Hebr'
-    assert unicodedata.script(unichr(0x1B072)) == 'Hira'
-    assert unicodedata.script(unichr(0x10847)) == 'Armi'
-    assert unicodedata.script(unichr(0x033A)) == 'Zinh'
-    assert unicodedata.script(unichr(0x10B66)) == 'Phli'
-    assert unicodedata.script(unichr(0x10B4B)) == 'Prti'
-    assert unicodedata.script(unichr(0xA98A)) == 'Java'
-    assert unicodedata.script(unichr(0x110B2)) == 'Kthi'
-    assert unicodedata.script(unichr(0x0CC6)) == 'Knda'
-    assert unicodedata.script(unichr(0x3337)) == 'Kana'
-    assert unicodedata.script(unichr(0xA915)) == 'Kali'
-    assert unicodedata.script(unichr(0x10A2E)) == 'Khar'
-    assert unicodedata.script(unichr(0x17AA)) == 'Khmr'
-    assert unicodedata.script(unichr(0x11225)) == 'Khoj'
-    assert unicodedata.script(unichr(0x112B6)) == 'Sind'
-    assert unicodedata.script(unichr(0x0ED7)) == 'Laoo'
-    assert unicodedata.script(unichr(0xAB3C)) == 'Latn'
-    assert unicodedata.script(unichr(0x1C48)) == 'Lepc'
-    assert unicodedata.script(unichr(0x1923)) == 'Limb'
-    assert unicodedata.script(unichr(0x1071D)) == 'Lina'
-    assert unicodedata.script(unichr(0x100EC)) == 'Linb'
-    assert unicodedata.script(unichr(0xA4E9)) == 'Lisu'
-    assert unicodedata.script(unichr(0x10284)) == 'Lyci'
-    assert unicodedata.script(unichr(0x10926)) == 'Lydi'
-    assert unicodedata.script(unichr(0x11161)) == 'Mahj'
-    assert unicodedata.script(unichr(0x0D56)) == 'Mlym'
-    assert unicodedata.script(unichr(0x0856)) == 'Mand'
-    assert unicodedata.script(unichr(0x10AF0)) == 'Mani'
-    assert unicodedata.script(unichr(0x11CB0)) == 'Marc'
-    assert unicodedata.script(unichr(0x11D28)) == 'Gonm'
-    assert unicodedata.script(unichr(0xABDD)) == 'Mtei'
-    assert unicodedata.script(unichr(0x1E897)) == 'Mend'
-    assert unicodedata.script(unichr(0x109B0)) == 'Merc'
-    assert unicodedata.script(unichr(0x10993)) == 'Mero'
-    assert unicodedata.script(unichr(0x16F5D)) == 'Plrd'
-    assert unicodedata.script(unichr(0x1160B)) == 'Modi'
-    assert unicodedata.script(unichr(0x18A8)) == 'Mong'
-    assert unicodedata.script(unichr(0x16A48)) == 'Mroo'
-    assert unicodedata.script(unichr(0x1128C)) == 'Mult'
-    assert unicodedata.script(unichr(0x105B)) == 'Mymr'
-    assert unicodedata.script(unichr(0x108AF)) == 'Nbat'
-    assert unicodedata.script(unichr(0x19B3)) == 'Talu'
-    assert unicodedata.script(unichr(0x1143D)) == 'Newa'
-    assert unicodedata.script(unichr(0x07F4)) == 'Nkoo'
-    assert unicodedata.script(unichr(0x1B192)) == 'Nshu'
-    assert unicodedata.script(unichr(0x169C)) == 'Ogam'
-    assert unicodedata.script(unichr(0x1C56)) == 'Olck'
-    assert unicodedata.script(unichr(0x10CE9)) == 'Hung'
-    assert unicodedata.script(unichr(0x10316)) == 'Ital'
-    assert unicodedata.script(unichr(0x10A93)) == 'Narb'
-    assert unicodedata.script(unichr(0x1035A)) == 'Perm'
-    assert unicodedata.script(unichr(0x103D5)) == 'Xpeo'
-    assert unicodedata.script(unichr(0x10A65)) == 'Sarb'
-    assert unicodedata.script(unichr(0x10C09)) == 'Orkh'
-    assert unicodedata.script(unichr(0x0B60)) == 'Orya'
-    assert unicodedata.script(unichr(0x104CF)) == 'Osge'
-    assert unicodedata.script(unichr(0x104A8)) == 'Osma'
-    assert unicodedata.script(unichr(0x16B12)) == 'Hmng'
-    assert unicodedata.script(unichr(0x10879)) == 'Palm'
-    assert unicodedata.script(unichr(0x11AF1)) == 'Pauc'
-    assert unicodedata.script(unichr(0xA869)) == 'Phag'
-    assert unicodedata.script(unichr(0x10909)) == 'Phnx'
-    assert unicodedata.script(unichr(0x10B81)) == 'Phlp'
-    assert unicodedata.script(unichr(0xA941)) == 'Rjng'
-    assert unicodedata.script(unichr(0x16C3)) == 'Runr'
-    assert unicodedata.script(unichr(0x0814)) == 'Samr'
-    assert unicodedata.script(unichr(0xA88C)) == 'Saur'
-    assert unicodedata.script(unichr(0x111C8)) == 'Shrd'
-    assert unicodedata.script(unichr(0x1045F)) == 'Shaw'
-    assert unicodedata.script(unichr(0x115AD)) == 'Sidd'
-    assert unicodedata.script(unichr(0x1D8C0)) == 'Sgnw'
-    assert unicodedata.script(unichr(0x0DB9)) == 'Sinh'
-    assert unicodedata.script(unichr(0x110F9)) == 'Sora'
-    assert unicodedata.script(unichr(0x11A60)) == 'Soyo'
-    assert unicodedata.script(unichr(0x1B94)) == 'Sund'
-    assert unicodedata.script(unichr(0xA81F)) == 'Sylo'
-    assert unicodedata.script(unichr(0x0740)) == 'Syrc'
-    assert unicodedata.script(unichr(0x1714)) == 'Tglg'
-    assert unicodedata.script(unichr(0x1761)) == 'Tagb'
-    assert unicodedata.script(unichr(0x1965)) == 'Tale'
-    assert unicodedata.script(unichr(0x1A32)) == 'Lana'
-    assert unicodedata.script(unichr(0xAA86)) == 'Tavt'
-    assert unicodedata.script(unichr(0x116A5)) == 'Takr'
-    assert unicodedata.script(unichr(0x0B8E)) == 'Taml'
-    assert unicodedata.script(unichr(0x1754D)) == 'Tang'
-    assert unicodedata.script(unichr(0x0C40)) == 'Telu'
-    assert unicodedata.script(unichr(0x07A4)) == 'Thaa'
-    assert unicodedata.script(unichr(0x0E42)) == 'Thai'
-    assert unicodedata.script(unichr(0x0F09)) == 'Tibt'
-    assert unicodedata.script(unichr(0x2D3A)) == 'Tfng'
-    assert unicodedata.script(unichr(0x114B0)) == 'Tirh'
-    assert unicodedata.script(unichr(0x1038B)) == 'Ugar'
-    assert unicodedata.script(unichr(0xA585)) == 'Vaii'
-    assert unicodedata.script(unichr(0x118CF)) == 'Wara'
-    assert unicodedata.script(unichr(0xA066)) == 'Yiii'
-    assert unicodedata.script(unichr(0x11A31)) == 'Zanb'
+    assert unicodedata.script(chr(0x1E918)) == 'Adlm'
+    assert unicodedata.script(chr(0x1170D)) == 'Ahom'
+    assert unicodedata.script(chr(0x145A0)) == 'Hluw'
+    assert unicodedata.script(chr(0x0607)) == 'Arab'
+    assert unicodedata.script(chr(0x056C)) == 'Armn'
+    assert unicodedata.script(chr(0x10B27)) == 'Avst'
+    assert unicodedata.script(chr(0x1B41)) == 'Bali'
+    assert unicodedata.script(chr(0x168AD)) == 'Bamu'
+    assert unicodedata.script(chr(0x16ADD)) == 'Bass'
+    assert unicodedata.script(chr(0x1BE5)) == 'Batk'
+    assert unicodedata.script(chr(0x09F3)) == 'Beng'
+    assert unicodedata.script(chr(0x11C5B)) == 'Bhks'
+    assert unicodedata.script(chr(0x3126)) == 'Bopo'
+    assert unicodedata.script(chr(0x1103B)) == 'Brah'
+    assert unicodedata.script(chr(0x2849)) == 'Brai'
+    assert unicodedata.script(chr(0x1A0A)) == 'Bugi'
+    assert unicodedata.script(chr(0x174E)) == 'Buhd'
+    assert unicodedata.script(chr(0x18EE)) == 'Cans'
+    assert unicodedata.script(chr(0x102B7)) == 'Cari'
+    assert unicodedata.script(chr(0x1053D)) == 'Aghb'
+    assert unicodedata.script(chr(0x11123)) == 'Cakm'
+    assert unicodedata.script(chr(0xAA1F)) == 'Cham'
+    assert unicodedata.script(chr(0xAB95)) == 'Cher'
+    assert unicodedata.script(chr(0x1F0C7)) == 'Zyyy'
+    assert unicodedata.script(chr(0x2C85)) == 'Copt'
+    assert unicodedata.script(chr(0x12014)) == 'Xsux'
+    assert unicodedata.script(chr(0x1082E)) == 'Cprt'
+    assert unicodedata.script(chr(0xA686)) == 'Cyrl'
+    assert unicodedata.script(chr(0x10417)) == 'Dsrt'
+    assert unicodedata.script(chr(0x093E)) == 'Deva'
+    assert unicodedata.script(chr(0x1BC4B)) == 'Dupl'
+    assert unicodedata.script(chr(0x1310C)) == 'Egyp'
+    assert unicodedata.script(chr(0x1051C)) == 'Elba'
+    assert unicodedata.script(chr(0x2DA6)) == 'Ethi'
+    assert unicodedata.script(chr(0x10AD)) == 'Geor'
+    assert unicodedata.script(chr(0x2C52)) == 'Glag'
+    assert unicodedata.script(chr(0x10343)) == 'Goth'
+    assert unicodedata.script(chr(0x11371)) == 'Gran'
+    assert unicodedata.script(chr(0x03D0)) == 'Grek'
+    assert unicodedata.script(chr(0x0AAA)) == 'Gujr'
+    assert unicodedata.script(chr(0x0A4C)) == 'Guru'
+    assert unicodedata.script(chr(0x23C9F)) == 'Hani'
+    assert unicodedata.script(chr(0xC259)) == 'Hang'
+    assert unicodedata.script(chr(0x1722)) == 'Hano'
+    assert unicodedata.script(chr(0x108F5)) == 'Hatr'
+    assert unicodedata.script(chr(0x05C2)) == 'Hebr'
+    assert unicodedata.script(chr(0x1B072)) == 'Hira'
+    assert unicodedata.script(chr(0x10847)) == 'Armi'
+    assert unicodedata.script(chr(0x033A)) == 'Zinh'
+    assert unicodedata.script(chr(0x10B66)) == 'Phli'
+    assert unicodedata.script(chr(0x10B4B)) == 'Prti'
+    assert unicodedata.script(chr(0xA98A)) == 'Java'
+    assert unicodedata.script(chr(0x110B2)) == 'Kthi'
+    assert unicodedata.script(chr(0x0CC6)) == 'Knda'
+    assert unicodedata.script(chr(0x3337)) == 'Kana'
+    assert unicodedata.script(chr(0xA915)) == 'Kali'
+    assert unicodedata.script(chr(0x10A2E)) == 'Khar'
+    assert unicodedata.script(chr(0x17AA)) == 'Khmr'
+    assert unicodedata.script(chr(0x11225)) == 'Khoj'
+    assert unicodedata.script(chr(0x112B6)) == 'Sind'
+    assert unicodedata.script(chr(0x0ED7)) == 'Laoo'
+    assert unicodedata.script(chr(0xAB3C)) == 'Latn'
+    assert unicodedata.script(chr(0x1C48)) == 'Lepc'
+    assert unicodedata.script(chr(0x1923)) == 'Limb'
+    assert unicodedata.script(chr(0x1071D)) == 'Lina'
+    assert unicodedata.script(chr(0x100EC)) == 'Linb'
+    assert unicodedata.script(chr(0xA4E9)) == 'Lisu'
+    assert unicodedata.script(chr(0x10284)) == 'Lyci'
+    assert unicodedata.script(chr(0x10926)) == 'Lydi'
+    assert unicodedata.script(chr(0x11161)) == 'Mahj'
+    assert unicodedata.script(chr(0x0D56)) == 'Mlym'
+    assert unicodedata.script(chr(0x0856)) == 'Mand'
+    assert unicodedata.script(chr(0x10AF0)) == 'Mani'
+    assert unicodedata.script(chr(0x11CB0)) == 'Marc'
+    assert unicodedata.script(chr(0x11D28)) == 'Gonm'
+    assert unicodedata.script(chr(0xABDD)) == 'Mtei'
+    assert unicodedata.script(chr(0x1E897)) == 'Mend'
+    assert unicodedata.script(chr(0x109B0)) == 'Merc'
+    assert unicodedata.script(chr(0x10993)) == 'Mero'
+    assert unicodedata.script(chr(0x16F5D)) == 'Plrd'
+    assert unicodedata.script(chr(0x1160B)) == 'Modi'
+    assert unicodedata.script(chr(0x18A8)) == 'Mong'
+    assert unicodedata.script(chr(0x16A48)) == 'Mroo'
+    assert unicodedata.script(chr(0x1128C)) == 'Mult'
+    assert unicodedata.script(chr(0x105B)) == 'Mymr'
+    assert unicodedata.script(chr(0x108AF)) == 'Nbat'
+    assert unicodedata.script(chr(0x19B3)) == 'Talu'
+    assert unicodedata.script(chr(0x1143D)) == 'Newa'
+    assert unicodedata.script(chr(0x07F4)) == 'Nkoo'
+    assert unicodedata.script(chr(0x1B192)) == 'Nshu'
+    assert unicodedata.script(chr(0x169C)) == 'Ogam'
+    assert unicodedata.script(chr(0x1C56)) == 'Olck'
+    assert unicodedata.script(chr(0x10CE9)) == 'Hung'
+    assert unicodedata.script(chr(0x10316)) == 'Ital'
+    assert unicodedata.script(chr(0x10A93)) == 'Narb'
+    assert unicodedata.script(chr(0x1035A)) == 'Perm'
+    assert unicodedata.script(chr(0x103D5)) == 'Xpeo'
+    assert unicodedata.script(chr(0x10A65)) == 'Sarb'
+    assert unicodedata.script(chr(0x10C09)) == 'Orkh'
+    assert unicodedata.script(chr(0x0B60)) == 'Orya'
+    assert unicodedata.script(chr(0x104CF)) == 'Osge'
+    assert unicodedata.script(chr(0x104A8)) == 'Osma'
+    assert unicodedata.script(chr(0x16B12)) == 'Hmng'
+    assert unicodedata.script(chr(0x10879)) == 'Palm'
+    assert unicodedata.script(chr(0x11AF1)) == 'Pauc'
+    assert unicodedata.script(chr(0xA869)) == 'Phag'
+    assert unicodedata.script(chr(0x10909)) == 'Phnx'
+    assert unicodedata.script(chr(0x10B81)) == 'Phlp'
+    assert unicodedata.script(chr(0xA941)) == 'Rjng'
+    assert unicodedata.script(chr(0x16C3)) == 'Runr'
+    assert unicodedata.script(chr(0x0814)) == 'Samr'
+    assert unicodedata.script(chr(0xA88C)) == 'Saur'
+    assert unicodedata.script(chr(0x111C8)) == 'Shrd'
+    assert unicodedata.script(chr(0x1045F)) == 'Shaw'
+    assert unicodedata.script(chr(0x115AD)) == 'Sidd'
+    assert unicodedata.script(chr(0x1D8C0)) == 'Sgnw'
+    assert unicodedata.script(chr(0x0DB9)) == 'Sinh'
+    assert unicodedata.script(chr(0x110F9)) == 'Sora'
+    assert unicodedata.script(chr(0x11A60)) == 'Soyo'
+    assert unicodedata.script(chr(0x1B94)) == 'Sund'
+    assert unicodedata.script(chr(0xA81F)) == 'Sylo'
+    assert unicodedata.script(chr(0x0740)) == 'Syrc'
+    assert unicodedata.script(chr(0x1714)) == 'Tglg'
+    assert unicodedata.script(chr(0x1761)) == 'Tagb'
+    assert unicodedata.script(chr(0x1965)) == 'Tale'
+    assert unicodedata.script(chr(0x1A32)) == 'Lana'
+    assert unicodedata.script(chr(0xAA86)) == 'Tavt'
+    assert unicodedata.script(chr(0x116A5)) == 'Takr'
+    assert unicodedata.script(chr(0x0B8E)) == 'Taml'
+    assert unicodedata.script(chr(0x1754D)) == 'Tang'
+    assert unicodedata.script(chr(0x0C40)) == 'Telu'
+    assert unicodedata.script(chr(0x07A4)) == 'Thaa'
+    assert unicodedata.script(chr(0x0E42)) == 'Thai'
+    assert unicodedata.script(chr(0x0F09)) == 'Tibt'
+    assert unicodedata.script(chr(0x2D3A)) == 'Tfng'
+    assert unicodedata.script(chr(0x114B0)) == 'Tirh'
+    assert unicodedata.script(chr(0x1038B)) == 'Ugar'
+    assert unicodedata.script(chr(0xA585)) == 'Vaii'
+    assert unicodedata.script(chr(0x118CF)) == 'Wara'
+    assert unicodedata.script(chr(0xA066)) == 'Yiii'
+    assert unicodedata.script(chr(0x11A31)) == 'Zanb'
 
 
 def test_script_extension():
     assert unicodedata.script_extension("a") == {"Latn"}
-    assert unicodedata.script_extension(unichr(0)) == {"Zyyy"}
-    assert unicodedata.script_extension(unichr(0x0378)) == {"Zzzz"}
-    assert unicodedata.script_extension(unichr(0x10FFFF)) == {"Zzzz"}
+    assert unicodedata.script_extension(chr(0)) == {"Zyyy"}
+    assert unicodedata.script_extension(chr(0x0378)) == {"Zzzz"}
+    assert unicodedata.script_extension(chr(0x10FFFF)) == {"Zzzz"}
 
-    assert unicodedata.script_extension("\u0660") == {'Arab', 'Thaa'}
+    assert unicodedata.script_extension("\u0660") == {'Arab', 'Thaa', 'Yezi'}
     assert unicodedata.script_extension("\u0964") == {
-        'Beng', 'Deva', 'Gran', 'Gujr', 'Guru', 'Knda', 'Mahj', 'Mlym',
-        'Orya', 'Sind', 'Sinh', 'Sylo', 'Takr', 'Taml', 'Telu', 'Tirh'}
+        'Beng', 'Deva', 'Dogr', 'Gong', 'Gonm', 'Gran', 'Gujr', 'Guru', 'Knda',
+        'Mahj', 'Mlym', 'Nand', 'Orya', 'Sind', 'Sinh', 'Sylo', 'Takr', 'Taml',
+        'Telu', 'Tirh'}
 
 
 def test_script_name():
@@ -200,7 +197,54 @@
     assert unicodedata.block("\x00") == "Basic Latin"
     assert unicodedata.block("\x7F") == "Basic Latin"
     assert unicodedata.block("\x80") == "Latin-1 Supplement"
-    assert unicodedata.block("\u1c90") == "No_Block"
+    assert unicodedata.block("\u1c90") == "Georgian Extended"
+    assert unicodedata.block("\u0870") == "No_Block"
+
+
+def test_ot_tags_from_script():
+    # simple
+    assert unicodedata.ot_tags_from_script("Latn") == ["latn"]
+    # script mapped to multiple new and old script tags
+    assert unicodedata.ot_tags_from_script("Deva") == ["dev2", "deva"]
+    # exceptions
+    assert unicodedata.ot_tags_from_script("Hira") == ["kana"]
+    # special script codes map to DFLT
+    assert unicodedata.ot_tags_from_script("Zinh") == ["DFLT"]
+    assert unicodedata.ot_tags_from_script("Zyyy") == ["DFLT"]
+    assert unicodedata.ot_tags_from_script("Zzzz") == ["DFLT"]
+    # this is invalid or unknown
+    assert unicodedata.ot_tags_from_script("Aaaa") == ["DFLT"]
+
+
+def test_ot_tag_to_script():
+    assert unicodedata.ot_tag_to_script("latn") == "Latn"
+    assert unicodedata.ot_tag_to_script("kana") == "Kana"
+    assert unicodedata.ot_tag_to_script("DFLT") == None
+    assert unicodedata.ot_tag_to_script("aaaa") == None
+    assert unicodedata.ot_tag_to_script("beng") == "Beng"
+    assert unicodedata.ot_tag_to_script("bng2") == "Beng"
+    assert unicodedata.ot_tag_to_script("dev2") == "Deva"
+    assert unicodedata.ot_tag_to_script("gjr2") == "Gujr"
+    assert unicodedata.ot_tag_to_script("yi  ") == "Yiii"
+    assert unicodedata.ot_tag_to_script("nko ") == "Nkoo"
+    assert unicodedata.ot_tag_to_script("vai ") == "Vaii"
+    assert unicodedata.ot_tag_to_script("lao ") == "Laoo"
+    assert unicodedata.ot_tag_to_script("yi") == "Yiii"
+
+    for invalid_value in ("", " ", "z zz", "zzzzz"):
+        with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="invalid OpenType tag"):
+            unicodedata.ot_tag_to_script(invalid_value)
+
+
+def test_script_horizontal_direction():
+    assert unicodedata.script_horizontal_direction("Latn") == "LTR"
+    assert unicodedata.script_horizontal_direction("Arab") == "RTL"
+    assert unicodedata.script_horizontal_direction("Thaa") == "RTL"
+
+    with pytest.raises(KeyError):
+        unicodedata.script_horizontal_direction("Azzz")
+    assert unicodedata.script_horizontal_direction("Azzz",
+                                                   default="LTR") == "LTR"
 
 
 if __name__ == "__main__":
diff --git a/Tests/varLib/builder_test.py b/Tests/varLib/builder_test.py
index 499265a..6cad103 100644
--- a/Tests/varLib/builder_test.py
+++ b/Tests/varLib/builder_test.py
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import print_function, division, absolute_import
 from fontTools.varLib.builder import buildVarData
 import pytest
 
@@ -9,12 +8,20 @@
     ([0], [[128]], 1),
     ([0, 1, 2], [[128, 1, 2], [3, -129, 5], [6, 7, 8]], 2),
     ([0, 1, 2], [[0, 128, 2], [3, 4, 5], [6, 7, -129]], 3),
+    ([0], [[32768]], 0x8001),
+    ([0, 1, 2], [[32768, 1, 2], [3, -129, 5], [6, 7, 8]], 0x8001),
+    ([0, 1, 2], [[32768, 1, 2], [3, -32769, 5], [6, 7, 8]], 0x8002),
+    ([0, 1, 2], [[0, 32768, 2], [3, 4, 5], [6, 7, -32769]], 0x8003),
 ], ids=[
     "0_regions_0_deltas",
     "1_region_1_uint8",
     "1_region_1_short",
     "3_regions_2_shorts_ordered",
     "3_regions_2_shorts_unordered",
+    "1_region_1_long",
+    "3_regions_1_long_ordered",
+    "3_regions_2_longs_ordered",
+    "3_regions_2_longs_unordered",
 ])
 def test_buildVarData_no_optimize(region_indices, items, expected_num_shorts):
     data = buildVarData(region_indices, items, optimize=False)
@@ -40,12 +47,30 @@
      [0, 2, 1], [[128, -129, 1], [3, 5, 4], [6, 8, 7]]),
     ([0, 1, 2], [[0, 1, 128], [3, -129, 5], [256, 7, 8]], 3,
      [0, 1, 2], [[0, 1, 128], [3, -129, 5], [256, 7, 8]]),
+    ([0, 1, 2], [[0, 128, 2], [0, 4, 5], [0, 7, 8]], 1,
+     [1, 2], [[128, 2], [4, 5], [7, 8]]),
+    ([0, 1, 2], [[0, 32768, 2], [3, 4, 5], [6, 7, 8]], 0x8001,
+     [1, 0, 2], [[32768, 0, 2], [4, 3, 5], [7, 6, 8]]),
+    ([0, 1, 2], [[0, 1, 32768], [3, 4, 5], [6, -32769, 8]], 0x8002,
+     [1, 2, 0], [[1, 32768, 0], [4, 5, 3], [-32769, 8, 6]]),
+    ([0, 1, 2], [[32768, 1, -32769], [3, 4, 5], [6, 7, 8]], 0x8002,
+     [0, 2, 1], [[32768, -32769, 1], [3, 5, 4], [6, 8, 7]]),
+    ([0, 1, 2], [[0, 1, 32768], [3, -32769, 5], [65536, 7, 8]], 0x8003,
+     [0, 1, 2], [[0, 1, 32768], [3, -32769, 5], [65536, 7, 8]]),
+    ([0, 1, 2], [[0, 32768, 2], [0, 4, 5], [0, 7, 8]], 0x8001,
+     [1, 2], [[32768, 2], [4, 5], [7, 8]]),
 ], ids=[
     "0/3_shorts_no_reorder",
     "1/3_shorts_reorder",
     "2/3_shorts_reorder",
     "2/3_shorts_same_row_reorder",
     "3/3_shorts_no_reorder",
+    "1/3_shorts_1/3_zeroes",
+    "1/3_longs_reorder",
+    "2/3_longs_reorder",
+    "2/3_longs_same_row_reorder",
+    "3/3_longs_no_reorder",
+    "1/3_longs_1/3_zeroes",
 ])
 def test_buildVarData_optimize(
         region_indices, items, expected_num_shorts, expected_regions,
@@ -54,7 +79,7 @@
 
     assert data.ItemCount == len(items)
     assert data.NumShorts == expected_num_shorts
-    assert data.VarRegionCount == len(region_indices)
+    assert data.VarRegionCount == len(expected_regions)
     assert data.VarRegionIndex == expected_regions
     assert data.Item == expected_items
 
diff --git a/Tests/varLib/data/Build.designspace b/Tests/varLib/data/Build.designspace
index e0bf58d..29a43ce 100644
--- a/Tests/varLib/data/Build.designspace
+++ b/Tests/varLib/data/Build.designspace
@@ -4,6 +4,8 @@
         <axis default="368.0" maximum="1000.0" minimum="0.0" name="weight" tag="wght" />
         <axis default="0.0" maximum="100.0" minimum="0.0" name="contrast" tag="cntr">
             <labelname xml:lang="en">Contrast</labelname>
+            <labelname xml:lang="de">Kontrast</labelname>
+            <labelname xml:lang="fa">کنتراست</labelname>
         </axis>
     </axes>
     <sources>
diff --git a/Tests/varLib/data/BuildGvarCompositeExplicitDelta.designspace b/Tests/varLib/data/BuildGvarCompositeExplicitDelta.designspace
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b47227f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/varLib/data/BuildGvarCompositeExplicitDelta.designspace
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+<?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?>
+<designspace format="4.0">
+  <axes>
+    <axis tag="slnt" name="Slant" minimum="-15" maximum="0" default="0"/>
+  </axes>
+  <sources>
+    <source filename="master_ufo/TestFamily4-Regular.ufo" name="master_0" familyname="Test Family 4" stylename="Regular">
+      <lib copy="1"/>
+      <groups copy="1"/>
+      <features copy="1"/>
+      <info copy="1"/>
+      <location>
+        <dimension name="Slant" xvalue="0"/>
+      </location>
+    </source>
+    <source filename="master_ufo/TestFamily4-Italic15.ufo" name="master_1" familyname="Test Family 4" stylename="Italic">
+      <location>
+        <dimension name="Slant" xvalue="-15"/>
+      </location>
+    </source>
+  </sources>
+</designspace>
diff --git a/Tests/varLib/data/Designspace.designspace b/Tests/varLib/data/Designspace.designspace
deleted file mode 100644
index df1036e..0000000
--- a/Tests/varLib/data/Designspace.designspace
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,39 +0,0 @@
-<?xml version="1.0"?>
-<designspace format="3">
-    <axes>
-        <axis default="0.0" maximum="1000.0" minimum="0.0" name="weight" tag="wght">
-            <map input="0.0" output="10.0" />
-            <map input="401.0" output="66.0" />
-            <map input="1000.0" output="990.0" />
-        </axis>
-        <axis default="250.0" maximum="1000.0" minimum="0.0" name="width" tag="wdth" />
-        <axis default="0.0" maximum="100.0" minimum="0.0" name="contrast" tag="cntr">
-            <labelname xml:lang="en">Contrast</labelname>
-            <labelname xml:lang="de">Kontrast</labelname>
-        </axis>
-    </axes>
-    <sources>
-        <source filename="DesignspaceTest-Light.ufo" name="master_1">
-            <lib copy="1"/>
-            <groups copy="1"/>
-            <info copy="1"/>
-            <location>
-                <dimension name="weight" xvalue="0.0"/>
-            </location>
-        </source>
-        <source filename="DesignspaceTest-Bold.ufo" name="master_2">
-            <location>
-                <dimension name="weight" xvalue="1.0"/>
-            </location>
-        </source>
-    </sources>
-    <instances>
-        <instance familyname="DesignspaceTest" filename="instance/DesignspaceTest-Medium.ufo" stylename="Medium">
-            <location>
-                <dimension name="weight" xvalue="0.5"/>
-            </location>
-            <info/>
-            <kerning/>
-        </instance>
-    </instances>
-</designspace>
diff --git a/Tests/varLib/data/Designspace2.designspace b/Tests/varLib/data/Designspace2.designspace
deleted file mode 100644
index ac7d403..0000000
--- a/Tests/varLib/data/Designspace2.designspace
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,8 +0,0 @@
-<?xml version="1.0"?>
-<designspace format="3">
-    <!-- no <axes> element -->
-    <sources/><!-- empty <sources> element -->
-    <instances>
-        <instance/><!-- bare-bones <instance> element -->
-    </instances>
-</designspace>
diff --git a/Tests/varLib/data/FeatureVars.designspace b/Tests/varLib/data/FeatureVars.designspace
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..902fade
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/varLib/data/FeatureVars.designspace
@@ -0,0 +1,71 @@
+<?xml version='1.0' encoding='utf-8'?>
+<designspace format="3">
+    <axes>
+        <axis default="368.0" maximum="1000.0" minimum="0.0" name="weight" tag="wght" />
+        <axis default="0.0" maximum="100.0" minimum="0.0" name="contrast" tag="cntr">
+            <labelname xml:lang="en">Contrast</labelname>
+        </axis>
+    </axes>
+    <rules processing="last">
+        <rule name="dollar-stroke">
+            <conditionset>
+                <condition name="weight" minimum="500" /> <!-- intentionally omitted maximum -->
+            </conditionset>
+            <sub name="uni0024" with="uni0024.nostroke" />
+        </rule>
+        <rule name="to-lowercase">
+            <conditionset>
+                <condition name="contrast" minimum="75" maximum="100" />
+            </conditionset>
+            <sub name="uni0041" with="uni0061" />
+        </rule>
+        <rule name="to-uppercase">
+            <conditionset>
+                <condition name="weight" minimum="0" maximum="200" />
+                <condition name="contrast" minimum="0" maximum="25" />
+            </conditionset>
+            <sub name="uni0061" with="uni0041" />
+        </rule>
+    </rules>
+    <sources>
+        <source familyname="Test Family" filename="master_ufo/TestFamily-Master0.ufo" name="master_0" stylename="Master0">
+            <location>
+                <dimension name="weight" xvalue="0" />
+                <dimension name="contrast" xvalue="0" />
+            </location>
+        </source>
+        <source familyname="Test Family" filename="master_ufo/TestFamily-Master1.ufo" name="master_1" stylename="Master1">
+            <lib copy="1" />
+            <groups copy="1" />
+            <info copy="1" />
+            <location>
+                <dimension name="weight" xvalue="368" />
+                <dimension name="contrast" xvalue="0" />
+            </location>
+        </source>
+        <source familyname="Test Family" filename="master_ufo/TestFamily-Master2.ufo" name="master_2" stylename="Master2">
+            <location>
+                <dimension name="weight" xvalue="1000" />
+                <dimension name="contrast" xvalue="0" />
+            </location>
+        </source>
+        <source familyname="Test Family" filename="master_ufo/TestFamily-Master3.ufo" name="master_3" stylename="Master3">
+            <location>
+                <dimension name="weight" xvalue="1000" />
+                <dimension name="contrast" xvalue="100" />
+            </location>
+        </source>
+        <source familyname="Test Family" filename="master_ufo/TestFamily-Master0.ufo" name="master_0" stylename="Master0">
+            <location>
+                <dimension name="weight" xvalue="0" />
+                <dimension name="contrast" xvalue="100" />
+            </location>
+        </source>
+        <source familyname="Test Family" filename="master_ufo/TestFamily-Master4.ufo" name="master_4" stylename="Master4">
+            <location>
+                <dimension name="weight" xvalue="368" />
+                <dimension name="contrast" xvalue="100" />
+            </location>
+        </source>
+    </sources>
+</designspace>
diff --git a/Tests/varLib/data/FeatureVarsCustomTag.designspace b/Tests/varLib/data/FeatureVarsCustomTag.designspace
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..45b06f3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/varLib/data/FeatureVarsCustomTag.designspace
@@ -0,0 +1,77 @@
+<?xml version='1.0' encoding='utf-8'?>
+<designspace format="3">
+    <axes>
+        <axis default="368.0" maximum="1000.0" minimum="0.0" name="weight" tag="wght" />
+        <axis default="0.0" maximum="100.0" minimum="0.0" name="contrast" tag="cntr">
+            <labelname xml:lang="en">Contrast</labelname>
+        </axis>
+    </axes>
+    <rules processing="last">
+        <rule name="dollar-stroke">
+            <conditionset>
+                <condition name="weight" minimum="500" /> <!-- intentionally omitted maximum -->
+            </conditionset>
+            <sub name="uni0024" with="uni0024.nostroke" />
+        </rule>
+        <rule name="to-lowercase">
+            <conditionset>
+                <condition name="contrast" minimum="75" maximum="100" />
+            </conditionset>
+            <sub name="uni0041" with="uni0061" />
+        </rule>
+        <rule name="to-uppercase">
+            <conditionset>
+                <condition name="weight" minimum="0" maximum="200" />
+                <condition name="contrast" minimum="0" maximum="25" />
+            </conditionset>
+            <sub name="uni0061" with="uni0041" />
+        </rule>
+    </rules>
+    <sources>
+        <source familyname="Test Family" filename="master_ufo/TestFamily-Master0.ufo" name="master_0" stylename="Master0">
+            <location>
+                <dimension name="weight" xvalue="0" />
+                <dimension name="contrast" xvalue="0" />
+            </location>
+        </source>
+        <source familyname="Test Family" filename="master_ufo/TestFamily-Master1.ufo" name="master_1" stylename="Master1">
+            <lib copy="1" />
+            <groups copy="1" />
+            <info copy="1" />
+            <location>
+                <dimension name="weight" xvalue="368" />
+                <dimension name="contrast" xvalue="0" />
+            </location>
+        </source>
+        <source familyname="Test Family" filename="master_ufo/TestFamily-Master2.ufo" name="master_2" stylename="Master2">
+            <location>
+                <dimension name="weight" xvalue="1000" />
+                <dimension name="contrast" xvalue="0" />
+            </location>
+        </source>
+        <source familyname="Test Family" filename="master_ufo/TestFamily-Master3.ufo" name="master_3" stylename="Master3">
+            <location>
+                <dimension name="weight" xvalue="1000" />
+                <dimension name="contrast" xvalue="100" />
+            </location>
+        </source>
+        <source familyname="Test Family" filename="master_ufo/TestFamily-Master0.ufo" name="master_0" stylename="Master0">
+            <location>
+                <dimension name="weight" xvalue="0" />
+                <dimension name="contrast" xvalue="100" />
+            </location>
+        </source>
+        <source familyname="Test Family" filename="master_ufo/TestFamily-Master4.ufo" name="master_4" stylename="Master4">
+            <location>
+                <dimension name="weight" xvalue="368" />
+                <dimension name="contrast" xvalue="100" />
+            </location>
+        </source>
+    </sources>
+    <lib>
+        <dict>
+            <key>com.github.fonttools.varLib.featureVarsFeatureTag</key>
+            <string>calt</string>
+        </dict>
+    </lib>
+</designspace>
diff --git a/Tests/varLib/data/FeatureVarsWholeRange.designspace b/Tests/varLib/data/FeatureVarsWholeRange.designspace
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2d8802c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/varLib/data/FeatureVarsWholeRange.designspace
@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+<?xml version='1.0' encoding='utf-8'?>
+<designspace format="3">
+    <axes>
+        <axis default="368.0" maximum="1000.0" minimum="0.0" name="weight" tag="wght" />
+    </axes>
+    <rules processing="last">
+        <rule name="always">
+            <conditionset>
+                <condition name="weight" minimum="0" maximum="1000" />
+            </conditionset>
+            <sub name="uni0024" with="uni0024.nostroke" />
+        </rule>
+    </rules>
+    <sources>
+        <source familyname="Test Family" filename="master_ufo/TestFamily-Master0.ufo" name="master_0" stylename="Master0">
+            <location>
+                <dimension name="weight" xvalue="0" />
+            </location>
+        </source>
+        <source familyname="Test Family" filename="master_ufo/TestFamily-Master1.ufo" name="master_1" stylename="Master1">
+            <lib copy="1" />
+            <groups copy="1" />
+            <info copy="1" />
+            <location>
+                <dimension name="weight" xvalue="368" />
+            </location>
+        </source>
+        <source familyname="Test Family" filename="master_ufo/TestFamily-Master3.ufo" name="master_3" stylename="Master3">
+            <location>
+                <dimension name="weight" xvalue="1000" />
+            </location>
+        </source>
+    </sources>
+</designspace>
diff --git a/Tests/varLib/data/FeatureVarsWholeRangeEmpty.designspace b/Tests/varLib/data/FeatureVarsWholeRangeEmpty.designspace
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a692daa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/varLib/data/FeatureVarsWholeRangeEmpty.designspace
@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+<?xml version='1.0' encoding='utf-8'?>
+<designspace format="3">
+    <axes>
+        <axis default="368.0" maximum="1000.0" minimum="0.0" name="weight" tag="wght" />
+    </axes>
+    <rules processing="last">
+        <rule name="always">
+            <conditionset>
+            </conditionset>
+            <sub name="uni0024" with="uni0024.nostroke" />
+        </rule>
+    </rules>
+    <sources>
+        <source familyname="Test Family" filename="master_ufo/TestFamily-Master0.ufo" name="master_0" stylename="Master0">
+            <location>
+                <dimension name="weight" xvalue="0" />
+            </location>
+        </source>
+        <source familyname="Test Family" filename="master_ufo/TestFamily-Master1.ufo" name="master_1" stylename="Master1">
+            <lib copy="1" />
+            <groups copy="1" />
+            <info copy="1" />
+            <location>
+                <dimension name="weight" xvalue="368" />
+            </location>
+        </source>
+        <source familyname="Test Family" filename="master_ufo/TestFamily-Master3.ufo" name="master_3" stylename="Master3">
+            <location>
+                <dimension name="weight" xvalue="1000" />
+            </location>
+        </source>
+    </sources>
+</designspace>
diff --git a/Tests/varLib/data/IncompatibleArrays.designspace b/Tests/varLib/data/IncompatibleArrays.designspace
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..399810e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/varLib/data/IncompatibleArrays.designspace
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+<?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?>
+<designspace format="4.1">
+  <axes>
+    <axis tag="wght" name="Weight" minimum="200" maximum="700" default="200"/>
+  </axes>
+  <sources>
+    <source filename="master_incompatible_arrays/IncompatibleArrays-Regular.ttx" name="Simple Two Axis Regular" familyname="Simple Two Axis" stylename="Regular">
+      <lib copy="1"/>
+      <groups copy="1"/>
+      <features copy="1"/>
+      <info copy="1"/>
+      <location>
+        <dimension name="Weight" xvalue="200"/>
+      </location>
+    </source>
+    <source filename="master_incompatible_arrays/IncompatibleArrays-Bold.ttx" name="Simple Two Axis Bold" familyname="Simple Two Axis" stylename="Bold">
+      <location>
+        <dimension name="Weight" xvalue="700"/>
+      </location>
+    </source>
+  </sources>
+</designspace>
diff --git a/Tests/varLib/data/IncompatibleFeatures.designspace b/Tests/varLib/data/IncompatibleFeatures.designspace
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ab27516
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/varLib/data/IncompatibleFeatures.designspace
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+<?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?>
+<designspace format="4.1">
+  <axes>
+    <axis tag="wght" name="Weight" minimum="200" maximum="700" default="200"/>
+  </axes>
+  <sources>
+    <source filename="master_incompatible_features/IncompatibleFeatures-Regular.ttx" name="Simple Two Axis Regular" familyname="Simple Two Axis" stylename="Regular">
+      <lib copy="1"/>
+      <groups copy="1"/>
+      <features copy="1"/>
+      <info copy="1"/>
+      <location>
+        <dimension name="Weight" xvalue="200"/>
+      </location>
+    </source>
+    <source filename="master_incompatible_features/IncompatibleFeatures-Bold.ttx" name="Simple Two Axis Bold" familyname="Simple Two Axis" stylename="Bold">
+      <location>
+        <dimension name="Weight" xvalue="700"/>
+      </location>
+    </source>
+  </sources>
+</designspace>
diff --git a/Tests/varLib/data/IncompatibleLookupTypes.designspace b/Tests/varLib/data/IncompatibleLookupTypes.designspace
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c7d3575
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/varLib/data/IncompatibleLookupTypes.designspace
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+<?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?>
+<designspace format="4.1">
+  <axes>
+    <axis tag="wght" name="Weight" minimum="200" maximum="700" default="200"/>
+  </axes>
+  <sources>
+    <source filename="master_incompatible_lookup_types/IncompatibleLookupTypes-Regular.ttx" name="Simple Two Axis Regular" familyname="Simple Two Axis" stylename="Regular">
+      <lib copy="1"/>
+      <groups copy="1"/>
+      <features copy="1"/>
+      <info copy="1"/>
+      <location>
+        <dimension name="Weight" xvalue="200"/>
+      </location>
+    </source>
+    <source filename="master_incompatible_lookup_types/IncompatibleLookupTypes-Bold.ttx" name="Simple Two Axis Bold" familyname="Simple Two Axis" stylename="Bold">
+      <location>
+        <dimension name="Weight" xvalue="700"/>
+      </location>
+    </source>
+  </sources>
+</designspace>
diff --git a/Tests/varLib/data/KerningMerging.designspace b/Tests/varLib/data/KerningMerging.designspace
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f7ce7ef
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/varLib/data/KerningMerging.designspace
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+<?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?>
+<designspace format="4.0">
+  <axes>
+    <axis tag="wght" name="Weight" minimum="100" maximum="900" default="400"/>
+  </axes>
+  <sources>
+    <source filename="master_kerning_merging/0.ttf">
+      <location>
+        <dimension name="Weight" xvalue="100"/>
+      </location>
+    </source>
+    <source filename="master_kerning_merging/1.ttf">
+      <location>
+        <dimension name="Weight" xvalue="400"/>
+      </location>
+    </source>
+    <source filename="master_kerning_merging/2.ttf">
+      <location>
+        <dimension name="Weight" xvalue="900"/>
+      </location>
+    </source>
+  </sources>
+</designspace>
diff --git a/Tests/varLib/data/SingleMaster.designspace b/Tests/varLib/data/SingleMaster.designspace
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..53bdeab
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/varLib/data/SingleMaster.designspace
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+<?xml version='1.0' encoding='utf-8'?>
+<designspace format="3">
+    <axes>
+        <axis default="400" maximum="400" minimum="400" name="weight" tag="wght" />
+    </axes>
+    <sources>
+        <source familyname="Test Family" filename="master_ufo/TestFamily-Master0.ufo" name="master_0">
+            <location>
+                <dimension name="weight" xvalue="400" />
+            </location>
+        </source>
+    </sources>
+</designspace>
diff --git a/Tests/varLib/data/SparseMasters.designspace b/Tests/varLib/data/SparseMasters.designspace
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..327fb43
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/varLib/data/SparseMasters.designspace
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+<?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?>
+<designspace format="4.0">
+  <axes>
+    <axis tag="wght" name="Weight" minimum="350" maximum="625" default="350"/>
+  </axes>
+  <sources>
+      <source filename="master_ttx_interpolatable_ttf/SparseMasters-Regular.ttx" name="Sparse Masters Regular">
+      <location>
+        <dimension name="Weight" xvalue="350"/>
+      </location>
+    </source>
+    <source filename="master_ttx_interpolatable_ttf/SparseMasters-Medium.ttx" name="Sparse Masters Medium">
+      <location>
+        <dimension name="Weight" xvalue="450"/>
+      </location>
+    </source>
+    <source filename="master_ttx_interpolatable_ttf/SparseMasters-Bold.ttx" name="Sparse Masters Bold">
+      <location>
+        <dimension name="Weight" xvalue="625"/>
+      </location>
+    </source>
+  </sources>
+</designspace>
diff --git a/Tests/varLib/data/TestBASE.designspace b/Tests/varLib/data/TestBASE.designspace
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6a584a5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/varLib/data/TestBASE.designspace
@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+<?xml version='1.0' encoding='utf-8'?>
+<designspace format="3">
+	<axes>
+		<axis default="0" maximum="900" minimum="0" name="weight" tag="wght" />
+	</axes>
+	<sources>
+		<source filename="master_base_test/TestBASE.0.ufo" stylename="w0.00">
+			<info copy="1" />
+			<location>
+				<dimension name="weight" xvalue="0.00" />
+			</location>
+		</source>
+		<source filename="master_base_test/TestBASE.900.ufo" stylename="w900.00">
+			
+			<location>
+				<dimension name="weight" xvalue="900.00" />
+			</location>
+		</source>
+	</sources>
+	<instances>
+		<instance familyname="TestBASE" filename="instances/TestBASE-Thin.otf" postscriptfontname="TestBASE-Thin" stylename="ExtraLight">
+			<location>
+				<dimension name="weight" xvalue="0" />
+			</location>
+			<kerning />
+			<info />
+		</instance>
+		<instance familyname="TestBASE" filename="instances/TestBase-Black.otf" postscriptfontname="TestBASE-Black" stylename="Heavy">
+			<location>
+				<dimension name="weight" xvalue="900" />
+			</location>
+			<kerning />
+			<info />
+		</instance>
+	</instances>
+</designspace>
diff --git a/Tests/varLib/data/TestCFF2.designspace b/Tests/varLib/data/TestCFF2.designspace
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..92c45ba
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/varLib/data/TestCFF2.designspace
@@ -0,0 +1,93 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
+<designspace format="3">
+    <axes>
+        <axis default="400.0" maximum="900.0" minimum="200.0" name="weight" tag="wght">
+            <map input="200" output="0" />   <!-- ExtraLight -->
+            <map input="300" output="100" /> <!-- Light -->
+            <map input="400" output="368" /> <!-- Regular -->
+            <map input="500" output="486" /> <!-- Medium -->
+            <map input="600" output="600" /> <!-- Semibold -->
+            <map input="700" output="824" /> <!-- Bold -->
+            <map input="900" output="1000" /><!-- Black -->
+        </axis>
+    </axes>
+    <rules>
+        <rule name="named.rule.1">
+            <conditionset>
+                <condition maximum="600" minimum="0" name="weight" />
+            </conditionset>
+            <sub name="dollar" with="dollar.a" />
+        </rule>
+    </rules>
+    <sources>
+        <source filename="master_cff2/TestCFF2_ExtraLight.ufo" name="master_0">
+            <lib copy="1" />
+            <location>
+                <dimension name="weight" xvalue="0" />
+            </location>
+        </source>
+        <source filename="master_cff2/TestCFF2_Regular.ufo" name="master_1">
+            <glyph mute="1" name="T" />
+            <info copy="1" />
+            <location>
+                <dimension name="weight" xvalue="368" />
+            </location>
+        </source>
+        <source filename="master_cff2/TestCFF2_Black.ufo" name="master_2">
+            <location>
+                <dimension name="weight" xvalue="1000" />
+            </location>
+        </source>
+    </sources>
+    <instances>
+        <instance familyname="Test CFF2 Roman" postscriptfontname="TestCFF2Roman-ExtraLight" stylename="ExtraLight">
+            <location>
+                <dimension name="weight" xvalue="0" />
+            </location>
+            <kerning />
+            <info />
+        </instance>
+        <instance familyname="Test CFF2 Roman" postscriptfontname="TestCFF2Roman-Light" stylename="Light">
+            <location>
+                <dimension name="weight" xvalue="100" />
+            </location>
+            <kerning />
+            <info />
+        </instance>
+        <instance familyname="Test CFF2 Roman" postscriptfontname="TestCFF2Roman-Regular" stylename="Regular">
+            <location>
+                <dimension name="weight" xvalue="368" />
+            </location>
+            <kerning />
+            <info />
+        </instance>
+        <instance familyname="Test CFF2 Roman" postscriptfontname="TestCFF2Roman-Medium" stylename="Medium">
+            <location>
+                <dimension name="weight" xvalue="486" />
+            </location>
+            <kerning />
+            <info />
+        </instance>
+        <instance familyname="Test CFF2 Roman" postscriptfontname="TestCFF2Roman-Semibold" stylename="Semibold">
+            <location>
+                <dimension name="weight" xvalue="600" />
+            </location>
+            <kerning />
+            <info />
+        </instance>
+        <instance familyname="Test CFF2 Roman" postscriptfontname="TestCFF2Roman-Bold" stylename="Bold">
+            <location>
+                <dimension name="weight" xvalue="824" />
+            </location>
+            <kerning />
+            <info />
+        </instance>
+        <instance familyname="Test CFF2 Roman" postscriptfontname="TestCFF2Roman-Black" stylename="Black">
+            <location>
+                <dimension name="weight" xvalue="1000" />
+            </location>
+            <kerning />
+            <info />
+        </instance>
+    </instances>
+</designspace>
diff --git a/Tests/varLib/data/TestCFF2Input.designspace b/Tests/varLib/data/TestCFF2Input.designspace
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ebbf14a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/varLib/data/TestCFF2Input.designspace
@@ -0,0 +1,93 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
+<designspace format="3">
+    <axes>
+        <axis default="400.0" maximum="900.0" minimum="200.0" name="weight" tag="wght">
+            <map input="200" output="0" />   <!-- ExtraLight -->
+            <map input="300" output="100" /> <!-- Light -->
+            <map input="400" output="368" /> <!-- Regular -->
+            <map input="500" output="486" /> <!-- Medium -->
+            <map input="600" output="600" /> <!-- Semibold -->
+            <map input="700" output="824" /> <!-- Bold -->
+            <map input="900" output="1000" /><!-- Black -->
+        </axis>
+    </axes>
+    <rules>
+        <rule name="named.rule.1">
+            <conditionset>
+                <condition maximum="600" minimum="0" name="weight" />
+            </conditionset>
+            <sub name="dollar" with="dollar.a" />
+        </rule>
+    </rules>
+    <sources>
+        <source filename="master_cff2_input/TestCFF2_ExtraLight.ufo" name="master_0">
+            <lib copy="1" />
+            <location>
+                <dimension name="weight" xvalue="0" />
+            </location>
+        </source>
+        <source filename="master_cff2_input/TestCFF2_Regular.ufo" name="master_1">
+            <glyph mute="1" name="T" />
+            <info copy="1" />
+            <location>
+                <dimension name="weight" xvalue="368" />
+            </location>
+        </source>
+        <source filename="master_cff2_input/TestCFF2_Black.ufo" name="master_2">
+            <location>
+                <dimension name="weight" xvalue="1000" />
+            </location>
+        </source>
+    </sources>
+    <instances>
+        <instance familyname="Test CFF2 Roman" postscriptfontname="TestCFF2Roman-ExtraLight" stylename="ExtraLight">
+            <location>
+                <dimension name="weight" xvalue="0" />
+            </location>
+            <kerning />
+            <info />
+        </instance>
+        <instance familyname="Test CFF2 Roman" postscriptfontname="TestCFF2Roman-Light" stylename="Light">
+            <location>
+                <dimension name="weight" xvalue="100" />
+            </location>
+            <kerning />
+            <info />
+        </instance>
+        <instance familyname="Test CFF2 Roman" postscriptfontname="TestCFF2Roman-Regular" stylename="Regular">
+            <location>
+                <dimension name="weight" xvalue="368" />
+            </location>
+            <kerning />
+            <info />
+        </instance>
+        <instance familyname="Test CFF2 Roman" postscriptfontname="TestCFF2Roman-Medium" stylename="Medium">
+            <location>
+                <dimension name="weight" xvalue="486" />
+            </location>
+            <kerning />
+            <info />
+        </instance>
+        <instance familyname="Test CFF2 Roman" postscriptfontname="TestCFF2Roman-Semibold" stylename="Semibold">
+            <location>
+                <dimension name="weight" xvalue="600" />
+            </location>
+            <kerning />
+            <info />
+        </instance>
+        <instance familyname="Test CFF2 Roman" postscriptfontname="TestCFF2Roman-Bold" stylename="Bold">
+            <location>
+                <dimension name="weight" xvalue="824" />
+            </location>
+            <kerning />
+            <info />
+        </instance>
+        <instance familyname="Test CFF2 Roman" postscriptfontname="TestCFF2Roman-Black" stylename="Black">
+            <location>
+                <dimension name="weight" xvalue="1000" />
+            </location>
+            <kerning />
+            <info />
+        </instance>
+    </instances>
+</designspace>
diff --git a/Tests/varLib/data/TestNonMarkingCFF2.designspace b/Tests/varLib/data/TestNonMarkingCFF2.designspace
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..23c7797
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/varLib/data/TestNonMarkingCFF2.designspace
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
+<designspace format="3">
+    <axes>
+        <axis default="0.0" maximum="1000.0" minimum="0.0" name="weight" tag="wght" />
+    </axes>
+    <sources>
+        <source filename="master_non_marking_cff2/TestNonMarkingCFF2_ExtraLight.ufo" name="master_0">
+            <lib copy="1" />
+            <location>
+                <dimension name="weight" xvalue="0" />
+            </location>
+        </source>
+        <source filename="master_non_marking_cff2/TestNonMarkingCFF2_Regular.ufo" name="master_1">
+            <location>
+                <dimension name="weight" xvalue="1000" />
+            </location>
+        </source>
+    </sources>
+    <instances>
+        <instance familyname="Test Non Marking CFF2 Roman" postscriptfontname="TestNonMarkingCFF2-ExtraLight" stylename="ExtraLight">
+            <location>
+                <dimension name="weight" xvalue="0" />
+            </location>
+            <kerning />
+            <info />
+        </instance>
+        <instance familyname="Test Non Marking CFF2 Roman" postscriptfontname="TestNonMarkingCFF2-Regular" stylename="Regular">
+            <location>
+                <dimension name="weight" xvalue="1000" />
+            </location>
+            <kerning />
+            <info />
+        </instance>
+    </instances>
+</designspace>
diff --git a/Tests/varLib/data/TestSparseCFF2VF.designspace b/Tests/varLib/data/TestSparseCFF2VF.designspace
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d8165cf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/varLib/data/TestSparseCFF2VF.designspace
@@ -0,0 +1,229 @@
+<?xml version='1.0' encoding='utf-8'?>
+<designspace format="3">
+	<axes>
+		<axis default="200" maximum="900" minimum="200" name="weight" tag="wght">
+			<map input="200" output="0" />   <!-- ExtraLight -->
+			<map input="300" output="160" /> <!-- Light -->
+			<map input="350" output="320" /> <!-- Normal -->
+			<map input="400" output="390" /> <!-- Regular -->
+			<map input="500" output="560" /> <!-- Medium -->
+			<map input="700" output="780" /> <!-- Bold -->
+			<map input="900" output="1000" /><!-- Heavy -->
+		</axis>
+	</axes>
+	<sources>
+		<source filename="master_sparse_cff2/MasterSet_Kanji-w0.00.ufo" stylename="w0.00">
+			<info copy="1" />
+			<location>
+				<dimension name="weight" xvalue="0.00" />
+			</location>
+		</source>
+		<source filename="master_sparse_cff2/MasterSet_Kanji-w439.00.ufo" stylename="w439.00">
+			
+			<location>
+				<dimension name="weight" xvalue="439.00" />
+			</location>
+		</source>
+		<source filename="master_sparse_cff2/MasterSet_Kanji-w440.00.ufo" stylename="w440.00">
+			
+			<location>
+				<dimension name="weight" xvalue="440.00" />
+			</location>
+		</source>
+		<source filename="master_sparse_cff2/MasterSet_Kanji-w599.00.ufo" stylename="w599.00">
+			
+			<location>
+				<dimension name="weight" xvalue="599.00" />
+			</location>
+		</source>
+		<source filename="master_sparse_cff2/MasterSet_Kanji-w600.00.ufo" stylename="w600.00">
+			
+			<location>
+				<dimension name="weight" xvalue="600.00" />
+			</location>
+		</source>
+		<source filename="master_sparse_cff2/MasterSet_Kanji-w669.00.ufo" stylename="w669.00">
+			
+			<location>
+				<dimension name="weight" xvalue="669.00" />
+			</location>
+		</source>
+		<source filename="master_sparse_cff2/MasterSet_Kanji-w670.00.ufo" stylename="w670.00">
+			
+			<location>
+				<dimension name="weight" xvalue="670.00" />
+			</location>
+		</source>
+		<source filename="master_sparse_cff2/MasterSet_Kanji-w799.00.ufo" stylename="w799.00">
+			
+			<location>
+				<dimension name="weight" xvalue="799.00" />
+			</location>
+		</source>
+		<source filename="master_sparse_cff2/MasterSet_Kanji-w800.00.ufo" stylename="w800.00">
+			
+			<location>
+				<dimension name="weight" xvalue="800.00" />
+			</location>
+		</source>
+		<source filename="master_sparse_cff2/MasterSet_Kanji-w889.00.ufo" stylename="w889.00">
+			
+			<location>
+				<dimension name="weight" xvalue="889.00" />
+			</location>
+		</source>
+		<source filename="master_sparse_cff2/MasterSet_Kanji-w890.00.ufo" stylename="w890.00">
+			
+			<location>
+				<dimension name="weight" xvalue="890.00" />
+			</location>
+		</source>
+		<source filename="master_sparse_cff2/MasterSet_Kanji-w1000.00.ufo" stylename="w1000.00">
+			
+			<location>
+				<dimension name="weight" xvalue="1000.00" />
+			</location>
+		</source>
+	</sources>
+	<instances>
+		<instance familyname="SHSansJPVFTest" filename="instances/SHSansJPVFTest-Kanji-w0.00.otf" postscriptfontname="SHSansJPVFTest-Kanji-w0.00" stylename="Kanji-w0.00">
+			<location>
+				<dimension name="weight" xvalue="0" />
+			</location>
+			<kerning />
+			<info />
+		</instance>
+		<instance familyname="SHSansJPVFTest" filename="instances/SHSansJPVFTest-Kanji-w239.00.otf" postscriptfontname="SHSansJPVFTest-Kanji-w239.00" stylename="Kanji-w239.00">
+			<location>
+				<dimension name="weight" xvalue="239" />
+			</location>
+			<kerning />
+			<info />
+		</instance>
+		<instance familyname="SHSansJPVFTest" filename="instances/SHSansJPVFTest-Kanji-w240.00.otf" postscriptfontname="SHSansJPVFTest-Kanji-w240.00" stylename="Kanji-w240.00">
+			<location>
+				<dimension name="weight" xvalue="240" />
+			</location>
+			<kerning />
+			<info />
+		</instance>
+
+		<instance familyname="SHSansJPVFTest" filename="instances/SHSansJPVFTest-Kanji-w439.00.otf" postscriptfontname="SHSansJPVFTest-Kanji-w439.00" stylename="Kanji-w439.00">
+			<location>
+				<dimension name="weight" xvalue="439" />
+			</location>
+			<kerning />
+			<info />
+		</instance>
+		<instance familyname="SHSansJPVFTest" filename="instances/SHSansJPVFTest-Kanji-w440.00.otf" postscriptfontname="SHSansJPVFTest-Kanji-w440.00" stylename="Kanji-w440.00">
+			<location>
+				<dimension name="weight" xvalue="440" />
+			</location>
+			<kerning />
+			<info />
+		</instance>
+
+
+		<instance familyname="SHSansJPVFTest" filename="instances/SHSansJPVFTest-Kanji-w499.00.otf" postscriptfontname="SHSansJPVFTest-Kanji-w499.00" stylename="Kanji-w499.00">
+			<location>
+				<dimension name="weight" xvalue="499" />
+			</location>
+			<kerning />
+			<info />
+		</instance>
+		<instance familyname="SHSansJPVFTest" filename="instances/SHSansJPVFTest-Kanji-w500.00.otf" postscriptfontname="SHSansJPVFTest-Kanji-w500.00" stylename="Kanji-w500.00">
+			<location>
+				<dimension name="weight" xvalue="500" />
+			</location>
+			<kerning />
+			<info />
+		</instance>
+
+
+		<instance familyname="SHSansJPVFTest" filename="instances/SHSansJPVFTest-Kanji-w599.00.otf" postscriptfontname="SHSansJPVFTest-Kanji-w599.00" stylename="Kanji-w599.00">
+			<location>
+				<dimension name="weight" xvalue="599" />
+			</location>
+			<kerning />
+			<info />
+		</instance>
+		<instance familyname="SHSansJPVFTest" filename="instances/SHSansJPVFTest-Kanji-w600.00.otf" postscriptfontname="SHSansJPVFTest-Kanji-w600.00" stylename="Kanji-w600.00">
+			<location>
+				<dimension name="weight" xvalue="600" />
+			</location>
+			<kerning />
+			<info />
+		</instance>
+
+
+		<instance familyname="SHSansJPVFTest" filename="instances/SHSansJPVFTest-Kanji-w669.00.otf" postscriptfontname="SHSansJPVFTest-Kanji-w669.00" stylename="Kanji-w669.00">
+			<location>
+				<dimension name="weight" xvalue="669" />
+			</location>
+			<kerning />
+			<info />
+		</instance>
+		<instance familyname="SHSansJPVFTest" filename="instances/SHSansJPVFTest-Kanji-w670.00.otf" postscriptfontname="SHSansJPVFTest-Kanji-w670.00" stylename="Kanji-w670.00">
+			<location>
+				<dimension name="weight" xvalue="670" />
+			</location>
+			<kerning />
+			<info />
+		</instance>
+
+
+		<instance familyname="SHSansJPVFTest" filename="instances/SHSansJPVFTest-Kanji-w699.00.otf" postscriptfontname="SHSansJPVFTest-Kanji-w699.00" stylename="Kanji-w699.00">
+			<location>
+				<dimension name="weight" xvalue="699" />
+			</location>
+			<kerning />
+			<info />
+		</instance>
+		<instance familyname="SHSansJPVFTest" filename="instances/SHSansJPVFTest-Kanji-w700.00.otf" postscriptfontname="SHSansJPVFTest-Kanji-w700.00" stylename="Kanji-w700.00">
+			<location>
+				<dimension name="weight" xvalue="700" />
+			</location>
+			<kerning />
+			<info />
+		</instance>
+
+
+		<instance familyname="SHSansJPVFTest" filename="instances/SHSansJPVFTest-Kanji-799.00.otf" postscriptfontname="SHSansJPVFTest-Kanji-799.00" stylename="Kanji-799.00">
+			<location>
+				<dimension name="weight" xvalue="799" />
+			</location>
+			<kerning />
+			<info />
+		</instance>
+		<instance familyname="SHSansJPVFTest" filename="instances/SHSansJPVFTest-Kanji-w800.00.otf" postscriptfontname="SHSansJPVFTest-Kanji-w800.00" stylename="Kanji-w800.00">
+			<location>
+				<dimension name="weight" xvalue="800" />
+			</location>
+			<kerning />
+			<info />
+		</instance>
+
+
+		<instance familyname="SHSansJPVFTest" filename="instances/SHSansJPVFTest-Kanji-w889.00.otf" postscriptfontname="SHSansJPVFTest-Kanji-w889.00" stylename="Kanji-w889.00">
+			<location>
+				<dimension name="weight" xvalue="889" />
+			</location>
+			<kerning />
+			<info />
+		</instance>
+		<instance familyname="SHSansJPVFTest" filename="instances/SHSansJPVFTest-Kanji-w890.00.otf" postscriptfontname="SHSansJPVFTest-Kanji-w890.00" stylename="Kanji-w890.00">
+			<location>
+				<dimension name="weight" xvalue="890" />
+			</location>
+			<kerning />
+			<info />
+		</instance>
+
+
+		<instance familyname="SHSansJPVFTest" filename="instances/SHSansJPVFTest-Kanji-w1000.00.otf" postscriptfontname="SHSansJPVFTest-Kanji-w1000.00" stylename="Kanji-w1000.00">
+			<location>
+				<dimension name="weight" xvalue="1000" />
+			</location>
+		</instance>
+	</instances>
+</designspace>
diff --git a/Tests/varLib/data/TestVVAR.designspace b/Tests/varLib/data/TestVVAR.designspace
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..162f738
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/varLib/data/TestVVAR.designspace
@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+<?xml version='1.0' encoding='utf-8'?>
+<designspace format="3">
+	<axes>
+		<axis default="0" maximum="1000" minimum="0" name="weight" tag="wght" />
+	</axes>
+	<sources>
+		<source filename="master_vvar_cff2/TestVVAR.0.ufo" stylename="w0.00">
+			<info copy="1" />
+			<location>
+				<dimension name="weight" xvalue="0.00" />
+			</location>
+		</source>
+		<source filename="master_vvar_cff2/TestVVAR.1.ufo" stylename="w1000.00">
+			
+			<location>
+				<dimension name="weight" xvalue="1000.00" />
+			</location>
+		</source>
+	</sources>
+	<instances>
+		<instance familyname="TestVVAR" filename="instances/TestVVAR-ExtraLight.otf" postscriptfontname="TestVVAR-ExtraLight" stylename="ExtraLight">
+			<location>
+				<dimension name="weight" xvalue="0" />
+			</location>
+			<kerning />
+			<info />
+		</instance>
+		<instance familyname="TestVVAR" filename="instances/TestVVAR-Heavy.otf" postscriptfontname="TestVVAR-Heavy" stylename="Heavy">
+			<location>
+				<dimension name="weight" xvalue="1000" />
+			</location>
+			<kerning />
+			<info />
+		</instance>
+	</instances>
+</designspace>
diff --git a/Tests/varLib/data/VarLibLocationTest.designspace b/Tests/varLib/data/VarLibLocationTest.designspace
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b73e1b5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/varLib/data/VarLibLocationTest.designspace
@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+<?xml version='1.0' encoding='utf-8'?>
+<designspace format="4.0">
+    <axes>
+        <axis default="100" maximum="900" minimum="100" name="weight" tag="wght">
+            <map input="500" output="105"/>
+            <map input="300" output="57"/>
+            <map input="900" output="158"/>
+            <map input="100" output="0"/>
+        </axis>
+        <axis default="50" maximum="100" minimum="0" name="width" tag="wdth" />
+    </axes>
+    <sources>
+        <source filename="A.ufo">
+            <location>
+                <dimension name="weight" xvalue="0" />
+                <dimension name="width" xvalue="50" />
+            </location>
+        </source>
+    </sources>
+    <instances>
+        <instance filename="C.ufo" familyname="C" stylename="CCC">
+            <location>
+            </location>
+        </instance>
+    </instances>
+</designspace>
diff --git a/Tests/varLib/data/master_base_test/TestBASE.0.ttx b/Tests/varLib/data/master_base_test/TestBASE.0.ttx
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..07f827f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/varLib/data/master_base_test/TestBASE.0.ttx
@@ -0,0 +1,700 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<ttFont sfntVersion="\x00\x01\x00\x00" ttLibVersion="4.4">
+
+  <GlyphOrder>
+    <!-- The 'id' attribute is only for humans; it is ignored when parsed. -->
+    <GlyphID id="0" name=".notdef"/>
+    <GlyphID id="1" name="space"/>
+    <GlyphID id="2" name="A"/>
+    <GlyphID id="3" name="uni5B89"/>
+    <GlyphID id="4" name="uni304B"/>
+  </GlyphOrder>
+
+  <head>
+    <!-- Most of this table will be recalculated by the compiler -->
+    <tableVersion value="1.0"/>
+    <fontRevision value="1.0"/>
+    <checkSumAdjustment value="0xf10ba20c"/>
+    <magicNumber value="0x5f0f3cf5"/>
+    <flags value="00000000 00000011"/>
+    <unitsPerEm value="1000"/>
+    <created value="Thu Mar 19 17:38:24 2020"/>
+    <modified value="Thu Mar 19 12:05:00 2020"/>
+    <xMin value="-2"/>
+    <yMin value="-200"/>
+    <xMax value="801"/>
+    <yMax value="800"/>
+    <macStyle value="00000000 00000000"/>
+    <lowestRecPPEM value="7"/>
+    <fontDirectionHint value="2"/>
+    <indexToLocFormat value="0"/>
+    <glyphDataFormat value="0"/>
+  </head>
+
+  <hhea>
+    <tableVersion value="0x00010000"/>
+    <ascent value="1096"/>
+    <descent value="-161"/>
+    <lineGap value="0"/>
+    <advanceWidthMax value="1000"/>
+    <minLeftSideBearing value="-2"/>
+    <minRightSideBearing value="0"/>
+    <xMaxExtent value="801"/>
+    <caretSlopeRise value="1"/>
+    <caretSlopeRun value="0"/>
+    <caretOffset value="0"/>
+    <reserved0 value="0"/>
+    <reserved1 value="0"/>
+    <reserved2 value="0"/>
+    <reserved3 value="0"/>
+    <metricDataFormat value="0"/>
+    <numberOfHMetrics value="4"/>
+  </hhea>
+
+  <maxp>
+    <!-- Most of this table will be recalculated by the compiler -->
+    <tableVersion value="0x10000"/>
+    <numGlyphs value="5"/>
+    <maxPoints value="73"/>
+    <maxContours value="10"/>
+    <maxCompositePoints value="0"/>
+    <maxCompositeContours value="0"/>
+    <maxZones value="1"/>
+    <maxTwilightPoints value="2"/>
+    <maxStorage value="30"/>
+    <maxFunctionDefs value="6"/>
+    <maxInstructionDefs value="0"/>
+    <maxStackElements value="100"/>
+    <maxSizeOfInstructions value="0"/>
+    <maxComponentElements value="0"/>
+    <maxComponentDepth value="0"/>
+  </maxp>
+
+  <OS_2>
+    <!-- The fields 'usFirstCharIndex' and 'usLastCharIndex'
+         will be recalculated by the compiler -->
+    <version value="3"/>
+    <xAvgCharWidth value="740"/>
+    <usWeightClass value="100"/>
+    <usWidthClass value="5"/>
+    <fsType value="00000000 00001000"/>
+    <ySubscriptXSize value="650"/>
+    <ySubscriptYSize value="600"/>
+    <ySubscriptXOffset value="0"/>
+    <ySubscriptYOffset value="75"/>
+    <ySuperscriptXSize value="650"/>
+    <ySuperscriptYSize value="600"/>
+    <ySuperscriptXOffset value="0"/>
+    <ySuperscriptYOffset value="350"/>
+    <yStrikeoutSize value="50"/>
+    <yStrikeoutPosition value="300"/>
+    <sFamilyClass value="0"/>
+    <panose>
+      <bFamilyType value="0"/>
+      <bSerifStyle value="0"/>
+      <bWeight value="2"/>
+      <bProportion value="0"/>
+      <bContrast value="0"/>
+      <bStrokeVariation value="0"/>
+      <bArmStyle value="0"/>
+      <bLetterForm value="0"/>
+      <bMidline value="0"/>
+      <bXHeight value="0"/>
+    </panose>
+    <ulUnicodeRange1 value="00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000"/>
+    <ulUnicodeRange2 value="00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000"/>
+    <ulUnicodeRange3 value="00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000"/>
+    <ulUnicodeRange4 value="00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000"/>
+    <achVendID value="UKWN"/>
+    <fsSelection value="00000000 01000000"/>
+    <usFirstCharIndex value="32"/>
+    <usLastCharIndex value="23433"/>
+    <sTypoAscender value="1096"/>
+    <sTypoDescender value="-161"/>
+    <sTypoLineGap value="0"/>
+    <usWinAscent value="1096"/>
+    <usWinDescent value="161"/>
+    <ulCodePageRange1 value="00000000 00000000 00000000 00000001"/>
+    <ulCodePageRange2 value="00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000"/>
+    <sxHeight value="500"/>
+    <sCapHeight value="700"/>
+    <usDefaultChar value="0"/>
+    <usBreakChar value="32"/>
+    <usMaxContext value="0"/>
+  </OS_2>
+
+  <hmtx>
+    <mtx name=".notdef" width="500" lsb="93"/>
+    <mtx name="A" width="600" lsb="-2"/>
+    <mtx name="space" width="600" lsb="0"/>
+    <mtx name="uni304B" width="1000" lsb="199"/>
+    <mtx name="uni5B89" width="1000" lsb="198"/>
+  </hmtx>
+
+  <cmap>
+    <tableVersion version="0"/>
+    <cmap_format_4 platformID="0" platEncID="3" language="0">
+      <map code="0x20" name="space"/><!-- SPACE -->
+      <map code="0x41" name="A"/><!-- LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A -->
+      <map code="0x304b" name="uni304B"/><!-- HIRAGANA LETTER KA -->
+      <map code="0x5b89" name="uni5B89"/><!-- CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-5B89 -->
+    </cmap_format_4>
+    <cmap_format_4 platformID="3" platEncID="1" language="0">
+      <map code="0x20" name="space"/><!-- SPACE -->
+      <map code="0x41" name="A"/><!-- LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A -->
+      <map code="0x304b" name="uni304B"/><!-- HIRAGANA LETTER KA -->
+      <map code="0x5b89" name="uni5B89"/><!-- CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-5B89 -->
+    </cmap_format_4>
+  </cmap>
+
+  <loca>
+    <!-- The 'loca' table will be calculated by the compiler -->
+  </loca>
+
+  <glyf>
+
+    <!-- The xMin, yMin, xMax and yMax values
+         will be recalculated by the compiler. -->
+
+    <TTGlyph name=".notdef" xMin="93" yMin="-200" xMax="410" yMax="800">
+      <contour>
+        <pt x="410" y="800" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="410" y="-200" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="93" y="-200" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="93" y="800" on="1"/>
+      </contour>
+      <contour>
+        <pt x="333" y="733" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="168" y="733" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="168" y="700" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="233" y="700" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="233" y="663" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="167" y="663" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="167" y="630" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="333" y="630" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="333" y="663" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="267" y="663" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="267" y="700" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="333" y="700" on="1"/>
+      </contour>
+      <contour>
+        <pt x="267" y="604" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="167" y="604" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="167" y="500" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="333" y="500" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="333" y="534" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="267" y="534" on="1"/>
+      </contour>
+      <contour>
+        <pt x="233" y="570" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="233" y="534" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="200" y="534" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="200" y="570" on="1"/>
+      </contour>
+      <contour>
+        <pt x="333" y="473" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="167" y="473" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="167" y="440" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="233" y="440" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="233" y="403" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="167" y="403" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="167" y="370" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="267" y="370" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="267" y="440" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="333" y="440" on="1"/>
+      </contour>
+      <contour>
+        <pt x="333" y="413" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="300" y="413" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="300" y="347" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="167" y="347" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="167" y="313" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="333" y="313" on="1"/>
+      </contour>
+      <contour>
+        <pt x="333" y="291" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="233" y="291" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="233" y="235" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="267" y="235" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="267" y="258" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="300" y="258" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="300" y="211" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="200" y="211" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="200" y="291" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="167" y="291" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="167" y="178" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="333" y="178" on="1"/>
+      </contour>
+      <contour>
+        <pt x="333" y="118" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="167" y="118" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="167" y="5" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="333" y="5" on="1"/>
+      </contour>
+      <contour>
+        <pt x="300" y="85" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="300" y="38" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="200" y="38" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="200" y="85" on="1"/>
+      </contour>
+      <contour>
+        <pt x="333" y="-18" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="167" y="-18" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="167" y="-51" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="237" y="-51" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="167" y="-98" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="167" y="-131" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="333" y="-131" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="333" y="-98" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="231" y="-98" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="301" y="-51" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="333" y="-51" on="1"/>
+      </contour>
+      <instructions/>
+    </TTGlyph>
+
+    <TTGlyph name="A" xMin="-2" yMin="0" xMax="600" yMax="700">
+      <contour>
+        <pt x="-2" y="700" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="600" y="700" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="600" y="0" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="-2" y="0" on="1"/>
+      </contour>
+      <instructions/>
+    </TTGlyph>
+
+    <TTGlyph name="space"/><!-- contains no outline data -->
+
+    <TTGlyph name="uni304B" xMin="199" yMin="-20" xMax="801" yMax="630">
+      <contour>
+        <pt x="199" y="630" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="801" y="630" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="801" y="-20" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="199" y="-20" on="1"/>
+      </contour>
+      <instructions/>
+    </TTGlyph>
+
+    <TTGlyph name="uni5B89" xMin="198" yMin="-51" xMax="800" yMax="649">
+      <contour>
+        <pt x="198" y="649" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="800" y="649" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="800" y="-51" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="198" y="-51" on="1"/>
+      </contour>
+      <instructions/>
+    </TTGlyph>
+
+  </glyf>
+
+  <name>
+    <namerecord nameID="1" platformID="1" platEncID="0" langID="0x0" unicode="True">
+      TestBASE
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="2" platformID="1" platEncID="0" langID="0x0" unicode="True">
+      Thin
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="3" platformID="1" platEncID="0" langID="0x0" unicode="True">
+      1.000;UKWN;TestBASE-Thin
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="4" platformID="1" platEncID="0" langID="0x0" unicode="True">
+      TestBASE Thin
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="5" platformID="1" platEncID="0" langID="0x0" unicode="True">
+      Version 1.000
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="6" platformID="1" platEncID="0" langID="0x0" unicode="True">
+      TestBASE-Thin
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="1" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      TestBASE Thin
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="2" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Regular
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="3" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      1.000;UKWN;TestBASE-Thin
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="4" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      TestBASE Thin
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="5" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Version 1.000
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="6" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      TestBASE-Thin
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="16" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      TestBASE
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="17" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Thin
+    </namerecord>
+  </name>
+
+  <post>
+    <formatType value="2.0"/>
+    <italicAngle value="0.0"/>
+    <underlinePosition value="-75"/>
+    <underlineThickness value="50"/>
+    <isFixedPitch value="0"/>
+    <minMemType42 value="0"/>
+    <maxMemType42 value="0"/>
+    <minMemType1 value="0"/>
+    <maxMemType1 value="0"/>
+    <psNames>
+      <!-- This file uses unique glyph names based on the information
+           found in the 'post' table. Since these names might not be unique,
+           we have to invent artificial names in case of clashes. In order to
+           be able to retain the original information, we need a name to
+           ps name mapping for those cases where they differ. That's what
+           you see below.
+            -->
+    </psNames>
+    <extraNames>
+      <!-- following are the name that are not taken from the standard Mac glyph order -->
+      <psName name="uni5B89"/>
+      <psName name="uni304B"/>
+    </extraNames>
+  </post>
+
+  <BASE>
+    <Version value="0x00010000"/>
+    <HorizAxis>
+      <BaseTagList>
+        <!-- BaseTagCount=5 -->
+        <BaselineTag index="0" value="icfb"/>
+        <BaselineTag index="1" value="icft"/>
+        <BaselineTag index="2" value="ideo"/>
+        <BaselineTag index="3" value="idtp"/>
+        <BaselineTag index="4" value="romn"/>
+      </BaseTagList>
+      <BaseScriptList>
+        <!-- BaseScriptCount=6 -->
+        <BaseScriptRecord index="0">
+          <BaseScriptTag value="DFLT"/>
+          <BaseScript>
+            <BaseValues>
+              <DefaultIndex value="2"/>
+              <!-- BaseCoordCount=5 -->
+              <BaseCoord index="0" Format="1">
+                <Coordinate value="-75"/>
+              </BaseCoord>
+              <BaseCoord index="1" Format="1">
+                <Coordinate value="835"/>
+              </BaseCoord>
+              <BaseCoord index="2" Format="1">
+                <Coordinate value="-120"/>
+              </BaseCoord>
+              <BaseCoord index="3" Format="1">
+                <Coordinate value="880"/>
+              </BaseCoord>
+              <BaseCoord index="4" Format="1">
+                <Coordinate value="0"/>
+              </BaseCoord>
+            </BaseValues>
+            <!-- BaseLangSysCount=0 -->
+          </BaseScript>
+        </BaseScriptRecord>
+        <BaseScriptRecord index="1">
+          <BaseScriptTag value="cyrl"/>
+          <BaseScript>
+            <BaseValues>
+              <DefaultIndex value="4"/>
+              <!-- BaseCoordCount=5 -->
+              <BaseCoord index="0" Format="1">
+                <Coordinate value="-75"/>
+              </BaseCoord>
+              <BaseCoord index="1" Format="1">
+                <Coordinate value="835"/>
+              </BaseCoord>
+              <BaseCoord index="2" Format="1">
+                <Coordinate value="-120"/>
+              </BaseCoord>
+              <BaseCoord index="3" Format="1">
+                <Coordinate value="880"/>
+              </BaseCoord>
+              <BaseCoord index="4" Format="1">
+                <Coordinate value="0"/>
+              </BaseCoord>
+            </BaseValues>
+            <!-- BaseLangSysCount=0 -->
+          </BaseScript>
+        </BaseScriptRecord>
+        <BaseScriptRecord index="2">
+          <BaseScriptTag value="grek"/>
+          <BaseScript>
+            <BaseValues>
+              <DefaultIndex value="4"/>
+              <!-- BaseCoordCount=5 -->
+              <BaseCoord index="0" Format="1">
+                <Coordinate value="-75"/>
+              </BaseCoord>
+              <BaseCoord index="1" Format="1">
+                <Coordinate value="835"/>
+              </BaseCoord>
+              <BaseCoord index="2" Format="1">
+                <Coordinate value="-120"/>
+              </BaseCoord>
+              <BaseCoord index="3" Format="1">
+                <Coordinate value="880"/>
+              </BaseCoord>
+              <BaseCoord index="4" Format="1">
+                <Coordinate value="0"/>
+              </BaseCoord>
+            </BaseValues>
+            <!-- BaseLangSysCount=0 -->
+          </BaseScript>
+        </BaseScriptRecord>
+        <BaseScriptRecord index="3">
+          <BaseScriptTag value="hani"/>
+          <BaseScript>
+            <BaseValues>
+              <DefaultIndex value="2"/>
+              <!-- BaseCoordCount=5 -->
+              <BaseCoord index="0" Format="1">
+                <Coordinate value="-75"/>
+              </BaseCoord>
+              <BaseCoord index="1" Format="1">
+                <Coordinate value="835"/>
+              </BaseCoord>
+              <BaseCoord index="2" Format="1">
+                <Coordinate value="-120"/>
+              </BaseCoord>
+              <BaseCoord index="3" Format="1">
+                <Coordinate value="880"/>
+              </BaseCoord>
+              <BaseCoord index="4" Format="1">
+                <Coordinate value="0"/>
+              </BaseCoord>
+            </BaseValues>
+            <!-- BaseLangSysCount=0 -->
+          </BaseScript>
+        </BaseScriptRecord>
+        <BaseScriptRecord index="4">
+          <BaseScriptTag value="kana"/>
+          <BaseScript>
+            <BaseValues>
+              <DefaultIndex value="2"/>
+              <!-- BaseCoordCount=5 -->
+              <BaseCoord index="0" Format="1">
+                <Coordinate value="-75"/>
+              </BaseCoord>
+              <BaseCoord index="1" Format="1">
+                <Coordinate value="835"/>
+              </BaseCoord>
+              <BaseCoord index="2" Format="1">
+                <Coordinate value="-120"/>
+              </BaseCoord>
+              <BaseCoord index="3" Format="1">
+                <Coordinate value="880"/>
+              </BaseCoord>
+              <BaseCoord index="4" Format="1">
+                <Coordinate value="0"/>
+              </BaseCoord>
+            </BaseValues>
+            <!-- BaseLangSysCount=0 -->
+          </BaseScript>
+        </BaseScriptRecord>
+        <BaseScriptRecord index="5">
+          <BaseScriptTag value="latn"/>
+          <BaseScript>
+            <BaseValues>
+              <DefaultIndex value="4"/>
+              <!-- BaseCoordCount=5 -->
+              <BaseCoord index="0" Format="1">
+                <Coordinate value="-75"/>
+              </BaseCoord>
+              <BaseCoord index="1" Format="1">
+                <Coordinate value="835"/>
+              </BaseCoord>
+              <BaseCoord index="2" Format="1">
+                <Coordinate value="-120"/>
+              </BaseCoord>
+              <BaseCoord index="3" Format="1">
+                <Coordinate value="880"/>
+              </BaseCoord>
+              <BaseCoord index="4" Format="1">
+                <Coordinate value="0"/>
+              </BaseCoord>
+            </BaseValues>
+            <!-- BaseLangSysCount=0 -->
+          </BaseScript>
+        </BaseScriptRecord>
+      </BaseScriptList>
+    </HorizAxis>
+    <VertAxis>
+      <BaseTagList>
+        <!-- BaseTagCount=5 -->
+        <BaselineTag index="0" value="icfb"/>
+        <BaselineTag index="1" value="icft"/>
+        <BaselineTag index="2" value="ideo"/>
+        <BaselineTag index="3" value="idtp"/>
+        <BaselineTag index="4" value="romn"/>
+      </BaseTagList>
+      <BaseScriptList>
+        <!-- BaseScriptCount=6 -->
+        <BaseScriptRecord index="0">
+          <BaseScriptTag value="DFLT"/>
+          <BaseScript>
+            <BaseValues>
+              <DefaultIndex value="2"/>
+              <!-- BaseCoordCount=5 -->
+              <BaseCoord index="0" Format="1">
+                <Coordinate value="45"/>
+              </BaseCoord>
+              <BaseCoord index="1" Format="1">
+                <Coordinate value="955"/>
+              </BaseCoord>
+              <BaseCoord index="2" Format="1">
+                <Coordinate value="0"/>
+              </BaseCoord>
+              <BaseCoord index="3" Format="1">
+                <Coordinate value="1000"/>
+              </BaseCoord>
+              <BaseCoord index="4" Format="1">
+                <Coordinate value="120"/>
+              </BaseCoord>
+            </BaseValues>
+            <!-- BaseLangSysCount=0 -->
+          </BaseScript>
+        </BaseScriptRecord>
+        <BaseScriptRecord index="1">
+          <BaseScriptTag value="cyrl"/>
+          <BaseScript>
+            <BaseValues>
+              <DefaultIndex value="4"/>
+              <!-- BaseCoordCount=5 -->
+              <BaseCoord index="0" Format="1">
+                <Coordinate value="45"/>
+              </BaseCoord>
+              <BaseCoord index="1" Format="1">
+                <Coordinate value="955"/>
+              </BaseCoord>
+              <BaseCoord index="2" Format="1">
+                <Coordinate value="0"/>
+              </BaseCoord>
+              <BaseCoord index="3" Format="1">
+                <Coordinate value="1000"/>
+              </BaseCoord>
+              <BaseCoord index="4" Format="1">
+                <Coordinate value="120"/>
+              </BaseCoord>
+            </BaseValues>
+            <!-- BaseLangSysCount=0 -->
+          </BaseScript>
+        </BaseScriptRecord>
+        <BaseScriptRecord index="2">
+          <BaseScriptTag value="grek"/>
+          <BaseScript>
+            <BaseValues>
+              <DefaultIndex value="4"/>
+              <!-- BaseCoordCount=5 -->
+              <BaseCoord index="0" Format="1">
+                <Coordinate value="45"/>
+              </BaseCoord>
+              <BaseCoord index="1" Format="1">
+                <Coordinate value="955"/>
+              </BaseCoord>
+              <BaseCoord index="2" Format="1">
+                <Coordinate value="0"/>
+              </BaseCoord>
+              <BaseCoord index="3" Format="1">
+                <Coordinate value="1000"/>
+              </BaseCoord>
+              <BaseCoord index="4" Format="1">
+                <Coordinate value="120"/>
+              </BaseCoord>
+            </BaseValues>
+            <!-- BaseLangSysCount=0 -->
+          </BaseScript>
+        </BaseScriptRecord>
+        <BaseScriptRecord index="3">
+          <BaseScriptTag value="hani"/>
+          <BaseScript>
+            <BaseValues>
+              <DefaultIndex value="2"/>
+              <!-- BaseCoordCount=5 -->
+              <BaseCoord index="0" Format="1">
+                <Coordinate value="45"/>
+              </BaseCoord>
+              <BaseCoord index="1" Format="1">
+                <Coordinate value="955"/>
+              </BaseCoord>
+              <BaseCoord index="2" Format="1">
+                <Coordinate value="0"/>
+              </BaseCoord>
+              <BaseCoord index="3" Format="1">
+                <Coordinate value="1000"/>
+              </BaseCoord>
+              <BaseCoord index="4" Format="1">
+                <Coordinate value="120"/>
+              </BaseCoord>
+            </BaseValues>
+            <!-- BaseLangSysCount=0 -->
+          </BaseScript>
+        </BaseScriptRecord>
+        <BaseScriptRecord index="4">
+          <BaseScriptTag value="kana"/>
+          <BaseScript>
+            <BaseValues>
+              <DefaultIndex value="2"/>
+              <!-- BaseCoordCount=5 -->
+              <BaseCoord index="0" Format="1">
+                <Coordinate value="45"/>
+              </BaseCoord>
+              <BaseCoord index="1" Format="1">
+                <Coordinate value="955"/>
+              </BaseCoord>
+              <BaseCoord index="2" Format="1">
+                <Coordinate value="0"/>
+              </BaseCoord>
+              <BaseCoord index="3" Format="1">
+                <Coordinate value="1000"/>
+              </BaseCoord>
+              <BaseCoord index="4" Format="1">
+                <Coordinate value="120"/>
+              </BaseCoord>
+            </BaseValues>
+            <!-- BaseLangSysCount=0 -->
+          </BaseScript>
+        </BaseScriptRecord>
+        <BaseScriptRecord index="5">
+          <BaseScriptTag value="latn"/>
+          <BaseScript>
+            <BaseValues>
+              <DefaultIndex value="4"/>
+              <!-- BaseCoordCount=5 -->
+              <BaseCoord index="0" Format="1">
+                <Coordinate value="45"/>
+              </BaseCoord>
+              <BaseCoord index="1" Format="1">
+                <Coordinate value="955"/>
+              </BaseCoord>
+              <BaseCoord index="2" Format="1">
+                <Coordinate value="0"/>
+              </BaseCoord>
+              <BaseCoord index="3" Format="1">
+                <Coordinate value="1000"/>
+              </BaseCoord>
+              <BaseCoord index="4" Format="1">
+                <Coordinate value="120"/>
+              </BaseCoord>
+            </BaseValues>
+            <!-- BaseLangSysCount=0 -->
+          </BaseScript>
+        </BaseScriptRecord>
+      </BaseScriptList>
+    </VertAxis>
+  </BASE>
+
+  <GSUB>
+    <Version value="0x00010000"/>
+  </GSUB>
+
+  <DSIG>
+    <!-- note that the Digital Signature will be invalid after recompilation! -->
+    <tableHeader flag="0x0" numSigs="0" version="1"/>
+  </DSIG>
+
+</ttFont>
diff --git a/Tests/varLib/data/master_base_test/TestBASE.900.ttx b/Tests/varLib/data/master_base_test/TestBASE.900.ttx
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8b27fb6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/varLib/data/master_base_test/TestBASE.900.ttx
@@ -0,0 +1,700 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<ttFont sfntVersion="\x00\x01\x00\x00" ttLibVersion="4.4">
+
+  <GlyphOrder>
+    <!-- The 'id' attribute is only for humans; it is ignored when parsed. -->
+    <GlyphID id="0" name=".notdef"/>
+    <GlyphID id="1" name="space"/>
+    <GlyphID id="2" name="A"/>
+    <GlyphID id="3" name="uni5B89"/>
+    <GlyphID id="4" name="uni304B"/>
+  </GlyphOrder>
+
+  <head>
+    <!-- Most of this table will be recalculated by the compiler -->
+    <tableVersion value="1.0"/>
+    <fontRevision value="1.0"/>
+    <checkSumAdjustment value="0xc8faf2b8"/>
+    <magicNumber value="0x5f0f3cf5"/>
+    <flags value="00000000 00000011"/>
+    <unitsPerEm value="1000"/>
+    <created value="Thu Mar 19 17:38:24 2020"/>
+    <modified value="Thu Mar 19 12:04:56 2020"/>
+    <xMin value="-2"/>
+    <yMin value="-200"/>
+    <xMax value="801"/>
+    <yMax value="800"/>
+    <macStyle value="00000000 00000000"/>
+    <lowestRecPPEM value="7"/>
+    <fontDirectionHint value="2"/>
+    <indexToLocFormat value="0"/>
+    <glyphDataFormat value="0"/>
+  </head>
+
+  <hhea>
+    <tableVersion value="0x00010000"/>
+    <ascent value="1000"/>
+    <descent value="-200"/>
+    <lineGap value="0"/>
+    <advanceWidthMax value="1000"/>
+    <minLeftSideBearing value="-2"/>
+    <minRightSideBearing value="0"/>
+    <xMaxExtent value="801"/>
+    <caretSlopeRise value="1"/>
+    <caretSlopeRun value="0"/>
+    <caretOffset value="0"/>
+    <reserved0 value="0"/>
+    <reserved1 value="0"/>
+    <reserved2 value="0"/>
+    <reserved3 value="0"/>
+    <metricDataFormat value="0"/>
+    <numberOfHMetrics value="4"/>
+  </hhea>
+
+  <maxp>
+    <!-- Most of this table will be recalculated by the compiler -->
+    <tableVersion value="0x10000"/>
+    <numGlyphs value="5"/>
+    <maxPoints value="73"/>
+    <maxContours value="10"/>
+    <maxCompositePoints value="0"/>
+    <maxCompositeContours value="0"/>
+    <maxZones value="1"/>
+    <maxTwilightPoints value="2"/>
+    <maxStorage value="30"/>
+    <maxFunctionDefs value="6"/>
+    <maxInstructionDefs value="0"/>
+    <maxStackElements value="100"/>
+    <maxSizeOfInstructions value="0"/>
+    <maxComponentElements value="0"/>
+    <maxComponentDepth value="0"/>
+  </maxp>
+
+  <OS_2>
+    <!-- The fields 'usFirstCharIndex' and 'usLastCharIndex'
+         will be recalculated by the compiler -->
+    <version value="3"/>
+    <xAvgCharWidth value="740"/>
+    <usWeightClass value="900"/>
+    <usWidthClass value="5"/>
+    <fsType value="00000000 00001000"/>
+    <ySubscriptXSize value="650"/>
+    <ySubscriptYSize value="600"/>
+    <ySubscriptXOffset value="0"/>
+    <ySubscriptYOffset value="75"/>
+    <ySuperscriptXSize value="650"/>
+    <ySuperscriptYSize value="600"/>
+    <ySuperscriptXOffset value="0"/>
+    <ySuperscriptYOffset value="350"/>
+    <yStrikeoutSize value="50"/>
+    <yStrikeoutPosition value="300"/>
+    <sFamilyClass value="0"/>
+    <panose>
+      <bFamilyType value="0"/>
+      <bSerifStyle value="0"/>
+      <bWeight value="10"/>
+      <bProportion value="0"/>
+      <bContrast value="0"/>
+      <bStrokeVariation value="0"/>
+      <bArmStyle value="0"/>
+      <bLetterForm value="0"/>
+      <bMidline value="0"/>
+      <bXHeight value="0"/>
+    </panose>
+    <ulUnicodeRange1 value="00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000"/>
+    <ulUnicodeRange2 value="00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000"/>
+    <ulUnicodeRange3 value="00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000"/>
+    <ulUnicodeRange4 value="00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000"/>
+    <achVendID value="UKWN"/>
+    <fsSelection value="00000000 01000000"/>
+    <usFirstCharIndex value="32"/>
+    <usLastCharIndex value="23433"/>
+    <sTypoAscender value="800"/>
+    <sTypoDescender value="-200"/>
+    <sTypoLineGap value="200"/>
+    <usWinAscent value="1000"/>
+    <usWinDescent value="200"/>
+    <ulCodePageRange1 value="00000000 00000000 00000000 00000001"/>
+    <ulCodePageRange2 value="00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000"/>
+    <sxHeight value="500"/>
+    <sCapHeight value="700"/>
+    <usDefaultChar value="0"/>
+    <usBreakChar value="32"/>
+    <usMaxContext value="0"/>
+  </OS_2>
+
+  <hmtx>
+    <mtx name=".notdef" width="500" lsb="93"/>
+    <mtx name="A" width="600" lsb="-2"/>
+    <mtx name="space" width="600" lsb="0"/>
+    <mtx name="uni304B" width="1000" lsb="199"/>
+    <mtx name="uni5B89" width="1000" lsb="198"/>
+  </hmtx>
+
+  <cmap>
+    <tableVersion version="0"/>
+    <cmap_format_4 platformID="0" platEncID="3" language="0">
+      <map code="0x20" name="space"/><!-- SPACE -->
+      <map code="0x41" name="A"/><!-- LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A -->
+      <map code="0x304b" name="uni304B"/><!-- HIRAGANA LETTER KA -->
+      <map code="0x5b89" name="uni5B89"/><!-- CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-5B89 -->
+    </cmap_format_4>
+    <cmap_format_4 platformID="3" platEncID="1" language="0">
+      <map code="0x20" name="space"/><!-- SPACE -->
+      <map code="0x41" name="A"/><!-- LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A -->
+      <map code="0x304b" name="uni304B"/><!-- HIRAGANA LETTER KA -->
+      <map code="0x5b89" name="uni5B89"/><!-- CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-5B89 -->
+    </cmap_format_4>
+  </cmap>
+
+  <loca>
+    <!-- The 'loca' table will be calculated by the compiler -->
+  </loca>
+
+  <glyf>
+
+    <!-- The xMin, yMin, xMax and yMax values
+         will be recalculated by the compiler. -->
+
+    <TTGlyph name=".notdef" xMin="93" yMin="-200" xMax="410" yMax="800">
+      <contour>
+        <pt x="410" y="800" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="410" y="-200" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="93" y="-200" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="93" y="800" on="1"/>
+      </contour>
+      <contour>
+        <pt x="333" y="733" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="168" y="733" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="168" y="700" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="233" y="700" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="233" y="663" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="167" y="663" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="167" y="630" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="333" y="630" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="333" y="663" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="267" y="663" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="267" y="700" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="333" y="700" on="1"/>
+      </contour>
+      <contour>
+        <pt x="267" y="604" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="167" y="604" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="167" y="500" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="333" y="500" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="333" y="534" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="267" y="534" on="1"/>
+      </contour>
+      <contour>
+        <pt x="233" y="570" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="233" y="534" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="200" y="534" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="200" y="570" on="1"/>
+      </contour>
+      <contour>
+        <pt x="333" y="473" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="167" y="473" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="167" y="440" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="233" y="440" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="233" y="403" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="167" y="403" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="167" y="370" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="267" y="370" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="267" y="440" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="333" y="440" on="1"/>
+      </contour>
+      <contour>
+        <pt x="333" y="413" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="300" y="413" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="300" y="347" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="167" y="347" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="167" y="313" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="333" y="313" on="1"/>
+      </contour>
+      <contour>
+        <pt x="333" y="291" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="233" y="291" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="233" y="235" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="267" y="235" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="267" y="258" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="300" y="258" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="300" y="211" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="200" y="211" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="200" y="291" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="167" y="291" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="167" y="178" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="333" y="178" on="1"/>
+      </contour>
+      <contour>
+        <pt x="333" y="118" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="167" y="118" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="167" y="5" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="333" y="5" on="1"/>
+      </contour>
+      <contour>
+        <pt x="300" y="85" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="300" y="38" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="200" y="38" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="200" y="85" on="1"/>
+      </contour>
+      <contour>
+        <pt x="333" y="-18" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="167" y="-18" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="167" y="-51" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="237" y="-51" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="167" y="-98" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="167" y="-131" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="333" y="-131" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="333" y="-98" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="231" y="-98" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="301" y="-51" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="333" y="-51" on="1"/>
+      </contour>
+      <instructions/>
+    </TTGlyph>
+
+    <TTGlyph name="A" xMin="-2" yMin="0" xMax="600" yMax="700">
+      <contour>
+        <pt x="-2" y="700" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="600" y="700" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="600" y="0" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="-2" y="0" on="1"/>
+      </contour>
+      <instructions/>
+    </TTGlyph>
+
+    <TTGlyph name="space"/><!-- contains no outline data -->
+
+    <TTGlyph name="uni304B" xMin="199" yMin="-20" xMax="801" yMax="630">
+      <contour>
+        <pt x="199" y="630" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="801" y="630" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="801" y="-20" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="199" y="-20" on="1"/>
+      </contour>
+      <instructions/>
+    </TTGlyph>
+
+    <TTGlyph name="uni5B89" xMin="198" yMin="-51" xMax="800" yMax="649">
+      <contour>
+        <pt x="198" y="649" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="800" y="649" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="800" y="-51" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="198" y="-51" on="1"/>
+      </contour>
+      <instructions/>
+    </TTGlyph>
+
+  </glyf>
+
+  <name>
+    <namerecord nameID="1" platformID="1" platEncID="0" langID="0x0" unicode="True">
+      TestBASE
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="2" platformID="1" platEncID="0" langID="0x0" unicode="True">
+      Black
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="3" platformID="1" platEncID="0" langID="0x0" unicode="True">
+      1.000;UKWN;TestBASE-Black
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="4" platformID="1" platEncID="0" langID="0x0" unicode="True">
+      TestBASE Black
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="5" platformID="1" platEncID="0" langID="0x0" unicode="True">
+      Version 1.000
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="6" platformID="1" platEncID="0" langID="0x0" unicode="True">
+      TestBASE-Black
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="1" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      TestBASE Black
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="2" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Regular
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="3" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      1.000;UKWN;TestBASE-Black
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="4" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      TestBASE Black
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="5" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Version 1.000
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="6" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      TestBASE-Black
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="16" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      TestBASE
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="17" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Black
+    </namerecord>
+  </name>
+
+  <post>
+    <formatType value="2.0"/>
+    <italicAngle value="0.0"/>
+    <underlinePosition value="-75"/>
+    <underlineThickness value="50"/>
+    <isFixedPitch value="0"/>
+    <minMemType42 value="0"/>
+    <maxMemType42 value="0"/>
+    <minMemType1 value="0"/>
+    <maxMemType1 value="0"/>
+    <psNames>
+      <!-- This file uses unique glyph names based on the information
+           found in the 'post' table. Since these names might not be unique,
+           we have to invent artificial names in case of clashes. In order to
+           be able to retain the original information, we need a name to
+           ps name mapping for those cases where they differ. That's what
+           you see below.
+            -->
+    </psNames>
+    <extraNames>
+      <!-- following are the name that are not taken from the standard Mac glyph order -->
+      <psName name="uni5B89"/>
+      <psName name="uni304B"/>
+    </extraNames>
+  </post>
+
+  <BASE>
+    <Version value="0x00010000"/>
+    <HorizAxis>
+      <BaseTagList>
+        <!-- BaseTagCount=5 -->
+        <BaselineTag index="0" value="icfb"/>
+        <BaselineTag index="1" value="icft"/>
+        <BaselineTag index="2" value="ideo"/>
+        <BaselineTag index="3" value="idtp"/>
+        <BaselineTag index="4" value="romn"/>
+      </BaseTagList>
+      <BaseScriptList>
+        <!-- BaseScriptCount=6 -->
+        <BaseScriptRecord index="0">
+          <BaseScriptTag value="DFLT"/>
+          <BaseScript>
+            <BaseValues>
+              <DefaultIndex value="2"/>
+              <!-- BaseCoordCount=5 -->
+              <BaseCoord index="0" Format="1">
+                <Coordinate value="-92"/>
+              </BaseCoord>
+              <BaseCoord index="1" Format="1">
+                <Coordinate value="852"/>
+              </BaseCoord>
+              <BaseCoord index="2" Format="1">
+                <Coordinate value="-120"/>
+              </BaseCoord>
+              <BaseCoord index="3" Format="1">
+                <Coordinate value="880"/>
+              </BaseCoord>
+              <BaseCoord index="4" Format="1">
+                <Coordinate value="0"/>
+              </BaseCoord>
+            </BaseValues>
+            <!-- BaseLangSysCount=0 -->
+          </BaseScript>
+        </BaseScriptRecord>
+        <BaseScriptRecord index="1">
+          <BaseScriptTag value="cyrl"/>
+          <BaseScript>
+            <BaseValues>
+              <DefaultIndex value="4"/>
+              <!-- BaseCoordCount=5 -->
+              <BaseCoord index="0" Format="1">
+                <Coordinate value="-92"/>
+              </BaseCoord>
+              <BaseCoord index="1" Format="1">
+                <Coordinate value="852"/>
+              </BaseCoord>
+              <BaseCoord index="2" Format="1">
+                <Coordinate value="-120"/>
+              </BaseCoord>
+              <BaseCoord index="3" Format="1">
+                <Coordinate value="880"/>
+              </BaseCoord>
+              <BaseCoord index="4" Format="1">
+                <Coordinate value="0"/>
+              </BaseCoord>
+            </BaseValues>
+            <!-- BaseLangSysCount=0 -->
+          </BaseScript>
+        </BaseScriptRecord>
+        <BaseScriptRecord index="2">
+          <BaseScriptTag value="grek"/>
+          <BaseScript>
+            <BaseValues>
+              <DefaultIndex value="4"/>
+              <!-- BaseCoordCount=5 -->
+              <BaseCoord index="0" Format="1">
+                <Coordinate value="-92"/>
+              </BaseCoord>
+              <BaseCoord index="1" Format="1">
+                <Coordinate value="852"/>
+              </BaseCoord>
+              <BaseCoord index="2" Format="1">
+                <Coordinate value="-120"/>
+              </BaseCoord>
+              <BaseCoord index="3" Format="1">
+                <Coordinate value="880"/>
+              </BaseCoord>
+              <BaseCoord index="4" Format="1">
+                <Coordinate value="0"/>
+              </BaseCoord>
+            </BaseValues>
+            <!-- BaseLangSysCount=0 -->
+          </BaseScript>
+        </BaseScriptRecord>
+        <BaseScriptRecord index="3">
+          <BaseScriptTag value="hani"/>
+          <BaseScript>
+            <BaseValues>
+              <DefaultIndex value="2"/>
+              <!-- BaseCoordCount=5 -->
+              <BaseCoord index="0" Format="1">
+                <Coordinate value="-92"/>
+              </BaseCoord>
+              <BaseCoord index="1" Format="1">
+                <Coordinate value="852"/>
+              </BaseCoord>
+              <BaseCoord index="2" Format="1">
+                <Coordinate value="-120"/>
+              </BaseCoord>
+              <BaseCoord index="3" Format="1">
+                <Coordinate value="880"/>
+              </BaseCoord>
+              <BaseCoord index="4" Format="1">
+                <Coordinate value="0"/>
+              </BaseCoord>
+            </BaseValues>
+            <!-- BaseLangSysCount=0 -->
+          </BaseScript>
+        </BaseScriptRecord>
+        <BaseScriptRecord index="4">
+          <BaseScriptTag value="kana"/>
+          <BaseScript>
+            <BaseValues>
+              <DefaultIndex value="2"/>
+              <!-- BaseCoordCount=5 -->
+              <BaseCoord index="0" Format="1">
+                <Coordinate value="-92"/>
+              </BaseCoord>
+              <BaseCoord index="1" Format="1">
+                <Coordinate value="852"/>
+              </BaseCoord>
+              <BaseCoord index="2" Format="1">
+                <Coordinate value="-120"/>
+              </BaseCoord>
+              <BaseCoord index="3" Format="1">
+                <Coordinate value="880"/>
+              </BaseCoord>
+              <BaseCoord index="4" Format="1">
+                <Coordinate value="0"/>
+              </BaseCoord>
+            </BaseValues>
+            <!-- BaseLangSysCount=0 -->
+          </BaseScript>
+        </BaseScriptRecord>
+        <BaseScriptRecord index="5">
+          <BaseScriptTag value="latn"/>
+          <BaseScript>
+            <BaseValues>
+              <DefaultIndex value="4"/>
+              <!-- BaseCoordCount=5 -->
+              <BaseCoord index="0" Format="1">
+                <Coordinate value="-92"/>
+              </BaseCoord>
+              <BaseCoord index="1" Format="1">
+                <Coordinate value="852"/>
+              </BaseCoord>
+              <BaseCoord index="2" Format="1">
+                <Coordinate value="-120"/>
+              </BaseCoord>
+              <BaseCoord index="3" Format="1">
+                <Coordinate value="880"/>
+              </BaseCoord>
+              <BaseCoord index="4" Format="1">
+                <Coordinate value="0"/>
+              </BaseCoord>
+            </BaseValues>
+            <!-- BaseLangSysCount=0 -->
+          </BaseScript>
+        </BaseScriptRecord>
+      </BaseScriptList>
+    </HorizAxis>
+    <VertAxis>
+      <BaseTagList>
+        <!-- BaseTagCount=5 -->
+        <BaselineTag index="0" value="icfb"/>
+        <BaselineTag index="1" value="icft"/>
+        <BaselineTag index="2" value="ideo"/>
+        <BaselineTag index="3" value="idtp"/>
+        <BaselineTag index="4" value="romn"/>
+      </BaseTagList>
+      <BaseScriptList>
+        <!-- BaseScriptCount=6 -->
+        <BaseScriptRecord index="0">
+          <BaseScriptTag value="DFLT"/>
+          <BaseScript>
+            <BaseValues>
+              <DefaultIndex value="2"/>
+              <!-- BaseCoordCount=5 -->
+              <BaseCoord index="0" Format="1">
+                <Coordinate value="28"/>
+              </BaseCoord>
+              <BaseCoord index="1" Format="1">
+                <Coordinate value="972"/>
+              </BaseCoord>
+              <BaseCoord index="2" Format="1">
+                <Coordinate value="0"/>
+              </BaseCoord>
+              <BaseCoord index="3" Format="1">
+                <Coordinate value="1000"/>
+              </BaseCoord>
+              <BaseCoord index="4" Format="1">
+                <Coordinate value="120"/>
+              </BaseCoord>
+            </BaseValues>
+            <!-- BaseLangSysCount=0 -->
+          </BaseScript>
+        </BaseScriptRecord>
+        <BaseScriptRecord index="1">
+          <BaseScriptTag value="cyrl"/>
+          <BaseScript>
+            <BaseValues>
+              <DefaultIndex value="4"/>
+              <!-- BaseCoordCount=5 -->
+              <BaseCoord index="0" Format="1">
+                <Coordinate value="28"/>
+              </BaseCoord>
+              <BaseCoord index="1" Format="1">
+                <Coordinate value="972"/>
+              </BaseCoord>
+              <BaseCoord index="2" Format="1">
+                <Coordinate value="0"/>
+              </BaseCoord>
+              <BaseCoord index="3" Format="1">
+                <Coordinate value="1000"/>
+              </BaseCoord>
+              <BaseCoord index="4" Format="1">
+                <Coordinate value="120"/>
+              </BaseCoord>
+            </BaseValues>
+            <!-- BaseLangSysCount=0 -->
+          </BaseScript>
+        </BaseScriptRecord>
+        <BaseScriptRecord index="2">
+          <BaseScriptTag value="grek"/>
+          <BaseScript>
+            <BaseValues>
+              <DefaultIndex value="4"/>
+              <!-- BaseCoordCount=5 -->
+              <BaseCoord index="0" Format="1">
+                <Coordinate value="28"/>
+              </BaseCoord>
+              <BaseCoord index="1" Format="1">
+                <Coordinate value="972"/>
+              </BaseCoord>
+              <BaseCoord index="2" Format="1">
+                <Coordinate value="0"/>
+              </BaseCoord>
+              <BaseCoord index="3" Format="1">
+                <Coordinate value="1000"/>
+              </BaseCoord>
+              <BaseCoord index="4" Format="1">
+                <Coordinate value="120"/>
+              </BaseCoord>
+            </BaseValues>
+            <!-- BaseLangSysCount=0 -->
+          </BaseScript>
+        </BaseScriptRecord>
+        <BaseScriptRecord index="3">
+          <BaseScriptTag value="hani"/>
+          <BaseScript>
+            <BaseValues>
+              <DefaultIndex value="2"/>
+              <!-- BaseCoordCount=5 -->
+              <BaseCoord index="0" Format="1">
+                <Coordinate value="28"/>
+              </BaseCoord>
+              <BaseCoord index="1" Format="1">
+                <Coordinate value="972"/>
+              </BaseCoord>
+              <BaseCoord index="2" Format="1">
+                <Coordinate value="0"/>
+              </BaseCoord>
+              <BaseCoord index="3" Format="1">
+                <Coordinate value="1000"/>
+              </BaseCoord>
+              <BaseCoord index="4" Format="1">
+                <Coordinate value="120"/>
+              </BaseCoord>
+            </BaseValues>
+            <!-- BaseLangSysCount=0 -->
+          </BaseScript>
+        </BaseScriptRecord>
+        <BaseScriptRecord index="4">
+          <BaseScriptTag value="kana"/>
+          <BaseScript>
+            <BaseValues>
+              <DefaultIndex value="2"/>
+              <!-- BaseCoordCount=5 -->
+              <BaseCoord index="0" Format="1">
+                <Coordinate value="28"/>
+              </BaseCoord>
+              <BaseCoord index="1" Format="1">
+                <Coordinate value="972"/>
+              </BaseCoord>
+              <BaseCoord index="2" Format="1">
+                <Coordinate value="0"/>
+              </BaseCoord>
+              <BaseCoord index="3" Format="1">
+                <Coordinate value="1000"/>
+              </BaseCoord>
+              <BaseCoord index="4" Format="1">
+                <Coordinate value="120"/>
+              </BaseCoord>
+            </BaseValues>
+            <!-- BaseLangSysCount=0 -->
+          </BaseScript>
+        </BaseScriptRecord>
+        <BaseScriptRecord index="5">
+          <BaseScriptTag value="latn"/>
+          <BaseScript>
+            <BaseValues>
+              <DefaultIndex value="4"/>
+              <!-- BaseCoordCount=5 -->
+              <BaseCoord index="0" Format="1">
+                <Coordinate value="28"/>
+              </BaseCoord>
+              <BaseCoord index="1" Format="1">
+                <Coordinate value="972"/>
+              </BaseCoord>
+              <BaseCoord index="2" Format="1">
+                <Coordinate value="0"/>
+              </BaseCoord>
+              <BaseCoord index="3" Format="1">
+                <Coordinate value="1000"/>
+              </BaseCoord>
+              <BaseCoord index="4" Format="1">
+                <Coordinate value="120"/>
+              </BaseCoord>
+            </BaseValues>
+            <!-- BaseLangSysCount=0 -->
+          </BaseScript>
+        </BaseScriptRecord>
+      </BaseScriptList>
+    </VertAxis>
+  </BASE>
+
+  <GSUB>
+    <Version value="0x00010000"/>
+  </GSUB>
+
+  <DSIG>
+    <!-- note that the Digital Signature will be invalid after recompilation! -->
+    <tableHeader flag="0x0" numSigs="0" version="1"/>
+  </DSIG>
+
+</ttFont>
diff --git a/Tests/varLib/data/master_cff2/TestCFF2_Black.ttx b/Tests/varLib/data/master_cff2/TestCFF2_Black.ttx
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8b633f1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/varLib/data/master_cff2/TestCFF2_Black.ttx
@@ -0,0 +1,518 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<ttFont sfntVersion="OTTO" ttLibVersion="3.41">
+
+  <GlyphOrder>
+    <!-- The 'id' attribute is only for humans; it is ignored when parsed. -->
+    <GlyphID id="0" name=".notdef"/>
+    <GlyphID id="1" name="A"/>
+    <GlyphID id="2" name="T"/>
+    <GlyphID id="3" name="dollar.a"/>
+    <GlyphID id="4" name="dollar"/>
+  </GlyphOrder>
+
+  <head>
+    <!-- Most of this table will be recalculated by the compiler -->
+    <tableVersion value="1.0"/>
+    <fontRevision value="1.01"/>
+    <checkSumAdjustment value="0x26378952"/>
+    <magicNumber value="0x5f0f3cf5"/>
+    <flags value="00000000 00000011"/>
+    <unitsPerEm value="1000"/>
+    <created value="Thu Nov 29 14:52:09 2018"/>
+    <modified value="Thu Nov 29 14:52:09 2018"/>
+    <xMin value="0"/>
+    <yMin value="-116"/>
+    <xMax value="600"/>
+    <yMax value="750"/>
+    <macStyle value="00000000 00000000"/>
+    <lowestRecPPEM value="3"/>
+    <fontDirectionHint value="2"/>
+    <indexToLocFormat value="0"/>
+    <glyphDataFormat value="0"/>
+  </head>
+
+  <hhea>
+    <tableVersion value="0x00010000"/>
+    <ascent value="984"/>
+    <descent value="-273"/>
+    <lineGap value="0"/>
+    <advanceWidthMax value="600"/>
+    <minLeftSideBearing value="0"/>
+    <minRightSideBearing value="0"/>
+    <xMaxExtent value="600"/>
+    <caretSlopeRise value="1"/>
+    <caretSlopeRun value="0"/>
+    <caretOffset value="0"/>
+    <reserved0 value="0"/>
+    <reserved1 value="0"/>
+    <reserved2 value="0"/>
+    <reserved3 value="0"/>
+    <metricDataFormat value="0"/>
+    <numberOfHMetrics value="5"/>
+  </hhea>
+
+  <maxp>
+    <tableVersion value="0x5000"/>
+    <numGlyphs value="5"/>
+  </maxp>
+
+  <OS_2>
+    <!-- The fields 'usFirstCharIndex' and 'usLastCharIndex'
+         will be recalculated by the compiler -->
+    <version value="3"/>
+    <xAvgCharWidth value="592"/>
+    <usWeightClass value="900"/>
+    <usWidthClass value="5"/>
+    <fsType value="00000000 00000000"/>
+    <ySubscriptXSize value="650"/>
+    <ySubscriptYSize value="600"/>
+    <ySubscriptXOffset value="0"/>
+    <ySubscriptYOffset value="75"/>
+    <ySuperscriptXSize value="650"/>
+    <ySuperscriptYSize value="600"/>
+    <ySuperscriptXOffset value="0"/>
+    <ySuperscriptYOffset value="350"/>
+    <yStrikeoutSize value="50"/>
+    <yStrikeoutPosition value="300"/>
+    <sFamilyClass value="0"/>
+    <panose>
+      <bFamilyType value="2"/>
+      <bSerifStyle value="11"/>
+      <bWeight value="8"/>
+      <bProportion value="9"/>
+      <bContrast value="3"/>
+      <bStrokeVariation value="4"/>
+      <bArmStyle value="3"/>
+      <bLetterForm value="2"/>
+      <bMidline value="2"/>
+      <bXHeight value="4"/>
+    </panose>
+    <ulUnicodeRange1 value="00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000"/>
+    <ulUnicodeRange2 value="00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000"/>
+    <ulUnicodeRange3 value="00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000"/>
+    <ulUnicodeRange4 value="00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000"/>
+    <achVendID value="ADBO"/>
+    <fsSelection value="00000000 00000000"/>
+    <usFirstCharIndex value="36"/>
+    <usLastCharIndex value="84"/>
+    <sTypoAscender value="750"/>
+    <sTypoDescender value="-250"/>
+    <sTypoLineGap value="0"/>
+    <usWinAscent value="984"/>
+    <usWinDescent value="273"/>
+    <ulCodePageRange1 value="00000000 00000000 00000000 00000001"/>
+    <ulCodePageRange2 value="00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000"/>
+    <sxHeight value="500"/>
+    <sCapHeight value="660"/>
+    <usDefaultChar value="0"/>
+    <usBreakChar value="32"/>
+    <usMaxContext value="1"/>
+  </OS_2>
+
+  <name>
+    <namerecord nameID="1" platformID="1" platEncID="0" langID="0x0" unicode="True">
+      Source Code Variable
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="2" platformID="1" platEncID="0" langID="0x0" unicode="True">
+      Regular
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="3" platformID="1" platEncID="0" langID="0x0" unicode="True">
+      1.010;ADBO;SourceCode_Black
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="4" platformID="1" platEncID="0" langID="0x0" unicode="True">
+      Source Code Variable
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="5" platformID="1" platEncID="0" langID="0x0" unicode="True">
+      Version 1.010;hotconv 1.0.109;makeotfexe 2.5.65596
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="6" platformID="1" platEncID="0" langID="0x0" unicode="True">
+      SourceCode_Black
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="17" platformID="1" platEncID="0" langID="0x0" unicode="True">
+      Roman Master 2
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="1" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Source Code Variable
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="2" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Regular
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="3" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      1.010;ADBO;SourceCode_Black
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="4" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Source Code Variable
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="5" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Version 1.010;hotconv 1.0.109;makeotfexe 2.5.65596
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="6" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      SourceCode_Black
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="17" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Roman Master 2
+    </namerecord>
+  </name>
+
+  <cmap>
+    <tableVersion version="0"/>
+    <cmap_format_4 platformID="0" platEncID="3" language="0">
+      <map code="0x24" name="dollar"/><!-- DOLLAR SIGN -->
+      <map code="0x41" name="A"/><!-- LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A -->
+      <map code="0x54" name="T"/><!-- LATIN CAPITAL LETTER T -->
+    </cmap_format_4>
+    <cmap_format_6 platformID="1" platEncID="0" language="0">
+      <map code="0x24" name="dollar"/>
+      <map code="0x41" name="A"/>
+      <map code="0x54" name="T"/>
+    </cmap_format_6>
+    <cmap_format_4 platformID="3" platEncID="1" language="0">
+      <map code="0x24" name="dollar"/><!-- DOLLAR SIGN -->
+      <map code="0x41" name="A"/><!-- LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A -->
+      <map code="0x54" name="T"/><!-- LATIN CAPITAL LETTER T -->
+    </cmap_format_4>
+  </cmap>
+
+  <post>
+    <formatType value="3.0"/>
+    <italicAngle value="0.0"/>
+    <underlinePosition value="-75"/>
+    <underlineThickness value="50"/>
+    <isFixedPitch value="1"/>
+    <minMemType42 value="0"/>
+    <maxMemType42 value="0"/>
+    <minMemType1 value="0"/>
+    <maxMemType1 value="0"/>
+  </post>
+
+  <CFF>
+    <major value="1"/>
+    <minor value="0"/>
+    <CFFFont name="SourceCode_Black">
+      <version value="1.0"/>
+      <Notice value="Source is a trademark of Adobe Systems Incorporated in the United States and/or other countries."/>
+      <Copyright value="Copyright 2010 - 2012 Adobe Systems Incorporated. All Rights Reserved."/>
+      <FamilyName value="Source Code"/>
+      <isFixedPitch value="1"/>
+      <ItalicAngle value="0"/>
+      <UnderlinePosition value="-100"/>
+      <UnderlineThickness value="50"/>
+      <PaintType value="0"/>
+      <CharstringType value="2"/>
+      <FontMatrix value="0.001 0 0 0.001 0 0"/>
+      <FontBBox value="0 -116 600 750"/>
+      <StrokeWidth value="0"/>
+      <!-- charset is dumped separately as the 'GlyphOrder' element -->
+      <Encoding name="StandardEncoding"/>
+      <Private>
+        <BlueValues value="-12 0 500 512 580 592 634 646 650 662 696 708"/>
+        <OtherBlues value="-188 -176"/>
+        <FamilyBlues value="-12 0 486 498 574 586 638 650 656 668 712 724"/>
+        <FamilyOtherBlues value="-217 -205"/>
+        <BlueScale value="0.0625"/>
+        <BlueShift value="7"/>
+        <BlueFuzz value="0"/>
+        <StdHW value="134"/>
+        <StdVW value="172"/>
+        <ForceBold value="0"/>
+        <LanguageGroup value="0"/>
+        <ExpansionFactor value="0.06"/>
+        <initialRandomSeed value="0"/>
+        <defaultWidthX value="600"/>
+        <nominalWidthX value="667"/>
+      </Private>
+      <CharStrings>
+        <CharString name=".notdef">
+          24 0 rmoveto
+          552 0 rlineto
+          0 660 rlineto
+          -552 0 rlineto
+          0 -660 rlineto
+          212 104 rmoveto
+          26 56 rlineto
+          36 96 rlineto
+          4 0 rlineto
+          36 -96 rlineto
+          26 -56 rlineto
+          -128 0 rlineto
+          -100 68 rmoveto
+          0 336 rlineto
+          82 -168 rlineto
+          -82 -168 rlineto
+          162 252 rmoveto
+          -40 96 rlineto
+          -18 36 rlineto
+          120 0 rlineto
+          -18 -36 rlineto
+          -40 -96 rlineto
+          -4 0 rlineto
+          84 -84 rmoveto
+          82 168 rlineto
+          0 -336 rlineto
+          -82 168 rlineto
+          endchar
+        </CharString>
+        <CharString name="A">
+          0 0 rmoveto
+          176 0 rlineto
+          73 316 rlineto
+          14 62 17 78 14 66 rrcurveto
+          4 0 rlineto
+          14 -66 19 -78 14 -62 rrcurveto
+          73 -316 rlineto
+          182 0 rlineto
+          -196 650 rlineto
+          -208 0 rlineto
+          -196 -650 rlineto
+          141 138 rmoveto
+          316 0 rlineto
+          0 133 rlineto
+          -316 0 rlineto
+          0 -133 rlineto
+          endchar
+        </CharString>
+        <CharString name="T">
+          214 0 rmoveto
+          172 0 rlineto
+          0 506 rlineto
+          187 0 rlineto
+          0 144 rlineto
+          -546 0 rlineto
+          0 -144 rlineto
+          187 0 rlineto
+          0 -506 rlineto
+          endchar
+        </CharString>
+        <CharString name="dollar">
+          -107 260 39 rmoveto
+          -65 0 -28 11 -49 24 rrcurveto
+          89 -53 rlineto
+          -15 89 rlineto
+          -9 52 -22 18 -43 0 rrcurveto
+          -26 0 -27 -14 -14 -38 rrcurveto
+          0 -90 71 -54 139 0 rrcurveto
+          163 0 99 84 0 117 rrcurveto
+          0 98 -58 68 -142 45 rrcurveto
+          -33 10 rlineto
+          -72 22 -24 24 0 49 rrcurveto
+          0 61 47 23 67 0 rrcurveto
+          42 0 27 -4 52 -24 rrcurveto
+          -85 47 rlineto
+          10 -67 rlineto
+          11 -75 37 -14 39 0 rrcurveto
+          26 0 29 15 5 41 rrcurveto
+          -8 88 -76 48 -121 0 rrcurveto
+          -158 0 -85 -80 0 -115 rrcurveto
+          0 -93 66 -69 121 -39 rrcurveto
+          32 -11 rlineto
+          80 -28 23 -19 0 -53 rrcurveto
+          0 -55 -43 -39 -72 0 rrcurveto
+          64 275 rmoveto
+          0 417 rlineto
+          -71 0 rlineto
+          0 -417 rlineto
+          71 0 rlineto
+          -79 -429 rmoveto
+          71 0 rlineto
+          0 429 rlineto
+          -71 0 rlineto
+          0 -429 rlineto
+          endchar
+        </CharString>
+        <CharString name="dollar.a">
+          292 34 rmoveto
+          163 0 83 80 0 100 rrcurveto
+          0 182 -302 -4 0 56 rrcurveto
+          0 21 18 11 36 0 rrcurveto
+          55 0 39 -16 52 -32 rrcurveto
+          84 98 rlineto
+          -53 52 -69 36 -97 0 rrcurveto
+          -141 0 -88 -68 0 -104 rrcurveto
+          0 -188 302 12 0 -68 rrcurveto
+          0 -20 -19 -10 -37 0 rrcurveto
+          -61 0 -55 20 -72 40 rrcurveto
+          -74 -116 rlineto
+          65 -54 101 -28 70 0 rrcurveto
+          -19 -150 rmoveto
+          160 854 rlineto
+          -100 12 rlineto
+          -160 -854 rlineto
+          100 -12 rlineto
+          endchar
+        </CharString>
+      </CharStrings>
+    </CFFFont>
+
+    <GlobalSubrs>
+      <!-- The 'index' attribute is only for humans; it is ignored when parsed. -->
+    </GlobalSubrs>
+  </CFF>
+
+  <BASE>
+    <Version value="0x00010000"/>
+    <HorizAxis>
+      <BaseTagList>
+        <!-- BaseTagCount=2 -->
+        <BaselineTag index="0" value="ideo"/>
+        <BaselineTag index="1" value="romn"/>
+      </BaseTagList>
+      <BaseScriptList>
+        <!-- BaseScriptCount=4 -->
+        <BaseScriptRecord index="0">
+          <BaseScriptTag value="DFLT"/>
+          <BaseScript>
+            <BaseValues>
+              <DefaultIndex value="1"/>
+              <!-- BaseCoordCount=2 -->
+              <BaseCoord index="0" Format="1">
+                <Coordinate value="-170"/>
+              </BaseCoord>
+              <BaseCoord index="1" Format="1">
+                <Coordinate value="0"/>
+              </BaseCoord>
+            </BaseValues>
+            <!-- BaseLangSysCount=0 -->
+          </BaseScript>
+        </BaseScriptRecord>
+        <BaseScriptRecord index="1">
+          <BaseScriptTag value="cyrl"/>
+          <BaseScript>
+            <BaseValues>
+              <DefaultIndex value="1"/>
+              <!-- BaseCoordCount=2 -->
+              <BaseCoord index="0" Format="1">
+                <Coordinate value="-170"/>
+              </BaseCoord>
+              <BaseCoord index="1" Format="1">
+                <Coordinate value="0"/>
+              </BaseCoord>
+            </BaseValues>
+            <!-- BaseLangSysCount=0 -->
+          </BaseScript>
+        </BaseScriptRecord>
+        <BaseScriptRecord index="2">
+          <BaseScriptTag value="grek"/>
+          <BaseScript>
+            <BaseValues>
+              <DefaultIndex value="1"/>
+              <!-- BaseCoordCount=2 -->
+              <BaseCoord index="0" Format="1">
+                <Coordinate value="-170"/>
+              </BaseCoord>
+              <BaseCoord index="1" Format="1">
+                <Coordinate value="0"/>
+              </BaseCoord>
+            </BaseValues>
+            <!-- BaseLangSysCount=0 -->
+          </BaseScript>
+        </BaseScriptRecord>
+        <BaseScriptRecord index="3">
+          <BaseScriptTag value="latn"/>
+          <BaseScript>
+            <BaseValues>
+              <DefaultIndex value="1"/>
+              <!-- BaseCoordCount=2 -->
+              <BaseCoord index="0" Format="1">
+                <Coordinate value="-170"/>
+              </BaseCoord>
+              <BaseCoord index="1" Format="1">
+                <Coordinate value="0"/>
+              </BaseCoord>
+            </BaseValues>
+            <!-- BaseLangSysCount=0 -->
+          </BaseScript>
+        </BaseScriptRecord>
+      </BaseScriptList>
+    </HorizAxis>
+  </BASE>
+
+  <GPOS>
+    <Version value="0x00010000"/>
+    <ScriptList>
+      <!-- ScriptCount=1 -->
+      <ScriptRecord index="0">
+        <ScriptTag value="DFLT"/>
+        <Script>
+          <DefaultLangSys>
+            <ReqFeatureIndex value="65535"/>
+            <!-- FeatureCount=1 -->
+            <FeatureIndex index="0" value="0"/>
+          </DefaultLangSys>
+          <!-- LangSysCount=0 -->
+        </Script>
+      </ScriptRecord>
+    </ScriptList>
+    <FeatureList>
+      <!-- FeatureCount=1 -->
+      <FeatureRecord index="0">
+        <FeatureTag value="size"/>
+        <Feature>
+          <FeatureParamsSize>
+            <DesignSize value="10.0"/>
+            <SubfamilyID value="0"/>
+            <SubfamilyNameID value="0"/>
+            <RangeStart value="0.0"/>
+            <RangeEnd value="0.0"/>
+          </FeatureParamsSize>
+          <!-- LookupCount=0 -->
+        </Feature>
+      </FeatureRecord>
+    </FeatureList>
+    <LookupList>
+      <!-- LookupCount=0 -->
+    </LookupList>
+  </GPOS>
+
+  <GSUB>
+    <Version value="0x00010000"/>
+    <ScriptList>
+      <!-- ScriptCount=1 -->
+      <ScriptRecord index="0">
+        <ScriptTag value="DFLT"/>
+        <Script>
+          <DefaultLangSys>
+            <ReqFeatureIndex value="65535"/>
+            <!-- FeatureCount=1 -->
+            <FeatureIndex index="0" value="0"/>
+          </DefaultLangSys>
+          <!-- LangSysCount=0 -->
+        </Script>
+      </ScriptRecord>
+    </ScriptList>
+    <FeatureList>
+      <!-- FeatureCount=1 -->
+      <FeatureRecord index="0">
+        <FeatureTag value="test"/>
+        <Feature>
+          <!-- LookupCount=1 -->
+          <LookupListIndex index="0" value="0"/>
+        </Feature>
+      </FeatureRecord>
+    </FeatureList>
+    <LookupList>
+      <!-- LookupCount=1 -->
+      <Lookup index="0">
+        <LookupType value="1"/>
+        <LookupFlag value="0"/>
+        <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
+        <SingleSubst index="0">
+          <Substitution in="dollar" out="dollar.a"/>
+        </SingleSubst>
+      </Lookup>
+    </LookupList>
+  </GSUB>
+
+  <hmtx>
+    <mtx name=".notdef" width="600" lsb="24"/>
+    <mtx name="A" width="600" lsb="0"/>
+    <mtx name="T" width="600" lsb="27"/>
+    <mtx name="dollar" width="560" lsb="51"/>
+    <mtx name="dollar.a" width="600" lsb="56"/>
+  </hmtx>
+
+  <DSIG>
+    <!-- note that the Digital Signature will be invalid after recompilation! -->
+    <tableHeader flag="0x0" numSigs="0" version="1"/>
+  </DSIG>
+
+</ttFont>
diff --git a/Tests/varLib/data/master_cff2/TestCFF2_ExtraLight.ttx b/Tests/varLib/data/master_cff2/TestCFF2_ExtraLight.ttx
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..aae43aa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/varLib/data/master_cff2/TestCFF2_ExtraLight.ttx
@@ -0,0 +1,518 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<ttFont sfntVersion="OTTO" ttLibVersion="3.41">
+
+  <GlyphOrder>
+    <!-- The 'id' attribute is only for humans; it is ignored when parsed. -->
+    <GlyphID id="0" name=".notdef"/>
+    <GlyphID id="1" name="A"/>
+    <GlyphID id="2" name="T"/>
+    <GlyphID id="3" name="dollar.a"/>
+    <GlyphID id="4" name="dollar"/>
+  </GlyphOrder>
+
+  <head>
+    <!-- Most of this table will be recalculated by the compiler -->
+    <tableVersion value="1.0"/>
+    <fontRevision value="1.01"/>
+    <checkSumAdjustment value="0xeb345d38"/>
+    <magicNumber value="0x5f0f3cf5"/>
+    <flags value="00000000 00000011"/>
+    <unitsPerEm value="1000"/>
+    <created value="Thu Nov 29 14:52:09 2018"/>
+    <modified value="Thu Nov 29 14:52:09 2018"/>
+    <xMin value="50"/>
+    <yMin value="-115"/>
+    <xMax value="550"/>
+    <yMax value="762"/>
+    <macStyle value="00000000 00000000"/>
+    <lowestRecPPEM value="3"/>
+    <fontDirectionHint value="2"/>
+    <indexToLocFormat value="0"/>
+    <glyphDataFormat value="0"/>
+  </head>
+
+  <hhea>
+    <tableVersion value="0x00010000"/>
+    <ascent value="984"/>
+    <descent value="-273"/>
+    <lineGap value="0"/>
+    <advanceWidthMax value="600"/>
+    <minLeftSideBearing value="50"/>
+    <minRightSideBearing value="50"/>
+    <xMaxExtent value="550"/>
+    <caretSlopeRise value="1"/>
+    <caretSlopeRun value="0"/>
+    <caretOffset value="0"/>
+    <reserved0 value="0"/>
+    <reserved1 value="0"/>
+    <reserved2 value="0"/>
+    <reserved3 value="0"/>
+    <metricDataFormat value="0"/>
+    <numberOfHMetrics value="5"/>
+  </hhea>
+
+  <maxp>
+    <tableVersion value="0x5000"/>
+    <numGlyphs value="5"/>
+  </maxp>
+
+  <OS_2>
+    <!-- The fields 'usFirstCharIndex' and 'usLastCharIndex'
+         will be recalculated by the compiler -->
+    <version value="3"/>
+    <xAvgCharWidth value="578"/>
+    <usWeightClass value="200"/>
+    <usWidthClass value="5"/>
+    <fsType value="00000000 00000000"/>
+    <ySubscriptXSize value="650"/>
+    <ySubscriptYSize value="600"/>
+    <ySubscriptXOffset value="0"/>
+    <ySubscriptYOffset value="75"/>
+    <ySuperscriptXSize value="650"/>
+    <ySuperscriptYSize value="600"/>
+    <ySuperscriptXOffset value="0"/>
+    <ySuperscriptYOffset value="350"/>
+    <yStrikeoutSize value="50"/>
+    <yStrikeoutPosition value="286"/>
+    <sFamilyClass value="0"/>
+    <panose>
+      <bFamilyType value="2"/>
+      <bSerifStyle value="11"/>
+      <bWeight value="3"/>
+      <bProportion value="9"/>
+      <bContrast value="3"/>
+      <bStrokeVariation value="4"/>
+      <bArmStyle value="3"/>
+      <bLetterForm value="2"/>
+      <bMidline value="2"/>
+      <bXHeight value="4"/>
+    </panose>
+    <ulUnicodeRange1 value="00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000"/>
+    <ulUnicodeRange2 value="00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000"/>
+    <ulUnicodeRange3 value="00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000"/>
+    <ulUnicodeRange4 value="00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000"/>
+    <achVendID value="ADBO"/>
+    <fsSelection value="00000000 00000000"/>
+    <usFirstCharIndex value="36"/>
+    <usLastCharIndex value="84"/>
+    <sTypoAscender value="750"/>
+    <sTypoDescender value="-250"/>
+    <sTypoLineGap value="0"/>
+    <usWinAscent value="984"/>
+    <usWinDescent value="273"/>
+    <ulCodePageRange1 value="00000000 00000000 00000000 00000001"/>
+    <ulCodePageRange2 value="00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000"/>
+    <sxHeight value="478"/>
+    <sCapHeight value="660"/>
+    <usDefaultChar value="0"/>
+    <usBreakChar value="32"/>
+    <usMaxContext value="1"/>
+  </OS_2>
+
+  <name>
+    <namerecord nameID="1" platformID="1" platEncID="0" langID="0x0" unicode="True">
+      Source Code Variable
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="2" platformID="1" platEncID="0" langID="0x0" unicode="True">
+      Regular
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="3" platformID="1" platEncID="0" langID="0x0" unicode="True">
+      1.010;ADBO;SourceCode_ExtraLight
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="4" platformID="1" platEncID="0" langID="0x0" unicode="True">
+      Source Code Variable
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="5" platformID="1" platEncID="0" langID="0x0" unicode="True">
+      Version 1.010;hotconv 1.0.109;makeotfexe 2.5.65596
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="6" platformID="1" platEncID="0" langID="0x0" unicode="True">
+      SourceCode_ExtraLight
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="17" platformID="1" platEncID="0" langID="0x0" unicode="True">
+      Roman Master 0
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="1" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Source Code Variable
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="2" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Regular
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="3" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      1.010;ADBO;SourceCode_ExtraLight
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="4" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Source Code Variable
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="5" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Version 1.010;hotconv 1.0.109;makeotfexe 2.5.65596
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="6" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      SourceCode_ExtraLight
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="17" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Roman Master 0
+    </namerecord>
+  </name>
+
+  <cmap>
+    <tableVersion version="0"/>
+    <cmap_format_4 platformID="0" platEncID="3" language="0">
+      <map code="0x24" name="dollar"/><!-- DOLLAR SIGN -->
+      <map code="0x41" name="A"/><!-- LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A -->
+      <map code="0x54" name="T"/><!-- LATIN CAPITAL LETTER T -->
+    </cmap_format_4>
+    <cmap_format_6 platformID="1" platEncID="0" language="0">
+      <map code="0x24" name="dollar"/>
+      <map code="0x41" name="A"/>
+      <map code="0x54" name="T"/>
+    </cmap_format_6>
+    <cmap_format_4 platformID="3" platEncID="1" language="0">
+      <map code="0x24" name="dollar"/><!-- DOLLAR SIGN -->
+      <map code="0x41" name="A"/><!-- LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A -->
+      <map code="0x54" name="T"/><!-- LATIN CAPITAL LETTER T -->
+    </cmap_format_4>
+  </cmap>
+
+  <post>
+    <formatType value="3.0"/>
+    <italicAngle value="0.0"/>
+    <underlinePosition value="-75"/>
+    <underlineThickness value="50"/>
+    <isFixedPitch value="1"/>
+    <minMemType42 value="0"/>
+    <maxMemType42 value="0"/>
+    <minMemType1 value="0"/>
+    <maxMemType1 value="0"/>
+  </post>
+
+  <CFF>
+    <major value="1"/>
+    <minor value="0"/>
+    <CFFFont name="SourceCode_ExtraLight">
+      <version value="1.0"/>
+      <Notice value="Source is a trademark of Adobe Systems Incorporated in the United States and/or other countries."/>
+      <Copyright value="Copyright 2010 - 2012 Adobe Systems Incorporated. All Rights Reserved."/>
+      <FamilyName value="Source Code"/>
+      <isFixedPitch value="1"/>
+      <ItalicAngle value="0"/>
+      <UnderlinePosition value="-100"/>
+      <UnderlineThickness value="50"/>
+      <PaintType value="0"/>
+      <CharstringType value="2"/>
+      <FontMatrix value="0.001 0 0 0.001 0 0"/>
+      <FontBBox value="50 -115 550 762"/>
+      <StrokeWidth value="0"/>
+      <!-- charset is dumped separately as the 'GlyphOrder' element -->
+      <Encoding name="StandardEncoding"/>
+      <Private>
+        <BlueValues value="-12 0 478 490 570 582 640 652 660 672 722 734"/>
+        <OtherBlues value="-234 -222"/>
+        <FamilyBlues value="-12 0 486 498 574 586 638 650 656 668 712 724"/>
+        <FamilyOtherBlues value="-217 -205"/>
+        <BlueScale value="0.0625"/>
+        <BlueShift value="7"/>
+        <BlueFuzz value="0"/>
+        <StdHW value="28"/>
+        <StdVW value="34"/>
+        <ForceBold value="0"/>
+        <LanguageGroup value="0"/>
+        <ExpansionFactor value="0.06"/>
+        <initialRandomSeed value="0"/>
+        <defaultWidthX value="600"/>
+        <nominalWidthX value="597"/>
+      </Private>
+      <CharStrings>
+        <CharString name=".notdef">
+          84 0 rmoveto
+          432 0 rlineto
+          0 660 rlineto
+          -432 0 rlineto
+          0 -660 rlineto
+          48 32 rmoveto
+          102 176 rlineto
+          64 106 rlineto
+          4 0 rlineto
+          62 -106 rlineto
+          100 -176 rlineto
+          -332 0 rlineto
+          -10 42 rmoveto
+          0 536 rlineto
+          154 -270 rlineto
+          -154 -266 rlineto
+          176 292 rmoveto
+          -56 92 rlineto
+          -94 168 rlineto
+          302 0 rlineto
+          -94 -168 rlineto
+          -54 -92 rlineto
+          -4 0 rlineto
+          26 -26 rmoveto
+          152 270 rlineto
+          0 -536 rlineto
+          -152 266 rlineto
+          endchar
+        </CharString>
+        <CharString name="A">
+          50 0 rmoveto
+          32 0 rlineto
+          140 396 rlineto
+          28 80 24 68 24 82 rrcurveto
+          4 0 rlineto
+          24 -82 24 -68 28 -80 rrcurveto
+          138 -396 rlineto
+          34 0 rlineto
+          -236 660 rlineto
+          -28 0 rlineto
+          -236 -660 rlineto
+          102 236 rmoveto
+          293 0 rlineto
+          0 28 rlineto
+          -293 0 rlineto
+          0 -28 rlineto
+          endchar
+        </CharString>
+        <CharString name="T">
+          284 0 rmoveto
+          32 0 rlineto
+          0 632 rlineto
+          234 0 rlineto
+          0 28 rlineto
+          -500 0 rlineto
+          0 -28 rlineto
+          234 0 rlineto
+          0 -632 rlineto
+          endchar
+        </CharString>
+        <CharString name="dollar">
+          -107 245 7 rmoveto
+          -65 0 -39 15 -46 50 rrcurveto
+          36 -48 rlineto
+          -28 100 rlineto
+          -4 16 -12 4 -11 0 rrcurveto
+          -14 0 -8 -7 -1 -14 rrcurveto
+          24 -85 61 -51 107 0 rrcurveto
+          91 0 90 53 0 111 rrcurveto
+          0 70 -26 66 -134 57 rrcurveto
+          -19 8 rlineto
+          -93 39 -42 49 0 68 rrcurveto
+          0 91 60 48 88 0 rrcurveto
+          56 0 35 -14 44 -50 rrcurveto
+          -38 47 rlineto
+          28 -100 rlineto
+          6 -15 10 -5 11 0 rrcurveto
+          14 0 8 7 1 14 rrcurveto
+          -24 88 -67 48 -84 0 rrcurveto
+          -92 0 -82 -51 0 -108 rrcurveto
+          0 -80 45 -53 92 -42 rrcurveto
+          37 -17 rlineto
+          114 -52 26 -46 0 -65 rrcurveto
+          0 -92 -65 -54 -90 0 rrcurveto
+          18 327 rmoveto
+          0 428 rlineto
+          -22 0 rlineto
+          0 -428 rlineto
+          22 0 rlineto
+          -22 -449 rmoveto
+          22 0 rlineto
+          0 449 rlineto
+          -22 0 rlineto
+          0 -449 rlineto
+          endchar
+        </CharString>
+        <CharString name="dollar.a">
+          311 34 rmoveto
+          103 0 88 56 0 94 rrcurveto
+          0 184 -338 -32 0 142 rrcurveto
+          0 68 57 44 85 0 rrcurveto
+          76 0 34 -24 44 -38 rrcurveto
+          20 20 rlineto
+          -41 38 -45 32 -85 0 rrcurveto
+          -99 0 -78 -54 0 -88 rrcurveto
+          0 -166 338 28 0 -156 rrcurveto
+          0 -70 -56 -50 -103 0 rrcurveto
+          -85 0 -66 38 -40 34 rrcurveto
+          -18 -22 rlineto
+          45 -38 73 -40 91 0 rrcurveto
+          -70 -146 rmoveto
+          158 860 rlineto
+          -30 4 rlineto
+          -158 -860 rlineto
+          30 -4 rlineto
+          endchar
+        </CharString>
+      </CharStrings>
+    </CFFFont>
+
+    <GlobalSubrs>
+      <!-- The 'index' attribute is only for humans; it is ignored when parsed. -->
+    </GlobalSubrs>
+  </CFF>
+
+  <BASE>
+    <Version value="0x00010000"/>
+    <HorizAxis>
+      <BaseTagList>
+        <!-- BaseTagCount=2 -->
+        <BaselineTag index="0" value="ideo"/>
+        <BaselineTag index="1" value="romn"/>
+      </BaseTagList>
+      <BaseScriptList>
+        <!-- BaseScriptCount=4 -->
+        <BaseScriptRecord index="0">
+          <BaseScriptTag value="DFLT"/>
+          <BaseScript>
+            <BaseValues>
+              <DefaultIndex value="1"/>
+              <!-- BaseCoordCount=2 -->
+              <BaseCoord index="0" Format="1">
+                <Coordinate value="-170"/>
+              </BaseCoord>
+              <BaseCoord index="1" Format="1">
+                <Coordinate value="0"/>
+              </BaseCoord>
+            </BaseValues>
+            <!-- BaseLangSysCount=0 -->
+          </BaseScript>
+        </BaseScriptRecord>
+        <BaseScriptRecord index="1">
+          <BaseScriptTag value="cyrl"/>
+          <BaseScript>
+            <BaseValues>
+              <DefaultIndex value="1"/>
+              <!-- BaseCoordCount=2 -->
+              <BaseCoord index="0" Format="1">
+                <Coordinate value="-170"/>
+              </BaseCoord>
+              <BaseCoord index="1" Format="1">
+                <Coordinate value="0"/>
+              </BaseCoord>
+            </BaseValues>
+            <!-- BaseLangSysCount=0 -->
+          </BaseScript>
+        </BaseScriptRecord>
+        <BaseScriptRecord index="2">
+          <BaseScriptTag value="grek"/>
+          <BaseScript>
+            <BaseValues>
+              <DefaultIndex value="1"/>
+              <!-- BaseCoordCount=2 -->
+              <BaseCoord index="0" Format="1">
+                <Coordinate value="-170"/>
+              </BaseCoord>
+              <BaseCoord index="1" Format="1">
+                <Coordinate value="0"/>
+              </BaseCoord>
+            </BaseValues>
+            <!-- BaseLangSysCount=0 -->
+          </BaseScript>
+        </BaseScriptRecord>
+        <BaseScriptRecord index="3">
+          <BaseScriptTag value="latn"/>
+          <BaseScript>
+            <BaseValues>
+              <DefaultIndex value="1"/>
+              <!-- BaseCoordCount=2 -->
+              <BaseCoord index="0" Format="1">
+                <Coordinate value="-170"/>
+              </BaseCoord>
+              <BaseCoord index="1" Format="1">
+                <Coordinate value="0"/>
+              </BaseCoord>
+            </BaseValues>
+            <!-- BaseLangSysCount=0 -->
+          </BaseScript>
+        </BaseScriptRecord>
+      </BaseScriptList>
+    </HorizAxis>
+  </BASE>
+
+  <GPOS>
+    <Version value="0x00010000"/>
+    <ScriptList>
+      <!-- ScriptCount=1 -->
+      <ScriptRecord index="0">
+        <ScriptTag value="DFLT"/>
+        <Script>
+          <DefaultLangSys>
+            <ReqFeatureIndex value="65535"/>
+            <!-- FeatureCount=1 -->
+            <FeatureIndex index="0" value="0"/>
+          </DefaultLangSys>
+          <!-- LangSysCount=0 -->
+        </Script>
+      </ScriptRecord>
+    </ScriptList>
+    <FeatureList>
+      <!-- FeatureCount=1 -->
+      <FeatureRecord index="0">
+        <FeatureTag value="size"/>
+        <Feature>
+          <FeatureParamsSize>
+            <DesignSize value="10.0"/>
+            <SubfamilyID value="0"/>
+            <SubfamilyNameID value="0"/>
+            <RangeStart value="0.0"/>
+            <RangeEnd value="0.0"/>
+          </FeatureParamsSize>
+          <!-- LookupCount=0 -->
+        </Feature>
+      </FeatureRecord>
+    </FeatureList>
+    <LookupList>
+      <!-- LookupCount=0 -->
+    </LookupList>
+  </GPOS>
+
+  <GSUB>
+    <Version value="0x00010000"/>
+    <ScriptList>
+      <!-- ScriptCount=1 -->
+      <ScriptRecord index="0">
+        <ScriptTag value="DFLT"/>
+        <Script>
+          <DefaultLangSys>
+            <ReqFeatureIndex value="65535"/>
+            <!-- FeatureCount=1 -->
+            <FeatureIndex index="0" value="0"/>
+          </DefaultLangSys>
+          <!-- LangSysCount=0 -->
+        </Script>
+      </ScriptRecord>
+    </ScriptList>
+    <FeatureList>
+      <!-- FeatureCount=1 -->
+      <FeatureRecord index="0">
+        <FeatureTag value="test"/>
+        <Feature>
+          <!-- LookupCount=1 -->
+          <LookupListIndex index="0" value="0"/>
+        </Feature>
+      </FeatureRecord>
+    </FeatureList>
+    <LookupList>
+      <!-- LookupCount=1 -->
+      <Lookup index="0">
+        <LookupType value="1"/>
+        <LookupFlag value="0"/>
+        <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
+        <SingleSubst index="0">
+          <Substitution in="dollar" out="dollar.a"/>
+        </SingleSubst>
+      </Lookup>
+    </LookupList>
+  </GSUB>
+
+  <hmtx>
+    <mtx name=".notdef" width="600" lsb="84"/>
+    <mtx name="A" width="600" lsb="50"/>
+    <mtx name="T" width="600" lsb="50"/>
+    <mtx name="dollar" width="490" lsb="53"/>
+    <mtx name="dollar.a" width="600" lsb="102"/>
+  </hmtx>
+
+  <DSIG>
+    <!-- note that the Digital Signature will be invalid after recompilation! -->
+    <tableHeader flag="0x0" numSigs="0" version="1"/>
+  </DSIG>
+
+</ttFont>
diff --git a/Tests/varLib/data/master_cff2/TestCFF2_Regular.ttx b/Tests/varLib/data/master_cff2/TestCFF2_Regular.ttx
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..471eb24
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/varLib/data/master_cff2/TestCFF2_Regular.ttx
@@ -0,0 +1,516 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<ttFont sfntVersion="OTTO" ttLibVersion="3.41">
+
+  <GlyphOrder>
+    <!-- The 'id' attribute is only for humans; it is ignored when parsed. -->
+    <GlyphID id="0" name=".notdef"/>
+    <GlyphID id="1" name="A"/>
+    <GlyphID id="2" name="T"/>
+    <GlyphID id="3" name="dollar.a"/>
+    <GlyphID id="4" name="dollar"/>
+  </GlyphOrder>
+
+  <head>
+    <!-- Most of this table will be recalculated by the compiler -->
+    <tableVersion value="1.0"/>
+    <fontRevision value="1.01"/>
+    <checkSumAdjustment value="0x60d07155"/>
+    <magicNumber value="0x5f0f3cf5"/>
+    <flags value="00000000 00000011"/>
+    <unitsPerEm value="1000"/>
+    <created value="Thu Nov 29 14:52:09 2018"/>
+    <modified value="Thu Nov 29 14:52:09 2018"/>
+    <xMin value="31"/>
+    <yMin value="-115"/>
+    <xMax value="569"/>
+    <yMax value="751"/>
+    <macStyle value="00000000 00000000"/>
+    <lowestRecPPEM value="3"/>
+    <fontDirectionHint value="2"/>
+    <indexToLocFormat value="0"/>
+    <glyphDataFormat value="0"/>
+  </head>
+
+  <hhea>
+    <tableVersion value="0x00010000"/>
+    <ascent value="984"/>
+    <descent value="-273"/>
+    <lineGap value="0"/>
+    <advanceWidthMax value="600"/>
+    <minLeftSideBearing value="31"/>
+    <minRightSideBearing value="31"/>
+    <xMaxExtent value="569"/>
+    <caretSlopeRise value="1"/>
+    <caretSlopeRun value="0"/>
+    <caretOffset value="0"/>
+    <reserved0 value="0"/>
+    <reserved1 value="0"/>
+    <reserved2 value="0"/>
+    <reserved3 value="0"/>
+    <metricDataFormat value="0"/>
+    <numberOfHMetrics value="5"/>
+  </hhea>
+
+  <maxp>
+    <tableVersion value="0x5000"/>
+    <numGlyphs value="5"/>
+  </maxp>
+
+  <OS_2>
+    <!-- The fields 'usFirstCharIndex' and 'usLastCharIndex'
+         will be recalculated by the compiler -->
+    <version value="3"/>
+    <xAvgCharWidth value="579"/>
+    <usWeightClass value="400"/>
+    <usWidthClass value="5"/>
+    <fsType value="00000000 00000000"/>
+    <ySubscriptXSize value="650"/>
+    <ySubscriptYSize value="600"/>
+    <ySubscriptXOffset value="0"/>
+    <ySubscriptYOffset value="75"/>
+    <ySuperscriptXSize value="650"/>
+    <ySuperscriptYSize value="600"/>
+    <ySuperscriptXOffset value="0"/>
+    <ySuperscriptYOffset value="350"/>
+    <yStrikeoutSize value="50"/>
+    <yStrikeoutPosition value="291"/>
+    <sFamilyClass value="0"/>
+    <panose>
+      <bFamilyType value="2"/>
+      <bSerifStyle value="11"/>
+      <bWeight value="5"/>
+      <bProportion value="9"/>
+      <bContrast value="3"/>
+      <bStrokeVariation value="4"/>
+      <bArmStyle value="3"/>
+      <bLetterForm value="2"/>
+      <bMidline value="2"/>
+      <bXHeight value="4"/>
+    </panose>
+    <ulUnicodeRange1 value="00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000"/>
+    <ulUnicodeRange2 value="00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000"/>
+    <ulUnicodeRange3 value="00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000"/>
+    <ulUnicodeRange4 value="00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000"/>
+    <achVendID value="ADBO"/>
+    <fsSelection value="00000000 01000000"/>
+    <usFirstCharIndex value="36"/>
+    <usLastCharIndex value="84"/>
+    <sTypoAscender value="750"/>
+    <sTypoDescender value="-250"/>
+    <sTypoLineGap value="0"/>
+    <usWinAscent value="984"/>
+    <usWinDescent value="273"/>
+    <ulCodePageRange1 value="00000000 00000000 00000000 00000001"/>
+    <ulCodePageRange2 value="00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000"/>
+    <sxHeight value="486"/>
+    <sCapHeight value="660"/>
+    <usDefaultChar value="0"/>
+    <usBreakChar value="32"/>
+    <usMaxContext value="1"/>
+  </OS_2>
+
+  <name>
+    <namerecord nameID="1" platformID="1" platEncID="0" langID="0x0" unicode="True">
+      Source Code Variable
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="2" platformID="1" platEncID="0" langID="0x0" unicode="True">
+      Regular
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="3" platformID="1" platEncID="0" langID="0x0" unicode="True">
+      1.010;ADBO;SourceCodeVariable-Roman
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="4" platformID="1" platEncID="0" langID="0x0" unicode="True">
+      Source Code Variable
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="5" platformID="1" platEncID="0" langID="0x0" unicode="True">
+      Version 1.010;hotconv 1.0.109;makeotfexe 2.5.65596
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="6" platformID="1" platEncID="0" langID="0x0" unicode="True">
+      SourceCodeVariable-Roman
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="17" platformID="1" platEncID="0" langID="0x0" unicode="True">
+      Roman
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="1" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Source Code Variable
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="2" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Regular
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="3" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      1.010;ADBO;SourceCodeVariable-Roman
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="4" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Source Code Variable
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="5" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Version 1.010;hotconv 1.0.109;makeotfexe 2.5.65596
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="6" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      SourceCodeVariable-Roman
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="17" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Roman
+    </namerecord>
+  </name>
+
+  <cmap>
+    <tableVersion version="0"/>
+    <cmap_format_4 platformID="0" platEncID="3" language="0">
+      <map code="0x24" name="dollar"/><!-- DOLLAR SIGN -->
+      <map code="0x41" name="A"/><!-- LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A -->
+      <map code="0x54" name="T"/><!-- LATIN CAPITAL LETTER T -->
+    </cmap_format_4>
+    <cmap_format_6 platformID="1" platEncID="0" language="0">
+      <map code="0x24" name="dollar"/>
+      <map code="0x41" name="A"/>
+      <map code="0x54" name="T"/>
+    </cmap_format_6>
+    <cmap_format_4 platformID="3" platEncID="1" language="0">
+      <map code="0x24" name="dollar"/><!-- DOLLAR SIGN -->
+      <map code="0x41" name="A"/><!-- LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A -->
+      <map code="0x54" name="T"/><!-- LATIN CAPITAL LETTER T -->
+    </cmap_format_4>
+  </cmap>
+
+  <post>
+    <formatType value="3.0"/>
+    <italicAngle value="0.0"/>
+    <underlinePosition value="-75"/>
+    <underlineThickness value="50"/>
+    <isFixedPitch value="1"/>
+    <minMemType42 value="0"/>
+    <maxMemType42 value="0"/>
+    <minMemType1 value="0"/>
+    <maxMemType1 value="0"/>
+  </post>
+
+  <CFF>
+    <major value="1"/>
+    <minor value="0"/>
+    <CFFFont name="SourceCodeVariable-Roman">
+      <version value="1.0"/>
+      <Notice value="Source is a trademark of Adobe Systems Incorporated in the United States and/or other countries."/>
+      <Copyright value="Copyright 2010 - 2012 Adobe Systems Incorporated. All Rights Reserved."/>
+      <FamilyName value="Source Code"/>
+      <isFixedPitch value="1"/>
+      <ItalicAngle value="0"/>
+      <UnderlinePosition value="-100"/>
+      <UnderlineThickness value="50"/>
+      <PaintType value="0"/>
+      <CharstringType value="2"/>
+      <FontMatrix value="0.001 0 0 0.001 0 0"/>
+      <FontBBox value="31 -115 569 751"/>
+      <StrokeWidth value="0"/>
+      <!-- charset is dumped separately as the 'GlyphOrder' element -->
+      <Encoding name="StandardEncoding"/>
+      <Private>
+        <BlueValues value="-12 0 486 498 574 586 638 650 656 668 712 724"/>
+        <OtherBlues value="-217 -205"/>
+        <BlueScale value="0.0625"/>
+        <BlueShift value="7"/>
+        <BlueFuzz value="0"/>
+        <StdHW value="67"/>
+        <StdVW value="85"/>
+        <ForceBold value="0"/>
+        <LanguageGroup value="0"/>
+        <ExpansionFactor value="0.06"/>
+        <initialRandomSeed value="0"/>
+        <defaultWidthX value="600"/>
+        <nominalWidthX value="604"/>
+      </Private>
+      <CharStrings>
+        <CharString name=".notdef">
+          62 0 rmoveto
+          476 0 rlineto
+          0 660 rlineto
+          -476 0 rlineto
+          0 -660 rlineto
+          109 59 rmoveto
+          73 131 rlineto
+          54 102 rlineto
+          4 0 rlineto
+          52 -102 rlineto
+          73 -131 rlineto
+          -256 0 rlineto
+          -44 52 rmoveto
+          0 461 rlineto
+          127 -232 rlineto
+          -127 -229 rlineto
+          171 277 rmoveto
+          -50 93 rlineto
+          -66 119 rlineto
+          234 0 rlineto
+          -65 -119 rlineto
+          -49 -93 rlineto
+          -4 0 rlineto
+          48 -48 rmoveto
+          126 232 rlineto
+          0 -461 rlineto
+          -126 229 rlineto
+          endchar
+        </CharString>
+        <CharString name="A">
+          31 0 rmoveto
+          86 0 rlineto
+          115 366 rlineto
+          23 73 21 72 21 76 rrcurveto
+          4 0 rlineto
+          20 -76 22 -72 23 -73 rrcurveto
+          113 -366 rlineto
+          90 0 rlineto
+          -221 656 rlineto
+          -96 0 rlineto
+          -221 -656 rlineto
+          117 199 rmoveto
+          301 0 rlineto
+          0 68 rlineto
+          -301 0 rlineto
+          0 -68 rlineto
+          endchar
+        </CharString>
+        <CharString name="T">
+          258 0 rmoveto
+          84 0 rlineto
+          0 585 rlineto
+          217 0 rlineto
+          0 71 rlineto
+          -518 0 rlineto
+          0 -71 rlineto
+          217 0 rlineto
+          0 -585 rlineto
+          endchar
+        </CharString>
+        <CharString name="dollar">
+          -107 248 35 rmoveto
+          -39 0 -45 5 -46 18 rrcurveto
+          53 -36 rlineto
+          -17 76 rlineto
+          -12 53 -22 13 -24 0 rrcurveto
+          -22 0 -14 -11 -9 -20 rrcurveto
+          4 -87 81 -59 107 0 rrcurveto
+          136 0 82 76 0 107 rrcurveto
+          0 82 -41 65 -135 47 rrcurveto
+          -38 13 rlineto
+          -71 23 -40 35 0 64 rrcurveto
+          0 75 57 37 74 0 rrcurveto
+          30 0 36 -5 42 -17 rrcurveto
+          -52 36 rlineto
+          17 -76 rlineto
+          12 -52 25 -14 22 0 rrcurveto
+          19 0 17 10 8 21 rrcurveto
+          -6 86 -80 60 -101 0 rrcurveto
+          -115 0 -83 -80 0 -102 rrcurveto
+          0 -100 62 -54 105 -37 rrcurveto
+          37 -13 rlineto
+          85 -30 36 -30 0 -63 rrcurveto
+          0 -74 -53 -42 -82 0 rrcurveto
+          31 287 rmoveto
+          0 428 rlineto
+          -40 0 rlineto
+          0 -428 rlineto
+          40 0 rlineto
+          -41 -437 rmoveto
+          40 0 rlineto
+          0 437 rlineto
+          -40 0 rlineto
+          0 -437 rlineto
+          endchar
+        </CharString>
+        <CharString name="dollar.a">
+          304 34 rmoveto
+          125 0 86 65 0 96 rrcurveto
+          0 183 -324 -21 0 110 rrcurveto
+          0 50 42 32 67 0 rrcurveto
+          68 0 36 -21 47 -36 rrcurveto
+          44 49 rlineto
+          -46 44 -54 33 -89 0 rrcurveto
+          -115 0 -81 -59 0 -94 rrcurveto
+          0 -174 324 22 0 -124 rrcurveto
+          0 -51 -42 -35 -78 0 rrcurveto
+          -76 0 -62 31 -52 37 rrcurveto
+          -39 -58 rlineto
+          52 -43 84 -36 83 0 rrcurveto
+          -51 -147 rmoveto
+          159 857 rlineto
+          -56 7 rlineto
+          -159 -858 rlineto
+          56 -6 rlineto
+          endchar
+        </CharString>
+      </CharStrings>
+    </CFFFont>
+
+    <GlobalSubrs>
+      <!-- The 'index' attribute is only for humans; it is ignored when parsed. -->
+    </GlobalSubrs>
+  </CFF>
+
+  <BASE>
+    <Version value="0x00010000"/>
+    <HorizAxis>
+      <BaseTagList>
+        <!-- BaseTagCount=2 -->
+        <BaselineTag index="0" value="ideo"/>
+        <BaselineTag index="1" value="romn"/>
+      </BaseTagList>
+      <BaseScriptList>
+        <!-- BaseScriptCount=4 -->
+        <BaseScriptRecord index="0">
+          <BaseScriptTag value="DFLT"/>
+          <BaseScript>
+            <BaseValues>
+              <DefaultIndex value="1"/>
+              <!-- BaseCoordCount=2 -->
+              <BaseCoord index="0" Format="1">
+                <Coordinate value="-170"/>
+              </BaseCoord>
+              <BaseCoord index="1" Format="1">
+                <Coordinate value="0"/>
+              </BaseCoord>
+            </BaseValues>
+            <!-- BaseLangSysCount=0 -->
+          </BaseScript>
+        </BaseScriptRecord>
+        <BaseScriptRecord index="1">
+          <BaseScriptTag value="cyrl"/>
+          <BaseScript>
+            <BaseValues>
+              <DefaultIndex value="1"/>
+              <!-- BaseCoordCount=2 -->
+              <BaseCoord index="0" Format="1">
+                <Coordinate value="-170"/>
+              </BaseCoord>
+              <BaseCoord index="1" Format="1">
+                <Coordinate value="0"/>
+              </BaseCoord>
+            </BaseValues>
+            <!-- BaseLangSysCount=0 -->
+          </BaseScript>
+        </BaseScriptRecord>
+        <BaseScriptRecord index="2">
+          <BaseScriptTag value="grek"/>
+          <BaseScript>
+            <BaseValues>
+              <DefaultIndex value="1"/>
+              <!-- BaseCoordCount=2 -->
+              <BaseCoord index="0" Format="1">
+                <Coordinate value="-170"/>
+              </BaseCoord>
+              <BaseCoord index="1" Format="1">
+                <Coordinate value="0"/>
+              </BaseCoord>
+            </BaseValues>
+            <!-- BaseLangSysCount=0 -->
+          </BaseScript>
+        </BaseScriptRecord>
+        <BaseScriptRecord index="3">
+          <BaseScriptTag value="latn"/>
+          <BaseScript>
+            <BaseValues>
+              <DefaultIndex value="1"/>
+              <!-- BaseCoordCount=2 -->
+              <BaseCoord index="0" Format="1">
+                <Coordinate value="-170"/>
+              </BaseCoord>
+              <BaseCoord index="1" Format="1">
+                <Coordinate value="0"/>
+              </BaseCoord>
+            </BaseValues>
+            <!-- BaseLangSysCount=0 -->
+          </BaseScript>
+        </BaseScriptRecord>
+      </BaseScriptList>
+    </HorizAxis>
+  </BASE>
+
+  <GPOS>
+    <Version value="0x00010000"/>
+    <ScriptList>
+      <!-- ScriptCount=1 -->
+      <ScriptRecord index="0">
+        <ScriptTag value="DFLT"/>
+        <Script>
+          <DefaultLangSys>
+            <ReqFeatureIndex value="65535"/>
+            <!-- FeatureCount=1 -->
+            <FeatureIndex index="0" value="0"/>
+          </DefaultLangSys>
+          <!-- LangSysCount=0 -->
+        </Script>
+      </ScriptRecord>
+    </ScriptList>
+    <FeatureList>
+      <!-- FeatureCount=1 -->
+      <FeatureRecord index="0">
+        <FeatureTag value="size"/>
+        <Feature>
+          <FeatureParamsSize>
+            <DesignSize value="10.0"/>
+            <SubfamilyID value="0"/>
+            <SubfamilyNameID value="0"/>
+            <RangeStart value="0.0"/>
+            <RangeEnd value="0.0"/>
+          </FeatureParamsSize>
+          <!-- LookupCount=0 -->
+        </Feature>
+      </FeatureRecord>
+    </FeatureList>
+    <LookupList>
+      <!-- LookupCount=0 -->
+    </LookupList>
+  </GPOS>
+
+  <GSUB>
+    <Version value="0x00010000"/>
+    <ScriptList>
+      <!-- ScriptCount=1 -->
+      <ScriptRecord index="0">
+        <ScriptTag value="DFLT"/>
+        <Script>
+          <DefaultLangSys>
+            <ReqFeatureIndex value="65535"/>
+            <!-- FeatureCount=1 -->
+            <FeatureIndex index="0" value="0"/>
+          </DefaultLangSys>
+          <!-- LangSysCount=0 -->
+        </Script>
+      </ScriptRecord>
+    </ScriptList>
+    <FeatureList>
+      <!-- FeatureCount=1 -->
+      <FeatureRecord index="0">
+        <FeatureTag value="test"/>
+        <Feature>
+          <!-- LookupCount=1 -->
+          <LookupListIndex index="0" value="0"/>
+        </Feature>
+      </FeatureRecord>
+    </FeatureList>
+    <LookupList>
+      <!-- LookupCount=1 -->
+      <Lookup index="0">
+        <LookupType value="1"/>
+        <LookupFlag value="0"/>
+        <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
+        <SingleSubst index="0">
+          <Substitution in="dollar" out="dollar.a"/>
+        </SingleSubst>
+      </Lookup>
+    </LookupList>
+  </GSUB>
+
+  <hmtx>
+    <mtx name=".notdef" width="600" lsb="62"/>
+    <mtx name="A" width="600" lsb="31"/>
+    <mtx name="T" width="600" lsb="41"/>
+    <mtx name="dollar" width="497" lsb="51"/>
+    <mtx name="dollar.a" width="600" lsb="85"/>
+  </hmtx>
+
+  <DSIG>
+    <!-- note that the Digital Signature will be invalid after recompilation! -->
+    <tableHeader flag="0x0" numSigs="0" version="1"/>
+  </DSIG>
+
+</ttFont>
diff --git a/Tests/varLib/data/master_cff2_input/TestCFF2_Black.ttx b/Tests/varLib/data/master_cff2_input/TestCFF2_Black.ttx
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3280eea
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/varLib/data/master_cff2_input/TestCFF2_Black.ttx
@@ -0,0 +1,510 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<ttFont sfntVersion="OTTO" ttLibVersion="4.2">
+
+  <GlyphOrder>
+    <!-- The 'id' attribute is only for humans; it is ignored when parsed. -->
+    <GlyphID id="0" name=".notdef"/>
+    <GlyphID id="1" name="A"/>
+    <GlyphID id="2" name="T"/>
+    <GlyphID id="3" name="dollar.a"/>
+    <GlyphID id="4" name="dollar"/>
+  </GlyphOrder>
+
+  <head>
+    <!-- Most of this table will be recalculated by the compiler -->
+    <tableVersion value="1.0"/>
+    <fontRevision value="1.01"/>
+    <checkSumAdjustment value="0x26378952"/>
+    <magicNumber value="0x5f0f3cf5"/>
+    <flags value="00000000 00000011"/>
+    <unitsPerEm value="1000"/>
+    <created value="Thu Nov 29 14:52:09 2018"/>
+    <modified value="Thu Nov 29 14:52:09 2018"/>
+    <xMin value="0"/>
+    <yMin value="-116"/>
+    <xMax value="600"/>
+    <yMax value="750"/>
+    <macStyle value="00000000 00000000"/>
+    <lowestRecPPEM value="3"/>
+    <fontDirectionHint value="2"/>
+    <indexToLocFormat value="0"/>
+    <glyphDataFormat value="0"/>
+  </head>
+
+  <hhea>
+    <tableVersion value="0x00010000"/>
+    <ascent value="984"/>
+    <descent value="-273"/>
+    <lineGap value="0"/>
+    <advanceWidthMax value="600"/>
+    <minLeftSideBearing value="0"/>
+    <minRightSideBearing value="0"/>
+    <xMaxExtent value="600"/>
+    <caretSlopeRise value="1"/>
+    <caretSlopeRun value="0"/>
+    <caretOffset value="0"/>
+    <reserved0 value="0"/>
+    <reserved1 value="0"/>
+    <reserved2 value="0"/>
+    <reserved3 value="0"/>
+    <metricDataFormat value="0"/>
+    <numberOfHMetrics value="5"/>
+  </hhea>
+
+  <maxp>
+    <tableVersion value="0x5000"/>
+    <numGlyphs value="5"/>
+  </maxp>
+
+  <OS_2>
+    <!-- The fields 'usFirstCharIndex' and 'usLastCharIndex'
+         will be recalculated by the compiler -->
+    <version value="3"/>
+    <xAvgCharWidth value="592"/>
+    <usWeightClass value="900"/>
+    <usWidthClass value="5"/>
+    <fsType value="00000000 00000000"/>
+    <ySubscriptXSize value="650"/>
+    <ySubscriptYSize value="600"/>
+    <ySubscriptXOffset value="0"/>
+    <ySubscriptYOffset value="75"/>
+    <ySuperscriptXSize value="650"/>
+    <ySuperscriptYSize value="600"/>
+    <ySuperscriptXOffset value="0"/>
+    <ySuperscriptYOffset value="350"/>
+    <yStrikeoutSize value="50"/>
+    <yStrikeoutPosition value="300"/>
+    <sFamilyClass value="0"/>
+    <panose>
+      <bFamilyType value="2"/>
+      <bSerifStyle value="11"/>
+      <bWeight value="8"/>
+      <bProportion value="9"/>
+      <bContrast value="3"/>
+      <bStrokeVariation value="4"/>
+      <bArmStyle value="3"/>
+      <bLetterForm value="2"/>
+      <bMidline value="2"/>
+      <bXHeight value="4"/>
+    </panose>
+    <ulUnicodeRange1 value="00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000"/>
+    <ulUnicodeRange2 value="00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000"/>
+    <ulUnicodeRange3 value="00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000"/>
+    <ulUnicodeRange4 value="00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000"/>
+    <achVendID value="ADBO"/>
+    <fsSelection value="00000000 00000000"/>
+    <usFirstCharIndex value="36"/>
+    <usLastCharIndex value="84"/>
+    <sTypoAscender value="750"/>
+    <sTypoDescender value="-250"/>
+    <sTypoLineGap value="0"/>
+    <usWinAscent value="984"/>
+    <usWinDescent value="273"/>
+    <ulCodePageRange1 value="00000000 00000000 00000000 00000001"/>
+    <ulCodePageRange2 value="00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000"/>
+    <sxHeight value="500"/>
+    <sCapHeight value="660"/>
+    <usDefaultChar value="0"/>
+    <usBreakChar value="32"/>
+    <usMaxContext value="1"/>
+  </OS_2>
+
+  <name>
+    <namerecord nameID="1" platformID="1" platEncID="0" langID="0x0" unicode="True">
+      Source Code Variable
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="2" platformID="1" platEncID="0" langID="0x0" unicode="True">
+      Regular
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="3" platformID="1" platEncID="0" langID="0x0" unicode="True">
+      1.010;ADBO;SourceCode_Black
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="4" platformID="1" platEncID="0" langID="0x0" unicode="True">
+      Source Code Variable
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="5" platformID="1" platEncID="0" langID="0x0" unicode="True">
+      Version 1.010;hotconv 1.0.109;makeotfexe 2.5.65596
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="6" platformID="1" platEncID="0" langID="0x0" unicode="True">
+      SourceCode_Black
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="17" platformID="1" platEncID="0" langID="0x0" unicode="True">
+      Roman Master 2
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="1" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Source Code Variable
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="2" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Regular
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="3" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      1.010;ADBO;SourceCode_Black
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="4" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Source Code Variable
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="5" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Version 1.010;hotconv 1.0.109;makeotfexe 2.5.65596
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="6" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      SourceCode_Black
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="17" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Roman Master 2
+    </namerecord>
+  </name>
+
+  <cmap>
+    <tableVersion version="0"/>
+    <cmap_format_4 platformID="0" platEncID="3" language="0">
+      <map code="0x24" name="dollar"/><!-- DOLLAR SIGN -->
+      <map code="0x41" name="A"/><!-- LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A -->
+      <map code="0x54" name="T"/><!-- LATIN CAPITAL LETTER T -->
+    </cmap_format_4>
+    <cmap_format_6 platformID="1" platEncID="0" language="0">
+      <map code="0x24" name="dollar"/>
+      <map code="0x41" name="A"/>
+      <map code="0x54" name="T"/>
+    </cmap_format_6>
+    <cmap_format_4 platformID="3" platEncID="1" language="0">
+      <map code="0x24" name="dollar"/><!-- DOLLAR SIGN -->
+      <map code="0x41" name="A"/><!-- LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A -->
+      <map code="0x54" name="T"/><!-- LATIN CAPITAL LETTER T -->
+    </cmap_format_4>
+  </cmap>
+
+  <post>
+    <formatType value="2.0"/>
+    <italicAngle value="0.0"/>
+    <underlinePosition value="-75"/>
+    <underlineThickness value="50"/>
+    <isFixedPitch value="1"/>
+    <minMemType42 value="0"/>
+    <maxMemType42 value="0"/>
+    <minMemType1 value="0"/>
+    <maxMemType1 value="0"/>
+    <psNames>
+      <!-- This file uses unique glyph names based on the information
+           found in the 'post' table. Since these names might not be unique,
+           we have to invent artificial names in case of clashes. In order to
+           be able to retain the original information, we need a name to
+           ps name mapping for those cases where they differ. That's what
+           you see below.
+            -->
+    </psNames>
+    <extraNames>
+      <!-- following are the name that are not taken from the standard Mac glyph order -->
+      <psName name="dollar.a"/>
+    </extraNames>
+  </post>
+
+  <CFF2>
+    <major value="2"/>
+    <minor value="0"/>
+    <CFFFont name="CFF2Font">
+      <FontMatrix value="0.001 0 0 0.001 0 0"/>
+      <FDArray>
+        <FontDict index="0">
+          <Private>
+            <BlueValues value="-12 0 500 512 580 592 634 646 650 662 696 708"/>
+            <OtherBlues value="-188 -176"/>
+            <FamilyBlues value="-12 0 486 498 574 586 638 650 656 668 712 724"/>
+            <FamilyOtherBlues value="-217 -205"/>
+            <BlueScale value="0.0625"/>
+            <BlueShift value="7"/>
+            <BlueFuzz value="0"/>
+            <StdHW value="134"/>
+            <StdVW value="172"/>
+          </Private>
+        </FontDict>
+      </FDArray>
+      <CharStrings>
+        <CharString name=".notdef">
+          24 0 rmoveto
+          552 0 rlineto
+          0 660 rlineto
+          -552 0 rlineto
+          0 -660 rlineto
+          212 104 rmoveto
+          26 56 rlineto
+          36 96 rlineto
+          4 0 rlineto
+          36 -96 rlineto
+          26 -56 rlineto
+          -128 0 rlineto
+          -100 68 rmoveto
+          0 336 rlineto
+          82 -168 rlineto
+          -82 -168 rlineto
+          162 252 rmoveto
+          -40 96 rlineto
+          -18 36 rlineto
+          120 0 rlineto
+          -18 -36 rlineto
+          -40 -96 rlineto
+          -4 0 rlineto
+          84 -84 rmoveto
+          82 168 rlineto
+          0 -336 rlineto
+          -82 168 rlineto
+        </CharString>
+        <CharString name="A">
+          0 0 rmoveto
+          176 0 rlineto
+          73 316 rlineto
+          14 62 17 78 14 66 rrcurveto
+          4 0 rlineto
+          14 -66 19 -78 14 -62 rrcurveto
+          73 -316 rlineto
+          182 0 rlineto
+          -196 650 rlineto
+          -208 0 rlineto
+          -196 -650 rlineto
+          141 138 rmoveto
+          316 0 rlineto
+          0 133 rlineto
+          -316 0 rlineto
+          0 -133 rlineto
+        </CharString>
+        <CharString name="T">
+          214 0 rmoveto
+          172 0 rlineto
+          0 506 rlineto
+          187 0 rlineto
+          0 144 rlineto
+          -546 0 rlineto
+          0 -144 rlineto
+          187 0 rlineto
+          0 -506 rlineto
+        </CharString>
+        <CharString name="dollar">
+          -107 260 39 rmoveto
+          -65 0 -28 11 -49 24 rrcurveto
+          89 -53 rlineto
+          -15 89 rlineto
+          -9 52 -22 18 -43 0 rrcurveto
+          -26 0 -27 -14 -14 -38 rrcurveto
+          0 -90 71 -54 139 0 rrcurveto
+          163 0 99 84 0 117 rrcurveto
+          0 98 -58 68 -142 45 rrcurveto
+          -33 10 rlineto
+          -72 22 -24 24 0 49 rrcurveto
+          0 61 47 23 67 0 rrcurveto
+          42 0 27 -4 52 -24 rrcurveto
+          -85 47 rlineto
+          10 -67 rlineto
+          11 -75 37 -14 39 0 rrcurveto
+          26 0 29 15 5 41 rrcurveto
+          -8 88 -76 48 -121 0 rrcurveto
+          -158 0 -85 -80 0 -115 rrcurveto
+          0 -93 66 -69 121 -39 rrcurveto
+          32 -11 rlineto
+          80 -28 23 -19 0 -53 rrcurveto
+          0 -55 -43 -39 -72 0 rrcurveto
+          64 275 rmoveto
+          0 417 rlineto
+          -71 0 rlineto
+          0 -417 rlineto
+          71 0 rlineto
+          -79 -429 rmoveto
+          71 0 rlineto
+          0 429 rlineto
+          -71 0 rlineto
+          0 -429 rlineto
+        </CharString>
+        <CharString name="dollar.a">
+          292 34 rmoveto
+          163 0 83 80 0 100 rrcurveto
+          0 182 -302 -4 0 56 rrcurveto
+          0 21 18 11 36 0 rrcurveto
+          55 0 39 -16 52 -32 rrcurveto
+          84 98 rlineto
+          -53 52 -69 36 -97 0 rrcurveto
+          -141 0 -88 -68 0 -104 rrcurveto
+          0 -188 302 12 0 -68 rrcurveto
+          0 -20 -19 -10 -37 0 rrcurveto
+          -61 0 -55 20 -72 40 rrcurveto
+          -74 -116 rlineto
+          65 -54 101 -28 70 0 rrcurveto
+          -19 -150 rmoveto
+          160 854 rlineto
+          -100 12 rlineto
+          -160 -854 rlineto
+          100 -12 rlineto
+        </CharString>
+      </CharStrings>
+    </CFFFont>
+
+    <GlobalSubrs>
+      <!-- The 'index' attribute is only for humans; it is ignored when parsed. -->
+    </GlobalSubrs>
+  </CFF2>
+
+  <BASE>
+    <Version value="0x00010000"/>
+    <HorizAxis>
+      <BaseTagList>
+        <!-- BaseTagCount=2 -->
+        <BaselineTag index="0" value="ideo"/>
+        <BaselineTag index="1" value="romn"/>
+      </BaseTagList>
+      <BaseScriptList>
+        <!-- BaseScriptCount=4 -->
+        <BaseScriptRecord index="0">
+          <BaseScriptTag value="DFLT"/>
+          <BaseScript>
+            <BaseValues>
+              <DefaultIndex value="1"/>
+              <!-- BaseCoordCount=2 -->
+              <BaseCoord index="0" Format="1">
+                <Coordinate value="-170"/>
+              </BaseCoord>
+              <BaseCoord index="1" Format="1">
+                <Coordinate value="0"/>
+              </BaseCoord>
+            </BaseValues>
+            <!-- BaseLangSysCount=0 -->
+          </BaseScript>
+        </BaseScriptRecord>
+        <BaseScriptRecord index="1">
+          <BaseScriptTag value="cyrl"/>
+          <BaseScript>
+            <BaseValues>
+              <DefaultIndex value="1"/>
+              <!-- BaseCoordCount=2 -->
+              <BaseCoord index="0" Format="1">
+                <Coordinate value="-170"/>
+              </BaseCoord>
+              <BaseCoord index="1" Format="1">
+                <Coordinate value="0"/>
+              </BaseCoord>
+            </BaseValues>
+            <!-- BaseLangSysCount=0 -->
+          </BaseScript>
+        </BaseScriptRecord>
+        <BaseScriptRecord index="2">
+          <BaseScriptTag value="grek"/>
+          <BaseScript>
+            <BaseValues>
+              <DefaultIndex value="1"/>
+              <!-- BaseCoordCount=2 -->
+              <BaseCoord index="0" Format="1">
+                <Coordinate value="-170"/>
+              </BaseCoord>
+              <BaseCoord index="1" Format="1">
+                <Coordinate value="0"/>
+              </BaseCoord>
+            </BaseValues>
+            <!-- BaseLangSysCount=0 -->
+          </BaseScript>
+        </BaseScriptRecord>
+        <BaseScriptRecord index="3">
+          <BaseScriptTag value="latn"/>
+          <BaseScript>
+            <BaseValues>
+              <DefaultIndex value="1"/>
+              <!-- BaseCoordCount=2 -->
+              <BaseCoord index="0" Format="1">
+                <Coordinate value="-170"/>
+              </BaseCoord>
+              <BaseCoord index="1" Format="1">
+                <Coordinate value="0"/>
+              </BaseCoord>
+            </BaseValues>
+            <!-- BaseLangSysCount=0 -->
+          </BaseScript>
+        </BaseScriptRecord>
+      </BaseScriptList>
+    </HorizAxis>
+  </BASE>
+
+  <GPOS>
+    <Version value="0x00010000"/>
+    <ScriptList>
+      <!-- ScriptCount=1 -->
+      <ScriptRecord index="0">
+        <ScriptTag value="DFLT"/>
+        <Script>
+          <DefaultLangSys>
+            <ReqFeatureIndex value="65535"/>
+            <!-- FeatureCount=1 -->
+            <FeatureIndex index="0" value="0"/>
+          </DefaultLangSys>
+          <!-- LangSysCount=0 -->
+        </Script>
+      </ScriptRecord>
+    </ScriptList>
+    <FeatureList>
+      <!-- FeatureCount=1 -->
+      <FeatureRecord index="0">
+        <FeatureTag value="size"/>
+        <Feature>
+          <FeatureParamsSize>
+            <DesignSize value="10.0"/>
+            <SubfamilyID value="0"/>
+            <SubfamilyNameID value="0"/>
+            <RangeStart value="0.0"/>
+            <RangeEnd value="0.0"/>
+          </FeatureParamsSize>
+          <!-- LookupCount=0 -->
+        </Feature>
+      </FeatureRecord>
+    </FeatureList>
+    <LookupList>
+      <!-- LookupCount=0 -->
+    </LookupList>
+  </GPOS>
+
+  <GSUB>
+    <Version value="0x00010000"/>
+    <ScriptList>
+      <!-- ScriptCount=1 -->
+      <ScriptRecord index="0">
+        <ScriptTag value="DFLT"/>
+        <Script>
+          <DefaultLangSys>
+            <ReqFeatureIndex value="65535"/>
+            <!-- FeatureCount=1 -->
+            <FeatureIndex index="0" value="0"/>
+          </DefaultLangSys>
+          <!-- LangSysCount=0 -->
+        </Script>
+      </ScriptRecord>
+    </ScriptList>
+    <FeatureList>
+      <!-- FeatureCount=1 -->
+      <FeatureRecord index="0">
+        <FeatureTag value="test"/>
+        <Feature>
+          <!-- LookupCount=1 -->
+          <LookupListIndex index="0" value="0"/>
+        </Feature>
+      </FeatureRecord>
+    </FeatureList>
+    <LookupList>
+      <!-- LookupCount=1 -->
+      <Lookup index="0">
+        <LookupType value="1"/>
+        <LookupFlag value="0"/>
+        <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
+        <SingleSubst index="0">
+          <Substitution in="dollar" out="dollar.a"/>
+        </SingleSubst>
+      </Lookup>
+    </LookupList>
+  </GSUB>
+
+  <hmtx>
+    <mtx name=".notdef" width="600" lsb="24"/>
+    <mtx name="A" width="600" lsb="0"/>
+    <mtx name="T" width="600" lsb="27"/>
+    <mtx name="dollar" width="560" lsb="51"/>
+    <mtx name="dollar.a" width="600" lsb="56"/>
+  </hmtx>
+
+  <DSIG>
+    <!-- note that the Digital Signature will be invalid after recompilation! -->
+    <tableHeader flag="0x0" numSigs="0" version="1"/>
+  </DSIG>
+
+</ttFont>
diff --git a/Tests/varLib/data/master_cff2_input/TestCFF2_ExtraLight.ttx b/Tests/varLib/data/master_cff2_input/TestCFF2_ExtraLight.ttx
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..fbcf91a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/varLib/data/master_cff2_input/TestCFF2_ExtraLight.ttx
@@ -0,0 +1,510 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<ttFont sfntVersion="OTTO" ttLibVersion="4.2">
+
+  <GlyphOrder>
+    <!-- The 'id' attribute is only for humans; it is ignored when parsed. -->
+    <GlyphID id="0" name=".notdef"/>
+    <GlyphID id="1" name="A"/>
+    <GlyphID id="2" name="T"/>
+    <GlyphID id="3" name="dollar.a"/>
+    <GlyphID id="4" name="dollar"/>
+  </GlyphOrder>
+
+  <head>
+    <!-- Most of this table will be recalculated by the compiler -->
+    <tableVersion value="1.0"/>
+    <fontRevision value="1.01"/>
+    <checkSumAdjustment value="0xeb345d38"/>
+    <magicNumber value="0x5f0f3cf5"/>
+    <flags value="00000000 00000011"/>
+    <unitsPerEm value="1000"/>
+    <created value="Thu Nov 29 14:52:09 2018"/>
+    <modified value="Thu Nov 29 14:52:09 2018"/>
+    <xMin value="50"/>
+    <yMin value="-115"/>
+    <xMax value="550"/>
+    <yMax value="762"/>
+    <macStyle value="00000000 00000000"/>
+    <lowestRecPPEM value="3"/>
+    <fontDirectionHint value="2"/>
+    <indexToLocFormat value="0"/>
+    <glyphDataFormat value="0"/>
+  </head>
+
+  <hhea>
+    <tableVersion value="0x00010000"/>
+    <ascent value="984"/>
+    <descent value="-273"/>
+    <lineGap value="0"/>
+    <advanceWidthMax value="600"/>
+    <minLeftSideBearing value="50"/>
+    <minRightSideBearing value="50"/>
+    <xMaxExtent value="550"/>
+    <caretSlopeRise value="1"/>
+    <caretSlopeRun value="0"/>
+    <caretOffset value="0"/>
+    <reserved0 value="0"/>
+    <reserved1 value="0"/>
+    <reserved2 value="0"/>
+    <reserved3 value="0"/>
+    <metricDataFormat value="0"/>
+    <numberOfHMetrics value="5"/>
+  </hhea>
+
+  <maxp>
+    <tableVersion value="0x5000"/>
+    <numGlyphs value="5"/>
+  </maxp>
+
+  <OS_2>
+    <!-- The fields 'usFirstCharIndex' and 'usLastCharIndex'
+         will be recalculated by the compiler -->
+    <version value="3"/>
+    <xAvgCharWidth value="578"/>
+    <usWeightClass value="200"/>
+    <usWidthClass value="5"/>
+    <fsType value="00000000 00000000"/>
+    <ySubscriptXSize value="650"/>
+    <ySubscriptYSize value="600"/>
+    <ySubscriptXOffset value="0"/>
+    <ySubscriptYOffset value="75"/>
+    <ySuperscriptXSize value="650"/>
+    <ySuperscriptYSize value="600"/>
+    <ySuperscriptXOffset value="0"/>
+    <ySuperscriptYOffset value="350"/>
+    <yStrikeoutSize value="50"/>
+    <yStrikeoutPosition value="286"/>
+    <sFamilyClass value="0"/>
+    <panose>
+      <bFamilyType value="2"/>
+      <bSerifStyle value="11"/>
+      <bWeight value="3"/>
+      <bProportion value="9"/>
+      <bContrast value="3"/>
+      <bStrokeVariation value="4"/>
+      <bArmStyle value="3"/>
+      <bLetterForm value="2"/>
+      <bMidline value="2"/>
+      <bXHeight value="4"/>
+    </panose>
+    <ulUnicodeRange1 value="00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000"/>
+    <ulUnicodeRange2 value="00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000"/>
+    <ulUnicodeRange3 value="00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000"/>
+    <ulUnicodeRange4 value="00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000"/>
+    <achVendID value="ADBO"/>
+    <fsSelection value="00000000 00000000"/>
+    <usFirstCharIndex value="36"/>
+    <usLastCharIndex value="84"/>
+    <sTypoAscender value="750"/>
+    <sTypoDescender value="-250"/>
+    <sTypoLineGap value="0"/>
+    <usWinAscent value="984"/>
+    <usWinDescent value="273"/>
+    <ulCodePageRange1 value="00000000 00000000 00000000 00000001"/>
+    <ulCodePageRange2 value="00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000"/>
+    <sxHeight value="478"/>
+    <sCapHeight value="660"/>
+    <usDefaultChar value="0"/>
+    <usBreakChar value="32"/>
+    <usMaxContext value="1"/>
+  </OS_2>
+
+  <name>
+    <namerecord nameID="1" platformID="1" platEncID="0" langID="0x0" unicode="True">
+      Source Code Variable
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="2" platformID="1" platEncID="0" langID="0x0" unicode="True">
+      Regular
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="3" platformID="1" platEncID="0" langID="0x0" unicode="True">
+      1.010;ADBO;SourceCode_ExtraLight
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="4" platformID="1" platEncID="0" langID="0x0" unicode="True">
+      Source Code Variable
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="5" platformID="1" platEncID="0" langID="0x0" unicode="True">
+      Version 1.010;hotconv 1.0.109;makeotfexe 2.5.65596
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="6" platformID="1" platEncID="0" langID="0x0" unicode="True">
+      SourceCode_ExtraLight
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="17" platformID="1" platEncID="0" langID="0x0" unicode="True">
+      Roman Master 0
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="1" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Source Code Variable
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="2" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Regular
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="3" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      1.010;ADBO;SourceCode_ExtraLight
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="4" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Source Code Variable
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="5" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Version 1.010;hotconv 1.0.109;makeotfexe 2.5.65596
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="6" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      SourceCode_ExtraLight
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="17" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Roman Master 0
+    </namerecord>
+  </name>
+
+  <cmap>
+    <tableVersion version="0"/>
+    <cmap_format_4 platformID="0" platEncID="3" language="0">
+      <map code="0x24" name="dollar"/><!-- DOLLAR SIGN -->
+      <map code="0x41" name="A"/><!-- LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A -->
+      <map code="0x54" name="T"/><!-- LATIN CAPITAL LETTER T -->
+    </cmap_format_4>
+    <cmap_format_6 platformID="1" platEncID="0" language="0">
+      <map code="0x24" name="dollar"/>
+      <map code="0x41" name="A"/>
+      <map code="0x54" name="T"/>
+    </cmap_format_6>
+    <cmap_format_4 platformID="3" platEncID="1" language="0">
+      <map code="0x24" name="dollar"/><!-- DOLLAR SIGN -->
+      <map code="0x41" name="A"/><!-- LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A -->
+      <map code="0x54" name="T"/><!-- LATIN CAPITAL LETTER T -->
+    </cmap_format_4>
+  </cmap>
+
+  <post>
+    <formatType value="2.0"/>
+    <italicAngle value="0.0"/>
+    <underlinePosition value="-75"/>
+    <underlineThickness value="50"/>
+    <isFixedPitch value="1"/>
+    <minMemType42 value="0"/>
+    <maxMemType42 value="0"/>
+    <minMemType1 value="0"/>
+    <maxMemType1 value="0"/>
+    <psNames>
+      <!-- This file uses unique glyph names based on the information
+           found in the 'post' table. Since these names might not be unique,
+           we have to invent artificial names in case of clashes. In order to
+           be able to retain the original information, we need a name to
+           ps name mapping for those cases where they differ. That's what
+           you see below.
+            -->
+    </psNames>
+    <extraNames>
+      <!-- following are the name that are not taken from the standard Mac glyph order -->
+      <psName name="dollar.a"/>
+    </extraNames>
+  </post>
+
+  <CFF2>
+    <major value="2"/>
+    <minor value="0"/>
+    <CFFFont name="CFF2Font">
+      <FontMatrix value="0.001 0 0 0.001 0 0"/>
+      <FDArray>
+        <FontDict index="0">
+          <Private>
+            <BlueValues value="-12 0 478 490 570 582 640 652 660 672 722 734"/>
+            <OtherBlues value="-234 -222"/>
+            <FamilyBlues value="-12 0 486 498 574 586 638 650 656 668 712 724"/>
+            <FamilyOtherBlues value="-217 -205"/>
+            <BlueScale value="0.0625"/>
+            <BlueShift value="7"/>
+            <BlueFuzz value="0"/>
+            <StdHW value="28"/>
+            <StdVW value="34"/>
+          </Private>
+        </FontDict>
+      </FDArray>
+      <CharStrings>
+        <CharString name=".notdef">
+          84 0 rmoveto
+          432 0 rlineto
+          0 660 rlineto
+          -432 0 rlineto
+          0 -660 rlineto
+          48 32 rmoveto
+          102 176 rlineto
+          64 106 rlineto
+          4 0 rlineto
+          62 -106 rlineto
+          100 -176 rlineto
+          -332 0 rlineto
+          -10 42 rmoveto
+          0 536 rlineto
+          154 -270 rlineto
+          -154 -266 rlineto
+          176 292 rmoveto
+          -56 92 rlineto
+          -94 168 rlineto
+          302 0 rlineto
+          -94 -168 rlineto
+          -54 -92 rlineto
+          -4 0 rlineto
+          26 -26 rmoveto
+          152 270 rlineto
+          0 -536 rlineto
+          -152 266 rlineto
+        </CharString>
+        <CharString name="A">
+          50 0 rmoveto
+          32 0 rlineto
+          140 396 rlineto
+          28 80 24 68 24 82 rrcurveto
+          4 0 rlineto
+          24 -82 24 -68 28 -80 rrcurveto
+          138 -396 rlineto
+          34 0 rlineto
+          -236 660 rlineto
+          -28 0 rlineto
+          -236 -660 rlineto
+          102 236 rmoveto
+          293 0 rlineto
+          0 28 rlineto
+          -293 0 rlineto
+          0 -28 rlineto
+        </CharString>
+        <CharString name="T">
+          284 0 rmoveto
+          32 0 rlineto
+          0 632 rlineto
+          234 0 rlineto
+          0 28 rlineto
+          -500 0 rlineto
+          0 -28 rlineto
+          234 0 rlineto
+          0 -632 rlineto
+        </CharString>
+        <CharString name="dollar">
+          -107 245 7 rmoveto
+          -65 0 -39 15 -46 50 rrcurveto
+          36 -48 rlineto
+          -28 100 rlineto
+          -4 16 -12 4 -11 0 rrcurveto
+          -14 0 -8 -7 -1 -14 rrcurveto
+          24 -85 61 -51 107 0 rrcurveto
+          91 0 90 53 0 111 rrcurveto
+          0 70 -26 66 -134 57 rrcurveto
+          -19 8 rlineto
+          -93 39 -42 49 0 68 rrcurveto
+          0 91 60 48 88 0 rrcurveto
+          56 0 35 -14 44 -50 rrcurveto
+          -38 47 rlineto
+          28 -100 rlineto
+          6 -15 10 -5 11 0 rrcurveto
+          14 0 8 7 1 14 rrcurveto
+          -24 88 -67 48 -84 0 rrcurveto
+          -92 0 -82 -51 0 -108 rrcurveto
+          0 -80 45 -53 92 -42 rrcurveto
+          37 -17 rlineto
+          114 -52 26 -46 0 -65 rrcurveto
+          0 -92 -65 -54 -90 0 rrcurveto
+          18 327 rmoveto
+          0 428 rlineto
+          -22 0 rlineto
+          0 -428 rlineto
+          22 0 rlineto
+          -22 -449 rmoveto
+          22 0 rlineto
+          0 449 rlineto
+          -22 0 rlineto
+          0 -449 rlineto
+        </CharString>
+        <CharString name="dollar.a">
+          311 34 rmoveto
+          103 0 88 56 0 94 rrcurveto
+          0 184 -338 -32 0 142 rrcurveto
+          0 68 57 44 85 0 rrcurveto
+          76 0 34 -24 44 -38 rrcurveto
+          20 20 rlineto
+          -41 38 -45 32 -85 0 rrcurveto
+          -99 0 -78 -54 0 -88 rrcurveto
+          0 -166 338 28 0 -156 rrcurveto
+          0 -70 -56 -50 -103 0 rrcurveto
+          -85 0 -66 38 -40 34 rrcurveto
+          -18 -22 rlineto
+          45 -38 73 -40 91 0 rrcurveto
+          -70 -146 rmoveto
+          158 860 rlineto
+          -30 4 rlineto
+          -158 -860 rlineto
+          30 -4 rlineto
+        </CharString>
+      </CharStrings>
+    </CFFFont>
+
+    <GlobalSubrs>
+      <!-- The 'index' attribute is only for humans; it is ignored when parsed. -->
+    </GlobalSubrs>
+  </CFF2>
+
+  <BASE>
+    <Version value="0x00010000"/>
+    <HorizAxis>
+      <BaseTagList>
+        <!-- BaseTagCount=2 -->
+        <BaselineTag index="0" value="ideo"/>
+        <BaselineTag index="1" value="romn"/>
+      </BaseTagList>
+      <BaseScriptList>
+        <!-- BaseScriptCount=4 -->
+        <BaseScriptRecord index="0">
+          <BaseScriptTag value="DFLT"/>
+          <BaseScript>
+            <BaseValues>
+              <DefaultIndex value="1"/>
+              <!-- BaseCoordCount=2 -->
+              <BaseCoord index="0" Format="1">
+                <Coordinate value="-170"/>
+              </BaseCoord>
+              <BaseCoord index="1" Format="1">
+                <Coordinate value="0"/>
+              </BaseCoord>
+            </BaseValues>
+            <!-- BaseLangSysCount=0 -->
+          </BaseScript>
+        </BaseScriptRecord>
+        <BaseScriptRecord index="1">
+          <BaseScriptTag value="cyrl"/>
+          <BaseScript>
+            <BaseValues>
+              <DefaultIndex value="1"/>
+              <!-- BaseCoordCount=2 -->
+              <BaseCoord index="0" Format="1">
+                <Coordinate value="-170"/>
+              </BaseCoord>
+              <BaseCoord index="1" Format="1">
+                <Coordinate value="0"/>
+              </BaseCoord>
+            </BaseValues>
+            <!-- BaseLangSysCount=0 -->
+          </BaseScript>
+        </BaseScriptRecord>
+        <BaseScriptRecord index="2">
+          <BaseScriptTag value="grek"/>
+          <BaseScript>
+            <BaseValues>
+              <DefaultIndex value="1"/>
+              <!-- BaseCoordCount=2 -->
+              <BaseCoord index="0" Format="1">
+                <Coordinate value="-170"/>
+              </BaseCoord>
+              <BaseCoord index="1" Format="1">
+                <Coordinate value="0"/>
+              </BaseCoord>
+            </BaseValues>
+            <!-- BaseLangSysCount=0 -->
+          </BaseScript>
+        </BaseScriptRecord>
+        <BaseScriptRecord index="3">
+          <BaseScriptTag value="latn"/>
+          <BaseScript>
+            <BaseValues>
+              <DefaultIndex value="1"/>
+              <!-- BaseCoordCount=2 -->
+              <BaseCoord index="0" Format="1">
+                <Coordinate value="-170"/>
+              </BaseCoord>
+              <BaseCoord index="1" Format="1">
+                <Coordinate value="0"/>
+              </BaseCoord>
+            </BaseValues>
+            <!-- BaseLangSysCount=0 -->
+          </BaseScript>
+        </BaseScriptRecord>
+      </BaseScriptList>
+    </HorizAxis>
+  </BASE>
+
+  <GPOS>
+    <Version value="0x00010000"/>
+    <ScriptList>
+      <!-- ScriptCount=1 -->
+      <ScriptRecord index="0">
+        <ScriptTag value="DFLT"/>
+        <Script>
+          <DefaultLangSys>
+            <ReqFeatureIndex value="65535"/>
+            <!-- FeatureCount=1 -->
+            <FeatureIndex index="0" value="0"/>
+          </DefaultLangSys>
+          <!-- LangSysCount=0 -->
+        </Script>
+      </ScriptRecord>
+    </ScriptList>
+    <FeatureList>
+      <!-- FeatureCount=1 -->
+      <FeatureRecord index="0">
+        <FeatureTag value="size"/>
+        <Feature>
+          <FeatureParamsSize>
+            <DesignSize value="10.0"/>
+            <SubfamilyID value="0"/>
+            <SubfamilyNameID value="0"/>
+            <RangeStart value="0.0"/>
+            <RangeEnd value="0.0"/>
+          </FeatureParamsSize>
+          <!-- LookupCount=0 -->
+        </Feature>
+      </FeatureRecord>
+    </FeatureList>
+    <LookupList>
+      <!-- LookupCount=0 -->
+    </LookupList>
+  </GPOS>
+
+  <GSUB>
+    <Version value="0x00010000"/>
+    <ScriptList>
+      <!-- ScriptCount=1 -->
+      <ScriptRecord index="0">
+        <ScriptTag value="DFLT"/>
+        <Script>
+          <DefaultLangSys>
+            <ReqFeatureIndex value="65535"/>
+            <!-- FeatureCount=1 -->
+            <FeatureIndex index="0" value="0"/>
+          </DefaultLangSys>
+          <!-- LangSysCount=0 -->
+        </Script>
+      </ScriptRecord>
+    </ScriptList>
+    <FeatureList>
+      <!-- FeatureCount=1 -->
+      <FeatureRecord index="0">
+        <FeatureTag value="test"/>
+        <Feature>
+          <!-- LookupCount=1 -->
+          <LookupListIndex index="0" value="0"/>
+        </Feature>
+      </FeatureRecord>
+    </FeatureList>
+    <LookupList>
+      <!-- LookupCount=1 -->
+      <Lookup index="0">
+        <LookupType value="1"/>
+        <LookupFlag value="0"/>
+        <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
+        <SingleSubst index="0">
+          <Substitution in="dollar" out="dollar.a"/>
+        </SingleSubst>
+      </Lookup>
+    </LookupList>
+  </GSUB>
+
+  <hmtx>
+    <mtx name=".notdef" width="600" lsb="84"/>
+    <mtx name="A" width="600" lsb="50"/>
+    <mtx name="T" width="600" lsb="50"/>
+    <mtx name="dollar" width="490" lsb="53"/>
+    <mtx name="dollar.a" width="600" lsb="102"/>
+  </hmtx>
+
+  <DSIG>
+    <!-- note that the Digital Signature will be invalid after recompilation! -->
+    <tableHeader flag="0x0" numSigs="0" version="1"/>
+  </DSIG>
+
+</ttFont>
diff --git a/Tests/varLib/data/master_cff2_input/TestCFF2_Regular.ttx b/Tests/varLib/data/master_cff2_input/TestCFF2_Regular.ttx
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..757e5b8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/varLib/data/master_cff2_input/TestCFF2_Regular.ttx
@@ -0,0 +1,508 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<ttFont sfntVersion="OTTO" ttLibVersion="4.2">
+
+  <GlyphOrder>
+    <!-- The 'id' attribute is only for humans; it is ignored when parsed. -->
+    <GlyphID id="0" name=".notdef"/>
+    <GlyphID id="1" name="A"/>
+    <GlyphID id="2" name="T"/>
+    <GlyphID id="3" name="dollar.a"/>
+    <GlyphID id="4" name="dollar"/>
+  </GlyphOrder>
+
+  <head>
+    <!-- Most of this table will be recalculated by the compiler -->
+    <tableVersion value="1.0"/>
+    <fontRevision value="1.01"/>
+    <checkSumAdjustment value="0x60d07155"/>
+    <magicNumber value="0x5f0f3cf5"/>
+    <flags value="00000000 00000011"/>
+    <unitsPerEm value="1000"/>
+    <created value="Thu Nov 29 14:52:09 2018"/>
+    <modified value="Thu Nov 29 14:52:09 2018"/>
+    <xMin value="31"/>
+    <yMin value="-115"/>
+    <xMax value="569"/>
+    <yMax value="751"/>
+    <macStyle value="00000000 00000000"/>
+    <lowestRecPPEM value="3"/>
+    <fontDirectionHint value="2"/>
+    <indexToLocFormat value="0"/>
+    <glyphDataFormat value="0"/>
+  </head>
+
+  <hhea>
+    <tableVersion value="0x00010000"/>
+    <ascent value="984"/>
+    <descent value="-273"/>
+    <lineGap value="0"/>
+    <advanceWidthMax value="600"/>
+    <minLeftSideBearing value="31"/>
+    <minRightSideBearing value="31"/>
+    <xMaxExtent value="569"/>
+    <caretSlopeRise value="1"/>
+    <caretSlopeRun value="0"/>
+    <caretOffset value="0"/>
+    <reserved0 value="0"/>
+    <reserved1 value="0"/>
+    <reserved2 value="0"/>
+    <reserved3 value="0"/>
+    <metricDataFormat value="0"/>
+    <numberOfHMetrics value="5"/>
+  </hhea>
+
+  <maxp>
+    <tableVersion value="0x5000"/>
+    <numGlyphs value="5"/>
+  </maxp>
+
+  <OS_2>
+    <!-- The fields 'usFirstCharIndex' and 'usLastCharIndex'
+         will be recalculated by the compiler -->
+    <version value="3"/>
+    <xAvgCharWidth value="579"/>
+    <usWeightClass value="400"/>
+    <usWidthClass value="5"/>
+    <fsType value="00000000 00000000"/>
+    <ySubscriptXSize value="650"/>
+    <ySubscriptYSize value="600"/>
+    <ySubscriptXOffset value="0"/>
+    <ySubscriptYOffset value="75"/>
+    <ySuperscriptXSize value="650"/>
+    <ySuperscriptYSize value="600"/>
+    <ySuperscriptXOffset value="0"/>
+    <ySuperscriptYOffset value="350"/>
+    <yStrikeoutSize value="50"/>
+    <yStrikeoutPosition value="291"/>
+    <sFamilyClass value="0"/>
+    <panose>
+      <bFamilyType value="2"/>
+      <bSerifStyle value="11"/>
+      <bWeight value="5"/>
+      <bProportion value="9"/>
+      <bContrast value="3"/>
+      <bStrokeVariation value="4"/>
+      <bArmStyle value="3"/>
+      <bLetterForm value="2"/>
+      <bMidline value="2"/>
+      <bXHeight value="4"/>
+    </panose>
+    <ulUnicodeRange1 value="00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000"/>
+    <ulUnicodeRange2 value="00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000"/>
+    <ulUnicodeRange3 value="00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000"/>
+    <ulUnicodeRange4 value="00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000"/>
+    <achVendID value="ADBO"/>
+    <fsSelection value="00000000 01000000"/>
+    <usFirstCharIndex value="36"/>
+    <usLastCharIndex value="84"/>
+    <sTypoAscender value="750"/>
+    <sTypoDescender value="-250"/>
+    <sTypoLineGap value="0"/>
+    <usWinAscent value="984"/>
+    <usWinDescent value="273"/>
+    <ulCodePageRange1 value="00000000 00000000 00000000 00000001"/>
+    <ulCodePageRange2 value="00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000"/>
+    <sxHeight value="486"/>
+    <sCapHeight value="660"/>
+    <usDefaultChar value="0"/>
+    <usBreakChar value="32"/>
+    <usMaxContext value="1"/>
+  </OS_2>
+
+  <name>
+    <namerecord nameID="1" platformID="1" platEncID="0" langID="0x0" unicode="True">
+      Source Code Variable
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="2" platformID="1" platEncID="0" langID="0x0" unicode="True">
+      Regular
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="3" platformID="1" platEncID="0" langID="0x0" unicode="True">
+      1.010;ADBO;SourceCodeVariable-Roman
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="4" platformID="1" platEncID="0" langID="0x0" unicode="True">
+      Source Code Variable
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="5" platformID="1" platEncID="0" langID="0x0" unicode="True">
+      Version 1.010;hotconv 1.0.109;makeotfexe 2.5.65596
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="6" platformID="1" platEncID="0" langID="0x0" unicode="True">
+      SourceCodeVariable-Roman
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="17" platformID="1" platEncID="0" langID="0x0" unicode="True">
+      Roman
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="1" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Source Code Variable
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="2" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Regular
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="3" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      1.010;ADBO;SourceCodeVariable-Roman
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="4" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Source Code Variable
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="5" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Version 1.010;hotconv 1.0.109;makeotfexe 2.5.65596
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="6" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      SourceCodeVariable-Roman
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="17" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Roman
+    </namerecord>
+  </name>
+
+  <cmap>
+    <tableVersion version="0"/>
+    <cmap_format_4 platformID="0" platEncID="3" language="0">
+      <map code="0x24" name="dollar"/><!-- DOLLAR SIGN -->
+      <map code="0x41" name="A"/><!-- LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A -->
+      <map code="0x54" name="T"/><!-- LATIN CAPITAL LETTER T -->
+    </cmap_format_4>
+    <cmap_format_6 platformID="1" platEncID="0" language="0">
+      <map code="0x24" name="dollar"/>
+      <map code="0x41" name="A"/>
+      <map code="0x54" name="T"/>
+    </cmap_format_6>
+    <cmap_format_4 platformID="3" platEncID="1" language="0">
+      <map code="0x24" name="dollar"/><!-- DOLLAR SIGN -->
+      <map code="0x41" name="A"/><!-- LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A -->
+      <map code="0x54" name="T"/><!-- LATIN CAPITAL LETTER T -->
+    </cmap_format_4>
+  </cmap>
+
+  <post>
+    <formatType value="2.0"/>
+    <italicAngle value="0.0"/>
+    <underlinePosition value="-75"/>
+    <underlineThickness value="50"/>
+    <isFixedPitch value="1"/>
+    <minMemType42 value="0"/>
+    <maxMemType42 value="0"/>
+    <minMemType1 value="0"/>
+    <maxMemType1 value="0"/>
+    <psNames>
+      <!-- This file uses unique glyph names based on the information
+           found in the 'post' table. Since these names might not be unique,
+           we have to invent artificial names in case of clashes. In order to
+           be able to retain the original information, we need a name to
+           ps name mapping for those cases where they differ. That's what
+           you see below.
+            -->
+    </psNames>
+    <extraNames>
+      <!-- following are the name that are not taken from the standard Mac glyph order -->
+      <psName name="dollar.a"/>
+    </extraNames>
+  </post>
+
+  <CFF2>
+    <major value="2"/>
+    <minor value="0"/>
+    <CFFFont name="CFF2Font">
+      <FontMatrix value="0.001 0 0 0.001 0 0"/>
+      <FDArray>
+        <FontDict index="0">
+          <Private>
+            <BlueValues value="-12 0 486 498 574 586 638 650 656 668 712 724"/>
+            <OtherBlues value="-217 -205"/>
+            <BlueScale value="0.0625"/>
+            <BlueShift value="7"/>
+            <BlueFuzz value="0"/>
+            <StdHW value="67"/>
+            <StdVW value="85"/>
+          </Private>
+        </FontDict>
+      </FDArray>
+      <CharStrings>
+        <CharString name=".notdef">
+          62 0 rmoveto
+          476 0 rlineto
+          0 660 rlineto
+          -476 0 rlineto
+          0 -660 rlineto
+          109 59 rmoveto
+          73 131 rlineto
+          54 102 rlineto
+          4 0 rlineto
+          52 -102 rlineto
+          73 -131 rlineto
+          -256 0 rlineto
+          -44 52 rmoveto
+          0 461 rlineto
+          127 -232 rlineto
+          -127 -229 rlineto
+          171 277 rmoveto
+          -50 93 rlineto
+          -66 119 rlineto
+          234 0 rlineto
+          -65 -119 rlineto
+          -49 -93 rlineto
+          -4 0 rlineto
+          48 -48 rmoveto
+          126 232 rlineto
+          0 -461 rlineto
+          -126 229 rlineto
+        </CharString>
+        <CharString name="A">
+          31 0 rmoveto
+          86 0 rlineto
+          115 366 rlineto
+          23 73 21 72 21 76 rrcurveto
+          4 0 rlineto
+          20 -76 22 -72 23 -73 rrcurveto
+          113 -366 rlineto
+          90 0 rlineto
+          -221 656 rlineto
+          -96 0 rlineto
+          -221 -656 rlineto
+          117 199 rmoveto
+          301 0 rlineto
+          0 68 rlineto
+          -301 0 rlineto
+          0 -68 rlineto
+        </CharString>
+        <CharString name="T">
+          258 0 rmoveto
+          84 0 rlineto
+          0 585 rlineto
+          217 0 rlineto
+          0 71 rlineto
+          -518 0 rlineto
+          0 -71 rlineto
+          217 0 rlineto
+          0 -585 rlineto
+        </CharString>
+        <CharString name="dollar">
+          -107 248 35 rmoveto
+          -39 0 -45 5 -46 18 rrcurveto
+          53 -36 rlineto
+          -17 76 rlineto
+          -12 53 -22 13 -24 0 rrcurveto
+          -22 0 -14 -11 -9 -20 rrcurveto
+          4 -87 81 -59 107 0 rrcurveto
+          136 0 82 76 0 107 rrcurveto
+          0 82 -41 65 -135 47 rrcurveto
+          -38 13 rlineto
+          -71 23 -40 35 0 64 rrcurveto
+          0 75 57 37 74 0 rrcurveto
+          30 0 36 -5 42 -17 rrcurveto
+          -52 36 rlineto
+          17 -76 rlineto
+          12 -52 25 -14 22 0 rrcurveto
+          19 0 17 10 8 21 rrcurveto
+          -6 86 -80 60 -101 0 rrcurveto
+          -115 0 -83 -80 0 -102 rrcurveto
+          0 -100 62 -54 105 -37 rrcurveto
+          37 -13 rlineto
+          85 -30 36 -30 0 -63 rrcurveto
+          0 -74 -53 -42 -82 0 rrcurveto
+          31 287 rmoveto
+          0 428 rlineto
+          -40 0 rlineto
+          0 -428 rlineto
+          40 0 rlineto
+          -41 -437 rmoveto
+          40 0 rlineto
+          0 437 rlineto
+          -40 0 rlineto
+          0 -437 rlineto
+        </CharString>
+        <CharString name="dollar.a">
+          304 34 rmoveto
+          125 0 86 65 0 96 rrcurveto
+          0 183 -324 -21 0 110 rrcurveto
+          0 50 42 32 67 0 rrcurveto
+          68 0 36 -21 47 -36 rrcurveto
+          44 49 rlineto
+          -46 44 -54 33 -89 0 rrcurveto
+          -115 0 -81 -59 0 -94 rrcurveto
+          0 -174 324 22 0 -124 rrcurveto
+          0 -51 -42 -35 -78 0 rrcurveto
+          -76 0 -62 31 -52 37 rrcurveto
+          -39 -58 rlineto
+          52 -43 84 -36 83 0 rrcurveto
+          -51 -147 rmoveto
+          159 857 rlineto
+          -56 7 rlineto
+          -159 -858 rlineto
+          56 -6 rlineto
+        </CharString>
+      </CharStrings>
+    </CFFFont>
+
+    <GlobalSubrs>
+      <!-- The 'index' attribute is only for humans; it is ignored when parsed. -->
+    </GlobalSubrs>
+  </CFF2>
+
+  <BASE>
+    <Version value="0x00010000"/>
+    <HorizAxis>
+      <BaseTagList>
+        <!-- BaseTagCount=2 -->
+        <BaselineTag index="0" value="ideo"/>
+        <BaselineTag index="1" value="romn"/>
+      </BaseTagList>
+      <BaseScriptList>
+        <!-- BaseScriptCount=4 -->
+        <BaseScriptRecord index="0">
+          <BaseScriptTag value="DFLT"/>
+          <BaseScript>
+            <BaseValues>
+              <DefaultIndex value="1"/>
+              <!-- BaseCoordCount=2 -->
+              <BaseCoord index="0" Format="1">
+                <Coordinate value="-170"/>
+              </BaseCoord>
+              <BaseCoord index="1" Format="1">
+                <Coordinate value="0"/>
+              </BaseCoord>
+            </BaseValues>
+            <!-- BaseLangSysCount=0 -->
+          </BaseScript>
+        </BaseScriptRecord>
+        <BaseScriptRecord index="1">
+          <BaseScriptTag value="cyrl"/>
+          <BaseScript>
+            <BaseValues>
+              <DefaultIndex value="1"/>
+              <!-- BaseCoordCount=2 -->
+              <BaseCoord index="0" Format="1">
+                <Coordinate value="-170"/>
+              </BaseCoord>
+              <BaseCoord index="1" Format="1">
+                <Coordinate value="0"/>
+              </BaseCoord>
+            </BaseValues>
+            <!-- BaseLangSysCount=0 -->
+          </BaseScript>
+        </BaseScriptRecord>
+        <BaseScriptRecord index="2">
+          <BaseScriptTag value="grek"/>
+          <BaseScript>
+            <BaseValues>
+              <DefaultIndex value="1"/>
+              <!-- BaseCoordCount=2 -->
+              <BaseCoord index="0" Format="1">
+                <Coordinate value="-170"/>
+              </BaseCoord>
+              <BaseCoord index="1" Format="1">
+                <Coordinate value="0"/>
+              </BaseCoord>
+            </BaseValues>
+            <!-- BaseLangSysCount=0 -->
+          </BaseScript>
+        </BaseScriptRecord>
+        <BaseScriptRecord index="3">
+          <BaseScriptTag value="latn"/>
+          <BaseScript>
+            <BaseValues>
+              <DefaultIndex value="1"/>
+              <!-- BaseCoordCount=2 -->
+              <BaseCoord index="0" Format="1">
+                <Coordinate value="-170"/>
+              </BaseCoord>
+              <BaseCoord index="1" Format="1">
+                <Coordinate value="0"/>
+              </BaseCoord>
+            </BaseValues>
+            <!-- BaseLangSysCount=0 -->
+          </BaseScript>
+        </BaseScriptRecord>
+      </BaseScriptList>
+    </HorizAxis>
+  </BASE>
+
+  <GPOS>
+    <Version value="0x00010000"/>
+    <ScriptList>
+      <!-- ScriptCount=1 -->
+      <ScriptRecord index="0">
+        <ScriptTag value="DFLT"/>
+        <Script>
+          <DefaultLangSys>
+            <ReqFeatureIndex value="65535"/>
+            <!-- FeatureCount=1 -->
+            <FeatureIndex index="0" value="0"/>
+          </DefaultLangSys>
+          <!-- LangSysCount=0 -->
+        </Script>
+      </ScriptRecord>
+    </ScriptList>
+    <FeatureList>
+      <!-- FeatureCount=1 -->
+      <FeatureRecord index="0">
+        <FeatureTag value="size"/>
+        <Feature>
+          <FeatureParamsSize>
+            <DesignSize value="10.0"/>
+            <SubfamilyID value="0"/>
+            <SubfamilyNameID value="0"/>
+            <RangeStart value="0.0"/>
+            <RangeEnd value="0.0"/>
+          </FeatureParamsSize>
+          <!-- LookupCount=0 -->
+        </Feature>
+      </FeatureRecord>
+    </FeatureList>
+    <LookupList>
+      <!-- LookupCount=0 -->
+    </LookupList>
+  </GPOS>
+
+  <GSUB>
+    <Version value="0x00010000"/>
+    <ScriptList>
+      <!-- ScriptCount=1 -->
+      <ScriptRecord index="0">
+        <ScriptTag value="DFLT"/>
+        <Script>
+          <DefaultLangSys>
+            <ReqFeatureIndex value="65535"/>
+            <!-- FeatureCount=1 -->
+            <FeatureIndex index="0" value="0"/>
+          </DefaultLangSys>
+          <!-- LangSysCount=0 -->
+        </Script>
+      </ScriptRecord>
+    </ScriptList>
+    <FeatureList>
+      <!-- FeatureCount=1 -->
+      <FeatureRecord index="0">
+        <FeatureTag value="test"/>
+        <Feature>
+          <!-- LookupCount=1 -->
+          <LookupListIndex index="0" value="0"/>
+        </Feature>
+      </FeatureRecord>
+    </FeatureList>
+    <LookupList>
+      <!-- LookupCount=1 -->
+      <Lookup index="0">
+        <LookupType value="1"/>
+        <LookupFlag value="0"/>
+        <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
+        <SingleSubst index="0">
+          <Substitution in="dollar" out="dollar.a"/>
+        </SingleSubst>
+      </Lookup>
+    </LookupList>
+  </GSUB>
+
+  <hmtx>
+    <mtx name=".notdef" width="600" lsb="62"/>
+    <mtx name="A" width="600" lsb="31"/>
+    <mtx name="T" width="600" lsb="41"/>
+    <mtx name="dollar" width="497" lsb="51"/>
+    <mtx name="dollar.a" width="600" lsb="85"/>
+  </hmtx>
+
+  <DSIG>
+    <!-- note that the Digital Signature will be invalid after recompilation! -->
+    <tableHeader flag="0x0" numSigs="0" version="1"/>
+  </DSIG>
+
+</ttFont>
diff --git a/Tests/varLib/data/master_incompatible_arrays/IncompatibleArrays-Bold.ttx b/Tests/varLib/data/master_incompatible_arrays/IncompatibleArrays-Bold.ttx
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c47ecba
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/varLib/data/master_incompatible_arrays/IncompatibleArrays-Bold.ttx
@@ -0,0 +1,612 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<ttFont sfntVersion="\x00\x01\x00\x00" ttLibVersion="4.20">
+
+  <GlyphOrder>
+    <!-- The 'id' attribute is only for humans; it is ignored when parsed. -->
+    <GlyphID id="0" name=".notdef"/>
+    <GlyphID id="1" name="A"/>
+    <GlyphID id="2" name="Aacute"/>
+    <GlyphID id="3" name="O"/>
+    <GlyphID id="4" name="V"/>
+    <GlyphID id="5" name="space"/>
+    <GlyphID id="6" name="dollar"/>
+    <GlyphID id="7" name="dollar.bold"/>
+    <GlyphID id="8" name="acutecomb"/>
+    <GlyphID id="9" name="dollar.BRACKET.500"/>
+  </GlyphOrder>
+
+  <head>
+    <!-- Most of this table will be recalculated by the compiler -->
+    <tableVersion value="1.0"/>
+    <fontRevision value="1.0"/>
+    <checkSumAdjustment value="0x10cb3f3"/>
+    <magicNumber value="0x5f0f3cf5"/>
+    <flags value="00000000 00000011"/>
+    <unitsPerEm value="1000"/>
+    <created value="Fri Jan 15 14:37:13 2021"/>
+    <modified value="Mon Mar 15 12:57:03 2021"/>
+    <xMin value="-141"/>
+    <yMin value="-200"/>
+    <xMax value="906"/>
+    <yMax value="949"/>
+    <macStyle value="00000000 00000001"/>
+    <lowestRecPPEM value="6"/>
+    <fontDirectionHint value="2"/>
+    <indexToLocFormat value="0"/>
+    <glyphDataFormat value="0"/>
+  </head>
+
+  <hhea>
+    <tableVersion value="0x00010000"/>
+    <ascent value="1000"/>
+    <descent value="-200"/>
+    <lineGap value="0"/>
+    <advanceWidthMax value="911"/>
+    <minLeftSideBearing value="-141"/>
+    <minRightSideBearing value="-125"/>
+    <xMaxExtent value="906"/>
+    <caretSlopeRise value="1"/>
+    <caretSlopeRun value="0"/>
+    <caretOffset value="0"/>
+    <reserved0 value="0"/>
+    <reserved1 value="0"/>
+    <reserved2 value="0"/>
+    <reserved3 value="0"/>
+    <metricDataFormat value="0"/>
+    <numberOfHMetrics value="10"/>
+  </hhea>
+
+  <maxp>
+    <!-- Most of this table will be recalculated by the compiler -->
+    <tableVersion value="0x10000"/>
+    <numGlyphs value="10"/>
+    <maxPoints value="52"/>
+    <maxContours value="3"/>
+    <maxCompositePoints value="16"/>
+    <maxCompositeContours value="4"/>
+    <maxZones value="1"/>
+    <maxTwilightPoints value="0"/>
+    <maxStorage value="0"/>
+    <maxFunctionDefs value="0"/>
+    <maxInstructionDefs value="0"/>
+    <maxStackElements value="0"/>
+    <maxSizeOfInstructions value="0"/>
+    <maxComponentElements value="2"/>
+    <maxComponentDepth value="1"/>
+  </maxp>
+
+  <OS_2>
+    <!-- The fields 'usFirstCharIndex' and 'usLastCharIndex'
+         will be recalculated by the compiler -->
+    <version value="4"/>
+    <xAvgCharWidth value="672"/>
+    <usWeightClass value="400"/>
+    <usWidthClass value="5"/>
+    <fsType value="00000000 00001000"/>
+    <ySubscriptXSize value="650"/>
+    <ySubscriptYSize value="600"/>
+    <ySubscriptXOffset value="0"/>
+    <ySubscriptYOffset value="75"/>
+    <ySuperscriptXSize value="650"/>
+    <ySuperscriptYSize value="600"/>
+    <ySuperscriptXOffset value="0"/>
+    <ySuperscriptYOffset value="350"/>
+    <yStrikeoutSize value="50"/>
+    <yStrikeoutPosition value="300"/>
+    <sFamilyClass value="0"/>
+    <panose>
+      <bFamilyType value="0"/>
+      <bSerifStyle value="0"/>
+      <bWeight value="0"/>
+      <bProportion value="0"/>
+      <bContrast value="0"/>
+      <bStrokeVariation value="0"/>
+      <bArmStyle value="0"/>
+      <bLetterForm value="0"/>
+      <bMidline value="0"/>
+      <bXHeight value="0"/>
+    </panose>
+    <ulUnicodeRange1 value="00000000 00000000 00000000 01000011"/>
+    <ulUnicodeRange2 value="00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000"/>
+    <ulUnicodeRange3 value="00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000"/>
+    <ulUnicodeRange4 value="00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000"/>
+    <achVendID value="NONE"/>
+    <fsSelection value="00000000 00100000"/>
+    <usFirstCharIndex value="32"/>
+    <usLastCharIndex value="769"/>
+    <sTypoAscender value="800"/>
+    <sTypoDescender value="-200"/>
+    <sTypoLineGap value="200"/>
+    <usWinAscent value="1000"/>
+    <usWinDescent value="200"/>
+    <ulCodePageRange1 value="00000000 00000000 00000000 00000001"/>
+    <ulCodePageRange2 value="00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000"/>
+    <sxHeight value="500"/>
+    <sCapHeight value="700"/>
+    <usDefaultChar value="0"/>
+    <usBreakChar value="32"/>
+    <usMaxContext value="2"/>
+  </OS_2>
+
+  <hmtx>
+    <mtx name=".notdef" width="500" lsb="50"/>
+    <mtx name="A" width="911" lsb="5"/>
+    <mtx name="Aacute" width="911" lsb="5"/>
+    <mtx name="O" width="715" lsb="15"/>
+    <mtx name="V" width="911" lsb="5"/>
+    <mtx name="acutecomb" width="0" lsb="-141"/>
+    <mtx name="dollar" width="600" lsb="1"/>
+    <mtx name="dollar.BRACKET.500" width="600" lsb="1"/>
+    <mtx name="dollar.bold" width="600" lsb="1"/>
+    <mtx name="space" width="300" lsb="0"/>
+  </hmtx>
+
+  <cmap>
+    <tableVersion version="0"/>
+    <cmap_format_4 platformID="0" platEncID="3" language="0">
+      <map code="0x20" name="space"/><!-- SPACE -->
+      <map code="0x24" name="dollar"/><!-- DOLLAR SIGN -->
+      <map code="0x41" name="A"/><!-- LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A -->
+      <map code="0x4f" name="O"/><!-- LATIN CAPITAL LETTER O -->
+      <map code="0x56" name="V"/><!-- LATIN CAPITAL LETTER V -->
+      <map code="0xc1" name="Aacute"/><!-- LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A WITH ACUTE -->
+      <map code="0x301" name="acutecomb"/><!-- COMBINING ACUTE ACCENT -->
+    </cmap_format_4>
+    <cmap_format_4 platformID="3" platEncID="1" language="0">
+      <map code="0x20" name="space"/><!-- SPACE -->
+      <map code="0x24" name="dollar"/><!-- DOLLAR SIGN -->
+      <map code="0x41" name="A"/><!-- LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A -->
+      <map code="0x4f" name="O"/><!-- LATIN CAPITAL LETTER O -->
+      <map code="0x56" name="V"/><!-- LATIN CAPITAL LETTER V -->
+      <map code="0xc1" name="Aacute"/><!-- LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A WITH ACUTE -->
+      <map code="0x301" name="acutecomb"/><!-- COMBINING ACUTE ACCENT -->
+    </cmap_format_4>
+  </cmap>
+
+  <loca>
+    <!-- The 'loca' table will be calculated by the compiler -->
+  </loca>
+
+  <glyf>
+
+    <!-- The xMin, yMin, xMax and yMax values
+         will be recalculated by the compiler. -->
+
+    <TTGlyph name=".notdef" xMin="50" yMin="-200" xMax="450" yMax="800">
+      <contour>
+        <pt x="50" y="-200" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="50" y="800" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="450" y="800" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="450" y="-200" on="1"/>
+      </contour>
+      <contour>
+        <pt x="100" y="-150" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="400" y="-150" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="400" y="750" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="100" y="750" on="1"/>
+      </contour>
+      <instructions/>
+    </TTGlyph>
+
+    <TTGlyph name="A" xMin="5" yMin="0" xMax="906" yMax="700">
+      <contour>
+        <pt x="705" y="0" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="906" y="0" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="556" y="700" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="355" y="700" on="1"/>
+      </contour>
+      <contour>
+        <pt x="5" y="0" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="206" y="0" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="556" y="700" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="355" y="700" on="1"/>
+      </contour>
+      <contour>
+        <pt x="640" y="311" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="190" y="311" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="190" y="191" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="640" y="191" on="1"/>
+      </contour>
+      <instructions/>
+    </TTGlyph>
+
+    <TTGlyph name="Aacute" xMin="5" yMin="0" xMax="906" yMax="949">
+      <component glyphName="A" x="0" y="0" flags="0x204"/>
+      <component glyphName="acutecomb" x="479" y="124" flags="0x4"/>
+    </TTGlyph>
+
+    <TTGlyph name="O" xMin="15" yMin="-10" xMax="670" yMax="710">
+      <contour>
+        <pt x="342" y="-10" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="172" y="-10" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="15" y="163" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="15" y="350" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="15" y="538" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="172" y="710" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="342" y="710" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="513" y="710" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="670" y="538" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="670" y="350" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="670" y="163" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="513" y="-10" on="0"/>
+      </contour>
+      <contour>
+        <pt x="342" y="153" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="419" y="153" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="490" y="247" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="490" y="350" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="490" y="453" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="419" y="547" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="342" y="547" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="266" y="547" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="195" y="453" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="195" y="350" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="195" y="247" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="266" y="153" on="0"/>
+      </contour>
+      <instructions/>
+    </TTGlyph>
+
+    <TTGlyph name="V" xMin="5" yMin="0" xMax="906" yMax="700">
+      <contour>
+        <pt x="355" y="0" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="705" y="700" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="906" y="700" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="556" y="0" on="1"/>
+      </contour>
+      <contour>
+        <pt x="355" y="0" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="5" y="700" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="206" y="700" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="556" y="0" on="1"/>
+      </contour>
+      <instructions/>
+    </TTGlyph>
+
+    <TTGlyph name="acutecomb" xMin="-141" yMin="630" xMax="125" yMax="825">
+      <contour>
+        <pt x="-118" y="756" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="-141" y="630" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="102" y="699" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="125" y="825" on="1"/>
+      </contour>
+      <instructions/>
+    </TTGlyph>
+
+    <TTGlyph name="dollar" xMin="1" yMin="-98" xMax="595" yMax="789">
+      <contour>
+        <pt x="249" y="789" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="369" y="789" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="369" y="743" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="427" y="735" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="537" y="681" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="590" y="623" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="510" y="515" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="479" y="549" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="411" y="588" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="369" y="595" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="369" y="400" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="476" y="378" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="595" y="278" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="595" y="184" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="595" y="93" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="474" y="-32" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="369" y="-46" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="369" y="-98" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="249" y="-98" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="249" y="-47" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="176" y="-39" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="52" y="17" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="1" y="69" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="80" y="179" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="118" y="144" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="195" y="106" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="249" y="100" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="249" y="273" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="246" y="274" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="144" y="294" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="28" y="405" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="28" y="502" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="28" y="567" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="84" y="667" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="184" y="732" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="249" y="742" on="1"/>
+      </contour>
+      <contour>
+        <pt x="152" y="502" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="152" y="480" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="166" y="453" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="208" y="434" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="249" y="424" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="249" y="595" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="199" y="587" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="152" y="538" on="0"/>
+      </contour>
+      <contour>
+        <pt x="369" y="100" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="426" y="107" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="471" y="150" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="471" y="183" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="471" y="201" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="456" y="225" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="412" y="243" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="369" y="252" on="1"/>
+      </contour>
+      <instructions/>
+    </TTGlyph>
+
+    <TTGlyph name="dollar.BRACKET.500" xMin="1" yMin="-98" xMax="595" yMax="789">
+      <contour>
+        <pt x="249" y="789" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="369" y="789" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="369" y="743" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="427" y="735" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="537" y="681" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="590" y="623" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="510" y="515" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="468" y="560" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="374" y="600" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="308" y="600" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="227" y="600" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="152" y="548" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="152" y="502" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="152" y="479" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="168" y="450" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="217" y="431" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="264" y="421" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="363" y="401" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="473" y="379" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="595" y="279" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="595" y="184" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="595" y="93" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="474" y="-32" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="369" y="-46" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="369" y="-98" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="249" y="-98" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="249" y="-47" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="176" y="-39" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="52" y="17" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="1" y="69" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="80" y="179" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="112" y="150" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="176" y="114" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="256" y="97" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="310" y="97" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="402" y="97" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="471" y="143" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="471" y="183" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="471" y="203" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="453" y="228" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="399" y="247" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="345" y="256" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="246" y="274" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="144" y="293" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="28" y="405" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="28" y="502" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="28" y="567" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="84" y="667" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="184" y="732" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="249" y="742" on="1"/>
+      </contour>
+      <instructions/>
+    </TTGlyph>
+
+    <TTGlyph name="dollar.bold" xMin="1" yMin="-98" xMax="595" yMax="789">
+      <contour>
+        <pt x="249" y="789" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="369" y="789" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="369" y="743" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="427" y="735" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="537" y="681" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="590" y="623" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="510" y="515" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="468" y="560" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="374" y="600" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="308" y="600" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="227" y="600" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="152" y="548" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="152" y="502" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="152" y="479" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="168" y="450" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="217" y="431" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="264" y="421" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="363" y="401" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="473" y="379" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="595" y="279" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="595" y="184" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="595" y="93" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="474" y="-32" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="369" y="-46" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="369" y="-98" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="249" y="-98" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="249" y="-47" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="176" y="-39" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="52" y="17" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="1" y="69" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="80" y="179" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="112" y="150" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="176" y="114" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="256" y="97" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="310" y="97" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="402" y="97" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="471" y="143" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="471" y="183" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="471" y="203" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="453" y="228" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="399" y="247" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="345" y="256" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="246" y="274" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="144" y="293" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="28" y="405" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="28" y="502" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="28" y="567" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="84" y="667" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="184" y="732" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="249" y="742" on="1"/>
+      </contour>
+      <instructions/>
+    </TTGlyph>
+
+    <TTGlyph name="space"/><!-- contains no outline data -->
+
+  </glyf>
+
+  <name>
+    <namerecord nameID="1" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Simple Two Axis
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="2" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Bold
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="3" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      1.000;NONE;SimpleTwoAxis-Bold
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="4" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Simple Two Axis Bold
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="5" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Version 1.000
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="6" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      SimpleTwoAxis-Bold
+    </namerecord>
+  </name>
+
+  <post>
+    <formatType value="2.0"/>
+    <italicAngle value="0.0"/>
+    <underlinePosition value="-100"/>
+    <underlineThickness value="50"/>
+    <isFixedPitch value="0"/>
+    <minMemType42 value="0"/>
+    <maxMemType42 value="0"/>
+    <minMemType1 value="0"/>
+    <maxMemType1 value="0"/>
+    <psNames>
+      <!-- This file uses unique glyph names based on the information
+           found in the 'post' table. Since these names might not be unique,
+           we have to invent artificial names in case of clashes. In order to
+           be able to retain the original information, we need a name to
+           ps name mapping for those cases where they differ. That's what
+           you see below.
+            -->
+    </psNames>
+    <extraNames>
+      <!-- following are the name that are not taken from the standard Mac glyph order -->
+      <psName name="dollar.bold"/>
+      <psName name="acutecomb"/>
+      <psName name="dollar.BRACKET.500"/>
+    </extraNames>
+  </post>
+
+  <GDEF>
+    <Version value="0x00010000"/>
+    <GlyphClassDef>
+      <ClassDef glyph="A" class="1"/>
+      <ClassDef glyph="Aacute" class="1"/>
+      <ClassDef glyph="acutecomb" class="3"/>
+    </GlyphClassDef>
+  </GDEF>
+  <GPOS>
+    <Version value="0x00010000"/>
+    <ScriptList>
+    </ScriptList>
+    <FeatureList>
+      <!-- FeatureCount=2 -->
+      <FeatureRecord index="0">
+        <FeatureTag value="kern"/>
+        <Feature>
+          <!-- LookupCount=1 -->
+          <LookupListIndex index="0" value="0"/>
+        </Feature>
+      </FeatureRecord>
+      <FeatureRecord index="1">
+        <FeatureTag value="mark"/>
+        <Feature>
+          <!-- LookupCount=1 -->
+          <LookupListIndex index="0" value="1"/>
+        </Feature>
+      </FeatureRecord>
+    </FeatureList>
+    <LookupList>
+      <!-- LookupCount=2 -->
+      <Lookup index="0">
+        <LookupType value="2"/>
+        <LookupFlag value="8"/><!-- ignoreMarks -->
+        <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
+        <PairPos index="0" Format="1">
+          <Coverage>
+            <Glyph value="A"/>
+            <Glyph value="Aacute"/>
+            <Glyph value="V"/>
+          </Coverage>
+          <ValueFormat1 value="4"/>
+          <ValueFormat2 value="0"/>
+          <!-- PairSetCount=3 -->
+          <PairSet index="0">
+            <!-- PairValueCount=1 -->
+            <PairValueRecord index="0">
+              <SecondGlyph value="V"/>
+              <Value1 XAdvance="-80"/>
+            </PairValueRecord>
+          </PairSet>
+          <PairSet index="1">
+            <!-- PairValueCount=1 -->
+            <PairValueRecord index="0">
+              <SecondGlyph value="V"/>
+              <Value1 XAdvance="-80"/>
+            </PairValueRecord>
+          </PairSet>
+          <PairSet index="2">
+            <!-- PairValueCount=1 -->
+            <PairValueRecord index="0">
+              <SecondGlyph value="O"/>
+              <Value1 XAdvance="-20"/>
+            </PairValueRecord>
+          </PairSet>
+        </PairPos>
+      </Lookup>
+      <Lookup index="1">
+        <LookupType value="4"/>
+        <LookupFlag value="0"/>
+        <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
+        <MarkBasePos index="0" Format="1">
+          <MarkCoverage>
+            <Glyph value="acutecomb"/>
+          </MarkCoverage>
+          <BaseCoverage>
+            <Glyph value="A"/>
+            <Glyph value="Aacute"/>
+          </BaseCoverage>
+          <!-- ClassCount=1 -->
+          <MarkArray>
+            <!-- MarkCount=1 -->
+            <MarkRecord index="0">
+              <Class value="0"/>
+              <MarkAnchor Format="1">
+                <XCoordinate value="4"/>
+                <YCoordinate value="623"/>
+              </MarkAnchor>
+            </MarkRecord>
+          </MarkArray>
+          <BaseArray>
+            <!-- BaseCount=2 -->
+            <BaseRecord index="0">
+              <BaseAnchor index="0" Format="1">
+                <XCoordinate value="406"/>
+                <YCoordinate value="753"/>
+              </BaseAnchor>
+            </BaseRecord>
+            <BaseRecord index="1">
+              <BaseAnchor index="0" Format="1">
+                <XCoordinate value="406"/>
+                <YCoordinate value="753"/>
+              </BaseAnchor>
+            </BaseRecord>
+          </BaseArray>
+        </MarkBasePos>
+      </Lookup>
+    </LookupList>
+  </GPOS>
+
+</ttFont>
diff --git a/Tests/varLib/data/master_incompatible_arrays/IncompatibleArrays-Regular.ttx b/Tests/varLib/data/master_incompatible_arrays/IncompatibleArrays-Regular.ttx
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..cabb69a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/varLib/data/master_incompatible_arrays/IncompatibleArrays-Regular.ttx
@@ -0,0 +1,626 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<ttFont sfntVersion="\x00\x01\x00\x00" ttLibVersion="4.20">
+
+  <GlyphOrder>
+    <!-- The 'id' attribute is only for humans; it is ignored when parsed. -->
+    <GlyphID id="0" name=".notdef"/>
+    <GlyphID id="1" name="A"/>
+    <GlyphID id="2" name="Aacute"/>
+    <GlyphID id="3" name="O"/>
+    <GlyphID id="4" name="V"/>
+    <GlyphID id="5" name="space"/>
+    <GlyphID id="6" name="dollar"/>
+    <GlyphID id="7" name="dollar.bold"/>
+    <GlyphID id="8" name="acutecomb"/>
+    <GlyphID id="9" name="dollar.BRACKET.500"/>
+  </GlyphOrder>
+
+  <head>
+    <!-- Most of this table will be recalculated by the compiler -->
+    <tableVersion value="1.0"/>
+    <fontRevision value="1.0"/>
+    <checkSumAdjustment value="0x3c7bc79b"/>
+    <magicNumber value="0x5f0f3cf5"/>
+    <flags value="00000000 00000011"/>
+    <unitsPerEm value="1000"/>
+    <created value="Fri Jan 15 14:37:13 2021"/>
+    <modified value="Mon Mar 15 12:57:03 2021"/>
+    <xMin value="-141"/>
+    <yMin value="-200"/>
+    <xMax value="751"/>
+    <yMax value="915"/>
+    <macStyle value="00000000 00000000"/>
+    <lowestRecPPEM value="6"/>
+    <fontDirectionHint value="2"/>
+    <indexToLocFormat value="0"/>
+    <glyphDataFormat value="0"/>
+  </head>
+
+  <hhea>
+    <tableVersion value="0x00010000"/>
+    <ascent value="1000"/>
+    <descent value="-200"/>
+    <lineGap value="0"/>
+    <advanceWidthMax value="756"/>
+    <minLeftSideBearing value="-141"/>
+    <minRightSideBearing value="-125"/>
+    <xMaxExtent value="751"/>
+    <caretSlopeRise value="1"/>
+    <caretSlopeRun value="0"/>
+    <caretOffset value="0"/>
+    <reserved0 value="0"/>
+    <reserved1 value="0"/>
+    <reserved2 value="0"/>
+    <reserved3 value="0"/>
+    <metricDataFormat value="0"/>
+    <numberOfHMetrics value="10"/>
+  </hhea>
+
+  <maxp>
+    <!-- Most of this table will be recalculated by the compiler -->
+    <tableVersion value="0x10000"/>
+    <numGlyphs value="10"/>
+    <maxPoints value="52"/>
+    <maxContours value="3"/>
+    <maxCompositePoints value="16"/>
+    <maxCompositeContours value="4"/>
+    <maxZones value="1"/>
+    <maxTwilightPoints value="0"/>
+    <maxStorage value="0"/>
+    <maxFunctionDefs value="0"/>
+    <maxInstructionDefs value="0"/>
+    <maxStackElements value="0"/>
+    <maxSizeOfInstructions value="0"/>
+    <maxComponentElements value="2"/>
+    <maxComponentDepth value="1"/>
+  </maxp>
+
+  <OS_2>
+    <!-- The fields 'usFirstCharIndex' and 'usLastCharIndex'
+         will be recalculated by the compiler -->
+    <version value="4"/>
+    <xAvgCharWidth value="604"/>
+    <usWeightClass value="400"/>
+    <usWidthClass value="5"/>
+    <fsType value="00000000 00001000"/>
+    <ySubscriptXSize value="650"/>
+    <ySubscriptYSize value="600"/>
+    <ySubscriptXOffset value="0"/>
+    <ySubscriptYOffset value="75"/>
+    <ySuperscriptXSize value="650"/>
+    <ySuperscriptYSize value="600"/>
+    <ySuperscriptXOffset value="0"/>
+    <ySuperscriptYOffset value="350"/>
+    <yStrikeoutSize value="50"/>
+    <yStrikeoutPosition value="300"/>
+    <sFamilyClass value="0"/>
+    <panose>
+      <bFamilyType value="0"/>
+      <bSerifStyle value="0"/>
+      <bWeight value="0"/>
+      <bProportion value="0"/>
+      <bContrast value="0"/>
+      <bStrokeVariation value="0"/>
+      <bArmStyle value="0"/>
+      <bLetterForm value="0"/>
+      <bMidline value="0"/>
+      <bXHeight value="0"/>
+    </panose>
+    <ulUnicodeRange1 value="00000000 00000000 00000000 01000011"/>
+    <ulUnicodeRange2 value="00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000"/>
+    <ulUnicodeRange3 value="00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000"/>
+    <ulUnicodeRange4 value="00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000"/>
+    <achVendID value="NONE"/>
+    <fsSelection value="00000000 01000000"/>
+    <usFirstCharIndex value="32"/>
+    <usLastCharIndex value="769"/>
+    <sTypoAscender value="800"/>
+    <sTypoDescender value="-200"/>
+    <sTypoLineGap value="200"/>
+    <usWinAscent value="1000"/>
+    <usWinDescent value="200"/>
+    <ulCodePageRange1 value="00000000 00000000 00000000 00000001"/>
+    <ulCodePageRange2 value="00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000"/>
+    <sxHeight value="500"/>
+    <sCapHeight value="700"/>
+    <usDefaultChar value="0"/>
+    <usBreakChar value="32"/>
+    <usMaxContext value="2"/>
+  </OS_2>
+
+  <hmtx>
+    <mtx name=".notdef" width="500" lsb="50"/>
+    <mtx name="A" width="756" lsb="5"/>
+    <mtx name="Aacute" width="756" lsb="5"/>
+    <mtx name="O" width="664" lsb="30"/>
+    <mtx name="V" width="756" lsb="5"/>
+    <mtx name="acutecomb" width="0" lsb="-141"/>
+    <mtx name="dollar" width="600" lsb="29"/>
+    <mtx name="dollar.BRACKET.500" width="600" lsb="29"/>
+    <mtx name="dollar.bold" width="600" lsb="29"/>
+    <mtx name="space" width="200" lsb="0"/>
+  </hmtx>
+
+  <cmap>
+    <tableVersion version="0"/>
+    <cmap_format_4 platformID="0" platEncID="3" language="0">
+      <map code="0x20" name="space"/><!-- SPACE -->
+      <map code="0x24" name="dollar"/><!-- DOLLAR SIGN -->
+      <map code="0x41" name="A"/><!-- LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A -->
+      <map code="0x4f" name="O"/><!-- LATIN CAPITAL LETTER O -->
+      <map code="0x56" name="V"/><!-- LATIN CAPITAL LETTER V -->
+      <map code="0xc1" name="Aacute"/><!-- LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A WITH ACUTE -->
+      <map code="0x301" name="acutecomb"/><!-- COMBINING ACUTE ACCENT -->
+    </cmap_format_4>
+    <cmap_format_4 platformID="3" platEncID="1" language="0">
+      <map code="0x20" name="space"/><!-- SPACE -->
+      <map code="0x24" name="dollar"/><!-- DOLLAR SIGN -->
+      <map code="0x41" name="A"/><!-- LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A -->
+      <map code="0x4f" name="O"/><!-- LATIN CAPITAL LETTER O -->
+      <map code="0x56" name="V"/><!-- LATIN CAPITAL LETTER V -->
+      <map code="0xc1" name="Aacute"/><!-- LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A WITH ACUTE -->
+      <map code="0x301" name="acutecomb"/><!-- COMBINING ACUTE ACCENT -->
+    </cmap_format_4>
+  </cmap>
+
+  <loca>
+    <!-- The 'loca' table will be calculated by the compiler -->
+  </loca>
+
+  <glyf>
+
+    <!-- The xMin, yMin, xMax and yMax values
+         will be recalculated by the compiler. -->
+
+    <TTGlyph name=".notdef" xMin="50" yMin="-200" xMax="450" yMax="800">
+      <contour>
+        <pt x="50" y="-200" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="50" y="800" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="450" y="800" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="450" y="-200" on="1"/>
+      </contour>
+      <contour>
+        <pt x="100" y="-150" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="400" y="-150" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="400" y="750" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="100" y="750" on="1"/>
+      </contour>
+      <instructions/>
+    </TTGlyph>
+
+    <TTGlyph name="A" xMin="5" yMin="0" xMax="751" yMax="700">
+      <contour>
+        <pt x="641" y="0" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="751" y="0" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="433" y="700" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="323" y="700" on="1"/>
+      </contour>
+      <contour>
+        <pt x="5" y="0" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="115" y="0" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="433" y="700" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="323" y="700" on="1"/>
+      </contour>
+      <contour>
+        <pt x="567" y="284" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="152" y="284" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="152" y="204" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="567" y="204" on="1"/>
+      </contour>
+      <instructions/>
+    </TTGlyph>
+
+    <TTGlyph name="Aacute" xMin="5" yMin="0" xMax="751" yMax="915">
+      <component glyphName="A" x="0" y="0" flags="0x204"/>
+      <component glyphName="acutecomb" x="402" y="130" flags="0x4"/>
+    </TTGlyph>
+
+    <TTGlyph name="O" xMin="30" yMin="-10" xMax="634" yMax="710">
+      <contour>
+        <pt x="332" y="-10" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="181" y="-10" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="30" y="169" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="30" y="350" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="30" y="531" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="181" y="710" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="332" y="710" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="484" y="710" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="634" y="531" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="634" y="350" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="634" y="169" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="484" y="-10" on="0"/>
+      </contour>
+      <contour>
+        <pt x="332" y="74" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="438" y="74" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="544" y="212" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="544" y="350" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="544" y="488" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="438" y="626" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="332" y="626" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="226" y="626" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="120" y="488" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="120" y="350" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="120" y="212" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="226" y="74" on="0"/>
+      </contour>
+      <instructions/>
+    </TTGlyph>
+
+    <TTGlyph name="V" xMin="5" yMin="0" xMax="751" yMax="700">
+      <contour>
+        <pt x="323" y="0" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="641" y="700" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="751" y="700" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="433" y="0" on="1"/>
+      </contour>
+      <contour>
+        <pt x="323" y="0" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="5" y="700" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="115" y="700" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="433" y="0" on="1"/>
+      </contour>
+      <instructions/>
+    </TTGlyph>
+
+    <TTGlyph name="acutecomb" xMin="-141" yMin="630" xMax="125" yMax="785">
+      <contour>
+        <pt x="-118" y="716" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="-141" y="630" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="102" y="699" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="125" y="785" on="1"/>
+      </contour>
+      <instructions/>
+    </TTGlyph>
+
+    <TTGlyph name="dollar" xMin="29" yMin="-68" xMax="580" yMax="759">
+      <contour>
+        <pt x="264" y="759" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="354" y="759" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="354" y="715" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="415" y="709" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="519" y="662" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="562" y="620" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="509" y="548" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="473" y="584" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="398" y="621" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="354" y="627" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="354" y="373" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="467" y="351" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="580" y="263" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="580" y="184" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="580" y="102" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="459" y="-8" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="354" y="-18" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="354" y="-68" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="264" y="-68" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="264" y="-18" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="192" y="-12" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="72" y="34" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="29" y="74" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="81" y="146" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="123" y="110" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="207" y="73" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="264" y="69" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="264" y="301" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="249" y="304" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="148" y="323" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="43" y="420" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="43" y="502" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="43" y="559" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="99" y="650" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="199" y="707" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="264" y="715" on="1"/>
+      </contour>
+      <contour>
+        <pt x="137" y="502" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="137" y="470" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="160" y="428" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="214" y="402" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="261" y="392" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="264" y="627" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="203" y="618" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="137" y="553" on="0"/>
+      </contour>
+      <contour>
+        <pt x="354" y="69" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="423" y="76" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="486" y="135" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="486" y="183" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="486" y="211" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="462" y="250" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="405" y="275" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="354" y="285" on="1"/>
+      </contour>
+      <instructions/>
+    </TTGlyph>
+
+    <TTGlyph name="dollar.BRACKET.500" xMin="29" yMin="-76" xMax="580" yMax="759">
+      <contour>
+        <pt x="264" y="759" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="354" y="759" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="354" y="715" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="415" y="709" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="519" y="662" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="562" y="620" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="509" y="548" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="464" y="592" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="370" y="630" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="308" y="630" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="226" y="630" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="137" y="562" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="137" y="502" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="137" y="470" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="160" y="428" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="214" y="402" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="261" y="392" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="360" y="372" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="469" y="350" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="580" y="263" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="580" y="184" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="580" y="102" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="459" y="-8" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="354" y="-18" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="354" y="-76" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="264" y="-76" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="264" y="-18" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="192" y="-12" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="72" y="34" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="29" y="74" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="81" y="146" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="115" y="118" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="180" y="83" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="259" y="67" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="310" y="67" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="403" y="67" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="486" y="128" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="486" y="183" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="486" y="212" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="461" y="251" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="401" y="277" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="348" y="286" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="249" y="304" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="148" y="323" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="43" y="420" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="43" y="502" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="43" y="559" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="99" y="650" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="199" y="707" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="264" y="715" on="1"/>
+      </contour>
+      <instructions/>
+    </TTGlyph>
+
+    <TTGlyph name="dollar.bold" xMin="29" yMin="-76" xMax="580" yMax="759">
+      <contour>
+        <pt x="264" y="759" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="354" y="759" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="354" y="715" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="415" y="709" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="519" y="662" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="562" y="620" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="509" y="548" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="464" y="592" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="370" y="630" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="308" y="630" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="226" y="630" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="137" y="562" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="137" y="502" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="137" y="470" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="160" y="428" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="214" y="402" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="261" y="392" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="360" y="372" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="469" y="350" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="580" y="263" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="580" y="184" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="580" y="102" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="459" y="-8" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="354" y="-18" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="354" y="-76" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="264" y="-76" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="264" y="-18" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="192" y="-12" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="72" y="34" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="29" y="74" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="81" y="146" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="115" y="118" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="180" y="83" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="259" y="67" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="310" y="67" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="403" y="67" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="486" y="128" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="486" y="183" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="486" y="212" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="461" y="251" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="401" y="277" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="348" y="286" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="249" y="304" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="148" y="323" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="43" y="420" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="43" y="502" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="43" y="559" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="99" y="650" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="199" y="707" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="264" y="715" on="1"/>
+      </contour>
+      <instructions/>
+    </TTGlyph>
+
+    <TTGlyph name="space"/><!-- contains no outline data -->
+
+  </glyf>
+
+  <name>
+    <namerecord nameID="1" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Simple Two Axis
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="2" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Regular
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="3" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      1.000;NONE;SimpleTwoAxis-Regular
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="4" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Simple Two Axis Regular
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="5" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Version 1.000
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="6" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      SimpleTwoAxis-Regular
+    </namerecord>
+  </name>
+
+  <post>
+    <formatType value="2.0"/>
+    <italicAngle value="0.0"/>
+    <underlinePosition value="-100"/>
+    <underlineThickness value="50"/>
+    <isFixedPitch value="0"/>
+    <minMemType42 value="0"/>
+    <maxMemType42 value="0"/>
+    <minMemType1 value="0"/>
+    <maxMemType1 value="0"/>
+    <psNames>
+      <!-- This file uses unique glyph names based on the information
+           found in the 'post' table. Since these names might not be unique,
+           we have to invent artificial names in case of clashes. In order to
+           be able to retain the original information, we need a name to
+           ps name mapping for those cases where they differ. That's what
+           you see below.
+            -->
+    </psNames>
+    <extraNames>
+      <!-- following are the name that are not taken from the standard Mac glyph order -->
+      <psName name="dollar.bold"/>
+      <psName name="acutecomb"/>
+      <psName name="dollar.BRACKET.500"/>
+    </extraNames>
+  </post>
+
+  <GDEF>
+    <Version value="0x00010000"/>
+    <GlyphClassDef>
+      <ClassDef glyph="A" class="1"/>
+      <ClassDef glyph="Aacute" class="1"/>
+      <ClassDef glyph="acutecomb" class="3"/>
+    </GlyphClassDef>
+  </GDEF>
+
+  <GPOS>
+    <Version value="0x00010000"/>
+    <ScriptList>
+      <!-- ScriptCount=1 -->
+      <ScriptRecord index="0">
+        <ScriptTag value="DFLT"/>
+        <Script>
+          <DefaultLangSys>
+            <ReqFeatureIndex value="65535"/>
+            <!-- FeatureCount=2 -->
+            <FeatureIndex index="0" value="0"/>
+            <FeatureIndex index="1" value="1"/>
+          </DefaultLangSys>
+          <!-- LangSysCount=0 -->
+        </Script>
+      </ScriptRecord>
+    </ScriptList>
+    <FeatureList>
+      <!-- FeatureCount=2 -->
+      <FeatureRecord index="0">
+        <FeatureTag value="kern"/>
+        <Feature>
+          <!-- LookupCount=1 -->
+          <LookupListIndex index="0" value="0"/>
+        </Feature>
+      </FeatureRecord>
+      <FeatureRecord index="1">
+        <FeatureTag value="mark"/>
+        <Feature>
+          <!-- LookupCount=1 -->
+          <LookupListIndex index="0" value="1"/>
+        </Feature>
+      </FeatureRecord>
+    </FeatureList>
+    <LookupList>
+      <!-- LookupCount=2 -->
+      <Lookup index="0">
+        <LookupType value="2"/>
+        <LookupFlag value="8"/><!-- ignoreMarks -->
+        <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
+        <PairPos index="0" Format="1">
+          <Coverage>
+            <Glyph value="A"/>
+            <Glyph value="Aacute"/>
+            <Glyph value="V"/>
+          </Coverage>
+          <ValueFormat1 value="4"/>
+          <ValueFormat2 value="0"/>
+          <!-- PairSetCount=3 -->
+          <PairSet index="0">
+            <!-- PairValueCount=1 -->
+            <PairValueRecord index="0">
+              <SecondGlyph value="V"/>
+              <Value1 XAdvance="-80"/>
+            </PairValueRecord>
+          </PairSet>
+          <PairSet index="1">
+            <!-- PairValueCount=1 -->
+            <PairValueRecord index="0">
+              <SecondGlyph value="V"/>
+              <Value1 XAdvance="-80"/>
+            </PairValueRecord>
+          </PairSet>
+          <PairSet index="2">
+            <!-- PairValueCount=1 -->
+            <PairValueRecord index="0">
+              <SecondGlyph value="O"/>
+              <Value1 XAdvance="-20"/>
+            </PairValueRecord>
+          </PairSet>
+        </PairPos>
+      </Lookup>
+      <Lookup index="1">
+        <LookupType value="4"/>
+        <LookupFlag value="0"/>
+        <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
+        <MarkBasePos index="0" Format="1">
+          <MarkCoverage>
+            <Glyph value="acutecomb"/>
+          </MarkCoverage>
+          <BaseCoverage>
+            <Glyph value="A"/>
+            <Glyph value="Aacute"/>
+          </BaseCoverage>
+          <!-- ClassCount=1 -->
+          <MarkArray>
+            <!-- MarkCount=1 -->
+            <MarkRecord index="0">
+              <Class value="0"/>
+              <MarkAnchor Format="1">
+                <XCoordinate value="4"/>
+                <YCoordinate value="623"/>
+              </MarkAnchor>
+            </MarkRecord>
+          </MarkArray>
+          <BaseArray>
+            <!-- BaseCount=2 -->
+            <BaseRecord index="0">
+              <BaseAnchor index="0" Format="1">
+                <XCoordinate value="406"/>
+                <YCoordinate value="753"/>
+              </BaseAnchor>
+            </BaseRecord>
+            <BaseRecord index="1">
+              <BaseAnchor index="0" Format="1">
+                <XCoordinate value="406"/>
+                <YCoordinate value="753"/>
+              </BaseAnchor>
+            </BaseRecord>
+          </BaseArray>
+        </MarkBasePos>
+      </Lookup>
+    </LookupList>
+  </GPOS>
+
+</ttFont>
diff --git a/Tests/varLib/data/master_incompatible_features/IncompatibleFeatures-Bold.ttx b/Tests/varLib/data/master_incompatible_features/IncompatibleFeatures-Bold.ttx
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..18aee9f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/varLib/data/master_incompatible_features/IncompatibleFeatures-Bold.ttx
@@ -0,0 +1,578 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<ttFont sfntVersion="\x00\x01\x00\x00" ttLibVersion="4.20">
+
+  <GlyphOrder>
+    <!-- The 'id' attribute is only for humans; it is ignored when parsed. -->
+    <GlyphID id="0" name=".notdef"/>
+    <GlyphID id="1" name="A"/>
+    <GlyphID id="2" name="Aacute"/>
+    <GlyphID id="3" name="O"/>
+    <GlyphID id="4" name="V"/>
+    <GlyphID id="5" name="space"/>
+    <GlyphID id="6" name="dollar"/>
+    <GlyphID id="7" name="dollar.bold"/>
+    <GlyphID id="8" name="acutecomb"/>
+    <GlyphID id="9" name="dollar.BRACKET.500"/>
+  </GlyphOrder>
+
+  <head>
+    <!-- Most of this table will be recalculated by the compiler -->
+    <tableVersion value="1.0"/>
+    <fontRevision value="1.0"/>
+    <checkSumAdjustment value="0x10cb3f3"/>
+    <magicNumber value="0x5f0f3cf5"/>
+    <flags value="00000000 00000011"/>
+    <unitsPerEm value="1000"/>
+    <created value="Fri Jan 15 14:37:13 2021"/>
+    <modified value="Mon Mar 15 12:57:03 2021"/>
+    <xMin value="-141"/>
+    <yMin value="-200"/>
+    <xMax value="906"/>
+    <yMax value="949"/>
+    <macStyle value="00000000 00000001"/>
+    <lowestRecPPEM value="6"/>
+    <fontDirectionHint value="2"/>
+    <indexToLocFormat value="0"/>
+    <glyphDataFormat value="0"/>
+  </head>
+
+  <hhea>
+    <tableVersion value="0x00010000"/>
+    <ascent value="1000"/>
+    <descent value="-200"/>
+    <lineGap value="0"/>
+    <advanceWidthMax value="911"/>
+    <minLeftSideBearing value="-141"/>
+    <minRightSideBearing value="-125"/>
+    <xMaxExtent value="906"/>
+    <caretSlopeRise value="1"/>
+    <caretSlopeRun value="0"/>
+    <caretOffset value="0"/>
+    <reserved0 value="0"/>
+    <reserved1 value="0"/>
+    <reserved2 value="0"/>
+    <reserved3 value="0"/>
+    <metricDataFormat value="0"/>
+    <numberOfHMetrics value="10"/>
+  </hhea>
+
+  <maxp>
+    <!-- Most of this table will be recalculated by the compiler -->
+    <tableVersion value="0x10000"/>
+    <numGlyphs value="10"/>
+    <maxPoints value="52"/>
+    <maxContours value="3"/>
+    <maxCompositePoints value="16"/>
+    <maxCompositeContours value="4"/>
+    <maxZones value="1"/>
+    <maxTwilightPoints value="0"/>
+    <maxStorage value="0"/>
+    <maxFunctionDefs value="0"/>
+    <maxInstructionDefs value="0"/>
+    <maxStackElements value="0"/>
+    <maxSizeOfInstructions value="0"/>
+    <maxComponentElements value="2"/>
+    <maxComponentDepth value="1"/>
+  </maxp>
+
+  <OS_2>
+    <!-- The fields 'usFirstCharIndex' and 'usLastCharIndex'
+         will be recalculated by the compiler -->
+    <version value="4"/>
+    <xAvgCharWidth value="672"/>
+    <usWeightClass value="400"/>
+    <usWidthClass value="5"/>
+    <fsType value="00000000 00001000"/>
+    <ySubscriptXSize value="650"/>
+    <ySubscriptYSize value="600"/>
+    <ySubscriptXOffset value="0"/>
+    <ySubscriptYOffset value="75"/>
+    <ySuperscriptXSize value="650"/>
+    <ySuperscriptYSize value="600"/>
+    <ySuperscriptXOffset value="0"/>
+    <ySuperscriptYOffset value="350"/>
+    <yStrikeoutSize value="50"/>
+    <yStrikeoutPosition value="300"/>
+    <sFamilyClass value="0"/>
+    <panose>
+      <bFamilyType value="0"/>
+      <bSerifStyle value="0"/>
+      <bWeight value="0"/>
+      <bProportion value="0"/>
+      <bContrast value="0"/>
+      <bStrokeVariation value="0"/>
+      <bArmStyle value="0"/>
+      <bLetterForm value="0"/>
+      <bMidline value="0"/>
+      <bXHeight value="0"/>
+    </panose>
+    <ulUnicodeRange1 value="00000000 00000000 00000000 01000011"/>
+    <ulUnicodeRange2 value="00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000"/>
+    <ulUnicodeRange3 value="00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000"/>
+    <ulUnicodeRange4 value="00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000"/>
+    <achVendID value="NONE"/>
+    <fsSelection value="00000000 00100000"/>
+    <usFirstCharIndex value="32"/>
+    <usLastCharIndex value="769"/>
+    <sTypoAscender value="800"/>
+    <sTypoDescender value="-200"/>
+    <sTypoLineGap value="200"/>
+    <usWinAscent value="1000"/>
+    <usWinDescent value="200"/>
+    <ulCodePageRange1 value="00000000 00000000 00000000 00000001"/>
+    <ulCodePageRange2 value="00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000"/>
+    <sxHeight value="500"/>
+    <sCapHeight value="700"/>
+    <usDefaultChar value="0"/>
+    <usBreakChar value="32"/>
+    <usMaxContext value="2"/>
+  </OS_2>
+
+  <hmtx>
+    <mtx name=".notdef" width="500" lsb="50"/>
+    <mtx name="A" width="911" lsb="5"/>
+    <mtx name="Aacute" width="911" lsb="5"/>
+    <mtx name="O" width="715" lsb="15"/>
+    <mtx name="V" width="911" lsb="5"/>
+    <mtx name="acutecomb" width="0" lsb="-141"/>
+    <mtx name="dollar" width="600" lsb="1"/>
+    <mtx name="dollar.BRACKET.500" width="600" lsb="1"/>
+    <mtx name="dollar.bold" width="600" lsb="1"/>
+    <mtx name="space" width="300" lsb="0"/>
+  </hmtx>
+
+  <cmap>
+    <tableVersion version="0"/>
+    <cmap_format_4 platformID="0" platEncID="3" language="0">
+      <map code="0x20" name="space"/><!-- SPACE -->
+      <map code="0x24" name="dollar"/><!-- DOLLAR SIGN -->
+      <map code="0x41" name="A"/><!-- LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A -->
+      <map code="0x4f" name="O"/><!-- LATIN CAPITAL LETTER O -->
+      <map code="0x56" name="V"/><!-- LATIN CAPITAL LETTER V -->
+      <map code="0xc1" name="Aacute"/><!-- LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A WITH ACUTE -->
+      <map code="0x301" name="acutecomb"/><!-- COMBINING ACUTE ACCENT -->
+    </cmap_format_4>
+    <cmap_format_4 platformID="3" platEncID="1" language="0">
+      <map code="0x20" name="space"/><!-- SPACE -->
+      <map code="0x24" name="dollar"/><!-- DOLLAR SIGN -->
+      <map code="0x41" name="A"/><!-- LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A -->
+      <map code="0x4f" name="O"/><!-- LATIN CAPITAL LETTER O -->
+      <map code="0x56" name="V"/><!-- LATIN CAPITAL LETTER V -->
+      <map code="0xc1" name="Aacute"/><!-- LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A WITH ACUTE -->
+      <map code="0x301" name="acutecomb"/><!-- COMBINING ACUTE ACCENT -->
+    </cmap_format_4>
+  </cmap>
+
+  <loca>
+    <!-- The 'loca' table will be calculated by the compiler -->
+  </loca>
+
+  <glyf>
+
+    <!-- The xMin, yMin, xMax and yMax values
+         will be recalculated by the compiler. -->
+
+    <TTGlyph name=".notdef" xMin="50" yMin="-200" xMax="450" yMax="800">
+      <contour>
+        <pt x="50" y="-200" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="50" y="800" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="450" y="800" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="450" y="-200" on="1"/>
+      </contour>
+      <contour>
+        <pt x="100" y="-150" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="400" y="-150" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="400" y="750" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="100" y="750" on="1"/>
+      </contour>
+      <instructions/>
+    </TTGlyph>
+
+    <TTGlyph name="A" xMin="5" yMin="0" xMax="906" yMax="700">
+      <contour>
+        <pt x="705" y="0" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="906" y="0" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="556" y="700" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="355" y="700" on="1"/>
+      </contour>
+      <contour>
+        <pt x="5" y="0" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="206" y="0" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="556" y="700" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="355" y="700" on="1"/>
+      </contour>
+      <contour>
+        <pt x="640" y="311" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="190" y="311" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="190" y="191" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="640" y="191" on="1"/>
+      </contour>
+      <instructions/>
+    </TTGlyph>
+
+    <TTGlyph name="Aacute" xMin="5" yMin="0" xMax="906" yMax="949">
+      <component glyphName="A" x="0" y="0" flags="0x204"/>
+      <component glyphName="acutecomb" x="479" y="124" flags="0x4"/>
+    </TTGlyph>
+
+    <TTGlyph name="O" xMin="15" yMin="-10" xMax="670" yMax="710">
+      <contour>
+        <pt x="342" y="-10" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="172" y="-10" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="15" y="163" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="15" y="350" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="15" y="538" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="172" y="710" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="342" y="710" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="513" y="710" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="670" y="538" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="670" y="350" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="670" y="163" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="513" y="-10" on="0"/>
+      </contour>
+      <contour>
+        <pt x="342" y="153" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="419" y="153" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="490" y="247" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="490" y="350" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="490" y="453" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="419" y="547" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="342" y="547" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="266" y="547" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="195" y="453" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="195" y="350" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="195" y="247" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="266" y="153" on="0"/>
+      </contour>
+      <instructions/>
+    </TTGlyph>
+
+    <TTGlyph name="V" xMin="5" yMin="0" xMax="906" yMax="700">
+      <contour>
+        <pt x="355" y="0" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="705" y="700" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="906" y="700" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="556" y="0" on="1"/>
+      </contour>
+      <contour>
+        <pt x="355" y="0" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="5" y="700" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="206" y="700" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="556" y="0" on="1"/>
+      </contour>
+      <instructions/>
+    </TTGlyph>
+
+    <TTGlyph name="acutecomb" xMin="-141" yMin="630" xMax="125" yMax="825">
+      <contour>
+        <pt x="-118" y="756" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="-141" y="630" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="102" y="699" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="125" y="825" on="1"/>
+      </contour>
+      <instructions/>
+    </TTGlyph>
+
+    <TTGlyph name="dollar" xMin="1" yMin="-98" xMax="595" yMax="789">
+      <contour>
+        <pt x="249" y="789" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="369" y="789" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="369" y="743" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="427" y="735" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="537" y="681" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="590" y="623" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="510" y="515" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="479" y="549" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="411" y="588" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="369" y="595" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="369" y="400" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="476" y="378" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="595" y="278" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="595" y="184" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="595" y="93" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="474" y="-32" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="369" y="-46" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="369" y="-98" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="249" y="-98" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="249" y="-47" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="176" y="-39" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="52" y="17" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="1" y="69" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="80" y="179" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="118" y="144" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="195" y="106" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="249" y="100" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="249" y="273" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="246" y="274" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="144" y="294" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="28" y="405" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="28" y="502" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="28" y="567" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="84" y="667" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="184" y="732" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="249" y="742" on="1"/>
+      </contour>
+      <contour>
+        <pt x="152" y="502" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="152" y="480" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="166" y="453" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="208" y="434" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="249" y="424" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="249" y="595" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="199" y="587" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="152" y="538" on="0"/>
+      </contour>
+      <contour>
+        <pt x="369" y="100" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="426" y="107" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="471" y="150" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="471" y="183" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="471" y="201" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="456" y="225" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="412" y="243" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="369" y="252" on="1"/>
+      </contour>
+      <instructions/>
+    </TTGlyph>
+
+    <TTGlyph name="dollar.BRACKET.500" xMin="1" yMin="-98" xMax="595" yMax="789">
+      <contour>
+        <pt x="249" y="789" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="369" y="789" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="369" y="743" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="427" y="735" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="537" y="681" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="590" y="623" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="510" y="515" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="468" y="560" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="374" y="600" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="308" y="600" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="227" y="600" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="152" y="548" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="152" y="502" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="152" y="479" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="168" y="450" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="217" y="431" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="264" y="421" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="363" y="401" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="473" y="379" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="595" y="279" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="595" y="184" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="595" y="93" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="474" y="-32" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="369" y="-46" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="369" y="-98" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="249" y="-98" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="249" y="-47" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="176" y="-39" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="52" y="17" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="1" y="69" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="80" y="179" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="112" y="150" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="176" y="114" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="256" y="97" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="310" y="97" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="402" y="97" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="471" y="143" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="471" y="183" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="471" y="203" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="453" y="228" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="399" y="247" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="345" y="256" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="246" y="274" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="144" y="293" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="28" y="405" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="28" y="502" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="28" y="567" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="84" y="667" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="184" y="732" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="249" y="742" on="1"/>
+      </contour>
+      <instructions/>
+    </TTGlyph>
+
+    <TTGlyph name="dollar.bold" xMin="1" yMin="-98" xMax="595" yMax="789">
+      <contour>
+        <pt x="249" y="789" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="369" y="789" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="369" y="743" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="427" y="735" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="537" y="681" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="590" y="623" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="510" y="515" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="468" y="560" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="374" y="600" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="308" y="600" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="227" y="600" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="152" y="548" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="152" y="502" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="152" y="479" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="168" y="450" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="217" y="431" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="264" y="421" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="363" y="401" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="473" y="379" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="595" y="279" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="595" y="184" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="595" y="93" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="474" y="-32" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="369" y="-46" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="369" y="-98" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="249" y="-98" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="249" y="-47" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="176" y="-39" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="52" y="17" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="1" y="69" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="80" y="179" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="112" y="150" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="176" y="114" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="256" y="97" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="310" y="97" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="402" y="97" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="471" y="143" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="471" y="183" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="471" y="203" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="453" y="228" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="399" y="247" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="345" y="256" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="246" y="274" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="144" y="293" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="28" y="405" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="28" y="502" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="28" y="567" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="84" y="667" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="184" y="732" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="249" y="742" on="1"/>
+      </contour>
+      <instructions/>
+    </TTGlyph>
+
+    <TTGlyph name="space"/><!-- contains no outline data -->
+
+  </glyf>
+
+  <name>
+    <namerecord nameID="1" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Simple Two Axis
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="2" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Bold
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="3" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      1.000;NONE;SimpleTwoAxis-Bold
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="4" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Simple Two Axis Bold
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="5" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Version 1.000
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="6" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      SimpleTwoAxis-Bold
+    </namerecord>
+  </name>
+
+  <post>
+    <formatType value="2.0"/>
+    <italicAngle value="0.0"/>
+    <underlinePosition value="-100"/>
+    <underlineThickness value="50"/>
+    <isFixedPitch value="0"/>
+    <minMemType42 value="0"/>
+    <maxMemType42 value="0"/>
+    <minMemType1 value="0"/>
+    <maxMemType1 value="0"/>
+    <psNames>
+      <!-- This file uses unique glyph names based on the information
+           found in the 'post' table. Since these names might not be unique,
+           we have to invent artificial names in case of clashes. In order to
+           be able to retain the original information, we need a name to
+           ps name mapping for those cases where they differ. That's what
+           you see below.
+            -->
+    </psNames>
+    <extraNames>
+      <!-- following are the name that are not taken from the standard Mac glyph order -->
+      <psName name="dollar.bold"/>
+      <psName name="acutecomb"/>
+      <psName name="dollar.BRACKET.500"/>
+    </extraNames>
+  </post>
+
+  <GDEF>
+    <Version value="0x00010000"/>
+    <GlyphClassDef>
+      <ClassDef glyph="A" class="1"/>
+      <ClassDef glyph="Aacute" class="1"/>
+      <ClassDef glyph="acutecomb" class="3"/>
+    </GlyphClassDef>
+  </GDEF>
+
+  <GPOS>
+    <Version value="0x00010000"/>
+    <ScriptList>
+      <!-- ScriptCount=1 -->
+      <ScriptRecord index="0">
+        <ScriptTag value="DFLT"/>
+        <Script>
+          <DefaultLangSys>
+            <ReqFeatureIndex value="65535"/>
+            <!-- FeatureCount=2 -->
+            <FeatureIndex index="0" value="0"/>
+          </DefaultLangSys>
+          <!-- LangSysCount=0 -->
+        </Script>
+      </ScriptRecord>
+    </ScriptList>
+    <FeatureList>
+      <!-- FeatureCount=2 -->
+      <FeatureRecord index="0">
+        <FeatureTag value="kern"/>
+        <Feature>
+          <!-- LookupCount=1 -->
+          <LookupListIndex index="0" value="0"/>
+        </Feature>
+      </FeatureRecord>
+    </FeatureList>
+    <LookupList>
+      <!-- LookupCount=2 -->
+      <Lookup index="0">
+        <LookupType value="2"/>
+        <LookupFlag value="8"/><!-- ignoreMarks -->
+        <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
+        <PairPos index="0" Format="1">
+          <Coverage>
+            <Glyph value="A"/>
+            <Glyph value="Aacute"/>
+            <Glyph value="V"/>
+          </Coverage>
+          <ValueFormat1 value="4"/>
+          <ValueFormat2 value="0"/>
+          <!-- PairSetCount=3 -->
+          <PairSet index="0">
+            <!-- PairValueCount=1 -->
+            <PairValueRecord index="0">
+              <SecondGlyph value="V"/>
+              <Value1 XAdvance="-120"/>
+            </PairValueRecord>
+          </PairSet>
+          <PairSet index="1">
+            <!-- PairValueCount=1 -->
+            <PairValueRecord index="0">
+              <SecondGlyph value="V"/>
+              <Value1 XAdvance="-120"/>
+            </PairValueRecord>
+          </PairSet>
+          <PairSet index="2">
+            <!-- PairValueCount=1 -->
+            <PairValueRecord index="0">
+              <SecondGlyph value="O"/>
+              <Value1 XAdvance="-20"/>
+            </PairValueRecord>
+          </PairSet>
+        </PairPos>
+      </Lookup>
+    </LookupList>
+  </GPOS>
+
+</ttFont>
diff --git a/Tests/varLib/data/master_incompatible_features/IncompatibleFeatures-Regular.ttx b/Tests/varLib/data/master_incompatible_features/IncompatibleFeatures-Regular.ttx
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..cabb69a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/varLib/data/master_incompatible_features/IncompatibleFeatures-Regular.ttx
@@ -0,0 +1,626 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<ttFont sfntVersion="\x00\x01\x00\x00" ttLibVersion="4.20">
+
+  <GlyphOrder>
+    <!-- The 'id' attribute is only for humans; it is ignored when parsed. -->
+    <GlyphID id="0" name=".notdef"/>
+    <GlyphID id="1" name="A"/>
+    <GlyphID id="2" name="Aacute"/>
+    <GlyphID id="3" name="O"/>
+    <GlyphID id="4" name="V"/>
+    <GlyphID id="5" name="space"/>
+    <GlyphID id="6" name="dollar"/>
+    <GlyphID id="7" name="dollar.bold"/>
+    <GlyphID id="8" name="acutecomb"/>
+    <GlyphID id="9" name="dollar.BRACKET.500"/>
+  </GlyphOrder>
+
+  <head>
+    <!-- Most of this table will be recalculated by the compiler -->
+    <tableVersion value="1.0"/>
+    <fontRevision value="1.0"/>
+    <checkSumAdjustment value="0x3c7bc79b"/>
+    <magicNumber value="0x5f0f3cf5"/>
+    <flags value="00000000 00000011"/>
+    <unitsPerEm value="1000"/>
+    <created value="Fri Jan 15 14:37:13 2021"/>
+    <modified value="Mon Mar 15 12:57:03 2021"/>
+    <xMin value="-141"/>
+    <yMin value="-200"/>
+    <xMax value="751"/>
+    <yMax value="915"/>
+    <macStyle value="00000000 00000000"/>
+    <lowestRecPPEM value="6"/>
+    <fontDirectionHint value="2"/>
+    <indexToLocFormat value="0"/>
+    <glyphDataFormat value="0"/>
+  </head>
+
+  <hhea>
+    <tableVersion value="0x00010000"/>
+    <ascent value="1000"/>
+    <descent value="-200"/>
+    <lineGap value="0"/>
+    <advanceWidthMax value="756"/>
+    <minLeftSideBearing value="-141"/>
+    <minRightSideBearing value="-125"/>
+    <xMaxExtent value="751"/>
+    <caretSlopeRise value="1"/>
+    <caretSlopeRun value="0"/>
+    <caretOffset value="0"/>
+    <reserved0 value="0"/>
+    <reserved1 value="0"/>
+    <reserved2 value="0"/>
+    <reserved3 value="0"/>
+    <metricDataFormat value="0"/>
+    <numberOfHMetrics value="10"/>
+  </hhea>
+
+  <maxp>
+    <!-- Most of this table will be recalculated by the compiler -->
+    <tableVersion value="0x10000"/>
+    <numGlyphs value="10"/>
+    <maxPoints value="52"/>
+    <maxContours value="3"/>
+    <maxCompositePoints value="16"/>
+    <maxCompositeContours value="4"/>
+    <maxZones value="1"/>
+    <maxTwilightPoints value="0"/>
+    <maxStorage value="0"/>
+    <maxFunctionDefs value="0"/>
+    <maxInstructionDefs value="0"/>
+    <maxStackElements value="0"/>
+    <maxSizeOfInstructions value="0"/>
+    <maxComponentElements value="2"/>
+    <maxComponentDepth value="1"/>
+  </maxp>
+
+  <OS_2>
+    <!-- The fields 'usFirstCharIndex' and 'usLastCharIndex'
+         will be recalculated by the compiler -->
+    <version value="4"/>
+    <xAvgCharWidth value="604"/>
+    <usWeightClass value="400"/>
+    <usWidthClass value="5"/>
+    <fsType value="00000000 00001000"/>
+    <ySubscriptXSize value="650"/>
+    <ySubscriptYSize value="600"/>
+    <ySubscriptXOffset value="0"/>
+    <ySubscriptYOffset value="75"/>
+    <ySuperscriptXSize value="650"/>
+    <ySuperscriptYSize value="600"/>
+    <ySuperscriptXOffset value="0"/>
+    <ySuperscriptYOffset value="350"/>
+    <yStrikeoutSize value="50"/>
+    <yStrikeoutPosition value="300"/>
+    <sFamilyClass value="0"/>
+    <panose>
+      <bFamilyType value="0"/>
+      <bSerifStyle value="0"/>
+      <bWeight value="0"/>
+      <bProportion value="0"/>
+      <bContrast value="0"/>
+      <bStrokeVariation value="0"/>
+      <bArmStyle value="0"/>
+      <bLetterForm value="0"/>
+      <bMidline value="0"/>
+      <bXHeight value="0"/>
+    </panose>
+    <ulUnicodeRange1 value="00000000 00000000 00000000 01000011"/>
+    <ulUnicodeRange2 value="00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000"/>
+    <ulUnicodeRange3 value="00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000"/>
+    <ulUnicodeRange4 value="00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000"/>
+    <achVendID value="NONE"/>
+    <fsSelection value="00000000 01000000"/>
+    <usFirstCharIndex value="32"/>
+    <usLastCharIndex value="769"/>
+    <sTypoAscender value="800"/>
+    <sTypoDescender value="-200"/>
+    <sTypoLineGap value="200"/>
+    <usWinAscent value="1000"/>
+    <usWinDescent value="200"/>
+    <ulCodePageRange1 value="00000000 00000000 00000000 00000001"/>
+    <ulCodePageRange2 value="00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000"/>
+    <sxHeight value="500"/>
+    <sCapHeight value="700"/>
+    <usDefaultChar value="0"/>
+    <usBreakChar value="32"/>
+    <usMaxContext value="2"/>
+  </OS_2>
+
+  <hmtx>
+    <mtx name=".notdef" width="500" lsb="50"/>
+    <mtx name="A" width="756" lsb="5"/>
+    <mtx name="Aacute" width="756" lsb="5"/>
+    <mtx name="O" width="664" lsb="30"/>
+    <mtx name="V" width="756" lsb="5"/>
+    <mtx name="acutecomb" width="0" lsb="-141"/>
+    <mtx name="dollar" width="600" lsb="29"/>
+    <mtx name="dollar.BRACKET.500" width="600" lsb="29"/>
+    <mtx name="dollar.bold" width="600" lsb="29"/>
+    <mtx name="space" width="200" lsb="0"/>
+  </hmtx>
+
+  <cmap>
+    <tableVersion version="0"/>
+    <cmap_format_4 platformID="0" platEncID="3" language="0">
+      <map code="0x20" name="space"/><!-- SPACE -->
+      <map code="0x24" name="dollar"/><!-- DOLLAR SIGN -->
+      <map code="0x41" name="A"/><!-- LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A -->
+      <map code="0x4f" name="O"/><!-- LATIN CAPITAL LETTER O -->
+      <map code="0x56" name="V"/><!-- LATIN CAPITAL LETTER V -->
+      <map code="0xc1" name="Aacute"/><!-- LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A WITH ACUTE -->
+      <map code="0x301" name="acutecomb"/><!-- COMBINING ACUTE ACCENT -->
+    </cmap_format_4>
+    <cmap_format_4 platformID="3" platEncID="1" language="0">
+      <map code="0x20" name="space"/><!-- SPACE -->
+      <map code="0x24" name="dollar"/><!-- DOLLAR SIGN -->
+      <map code="0x41" name="A"/><!-- LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A -->
+      <map code="0x4f" name="O"/><!-- LATIN CAPITAL LETTER O -->
+      <map code="0x56" name="V"/><!-- LATIN CAPITAL LETTER V -->
+      <map code="0xc1" name="Aacute"/><!-- LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A WITH ACUTE -->
+      <map code="0x301" name="acutecomb"/><!-- COMBINING ACUTE ACCENT -->
+    </cmap_format_4>
+  </cmap>
+
+  <loca>
+    <!-- The 'loca' table will be calculated by the compiler -->
+  </loca>
+
+  <glyf>
+
+    <!-- The xMin, yMin, xMax and yMax values
+         will be recalculated by the compiler. -->
+
+    <TTGlyph name=".notdef" xMin="50" yMin="-200" xMax="450" yMax="800">
+      <contour>
+        <pt x="50" y="-200" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="50" y="800" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="450" y="800" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="450" y="-200" on="1"/>
+      </contour>
+      <contour>
+        <pt x="100" y="-150" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="400" y="-150" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="400" y="750" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="100" y="750" on="1"/>
+      </contour>
+      <instructions/>
+    </TTGlyph>
+
+    <TTGlyph name="A" xMin="5" yMin="0" xMax="751" yMax="700">
+      <contour>
+        <pt x="641" y="0" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="751" y="0" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="433" y="700" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="323" y="700" on="1"/>
+      </contour>
+      <contour>
+        <pt x="5" y="0" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="115" y="0" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="433" y="700" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="323" y="700" on="1"/>
+      </contour>
+      <contour>
+        <pt x="567" y="284" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="152" y="284" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="152" y="204" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="567" y="204" on="1"/>
+      </contour>
+      <instructions/>
+    </TTGlyph>
+
+    <TTGlyph name="Aacute" xMin="5" yMin="0" xMax="751" yMax="915">
+      <component glyphName="A" x="0" y="0" flags="0x204"/>
+      <component glyphName="acutecomb" x="402" y="130" flags="0x4"/>
+    </TTGlyph>
+
+    <TTGlyph name="O" xMin="30" yMin="-10" xMax="634" yMax="710">
+      <contour>
+        <pt x="332" y="-10" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="181" y="-10" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="30" y="169" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="30" y="350" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="30" y="531" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="181" y="710" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="332" y="710" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="484" y="710" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="634" y="531" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="634" y="350" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="634" y="169" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="484" y="-10" on="0"/>
+      </contour>
+      <contour>
+        <pt x="332" y="74" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="438" y="74" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="544" y="212" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="544" y="350" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="544" y="488" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="438" y="626" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="332" y="626" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="226" y="626" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="120" y="488" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="120" y="350" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="120" y="212" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="226" y="74" on="0"/>
+      </contour>
+      <instructions/>
+    </TTGlyph>
+
+    <TTGlyph name="V" xMin="5" yMin="0" xMax="751" yMax="700">
+      <contour>
+        <pt x="323" y="0" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="641" y="700" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="751" y="700" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="433" y="0" on="1"/>
+      </contour>
+      <contour>
+        <pt x="323" y="0" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="5" y="700" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="115" y="700" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="433" y="0" on="1"/>
+      </contour>
+      <instructions/>
+    </TTGlyph>
+
+    <TTGlyph name="acutecomb" xMin="-141" yMin="630" xMax="125" yMax="785">
+      <contour>
+        <pt x="-118" y="716" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="-141" y="630" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="102" y="699" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="125" y="785" on="1"/>
+      </contour>
+      <instructions/>
+    </TTGlyph>
+
+    <TTGlyph name="dollar" xMin="29" yMin="-68" xMax="580" yMax="759">
+      <contour>
+        <pt x="264" y="759" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="354" y="759" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="354" y="715" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="415" y="709" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="519" y="662" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="562" y="620" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="509" y="548" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="473" y="584" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="398" y="621" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="354" y="627" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="354" y="373" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="467" y="351" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="580" y="263" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="580" y="184" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="580" y="102" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="459" y="-8" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="354" y="-18" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="354" y="-68" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="264" y="-68" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="264" y="-18" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="192" y="-12" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="72" y="34" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="29" y="74" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="81" y="146" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="123" y="110" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="207" y="73" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="264" y="69" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="264" y="301" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="249" y="304" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="148" y="323" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="43" y="420" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="43" y="502" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="43" y="559" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="99" y="650" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="199" y="707" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="264" y="715" on="1"/>
+      </contour>
+      <contour>
+        <pt x="137" y="502" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="137" y="470" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="160" y="428" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="214" y="402" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="261" y="392" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="264" y="627" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="203" y="618" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="137" y="553" on="0"/>
+      </contour>
+      <contour>
+        <pt x="354" y="69" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="423" y="76" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="486" y="135" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="486" y="183" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="486" y="211" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="462" y="250" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="405" y="275" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="354" y="285" on="1"/>
+      </contour>
+      <instructions/>
+    </TTGlyph>
+
+    <TTGlyph name="dollar.BRACKET.500" xMin="29" yMin="-76" xMax="580" yMax="759">
+      <contour>
+        <pt x="264" y="759" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="354" y="759" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="354" y="715" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="415" y="709" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="519" y="662" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="562" y="620" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="509" y="548" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="464" y="592" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="370" y="630" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="308" y="630" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="226" y="630" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="137" y="562" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="137" y="502" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="137" y="470" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="160" y="428" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="214" y="402" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="261" y="392" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="360" y="372" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="469" y="350" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="580" y="263" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="580" y="184" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="580" y="102" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="459" y="-8" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="354" y="-18" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="354" y="-76" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="264" y="-76" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="264" y="-18" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="192" y="-12" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="72" y="34" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="29" y="74" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="81" y="146" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="115" y="118" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="180" y="83" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="259" y="67" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="310" y="67" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="403" y="67" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="486" y="128" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="486" y="183" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="486" y="212" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="461" y="251" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="401" y="277" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="348" y="286" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="249" y="304" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="148" y="323" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="43" y="420" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="43" y="502" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="43" y="559" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="99" y="650" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="199" y="707" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="264" y="715" on="1"/>
+      </contour>
+      <instructions/>
+    </TTGlyph>
+
+    <TTGlyph name="dollar.bold" xMin="29" yMin="-76" xMax="580" yMax="759">
+      <contour>
+        <pt x="264" y="759" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="354" y="759" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="354" y="715" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="415" y="709" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="519" y="662" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="562" y="620" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="509" y="548" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="464" y="592" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="370" y="630" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="308" y="630" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="226" y="630" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="137" y="562" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="137" y="502" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="137" y="470" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="160" y="428" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="214" y="402" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="261" y="392" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="360" y="372" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="469" y="350" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="580" y="263" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="580" y="184" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="580" y="102" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="459" y="-8" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="354" y="-18" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="354" y="-76" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="264" y="-76" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="264" y="-18" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="192" y="-12" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="72" y="34" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="29" y="74" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="81" y="146" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="115" y="118" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="180" y="83" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="259" y="67" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="310" y="67" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="403" y="67" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="486" y="128" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="486" y="183" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="486" y="212" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="461" y="251" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="401" y="277" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="348" y="286" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="249" y="304" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="148" y="323" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="43" y="420" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="43" y="502" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="43" y="559" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="99" y="650" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="199" y="707" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="264" y="715" on="1"/>
+      </contour>
+      <instructions/>
+    </TTGlyph>
+
+    <TTGlyph name="space"/><!-- contains no outline data -->
+
+  </glyf>
+
+  <name>
+    <namerecord nameID="1" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Simple Two Axis
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="2" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Regular
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="3" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      1.000;NONE;SimpleTwoAxis-Regular
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="4" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Simple Two Axis Regular
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="5" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Version 1.000
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="6" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      SimpleTwoAxis-Regular
+    </namerecord>
+  </name>
+
+  <post>
+    <formatType value="2.0"/>
+    <italicAngle value="0.0"/>
+    <underlinePosition value="-100"/>
+    <underlineThickness value="50"/>
+    <isFixedPitch value="0"/>
+    <minMemType42 value="0"/>
+    <maxMemType42 value="0"/>
+    <minMemType1 value="0"/>
+    <maxMemType1 value="0"/>
+    <psNames>
+      <!-- This file uses unique glyph names based on the information
+           found in the 'post' table. Since these names might not be unique,
+           we have to invent artificial names in case of clashes. In order to
+           be able to retain the original information, we need a name to
+           ps name mapping for those cases where they differ. That's what
+           you see below.
+            -->
+    </psNames>
+    <extraNames>
+      <!-- following are the name that are not taken from the standard Mac glyph order -->
+      <psName name="dollar.bold"/>
+      <psName name="acutecomb"/>
+      <psName name="dollar.BRACKET.500"/>
+    </extraNames>
+  </post>
+
+  <GDEF>
+    <Version value="0x00010000"/>
+    <GlyphClassDef>
+      <ClassDef glyph="A" class="1"/>
+      <ClassDef glyph="Aacute" class="1"/>
+      <ClassDef glyph="acutecomb" class="3"/>
+    </GlyphClassDef>
+  </GDEF>
+
+  <GPOS>
+    <Version value="0x00010000"/>
+    <ScriptList>
+      <!-- ScriptCount=1 -->
+      <ScriptRecord index="0">
+        <ScriptTag value="DFLT"/>
+        <Script>
+          <DefaultLangSys>
+            <ReqFeatureIndex value="65535"/>
+            <!-- FeatureCount=2 -->
+            <FeatureIndex index="0" value="0"/>
+            <FeatureIndex index="1" value="1"/>
+          </DefaultLangSys>
+          <!-- LangSysCount=0 -->
+        </Script>
+      </ScriptRecord>
+    </ScriptList>
+    <FeatureList>
+      <!-- FeatureCount=2 -->
+      <FeatureRecord index="0">
+        <FeatureTag value="kern"/>
+        <Feature>
+          <!-- LookupCount=1 -->
+          <LookupListIndex index="0" value="0"/>
+        </Feature>
+      </FeatureRecord>
+      <FeatureRecord index="1">
+        <FeatureTag value="mark"/>
+        <Feature>
+          <!-- LookupCount=1 -->
+          <LookupListIndex index="0" value="1"/>
+        </Feature>
+      </FeatureRecord>
+    </FeatureList>
+    <LookupList>
+      <!-- LookupCount=2 -->
+      <Lookup index="0">
+        <LookupType value="2"/>
+        <LookupFlag value="8"/><!-- ignoreMarks -->
+        <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
+        <PairPos index="0" Format="1">
+          <Coverage>
+            <Glyph value="A"/>
+            <Glyph value="Aacute"/>
+            <Glyph value="V"/>
+          </Coverage>
+          <ValueFormat1 value="4"/>
+          <ValueFormat2 value="0"/>
+          <!-- PairSetCount=3 -->
+          <PairSet index="0">
+            <!-- PairValueCount=1 -->
+            <PairValueRecord index="0">
+              <SecondGlyph value="V"/>
+              <Value1 XAdvance="-80"/>
+            </PairValueRecord>
+          </PairSet>
+          <PairSet index="1">
+            <!-- PairValueCount=1 -->
+            <PairValueRecord index="0">
+              <SecondGlyph value="V"/>
+              <Value1 XAdvance="-80"/>
+            </PairValueRecord>
+          </PairSet>
+          <PairSet index="2">
+            <!-- PairValueCount=1 -->
+            <PairValueRecord index="0">
+              <SecondGlyph value="O"/>
+              <Value1 XAdvance="-20"/>
+            </PairValueRecord>
+          </PairSet>
+        </PairPos>
+      </Lookup>
+      <Lookup index="1">
+        <LookupType value="4"/>
+        <LookupFlag value="0"/>
+        <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
+        <MarkBasePos index="0" Format="1">
+          <MarkCoverage>
+            <Glyph value="acutecomb"/>
+          </MarkCoverage>
+          <BaseCoverage>
+            <Glyph value="A"/>
+            <Glyph value="Aacute"/>
+          </BaseCoverage>
+          <!-- ClassCount=1 -->
+          <MarkArray>
+            <!-- MarkCount=1 -->
+            <MarkRecord index="0">
+              <Class value="0"/>
+              <MarkAnchor Format="1">
+                <XCoordinate value="4"/>
+                <YCoordinate value="623"/>
+              </MarkAnchor>
+            </MarkRecord>
+          </MarkArray>
+          <BaseArray>
+            <!-- BaseCount=2 -->
+            <BaseRecord index="0">
+              <BaseAnchor index="0" Format="1">
+                <XCoordinate value="406"/>
+                <YCoordinate value="753"/>
+              </BaseAnchor>
+            </BaseRecord>
+            <BaseRecord index="1">
+              <BaseAnchor index="0" Format="1">
+                <XCoordinate value="406"/>
+                <YCoordinate value="753"/>
+              </BaseAnchor>
+            </BaseRecord>
+          </BaseArray>
+        </MarkBasePos>
+      </Lookup>
+    </LookupList>
+  </GPOS>
+
+</ttFont>
diff --git a/Tests/varLib/data/master_incompatible_lookup_types/IncompatibleLookupTypes-Bold.ttx b/Tests/varLib/data/master_incompatible_lookup_types/IncompatibleLookupTypes-Bold.ttx
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6a28223
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/varLib/data/master_incompatible_lookup_types/IncompatibleLookupTypes-Bold.ttx
@@ -0,0 +1,622 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<ttFont sfntVersion="\x00\x01\x00\x00" ttLibVersion="4.20">
+
+  <GlyphOrder>
+    <!-- The 'id' attribute is only for humans; it is ignored when parsed. -->
+    <GlyphID id="0" name=".notdef"/>
+    <GlyphID id="1" name="A"/>
+    <GlyphID id="2" name="Aacute"/>
+    <GlyphID id="3" name="O"/>
+    <GlyphID id="4" name="V"/>
+    <GlyphID id="5" name="space"/>
+    <GlyphID id="6" name="dollar"/>
+    <GlyphID id="7" name="dollar.bold"/>
+    <GlyphID id="8" name="acutecomb"/>
+    <GlyphID id="9" name="dollar.BRACKET.500"/>
+  </GlyphOrder>
+
+  <head>
+    <!-- Most of this table will be recalculated by the compiler -->
+    <tableVersion value="1.0"/>
+    <fontRevision value="1.0"/>
+    <checkSumAdjustment value="0x10cb3f3"/>
+    <magicNumber value="0x5f0f3cf5"/>
+    <flags value="00000000 00000011"/>
+    <unitsPerEm value="1000"/>
+    <created value="Fri Jan 15 14:37:13 2021"/>
+    <modified value="Mon Mar 15 12:57:03 2021"/>
+    <xMin value="-141"/>
+    <yMin value="-200"/>
+    <xMax value="906"/>
+    <yMax value="949"/>
+    <macStyle value="00000000 00000001"/>
+    <lowestRecPPEM value="6"/>
+    <fontDirectionHint value="2"/>
+    <indexToLocFormat value="0"/>
+    <glyphDataFormat value="0"/>
+  </head>
+
+  <hhea>
+    <tableVersion value="0x00010000"/>
+    <ascent value="1000"/>
+    <descent value="-200"/>
+    <lineGap value="0"/>
+    <advanceWidthMax value="911"/>
+    <minLeftSideBearing value="-141"/>
+    <minRightSideBearing value="-125"/>
+    <xMaxExtent value="906"/>
+    <caretSlopeRise value="1"/>
+    <caretSlopeRun value="0"/>
+    <caretOffset value="0"/>
+    <reserved0 value="0"/>
+    <reserved1 value="0"/>
+    <reserved2 value="0"/>
+    <reserved3 value="0"/>
+    <metricDataFormat value="0"/>
+    <numberOfHMetrics value="10"/>
+  </hhea>
+
+  <maxp>
+    <!-- Most of this table will be recalculated by the compiler -->
+    <tableVersion value="0x10000"/>
+    <numGlyphs value="10"/>
+    <maxPoints value="52"/>
+    <maxContours value="3"/>
+    <maxCompositePoints value="16"/>
+    <maxCompositeContours value="4"/>
+    <maxZones value="1"/>
+    <maxTwilightPoints value="0"/>
+    <maxStorage value="0"/>
+    <maxFunctionDefs value="0"/>
+    <maxInstructionDefs value="0"/>
+    <maxStackElements value="0"/>
+    <maxSizeOfInstructions value="0"/>
+    <maxComponentElements value="2"/>
+    <maxComponentDepth value="1"/>
+  </maxp>
+
+  <OS_2>
+    <!-- The fields 'usFirstCharIndex' and 'usLastCharIndex'
+         will be recalculated by the compiler -->
+    <version value="4"/>
+    <xAvgCharWidth value="672"/>
+    <usWeightClass value="400"/>
+    <usWidthClass value="5"/>
+    <fsType value="00000000 00001000"/>
+    <ySubscriptXSize value="650"/>
+    <ySubscriptYSize value="600"/>
+    <ySubscriptXOffset value="0"/>
+    <ySubscriptYOffset value="75"/>
+    <ySuperscriptXSize value="650"/>
+    <ySuperscriptYSize value="600"/>
+    <ySuperscriptXOffset value="0"/>
+    <ySuperscriptYOffset value="350"/>
+    <yStrikeoutSize value="50"/>
+    <yStrikeoutPosition value="300"/>
+    <sFamilyClass value="0"/>
+    <panose>
+      <bFamilyType value="0"/>
+      <bSerifStyle value="0"/>
+      <bWeight value="0"/>
+      <bProportion value="0"/>
+      <bContrast value="0"/>
+      <bStrokeVariation value="0"/>
+      <bArmStyle value="0"/>
+      <bLetterForm value="0"/>
+      <bMidline value="0"/>
+      <bXHeight value="0"/>
+    </panose>
+    <ulUnicodeRange1 value="00000000 00000000 00000000 01000011"/>
+    <ulUnicodeRange2 value="00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000"/>
+    <ulUnicodeRange3 value="00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000"/>
+    <ulUnicodeRange4 value="00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000"/>
+    <achVendID value="NONE"/>
+    <fsSelection value="00000000 00100000"/>
+    <usFirstCharIndex value="32"/>
+    <usLastCharIndex value="769"/>
+    <sTypoAscender value="800"/>
+    <sTypoDescender value="-200"/>
+    <sTypoLineGap value="200"/>
+    <usWinAscent value="1000"/>
+    <usWinDescent value="200"/>
+    <ulCodePageRange1 value="00000000 00000000 00000000 00000001"/>
+    <ulCodePageRange2 value="00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000"/>
+    <sxHeight value="500"/>
+    <sCapHeight value="700"/>
+    <usDefaultChar value="0"/>
+    <usBreakChar value="32"/>
+    <usMaxContext value="2"/>
+  </OS_2>
+
+  <hmtx>
+    <mtx name=".notdef" width="500" lsb="50"/>
+    <mtx name="A" width="911" lsb="5"/>
+    <mtx name="Aacute" width="911" lsb="5"/>
+    <mtx name="O" width="715" lsb="15"/>
+    <mtx name="V" width="911" lsb="5"/>
+    <mtx name="acutecomb" width="0" lsb="-141"/>
+    <mtx name="dollar" width="600" lsb="1"/>
+    <mtx name="dollar.BRACKET.500" width="600" lsb="1"/>
+    <mtx name="dollar.bold" width="600" lsb="1"/>
+    <mtx name="space" width="300" lsb="0"/>
+  </hmtx>
+
+  <cmap>
+    <tableVersion version="0"/>
+    <cmap_format_4 platformID="0" platEncID="3" language="0">
+      <map code="0x20" name="space"/><!-- SPACE -->
+      <map code="0x24" name="dollar"/><!-- DOLLAR SIGN -->
+      <map code="0x41" name="A"/><!-- LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A -->
+      <map code="0x4f" name="O"/><!-- LATIN CAPITAL LETTER O -->
+      <map code="0x56" name="V"/><!-- LATIN CAPITAL LETTER V -->
+      <map code="0xc1" name="Aacute"/><!-- LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A WITH ACUTE -->
+      <map code="0x301" name="acutecomb"/><!-- COMBINING ACUTE ACCENT -->
+    </cmap_format_4>
+    <cmap_format_4 platformID="3" platEncID="1" language="0">
+      <map code="0x20" name="space"/><!-- SPACE -->
+      <map code="0x24" name="dollar"/><!-- DOLLAR SIGN -->
+      <map code="0x41" name="A"/><!-- LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A -->
+      <map code="0x4f" name="O"/><!-- LATIN CAPITAL LETTER O -->
+      <map code="0x56" name="V"/><!-- LATIN CAPITAL LETTER V -->
+      <map code="0xc1" name="Aacute"/><!-- LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A WITH ACUTE -->
+      <map code="0x301" name="acutecomb"/><!-- COMBINING ACUTE ACCENT -->
+    </cmap_format_4>
+  </cmap>
+
+  <loca>
+    <!-- The 'loca' table will be calculated by the compiler -->
+  </loca>
+
+  <glyf>
+
+    <!-- The xMin, yMin, xMax and yMax values
+         will be recalculated by the compiler. -->
+
+    <TTGlyph name=".notdef" xMin="50" yMin="-200" xMax="450" yMax="800">
+      <contour>
+        <pt x="50" y="-200" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="50" y="800" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="450" y="800" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="450" y="-200" on="1"/>
+      </contour>
+      <contour>
+        <pt x="100" y="-150" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="400" y="-150" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="400" y="750" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="100" y="750" on="1"/>
+      </contour>
+      <instructions/>
+    </TTGlyph>
+
+    <TTGlyph name="A" xMin="5" yMin="0" xMax="906" yMax="700">
+      <contour>
+        <pt x="705" y="0" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="906" y="0" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="556" y="700" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="355" y="700" on="1"/>
+      </contour>
+      <contour>
+        <pt x="5" y="0" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="206" y="0" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="556" y="700" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="355" y="700" on="1"/>
+      </contour>
+      <contour>
+        <pt x="640" y="311" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="190" y="311" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="190" y="191" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="640" y="191" on="1"/>
+      </contour>
+      <instructions/>
+    </TTGlyph>
+
+    <TTGlyph name="Aacute" xMin="5" yMin="0" xMax="906" yMax="949">
+      <component glyphName="A" x="0" y="0" flags="0x204"/>
+      <component glyphName="acutecomb" x="479" y="124" flags="0x4"/>
+    </TTGlyph>
+
+    <TTGlyph name="O" xMin="15" yMin="-10" xMax="670" yMax="710">
+      <contour>
+        <pt x="342" y="-10" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="172" y="-10" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="15" y="163" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="15" y="350" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="15" y="538" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="172" y="710" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="342" y="710" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="513" y="710" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="670" y="538" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="670" y="350" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="670" y="163" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="513" y="-10" on="0"/>
+      </contour>
+      <contour>
+        <pt x="342" y="153" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="419" y="153" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="490" y="247" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="490" y="350" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="490" y="453" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="419" y="547" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="342" y="547" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="266" y="547" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="195" y="453" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="195" y="350" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="195" y="247" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="266" y="153" on="0"/>
+      </contour>
+      <instructions/>
+    </TTGlyph>
+
+    <TTGlyph name="V" xMin="5" yMin="0" xMax="906" yMax="700">
+      <contour>
+        <pt x="355" y="0" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="705" y="700" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="906" y="700" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="556" y="0" on="1"/>
+      </contour>
+      <contour>
+        <pt x="355" y="0" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="5" y="700" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="206" y="700" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="556" y="0" on="1"/>
+      </contour>
+      <instructions/>
+    </TTGlyph>
+
+    <TTGlyph name="acutecomb" xMin="-141" yMin="630" xMax="125" yMax="825">
+      <contour>
+        <pt x="-118" y="756" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="-141" y="630" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="102" y="699" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="125" y="825" on="1"/>
+      </contour>
+      <instructions/>
+    </TTGlyph>
+
+    <TTGlyph name="dollar" xMin="1" yMin="-98" xMax="595" yMax="789">
+      <contour>
+        <pt x="249" y="789" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="369" y="789" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="369" y="743" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="427" y="735" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="537" y="681" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="590" y="623" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="510" y="515" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="479" y="549" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="411" y="588" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="369" y="595" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="369" y="400" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="476" y="378" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="595" y="278" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="595" y="184" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="595" y="93" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="474" y="-32" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="369" y="-46" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="369" y="-98" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="249" y="-98" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="249" y="-47" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="176" y="-39" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="52" y="17" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="1" y="69" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="80" y="179" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="118" y="144" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="195" y="106" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="249" y="100" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="249" y="273" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="246" y="274" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="144" y="294" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="28" y="405" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="28" y="502" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="28" y="567" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="84" y="667" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="184" y="732" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="249" y="742" on="1"/>
+      </contour>
+      <contour>
+        <pt x="152" y="502" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="152" y="480" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="166" y="453" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="208" y="434" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="249" y="424" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="249" y="595" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="199" y="587" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="152" y="538" on="0"/>
+      </contour>
+      <contour>
+        <pt x="369" y="100" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="426" y="107" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="471" y="150" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="471" y="183" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="471" y="201" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="456" y="225" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="412" y="243" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="369" y="252" on="1"/>
+      </contour>
+      <instructions/>
+    </TTGlyph>
+
+    <TTGlyph name="dollar.BRACKET.500" xMin="1" yMin="-98" xMax="595" yMax="789">
+      <contour>
+        <pt x="249" y="789" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="369" y="789" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="369" y="743" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="427" y="735" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="537" y="681" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="590" y="623" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="510" y="515" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="468" y="560" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="374" y="600" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="308" y="600" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="227" y="600" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="152" y="548" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="152" y="502" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="152" y="479" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="168" y="450" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="217" y="431" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="264" y="421" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="363" y="401" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="473" y="379" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="595" y="279" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="595" y="184" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="595" y="93" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="474" y="-32" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="369" y="-46" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="369" y="-98" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="249" y="-98" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="249" y="-47" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="176" y="-39" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="52" y="17" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="1" y="69" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="80" y="179" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="112" y="150" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="176" y="114" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="256" y="97" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="310" y="97" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="402" y="97" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="471" y="143" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="471" y="183" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="471" y="203" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="453" y="228" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="399" y="247" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="345" y="256" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="246" y="274" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="144" y="293" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="28" y="405" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="28" y="502" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="28" y="567" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="84" y="667" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="184" y="732" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="249" y="742" on="1"/>
+      </contour>
+      <instructions/>
+    </TTGlyph>
+
+    <TTGlyph name="dollar.bold" xMin="1" yMin="-98" xMax="595" yMax="789">
+      <contour>
+        <pt x="249" y="789" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="369" y="789" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="369" y="743" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="427" y="735" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="537" y="681" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="590" y="623" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="510" y="515" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="468" y="560" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="374" y="600" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="308" y="600" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="227" y="600" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="152" y="548" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="152" y="502" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="152" y="479" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="168" y="450" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="217" y="431" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="264" y="421" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="363" y="401" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="473" y="379" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="595" y="279" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="595" y="184" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="595" y="93" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="474" y="-32" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="369" y="-46" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="369" y="-98" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="249" y="-98" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="249" y="-47" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="176" y="-39" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="52" y="17" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="1" y="69" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="80" y="179" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="112" y="150" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="176" y="114" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="256" y="97" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="310" y="97" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="402" y="97" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="471" y="143" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="471" y="183" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="471" y="203" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="453" y="228" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="399" y="247" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="345" y="256" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="246" y="274" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="144" y="293" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="28" y="405" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="28" y="502" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="28" y="567" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="84" y="667" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="184" y="732" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="249" y="742" on="1"/>
+      </contour>
+      <instructions/>
+    </TTGlyph>
+
+    <TTGlyph name="space"/><!-- contains no outline data -->
+
+  </glyf>
+
+  <name>
+    <namerecord nameID="1" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Simple Two Axis
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="2" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Bold
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="3" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      1.000;NONE;SimpleTwoAxis-Bold
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="4" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Simple Two Axis Bold
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="5" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Version 1.000
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="6" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      SimpleTwoAxis-Bold
+    </namerecord>
+  </name>
+
+  <post>
+    <formatType value="2.0"/>
+    <italicAngle value="0.0"/>
+    <underlinePosition value="-100"/>
+    <underlineThickness value="50"/>
+    <isFixedPitch value="0"/>
+    <minMemType42 value="0"/>
+    <maxMemType42 value="0"/>
+    <minMemType1 value="0"/>
+    <maxMemType1 value="0"/>
+    <psNames>
+      <!-- This file uses unique glyph names based on the information
+           found in the 'post' table. Since these names might not be unique,
+           we have to invent artificial names in case of clashes. In order to
+           be able to retain the original information, we need a name to
+           ps name mapping for those cases where they differ. That's what
+           you see below.
+            -->
+    </psNames>
+    <extraNames>
+      <!-- following are the name that are not taken from the standard Mac glyph order -->
+      <psName name="dollar.bold"/>
+      <psName name="acutecomb"/>
+      <psName name="dollar.BRACKET.500"/>
+    </extraNames>
+  </post>
+
+  <GDEF>
+    <Version value="0x00010000"/>
+    <GlyphClassDef>
+      <ClassDef glyph="A" class="1"/>
+      <ClassDef glyph="Aacute" class="1"/>
+      <ClassDef glyph="acutecomb" class="3"/>
+    </GlyphClassDef>
+  </GDEF>
+
+  <GPOS>
+    <Version value="0x00010000"/>
+    <ScriptList>
+      <!-- ScriptCount=1 -->
+      <ScriptRecord index="0">
+        <ScriptTag value="DFLT"/>
+        <Script>
+          <DefaultLangSys>
+            <ReqFeatureIndex value="65535"/>
+            <!-- FeatureCount=2 -->
+            <FeatureIndex index="0" value="0"/>
+            <FeatureIndex index="1" value="1"/>
+          </DefaultLangSys>
+          <!-- LangSysCount=0 -->
+        </Script>
+      </ScriptRecord>
+    </ScriptList>
+    <FeatureList>
+      <!-- FeatureCount=2 -->
+      <FeatureRecord index="0">
+        <FeatureTag value="kern"/>
+        <Feature>
+          <!-- LookupCount=1 -->
+          <LookupListIndex index="0" value="0"/>
+        </Feature>
+      </FeatureRecord>
+      <FeatureRecord index="1">
+        <FeatureTag value="mark"/>
+        <Feature>
+          <!-- LookupCount=1 -->
+          <LookupListIndex index="0" value="1"/>
+        </Feature>
+      </FeatureRecord>
+    </FeatureList>
+    <LookupList>
+      <!-- LookupCount=2 -->
+      <Lookup index="0">
+        <LookupType value="2"/>
+        <LookupFlag value="8"/><!-- ignoreMarks -->
+        <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
+        <PairPos index="0" Format="1">
+          <Coverage>
+            <Glyph value="A"/>
+            <Glyph value="Aacute"/>
+            <Glyph value="V"/>
+          </Coverage>
+          <ValueFormat1 value="4"/>
+          <ValueFormat2 value="0"/>
+          <!-- PairSetCount=3 -->
+          <PairSet index="0">
+            <!-- PairValueCount=1 -->
+            <PairValueRecord index="0">
+              <SecondGlyph value="V"/>
+              <Value1 XAdvance="-80"/>
+            </PairValueRecord>
+          </PairSet>
+          <PairSet index="1">
+            <!-- PairValueCount=1 -->
+            <PairValueRecord index="0">
+              <SecondGlyph value="V"/>
+              <Value1 XAdvance="-80"/>
+            </PairValueRecord>
+          </PairSet>
+          <PairSet index="2">
+            <!-- PairValueCount=1 -->
+            <PairValueRecord index="0">
+              <SecondGlyph value="O"/>
+              <Value1 XAdvance="-20"/>
+            </PairValueRecord>
+          </PairSet>
+        </PairPos>
+      </Lookup>
+      <Lookup index="1">
+        <LookupType value="4"/>
+        <LookupFlag value="0"/>
+        <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
+        <PairPos index="0" Format="1">
+          <Coverage>
+            <Glyph value="A"/>
+            <Glyph value="Aacute"/>
+            <Glyph value="V"/>
+          </Coverage>
+          <ValueFormat1 value="4"/>
+          <ValueFormat2 value="0"/>
+          <!-- PairSetCount=3 -->
+          <PairSet index="0">
+            <!-- PairValueCount=1 -->
+            <PairValueRecord index="0">
+              <SecondGlyph value="V"/>
+              <Value1 XAdvance="-80"/>
+            </PairValueRecord>
+          </PairSet>
+          <PairSet index="1">
+            <!-- PairValueCount=1 -->
+            <PairValueRecord index="0">
+              <SecondGlyph value="V"/>
+              <Value1 XAdvance="-80"/>
+            </PairValueRecord>
+          </PairSet>
+          <PairSet index="2">
+            <!-- PairValueCount=1 -->
+            <PairValueRecord index="0">
+              <SecondGlyph value="O"/>
+              <Value1 XAdvance="-20"/>
+            </PairValueRecord>
+          </PairSet>
+        </PairPos>
+      </Lookup>
+    </LookupList>
+  </GPOS>
+
+</ttFont>
diff --git a/Tests/varLib/data/master_incompatible_lookup_types/IncompatibleLookupTypes-Regular.ttx b/Tests/varLib/data/master_incompatible_lookup_types/IncompatibleLookupTypes-Regular.ttx
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..dc6eb17
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/varLib/data/master_incompatible_lookup_types/IncompatibleLookupTypes-Regular.ttx
@@ -0,0 +1,626 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<ttFont sfntVersion="\x00\x01\x00\x00" ttLibVersion="4.20">
+
+  <GlyphOrder>
+    <!-- The 'id' attribute is only for humans; it is ignored when parsed. -->
+    <GlyphID id="0" name=".notdef"/>
+    <GlyphID id="1" name="A"/>
+    <GlyphID id="2" name="Aacute"/>
+    <GlyphID id="3" name="O"/>
+    <GlyphID id="4" name="V"/>
+    <GlyphID id="5" name="space"/>
+    <GlyphID id="6" name="dollar"/>
+    <GlyphID id="7" name="dollar.bold"/>
+    <GlyphID id="8" name="acutecomb"/>
+    <GlyphID id="9" name="dollar.BRACKET.500"/>
+  </GlyphOrder>
+
+  <head>
+    <!-- Most of this table will be recalculated by the compiler -->
+    <tableVersion value="1.0"/>
+    <fontRevision value="1.0"/>
+    <checkSumAdjustment value="0x3c7bc79b"/>
+    <magicNumber value="0x5f0f3cf5"/>
+    <flags value="00000000 00000011"/>
+    <unitsPerEm value="1000"/>
+    <created value="Fri Jan 15 14:37:13 2021"/>
+    <modified value="Mon Mar 15 12:57:03 2021"/>
+    <xMin value="-141"/>
+    <yMin value="-200"/>
+    <xMax value="751"/>
+    <yMax value="915"/>
+    <macStyle value="00000000 00000000"/>
+    <lowestRecPPEM value="6"/>
+    <fontDirectionHint value="2"/>
+    <indexToLocFormat value="0"/>
+    <glyphDataFormat value="0"/>
+  </head>
+
+  <hhea>
+    <tableVersion value="0x00010000"/>
+    <ascent value="1000"/>
+    <descent value="-200"/>
+    <lineGap value="0"/>
+    <advanceWidthMax value="756"/>
+    <minLeftSideBearing value="-141"/>
+    <minRightSideBearing value="-125"/>
+    <xMaxExtent value="751"/>
+    <caretSlopeRise value="1"/>
+    <caretSlopeRun value="0"/>
+    <caretOffset value="0"/>
+    <reserved0 value="0"/>
+    <reserved1 value="0"/>
+    <reserved2 value="0"/>
+    <reserved3 value="0"/>
+    <metricDataFormat value="0"/>
+    <numberOfHMetrics value="10"/>
+  </hhea>
+
+  <maxp>
+    <!-- Most of this table will be recalculated by the compiler -->
+    <tableVersion value="0x10000"/>
+    <numGlyphs value="10"/>
+    <maxPoints value="52"/>
+    <maxContours value="3"/>
+    <maxCompositePoints value="16"/>
+    <maxCompositeContours value="4"/>
+    <maxZones value="1"/>
+    <maxTwilightPoints value="0"/>
+    <maxStorage value="0"/>
+    <maxFunctionDefs value="0"/>
+    <maxInstructionDefs value="0"/>
+    <maxStackElements value="0"/>
+    <maxSizeOfInstructions value="0"/>
+    <maxComponentElements value="2"/>
+    <maxComponentDepth value="1"/>
+  </maxp>
+
+  <OS_2>
+    <!-- The fields 'usFirstCharIndex' and 'usLastCharIndex'
+         will be recalculated by the compiler -->
+    <version value="4"/>
+    <xAvgCharWidth value="604"/>
+    <usWeightClass value="400"/>
+    <usWidthClass value="5"/>
+    <fsType value="00000000 00001000"/>
+    <ySubscriptXSize value="650"/>
+    <ySubscriptYSize value="600"/>
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+    <ySuperscriptYSize value="600"/>
+    <ySuperscriptXOffset value="0"/>
+    <ySuperscriptYOffset value="350"/>
+    <yStrikeoutSize value="50"/>
+    <yStrikeoutPosition value="300"/>
+    <sFamilyClass value="0"/>
+    <panose>
+      <bFamilyType value="0"/>
+      <bSerifStyle value="0"/>
+      <bWeight value="0"/>
+      <bProportion value="0"/>
+      <bContrast value="0"/>
+      <bStrokeVariation value="0"/>
+      <bArmStyle value="0"/>
+      <bLetterForm value="0"/>
+      <bMidline value="0"/>
+      <bXHeight value="0"/>
+    </panose>
+    <ulUnicodeRange1 value="00000000 00000000 00000000 01000011"/>
+    <ulUnicodeRange2 value="00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000"/>
+    <ulUnicodeRange3 value="00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000"/>
+    <ulUnicodeRange4 value="00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000"/>
+    <achVendID value="NONE"/>
+    <fsSelection value="00000000 01000000"/>
+    <usFirstCharIndex value="32"/>
+    <usLastCharIndex value="769"/>
+    <sTypoAscender value="800"/>
+    <sTypoDescender value="-200"/>
+    <sTypoLineGap value="200"/>
+    <usWinAscent value="1000"/>
+    <usWinDescent value="200"/>
+    <ulCodePageRange1 value="00000000 00000000 00000000 00000001"/>
+    <ulCodePageRange2 value="00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000"/>
+    <sxHeight value="500"/>
+    <sCapHeight value="700"/>
+    <usDefaultChar value="0"/>
+    <usBreakChar value="32"/>
+    <usMaxContext value="2"/>
+  </OS_2>
+
+  <hmtx>
+    <mtx name=".notdef" width="500" lsb="50"/>
+    <mtx name="A" width="756" lsb="5"/>
+    <mtx name="Aacute" width="756" lsb="5"/>
+    <mtx name="O" width="664" lsb="30"/>
+    <mtx name="V" width="756" lsb="5"/>
+    <mtx name="acutecomb" width="0" lsb="-141"/>
+    <mtx name="dollar" width="600" lsb="29"/>
+    <mtx name="dollar.BRACKET.500" width="600" lsb="29"/>
+    <mtx name="dollar.bold" width="600" lsb="29"/>
+    <mtx name="space" width="200" lsb="0"/>
+  </hmtx>
+
+  <cmap>
+    <tableVersion version="0"/>
+    <cmap_format_4 platformID="0" platEncID="3" language="0">
+      <map code="0x20" name="space"/><!-- SPACE -->
+      <map code="0x24" name="dollar"/><!-- DOLLAR SIGN -->
+      <map code="0x41" name="A"/><!-- LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A -->
+      <map code="0x4f" name="O"/><!-- LATIN CAPITAL LETTER O -->
+      <map code="0x56" name="V"/><!-- LATIN CAPITAL LETTER V -->
+      <map code="0xc1" name="Aacute"/><!-- LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A WITH ACUTE -->
+      <map code="0x301" name="acutecomb"/><!-- COMBINING ACUTE ACCENT -->
+    </cmap_format_4>
+    <cmap_format_4 platformID="3" platEncID="1" language="0">
+      <map code="0x20" name="space"/><!-- SPACE -->
+      <map code="0x24" name="dollar"/><!-- DOLLAR SIGN -->
+      <map code="0x41" name="A"/><!-- LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A -->
+      <map code="0x4f" name="O"/><!-- LATIN CAPITAL LETTER O -->
+      <map code="0x56" name="V"/><!-- LATIN CAPITAL LETTER V -->
+      <map code="0xc1" name="Aacute"/><!-- LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A WITH ACUTE -->
+      <map code="0x301" name="acutecomb"/><!-- COMBINING ACUTE ACCENT -->
+    </cmap_format_4>
+  </cmap>
+
+  <loca>
+    <!-- The 'loca' table will be calculated by the compiler -->
+  </loca>
+
+  <glyf>
+
+    <!-- The xMin, yMin, xMax and yMax values
+         will be recalculated by the compiler. -->
+
+    <TTGlyph name=".notdef" xMin="50" yMin="-200" xMax="450" yMax="800">
+      <contour>
+        <pt x="50" y="-200" on="1"/>
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+        <pt x="450" y="800" on="1"/>
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+      <contour>
+        <pt x="100" y="-150" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="400" y="-150" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="400" y="750" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="100" y="750" on="1"/>
+      </contour>
+      <instructions/>
+    </TTGlyph>
+
+    <TTGlyph name="A" xMin="5" yMin="0" xMax="751" yMax="700">
+      <contour>
+        <pt x="641" y="0" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="751" y="0" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="433" y="700" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="323" y="700" on="1"/>
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+      <contour>
+        <pt x="5" y="0" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="115" y="0" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="433" y="700" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="323" y="700" on="1"/>
+      </contour>
+      <contour>
+        <pt x="567" y="284" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="152" y="284" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="152" y="204" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="567" y="204" on="1"/>
+      </contour>
+      <instructions/>
+    </TTGlyph>
+
+    <TTGlyph name="Aacute" xMin="5" yMin="0" xMax="751" yMax="915">
+      <component glyphName="A" x="0" y="0" flags="0x204"/>
+      <component glyphName="acutecomb" x="402" y="130" flags="0x4"/>
+    </TTGlyph>
+
+    <TTGlyph name="O" xMin="30" yMin="-10" xMax="634" yMax="710">
+      <contour>
+        <pt x="332" y="-10" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="181" y="-10" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="30" y="169" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="30" y="350" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="30" y="531" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="181" y="710" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="332" y="710" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="484" y="710" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="634" y="531" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="634" y="350" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="634" y="169" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="484" y="-10" on="0"/>
+      </contour>
+      <contour>
+        <pt x="332" y="74" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="438" y="74" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="544" y="212" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="544" y="350" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="544" y="488" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="438" y="626" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="332" y="626" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="226" y="626" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="120" y="488" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="120" y="350" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="120" y="212" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="226" y="74" on="0"/>
+      </contour>
+      <instructions/>
+    </TTGlyph>
+
+    <TTGlyph name="V" xMin="5" yMin="0" xMax="751" yMax="700">
+      <contour>
+        <pt x="323" y="0" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="641" y="700" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="751" y="700" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="433" y="0" on="1"/>
+      </contour>
+      <contour>
+        <pt x="323" y="0" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="5" y="700" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="115" y="700" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="433" y="0" on="1"/>
+      </contour>
+      <instructions/>
+    </TTGlyph>
+
+    <TTGlyph name="acutecomb" xMin="-141" yMin="630" xMax="125" yMax="785">
+      <contour>
+        <pt x="-118" y="716" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="-141" y="630" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="102" y="699" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="125" y="785" on="1"/>
+      </contour>
+      <instructions/>
+    </TTGlyph>
+
+    <TTGlyph name="dollar" xMin="29" yMin="-68" xMax="580" yMax="759">
+      <contour>
+        <pt x="264" y="759" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="354" y="759" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="354" y="715" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="415" y="709" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="519" y="662" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="562" y="620" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="509" y="548" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="473" y="584" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="398" y="621" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="354" y="627" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="354" y="373" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="467" y="351" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="580" y="263" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="580" y="184" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="580" y="102" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="459" y="-8" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="354" y="-18" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="354" y="-68" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="264" y="-68" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="264" y="-18" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="192" y="-12" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="72" y="34" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="29" y="74" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="81" y="146" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="123" y="110" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="207" y="73" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="264" y="69" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="264" y="301" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="249" y="304" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="148" y="323" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="43" y="420" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="43" y="502" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="43" y="559" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="99" y="650" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="199" y="707" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="264" y="715" on="1"/>
+      </contour>
+      <contour>
+        <pt x="137" y="502" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="137" y="470" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="160" y="428" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="214" y="402" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="261" y="392" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="264" y="627" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="203" y="618" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="137" y="553" on="0"/>
+      </contour>
+      <contour>
+        <pt x="354" y="69" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="423" y="76" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="486" y="135" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="486" y="183" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="486" y="211" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="462" y="250" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="405" y="275" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="354" y="285" on="1"/>
+      </contour>
+      <instructions/>
+    </TTGlyph>
+
+    <TTGlyph name="dollar.BRACKET.500" xMin="29" yMin="-76" xMax="580" yMax="759">
+      <contour>
+        <pt x="264" y="759" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="354" y="759" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="354" y="715" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="415" y="709" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="519" y="662" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="562" y="620" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="509" y="548" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="464" y="592" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="370" y="630" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="308" y="630" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="226" y="630" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="137" y="562" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="137" y="502" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="137" y="470" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="160" y="428" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="214" y="402" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="261" y="392" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="360" y="372" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="469" y="350" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="580" y="263" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="580" y="184" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="580" y="102" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="459" y="-8" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="354" y="-18" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="354" y="-76" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="264" y="-76" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="264" y="-18" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="192" y="-12" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="72" y="34" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="29" y="74" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="81" y="146" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="115" y="118" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="180" y="83" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="259" y="67" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="310" y="67" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="403" y="67" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="486" y="128" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="486" y="183" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="486" y="212" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="461" y="251" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="401" y="277" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="348" y="286" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="249" y="304" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="148" y="323" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="43" y="420" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="43" y="502" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="43" y="559" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="99" y="650" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="199" y="707" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="264" y="715" on="1"/>
+      </contour>
+      <instructions/>
+    </TTGlyph>
+
+    <TTGlyph name="dollar.bold" xMin="29" yMin="-76" xMax="580" yMax="759">
+      <contour>
+        <pt x="264" y="759" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="354" y="759" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="354" y="715" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="415" y="709" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="519" y="662" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="562" y="620" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="509" y="548" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="464" y="592" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="370" y="630" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="308" y="630" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="226" y="630" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="137" y="562" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="137" y="502" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="137" y="470" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="160" y="428" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="214" y="402" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="261" y="392" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="360" y="372" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="469" y="350" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="580" y="263" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="580" y="184" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="580" y="102" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="459" y="-8" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="354" y="-18" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="354" y="-76" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="264" y="-76" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="264" y="-18" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="192" y="-12" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="72" y="34" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="29" y="74" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="81" y="146" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="115" y="118" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="180" y="83" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="259" y="67" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="310" y="67" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="403" y="67" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="486" y="128" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="486" y="183" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="486" y="212" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="461" y="251" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="401" y="277" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="348" y="286" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="249" y="304" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="148" y="323" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="43" y="420" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="43" y="502" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="43" y="559" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="99" y="650" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="199" y="707" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="264" y="715" on="1"/>
+      </contour>
+      <instructions/>
+    </TTGlyph>
+
+    <TTGlyph name="space"/><!-- contains no outline data -->
+
+  </glyf>
+
+  <name>
+    <namerecord nameID="1" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Simple Two Axis
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="2" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Regular
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="3" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      1.000;NONE;SimpleTwoAxis-Regular
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="4" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Simple Two Axis Regular
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="5" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Version 1.000
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="6" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      SimpleTwoAxis-Regular
+    </namerecord>
+  </name>
+
+  <post>
+    <formatType value="2.0"/>
+    <italicAngle value="0.0"/>
+    <underlinePosition value="-100"/>
+    <underlineThickness value="50"/>
+    <isFixedPitch value="0"/>
+    <minMemType42 value="0"/>
+    <maxMemType42 value="0"/>
+    <minMemType1 value="0"/>
+    <maxMemType1 value="0"/>
+    <psNames>
+      <!-- This file uses unique glyph names based on the information
+           found in the 'post' table. Since these names might not be unique,
+           we have to invent artificial names in case of clashes. In order to
+           be able to retain the original information, we need a name to
+           ps name mapping for those cases where they differ. That's what
+           you see below.
+            -->
+    </psNames>
+    <extraNames>
+      <!-- following are the name that are not taken from the standard Mac glyph order -->
+      <psName name="dollar.bold"/>
+      <psName name="acutecomb"/>
+      <psName name="dollar.BRACKET.500"/>
+    </extraNames>
+  </post>
+
+  <GDEF>
+    <Version value="0x00010000"/>
+    <GlyphClassDef>
+      <ClassDef glyph="A" class="1"/>
+      <ClassDef glyph="Aacute" class="1"/>
+      <ClassDef glyph="acutecomb" class="3"/>
+    </GlyphClassDef>
+  </GDEF>
+
+  <GPOS>
+    <Version value="0x00010000"/>
+    <ScriptList>
+      <!-- ScriptCount=1 -->
+      <ScriptRecord index="0">
+        <ScriptTag value="DFLT"/>
+        <Script>
+          <DefaultLangSys>
+            <ReqFeatureIndex value="65535"/>
+            <!-- FeatureCount=2 -->
+            <FeatureIndex index="0" value="0"/>
+            <FeatureIndex index="1" value="1"/>
+          </DefaultLangSys>
+          <!-- LangSysCount=0 -->
+        </Script>
+      </ScriptRecord>
+    </ScriptList>
+    <FeatureList>
+      <!-- FeatureCount=2 -->
+      <FeatureRecord index="0">
+        <FeatureTag value="kern"/>
+        <Feature>
+          <!-- LookupCount=1 -->
+          <LookupListIndex index="0" value="0"/>
+        </Feature>
+      </FeatureRecord>
+      <FeatureRecord index="1">
+        <FeatureTag value="mark"/>
+        <Feature>
+          <!-- LookupCount=1 -->
+          <LookupListIndex index="0" value="1"/>
+        </Feature>
+      </FeatureRecord>
+    </FeatureList>
+    <LookupList>
+      <!-- LookupCount=2 -->
+      <Lookup index="0">
+        <LookupType value="2"/>
+        <LookupFlag value="8"/><!-- ignoreMarks -->
+        <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
+        <PairPos index="0" Format="1">
+          <Coverage>
+            <Glyph value="A"/>
+            <Glyph value="Aacute"/>
+            <Glyph value="V"/>
+          </Coverage>
+          <ValueFormat1 value="4"/>
+          <ValueFormat2 value="0"/>
+          <!-- PairSetCount=3 -->
+          <PairSet index="0">
+            <!-- PairValueCount=1 -->
+            <PairValueRecord index="0">
+              <SecondGlyph value="V"/>
+              <Value1 XAdvance="-80"/>
+            </PairValueRecord>
+          </PairSet>
+          <PairSet index="1">
+            <!-- PairValueCount=1 -->
+            <PairValueRecord index="0">
+              <SecondGlyph value="V"/>
+              <Value1 XAdvance="-80"/>
+            </PairValueRecord>
+          </PairSet>
+          <PairSet index="2">
+            <!-- PairValueCount=1 -->
+            <PairValueRecord index="0">
+              <SecondGlyph value="O"/>
+              <Value1 XAdvance="-20"/>
+            </PairValueRecord>
+          </PairSet>
+        </PairPos>
+      </Lookup>
+      <Lookup index="1">
+        <LookupType value="4"/>
+        <LookupFlag value="0"/>
+        <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
+        <MarkBasePos index="0" Format="1">
+          <MarkCoverage>
+            <Glyph value="acutecomb"/>
+          </MarkCoverage>
+          <BaseCoverage>
+            <Glyph value="A"/>
+            <Glyph value="Aacute"/>
+          </BaseCoverage>
+          <!-- ClassCount=1 -->
+          <MarkArray>
+            <!-- MarkCount=1 -->
+            <MarkRecord index="0">
+              <Class value="0"/>
+              <MarkAnchor Format="1">
+                <XCoordinate value="4"/>
+                <YCoordinate value="623"/>
+              </MarkAnchor>
+            </MarkRecord>
+          </MarkArray>
+          <BaseArray>
+            <!-- BaseCount=2 -->
+            <BaseRecord index="0">
+              <BaseAnchor index="0" Format="3">
+                <XCoordinate value="406"/>
+                <YCoordinate value="753"/>
+              </BaseAnchor>
+            </BaseRecord>
+            <BaseRecord index="1">
+              <BaseAnchor index="0" Format="1">
+                <XCoordinate value="406"/>
+                <YCoordinate value="753"/>
+              </BaseAnchor>
+            </BaseRecord>
+          </BaseArray>
+        </MarkBasePos>
+      </Lookup>
+    </LookupList>
+  </GPOS>
+
+</ttFont>
diff --git a/Tests/varLib/data/master_kerning_merging/0.ttx b/Tests/varLib/data/master_kerning_merging/0.ttx
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1ca22f6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/varLib/data/master_kerning_merging/0.ttx
@@ -0,0 +1,304 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<ttFont sfntVersion="\x00\x01\x00\x00" ttLibVersion="3.41">
+
+  <GlyphOrder>
+    <!-- The 'id' attribute is only for humans; it is ignored when parsed. -->
+    <GlyphID id="0" name=".notdef"/>
+    <GlyphID id="1" name="A"/>
+    <GlyphID id="2" name="B"/>
+    <GlyphID id="3" name="C"/>
+    <GlyphID id="4" name="D"/>
+  </GlyphOrder>
+
+  <head>
+    <!-- Most of this table will be recalculated by the compiler -->
+    <tableVersion value="1.0"/>
+    <fontRevision value="0.0"/>
+    <checkSumAdjustment value="0x341296b2"/>
+    <magicNumber value="0x5f0f3cf5"/>
+    <flags value="00000000 00000011"/>
+    <unitsPerEm value="1000"/>
+    <created value="Wed Jun 12 15:33:01 2019"/>
+    <modified value="Wed Jun 12 15:33:01 2019"/>
+    <xMin value="50"/>
+    <yMin value="-200"/>
+    <xMax value="450"/>
+    <yMax value="800"/>
+    <macStyle value="00000000 00000000"/>
+    <lowestRecPPEM value="6"/>
+    <fontDirectionHint value="2"/>
+    <indexToLocFormat value="0"/>
+    <glyphDataFormat value="0"/>
+  </head>
+
+  <hhea>
+    <tableVersion value="0x00010000"/>
+    <ascent value="1000"/>
+    <descent value="-200"/>
+    <lineGap value="0"/>
+    <advanceWidthMax value="500"/>
+    <minLeftSideBearing value="50"/>
+    <minRightSideBearing value="50"/>
+    <xMaxExtent value="450"/>
+    <caretSlopeRise value="1"/>
+    <caretSlopeRun value="0"/>
+    <caretOffset value="0"/>
+    <reserved0 value="0"/>
+    <reserved1 value="0"/>
+    <reserved2 value="0"/>
+    <reserved3 value="0"/>
+    <metricDataFormat value="0"/>
+    <numberOfHMetrics value="1"/>
+  </hhea>
+
+  <maxp>
+    <!-- Most of this table will be recalculated by the compiler -->
+    <tableVersion value="0x10000"/>
+    <numGlyphs value="5"/>
+    <maxPoints value="8"/>
+    <maxContours value="2"/>
+    <maxCompositePoints value="0"/>
+    <maxCompositeContours value="0"/>
+    <maxZones value="1"/>
+    <maxTwilightPoints value="0"/>
+    <maxStorage value="0"/>
+    <maxFunctionDefs value="0"/>
+    <maxInstructionDefs value="0"/>
+    <maxStackElements value="0"/>
+    <maxSizeOfInstructions value="0"/>
+    <maxComponentElements value="0"/>
+    <maxComponentDepth value="0"/>
+  </maxp>
+
+  <OS_2>
+    <!-- The fields 'usFirstCharIndex' and 'usLastCharIndex'
+         will be recalculated by the compiler -->
+    <version value="4"/>
+    <xAvgCharWidth value="500"/>
+    <usWeightClass value="400"/>
+    <usWidthClass value="5"/>
+    <fsType value="00000000 00000100"/>
+    <ySubscriptXSize value="650"/>
+    <ySubscriptYSize value="600"/>
+    <ySubscriptXOffset value="0"/>
+    <ySubscriptYOffset value="75"/>
+    <ySuperscriptXSize value="650"/>
+    <ySuperscriptYSize value="600"/>
+    <ySuperscriptXOffset value="0"/>
+    <ySuperscriptYOffset value="350"/>
+    <yStrikeoutSize value="50"/>
+    <yStrikeoutPosition value="300"/>
+    <sFamilyClass value="0"/>
+    <panose>
+      <bFamilyType value="0"/>
+      <bSerifStyle value="0"/>
+      <bWeight value="0"/>
+      <bProportion value="0"/>
+      <bContrast value="0"/>
+      <bStrokeVariation value="0"/>
+      <bArmStyle value="0"/>
+      <bLetterForm value="0"/>
+      <bMidline value="0"/>
+      <bXHeight value="0"/>
+    </panose>
+    <ulUnicodeRange1 value="00000000 00000000 00000000 00000001"/>
+    <ulUnicodeRange2 value="00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000"/>
+    <ulUnicodeRange3 value="00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000"/>
+    <ulUnicodeRange4 value="00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000"/>
+    <achVendID value="NONE"/>
+    <fsSelection value="00000000 01000000"/>
+    <usFirstCharIndex value="65"/>
+    <usLastCharIndex value="68"/>
+    <sTypoAscender value="800"/>
+    <sTypoDescender value="-200"/>
+    <sTypoLineGap value="200"/>
+    <usWinAscent value="1000"/>
+    <usWinDescent value="200"/>
+    <ulCodePageRange1 value="00000000 00000000 00000000 00000001"/>
+    <ulCodePageRange2 value="00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000"/>
+    <sxHeight value="500"/>
+    <sCapHeight value="700"/>
+    <usDefaultChar value="0"/>
+    <usBreakChar value="32"/>
+    <usMaxContext value="2"/>
+  </OS_2>
+
+  <hmtx>
+    <mtx name=".notdef" width="500" lsb="50"/>
+    <mtx name="A" width="500" lsb="0"/>
+    <mtx name="B" width="500" lsb="0"/>
+    <mtx name="C" width="500" lsb="0"/>
+    <mtx name="D" width="500" lsb="0"/>
+  </hmtx>
+
+  <cmap>
+    <tableVersion version="0"/>
+    <cmap_format_4 platformID="0" platEncID="3" language="0">
+      <map code="0x41" name="A"/><!-- LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A -->
+      <map code="0x42" name="B"/><!-- LATIN CAPITAL LETTER B -->
+      <map code="0x43" name="C"/><!-- LATIN CAPITAL LETTER C -->
+      <map code="0x44" name="D"/><!-- LATIN CAPITAL LETTER D -->
+    </cmap_format_4>
+    <cmap_format_4 platformID="3" platEncID="1" language="0">
+      <map code="0x41" name="A"/><!-- LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A -->
+      <map code="0x42" name="B"/><!-- LATIN CAPITAL LETTER B -->
+      <map code="0x43" name="C"/><!-- LATIN CAPITAL LETTER C -->
+      <map code="0x44" name="D"/><!-- LATIN CAPITAL LETTER D -->
+    </cmap_format_4>
+  </cmap>
+
+  <loca>
+    <!-- The 'loca' table will be calculated by the compiler -->
+  </loca>
+
+  <glyf>
+
+    <!-- The xMin, yMin, xMax and yMax values
+         will be recalculated by the compiler. -->
+
+    <TTGlyph name=".notdef" xMin="50" yMin="-200" xMax="450" yMax="800">
+      <contour>
+        <pt x="50" y="-200" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="450" y="-200" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="450" y="800" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="50" y="800" on="1"/>
+      </contour>
+      <contour>
+        <pt x="100" y="-150" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="100" y="750" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="400" y="750" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="400" y="-150" on="1"/>
+      </contour>
+      <instructions/>
+    </TTGlyph>
+
+    <TTGlyph name="A"/><!-- contains no outline data -->
+
+    <TTGlyph name="B"/><!-- contains no outline data -->
+
+    <TTGlyph name="C"/><!-- contains no outline data -->
+
+    <TTGlyph name="D"/><!-- contains no outline data -->
+
+  </glyf>
+
+  <name>
+    <namerecord nameID="1" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Test Thin
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="2" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Regular
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="3" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      0.000;NONE;Test-Thin
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="4" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Test Thin
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="5" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Version 0.000
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="6" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Test-Thin
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="16" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Test
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="17" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Thin
+    </namerecord>
+  </name>
+
+  <post>
+    <formatType value="2.0"/>
+    <italicAngle value="0.0"/>
+    <underlinePosition value="-150"/>
+    <underlineThickness value="50"/>
+    <isFixedPitch value="0"/>
+    <minMemType42 value="0"/>
+    <maxMemType42 value="0"/>
+    <minMemType1 value="0"/>
+    <maxMemType1 value="0"/>
+    <psNames>
+      <!-- This file uses unique glyph names based on the information
+           found in the 'post' table. Since these names might not be unique,
+           we have to invent artificial names in case of clashes. In order to
+           be able to retain the original information, we need a name to
+           ps name mapping for those cases where they differ. That's what
+           you see below.
+            -->
+    </psNames>
+    <extraNames>
+      <!-- following are the name that are not taken from the standard Mac glyph order -->
+    </extraNames>
+  </post>
+
+  <GPOS>
+    <Version value="0x00010000"/>
+    <ScriptList>
+      <!-- ScriptCount=1 -->
+      <ScriptRecord index="0">
+        <ScriptTag value="DFLT"/>
+        <Script>
+          <DefaultLangSys>
+            <ReqFeatureIndex value="65535"/>
+            <!-- FeatureCount=1 -->
+            <FeatureIndex index="0" value="0"/>
+          </DefaultLangSys>
+          <!-- LangSysCount=0 -->
+        </Script>
+      </ScriptRecord>
+    </ScriptList>
+    <FeatureList>
+      <!-- FeatureCount=1 -->
+      <FeatureRecord index="0">
+        <FeatureTag value="kern"/>
+        <Feature>
+          <!-- LookupCount=1 -->
+          <LookupListIndex index="0" value="0"/>
+        </Feature>
+      </FeatureRecord>
+    </FeatureList>
+    <LookupList>
+      <!-- LookupCount=1 -->
+      <Lookup index="0">
+        <LookupType value="2"/>
+        <LookupFlag value="8"/><!-- ignoreMarks -->
+        <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
+        <PairPos index="0" Format="2">
+          <Coverage>
+            <Glyph value="A"/>
+            <Glyph value="B"/>
+          </Coverage>
+          <ValueFormat1 value="4"/>
+          <ValueFormat2 value="0"/>
+          <ClassDef1>
+            <ClassDef glyph="A" class="1"/>
+          </ClassDef1>
+          <ClassDef2>
+            <ClassDef glyph="C" class="1"/>
+          </ClassDef2>
+          <!-- Class1Count=2 -->
+          <!-- Class2Count=2 -->
+          <Class1Record index="0">
+            <Class2Record index="0">
+              <Value1 XAdvance="0"/>
+            </Class2Record>
+            <Class2Record index="1">
+              <Value1 XAdvance="10"/>
+            </Class2Record>
+          </Class1Record>
+          <Class1Record index="1">
+            <Class2Record index="0">
+              <Value1 XAdvance="0"/>
+            </Class2Record>
+            <Class2Record index="1">
+              <Value1 XAdvance="10"/>
+            </Class2Record>
+          </Class1Record>
+        </PairPos>
+      </Lookup>
+    </LookupList>
+  </GPOS>
+
+</ttFont>
diff --git a/Tests/varLib/data/master_kerning_merging/1.ttx b/Tests/varLib/data/master_kerning_merging/1.ttx
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9f6756d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/varLib/data/master_kerning_merging/1.ttx
@@ -0,0 +1,292 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<ttFont sfntVersion="\x00\x01\x00\x00" ttLibVersion="3.41">
+
+  <GlyphOrder>
+    <!-- The 'id' attribute is only for humans; it is ignored when parsed. -->
+    <GlyphID id="0" name=".notdef"/>
+    <GlyphID id="1" name="A"/>
+    <GlyphID id="2" name="B"/>
+    <GlyphID id="3" name="C"/>
+    <GlyphID id="4" name="D"/>
+  </GlyphOrder>
+
+  <head>
+    <!-- Most of this table will be recalculated by the compiler -->
+    <tableVersion value="1.0"/>
+    <fontRevision value="0.0"/>
+    <checkSumAdjustment value="0x340ca516"/>
+    <magicNumber value="0x5f0f3cf5"/>
+    <flags value="00000000 00000011"/>
+    <unitsPerEm value="1000"/>
+    <created value="Wed Jun 12 15:33:01 2019"/>
+    <modified value="Wed Jun 12 15:33:01 2019"/>
+    <xMin value="50"/>
+    <yMin value="-200"/>
+    <xMax value="450"/>
+    <yMax value="800"/>
+    <macStyle value="00000000 00000000"/>
+    <lowestRecPPEM value="6"/>
+    <fontDirectionHint value="2"/>
+    <indexToLocFormat value="0"/>
+    <glyphDataFormat value="0"/>
+  </head>
+
+  <hhea>
+    <tableVersion value="0x00010000"/>
+    <ascent value="1000"/>
+    <descent value="-200"/>
+    <lineGap value="0"/>
+    <advanceWidthMax value="500"/>
+    <minLeftSideBearing value="50"/>
+    <minRightSideBearing value="50"/>
+    <xMaxExtent value="450"/>
+    <caretSlopeRise value="1"/>
+    <caretSlopeRun value="0"/>
+    <caretOffset value="0"/>
+    <reserved0 value="0"/>
+    <reserved1 value="0"/>
+    <reserved2 value="0"/>
+    <reserved3 value="0"/>
+    <metricDataFormat value="0"/>
+    <numberOfHMetrics value="1"/>
+  </hhea>
+
+  <maxp>
+    <!-- Most of this table will be recalculated by the compiler -->
+    <tableVersion value="0x10000"/>
+    <numGlyphs value="5"/>
+    <maxPoints value="8"/>
+    <maxContours value="2"/>
+    <maxCompositePoints value="0"/>
+    <maxCompositeContours value="0"/>
+    <maxZones value="1"/>
+    <maxTwilightPoints value="0"/>
+    <maxStorage value="0"/>
+    <maxFunctionDefs value="0"/>
+    <maxInstructionDefs value="0"/>
+    <maxStackElements value="0"/>
+    <maxSizeOfInstructions value="0"/>
+    <maxComponentElements value="0"/>
+    <maxComponentDepth value="0"/>
+  </maxp>
+
+  <OS_2>
+    <!-- The fields 'usFirstCharIndex' and 'usLastCharIndex'
+         will be recalculated by the compiler -->
+    <version value="4"/>
+    <xAvgCharWidth value="500"/>
+    <usWeightClass value="400"/>
+    <usWidthClass value="5"/>
+    <fsType value="00000000 00000100"/>
+    <ySubscriptXSize value="650"/>
+    <ySubscriptYSize value="600"/>
+    <ySubscriptXOffset value="0"/>
+    <ySubscriptYOffset value="75"/>
+    <ySuperscriptXSize value="650"/>
+    <ySuperscriptYSize value="600"/>
+    <ySuperscriptXOffset value="0"/>
+    <ySuperscriptYOffset value="350"/>
+    <yStrikeoutSize value="50"/>
+    <yStrikeoutPosition value="300"/>
+    <sFamilyClass value="0"/>
+    <panose>
+      <bFamilyType value="0"/>
+      <bSerifStyle value="0"/>
+      <bWeight value="0"/>
+      <bProportion value="0"/>
+      <bContrast value="0"/>
+      <bStrokeVariation value="0"/>
+      <bArmStyle value="0"/>
+      <bLetterForm value="0"/>
+      <bMidline value="0"/>
+      <bXHeight value="0"/>
+    </panose>
+    <ulUnicodeRange1 value="00000000 00000000 00000000 00000001"/>
+    <ulUnicodeRange2 value="00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000"/>
+    <ulUnicodeRange3 value="00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000"/>
+    <ulUnicodeRange4 value="00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000"/>
+    <achVendID value="NONE"/>
+    <fsSelection value="00000000 01000000"/>
+    <usFirstCharIndex value="65"/>
+    <usLastCharIndex value="68"/>
+    <sTypoAscender value="800"/>
+    <sTypoDescender value="-200"/>
+    <sTypoLineGap value="200"/>
+    <usWinAscent value="1000"/>
+    <usWinDescent value="200"/>
+    <ulCodePageRange1 value="00000000 00000000 00000000 00000001"/>
+    <ulCodePageRange2 value="00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000"/>
+    <sxHeight value="500"/>
+    <sCapHeight value="700"/>
+    <usDefaultChar value="0"/>
+    <usBreakChar value="32"/>
+    <usMaxContext value="2"/>
+  </OS_2>
+
+  <hmtx>
+    <mtx name=".notdef" width="500" lsb="50"/>
+    <mtx name="A" width="500" lsb="0"/>
+    <mtx name="B" width="500" lsb="0"/>
+    <mtx name="C" width="500" lsb="0"/>
+    <mtx name="D" width="500" lsb="0"/>
+  </hmtx>
+
+  <cmap>
+    <tableVersion version="0"/>
+    <cmap_format_4 platformID="0" platEncID="3" language="0">
+      <map code="0x41" name="A"/><!-- LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A -->
+      <map code="0x42" name="B"/><!-- LATIN CAPITAL LETTER B -->
+      <map code="0x43" name="C"/><!-- LATIN CAPITAL LETTER C -->
+      <map code="0x44" name="D"/><!-- LATIN CAPITAL LETTER D -->
+    </cmap_format_4>
+    <cmap_format_4 platformID="3" platEncID="1" language="0">
+      <map code="0x41" name="A"/><!-- LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A -->
+      <map code="0x42" name="B"/><!-- LATIN CAPITAL LETTER B -->
+      <map code="0x43" name="C"/><!-- LATIN CAPITAL LETTER C -->
+      <map code="0x44" name="D"/><!-- LATIN CAPITAL LETTER D -->
+    </cmap_format_4>
+  </cmap>
+
+  <loca>
+    <!-- The 'loca' table will be calculated by the compiler -->
+  </loca>
+
+  <glyf>
+
+    <!-- The xMin, yMin, xMax and yMax values
+         will be recalculated by the compiler. -->
+
+    <TTGlyph name=".notdef" xMin="50" yMin="-200" xMax="450" yMax="800">
+      <contour>
+        <pt x="50" y="-200" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="450" y="-200" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="450" y="800" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="50" y="800" on="1"/>
+      </contour>
+      <contour>
+        <pt x="100" y="-150" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="100" y="750" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="400" y="750" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="400" y="-150" on="1"/>
+      </contour>
+      <instructions/>
+    </TTGlyph>
+
+    <TTGlyph name="A"/><!-- contains no outline data -->
+
+    <TTGlyph name="B"/><!-- contains no outline data -->
+
+    <TTGlyph name="C"/><!-- contains no outline data -->
+
+    <TTGlyph name="D"/><!-- contains no outline data -->
+
+  </glyf>
+
+  <name>
+    <namerecord nameID="1" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Test
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="2" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Regular
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="3" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      0.000;NONE;Test-Regular
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="4" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Test Regular
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="5" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Version 0.000
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="6" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Test-Regular
+    </namerecord>
+  </name>
+
+  <post>
+    <formatType value="2.0"/>
+    <italicAngle value="0.0"/>
+    <underlinePosition value="-150"/>
+    <underlineThickness value="50"/>
+    <isFixedPitch value="0"/>
+    <minMemType42 value="0"/>
+    <maxMemType42 value="0"/>
+    <minMemType1 value="0"/>
+    <maxMemType1 value="0"/>
+    <psNames>
+      <!-- This file uses unique glyph names based on the information
+           found in the 'post' table. Since these names might not be unique,
+           we have to invent artificial names in case of clashes. In order to
+           be able to retain the original information, we need a name to
+           ps name mapping for those cases where they differ. That's what
+           you see below.
+            -->
+    </psNames>
+    <extraNames>
+      <!-- following are the name that are not taken from the standard Mac glyph order -->
+    </extraNames>
+  </post>
+
+  <GPOS>
+    <Version value="0x00010000"/>
+    <ScriptList>
+      <!-- ScriptCount=1 -->
+      <ScriptRecord index="0">
+        <ScriptTag value="DFLT"/>
+        <Script>
+          <DefaultLangSys>
+            <ReqFeatureIndex value="65535"/>
+            <!-- FeatureCount=1 -->
+            <FeatureIndex index="0" value="0"/>
+          </DefaultLangSys>
+          <!-- LangSysCount=0 -->
+        </Script>
+      </ScriptRecord>
+    </ScriptList>
+    <FeatureList>
+      <!-- FeatureCount=1 -->
+      <FeatureRecord index="0">
+        <FeatureTag value="kern"/>
+        <Feature>
+          <!-- LookupCount=1 -->
+          <LookupListIndex index="0" value="0"/>
+        </Feature>
+      </FeatureRecord>
+    </FeatureList>
+    <LookupList>
+      <!-- LookupCount=1 -->
+      <Lookup index="0">
+        <LookupType value="2"/>
+        <LookupFlag value="8"/><!-- ignoreMarks -->
+        <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
+        <PairPos index="0" Format="2">
+          <Coverage>
+            <Glyph value="A"/>
+          </Coverage>
+          <ValueFormat1 value="4"/>
+          <ValueFormat2 value="0"/>
+          <ClassDef1>
+          </ClassDef1>
+          <ClassDef2>
+            <ClassDef glyph="B" class="2"/>
+            <ClassDef glyph="D" class="1"/>
+          </ClassDef2>
+          <!-- Class1Count=1 -->
+          <!-- Class2Count=3 -->
+          <Class1Record index="0">
+            <Class2Record index="0">
+              <Value1 XAdvance="0"/>
+            </Class2Record>
+            <Class2Record index="1">
+              <Value1 XAdvance="-20"/>
+            </Class2Record>
+            <Class2Record index="2">
+              <Value1 XAdvance="-20"/>
+            </Class2Record>
+          </Class1Record>
+        </PairPos>
+      </Lookup>
+    </LookupList>
+  </GPOS>
+
+</ttFont>
diff --git a/Tests/varLib/data/master_kerning_merging/2.ttx b/Tests/varLib/data/master_kerning_merging/2.ttx
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b8302e8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/varLib/data/master_kerning_merging/2.ttx
@@ -0,0 +1,304 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<ttFont sfntVersion="\x00\x01\x00\x00" ttLibVersion="3.41">
+
+  <GlyphOrder>
+    <!-- The 'id' attribute is only for humans; it is ignored when parsed. -->
+    <GlyphID id="0" name=".notdef"/>
+    <GlyphID id="1" name="A"/>
+    <GlyphID id="2" name="B"/>
+    <GlyphID id="3" name="C"/>
+    <GlyphID id="4" name="D"/>
+  </GlyphOrder>
+
+  <head>
+    <!-- Most of this table will be recalculated by the compiler -->
+    <tableVersion value="1.0"/>
+    <fontRevision value="0.0"/>
+    <checkSumAdjustment value="0x330c9492"/>
+    <magicNumber value="0x5f0f3cf5"/>
+    <flags value="00000000 00000011"/>
+    <unitsPerEm value="1000"/>
+    <created value="Wed Jun 12 15:33:01 2019"/>
+    <modified value="Wed Jun 12 15:33:01 2019"/>
+    <xMin value="50"/>
+    <yMin value="-200"/>
+    <xMax value="450"/>
+    <yMax value="800"/>
+    <macStyle value="00000000 00000000"/>
+    <lowestRecPPEM value="6"/>
+    <fontDirectionHint value="2"/>
+    <indexToLocFormat value="0"/>
+    <glyphDataFormat value="0"/>
+  </head>
+
+  <hhea>
+    <tableVersion value="0x00010000"/>
+    <ascent value="1000"/>
+    <descent value="-200"/>
+    <lineGap value="0"/>
+    <advanceWidthMax value="500"/>
+    <minLeftSideBearing value="50"/>
+    <minRightSideBearing value="50"/>
+    <xMaxExtent value="450"/>
+    <caretSlopeRise value="1"/>
+    <caretSlopeRun value="0"/>
+    <caretOffset value="0"/>
+    <reserved0 value="0"/>
+    <reserved1 value="0"/>
+    <reserved2 value="0"/>
+    <reserved3 value="0"/>
+    <metricDataFormat value="0"/>
+    <numberOfHMetrics value="1"/>
+  </hhea>
+
+  <maxp>
+    <!-- Most of this table will be recalculated by the compiler -->
+    <tableVersion value="0x10000"/>
+    <numGlyphs value="5"/>
+    <maxPoints value="8"/>
+    <maxContours value="2"/>
+    <maxCompositePoints value="0"/>
+    <maxCompositeContours value="0"/>
+    <maxZones value="1"/>
+    <maxTwilightPoints value="0"/>
+    <maxStorage value="0"/>
+    <maxFunctionDefs value="0"/>
+    <maxInstructionDefs value="0"/>
+    <maxStackElements value="0"/>
+    <maxSizeOfInstructions value="0"/>
+    <maxComponentElements value="0"/>
+    <maxComponentDepth value="0"/>
+  </maxp>
+
+  <OS_2>
+    <!-- The fields 'usFirstCharIndex' and 'usLastCharIndex'
+         will be recalculated by the compiler -->
+    <version value="4"/>
+    <xAvgCharWidth value="500"/>
+    <usWeightClass value="400"/>
+    <usWidthClass value="5"/>
+    <fsType value="00000000 00000100"/>
+    <ySubscriptXSize value="650"/>
+    <ySubscriptYSize value="600"/>
+    <ySubscriptXOffset value="0"/>
+    <ySubscriptYOffset value="75"/>
+    <ySuperscriptXSize value="650"/>
+    <ySuperscriptYSize value="600"/>
+    <ySuperscriptXOffset value="0"/>
+    <ySuperscriptYOffset value="350"/>
+    <yStrikeoutSize value="50"/>
+    <yStrikeoutPosition value="300"/>
+    <sFamilyClass value="0"/>
+    <panose>
+      <bFamilyType value="0"/>
+      <bSerifStyle value="0"/>
+      <bWeight value="0"/>
+      <bProportion value="0"/>
+      <bContrast value="0"/>
+      <bStrokeVariation value="0"/>
+      <bArmStyle value="0"/>
+      <bLetterForm value="0"/>
+      <bMidline value="0"/>
+      <bXHeight value="0"/>
+    </panose>
+    <ulUnicodeRange1 value="00000000 00000000 00000000 00000001"/>
+    <ulUnicodeRange2 value="00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000"/>
+    <ulUnicodeRange3 value="00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000"/>
+    <ulUnicodeRange4 value="00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000"/>
+    <achVendID value="NONE"/>
+    <fsSelection value="00000000 01000000"/>
+    <usFirstCharIndex value="65"/>
+    <usLastCharIndex value="68"/>
+    <sTypoAscender value="800"/>
+    <sTypoDescender value="-200"/>
+    <sTypoLineGap value="200"/>
+    <usWinAscent value="1000"/>
+    <usWinDescent value="200"/>
+    <ulCodePageRange1 value="00000000 00000000 00000000 00000001"/>
+    <ulCodePageRange2 value="00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000"/>
+    <sxHeight value="500"/>
+    <sCapHeight value="700"/>
+    <usDefaultChar value="0"/>
+    <usBreakChar value="32"/>
+    <usMaxContext value="2"/>
+  </OS_2>
+
+  <hmtx>
+    <mtx name=".notdef" width="500" lsb="50"/>
+    <mtx name="A" width="500" lsb="0"/>
+    <mtx name="B" width="500" lsb="0"/>
+    <mtx name="C" width="500" lsb="0"/>
+    <mtx name="D" width="500" lsb="0"/>
+  </hmtx>
+
+  <cmap>
+    <tableVersion version="0"/>
+    <cmap_format_4 platformID="0" platEncID="3" language="0">
+      <map code="0x41" name="A"/><!-- LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A -->
+      <map code="0x42" name="B"/><!-- LATIN CAPITAL LETTER B -->
+      <map code="0x43" name="C"/><!-- LATIN CAPITAL LETTER C -->
+      <map code="0x44" name="D"/><!-- LATIN CAPITAL LETTER D -->
+    </cmap_format_4>
+    <cmap_format_4 platformID="3" platEncID="1" language="0">
+      <map code="0x41" name="A"/><!-- LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A -->
+      <map code="0x42" name="B"/><!-- LATIN CAPITAL LETTER B -->
+      <map code="0x43" name="C"/><!-- LATIN CAPITAL LETTER C -->
+      <map code="0x44" name="D"/><!-- LATIN CAPITAL LETTER D -->
+    </cmap_format_4>
+  </cmap>
+
+  <loca>
+    <!-- The 'loca' table will be calculated by the compiler -->
+  </loca>
+
+  <glyf>
+
+    <!-- The xMin, yMin, xMax and yMax values
+         will be recalculated by the compiler. -->
+
+    <TTGlyph name=".notdef" xMin="50" yMin="-200" xMax="450" yMax="800">
+      <contour>
+        <pt x="50" y="-200" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="450" y="-200" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="450" y="800" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="50" y="800" on="1"/>
+      </contour>
+      <contour>
+        <pt x="100" y="-150" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="100" y="750" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="400" y="750" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="400" y="-150" on="1"/>
+      </contour>
+      <instructions/>
+    </TTGlyph>
+
+    <TTGlyph name="A"/><!-- contains no outline data -->
+
+    <TTGlyph name="B"/><!-- contains no outline data -->
+
+    <TTGlyph name="C"/><!-- contains no outline data -->
+
+    <TTGlyph name="D"/><!-- contains no outline data -->
+
+  </glyf>
+
+  <name>
+    <namerecord nameID="1" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Test Black
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="2" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Regular
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="3" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      0.000;NONE;Test-Black
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="4" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Test Black
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="5" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Version 0.000
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="6" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Test-Black
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="16" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Test
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="17" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Black
+    </namerecord>
+  </name>
+
+  <post>
+    <formatType value="2.0"/>
+    <italicAngle value="0.0"/>
+    <underlinePosition value="-150"/>
+    <underlineThickness value="50"/>
+    <isFixedPitch value="0"/>
+    <minMemType42 value="0"/>
+    <maxMemType42 value="0"/>
+    <minMemType1 value="0"/>
+    <maxMemType1 value="0"/>
+    <psNames>
+      <!-- This file uses unique glyph names based on the information
+           found in the 'post' table. Since these names might not be unique,
+           we have to invent artificial names in case of clashes. In order to
+           be able to retain the original information, we need a name to
+           ps name mapping for those cases where they differ. That's what
+           you see below.
+            -->
+    </psNames>
+    <extraNames>
+      <!-- following are the name that are not taken from the standard Mac glyph order -->
+    </extraNames>
+  </post>
+
+  <GPOS>
+    <Version value="0x00010000"/>
+    <ScriptList>
+      <!-- ScriptCount=1 -->
+      <ScriptRecord index="0">
+        <ScriptTag value="DFLT"/>
+        <Script>
+          <DefaultLangSys>
+            <ReqFeatureIndex value="65535"/>
+            <!-- FeatureCount=1 -->
+            <FeatureIndex index="0" value="0"/>
+          </DefaultLangSys>
+          <!-- LangSysCount=0 -->
+        </Script>
+      </ScriptRecord>
+    </ScriptList>
+    <FeatureList>
+      <!-- FeatureCount=1 -->
+      <FeatureRecord index="0">
+        <FeatureTag value="kern"/>
+        <Feature>
+          <!-- LookupCount=1 -->
+          <LookupListIndex index="0" value="0"/>
+        </Feature>
+      </FeatureRecord>
+    </FeatureList>
+    <LookupList>
+      <!-- LookupCount=1 -->
+      <Lookup index="0">
+        <LookupType value="2"/>
+        <LookupFlag value="8"/><!-- ignoreMarks -->
+        <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
+        <PairPos index="0" Format="2">
+          <Coverage>
+            <Glyph value="A"/>
+            <Glyph value="B"/>
+          </Coverage>
+          <ValueFormat1 value="4"/>
+          <ValueFormat2 value="0"/>
+          <ClassDef1>
+            <ClassDef glyph="A" class="1"/>
+          </ClassDef1>
+          <ClassDef2>
+            <ClassDef glyph="D" class="1"/>
+          </ClassDef2>
+          <!-- Class1Count=2 -->
+          <!-- Class2Count=2 -->
+          <Class1Record index="0">
+            <Class2Record index="0">
+              <Value1 XAdvance="0"/>
+            </Class2Record>
+            <Class2Record index="1">
+              <Value1 XAdvance="40"/>
+            </Class2Record>
+          </Class1Record>
+          <Class1Record index="1">
+            <Class2Record index="0">
+              <Value1 XAdvance="0"/>
+            </Class2Record>
+            <Class2Record index="1">
+              <Value1 XAdvance="40"/>
+            </Class2Record>
+          </Class1Record>
+        </PairPos>
+      </Lookup>
+    </LookupList>
+  </GPOS>
+
+</ttFont>
diff --git a/Tests/varLib/data/master_non_marking_cff2/TestNonMarkingCFF2_ExtraLight.ttx b/Tests/varLib/data/master_non_marking_cff2/TestNonMarkingCFF2_ExtraLight.ttx
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9d3b267
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/varLib/data/master_non_marking_cff2/TestNonMarkingCFF2_ExtraLight.ttx
@@ -0,0 +1,233 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<ttFont sfntVersion="OTTO" ttLibVersion="3.41">
+
+  <GlyphOrder>
+    <!-- The 'id' attribute is only for humans; it is ignored when parsed. -->
+    <GlyphID id="0" name=".notdef"/>
+    <GlyphID id="1" name="A"/>
+  </GlyphOrder>
+
+  <head>
+    <!-- Most of this table will be recalculated by the compiler -->
+    <tableVersion value="1.0"/>
+    <fontRevision value="1.01"/>
+    <checkSumAdjustment value="0xeb345d38"/>
+    <magicNumber value="0x5f0f3cf5"/>
+    <flags value="00000000 00000011"/>
+    <unitsPerEm value="1000"/>
+    <created value="Thu Nov 29 14:52:09 2018"/>
+    <modified value="Thu Nov 29 14:52:09 2018"/>
+    <xMin value="50"/>
+    <yMin value="-115"/>
+    <xMax value="550"/>
+    <yMax value="762"/>
+    <macStyle value="00000000 00000000"/>
+    <lowestRecPPEM value="3"/>
+    <fontDirectionHint value="2"/>
+    <indexToLocFormat value="0"/>
+    <glyphDataFormat value="0"/>
+  </head>
+
+  <hhea>
+    <tableVersion value="0x00010000"/>
+    <ascent value="984"/>
+    <descent value="-273"/>
+    <lineGap value="0"/>
+    <advanceWidthMax value="600"/>
+    <minLeftSideBearing value="50"/>
+    <minRightSideBearing value="50"/>
+    <xMaxExtent value="550"/>
+    <caretSlopeRise value="1"/>
+    <caretSlopeRun value="0"/>
+    <caretOffset value="0"/>
+    <reserved0 value="0"/>
+    <reserved1 value="0"/>
+    <reserved2 value="0"/>
+    <reserved3 value="0"/>
+    <metricDataFormat value="0"/>
+    <numberOfHMetrics value="5"/>
+  </hhea>
+
+  <maxp>
+    <tableVersion value="0x5000"/>
+    <numGlyphs value="5"/>
+  </maxp>
+
+  <OS_2>
+    <!-- The fields 'usFirstCharIndex' and 'usLastCharIndex'
+         will be recalculated by the compiler -->
+    <version value="3"/>
+    <xAvgCharWidth value="578"/>
+    <usWeightClass value="200"/>
+    <usWidthClass value="5"/>
+    <fsType value="00000000 00000000"/>
+    <ySubscriptXSize value="650"/>
+    <ySubscriptYSize value="600"/>
+    <ySubscriptXOffset value="0"/>
+    <ySubscriptYOffset value="75"/>
+    <ySuperscriptXSize value="650"/>
+    <ySuperscriptYSize value="600"/>
+    <ySuperscriptXOffset value="0"/>
+    <ySuperscriptYOffset value="350"/>
+    <yStrikeoutSize value="50"/>
+    <yStrikeoutPosition value="286"/>
+    <sFamilyClass value="0"/>
+    <panose>
+      <bFamilyType value="2"/>
+      <bSerifStyle value="11"/>
+      <bWeight value="3"/>
+      <bProportion value="9"/>
+      <bContrast value="3"/>
+      <bStrokeVariation value="4"/>
+      <bArmStyle value="3"/>
+      <bLetterForm value="2"/>
+      <bMidline value="2"/>
+      <bXHeight value="4"/>
+    </panose>
+    <ulUnicodeRange1 value="00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000"/>
+    <ulUnicodeRange2 value="00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000"/>
+    <ulUnicodeRange3 value="00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000"/>
+    <ulUnicodeRange4 value="00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000"/>
+    <achVendID value="ADBO"/>
+    <fsSelection value="00000000 00000000"/>
+    <usFirstCharIndex value="36"/>
+    <usLastCharIndex value="84"/>
+    <sTypoAscender value="750"/>
+    <sTypoDescender value="-250"/>
+    <sTypoLineGap value="0"/>
+    <usWinAscent value="984"/>
+    <usWinDescent value="273"/>
+    <ulCodePageRange1 value="00000000 00000000 00000000 00000001"/>
+    <ulCodePageRange2 value="00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000"/>
+    <sxHeight value="478"/>
+    <sCapHeight value="660"/>
+    <usDefaultChar value="0"/>
+    <usBreakChar value="32"/>
+    <usMaxContext value="1"/>
+  </OS_2>
+
+  <name>
+    <namerecord nameID="1" platformID="1" platEncID="0" langID="0x0" unicode="True">
+      Source Code Variable
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="2" platformID="1" platEncID="0" langID="0x0" unicode="True">
+      Regular
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="3" platformID="1" platEncID="0" langID="0x0" unicode="True">
+      1.010;ADBO;SourceCode_ExtraLight
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="4" platformID="1" platEncID="0" langID="0x0" unicode="True">
+      Source Code Variable
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="5" platformID="1" platEncID="0" langID="0x0" unicode="True">
+      Version 1.010;hotconv 1.0.109;makeotfexe 2.5.65596
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="6" platformID="1" platEncID="0" langID="0x0" unicode="True">
+      SourceCode_ExtraLight
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="17" platformID="1" platEncID="0" langID="0x0" unicode="True">
+      Roman Master 0
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="1" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Source Code Variable
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="2" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Regular
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="3" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      1.010;ADBO;SourceCode_ExtraLight
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="4" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Source Code Variable
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="5" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Version 1.010;hotconv 1.0.109;makeotfexe 2.5.65596
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="6" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      SourceCode_ExtraLight
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="17" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Roman Master 0
+    </namerecord>
+  </name>
+
+  <cmap>
+    <tableVersion version="0"/>
+    <cmap_format_4 platformID="0" platEncID="3" language="0">
+      <map code="0x41" name="A"/><!-- LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A -->
+    </cmap_format_4>
+    <cmap_format_6 platformID="1" platEncID="0" language="0">
+      <map code="0x41" name="A"/>
+    </cmap_format_6>
+    <cmap_format_4 platformID="3" platEncID="1" language="0">
+      <map code="0x41" name="A"/><!-- LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A -->
+    </cmap_format_4>
+  </cmap>
+
+  <post>
+    <formatType value="3.0"/>
+    <italicAngle value="0.0"/>
+    <underlinePosition value="-75"/>
+    <underlineThickness value="50"/>
+    <isFixedPitch value="1"/>
+    <minMemType42 value="0"/>
+    <maxMemType42 value="0"/>
+    <minMemType1 value="0"/>
+    <maxMemType1 value="0"/>
+  </post>
+
+  <CFF>
+    <major value="1"/>
+    <minor value="0"/>
+    <CFFFont name="SourceCode_ExtraLight">
+      <version value="1.0"/>
+      <Notice value="Source is a trademark of Adobe Systems Incorporated in the United States and/or other countries."/>
+      <Copyright value="Copyright 2010 - 2012 Adobe Systems Incorporated. All Rights Reserved."/>
+      <FamilyName value="Source Code"/>
+      <isFixedPitch value="1"/>
+      <ItalicAngle value="0"/>
+      <UnderlinePosition value="-100"/>
+      <UnderlineThickness value="50"/>
+      <PaintType value="0"/>
+      <CharstringType value="2"/>
+      <FontMatrix value="0.001 0 0 0.001 0 0"/>
+      <FontBBox value="50 -115 550 762"/>
+      <StrokeWidth value="0"/>
+      <!-- charset is dumped separately as the 'GlyphOrder' element -->
+      <Encoding name="StandardEncoding"/>
+      <Private>
+        <BlueValues value="-12 0 478 490 570 582 640 652 660 672 722 734"/>
+        <OtherBlues value="-234 -222"/>
+        <BlueScale value="0.0625"/>
+        <BlueShift value="7"/>
+        <BlueFuzz value="0"/>
+        <StdHW value="28"/>
+        <StdVW value="34"/>
+        <ForceBold value="0"/>
+        <LanguageGroup value="0"/>
+        <ExpansionFactor value="0.06"/>
+        <initialRandomSeed value="0"/>
+        <defaultWidthX value="600"/>
+        <nominalWidthX value="597"/>
+      </Private>
+      <CharStrings>
+        <CharString name=".notdef">
+          endchar
+        </CharString>
+        <CharString name="A">
+          endchar
+        </CharString>
+=      </CharStrings>
+    </CFFFont>
+
+    <GlobalSubrs>
+      <!-- The 'index' attribute is only for humans; it is ignored when parsed. -->
+    </GlobalSubrs>
+  </CFF>
+
+  <hmtx>
+    <mtx name=".notdef" width="600" lsb="84"/>
+    <mtx name="A" width="600" lsb="50"/>
+  </hmtx>
+
+</ttFont>
diff --git a/Tests/varLib/data/master_non_marking_cff2/TestNonMarkingCFF2_Regular.ttx b/Tests/varLib/data/master_non_marking_cff2/TestNonMarkingCFF2_Regular.ttx
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4e6775d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/varLib/data/master_non_marking_cff2/TestNonMarkingCFF2_Regular.ttx
@@ -0,0 +1,233 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<ttFont sfntVersion="OTTO" ttLibVersion="3.41">
+
+  <GlyphOrder>
+    <!-- The 'id' attribute is only for humans; it is ignored when parsed. -->
+    <GlyphID id="0" name=".notdef"/>
+    <GlyphID id="1" name="A"/>
+  </GlyphOrder>
+
+  <head>
+    <!-- Most of this table will be recalculated by the compiler -->
+    <tableVersion value="1.0"/>
+    <fontRevision value="1.01"/>
+    <checkSumAdjustment value="0x60d07155"/>
+    <magicNumber value="0x5f0f3cf5"/>
+    <flags value="00000000 00000011"/>
+    <unitsPerEm value="1000"/>
+    <created value="Thu Nov 29 14:52:09 2018"/>
+    <modified value="Thu Nov 29 14:52:09 2018"/>
+    <xMin value="31"/>
+    <yMin value="-115"/>
+    <xMax value="569"/>
+    <yMax value="751"/>
+    <macStyle value="00000000 00000000"/>
+    <lowestRecPPEM value="3"/>
+    <fontDirectionHint value="2"/>
+    <indexToLocFormat value="0"/>
+    <glyphDataFormat value="0"/>
+  </head>
+
+  <hhea>
+    <tableVersion value="0x00010000"/>
+    <ascent value="984"/>
+    <descent value="-273"/>
+    <lineGap value="0"/>
+    <advanceWidthMax value="600"/>
+    <minLeftSideBearing value="31"/>
+    <minRightSideBearing value="31"/>
+    <xMaxExtent value="569"/>
+    <caretSlopeRise value="1"/>
+    <caretSlopeRun value="0"/>
+    <caretOffset value="0"/>
+    <reserved0 value="0"/>
+    <reserved1 value="0"/>
+    <reserved2 value="0"/>
+    <reserved3 value="0"/>
+    <metricDataFormat value="0"/>
+    <numberOfHMetrics value="5"/>
+  </hhea>
+
+  <maxp>
+    <tableVersion value="0x5000"/>
+    <numGlyphs value="5"/>
+  </maxp>
+
+  <OS_2>
+    <!-- The fields 'usFirstCharIndex' and 'usLastCharIndex'
+         will be recalculated by the compiler -->
+    <version value="3"/>
+    <xAvgCharWidth value="579"/>
+    <usWeightClass value="400"/>
+    <usWidthClass value="5"/>
+    <fsType value="00000000 00000000"/>
+    <ySubscriptXSize value="650"/>
+    <ySubscriptYSize value="600"/>
+    <ySubscriptXOffset value="0"/>
+    <ySubscriptYOffset value="75"/>
+    <ySuperscriptXSize value="650"/>
+    <ySuperscriptYSize value="600"/>
+    <ySuperscriptXOffset value="0"/>
+    <ySuperscriptYOffset value="350"/>
+    <yStrikeoutSize value="50"/>
+    <yStrikeoutPosition value="291"/>
+    <sFamilyClass value="0"/>
+    <panose>
+      <bFamilyType value="2"/>
+      <bSerifStyle value="11"/>
+      <bWeight value="5"/>
+      <bProportion value="9"/>
+      <bContrast value="3"/>
+      <bStrokeVariation value="4"/>
+      <bArmStyle value="3"/>
+      <bLetterForm value="2"/>
+      <bMidline value="2"/>
+      <bXHeight value="4"/>
+    </panose>
+    <ulUnicodeRange1 value="00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000"/>
+    <ulUnicodeRange2 value="00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000"/>
+    <ulUnicodeRange3 value="00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000"/>
+    <ulUnicodeRange4 value="00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000"/>
+    <achVendID value="ADBO"/>
+    <fsSelection value="00000000 01000000"/>
+    <usFirstCharIndex value="36"/>
+    <usLastCharIndex value="84"/>
+    <sTypoAscender value="750"/>
+    <sTypoDescender value="-250"/>
+    <sTypoLineGap value="0"/>
+    <usWinAscent value="984"/>
+    <usWinDescent value="273"/>
+    <ulCodePageRange1 value="00000000 00000000 00000000 00000001"/>
+    <ulCodePageRange2 value="00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000"/>
+    <sxHeight value="486"/>
+    <sCapHeight value="660"/>
+    <usDefaultChar value="0"/>
+    <usBreakChar value="32"/>
+    <usMaxContext value="1"/>
+  </OS_2>
+
+  <name>
+    <namerecord nameID="1" platformID="1" platEncID="0" langID="0x0" unicode="True">
+      Source Code Variable
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="2" platformID="1" platEncID="0" langID="0x0" unicode="True">
+      Regular
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="3" platformID="1" platEncID="0" langID="0x0" unicode="True">
+      1.010;ADBO;SourceCodeVariable-Roman
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="4" platformID="1" platEncID="0" langID="0x0" unicode="True">
+      Source Code Variable
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="5" platformID="1" platEncID="0" langID="0x0" unicode="True">
+      Version 1.010;hotconv 1.0.109;makeotfexe 2.5.65596
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="6" platformID="1" platEncID="0" langID="0x0" unicode="True">
+      SourceCodeVariable-Roman
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="17" platformID="1" platEncID="0" langID="0x0" unicode="True">
+      Roman
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="1" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Source Code Variable
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="2" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Regular
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="3" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      1.010;ADBO;SourceCodeVariable-Roman
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="4" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Source Code Variable
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="5" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Version 1.010;hotconv 1.0.109;makeotfexe 2.5.65596
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="6" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      SourceCodeVariable-Roman
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="17" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Roman
+    </namerecord>
+  </name>
+
+  <cmap>
+    <tableVersion version="0"/>
+    <cmap_format_4 platformID="0" platEncID="3" language="0">
+      <map code="0x41" name="A"/><!-- LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A -->
+    </cmap_format_4>
+    <cmap_format_6 platformID="1" platEncID="0" language="0">
+      <map code="0x41" name="A"/>
+    </cmap_format_6>
+    <cmap_format_4 platformID="3" platEncID="1" language="0">
+      <map code="0x41" name="A"/><!-- LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A -->
+    </cmap_format_4>
+  </cmap>
+
+  <post>
+    <formatType value="3.0"/>
+    <italicAngle value="0.0"/>
+    <underlinePosition value="-75"/>
+    <underlineThickness value="50"/>
+    <isFixedPitch value="1"/>
+    <minMemType42 value="0"/>
+    <maxMemType42 value="0"/>
+    <minMemType1 value="0"/>
+    <maxMemType1 value="0"/>
+  </post>
+
+  <CFF>
+    <major value="1"/>
+    <minor value="0"/>
+    <CFFFont name="SourceCodeVariable-Roman">
+      <version value="1.0"/>
+      <Notice value="Source is a trademark of Adobe Systems Incorporated in the United States and/or other countries."/>
+      <Copyright value="Copyright 2010 - 2012 Adobe Systems Incorporated. All Rights Reserved."/>
+      <FamilyName value="Source Code"/>
+      <isFixedPitch value="1"/>
+      <ItalicAngle value="0"/>
+      <UnderlinePosition value="-100"/>
+      <UnderlineThickness value="50"/>
+      <PaintType value="0"/>
+      <CharstringType value="2"/>
+      <FontMatrix value="0.001 0 0 0.001 0 0"/>
+      <FontBBox value="31 -115 569 751"/>
+      <StrokeWidth value="0"/>
+      <!-- charset is dumped separately as the 'GlyphOrder' element -->
+      <Encoding name="StandardEncoding"/>
+      <Private>
+        <BlueValues value="-12 0 486 498 574 586 638 650 656 668 712 724"/>
+        <OtherBlues value="-217 -205"/>
+        <BlueScale value="0.0625"/>
+        <BlueShift value="7"/>
+        <BlueFuzz value="0"/>
+        <StdHW value="67"/>
+        <StdVW value="85"/>
+        <ForceBold value="0"/>
+        <LanguageGroup value="0"/>
+        <ExpansionFactor value="0.06"/>
+        <initialRandomSeed value="0"/>
+        <defaultWidthX value="600"/>
+        <nominalWidthX value="604"/>
+      </Private>
+      <CharStrings>
+        <CharString name=".notdef">
+          endchar
+        </CharString>
+        <CharString name="A">
+          endchar
+        </CharString>
+      </CharStrings>
+    </CFFFont>
+
+    <GlobalSubrs>
+      <!-- The 'index' attribute is only for humans; it is ignored when parsed. -->
+    </GlobalSubrs>
+  </CFF>
+
+  <hmtx>
+    <mtx name=".notdef" width="600" lsb="62"/>
+    <mtx name="A" width="600" lsb="31"/>
+  </hmtx>
+
+</ttFont>
diff --git a/Tests/varLib/data/master_sparse_cff2/MasterSet_Kanji-w0.00.ttx b/Tests/varLib/data/master_sparse_cff2/MasterSet_Kanji-w0.00.ttx
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f6568fd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/varLib/data/master_sparse_cff2/MasterSet_Kanji-w0.00.ttx
@@ -0,0 +1,1267 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<ttFont sfntVersion="OTTO" ttLibVersion="3.41">
+
+  <GlyphOrder>
+    <!-- The 'id' attribute is only for humans; it is ignored when parsed. -->
+    <GlyphID id="0" name=".notdef"/>
+    <GlyphID id="1" name="cid00001"/>
+    <GlyphID id="2" name="cid00002"/>
+    <GlyphID id="3" name="cid01177"/>
+    <GlyphID id="4" name="cid06449"/>
+    <GlyphID id="5" name="cid06821"/>
+    <GlyphID id="6" name="cid07253"/>
+    <GlyphID id="7" name="cid13393"/>
+    <GlyphID id="8" name="cid17290"/>
+    <GlyphID id="9" name="cid17852"/>
+    <GlyphID id="10" name="cid18480"/>
+    <GlyphID id="11" name="cid22370"/>
+  </GlyphOrder>
+
+  <head>
+    <!-- Most of this table will be recalculated by the compiler -->
+    <tableVersion value="1.0"/>
+    <fontRevision value="1.002"/>
+    <checkSumAdjustment value="0xab835f00"/>
+    <magicNumber value="0x5f0f3cf5"/>
+    <flags value="00000000 00000011"/>
+    <unitsPerEm value="1000"/>
+    <created value="Thu Dec 13 12:06:21 2018"/>
+    <modified value="Tue Apr 16 22:17:21 2019"/>
+    <xMin value="14"/>
+    <yMin value="-120"/>
+    <xMax value="976"/>
+    <yMax value="880"/>
+    <macStyle value="00000000 00000000"/>
+    <lowestRecPPEM value="3"/>
+    <fontDirectionHint value="2"/>
+    <indexToLocFormat value="0"/>
+    <glyphDataFormat value="0"/>
+  </head>
+
+  <hhea>
+    <tableVersion value="0x00010000"/>
+    <ascent value="1160"/>
+    <descent value="-317"/>
+    <lineGap value="0"/>
+    <advanceWidthMax value="1000"/>
+    <minLeftSideBearing value="14"/>
+    <minRightSideBearing value="24"/>
+    <xMaxExtent value="976"/>
+    <caretSlopeRise value="1"/>
+    <caretSlopeRun value="0"/>
+    <caretOffset value="0"/>
+    <reserved0 value="0"/>
+    <reserved1 value="0"/>
+    <reserved2 value="0"/>
+    <reserved3 value="0"/>
+    <metricDataFormat value="0"/>
+    <numberOfHMetrics value="4"/>
+  </hhea>
+
+  <maxp>
+    <tableVersion value="0x5000"/>
+    <numGlyphs value="12"/>
+  </maxp>
+
+  <OS_2>
+    <!-- The fields 'usFirstCharIndex' and 'usLastCharIndex'
+         will be recalculated by the compiler -->
+    <version value="3"/>
+    <xAvgCharWidth value="977"/>
+    <usWeightClass value="250"/>
+    <usWidthClass value="5"/>
+    <fsType value="00000000 00000100"/>
+    <ySubscriptXSize value="650"/>
+    <ySubscriptYSize value="600"/>
+    <ySubscriptXOffset value="0"/>
+    <ySubscriptYOffset value="75"/>
+    <ySuperscriptXSize value="650"/>
+    <ySuperscriptYSize value="600"/>
+    <ySuperscriptXOffset value="0"/>
+    <ySuperscriptYOffset value="350"/>
+    <yStrikeoutSize value="50"/>
+    <yStrikeoutPosition value="228"/>
+    <sFamilyClass value="0"/>
+    <panose>
+      <bFamilyType value="0"/>
+      <bSerifStyle value="0"/>
+      <bWeight value="3"/>
+      <bProportion value="0"/>
+      <bContrast value="0"/>
+      <bStrokeVariation value="0"/>
+      <bArmStyle value="0"/>
+      <bLetterForm value="0"/>
+      <bMidline value="0"/>
+      <bXHeight value="0"/>
+    </panose>
+    <ulUnicodeRange1 value="00000000 00000000 00000000 00000011"/>
+    <ulUnicodeRange2 value="00101000 00000000 00000000 00000000"/>
+    <ulUnicodeRange3 value="00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000"/>
+    <ulUnicodeRange4 value="00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000"/>
+    <achVendID value="ADBE"/>
+    <fsSelection value="00000000 00000000"/>
+    <usFirstCharIndex value="0"/>
+    <usLastCharIndex value="63964"/>
+    <sTypoAscender value="880"/>
+    <sTypoDescender value="-120"/>
+    <sTypoLineGap value="200"/>
+    <usWinAscent value="1160"/>
+    <usWinDescent value="317"/>
+    <ulCodePageRange1 value="00100000 00000010 00000000 10011111"/>
+    <ulCodePageRange2 value="00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000"/>
+    <sxHeight value="380"/>
+    <sCapHeight value="760"/>
+    <usDefaultChar value="0"/>
+    <usBreakChar value="32"/>
+    <usMaxContext value="1"/>
+  </OS_2>
+
+  <name>
+    <namerecord nameID="0" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Copyright © 2018 Adobe systems Co., Ltd. All Rights Reserved.
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="1" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      SHSansJPVF w0.00
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="2" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Regular
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="3" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      1.002;ADBE;MasterSet_Kanji-w0.00
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="4" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      SHSansJPVF w0.00
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="5" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Version 1.002;hotconv 1.0.109;makeotfexe 2.5.65596 DEVELOPMENT
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="6" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      MasterSet_Kanji-w0.00
+    </namerecord>
+  </name>
+
+  <cmap>
+    <tableVersion version="0"/>
+    <cmap_format_4 platformID="0" platEncID="3" language="0">
+      <map code="0x0" name="cid00001"/><!-- ???? -->
+      <map code="0x1" name="cid00001"/><!-- ???? -->
+      <map code="0x2" name="cid00001"/><!-- ???? -->
+      <map code="0x3" name="cid00001"/><!-- ???? -->
+      <map code="0x4" name="cid00001"/><!-- ???? -->
+      <map code="0x5" name="cid00001"/><!-- ???? -->
+      <map code="0x6" name="cid00001"/><!-- ???? -->
+      <map code="0x7" name="cid00001"/><!-- ???? -->
+      <map code="0x8" name="cid00001"/><!-- ???? -->
+      <map code="0x9" name="cid00001"/><!-- ???? -->
+      <map code="0xa" name="cid00001"/><!-- ???? -->
+      <map code="0xb" name="cid00001"/><!-- ???? -->
+      <map code="0xc" name="cid00001"/><!-- ???? -->
+      <map code="0xd" name="cid00001"/><!-- ???? -->
+      <map code="0xe" name="cid00001"/><!-- ???? -->
+      <map code="0xf" name="cid00001"/><!-- ???? -->
+      <map code="0x10" name="cid00001"/><!-- ???? -->
+      <map code="0x11" name="cid00001"/><!-- ???? -->
+      <map code="0x12" name="cid00001"/><!-- ???? -->
+      <map code="0x13" name="cid00001"/><!-- ???? -->
+      <map code="0x14" name="cid00001"/><!-- ???? -->
+      <map code="0x15" name="cid00001"/><!-- ???? -->
+      <map code="0x16" name="cid00001"/><!-- ???? -->
+      <map code="0x17" name="cid00001"/><!-- ???? -->
+      <map code="0x18" name="cid00001"/><!-- ???? -->
+      <map code="0x19" name="cid00001"/><!-- ???? -->
+      <map code="0x1a" name="cid00001"/><!-- ???? -->
+      <map code="0x1b" name="cid00001"/><!-- ???? -->
+      <map code="0x1c" name="cid00001"/><!-- ???? -->
+      <map code="0x1d" name="cid00001"/><!-- ???? -->
+      <map code="0x1e" name="cid00001"/><!-- ???? -->
+      <map code="0x1f" name="cid00001"/><!-- ???? -->
+      <map code="0x20" name="cid00001"/><!-- SPACE -->
+      <map code="0x21" name="cid00002"/><!-- EXCLAMATION MARK -->
+      <map code="0xa0" name="cid00001"/><!-- NO-BREAK SPACE -->
+      <map code="0x50ce" name="cid17290"/><!-- CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-50CE -->
+      <map code="0x610f" name="cid01177"/><!-- CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-610F -->
+      <map code="0x6a1a" name="cid17852"/><!-- CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-6A1A -->
+      <map code="0x82e8" name="cid18480"/><!-- CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-82E8 -->
+      <map code="0x8552" name="cid22370"/><!-- CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-8552 -->
+      <map code="0x85a8" name="cid06449"/><!-- CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-85A8 -->
+      <map code="0x8e59" name="cid06821"/><!-- CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-8E59 -->
+      <map code="0x9a40" name="cid07253"/><!-- CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9A40 -->
+      <map code="0xf9dc" name="cid13393"/><!-- CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-F9DC -->
+    </cmap_format_4>
+    <cmap_format_12 platformID="0" platEncID="4" format="12" reserved="0" length="532" language="0" nGroups="43">
+      <map code="0x0" name="cid00001"/><!-- ???? -->
+      <map code="0x1" name="cid00001"/><!-- ???? -->
+      <map code="0x2" name="cid00001"/><!-- ???? -->
+      <map code="0x3" name="cid00001"/><!-- ???? -->
+      <map code="0x4" name="cid00001"/><!-- ???? -->
+      <map code="0x5" name="cid00001"/><!-- ???? -->
+      <map code="0x6" name="cid00001"/><!-- ???? -->
+      <map code="0x7" name="cid00001"/><!-- ???? -->
+      <map code="0x8" name="cid00001"/><!-- ???? -->
+      <map code="0x9" name="cid00001"/><!-- ???? -->
+      <map code="0xa" name="cid00001"/><!-- ???? -->
+      <map code="0xb" name="cid00001"/><!-- ???? -->
+      <map code="0xc" name="cid00001"/><!-- ???? -->
+      <map code="0xd" name="cid00001"/><!-- ???? -->
+      <map code="0xe" name="cid00001"/><!-- ???? -->
+      <map code="0xf" name="cid00001"/><!-- ???? -->
+      <map code="0x10" name="cid00001"/><!-- ???? -->
+      <map code="0x11" name="cid00001"/><!-- ???? -->
+      <map code="0x12" name="cid00001"/><!-- ???? -->
+      <map code="0x13" name="cid00001"/><!-- ???? -->
+      <map code="0x14" name="cid00001"/><!-- ???? -->
+      <map code="0x15" name="cid00001"/><!-- ???? -->
+      <map code="0x16" name="cid00001"/><!-- ???? -->
+      <map code="0x17" name="cid00001"/><!-- ???? -->
+      <map code="0x18" name="cid00001"/><!-- ???? -->
+      <map code="0x19" name="cid00001"/><!-- ???? -->
+      <map code="0x1a" name="cid00001"/><!-- ???? -->
+      <map code="0x1b" name="cid00001"/><!-- ???? -->
+      <map code="0x1c" name="cid00001"/><!-- ???? -->
+      <map code="0x1d" name="cid00001"/><!-- ???? -->
+      <map code="0x1e" name="cid00001"/><!-- ???? -->
+      <map code="0x1f" name="cid00001"/><!-- ???? -->
+      <map code="0x20" name="cid00001"/><!-- SPACE -->
+      <map code="0x21" name="cid00002"/><!-- EXCLAMATION MARK -->
+      <map code="0xa0" name="cid00001"/><!-- NO-BREAK SPACE -->
+      <map code="0x50ce" name="cid17290"/><!-- CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-50CE -->
+      <map code="0x610f" name="cid01177"/><!-- CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-610F -->
+      <map code="0x6a1a" name="cid17852"/><!-- CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-6A1A -->
+      <map code="0x82e8" name="cid18480"/><!-- CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-82E8 -->
+      <map code="0x8552" name="cid22370"/><!-- CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-8552 -->
+      <map code="0x85a8" name="cid06449"/><!-- CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-85A8 -->
+      <map code="0x8e59" name="cid06821"/><!-- CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-8E59 -->
+      <map code="0x9a40" name="cid07253"/><!-- CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9A40 -->
+      <map code="0xf9dc" name="cid13393"/><!-- CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-F9DC -->
+    </cmap_format_12>
+    <cmap_format_14 platformID="0" platEncID="5">
+      <map uv="0x9686" uvs="0xfe00" name="cid13393"/>
+      <map uv="0x9686" uvs="0xe0101" name="cid13393"/>
+    </cmap_format_14>
+    <cmap_format_4 platformID="3" platEncID="1" language="0">
+      <map code="0x0" name="cid00001"/><!-- ???? -->
+      <map code="0x1" name="cid00001"/><!-- ???? -->
+      <map code="0x2" name="cid00001"/><!-- ???? -->
+      <map code="0x3" name="cid00001"/><!-- ???? -->
+      <map code="0x4" name="cid00001"/><!-- ???? -->
+      <map code="0x5" name="cid00001"/><!-- ???? -->
+      <map code="0x6" name="cid00001"/><!-- ???? -->
+      <map code="0x7" name="cid00001"/><!-- ???? -->
+      <map code="0x8" name="cid00001"/><!-- ???? -->
+      <map code="0x9" name="cid00001"/><!-- ???? -->
+      <map code="0xa" name="cid00001"/><!-- ???? -->
+      <map code="0xb" name="cid00001"/><!-- ???? -->
+      <map code="0xc" name="cid00001"/><!-- ???? -->
+      <map code="0xd" name="cid00001"/><!-- ???? -->
+      <map code="0xe" name="cid00001"/><!-- ???? -->
+      <map code="0xf" name="cid00001"/><!-- ???? -->
+      <map code="0x10" name="cid00001"/><!-- ???? -->
+      <map code="0x11" name="cid00001"/><!-- ???? -->
+      <map code="0x12" name="cid00001"/><!-- ???? -->
+      <map code="0x13" name="cid00001"/><!-- ???? -->
+      <map code="0x14" name="cid00001"/><!-- ???? -->
+      <map code="0x15" name="cid00001"/><!-- ???? -->
+      <map code="0x16" name="cid00001"/><!-- ???? -->
+      <map code="0x17" name="cid00001"/><!-- ???? -->
+      <map code="0x18" name="cid00001"/><!-- ???? -->
+      <map code="0x19" name="cid00001"/><!-- ???? -->
+      <map code="0x1a" name="cid00001"/><!-- ???? -->
+      <map code="0x1b" name="cid00001"/><!-- ???? -->
+      <map code="0x1c" name="cid00001"/><!-- ???? -->
+      <map code="0x1d" name="cid00001"/><!-- ???? -->
+      <map code="0x1e" name="cid00001"/><!-- ???? -->
+      <map code="0x1f" name="cid00001"/><!-- ???? -->
+      <map code="0x20" name="cid00001"/><!-- SPACE -->
+      <map code="0x21" name="cid00002"/><!-- EXCLAMATION MARK -->
+      <map code="0xa0" name="cid00001"/><!-- NO-BREAK SPACE -->
+      <map code="0x50ce" name="cid17290"/><!-- CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-50CE -->
+      <map code="0x610f" name="cid01177"/><!-- CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-610F -->
+      <map code="0x6a1a" name="cid17852"/><!-- CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-6A1A -->
+      <map code="0x82e8" name="cid18480"/><!-- CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-82E8 -->
+      <map code="0x8552" name="cid22370"/><!-- CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-8552 -->
+      <map code="0x85a8" name="cid06449"/><!-- CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-85A8 -->
+      <map code="0x8e59" name="cid06821"/><!-- CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-8E59 -->
+      <map code="0x9a40" name="cid07253"/><!-- CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9A40 -->
+      <map code="0xf9dc" name="cid13393"/><!-- CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-F9DC -->
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+      <map code="0x21" name="cid00002"/><!-- EXCLAMATION MARK -->
+      <map code="0xa0" name="cid00001"/><!-- NO-BREAK SPACE -->
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+      <map code="0x8e59" name="cid06821"/><!-- CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-8E59 -->
+      <map code="0x9a40" name="cid07253"/><!-- CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9A40 -->
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+          -20 14 rlineto
+          -6 -2 rlineto
+          endchar
+        </CharString>
+        <CharString name="cid17290" fdSelectIndex="1">
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+          12 0 100 0 12 0 rrcurveto
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+          75 143 10 205 0 145 rrcurveto
+          0 316 rlineto
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+        </CharString>
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+          1000 -71 30 427 30 153 30 33 111 -30 30 -30 126 hstemhm
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+          112 139 18 194 0 141 rrcurveto
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+          8 -6 12 -12 5 -6 rrcurveto
+          103 25 130 41 86 43 rrcurveto
+          endchar
+        </CharString>
+      </CharStrings>
+    </CFFFont>
+
+    <GlobalSubrs>
+      <!-- The 'index' attribute is only for humans; it is ignored when parsed. -->
+    </GlobalSubrs>
+  </CFF>
+
+  <GSUB>
+    <Version value="0x00010000"/>
+    <ScriptList>
+      <!-- ScriptCount=1 -->
+      <ScriptRecord index="0">
+        <ScriptTag value="DFLT"/>
+        <Script>
+          <DefaultLangSys>
+            <ReqFeatureIndex value="65535"/>
+            <!-- FeatureCount=0 -->
+          </DefaultLangSys>
+          <!-- LangSysCount=0 -->
+        </Script>
+      </ScriptRecord>
+    </ScriptList>
+    <FeatureList>
+      <!-- FeatureCount=0 -->
+    </FeatureList>
+    <LookupList>
+      <!-- LookupCount=0 -->
+    </LookupList>
+  </GSUB>
+
+  <VORG>
+    <majorVersion value="1"/>
+    <minorVersion value="0"/>
+    <defaultVertOriginY value="880"/>
+    <numVertOriginYMetrics value="0"/>
+  </VORG>
+
+  <hmtx>
+    <mtx name=".notdef" width="1000" lsb="100"/>
+    <mtx name="cid00001" width="231" lsb="0"/>
+    <mtx name="cid00002" width="222" lsb="74"/>
+    <mtx name="cid01177" width="1000" lsb="48"/>
+    <mtx name="cid06449" width="1000" lsb="52"/>
+    <mtx name="cid06821" width="1000" lsb="34"/>
+    <mtx name="cid07253" width="1000" lsb="36"/>
+    <mtx name="cid13393" width="1000" lsb="82"/>
+    <mtx name="cid17290" width="1000" lsb="14"/>
+    <mtx name="cid17852" width="1000" lsb="30"/>
+    <mtx name="cid18480" width="1000" lsb="35"/>
+    <mtx name="cid22370" width="1000" lsb="53"/>
+  </hmtx>
+
+  <vhea>
+    <tableVersion value="0x00011000"/>
+    <ascent value="500"/>
+    <descent value="-500"/>
+    <lineGap value="0"/>
+    <advanceHeightMax value="1000"/>
+    <minTopSideBearing value="0"/>
+    <minBottomSideBearing value="0"/>
+    <yMaxExtent value="1000"/>
+    <caretSlopeRise value="0"/>
+    <caretSlopeRun value="1"/>
+    <caretOffset value="0"/>
+    <reserved1 value="0"/>
+    <reserved2 value="0"/>
+    <reserved3 value="0"/>
+    <reserved4 value="0"/>
+    <metricDataFormat value="0"/>
+    <numberOfVMetrics value="1"/>
+  </vhea>
+
+  <vmtx>
+    <mtx name=".notdef" height="1000" tsb="0"/>
+    <mtx name="cid00001" height="1000" tsb="880"/>
+    <mtx name="cid00002" height="1000" tsb="125"/>
+    <mtx name="cid01177" height="1000" tsb="40"/>
+    <mtx name="cid06449" height="1000" tsb="41"/>
+    <mtx name="cid06821" height="1000" tsb="40"/>
+    <mtx name="cid07253" height="1000" tsb="41"/>
+    <mtx name="cid13393" height="1000" tsb="39"/>
+    <mtx name="cid17290" height="1000" tsb="49"/>
+    <mtx name="cid17852" height="1000" tsb="40"/>
+    <mtx name="cid18480" height="1000" tsb="41"/>
+    <mtx name="cid22370" height="1000" tsb="41"/>
+  </vmtx>
+
+</ttFont>
diff --git a/Tests/varLib/data/master_sparse_cff2/MasterSet_Kanji-w1000.00.ttx b/Tests/varLib/data/master_sparse_cff2/MasterSet_Kanji-w1000.00.ttx
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e527d07
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/varLib/data/master_sparse_cff2/MasterSet_Kanji-w1000.00.ttx
@@ -0,0 +1,1266 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<ttFont sfntVersion="OTTO" ttLibVersion="3.41">
+
+  <GlyphOrder>
+    <!-- The 'id' attribute is only for humans; it is ignored when parsed. -->
+    <GlyphID id="0" name=".notdef"/>
+    <GlyphID id="1" name="cid00001"/>
+    <GlyphID id="2" name="cid00002"/>
+    <GlyphID id="3" name="cid01177"/>
+    <GlyphID id="4" name="cid06449"/>
+    <GlyphID id="5" name="cid06821"/>
+    <GlyphID id="6" name="cid07253"/>
+    <GlyphID id="7" name="cid13393"/>
+    <GlyphID id="8" name="cid17290"/>
+    <GlyphID id="9" name="cid17852"/>
+    <GlyphID id="10" name="cid18480"/>
+    <GlyphID id="11" name="cid22370"/>
+  </GlyphOrder>
+
+  <head>
+    <!-- Most of this table will be recalculated by the compiler -->
+    <tableVersion value="1.0"/>
+    <fontRevision value="1.002"/>
+    <checkSumAdjustment value="0xc54fcf7b"/>
+    <magicNumber value="0x5f0f3cf5"/>
+    <flags value="00000000 00000011"/>
+    <unitsPerEm value="1000"/>
+    <created value="Thu Dec 13 12:08:26 2018"/>
+    <modified value="Tue Apr 16 22:17:21 2019"/>
+    <xMin value="8"/>
+    <yMin value="-120"/>
+    <xMax value="995"/>
+    <yMax value="880"/>
+    <macStyle value="00000000 00000000"/>
+    <lowestRecPPEM value="3"/>
+    <fontDirectionHint value="2"/>
+    <indexToLocFormat value="0"/>
+    <glyphDataFormat value="0"/>
+  </head>
+
+  <hhea>
+    <tableVersion value="0x00010000"/>
+    <ascent value="1160"/>
+    <descent value="-317"/>
+    <lineGap value="0"/>
+    <advanceWidthMax value="1000"/>
+    <minLeftSideBearing value="8"/>
+    <minRightSideBearing value="5"/>
+    <xMaxExtent value="995"/>
+    <caretSlopeRise value="1"/>
+    <caretSlopeRun value="0"/>
+    <caretOffset value="0"/>
+    <reserved0 value="0"/>
+    <reserved1 value="0"/>
+    <reserved2 value="0"/>
+    <reserved3 value="0"/>
+    <metricDataFormat value="0"/>
+    <numberOfHMetrics value="4"/>
+  </hhea>
+
+  <maxp>
+    <tableVersion value="0x5000"/>
+    <numGlyphs value="12"/>
+  </maxp>
+
+  <OS_2>
+    <!-- The fields 'usFirstCharIndex' and 'usLastCharIndex'
+         will be recalculated by the compiler -->
+    <version value="3"/>
+    <xAvgCharWidth value="979"/>
+    <usWeightClass value="250"/>
+    <usWidthClass value="5"/>
+    <fsType value="00000000 00000100"/>
+    <ySubscriptXSize value="650"/>
+    <ySubscriptYSize value="600"/>
+    <ySubscriptXOffset value="0"/>
+    <ySubscriptYOffset value="75"/>
+    <ySuperscriptXSize value="650"/>
+    <ySuperscriptYSize value="600"/>
+    <ySuperscriptXOffset value="0"/>
+    <ySuperscriptYOffset value="350"/>
+    <yStrikeoutSize value="50"/>
+    <yStrikeoutPosition value="228"/>
+    <sFamilyClass value="0"/>
+    <panose>
+      <bFamilyType value="0"/>
+      <bSerifStyle value="0"/>
+      <bWeight value="3"/>
+      <bProportion value="0"/>
+      <bContrast value="0"/>
+      <bStrokeVariation value="0"/>
+      <bArmStyle value="0"/>
+      <bLetterForm value="0"/>
+      <bMidline value="0"/>
+      <bXHeight value="0"/>
+    </panose>
+    <ulUnicodeRange1 value="00000000 00000000 00000000 00000011"/>
+    <ulUnicodeRange2 value="00101000 00000000 00000000 00000000"/>
+    <ulUnicodeRange3 value="00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000"/>
+    <ulUnicodeRange4 value="00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000"/>
+    <achVendID value="ADBE"/>
+    <fsSelection value="00000000 00000000"/>
+    <usFirstCharIndex value="0"/>
+    <usLastCharIndex value="63964"/>
+    <sTypoAscender value="880"/>
+    <sTypoDescender value="-120"/>
+    <sTypoLineGap value="200"/>
+    <usWinAscent value="1160"/>
+    <usWinDescent value="317"/>
+    <ulCodePageRange1 value="00100000 00000010 00000000 10011111"/>
+    <ulCodePageRange2 value="00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000"/>
+    <sxHeight value="380"/>
+    <sCapHeight value="760"/>
+    <usDefaultChar value="0"/>
+    <usBreakChar value="32"/>
+    <usMaxContext value="1"/>
+  </OS_2>
+
+  <name>
+    <namerecord nameID="0" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Copyright © 2018 Adobe systems Co., Ltd. All Rights Reserved.
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="1" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      SHSansJPVF w1000.00
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="2" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Regular
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="3" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      1.002;ADBE;MasterSet_Kanji-w1000.00
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="4" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      SHSansJPVF w1000.00
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="5" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Version 1.002;hotconv 1.0.109;makeotfexe 2.5.65596 DEVELOPMENT
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="6" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      MasterSet_Kanji-w1000.00
+    </namerecord>
+  </name>
+
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+    <cmap_format_4 platformID="0" platEncID="3" language="0">
+      <map code="0x0" name="cid00001"/><!-- ???? -->
+      <map code="0x1" name="cid00001"/><!-- ???? -->
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+      <map code="0x3" name="cid00001"/><!-- ???? -->
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+      <map code="0x6" name="cid00001"/><!-- ???? -->
+      <map code="0x7" name="cid00001"/><!-- ???? -->
+      <map code="0x8" name="cid00001"/><!-- ???? -->
+      <map code="0x9" name="cid00001"/><!-- ???? -->
+      <map code="0xa" name="cid00001"/><!-- ???? -->
+      <map code="0xb" name="cid00001"/><!-- ???? -->
+      <map code="0xc" name="cid00001"/><!-- ???? -->
+      <map code="0xd" name="cid00001"/><!-- ???? -->
+      <map code="0xe" name="cid00001"/><!-- ???? -->
+      <map code="0xf" name="cid00001"/><!-- ???? -->
+      <map code="0x10" name="cid00001"/><!-- ???? -->
+      <map code="0x11" name="cid00001"/><!-- ???? -->
+      <map code="0x12" name="cid00001"/><!-- ???? -->
+      <map code="0x13" name="cid00001"/><!-- ???? -->
+      <map code="0x14" name="cid00001"/><!-- ???? -->
+      <map code="0x15" name="cid00001"/><!-- ???? -->
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+      <map code="0x17" name="cid00001"/><!-- ???? -->
+      <map code="0x18" name="cid00001"/><!-- ???? -->
+      <map code="0x19" name="cid00001"/><!-- ???? -->
+      <map code="0x1a" name="cid00001"/><!-- ???? -->
+      <map code="0x1b" name="cid00001"/><!-- ???? -->
+      <map code="0x1c" name="cid00001"/><!-- ???? -->
+      <map code="0x1d" name="cid00001"/><!-- ???? -->
+      <map code="0x1e" name="cid00001"/><!-- ???? -->
+      <map code="0x1f" name="cid00001"/><!-- ???? -->
+      <map code="0x20" name="cid00001"/><!-- SPACE -->
+      <map code="0x21" name="cid00002"/><!-- EXCLAMATION MARK -->
+      <map code="0xa0" name="cid00001"/><!-- NO-BREAK SPACE -->
+      <map code="0x50ce" name="cid17290"/><!-- CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-50CE -->
+      <map code="0x610f" name="cid01177"/><!-- CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-610F -->
+      <map code="0x6a1a" name="cid17852"/><!-- CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-6A1A -->
+      <map code="0x82e8" name="cid18480"/><!-- CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-82E8 -->
+      <map code="0x8552" name="cid22370"/><!-- CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-8552 -->
+      <map code="0x85a8" name="cid06449"/><!-- CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-85A8 -->
+      <map code="0x8e59" name="cid06821"/><!-- CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-8E59 -->
+      <map code="0x9a40" name="cid07253"/><!-- CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9A40 -->
+      <map code="0xf9dc" name="cid13393"/><!-- CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-F9DC -->
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+      <!-- The 'index' attribute is only for humans; it is ignored when parsed. -->
+    </GlobalSubrs>
+  </CFF>
+
+  <GSUB>
+    <Version value="0x00010000"/>
+    <ScriptList>
+      <!-- ScriptCount=1 -->
+      <ScriptRecord index="0">
+        <ScriptTag value="DFLT"/>
+        <Script>
+          <DefaultLangSys>
+            <ReqFeatureIndex value="65535"/>
+            <!-- FeatureCount=0 -->
+          </DefaultLangSys>
+          <!-- LangSysCount=0 -->
+        </Script>
+      </ScriptRecord>
+    </ScriptList>
+    <FeatureList>
+      <!-- FeatureCount=0 -->
+    </FeatureList>
+    <LookupList>
+      <!-- LookupCount=0 -->
+    </LookupList>
+  </GSUB>
+
+  <VORG>
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+    <minorVersion value="0"/>
+    <defaultVertOriginY value="880"/>
+    <numVertOriginYMetrics value="0"/>
+  </VORG>
+
+  <hmtx>
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+    <mtx name="cid17852" width="1000" lsb="13"/>
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+    <mtx name="cid22370" width="1000" lsb="27"/>
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+    <minBottomSideBearing value="0"/>
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+  <vmtx>
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+    <mtx name="cid17290" height="1000" tsb="25"/>
+    <mtx name="cid17852" height="1000" tsb="25"/>
+    <mtx name="cid18480" height="1000" tsb="25"/>
+    <mtx name="cid22370" height="1000" tsb="25"/>
+  </vmtx>
+
+</ttFont>
diff --git a/Tests/varLib/data/master_sparse_cff2/MasterSet_Kanji-w439.00.ttx b/Tests/varLib/data/master_sparse_cff2/MasterSet_Kanji-w439.00.ttx
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5a0df52
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/varLib/data/master_sparse_cff2/MasterSet_Kanji-w439.00.ttx
@@ -0,0 +1,466 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<ttFont sfntVersion="OTTO" ttLibVersion="3.41">
+
+  <GlyphOrder>
+    <!-- The 'id' attribute is only for humans; it is ignored when parsed. -->
+    <GlyphID id="0" name=".notdef"/>
+    <GlyphID id="1" name="cid06821"/>
+    <GlyphID id="2" name="cid18480"/>
+  </GlyphOrder>
+
+  <head>
+    <!-- Most of this table will be recalculated by the compiler -->
+    <tableVersion value="1.0"/>
+    <fontRevision value="1.002"/>
+    <checkSumAdjustment value="0x3ae58124"/>
+    <magicNumber value="0x5f0f3cf5"/>
+    <flags value="00000000 00000011"/>
+    <unitsPerEm value="1000"/>
+    <created value="Thu Dec 13 12:06:43 2018"/>
+    <modified value="Tue Apr 16 22:17:21 2019"/>
+    <xMin value="29"/>
+    <yMin value="-120"/>
+    <xMax value="973"/>
+    <yMax value="880"/>
+    <macStyle value="00000000 00000000"/>
+    <lowestRecPPEM value="3"/>
+    <fontDirectionHint value="2"/>
+    <indexToLocFormat value="0"/>
+    <glyphDataFormat value="0"/>
+  </head>
+
+  <hhea>
+    <tableVersion value="0x00010000"/>
+    <ascent value="1160"/>
+    <descent value="-317"/>
+    <lineGap value="0"/>
+    <advanceWidthMax value="1000"/>
+    <minLeftSideBearing value="29"/>
+    <minRightSideBearing value="27"/>
+    <xMaxExtent value="973"/>
+    <caretSlopeRise value="1"/>
+    <caretSlopeRun value="0"/>
+    <caretOffset value="0"/>
+    <reserved0 value="0"/>
+    <reserved1 value="0"/>
+    <reserved2 value="0"/>
+    <reserved3 value="0"/>
+    <metricDataFormat value="0"/>
+    <numberOfHMetrics value="1"/>
+  </hhea>
+
+  <maxp>
+    <tableVersion value="0x5000"/>
+    <numGlyphs value="3"/>
+  </maxp>
+
+  <OS_2>
+    <!-- The fields 'usFirstCharIndex' and 'usLastCharIndex'
+         will be recalculated by the compiler -->
+    <version value="3"/>
+    <xAvgCharWidth value="977"/>
+    <usWeightClass value="250"/>
+    <usWidthClass value="5"/>
+    <fsType value="00000000 00000100"/>
+    <ySubscriptXSize value="650"/>
+    <ySubscriptYSize value="600"/>
+    <ySubscriptXOffset value="0"/>
+    <ySubscriptYOffset value="75"/>
+    <ySuperscriptXSize value="650"/>
+    <ySuperscriptYSize value="600"/>
+    <ySuperscriptXOffset value="0"/>
+    <ySuperscriptYOffset value="350"/>
+    <yStrikeoutSize value="50"/>
+    <yStrikeoutPosition value="228"/>
+    <sFamilyClass value="0"/>
+    <panose>
+      <bFamilyType value="0"/>
+      <bSerifStyle value="0"/>
+      <bWeight value="3"/>
+      <bProportion value="0"/>
+      <bContrast value="0"/>
+      <bStrokeVariation value="0"/>
+      <bArmStyle value="0"/>
+      <bLetterForm value="0"/>
+      <bMidline value="0"/>
+      <bXHeight value="0"/>
+    </panose>
+    <ulUnicodeRange1 value="00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000"/>
+    <ulUnicodeRange2 value="00001000 00000000 00000000 00000000"/>
+    <ulUnicodeRange3 value="00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000"/>
+    <ulUnicodeRange4 value="00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000"/>
+    <achVendID value="ADBE"/>
+    <fsSelection value="00000000 00000000"/>
+    <usFirstCharIndex value="33512"/>
+    <usLastCharIndex value="36441"/>
+    <sTypoAscender value="880"/>
+    <sTypoDescender value="-120"/>
+    <sTypoLineGap value="200"/>
+    <usWinAscent value="1160"/>
+    <usWinDescent value="317"/>
+    <ulCodePageRange1 value="00100000 00000010 00000000 10011111"/>
+    <ulCodePageRange2 value="00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000"/>
+    <sxHeight value="380"/>
+    <sCapHeight value="760"/>
+    <usDefaultChar value="0"/>
+    <usBreakChar value="32"/>
+    <usMaxContext value="1"/>
+  </OS_2>
+
+  <name>
+    <namerecord nameID="0" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Copyright © 2018 Adobe systems Co., Ltd. All Rights Reserved.
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="1" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      SHSansJPVF w439.00
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="2" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Regular
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="3" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      1.002;ADBE;MasterSet_Kanji-w439.00
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="4" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      SHSansJPVF w439.00
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="5" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Version 1.002;hotconv 1.0.109;makeotfexe 2.5.65596 DEVELOPMENT
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="6" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      MasterSet_Kanji-w439.00
+    </namerecord>
+  </name>
+
+  <cmap>
+    <tableVersion version="0"/>
+    <cmap_format_4 platformID="0" platEncID="3" language="0">
+      <map code="0x82e8" name="cid18480"/><!-- CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-82E8 -->
+      <map code="0x8e59" name="cid06821"/><!-- CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-8E59 -->
+    </cmap_format_4>
+    <cmap_format_12 platformID="0" platEncID="4" format="12" reserved="0" length="40" language="0" nGroups="2">
+      <map code="0x82e8" name="cid18480"/><!-- CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-82E8 -->
+      <map code="0x8e59" name="cid06821"/><!-- CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-8E59 -->
+    </cmap_format_12>
+    <cmap_format_4 platformID="3" platEncID="1" language="0">
+      <map code="0x82e8" name="cid18480"/><!-- CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-82E8 -->
+      <map code="0x8e59" name="cid06821"/><!-- CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-8E59 -->
+    </cmap_format_4>
+    <cmap_format_12 platformID="3" platEncID="10" format="12" reserved="0" length="40" language="0" nGroups="2">
+      <map code="0x82e8" name="cid18480"/><!-- CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-82E8 -->
+      <map code="0x8e59" name="cid06821"/><!-- CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-8E59 -->
+    </cmap_format_12>
+  </cmap>
+
+  <post>
+    <formatType value="3.0"/>
+    <italicAngle value="0.0"/>
+    <underlinePosition value="-75"/>
+    <underlineThickness value="50"/>
+    <isFixedPitch value="0"/>
+    <minMemType42 value="0"/>
+    <maxMemType42 value="0"/>
+    <minMemType1 value="0"/>
+    <maxMemType1 value="0"/>
+  </post>
+
+  <CFF>
+    <major value="1"/>
+    <minor value="0"/>
+    <CFFFont name="MasterSet_Kanji-w439.00">
+      <ROS Registry="Adobe" Order="Japan1" Supplement="6"/>
+      <Notice value="1997-2007, 2012 Adobe Systems Incorporated. All Rights Reserved. Kozuka Mincho is either a registered trademark or trademark of Adobe Systems Incorporated in the United States and/or other countries.&quot;"/>
+      <FullName value="Master Set Kanji w439.00"/>
+      <FamilyName value="Master Set Kanji"/>
+      <Weight value="ExtraLight"/>
+      <isFixedPitch value="0"/>
+      <ItalicAngle value="0"/>
+      <UnderlinePosition value="-100"/>
+      <UnderlineThickness value="50"/>
+      <PaintType value="0"/>
+      <CharstringType value="2"/>
+      <FontMatrix value="0.001 0 0 0.001 0 0"/>
+      <FontBBox value="29 -120 973 880"/>
+      <StrokeWidth value="0"/>
+      <XUID value="1119273886"/>
+      <CIDFontVersion value="6.004"/>
+      <CIDFontRevision value="0"/>
+      <CIDFontType value="0"/>
+      <CIDCount value="23058"/>
+      <!-- charset is dumped separately as the 'GlyphOrder' element -->
+      <FDSelect format="3"/>
+      <FDArray>
+        <FontDict index="0">
+          <FontName value="MasterSet_Kanji-w439.00-Generic"/>
+          <Private>
+            <BlueValues value="-250 -250 1100 1100"/>
+            <BlueScale value="0.039625"/>
+            <BlueShift value="7"/>
+            <BlueFuzz value="0"/>
+            <StdHW value="1"/>
+            <StdVW value="1"/>
+            <ForceBold value="0"/>
+            <LanguageGroup value="1"/>
+            <ExpansionFactor value="0.06"/>
+            <initialRandomSeed value="0"/>
+            <defaultWidthX value="1000"/>
+            <nominalWidthX value="607"/>
+          </Private>
+        </FontDict>
+        <FontDict index="1">
+          <FontName value="MasterSet_Kanji-w439.00-Kanji"/>
+          <Private>
+            <BlueValues value="-250 -250 1100 1100"/>
+            <BlueScale value="0.039625"/>
+            <BlueShift value="7"/>
+            <BlueFuzz value="0"/>
+            <StdHW value="1"/>
+            <StdVW value="1"/>
+            <ForceBold value="0"/>
+            <LanguageGroup value="1"/>
+            <ExpansionFactor value="0.06"/>
+            <initialRandomSeed value="0"/>
+            <defaultWidthX value="1000"/>
+            <nominalWidthX value="0"/>
+          </Private>
+        </FontDict>
+      </FDArray>
+      <CharStrings>
+        <CharString name=".notdef" fdSelectIndex="0">
+          393 -120 50 859 91 -50 50 hstemhm
+          100 50 700 50 hintmask 10111000
+          100 -120 rmoveto
+          800 0 rlineto
+          0 1000 rlineto
+          -800 0 rlineto
+          400 -459 rmoveto
+          -318 409 rlineto
+          636 0 rlineto
+          -286 -450 rmoveto
+          hintmask 11011000
+          318 409 rlineto
+          0 -818 rlineto
+          -668 -41 rmoveto
+          318 409 rlineto
+          318 -409 rlineto
+          -668 859 rmoveto
+          318 -409 rlineto
+          -318 -409 rlineto
+          endchar
+        </CharString>
+        <CharString name="cid06821" fdSelectIndex="1">
+          1000 -69 66 68 52 53 38 -38 51 67 51 8 72 -64 52 118 31 -31 47 -27 27 47 42 -42 93 -10 58 -58 144 hstemhm
+          115 74 -37 37 153 67 -51 51 -51 70 -51 32 50 81 -38 38 19 74 142 82 55 61 hintmask 00011000000000000000000100000000
+          234 288 rmoveto
+          541 0 rlineto
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+          -78 118 rmoveto
+          0 -169 rlineto
+          701 0 rlineto
+          0 169 rlineto
+          hintmask 00100000000000000000100000000000
+          -398 -131 rmoveto
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+          81 -16 rlineto
+          0 255 rlineto
+          hintmask 01000000000010010000010000000000
+          -38 -91 rmoveto
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+          -836 0 rmoveto
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+          0 -79 -10 -102 -76 -77 rrcurveto
+          17 -9 31 -26 11 -14 rrcurveto
+          84 85 17 127 0 94 rrcurveto
+          0 132 rlineto
+          hintmask 00000000010100001000000000000000
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+          0 -167 rlineto
+          hintmask 00000000010100000100000000000000
+          67 0 rlineto
+          0 167 rlineto
+          hintmask 00000000101000000001000000000000
+          -32 -51 rmoveto
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+          0 42 rlineto
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+          388 0 rlineto
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+          -233 -16 rmoveto
+          0 -137 rlineto
+          0 -8 -2 -3 -10 -1 rrcurveto
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+          9 -15 12 -21 4 -17 rrcurveto
+          hintmask 00000011000001000010001000000000
+          45 0 31 0 22 9 rrcurveto
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+          0 138 rlineto
+          -171 -49 rmoveto
+          -19 -39 -33 -36 -39 -29 rrcurveto
+          14 -7 23 -16 10 -9 rrcurveto
+          38 30 38 47 23 46 rrcurveto
+          140 -8 rmoveto
+          27 -24 29 -33 13 -24 rrcurveto
+          47 24 rlineto
+          -14 24 -30 33 -27 21 rrcurveto
+          62 339 rmoveto
+          hintmask 10000101000001000000001010000000
+          17 -280 136 -219 157 0 rrcurveto
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+          -19 6 -25 13 -17 15 rrcurveto
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+          170 -173 rmoveto
+          -57 -121 -107 -100 -119 -63 rrcurveto
+          15 -11 26 -24 11 -13 rrcurveto
+          119 70 113 109 65 135 rrcurveto
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+          103 45 87 72 31 112 rrcurveto
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+        </CharString>
+        <CharString name="cid18480" fdSelectIndex="1">
+          1000 -77 75 369 68 105 68 29 132 -73 73 -73 150 hstemhm
+          152 80 -37 37 55 80 -32 78 215 81 92 80 -18 75 hintmask 1110100101110000
+          57 769 rmoveto
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+          0 209 rlineto
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+          0 -211 rlineto
+          0 -132 -12 -179 -110 -128 rrcurveto
+          19 -9 34 -24 15 -14 rrcurveto
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+          115 135 19 205 0 145 rrcurveto
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+          -97 -49 -177 -47 -157 -32 rrcurveto
+          9 -17 12 -28 4 -18 rrcurveto
+          164 31 185 46 125 56 rrcurveto
+          endchar
+        </CharString>
+      </CharStrings>
+    </CFFFont>
+
+    <GlobalSubrs>
+      <!-- The 'index' attribute is only for humans; it is ignored when parsed. -->
+    </GlobalSubrs>
+  </CFF>
+
+  <GSUB>
+    <Version value="0x00010000"/>
+    <ScriptList>
+      <!-- ScriptCount=1 -->
+      <ScriptRecord index="0">
+        <ScriptTag value="DFLT"/>
+        <Script>
+          <DefaultLangSys>
+            <ReqFeatureIndex value="65535"/>
+            <!-- FeatureCount=0 -->
+          </DefaultLangSys>
+          <!-- LangSysCount=0 -->
+        </Script>
+      </ScriptRecord>
+    </ScriptList>
+    <FeatureList>
+      <!-- FeatureCount=0 -->
+    </FeatureList>
+    <LookupList>
+      <!-- LookupCount=0 -->
+    </LookupList>
+  </GSUB>
+
+  <VORG>
+    <majorVersion value="1"/>
+    <minorVersion value="0"/>
+    <defaultVertOriginY value="880"/>
+    <numVertOriginYMetrics value="0"/>
+  </VORG>
+
+  <hmtx>
+    <mtx name=".notdef" width="1000" lsb="100"/>
+    <mtx name="cid06821" width="1000" lsb="29"/>
+    <mtx name="cid18480" width="1000" lsb="30"/>
+  </hmtx>
+
+  <vhea>
+    <tableVersion value="0x00011000"/>
+    <ascent value="500"/>
+    <descent value="-500"/>
+    <lineGap value="0"/>
+    <advanceHeightMax value="1000"/>
+    <minTopSideBearing value="0"/>
+    <minBottomSideBearing value="0"/>
+    <yMaxExtent value="1000"/>
+    <caretSlopeRise value="0"/>
+    <caretSlopeRun value="1"/>
+    <caretOffset value="0"/>
+    <reserved1 value="0"/>
+    <reserved2 value="0"/>
+    <reserved3 value="0"/>
+    <reserved4 value="0"/>
+    <metricDataFormat value="0"/>
+    <numberOfVMetrics value="1"/>
+  </vhea>
+
+  <vmtx>
+    <mtx name=".notdef" height="1000" tsb="0"/>
+    <mtx name="cid06821" height="1000" tsb="32"/>
+    <mtx name="cid18480" height="1000" tsb="34"/>
+  </vmtx>
+
+</ttFont>
diff --git a/Tests/varLib/data/master_sparse_cff2/MasterSet_Kanji-w440.00.ttx b/Tests/varLib/data/master_sparse_cff2/MasterSet_Kanji-w440.00.ttx
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b0a8ffa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/varLib/data/master_sparse_cff2/MasterSet_Kanji-w440.00.ttx
@@ -0,0 +1,466 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<ttFont sfntVersion="OTTO" ttLibVersion="3.41">
+
+  <GlyphOrder>
+    <!-- The 'id' attribute is only for humans; it is ignored when parsed. -->
+    <GlyphID id="0" name=".notdef"/>
+    <GlyphID id="1" name="cid06821"/>
+    <GlyphID id="2" name="cid18480"/>
+  </GlyphOrder>
+
+  <head>
+    <!-- Most of this table will be recalculated by the compiler -->
+    <tableVersion value="1.0"/>
+    <fontRevision value="1.002"/>
+    <checkSumAdjustment value="0xc82be45b"/>
+    <magicNumber value="0x5f0f3cf5"/>
+    <flags value="00000000 00000011"/>
+    <unitsPerEm value="1000"/>
+    <created value="Thu Dec 13 12:06:51 2018"/>
+    <modified value="Tue Apr 16 22:17:21 2019"/>
+    <xMin value="29"/>
+    <yMin value="-120"/>
+    <xMax value="973"/>
+    <yMax value="880"/>
+    <macStyle value="00000000 00000000"/>
+    <lowestRecPPEM value="3"/>
+    <fontDirectionHint value="2"/>
+    <indexToLocFormat value="0"/>
+    <glyphDataFormat value="0"/>
+  </head>
+
+  <hhea>
+    <tableVersion value="0x00010000"/>
+    <ascent value="1160"/>
+    <descent value="-317"/>
+    <lineGap value="0"/>
+    <advanceWidthMax value="1000"/>
+    <minLeftSideBearing value="29"/>
+    <minRightSideBearing value="27"/>
+    <xMaxExtent value="973"/>
+    <caretSlopeRise value="1"/>
+    <caretSlopeRun value="0"/>
+    <caretOffset value="0"/>
+    <reserved0 value="0"/>
+    <reserved1 value="0"/>
+    <reserved2 value="0"/>
+    <reserved3 value="0"/>
+    <metricDataFormat value="0"/>
+    <numberOfHMetrics value="1"/>
+  </hhea>
+
+  <maxp>
+    <tableVersion value="0x5000"/>
+    <numGlyphs value="3"/>
+  </maxp>
+
+  <OS_2>
+    <!-- The fields 'usFirstCharIndex' and 'usLastCharIndex'
+         will be recalculated by the compiler -->
+    <version value="3"/>
+    <xAvgCharWidth value="977"/>
+    <usWeightClass value="250"/>
+    <usWidthClass value="5"/>
+    <fsType value="00000000 00000100"/>
+    <ySubscriptXSize value="650"/>
+    <ySubscriptYSize value="600"/>
+    <ySubscriptXOffset value="0"/>
+    <ySubscriptYOffset value="75"/>
+    <ySuperscriptXSize value="650"/>
+    <ySuperscriptYSize value="600"/>
+    <ySuperscriptXOffset value="0"/>
+    <ySuperscriptYOffset value="350"/>
+    <yStrikeoutSize value="50"/>
+    <yStrikeoutPosition value="228"/>
+    <sFamilyClass value="0"/>
+    <panose>
+      <bFamilyType value="0"/>
+      <bSerifStyle value="0"/>
+      <bWeight value="3"/>
+      <bProportion value="0"/>
+      <bContrast value="0"/>
+      <bStrokeVariation value="0"/>
+      <bArmStyle value="0"/>
+      <bLetterForm value="0"/>
+      <bMidline value="0"/>
+      <bXHeight value="0"/>
+    </panose>
+    <ulUnicodeRange1 value="00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000"/>
+    <ulUnicodeRange2 value="00001000 00000000 00000000 00000000"/>
+    <ulUnicodeRange3 value="00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000"/>
+    <ulUnicodeRange4 value="00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000"/>
+    <achVendID value="ADBE"/>
+    <fsSelection value="00000000 00000000"/>
+    <usFirstCharIndex value="33512"/>
+    <usLastCharIndex value="36441"/>
+    <sTypoAscender value="880"/>
+    <sTypoDescender value="-120"/>
+    <sTypoLineGap value="200"/>
+    <usWinAscent value="1160"/>
+    <usWinDescent value="317"/>
+    <ulCodePageRange1 value="00100000 00000010 00000000 10011111"/>
+    <ulCodePageRange2 value="00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000"/>
+    <sxHeight value="380"/>
+    <sCapHeight value="760"/>
+    <usDefaultChar value="0"/>
+    <usBreakChar value="32"/>
+    <usMaxContext value="1"/>
+  </OS_2>
+
+  <name>
+    <namerecord nameID="0" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Copyright © 2018 Adobe systems Co., Ltd. All Rights Reserved.
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="1" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      SHSansJPVF w440.00
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="2" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Regular
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="3" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      1.002;ADBE;MasterSet_Kanji-w440.00
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="4" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      SHSansJPVF w440.00
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="5" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Version 1.002;hotconv 1.0.109;makeotfexe 2.5.65596 DEVELOPMENT
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="6" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      MasterSet_Kanji-w440.00
+    </namerecord>
+  </name>
+
+  <cmap>
+    <tableVersion version="0"/>
+    <cmap_format_4 platformID="0" platEncID="3" language="0">
+      <map code="0x82e8" name="cid18480"/><!-- CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-82E8 -->
+      <map code="0x8e59" name="cid06821"/><!-- CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-8E59 -->
+    </cmap_format_4>
+    <cmap_format_12 platformID="0" platEncID="4" format="12" reserved="0" length="40" language="0" nGroups="2">
+      <map code="0x82e8" name="cid18480"/><!-- CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-82E8 -->
+      <map code="0x8e59" name="cid06821"/><!-- CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-8E59 -->
+    </cmap_format_12>
+    <cmap_format_4 platformID="3" platEncID="1" language="0">
+      <map code="0x82e8" name="cid18480"/><!-- CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-82E8 -->
+      <map code="0x8e59" name="cid06821"/><!-- CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-8E59 -->
+    </cmap_format_4>
+    <cmap_format_12 platformID="3" platEncID="10" format="12" reserved="0" length="40" language="0" nGroups="2">
+      <map code="0x82e8" name="cid18480"/><!-- CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-82E8 -->
+      <map code="0x8e59" name="cid06821"/><!-- CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-8E59 -->
+    </cmap_format_12>
+  </cmap>
+
+  <post>
+    <formatType value="3.0"/>
+    <italicAngle value="0.0"/>
+    <underlinePosition value="-75"/>
+    <underlineThickness value="50"/>
+    <isFixedPitch value="0"/>
+    <minMemType42 value="0"/>
+    <maxMemType42 value="0"/>
+    <minMemType1 value="0"/>
+    <maxMemType1 value="0"/>
+  </post>
+
+  <CFF>
+    <major value="1"/>
+    <minor value="0"/>
+    <CFFFont name="MasterSet_Kanji-w440.00">
+      <ROS Registry="Adobe" Order="Japan1" Supplement="6"/>
+      <Notice value="1997-2007, 2012 Adobe Systems Incorporated. All Rights Reserved. Kozuka Mincho is either a registered trademark or trademark of Adobe Systems Incorporated in the United States and/or other countries.&quot;"/>
+      <FullName value="Master Set Kanji w440.00"/>
+      <FamilyName value="Master Set Kanji"/>
+      <Weight value="ExtraLight"/>
+      <isFixedPitch value="0"/>
+      <ItalicAngle value="0"/>
+      <UnderlinePosition value="-100"/>
+      <UnderlineThickness value="50"/>
+      <PaintType value="0"/>
+      <CharstringType value="2"/>
+      <FontMatrix value="0.001 0 0 0.001 0 0"/>
+      <FontBBox value="29 -120 973 880"/>
+      <StrokeWidth value="0"/>
+      <XUID value="1119273886"/>
+      <CIDFontVersion value="6.004"/>
+      <CIDFontRevision value="0"/>
+      <CIDFontType value="0"/>
+      <CIDCount value="23058"/>
+      <!-- charset is dumped separately as the 'GlyphOrder' element -->
+      <FDSelect format="3"/>
+      <FDArray>
+        <FontDict index="0">
+          <FontName value="MasterSet_Kanji-w440.00-Generic"/>
+          <Private>
+            <BlueValues value="-250 -250 1100 1100"/>
+            <BlueScale value="0.039625"/>
+            <BlueShift value="7"/>
+            <BlueFuzz value="0"/>
+            <StdHW value="1"/>
+            <StdVW value="1"/>
+            <ForceBold value="0"/>
+            <LanguageGroup value="1"/>
+            <ExpansionFactor value="0.06"/>
+            <initialRandomSeed value="0"/>
+            <defaultWidthX value="1000"/>
+            <nominalWidthX value="607"/>
+          </Private>
+        </FontDict>
+        <FontDict index="1">
+          <FontName value="MasterSet_Kanji-w440.00-Kanji"/>
+          <Private>
+            <BlueValues value="-250 -250 1100 1100"/>
+            <BlueScale value="0.039625"/>
+            <BlueShift value="7"/>
+            <BlueFuzz value="0"/>
+            <StdHW value="1"/>
+            <StdVW value="1"/>
+            <ForceBold value="0"/>
+            <LanguageGroup value="1"/>
+            <ExpansionFactor value="0.06"/>
+            <initialRandomSeed value="0"/>
+            <defaultWidthX value="1000"/>
+            <nominalWidthX value="0"/>
+          </Private>
+        </FontDict>
+      </FDArray>
+      <CharStrings>
+        <CharString name=".notdef" fdSelectIndex="0">
+          393 -120 50 859 91 -50 50 hstemhm
+          100 50 700 50 hintmask 10111000
+          100 -120 rmoveto
+          800 0 rlineto
+          0 1000 rlineto
+          -800 0 rlineto
+          400 -459 rmoveto
+          -318 409 rlineto
+          636 0 rlineto
+          -286 -450 rmoveto
+          hintmask 11011000
+          318 409 rlineto
+          0 -818 rlineto
+          -668 -41 rmoveto
+          318 409 rlineto
+          318 -409 rlineto
+          -668 859 rmoveto
+          318 -409 rlineto
+          -318 -409 rlineto
+          endchar
+        </CharString>
+        <CharString name="cid06821" fdSelectIndex="1">
+          1000 -69 66 68 52 53 39 -39 51 67 51 8 72 -64 52 118 31 -31 47 -27 27 47 42 -42 93 -10 58 -58 144 hstemhm
+          115 75 -38 38 152 67 -51 51 -51 70 -51 32 50 81 -38 38 19 74 141 83 55 61 hintmask 00011000000000000000000100000000
+          234 288 rmoveto
+          540 0 rlineto
+          0 -67 rlineto
+          -540 0 rlineto
+          -78 118 rmoveto
+          0 -169 rlineto
+          701 0 rlineto
+          0 169 rlineto
+          hintmask 00100000000000000000100000000000
+          -398 -130 rmoveto
+          0 -240 rlineto
+          81 -16 rlineto
+          0 256 rlineto
+          hintmask 01000000000010010000010000000000
+          -38 -92 rmoveto
+          0 -52 rlineto
+          385 0 rlineto
+          0 52 rlineto
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+          799 0 rlineto
+          0 58 rlineto
+          hintmask 00000000000010100000000000000000
+          -836 0 rmoveto
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+          0 -79 -10 -101 -76 -78 rrcurveto
+          17 -9 31 -26 11 -14 rrcurveto
+          84 85 18 127 0 94 rrcurveto
+          0 132 rlineto
+          hintmask 00000000010100001000000000000000
+          152 -48 rmoveto
+          0 -167 rlineto
+          hintmask 00000000010100000100000000000000
+          67 0 rlineto
+          0 167 rlineto
+          hintmask 00000000101000000001000000000000
+          -32 -51 rmoveto
+          0 -42 rlineto
+          181 0 rlineto
+          0 42 rlineto
+          -355 -89 rmoveto
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+          388 0 rlineto
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+          hintmask 00000011000000000100000000000000
+          -233 -16 rmoveto
+          0 -137 rlineto
+          0 -8 -2 -3 -10 -1 rrcurveto
+          -9 0 -26 0 -34 1 rrcurveto
+          9 -15 12 -21 4 -17 rrcurveto
+          hintmask 00000011000001000010001000000000
+          45 0 31 0 23 9 rrcurveto
+          22 9 5 13 0 32 rrcurveto
+          0 138 rlineto
+          -171 -49 rmoveto
+          -19 -39 -33 -36 -39 -29 rrcurveto
+          14 -7 23 -16 10 -9 rrcurveto
+          38 30 38 47 23 46 rrcurveto
+          140 -8 rmoveto
+          30 -29 32 -40 14 -28 rrcurveto
+          48 23 rlineto
+          -15 28 -33 40 -30 26 rrcurveto
+          61 340 rmoveto
+          hintmask 10000101000001000000001010000000
+          17 -280 136 -219 157 0 rrcurveto
+          64 0 29 31 11 118 rrcurveto
+          -19 6 -25 13 -17 15 rrcurveto
+          -4 -81 -9 -30 -26 0 rrcurveto
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+          170 -173 rmoveto
+          -42 -107 -79 -95 -91 -61 rrcurveto
+          16 -11 27 -25 11 -13 rrcurveto
+          91 68 86 106 49 120 rrcurveto
+          -178 151 rmoveto
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+          36 47 rlineto
+          -35 21 -64 24 -50 13 rrcurveto
+          -452 -751 rmoveto
+          -56 -23 rlineto
+          84 -121 133 -22 225 0 rrcurveto
+          206 0 rlineto
+          66 0 rlineto
+          3 19 12 31 10 16 rrcurveto
+          -51 -1 -208 0 -36 0 rrcurveto
+          -190 0 -132 13 -66 88 rrcurveto
+          -45 52 rmoveto
+          -25 -90 -77 -59 -100 -35 rrcurveto
+          18 -12 30 -28 12 -14 rrcurveto
+          103 45 87 72 31 112 rrcurveto
+          endchar
+        </CharString>
+        <CharString name="cid18480" fdSelectIndex="1">
+          1000 -77 75 369 68 105 68 27 134 -73 73 -73 150 hstemhm
+          152 80 -37 37 55 80 -32 78 215 81 92 80 -19 76 hintmask 1110100101110000
+          57 769 rmoveto
+          0 -73 rlineto
+          889 0 rlineto
+          0 73 rlineto
+          hintmask 0000010010000000
+          -659 77 rmoveto
+          hintmask 0001000010000000
+          0 -211 rlineto
+          80 0 rlineto
+          hintmask 0000010010100000
+          0 211 rlineto
+          261 0 rmoveto
+          hintmask 0001000000100000
+          0 -211 rlineto
+          81 0 rlineto
+          hintmask 0010011000100000
+          0 211 rlineto
+          -557 -238 rmoveto
+          0 -211 rlineto
+          0 -132 -12 -179 -110 -128 rrcurveto
+          19 -9 34 -24 15 -14 rrcurveto
+          hintmask 1110000101010000
+          115 135 19 205 0 145 rrcurveto
+          0 212 rlineto
+          -37 0 rmoveto
+          0 -68 rlineto
+          606 0 rlineto
+          0 -105 rlineto
+          -606 0 rlineto
+          0 -68 rlineto
+          686 0 rlineto
+          0 241 rlineto
+          -546 -272 rmoveto
+          0 -293 rlineto
+          0 -95 37 -25 134 0 rrcurveto
+          28 0 219 0 30 0 rrcurveto
+          hintmask 1000000001001000
+          116 0 26 35 13 137 rrcurveto
+          -22 5 -34 12 -20 13 rrcurveto
+          -6 -109 -11 -18 -65 0 rrcurveto
+          -49 0 -187 0 -37 0 rrcurveto
+          -80 0 -14 8 0 38 rrcurveto
+          0 292 rlineto
+          385 -21 rmoveto
+          -97 -49 -177 -47 -157 -32 rrcurveto
+          9 -17 12 -28 4 -18 rrcurveto
+          164 31 185 46 125 56 rrcurveto
+          endchar
+        </CharString>
+      </CharStrings>
+    </CFFFont>
+
+    <GlobalSubrs>
+      <!-- The 'index' attribute is only for humans; it is ignored when parsed. -->
+    </GlobalSubrs>
+  </CFF>
+
+  <GSUB>
+    <Version value="0x00010000"/>
+    <ScriptList>
+      <!-- ScriptCount=1 -->
+      <ScriptRecord index="0">
+        <ScriptTag value="DFLT"/>
+        <Script>
+          <DefaultLangSys>
+            <ReqFeatureIndex value="65535"/>
+            <!-- FeatureCount=0 -->
+          </DefaultLangSys>
+          <!-- LangSysCount=0 -->
+        </Script>
+      </ScriptRecord>
+    </ScriptList>
+    <FeatureList>
+      <!-- FeatureCount=0 -->
+    </FeatureList>
+    <LookupList>
+      <!-- LookupCount=0 -->
+    </LookupList>
+  </GSUB>
+
+  <VORG>
+    <majorVersion value="1"/>
+    <minorVersion value="0"/>
+    <defaultVertOriginY value="880"/>
+    <numVertOriginYMetrics value="0"/>
+  </VORG>
+
+  <hmtx>
+    <mtx name=".notdef" width="1000" lsb="100"/>
+    <mtx name="cid06821" width="1000" lsb="29"/>
+    <mtx name="cid18480" width="1000" lsb="30"/>
+  </hmtx>
+
+  <vhea>
+    <tableVersion value="0x00011000"/>
+    <ascent value="500"/>
+    <descent value="-500"/>
+    <lineGap value="0"/>
+    <advanceHeightMax value="1000"/>
+    <minTopSideBearing value="0"/>
+    <minBottomSideBearing value="0"/>
+    <yMaxExtent value="1000"/>
+    <caretSlopeRise value="0"/>
+    <caretSlopeRun value="1"/>
+    <caretOffset value="0"/>
+    <reserved1 value="0"/>
+    <reserved2 value="0"/>
+    <reserved3 value="0"/>
+    <reserved4 value="0"/>
+    <metricDataFormat value="0"/>
+    <numberOfVMetrics value="1"/>
+  </vhea>
+
+  <vmtx>
+    <mtx name=".notdef" height="1000" tsb="0"/>
+    <mtx name="cid06821" height="1000" tsb="32"/>
+    <mtx name="cid18480" height="1000" tsb="34"/>
+  </vmtx>
+
+</ttFont>
diff --git a/Tests/varLib/data/master_sparse_cff2/MasterSet_Kanji-w599.00.ttx b/Tests/varLib/data/master_sparse_cff2/MasterSet_Kanji-w599.00.ttx
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..65809d4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/varLib/data/master_sparse_cff2/MasterSet_Kanji-w599.00.ttx
@@ -0,0 +1,487 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<ttFont sfntVersion="OTTO" ttLibVersion="3.41">
+
+  <GlyphOrder>
+    <!-- The 'id' attribute is only for humans; it is ignored when parsed. -->
+    <GlyphID id="0" name=".notdef"/>
+    <GlyphID id="1" name="cid17290"/>
+    <GlyphID id="2" name="cid17852"/>
+  </GlyphOrder>
+
+  <head>
+    <!-- Most of this table will be recalculated by the compiler -->
+    <tableVersion value="1.0"/>
+    <fontRevision value="1.002"/>
+    <checkSumAdjustment value="0x1125c42f"/>
+    <magicNumber value="0x5f0f3cf5"/>
+    <flags value="00000000 00000011"/>
+    <unitsPerEm value="1000"/>
+    <created value="Thu Dec 13 12:07:13 2018"/>
+    <modified value="Tue Apr 16 22:17:21 2019"/>
+    <xMin value="10"/>
+    <yMin value="-120"/>
+    <xMax value="979"/>
+    <yMax value="880"/>
+    <macStyle value="00000000 00000000"/>
+    <lowestRecPPEM value="3"/>
+    <fontDirectionHint value="2"/>
+    <indexToLocFormat value="0"/>
+    <glyphDataFormat value="0"/>
+  </head>
+
+  <hhea>
+    <tableVersion value="0x00010000"/>
+    <ascent value="1160"/>
+    <descent value="-317"/>
+    <lineGap value="0"/>
+    <advanceWidthMax value="1000"/>
+    <minLeftSideBearing value="10"/>
+    <minRightSideBearing value="21"/>
+    <xMaxExtent value="979"/>
+    <caretSlopeRise value="1"/>
+    <caretSlopeRun value="0"/>
+    <caretOffset value="0"/>
+    <reserved0 value="0"/>
+    <reserved1 value="0"/>
+    <reserved2 value="0"/>
+    <reserved3 value="0"/>
+    <metricDataFormat value="0"/>
+    <numberOfHMetrics value="1"/>
+  </hhea>
+
+  <maxp>
+    <tableVersion value="0x5000"/>
+    <numGlyphs value="3"/>
+  </maxp>
+
+  <OS_2>
+    <!-- The fields 'usFirstCharIndex' and 'usLastCharIndex'
+         will be recalculated by the compiler -->
+    <version value="3"/>
+    <xAvgCharWidth value="978"/>
+    <usWeightClass value="250"/>
+    <usWidthClass value="5"/>
+    <fsType value="00000000 00000100"/>
+    <ySubscriptXSize value="650"/>
+    <ySubscriptYSize value="600"/>
+    <ySubscriptXOffset value="0"/>
+    <ySubscriptYOffset value="75"/>
+    <ySuperscriptXSize value="650"/>
+    <ySuperscriptYSize value="600"/>
+    <ySuperscriptXOffset value="0"/>
+    <ySuperscriptYOffset value="350"/>
+    <yStrikeoutSize value="50"/>
+    <yStrikeoutPosition value="228"/>
+    <sFamilyClass value="0"/>
+    <panose>
+      <bFamilyType value="0"/>
+      <bSerifStyle value="0"/>
+      <bWeight value="3"/>
+      <bProportion value="0"/>
+      <bContrast value="0"/>
+      <bStrokeVariation value="0"/>
+      <bArmStyle value="0"/>
+      <bLetterForm value="0"/>
+      <bMidline value="0"/>
+      <bXHeight value="0"/>
+    </panose>
+    <ulUnicodeRange1 value="00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000"/>
+    <ulUnicodeRange2 value="00001000 00000000 00000000 00000000"/>
+    <ulUnicodeRange3 value="00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000"/>
+    <ulUnicodeRange4 value="00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000"/>
+    <achVendID value="ADBE"/>
+    <fsSelection value="00000000 00000000"/>
+    <usFirstCharIndex value="20686"/>
+    <usLastCharIndex value="27162"/>
+    <sTypoAscender value="880"/>
+    <sTypoDescender value="-120"/>
+    <sTypoLineGap value="200"/>
+    <usWinAscent value="1160"/>
+    <usWinDescent value="317"/>
+    <ulCodePageRange1 value="00100000 00000010 00000000 10011111"/>
+    <ulCodePageRange2 value="00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000"/>
+    <sxHeight value="380"/>
+    <sCapHeight value="760"/>
+    <usDefaultChar value="0"/>
+    <usBreakChar value="32"/>
+    <usMaxContext value="1"/>
+  </OS_2>
+
+  <name>
+    <namerecord nameID="0" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Copyright © 2018 Adobe systems Co., Ltd. All Rights Reserved.
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="1" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      SHSansJPVF w599.00
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="2" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Regular
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="3" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      1.002;ADBE;MasterSet_Kanji-w599.00
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="4" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      SHSansJPVF w599.00
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="5" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Version 1.002;hotconv 1.0.109;makeotfexe 2.5.65596 DEVELOPMENT
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="6" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      MasterSet_Kanji-w599.00
+    </namerecord>
+  </name>
+
+  <cmap>
+    <tableVersion version="0"/>
+    <cmap_format_4 platformID="0" platEncID="3" language="0">
+      <map code="0x50ce" name="cid17290"/><!-- CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-50CE -->
+      <map code="0x6a1a" name="cid17852"/><!-- CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-6A1A -->
+    </cmap_format_4>
+    <cmap_format_12 platformID="0" platEncID="4" format="12" reserved="0" length="40" language="0" nGroups="2">
+      <map code="0x50ce" name="cid17290"/><!-- CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-50CE -->
+      <map code="0x6a1a" name="cid17852"/><!-- CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-6A1A -->
+    </cmap_format_12>
+    <cmap_format_4 platformID="3" platEncID="1" language="0">
+      <map code="0x50ce" name="cid17290"/><!-- CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-50CE -->
+      <map code="0x6a1a" name="cid17852"/><!-- CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-6A1A -->
+    </cmap_format_4>
+    <cmap_format_12 platformID="3" platEncID="10" format="12" reserved="0" length="40" language="0" nGroups="2">
+      <map code="0x50ce" name="cid17290"/><!-- CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-50CE -->
+      <map code="0x6a1a" name="cid17852"/><!-- CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-6A1A -->
+    </cmap_format_12>
+  </cmap>
+
+  <post>
+    <formatType value="3.0"/>
+    <italicAngle value="0.0"/>
+    <underlinePosition value="-75"/>
+    <underlineThickness value="50"/>
+    <isFixedPitch value="0"/>
+    <minMemType42 value="0"/>
+    <maxMemType42 value="0"/>
+    <minMemType1 value="0"/>
+    <maxMemType1 value="0"/>
+  </post>
+
+  <CFF>
+    <major value="1"/>
+    <minor value="0"/>
+    <CFFFont name="MasterSet_Kanji-w599.00">
+      <ROS Registry="Adobe" Order="Japan1" Supplement="6"/>
+      <Notice value="1997-2007, 2012 Adobe Systems Incorporated. All Rights Reserved. Kozuka Mincho is either a registered trademark or trademark of Adobe Systems Incorporated in the United States and/or other countries.&quot;"/>
+      <FullName value="Master Set Kanji w599.00"/>
+      <FamilyName value="Master Set Kanji"/>
+      <Weight value="ExtraLight"/>
+      <isFixedPitch value="0"/>
+      <ItalicAngle value="0"/>
+      <UnderlinePosition value="-100"/>
+      <UnderlineThickness value="50"/>
+      <PaintType value="0"/>
+      <CharstringType value="2"/>
+      <FontMatrix value="0.001 0 0 0.001 0 0"/>
+      <FontBBox value="10 -120 979 880"/>
+      <StrokeWidth value="0"/>
+      <XUID value="1119273886"/>
+      <CIDFontVersion value="6.004"/>
+      <CIDFontRevision value="0"/>
+      <CIDFontType value="0"/>
+      <CIDCount value="23058"/>
+      <!-- charset is dumped separately as the 'GlyphOrder' element -->
+      <FDSelect format="3"/>
+      <FDArray>
+        <FontDict index="0">
+          <FontName value="MasterSet_Kanji-w599.00-Generic"/>
+          <Private>
+            <BlueValues value="-250 -250 1100 1100"/>
+            <BlueScale value="0.039625"/>
+            <BlueShift value="7"/>
+            <BlueFuzz value="0"/>
+            <StdHW value="1"/>
+            <StdVW value="1"/>
+            <ForceBold value="0"/>
+            <LanguageGroup value="1"/>
+            <ExpansionFactor value="0.06"/>
+            <initialRandomSeed value="0"/>
+            <defaultWidthX value="1000"/>
+            <nominalWidthX value="607"/>
+          </Private>
+        </FontDict>
+        <FontDict index="1">
+          <FontName value="MasterSet_Kanji-w599.00-Kanji"/>
+          <Private>
+            <BlueValues value="-250 -250 1100 1100"/>
+            <BlueScale value="0.039625"/>
+            <BlueShift value="7"/>
+            <BlueFuzz value="0"/>
+            <StdHW value="1"/>
+            <StdVW value="1"/>
+            <ForceBold value="0"/>
+            <LanguageGroup value="1"/>
+            <ExpansionFactor value="0.06"/>
+            <initialRandomSeed value="0"/>
+            <defaultWidthX value="1000"/>
+            <nominalWidthX value="0"/>
+          </Private>
+        </FontDict>
+      </FDArray>
+      <CharStrings>
+        <CharString name=".notdef" fdSelectIndex="0">
+          393 -120 50 859 91 -50 50 hstemhm
+          100 50 700 50 hintmask 10111000
+          100 -120 rmoveto
+          800 0 rlineto
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+          318 409 rlineto
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+          -668 859 rmoveto
+          318 -409 rlineto
+          -318 -409 rlineto
+          endchar
+        </CharString>
+        <CharString name="cid17290" fdSelectIndex="1">
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+          327 810 rmoveto
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+          0 -78 22 -21 79 0 rrcurveto
+          hintmask 000010000000100000000000
+          17 0 74 0 17 0 rrcurveto
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+          -22 5 -32 11 -17 13 rrcurveto
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+          -508 252 rmoveto
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+          0 -78 22 -21 80 0 rrcurveto
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+          -46 39 -88 53 -69 32 rrcurveto
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+          0 -671 rlineto
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+          -2 2 rlineto
+          endchar
+        </CharString>
+        <CharString name="cid17852" fdSelectIndex="1">
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+          43 641 rmoveto
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+          307 0 rlineto
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+          -181 208 rmoveto
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+          0 84 rlineto
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+          -197 78 rmoveto
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+          -45 -34 -75 -45 -50 -25 rrcurveto
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+          -531 367 rmoveto
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+          0 -80 18 -24 76 0 rrcurveto
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+          15 0 53 0 16 0 rrcurveto
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+          13 -85 rlineto
+          75 13 91 16 89 16 rrcurveto
+          -5 81 rlineto
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+          0 -322 rlineto
+          0 -142 -5 -196 -72 -135 rrcurveto
+          21 -10 38 -27 16 -16 rrcurveto
+          79 146 12 226 0 154 rrcurveto
+          0 322 rlineto
+          endchar
+        </CharString>
+      </CharStrings>
+    </CFFFont>
+
+    <GlobalSubrs>
+      <!-- The 'index' attribute is only for humans; it is ignored when parsed. -->
+    </GlobalSubrs>
+  </CFF>
+
+  <GSUB>
+    <Version value="0x00010000"/>
+    <ScriptList>
+      <!-- ScriptCount=1 -->
+      <ScriptRecord index="0">
+        <ScriptTag value="DFLT"/>
+        <Script>
+          <DefaultLangSys>
+            <ReqFeatureIndex value="65535"/>
+            <!-- FeatureCount=0 -->
+          </DefaultLangSys>
+          <!-- LangSysCount=0 -->
+        </Script>
+      </ScriptRecord>
+    </ScriptList>
+    <FeatureList>
+      <!-- FeatureCount=0 -->
+    </FeatureList>
+    <LookupList>
+      <!-- LookupCount=0 -->
+    </LookupList>
+  </GSUB>
+
+  <VORG>
+    <majorVersion value="1"/>
+    <minorVersion value="0"/>
+    <defaultVertOriginY value="880"/>
+    <numVertOriginYMetrics value="0"/>
+  </VORG>
+
+  <hmtx>
+    <mtx name=".notdef" width="1000" lsb="100"/>
+    <mtx name="cid17290" width="1000" lsb="10"/>
+    <mtx name="cid17852" width="1000" lsb="20"/>
+  </hmtx>
+
+  <vhea>
+    <tableVersion value="0x00011000"/>
+    <ascent value="500"/>
+    <descent value="-500"/>
+    <lineGap value="0"/>
+    <advanceHeightMax value="1000"/>
+    <minTopSideBearing value="0"/>
+    <minBottomSideBearing value="0"/>
+    <yMaxExtent value="1000"/>
+    <caretSlopeRise value="0"/>
+    <caretSlopeRun value="1"/>
+    <caretOffset value="0"/>
+    <reserved1 value="0"/>
+    <reserved2 value="0"/>
+    <reserved3 value="0"/>
+    <reserved4 value="0"/>
+    <metricDataFormat value="0"/>
+    <numberOfVMetrics value="1"/>
+  </vhea>
+
+  <vmtx>
+    <mtx name=".notdef" height="1000" tsb="0"/>
+    <mtx name="cid17290" height="1000" tsb="35"/>
+    <mtx name="cid17852" height="1000" tsb="31"/>
+  </vmtx>
+
+</ttFont>
diff --git a/Tests/varLib/data/master_sparse_cff2/MasterSet_Kanji-w600.00.ttx b/Tests/varLib/data/master_sparse_cff2/MasterSet_Kanji-w600.00.ttx
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e0b217f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/varLib/data/master_sparse_cff2/MasterSet_Kanji-w600.00.ttx
@@ -0,0 +1,487 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<ttFont sfntVersion="OTTO" ttLibVersion="3.41">
+
+  <GlyphOrder>
+    <!-- The 'id' attribute is only for humans; it is ignored when parsed. -->
+    <GlyphID id="0" name=".notdef"/>
+    <GlyphID id="1" name="cid17290"/>
+    <GlyphID id="2" name="cid17852"/>
+  </GlyphOrder>
+
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+    <!-- Most of this table will be recalculated by the compiler -->
+    <tableVersion value="1.0"/>
+    <fontRevision value="1.002"/>
+    <checkSumAdjustment value="0xa6c15fdb"/>
+    <magicNumber value="0x5f0f3cf5"/>
+    <flags value="00000000 00000011"/>
+    <unitsPerEm value="1000"/>
+    <created value="Thu Dec 13 12:07:20 2018"/>
+    <modified value="Tue Apr 16 22:17:21 2019"/>
+    <xMin value="10"/>
+    <yMin value="-120"/>
+    <xMax value="979"/>
+    <yMax value="880"/>
+    <macStyle value="00000000 00000000"/>
+    <lowestRecPPEM value="3"/>
+    <fontDirectionHint value="2"/>
+    <indexToLocFormat value="0"/>
+    <glyphDataFormat value="0"/>
+  </head>
+
+  <hhea>
+    <tableVersion value="0x00010000"/>
+    <ascent value="1160"/>
+    <descent value="-317"/>
+    <lineGap value="0"/>
+    <advanceWidthMax value="1000"/>
+    <minLeftSideBearing value="10"/>
+    <minRightSideBearing value="21"/>
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+    <caretSlopeRise value="1"/>
+    <caretSlopeRun value="0"/>
+    <caretOffset value="0"/>
+    <reserved0 value="0"/>
+    <reserved1 value="0"/>
+    <reserved2 value="0"/>
+    <reserved3 value="0"/>
+    <metricDataFormat value="0"/>
+    <numberOfHMetrics value="1"/>
+  </hhea>
+
+  <maxp>
+    <tableVersion value="0x5000"/>
+    <numGlyphs value="3"/>
+  </maxp>
+
+  <OS_2>
+    <!-- The fields 'usFirstCharIndex' and 'usLastCharIndex'
+         will be recalculated by the compiler -->
+    <version value="3"/>
+    <xAvgCharWidth value="978"/>
+    <usWeightClass value="250"/>
+    <usWidthClass value="5"/>
+    <fsType value="00000000 00000100"/>
+    <ySubscriptXSize value="650"/>
+    <ySubscriptYSize value="600"/>
+    <ySubscriptXOffset value="0"/>
+    <ySubscriptYOffset value="75"/>
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+    <ySuperscriptYSize value="600"/>
+    <ySuperscriptXOffset value="0"/>
+    <ySuperscriptYOffset value="350"/>
+    <yStrikeoutSize value="50"/>
+    <yStrikeoutPosition value="228"/>
+    <sFamilyClass value="0"/>
+    <panose>
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+      <bProportion value="0"/>
+      <bContrast value="0"/>
+      <bStrokeVariation value="0"/>
+      <bArmStyle value="0"/>
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+      <bMidline value="0"/>
+      <bXHeight value="0"/>
+    </panose>
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+    <ulUnicodeRange3 value="00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000"/>
+    <ulUnicodeRange4 value="00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000"/>
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+    <sTypoDescender value="-120"/>
+    <sTypoLineGap value="200"/>
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+    <usWinDescent value="317"/>
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+    <ulCodePageRange2 value="00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000"/>
+    <sxHeight value="380"/>
+    <sCapHeight value="760"/>
+    <usDefaultChar value="0"/>
+    <usBreakChar value="32"/>
+    <usMaxContext value="1"/>
+  </OS_2>
+
+  <name>
+    <namerecord nameID="0" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Copyright © 2018 Adobe systems Co., Ltd. All Rights Reserved.
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="1" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      SHSansJPVF w600.00
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="2" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Regular
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="3" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      1.002;ADBE;MasterSet_Kanji-w600.00
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="4" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      SHSansJPVF w600.00
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="5" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Version 1.002;hotconv 1.0.109;makeotfexe 2.5.65596 DEVELOPMENT
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="6" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      MasterSet_Kanji-w600.00
+    </namerecord>
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+
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+    <cmap_format_4 platformID="0" platEncID="3" language="0">
+      <map code="0x50ce" name="cid17290"/><!-- CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-50CE -->
+      <map code="0x6a1a" name="cid17852"/><!-- CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-6A1A -->
+    </cmap_format_4>
+    <cmap_format_12 platformID="0" platEncID="4" format="12" reserved="0" length="40" language="0" nGroups="2">
+      <map code="0x50ce" name="cid17290"/><!-- CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-50CE -->
+      <map code="0x6a1a" name="cid17852"/><!-- CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-6A1A -->
+    </cmap_format_12>
+    <cmap_format_4 platformID="3" platEncID="1" language="0">
+      <map code="0x50ce" name="cid17290"/><!-- CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-50CE -->
+      <map code="0x6a1a" name="cid17852"/><!-- CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-6A1A -->
+    </cmap_format_4>
+    <cmap_format_12 platformID="3" platEncID="10" format="12" reserved="0" length="40" language="0" nGroups="2">
+      <map code="0x50ce" name="cid17290"/><!-- CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-50CE -->
+      <map code="0x6a1a" name="cid17852"/><!-- CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-6A1A -->
+    </cmap_format_12>
+  </cmap>
+
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+    <formatType value="3.0"/>
+    <italicAngle value="0.0"/>
+    <underlinePosition value="-75"/>
+    <underlineThickness value="50"/>
+    <isFixedPitch value="0"/>
+    <minMemType42 value="0"/>
+    <maxMemType42 value="0"/>
+    <minMemType1 value="0"/>
+    <maxMemType1 value="0"/>
+  </post>
+
+  <CFF>
+    <major value="1"/>
+    <minor value="0"/>
+    <CFFFont name="MasterSet_Kanji-w600.00">
+      <ROS Registry="Adobe" Order="Japan1" Supplement="6"/>
+      <Notice value="1997-2007, 2012 Adobe Systems Incorporated. All Rights Reserved. Kozuka Mincho is either a registered trademark or trademark of Adobe Systems Incorporated in the United States and/or other countries.&quot;"/>
+      <FullName value="Master Set Kanji w600.00"/>
+      <FamilyName value="Master Set Kanji"/>
+      <Weight value="ExtraLight"/>
+      <isFixedPitch value="0"/>
+      <ItalicAngle value="0"/>
+      <UnderlinePosition value="-100"/>
+      <UnderlineThickness value="50"/>
+      <PaintType value="0"/>
+      <CharstringType value="2"/>
+      <FontMatrix value="0.001 0 0 0.001 0 0"/>
+      <FontBBox value="10 -120 979 880"/>
+      <StrokeWidth value="0"/>
+      <XUID value="1119273886"/>
+      <CIDFontVersion value="6.004"/>
+      <CIDFontRevision value="0"/>
+      <CIDFontType value="0"/>
+      <CIDCount value="23058"/>
+      <!-- charset is dumped separately as the 'GlyphOrder' element -->
+      <FDSelect format="3"/>
+      <FDArray>
+        <FontDict index="0">
+          <FontName value="MasterSet_Kanji-w600.00-Generic"/>
+          <Private>
+            <BlueValues value="-250 -250 1100 1100"/>
+            <BlueScale value="0.039625"/>
+            <BlueShift value="7"/>
+            <BlueFuzz value="0"/>
+            <StdHW value="1"/>
+            <StdVW value="1"/>
+            <ForceBold value="0"/>
+            <LanguageGroup value="1"/>
+            <ExpansionFactor value="0.06"/>
+            <initialRandomSeed value="0"/>
+            <defaultWidthX value="1000"/>
+            <nominalWidthX value="607"/>
+          </Private>
+        </FontDict>
+        <FontDict index="1">
+          <FontName value="MasterSet_Kanji-w600.00-Kanji"/>
+          <Private>
+            <BlueValues value="-250 -250 1100 1100"/>
+            <BlueScale value="0.039625"/>
+            <BlueShift value="7"/>
+            <BlueFuzz value="0"/>
+            <StdHW value="1"/>
+            <StdVW value="1"/>
+            <ForceBold value="0"/>
+            <LanguageGroup value="1"/>
+            <ExpansionFactor value="0.06"/>
+            <initialRandomSeed value="0"/>
+            <defaultWidthX value="1000"/>
+            <nominalWidthX value="0"/>
+          </Private>
+        </FontDict>
+      </FDArray>
+      <CharStrings>
+        <CharString name=".notdef" fdSelectIndex="0">
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+    <GlobalSubrs>
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+    </GlobalSubrs>
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+  <GSUB>
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+      <ScriptRecord index="0">
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+        <Script>
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+          </DefaultLangSys>
+          <!-- LangSysCount=0 -->
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+    <FeatureList>
+      <!-- FeatureCount=0 -->
+    </FeatureList>
+    <LookupList>
+      <!-- LookupCount=0 -->
+    </LookupList>
+  </GSUB>
+
+  <VORG>
+    <majorVersion value="1"/>
+    <minorVersion value="0"/>
+    <defaultVertOriginY value="880"/>
+    <numVertOriginYMetrics value="0"/>
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+
+  <hmtx>
+    <mtx name=".notdef" width="1000" lsb="100"/>
+    <mtx name="cid17290" width="1000" lsb="10"/>
+    <mtx name="cid17852" width="1000" lsb="20"/>
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+
+  <vhea>
+    <tableVersion value="0x00011000"/>
+    <ascent value="500"/>
+    <descent value="-500"/>
+    <lineGap value="0"/>
+    <advanceHeightMax value="1000"/>
+    <minTopSideBearing value="0"/>
+    <minBottomSideBearing value="0"/>
+    <yMaxExtent value="1000"/>
+    <caretSlopeRise value="0"/>
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+    <metricDataFormat value="0"/>
+    <numberOfVMetrics value="1"/>
+  </vhea>
+
+  <vmtx>
+    <mtx name=".notdef" height="1000" tsb="0"/>
+    <mtx name="cid17290" height="1000" tsb="35"/>
+    <mtx name="cid17852" height="1000" tsb="31"/>
+  </vmtx>
+
+</ttFont>
diff --git a/Tests/varLib/data/master_sparse_cff2/MasterSet_Kanji-w669.00.ttx b/Tests/varLib/data/master_sparse_cff2/MasterSet_Kanji-w669.00.ttx
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..94831b4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/varLib/data/master_sparse_cff2/MasterSet_Kanji-w669.00.ttx
@@ -0,0 +1,492 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<ttFont sfntVersion="OTTO" ttLibVersion="3.41">
+
+  <GlyphOrder>
+    <!-- The 'id' attribute is only for humans; it is ignored when parsed. -->
+    <GlyphID id="0" name=".notdef"/>
+    <GlyphID id="1" name="cid01177"/>
+    <GlyphID id="2" name="cid07253"/>
+  </GlyphOrder>
+
+  <head>
+    <!-- Most of this table will be recalculated by the compiler -->
+    <tableVersion value="1.0"/>
+    <fontRevision value="1.002"/>
+    <checkSumAdjustment value="0x6e00b443"/>
+    <magicNumber value="0x5f0f3cf5"/>
+    <flags value="00000000 00000011"/>
+    <unitsPerEm value="1000"/>
+    <created value="Thu Dec 13 12:07:27 2018"/>
+    <modified value="Tue Apr 16 22:17:21 2019"/>
+    <xMin value="23"/>
+    <yMin value="-120"/>
+    <xMax value="983"/>
+    <yMax value="880"/>
+    <macStyle value="00000000 00000000"/>
+    <lowestRecPPEM value="3"/>
+    <fontDirectionHint value="2"/>
+    <indexToLocFormat value="0"/>
+    <glyphDataFormat value="0"/>
+  </head>
+
+  <hhea>
+    <tableVersion value="0x00010000"/>
+    <ascent value="1160"/>
+    <descent value="-317"/>
+    <lineGap value="0"/>
+    <advanceWidthMax value="1000"/>
+    <minLeftSideBearing value="23"/>
+    <minRightSideBearing value="17"/>
+    <xMaxExtent value="983"/>
+    <caretSlopeRise value="1"/>
+    <caretSlopeRun value="0"/>
+    <caretOffset value="0"/>
+    <reserved0 value="0"/>
+    <reserved1 value="0"/>
+    <reserved2 value="0"/>
+    <reserved3 value="0"/>
+    <metricDataFormat value="0"/>
+    <numberOfHMetrics value="1"/>
+  </hhea>
+
+  <maxp>
+    <tableVersion value="0x5000"/>
+    <numGlyphs value="3"/>
+  </maxp>
+
+  <OS_2>
+    <!-- The fields 'usFirstCharIndex' and 'usLastCharIndex'
+         will be recalculated by the compiler -->
+    <version value="3"/>
+    <xAvgCharWidth value="978"/>
+    <usWeightClass value="250"/>
+    <usWidthClass value="5"/>
+    <fsType value="00000000 00000100"/>
+    <ySubscriptXSize value="650"/>
+    <ySubscriptYSize value="600"/>
+    <ySubscriptXOffset value="0"/>
+    <ySubscriptYOffset value="75"/>
+    <ySuperscriptXSize value="650"/>
+    <ySuperscriptYSize value="600"/>
+    <ySuperscriptXOffset value="0"/>
+    <ySuperscriptYOffset value="350"/>
+    <yStrikeoutSize value="50"/>
+    <yStrikeoutPosition value="228"/>
+    <sFamilyClass value="0"/>
+    <panose>
+      <bFamilyType value="0"/>
+      <bSerifStyle value="0"/>
+      <bWeight value="3"/>
+      <bProportion value="0"/>
+      <bContrast value="0"/>
+      <bStrokeVariation value="0"/>
+      <bArmStyle value="0"/>
+      <bLetterForm value="0"/>
+      <bMidline value="0"/>
+      <bXHeight value="0"/>
+    </panose>
+    <ulUnicodeRange1 value="00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000"/>
+    <ulUnicodeRange2 value="00001000 00000000 00000000 00000000"/>
+    <ulUnicodeRange3 value="00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000"/>
+    <ulUnicodeRange4 value="00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000"/>
+    <achVendID value="ADBE"/>
+    <fsSelection value="00000000 00000000"/>
+    <usFirstCharIndex value="24847"/>
+    <usLastCharIndex value="39488"/>
+    <sTypoAscender value="880"/>
+    <sTypoDescender value="-120"/>
+    <sTypoLineGap value="200"/>
+    <usWinAscent value="1160"/>
+    <usWinDescent value="317"/>
+    <ulCodePageRange1 value="00100000 00000010 00000000 10011111"/>
+    <ulCodePageRange2 value="00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000"/>
+    <sxHeight value="380"/>
+    <sCapHeight value="760"/>
+    <usDefaultChar value="0"/>
+    <usBreakChar value="32"/>
+    <usMaxContext value="1"/>
+  </OS_2>
+
+  <name>
+    <namerecord nameID="0" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Copyright © 2018 Adobe systems Co., Ltd. All Rights Reserved.
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="1" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      SHSansJPVF w669.00
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="2" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Regular
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="3" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      1.002;ADBE;MasterSet_Kanji-w669.00
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="4" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      SHSansJPVF w669.00
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="5" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Version 1.002;hotconv 1.0.109;makeotfexe 2.5.65596 DEVELOPMENT
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="6" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      MasterSet_Kanji-w669.00
+    </namerecord>
+  </name>
+
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+    <tableVersion version="0"/>
+    <cmap_format_4 platformID="0" platEncID="3" language="0">
+      <map code="0x610f" name="cid01177"/><!-- CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-610F -->
+      <map code="0x9a40" name="cid07253"/><!-- CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9A40 -->
+    </cmap_format_4>
+    <cmap_format_12 platformID="0" platEncID="4" format="12" reserved="0" length="40" language="0" nGroups="2">
+      <map code="0x610f" name="cid01177"/><!-- CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-610F -->
+      <map code="0x9a40" name="cid07253"/><!-- CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9A40 -->
+    </cmap_format_12>
+    <cmap_format_4 platformID="3" platEncID="1" language="0">
+      <map code="0x610f" name="cid01177"/><!-- CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-610F -->
+      <map code="0x9a40" name="cid07253"/><!-- CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9A40 -->
+    </cmap_format_4>
+    <cmap_format_12 platformID="3" platEncID="10" format="12" reserved="0" length="40" language="0" nGroups="2">
+      <map code="0x610f" name="cid01177"/><!-- CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-610F -->
+      <map code="0x9a40" name="cid07253"/><!-- CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9A40 -->
+    </cmap_format_12>
+  </cmap>
+
+  <post>
+    <formatType value="3.0"/>
+    <italicAngle value="0.0"/>
+    <underlinePosition value="-75"/>
+    <underlineThickness value="50"/>
+    <isFixedPitch value="0"/>
+    <minMemType42 value="0"/>
+    <maxMemType42 value="0"/>
+    <minMemType1 value="0"/>
+    <maxMemType1 value="0"/>
+  </post>
+
+  <CFF>
+    <major value="1"/>
+    <minor value="0"/>
+    <CFFFont name="MasterSet_Kanji-w669.00">
+      <ROS Registry="Adobe" Order="Japan1" Supplement="6"/>
+      <Notice value="1997-2007, 2012 Adobe Systems Incorporated. All Rights Reserved. Kozuka Mincho is either a registered trademark or trademark of Adobe Systems Incorporated in the United States and/or other countries.&quot;"/>
+      <FullName value="Master Set Kanji w669.00"/>
+      <FamilyName value="Master Set Kanji"/>
+      <Weight value="ExtraLight"/>
+      <isFixedPitch value="0"/>
+      <ItalicAngle value="0"/>
+      <UnderlinePosition value="-100"/>
+      <UnderlineThickness value="50"/>
+      <PaintType value="0"/>
+      <CharstringType value="2"/>
+      <FontMatrix value="0.001 0 0 0.001 0 0"/>
+      <FontBBox value="23 -120 983 880"/>
+      <StrokeWidth value="0"/>
+      <XUID value="1119273886"/>
+      <CIDFontVersion value="6.004"/>
+      <CIDFontRevision value="0"/>
+      <CIDFontType value="0"/>
+      <CIDCount value="23058"/>
+      <!-- charset is dumped separately as the 'GlyphOrder' element -->
+      <FDSelect format="3"/>
+      <FDArray>
+        <FontDict index="0">
+          <FontName value="MasterSet_Kanji-w669.00-Generic"/>
+          <Private>
+            <BlueValues value="-250 -250 1100 1100"/>
+            <BlueScale value="0.039625"/>
+            <BlueShift value="7"/>
+            <BlueFuzz value="0"/>
+            <StdHW value="1"/>
+            <StdVW value="1"/>
+            <ForceBold value="0"/>
+            <LanguageGroup value="1"/>
+            <ExpansionFactor value="0.06"/>
+            <initialRandomSeed value="0"/>
+            <defaultWidthX value="1000"/>
+            <nominalWidthX value="607"/>
+          </Private>
+        </FontDict>
+        <FontDict index="1">
+          <FontName value="MasterSet_Kanji-w669.00-Kanji"/>
+          <Private>
+            <BlueValues value="-250 -250 1100 1100"/>
+            <BlueScale value="0.039625"/>
+            <BlueShift value="7"/>
+            <BlueFuzz value="0"/>
+            <StdHW value="1"/>
+            <StdVW value="1"/>
+            <ForceBold value="0"/>
+            <LanguageGroup value="1"/>
+            <ExpansionFactor value="0.06"/>
+            <initialRandomSeed value="0"/>
+            <defaultWidthX value="1000"/>
+            <nominalWidthX value="0"/>
+          </Private>
+        </FontDict>
+      </FDArray>
+      <CharStrings>
+        <CharString name=".notdef" fdSelectIndex="0">
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+          318 -409 rlineto
+          -668 859 rmoveto
+          318 -409 rlineto
+          -318 -409 rlineto
+          endchar
+        </CharString>
+        <CharString name="cid01177" fdSelectIndex="1">
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+          173 105 9 108 48 111 94 94 -15 110 hintmask 1111100011111000
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+          -495 220 rmoveto
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+          -296 -145 rmoveto
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+          0 -302 rlineto
+          664 0 rlineto
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+        </CharString>
+        <CharString name="cid07253" fdSelectIndex="1">
+          1000 -90 68 42 76 -74 74 -72 72 -57 57 -29 29 -27 27 30 43 30 43 29 37 -37 53 32 72 -47 47 32 18 -18 56 -46 46 35 54 34 56 -25 134 -74 74 -74 120 hstemhm
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+          57 804 rmoveto
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+          -680 -186 rmoveto
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+          72 -22 rmoveto
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+          0 -218 rlineto
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+          105 0 rlineto
+          0 257 rlineto
+          endchar
+        </CharString>
+      </CharStrings>
+    </CFFFont>
+
+    <GlobalSubrs>
+      <!-- The 'index' attribute is only for humans; it is ignored when parsed. -->
+    </GlobalSubrs>
+  </CFF>
+
+  <GSUB>
+    <Version value="0x00010000"/>
+    <ScriptList>
+      <!-- ScriptCount=1 -->
+      <ScriptRecord index="0">
+        <ScriptTag value="DFLT"/>
+        <Script>
+          <DefaultLangSys>
+            <ReqFeatureIndex value="65535"/>
+            <!-- FeatureCount=0 -->
+          </DefaultLangSys>
+          <!-- LangSysCount=0 -->
+        </Script>
+      </ScriptRecord>
+    </ScriptList>
+    <FeatureList>
+      <!-- FeatureCount=0 -->
+    </FeatureList>
+    <LookupList>
+      <!-- LookupCount=0 -->
+    </LookupList>
+  </GSUB>
+
+  <VORG>
+    <majorVersion value="1"/>
+    <minorVersion value="0"/>
+    <defaultVertOriginY value="880"/>
+    <numVertOriginYMetrics value="0"/>
+  </VORG>
+
+  <hmtx>
+    <mtx name=".notdef" width="1000" lsb="100"/>
+    <mtx name="cid01177" width="1000" lsb="28"/>
+    <mtx name="cid07253" width="1000" lsb="23"/>
+  </hmtx>
+
+  <vhea>
+    <tableVersion value="0x00011000"/>
+    <ascent value="500"/>
+    <descent value="-500"/>
+    <lineGap value="0"/>
+    <advanceHeightMax value="1000"/>
+    <minTopSideBearing value="0"/>
+    <minBottomSideBearing value="0"/>
+    <yMaxExtent value="1000"/>
+    <caretSlopeRise value="0"/>
+    <caretSlopeRun value="1"/>
+    <caretOffset value="0"/>
+    <reserved1 value="0"/>
+    <reserved2 value="0"/>
+    <reserved3 value="0"/>
+    <reserved4 value="0"/>
+    <metricDataFormat value="0"/>
+    <numberOfVMetrics value="1"/>
+  </vhea>
+
+  <vmtx>
+    <mtx name=".notdef" height="1000" tsb="0"/>
+    <mtx name="cid01177" height="1000" tsb="30"/>
+    <mtx name="cid07253" height="1000" tsb="30"/>
+  </vmtx>
+
+</ttFont>
diff --git a/Tests/varLib/data/master_sparse_cff2/MasterSet_Kanji-w670.00.ttx b/Tests/varLib/data/master_sparse_cff2/MasterSet_Kanji-w670.00.ttx
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..eff2eec
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/varLib/data/master_sparse_cff2/MasterSet_Kanji-w670.00.ttx
@@ -0,0 +1,492 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<ttFont sfntVersion="OTTO" ttLibVersion="3.41">
+
+  <GlyphOrder>
+    <!-- The 'id' attribute is only for humans; it is ignored when parsed. -->
+    <GlyphID id="0" name=".notdef"/>
+    <GlyphID id="1" name="cid01177"/>
+    <GlyphID id="2" name="cid07253"/>
+  </GlyphOrder>
+
+  <head>
+    <!-- Most of this table will be recalculated by the compiler -->
+    <tableVersion value="1.0"/>
+    <fontRevision value="1.002"/>
+    <checkSumAdjustment value="0x97cdda5"/>
+    <magicNumber value="0x5f0f3cf5"/>
+    <flags value="00000000 00000011"/>
+    <unitsPerEm value="1000"/>
+    <created value="Thu Dec 13 12:07:35 2018"/>
+    <modified value="Tue Apr 16 22:17:21 2019"/>
+    <xMin value="23"/>
+    <yMin value="-120"/>
+    <xMax value="983"/>
+    <yMax value="880"/>
+    <macStyle value="00000000 00000000"/>
+    <lowestRecPPEM value="3"/>
+    <fontDirectionHint value="2"/>
+    <indexToLocFormat value="0"/>
+    <glyphDataFormat value="0"/>
+  </head>
+
+  <hhea>
+    <tableVersion value="0x00010000"/>
+    <ascent value="1160"/>
+    <descent value="-317"/>
+    <lineGap value="0"/>
+    <advanceWidthMax value="1000"/>
+    <minLeftSideBearing value="23"/>
+    <minRightSideBearing value="17"/>
+    <xMaxExtent value="983"/>
+    <caretSlopeRise value="1"/>
+    <caretSlopeRun value="0"/>
+    <caretOffset value="0"/>
+    <reserved0 value="0"/>
+    <reserved1 value="0"/>
+    <reserved2 value="0"/>
+    <reserved3 value="0"/>
+    <metricDataFormat value="0"/>
+    <numberOfHMetrics value="1"/>
+  </hhea>
+
+  <maxp>
+    <tableVersion value="0x5000"/>
+    <numGlyphs value="3"/>
+  </maxp>
+
+  <OS_2>
+    <!-- The fields 'usFirstCharIndex' and 'usLastCharIndex'
+         will be recalculated by the compiler -->
+    <version value="3"/>
+    <xAvgCharWidth value="978"/>
+    <usWeightClass value="250"/>
+    <usWidthClass value="5"/>
+    <fsType value="00000000 00000100"/>
+    <ySubscriptXSize value="650"/>
+    <ySubscriptYSize value="600"/>
+    <ySubscriptXOffset value="0"/>
+    <ySubscriptYOffset value="75"/>
+    <ySuperscriptXSize value="650"/>
+    <ySuperscriptYSize value="600"/>
+    <ySuperscriptXOffset value="0"/>
+    <ySuperscriptYOffset value="350"/>
+    <yStrikeoutSize value="50"/>
+    <yStrikeoutPosition value="228"/>
+    <sFamilyClass value="0"/>
+    <panose>
+      <bFamilyType value="0"/>
+      <bSerifStyle value="0"/>
+      <bWeight value="3"/>
+      <bProportion value="0"/>
+      <bContrast value="0"/>
+      <bStrokeVariation value="0"/>
+      <bArmStyle value="0"/>
+      <bLetterForm value="0"/>
+      <bMidline value="0"/>
+      <bXHeight value="0"/>
+    </panose>
+    <ulUnicodeRange1 value="00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000"/>
+    <ulUnicodeRange2 value="00001000 00000000 00000000 00000000"/>
+    <ulUnicodeRange3 value="00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000"/>
+    <ulUnicodeRange4 value="00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000"/>
+    <achVendID value="ADBE"/>
+    <fsSelection value="00000000 00000000"/>
+    <usFirstCharIndex value="24847"/>
+    <usLastCharIndex value="39488"/>
+    <sTypoAscender value="880"/>
+    <sTypoDescender value="-120"/>
+    <sTypoLineGap value="200"/>
+    <usWinAscent value="1160"/>
+    <usWinDescent value="317"/>
+    <ulCodePageRange1 value="00100000 00000010 00000000 10011111"/>
+    <ulCodePageRange2 value="00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000"/>
+    <sxHeight value="380"/>
+    <sCapHeight value="760"/>
+    <usDefaultChar value="0"/>
+    <usBreakChar value="32"/>
+    <usMaxContext value="1"/>
+  </OS_2>
+
+  <name>
+    <namerecord nameID="0" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Copyright © 2018 Adobe systems Co., Ltd. All Rights Reserved.
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="1" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      SHSansJPVF w670.00
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="2" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Regular
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="3" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      1.002;ADBE;MasterSet_Kanji-w670.00
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="4" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      SHSansJPVF w670.00
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="5" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Version 1.002;hotconv 1.0.109;makeotfexe 2.5.65596 DEVELOPMENT
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="6" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      MasterSet_Kanji-w670.00
+    </namerecord>
+  </name>
+
+  <cmap>
+    <tableVersion version="0"/>
+    <cmap_format_4 platformID="0" platEncID="3" language="0">
+      <map code="0x610f" name="cid01177"/><!-- CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-610F -->
+      <map code="0x9a40" name="cid07253"/><!-- CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9A40 -->
+    </cmap_format_4>
+    <cmap_format_12 platformID="0" platEncID="4" format="12" reserved="0" length="40" language="0" nGroups="2">
+      <map code="0x610f" name="cid01177"/><!-- CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-610F -->
+      <map code="0x9a40" name="cid07253"/><!-- CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9A40 -->
+    </cmap_format_12>
+    <cmap_format_4 platformID="3" platEncID="1" language="0">
+      <map code="0x610f" name="cid01177"/><!-- CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-610F -->
+      <map code="0x9a40" name="cid07253"/><!-- CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9A40 -->
+    </cmap_format_4>
+    <cmap_format_12 platformID="3" platEncID="10" format="12" reserved="0" length="40" language="0" nGroups="2">
+      <map code="0x610f" name="cid01177"/><!-- CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-610F -->
+      <map code="0x9a40" name="cid07253"/><!-- CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9A40 -->
+    </cmap_format_12>
+  </cmap>
+
+  <post>
+    <formatType value="3.0"/>
+    <italicAngle value="0.0"/>
+    <underlinePosition value="-75"/>
+    <underlineThickness value="50"/>
+    <isFixedPitch value="0"/>
+    <minMemType42 value="0"/>
+    <maxMemType42 value="0"/>
+    <minMemType1 value="0"/>
+    <maxMemType1 value="0"/>
+  </post>
+
+  <CFF>
+    <major value="1"/>
+    <minor value="0"/>
+    <CFFFont name="MasterSet_Kanji-w670.00">
+      <ROS Registry="Adobe" Order="Japan1" Supplement="6"/>
+      <Notice value="1997-2007, 2012 Adobe Systems Incorporated. All Rights Reserved. Kozuka Mincho is either a registered trademark or trademark of Adobe Systems Incorporated in the United States and/or other countries.&quot;"/>
+      <FullName value="Master Set Kanji w670.00"/>
+      <FamilyName value="Master Set Kanji"/>
+      <Weight value="ExtraLight"/>
+      <isFixedPitch value="0"/>
+      <ItalicAngle value="0"/>
+      <UnderlinePosition value="-100"/>
+      <UnderlineThickness value="50"/>
+      <PaintType value="0"/>
+      <CharstringType value="2"/>
+      <FontMatrix value="0.001 0 0 0.001 0 0"/>
+      <FontBBox value="23 -120 983 880"/>
+      <StrokeWidth value="0"/>
+      <XUID value="1119273886"/>
+      <CIDFontVersion value="6.004"/>
+      <CIDFontRevision value="0"/>
+      <CIDFontType value="0"/>
+      <CIDCount value="23058"/>
+      <!-- charset is dumped separately as the 'GlyphOrder' element -->
+      <FDSelect format="3"/>
+      <FDArray>
+        <FontDict index="0">
+          <FontName value="MasterSet_Kanji-w670.00-Generic"/>
+          <Private>
+            <BlueValues value="-250 -250 1100 1100"/>
+            <BlueScale value="0.039625"/>
+            <BlueShift value="7"/>
+            <BlueFuzz value="0"/>
+            <StdHW value="1"/>
+            <StdVW value="1"/>
+            <ForceBold value="0"/>
+            <LanguageGroup value="1"/>
+            <ExpansionFactor value="0.06"/>
+            <initialRandomSeed value="0"/>
+            <defaultWidthX value="1000"/>
+            <nominalWidthX value="607"/>
+          </Private>
+        </FontDict>
+        <FontDict index="1">
+          <FontName value="MasterSet_Kanji-w670.00-Kanji"/>
+          <Private>
+            <BlueValues value="-250 -250 1100 1100"/>
+            <BlueScale value="0.039625"/>
+            <BlueShift value="7"/>
+            <BlueFuzz value="0"/>
+            <StdHW value="1"/>
+            <StdVW value="1"/>
+            <ForceBold value="0"/>
+            <LanguageGroup value="1"/>
+            <ExpansionFactor value="0.06"/>
+            <initialRandomSeed value="0"/>
+            <defaultWidthX value="1000"/>
+            <nominalWidthX value="0"/>
+          </Private>
+        </FontDict>
+      </FDArray>
+      <CharStrings>
+        <CharString name=".notdef" fdSelectIndex="0">
+          393 -120 50 859 91 -50 50 hstemhm
+          100 50 700 50 hintmask 10111000
+          100 -120 rmoveto
+          800 0 rlineto
+          0 1000 rlineto
+          -800 0 rlineto
+          400 -459 rmoveto
+          -318 409 rlineto
+          636 0 rlineto
+          -286 -450 rmoveto
+          hintmask 11011000
+          318 409 rlineto
+          0 -818 rlineto
+          -668 -41 rmoveto
+          318 409 rlineto
+          318 -409 rlineto
+          -668 859 rmoveto
+          318 -409 rlineto
+          -318 -409 rlineto
+          endchar
+        </CharString>
+        <CharString name="cid01177" fdSelectIndex="1">
+          1000 -80 87 191 68 52 64 50 68 44 84 77 87 -84 142 -117 59 hstemhm
+          174 102 12 104 53 108 96 92 -11 106 hintmask 1111100011111000
+          288 149 rmoveto
+          0 -113 rlineto
+          0 -90 29 -26 121 0 rrcurveto
+          24 0 121 0 26 0 rrcurveto
+          91 0 29 28 12 113 rrcurveto
+          -28 6 -42 14 -22 14 rrcurveto
+          -5 -77 -6 -11 -39 0 rrcurveto
+          -29 0 -99 0 -22 0 rrcurveto
+          -48 0 -9 4 0 26 rrcurveto
+          0 112 rlineto
+          -8 10 rmoveto
+          59 -26 71 -42 34 -31 rrcurveto
+          66 67 rlineto
+          -38 31 -73 39 -58 22 rrcurveto
+          274 -95 rmoveto
+          64 -54 70 -79 30 -54 rrcurveto
+          89 52 rlineto
+          -33 56 -73 75 -64 51 rrcurveto
+          -638 -11 rmoveto
+          -24 -67 -46 -66 -65 -39 rrcurveto
+          83 -57 rlineto
+          73 46 41 75 28 76 rrcurveto
+          -141 664 rmoveto
+          0 -84 rlineto
+          772 0 rlineto
+          0 84 rlineto
+          -819 -164 rmoveto
+          0 -84 rlineto
+          872 0 rlineto
+          0 84 rlineto
+          hintmask 0000001000100000
+          -493 222 rmoveto
+          hintmask 0000000100100000
+          0 -117 rlineto
+          108 0 rlineto
+          hintmask 0000001000100000
+          0 117 rlineto
+          hintmask 0111010010001000
+          -294 -145 rmoveto
+          15 -30 14 -40 5 -26 rrcurveto
+          102 24 rlineto
+          -6 25 -16 39 -16 28 rrcurveto
+          285 1 rmoveto
+          -9 -27 -19 -38 -13 -28 rrcurveto
+          95 -21 rlineto
+          16 24 19 31 23 37 rrcurveto
+          -478 -386 rmoveto
+          454 0 rlineto
+          0 -52 rlineto
+          -454 0 rlineto
+          0 166 rmoveto
+          454 0 rlineto
+          0 -50 rlineto
+          -454 0 rlineto
+          -102 118 rmoveto
+          0 -302 rlineto
+          662 0 rlineto
+          0 302 rlineto
+          endchar
+        </CharString>
+        <CharString name="cid07253" fdSelectIndex="1">
+          1000 -89 66 44 75 -73 73 -71 71 -56 56 -29 29 -27 27 31 42 31 43 29 37 -37 52 33 70 -46 46 33 18 -18 55 -45 45 36 53 35 55 -24 132 -72 72 -72 120 hstemhm
+          166 99 -55 101 -34 34 7 81 57 95 62 106 18 103 -44 34 hintmask 10000011101100101101000101110000
+          57 802 rmoveto
+          0 -72 rlineto
+          886 0 rlineto
+          0 72 rlineto
+          hintmask 00000000000000000000100000000000
+          -664 48 rmoveto
+          hintmask 00000000000000000010000000000000
+          0 -180 rlineto
+          105 0 rlineto
+          hintmask 00000000000000000000100000100000
+          0 180 rlineto
+          229 0 rmoveto
+          hintmask 00000000000000000010000000100000
+          0 -180 rlineto
+          106 0 rlineto
+          hintmask 00000000000100101100110000110000
+          0 180 rlineto
+          -454 -299 rmoveto
+          472 0 rlineto
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+          -472 0 rlineto
+          0 124 rmoveto
+          472 0 rlineto
+          0 -35 rlineto
+          -472 0 rlineto
+          -99 90 rmoveto
+          0 -234 rlineto
+          674 0 rlineto
+          0 234 rlineto
+          -797 -267 rmoveto
+          0 -70 rlineto
+          915 0 rlineto
+          0 70 rlineto
+          hintmask 00000001100000000000000100000000
+          -681 -184 rmoveto
+          0 -43 rlineto
+          497 0 rlineto
+          0 43 rlineto
+          -497 -74 rmoveto
+          0 -42 rlineto
+          508 0 rlineto
+          0 42 rlineto
+          hintmask 00000010000000000000001000000000
+          -575 -73 rmoveto
+          hintmask 00001000000000000000001000001000
+          0 -56 rlineto
+          620 0 rlineto
+          hintmask 00000010000001000000000000001000
+          0 56 rlineto
+          -499 390 rmoveto
+          -41 -98 -96 -93 -171 -59 rrcurveto
+          19 -16 28 -35 10 -23 rrcurveto
+          hintmask 00000100010010010000000001000000
+          186 73 105 107 58 128 rrcurveto
+          274 -62 rmoveto
+          -78 -27 rlineto
+          64 -93 112 -79 120 -37 rrcurveto
+          13 25 28 36 21 19 rrcurveto
+          -114 26 -110 60 -56 70 rrcurveto
+          -247 -99 rmoveto
+          0 -242 rlineto
+          95 0 rlineto
+          0 242 rlineto
+          hintmask 10000010000000000000000000001000
+          245 -213 rmoveto
+          0 -10 rlineto
+          -6 -64 -7 -28 -10 -9 rrcurveto
+          -6 -7 -6 -1 -10 0 rrcurveto
+          -10 0 -21 1 -25 2 rrcurveto
+          10 -18 8 -31 1 -21 rrcurveto
+          34 -1 32 0 18 2 rrcurveto
+          21 1 17 6 15 14 rrcurveto
+          18 18 10 38 9 75 rrcurveto
+          2 12 1 21 0 0 rrcurveto
+          -714 -42 rmoveto
+          -16 -39 -32 -41 -41 -23 rrcurveto
+          74 -45 rlineto
+          hintmask 10010000000000000000000000000000
+          47 29 28 44 17 46 rrcurveto
+          hintmask 00100000000000000000000010000000
+          46 -2 rmoveto
+          10 -35 8 -46 0 -29 rrcurveto
+          81 13 rlineto
+          -1 28 -9 46 -13 34 rrcurveto
+          hintmask 01000000000000000000000000100000
+          60 -13 rmoveto
+          22 -30 20 -42 8 -28 rrcurveto
+          74 25 rlineto
+          -9 28 -22 40 -23 28 rrcurveto
+          hintmask 00010000001000000000001000000000
+          73 -21 rmoveto
+          24 -22 27 -32 12 -22 rrcurveto
+          63 33 rlineto
+          -12 22 -29 30 -25 21 rrcurveto
+          -343 273 rmoveto
+          -48 -52 rlineto
+          457 0 rlineto
+          0 52 rlineto
+          -495 -37 rmoveto
+          hintmask 00000010000000000000001000000000
+          0 -218 rlineto
+          hintmask 00000010001000000000000100000000
+          101 0 rlineto
+          0 257 rlineto
+          endchar
+        </CharString>
+      </CharStrings>
+    </CFFFont>
+
+    <GlobalSubrs>
+      <!-- The 'index' attribute is only for humans; it is ignored when parsed. -->
+    </GlobalSubrs>
+  </CFF>
+
+  <GSUB>
+    <Version value="0x00010000"/>
+    <ScriptList>
+      <!-- ScriptCount=1 -->
+      <ScriptRecord index="0">
+        <ScriptTag value="DFLT"/>
+        <Script>
+          <DefaultLangSys>
+            <ReqFeatureIndex value="65535"/>
+            <!-- FeatureCount=0 -->
+          </DefaultLangSys>
+          <!-- LangSysCount=0 -->
+        </Script>
+      </ScriptRecord>
+    </ScriptList>
+    <FeatureList>
+      <!-- FeatureCount=0 -->
+    </FeatureList>
+    <LookupList>
+      <!-- LookupCount=0 -->
+    </LookupList>
+  </GSUB>
+
+  <VORG>
+    <majorVersion value="1"/>
+    <minorVersion value="0"/>
+    <defaultVertOriginY value="880"/>
+    <numVertOriginYMetrics value="0"/>
+  </VORG>
+
+  <hmtx>
+    <mtx name=".notdef" width="1000" lsb="100"/>
+    <mtx name="cid01177" width="1000" lsb="29"/>
+    <mtx name="cid07253" width="1000" lsb="23"/>
+  </hmtx>
+
+  <vhea>
+    <tableVersion value="0x00011000"/>
+    <ascent value="500"/>
+    <descent value="-500"/>
+    <lineGap value="0"/>
+    <advanceHeightMax value="1000"/>
+    <minTopSideBearing value="0"/>
+    <minBottomSideBearing value="0"/>
+    <yMaxExtent value="1000"/>
+    <caretSlopeRise value="0"/>
+    <caretSlopeRun value="1"/>
+    <caretOffset value="0"/>
+    <reserved1 value="0"/>
+    <reserved2 value="0"/>
+    <reserved3 value="0"/>
+    <reserved4 value="0"/>
+    <metricDataFormat value="0"/>
+    <numberOfVMetrics value="1"/>
+  </vhea>
+
+  <vmtx>
+    <mtx name=".notdef" height="1000" tsb="0"/>
+    <mtx name="cid01177" height="1000" tsb="30"/>
+    <mtx name="cid07253" height="1000" tsb="30"/>
+  </vmtx>
+
+</ttFont>
diff --git a/Tests/varLib/data/master_sparse_cff2/MasterSet_Kanji-w799.00.ttx b/Tests/varLib/data/master_sparse_cff2/MasterSet_Kanji-w799.00.ttx
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..cfccfa2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/varLib/data/master_sparse_cff2/MasterSet_Kanji-w799.00.ttx
@@ -0,0 +1,393 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<ttFont sfntVersion="OTTO" ttLibVersion="3.41">
+
+  <GlyphOrder>
+    <!-- The 'id' attribute is only for humans; it is ignored when parsed. -->
+    <GlyphID id="0" name=".notdef"/>
+    <GlyphID id="1" name="cid13393"/>
+  </GlyphOrder>
+
+  <head>
+    <!-- Most of this table will be recalculated by the compiler -->
+    <tableVersion value="1.0"/>
+    <fontRevision value="1.002"/>
+    <checkSumAdjustment value="0xb0503f01"/>
+    <magicNumber value="0x5f0f3cf5"/>
+    <flags value="00000000 00000011"/>
+    <unitsPerEm value="1000"/>
+    <created value="Thu Dec 13 12:07:57 2018"/>
+    <modified value="Tue Apr 16 22:17:21 2019"/>
+    <xMin value="69"/>
+    <yMin value="-120"/>
+    <xMax value="991"/>
+    <yMax value="880"/>
+    <macStyle value="00000000 00000000"/>
+    <lowestRecPPEM value="3"/>
+    <fontDirectionHint value="2"/>
+    <indexToLocFormat value="0"/>
+    <glyphDataFormat value="0"/>
+  </head>
+
+  <hhea>
+    <tableVersion value="0x00010000"/>
+    <ascent value="1160"/>
+    <descent value="-317"/>
+    <lineGap value="0"/>
+    <advanceWidthMax value="1000"/>
+    <minLeftSideBearing value="69"/>
+    <minRightSideBearing value="9"/>
+    <xMaxExtent value="991"/>
+    <caretSlopeRise value="1"/>
+    <caretSlopeRun value="0"/>
+    <caretOffset value="0"/>
+    <reserved0 value="0"/>
+    <reserved1 value="0"/>
+    <reserved2 value="0"/>
+    <reserved3 value="0"/>
+    <metricDataFormat value="0"/>
+    <numberOfHMetrics value="1"/>
+  </hhea>
+
+  <maxp>
+    <tableVersion value="0x5000"/>
+    <numGlyphs value="2"/>
+  </maxp>
+
+  <OS_2>
+    <!-- The fields 'usFirstCharIndex' and 'usLastCharIndex'
+         will be recalculated by the compiler -->
+    <version value="3"/>
+    <xAvgCharWidth value="978"/>
+    <usWeightClass value="250"/>
+    <usWidthClass value="5"/>
+    <fsType value="00000000 00000100"/>
+    <ySubscriptXSize value="650"/>
+    <ySubscriptYSize value="600"/>
+    <ySubscriptXOffset value="0"/>
+    <ySubscriptYOffset value="75"/>
+    <ySuperscriptXSize value="650"/>
+    <ySuperscriptYSize value="600"/>
+    <ySuperscriptXOffset value="0"/>
+    <ySuperscriptYOffset value="350"/>
+    <yStrikeoutSize value="50"/>
+    <yStrikeoutPosition value="228"/>
+    <sFamilyClass value="0"/>
+    <panose>
+      <bFamilyType value="0"/>
+      <bSerifStyle value="0"/>
+      <bWeight value="3"/>
+      <bProportion value="0"/>
+      <bContrast value="0"/>
+      <bStrokeVariation value="0"/>
+      <bArmStyle value="0"/>
+      <bLetterForm value="0"/>
+      <bMidline value="0"/>
+      <bXHeight value="0"/>
+    </panose>
+    <ulUnicodeRange1 value="00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000"/>
+    <ulUnicodeRange2 value="00100000 00000000 00000000 00000000"/>
+    <ulUnicodeRange3 value="00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000"/>
+    <ulUnicodeRange4 value="00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000"/>
+    <achVendID value="ADBE"/>
+    <fsSelection value="00000000 00000000"/>
+    <usFirstCharIndex value="63964"/>
+    <usLastCharIndex value="63964"/>
+    <sTypoAscender value="880"/>
+    <sTypoDescender value="-120"/>
+    <sTypoLineGap value="200"/>
+    <usWinAscent value="1160"/>
+    <usWinDescent value="317"/>
+    <ulCodePageRange1 value="00100000 00000010 00000000 10011111"/>
+    <ulCodePageRange2 value="00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000"/>
+    <sxHeight value="380"/>
+    <sCapHeight value="760"/>
+    <usDefaultChar value="0"/>
+    <usBreakChar value="32"/>
+    <usMaxContext value="1"/>
+  </OS_2>
+
+  <name>
+    <namerecord nameID="0" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Copyright © 2018 Adobe systems Co., Ltd. All Rights Reserved.
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="1" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      SHSansJPVF w799.00
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="2" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Regular
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="3" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      1.002;ADBE;MasterSet_Kanji-w799.00
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="4" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      SHSansJPVF w799.00
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="5" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Version 1.002;hotconv 1.0.109;makeotfexe 2.5.65596 DEVELOPMENT
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="6" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      MasterSet_Kanji-w799.00
+    </namerecord>
+  </name>
+
+  <cmap>
+    <tableVersion version="0"/>
+    <cmap_format_4 platformID="0" platEncID="3" language="0">
+      <map code="0xf9dc" name="cid13393"/><!-- CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-F9DC -->
+    </cmap_format_4>
+    <cmap_format_12 platformID="0" platEncID="4" format="12" reserved="0" length="28" language="0" nGroups="1">
+      <map code="0xf9dc" name="cid13393"/><!-- CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-F9DC -->
+    </cmap_format_12>
+    <cmap_format_14 platformID="0" platEncID="5">
+      <map uv="0x9686" uvs="0xfe00" name="cid13393"/>
+      <map uv="0x9686" uvs="0xe0101" name="cid13393"/>
+    </cmap_format_14>
+    <cmap_format_4 platformID="3" platEncID="1" language="0">
+      <map code="0xf9dc" name="cid13393"/><!-- CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-F9DC -->
+    </cmap_format_4>
+    <cmap_format_12 platformID="3" platEncID="10" format="12" reserved="0" length="28" language="0" nGroups="1">
+      <map code="0xf9dc" name="cid13393"/><!-- CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-F9DC -->
+    </cmap_format_12>
+  </cmap>
+
+  <post>
+    <formatType value="3.0"/>
+    <italicAngle value="0.0"/>
+    <underlinePosition value="-75"/>
+    <underlineThickness value="50"/>
+    <isFixedPitch value="0"/>
+    <minMemType42 value="0"/>
+    <maxMemType42 value="0"/>
+    <minMemType1 value="0"/>
+    <maxMemType1 value="0"/>
+  </post>
+
+  <CFF>
+    <major value="1"/>
+    <minor value="0"/>
+    <CFFFont name="MasterSet_Kanji-w799.00">
+      <ROS Registry="Adobe" Order="Japan1" Supplement="6"/>
+      <Notice value="1997-2007, 2012 Adobe Systems Incorporated. All Rights Reserved. Kozuka Mincho is either a registered trademark or trademark of Adobe Systems Incorporated in the United States and/or other countries.&quot;"/>
+      <FullName value="Master Set Kanji w799.00"/>
+      <FamilyName value="Master Set Kanji"/>
+      <Weight value="ExtraLight"/>
+      <isFixedPitch value="0"/>
+      <ItalicAngle value="0"/>
+      <UnderlinePosition value="-100"/>
+      <UnderlineThickness value="50"/>
+      <PaintType value="0"/>
+      <CharstringType value="2"/>
+      <FontMatrix value="0.001 0 0 0.001 0 0"/>
+      <FontBBox value="69 -120 991 880"/>
+      <StrokeWidth value="0"/>
+      <XUID value="1119273886"/>
+      <CIDFontVersion value="6.004"/>
+      <CIDFontRevision value="0"/>
+      <CIDFontType value="0"/>
+      <CIDCount value="23058"/>
+      <!-- charset is dumped separately as the 'GlyphOrder' element -->
+      <FDSelect format="3"/>
+      <FDArray>
+        <FontDict index="0">
+          <FontName value="MasterSet_Kanji-w799.00-Generic"/>
+          <Private>
+            <BlueValues value="-250 -250 1100 1100"/>
+            <BlueScale value="0.039625"/>
+            <BlueShift value="7"/>
+            <BlueFuzz value="0"/>
+            <StdHW value="1"/>
+            <StdVW value="1"/>
+            <ForceBold value="0"/>
+            <LanguageGroup value="1"/>
+            <ExpansionFactor value="0.06"/>
+            <initialRandomSeed value="0"/>
+            <defaultWidthX value="1000"/>
+            <nominalWidthX value="607"/>
+          </Private>
+        </FontDict>
+        <FontDict index="1">
+          <FontName value="MasterSet_Kanji-w799.00-Kanji"/>
+          <Private>
+            <BlueValues value="-250 -250 1100 1100"/>
+            <BlueScale value="0.039625"/>
+            <BlueShift value="7"/>
+            <BlueFuzz value="0"/>
+            <StdHW value="1"/>
+            <StdVW value="1"/>
+            <ForceBold value="0"/>
+            <LanguageGroup value="1"/>
+            <ExpansionFactor value="0.06"/>
+            <initialRandomSeed value="0"/>
+            <defaultWidthX value="1000"/>
+            <nominalWidthX value="0"/>
+          </Private>
+        </FontDict>
+      </FDArray>
+      <CharStrings>
+        <CharString name=".notdef" fdSelectIndex="0">
+          393 -120 50 859 91 -50 50 hstemhm
+          100 50 700 50 hintmask 10111000
+          100 -120 rmoveto
+          800 0 rlineto
+          0 1000 rlineto
+          -800 0 rlineto
+          400 -459 rmoveto
+          -318 409 rlineto
+          636 0 rlineto
+          -286 -450 rmoveto
+          hintmask 11011000
+          318 409 rlineto
+          0 -818 rlineto
+          -668 -41 rmoveto
+          318 409 rlineto
+          318 -409 rlineto
+          -668 859 rmoveto
+          318 -409 rlineto
+          -318 -409 rlineto
+          endchar
+        </CharString>
+        <CharString name="cid13393" fdSelectIndex="1">
+          1000 -71 96 -48 48 50 85 -35 105 -23 86 -86 140 17 84 240 88 -34 34 -9 42 hstemhm
+          69 107 88 108 -103 37 307 114 82 34 hintmask 1010101101110110
+          552 776 rmoveto
+          0 -88 rlineto
+          291 0 rlineto
+          0 88 rlineto
+          -382 -483 rmoveto
+          0 -86 rlineto
+          463 0 rlineto
+          0 86 rlineto
+          -426 155 rmoveto
+          0 -84 rlineto
+          349 0 rlineto
+          0 84 rlineto
+          -480 -423 rmoveto
+          0 -96 rlineto
+          597 0 rlineto
+          0 96 rlineto
+          -516 135 rmoveto
+          0 -85 rlineto
+          456 0 rlineto
+          0 85 rlineto
+          -95 616 rmoveto
+          0 -16 rlineto
+          -72 -134 -195 -99 -195 -40 rrcurveto
+          22 -23 25 -43 12 -27 rrcurveto
+          hintmask 0000000010000010
+          213 54 207 110 96 184 rrcurveto
+          hintmask 0100010100000110
+          -74 39 rlineto
+          -18 -5 rlineto
+          -268 -57 rmoveto
+          -93 -34 rlineto
+          94 -142 159 -95 200 -40 rrcurveto
+          15 29 30 44 24 22 rrcurveto
+          -191 29 -160 77 -78 110 rrcurveto
+          13 136 rmoveto
+          -38 -74 -73 -81 -110 -59 rrcurveto
+          24 -16 36 -39 16 -25 rrcurveto
+          123 76 80 93 58 104 rrcurveto
+          -235 -472 rmoveto
+          -21 -62 -36 -63 -46 -42 rrcurveto
+          24 -13 41 -26 20 -16 rrcurveto
+          46 48 45 76 26 74 rrcurveto
+          58 9 rmoveto
+          0 -370 rlineto
+          114 0 rlineto
+          0 370 rlineto
+          hintmask 0000000000101000
+          -658 462 rmoveto
+          0 -902 rlineto
+          107 0 rlineto
+          0 792 rlineto
+          130 0 rlineto
+          0 110 rlineto
+          -37 0 rmoveto
+          0 -36 rlineto
+          -14 -65 -32 -143 -29 -91 rrcurveto
+          hintmask 0001000000010000
+          57 -68 13 -64 0 -46 rrcurveto
+          0 -30 -5 -20 -12 -9 rrcurveto
+          -7 -6 -11 -3 -10 0 rrcurveto
+          -13 0 -13 0 -18 2 rrcurveto
+          18 -30 9 -46 1 -29 rrcurveto
+          23 -1 24 0 18 2 rrcurveto
+          22 4 20 7 16 12 rrcurveto
+          32 22 14 43 0 66 rrcurveto
+          0 59 -13 70 -62 78 rrcurveto
+          hintmask 0000000001001000
+          29 80 34 112 27 88 rrcurveto
+          hintmask 0000000000001000
+          -80 46 rlineto
+          -18 -4 rlineto
+          endchar
+        </CharString>
+      </CharStrings>
+    </CFFFont>
+
+    <GlobalSubrs>
+      <!-- The 'index' attribute is only for humans; it is ignored when parsed. -->
+    </GlobalSubrs>
+  </CFF>
+
+  <GSUB>
+    <Version value="0x00010000"/>
+    <ScriptList>
+      <!-- ScriptCount=1 -->
+      <ScriptRecord index="0">
+        <ScriptTag value="DFLT"/>
+        <Script>
+          <DefaultLangSys>
+            <ReqFeatureIndex value="65535"/>
+            <!-- FeatureCount=0 -->
+          </DefaultLangSys>
+          <!-- LangSysCount=0 -->
+        </Script>
+      </ScriptRecord>
+    </ScriptList>
+    <FeatureList>
+      <!-- FeatureCount=0 -->
+    </FeatureList>
+    <LookupList>
+      <!-- LookupCount=0 -->
+    </LookupList>
+  </GSUB>
+
+  <VORG>
+    <majorVersion value="1"/>
+    <minorVersion value="0"/>
+    <defaultVertOriginY value="880"/>
+    <numVertOriginYMetrics value="0"/>
+  </VORG>
+
+  <hmtx>
+    <mtx name=".notdef" width="1000" lsb="100"/>
+    <mtx name="cid13393" width="1000" lsb="69"/>
+  </hmtx>
+
+  <vhea>
+    <tableVersion value="0x00011000"/>
+    <ascent value="500"/>
+    <descent value="-500"/>
+    <lineGap value="0"/>
+    <advanceHeightMax value="1000"/>
+    <minTopSideBearing value="0"/>
+    <minBottomSideBearing value="0"/>
+    <yMaxExtent value="1000"/>
+    <caretSlopeRise value="0"/>
+    <caretSlopeRun value="1"/>
+    <caretOffset value="0"/>
+    <reserved1 value="0"/>
+    <reserved2 value="0"/>
+    <reserved3 value="0"/>
+    <reserved4 value="0"/>
+    <metricDataFormat value="0"/>
+    <numberOfVMetrics value="1"/>
+  </vhea>
+
+  <vmtx>
+    <mtx name=".notdef" height="1000" tsb="0"/>
+    <mtx name="cid13393" height="1000" tsb="25"/>
+  </vmtx>
+
+</ttFont>
diff --git a/Tests/varLib/data/master_sparse_cff2/MasterSet_Kanji-w800.00.ttx b/Tests/varLib/data/master_sparse_cff2/MasterSet_Kanji-w800.00.ttx
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..765a381
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/varLib/data/master_sparse_cff2/MasterSet_Kanji-w800.00.ttx
@@ -0,0 +1,393 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<ttFont sfntVersion="OTTO" ttLibVersion="3.41">
+
+  <GlyphOrder>
+    <!-- The 'id' attribute is only for humans; it is ignored when parsed. -->
+    <GlyphID id="0" name=".notdef"/>
+    <GlyphID id="1" name="cid13393"/>
+  </GlyphOrder>
+
+  <head>
+    <!-- Most of this table will be recalculated by the compiler -->
+    <tableVersion value="1.0"/>
+    <fontRevision value="1.002"/>
+    <checkSumAdjustment value="0xab041b5d"/>
+    <magicNumber value="0x5f0f3cf5"/>
+    <flags value="00000000 00000011"/>
+    <unitsPerEm value="1000"/>
+    <created value="Thu Dec 13 12:08:04 2018"/>
+    <modified value="Tue Apr 16 22:17:21 2019"/>
+    <xMin value="69"/>
+    <yMin value="-120"/>
+    <xMax value="991"/>
+    <yMax value="880"/>
+    <macStyle value="00000000 00000000"/>
+    <lowestRecPPEM value="3"/>
+    <fontDirectionHint value="2"/>
+    <indexToLocFormat value="0"/>
+    <glyphDataFormat value="0"/>
+  </head>
+
+  <hhea>
+    <tableVersion value="0x00010000"/>
+    <ascent value="1160"/>
+    <descent value="-317"/>
+    <lineGap value="0"/>
+    <advanceWidthMax value="1000"/>
+    <minLeftSideBearing value="69"/>
+    <minRightSideBearing value="9"/>
+    <xMaxExtent value="991"/>
+    <caretSlopeRise value="1"/>
+    <caretSlopeRun value="0"/>
+    <caretOffset value="0"/>
+    <reserved0 value="0"/>
+    <reserved1 value="0"/>
+    <reserved2 value="0"/>
+    <reserved3 value="0"/>
+    <metricDataFormat value="0"/>
+    <numberOfHMetrics value="1"/>
+  </hhea>
+
+  <maxp>
+    <tableVersion value="0x5000"/>
+    <numGlyphs value="2"/>
+  </maxp>
+
+  <OS_2>
+    <!-- The fields 'usFirstCharIndex' and 'usLastCharIndex'
+         will be recalculated by the compiler -->
+    <version value="3"/>
+    <xAvgCharWidth value="978"/>
+    <usWeightClass value="250"/>
+    <usWidthClass value="5"/>
+    <fsType value="00000000 00000100"/>
+    <ySubscriptXSize value="650"/>
+    <ySubscriptYSize value="600"/>
+    <ySubscriptXOffset value="0"/>
+    <ySubscriptYOffset value="75"/>
+    <ySuperscriptXSize value="650"/>
+    <ySuperscriptYSize value="600"/>
+    <ySuperscriptXOffset value="0"/>
+    <ySuperscriptYOffset value="350"/>
+    <yStrikeoutSize value="50"/>
+    <yStrikeoutPosition value="228"/>
+    <sFamilyClass value="0"/>
+    <panose>
+      <bFamilyType value="0"/>
+      <bSerifStyle value="0"/>
+      <bWeight value="3"/>
+      <bProportion value="0"/>
+      <bContrast value="0"/>
+      <bStrokeVariation value="0"/>
+      <bArmStyle value="0"/>
+      <bLetterForm value="0"/>
+      <bMidline value="0"/>
+      <bXHeight value="0"/>
+    </panose>
+    <ulUnicodeRange1 value="00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000"/>
+    <ulUnicodeRange2 value="00100000 00000000 00000000 00000000"/>
+    <ulUnicodeRange3 value="00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000"/>
+    <ulUnicodeRange4 value="00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000"/>
+    <achVendID value="ADBE"/>
+    <fsSelection value="00000000 00000000"/>
+    <usFirstCharIndex value="63964"/>
+    <usLastCharIndex value="63964"/>
+    <sTypoAscender value="880"/>
+    <sTypoDescender value="-120"/>
+    <sTypoLineGap value="200"/>
+    <usWinAscent value="1160"/>
+    <usWinDescent value="317"/>
+    <ulCodePageRange1 value="00100000 00000010 00000000 10011111"/>
+    <ulCodePageRange2 value="00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000"/>
+    <sxHeight value="380"/>
+    <sCapHeight value="760"/>
+    <usDefaultChar value="0"/>
+    <usBreakChar value="32"/>
+    <usMaxContext value="1"/>
+  </OS_2>
+
+  <name>
+    <namerecord nameID="0" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Copyright © 2018 Adobe systems Co., Ltd. All Rights Reserved.
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="1" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      SHSansJPVF w800.00
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="2" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Regular
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="3" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      1.002;ADBE;MasterSet_Kanji-w800.00
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="4" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      SHSansJPVF w800.00
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="5" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Version 1.002;hotconv 1.0.109;makeotfexe 2.5.65596 DEVELOPMENT
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="6" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      MasterSet_Kanji-w800.00
+    </namerecord>
+  </name>
+
+  <cmap>
+    <tableVersion version="0"/>
+    <cmap_format_4 platformID="0" platEncID="3" language="0">
+      <map code="0xf9dc" name="cid13393"/><!-- CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-F9DC -->
+    </cmap_format_4>
+    <cmap_format_12 platformID="0" platEncID="4" format="12" reserved="0" length="28" language="0" nGroups="1">
+      <map code="0xf9dc" name="cid13393"/><!-- CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-F9DC -->
+    </cmap_format_12>
+    <cmap_format_14 platformID="0" platEncID="5">
+      <map uv="0x9686" uvs="0xfe00" name="cid13393"/>
+      <map uv="0x9686" uvs="0xe0101" name="cid13393"/>
+    </cmap_format_14>
+    <cmap_format_4 platformID="3" platEncID="1" language="0">
+      <map code="0xf9dc" name="cid13393"/><!-- CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-F9DC -->
+    </cmap_format_4>
+    <cmap_format_12 platformID="3" platEncID="10" format="12" reserved="0" length="28" language="0" nGroups="1">
+      <map code="0xf9dc" name="cid13393"/><!-- CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-F9DC -->
+    </cmap_format_12>
+  </cmap>
+
+  <post>
+    <formatType value="3.0"/>
+    <italicAngle value="0.0"/>
+    <underlinePosition value="-75"/>
+    <underlineThickness value="50"/>
+    <isFixedPitch value="0"/>
+    <minMemType42 value="0"/>
+    <maxMemType42 value="0"/>
+    <minMemType1 value="0"/>
+    <maxMemType1 value="0"/>
+  </post>
+
+  <CFF>
+    <major value="1"/>
+    <minor value="0"/>
+    <CFFFont name="MasterSet_Kanji-w800.00">
+      <ROS Registry="Adobe" Order="Japan1" Supplement="6"/>
+      <Notice value="1997-2007, 2012 Adobe Systems Incorporated. All Rights Reserved. Kozuka Mincho is either a registered trademark or trademark of Adobe Systems Incorporated in the United States and/or other countries.&quot;"/>
+      <FullName value="Master Set Kanji w800.00"/>
+      <FamilyName value="Master Set Kanji"/>
+      <Weight value="ExtraLight"/>
+      <isFixedPitch value="0"/>
+      <ItalicAngle value="0"/>
+      <UnderlinePosition value="-100"/>
+      <UnderlineThickness value="50"/>
+      <PaintType value="0"/>
+      <CharstringType value="2"/>
+      <FontMatrix value="0.001 0 0 0.001 0 0"/>
+      <FontBBox value="69 -120 991 880"/>
+      <StrokeWidth value="0"/>
+      <XUID value="1119273886"/>
+      <CIDFontVersion value="6.004"/>
+      <CIDFontRevision value="0"/>
+      <CIDFontType value="0"/>
+      <CIDCount value="23058"/>
+      <!-- charset is dumped separately as the 'GlyphOrder' element -->
+      <FDSelect format="3"/>
+      <FDArray>
+        <FontDict index="0">
+          <FontName value="MasterSet_Kanji-w800.00-Generic"/>
+          <Private>
+            <BlueValues value="-250 -250 1100 1100"/>
+            <BlueScale value="0.039625"/>
+            <BlueShift value="7"/>
+            <BlueFuzz value="0"/>
+            <StdHW value="1"/>
+            <StdVW value="1"/>
+            <ForceBold value="0"/>
+            <LanguageGroup value="1"/>
+            <ExpansionFactor value="0.06"/>
+            <initialRandomSeed value="0"/>
+            <defaultWidthX value="1000"/>
+            <nominalWidthX value="607"/>
+          </Private>
+        </FontDict>
+        <FontDict index="1">
+          <FontName value="MasterSet_Kanji-w800.00-Kanji"/>
+          <Private>
+            <BlueValues value="-250 -250 1100 1100"/>
+            <BlueScale value="0.039625"/>
+            <BlueShift value="7"/>
+            <BlueFuzz value="0"/>
+            <StdHW value="1"/>
+            <StdVW value="1"/>
+            <ForceBold value="0"/>
+            <LanguageGroup value="1"/>
+            <ExpansionFactor value="0.06"/>
+            <initialRandomSeed value="0"/>
+            <defaultWidthX value="1000"/>
+            <nominalWidthX value="0"/>
+          </Private>
+        </FontDict>
+      </FDArray>
+      <CharStrings>
+        <CharString name=".notdef" fdSelectIndex="0">
+          393 -120 50 859 91 -50 50 hstemhm
+          100 50 700 50 hintmask 10111000
+          100 -120 rmoveto
+          800 0 rlineto
+          0 1000 rlineto
+          -800 0 rlineto
+          400 -459 rmoveto
+          -318 409 rlineto
+          636 0 rlineto
+          -286 -450 rmoveto
+          hintmask 11011000
+          318 409 rlineto
+          0 -818 rlineto
+          -668 -41 rmoveto
+          318 409 rlineto
+          318 -409 rlineto
+          -668 859 rmoveto
+          318 -409 rlineto
+          -318 -409 rlineto
+          endchar
+        </CharString>
+        <CharString name="cid13393" fdSelectIndex="1">
+          1000 -71 96 -27 27 50 85 -35 105 -23 86 -86 161 -8 84 248 88 -34 34 -13 42 hstemhm
+          69 107 88 108 -103 37 307 114 82 34 hintmask 1010101101110110
+          552 780 rmoveto
+          0 -88 rlineto
+          291 0 rlineto
+          0 88 rlineto
+          -382 -487 rmoveto
+          0 -86 rlineto
+          463 0 rlineto
+          0 86 rlineto
+          -426 151 rmoveto
+          0 -84 rlineto
+          349 0 rlineto
+          0 84 rlineto
+          -480 -419 rmoveto
+          0 -96 rlineto
+          597 0 rlineto
+          0 96 rlineto
+          -516 135 rmoveto
+          0 -85 rlineto
+          456 0 rlineto
+          0 85 rlineto
+          -95 620 rmoveto
+          0 -16 rlineto
+          -72 -134 -195 -99 -195 -40 rrcurveto
+          22 -23 25 -43 12 -27 rrcurveto
+          hintmask 0000000010000010
+          213 54 207 110 96 184 rrcurveto
+          hintmask 0100010100000110
+          -74 39 rlineto
+          -18 -5 rlineto
+          -268 -57 rmoveto
+          -93 -34 rlineto
+          94 -142 159 -95 200 -40 rrcurveto
+          15 29 30 44 24 22 rrcurveto
+          -191 29 -160 77 -78 110 rrcurveto
+          13 132 rmoveto
+          -38 -74 -73 -81 -110 -59 rrcurveto
+          24 -16 36 -39 16 -25 rrcurveto
+          123 76 80 93 58 104 rrcurveto
+          -239 -466 rmoveto
+          -21 -62 -36 -63 -46 -42 rrcurveto
+          24 -13 41 -27 20 -16 rrcurveto
+          46 48 45 76 26 75 rrcurveto
+          62 24 rmoveto
+          0 -370 rlineto
+          114 0 rlineto
+          0 370 rlineto
+          hintmask 0000000000101000
+          -658 441 rmoveto
+          0 -902 rlineto
+          107 0 rlineto
+          0 792 rlineto
+          130 0 rlineto
+          0 110 rlineto
+          -37 0 rmoveto
+          0 -36 rlineto
+          -14 -65 -32 -143 -29 -91 rrcurveto
+          hintmask 0001000000010000
+          57 -68 13 -64 0 -46 rrcurveto
+          0 -30 -5 -20 -12 -9 rrcurveto
+          -7 -6 -11 -3 -10 0 rrcurveto
+          -13 0 -13 0 -18 2 rrcurveto
+          18 -30 9 -46 1 -29 rrcurveto
+          23 -1 24 0 18 2 rrcurveto
+          22 4 20 7 16 12 rrcurveto
+          32 22 14 43 0 66 rrcurveto
+          0 59 -13 70 -62 78 rrcurveto
+          hintmask 0000000001001000
+          29 80 34 112 27 88 rrcurveto
+          hintmask 0000000000001000
+          -80 46 rlineto
+          -18 -4 rlineto
+          endchar
+        </CharString>
+      </CharStrings>
+    </CFFFont>
+
+    <GlobalSubrs>
+      <!-- The 'index' attribute is only for humans; it is ignored when parsed. -->
+    </GlobalSubrs>
+  </CFF>
+
+  <GSUB>
+    <Version value="0x00010000"/>
+    <ScriptList>
+      <!-- ScriptCount=1 -->
+      <ScriptRecord index="0">
+        <ScriptTag value="DFLT"/>
+        <Script>
+          <DefaultLangSys>
+            <ReqFeatureIndex value="65535"/>
+            <!-- FeatureCount=0 -->
+          </DefaultLangSys>
+          <!-- LangSysCount=0 -->
+        </Script>
+      </ScriptRecord>
+    </ScriptList>
+    <FeatureList>
+      <!-- FeatureCount=0 -->
+    </FeatureList>
+    <LookupList>
+      <!-- LookupCount=0 -->
+    </LookupList>
+  </GSUB>
+
+  <VORG>
+    <majorVersion value="1"/>
+    <minorVersion value="0"/>
+    <defaultVertOriginY value="880"/>
+    <numVertOriginYMetrics value="0"/>
+  </VORG>
+
+  <hmtx>
+    <mtx name=".notdef" width="1000" lsb="100"/>
+    <mtx name="cid13393" width="1000" lsb="69"/>
+  </hmtx>
+
+  <vhea>
+    <tableVersion value="0x00011000"/>
+    <ascent value="500"/>
+    <descent value="-500"/>
+    <lineGap value="0"/>
+    <advanceHeightMax value="1000"/>
+    <minTopSideBearing value="0"/>
+    <minBottomSideBearing value="0"/>
+    <yMaxExtent value="1000"/>
+    <caretSlopeRise value="0"/>
+    <caretSlopeRun value="1"/>
+    <caretOffset value="0"/>
+    <reserved1 value="0"/>
+    <reserved2 value="0"/>
+    <reserved3 value="0"/>
+    <reserved4 value="0"/>
+    <metricDataFormat value="0"/>
+    <numberOfVMetrics value="1"/>
+  </vhea>
+
+  <vmtx>
+    <mtx name=".notdef" height="1000" tsb="0"/>
+    <mtx name="cid13393" height="1000" tsb="25"/>
+  </vmtx>
+
+</ttFont>
diff --git a/Tests/varLib/data/master_sparse_cff2/MasterSet_Kanji-w889.00.ttx b/Tests/varLib/data/master_sparse_cff2/MasterSet_Kanji-w889.00.ttx
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a90da39
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/varLib/data/master_sparse_cff2/MasterSet_Kanji-w889.00.ttx
@@ -0,0 +1,473 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<ttFont sfntVersion="OTTO" ttLibVersion="3.41">
+
+  <GlyphOrder>
+    <!-- The 'id' attribute is only for humans; it is ignored when parsed. -->
+    <GlyphID id="0" name=".notdef"/>
+    <GlyphID id="1" name="cid06449"/>
+    <GlyphID id="2" name="cid22370"/>
+  </GlyphOrder>
+
+  <head>
+    <!-- Most of this table will be recalculated by the compiler -->
+    <tableVersion value="1.0"/>
+    <fontRevision value="1.002"/>
+    <checkSumAdjustment value="0xe198766"/>
+    <magicNumber value="0x5f0f3cf5"/>
+    <flags value="00000000 00000011"/>
+    <unitsPerEm value="1000"/>
+    <created value="Thu Dec 13 12:08:11 2018"/>
+    <modified value="Tue Apr 16 22:17:21 2019"/>
+    <xMin value="30"/>
+    <yMin value="-120"/>
+    <xMax value="986"/>
+    <yMax value="880"/>
+    <macStyle value="00000000 00000000"/>
+    <lowestRecPPEM value="3"/>
+    <fontDirectionHint value="2"/>
+    <indexToLocFormat value="0"/>
+    <glyphDataFormat value="0"/>
+  </head>
+
+  <hhea>
+    <tableVersion value="0x00010000"/>
+    <ascent value="1160"/>
+    <descent value="-317"/>
+    <lineGap value="0"/>
+    <advanceWidthMax value="1000"/>
+    <minLeftSideBearing value="30"/>
+    <minRightSideBearing value="14"/>
+    <xMaxExtent value="986"/>
+    <caretSlopeRise value="1"/>
+    <caretSlopeRun value="0"/>
+    <caretOffset value="0"/>
+    <reserved0 value="0"/>
+    <reserved1 value="0"/>
+    <reserved2 value="0"/>
+    <reserved3 value="0"/>
+    <metricDataFormat value="0"/>
+    <numberOfHMetrics value="1"/>
+  </hhea>
+
+  <maxp>
+    <tableVersion value="0x5000"/>
+    <numGlyphs value="3"/>
+  </maxp>
+
+  <OS_2>
+    <!-- The fields 'usFirstCharIndex' and 'usLastCharIndex'
+         will be recalculated by the compiler -->
+    <version value="3"/>
+    <xAvgCharWidth value="978"/>
+    <usWeightClass value="250"/>
+    <usWidthClass value="5"/>
+    <fsType value="00000000 00000100"/>
+    <ySubscriptXSize value="650"/>
+    <ySubscriptYSize value="600"/>
+    <ySubscriptXOffset value="0"/>
+    <ySubscriptYOffset value="75"/>
+    <ySuperscriptXSize value="650"/>
+    <ySuperscriptYSize value="600"/>
+    <ySuperscriptXOffset value="0"/>
+    <ySuperscriptYOffset value="350"/>
+    <yStrikeoutSize value="50"/>
+    <yStrikeoutPosition value="228"/>
+    <sFamilyClass value="0"/>
+    <panose>
+      <bFamilyType value="0"/>
+      <bSerifStyle value="0"/>
+      <bWeight value="3"/>
+      <bProportion value="0"/>
+      <bContrast value="0"/>
+      <bStrokeVariation value="0"/>
+      <bArmStyle value="0"/>
+      <bLetterForm value="0"/>
+      <bMidline value="0"/>
+      <bXHeight value="0"/>
+    </panose>
+    <ulUnicodeRange1 value="00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000"/>
+    <ulUnicodeRange2 value="00001000 00000000 00000000 00000000"/>
+    <ulUnicodeRange3 value="00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000"/>
+    <ulUnicodeRange4 value="00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000"/>
+    <achVendID value="ADBE"/>
+    <fsSelection value="00000000 00000000"/>
+    <usFirstCharIndex value="34130"/>
+    <usLastCharIndex value="34216"/>
+    <sTypoAscender value="880"/>
+    <sTypoDescender value="-120"/>
+    <sTypoLineGap value="200"/>
+    <usWinAscent value="1160"/>
+    <usWinDescent value="317"/>
+    <ulCodePageRange1 value="00100000 00000010 00000000 10011111"/>
+    <ulCodePageRange2 value="00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000"/>
+    <sxHeight value="380"/>
+    <sCapHeight value="760"/>
+    <usDefaultChar value="0"/>
+    <usBreakChar value="32"/>
+    <usMaxContext value="1"/>
+  </OS_2>
+
+  <name>
+    <namerecord nameID="0" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Copyright © 2018 Adobe systems Co., Ltd. All Rights Reserved.
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="1" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      SHSansJPVF w889.00
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="2" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Regular
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="3" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      1.002;ADBE;MasterSet_Kanji-w889.00
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="4" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      SHSansJPVF w889.00
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="5" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Version 1.002;hotconv 1.0.109;makeotfexe 2.5.65596 DEVELOPMENT
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="6" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      MasterSet_Kanji-w889.00
+    </namerecord>
+  </name>
+
+  <cmap>
+    <tableVersion version="0"/>
+    <cmap_format_4 platformID="0" platEncID="3" language="0">
+      <map code="0x8552" name="cid22370"/><!-- CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-8552 -->
+      <map code="0x85a8" name="cid06449"/><!-- CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-85A8 -->
+    </cmap_format_4>
+    <cmap_format_12 platformID="0" platEncID="4" format="12" reserved="0" length="40" language="0" nGroups="2">
+      <map code="0x8552" name="cid22370"/><!-- CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-8552 -->
+      <map code="0x85a8" name="cid06449"/><!-- CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-85A8 -->
+    </cmap_format_12>
+    <cmap_format_4 platformID="3" platEncID="1" language="0">
+      <map code="0x8552" name="cid22370"/><!-- CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-8552 -->
+      <map code="0x85a8" name="cid06449"/><!-- CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-85A8 -->
+    </cmap_format_4>
+    <cmap_format_12 platformID="3" platEncID="10" format="12" reserved="0" length="40" language="0" nGroups="2">
+      <map code="0x8552" name="cid22370"/><!-- CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-8552 -->
+      <map code="0x85a8" name="cid06449"/><!-- CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-85A8 -->
+    </cmap_format_12>
+  </cmap>
+
+  <post>
+    <formatType value="3.0"/>
+    <italicAngle value="0.0"/>
+    <underlinePosition value="-75"/>
+    <underlineThickness value="50"/>
+    <isFixedPitch value="0"/>
+    <minMemType42 value="0"/>
+    <maxMemType42 value="0"/>
+    <minMemType1 value="0"/>
+    <maxMemType1 value="0"/>
+  </post>
+
+  <CFF>
+    <major value="1"/>
+    <minor value="0"/>
+    <CFFFont name="MasterSet_Kanji-w889.00">
+      <ROS Registry="Adobe" Order="Japan1" Supplement="6"/>
+      <Notice value="1997-2007, 2012 Adobe Systems Incorporated. All Rights Reserved. Kozuka Mincho is either a registered trademark or trademark of Adobe Systems Incorporated in the United States and/or other countries.&quot;"/>
+      <FullName value="Master Set Kanji w889.00"/>
+      <FamilyName value="Master Set Kanji"/>
+      <Weight value="ExtraLight"/>
+      <isFixedPitch value="0"/>
+      <ItalicAngle value="0"/>
+      <UnderlinePosition value="-100"/>
+      <UnderlineThickness value="50"/>
+      <PaintType value="0"/>
+      <CharstringType value="2"/>
+      <FontMatrix value="0.001 0 0 0.001 0 0"/>
+      <FontBBox value="30 -120 986 880"/>
+      <StrokeWidth value="0"/>
+      <XUID value="1119273886"/>
+      <CIDFontVersion value="6.004"/>
+      <CIDFontRevision value="0"/>
+      <CIDFontType value="0"/>
+      <CIDCount value="23058"/>
+      <!-- charset is dumped separately as the 'GlyphOrder' element -->
+      <FDSelect format="3"/>
+      <FDArray>
+        <FontDict index="0">
+          <FontName value="MasterSet_Kanji-w889.00-Generic"/>
+          <Private>
+            <BlueValues value="-250 -250 1100 1100"/>
+            <BlueScale value="0.039625"/>
+            <BlueShift value="7"/>
+            <BlueFuzz value="0"/>
+            <StdHW value="1"/>
+            <StdVW value="1"/>
+            <ForceBold value="0"/>
+            <LanguageGroup value="1"/>
+            <ExpansionFactor value="0.06"/>
+            <initialRandomSeed value="0"/>
+            <defaultWidthX value="1000"/>
+            <nominalWidthX value="607"/>
+          </Private>
+        </FontDict>
+        <FontDict index="1">
+          <FontName value="MasterSet_Kanji-w889.00-Kanji"/>
+          <Private>
+            <BlueValues value="-250 -250 1100 1100"/>
+            <BlueScale value="0.039625"/>
+            <BlueShift value="7"/>
+            <BlueFuzz value="0"/>
+            <StdHW value="1"/>
+            <StdVW value="1"/>
+            <ForceBold value="0"/>
+            <LanguageGroup value="1"/>
+            <ExpansionFactor value="0.06"/>
+            <initialRandomSeed value="0"/>
+            <defaultWidthX value="1000"/>
+            <nominalWidthX value="0"/>
+          </Private>
+        </FontDict>
+      </FDArray>
+      <CharStrings>
+        <CharString name=".notdef" fdSelectIndex="0">
+          393 -120 50 859 91 -50 50 hstemhm
+          100 50 700 50 hintmask 10111000
+          100 -120 rmoveto
+          800 0 rlineto
+          0 1000 rlineto
+          -800 0 rlineto
+          400 -459 rmoveto
+          -318 409 rlineto
+          636 0 rlineto
+          -286 -450 rmoveto
+          hintmask 11011000
+          318 409 rlineto
+          0 -818 rlineto
+          -668 -41 rmoveto
+          318 409 rlineto
+          318 -409 rlineto
+          -668 859 rmoveto
+          318 -409 rlineto
+          -318 -409 rlineto
+          endchar
+        </CharString>
+        <CharString name="cid06449" fdSelectIndex="1">
+          1000 -83 97 105 72 -22 22 34 18 -18 21.5 -21.5 83 -52 52 28 87 26 83 38 84 12 126 -106 106 -106 167 hstemhm
+          63 118 -40 117 9 132 -50 104 -41 37 87 120 -111 105 -52 132 14 124 -51 125 -85 103 hintmask 110001011101011101101101
+          50 792 rmoveto
+          0 -106 rlineto
+          901 0 rlineto
+          0 106 rlineto
+          -800 -484 rmoveto
+          0 -83 rlineto
+          706 0 rlineto
+          0 83 rlineto
+          hintmask 000000000000100100000000
+          -590 545 rmoveto
+          hintmask 000000000010000100000000
+          0 -187 rlineto
+          132 0 rlineto
+          hintmask 000000000000100100001000
+          0 187 rlineto
+          199 0 rmoveto
+          hintmask 000000000010000000001000
+          0 -187 rlineto
+          132 0 rlineto
+          hintmask 000000000000100000001000
+          0 187 rlineto
+          hintmask 000000111100011010010100
+          -80 -283 rmoveto
+          94 0 rlineto
+          0 -38 rlineto
+          -94 0 rlineto
+          -197 38 rmoveto
+          92 0 rlineto
+          0 -38 rlineto
+          -92 0 rlineto
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+          91 0 rlineto
+          0 -38 rlineto
+          -91 0 rlineto
+          -117 122 rmoveto
+          0 -205 rlineto
+          727 0 rlineto
+          0 205 rlineto
+          -805 -231 rmoveto
+          0 -167 rlineto
+          118 0 rlineto
+          0 80 rlineto
+          hintmask 000000110000000000000010
+          636 0 rlineto
+          0 -80 rlineto
+          125 0 rlineto
+          0 167 rlineto
+          hintmask 000010000000000100000000
+          -666 -167 rmoveto
+          -41 -49 -74 -44 -109 -32 rrcurveto
+          20 -15 29 -35 13 -23 rrcurveto
+          hintmask 010000000000000001000000
+          124 45 82 56 57 78 rrcurveto
+          35 -46 rmoveto
+          0 -13 rlineto
+          -49 -109 -140 -55 -169 -19 rrcurveto
+          18 -22 23 -42 8 -26 rrcurveto
+          hintmask 001000000000000001000000
+          194 32 155 72 67 160 rrcurveto
+          hintmask 110100000000000001100001
+          -66 24 rlineto
+          -19 -2 rlineto
+          -258 -127 rmoveto
+          30 -17 37 -31 20 -21 rrcurveto
+          75 50 rlineto
+          -20 20 -37 27 -32 16 rrcurveto
+          17 83 rmoveto
+          -72 -72 rlineto
+          255 0 rlineto
+          0 72 rlineto
+          87 52 rmoveto
+          0 -196 rlineto
+          0 -100 29 -30 121 0 rrcurveto
+          24 0 92 0 26 0 rrcurveto
+          87 0 32 27 13 98 rrcurveto
+          -33 6 -46 17 -24 16 rrcurveto
+          -4 -56 -7 -11 -30 0 rrcurveto
+          -22 0 -75 0 -17 0 rrcurveto
+          -39 0 -7 5 0 29 rrcurveto
+          0 195 rlineto
+          164 -30 rmoveto
+          -56 -25 -96 -22 -86 -14 rrcurveto
+          12 -21 14 -37 5 -22 rrcurveto
+          95 12 114 21 84 33 rrcurveto
+          endchar
+        </CharString>
+        <CharString name="cid22370" fdSelectIndex="1">
+          1000 62 72 29 68 28 68 28 72 29 86 37 87 17 114 -95 95 -95 151 hstemhm
+          116 117 -65 129 -23 128 -65 105 106 105 -60 130 -14 135 -83 124 hintmask 111111010011001100000000
+          50 797 rmoveto
+          0 -95 rlineto
+          901 0 rlineto
+          0 95 rlineto
+          hintmask 000000001001000000000000
+          -677 56 rmoveto
+          hintmask 000000100001000000000000
+          0 -170 rlineto
+          128 0 rlineto
+          hintmask 000000001001001000000000
+          0 170 rlineto
+          191 0 rmoveto
+          hintmask 000000100000001000000000
+          0 -170 rlineto
+          130 0 rlineto
+          hintmask 000000001000001000000000
+          0 170 rlineto
+          hintmask 000011000100110010000000
+          -70 -274 rmoveto
+          108 0 rlineto
+          0 -37 rlineto
+          -108 0 rlineto
+          -211 37 rmoveto
+          106 0 rlineto
+          0 -37 rlineto
+          -106 0 rlineto
+          -209 37 rmoveto
+          104 0 rlineto
+          0 -37 rlineto
+          -104 0 rlineto
+          -117 124 rmoveto
+          0 -210 rlineto
+          769 0 rlineto
+          0 210 rlineto
+          hintmask 111100000010000100000000
+          -588 -407 rmoveto
+          412 0 rlineto
+          0 -28 rlineto
+          -412 0 rlineto
+          0 -68 rmoveto
+          412 0 rlineto
+          0 -29 rlineto
+          -412 0 rlineto
+          0 221 rmoveto
+          412 0 rlineto
+          0 -28 rlineto
+          -412 0 rlineto
+          -129 100 rmoveto
+          0 -365 rlineto
+          676 0 rlineto
+          0 365 rlineto
+          -302 -420 rmoveto
+          110 -32 108 -41 59 -28 rrcurveto
+          167 61 rlineto
+          -77 29 -134 43 -112 31 rrcurveto
+          -325 -1 rmoveto
+          -72 -33 -125 -29 -111 -16 rrcurveto
+          27 -20 44 -44 22 -25 rrcurveto
+          106 24 135 43 87 47 rrcurveto
+          endchar
+        </CharString>
+      </CharStrings>
+    </CFFFont>
+
+    <GlobalSubrs>
+      <!-- The 'index' attribute is only for humans; it is ignored when parsed. -->
+    </GlobalSubrs>
+  </CFF>
+
+  <GSUB>
+    <Version value="0x00010000"/>
+    <ScriptList>
+      <!-- ScriptCount=1 -->
+      <ScriptRecord index="0">
+        <ScriptTag value="DFLT"/>
+        <Script>
+          <DefaultLangSys>
+            <ReqFeatureIndex value="65535"/>
+            <!-- FeatureCount=0 -->
+          </DefaultLangSys>
+          <!-- LangSysCount=0 -->
+        </Script>
+      </ScriptRecord>
+    </ScriptList>
+    <FeatureList>
+      <!-- FeatureCount=0 -->
+    </FeatureList>
+    <LookupList>
+      <!-- LookupCount=0 -->
+    </LookupList>
+  </GSUB>
+
+  <VORG>
+    <majorVersion value="1"/>
+    <minorVersion value="0"/>
+    <defaultVertOriginY value="880"/>
+    <numVertOriginYMetrics value="0"/>
+  </VORG>
+
+  <hmtx>
+    <mtx name=".notdef" width="1000" lsb="100"/>
+    <mtx name="cid06449" width="1000" lsb="50"/>
+    <mtx name="cid22370" width="1000" lsb="30"/>
+  </hmtx>
+
+  <vhea>
+    <tableVersion value="0x00011000"/>
+    <ascent value="500"/>
+    <descent value="-500"/>
+    <lineGap value="0"/>
+    <advanceHeightMax value="1000"/>
+    <minTopSideBearing value="0"/>
+    <minBottomSideBearing value="0"/>
+    <yMaxExtent value="1000"/>
+    <caretSlopeRise value="0"/>
+    <caretSlopeRun value="1"/>
+    <caretOffset value="0"/>
+    <reserved1 value="0"/>
+    <reserved2 value="0"/>
+    <reserved3 value="0"/>
+    <reserved4 value="0"/>
+    <metricDataFormat value="0"/>
+    <numberOfVMetrics value="1"/>
+  </vhea>
+
+  <vmtx>
+    <mtx name=".notdef" height="1000" tsb="0"/>
+    <mtx name="cid06449" height="1000" tsb="27"/>
+    <mtx name="cid22370" height="1000" tsb="27"/>
+  </vmtx>
+
+</ttFont>
diff --git a/Tests/varLib/data/master_sparse_cff2/MasterSet_Kanji-w890.00.ttx b/Tests/varLib/data/master_sparse_cff2/MasterSet_Kanji-w890.00.ttx
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a0aed4f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/varLib/data/master_sparse_cff2/MasterSet_Kanji-w890.00.ttx
@@ -0,0 +1,473 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<ttFont sfntVersion="OTTO" ttLibVersion="3.41">
+
+  <GlyphOrder>
+    <!-- The 'id' attribute is only for humans; it is ignored when parsed. -->
+    <GlyphID id="0" name=".notdef"/>
+    <GlyphID id="1" name="cid06449"/>
+    <GlyphID id="2" name="cid22370"/>
+  </GlyphOrder>
+
+  <head>
+    <!-- Most of this table will be recalculated by the compiler -->
+    <tableVersion value="1.0"/>
+    <fontRevision value="1.002"/>
+    <checkSumAdjustment value="0x3deef2bc"/>
+    <magicNumber value="0x5f0f3cf5"/>
+    <flags value="00000000 00000011"/>
+    <unitsPerEm value="1000"/>
+    <created value="Thu Dec 13 12:08:19 2018"/>
+    <modified value="Tue Apr 16 22:17:21 2019"/>
+    <xMin value="30"/>
+    <yMin value="-120"/>
+    <xMax value="986"/>
+    <yMax value="880"/>
+    <macStyle value="00000000 00000000"/>
+    <lowestRecPPEM value="3"/>
+    <fontDirectionHint value="2"/>
+    <indexToLocFormat value="0"/>
+    <glyphDataFormat value="0"/>
+  </head>
+
+  <hhea>
+    <tableVersion value="0x00010000"/>
+    <ascent value="1160"/>
+    <descent value="-317"/>
+    <lineGap value="0"/>
+    <advanceWidthMax value="1000"/>
+    <minLeftSideBearing value="30"/>
+    <minRightSideBearing value="14"/>
+    <xMaxExtent value="986"/>
+    <caretSlopeRise value="1"/>
+    <caretSlopeRun value="0"/>
+    <caretOffset value="0"/>
+    <reserved0 value="0"/>
+    <reserved1 value="0"/>
+    <reserved2 value="0"/>
+    <reserved3 value="0"/>
+    <metricDataFormat value="0"/>
+    <numberOfHMetrics value="1"/>
+  </hhea>
+
+  <maxp>
+    <tableVersion value="0x5000"/>
+    <numGlyphs value="3"/>
+  </maxp>
+
+  <OS_2>
+    <!-- The fields 'usFirstCharIndex' and 'usLastCharIndex'
+         will be recalculated by the compiler -->
+    <version value="3"/>
+    <xAvgCharWidth value="978"/>
+    <usWeightClass value="250"/>
+    <usWidthClass value="5"/>
+    <fsType value="00000000 00000100"/>
+    <ySubscriptXSize value="650"/>
+    <ySubscriptYSize value="600"/>
+    <ySubscriptXOffset value="0"/>
+    <ySubscriptYOffset value="75"/>
+    <ySuperscriptXSize value="650"/>
+    <ySuperscriptYSize value="600"/>
+    <ySuperscriptXOffset value="0"/>
+    <ySuperscriptYOffset value="350"/>
+    <yStrikeoutSize value="50"/>
+    <yStrikeoutPosition value="228"/>
+    <sFamilyClass value="0"/>
+    <panose>
+      <bFamilyType value="0"/>
+      <bSerifStyle value="0"/>
+      <bWeight value="3"/>
+      <bProportion value="0"/>
+      <bContrast value="0"/>
+      <bStrokeVariation value="0"/>
+      <bArmStyle value="0"/>
+      <bLetterForm value="0"/>
+      <bMidline value="0"/>
+      <bXHeight value="0"/>
+    </panose>
+    <ulUnicodeRange1 value="00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000"/>
+    <ulUnicodeRange2 value="00001000 00000000 00000000 00000000"/>
+    <ulUnicodeRange3 value="00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000"/>
+    <ulUnicodeRange4 value="00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000"/>
+    <achVendID value="ADBE"/>
+    <fsSelection value="00000000 00000000"/>
+    <usFirstCharIndex value="34130"/>
+    <usLastCharIndex value="34216"/>
+    <sTypoAscender value="880"/>
+    <sTypoDescender value="-120"/>
+    <sTypoLineGap value="200"/>
+    <usWinAscent value="1160"/>
+    <usWinDescent value="317"/>
+    <ulCodePageRange1 value="00100000 00000010 00000000 10011111"/>
+    <ulCodePageRange2 value="00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000"/>
+    <sxHeight value="380"/>
+    <sCapHeight value="760"/>
+    <usDefaultChar value="0"/>
+    <usBreakChar value="32"/>
+    <usMaxContext value="1"/>
+  </OS_2>
+
+  <name>
+    <namerecord nameID="0" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Copyright © 2018 Adobe systems Co., Ltd. All Rights Reserved.
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="1" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      SHSansJPVF w890.00
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="2" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Regular
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="3" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      1.002;ADBE;MasterSet_Kanji-w890.00
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="4" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      SHSansJPVF w890.00
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="5" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Version 1.002;hotconv 1.0.109;makeotfexe 2.5.65596 DEVELOPMENT
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="6" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      MasterSet_Kanji-w890.00
+    </namerecord>
+  </name>
+
+  <cmap>
+    <tableVersion version="0"/>
+    <cmap_format_4 platformID="0" platEncID="3" language="0">
+      <map code="0x8552" name="cid22370"/><!-- CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-8552 -->
+      <map code="0x85a8" name="cid06449"/><!-- CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-85A8 -->
+    </cmap_format_4>
+    <cmap_format_12 platformID="0" platEncID="4" format="12" reserved="0" length="40" language="0" nGroups="2">
+      <map code="0x8552" name="cid22370"/><!-- CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-8552 -->
+      <map code="0x85a8" name="cid06449"/><!-- CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-85A8 -->
+    </cmap_format_12>
+    <cmap_format_4 platformID="3" platEncID="1" language="0">
+      <map code="0x8552" name="cid22370"/><!-- CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-8552 -->
+      <map code="0x85a8" name="cid06449"/><!-- CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-85A8 -->
+    </cmap_format_4>
+    <cmap_format_12 platformID="3" platEncID="10" format="12" reserved="0" length="40" language="0" nGroups="2">
+      <map code="0x8552" name="cid22370"/><!-- CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-8552 -->
+      <map code="0x85a8" name="cid06449"/><!-- CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-85A8 -->
+    </cmap_format_12>
+  </cmap>
+
+  <post>
+    <formatType value="3.0"/>
+    <italicAngle value="0.0"/>
+    <underlinePosition value="-75"/>
+    <underlineThickness value="50"/>
+    <isFixedPitch value="0"/>
+    <minMemType42 value="0"/>
+    <maxMemType42 value="0"/>
+    <minMemType1 value="0"/>
+    <maxMemType1 value="0"/>
+  </post>
+
+  <CFF>
+    <major value="1"/>
+    <minor value="0"/>
+    <CFFFont name="MasterSet_Kanji-w890.00">
+      <ROS Registry="Adobe" Order="Japan1" Supplement="6"/>
+      <Notice value="1997-2007, 2012 Adobe Systems Incorporated. All Rights Reserved. Kozuka Mincho is either a registered trademark or trademark of Adobe Systems Incorporated in the United States and/or other countries.&quot;"/>
+      <FullName value="Master Set Kanji w890.00"/>
+      <FamilyName value="Master Set Kanji"/>
+      <Weight value="ExtraLight"/>
+      <isFixedPitch value="0"/>
+      <ItalicAngle value="0"/>
+      <UnderlinePosition value="-100"/>
+      <UnderlineThickness value="50"/>
+      <PaintType value="0"/>
+      <CharstringType value="2"/>
+      <FontMatrix value="0.001 0 0 0.001 0 0"/>
+      <FontBBox value="30 -120 986 880"/>
+      <StrokeWidth value="0"/>
+      <XUID value="1119273886"/>
+      <CIDFontVersion value="6.004"/>
+      <CIDFontRevision value="0"/>
+      <CIDFontType value="0"/>
+      <CIDCount value="23058"/>
+      <!-- charset is dumped separately as the 'GlyphOrder' element -->
+      <FDSelect format="3"/>
+      <FDArray>
+        <FontDict index="0">
+          <FontName value="MasterSet_Kanji-w890.00-Generic"/>
+          <Private>
+            <BlueValues value="-250 -250 1100 1100"/>
+            <BlueScale value="0.039625"/>
+            <BlueShift value="7"/>
+            <BlueFuzz value="0"/>
+            <StdHW value="1"/>
+            <StdVW value="1"/>
+            <ForceBold value="0"/>
+            <LanguageGroup value="1"/>
+            <ExpansionFactor value="0.06"/>
+            <initialRandomSeed value="0"/>
+            <defaultWidthX value="1000"/>
+            <nominalWidthX value="607"/>
+          </Private>
+        </FontDict>
+        <FontDict index="1">
+          <FontName value="MasterSet_Kanji-w890.00-Kanji"/>
+          <Private>
+            <BlueValues value="-250 -250 1100 1100"/>
+            <BlueScale value="0.039625"/>
+            <BlueShift value="7"/>
+            <BlueFuzz value="0"/>
+            <StdHW value="1"/>
+            <StdVW value="1"/>
+            <ForceBold value="0"/>
+            <LanguageGroup value="1"/>
+            <ExpansionFactor value="0.06"/>
+            <initialRandomSeed value="0"/>
+            <defaultWidthX value="1000"/>
+            <nominalWidthX value="0"/>
+          </Private>
+        </FontDict>
+      </FDArray>
+      <CharStrings>
+        <CharString name=".notdef" fdSelectIndex="0">
+          393 -120 50 859 91 -50 50 hstemhm
+          100 50 700 50 hintmask 10111000
+          100 -120 rmoveto
+          800 0 rlineto
+          0 1000 rlineto
+          -800 0 rlineto
+          400 -459 rmoveto
+          -318 409 rlineto
+          636 0 rlineto
+          -286 -450 rmoveto
+          hintmask 11011000
+          318 409 rlineto
+          0 -818 rlineto
+          -668 -41 rmoveto
+          318 409 rlineto
+          318 -409 rlineto
+          -668 859 rmoveto
+          318 -409 rlineto
+          -318 -409 rlineto
+          endchar
+        </CharString>
+        <CharString name="cid06449" fdSelectIndex="1">
+          1000 -83 98 104 72 -22 22 34 18 -18 21.5 -21.5 83 -52 52 28 87 26 83 38 84 -7 145 -106 106 -106 167 hstemhm
+          63 118 -40 117 9 132 -50 105 -42 37 87 120 -111 105 -52 132 14 124 -51 125 -85 103 hintmask 110001011101011101101101
+          50 792 rmoveto
+          0 -106 rlineto
+          901 0 rlineto
+          0 106 rlineto
+          -800 -484 rmoveto
+          0 -83 rlineto
+          706 0 rlineto
+          0 83 rlineto
+          hintmask 000000000000100100000000
+          -590 545 rmoveto
+          hintmask 000000000010000100000000
+          0 -206 rlineto
+          132 0 rlineto
+          hintmask 000000000000100100001000
+          0 206 rlineto
+          199 0 rmoveto
+          hintmask 000000000010000000001000
+          0 -206 rlineto
+          132 0 rlineto
+          hintmask 000000000000100000001000
+          0 206 rlineto
+          hintmask 000000111100011010010100
+          -80 -283 rmoveto
+          94 0 rlineto
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+          -94 0 rlineto
+          -196 38 rmoveto
+          91 0 rlineto
+          0 -38 rlineto
+          -91 0 rlineto
+          -196 38 rmoveto
+          91 0 rlineto
+          0 -38 rlineto
+          -91 0 rlineto
+          -117 122 rmoveto
+          0 -205 rlineto
+          727 0 rlineto
+          0 205 rlineto
+          -805 -231 rmoveto
+          0 -167 rlineto
+          118 0 rlineto
+          0 80 rlineto
+          hintmask 000000110000000000000010
+          636 0 rlineto
+          0 -80 rlineto
+          125 0 rlineto
+          0 167 rlineto
+          hintmask 000010000000000100000000
+          -666 -167 rmoveto
+          -41 -49 -74 -44 -109 -32 rrcurveto
+          20 -15 29 -35 13 -23 rrcurveto
+          hintmask 010000000000000001000000
+          124 45 82 56 57 78 rrcurveto
+          35 -46 rmoveto
+          0 -13 rlineto
+          -49 -109 -140 -55 -169 -19 rrcurveto
+          18 -22 23 -42 8 -26 rrcurveto
+          hintmask 001000000000000001000000
+          194 32 155 72 67 160 rrcurveto
+          hintmask 110100000000000001100001
+          -66 24 rlineto
+          -19 -2 rlineto
+          -258 -127 rmoveto
+          30 -17 37 -31 20 -21 rrcurveto
+          75 50 rlineto
+          -20 20 -37 27 -32 16 rrcurveto
+          17 83 rmoveto
+          -72 -72 rlineto
+          255 0 rlineto
+          0 72 rlineto
+          87 52 rmoveto
+          0 -196 rlineto
+          0 -100 29 -30 121 0 rrcurveto
+          24 0 92 0 26 0 rrcurveto
+          87 0 32 27 13 98 rrcurveto
+          -33 6 -46 17 -24 16 rrcurveto
+          -4 -56 -7 -10 -31 0 rrcurveto
+          -21 0 -75 0 -17 0 rrcurveto
+          -39 0 -7 4 0 29 rrcurveto
+          0 195 rlineto
+          164 -30 rmoveto
+          -56 -25 -96 -22 -86 -14 rrcurveto
+          12 -21 14 -37 5 -22 rrcurveto
+          95 12 114 21 84 33 rrcurveto
+          endchar
+        </CharString>
+        <CharString name="cid22370" fdSelectIndex="1">
+          1000 62 72 29 68 28 68 28 72 29 86 37 87 -15 146 -95 95 -95 151 hstemhm
+          116 118 -66 129 -23 128 -65 105 106 105 -60 130 -14 135 -83 124 hintmask 111111010011001100000000
+          50 797 rmoveto
+          0 -95 rlineto
+          901 0 rlineto
+          0 95 rlineto
+          hintmask 000000001001000000000000
+          -677 56 rmoveto
+          hintmask 000000100001000000000000
+          0 -202 rlineto
+          128 0 rlineto
+          hintmask 000000001001001000000000
+          0 202 rlineto
+          191 0 rmoveto
+          hintmask 000000100000001000000000
+          0 -202 rlineto
+          130 0 rlineto
+          hintmask 000000001000001000000000
+          0 202 rlineto
+          hintmask 000011000100110010000000
+          -70 -274 rmoveto
+          108 0 rlineto
+          0 -37 rlineto
+          -108 0 rlineto
+          -211 37 rmoveto
+          106 0 rlineto
+          0 -37 rlineto
+          -106 0 rlineto
+          -208 37 rmoveto
+          103 0 rlineto
+          0 -37 rlineto
+          -103 0 rlineto
+          -118 124 rmoveto
+          0 -210 rlineto
+          769 0 rlineto
+          0 210 rlineto
+          hintmask 111100000010000100000000
+          -588 -407 rmoveto
+          412 0 rlineto
+          0 -28 rlineto
+          -412 0 rlineto
+          0 -68 rmoveto
+          412 0 rlineto
+          0 -29 rlineto
+          -412 0 rlineto
+          0 221 rmoveto
+          412 0 rlineto
+          0 -28 rlineto
+          -412 0 rlineto
+          -129 100 rmoveto
+          0 -365 rlineto
+          676 0 rlineto
+          0 365 rlineto
+          -302 -420 rmoveto
+          110 -32 108 -41 59 -28 rrcurveto
+          167 61 rlineto
+          -77 29 -134 43 -112 31 rrcurveto
+          -325 -1 rmoveto
+          -72 -33 -125 -29 -111 -16 rrcurveto
+          27 -20 44 -44 22 -25 rrcurveto
+          106 24 135 43 87 47 rrcurveto
+          endchar
+        </CharString>
+      </CharStrings>
+    </CFFFont>
+
+    <GlobalSubrs>
+      <!-- The 'index' attribute is only for humans; it is ignored when parsed. -->
+    </GlobalSubrs>
+  </CFF>
+
+  <GSUB>
+    <Version value="0x00010000"/>
+    <ScriptList>
+      <!-- ScriptCount=1 -->
+      <ScriptRecord index="0">
+        <ScriptTag value="DFLT"/>
+        <Script>
+          <DefaultLangSys>
+            <ReqFeatureIndex value="65535"/>
+            <!-- FeatureCount=0 -->
+          </DefaultLangSys>
+          <!-- LangSysCount=0 -->
+        </Script>
+      </ScriptRecord>
+    </ScriptList>
+    <FeatureList>
+      <!-- FeatureCount=0 -->
+    </FeatureList>
+    <LookupList>
+      <!-- LookupCount=0 -->
+    </LookupList>
+  </GSUB>
+
+  <VORG>
+    <majorVersion value="1"/>
+    <minorVersion value="0"/>
+    <defaultVertOriginY value="880"/>
+    <numVertOriginYMetrics value="0"/>
+  </VORG>
+
+  <hmtx>
+    <mtx name=".notdef" width="1000" lsb="100"/>
+    <mtx name="cid06449" width="1000" lsb="50"/>
+    <mtx name="cid22370" width="1000" lsb="30"/>
+  </hmtx>
+
+  <vhea>
+    <tableVersion value="0x00011000"/>
+    <ascent value="500"/>
+    <descent value="-500"/>
+    <lineGap value="0"/>
+    <advanceHeightMax value="1000"/>
+    <minTopSideBearing value="0"/>
+    <minBottomSideBearing value="0"/>
+    <yMaxExtent value="1000"/>
+    <caretSlopeRise value="0"/>
+    <caretSlopeRun value="1"/>
+    <caretOffset value="0"/>
+    <reserved1 value="0"/>
+    <reserved2 value="0"/>
+    <reserved3 value="0"/>
+    <reserved4 value="0"/>
+    <metricDataFormat value="0"/>
+    <numberOfVMetrics value="1"/>
+  </vhea>
+
+  <vmtx>
+    <mtx name=".notdef" height="1000" tsb="0"/>
+    <mtx name="cid06449" height="1000" tsb="27"/>
+    <mtx name="cid22370" height="1000" tsb="27"/>
+  </vmtx>
+
+</ttFont>
diff --git a/Tests/varLib/data/master_ttx_getvar_ttf/Mutator_Getvar.ttx b/Tests/varLib/data/master_ttx_getvar_ttf/Mutator_Getvar.ttx
new file mode 100755
index 0000000..5360fe4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/varLib/data/master_ttx_getvar_ttf/Mutator_Getvar.ttx
@@ -0,0 +1,555 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<ttFont sfntVersion="\x00\x01\x00\x00" ttLibVersion="3.10">
+
+  <GlyphOrder>
+    <!-- The 'id' attribute is only for humans; it is ignored when parsed. -->
+    <GlyphID id="0" name=".notdef"/>
+    <GlyphID id="1" name="NULL"/>
+    <GlyphID id="2" name="nonmarkingreturn"/>
+    <GlyphID id="3" name="space"/>
+    <GlyphID id="4" name="b"/>
+    <GlyphID id="5" name="q"/>
+    <GlyphID id="6" name="a"/>
+  </GlyphOrder>
+
+  <head>
+    <!-- Most of this table will be recalculated by the compiler -->
+    <tableVersion value="1.0"/>
+    <fontRevision value="1.0"/>
+    <checkSumAdjustment value="0xe59c28a1"/>
+    <magicNumber value="0x5f0f3cf5"/>
+    <flags value="00000000 00001011"/>
+    <unitsPerEm value="1000"/>
+    <created value="Thu Apr 27 12:41:42 2017"/>
+    <modified value="Tue May  2 16:43:12 2017"/>
+    <xMin value="38"/>
+    <yMin value="-152"/>
+    <xMax value="456"/>
+    <yMax value="608"/>
+    <macStyle value="00000000 00000000"/>
+    <lowestRecPPEM value="9"/>
+    <fontDirectionHint value="2"/>
+    <indexToLocFormat value="0"/>
+    <glyphDataFormat value="0"/>
+  </head>
+
+  <hhea>
+    <tableVersion value="0x00010000"/>
+    <ascent value="750"/>
+    <descent value="-250"/>
+    <lineGap value="9"/>
+    <advanceWidthMax value="494"/>
+    <minLeftSideBearing value="38"/>
+    <minRightSideBearing value="38"/>
+    <xMaxExtent value="456"/>
+    <caretSlopeRise value="1"/>
+    <caretSlopeRun value="0"/>
+    <caretOffset value="0"/>
+    <reserved0 value="0"/>
+    <reserved1 value="0"/>
+    <reserved2 value="0"/>
+    <reserved3 value="0"/>
+    <metricDataFormat value="0"/>
+    <numberOfHMetrics value="5"/>
+  </hhea>
+
+  <maxp>
+    <!-- Most of this table will be recalculated by the compiler -->
+    <tableVersion value="0x10000"/>
+    <numGlyphs value="7"/>
+    <maxPoints value="20"/>
+    <maxContours value="2"/>
+    <maxCompositePoints value="20"/>
+    <maxCompositeContours value="2"/>
+    <maxZones value="1"/>
+    <maxTwilightPoints value="0"/>
+    <maxStorage value="0"/>
+    <maxFunctionDefs value="0"/>
+    <maxInstructionDefs value="0"/>
+    <maxStackElements value="0"/>
+    <maxSizeOfInstructions value="0"/>
+    <maxComponentElements value="1"/>
+    <maxComponentDepth value="1"/>
+  </maxp>
+
+  <OS_2>
+    <!-- The fields 'usFirstCharIndex' and 'usLastCharIndex'
+         will be recalculated by the compiler -->
+    <version value="3"/>
+    <xAvgCharWidth value="347"/>
+    <usWeightClass value="400"/>
+    <usWidthClass value="5"/>
+    <fsType value="00000000 00000100"/>
+    <ySubscriptXSize value="700"/>
+    <ySubscriptYSize value="650"/>
+    <ySubscriptXOffset value="0"/>
+    <ySubscriptYOffset value="140"/>
+    <ySuperscriptXSize value="700"/>
+    <ySuperscriptYSize value="650"/>
+    <ySuperscriptXOffset value="0"/>
+    <ySuperscriptYOffset value="477"/>
+    <yStrikeoutSize value="50"/>
+    <yStrikeoutPosition value="250"/>
+    <sFamilyClass value="0"/>
+    <panose>
+      <bFamilyType value="0"/>
+      <bSerifStyle value="0"/>
+      <bWeight value="0"/>
+      <bProportion value="0"/>
+      <bContrast value="0"/>
+      <bStrokeVariation value="0"/>
+      <bArmStyle value="0"/>
+      <bLetterForm value="0"/>
+      <bMidline value="0"/>
+      <bXHeight value="0"/>
+    </panose>
+    <ulUnicodeRange1 value="00000000 00000000 00000000 00000001"/>
+    <ulUnicodeRange2 value="00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000"/>
+    <ulUnicodeRange3 value="00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000"/>
+    <ulUnicodeRange4 value="00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000"/>
+    <achVendID value="LuFo"/>
+    <fsSelection value="00000000 01000000"/>
+    <usFirstCharIndex value="0"/>
+    <usLastCharIndex value="113"/>
+    <sTypoAscender value="750"/>
+    <sTypoDescender value="-250"/>
+    <sTypoLineGap value="0"/>
+    <usWinAscent value="608"/>
+    <usWinDescent value="152"/>
+    <ulCodePageRange1 value="00000000 00000000 00000000 00000001"/>
+    <ulCodePageRange2 value="00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000"/>
+    <sxHeight value="456"/>
+    <sCapHeight value="608"/>
+    <usDefaultChar value="0"/>
+    <usBreakChar value="32"/>
+    <usMaxContext value="0"/>
+  </OS_2>
+
+  <hmtx>
+    <mtx name=".notdef" width="200" lsb="0"/>
+    <mtx name="NULL" width="0" lsb="0"/>
+    <mtx name="a" width="494" lsb="38"/>
+    <mtx name="b" width="494" lsb="76"/>
+    <mtx name="nonmarkingreturn" width="200" lsb="0"/>
+    <mtx name="q" width="494" lsb="38"/>
+    <mtx name="space" width="200" lsb="0"/>
+  </hmtx>
+
+  <cmap>
+    <tableVersion version="0"/>
+    <cmap_format_4 platformID="0" platEncID="3" language="0">
+      <map code="0x0" name="NULL"/><!-- ???? -->
+      <map code="0xd" name="nonmarkingreturn"/><!-- ???? -->
+      <map code="0x20" name="space"/><!-- SPACE -->
+      <map code="0x61" name="a"/><!-- LATIN SMALL LETTER A -->
+      <map code="0x62" name="b"/><!-- LATIN SMALL LETTER B -->
+      <map code="0x71" name="q"/><!-- LATIN SMALL LETTER Q -->
+    </cmap_format_4>
+    <cmap_format_6 platformID="1" platEncID="0" language="0">
+      <map code="0x0" name="NULL"/>
+      <map code="0xd" name="nonmarkingreturn"/>
+      <map code="0x20" name="space"/>
+      <map code="0x61" name="a"/>
+      <map code="0x62" name="b"/>
+      <map code="0x71" name="q"/>
+    </cmap_format_6>
+    <cmap_format_4 platformID="3" platEncID="1" language="0">
+      <map code="0x0" name="NULL"/><!-- ???? -->
+      <map code="0xd" name="nonmarkingreturn"/><!-- ???? -->
+      <map code="0x20" name="space"/><!-- SPACE -->
+      <map code="0x61" name="a"/><!-- LATIN SMALL LETTER A -->
+      <map code="0x62" name="b"/><!-- LATIN SMALL LETTER B -->
+      <map code="0x71" name="q"/><!-- LATIN SMALL LETTER Q -->
+    </cmap_format_4>
+  </cmap>
+
+  <loca>
+    <!-- The 'loca' table will be calculated by the compiler -->
+  </loca>
+
+  <glyf>
+
+    <!-- The xMin, yMin, xMax and yMax values
+         will be recalculated by the compiler. -->
+
+    <TTGlyph name=".notdef"/><!-- contains no outline data -->
+
+    <TTGlyph name="NULL"/><!-- contains no outline data -->
+
+    <TTGlyph name="a" xMin="38" yMin="-12" xMax="418" yMax="468">
+      <contour>
+        <pt x="342" y="0" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="342" y="64" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="264" y="-12" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="190" y="-12" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="38" y="140" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="38" y="316" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="190" y="468" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="266" y="468" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="342" y="392" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="342" y="456" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="418" y="456" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="418" y="0" on="1"/>
+      </contour>
+      <contour>
+        <pt x="266" y="64" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="342" y="140" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="342" y="316" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="266" y="392" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="190" y="392" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="114" y="316" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="114" y="140" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="190" y="64" on="1"/>
+      </contour>
+      <instructions>
+        <assembly>
+          GETVARIATION[]
+        </assembly>
+    </instructions>
+    </TTGlyph>
+
+    <TTGlyph name="b" xMin="76" yMin="-12" xMax="456" yMax="608">
+      <contour>
+        <pt x="228" y="468" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="304" y="468" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="456" y="316" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="456" y="140" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="304" y="-12" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="230" y="-12" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="152" y="64" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="152" y="0" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="76" y="0" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="76" y="608" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="152" y="608" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="152" y="392" on="1"/>
+      </contour>
+      <contour>
+        <pt x="152" y="316" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="152" y="140" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="228" y="64" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="304" y="64" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="380" y="140" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="380" y="316" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="304" y="392" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="228" y="392" on="1"/>
+      </contour>
+      <instructions/>
+    </TTGlyph>
+
+    <TTGlyph name="nonmarkingreturn"/><!-- contains no outline data -->
+
+    <TTGlyph name="q" xMin="38" yMin="-152" xMax="418" yMax="468">
+      <component glyphName="b" x="494" y="456" scale="-0.99994" flags="0x4"/>
+    </TTGlyph>
+
+    <TTGlyph name="space"/><!-- contains no outline data -->
+
+  </glyf>
+
+  <name>
+    <namerecord nameID="1" platformID="1" platEncID="0" langID="0x0" unicode="True">
+      VarFont
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="2" platformID="1" platEncID="0" langID="0x0" unicode="True">
+      Regular
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="3" platformID="1" platEncID="0" langID="0x0" unicode="True">
+      VarFont Regular: 2017
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="4" platformID="1" platEncID="0" langID="0x0" unicode="True">
+      VarFont Regular
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="6" platformID="1" platEncID="0" langID="0x0" unicode="True">
+      VarFont-Regular
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="256" platformID="1" platEncID="0" langID="0x0" unicode="True">
+      Width
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="257" platformID="1" platEncID="0" langID="0x0" unicode="True">
+      Ascender
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="258" platformID="1" platEncID="0" langID="0x0" unicode="True">
+      Regular
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="1" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      VarFont
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="2" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Regular
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="3" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      VarFont Regular: 2017
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="4" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      VarFont Regular
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="6" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      VarFont-Regular
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="256" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Width
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="257" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Ascender
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="258" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Regular
+    </namerecord>
+  </name>
+
+  <post>
+    <formatType value="2.0"/>
+    <italicAngle value="0.0"/>
+    <underlinePosition value="-75"/>
+    <underlineThickness value="50"/>
+    <isFixedPitch value="0"/>
+    <minMemType42 value="0"/>
+    <maxMemType42 value="0"/>
+    <minMemType1 value="0"/>
+    <maxMemType1 value="0"/>
+    <psNames>
+      <!-- This file uses unique glyph names based on the information
+           found in the 'post' table. Since these names might not be unique,
+           we have to invent artificial names in case of clashes. In order to
+           be able to retain the original information, we need a name to
+           ps name mapping for those cases where they differ. That's what
+           you see below.
+            -->
+    </psNames>
+    <extraNames>
+      <!-- following are the name that are not taken from the standard Mac glyph order -->
+      <psName name="NULL"/>
+    </extraNames>
+  </post>
+
+  <GDEF>
+    <Version value="0x00010003"/>
+    <VarStore Format="1">
+      <Format value="1"/>
+      <VarRegionList>
+        <!-- RegionAxisCount=2 -->
+        <!-- RegionCount=2 -->
+        <Region index="0">
+          <VarRegionAxis index="0">
+            <StartCoord value="0.0"/>
+            <PeakCoord value="0.0"/>
+            <EndCoord value="0.0"/>
+          </VarRegionAxis>
+          <VarRegionAxis index="1">
+            <StartCoord value="0.0"/>
+            <PeakCoord value="1.0"/>
+            <EndCoord value="1.0"/>
+          </VarRegionAxis>
+        </Region>
+        <Region index="1">
+          <VarRegionAxis index="0">
+            <StartCoord value="-1.0"/>
+            <PeakCoord value="-1.0"/>
+            <EndCoord value="0.0"/>
+          </VarRegionAxis>
+          <VarRegionAxis index="1">
+            <StartCoord value="0.0"/>
+            <PeakCoord value="0.0"/>
+            <EndCoord value="0.0"/>
+          </VarRegionAxis>
+        </Region>
+      </VarRegionList>
+      <!-- VarDataCount=1 -->
+      <VarData index="0">
+        <!-- ItemCount=0 -->
+        <NumShorts value="0"/>
+        <!-- VarRegionCount=2 -->
+        <VarRegionIndex index="0" value="0"/>
+        <VarRegionIndex index="1" value="1"/>
+      </VarData>
+    </VarStore>
+  </GDEF>
+
+  <HVAR>
+    <Version value="0x00010000"/>
+    <VarStore Format="1">
+      <Format value="1"/>
+      <VarRegionList>
+        <!-- RegionAxisCount=2 -->
+        <!-- RegionCount=2 -->
+        <Region index="0">
+          <VarRegionAxis index="0">
+            <StartCoord value="0.0"/>
+            <PeakCoord value="0.0"/>
+            <EndCoord value="0.0"/>
+          </VarRegionAxis>
+          <VarRegionAxis index="1">
+            <StartCoord value="0.0"/>
+            <PeakCoord value="1.0"/>
+            <EndCoord value="1.0"/>
+          </VarRegionAxis>
+        </Region>
+        <Region index="1">
+          <VarRegionAxis index="0">
+            <StartCoord value="-1.0"/>
+            <PeakCoord value="-1.0"/>
+            <EndCoord value="0.0"/>
+          </VarRegionAxis>
+          <VarRegionAxis index="1">
+            <StartCoord value="0.0"/>
+            <PeakCoord value="0.0"/>
+            <EndCoord value="0.0"/>
+          </VarRegionAxis>
+        </Region>
+      </VarRegionList>
+      <!-- VarDataCount=1 -->
+      <VarData index="0">
+        <!-- ItemCount=2 -->
+        <NumShorts value="0"/>
+        <!-- VarRegionCount=2 -->
+        <VarRegionIndex index="0" value="0"/>
+        <VarRegionIndex index="1" value="1"/>
+        <Item index="0" value="[0, -60]"/>
+        <Item index="1" value="[0, 0]"/>
+      </VarData>
+    </VarStore>
+    <AdvWidthMap>
+      <Map glyph=".notdef" outer="0" inner="1"/>
+      <Map glyph="NULL" outer="0" inner="1"/>
+      <Map glyph="a" outer="0" inner="0"/>
+      <Map glyph="b" outer="0" inner="0"/>
+      <Map glyph="q" outer="0" inner="0"/>
+      <Map glyph="nonmarkingreturn" outer="0" inner="1"/>
+      <Map glyph="space" outer="0" inner="1"/>
+    </AdvWidthMap>
+  </HVAR>
+
+  <MVAR>
+    <Version value="0x00010000"/>
+    <Reserved value="0"/>
+    <ValueRecordSize value="0"/>
+    <!-- ValueRecordCount=0 -->
+    <VarStore Format="1">
+      <Format value="1"/>
+      <VarRegionList>
+        <!-- RegionAxisCount=2 -->
+        <!-- RegionCount=2 -->
+        <Region index="0">
+          <VarRegionAxis index="0">
+            <StartCoord value="0.0"/>
+            <PeakCoord value="0.0"/>
+            <EndCoord value="0.0"/>
+          </VarRegionAxis>
+          <VarRegionAxis index="1">
+            <StartCoord value="0.0"/>
+            <PeakCoord value="1.0"/>
+            <EndCoord value="1.0"/>
+          </VarRegionAxis>
+        </Region>
+        <Region index="1">
+          <VarRegionAxis index="0">
+            <StartCoord value="-1.0"/>
+            <PeakCoord value="-1.0"/>
+            <EndCoord value="0.0"/>
+          </VarRegionAxis>
+          <VarRegionAxis index="1">
+            <StartCoord value="0.0"/>
+            <PeakCoord value="0.0"/>
+            <EndCoord value="0.0"/>
+          </VarRegionAxis>
+        </Region>
+      </VarRegionList>
+      <!-- VarDataCount=1 -->
+      <VarData index="0">
+        <!-- ItemCount=0 -->
+        <NumShorts value="0"/>
+        <!-- VarRegionCount=2 -->
+        <VarRegionIndex index="0" value="0"/>
+        <VarRegionIndex index="1" value="1"/>
+      </VarData>
+    </VarStore>
+  </MVAR>
+
+  <fvar>
+
+    <!-- Width -->
+    <Axis>
+      <AxisTag>wdth</AxisTag>
+      <MinValue>60.0</MinValue>
+      <DefaultValue>100.0</DefaultValue>
+      <MaxValue>100.0</MaxValue>
+      <AxisNameID>256</AxisNameID>
+    </Axis>
+
+    <!-- Ascender -->
+    <Axis>
+      <AxisTag>ASCN</AxisTag>
+      <MinValue>608.0</MinValue>
+      <DefaultValue>608.0</DefaultValue>
+      <MaxValue>648.0</MaxValue>
+      <AxisNameID>257</AxisNameID>
+    </Axis>
+
+    <!-- Regular -->
+    <NamedInstance subfamilyNameID="258">
+      <coord axis="wdth" value="100.0"/>
+      <coord axis="ASCN" value="608.0"/>
+    </NamedInstance>
+  </fvar>
+
+  <gvar>
+    <version value="1"/>
+    <reserved value="0"/>
+    <glyphVariations glyph="b">
+      <tuple>
+        <coord axis="ASCN" value="1.0"/>
+        <delta pt="8" x="0" y="0"/>
+        <delta pt="9" x="0" y="40"/>
+        <delta pt="10" x="0" y="40"/>
+        <delta pt="11" x="0" y="0"/>
+        <delta pt="12" x="0" y="0"/>
+        <delta pt="22" x="0" y="40"/>
+      </tuple>
+      <tuple>
+        <coord axis="wdth" value="-1.0"/>
+        <delta pt="0" x="-20" y="0"/>
+        <delta pt="1" x="-40" y="0"/>
+        <delta pt="2" x="-60" y="0"/>
+        <delta pt="3" x="-60" y="0"/>
+        <delta pt="4" x="-40" y="0"/>
+        <delta pt="5" x="-20" y="0"/>
+        <delta pt="6" x="0" y="0"/>
+        <delta pt="11" x="0" y="0"/>
+        <delta pt="12" x="0" y="0"/>
+        <delta pt="17" x="-60" y="0"/>
+        <delta pt="21" x="-60" y="0"/>
+      </tuple>
+    </glyphVariations>
+    <glyphVariations glyph="q">
+      <tuple>
+        <coord axis="ASCN" value="1.0"/>
+        <delta pt="4" x="0" y="40"/>
+      </tuple>
+      <tuple>
+        <coord axis="wdth" value="-1.0"/>
+        <delta pt="0" x="-60" y="0"/>
+        <delta pt="2" x="-60" y="0"/>
+      </tuple>
+    </glyphVariations>
+    <glyphVariations glyph="a">
+      <tuple>
+        <coord axis="wdth" value="-1.0"/>
+        <delta pt="0" x="-60" y="0"/>
+        <delta pt="1" x="-60" y="0"/>
+        <delta pt="2" x="-40" y="0"/>
+        <delta pt="3" x="-20" y="0"/>
+        <delta pt="4" x="0" y="0"/>
+        <delta pt="5" x="0" y="0"/>
+        <delta pt="6" x="-20" y="0"/>
+        <delta pt="7" x="-40" y="0"/>
+        <delta pt="8" x="-60" y="0"/>
+        <delta pt="14" x="-60" y="0"/>
+        <delta pt="20" x="0" y="0"/>
+        <delta pt="21" x="-60" y="0"/>
+        <delta pt="22" x="0" y="0"/>
+        <delta pt="23" x="0" y="0"/>
+      </tuple>
+    </glyphVariations>
+  </gvar>
+
+</ttFont>
diff --git a/Tests/varLib/data/master_ttx_interpolatable_otf/TestFamily2-Master0.ttx b/Tests/varLib/data/master_ttx_interpolatable_otf/TestFamily2-Master0.ttx
index a6a8e00..157043f 100644
--- a/Tests/varLib/data/master_ttx_interpolatable_otf/TestFamily2-Master0.ttx
+++ b/Tests/varLib/data/master_ttx_interpolatable_otf/TestFamily2-Master0.ttx
@@ -766,7 +766,7 @@
         <LookupType value="1"/>
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
-        <SingleSubst index="0" Format="1">
+        <SingleSubst index="0">
           <Substitution in="A" out="A.sc"/>
         </SingleSubst>
       </Lookup>
@@ -774,7 +774,7 @@
         <LookupType value="1"/>
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
-        <SingleSubst index="0" Format="1">
+        <SingleSubst index="0">
           <Substitution in="a" out="a.alt"/>
         </SingleSubst>
       </Lookup>
@@ -782,7 +782,7 @@
         <LookupType value="2"/>
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
-        <MultipleSubst index="0" Format="1">
+        <MultipleSubst index="0">
           <Substitution in="ampersand" out="a,n,d"/>
         </MultipleSubst>
       </Lookup>
@@ -790,7 +790,7 @@
         <LookupType value="3"/>
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
-        <AlternateSubst index="0" Format="1">
+        <AlternateSubst index="0">
           <AlternateSet glyph="a">
             <Alternate glyph="a.alt"/>
             <Alternate glyph="A.sc"/>
@@ -801,7 +801,7 @@
         <LookupType value="4"/>
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
-        <LigatureSubst index="0" Format="1">
+        <LigatureSubst index="0">
           <LigatureSet glyph="f">
             <Ligature components="t" glyph="f_t"/>
           </LigatureSet>
@@ -814,11 +814,11 @@
         <ChainContextSubst index="0" Format="3">
           <!-- BacktrackGlyphCount=0 -->
           <!-- InputGlyphCount=1 -->
-          <InputCoverage index="0" Format="1">
+          <InputCoverage index="0">
             <Glyph value="a"/>
           </InputCoverage>
           <!-- LookAheadGlyphCount=1 -->
-          <LookAheadCoverage index="0" Format="1">
+          <LookAheadCoverage index="0">
             <Glyph value="t"/>
           </LookAheadCoverage>
           <!-- SubstCount=1 -->
diff --git a/Tests/varLib/data/master_ttx_interpolatable_ttf/SparseMasters-Bold.ttx b/Tests/varLib/data/master_ttx_interpolatable_ttf/SparseMasters-Bold.ttx
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..cf4b5da
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/varLib/data/master_ttx_interpolatable_ttf/SparseMasters-Bold.ttx
@@ -0,0 +1,419 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<ttFont sfntVersion="\x00\x01\x00\x00" ttLibVersion="3.35">
+
+  <GlyphOrder>
+    <!-- The 'id' attribute is only for humans; it is ignored when parsed. -->
+    <GlyphID id="0" name=".notdef"/>
+    <GlyphID id="1" name="a"/>
+    <GlyphID id="2" name="e"/>
+    <GlyphID id="3" name="s"/>
+    <GlyphID id="4" name="dotabovecomb"/>
+    <GlyphID id="5" name="edotabove"/>
+  </GlyphOrder>
+
+  <head>
+    <!-- Most of this table will be recalculated by the compiler -->
+    <tableVersion value="1.0"/>
+    <fontRevision value="0.0"/>
+    <checkSumAdjustment value="0x778ee739"/>
+    <magicNumber value="0x5f0f3cf5"/>
+    <flags value="00000000 00000011"/>
+    <unitsPerEm value="1000"/>
+    <created value="Wed Nov 21 11:49:03 2018"/>
+    <modified value="Tue Jan 15 18:40:09 2019"/>
+    <xMin value="-64"/>
+    <yMin value="-250"/>
+    <xMax value="608"/>
+    <yMax value="812"/>
+    <macStyle value="00000000 00000001"/>
+    <lowestRecPPEM value="6"/>
+    <fontDirectionHint value="2"/>
+    <indexToLocFormat value="0"/>
+    <glyphDataFormat value="0"/>
+  </head>
+
+  <hhea>
+    <tableVersion value="0x00010000"/>
+    <ascent value="950"/>
+    <descent value="-250"/>
+    <lineGap value="0"/>
+    <advanceWidthMax value="600"/>
+    <minLeftSideBearing value="-64"/>
+    <minRightSideBearing value="-63"/>
+    <xMaxExtent value="608"/>
+    <caretSlopeRise value="1"/>
+    <caretSlopeRun value="0"/>
+    <caretOffset value="0"/>
+    <reserved0 value="0"/>
+    <reserved1 value="0"/>
+    <reserved2 value="0"/>
+    <reserved3 value="0"/>
+    <metricDataFormat value="0"/>
+    <numberOfHMetrics value="6"/>
+  </hhea>
+
+  <maxp>
+    <!-- Most of this table will be recalculated by the compiler -->
+    <tableVersion value="0x10000"/>
+    <numGlyphs value="6"/>
+    <maxPoints value="18"/>
+    <maxContours value="2"/>
+    <maxCompositePoints value="17"/>
+    <maxCompositeContours value="2"/>
+    <maxZones value="1"/>
+    <maxTwilightPoints value="0"/>
+    <maxStorage value="0"/>
+    <maxFunctionDefs value="0"/>
+    <maxInstructionDefs value="0"/>
+    <maxStackElements value="0"/>
+    <maxSizeOfInstructions value="0"/>
+    <maxComponentElements value="2"/>
+    <maxComponentDepth value="1"/>
+  </maxp>
+
+  <OS_2>
+    <!-- The fields 'usFirstCharIndex' and 'usLastCharIndex'
+         will be recalculated by the compiler -->
+    <version value="4"/>
+    <xAvgCharWidth value="580"/>
+    <usWeightClass value="400"/>
+    <usWidthClass value="5"/>
+    <fsType value="00000000 00000100"/>
+    <ySubscriptXSize value="650"/>
+    <ySubscriptYSize value="600"/>
+    <ySubscriptXOffset value="0"/>
+    <ySubscriptYOffset value="75"/>
+    <ySuperscriptXSize value="650"/>
+    <ySuperscriptYSize value="600"/>
+    <ySuperscriptXOffset value="0"/>
+    <ySuperscriptYOffset value="350"/>
+    <yStrikeoutSize value="50"/>
+    <yStrikeoutPosition value="300"/>
+    <sFamilyClass value="0"/>
+    <panose>
+      <bFamilyType value="0"/>
+      <bSerifStyle value="0"/>
+      <bWeight value="0"/>
+      <bProportion value="0"/>
+      <bContrast value="0"/>
+      <bStrokeVariation value="0"/>
+      <bArmStyle value="0"/>
+      <bLetterForm value="0"/>
+      <bMidline value="0"/>
+      <bXHeight value="0"/>
+    </panose>
+    <ulUnicodeRange1 value="00000000 00000000 00000000 01000101"/>
+    <ulUnicodeRange2 value="00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000"/>
+    <ulUnicodeRange3 value="00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000"/>
+    <ulUnicodeRange4 value="00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000"/>
+    <achVendID value="NONE"/>
+    <fsSelection value="00000000 00100000"/>
+    <usFirstCharIndex value="97"/>
+    <usLastCharIndex value="775"/>
+    <sTypoAscender value="750"/>
+    <sTypoDescender value="-250"/>
+    <sTypoLineGap value="200"/>
+    <usWinAscent value="950"/>
+    <usWinDescent value="250"/>
+    <ulCodePageRange1 value="00000000 00000000 00000000 00000001"/>
+    <ulCodePageRange2 value="00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000"/>
+    <sxHeight value="500"/>
+    <sCapHeight value="700"/>
+    <usDefaultChar value="0"/>
+    <usBreakChar value="32"/>
+    <usMaxContext value="4"/>
+  </OS_2>
+
+  <hmtx>
+    <mtx name=".notdef" width="500" lsb="50"/>
+    <mtx name="a" width="600" lsb="9"/>
+    <mtx name="dotabovecomb" width="0" lsb="-64"/>
+    <mtx name="e" width="600" lsb="9"/>
+    <mtx name="edotabove" width="600" lsb="9"/>
+    <mtx name="s" width="600" lsb="7"/>
+  </hmtx>
+
+  <cmap>
+    <tableVersion version="0"/>
+    <cmap_format_4 platformID="0" platEncID="3" language="0">
+      <map code="0x61" name="a"/><!-- LATIN SMALL LETTER A -->
+      <map code="0x65" name="e"/><!-- LATIN SMALL LETTER E -->
+      <map code="0x73" name="s"/><!-- LATIN SMALL LETTER S -->
+      <map code="0x117" name="edotabove"/><!-- LATIN SMALL LETTER E WITH DOT ABOVE -->
+      <map code="0x307" name="dotabovecomb"/><!-- COMBINING DOT ABOVE -->
+    </cmap_format_4>
+    <cmap_format_4 platformID="3" platEncID="1" language="0">
+      <map code="0x61" name="a"/><!-- LATIN SMALL LETTER A -->
+      <map code="0x65" name="e"/><!-- LATIN SMALL LETTER E -->
+      <map code="0x73" name="s"/><!-- LATIN SMALL LETTER S -->
+      <map code="0x117" name="edotabove"/><!-- LATIN SMALL LETTER E WITH DOT ABOVE -->
+      <map code="0x307" name="dotabovecomb"/><!-- COMBINING DOT ABOVE -->
+    </cmap_format_4>
+  </cmap>
+
+  <loca>
+    <!-- The 'loca' table will be calculated by the compiler -->
+  </loca>
+
+  <glyf>
+
+    <!-- The xMin, yMin, xMax and yMax values
+         will be recalculated by the compiler. -->
+
+    <TTGlyph name=".notdef" xMin="50" yMin="-250" xMax="450" yMax="750">
+      <contour>
+        <pt x="50" y="-250" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="450" y="-250" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="450" y="750" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="50" y="750" on="1"/>
+      </contour>
+      <contour>
+        <pt x="100" y="-200" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="100" y="700" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="400" y="700" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="400" y="-200" on="1"/>
+      </contour>
+      <instructions/>
+    </TTGlyph>
+
+    <TTGlyph name="a" xMin="9" yMin="-12" xMax="468" yMax="504">
+      <contour>
+        <pt x="468" y="-1" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="307" y="-1" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="304" y="303" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="208" y="341" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="36" y="281" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="9" y="428" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="214" y="504" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="447" y="434" on="1"/>
+      </contour>
+      <contour>
+        <pt x="378" y="263" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="381" y="184" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="165" y="179" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="163" y="133" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="201" y="102" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="383" y="149" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="389" y="71" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="168" y="-12" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="29" y="22" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="26" y="240" on="1"/>
+      </contour>
+      <instructions/>
+    </TTGlyph>
+
+    <TTGlyph name="dotabovecomb" xMin="-64" yMin="483" xMax="63" yMax="625">
+      <contour>
+        <pt x="-29" y="625" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="63" y="605" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="58" y="488" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="-64" y="483" on="1"/>
+      </contour>
+      <instructions/>
+    </TTGlyph>
+
+    <TTGlyph name="e" xMin="9" yMin="-18" xMax="601" yMax="548">
+      <contour>
+        <pt x="197" y="229" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="195" y="299" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="404" y="293" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="301" y="360" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="217" y="264" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="244" y="130" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="524" y="184" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="528" y="0" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="188" y="-18" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="9" y="262" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="314" y="548" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="596" y="304" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="601" y="225" on="1"/>
+      </contour>
+      <instructions/>
+    </TTGlyph>
+
+    <TTGlyph name="edotabove" xMin="9" yMin="-18" xMax="601" yMax="812">
+      <component glyphName="e" x="0" y="0" flags="0x204"/>
+      <component glyphName="dotabovecomb" x="307" y="187" flags="0x4"/>
+    </TTGlyph>
+
+    <TTGlyph name="s" xMin="7" yMin="-58" xMax="608" yMax="530">
+      <contour>
+        <pt x="559" y="459" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="537" y="336" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="324" y="402" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="268" y="357" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="608" y="141" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="284" y="-58" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="7" y="79" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="26" y="226" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="221" y="119" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="347" y="149" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="16" y="398" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="324" y="530" on="1"/>
+      </contour>
+      <instructions/>
+    </TTGlyph>
+
+  </glyf>
+
+  <name>
+    <namerecord nameID="1" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Layer Font
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="2" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Bold
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="3" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      0.000;NONE;LayerFont-Bold
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="4" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Layer Font Bold
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="5" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Version 0.000
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="6" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      LayerFont-Bold
+    </namerecord>
+  </name>
+
+  <post>
+    <formatType value="2.0"/>
+    <italicAngle value="0.0"/>
+    <underlinePosition value="-100"/>
+    <underlineThickness value="50"/>
+    <isFixedPitch value="0"/>
+    <minMemType42 value="0"/>
+    <maxMemType42 value="0"/>
+    <minMemType1 value="0"/>
+    <maxMemType1 value="0"/>
+    <psNames>
+      <!-- This file uses unique glyph names based on the information
+           found in the 'post' table. Since these names might not be unique,
+           we have to invent artificial names in case of clashes. In order to
+           be able to retain the original information, we need a name to
+           ps name mapping for those cases where they differ. That's what
+           you see below.
+            -->
+    </psNames>
+    <extraNames>
+      <!-- following are the name that are not taken from the standard Mac glyph order -->
+      <psName name="dotabovecomb"/>
+      <psName name="edotabove"/>
+    </extraNames>
+  </post>
+
+  <GDEF>
+    <Version value="0x00010000"/>
+    <GlyphClassDef>
+      <ClassDef glyph="dotabovecomb" class="3"/>
+      <ClassDef glyph="e" class="1"/>
+    </GlyphClassDef>
+  </GDEF>
+
+  <GPOS>
+    <Version value="0x00010000"/>
+    <ScriptList>
+      <!-- ScriptCount=1 -->
+      <ScriptRecord index="0">
+        <ScriptTag value="DFLT"/>
+        <Script>
+          <DefaultLangSys>
+            <ReqFeatureIndex value="65535"/>
+            <!-- FeatureCount=1 -->
+            <FeatureIndex index="0" value="0"/>
+          </DefaultLangSys>
+          <!-- LangSysCount=0 -->
+        </Script>
+      </ScriptRecord>
+    </ScriptList>
+    <FeatureList>
+      <!-- FeatureCount=1 -->
+      <FeatureRecord index="0">
+        <FeatureTag value="mark"/>
+        <Feature>
+          <!-- LookupCount=1 -->
+          <LookupListIndex index="0" value="0"/>
+        </Feature>
+      </FeatureRecord>
+    </FeatureList>
+    <LookupList>
+      <!-- LookupCount=1 -->
+      <Lookup index="0">
+        <LookupType value="4"/>
+        <LookupFlag value="0"/>
+        <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
+        <MarkBasePos index="0" Format="1">
+          <MarkCoverage>
+            <Glyph value="dotabovecomb"/>
+          </MarkCoverage>
+          <BaseCoverage>
+            <Glyph value="e"/>
+          </BaseCoverage>
+          <!-- ClassCount=1 -->
+          <MarkArray>
+            <!-- MarkCount=1 -->
+            <MarkRecord index="0">
+              <Class value="0"/>
+              <MarkAnchor Format="1">
+                <XCoordinate value="-2"/>
+                <YCoordinate value="465"/>
+              </MarkAnchor>
+            </MarkRecord>
+          </MarkArray>
+          <BaseArray>
+            <!-- BaseCount=1 -->
+            <BaseRecord index="0">
+              <BaseAnchor index="0" Format="1">
+                <XCoordinate value="315"/>
+                <YCoordinate value="644"/>
+              </BaseAnchor>
+            </BaseRecord>
+          </BaseArray>
+        </MarkBasePos>
+      </Lookup>
+    </LookupList>
+  </GPOS>
+
+  <GSUB>
+    <Version value="0x00010000"/>
+    <ScriptList>
+      <!-- ScriptCount=1 -->
+      <ScriptRecord index="0">
+        <ScriptTag value="DFLT"/>
+        <Script>
+          <DefaultLangSys>
+            <ReqFeatureIndex value="65535"/>
+            <!-- FeatureCount=1 -->
+            <FeatureIndex index="0" value="0"/>
+          </DefaultLangSys>
+          <!-- LangSysCount=0 -->
+        </Script>
+      </ScriptRecord>
+    </ScriptList>
+    <FeatureList>
+      <!-- FeatureCount=1 -->
+      <FeatureRecord index="0">
+        <FeatureTag value="liga"/>
+        <Feature>
+          <!-- LookupCount=1 -->
+          <LookupListIndex index="0" value="0"/>
+        </Feature>
+      </FeatureRecord>
+    </FeatureList>
+    <LookupList>
+      <!-- LookupCount=1 -->
+      <Lookup index="0">
+        <LookupType value="4"/>
+        <LookupFlag value="0"/>
+        <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
+        <LigatureSubst index="0">
+          <LigatureSet glyph="a">
+            <Ligature components="e,s,s" glyph="s"/>
+          </LigatureSet>
+        </LigatureSubst>
+      </Lookup>
+    </LookupList>
+  </GSUB>
+
+</ttFont>
diff --git a/Tests/varLib/data/master_ttx_interpolatable_ttf/SparseMasters-Medium.ttx b/Tests/varLib/data/master_ttx_interpolatable_ttf/SparseMasters-Medium.ttx
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..eb3c745
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/varLib/data/master_ttx_interpolatable_ttf/SparseMasters-Medium.ttx
@@ -0,0 +1,125 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<ttFont sfntVersion="\x00\x01\x00\x00" ttLibVersion="3.35">
+
+  <GlyphOrder>
+    <!-- The 'id' attribute is only for humans; it is ignored when parsed. -->
+    <GlyphID id="0" name=".notdef"/>
+    <GlyphID id="1" name="e"/>
+  </GlyphOrder>
+
+  <head>
+    <!-- Most of this table will be recalculated by the compiler -->
+    <tableVersion value="1.0"/>
+    <fontRevision value="0.0"/>
+    <checkSumAdjustment value="0x62ddba7b"/>
+    <magicNumber value="0x5f0f3cf5"/>
+    <flags value="00000000 00000011"/>
+    <unitsPerEm value="1000"/>
+    <created value="Wed Nov 21 11:49:03 2018"/>
+    <modified value="Tue Jan 15 18:40:09 2019"/>
+    <xMin value="40"/>
+    <yMin value="-250"/>
+    <xMax value="576"/>
+    <yMax value="750"/>
+    <macStyle value="00000000 00000000"/>
+    <lowestRecPPEM value="6"/>
+    <fontDirectionHint value="2"/>
+    <indexToLocFormat value="0"/>
+    <glyphDataFormat value="0"/>
+  </head>
+
+  <maxp>
+    <!-- Most of this table will be recalculated by the compiler -->
+    <tableVersion value="0x10000"/>
+    <numGlyphs value="2"/>
+    <maxPoints value="13"/>
+    <maxContours value="2"/>
+    <maxCompositePoints value="0"/>
+    <maxCompositeContours value="0"/>
+    <maxZones value="1"/>
+    <maxTwilightPoints value="0"/>
+    <maxStorage value="0"/>
+    <maxFunctionDefs value="0"/>
+    <maxInstructionDefs value="0"/>
+    <maxStackElements value="0"/>
+    <maxSizeOfInstructions value="0"/>
+    <maxComponentElements value="0"/>
+    <maxComponentDepth value="0"/>
+  </maxp>
+
+  <hmtx>
+    <mtx name=".notdef" width="500" lsb="50"/>
+    <mtx name="e" width="600" lsb="40"/>
+  </hmtx>
+
+  <loca>
+    <!-- The 'loca' table will be calculated by the compiler -->
+  </loca>
+
+  <glyf>
+
+    <!-- The xMin, yMin, xMax and yMax values
+         will be recalculated by the compiler. -->
+
+    <TTGlyph name=".notdef" xMin="50" yMin="-250" xMax="450" yMax="750">
+      <contour>
+        <pt x="50" y="-250" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="450" y="-250" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="450" y="750" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="50" y="750" on="1"/>
+      </contour>
+      <contour>
+        <pt x="100" y="-200" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="100" y="700" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="400" y="700" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="400" y="-200" on="1"/>
+      </contour>
+      <instructions/>
+    </TTGlyph>
+
+    <TTGlyph name="e" xMin="40" yMin="-18" xMax="576" yMax="513">
+      <contour>
+        <pt x="126" y="203" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="125" y="298" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="396" y="297" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="318" y="387" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="180" y="264" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="264" y="116" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="507" y="157" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="526" y="45" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="188" y="-18" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="40" y="261" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="316" y="513" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="571" y="305" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="576" y="199" on="1"/>
+      </contour>
+      <instructions/>
+    </TTGlyph>
+
+  </glyf>
+
+  <post>
+    <formatType value="2.0"/>
+    <italicAngle value="0.0"/>
+    <underlinePosition value="-32768"/>
+    <underlineThickness value="-32768"/>
+    <isFixedPitch value="0"/>
+    <minMemType42 value="0"/>
+    <maxMemType42 value="0"/>
+    <minMemType1 value="0"/>
+    <maxMemType1 value="0"/>
+    <psNames>
+      <!-- This file uses unique glyph names based on the information
+           found in the 'post' table. Since these names might not be unique,
+           we have to invent artificial names in case of clashes. In order to
+           be able to retain the original information, we need a name to
+           ps name mapping for those cases where they differ. That's what
+           you see below.
+            -->
+    </psNames>
+    <extraNames>
+      <!-- following are the name that are not taken from the standard Mac glyph order -->
+    </extraNames>
+  </post>
+
+</ttFont>
diff --git a/Tests/varLib/data/master_ttx_interpolatable_ttf/SparseMasters-Regular.ttx b/Tests/varLib/data/master_ttx_interpolatable_ttf/SparseMasters-Regular.ttx
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c93da2a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/varLib/data/master_ttx_interpolatable_ttf/SparseMasters-Regular.ttx
@@ -0,0 +1,419 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<ttFont sfntVersion="\x00\x01\x00\x00" ttLibVersion="3.35">
+
+  <GlyphOrder>
+    <!-- The 'id' attribute is only for humans; it is ignored when parsed. -->
+    <GlyphID id="0" name=".notdef"/>
+    <GlyphID id="1" name="a"/>
+    <GlyphID id="2" name="e"/>
+    <GlyphID id="3" name="s"/>
+    <GlyphID id="4" name="dotabovecomb"/>
+    <GlyphID id="5" name="edotabove"/>
+  </GlyphOrder>
+
+  <head>
+    <!-- Most of this table will be recalculated by the compiler -->
+    <tableVersion value="1.0"/>
+    <fontRevision value="0.0"/>
+    <checkSumAdjustment value="0x5cdfc4c1"/>
+    <magicNumber value="0x5f0f3cf5"/>
+    <flags value="00000000 00000011"/>
+    <unitsPerEm value="1000"/>
+    <created value="Wed Nov 21 11:49:03 2018"/>
+    <modified value="Tue Jan 15 18:40:09 2019"/>
+    <xMin value="-37"/>
+    <yMin value="-250"/>
+    <xMax value="582"/>
+    <yMax value="750"/>
+    <macStyle value="00000000 00000000"/>
+    <lowestRecPPEM value="6"/>
+    <fontDirectionHint value="2"/>
+    <indexToLocFormat value="0"/>
+    <glyphDataFormat value="0"/>
+  </head>
+
+  <hhea>
+    <tableVersion value="0x00010000"/>
+    <ascent value="950"/>
+    <descent value="-250"/>
+    <lineGap value="0"/>
+    <advanceWidthMax value="600"/>
+    <minLeftSideBearing value="-37"/>
+    <minRightSideBearing value="-50"/>
+    <xMaxExtent value="582"/>
+    <caretSlopeRise value="1"/>
+    <caretSlopeRun value="0"/>
+    <caretOffset value="0"/>
+    <reserved0 value="0"/>
+    <reserved1 value="0"/>
+    <reserved2 value="0"/>
+    <reserved3 value="0"/>
+    <metricDataFormat value="0"/>
+    <numberOfHMetrics value="6"/>
+  </hhea>
+
+  <maxp>
+    <!-- Most of this table will be recalculated by the compiler -->
+    <tableVersion value="0x10000"/>
+    <numGlyphs value="6"/>
+    <maxPoints value="18"/>
+    <maxContours value="2"/>
+    <maxCompositePoints value="17"/>
+    <maxCompositeContours value="2"/>
+    <maxZones value="1"/>
+    <maxTwilightPoints value="0"/>
+    <maxStorage value="0"/>
+    <maxFunctionDefs value="0"/>
+    <maxInstructionDefs value="0"/>
+    <maxStackElements value="0"/>
+    <maxSizeOfInstructions value="0"/>
+    <maxComponentElements value="2"/>
+    <maxComponentDepth value="1"/>
+  </maxp>
+
+  <OS_2>
+    <!-- The fields 'usFirstCharIndex' and 'usLastCharIndex'
+         will be recalculated by the compiler -->
+    <version value="4"/>
+    <xAvgCharWidth value="580"/>
+    <usWeightClass value="400"/>
+    <usWidthClass value="5"/>
+    <fsType value="00000000 00000100"/>
+    <ySubscriptXSize value="650"/>
+    <ySubscriptYSize value="600"/>
+    <ySubscriptXOffset value="0"/>
+    <ySubscriptYOffset value="75"/>
+    <ySuperscriptXSize value="650"/>
+    <ySuperscriptYSize value="600"/>
+    <ySuperscriptXOffset value="0"/>
+    <ySuperscriptYOffset value="350"/>
+    <yStrikeoutSize value="50"/>
+    <yStrikeoutPosition value="300"/>
+    <sFamilyClass value="0"/>
+    <panose>
+      <bFamilyType value="0"/>
+      <bSerifStyle value="0"/>
+      <bWeight value="0"/>
+      <bProportion value="0"/>
+      <bContrast value="0"/>
+      <bStrokeVariation value="0"/>
+      <bArmStyle value="0"/>
+      <bLetterForm value="0"/>
+      <bMidline value="0"/>
+      <bXHeight value="0"/>
+    </panose>
+    <ulUnicodeRange1 value="00000000 00000000 00000000 01000101"/>
+    <ulUnicodeRange2 value="00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000"/>
+    <ulUnicodeRange3 value="00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000"/>
+    <ulUnicodeRange4 value="00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000"/>
+    <achVendID value="NONE"/>
+    <fsSelection value="00000000 01000000"/>
+    <usFirstCharIndex value="97"/>
+    <usLastCharIndex value="775"/>
+    <sTypoAscender value="750"/>
+    <sTypoDescender value="-250"/>
+    <sTypoLineGap value="200"/>
+    <usWinAscent value="950"/>
+    <usWinDescent value="250"/>
+    <ulCodePageRange1 value="00000000 00000000 00000000 00000001"/>
+    <ulCodePageRange2 value="00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000"/>
+    <sxHeight value="500"/>
+    <sCapHeight value="700"/>
+    <usDefaultChar value="0"/>
+    <usBreakChar value="32"/>
+    <usMaxContext value="4"/>
+  </OS_2>
+
+  <hmtx>
+    <mtx name=".notdef" width="500" lsb="50"/>
+    <mtx name="a" width="600" lsb="9"/>
+    <mtx name="dotabovecomb" width="0" lsb="-37"/>
+    <mtx name="e" width="600" lsb="40"/>
+    <mtx name="edotabove" width="600" lsb="40"/>
+    <mtx name="s" width="600" lsb="25"/>
+  </hmtx>
+
+  <cmap>
+    <tableVersion version="0"/>
+    <cmap_format_4 platformID="0" platEncID="3" language="0">
+      <map code="0x61" name="a"/><!-- LATIN SMALL LETTER A -->
+      <map code="0x65" name="e"/><!-- LATIN SMALL LETTER E -->
+      <map code="0x73" name="s"/><!-- LATIN SMALL LETTER S -->
+      <map code="0x117" name="edotabove"/><!-- LATIN SMALL LETTER E WITH DOT ABOVE -->
+      <map code="0x307" name="dotabovecomb"/><!-- COMBINING DOT ABOVE -->
+    </cmap_format_4>
+    <cmap_format_4 platformID="3" platEncID="1" language="0">
+      <map code="0x61" name="a"/><!-- LATIN SMALL LETTER A -->
+      <map code="0x65" name="e"/><!-- LATIN SMALL LETTER E -->
+      <map code="0x73" name="s"/><!-- LATIN SMALL LETTER S -->
+      <map code="0x117" name="edotabove"/><!-- LATIN SMALL LETTER E WITH DOT ABOVE -->
+      <map code="0x307" name="dotabovecomb"/><!-- COMBINING DOT ABOVE -->
+    </cmap_format_4>
+  </cmap>
+
+  <loca>
+    <!-- The 'loca' table will be calculated by the compiler -->
+  </loca>
+
+  <glyf>
+
+    <!-- The xMin, yMin, xMax and yMax values
+         will be recalculated by the compiler. -->
+
+    <TTGlyph name=".notdef" xMin="50" yMin="-250" xMax="450" yMax="750">
+      <contour>
+        <pt x="50" y="-250" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="450" y="-250" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="450" y="750" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="50" y="750" on="1"/>
+      </contour>
+      <contour>
+        <pt x="100" y="-200" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="100" y="700" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="400" y="700" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="400" y="-200" on="1"/>
+      </contour>
+      <instructions/>
+    </TTGlyph>
+
+    <TTGlyph name="a" xMin="9" yMin="-12" xMax="468" yMax="504">
+      <contour>
+        <pt x="468" y="-1" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="366" y="-3" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="363" y="357" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="208" y="397" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="36" y="337" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="9" y="428" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="214" y="504" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="447" y="434" on="1"/>
+      </contour>
+      <contour>
+        <pt x="378" y="263" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="382" y="207" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="88" y="172" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="86" y="126" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="161" y="74" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="383" y="134" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="389" y="71" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="168" y="-12" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="29" y="22" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="26" y="240" on="1"/>
+      </contour>
+      <instructions/>
+    </TTGlyph>
+
+    <TTGlyph name="dotabovecomb" xMin="-37" yMin="501" xMax="50" yMax="597">
+      <contour>
+        <pt x="-21" y="597" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="50" y="589" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="41" y="501" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="-37" y="503" on="1"/>
+      </contour>
+      <instructions/>
+    </TTGlyph>
+
+    <TTGlyph name="e" xMin="40" yMin="-18" xMax="576" yMax="513">
+      <contour>
+        <pt x="127" y="228" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="125" y="298" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="480" y="292" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="317" y="416" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="147" y="263" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="229" y="75" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="509" y="129" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="526" y="45" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="188" y="-18" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="40" y="261" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="316" y="513" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="571" y="305" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="576" y="226" on="1"/>
+      </contour>
+      <instructions/>
+    </TTGlyph>
+
+    <TTGlyph name="edotabove" xMin="40" yMin="-18" xMax="576" yMax="693">
+      <component glyphName="e" x="0" y="0" flags="0x204"/>
+      <component glyphName="dotabovecomb" x="313" y="96" flags="0x4"/>
+    </TTGlyph>
+
+    <TTGlyph name="s" xMin="25" yMin="-13" xMax="582" yMax="530">
+      <contour>
+        <pt x="559" y="459" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="539" y="376" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="326" y="442" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="213" y="366" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="582" y="174" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="304" y="-13" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="25" y="83" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="53" y="174" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="282" y="76" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="427" y="155" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="38" y="343" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="324" y="530" on="1"/>
+      </contour>
+      <instructions/>
+    </TTGlyph>
+
+  </glyf>
+
+  <name>
+    <namerecord nameID="1" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Layer Font
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="2" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Regular
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="3" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      0.000;NONE;LayerFont-Regular
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="4" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Layer Font Regular
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="5" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Version 0.000
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="6" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      LayerFont-Regular
+    </namerecord>
+  </name>
+
+  <post>
+    <formatType value="2.0"/>
+    <italicAngle value="0.0"/>
+    <underlinePosition value="-75"/>
+    <underlineThickness value="50"/>
+    <isFixedPitch value="0"/>
+    <minMemType42 value="0"/>
+    <maxMemType42 value="0"/>
+    <minMemType1 value="0"/>
+    <maxMemType1 value="0"/>
+    <psNames>
+      <!-- This file uses unique glyph names based on the information
+           found in the 'post' table. Since these names might not be unique,
+           we have to invent artificial names in case of clashes. In order to
+           be able to retain the original information, we need a name to
+           ps name mapping for those cases where they differ. That's what
+           you see below.
+            -->
+    </psNames>
+    <extraNames>
+      <!-- following are the name that are not taken from the standard Mac glyph order -->
+      <psName name="dotabovecomb"/>
+      <psName name="edotabove"/>
+    </extraNames>
+  </post>
+
+  <GDEF>
+    <Version value="0x00010000"/>
+    <GlyphClassDef>
+      <ClassDef glyph="dotabovecomb" class="3"/>
+      <ClassDef glyph="e" class="1"/>
+    </GlyphClassDef>
+  </GDEF>
+
+  <GPOS>
+    <Version value="0x00010000"/>
+    <ScriptList>
+      <!-- ScriptCount=1 -->
+      <ScriptRecord index="0">
+        <ScriptTag value="DFLT"/>
+        <Script>
+          <DefaultLangSys>
+            <ReqFeatureIndex value="65535"/>
+            <!-- FeatureCount=1 -->
+            <FeatureIndex index="0" value="0"/>
+          </DefaultLangSys>
+          <!-- LangSysCount=0 -->
+        </Script>
+      </ScriptRecord>
+    </ScriptList>
+    <FeatureList>
+      <!-- FeatureCount=1 -->
+      <FeatureRecord index="0">
+        <FeatureTag value="mark"/>
+        <Feature>
+          <!-- LookupCount=1 -->
+          <LookupListIndex index="0" value="0"/>
+        </Feature>
+      </FeatureRecord>
+    </FeatureList>
+    <LookupList>
+      <!-- LookupCount=1 -->
+      <Lookup index="0">
+        <LookupType value="4"/>
+        <LookupFlag value="0"/>
+        <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
+        <MarkBasePos index="0" Format="1">
+          <MarkCoverage>
+            <Glyph value="dotabovecomb"/>
+          </MarkCoverage>
+          <BaseCoverage>
+            <Glyph value="e"/>
+          </BaseCoverage>
+          <!-- ClassCount=1 -->
+          <MarkArray>
+            <!-- MarkCount=1 -->
+            <MarkRecord index="0">
+              <Class value="0"/>
+              <MarkAnchor Format="1">
+                <XCoordinate value="-2"/>
+                <YCoordinate value="465"/>
+              </MarkAnchor>
+            </MarkRecord>
+          </MarkArray>
+          <BaseArray>
+            <!-- BaseCount=1 -->
+            <BaseRecord index="0">
+              <BaseAnchor index="0" Format="1">
+                <XCoordinate value="314"/>
+                <YCoordinate value="556"/>
+              </BaseAnchor>
+            </BaseRecord>
+          </BaseArray>
+        </MarkBasePos>
+      </Lookup>
+    </LookupList>
+  </GPOS>
+
+  <GSUB>
+    <Version value="0x00010000"/>
+    <ScriptList>
+      <!-- ScriptCount=1 -->
+      <ScriptRecord index="0">
+        <ScriptTag value="DFLT"/>
+        <Script>
+          <DefaultLangSys>
+            <ReqFeatureIndex value="65535"/>
+            <!-- FeatureCount=1 -->
+            <FeatureIndex index="0" value="0"/>
+          </DefaultLangSys>
+          <!-- LangSysCount=0 -->
+        </Script>
+      </ScriptRecord>
+    </ScriptList>
+    <FeatureList>
+      <!-- FeatureCount=1 -->
+      <FeatureRecord index="0">
+        <FeatureTag value="liga"/>
+        <Feature>
+          <!-- LookupCount=1 -->
+          <LookupListIndex index="0" value="0"/>
+        </Feature>
+      </FeatureRecord>
+    </FeatureList>
+    <LookupList>
+      <!-- LookupCount=1 -->
+      <Lookup index="0">
+        <LookupType value="4"/>
+        <LookupFlag value="0"/>
+        <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
+        <LigatureSubst index="0">
+          <LigatureSet glyph="a">
+            <Ligature components="e,s,s" glyph="s"/>
+          </LigatureSet>
+        </LigatureSubst>
+      </Lookup>
+    </LookupList>
+  </GSUB>
+
+</ttFont>
diff --git a/Tests/varLib/data/master_ttx_interpolatable_ttf/TestFamily-Master0.ttx b/Tests/varLib/data/master_ttx_interpolatable_ttf/TestFamily-Master0.ttx
index f14f89d..ca5a2e1 100644
--- a/Tests/varLib/data/master_ttx_interpolatable_ttf/TestFamily-Master0.ttx
+++ b/Tests/varLib/data/master_ttx_interpolatable_ttf/TestFamily-Master0.ttx
@@ -517,4 +517,14 @@
     </extraNames>
   </post>
 
+  <GDEF>
+    <Version value="0x00010003"/>
+    <GlyphClassDef>
+      <ClassDef glyph="uni0024" class="1"/>
+      <ClassDef glyph="uni0024.nostroke" class="1"/>
+      <ClassDef glyph="uni0041" class="1"/>
+      <ClassDef glyph="uni0061" class="1"/>
+    </GlyphClassDef>
+  </GDEF>
+
 </ttFont>
diff --git a/Tests/varLib/data/master_ttx_interpolatable_ttf/TestFamily-Master1.ttx b/Tests/varLib/data/master_ttx_interpolatable_ttf/TestFamily-Master1.ttx
index 8d5bace..9076cf7 100644
--- a/Tests/varLib/data/master_ttx_interpolatable_ttf/TestFamily-Master1.ttx
+++ b/Tests/varLib/data/master_ttx_interpolatable_ttf/TestFamily-Master1.ttx
@@ -517,4 +517,14 @@
     </extraNames>
   </post>
 
+  <GDEF>
+    <Version value="0x00010003"/>
+    <GlyphClassDef>
+      <ClassDef glyph="uni0024" class="1"/>
+      <ClassDef glyph="uni0024.nostroke" class="1"/>
+      <ClassDef glyph="uni0041" class="1"/>
+      <ClassDef glyph="uni0061" class="1"/>
+    </GlyphClassDef>
+  </GDEF>
+
 </ttFont>
diff --git a/Tests/varLib/data/master_ttx_interpolatable_ttf/TestFamily-Master2.ttx b/Tests/varLib/data/master_ttx_interpolatable_ttf/TestFamily-Master2.ttx
index 3e20fac..9bec8c0 100644
--- a/Tests/varLib/data/master_ttx_interpolatable_ttf/TestFamily-Master2.ttx
+++ b/Tests/varLib/data/master_ttx_interpolatable_ttf/TestFamily-Master2.ttx
@@ -501,4 +501,14 @@
     </extraNames>
   </post>
 
+  <GDEF>
+    <Version value="0x00010003"/>
+    <GlyphClassDef>
+      <ClassDef glyph="uni0024" class="1"/>
+      <ClassDef glyph="uni0024.nostroke" class="1"/>
+      <ClassDef glyph="uni0041" class="1"/>
+      <ClassDef glyph="uni0061" class="1"/>
+    </GlyphClassDef>
+  </GDEF>
+
 </ttFont>
diff --git a/Tests/varLib/data/master_ttx_interpolatable_ttf/TestFamily-Master3.ttx b/Tests/varLib/data/master_ttx_interpolatable_ttf/TestFamily-Master3.ttx
index e1d0375..1cfdfd9 100644
--- a/Tests/varLib/data/master_ttx_interpolatable_ttf/TestFamily-Master3.ttx
+++ b/Tests/varLib/data/master_ttx_interpolatable_ttf/TestFamily-Master3.ttx
@@ -501,4 +501,14 @@
     </extraNames>
   </post>
 
+  <GDEF>
+    <Version value="0x00010003"/>
+    <GlyphClassDef>
+      <ClassDef glyph="uni0024" class="1"/>
+      <ClassDef glyph="uni0024.nostroke" class="1"/>
+      <ClassDef glyph="uni0041" class="1"/>
+      <ClassDef glyph="uni0061" class="1"/>
+    </GlyphClassDef>
+  </GDEF>
+
 </ttFont>
diff --git a/Tests/varLib/data/master_ttx_interpolatable_ttf/TestFamily-Master4.ttx b/Tests/varLib/data/master_ttx_interpolatable_ttf/TestFamily-Master4.ttx
index c0946fd..1ae5d47 100644
--- a/Tests/varLib/data/master_ttx_interpolatable_ttf/TestFamily-Master4.ttx
+++ b/Tests/varLib/data/master_ttx_interpolatable_ttf/TestFamily-Master4.ttx
@@ -501,4 +501,14 @@
     </extraNames>
   </post>
 
+  <GDEF>
+    <Version value="0x00010003"/>
+    <GlyphClassDef>
+      <ClassDef glyph="uni0024" class="1"/>
+      <ClassDef glyph="uni0024.nostroke" class="1"/>
+      <ClassDef glyph="uni0041" class="1"/>
+      <ClassDef glyph="uni0061" class="1"/>
+    </GlyphClassDef>
+  </GDEF>
+
 </ttFont>
diff --git a/Tests/varLib/data/master_ttx_interpolatable_ttf/TestFamily2-Master0.ttx b/Tests/varLib/data/master_ttx_interpolatable_ttf/TestFamily2-Master0.ttx
index 13d48e7..d1a3393 100644
--- a/Tests/varLib/data/master_ttx_interpolatable_ttf/TestFamily2-Master0.ttx
+++ b/Tests/varLib/data/master_ttx_interpolatable_ttf/TestFamily2-Master0.ttx
@@ -1081,7 +1081,7 @@
         <LookupType value="1"/>
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
-        <SingleSubst index="0" Format="1">
+        <SingleSubst index="0">
           <Substitution in="A" out="A.sc"/>
         </SingleSubst>
       </Lookup>
@@ -1089,7 +1089,7 @@
         <LookupType value="1"/>
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
-        <SingleSubst index="0" Format="1">
+        <SingleSubst index="0">
           <Substitution in="a" out="a.alt"/>
         </SingleSubst>
       </Lookup>
@@ -1097,7 +1097,7 @@
         <LookupType value="2"/>
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
-        <MultipleSubst index="0" Format="1">
+        <MultipleSubst index="0">
           <Substitution in="ampersand" out="a,n,d"/>
         </MultipleSubst>
       </Lookup>
@@ -1105,7 +1105,7 @@
         <LookupType value="3"/>
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
-        <AlternateSubst index="0" Format="1">
+        <AlternateSubst index="0">
           <AlternateSet glyph="a">
             <Alternate glyph="a.alt"/>
             <Alternate glyph="A.sc"/>
@@ -1116,7 +1116,7 @@
         <LookupType value="4"/>
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
-        <LigatureSubst index="0" Format="1">
+        <LigatureSubst index="0">
           <LigatureSet glyph="f">
             <Ligature components="t" glyph="f_t"/>
           </LigatureSet>
@@ -1129,11 +1129,11 @@
         <ChainContextSubst index="0" Format="3">
           <!-- BacktrackGlyphCount=0 -->
           <!-- InputGlyphCount=1 -->
-          <InputCoverage index="0" Format="1">
+          <InputCoverage index="0">
             <Glyph value="a"/>
           </InputCoverage>
           <!-- LookAheadGlyphCount=1 -->
-          <LookAheadCoverage index="0" Format="1">
+          <LookAheadCoverage index="0">
             <Glyph value="t"/>
           </LookAheadCoverage>
           <!-- SubstCount=1 -->
diff --git a/Tests/varLib/data/master_ttx_interpolatable_ttf/TestFamily3-Bold.ttx b/Tests/varLib/data/master_ttx_interpolatable_ttf/TestFamily3-Bold.ttx
index a752bc1..0f9e97a 100644
--- a/Tests/varLib/data/master_ttx_interpolatable_ttf/TestFamily3-Bold.ttx
+++ b/Tests/varLib/data/master_ttx_interpolatable_ttf/TestFamily3-Bold.ttx
@@ -477,17 +477,17 @@
       <!-- LookupCount=1 -->
       <Lookup index="0">
         <LookupType value="2"/>
-        <LookupFlag value="8"/>
+        <LookupFlag value="8"/><!-- ignoreMarks -->
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
         <PairPos index="0" Format="2">
-          <Coverage Format="1">
+          <Coverage>
             <Glyph value="T"/>
           </Coverage>
           <ValueFormat1 value="4"/>
           <ValueFormat2 value="0"/>
-          <ClassDef1 Format="2">
+          <ClassDef1>
           </ClassDef1>
-          <ClassDef2 Format="1">
+          <ClassDef2>
             <ClassDef glyph="T" class="4"/>
             <ClassDef glyph="n" class="3"/>
             <ClassDef glyph="o" class="2"/>
diff --git a/Tests/varLib/data/master_ttx_interpolatable_ttf/TestFamily3-Condensed.ttx b/Tests/varLib/data/master_ttx_interpolatable_ttf/TestFamily3-Condensed.ttx
index db0372a..f8ff987 100644
--- a/Tests/varLib/data/master_ttx_interpolatable_ttf/TestFamily3-Condensed.ttx
+++ b/Tests/varLib/data/master_ttx_interpolatable_ttf/TestFamily3-Condensed.ttx
@@ -483,17 +483,17 @@
       <!-- LookupCount=1 -->
       <Lookup index="0">
         <LookupType value="2"/>
-        <LookupFlag value="8"/>
+        <LookupFlag value="8"/><!-- ignoreMarks -->
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
         <PairPos index="0" Format="2">
-          <Coverage Format="1">
+          <Coverage>
             <Glyph value="T"/>
           </Coverage>
           <ValueFormat1 value="4"/>
           <ValueFormat2 value="0"/>
-          <ClassDef1 Format="2">
+          <ClassDef1>
           </ClassDef1>
-          <ClassDef2 Format="1">
+          <ClassDef2>
             <ClassDef glyph="T" class="4"/>
             <ClassDef glyph="n" class="3"/>
             <ClassDef glyph="o" class="2"/>
diff --git a/Tests/varLib/data/master_ttx_interpolatable_ttf/TestFamily3-CondensedBold.ttx b/Tests/varLib/data/master_ttx_interpolatable_ttf/TestFamily3-CondensedBold.ttx
index 3313ce6..2b7264d 100644
--- a/Tests/varLib/data/master_ttx_interpolatable_ttf/TestFamily3-CondensedBold.ttx
+++ b/Tests/varLib/data/master_ttx_interpolatable_ttf/TestFamily3-CondensedBold.ttx
@@ -483,17 +483,17 @@
       <!-- LookupCount=1 -->
       <Lookup index="0">
         <LookupType value="2"/>
-        <LookupFlag value="8"/>
+        <LookupFlag value="8"/><!-- ignoreMarks -->
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
         <PairPos index="0" Format="2">
-          <Coverage Format="1">
+          <Coverage>
             <Glyph value="T"/>
           </Coverage>
           <ValueFormat1 value="4"/>
           <ValueFormat2 value="0"/>
-          <ClassDef1 Format="2">
+          <ClassDef1>
           </ClassDef1>
-          <ClassDef2 Format="1">
+          <ClassDef2>
             <ClassDef glyph="T" class="4"/>
             <ClassDef glyph="n" class="3"/>
             <ClassDef glyph="o" class="2"/>
diff --git a/Tests/varLib/data/master_ttx_interpolatable_ttf/TestFamily3-CondensedLight.ttx b/Tests/varLib/data/master_ttx_interpolatable_ttf/TestFamily3-CondensedLight.ttx
index c83912b..d03abf5 100644
--- a/Tests/varLib/data/master_ttx_interpolatable_ttf/TestFamily3-CondensedLight.ttx
+++ b/Tests/varLib/data/master_ttx_interpolatable_ttf/TestFamily3-CondensedLight.ttx
@@ -483,17 +483,17 @@
       <!-- LookupCount=1 -->
       <Lookup index="0">
         <LookupType value="2"/>
-        <LookupFlag value="8"/>
+        <LookupFlag value="8"/><!-- ignoreMarks -->
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
         <PairPos index="0" Format="2">
-          <Coverage Format="1">
+          <Coverage>
             <Glyph value="T"/>
           </Coverage>
           <ValueFormat1 value="4"/>
           <ValueFormat2 value="0"/>
-          <ClassDef1 Format="2">
+          <ClassDef1>
           </ClassDef1>
-          <ClassDef2 Format="1">
+          <ClassDef2>
             <ClassDef glyph="T" class="4"/>
             <ClassDef glyph="n" class="3"/>
             <ClassDef glyph="o" class="2"/>
diff --git a/Tests/varLib/data/master_ttx_interpolatable_ttf/TestFamily3-CondensedSemiBold.ttx b/Tests/varLib/data/master_ttx_interpolatable_ttf/TestFamily3-CondensedSemiBold.ttx
index 7b0c88f..1189220 100644
--- a/Tests/varLib/data/master_ttx_interpolatable_ttf/TestFamily3-CondensedSemiBold.ttx
+++ b/Tests/varLib/data/master_ttx_interpolatable_ttf/TestFamily3-CondensedSemiBold.ttx
@@ -483,17 +483,17 @@
       <!-- LookupCount=1 -->
       <Lookup index="0">
         <LookupType value="2"/>
-        <LookupFlag value="8"/>
+        <LookupFlag value="8"/><!-- ignoreMarks -->
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
         <PairPos index="0" Format="2">
-          <Coverage Format="1">
+          <Coverage>
             <Glyph value="T"/>
           </Coverage>
           <ValueFormat1 value="4"/>
           <ValueFormat2 value="0"/>
-          <ClassDef1 Format="2">
+          <ClassDef1>
           </ClassDef1>
-          <ClassDef2 Format="1">
+          <ClassDef2>
             <ClassDef glyph="T" class="4"/>
             <ClassDef glyph="n" class="3"/>
             <ClassDef glyph="o" class="2"/>
diff --git a/Tests/varLib/data/master_ttx_interpolatable_ttf/TestFamily3-Light.ttx b/Tests/varLib/data/master_ttx_interpolatable_ttf/TestFamily3-Light.ttx
index 0e84719..3583c0d 100644
--- a/Tests/varLib/data/master_ttx_interpolatable_ttf/TestFamily3-Light.ttx
+++ b/Tests/varLib/data/master_ttx_interpolatable_ttf/TestFamily3-Light.ttx
@@ -483,17 +483,17 @@
       <!-- LookupCount=1 -->
       <Lookup index="0">
         <LookupType value="2"/>
-        <LookupFlag value="8"/>
+        <LookupFlag value="8"/><!-- ignoreMarks -->
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
         <PairPos index="0" Format="2">
-          <Coverage Format="1">
+          <Coverage>
             <Glyph value="T"/>
           </Coverage>
           <ValueFormat1 value="4"/>
           <ValueFormat2 value="0"/>
-          <ClassDef1 Format="2">
+          <ClassDef1>
           </ClassDef1>
-          <ClassDef2 Format="1">
+          <ClassDef2>
             <ClassDef glyph="T" class="4"/>
             <ClassDef glyph="n" class="3"/>
             <ClassDef glyph="o" class="2"/>
diff --git a/Tests/varLib/data/master_ttx_interpolatable_ttf/TestFamily3-Regular.ttx b/Tests/varLib/data/master_ttx_interpolatable_ttf/TestFamily3-Regular.ttx
index 44848db..bf68b16 100644
--- a/Tests/varLib/data/master_ttx_interpolatable_ttf/TestFamily3-Regular.ttx
+++ b/Tests/varLib/data/master_ttx_interpolatable_ttf/TestFamily3-Regular.ttx
@@ -477,17 +477,17 @@
       <!-- LookupCount=1 -->
       <Lookup index="0">
         <LookupType value="2"/>
-        <LookupFlag value="8"/>
+        <LookupFlag value="8"/><!-- ignoreMarks -->
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
         <PairPos index="0" Format="2">
-          <Coverage Format="1">
+          <Coverage>
             <Glyph value="T"/>
           </Coverage>
           <ValueFormat1 value="4"/>
           <ValueFormat2 value="0"/>
-          <ClassDef1 Format="2">
+          <ClassDef1>
           </ClassDef1>
-          <ClassDef2 Format="1">
+          <ClassDef2>
             <ClassDef glyph="T" class="4"/>
             <ClassDef glyph="n" class="3"/>
             <ClassDef glyph="o" class="2"/>
diff --git a/Tests/varLib/data/master_ttx_interpolatable_ttf/TestFamily3-SemiBold.ttx b/Tests/varLib/data/master_ttx_interpolatable_ttf/TestFamily3-SemiBold.ttx
index 7e6a0b3..96badb3 100644
--- a/Tests/varLib/data/master_ttx_interpolatable_ttf/TestFamily3-SemiBold.ttx
+++ b/Tests/varLib/data/master_ttx_interpolatable_ttf/TestFamily3-SemiBold.ttx
@@ -483,17 +483,17 @@
       <!-- LookupCount=1 -->
       <Lookup index="0">
         <LookupType value="2"/>
-        <LookupFlag value="8"/>
+        <LookupFlag value="8"/><!-- ignoreMarks -->
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
         <PairPos index="0" Format="2">
-          <Coverage Format="1">
+          <Coverage>
             <Glyph value="T"/>
           </Coverage>
           <ValueFormat1 value="4"/>
           <ValueFormat2 value="0"/>
-          <ClassDef1 Format="2">
+          <ClassDef1>
           </ClassDef1>
-          <ClassDef2 Format="1">
+          <ClassDef2>
             <ClassDef glyph="T" class="4"/>
             <ClassDef glyph="n" class="3"/>
             <ClassDef glyph="o" class="2"/>
diff --git a/Tests/varLib/data/master_ttx_interpolatable_ttf/TestFamily4-Italic15.ttx b/Tests/varLib/data/master_ttx_interpolatable_ttf/TestFamily4-Italic15.ttx
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ab5789e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/varLib/data/master_ttx_interpolatable_ttf/TestFamily4-Italic15.ttx
@@ -0,0 +1,662 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<ttFont sfntVersion="\x00\x01\x00\x00" ttLibVersion="3.34">
+
+  <GlyphOrder>
+    <!-- The 'id' attribute is only for humans; it is ignored when parsed. -->
+    <GlyphID id="0" name=".notdef"/>
+    <GlyphID id="1" name="N"/>
+    <GlyphID id="2" name="O"/>
+    <GlyphID id="3" name="Odieresis"/>
+    <GlyphID id="4" name="n"/>
+    <GlyphID id="5" name="o"/>
+    <GlyphID id="6" name="odieresis"/>
+    <GlyphID id="7" name="uni0308"/>
+  </GlyphOrder>
+
+  <head>
+    <!-- Most of this table will be recalculated by the compiler -->
+    <tableVersion value="1.0"/>
+    <fontRevision value="1.0"/>
+    <checkSumAdjustment value="0xc48e411d"/>
+    <magicNumber value="0x5f0f3cf5"/>
+    <flags value="00000000 00000011"/>
+    <unitsPerEm value="750"/>
+    <created value="Sat Oct 21 13:31:38 2017"/>
+    <modified value="Mon Dec 17 12:42:07 2018"/>
+    <xMin value="6"/>
+    <yMin value="-150"/>
+    <xMax value="436"/>
+    <yMax value="650"/>
+    <macStyle value="00000000 00000010"/>
+    <lowestRecPPEM value="6"/>
+    <fontDirectionHint value="2"/>
+    <indexToLocFormat value="0"/>
+    <glyphDataFormat value="0"/>
+  </head>
+
+  <hhea>
+    <tableVersion value="0x00010000"/>
+    <ascent value="750"/>
+    <descent value="-150"/>
+    <lineGap value="0"/>
+    <advanceWidthMax value="408"/>
+    <minLeftSideBearing value="6"/>
+    <minRightSideBearing value="-333"/>
+    <xMaxExtent value="436"/>
+    <caretSlopeRise value="1000"/>
+    <caretSlopeRun value="268"/>
+    <caretOffset value="0"/>
+    <reserved0 value="0"/>
+    <reserved1 value="0"/>
+    <reserved2 value="0"/>
+    <reserved3 value="0"/>
+    <metricDataFormat value="0"/>
+    <numberOfHMetrics value="8"/>
+  </hhea>
+
+  <maxp>
+    <!-- Most of this table will be recalculated by the compiler -->
+    <tableVersion value="0x10000"/>
+    <numGlyphs value="8"/>
+    <maxPoints value="36"/>
+    <maxContours value="2"/>
+    <maxCompositePoints value="64"/>
+    <maxCompositeContours value="4"/>
+    <maxZones value="1"/>
+    <maxTwilightPoints value="0"/>
+    <maxStorage value="0"/>
+    <maxFunctionDefs value="0"/>
+    <maxInstructionDefs value="0"/>
+    <maxStackElements value="0"/>
+    <maxSizeOfInstructions value="0"/>
+    <maxComponentElements value="2"/>
+    <maxComponentDepth value="1"/>
+  </maxp>
+
+  <OS_2>
+    <!-- The fields 'usFirstCharIndex' and 'usLastCharIndex'
+         will be recalculated by the compiler -->
+    <version value="4"/>
+    <xAvgCharWidth value="375"/>
+    <usWeightClass value="400"/>
+    <usWidthClass value="5"/>
+    <fsType value="00000000 00001000"/>
+    <ySubscriptXSize value="488"/>
+    <ySubscriptYSize value="450"/>
+    <ySubscriptXOffset value="-15"/>
+    <ySubscriptYOffset value="56"/>
+    <ySuperscriptXSize value="488"/>
+    <ySuperscriptYSize value="450"/>
+    <ySuperscriptXOffset value="70"/>
+    <ySuperscriptYOffset value="263"/>
+    <yStrikeoutSize value="50"/>
+    <yStrikeoutPosition value="210"/>
+    <sFamilyClass value="0"/>
+    <panose>
+      <bFamilyType value="0"/>
+      <bSerifStyle value="0"/>
+      <bWeight value="0"/>
+      <bProportion value="0"/>
+      <bContrast value="0"/>
+      <bStrokeVariation value="0"/>
+      <bArmStyle value="0"/>
+      <bLetterForm value="0"/>
+      <bMidline value="0"/>
+      <bXHeight value="0"/>
+    </panose>
+    <ulUnicodeRange1 value="00000000 00000000 00000000 01000011"/>
+    <ulUnicodeRange2 value="00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000"/>
+    <ulUnicodeRange3 value="00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000"/>
+    <ulUnicodeRange4 value="00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000"/>
+    <achVendID value="jens"/>
+    <fsSelection value="00000000 00000001"/>
+    <usFirstCharIndex value="78"/>
+    <usLastCharIndex value="776"/>
+    <sTypoAscender value="600"/>
+    <sTypoDescender value="-150"/>
+    <sTypoLineGap value="150"/>
+    <usWinAscent value="700"/>
+    <usWinDescent value="250"/>
+    <ulCodePageRange1 value="00000000 00000000 00000000 00000001"/>
+    <ulCodePageRange2 value="00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000"/>
+    <sxHeight value="350"/>
+    <sCapHeight value="500"/>
+    <usDefaultChar value="0"/>
+    <usBreakChar value="32"/>
+    <usMaxContext value="1"/>
+  </OS_2>
+
+  <hmtx>
+    <mtx name=".notdef" width="375" lsb="38"/>
+    <mtx name="N" width="408" lsb="11"/>
+    <mtx name="O" width="404" lsb="33"/>
+    <mtx name="Odieresis" width="404" lsb="33"/>
+    <mtx name="n" width="348" lsb="6"/>
+    <mtx name="o" width="342" lsb="22"/>
+    <mtx name="odieresis" width="342" lsb="22"/>
+    <mtx name="uni0308" width="0" lsb="123"/>
+  </hmtx>
+
+  <cmap>
+    <tableVersion version="0"/>
+    <cmap_format_4 platformID="0" platEncID="3" language="0">
+      <map code="0x4e" name="N"/><!-- LATIN CAPITAL LETTER N -->
+      <map code="0x4f" name="O"/><!-- LATIN CAPITAL LETTER O -->
+      <map code="0x6e" name="n"/><!-- LATIN SMALL LETTER N -->
+      <map code="0x6f" name="o"/><!-- LATIN SMALL LETTER O -->
+      <map code="0xd6" name="Odieresis"/><!-- LATIN CAPITAL LETTER O WITH DIAERESIS -->
+      <map code="0xf6" name="odieresis"/><!-- LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH DIAERESIS -->
+      <map code="0x308" name="uni0308"/><!-- COMBINING DIAERESIS -->
+    </cmap_format_4>
+    <cmap_format_4 platformID="3" platEncID="1" language="0">
+      <map code="0x4e" name="N"/><!-- LATIN CAPITAL LETTER N -->
+      <map code="0x4f" name="O"/><!-- LATIN CAPITAL LETTER O -->
+      <map code="0x6e" name="n"/><!-- LATIN SMALL LETTER N -->
+      <map code="0x6f" name="o"/><!-- LATIN SMALL LETTER O -->
+      <map code="0xd6" name="Odieresis"/><!-- LATIN CAPITAL LETTER O WITH DIAERESIS -->
+      <map code="0xf6" name="odieresis"/><!-- LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH DIAERESIS -->
+      <map code="0x308" name="uni0308"/><!-- COMBINING DIAERESIS -->
+    </cmap_format_4>
+  </cmap>
+
+  <loca>
+    <!-- The 'loca' table will be calculated by the compiler -->
+  </loca>
+
+  <glyf>
+
+    <!-- The xMin, yMin, xMax and yMax values
+         will be recalculated by the compiler. -->
+
+    <TTGlyph name=".notdef" xMin="38" yMin="-150" xMax="337" yMax="600">
+      <contour>
+        <pt x="38" y="-150" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="337" y="-150" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="337" y="600" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="38" y="600" on="1"/>
+      </contour>
+      <contour>
+        <pt x="76" y="-112" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="76" y="562" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="299" y="562" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="299" y="-112" on="1"/>
+      </contour>
+      <instructions/>
+    </TTGlyph>
+
+    <TTGlyph name="N" xMin="11" yMin="-4" xMax="436" yMax="504">
+      <contour>
+        <pt x="38" y="-4" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="26" y="-4" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="11" y="16" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="14" y="28" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="136" y="486" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="138" y="495" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="152" y="504" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="159" y="504" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="167" y="504" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="182" y="495" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="184" y="486" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="287" y="116" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="386" y="485" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="388" y="493" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="401" y="504" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="410" y="504" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="425" y="504" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="436" y="480" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="434" y="472" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="312" y="14" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="310" y="5" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="296" y="-4" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="288" y="-4" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="281" y="-4" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="266" y="5" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="264" y="14" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="161" y="384" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="62" y="15" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="60" y="7" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="47" y="-4" on="0"/>
+      </contour>
+      <instructions/>
+    </TTGlyph>
+
+    <TTGlyph name="O" xMin="33" yMin="-10" xMax="412" yMax="510">
+      <contour>
+        <pt x="159" y="-10" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="116" y="-10" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="57" y="33" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="33" y="105" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="44" y="146" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="103" y="366" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="114" y="406" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="169" y="471" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="245" y="510" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="285" y="510" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="328" y="510" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="388" y="467" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="412" y="396" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="401" y="354" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="342" y="133" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="332" y="94" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="275" y="29" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="199" y="-10" on="0"/>
+      </contour>
+      <contour>
+        <pt x="159" y="40" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="188" y="40" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="244" y="69" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="286" y="117" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="294" y="146" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="353" y="366" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="360" y="393" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="347" y="435" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="312" y="460" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="285" y="460" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="256" y="460" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="200" y="431" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="159" y="383" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="151" y="354" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="92" y="133" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="85" y="107" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="98" y="65" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="133" y="40" on="0"/>
+      </contour>
+      <instructions/>
+    </TTGlyph>
+
+    <TTGlyph name="Odieresis" xMin="33" yMin="-10" xMax="425" yMax="650">
+      <component glyphName="O" x="0" y="0" flags="0x204"/>
+      <component glyphName="uni0308" x="92" y="150" flags="0x4"/>
+    </TTGlyph>
+
+    <TTGlyph name="n" xMin="6" yMin="-4" xMax="327" yMax="350">
+      <contour>
+        <pt x="34" y="-4" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="22" y="-4" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="6" y="15" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="10" y="28" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="90" y="329" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="96" y="350" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="118" y="350" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="238" y="350" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="269" y="350" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="311" y="321" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="327" y="272" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="319" y="242" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="258" y="15" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="256" y="6" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="243" y="-4" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="234" y="-4" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="222" y="-4" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="206" y="15" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="210" y="28" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="271" y="255" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="276" y="275" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="259" y="300" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="238" y="300" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="134" y="300" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="58" y="15" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="56" y="7" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="43" y="-4" on="0"/>
+      </contour>
+      <instructions/>
+    </TTGlyph>
+
+    <TTGlyph name="o" xMin="22" yMin="-10" xMax="322" yMax="360">
+      <contour>
+        <pt x="129" y="-10" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="91" y="-10" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="40" y="25" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="22" y="86" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="32" y="124" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="64" y="240" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="74" y="276" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="119" y="330" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="180" y="360" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="215" y="360" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="253" y="360" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="304" y="325" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="323" y="265" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="312" y="226" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="280" y="110" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="270" y="75" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="225" y="20" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="164" y="-10" on="0"/>
+      </contour>
+      <contour>
+        <pt x="129" y="40" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="165" y="40" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="222" y="86" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="232" y="124" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="264" y="240" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="273" y="273" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="247" y="310" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="215" y="310" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="179" y="310" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="123" y="264" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="112" y="226" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="80" y="110" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="71" y="77" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="97" y="40" on="0"/>
+      </contour>
+      <instructions/>
+    </TTGlyph>
+
+    <TTGlyph name="odieresis" xMin="22" yMin="-10" xMax="354" yMax="500">
+      <component glyphName="o" x="0" y="0" flags="0x204"/>
+      <component glyphName="uni0308" x="21" y="0" flags="0x4"/>
+    </TTGlyph>
+
+    <TTGlyph name="uni0308" xMin="123" yMin="425" xMax="333" yMax="500">
+      <contour>
+        <pt x="300" y="425" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="288" y="425" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="273" y="445" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="276" y="456" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="282" y="480" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="284" y="489" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="297" y="500" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="306" y="500" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="318" y="500" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="333" y="480" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="330" y="469" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="324" y="445" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="322" y="436" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="309" y="425" on="0"/>
+      </contour>
+      <contour>
+        <pt x="150" y="425" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="138" y="425" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="123" y="445" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="126" y="456" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="132" y="480" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="134" y="489" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="147" y="500" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="156" y="500" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="168" y="500" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="183" y="480" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="180" y="469" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="174" y="445" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="172" y="436" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="159" y="425" on="0"/>
+      </contour>
+      <instructions/>
+    </TTGlyph>
+
+  </glyf>
+
+  <name>
+    <namerecord nameID="0" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Copyright 2017 by Jens Kutilek
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="1" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Test Family 4 15
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="2" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Italic
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="3" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      1.000;jens;TestFamily4-Italic15
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="4" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Test Family 4 Italic 15
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="5" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Version 1.000
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="6" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      TestFamily4-Italic15
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="8" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Jens Kutilek
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="9" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Jens Kutilek after the ISO 3098 standard
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="11" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      https://www.kutilek.de/
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="12" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      https://www.kutilek.de/
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="16" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Test Family 4
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="17" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Italic 15
+    </namerecord>
+  </name>
+
+  <post>
+    <formatType value="2.0"/>
+    <italicAngle value="-15.0"/>
+    <underlinePosition value="-100"/>
+    <underlineThickness value="50"/>
+    <isFixedPitch value="0"/>
+    <minMemType42 value="0"/>
+    <maxMemType42 value="0"/>
+    <minMemType1 value="0"/>
+    <maxMemType1 value="0"/>
+    <psNames>
+      <!-- This file uses unique glyph names based on the information
+           found in the 'post' table. Since these names might not be unique,
+           we have to invent artificial names in case of clashes. In order to
+           be able to retain the original information, we need a name to
+           ps name mapping for those cases where they differ. That's what
+           you see below.
+            -->
+    </psNames>
+    <extraNames>
+      <!-- following are the name that are not taken from the standard Mac glyph order -->
+      <psName name="dieresiscomb"/>
+      <psName name="uni0308"/>
+    </extraNames>
+  </post>
+
+  <GDEF>
+    <Version value="0x00010002"/>
+    <GlyphClassDef>
+      <ClassDef glyph="N" class="1"/>
+      <ClassDef glyph="O" class="1"/>
+      <ClassDef glyph="Odieresis" class="1"/>
+      <ClassDef glyph="n" class="1"/>
+      <ClassDef glyph="o" class="1"/>
+      <ClassDef glyph="odieresis" class="1"/>
+      <ClassDef glyph="uni0308" class="3"/>
+    </GlyphClassDef>
+    <MarkGlyphSetsDef>
+      <MarkSetTableFormat value="1"/>
+      <!-- MarkSetCount=1 -->
+      <Coverage index="0">
+        <Glyph value="uni0308"/>
+      </Coverage>
+    </MarkGlyphSetsDef>
+  </GDEF>
+
+  <GPOS>
+    <Version value="0x00010000"/>
+    <ScriptList>
+      <!-- ScriptCount=2 -->
+      <ScriptRecord index="0">
+        <ScriptTag value="DFLT"/>
+        <Script>
+          <DefaultLangSys>
+            <ReqFeatureIndex value="65535"/>
+            <!-- FeatureCount=3 -->
+            <FeatureIndex index="0" value="0"/>
+            <FeatureIndex index="1" value="1"/>
+            <FeatureIndex index="2" value="2"/>
+          </DefaultLangSys>
+          <!-- LangSysCount=0 -->
+        </Script>
+      </ScriptRecord>
+      <ScriptRecord index="1">
+        <ScriptTag value="latn"/>
+        <Script>
+          <DefaultLangSys>
+            <ReqFeatureIndex value="65535"/>
+            <!-- FeatureCount=3 -->
+            <FeatureIndex index="0" value="0"/>
+            <FeatureIndex index="1" value="1"/>
+            <FeatureIndex index="2" value="2"/>
+          </DefaultLangSys>
+          <!-- LangSysCount=1 -->
+          <LangSysRecord index="0">
+            <LangSysTag value="NLD "/>
+            <LangSys>
+              <ReqFeatureIndex value="65535"/>
+              <!-- FeatureCount=3 -->
+              <FeatureIndex index="0" value="0"/>
+              <FeatureIndex index="1" value="1"/>
+              <FeatureIndex index="2" value="2"/>
+            </LangSys>
+          </LangSysRecord>
+        </Script>
+      </ScriptRecord>
+    </ScriptList>
+    <FeatureList>
+      <!-- FeatureCount=3 -->
+      <FeatureRecord index="0">
+        <FeatureTag value="cpsp"/>
+        <Feature>
+          <!-- LookupCount=1 -->
+          <LookupListIndex index="0" value="0"/>
+        </Feature>
+      </FeatureRecord>
+      <FeatureRecord index="1">
+        <FeatureTag value="mark"/>
+        <Feature>
+          <!-- LookupCount=1 -->
+          <LookupListIndex index="0" value="1"/>
+        </Feature>
+      </FeatureRecord>
+      <FeatureRecord index="2">
+        <FeatureTag value="mkmk"/>
+        <Feature>
+          <!-- LookupCount=1 -->
+          <LookupListIndex index="0" value="2"/>
+        </Feature>
+      </FeatureRecord>
+    </FeatureList>
+    <LookupList>
+      <!-- LookupCount=3 -->
+      <Lookup index="0">
+        <LookupType value="1"/>
+        <LookupFlag value="0"/>
+        <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
+        <SinglePos index="0" Format="1">
+          <Coverage>
+            <Glyph value="N"/>
+            <Glyph value="O"/>
+            <Glyph value="Odieresis"/>
+          </Coverage>
+          <ValueFormat value="5"/>
+          <Value XPlacement="25" XAdvance="50"/>
+        </SinglePos>
+      </Lookup>
+      <Lookup index="1">
+        <LookupType value="4"/>
+        <LookupFlag value="0"/>
+        <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
+        <MarkBasePos index="0" Format="1">
+          <MarkCoverage>
+            <Glyph value="uni0308"/>
+          </MarkCoverage>
+          <BaseCoverage>
+            <Glyph value="N"/>
+            <Glyph value="O"/>
+            <Glyph value="Odieresis"/>
+            <Glyph value="n"/>
+            <Glyph value="o"/>
+            <Glyph value="odieresis"/>
+          </BaseCoverage>
+          <!-- ClassCount=1 -->
+          <MarkArray>
+            <!-- MarkCount=1 -->
+            <MarkRecord index="0">
+              <Class value="0"/>
+              <MarkAnchor Format="1">
+                <XCoordinate value="197"/>
+                <YCoordinate value="350"/>
+              </MarkAnchor>
+            </MarkRecord>
+          </MarkArray>
+          <BaseArray>
+            <!-- BaseCount=6 -->
+            <BaseRecord index="0">
+              <BaseAnchor index="0" Format="1">
+                <XCoordinate value="291"/>
+                <YCoordinate value="500"/>
+              </BaseAnchor>
+            </BaseRecord>
+            <BaseRecord index="1">
+              <BaseAnchor index="0" Format="1">
+                <XCoordinate value="289"/>
+                <YCoordinate value="500"/>
+              </BaseAnchor>
+            </BaseRecord>
+            <BaseRecord index="2">
+              <BaseAnchor index="0" Format="1">
+                <XCoordinate value="322"/>
+                <YCoordinate value="625"/>
+              </BaseAnchor>
+            </BaseRecord>
+            <BaseRecord index="3">
+              <BaseAnchor index="0" Format="1">
+                <XCoordinate value="222"/>
+                <YCoordinate value="350"/>
+              </BaseAnchor>
+            </BaseRecord>
+            <BaseRecord index="4">
+              <BaseAnchor index="0" Format="1">
+                <XCoordinate value="218"/>
+                <YCoordinate value="350"/>
+              </BaseAnchor>
+            </BaseRecord>
+            <BaseRecord index="5">
+              <BaseAnchor index="0" Format="1">
+                <XCoordinate value="251"/>
+                <YCoordinate value="475"/>
+              </BaseAnchor>
+            </BaseRecord>
+          </BaseArray>
+        </MarkBasePos>
+      </Lookup>
+      <Lookup index="2">
+        <LookupType value="6"/>
+        <LookupFlag value="16"/><!-- useMarkFilteringSet -->
+        <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
+        <MarkMarkPos index="0" Format="1">
+          <Mark1Coverage>
+            <Glyph value="uni0308"/>
+          </Mark1Coverage>
+          <Mark2Coverage>
+            <Glyph value="uni0308"/>
+          </Mark2Coverage>
+          <!-- ClassCount=1 -->
+          <Mark1Array>
+            <!-- MarkCount=1 -->
+            <MarkRecord index="0">
+              <Class value="0"/>
+              <MarkAnchor Format="1">
+                <XCoordinate value="197"/>
+                <YCoordinate value="350"/>
+              </MarkAnchor>
+            </MarkRecord>
+          </Mark1Array>
+          <Mark2Array>
+            <!-- Mark2Count=1 -->
+            <Mark2Record index="0">
+              <Mark2Anchor index="0" Format="1">
+                <XCoordinate value="230"/>
+                <YCoordinate value="475"/>
+              </Mark2Anchor>
+            </Mark2Record>
+          </Mark2Array>
+        </MarkMarkPos>
+        <MarkFilteringSet value="0"/>
+      </Lookup>
+    </LookupList>
+  </GPOS>
+
+</ttFont>
diff --git a/Tests/varLib/data/master_ttx_interpolatable_ttf/TestFamily4-Regular.ttx b/Tests/varLib/data/master_ttx_interpolatable_ttf/TestFamily4-Regular.ttx
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0b7063f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/varLib/data/master_ttx_interpolatable_ttf/TestFamily4-Regular.ttx
@@ -0,0 +1,656 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<ttFont sfntVersion="\x00\x01\x00\x00" ttLibVersion="3.34">
+
+  <GlyphOrder>
+    <!-- The 'id' attribute is only for humans; it is ignored when parsed. -->
+    <GlyphID id="0" name=".notdef"/>
+    <GlyphID id="1" name="N"/>
+    <GlyphID id="2" name="O"/>
+    <GlyphID id="3" name="Odieresis"/>
+    <GlyphID id="4" name="n"/>
+    <GlyphID id="5" name="o"/>
+    <GlyphID id="6" name="odieresis"/>
+    <GlyphID id="7" name="uni0308"/>
+  </GlyphOrder>
+
+  <head>
+    <!-- Most of this table will be recalculated by the compiler -->
+    <tableVersion value="1.0"/>
+    <fontRevision value="1.0"/>
+    <checkSumAdjustment value="0x20783e4b"/>
+    <magicNumber value="0x5f0f3cf5"/>
+    <flags value="00000000 00000011"/>
+    <unitsPerEm value="750"/>
+    <created value="Sat Oct 21 13:31:38 2017"/>
+    <modified value="Mon Dec 17 12:42:07 2018"/>
+    <xMin value="38"/>
+    <yMin value="-150"/>
+    <xMax value="354"/>
+    <yMax value="650"/>
+    <macStyle value="00000000 00000000"/>
+    <lowestRecPPEM value="6"/>
+    <fontDirectionHint value="2"/>
+    <indexToLocFormat value="0"/>
+    <glyphDataFormat value="0"/>
+  </head>
+
+  <hhea>
+    <tableVersion value="0x00010000"/>
+    <ascent value="750"/>
+    <descent value="-150"/>
+    <lineGap value="0"/>
+    <advanceWidthMax value="408"/>
+    <minLeftSideBearing value="38"/>
+    <minRightSideBearing value="-250"/>
+    <xMaxExtent value="354"/>
+    <caretSlopeRise value="1"/>
+    <caretSlopeRun value="0"/>
+    <caretOffset value="0"/>
+    <reserved0 value="0"/>
+    <reserved1 value="0"/>
+    <reserved2 value="0"/>
+    <reserved3 value="0"/>
+    <metricDataFormat value="0"/>
+    <numberOfHMetrics value="8"/>
+  </hhea>
+
+  <maxp>
+    <!-- Most of this table will be recalculated by the compiler -->
+    <tableVersion value="0x10000"/>
+    <numGlyphs value="8"/>
+    <maxPoints value="36"/>
+    <maxContours value="2"/>
+    <maxCompositePoints value="64"/>
+    <maxCompositeContours value="4"/>
+    <maxZones value="1"/>
+    <maxTwilightPoints value="0"/>
+    <maxStorage value="0"/>
+    <maxFunctionDefs value="0"/>
+    <maxInstructionDefs value="0"/>
+    <maxStackElements value="0"/>
+    <maxSizeOfInstructions value="0"/>
+    <maxComponentElements value="2"/>
+    <maxComponentDepth value="1"/>
+  </maxp>
+
+  <OS_2>
+    <!-- The fields 'usFirstCharIndex' and 'usLastCharIndex'
+         will be recalculated by the compiler -->
+    <version value="4"/>
+    <xAvgCharWidth value="375"/>
+    <usWeightClass value="400"/>
+    <usWidthClass value="5"/>
+    <fsType value="00000000 00001000"/>
+    <ySubscriptXSize value="488"/>
+    <ySubscriptYSize value="450"/>
+    <ySubscriptXOffset value="0"/>
+    <ySubscriptYOffset value="56"/>
+    <ySuperscriptXSize value="488"/>
+    <ySuperscriptYSize value="450"/>
+    <ySuperscriptXOffset value="0"/>
+    <ySuperscriptYOffset value="263"/>
+    <yStrikeoutSize value="50"/>
+    <yStrikeoutPosition value="210"/>
+    <sFamilyClass value="0"/>
+    <panose>
+      <bFamilyType value="0"/>
+      <bSerifStyle value="0"/>
+      <bWeight value="0"/>
+      <bProportion value="0"/>
+      <bContrast value="0"/>
+      <bStrokeVariation value="0"/>
+      <bArmStyle value="0"/>
+      <bLetterForm value="0"/>
+      <bMidline value="0"/>
+      <bXHeight value="0"/>
+    </panose>
+    <ulUnicodeRange1 value="00000000 00000000 00000000 01000011"/>
+    <ulUnicodeRange2 value="00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000"/>
+    <ulUnicodeRange3 value="00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000"/>
+    <ulUnicodeRange4 value="00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000"/>
+    <achVendID value="jens"/>
+    <fsSelection value="00000000 01000000"/>
+    <usFirstCharIndex value="78"/>
+    <usLastCharIndex value="776"/>
+    <sTypoAscender value="600"/>
+    <sTypoDescender value="-150"/>
+    <sTypoLineGap value="150"/>
+    <usWinAscent value="700"/>
+    <usWinDescent value="250"/>
+    <ulCodePageRange1 value="00000000 00000000 00000000 00000001"/>
+    <ulCodePageRange2 value="00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000"/>
+    <sxHeight value="350"/>
+    <sCapHeight value="500"/>
+    <usDefaultChar value="0"/>
+    <usBreakChar value="32"/>
+    <usMaxContext value="1"/>
+  </OS_2>
+
+  <hmtx>
+    <mtx name=".notdef" width="375" lsb="38"/>
+    <mtx name="N" width="408" lsb="54"/>
+    <mtx name="O" width="404" lsb="52"/>
+    <mtx name="Odieresis" width="404" lsb="52"/>
+    <mtx name="n" width="348" lsb="50"/>
+    <mtx name="o" width="342" lsb="46"/>
+    <mtx name="odieresis" width="342" lsb="46"/>
+    <mtx name="uni0308" width="0" lsb="50"/>
+  </hmtx>
+
+  <cmap>
+    <tableVersion version="0"/>
+    <cmap_format_4 platformID="0" platEncID="3" language="0">
+      <map code="0x4e" name="N"/><!-- LATIN CAPITAL LETTER N -->
+      <map code="0x4f" name="O"/><!-- LATIN CAPITAL LETTER O -->
+      <map code="0x6e" name="n"/><!-- LATIN SMALL LETTER N -->
+      <map code="0x6f" name="o"/><!-- LATIN SMALL LETTER O -->
+      <map code="0xd6" name="Odieresis"/><!-- LATIN CAPITAL LETTER O WITH DIAERESIS -->
+      <map code="0xf6" name="odieresis"/><!-- LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH DIAERESIS -->
+      <map code="0x308" name="uni0308"/><!-- COMBINING DIAERESIS -->
+    </cmap_format_4>
+    <cmap_format_4 platformID="3" platEncID="1" language="0">
+      <map code="0x4e" name="N"/><!-- LATIN CAPITAL LETTER N -->
+      <map code="0x4f" name="O"/><!-- LATIN CAPITAL LETTER O -->
+      <map code="0x6e" name="n"/><!-- LATIN SMALL LETTER N -->
+      <map code="0x6f" name="o"/><!-- LATIN SMALL LETTER O -->
+      <map code="0xd6" name="Odieresis"/><!-- LATIN CAPITAL LETTER O WITH DIAERESIS -->
+      <map code="0xf6" name="odieresis"/><!-- LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH DIAERESIS -->
+      <map code="0x308" name="uni0308"/><!-- COMBINING DIAERESIS -->
+    </cmap_format_4>
+  </cmap>
+
+  <loca>
+    <!-- The 'loca' table will be calculated by the compiler -->
+  </loca>
+
+  <glyf>
+
+    <!-- The xMin, yMin, xMax and yMax values
+         will be recalculated by the compiler. -->
+
+    <TTGlyph name=".notdef" xMin="38" yMin="-150" xMax="337" yMax="600">
+      <contour>
+        <pt x="38" y="-150" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="337" y="-150" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="337" y="600" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="38" y="600" on="1"/>
+      </contour>
+      <contour>
+        <pt x="76" y="-112" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="76" y="562" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="299" y="562" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="299" y="-112" on="1"/>
+      </contour>
+      <instructions/>
+    </TTGlyph>
+
+    <TTGlyph name="N" xMin="54" yMin="-4" xMax="354" yMax="504">
+      <contour>
+        <pt x="79" y="-4" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="69" y="-4" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="54" y="11" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="54" y="21" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="54" y="479" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="54" y="490" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="69" y="504" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="79" y="504" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="88" y="504" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="98" y="496" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="101" y="491" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="304" y="119" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="304" y="479" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="304" y="490" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="319" y="504" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="329" y="504" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="340" y="504" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="354" y="490" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="354" y="479" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="354" y="21" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="354" y="11" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="340" y="-4" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="329" y="-4" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="320" y="-4" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="310" y="4" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="307" y="9" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="104" y="381" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="104" y="21" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="104" y="11" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="90" y="-4" on="0"/>
+      </contour>
+      <instructions/>
+    </TTGlyph>
+
+    <TTGlyph name="O" xMin="52" yMin="-10" xMax="352" yMax="510">
+      <contour>
+        <pt x="202" y="-10" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="161" y="-10" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="93" y="31" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="52" y="99" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="52" y="140" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="52" y="360" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="52" y="401" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="93" y="469" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="161" y="510" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="202" y="510" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="243" y="510" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="311" y="469" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="352" y="401" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="352" y="360" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="352" y="140" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="352" y="99" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="311" y="31" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="243" y="-10" on="0"/>
+      </contour>
+      <contour>
+        <pt x="202" y="40" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="230" y="40" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="275" y="67" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="302" y="113" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="302" y="140" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="302" y="360" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="302" y="388" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="275" y="433" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="230" y="460" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="202" y="460" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="175" y="460" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="129" y="433" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="102" y="388" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="102" y="360" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="102" y="140" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="102" y="113" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="129" y="67" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="175" y="40" on="0"/>
+      </contour>
+      <instructions/>
+    </TTGlyph>
+
+    <TTGlyph name="Odieresis" xMin="52" yMin="-10" xMax="352" yMax="650">
+      <component glyphName="O" x="0" y="0" flags="0x204"/>
+      <component glyphName="uni0308" x="52" y="150" flags="0x4"/>
+    </TTGlyph>
+
+    <TTGlyph name="n" xMin="50" yMin="-4" xMax="300" yMax="350">
+      <contour>
+        <pt x="75" y="-4" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="65" y="-4" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="50" y="11" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="50" y="21" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="50" y="325" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="50" y="350" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="75" y="350" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="198" y="350" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="228" y="350" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="274" y="324" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="300" y="278" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="300" y="248" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="300" y="21" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="300" y="11" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="286" y="-4" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="275" y="-4" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="265" y="-4" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="250" y="11" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="250" y="21" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="250" y="248" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="250" y="271" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="221" y="300" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="198" y="300" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="100" y="300" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="100" y="21" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="100" y="11" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="86" y="-4" on="0"/>
+      </contour>
+      <instructions/>
+    </TTGlyph>
+
+    <TTGlyph name="o" xMin="46" yMin="-10" xMax="296" yMax="360">
+      <contour>
+        <pt x="171" y="-10" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="135" y="-10" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="78" y="23" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="46" y="80" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="46" y="117" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="46" y="233" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="46" y="270" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="78" y="327" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="135" y="360" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="171" y="360" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="208" y="360" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="264" y="327" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="296" y="270" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="296" y="233" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="296" y="117" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="296" y="80" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="264" y="23" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="208" y="-10" on="0"/>
+      </contour>
+      <contour>
+        <pt x="171" y="40" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="205" y="40" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="246" y="82" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="246" y="117" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="246" y="233" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="246" y="268" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="205" y="310" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="171" y="310" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="137" y="310" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="96" y="268" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="96" y="233" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="96" y="117" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="96" y="82" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="137" y="40" on="0"/>
+      </contour>
+      <instructions/>
+    </TTGlyph>
+
+    <TTGlyph name="odieresis" xMin="46" yMin="-10" xMax="296" yMax="500">
+      <component glyphName="o" x="0" y="0" flags="0x204"/>
+      <component glyphName="uni0308" x="21" y="0" flags="0x4"/>
+    </TTGlyph>
+
+    <TTGlyph name="uni0308" xMin="50" yMin="425" xMax="250" yMax="500">
+      <contour>
+        <pt x="225" y="425" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="215" y="425" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="200" y="440" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="200" y="450" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="200" y="475" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="200" y="486" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="215" y="500" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="225" y="500" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="236" y="500" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="250" y="486" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="250" y="475" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="250" y="450" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="250" y="440" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="236" y="425" on="0"/>
+      </contour>
+      <contour>
+        <pt x="75" y="425" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="65" y="425" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="50" y="440" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="50" y="450" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="50" y="475" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="50" y="486" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="65" y="500" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="75" y="500" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="86" y="500" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="100" y="486" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="100" y="475" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="100" y="450" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="100" y="440" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="86" y="425" on="0"/>
+      </contour>
+      <instructions/>
+    </TTGlyph>
+
+  </glyf>
+
+  <name>
+    <namerecord nameID="0" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Copyright 2017 by Jens Kutilek
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="1" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Test Family 4
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="2" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Regular
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="3" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      1.000;jens;TestFamily4-Regular
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="4" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Test Family 4 Regular
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="5" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Version 1.000
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="6" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      TestFamily4-Regular
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="8" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Jens Kutilek
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="9" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Jens Kutilek after the ISO 3098 standard
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="11" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      https://www.kutilek.de/
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="12" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      https://www.kutilek.de/
+    </namerecord>
+  </name>
+
+  <post>
+    <formatType value="2.0"/>
+    <italicAngle value="0.0"/>
+    <underlinePosition value="-100"/>
+    <underlineThickness value="50"/>
+    <isFixedPitch value="0"/>
+    <minMemType42 value="0"/>
+    <maxMemType42 value="0"/>
+    <minMemType1 value="0"/>
+    <maxMemType1 value="0"/>
+    <psNames>
+      <!-- This file uses unique glyph names based on the information
+           found in the 'post' table. Since these names might not be unique,
+           we have to invent artificial names in case of clashes. In order to
+           be able to retain the original information, we need a name to
+           ps name mapping for those cases where they differ. That's what
+           you see below.
+            -->
+    </psNames>
+    <extraNames>
+      <!-- following are the name that are not taken from the standard Mac glyph order -->
+      <psName name="dieresiscomb"/>
+      <psName name="uni0308"/>
+    </extraNames>
+  </post>
+
+  <GDEF>
+    <Version value="0x00010002"/>
+    <GlyphClassDef>
+      <ClassDef glyph="N" class="1"/>
+      <ClassDef glyph="O" class="1"/>
+      <ClassDef glyph="Odieresis" class="1"/>
+      <ClassDef glyph="n" class="1"/>
+      <ClassDef glyph="o" class="1"/>
+      <ClassDef glyph="odieresis" class="1"/>
+      <ClassDef glyph="uni0308" class="3"/>
+    </GlyphClassDef>
+    <MarkGlyphSetsDef>
+      <MarkSetTableFormat value="1"/>
+      <!-- MarkSetCount=1 -->
+      <Coverage index="0">
+        <Glyph value="uni0308"/>
+      </Coverage>
+    </MarkGlyphSetsDef>
+  </GDEF>
+
+  <GPOS>
+    <Version value="0x00010000"/>
+    <ScriptList>
+      <!-- ScriptCount=2 -->
+      <ScriptRecord index="0">
+        <ScriptTag value="DFLT"/>
+        <Script>
+          <DefaultLangSys>
+            <ReqFeatureIndex value="65535"/>
+            <!-- FeatureCount=3 -->
+            <FeatureIndex index="0" value="0"/>
+            <FeatureIndex index="1" value="1"/>
+            <FeatureIndex index="2" value="2"/>
+          </DefaultLangSys>
+          <!-- LangSysCount=0 -->
+        </Script>
+      </ScriptRecord>
+      <ScriptRecord index="1">
+        <ScriptTag value="latn"/>
+        <Script>
+          <DefaultLangSys>
+            <ReqFeatureIndex value="65535"/>
+            <!-- FeatureCount=3 -->
+            <FeatureIndex index="0" value="0"/>
+            <FeatureIndex index="1" value="1"/>
+            <FeatureIndex index="2" value="2"/>
+          </DefaultLangSys>
+          <!-- LangSysCount=1 -->
+          <LangSysRecord index="0">
+            <LangSysTag value="NLD "/>
+            <LangSys>
+              <ReqFeatureIndex value="65535"/>
+              <!-- FeatureCount=3 -->
+              <FeatureIndex index="0" value="0"/>
+              <FeatureIndex index="1" value="1"/>
+              <FeatureIndex index="2" value="2"/>
+            </LangSys>
+          </LangSysRecord>
+        </Script>
+      </ScriptRecord>
+    </ScriptList>
+    <FeatureList>
+      <!-- FeatureCount=3 -->
+      <FeatureRecord index="0">
+        <FeatureTag value="cpsp"/>
+        <Feature>
+          <!-- LookupCount=1 -->
+          <LookupListIndex index="0" value="0"/>
+        </Feature>
+      </FeatureRecord>
+      <FeatureRecord index="1">
+        <FeatureTag value="mark"/>
+        <Feature>
+          <!-- LookupCount=1 -->
+          <LookupListIndex index="0" value="1"/>
+        </Feature>
+      </FeatureRecord>
+      <FeatureRecord index="2">
+        <FeatureTag value="mkmk"/>
+        <Feature>
+          <!-- LookupCount=1 -->
+          <LookupListIndex index="0" value="2"/>
+        </Feature>
+      </FeatureRecord>
+    </FeatureList>
+    <LookupList>
+      <!-- LookupCount=3 -->
+      <Lookup index="0">
+        <LookupType value="1"/>
+        <LookupFlag value="0"/>
+        <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
+        <SinglePos index="0" Format="1">
+          <Coverage>
+            <Glyph value="N"/>
+            <Glyph value="O"/>
+            <Glyph value="Odieresis"/>
+          </Coverage>
+          <ValueFormat value="5"/>
+          <Value XPlacement="25" XAdvance="50"/>
+        </SinglePos>
+      </Lookup>
+      <Lookup index="1">
+        <LookupType value="4"/>
+        <LookupFlag value="0"/>
+        <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
+        <MarkBasePos index="0" Format="1">
+          <MarkCoverage>
+            <Glyph value="uni0308"/>
+          </MarkCoverage>
+          <BaseCoverage>
+            <Glyph value="N"/>
+            <Glyph value="O"/>
+            <Glyph value="Odieresis"/>
+            <Glyph value="n"/>
+            <Glyph value="o"/>
+            <Glyph value="odieresis"/>
+          </BaseCoverage>
+          <!-- ClassCount=1 -->
+          <MarkArray>
+            <!-- MarkCount=1 -->
+            <MarkRecord index="0">
+              <Class value="0"/>
+              <MarkAnchor Format="1">
+                <XCoordinate value="150"/>
+                <YCoordinate value="350"/>
+              </MarkAnchor>
+            </MarkRecord>
+          </MarkArray>
+          <BaseArray>
+            <!-- BaseCount=6 -->
+            <BaseRecord index="0">
+              <BaseAnchor index="0" Format="1">
+                <XCoordinate value="204"/>
+                <YCoordinate value="500"/>
+              </BaseAnchor>
+            </BaseRecord>
+            <BaseRecord index="1">
+              <BaseAnchor index="0" Format="1">
+                <XCoordinate value="202"/>
+                <YCoordinate value="500"/>
+              </BaseAnchor>
+            </BaseRecord>
+            <BaseRecord index="2">
+              <BaseAnchor index="0" Format="1">
+                <XCoordinate value="202"/>
+                <YCoordinate value="625"/>
+              </BaseAnchor>
+            </BaseRecord>
+            <BaseRecord index="3">
+              <BaseAnchor index="0" Format="1">
+                <XCoordinate value="175"/>
+                <YCoordinate value="350"/>
+              </BaseAnchor>
+            </BaseRecord>
+            <BaseRecord index="4">
+              <BaseAnchor index="0" Format="1">
+                <XCoordinate value="171"/>
+                <YCoordinate value="350"/>
+              </BaseAnchor>
+            </BaseRecord>
+            <BaseRecord index="5">
+              <BaseAnchor index="0" Format="1">
+                <XCoordinate value="171"/>
+                <YCoordinate value="475"/>
+              </BaseAnchor>
+            </BaseRecord>
+          </BaseArray>
+        </MarkBasePos>
+      </Lookup>
+      <Lookup index="2">
+        <LookupType value="6"/>
+        <LookupFlag value="16"/><!-- useMarkFilteringSet -->
+        <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
+        <MarkMarkPos index="0" Format="1">
+          <Mark1Coverage>
+            <Glyph value="uni0308"/>
+          </Mark1Coverage>
+          <Mark2Coverage>
+            <Glyph value="uni0308"/>
+          </Mark2Coverage>
+          <!-- ClassCount=1 -->
+          <Mark1Array>
+            <!-- MarkCount=1 -->
+            <MarkRecord index="0">
+              <Class value="0"/>
+              <MarkAnchor Format="1">
+                <XCoordinate value="150"/>
+                <YCoordinate value="350"/>
+              </MarkAnchor>
+            </MarkRecord>
+          </Mark1Array>
+          <Mark2Array>
+            <!-- Mark2Count=1 -->
+            <Mark2Record index="0">
+              <Mark2Anchor index="0" Format="1">
+                <XCoordinate value="150"/>
+                <YCoordinate value="475"/>
+              </Mark2Anchor>
+            </Mark2Record>
+          </Mark2Array>
+        </MarkMarkPos>
+        <MarkFilteringSet value="0"/>
+      </Lookup>
+    </LookupList>
+  </GPOS>
+
+</ttFont>
diff --git a/Tests/varLib/data/master_ttx_varfont_otf/TestCFF2VF.ttx b/Tests/varLib/data/master_ttx_varfont_otf/TestCFF2VF.ttx
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..29c5bb3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/varLib/data/master_ttx_varfont_otf/TestCFF2VF.ttx
@@ -0,0 +1,835 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<ttFont sfntVersion="OTTO" ttLibVersion="3.41">
+
+  <GlyphOrder>
+    <!-- The 'id' attribute is only for humans; it is ignored when parsed. -->
+    <GlyphID id="0" name=".notdef"/>
+    <GlyphID id="1" name="A"/>
+    <GlyphID id="2" name="T"/>
+    <GlyphID id="3" name="glyph00003"/>
+    <GlyphID id="4" name="dollar"/>
+  </GlyphOrder>
+
+  <head>
+    <!-- Most of this table will be recalculated by the compiler -->
+    <tableVersion value="1.0"/>
+    <fontRevision value="1.01"/>
+    <checkSumAdjustment value="0xf8d4dd69"/>
+    <magicNumber value="0x5f0f3cf5"/>
+    <flags value="00000000 00000011"/>
+    <unitsPerEm value="1000"/>
+    <created value="Wed Oct 17 15:44:59 2018"/>
+    <modified value="Tue Nov 13 20:50:41 2018"/>
+    <xMin value="31"/>
+    <yMin value="-113"/>
+    <xMax value="569"/>
+    <yMax value="751"/>
+    <macStyle value="00000000 00000000"/>
+    <lowestRecPPEM value="3"/>
+    <fontDirectionHint value="2"/>
+    <indexToLocFormat value="0"/>
+    <glyphDataFormat value="0"/>
+  </head>
+
+  <hhea>
+    <tableVersion value="0x00010000"/>
+    <ascent value="984"/>
+    <descent value="-273"/>
+    <lineGap value="0"/>
+    <advanceWidthMax value="600"/>
+    <minLeftSideBearing value="31"/>
+    <minRightSideBearing value="31"/>
+    <xMaxExtent value="569"/>
+    <caretSlopeRise value="1"/>
+    <caretSlopeRun value="0"/>
+    <caretOffset value="0"/>
+    <reserved0 value="0"/>
+    <reserved1 value="0"/>
+    <reserved2 value="0"/>
+    <reserved3 value="0"/>
+    <metricDataFormat value="0"/>
+    <numberOfHMetrics value="1"/>
+  </hhea>
+
+  <maxp>
+    <tableVersion value="0x5000"/>
+    <numGlyphs value="5"/>
+  </maxp>
+
+  <OS_2>
+    <!-- The fields 'usFirstCharIndex' and 'usLastCharIndex'
+         will be recalculated by the compiler -->
+    <version value="3"/>
+    <xAvgCharWidth value="600"/>
+    <usWeightClass value="400"/>
+    <usWidthClass value="5"/>
+    <fsType value="00000000 00000000"/>
+    <ySubscriptXSize value="650"/>
+    <ySubscriptYSize value="600"/>
+    <ySubscriptXOffset value="0"/>
+    <ySubscriptYOffset value="75"/>
+    <ySuperscriptXSize value="650"/>
+    <ySuperscriptYSize value="600"/>
+    <ySuperscriptXOffset value="0"/>
+    <ySuperscriptYOffset value="350"/>
+    <yStrikeoutSize value="50"/>
+    <yStrikeoutPosition value="291"/>
+    <sFamilyClass value="0"/>
+    <panose>
+      <bFamilyType value="2"/>
+      <bSerifStyle value="11"/>
+      <bWeight value="5"/>
+      <bProportion value="9"/>
+      <bContrast value="3"/>
+      <bStrokeVariation value="4"/>
+      <bArmStyle value="3"/>
+      <bLetterForm value="2"/>
+      <bMidline value="2"/>
+      <bXHeight value="4"/>
+    </panose>
+    <ulUnicodeRange1 value="00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000"/>
+    <ulUnicodeRange2 value="00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000"/>
+    <ulUnicodeRange3 value="00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000"/>
+    <ulUnicodeRange4 value="00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000"/>
+    <achVendID value="ADBO"/>
+    <fsSelection value="00000000 01000000"/>
+    <usFirstCharIndex value="36"/>
+    <usLastCharIndex value="84"/>
+    <sTypoAscender value="750"/>
+    <sTypoDescender value="-250"/>
+    <sTypoLineGap value="0"/>
+    <usWinAscent value="984"/>
+    <usWinDescent value="273"/>
+    <ulCodePageRange1 value="00000000 00000000 00000000 00000001"/>
+    <ulCodePageRange2 value="00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000"/>
+    <sxHeight value="486"/>
+    <sCapHeight value="660"/>
+    <usDefaultChar value="0"/>
+    <usBreakChar value="32"/>
+    <usMaxContext value="1"/>
+  </OS_2>
+
+  <hmtx>
+    <mtx name=".notdef" width="600" lsb="62"/>
+    <mtx name="A" width="600" lsb="31"/>
+    <mtx name="T" width="600" lsb="41"/>
+    <mtx name="dollar" width="600" lsb="85"/>
+    <mtx name="glyph00003" width="600" lsb="85"/>
+  </hmtx>
+
+  <cmap>
+    <tableVersion version="0"/>
+    <cmap_format_4 platformID="0" platEncID="3" language="0">
+      <map code="0x24" name="dollar"/><!-- DOLLAR SIGN -->
+      <map code="0x41" name="A"/><!-- LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A -->
+      <map code="0x54" name="T"/><!-- LATIN CAPITAL LETTER T -->
+    </cmap_format_4>
+    <cmap_format_6 platformID="1" platEncID="0" language="0">
+      <map code="0x24" name="dollar"/>
+      <map code="0x41" name="A"/>
+      <map code="0x54" name="T"/>
+    </cmap_format_6>
+    <cmap_format_4 platformID="3" platEncID="1" language="0">
+      <map code="0x24" name="dollar"/><!-- DOLLAR SIGN -->
+      <map code="0x41" name="A"/><!-- LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A -->
+      <map code="0x54" name="T"/><!-- LATIN CAPITAL LETTER T -->
+    </cmap_format_4>
+  </cmap>
+
+  <name>
+    <namerecord nameID="1" platformID="1" platEncID="0" langID="0x0" unicode="True">
+      Source Code Variable
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="2" platformID="1" platEncID="0" langID="0x0" unicode="True">
+      Regular
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="3" platformID="1" platEncID="0" langID="0x0" unicode="True">
+      1.010;ADBO;SourceCodeVariable-Roman
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="4" platformID="1" platEncID="0" langID="0x0" unicode="True">
+      Source Code Variable
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="5" platformID="1" platEncID="0" langID="0x0" unicode="True">
+      Version 1.010;hotconv 1.0.109;makeotfexe 2.5.65596
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="6" platformID="1" platEncID="0" langID="0x0" unicode="True">
+      SourceCodeVariable-Roman
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="17" platformID="1" platEncID="0" langID="0x0" unicode="True">
+      Roman
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="256" platformID="1" platEncID="0" langID="0x0" unicode="True">
+      Weight
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="257" platformID="1" platEncID="0" langID="0x0" unicode="True">
+      ExtraLight
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="258" platformID="1" platEncID="0" langID="0x0" unicode="True">
+      TestCFF2Roman-ExtraLight
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="259" platformID="1" platEncID="0" langID="0x0" unicode="True">
+      Light
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="260" platformID="1" platEncID="0" langID="0x0" unicode="True">
+      TestCFF2Roman-Light
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="261" platformID="1" platEncID="0" langID="0x0" unicode="True">
+      Regular
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="262" platformID="1" platEncID="0" langID="0x0" unicode="True">
+      TestCFF2Roman-Regular
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="263" platformID="1" platEncID="0" langID="0x0" unicode="True">
+      Medium
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="264" platformID="1" platEncID="0" langID="0x0" unicode="True">
+      TestCFF2Roman-Medium
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="265" platformID="1" platEncID="0" langID="0x0" unicode="True">
+      Semibold
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="266" platformID="1" platEncID="0" langID="0x0" unicode="True">
+      TestCFF2Roman-Semibold
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="267" platformID="1" platEncID="0" langID="0x0" unicode="True">
+      Bold
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="268" platformID="1" platEncID="0" langID="0x0" unicode="True">
+      TestCFF2Roman-Bold
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="269" platformID="1" platEncID="0" langID="0x0" unicode="True">
+      Black
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="270" platformID="1" platEncID="0" langID="0x0" unicode="True">
+      TestCFF2Roman-Black
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="1" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Source Code Variable
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="2" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Regular
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="3" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      1.010;ADBO;SourceCodeVariable-Roman
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="4" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Source Code Variable
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="5" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Version 1.010;hotconv 1.0.109;makeotfexe 2.5.65596
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="6" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      SourceCodeVariable-Roman
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="17" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Roman
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="256" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Weight
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="257" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      ExtraLight
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="258" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      TestCFF2Roman-ExtraLight
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="259" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Light
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="260" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      TestCFF2Roman-Light
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="261" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Regular
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="262" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      TestCFF2Roman-Regular
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="263" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Medium
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="264" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      TestCFF2Roman-Medium
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="265" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Semibold
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="266" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      TestCFF2Roman-Semibold
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="267" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Bold
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="268" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      TestCFF2Roman-Bold
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="269" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Black
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="270" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      TestCFF2Roman-Black
+    </namerecord>
+  </name>
+
+  <post>
+    <formatType value="3.0"/>
+    <italicAngle value="0.0"/>
+    <underlinePosition value="-75"/>
+    <underlineThickness value="50"/>
+    <isFixedPitch value="1"/>
+    <minMemType42 value="0"/>
+    <maxMemType42 value="0"/>
+    <minMemType1 value="0"/>
+    <maxMemType1 value="0"/>
+  </post>
+
+  <BASE>
+    <Version value="0x00010000"/>
+    <HorizAxis>
+      <BaseTagList>
+        <!-- BaseTagCount=2 -->
+        <BaselineTag index="0" value="ideo"/>
+        <BaselineTag index="1" value="romn"/>
+      </BaseTagList>
+      <BaseScriptList>
+        <!-- BaseScriptCount=4 -->
+        <BaseScriptRecord index="0">
+          <BaseScriptTag value="DFLT"/>
+          <BaseScript>
+            <BaseValues>
+              <DefaultIndex value="1"/>
+              <!-- BaseCoordCount=2 -->
+              <BaseCoord index="0" Format="1">
+                <Coordinate value="-170"/>
+              </BaseCoord>
+              <BaseCoord index="1" Format="1">
+                <Coordinate value="0"/>
+              </BaseCoord>
+            </BaseValues>
+            <!-- BaseLangSysCount=0 -->
+          </BaseScript>
+        </BaseScriptRecord>
+        <BaseScriptRecord index="1">
+          <BaseScriptTag value="cyrl"/>
+          <BaseScript>
+            <BaseValues>
+              <DefaultIndex value="1"/>
+              <!-- BaseCoordCount=2 -->
+              <BaseCoord index="0" Format="1">
+                <Coordinate value="-170"/>
+              </BaseCoord>
+              <BaseCoord index="1" Format="1">
+                <Coordinate value="0"/>
+              </BaseCoord>
+            </BaseValues>
+            <!-- BaseLangSysCount=0 -->
+          </BaseScript>
+        </BaseScriptRecord>
+        <BaseScriptRecord index="2">
+          <BaseScriptTag value="grek"/>
+          <BaseScript>
+            <BaseValues>
+              <DefaultIndex value="1"/>
+              <!-- BaseCoordCount=2 -->
+              <BaseCoord index="0" Format="1">
+                <Coordinate value="-170"/>
+              </BaseCoord>
+              <BaseCoord index="1" Format="1">
+                <Coordinate value="0"/>
+              </BaseCoord>
+            </BaseValues>
+            <!-- BaseLangSysCount=0 -->
+          </BaseScript>
+        </BaseScriptRecord>
+        <BaseScriptRecord index="3">
+          <BaseScriptTag value="latn"/>
+          <BaseScript>
+            <BaseValues>
+              <DefaultIndex value="1"/>
+              <!-- BaseCoordCount=2 -->
+              <BaseCoord index="0" Format="1">
+                <Coordinate value="-170"/>
+              </BaseCoord>
+              <BaseCoord index="1" Format="1">
+                <Coordinate value="0"/>
+              </BaseCoord>
+            </BaseValues>
+            <!-- BaseLangSysCount=0 -->
+          </BaseScript>
+        </BaseScriptRecord>
+      </BaseScriptList>
+    </HorizAxis>
+  </BASE>
+
+  <CFF2>
+    <major value="2"/>
+    <minor value="0"/>
+    <CFFFont name="CFF2Font">
+      <FontMatrix value="0.001 0 0 0.001 0 0"/>
+      <FDArray>
+        <FontDict index="0">
+          <Private>
+            <BlueValues>
+                <blend value="-12 0 0"/>
+                <blend value="0 0 0"/>
+                <blend value="486 -8 14"/>
+                <blend value="498 0 0"/>
+                <blend value="574 4 -8"/>
+                <blend value="586 0 0"/>
+                <blend value="638 6 -10"/>
+                <blend value="650 0 0"/>
+                <blend value="656 2 -2"/>
+                <blend value="668 0 0"/>
+                <blend value="712 6 -10"/>
+                <blend value="724 0 0"/>
+            </BlueValues>
+            <OtherBlues>
+                <blend value="-217 -17 29"/>
+                <blend value="-205 0 0"/>
+            </OtherBlues>
+            <BlueScale value="0.0625"/>
+            <BlueShift value="7"/>
+            <BlueFuzz value="0"/>
+            <StdHW>
+                <blend value="67 -39 67"/>
+            </StdHW>
+            <StdVW>
+                <blend value="85 -51 87"/>
+            </StdVW>
+            <Subrs>
+              <!-- The 'index' attribute is only for humans; it is ignored when parsed. -->
+              <CharString index="0">
+                304 7 -12 1 blend
+                34 rmoveto
+                125 86 65 96 -22 38 2 -3 -9 15 -2 4 4 blend
+                hvcurveto
+                183 -324 -21 110 1 -1 -14 22 -11 17 32 -54 4 blend
+                vvcurveto
+                50 42 32 67 68 36 -21 -36 47 18 -29 15 -24 12 -21 18 -31 8 -13 -2 3 -3 5 -2 4 -3 5 9 blend
+                vhcurveto
+                44 49 -24 40 -29 49 2 blend
+                rlineto
+                44 -46 -54 33 -89 -6 8 5 -7 9 -15 -1 3 4 -8 5 blend
+                hhcurveto
+                -115 -81 -59 -94 16 -26 3 -7 5 -9 6 -10 4 blend
+                hvcurveto
+                -174 324 22 -124 8 -14 14 -22 6 -10 -32 56 4 blend
+                vvcurveto
+                -51 -42 -35 -78 -76 -62 31 37 -52 -19 31 -14 23 -15 25 -25 41 -9 15 -4 7 7 -11 -3 3 12 -20 9 blend
+                vhcurveto
+                -39 -58</CharString>
+              <CharString index="1">
+                1 blend
+                hlineto
+              </CharString>
+              <CharString index="2">
+                2 blend
+                rmoveto
+              </CharString>
+            </Subrs>
+          </Private>
+        </FontDict>
+      </FDArray>
+      <CharStrings>
+        <CharString name=".notdef">
+          62 22 -38 1 blend
+          hmoveto
+          476 -44 76 1 blend
+          660 -476 44 -76 -106 callsubr
+          109 -601 -61 103 -27 45 -105 callsubr
+          73 131 54 102 29 -47 45 -75 10 -18 4 -6 4 blend
+          rlineto
+          4 hlineto
+          52 -102 73 -131 10 -16 -4 6 27 -47 -45 75 4 blend
+          rlineto
+          -300 52 -42 72 -10 16 -105 callsubr
+          461 75 -125 1 blend
+          vlineto
+          127 -232 27 -45 -38 64 2 blend
+          rlineto
+          44 48 -22 36 -22 36 -105 callsubr
+          -50 93 -66 119 -6 10 -1 3 -28 48 49 -83 4 blend
+          rlineto
+          234 68 -114 -106 callsubr
+          -65 -119 -49 -93 -29 47 -49 83 -5 9 1 -3 4 blend
+          rlineto
+          44 -48 -22 36 22 -36 -105 callsubr
+          126 232 26 -44 38 -64 2 blend
+          rlineto
+          -461 -75 125 1 blend
+          vlineto
+        </CharString>
+        <CharString name="A">
+          31 19 -31 1 blend
+          hmoveto
+          86 -54 90 -106 callsubr
+          115 366 23 73 21 72 21 76 25 -42 30 -50 5 -9 7 -11 3 -4 -4 6 3 -7 6 -10 8 blend
+          rlinecurve
+          4 hlineto
+          20 -76 22 -72 23 -73 113 -366 4 -6 -6 10 2 -3 4 -6 5 -9 -7 11 25 -40 -30 50 8 blend
+          rcurveline
+          90 -56 92 -106 callsubr
+          -221 656 -15 25 4 -6 2 blend
+          rlineto
+          -96 68 -112 -106 callsubr
+          -104 -457 -30 49 33 -55 -105 callsubr
+          301 68 -301 -8 15 -40 65 8 -15 3 blend
+          hlineto
+        </CharString>
+        <CharString name="T">
+          258 26 -44 1 blend
+          hmoveto
+          84 585 217 71 -518 -71 217 -52 88 47 -79 17 -30 -43 73 18 -28 43 -73 17 -30 7 blend
+          hlineto
+        </CharString>
+        <CharString name="dollar">
+          -107 callsubr
+          73 -26 73 -26 73 -27 21 -35 36 -58 -28 -8 -12 -28 0 28 -14 -2 18 -3 27 27 8 blend
+          rlinecurve
+          -24 566 6 -21 0 -34 -105 callsubr
+          56 -26 56 -106 callsubr
+          50 0 9 1 blend
+          0 50 50 0 9 0 10 2 blend
+          vvcurveto
+          -56 26 -56 -106 callsubr
+          -50 0 -9 1 blend
+          0 -50 -50 0 -9 0 -10 2 blend
+          vvcurveto
+          -562 0 102 1 blend
+          vmoveto
+          -148 56 148 0 -68 -26 56 0 68 3 blend
+          vlineto
+        </CharString>
+        <CharString name="glyph00003">
+          -107 callsubr
+          21 -35 36 -58 2 blend
+          rlineto
+          -43 52 84 -36 83 5 -11 -7 13 -11 17 -4 8 8 -13 5 blend
+          hhcurveto
+          -51 -147 -19 32 1 -3 -105 callsubr
+          159 857 -56 7 -159 -858 -1 1 3 -3 26 -44 -3 5 1 -1 -2 4 6 blend
+          rlineto
+        </CharString>
+      </CharStrings>
+      <VarStore Format="1">
+        <Format value="1"/>
+        <VarRegionList>
+          <!-- RegionAxisCount=1 -->
+          <!-- RegionCount=2 -->
+          <Region index="0">
+            <VarRegionAxis index="0">
+              <StartCoord value="-1.0"/>
+              <PeakCoord value="-1.0"/>
+              <EndCoord value="0.0"/>
+            </VarRegionAxis>
+          </Region>
+          <Region index="1">
+            <VarRegionAxis index="0">
+              <StartCoord value="0.0"/>
+              <PeakCoord value="1.0"/>
+              <EndCoord value="1.0"/>
+            </VarRegionAxis>
+          </Region>
+        </VarRegionList>
+        <!-- VarDataCount=1 -->
+        <VarData index="0">
+          <!-- ItemCount=0 -->
+          <NumShorts value="0"/>
+          <!-- VarRegionCount=2 -->
+          <VarRegionIndex index="0" value="0"/>
+          <VarRegionIndex index="1" value="1"/>
+        </VarData>
+      </VarStore>
+    </CFFFont>
+
+    <GlobalSubrs>
+      <!-- The 'index' attribute is only for humans; it is ignored when parsed. -->
+    </GlobalSubrs>
+  </CFF2>
+
+  <GPOS>
+    <Version value="0x00010000"/>
+    <ScriptList>
+      <!-- ScriptCount=1 -->
+      <ScriptRecord index="0">
+        <ScriptTag value="DFLT"/>
+        <Script>
+          <DefaultLangSys>
+            <ReqFeatureIndex value="65535"/>
+            <!-- FeatureCount=1 -->
+            <FeatureIndex index="0" value="0"/>
+          </DefaultLangSys>
+          <!-- LangSysCount=0 -->
+        </Script>
+      </ScriptRecord>
+    </ScriptList>
+    <FeatureList>
+      <!-- FeatureCount=1 -->
+      <FeatureRecord index="0">
+        <FeatureTag value="size"/>
+        <Feature>
+          <FeatureParamsSize>
+            <DesignSize value="10.0"/>
+            <SubfamilyID value="0"/>
+            <SubfamilyNameID value="0"/>
+            <RangeStart value="0.0"/>
+            <RangeEnd value="0.0"/>
+          </FeatureParamsSize>
+          <!-- LookupCount=0 -->
+        </Feature>
+      </FeatureRecord>
+    </FeatureList>
+    <LookupList>
+      <!-- LookupCount=0 -->
+    </LookupList>
+  </GPOS>
+
+  <GSUB>
+    <Version value="0x00010001"/>
+    <ScriptList>
+      <!-- ScriptCount=1 -->
+      <ScriptRecord index="0">
+        <ScriptTag value="DFLT"/>
+        <Script>
+          <DefaultLangSys>
+            <ReqFeatureIndex value="65535"/>
+            <!-- FeatureCount=2 -->
+            <FeatureIndex index="0" value="1"/>
+            <FeatureIndex index="1" value="0"/>
+          </DefaultLangSys>
+          <!-- LangSysCount=0 -->
+        </Script>
+      </ScriptRecord>
+    </ScriptList>
+    <FeatureList>
+      <!-- FeatureCount=2 -->
+      <FeatureRecord index="0">
+        <FeatureTag value="rvrn"/>
+        <Feature>
+          <!-- LookupCount=0 -->
+        </Feature>
+      </FeatureRecord>
+      <FeatureRecord index="1">
+        <FeatureTag value="test"/>
+        <Feature>
+          <!-- LookupCount=1 -->
+          <LookupListIndex index="0" value="0"/>
+        </Feature>
+      </FeatureRecord>
+    </FeatureList>
+    <LookupList>
+      <!-- LookupCount=2 -->
+      <Lookup index="0">
+        <LookupType value="1"/>
+        <LookupFlag value="0"/>
+        <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
+        <SingleSubst index="0">
+          <Substitution in="dollar" out="glyph00003"/>
+        </SingleSubst>
+      </Lookup>
+      <Lookup index="1">
+        <LookupType value="1"/>
+        <LookupFlag value="0"/>
+        <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
+        <SingleSubst index="0">
+          <Substitution in="dollar" out="glyph00003"/>
+        </SingleSubst>
+      </Lookup>
+    </LookupList>
+    <FeatureVariations>
+      <Version value="0x00010000"/>
+      <!-- FeatureVariationCount=1 -->
+      <FeatureVariationRecord index="0">
+        <ConditionSet>
+          <!-- ConditionCount=1 -->
+          <ConditionTable index="0" Format="1">
+            <AxisIndex value="0"/>
+            <FilterRangeMinValue value="-1.0"/>
+            <FilterRangeMaxValue value="0.36707"/>
+          </ConditionTable>
+        </ConditionSet>
+        <FeatureTableSubstitution>
+          <Version value="0x00010000"/>
+          <!-- SubstitutionCount=1 -->
+          <SubstitutionRecord index="0">
+            <FeatureIndex value="0"/>
+            <Feature>
+              <!-- LookupCount=1 -->
+              <LookupListIndex index="0" value="1"/>
+            </Feature>
+          </SubstitutionRecord>
+        </FeatureTableSubstitution>
+      </FeatureVariationRecord>
+    </FeatureVariations>
+  </GSUB>
+
+  <HVAR>
+    <Version value="0x00010000"/>
+    <VarStore Format="1">
+      <Format value="1"/>
+      <VarRegionList>
+        <!-- RegionAxisCount=1 -->
+        <!-- RegionCount=2 -->
+        <Region index="0">
+          <VarRegionAxis index="0">
+            <StartCoord value="-1.0"/>
+            <PeakCoord value="-1.0"/>
+            <EndCoord value="0.0"/>
+          </VarRegionAxis>
+        </Region>
+        <Region index="1">
+          <VarRegionAxis index="0">
+            <StartCoord value="0.0"/>
+            <PeakCoord value="1.0"/>
+            <EndCoord value="1.0"/>
+          </VarRegionAxis>
+        </Region>
+      </VarRegionList>
+      <!-- VarDataCount=1 -->
+      <VarData index="0">
+        <!-- ItemCount=5 -->
+        <NumShorts value="0"/>
+        <!-- VarRegionCount=0 -->
+        <Item index="0" value="[]"/>
+        <Item index="1" value="[]"/>
+        <Item index="2" value="[]"/>
+        <Item index="3" value="[]"/>
+        <Item index="4" value="[]"/>
+      </VarData>
+    </VarStore>
+  </HVAR>
+
+  <MVAR>
+    <Version value="0x00010000"/>
+    <Reserved value="0"/>
+    <ValueRecordSize value="8"/>
+    <!-- ValueRecordCount=2 -->
+    <VarStore Format="1">
+      <Format value="1"/>
+      <VarRegionList>
+        <!-- RegionAxisCount=1 -->
+        <!-- RegionCount=2 -->
+        <Region index="0">
+          <VarRegionAxis index="0">
+            <StartCoord value="-1.0"/>
+            <PeakCoord value="-1.0"/>
+            <EndCoord value="0.0"/>
+          </VarRegionAxis>
+        </Region>
+        <Region index="1">
+          <VarRegionAxis index="0">
+            <StartCoord value="0.0"/>
+            <PeakCoord value="1.0"/>
+            <EndCoord value="1.0"/>
+          </VarRegionAxis>
+        </Region>
+      </VarRegionList>
+      <!-- VarDataCount=1 -->
+      <VarData index="0">
+        <!-- ItemCount=2 -->
+        <NumShorts value="0"/>
+        <!-- VarRegionCount=2 -->
+        <VarRegionIndex index="0" value="0"/>
+        <VarRegionIndex index="1" value="1"/>
+        <Item index="0" value="[-8, 14]"/>
+        <Item index="1" value="[-5, 9]"/>
+      </VarData>
+    </VarStore>
+    <ValueRecord index="0">
+      <ValueTag value="stro"/>
+      <VarIdx value="1"/>
+    </ValueRecord>
+    <ValueRecord index="1">
+      <ValueTag value="xhgt"/>
+      <VarIdx value="0"/>
+    </ValueRecord>
+  </MVAR>
+
+  <STAT>
+    <Version value="0x00010002"/>
+    <DesignAxisRecordSize value="8"/>
+    <!-- DesignAxisCount=1 -->
+    <DesignAxisRecord>
+      <Axis index="0">
+        <AxisTag value="wght"/>
+        <AxisNameID value="256"/>  <!-- Weight -->
+        <AxisOrdering value="0"/>
+      </Axis>
+    </DesignAxisRecord>
+    <!-- AxisValueCount=0 -->
+    <ElidedFallbackNameID value="2"/>  <!-- Regular -->
+  </STAT>
+
+  <avar>
+    <segment axis="wght">
+      <mapping from="-1.0" to="-1.0"/>
+      <mapping from="-0.5" to="-0.7283"/>
+      <mapping from="0.0" to="0.0"/>
+      <mapping from="0.2" to="0.1867"/>
+      <mapping from="0.4" to="0.36707"/>
+      <mapping from="0.6" to="0.7215"/>
+      <mapping from="1.0" to="1.0"/>
+    </segment>
+  </avar>
+
+  <fvar>
+
+    <!-- Weight -->
+    <Axis>
+      <AxisTag>wght</AxisTag>
+      <Flags>0x0</Flags>
+      <MinValue>200.0</MinValue>
+      <DefaultValue>400.0</DefaultValue>
+      <MaxValue>900.0</MaxValue>
+      <AxisNameID>256</AxisNameID>
+    </Axis>
+
+    <!-- ExtraLight -->
+    <!-- PostScript: TestCFF2Roman-ExtraLight -->
+    <NamedInstance flags="0x0" postscriptNameID="258" subfamilyNameID="257">
+      <coord axis="wght" value="200.0"/>
+    </NamedInstance>
+
+    <!-- Light -->
+    <!-- PostScript: TestCFF2Roman-Light -->
+    <NamedInstance flags="0x0" postscriptNameID="260" subfamilyNameID="259">
+      <coord axis="wght" value="300.0"/>
+    </NamedInstance>
+
+    <!-- Regular -->
+    <!-- PostScript: TestCFF2Roman-Regular -->
+    <NamedInstance flags="0x0" postscriptNameID="262" subfamilyNameID="261">
+      <coord axis="wght" value="400.0"/>
+    </NamedInstance>
+
+    <!-- Medium -->
+    <!-- PostScript: TestCFF2Roman-Medium -->
+    <NamedInstance flags="0x0" postscriptNameID="264" subfamilyNameID="263">
+      <coord axis="wght" value="500.0"/>
+    </NamedInstance>
+
+    <!-- Semibold -->
+    <!-- PostScript: TestCFF2Roman-Semibold -->
+    <NamedInstance flags="0x0" postscriptNameID="266" subfamilyNameID="265">
+      <coord axis="wght" value="600.0"/>
+    </NamedInstance>
+
+    <!-- Bold -->
+    <!-- PostScript: TestCFF2Roman-Bold -->
+    <NamedInstance flags="0x0" postscriptNameID="268" subfamilyNameID="267">
+      <coord axis="wght" value="700.0"/>
+    </NamedInstance>
+
+    <!-- Black -->
+    <!-- PostScript: TestCFF2Roman-Black -->
+    <NamedInstance flags="0x0" postscriptNameID="270" subfamilyNameID="269">
+      <coord axis="wght" value="900.0"/>
+    </NamedInstance>
+  </fvar>
+
+  <DSIG>
+    <!-- note that the Digital Signature will be invalid after recompilation! -->
+    <tableHeader flag="0x0" numSigs="0" version="1"/>
+  </DSIG>
+
+</ttFont>
diff --git a/Tests/varLib/data/master_ttx_varfont_ttf/Mutator_IUP.ttx b/Tests/varLib/data/master_ttx_varfont_ttf/Mutator_IUP.ttx
index 8cbd8a6..23c240e 100755
--- a/Tests/varLib/data/master_ttx_varfont_ttf/Mutator_IUP.ttx
+++ b/Tests/varLib/data/master_ttx_varfont_ttf/Mutator_IUP.ttx
@@ -405,11 +405,13 @@
       </VarData>
     </VarStore>
     <AdvWidthMap>
-      <Map index="0" outer="0" inner="1"/>
-      <Map index="1" outer="0" inner="1"/>
-      <Map index="2" outer="0" inner="1"/>
-      <Map index="3" outer="0" inner="1"/>
-      <Map index="4" outer="0" inner="0"/>
+      <Map glyph=".notdef" outer="0" inner="1"/>
+      <Map glyph="NULL" outer="0" inner="1"/>
+      <Map glyph="a" outer="0" inner="0"/>
+      <Map glyph="b" outer="0" inner="0"/>
+      <Map glyph="q" outer="0" inner="0"/>
+      <Map glyph="nonmarkingreturn" outer="0" inner="1"/>
+      <Map glyph="space" outer="0" inner="1"/>
     </AdvWidthMap>
   </HVAR>
 
diff --git a/Tests/varLib/data/master_ufo/TestFamily4-Italic15.ufo/features.fea b/Tests/varLib/data/master_ufo/TestFamily4-Italic15.ufo/features.fea
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..88e4c41
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/varLib/data/master_ufo/TestFamily4-Italic15.ufo/features.fea
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+# automatic
+@Uppercase = [ N O Odieresis ];
+
+# Prefix: Languagesystems
+# automatic
+languagesystem DFLT dflt;
+languagesystem latn dflt;
+languagesystem latn NLD;
+
+
+feature cpsp {
+pos @Uppercase <25 0 50 0>;
+
+} cpsp;
+
+table GDEF {
+  # automatic
+  GlyphClassDef
+    [N O Odieresis n o odieresis], # Base
+    , # Liga
+    [dieresiscomb], # Mark
+    ;
+} GDEF;
diff --git a/Tests/varLib/data/master_ufo/TestFamily4-Italic15.ufo/fontinfo.plist b/Tests/varLib/data/master_ufo/TestFamily4-Italic15.ufo/fontinfo.plist
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b909a16
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/varLib/data/master_ufo/TestFamily4-Italic15.ufo/fontinfo.plist
@@ -0,0 +1,93 @@
+<?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?>
+<!DOCTYPE plist PUBLIC "-//Apple//DTD PLIST 1.0//EN" "http://www.apple.com/DTDs/PropertyList-1.0.dtd">
+<plist version="1.0">
+  <dict>
+    <key>ascender</key>
+    <real>600.0</real>
+    <key>capHeight</key>
+    <real>500.0</real>
+    <key>copyright</key>
+    <string>Copyright 2017 by Jens Kutilek</string>
+    <key>descender</key>
+    <real>-150.0</real>
+    <key>familyName</key>
+    <string>Test Family 4</string>
+    <key>guidelines</key>
+    <array>
+      <dict>
+        <key>angle</key>
+        <real>180.0</real>
+        <key>x</key>
+        <real>125.0</real>
+        <key>y</key>
+        <real>175.0</real>
+      </dict>
+    </array>
+    <key>italicAngle</key>
+    <real>-15.0</real>
+    <key>openTypeHeadCreated</key>
+    <string>2017/10/21 13:31:38</string>
+    <key>openTypeNameDesigner</key>
+    <string>Jens Kutilek after the ISO 3098 standard</string>
+    <key>openTypeNameDesignerURL</key>
+    <string>https://www.kutilek.de/</string>
+    <key>openTypeNameManufacturer</key>
+    <string>Jens Kutilek</string>
+    <key>openTypeNameManufacturerURL</key>
+    <string>https://www.kutilek.de/</string>
+    <key>openTypeOS2Type</key>
+    <array>
+      <integer>3</integer>
+    </array>
+    <key>openTypeOS2VendorID</key>
+    <string>jens</string>
+    <key>openTypeOS2WinAscent</key>
+    <integer>700</integer>
+    <key>openTypeOS2WinDescent</key>
+    <integer>250</integer>
+    <key>postscriptBlueValues</key>
+    <array>
+      <real>-10.0</real>
+      <real>0.0</real>
+      <real>350.0</real>
+      <real>360.0</real>
+      <real>500.0</real>
+      <real>510.0</real>
+    </array>
+    <key>postscriptFamilyBlues</key>
+    <array/>
+    <key>postscriptFamilyOtherBlues</key>
+    <array/>
+    <key>postscriptOtherBlues</key>
+    <array>
+      <real>-160.0</real>
+      <real>-150.0</real>
+    </array>
+    <key>postscriptStemSnapH</key>
+    <array>
+      <integer>50</integer>
+    </array>
+    <key>postscriptStemSnapV</key>
+    <array>
+      <integer>50</integer>
+    </array>
+    <key>postscriptUnderlinePosition</key>
+    <integer>-100</integer>
+    <key>postscriptUnderlineThickness</key>
+    <integer>50</integer>
+    <key>styleMapFamilyName</key>
+    <string>Test Family 4 15</string>
+    <key>styleMapStyleName</key>
+    <string>italic</string>
+    <key>styleName</key>
+    <string>Italic 15</string>
+    <key>unitsPerEm</key>
+    <integer>750</integer>
+    <key>versionMajor</key>
+    <integer>1</integer>
+    <key>versionMinor</key>
+    <integer>0</integer>
+    <key>xHeight</key>
+    <real>350.0</real>
+  </dict>
+</plist>
diff --git a/Tests/varLib/data/master_ufo/TestFamily4-Italic15.ufo/glyphs.public.background/N_.glif b/Tests/varLib/data/master_ufo/TestFamily4-Italic15.ufo/glyphs.public.background/N_.glif
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ef80903
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/varLib/data/master_ufo/TestFamily4-Italic15.ufo/glyphs.public.background/N_.glif
@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+<?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?>
+<glyph name="N" format="2">
+  <anchor x="153.0" y="0.0" name="bottom"/>
+  <anchor x="287.0" y="500.0" name="top"/>
+  <outline>
+    <contour>
+      <point x="34.0" y="21.0" type="move"/>
+      <point x="156.0" y="479.0" type="line"/>
+      <point x="284.0" y="21.0" type="line"/>
+      <point x="406.0" y="479.0" type="line"/>
+    </contour>
+    <contour>
+      <point x="156.0" y="454.0" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+      <point x="170.0" y="454.0"/>
+      <point x="181.0" y="465.0"/>
+      <point x="181.0" y="479.0" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+      <point x="181.0" y="493.0"/>
+      <point x="170.0" y="504.0"/>
+      <point x="156.0" y="504.0" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+      <point x="142.0" y="504.0"/>
+      <point x="131.0" y="493.0"/>
+      <point x="131.0" y="479.0" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+      <point x="131.0" y="465.0"/>
+      <point x="142.0" y="454.0"/>
+    </contour>
+    <contour>
+      <point x="284.0" y="-4.0" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+      <point x="298.0" y="-4.0"/>
+      <point x="309.0" y="7.0"/>
+      <point x="309.0" y="21.0" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+      <point x="309.0" y="35.0"/>
+      <point x="298.0" y="46.0"/>
+      <point x="284.0" y="46.0" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+      <point x="270.0" y="46.0"/>
+      <point x="259.0" y="35.0"/>
+      <point x="259.0" y="21.0" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+      <point x="259.0" y="7.0"/>
+      <point x="270.0" y="-4.0"/>
+    </contour>
+  </outline>
+</glyph>
diff --git a/Tests/varLib/data/master_ufo/TestFamily4-Italic15.ufo/glyphs.public.background/O_.glif b/Tests/varLib/data/master_ufo/TestFamily4-Italic15.ufo/glyphs.public.background/O_.glif
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ac3160a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/varLib/data/master_ufo/TestFamily4-Italic15.ufo/glyphs.public.background/O_.glif
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+<?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?>
+<glyph name="O" format="2">
+  <anchor x="153.0" y="0.0" name="bottom"/>
+  <anchor x="220.0" y="250.0" name="center"/>
+  <anchor x="316.0" y="10.0" name="ogonek"/>
+  <anchor x="287.0" y="500.0" name="top"/>
+  <anchor x="107.0" y="500.0" name="topleft"/>
+  <anchor x="467.0" y="500.0" name="topright"/>
+  <outline>
+    <contour>
+      <point x="66.0" y="140.0" type="curve"/>
+      <point x="125.0" y="360.0" type="line"/>
+      <point x="143.0" y="429.0"/>
+      <point x="214.0" y="485.0"/>
+      <point x="283.0" y="485.0" type="curve"/>
+      <point x="352.0" y="485.0"/>
+      <point x="393.0" y="429.0"/>
+      <point x="375.0" y="360.0" type="curve"/>
+      <point x="316.0" y="140.0" type="line"/>
+      <point x="297.0" y="71.0"/>
+      <point x="226.0" y="15.0"/>
+      <point x="157.0" y="15.0" type="curve"/>
+      <point x="88.0" y="15.0"/>
+      <point x="47.0" y="71.0"/>
+    </contour>
+  </outline>
+</glyph>
diff --git a/Tests/varLib/data/master_ufo/TestFamily4-Italic15.ufo/glyphs.public.background/contents.plist b/Tests/varLib/data/master_ufo/TestFamily4-Italic15.ufo/glyphs.public.background/contents.plist
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e7bf835
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/varLib/data/master_ufo/TestFamily4-Italic15.ufo/glyphs.public.background/contents.plist
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+<?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?>
+<!DOCTYPE plist PUBLIC "-//Apple//DTD PLIST 1.0//EN" "http://www.apple.com/DTDs/PropertyList-1.0.dtd">
+<plist version="1.0">
+  <dict>
+    <key>N</key>
+    <string>N_.glif</string>
+    <key>O</key>
+    <string>O_.glif</string>
+    <key>dieresiscomb</key>
+    <string>dieresiscomb.glif</string>
+    <key>o</key>
+    <string>o.glif</string>
+  </dict>
+</plist>
diff --git a/Tests/varLib/data/master_ufo/TestFamily4-Italic15.ufo/glyphs.public.background/dieresiscomb.glif b/Tests/varLib/data/master_ufo/TestFamily4-Italic15.ufo/glyphs.public.background/dieresiscomb.glif
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8dac7b7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/varLib/data/master_ufo/TestFamily4-Italic15.ufo/glyphs.public.background/dieresiscomb.glif
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+<?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?>
+<glyph name="dieresiscomb" format="2">
+  <anchor x="197.0" y="350.0" name="_top"/>
+  <anchor x="230.0" y="475.0" name="top"/>
+  <outline>
+    <contour>
+      <point x="155.0" y="475.0" type="move"/>
+      <point x="149.0" y="450.0" type="line"/>
+    </contour>
+    <contour>
+      <point x="305.0" y="475.0" type="move"/>
+      <point x="299.0" y="450.0" type="line"/>
+    </contour>
+  </outline>
+</glyph>
diff --git a/Tests/varLib/data/master_ufo/TestFamily4-Italic15.ufo/glyphs.public.background/o.glif b/Tests/varLib/data/master_ufo/TestFamily4-Italic15.ufo/glyphs.public.background/o.glif
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6a2ce9f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/varLib/data/master_ufo/TestFamily4-Italic15.ufo/glyphs.public.background/o.glif
@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+<?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?>
+<glyph name="o" format="2">
+  <outline>
+    <contour>
+      <point x="128.0" y="-10.0" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+      <point x="194.0" y="-10.0"/>
+      <point x="262.0" y="43.0"/>
+      <point x="279.0" y="108.0" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+      <point x="311.0" y="229.0" type="line" smooth="yes"/>
+      <point x="330.0" y="299.0"/>
+      <point x="286.0" y="360.0"/>
+      <point x="214.0" y="360.0" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+      <point x="148.0" y="360.0"/>
+      <point x="80.0" y="307.0"/>
+      <point x="63.0" y="242.0" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+      <point x="31.0" y="121.0" type="line" smooth="yes"/>
+      <point x="12.0" y="51.0"/>
+      <point x="56.0" y="-10.0"/>
+    </contour>
+    <contour>
+      <point x="128.0" y="40.0" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+      <point x="88.0" y="40.0"/>
+      <point x="69.0" y="71.0"/>
+      <point x="79.0" y="108.0" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+      <point x="111.0" y="229.0" type="line" smooth="yes"/>
+      <point x="123.0" y="273.0"/>
+      <point x="170.0" y="310.0"/>
+      <point x="214.0" y="310.0" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+      <point x="254.0" y="310.0"/>
+      <point x="273.0" y="279.0"/>
+      <point x="263.0" y="242.0" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+      <point x="231.0" y="121.0" type="line" smooth="yes"/>
+      <point x="219.0" y="77.0"/>
+      <point x="172.0" y="40.0"/>
+    </contour>
+  </outline>
+</glyph>
diff --git a/Tests/varLib/data/master_ufo/TestFamily4-Italic15.ufo/glyphs/N_.glif b/Tests/varLib/data/master_ufo/TestFamily4-Italic15.ufo/glyphs/N_.glif
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d289e0d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/varLib/data/master_ufo/TestFamily4-Italic15.ufo/glyphs/N_.glif
@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+<?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?>
+<glyph name="N" format="2">
+  <advance width="408.0"/>
+  <unicode hex="004E"/>
+  <anchor x="157.0" y="0.0" name="bottom"/>
+  <anchor x="291.0" y="500.0" name="top"/>
+  <outline>
+    <contour>
+      <point x="38.0" y="-4.0" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+      <point x="50.0" y="-4.0"/>
+      <point x="59.0" y="4.0"/>
+      <point x="62.0" y="15.0" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+      <point x="161.0" y="384.0" type="line"/>
+      <point x="264.0" y="14.0" type="line" smooth="yes"/>
+      <point x="267.0" y="2.0"/>
+      <point x="278.0" y="-4.0"/>
+      <point x="288.0" y="-4.0" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+      <point x="299.0" y="-4.0"/>
+      <point x="309.0" y="2.0"/>
+      <point x="312.0" y="14.0" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+      <point x="434.0" y="472.0" type="line" smooth="yes"/>
+      <point x="437.0" y="483.0"/>
+      <point x="430.0" y="504.0"/>
+      <point x="410.0" y="504.0" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+      <point x="398.0" y="504.0"/>
+      <point x="389.0" y="496.0"/>
+      <point x="386.0" y="485.0" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+      <point x="287.0" y="116.0" type="line"/>
+      <point x="184.0" y="486.0" type="line" smooth="yes"/>
+      <point x="181.0" y="498.0"/>
+      <point x="170.0" y="504.0"/>
+      <point x="159.0" y="504.0" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+      <point x="149.0" y="504.0"/>
+      <point x="139.0" y="498.0"/>
+      <point x="136.0" y="486.0" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+      <point x="14.0" y="28.0" type="line" smooth="yes"/>
+      <point x="10.0" y="12.0"/>
+      <point x="22.0" y="-4.0"/>
+    </contour>
+  </outline>
+  <lib>
+    <dict>
+      <key>com.schriftgestaltung.Glyphs.lastChange</key>
+      <string>2018/11/20 10:52:27</string>
+    </dict>
+  </lib>
+</glyph>
diff --git a/Tests/varLib/data/master_ufo/TestFamily4-Italic15.ufo/glyphs/O_.glif b/Tests/varLib/data/master_ufo/TestFamily4-Italic15.ufo/glyphs/O_.glif
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..aafee0a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/varLib/data/master_ufo/TestFamily4-Italic15.ufo/glyphs/O_.glif
@@ -0,0 +1,51 @@
+<?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?>
+<glyph name="O" format="2">
+  <advance width="404.0"/>
+  <unicode hex="004F"/>
+  <anchor x="155.0" y="0.0" name="bottom"/>
+  <anchor x="222.0" y="250.0" name="center"/>
+  <anchor x="318.0" y="10.0" name="ogonek"/>
+  <anchor x="289.0" y="500.0" name="top"/>
+  <anchor x="109.0" y="500.0" name="topleft"/>
+  <anchor x="469.0" y="500.0" name="topright"/>
+  <outline>
+    <contour>
+      <point x="159.0" y="-10.0" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+      <point x="239.0" y="-10.0"/>
+      <point x="321.0" y="54.0"/>
+      <point x="342.0" y="133.0" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+      <point x="401.0" y="354.0" type="line" smooth="yes"/>
+      <point x="423.0" y="437.0"/>
+      <point x="371.0" y="510.0"/>
+      <point x="285.0" y="510.0" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+      <point x="205.0" y="510.0"/>
+      <point x="124.0" y="446.0"/>
+      <point x="103.0" y="366.0" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+      <point x="44.0" y="146.0" type="line" smooth="yes"/>
+      <point x="22.0" y="63.0"/>
+      <point x="73.0" y="-10.0"/>
+    </contour>
+    <contour>
+      <point x="159.0" y="40.0" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+      <point x="106.0" y="40.0"/>
+      <point x="78.0" y="81.0"/>
+      <point x="92.0" y="133.0" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+      <point x="151.0" y="354.0" type="line" smooth="yes"/>
+      <point x="166.0" y="412.0"/>
+      <point x="227.0" y="460.0"/>
+      <point x="285.0" y="460.0" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+      <point x="338.0" y="460.0"/>
+      <point x="367.0" y="419.0"/>
+      <point x="353.0" y="366.0" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+      <point x="294.0" y="146.0" type="line" smooth="yes"/>
+      <point x="278.0" y="88.0"/>
+      <point x="217.0" y="40.0"/>
+    </contour>
+  </outline>
+  <lib>
+    <dict>
+      <key>com.schriftgestaltung.Glyphs.lastChange</key>
+      <string>2017/10/27 21:28:25</string>
+    </dict>
+  </lib>
+</glyph>
diff --git a/Tests/varLib/data/master_ufo/TestFamily4-Italic15.ufo/glyphs/O_dieresis.glif b/Tests/varLib/data/master_ufo/TestFamily4-Italic15.ufo/glyphs/O_dieresis.glif
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..93bca95
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/varLib/data/master_ufo/TestFamily4-Italic15.ufo/glyphs/O_dieresis.glif
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+<?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?>
+<glyph name="Odieresis" format="2">
+  <advance width="404.0"/>
+  <unicode hex="00D6"/>
+  <anchor x="155.0" y="0.0" name="bottom"/>
+  <anchor x="222.0" y="250.0" name="center"/>
+  <anchor x="318.0" y="10.0" name="ogonek"/>
+  <anchor x="322.0" y="625.0" name="top"/>
+  <anchor x="109.0" y="500.0" name="topleft"/>
+  <anchor x="469.0" y="500.0" name="topright"/>
+  <outline>
+    <component base="O"/>
+    <component base="dieresiscomb" xOffset="92.0" yOffset="150.0"/>
+  </outline>
+  <lib>
+    <dict>
+      <key>com.schriftgestaltung.Glyphs.lastChange</key>
+      <string>2017/10/27 21:28:35</string>
+      <key>public.markColor</key>
+      <string>0,0.67,0.91,1</string>
+    </dict>
+  </lib>
+</glyph>
diff --git a/Tests/varLib/data/master_ufo/TestFamily4-Italic15.ufo/glyphs/contents.plist b/Tests/varLib/data/master_ufo/TestFamily4-Italic15.ufo/glyphs/contents.plist
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6a3662f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/varLib/data/master_ufo/TestFamily4-Italic15.ufo/glyphs/contents.plist
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+<?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?>
+<!DOCTYPE plist PUBLIC "-//Apple//DTD PLIST 1.0//EN" "http://www.apple.com/DTDs/PropertyList-1.0.dtd">
+<plist version="1.0">
+  <dict>
+    <key>N</key>
+    <string>N_.glif</string>
+    <key>O</key>
+    <string>O_.glif</string>
+    <key>Odieresis</key>
+    <string>O_dieresis.glif</string>
+    <key>dieresiscomb</key>
+    <string>dieresiscomb.glif</string>
+    <key>n</key>
+    <string>n.glif</string>
+    <key>o</key>
+    <string>o.glif</string>
+    <key>odieresis</key>
+    <string>odieresis.glif</string>
+  </dict>
+</plist>
diff --git a/Tests/varLib/data/master_ufo/TestFamily4-Italic15.ufo/glyphs/dieresiscomb.glif b/Tests/varLib/data/master_ufo/TestFamily4-Italic15.ufo/glyphs/dieresiscomb.glif
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..224df4d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/varLib/data/master_ufo/TestFamily4-Italic15.ufo/glyphs/dieresiscomb.glif
@@ -0,0 +1,48 @@
+<?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?>
+<glyph name="dieresiscomb" format="2">
+  <unicode hex="0308"/>
+  <anchor x="197.0" y="350.0" name="_top"/>
+  <anchor x="230.0" y="475.0" name="top"/>
+  <outline>
+    <contour>
+      <point x="300.0" y="425.0" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+      <point x="312.0" y="425.0"/>
+      <point x="321.0" y="433.0"/>
+      <point x="324.0" y="445.0" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+      <point x="330.0" y="469.0" type="line" smooth="yes"/>
+      <point x="334.0" y="484.0"/>
+      <point x="322.0" y="500.0"/>
+      <point x="306.0" y="500.0" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+      <point x="294.0" y="500.0"/>
+      <point x="285.0" y="492.0"/>
+      <point x="282.0" y="480.0" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+      <point x="276.0" y="456.0" type="line" smooth="yes"/>
+      <point x="272.0" y="441.0"/>
+      <point x="284.0" y="425.0"/>
+    </contour>
+    <contour>
+      <point x="150.0" y="425.0" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+      <point x="162.0" y="425.0"/>
+      <point x="171.0" y="433.0"/>
+      <point x="174.0" y="445.0" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+      <point x="180.0" y="469.0" type="line" smooth="yes"/>
+      <point x="184.0" y="484.0"/>
+      <point x="172.0" y="500.0"/>
+      <point x="156.0" y="500.0" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+      <point x="144.0" y="500.0"/>
+      <point x="135.0" y="492.0"/>
+      <point x="132.0" y="480.0" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+      <point x="126.0" y="456.0" type="line" smooth="yes"/>
+      <point x="122.0" y="441.0"/>
+      <point x="134.0" y="425.0"/>
+    </contour>
+  </outline>
+  <lib>
+    <dict>
+      <key>com.schriftgestaltung.Glyphs.lastChange</key>
+      <string>2018/11/20 11:01:28</string>
+      <key>com.schriftgestaltung.Glyphs.originalWidth</key>
+      <real>300.0</real>
+    </dict>
+  </lib>
+</glyph>
diff --git a/Tests/varLib/data/master_ufo/TestFamily4-Italic15.ufo/glyphs/n.glif b/Tests/varLib/data/master_ufo/TestFamily4-Italic15.ufo/glyphs/n.glif
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1313dd4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/varLib/data/master_ufo/TestFamily4-Italic15.ufo/glyphs/n.glif
@@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
+<?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?>
+<glyph name="n" format="2">
+  <advance width="348.0"/>
+  <unicode hex="006E"/>
+  <anchor x="128.0" y="0.0" name="bottom"/>
+  <anchor x="222.0" y="350.0" name="top"/>
+  <outline>
+    <contour>
+      <point x="34.0" y="-4.0" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+      <point x="46.0" y="-4.0"/>
+      <point x="55.0" y="4.0"/>
+      <point x="58.0" y="15.0" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+      <point x="134.0" y="300.0" type="line"/>
+      <point x="238.0" y="300.0" type="line" smooth="yes"/>
+      <point x="266.0" y="300.0"/>
+      <point x="278.0" y="282.0"/>
+      <point x="271.0" y="255.0" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+      <point x="210.0" y="28.0" type="line" smooth="yes"/>
+      <point x="205.0" y="11.0"/>
+      <point x="218.0" y="-4.0"/>
+      <point x="234.0" y="-4.0" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+      <point x="246.0" y="-4.0"/>
+      <point x="255.0" y="3.0"/>
+      <point x="258.0" y="15.0" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+      <point x="319.0" y="242.0" type="line" smooth="yes"/>
+      <point x="335.0" y="301.0"/>
+      <point x="299.0" y="350.0"/>
+      <point x="238.0" y="350.0" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+      <point x="118.0" y="350.0" type="line" smooth="yes"/>
+      <point x="102.993" y="350.0"/>
+      <point x="94.0" y="343.0"/>
+      <point x="90.0" y="329.0" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+      <point x="10.0" y="28.0" type="line" smooth="yes"/>
+      <point x="5.0" y="11.0"/>
+      <point x="18.0" y="-4.0"/>
+    </contour>
+  </outline>
+  <lib>
+    <dict>
+      <key>com.schriftgestaltung.Glyphs.lastChange</key>
+      <string>2017/10/27 21:28:25</string>
+    </dict>
+  </lib>
+</glyph>
diff --git a/Tests/varLib/data/master_ufo/TestFamily4-Italic15.ufo/glyphs/o.glif b/Tests/varLib/data/master_ufo/TestFamily4-Italic15.ufo/glyphs/o.glif
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ac3ff7e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/varLib/data/master_ufo/TestFamily4-Italic15.ufo/glyphs/o.glif
@@ -0,0 +1,50 @@
+<?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?>
+<glyph name="o" format="2">
+  <advance width="342.0"/>
+  <unicode hex="006F"/>
+  <anchor x="124.0" y="0.0" name="bottom"/>
+  <anchor x="171.0" y="175.0" name="center"/>
+  <anchor x="267.0" y="10.0" name="ogonek"/>
+  <anchor x="218.0" y="350.0" name="top"/>
+  <anchor x="373.0" y="350.0" name="topright"/>
+  <outline>
+    <contour>
+      <point x="129.0" y="-10.0" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+      <point x="199.0" y="-10.0"/>
+      <point x="260.0" y="39.0"/>
+      <point x="280.0" y="110.0" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+      <point x="312.0" y="226.0" type="line" smooth="yes"/>
+      <point x="333.0" y="303.0"/>
+      <point x="291.0" y="360.0"/>
+      <point x="215.0" y="360.0" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+      <point x="145.0" y="360.0"/>
+      <point x="84.0" y="311.0"/>
+      <point x="64.0" y="240.0" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+      <point x="32.0" y="124.0" type="line" smooth="yes"/>
+      <point x="11.0" y="47.0"/>
+      <point x="53.0" y="-10.0"/>
+    </contour>
+    <contour>
+      <point x="129.0" y="40.0" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+      <point x="86.0" y="40.0"/>
+      <point x="68.0" y="66.0"/>
+      <point x="80.0" y="110.0" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+      <point x="112.0" y="226.0" type="line" smooth="yes"/>
+      <point x="126.0" y="277.0"/>
+      <point x="167.0" y="310.0"/>
+      <point x="215.0" y="310.0" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+      <point x="258.0" y="310.0"/>
+      <point x="276.0" y="284.0"/>
+      <point x="264.0" y="240.0" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+      <point x="232.0" y="124.0" type="line" smooth="yes"/>
+      <point x="218.0" y="73.0"/>
+      <point x="177.0" y="40.0"/>
+    </contour>
+  </outline>
+  <lib>
+    <dict>
+      <key>com.schriftgestaltung.Glyphs.lastChange</key>
+      <string>2018/11/20 11:01:11</string>
+    </dict>
+  </lib>
+</glyph>
diff --git a/Tests/varLib/data/master_ufo/TestFamily4-Italic15.ufo/glyphs/odieresis.glif b/Tests/varLib/data/master_ufo/TestFamily4-Italic15.ufo/glyphs/odieresis.glif
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..42c39d1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/varLib/data/master_ufo/TestFamily4-Italic15.ufo/glyphs/odieresis.glif
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+<?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?>
+<glyph name="odieresis" format="2">
+  <advance width="342.0"/>
+  <unicode hex="00F6"/>
+  <anchor x="124.0" y="0.0" name="bottom"/>
+  <anchor x="171.0" y="175.0" name="center"/>
+  <anchor x="267.0" y="10.0" name="ogonek"/>
+  <anchor x="251.0" y="475.0" name="top"/>
+  <anchor x="373.0" y="350.0" name="topright"/>
+  <outline>
+    <component base="o"/>
+    <component base="dieresiscomb" xOffset="21.0"/>
+  </outline>
+  <lib>
+    <dict>
+      <key>com.schriftgestaltung.Glyphs.lastChange</key>
+      <string>2018/11/20 10:59:58</string>
+      <key>public.markColor</key>
+      <string>0,0.67,0.91,1</string>
+    </dict>
+  </lib>
+</glyph>
diff --git a/Tests/varLib/data/master_ufo/TestFamily4-Italic15.ufo/groups.plist b/Tests/varLib/data/master_ufo/TestFamily4-Italic15.ufo/groups.plist
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f9e8ed3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/varLib/data/master_ufo/TestFamily4-Italic15.ufo/groups.plist
@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+<?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?>
+<!DOCTYPE plist PUBLIC "-//Apple//DTD PLIST 1.0//EN" "http://www.apple.com/DTDs/PropertyList-1.0.dtd">
+<plist version="1.0">
+  <dict>
+    <key>public.kern1.O</key>
+    <array>
+      <string>O</string>
+      <string>Odieresis</string>
+    </array>
+    <key>public.kern1.n</key>
+    <array>
+      <string>n</string>
+    </array>
+    <key>public.kern1.o</key>
+    <array>
+      <string>o</string>
+      <string>odieresis</string>
+    </array>
+    <key>public.kern2.O</key>
+    <array>
+      <string>O</string>
+      <string>Odieresis</string>
+    </array>
+    <key>public.kern2.n</key>
+    <array>
+      <string>n</string>
+    </array>
+    <key>public.kern2.o</key>
+    <array>
+      <string>o</string>
+      <string>odieresis</string>
+    </array>
+  </dict>
+</plist>
diff --git a/Tests/varLib/data/master_ufo/TestFamily4-Italic15.ufo/layercontents.plist b/Tests/varLib/data/master_ufo/TestFamily4-Italic15.ufo/layercontents.plist
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7120d0b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/varLib/data/master_ufo/TestFamily4-Italic15.ufo/layercontents.plist
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+<?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?>
+<!DOCTYPE plist PUBLIC "-//Apple//DTD PLIST 1.0//EN" "http://www.apple.com/DTDs/PropertyList-1.0.dtd">
+<plist version="1.0">
+  <array>
+    <array>
+      <string>public.default</string>
+      <string>glyphs</string>
+    </array>
+    <array>
+      <string>public.background</string>
+      <string>glyphs.public.background</string>
+    </array>
+  </array>
+</plist>
diff --git a/Tests/varLib/data/master_ufo/TestFamily4-Italic15.ufo/lib.plist b/Tests/varLib/data/master_ufo/TestFamily4-Italic15.ufo/lib.plist
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b9f2b92
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/varLib/data/master_ufo/TestFamily4-Italic15.ufo/lib.plist
@@ -0,0 +1,86 @@
+<?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?>
+<!DOCTYPE plist PUBLIC "-//Apple//DTD PLIST 1.0//EN" "http://www.apple.com/DTDs/PropertyList-1.0.dtd">
+<plist version="1.0">
+  <dict>
+    <key>com.schriftgestaltung.appVersion</key>
+    <string>1179</string>
+    <key>com.schriftgestaltung.customName</key>
+    <string>Italic 15</string>
+    <key>com.schriftgestaltung.customParameter.GSFont.Axes</key>
+    <array>
+      <dict>
+        <key>Name</key>
+        <string>Slant</string>
+        <key>Tag</key>
+        <string>slnt</string>
+      </dict>
+    </array>
+    <key>com.schriftgestaltung.customParameter.GSFont.DisplayStrings</key>
+    <array>
+      <string>o/dieresiscomb ö</string>
+    </array>
+    <key>com.schriftgestaltung.customParameter.GSFont.Variation Font Origin</key>
+    <string>EB3D7718-A203-47FB-ABD4-8B7A501887ED</string>
+    <key>com.schriftgestaltung.customParameter.GSFont.disablesAutomaticAlignment</key>
+    <false/>
+    <key>com.schriftgestaltung.customParameter.GSFont.useNiceNames</key>
+    <integer>1</integer>
+    <key>com.schriftgestaltung.customParameter.GSFontMaster.Link Metrics With Master</key>
+    <string>Regular</string>
+    <key>com.schriftgestaltung.customParameter.GSFontMaster.Master Name</key>
+    <string>Italic 15</string>
+    <key>com.schriftgestaltung.customParameter.GSFontMaster.customValue</key>
+    <real>-15.0</real>
+    <key>com.schriftgestaltung.customParameter.GSFontMaster.customValue1</key>
+    <real>16.0</real>
+    <key>com.schriftgestaltung.customParameter.GSFontMaster.customValue2</key>
+    <real>0.0</real>
+    <key>com.schriftgestaltung.customParameter.GSFontMaster.customValue3</key>
+    <real>0.0</real>
+    <key>com.schriftgestaltung.customParameter.GSFontMaster.iconName</key>
+    <string></string>
+    <key>com.schriftgestaltung.customParameter.GSFontMaster.weightValue</key>
+    <real>-15.0</real>
+    <key>com.schriftgestaltung.customParameter.GSFontMaster.widthValue</key>
+    <real>100.0</real>
+    <key>com.schriftgestaltung.customValue</key>
+    <real>-15.0</real>
+    <key>com.schriftgestaltung.customValue1</key>
+    <real>16.0</real>
+    <key>com.schriftgestaltung.fontMasterOrder</key>
+    <integer>1</integer>
+    <key>com.schriftgestaltung.glyphOrder</key>
+    <false/>
+    <key>com.schriftgestaltung.keyboardIncrement</key>
+    <integer>1</integer>
+    <key>com.schriftgestaltung.weight</key>
+    <string>Regular</string>
+    <key>com.schriftgestaltung.weightValue</key>
+    <real>-15.0</real>
+    <key>com.schriftgestaltung.width</key>
+    <string>Regular</string>
+    <key>com.schriftgestaltung.widthValue</key>
+    <real>100.0</real>
+    <key>noodleExtremesAndInflections</key>
+    <integer>0</integer>
+    <key>noodleRemoveOverlap</key>
+    <integer>1</integer>
+    <key>noodleThickness</key>
+    <string>50.0</string>
+    <key>public.glyphOrder</key>
+    <array>
+      <string>N</string>
+      <string>O</string>
+      <string>Odieresis</string>
+      <string>n</string>
+      <string>o</string>
+      <string>odieresis</string>
+      <string>dieresiscomb</string>
+    </array>
+    <key>public.postscriptNames</key>
+    <dict>
+      <key>dieresiscomb</key>
+      <string>uni0308</string>
+    </dict>
+  </dict>
+</plist>
diff --git a/Tests/varLib/data/master_ufo/TestFamily4-Italic15.ufo/metainfo.plist b/Tests/varLib/data/master_ufo/TestFamily4-Italic15.ufo/metainfo.plist
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7b8b34a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/varLib/data/master_ufo/TestFamily4-Italic15.ufo/metainfo.plist
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+<?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?>
+<!DOCTYPE plist PUBLIC "-//Apple//DTD PLIST 1.0//EN" "http://www.apple.com/DTDs/PropertyList-1.0.dtd">
+<plist version="1.0">
+  <dict>
+    <key>creator</key>
+    <string>com.github.fonttools.ufoLib</string>
+    <key>formatVersion</key>
+    <integer>3</integer>
+  </dict>
+</plist>
diff --git a/Tests/varLib/data/master_ufo/TestFamily4-Regular.ufo/features.fea b/Tests/varLib/data/master_ufo/TestFamily4-Regular.ufo/features.fea
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..88e4c41
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/varLib/data/master_ufo/TestFamily4-Regular.ufo/features.fea
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+# automatic
+@Uppercase = [ N O Odieresis ];
+
+# Prefix: Languagesystems
+# automatic
+languagesystem DFLT dflt;
+languagesystem latn dflt;
+languagesystem latn NLD;
+
+
+feature cpsp {
+pos @Uppercase <25 0 50 0>;
+
+} cpsp;
+
+table GDEF {
+  # automatic
+  GlyphClassDef
+    [N O Odieresis n o odieresis], # Base
+    , # Liga
+    [dieresiscomb], # Mark
+    ;
+} GDEF;
diff --git a/Tests/varLib/data/master_ufo/TestFamily4-Regular.ufo/fontinfo.plist b/Tests/varLib/data/master_ufo/TestFamily4-Regular.ufo/fontinfo.plist
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7ff1edb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/varLib/data/master_ufo/TestFamily4-Regular.ufo/fontinfo.plist
@@ -0,0 +1,93 @@
+<?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?>
+<!DOCTYPE plist PUBLIC "-//Apple//DTD PLIST 1.0//EN" "http://www.apple.com/DTDs/PropertyList-1.0.dtd">
+<plist version="1.0">
+  <dict>
+    <key>ascender</key>
+    <real>600.0</real>
+    <key>capHeight</key>
+    <real>500.0</real>
+    <key>copyright</key>
+    <string>Copyright 2017 by Jens Kutilek</string>
+    <key>descender</key>
+    <real>-150.0</real>
+    <key>familyName</key>
+    <string>Test Family 4</string>
+    <key>guidelines</key>
+    <array>
+      <dict>
+        <key>angle</key>
+        <real>180.0</real>
+        <key>x</key>
+        <real>125.0</real>
+        <key>y</key>
+        <real>175.0</real>
+      </dict>
+    </array>
+    <key>italicAngle</key>
+    <real>-0.0</real>
+    <key>openTypeHeadCreated</key>
+    <string>2017/10/21 13:31:38</string>
+    <key>openTypeNameDesigner</key>
+    <string>Jens Kutilek after the ISO 3098 standard</string>
+    <key>openTypeNameDesignerURL</key>
+    <string>https://www.kutilek.de/</string>
+    <key>openTypeNameManufacturer</key>
+    <string>Jens Kutilek</string>
+    <key>openTypeNameManufacturerURL</key>
+    <string>https://www.kutilek.de/</string>
+    <key>openTypeOS2Type</key>
+    <array>
+      <integer>3</integer>
+    </array>
+    <key>openTypeOS2VendorID</key>
+    <string>jens</string>
+    <key>openTypeOS2WinAscent</key>
+    <integer>700</integer>
+    <key>openTypeOS2WinDescent</key>
+    <integer>250</integer>
+    <key>postscriptBlueValues</key>
+    <array>
+      <real>-10.0</real>
+      <real>0.0</real>
+      <real>350.0</real>
+      <real>360.0</real>
+      <real>500.0</real>
+      <real>510.0</real>
+    </array>
+    <key>postscriptFamilyBlues</key>
+    <array/>
+    <key>postscriptFamilyOtherBlues</key>
+    <array/>
+    <key>postscriptOtherBlues</key>
+    <array>
+      <real>-160.0</real>
+      <real>-150.0</real>
+    </array>
+    <key>postscriptStemSnapH</key>
+    <array>
+      <integer>50</integer>
+    </array>
+    <key>postscriptStemSnapV</key>
+    <array>
+      <integer>50</integer>
+    </array>
+    <key>postscriptUnderlinePosition</key>
+    <integer>-100</integer>
+    <key>postscriptUnderlineThickness</key>
+    <integer>50</integer>
+    <key>styleMapFamilyName</key>
+    <string>Test Family 4</string>
+    <key>styleMapStyleName</key>
+    <string>regular</string>
+    <key>styleName</key>
+    <string>Regular</string>
+    <key>unitsPerEm</key>
+    <integer>750</integer>
+    <key>versionMajor</key>
+    <integer>1</integer>
+    <key>versionMinor</key>
+    <integer>0</integer>
+    <key>xHeight</key>
+    <real>350.0</real>
+  </dict>
+</plist>
diff --git a/Tests/varLib/data/master_ufo/TestFamily4-Regular.ufo/glyphs.public.background/N_.glif b/Tests/varLib/data/master_ufo/TestFamily4-Regular.ufo/glyphs.public.background/N_.glif
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..941a558
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/varLib/data/master_ufo/TestFamily4-Regular.ufo/glyphs.public.background/N_.glif
@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+<?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?>
+<glyph name="N" format="2">
+  <outline>
+    <contour>
+      <point x="324.0" y="-22.0" type="line" smooth="yes"/>
+      <point x="336.0" y="-44.0"/>
+      <point x="354.0" y="-40.0"/>
+      <point x="354.0" y="-14.0" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+      <point x="354.0" y="479.0" type="line" smooth="yes"/>
+      <point x="354.0" y="493.0"/>
+      <point x="343.0" y="504.0"/>
+      <point x="329.0" y="504.0" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+      <point x="315.0" y="504.0"/>
+      <point x="304.0" y="493.0"/>
+      <point x="304.0" y="479.0" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+      <point x="304.0" y="119.0" type="line"/>
+      <point x="84.0" y="522.0" type="line" smooth="yes"/>
+      <point x="72.0" y="544.0"/>
+      <point x="54.0" y="540.0"/>
+      <point x="54.0" y="514.0" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+      <point x="54.0" y="21.0" type="line" smooth="yes"/>
+      <point x="54.0" y="7.0"/>
+      <point x="65.0" y="-4.0"/>
+      <point x="79.0" y="-4.0" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+      <point x="93.0" y="-4.0"/>
+      <point x="104.0" y="7.0"/>
+      <point x="104.0" y="21.0" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+      <point x="104.0" y="381.0" type="line"/>
+    </contour>
+  </outline>
+</glyph>
diff --git a/Tests/varLib/data/master_ufo/TestFamily4-Regular.ufo/glyphs.public.background/O_.glif b/Tests/varLib/data/master_ufo/TestFamily4-Regular.ufo/glyphs.public.background/O_.glif
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..dc9a72e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/varLib/data/master_ufo/TestFamily4-Regular.ufo/glyphs.public.background/O_.glif
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+<?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?>
+<glyph name="O" format="2">
+  <anchor x="202.0" y="0.0" name="bottom"/>
+  <anchor x="202.0" y="250.0" name="center"/>
+  <anchor x="362.0" y="10.0" name="ogonek"/>
+  <anchor x="202.0" y="500.0" name="top"/>
+  <anchor x="22.0" y="500.0" name="topleft"/>
+  <anchor x="382.0" y="500.0" name="topright"/>
+  <outline>
+    <contour>
+      <point x="77.0" y="150.0" type="curve"/>
+      <point x="77.0" y="350.0" type="line"/>
+      <point x="77.0" y="419.0"/>
+      <point x="133.0" y="475.0"/>
+      <point x="202.0" y="475.0" type="curve"/>
+      <point x="271.0" y="475.0"/>
+      <point x="327.0" y="419.0"/>
+      <point x="327.0" y="350.0" type="curve"/>
+      <point x="327.0" y="250.0" type="line"/>
+      <point x="327.0" y="150.0" type="line"/>
+      <point x="327.0" y="81.0"/>
+      <point x="271.0" y="25.0"/>
+      <point x="202.0" y="25.0" type="curve"/>
+      <point x="133.0" y="25.0"/>
+      <point x="77.0" y="81.0"/>
+    </contour>
+  </outline>
+</glyph>
diff --git a/Tests/varLib/data/master_ufo/TestFamily4-Regular.ufo/glyphs.public.background/contents.plist b/Tests/varLib/data/master_ufo/TestFamily4-Regular.ufo/glyphs.public.background/contents.plist
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8382c79
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/varLib/data/master_ufo/TestFamily4-Regular.ufo/glyphs.public.background/contents.plist
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+<?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?>
+<!DOCTYPE plist PUBLIC "-//Apple//DTD PLIST 1.0//EN" "http://www.apple.com/DTDs/PropertyList-1.0.dtd">
+<plist version="1.0">
+  <dict>
+    <key>N</key>
+    <string>N_.glif</string>
+    <key>O</key>
+    <string>O_.glif</string>
+    <key>dieresiscomb</key>
+    <string>dieresiscomb.glif</string>
+    <key>n</key>
+    <string>n.glif</string>
+    <key>o</key>
+    <string>o.glif</string>
+  </dict>
+</plist>
diff --git a/Tests/varLib/data/master_ufo/TestFamily4-Regular.ufo/glyphs.public.background/dieresiscomb.glif b/Tests/varLib/data/master_ufo/TestFamily4-Regular.ufo/glyphs.public.background/dieresiscomb.glif
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..11fb86e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/varLib/data/master_ufo/TestFamily4-Regular.ufo/glyphs.public.background/dieresiscomb.glif
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+<?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?>
+<glyph name="dieresiscomb" format="2">
+  <anchor x="150.0" y="350.0" name="_top"/>
+  <anchor x="150.0" y="475.0" name="top"/>
+  <outline>
+    <contour>
+      <point x="75.0" y="475.0" type="move"/>
+      <point x="75.0" y="450.0" type="line"/>
+    </contour>
+    <contour>
+      <point x="225.0" y="475.0" type="move"/>
+      <point x="225.0" y="450.0" type="line"/>
+    </contour>
+  </outline>
+</glyph>
diff --git a/Tests/varLib/data/master_ufo/TestFamily4-Regular.ufo/glyphs.public.background/n.glif b/Tests/varLib/data/master_ufo/TestFamily4-Regular.ufo/glyphs.public.background/n.glif
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2d1a13e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/varLib/data/master_ufo/TestFamily4-Regular.ufo/glyphs.public.background/n.glif
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+<?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?>
+<glyph name="n" format="2">
+  <outline>
+    <contour>
+      <point x="75.0" y="21.0" type="move"/>
+      <point x="75.0" y="325.0" type="line"/>
+      <point x="198.0" y="325.0" type="line" smooth="yes"/>
+      <point x="243.0" y="325.0"/>
+      <point x="275.0" y="293.0"/>
+      <point x="275.0" y="248.0" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+      <point x="275.0" y="21.0" type="line"/>
+    </contour>
+  </outline>
+</glyph>
diff --git a/Tests/varLib/data/master_ufo/TestFamily4-Regular.ufo/glyphs.public.background/o.glif b/Tests/varLib/data/master_ufo/TestFamily4-Regular.ufo/glyphs.public.background/o.glif
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2e9a61b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/varLib/data/master_ufo/TestFamily4-Regular.ufo/glyphs.public.background/o.glif
@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+<?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?>
+<glyph name="o" format="2">
+  <outline>
+    <contour>
+      <point x="171.0" y="-10.0" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+      <point x="240.0" y="-10.0"/>
+      <point x="296.0" y="46.0"/>
+      <point x="296.0" y="115.0" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+      <point x="296.0" y="235.0" type="line" smooth="yes"/>
+      <point x="296.0" y="304.0"/>
+      <point x="240.0" y="360.0"/>
+      <point x="171.0" y="360.0" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+      <point x="102.0" y="360.0"/>
+      <point x="46.0" y="304.0"/>
+      <point x="46.0" y="235.0" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+      <point x="46.0" y="115.0" type="line" smooth="yes"/>
+      <point x="46.0" y="46.0"/>
+      <point x="102.0" y="-10.0"/>
+    </contour>
+    <contour>
+      <point x="171.0" y="40.0" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+      <point x="130.0" y="40.0"/>
+      <point x="96.0" y="74.0"/>
+      <point x="96.0" y="115.0" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+      <point x="96.0" y="235.0" type="line" smooth="yes"/>
+      <point x="96.0" y="276.0"/>
+      <point x="130.0" y="310.0"/>
+      <point x="171.0" y="310.0" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+      <point x="212.0" y="310.0"/>
+      <point x="246.0" y="276.0"/>
+      <point x="246.0" y="235.0" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+      <point x="246.0" y="115.0" type="line" smooth="yes"/>
+      <point x="246.0" y="74.0"/>
+      <point x="212.0" y="40.0"/>
+    </contour>
+  </outline>
+</glyph>
diff --git a/Tests/varLib/data/master_ufo/TestFamily4-Regular.ufo/glyphs/N_.glif b/Tests/varLib/data/master_ufo/TestFamily4-Regular.ufo/glyphs/N_.glif
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a588dac
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/varLib/data/master_ufo/TestFamily4-Regular.ufo/glyphs/N_.glif
@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+<?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?>
+<glyph name="N" format="2">
+  <advance width="408.0"/>
+  <unicode hex="004E"/>
+  <anchor x="204.0" y="0.0" name="bottom"/>
+  <anchor x="204.0" y="500.0" name="top"/>
+  <outline>
+    <contour>
+      <point x="79.0" y="-4.0" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+      <point x="93.0" y="-4.0"/>
+      <point x="104.0" y="7.0"/>
+      <point x="104.0" y="21.0" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+      <point x="104.0" y="381.0" type="line"/>
+      <point x="307.0" y="9.0" type="line" smooth="yes"/>
+      <point x="311.0" y="2.0"/>
+      <point x="317.0" y="-4.0"/>
+      <point x="329.0" y="-4.0" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+      <point x="343.0" y="-4.0"/>
+      <point x="354.0" y="7.0"/>
+      <point x="354.0" y="21.0" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+      <point x="354.0" y="479.0" type="line" smooth="yes"/>
+      <point x="354.0" y="493.0"/>
+      <point x="343.0" y="504.0"/>
+      <point x="329.0" y="504.0" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+      <point x="315.0" y="504.0"/>
+      <point x="304.0" y="493.0"/>
+      <point x="304.0" y="479.0" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+      <point x="304.0" y="119.0" type="line"/>
+      <point x="101.0" y="491.0" type="line" smooth="yes"/>
+      <point x="97.0" y="498.0"/>
+      <point x="91.0" y="504.0"/>
+      <point x="79.0" y="504.0" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+      <point x="65.0" y="504.0"/>
+      <point x="54.0" y="493.0"/>
+      <point x="54.0" y="479.0" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+      <point x="54.0" y="21.0" type="line" smooth="yes"/>
+      <point x="54.0" y="7.0"/>
+      <point x="65.0" y="-4.0"/>
+    </contour>
+  </outline>
+  <lib>
+    <dict>
+      <key>com.schriftgestaltung.Glyphs.lastChange</key>
+      <string>2018/11/20 10:52:27</string>
+    </dict>
+  </lib>
+</glyph>
diff --git a/Tests/varLib/data/master_ufo/TestFamily4-Regular.ufo/glyphs/O_.glif b/Tests/varLib/data/master_ufo/TestFamily4-Regular.ufo/glyphs/O_.glif
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f3979ed
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/varLib/data/master_ufo/TestFamily4-Regular.ufo/glyphs/O_.glif
@@ -0,0 +1,51 @@
+<?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?>
+<glyph name="O" format="2">
+  <advance width="404.0"/>
+  <unicode hex="004F"/>
+  <anchor x="202.0" y="0.0" name="bottom"/>
+  <anchor x="202.0" y="250.0" name="center"/>
+  <anchor x="362.0" y="10.0" name="ogonek"/>
+  <anchor x="202.0" y="500.0" name="top"/>
+  <anchor x="22.0" y="500.0" name="topleft"/>
+  <anchor x="382.0" y="500.0" name="topright"/>
+  <outline>
+    <contour>
+      <point x="202.0" y="-10.0" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+      <point x="284.0" y="-10.0"/>
+      <point x="352.0" y="58.0"/>
+      <point x="352.0" y="140.0" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+      <point x="352.0" y="360.0" type="line" smooth="yes"/>
+      <point x="352.0" y="442.0"/>
+      <point x="284.0" y="510.0"/>
+      <point x="202.0" y="510.0" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+      <point x="120.0" y="510.0"/>
+      <point x="52.0" y="442.0"/>
+      <point x="52.0" y="360.0" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+      <point x="52.0" y="140.0" type="line" smooth="yes"/>
+      <point x="52.0" y="58.0"/>
+      <point x="120.0" y="-10.0"/>
+    </contour>
+    <contour>
+      <point x="202.0" y="40.0" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+      <point x="147.0" y="40.0"/>
+      <point x="102.0" y="85.0"/>
+      <point x="102.0" y="140.0" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+      <point x="102.0" y="360.0" type="line" smooth="yes"/>
+      <point x="102.0" y="415.0"/>
+      <point x="147.0" y="460.0"/>
+      <point x="202.0" y="460.0" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+      <point x="257.0" y="460.0"/>
+      <point x="302.0" y="415.0"/>
+      <point x="302.0" y="360.0" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+      <point x="302.0" y="140.0" type="line" smooth="yes"/>
+      <point x="302.0" y="85.0"/>
+      <point x="257.0" y="40.0"/>
+    </contour>
+  </outline>
+  <lib>
+    <dict>
+      <key>com.schriftgestaltung.Glyphs.lastChange</key>
+      <string>2017/10/27 21:28:25</string>
+    </dict>
+  </lib>
+</glyph>
diff --git a/Tests/varLib/data/master_ufo/TestFamily4-Regular.ufo/glyphs/O_dieresis.glif b/Tests/varLib/data/master_ufo/TestFamily4-Regular.ufo/glyphs/O_dieresis.glif
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..22fcd37
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/varLib/data/master_ufo/TestFamily4-Regular.ufo/glyphs/O_dieresis.glif
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+<?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?>
+<glyph name="Odieresis" format="2">
+  <advance width="404.0"/>
+  <unicode hex="00D6"/>
+  <anchor x="202.0" y="0.0" name="bottom"/>
+  <anchor x="202.0" y="250.0" name="center"/>
+  <anchor x="362.0" y="10.0" name="ogonek"/>
+  <anchor x="202.0" y="625.0" name="top"/>
+  <anchor x="22.0" y="500.0" name="topleft"/>
+  <anchor x="382.0" y="500.0" name="topright"/>
+  <outline>
+    <component base="O"/>
+    <component base="dieresiscomb" xOffset="52.0" yOffset="150.0"/>
+  </outline>
+  <lib>
+    <dict>
+      <key>com.schriftgestaltung.Glyphs.lastChange</key>
+      <string>2017/10/27 21:28:35</string>
+      <key>public.markColor</key>
+      <string>0,0.67,0.91,1</string>
+    </dict>
+  </lib>
+</glyph>
diff --git a/Tests/varLib/data/master_ufo/TestFamily4-Regular.ufo/glyphs/contents.plist b/Tests/varLib/data/master_ufo/TestFamily4-Regular.ufo/glyphs/contents.plist
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6a3662f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/varLib/data/master_ufo/TestFamily4-Regular.ufo/glyphs/contents.plist
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+<?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?>
+<!DOCTYPE plist PUBLIC "-//Apple//DTD PLIST 1.0//EN" "http://www.apple.com/DTDs/PropertyList-1.0.dtd">
+<plist version="1.0">
+  <dict>
+    <key>N</key>
+    <string>N_.glif</string>
+    <key>O</key>
+    <string>O_.glif</string>
+    <key>Odieresis</key>
+    <string>O_dieresis.glif</string>
+    <key>dieresiscomb</key>
+    <string>dieresiscomb.glif</string>
+    <key>n</key>
+    <string>n.glif</string>
+    <key>o</key>
+    <string>o.glif</string>
+    <key>odieresis</key>
+    <string>odieresis.glif</string>
+  </dict>
+</plist>
diff --git a/Tests/varLib/data/master_ufo/TestFamily4-Regular.ufo/glyphs/dieresiscomb.glif b/Tests/varLib/data/master_ufo/TestFamily4-Regular.ufo/glyphs/dieresiscomb.glif
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b3cfef5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/varLib/data/master_ufo/TestFamily4-Regular.ufo/glyphs/dieresiscomb.glif
@@ -0,0 +1,48 @@
+<?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?>
+<glyph name="dieresiscomb" format="2">
+  <unicode hex="0308"/>
+  <anchor x="150.0" y="350.0" name="_top"/>
+  <anchor x="150.0" y="475.0" name="top"/>
+  <outline>
+    <contour>
+      <point x="225.0" y="425.0" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+      <point x="239.0" y="425.0"/>
+      <point x="250.0" y="436.0"/>
+      <point x="250.0" y="450.0" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+      <point x="250.0" y="475.0" type="line" smooth="yes"/>
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+      <point x="239.0" y="500.0"/>
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+      <point x="200.0" y="475.0" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+      <point x="200.0" y="450.0" type="line" smooth="yes"/>
+      <point x="200.0" y="436.0"/>
+      <point x="211.0" y="425.0"/>
+    </contour>
+    <contour>
+      <point x="75.0" y="425.0" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+      <point x="89.0" y="425.0"/>
+      <point x="100.0" y="436.0"/>
+      <point x="100.0" y="450.0" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+      <point x="100.0" y="475.0" type="line" smooth="yes"/>
+      <point x="100.0" y="489.0"/>
+      <point x="89.0" y="500.0"/>
+      <point x="75.0" y="500.0" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+      <point x="61.0" y="500.0"/>
+      <point x="50.0" y="489.0"/>
+      <point x="50.0" y="475.0" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+      <point x="50.0" y="450.0" type="line" smooth="yes"/>
+      <point x="50.0" y="436.0"/>
+      <point x="61.0" y="425.0"/>
+    </contour>
+  </outline>
+  <lib>
+    <dict>
+      <key>com.schriftgestaltung.Glyphs.lastChange</key>
+      <string>2018/11/20 11:01:28</string>
+      <key>com.schriftgestaltung.Glyphs.originalWidth</key>
+      <real>300.0</real>
+    </dict>
+  </lib>
+</glyph>
diff --git a/Tests/varLib/data/master_ufo/TestFamily4-Regular.ufo/glyphs/n.glif b/Tests/varLib/data/master_ufo/TestFamily4-Regular.ufo/glyphs/n.glif
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..221ce82
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/varLib/data/master_ufo/TestFamily4-Regular.ufo/glyphs/n.glif
@@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
+<?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?>
+<glyph name="n" format="2">
+  <advance width="348.0"/>
+  <unicode hex="006E"/>
+  <anchor x="175.0" y="0.0" name="bottom"/>
+  <anchor x="175.0" y="350.0" name="top"/>
+  <outline>
+    <contour>
+      <point x="75.0" y="-4.0" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+      <point x="89.0" y="-4.0"/>
+      <point x="100.0" y="7.0"/>
+      <point x="100.0" y="21.0" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+      <point x="100.0" y="300.0" type="line"/>
+      <point x="198.0" y="300.0" type="line" smooth="yes"/>
+      <point x="229.0" y="300.0"/>
+      <point x="250.0" y="279.0"/>
+      <point x="250.0" y="248.0" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+      <point x="250.0" y="21.0" type="line" smooth="yes"/>
+      <point x="250.0" y="7.0"/>
+      <point x="261.0" y="-4.0"/>
+      <point x="275.0" y="-4.0" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+      <point x="289.0" y="-4.0"/>
+      <point x="300.0" y="7.0"/>
+      <point x="300.0" y="21.0" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+      <point x="300.0" y="248.0" type="line" smooth="yes"/>
+      <point x="300.0" y="307.0"/>
+      <point x="257.0" y="350.0"/>
+      <point x="198.0" y="350.0" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+      <point x="75.0" y="350.0" type="line" smooth="yes"/>
+      <point x="59.0" y="350.0"/>
+      <point x="50.0" y="341.0"/>
+      <point x="50.0" y="325.0" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+      <point x="50.0" y="21.0" type="line" smooth="yes"/>
+      <point x="50.0" y="7.0"/>
+      <point x="61.0" y="-4.0"/>
+    </contour>
+  </outline>
+  <lib>
+    <dict>
+      <key>com.schriftgestaltung.Glyphs.lastChange</key>
+      <string>2017/10/27 21:28:25</string>
+    </dict>
+  </lib>
+</glyph>
diff --git a/Tests/varLib/data/master_ufo/TestFamily4-Regular.ufo/glyphs/o.glif b/Tests/varLib/data/master_ufo/TestFamily4-Regular.ufo/glyphs/o.glif
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..417e4ff
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/varLib/data/master_ufo/TestFamily4-Regular.ufo/glyphs/o.glif
@@ -0,0 +1,50 @@
+<?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?>
+<glyph name="o" format="2">
+  <advance width="342.0"/>
+  <unicode hex="006F"/>
+  <anchor x="171.0" y="0.0" name="bottom"/>
+  <anchor x="171.0" y="175.0" name="center"/>
+  <anchor x="311.0" y="10.0" name="ogonek"/>
+  <anchor x="171.0" y="350.0" name="top"/>
+  <anchor x="326.0" y="350.0" name="topright"/>
+  <outline>
+    <contour>
+      <point x="171.0" y="-10.0" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+      <point x="244.0" y="-10.0"/>
+      <point x="296.0" y="43.0"/>
+      <point x="296.0" y="117.0" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+      <point x="296.0" y="233.0" type="line" smooth="yes"/>
+      <point x="296.0" y="307.0"/>
+      <point x="244.0" y="360.0"/>
+      <point x="171.0" y="360.0" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+      <point x="98.0" y="360.0"/>
+      <point x="46.0" y="307.0"/>
+      <point x="46.0" y="233.0" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+      <point x="46.0" y="117.0" type="line" smooth="yes"/>
+      <point x="46.0" y="43.0"/>
+      <point x="98.0" y="-10.0"/>
+    </contour>
+    <contour>
+      <point x="171.0" y="40.0" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+      <point x="126.0" y="40.0"/>
+      <point x="96.0" y="70.0"/>
+      <point x="96.0" y="117.0" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+      <point x="96.0" y="233.0" type="line" smooth="yes"/>
+      <point x="96.0" y="280.0"/>
+      <point x="126.0" y="310.0"/>
+      <point x="171.0" y="310.0" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+      <point x="216.0" y="310.0"/>
+      <point x="246.0" y="280.0"/>
+      <point x="246.0" y="233.0" type="curve" smooth="yes"/>
+      <point x="246.0" y="117.0" type="line" smooth="yes"/>
+      <point x="246.0" y="70.0"/>
+      <point x="216.0" y="40.0"/>
+    </contour>
+  </outline>
+  <lib>
+    <dict>
+      <key>com.schriftgestaltung.Glyphs.lastChange</key>
+      <string>2018/11/20 11:01:11</string>
+    </dict>
+  </lib>
+</glyph>
diff --git a/Tests/varLib/data/master_ufo/TestFamily4-Regular.ufo/glyphs/odieresis.glif b/Tests/varLib/data/master_ufo/TestFamily4-Regular.ufo/glyphs/odieresis.glif
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b0f2a59
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/varLib/data/master_ufo/TestFamily4-Regular.ufo/glyphs/odieresis.glif
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+<?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?>
+<glyph name="odieresis" format="2">
+  <advance width="342.0"/>
+  <unicode hex="00F6"/>
+  <anchor x="171.0" y="0.0" name="bottom"/>
+  <anchor x="171.0" y="175.0" name="center"/>
+  <anchor x="311.0" y="10.0" name="ogonek"/>
+  <anchor x="171.0" y="475.0" name="top"/>
+  <anchor x="326.0" y="350.0" name="topright"/>
+  <outline>
+    <component base="o"/>
+    <component base="dieresiscomb" xOffset="21.0"/>
+  </outline>
+  <lib>
+    <dict>
+      <key>com.schriftgestaltung.Glyphs.lastChange</key>
+      <string>2018/11/20 10:59:58</string>
+      <key>public.markColor</key>
+      <string>0,0.67,0.91,1</string>
+    </dict>
+  </lib>
+</glyph>
diff --git a/Tests/varLib/data/master_ufo/TestFamily4-Regular.ufo/groups.plist b/Tests/varLib/data/master_ufo/TestFamily4-Regular.ufo/groups.plist
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f9e8ed3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/varLib/data/master_ufo/TestFamily4-Regular.ufo/groups.plist
@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+<?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?>
+<!DOCTYPE plist PUBLIC "-//Apple//DTD PLIST 1.0//EN" "http://www.apple.com/DTDs/PropertyList-1.0.dtd">
+<plist version="1.0">
+  <dict>
+    <key>public.kern1.O</key>
+    <array>
+      <string>O</string>
+      <string>Odieresis</string>
+    </array>
+    <key>public.kern1.n</key>
+    <array>
+      <string>n</string>
+    </array>
+    <key>public.kern1.o</key>
+    <array>
+      <string>o</string>
+      <string>odieresis</string>
+    </array>
+    <key>public.kern2.O</key>
+    <array>
+      <string>O</string>
+      <string>Odieresis</string>
+    </array>
+    <key>public.kern2.n</key>
+    <array>
+      <string>n</string>
+    </array>
+    <key>public.kern2.o</key>
+    <array>
+      <string>o</string>
+      <string>odieresis</string>
+    </array>
+  </dict>
+</plist>
diff --git a/Tests/varLib/data/master_ufo/TestFamily4-Regular.ufo/kerning.plist b/Tests/varLib/data/master_ufo/TestFamily4-Regular.ufo/kerning.plist
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8da68f2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/varLib/data/master_ufo/TestFamily4-Regular.ufo/kerning.plist
@@ -0,0 +1,468 @@
+<?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?>
+<!DOCTYPE plist PUBLIC "-//Apple//DTD PLIST 1.0//EN" "http://www.apple.com/DTDs/PropertyList-1.0.dtd">
+<plist version="1.0">
+  <dict>
+    <key>public.kern1.A</key>
+    <dict>
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+    <key>public.kern1.o</key>
+    <dict>
+      <key>public.kern2.period</key>
+      <real>-10.0</real>
+      <key>public.kern2.quote</key>
+      <real>-10.0</real>
+      <key>public.kern2.w</key>
+      <real>-8.0</real>
+      <key>public.kern2.y</key>
+      <real>-8.0</real>
+    </dict>
+    <key>public.kern1.period</key>
+    <dict>
+      <key>public.kern2.T</key>
+      <real>-60.0</real>
+      <key>public.kern2.V</key>
+      <real>-70.0</real>
+      <key>public.kern2.W</key>
+      <real>-40.0</real>
+      <key>public.kern2.Y</key>
+      <real>-60.0</real>
+      <key>public.kern2.f</key>
+      <real>-20.0</real>
+      <key>public.kern2.hyphen</key>
+      <real>-20.0</real>
+      <key>public.kern2.l</key>
+      <real>-5.0</real>
+      <key>public.kern2.o</key>
+      <real>-10.0</real>
+      <key>public.kern2.quote</key>
+      <real>-60.0</real>
+      <key>public.kern2.u</key>
+      <real>-10.0</real>
+      <key>public.kern2.w</key>
+      <real>-30.0</real>
+      <key>public.kern2.x</key>
+      <real>10.0</real>
+      <key>public.kern2.y</key>
+      <real>-30.0</real>
+      <key>public.kern2.z</key>
+      <real>5.0</real>
+    </dict>
+    <key>public.kern1.quote</key>
+    <dict>
+      <key>public.kern2.A</key>
+      <real>-90.0</real>
+      <key>public.kern2.J</key>
+      <real>-110.0</real>
+      <key>public.kern2.O</key>
+      <real>-10.0</real>
+      <key>public.kern2.T</key>
+      <real>10.0</real>
+      <key>public.kern2.a</key>
+      <real>-30.0</real>
+      <key>public.kern2.f</key>
+      <real>5.0</real>
+      <key>public.kern2.hyphen</key>
+      <real>-90.0</real>
+      <key>public.kern2.n</key>
+      <real>-10.0</real>
+      <key>public.kern2.o</key>
+      <real>-25.0</real>
+      <key>public.kern2.period</key>
+      <real>-80.0</real>
+      <key>public.kern2.s</key>
+      <real>-15.0</real>
+      <key>public.kern2.u</key>
+      <real>-5.0</real>
+      <key>public.kern2.z</key>
+      <real>-5.0</real>
+    </dict>
+    <key>public.kern1.r</key>
+    <dict>
+      <key>public.kern2.hyphen</key>
+      <real>-5.0</real>
+      <key>public.kern2.period</key>
+      <real>-35.0</real>
+      <key>public.kern2.quote</key>
+      <real>20.0</real>
+    </dict>
+    <key>public.kern1.s</key>
+    <dict>
+      <key>public.kern2.hyphen</key>
+      <real>-10.0</real>
+    </dict>
+    <key>public.kern1.t</key>
+    <dict>
+      <key>public.kern2.hyphen</key>
+      <real>-15.0</real>
+      <key>public.kern2.o</key>
+      <real>-15.0</real>
+      <key>public.kern2.period</key>
+      <real>-40.0</real>
+      <key>public.kern2.quote</key>
+      <real>20.0</real>
+    </dict>
+    <key>public.kern1.u</key>
+    <dict>
+      <key>public.kern2.quote</key>
+      <real>15.0</real>
+    </dict>
+    <key>public.kern1.w</key>
+    <dict>
+      <key>public.kern2.hyphen</key>
+      <real>-10.0</real>
+      <key>public.kern2.o</key>
+      <real>-8.0</real>
+      <key>public.kern2.period</key>
+      <real>-30.0</real>
+      <key>public.kern2.quote</key>
+      <real>15.0</real>
+    </dict>
+    <key>public.kern1.x</key>
+    <dict>
+      <key>public.kern2.hyphen</key>
+      <real>-25.0</real>
+      <key>public.kern2.period</key>
+      <real>10.0</real>
+      <key>public.kern2.quote</key>
+      <real>15.0</real>
+    </dict>
+    <key>public.kern1.y</key>
+    <dict>
+      <key>public.kern2.hyphen</key>
+      <real>-10.0</real>
+      <key>public.kern2.o</key>
+      <real>-8.0</real>
+      <key>public.kern2.period</key>
+      <real>-30.0</real>
+      <key>public.kern2.quote</key>
+      <real>15.0</real>
+    </dict>
+    <key>public.kern1.z</key>
+    <dict>
+      <key>public.kern2.hyphen</key>
+      <real>-10.0</real>
+      <key>public.kern2.period</key>
+      <real>5.0</real>
+      <key>public.kern2.quote</key>
+      <real>20.0</real>
+    </dict>
+  </dict>
+</plist>
diff --git a/Tests/varLib/data/master_ufo/TestFamily4-Regular.ufo/layercontents.plist b/Tests/varLib/data/master_ufo/TestFamily4-Regular.ufo/layercontents.plist
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7120d0b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/varLib/data/master_ufo/TestFamily4-Regular.ufo/layercontents.plist
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+<?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?>
+<!DOCTYPE plist PUBLIC "-//Apple//DTD PLIST 1.0//EN" "http://www.apple.com/DTDs/PropertyList-1.0.dtd">
+<plist version="1.0">
+  <array>
+    <array>
+      <string>public.default</string>
+      <string>glyphs</string>
+    </array>
+    <array>
+      <string>public.background</string>
+      <string>glyphs.public.background</string>
+    </array>
+  </array>
+</plist>
diff --git a/Tests/varLib/data/master_ufo/TestFamily4-Regular.ufo/lib.plist b/Tests/varLib/data/master_ufo/TestFamily4-Regular.ufo/lib.plist
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7e5ced4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/varLib/data/master_ufo/TestFamily4-Regular.ufo/lib.plist
@@ -0,0 +1,80 @@
+<?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?>
+<!DOCTYPE plist PUBLIC "-//Apple//DTD PLIST 1.0//EN" "http://www.apple.com/DTDs/PropertyList-1.0.dtd">
+<plist version="1.0">
+  <dict>
+    <key>com.schriftgestaltung.appVersion</key>
+    <string>1179</string>
+    <key>com.schriftgestaltung.customParameter.GSFont.Axes</key>
+    <array>
+      <dict>
+        <key>Name</key>
+        <string>Slant</string>
+        <key>Tag</key>
+        <string>slnt</string>
+      </dict>
+    </array>
+    <key>com.schriftgestaltung.customParameter.GSFont.DisplayStrings</key>
+    <array>
+      <string>o/dieresiscomb ö</string>
+    </array>
+    <key>com.schriftgestaltung.customParameter.GSFont.Variation Font Origin</key>
+    <string>EB3D7718-A203-47FB-ABD4-8B7A501887ED</string>
+    <key>com.schriftgestaltung.customParameter.GSFont.disablesAutomaticAlignment</key>
+    <false/>
+    <key>com.schriftgestaltung.customParameter.GSFont.useNiceNames</key>
+    <integer>1</integer>
+    <key>com.schriftgestaltung.customParameter.GSFontMaster.Master Name</key>
+    <string>Regular</string>
+    <key>com.schriftgestaltung.customParameter.GSFontMaster.customValue</key>
+    <real>0.0</real>
+    <key>com.schriftgestaltung.customParameter.GSFontMaster.customValue1</key>
+    <real>16.0</real>
+    <key>com.schriftgestaltung.customParameter.GSFontMaster.customValue2</key>
+    <real>0.0</real>
+    <key>com.schriftgestaltung.customParameter.GSFontMaster.customValue3</key>
+    <real>0.0</real>
+    <key>com.schriftgestaltung.customParameter.GSFontMaster.iconName</key>
+    <string></string>
+    <key>com.schriftgestaltung.customParameter.GSFontMaster.weightValue</key>
+    <real>0.0</real>
+    <key>com.schriftgestaltung.customParameter.GSFontMaster.widthValue</key>
+    <real>100.0</real>
+    <key>com.schriftgestaltung.customValue1</key>
+    <real>16.0</real>
+    <key>com.schriftgestaltung.fontMasterOrder</key>
+    <integer>0</integer>
+    <key>com.schriftgestaltung.glyphOrder</key>
+    <false/>
+    <key>com.schriftgestaltung.keyboardIncrement</key>
+    <integer>1</integer>
+    <key>com.schriftgestaltung.weight</key>
+    <string>Regular</string>
+    <key>com.schriftgestaltung.weightValue</key>
+    <real>0.0</real>
+    <key>com.schriftgestaltung.width</key>
+    <string>Regular</string>
+    <key>com.schriftgestaltung.widthValue</key>
+    <real>100.0</real>
+    <key>noodleExtremesAndInflections</key>
+    <integer>0</integer>
+    <key>noodleRemoveOverlap</key>
+    <integer>1</integer>
+    <key>noodleThickness</key>
+    <string>50.0</string>
+    <key>public.glyphOrder</key>
+    <array>
+      <string>N</string>
+      <string>O</string>
+      <string>Odieresis</string>
+      <string>n</string>
+      <string>o</string>
+      <string>odieresis</string>
+      <string>dieresiscomb</string>
+    </array>
+    <key>public.postscriptNames</key>
+    <dict>
+      <key>dieresiscomb</key>
+      <string>uni0308</string>
+    </dict>
+  </dict>
+</plist>
diff --git a/Tests/varLib/data/master_ufo/TestFamily4-Regular.ufo/metainfo.plist b/Tests/varLib/data/master_ufo/TestFamily4-Regular.ufo/metainfo.plist
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7b8b34a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/varLib/data/master_ufo/TestFamily4-Regular.ufo/metainfo.plist
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+<?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?>
+<!DOCTYPE plist PUBLIC "-//Apple//DTD PLIST 1.0//EN" "http://www.apple.com/DTDs/PropertyList-1.0.dtd">
+<plist version="1.0">
+  <dict>
+    <key>creator</key>
+    <string>com.github.fonttools.ufoLib</string>
+    <key>formatVersion</key>
+    <integer>3</integer>
+  </dict>
+</plist>
diff --git a/Tests/varLib/data/master_vpal_test/master_vpal_test_0.ttx b/Tests/varLib/data/master_vpal_test/master_vpal_test_0.ttx
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..cd454b8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/varLib/data/master_vpal_test/master_vpal_test_0.ttx
@@ -0,0 +1,485 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<ttFont sfntVersion="OTTO" ttLibVersion="3.42">
+
+  <GlyphOrder>
+    <!-- The 'id' attribute is only for humans; it is ignored when parsed. -->
+    <GlyphID id="0" name=".notdef"/>
+    <GlyphID id="1" name="uni3001"/>
+    <GlyphID id="2" name="uni30FB"/>
+    <GlyphID id="3" name="uniFF1A"/>
+    <GlyphID id="4" name="uniFF2D"/>
+    <GlyphID id="5" name="uni3073"/>
+    <GlyphID id="6" name="uni3074"/>
+    <GlyphID id="7" name="uni307B"/>
+  </GlyphOrder>
+
+  <head>
+    <!-- Most of this table will be recalculated by the compiler -->
+    <tableVersion value="1.0"/>
+    <fontRevision value="1.004"/>
+    <checkSumAdjustment value="0x90c6f91d"/>
+    <magicNumber value="0x5f0f3cf5"/>
+    <flags value="00000000 00000011"/>
+    <unitsPerEm value="1000"/>
+    <created value="Wed Jun  5 14:40:00 2019"/>
+    <modified value="Tue Jun 11 21:27:36 2019"/>
+    <xMin value="64"/>
+    <yMin value="-52"/>
+    <xMax value="974"/>
+    <yMax value="798"/>
+    <macStyle value="00000000 00000000"/>
+    <lowestRecPPEM value="3"/>
+    <fontDirectionHint value="2"/>
+    <indexToLocFormat value="0"/>
+    <glyphDataFormat value="0"/>
+  </head>
+
+  <hhea>
+    <tableVersion value="0x00010000"/>
+    <ascent value="1160"/>
+    <descent value="-317"/>
+    <lineGap value="0"/>
+    <advanceWidthMax value="1000"/>
+    <minLeftSideBearing value="64"/>
+    <minRightSideBearing value="26"/>
+    <xMaxExtent value="974"/>
+    <caretSlopeRise value="1"/>
+    <caretSlopeRun value="0"/>
+    <caretOffset value="0"/>
+    <reserved0 value="0"/>
+    <reserved1 value="0"/>
+    <reserved2 value="0"/>
+    <reserved3 value="0"/>
+    <metricDataFormat value="0"/>
+    <numberOfHMetrics value="2"/>
+  </hhea>
+
+  <maxp>
+    <tableVersion value="0x5000"/>
+    <numGlyphs value="8"/>
+  </maxp>
+
+  <OS_2>
+    <!-- The fields 'usFirstCharIndex' and 'usLastCharIndex'
+         will be recalculated by the compiler -->
+    <version value="3"/>
+    <xAvgCharWidth value="962"/>
+    <usWeightClass value="250"/>
+    <usWidthClass value="5"/>
+    <fsType value="00000000 00000100"/>
+    <ySubscriptXSize value="650"/>
+    <ySubscriptYSize value="600"/>
+    <ySubscriptXOffset value="0"/>
+    <ySubscriptYOffset value="75"/>
+    <ySuperscriptXSize value="650"/>
+    <ySuperscriptYSize value="600"/>
+    <ySuperscriptXOffset value="0"/>
+    <ySuperscriptYOffset value="350"/>
+    <yStrikeoutSize value="50"/>
+    <yStrikeoutPosition value="228"/>
+    <sFamilyClass value="0"/>
+    <panose>
+      <bFamilyType value="0"/>
+      <bSerifStyle value="0"/>
+      <bWeight value="3"/>
+      <bProportion value="0"/>
+      <bContrast value="0"/>
+      <bStrokeVariation value="0"/>
+      <bArmStyle value="0"/>
+      <bLetterForm value="0"/>
+      <bMidline value="0"/>
+      <bXHeight value="0"/>
+    </panose>
+    <ulUnicodeRange1 value="00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000"/>
+    <ulUnicodeRange2 value="00000000 00000111 00000000 00000000"/>
+    <ulUnicodeRange3 value="00000000 00000000 00000000 00010000"/>
+    <ulUnicodeRange4 value="00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000"/>
+    <achVendID value="UKWN"/>
+    <fsSelection value="00000000 00000000"/>
+    <usFirstCharIndex value="12289"/>
+    <usLastCharIndex value="65325"/>
+    <sTypoAscender value="880"/>
+    <sTypoDescender value="-120"/>
+    <sTypoLineGap value="200"/>
+    <usWinAscent value="1160"/>
+    <usWinDescent value="317"/>
+    <ulCodePageRange1 value="00100000 00000010 00000000 10011111"/>
+    <ulCodePageRange2 value="00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000"/>
+    <sxHeight value="380"/>
+    <sCapHeight value="760"/>
+    <usDefaultChar value="0"/>
+    <usBreakChar value="32"/>
+    <usMaxContext value="1"/>
+  </OS_2>
+
+  <name>
+    <namerecord nameID="0" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Copyright © 2018 Adobe systems Co., Ltd. All Rights Reserved.
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="1" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      MasterSet_KanjiFullEX
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="2" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Regular
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="3" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      1.004;UKWN;MasterSet_KanjiFullEX-w0.00
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="4" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      MasterSet_KanjiFullEX
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="5" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Version 1.004;hotconv 1.0.109;makeotfexe 2.5.65596
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="6" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      MasterSet_KanjiFullEX-w0.00
+    </namerecord>
+  </name>
+
+  <cmap>
+    <tableVersion version="0"/>
+    <cmap_format_4 platformID="0" platEncID="3" language="0">
+      <map code="0x3001" name="uni3001"/><!-- IDEOGRAPHIC COMMA -->
+      <map code="0x3073" name="uni3073"/><!-- HIRAGANA LETTER BI -->
+      <map code="0x3074" name="uni3074"/><!-- HIRAGANA LETTER PI -->
+      <map code="0x307b" name="uni307B"/><!-- HIRAGANA LETTER HO -->
+      <map code="0x30fb" name="uni30FB"/><!-- KATAKANA MIDDLE DOT -->
+      <map code="0xff1a" name="uniFF1A"/><!-- FULLWIDTH COLON -->
+      <map code="0xff2d" name="uniFF2D"/><!-- FULLWIDTH LATIN CAPITAL LETTER M -->
+    </cmap_format_4>
+    <cmap_format_12 platformID="0" platEncID="4" format="12" reserved="0" length="88" language="0" nGroups="6">
+      <map code="0x3001" name="uni3001"/><!-- IDEOGRAPHIC COMMA -->
+      <map code="0x3073" name="uni3073"/><!-- HIRAGANA LETTER BI -->
+      <map code="0x3074" name="uni3074"/><!-- HIRAGANA LETTER PI -->
+      <map code="0x307b" name="uni307B"/><!-- HIRAGANA LETTER HO -->
+      <map code="0x30fb" name="uni30FB"/><!-- KATAKANA MIDDLE DOT -->
+      <map code="0xff1a" name="uniFF1A"/><!-- FULLWIDTH COLON -->
+      <map code="0xff2d" name="uniFF2D"/><!-- FULLWIDTH LATIN CAPITAL LETTER M -->
+    </cmap_format_12>
+    <cmap_format_4 platformID="3" platEncID="1" language="0">
+      <map code="0x3001" name="uni3001"/><!-- IDEOGRAPHIC COMMA -->
+      <map code="0x3073" name="uni3073"/><!-- HIRAGANA LETTER BI -->
+      <map code="0x3074" name="uni3074"/><!-- HIRAGANA LETTER PI -->
+      <map code="0x307b" name="uni307B"/><!-- HIRAGANA LETTER HO -->
+      <map code="0x30fb" name="uni30FB"/><!-- KATAKANA MIDDLE DOT -->
+      <map code="0xff1a" name="uniFF1A"/><!-- FULLWIDTH COLON -->
+      <map code="0xff2d" name="uniFF2D"/><!-- FULLWIDTH LATIN CAPITAL LETTER M -->
+    </cmap_format_4>
+    <cmap_format_12 platformID="3" platEncID="10" format="12" reserved="0" length="88" language="0" nGroups="6">
+      <map code="0x3001" name="uni3001"/><!-- IDEOGRAPHIC COMMA -->
+      <map code="0x3073" name="uni3073"/><!-- HIRAGANA LETTER BI -->
+      <map code="0x3074" name="uni3074"/><!-- HIRAGANA LETTER PI -->
+      <map code="0x307b" name="uni307B"/><!-- HIRAGANA LETTER HO -->
+      <map code="0x30fb" name="uni30FB"/><!-- KATAKANA MIDDLE DOT -->
+      <map code="0xff1a" name="uniFF1A"/><!-- FULLWIDTH COLON -->
+      <map code="0xff2d" name="uniFF2D"/><!-- FULLWIDTH LATIN CAPITAL LETTER M -->
+    </cmap_format_12>
+  </cmap>
+
+  <post>
+    <formatType value="3.0"/>
+    <italicAngle value="0.0"/>
+    <underlinePosition value="-75"/>
+    <underlineThickness value="50"/>
+    <isFixedPitch value="0"/>
+    <minMemType42 value="0"/>
+    <maxMemType42 value="0"/>
+    <minMemType1 value="0"/>
+    <maxMemType1 value="0"/>
+  </post>
+
+  <CFF>
+    <major value="1"/>
+    <minor value="0"/>
+    <CFFFont name="MasterSet_KanjiFullEX-w0.00">
+      <FamilyName value="MasterSet_KanjiFullEX"/>
+      <isFixedPitch value="0"/>
+      <ItalicAngle value="0"/>
+      <UnderlinePosition value="-100"/>
+      <UnderlineThickness value="50"/>
+      <PaintType value="0"/>
+      <CharstringType value="2"/>
+      <FontMatrix value="0.001 0 0 0.001 0 0"/>
+      <FontBBox value="64 -52 974 798"/>
+      <StrokeWidth value="0"/>
+      <!-- charset is dumped separately as the 'GlyphOrder' element -->
+      <Encoding name="StandardEncoding"/>
+      <Private>
+        <BlueValues value="0 0"/>
+        <BlueScale value="0.039625"/>
+        <BlueShift value="7"/>
+        <BlueFuzz value="1"/>
+        <ForceBold value="0"/>
+        <LanguageGroup value="0"/>
+        <ExpansionFactor value="0.06"/>
+        <initialRandomSeed value="0"/>
+        <defaultWidthX value="1000"/>
+        <nominalWidthX value="532"/>
+      </Private>
+      <CharStrings>
+        <CharString name=".notdef">
+          -282 endchar
+        </CharString>
+        <CharString name="uni3001">
+          291 -43 rmoveto
+          29 24 rlineto
+          -74 84 -84 83 -73 58 rrcurveto
+          -25 -24 rlineto
+          72 -56 87 -85 68 -84 rrcurveto
+          endchar
+        </CharString>
+        <CharString name="uni3073">
+          706 699 rmoveto
+          -32 -10 rlineto
+          50 -192 56 -132 112 -115 rrcurveto
+          24 26 rlineto
+          -143 124 -45 182 -22 117 rrcurveto
+          -592 -57 rmoveto
+          3 -38 rlineto
+          18 2 18 3 17 2 rrcurveto
+          43 6 101 12 63 13 rrcurveto
+          -83 -80 -128 -166 0 -210 rrcurveto
+          0 -150 92 -88 154 0 rrcurveto
+          294 0 65 313 -48 302 rrcurveto
+          -29 79 rlineto
+          64 -402 -96 -263 -249 0 rrcurveto
+          -109 0 -110 48 0 166 rrcurveto
+          0 219 171 196 58 42 rrcurveto
+          14 5 30 6 12 3 rrcurveto
+          -9 30 rlineto
+          -52 -21 -170 -26 -83 -3 rrcurveto
+          -18 -1 -21 0 -12 1 rrcurveto
+          677 114 rmoveto
+          -26 -11 rlineto
+          22 -34 33 -63 20 -42 rrcurveto
+          30 14 rlineto
+          -21 41 -37 62 -21 33 rrcurveto
+          97 40 rmoveto
+          -26 -13 rlineto
+          24 -33 31 -59 21 -44 rrcurveto
+          30 14 rlineto
+          -23 43 -36 60 -21 32 rrcurveto
+          endchar
+        </CharString>
+        <CharString name="uni3074">
+          706 699 rmoveto
+          -32 -10 rlineto
+          50 -192 56 -132 112 -115 rrcurveto
+          24 26 rlineto
+          -143 124 -45 182 -22 117 rrcurveto
+          -592 -57 rmoveto
+          3 -38 rlineto
+          18 2 18 3 17 2 rrcurveto
+          43 6 101 12 63 13 rrcurveto
+          -83 -80 -128 -166 0 -210 rrcurveto
+          0 -150 92 -88 154 0 rrcurveto
+          294 0 65 313 -48 302 rrcurveto
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diff --git a/Tests/varLib/data/master_vpal_test/master_vpal_test_1.ttx b/Tests/varLib/data/master_vpal_test/master_vpal_test_1.ttx
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e1b77c8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/varLib/data/master_vpal_test/master_vpal_test_1.ttx
@@ -0,0 +1,473 @@
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+          120 272 rlineto
+          73 182 rlineto
+          5 0 rlineto
+          -10 -74 -12 -113 0 -75 rrcurveto
+          0 -255 rlineto
+          163 0 rlineto
+          0 748 rlineto
+          -194 0 rlineto
+          -135 -325 rlineto
+          -17 -43 -18 -47 -18 -46 rrcurveto
+          -5 0 rlineto
+          -16 46 -19 47 -16 43 rrcurveto
+          -142 325 rlineto
+          -193 0 rlineto
+          0 -748 rlineto
+          endchar
+        </CharString>
+      </CharStrings>
+    </CFFFont>
+
+    <GlobalSubrs>
+      <!-- The 'index' attribute is only for humans; it is ignored when parsed. -->
+    </GlobalSubrs>
+  </CFF>
+
+  <GPOS>
+    <Version value="0x00010000"/>
+    <ScriptList>
+      <!-- ScriptCount=1 -->
+      <ScriptRecord index="0">
+        <ScriptTag value="DFLT"/>
+        <Script>
+          <DefaultLangSys>
+            <ReqFeatureIndex value="65535"/>
+            <!-- FeatureCount=1 -->
+            <FeatureIndex index="0" value="0"/>
+          </DefaultLangSys>
+          <!-- LangSysCount=0 -->
+        </Script>
+      </ScriptRecord>
+    </ScriptList>
+    <FeatureList>
+      <!-- FeatureCount=1 -->
+      <FeatureRecord index="0">
+        <FeatureTag value="vpal"/>
+        <Feature>
+          <!-- LookupCount=1 -->
+          <LookupListIndex index="0" value="0"/>
+        </Feature>
+      </FeatureRecord>
+    </FeatureList>
+    <LookupList>
+      <!-- LookupCount=1 -->
+      <Lookup index="0">
+        <LookupType value="1"/>
+        <LookupFlag value="0"/>
+        <!-- SubTableCount=3 -->
+        <SinglePos index="0" Format="2">
+          <Coverage>
+            <Glyph value="uni3001"/>
+            <Glyph value="uni30FB"/>
+            <Glyph value="uniFF1A"/>
+          </Coverage>
+          <ValueFormat value="5"/>
+          <!-- ValueCount=3 -->
+          <Value index="0" XPlacement="-3" XAdvance="-500"/>
+          <Value index="1" XPlacement="-250" XAdvance="-500"/>
+          <Value index="2" XPlacement="-250" XAdvance="-500"/>
+        </SinglePos>
+        <SinglePos index="1" Format="2">
+          <Coverage>
+            <Glyph value="uni3073"/>
+            <Glyph value="uni3074"/>
+          </Coverage>
+          <ValueFormat value="4"/>
+          <!-- ValueCount=2 -->
+          <Value index="0" XAdvance="-35"/>
+          <Value index="1" XAdvance="-30"/>
+        </SinglePos>
+        <SinglePos index="2" Format="2">
+          <Coverage>
+            <Glyph value="uniFF2D"/>
+            <Glyph value="uni307B"/>
+          </Coverage>
+          <ValueFormat value="1"/>
+          <!-- ValueCount=2 -->
+          <Value index="0" XPlacement="1"/>
+          <Value index="1" XPlacement="10"/>
+        </SinglePos>
+      </Lookup>
+    </LookupList>
+  </GPOS>
+
+  <hmtx>
+    <mtx name=".notdef" width="250" lsb="0"/>
+    <mtx name="uni3001" width="1000" lsb="33"/>
+    <mtx name="uni3073" width="1000" lsb="52"/>
+    <mtx name="uni3074" width="1000" lsb="52"/>
+    <mtx name="uni307B" width="1000" lsb="80"/>
+    <mtx name="uni30FB" width="1000" lsb="360"/>
+    <mtx name="uniFF1A" width="1000" lsb="394"/>
+    <mtx name="uniFF2D" width="1000" lsb="113"/>
+  </hmtx>
+
+</ttFont>
diff --git a/Tests/varLib/data/master_vvar_cff2/TestVVAR.0.ttx b/Tests/varLib/data/master_vvar_cff2/TestVVAR.0.ttx
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d956d8c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/varLib/data/master_vvar_cff2/TestVVAR.0.ttx
@@ -0,0 +1,821 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<ttFont sfntVersion="OTTO" ttLibVersion="3.41">
+
+  <GlyphOrder>
+    <!-- The 'id' attribute is only for humans; it is ignored when parsed. -->
+    <GlyphID id="0" name=".notdef"/>
+    <GlyphID id="1" name="uniFF20"/>
+    <GlyphID id="2" name="uniFF21"/>
+    <GlyphID id="3" name="uniFF41"/>
+    <GlyphID id="4" name="uni3042"/>
+    <GlyphID id="5" name="uni6280"/>
+    <GlyphID id="6" name="uni56FD"/>
+    <GlyphID id="7" name="c30719"/>
+    <GlyphID id="8" name="c30790"/>
+    <GlyphID id="9" name="c30816"/>
+    <GlyphID id="10" name="c30843"/>
+    <GlyphID id="11" name="c31621"/>
+    <GlyphID id="12" name="c32051"/>
+  </GlyphOrder>
+
+  <head>
+    <!-- Most of this table will be recalculated by the compiler -->
+    <tableVersion value="1.0"/>
+    <fontRevision value="1.00299"/>
+    <checkSumAdjustment value="0xaa083de0"/>
+    <magicNumber value="0x5f0f3cf5"/>
+    <flags value="00000000 00000011"/>
+    <unitsPerEm value="1000"/>
+    <created value="Tue Feb 19 17:21:59 2019"/>
+    <modified value="Tue Feb 19 17:21:59 2019"/>
+    <xMin value="19"/>
+    <yMin value="-83"/>
+    <xMax value="966"/>
+    <yMax value="840"/>
+    <macStyle value="00000000 00000000"/>
+    <lowestRecPPEM value="3"/>
+    <fontDirectionHint value="2"/>
+    <indexToLocFormat value="0"/>
+    <glyphDataFormat value="0"/>
+  </head>
+
+  <hhea>
+    <tableVersion value="0x00010000"/>
+    <ascent value="1160"/>
+    <descent value="-317"/>
+    <lineGap value="0"/>
+    <advanceWidthMax value="1000"/>
+    <minLeftSideBearing value="19"/>
+    <minRightSideBearing value="23"/>
+    <xMaxExtent value="966"/>
+    <caretSlopeRise value="1"/>
+    <caretSlopeRun value="0"/>
+    <caretOffset value="0"/>
+    <reserved0 value="0"/>
+    <reserved1 value="0"/>
+    <reserved2 value="0"/>
+    <reserved3 value="0"/>
+    <metricDataFormat value="0"/>
+    <numberOfHMetrics value="8"/>
+  </hhea>
+
+  <maxp>
+    <tableVersion value="0x5000"/>
+    <numGlyphs value="13"/>
+  </maxp>
+
+  <OS_2>
+    <!-- The fields 'usFirstCharIndex' and 'usLastCharIndex'
+         will be recalculated by the compiler -->
+    <version value="3"/>
+    <xAvgCharWidth value="822"/>
+    <usWeightClass value="250"/>
+    <usWidthClass value="5"/>
+    <fsType value="00000000 00000100"/>
+    <ySubscriptXSize value="650"/>
+    <ySubscriptYSize value="600"/>
+    <ySubscriptXOffset value="0"/>
+    <ySubscriptYOffset value="75"/>
+    <ySuperscriptXSize value="650"/>
+    <ySuperscriptYSize value="600"/>
+    <ySuperscriptXOffset value="0"/>
+    <ySuperscriptYOffset value="350"/>
+    <yStrikeoutSize value="50"/>
+    <yStrikeoutPosition value="228"/>
+    <sFamilyClass value="0"/>
+    <panose>
+      <bFamilyType value="0"/>
+      <bSerifStyle value="0"/>
+      <bWeight value="3"/>
+      <bProportion value="0"/>
+      <bContrast value="0"/>
+      <bStrokeVariation value="0"/>
+      <bArmStyle value="0"/>
+      <bLetterForm value="0"/>
+      <bMidline value="0"/>
+      <bXHeight value="0"/>
+    </panose>
+    <ulUnicodeRange1 value="00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000"/>
+    <ulUnicodeRange2 value="00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000"/>
+    <ulUnicodeRange3 value="00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000"/>
+    <ulUnicodeRange4 value="00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000"/>
+    <achVendID value="UKWN"/>
+    <fsSelection value="00000000 00000000"/>
+    <usFirstCharIndex value="12354"/>
+    <usLastCharIndex value="65345"/>
+    <sTypoAscender value="880"/>
+    <sTypoDescender value="-120"/>
+    <sTypoLineGap value="200"/>
+    <usWinAscent value="1160"/>
+    <usWinDescent value="317"/>
+    <ulCodePageRange1 value="00000000 00000000 00000000 00000001"/>
+    <ulCodePageRange2 value="00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000"/>
+    <sxHeight value="380"/>
+    <sCapHeight value="760"/>
+    <usDefaultChar value="0"/>
+    <usBreakChar value="32"/>
+    <usMaxContext value="1"/>
+  </OS_2>
+
+  <name>
+    <namerecord nameID="0" platformID="1" platEncID="0" langID="0x0" unicode="True">
+      Copyright © 2018 Adobe systems Co., Ltd. All Rights Reserved.
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="1" platformID="1" platEncID="0" langID="0x0" unicode="True">
+      Source Han Sans VVAR TEST
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="2" platformID="1" platEncID="0" langID="0x0" unicode="True">
+      Regular
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="3" platformID="1" platEncID="0" langID="0x0" unicode="True">
+      1.003;UKWN;SHSansVVARTest_75-w0.00
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="4" platformID="1" platEncID="0" langID="0x0" unicode="True">
+      Source Han Sans VVAR TEST
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="5" platformID="1" platEncID="0" langID="0x0" unicode="True">
+      Version 1.003;hotconv 1.0.109;makeotfexe 2.5.65596
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="6" platformID="1" platEncID="0" langID="0x0" unicode="True">
+      SHSansVVARTest_75-w0.00
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="8" platformID="1" platEncID="0" langID="0x0" unicode="True">
+      Adobe Systems Co., Ltd.
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="9" platformID="1" platEncID="0" langID="0x0" unicode="True">
+      Ryoko Nishizuka
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="10" platformID="1" platEncID="0" langID="0x0" unicode="True">
+      Masataka HATTORI (variable font production)
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="11" platformID="1" platEncID="0" langID="0x0" unicode="True">
+      http://www.adobe.com
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="17" platformID="1" platEncID="0" langID="0x0" unicode="True">
+      Master3
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="0" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Copyright © 2018 Adobe systems Co., Ltd. All Rights Reserved.
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="1" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Source Han Sans VVAR TEST
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="2" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Regular
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="3" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      1.003;UKWN;SHSansVVARTest_75-w0.00
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="4" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Source Han Sans VVAR TEST
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="5" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Version 1.003;hotconv 1.0.109;makeotfexe 2.5.65596
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="6" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      SHSansVVARTest_75-w0.00
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="8" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Adobe Systems Co., Ltd.
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="9" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Ryoko Nishizuka
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="10" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Masataka HATTORI 服部正貴 (variable font production)
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="11" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      http://www.adobe.com
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="17" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Master3
+    </namerecord>
+  </name>
+
+  <cmap>
+    <tableVersion version="0"/>
+    <cmap_format_4 platformID="0" platEncID="3" language="0">
+      <map code="0x3042" name="uni3042"/><!-- HIRAGANA LETTER A -->
+      <map code="0x56fd" name="uni56FD"/><!-- CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-56FD -->
+      <map code="0x6280" name="uni6280"/><!-- CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-6280 -->
+      <map code="0xff20" name="uniFF20"/><!-- FULLWIDTH COMMERCIAL AT -->
+      <map code="0xff21" name="uniFF21"/><!-- FULLWIDTH LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A -->
+      <map code="0xff41" name="uniFF41"/><!-- FULLWIDTH LATIN SMALL LETTER A -->
+    </cmap_format_4>
+    <cmap_format_6 platformID="1" platEncID="0" language="0">
+    </cmap_format_6>
+    <cmap_format_4 platformID="3" platEncID="1" language="0">
+      <map code="0x3042" name="uni3042"/><!-- HIRAGANA LETTER A -->
+      <map code="0x56fd" name="uni56FD"/><!-- CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-56FD -->
+      <map code="0x6280" name="uni6280"/><!-- CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-6280 -->
+      <map code="0xff20" name="uniFF20"/><!-- FULLWIDTH COMMERCIAL AT -->
+      <map code="0xff21" name="uniFF21"/><!-- FULLWIDTH LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A -->
+      <map code="0xff41" name="uniFF41"/><!-- FULLWIDTH LATIN SMALL LETTER A -->
+    </cmap_format_4>
+  </cmap>
+
+  <post>
+    <formatType value="3.0"/>
+    <italicAngle value="0.0"/>
+    <underlinePosition value="-75"/>
+    <underlineThickness value="50"/>
+    <isFixedPitch value="0"/>
+    <minMemType42 value="0"/>
+    <maxMemType42 value="0"/>
+    <minMemType1 value="0"/>
+    <maxMemType1 value="0"/>
+  </post>
+
+  <CFF>
+    <major value="1"/>
+    <minor value="0"/>
+    <CFFFont name="SHSansVVARTest_75-w0.00">
+      <version value="1.0"/>
+      <FamilyName value="SHSansVVARTest_75"/>
+      <isFixedPitch value="0"/>
+      <ItalicAngle value="0"/>
+      <UnderlinePosition value="-100"/>
+      <UnderlineThickness value="50"/>
+      <PaintType value="0"/>
+      <CharstringType value="2"/>
+      <FontMatrix value="0.001 0 0 0.001 0 0"/>
+      <FontBBox value="19 -83 966 840"/>
+      <StrokeWidth value="0"/>
+      <!-- charset is dumped separately as the 'GlyphOrder' element -->
+      <Encoding name="StandardEncoding"/>
+      <Private>
+        <BlueValues value="0 0"/>
+        <BlueScale value="0.039625"/>
+        <BlueShift value="7"/>
+        <BlueFuzz value="1"/>
+        <ForceBold value="0"/>
+        <LanguageGroup value="0"/>
+        <ExpansionFactor value="0.06"/>
+        <initialRandomSeed value="0"/>
+        <defaultWidthX value="1000"/>
+        <nominalWidthX value="857"/>
+      </Private>
+      <CharStrings>
+        <CharString name=".notdef">
+          -669 endchar
+        </CharString>
+        <CharString name="c30719">
+          667 26 rmoveto
+          -12 22 rlineto
+          -47 -20 -60 -12 -73 0 rrcurveto
+          -168 0 -128 95 0 142 rrcurveto
+          0 170 146 130 211 0 rrcurveto
+          180 0 104 -93 0 -133 rrcurveto
+          0 -100 -81 -70 -60 0 rrcurveto
+          -50 0 -17 22 22 78 rrcurveto
+          49 166 rlineto
+          -31 9 -32 8 -47 0 rrcurveto
+          -150 0 -117 -98 0 -105 rrcurveto
+          0 -65 58 -38 58 0 rrcurveto
+          74 0 53 25 44 55 rrcurveto
+          4 0 rlineto
+          -9 -60 39 -20 43 0 rrcurveto
+          90 0 96 72 0 128 rrcurveto
+          0 140 -120 103 -193 0 rrcurveto
+          -233 0 -168 -141 0 -184 rrcurveto
+          0 -160 149 -102 182 0 rrcurveto
+          70 0 67 11 57 25 rrcurveto
+          -23 379 rmoveto
+          -32 -109 rlineto
+          -20 -69 -71 -69 -88 0 rrcurveto
+          -62 0 -31 34 0 42 rrcurveto
+          0 95 102 86 124 0 rrcurveto
+          38 0 25 -5 15 -5 rrcurveto
+          endchar
+        </CharString>
+        <CharString name="c30790">
+          768 0 rmoveto
+          37 0 rlineto
+          -297 546 rlineto
+          -35 0 rlineto
+          -296 -546 rlineto
+          34 0 rlineto
+          106 190 rlineto
+          346 0 rlineto
+          105 -190 rlineto
+          -439 217 rmoveto
+          62 110 rlineto
+          34 65 32 55 32 67 rrcurveto
+          4 0 rlineto
+          34 -67 30 -54 35 -66 rrcurveto
+          61 -110 rlineto
+          -324 0 rlineto
+          endchar
+        </CharString>
+        <CharString name="c30816">
+          276 98 rmoveto
+          0 -74 92 -33 92 0 rrcurveto
+          80 0 83 33 62 36 rrcurveto
+          2 0 rlineto
+          4 -60 rlineto
+          29 0 rlineto
+          0 255 rlineto
+          0 83 -54 68 -140 0 rrcurveto
+          -94 0 -93 -35 -37 -24 rrcurveto
+          18 -25 rlineto
+          40 23 81 32 83 0 rrcurveto
+          128 0 34 -62 1 -67 rrcurveto
+          -290 -19 -121 -42 0 -89 rrcurveto
+          35 2 rmoveto
+          0 65 93 39 283 19 rrcurveto
+          0 -131 rlineto
+          -79 -48 -75 -25 -70 0 rrcurveto
+          -74 0 -78 23 0 58 rrcurveto
+          endchar
+        </CharString>
+        <CharString name="c30843">
+          411 586 rmoveto
+          0 -5 -1 -11 -1 -12 rrcurveto
+          -7 -56 -23 -131 0 -107 rrcurveto
+          0 -83 26 -102 28 -67 rrcurveto
+          28 10 rlineto
+          -29 66 -27 95 0 79 rrcurveto
+          0 111 18 128 14 56 rrcurveto
+          2 10 4 14 3 4 rrcurveto
+          -35 1 rlineto
+          -254 -92 rmoveto
+          1 -31 rlineto
+          35 -2 78 -2 33 0 rrcurveto
+          147 0 184 11 152 19 rrcurveto
+          -1 29 rlineto
+          -124 -20 -198 -13 -161 0 rrcurveto
+          -25 0 -87 3 -34 6 rrcurveto
+          513 -70 rmoveto
+          -1 -9 -3 -10 -2 -6 rrcurveto
+          -51 -139 -97 -93 -105 -65 rrcurveto
+          -69 -42 -62 -17 -53 0 rrcurveto
+          -42 0 -26 18 0 36 rrcurveto
+          0 84 110 92 126 39 rrcurveto
+          53 17 75 18 77 0 rrcurveto
+          164 0 92 -72 0 -81 rrcurveto
+          0 -117 -146 -66 -168 -14 rrcurveto
+          18 -25 rlineto
+          219 27 106 85 0 109 rrcurveto
+          0 93 -99 84 -191 0 rrcurveto
+          -55 0 -80 -11 -67 -20 rrcurveto
+          -137 -43 -128 -101 0 -100 rrcurveto
+          0 -52 42 -29 59 0 rrcurveto
+          54 0 73 23 64 39 rrcurveto
+          115 68 96 106 63 142 rrcurveto
+          3 8 3 8 4 8 rrcurveto
+          -34 8 rlineto
+          endchar
+        </CharString>
+        <CharString name="c31621">
+          389 497 rmoveto
+          0 -26 rlineto
+          554 0 rlineto
+          0 26 rlineto
+          -554 0 rlineto
+          23 -174 rmoveto
+          0 -27 rlineto
+          479 0 rlineto
+          0 27 rlineto
+          -479 0 rlineto
+          241 308 rmoveto
+          0 -324 rlineto
+          28 0 rlineto
+          0 324 rlineto
+          -28 0 rlineto
+          -158 -332 rmoveto
+          -27 -9 rlineto
+          80 -174 169 -123 229 -55 rrcurveto
+          5 8 7 10 8 6 rrcurveto
+          -229 49 -166 122 -76 166 rrcurveto
+          386 24 rmoveto
+          0 -6 rlineto
+          -86 -194 -242 -117 -228 -43 rrcurveto
+          7 -6 7 -11 3 -8 rrcurveto
+          234 49 243 118 94 211 rrcurveto
+          -19 9 rlineto
+          -6 -2 rlineto
+          -7 0 rlineto
+          -854 -111 rmoveto
+          14 -28 rlineto
+          91 23 125 31 119 30 rrcurveto
+          -5 27 rlineto
+          -128 -33 -131 -31 -85 -19 rrcurveto
+          15 254 rmoveto
+          0 -26 rlineto
+          325 0 rlineto
+          0 26 rlineto
+          -325 0 rlineto
+          164 164 rmoveto
+          0 -650 rlineto
+          0 -11 -6 -3 -13 0 rrcurveto
+          -13 -1 -43 0 -53 1 rrcurveto
+          4 -8 6 -12 2 -7 rrcurveto
+          64 0 34 1 18 4 rrcurveto
+          19 5 9 10 0 22 rrcurveto
+          0 649 rlineto
+          -28 0 rlineto
+          endchar
+        </CharString>
+        <CharString name="c32051">
+          231 479 rmoveto
+          0 -26 rlineto
+          546 0 rlineto
+          0 26 rlineto
+          -546 0 rlineto
+          30 -166 rmoveto
+          0 -27 rlineto
+          487 0 rlineto
+          0 27 rlineto
+          -487 0 rlineto
+          -50 -190 rmoveto
+          0 -26 rlineto
+          592 0 rlineto
+          0 26 rlineto
+          -592 0 rlineto
+          270 348 rmoveto
+          0 -362 rlineto
+          28 0 rlineto
+          0 362 rlineto
+          -28 0 rlineto
+          124 -227 rmoveto
+          46 -28 52 -40 25 -26 rrcurveto
+          22 13 rlineto
+          -25 27 -52 38 -47 28 rrcurveto
+          -21 -12 rlineto
+          -518 347 rmoveto
+          0 -653 rlineto
+          29 0 rlineto
+          0 627 rlineto
+          771 0 rlineto
+          0 -627 rlineto
+          28 0 rlineto
+          0 653 rlineto
+          -828 0 rlineto
+          14 -588 rmoveto
+          0 -26 rlineto
+          799 0 rlineto
+          0 26 rlineto
+          -799 0 rlineto
+          endchar
+        </CharString>
+        <CharString name="uni3042">
+          -107 304 779 rmoveto
+          0 -6 -1 -13 -1 -16 rrcurveto
+          -5 -73 -17 -177 0 -145 rrcurveto
+          0 -105 19 -135 22 -89 rrcurveto
+          30 9 rlineto
+          -22 88 -20 128 0 100 rrcurveto
+          0 151 13 173 11 74 rrcurveto
+          1 12 3 18 3 5 rrcurveto
+          -36 1 rlineto
+          -188 -126 rmoveto
+          1 -33 rlineto
+          27 -3 58 -3 27 0 rrcurveto
+          110 0 142 16 111 25 rrcurveto
+          0 31 rlineto
+          -95 -26 -144 -19 -125 0 rrcurveto
+          -21 0 -66 5 -25 7 rrcurveto
+          382 -89 rmoveto
+          -1 -11 -2 -9 -3 -9 rrcurveto
+          -37 -188 -69 -128 -76 -89 rrcurveto
+          -51 -56 -47 -22 -39 0 rrcurveto
+          -30 0 -19 24 0 49 rrcurveto
+          0 117 79 126 92 53 rrcurveto
+          39 23 56 23 59 0 rrcurveto
+          120 0 67 -98 0 -110 rrcurveto
+          0 -162 -102 -88 -128 -18 rrcurveto
+          18 -26 rlineto
+          167 36 77 111 0 145 rrcurveto
+          0 122 -78 112 -144 0 rrcurveto
+          -42 0 -61 -15 -50 -27 rrcurveto
+          -105 -57 -96 -133 0 -133 rrcurveto
+          0 -67 34 -37 46 0 rrcurveto
+          44 0 56 30 48 51 rrcurveto
+          83 92 74 143 46 190 rrcurveto
+          4 10 3 7 3 9 rrcurveto
+          -35 10 rlineto
+          endchar
+        </CharString>
+        <CharString name="uni56FD">
+          -107 175 638 rmoveto
+          0 -28 rlineto
+          404 0 rlineto
+          0 28 rlineto
+          -404 0 rlineto
+          22 -225 rmoveto
+          0 -28 rlineto
+          362 0 rlineto
+          0 28 rlineto
+          -362 0 rlineto
+          -36 -254 rmoveto
+          0 -29 rlineto
+          437 0 rlineto
+          0 29 rlineto
+          -437 0 rlineto
+          196 470 rmoveto
+          0 -487 rlineto
+          30 0 rlineto
+          0 487 rlineto
+          -30 0 rlineto
+          95 -303 rmoveto
+          33 -38 37 -54 17 -36 rrcurveto
+          23 16 rlineto
+          -18 36 -37 52 -34 38 rrcurveto
+          -21 -14 rlineto
+          -388 460 rmoveto
+          0 -868 rlineto
+          31 0 rlineto
+          0 841 rlineto
+          562 0 rlineto
+          0 -841 rlineto
+          31 0 rlineto
+          0 868 rlineto
+          -624 0 rlineto
+          16 -788 rmoveto
+          0 -27 rlineto
+          590 0 rlineto
+          0 27 rlineto
+          -590 0 rlineto
+          endchar
+        </CharString>
+        <CharString name="uni6280">
+          -107 293 659 rmoveto
+          0 -28 rlineto
+          415 0 rlineto
+          0 28 rlineto
+          -415 0 rlineto
+          16 -233 rmoveto
+          0 -28 rlineto
+          355 0 rlineto
+          0 28 rlineto
+          -355 0 rlineto
+          177 414 rmoveto
+          0 -432 rlineto
+          31 0 rlineto
+          0 432 rlineto
+          -31 0 rlineto
+          -108 -439 rmoveto
+          -29 -9 rlineto
+          61 -235 124 -167 171 -73 rrcurveto
+          5 8 9 11 8 6 rrcurveto
+          -169 66 -124 165 -56 228 rrcurveto
+          276 25 rmoveto
+          0 -7 rlineto
+          -62 -262 -176 -156 -173 -58 rrcurveto
+          7 -5 8 -12 2 -9 rrcurveto
+          180 66 178 156 69 278 rrcurveto
+          -20 11 rlineto
+          -6 -2 rlineto
+          -7 0 rlineto
+          -635 -150 rmoveto
+          13 -28 rlineto
+          68 30 95 43 89 40 rrcurveto
+          -5 28 rlineto
+          -96 -43 -99 -43 -65 -27 rrcurveto
+          12 342 rmoveto
+          0 -28 rlineto
+          245 0 rlineto
+          0 28 rlineto
+          -245 0 rlineto
+          119 221 rmoveto
+          0 -873 rlineto
+          0 -15 -5 -4 -9 0 rrcurveto
+          -10 -1 -32 0 -39 1 rrcurveto
+          5 -8 5 -12 2 -7 rrcurveto
+          49 -1 26 1 16 5 rrcurveto
+          16 6 6 10 0 26 rrcurveto
+          0 872 rlineto
+          -30 0 rlineto
+          endchar
+        </CharString>
+        <CharString name="uniFF20">
+          -107 501 35 rmoveto
+          -9 27 rlineto
+          -35 -29 -45 -16 -54 0 rrcurveto
+          -126 0 -96 130 0 189 rrcurveto
+          0 226 111 176 155 0 rrcurveto
+          135 0 77 -123 0 -181 rrcurveto
+          0 -133 -60 -95 -44 0 rrcurveto
+          -34 0 -13 29 15 106 rrcurveto
+          35 223 rlineto
+          -22 12 -26 9 -36 0 rrcurveto
+          -114 0 -86 -130 0 -141 rrcurveto
+          0 -85 43 -51 45 0 rrcurveto
+          54 0 40 34 32 75 rrcurveto
+          3 0 rlineto
+          -6 -82 29 -27 34 0 rrcurveto
+          71 0 72 95 0 172 rrcurveto
+          0 185 -93 138 -146 0 rrcurveto
+          -176 0 -126 -187 0 -246 rrcurveto
+          0 -213 113 -136 137 0 rrcurveto
+          53 0 50 15 43 34 rrcurveto
+          -24 509 rmoveto
+          -22 -149 rlineto
+          -15 -95 -50 -94 -61 0 rrcurveto
+          -45 0 -23 46 0 58 rrcurveto
+          0 128 73 119 89 0 rrcurveto
+          26 0 18 -7 10 -6 rrcurveto
+          endchar
+        </CharString>
+        <CharString name="uniFF21">
+          -107 569 0 rmoveto
+          41 0 rlineto
+          -220 726 rlineto
+          -42 0 rlineto
+          -219 -726 rlineto
+          38 0 rlineto
+          75 260 rlineto
+          253 0 rlineto
+          74 -260 rlineto
+          -316 288 rmoveto
+          42 153 rlineto
+          25 87 24 73 23 89 rrcurveto
+          3 0 rlineto
+          25 -89 22 -71 25 -89 rrcurveto
+          43 -153 rlineto
+          -232 0 rlineto
+          endchar
+        </CharString>
+        <CharString name="uniFF41">
+          -107 202 128 rmoveto
+          0 -99 68 -41 71 0 rrcurveto
+          59 0 62 44 46 49 rrcurveto
+          2 0 rlineto
+          4 -81 rlineto
+          31 0 rlineto
+          0 341 rlineto
+          0 106 -45 90 -106 0 rrcurveto
+          -71 0 -70 -48 -31 -30 rrcurveto
+          17 -26 rlineto
+          32 31 59 43 59 0 rrcurveto
+          92 0 26 -87 2 -93 rrcurveto
+          -217 -26 -90 -56 0 -117 rrcurveto
+          38 2 rmoveto
+          0 90 65 53 204 26 rrcurveto
+          0 -180 rlineto
+          -57 -68 -53 -33 -52 0 rrcurveto
+          -53 0 -54 30 0 82 rrcurveto
+          endchar
+        </CharString>
+      </CharStrings>
+    </CFFFont>
+
+    <GlobalSubrs>
+      <!-- The 'index' attribute is only for humans; it is ignored when parsed. -->
+    </GlobalSubrs>
+  </CFF>
+
+  <GSUB>
+    <Version value="0x00010000"/>
+    <ScriptList>
+      <!-- ScriptCount=1 -->
+      <ScriptRecord index="0">
+        <ScriptTag value="DFLT"/>
+        <Script>
+          <DefaultLangSys>
+            <ReqFeatureIndex value="65535"/>
+            <!-- FeatureCount=2 -->
+            <FeatureIndex index="0" value="0"/>
+            <FeatureIndex index="1" value="1"/>
+          </DefaultLangSys>
+          <!-- LangSysCount=0 -->
+        </Script>
+      </ScriptRecord>
+    </ScriptList>
+    <FeatureList>
+      <!-- FeatureCount=2 -->
+      <FeatureRecord index="0">
+        <FeatureTag value="vert"/>
+        <Feature>
+          <!-- LookupCount=1 -->
+          <LookupListIndex index="0" value="0"/>
+        </Feature>
+      </FeatureRecord>
+      <FeatureRecord index="1">
+        <FeatureTag value="vrt2"/>
+        <Feature>
+          <!-- LookupCount=1 -->
+          <LookupListIndex index="0" value="1"/>
+        </Feature>
+      </FeatureRecord>
+    </FeatureList>
+    <LookupList>
+      <!-- LookupCount=2 -->
+      <Lookup index="0">
+        <LookupType value="1"/>
+        <LookupFlag value="0"/>
+        <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
+        <SingleSubst index="0">
+          <Substitution in="uni3042" out="c30843"/>
+          <Substitution in="uni56FD" out="c32051"/>
+          <Substitution in="uni6280" out="c31621"/>
+          <Substitution in="uniFF20" out="c30719"/>
+          <Substitution in="uniFF21" out="c30790"/>
+          <Substitution in="uniFF41" out="c30816"/>
+        </SingleSubst>
+      </Lookup>
+      <Lookup index="1">
+        <LookupType value="1"/>
+        <LookupFlag value="0"/>
+        <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
+        <SingleSubst index="0">
+          <Substitution in="uni3042" out="c30843"/>
+          <Substitution in="uni56FD" out="c32051"/>
+          <Substitution in="uni6280" out="c31621"/>
+          <Substitution in="uniFF20" out="c30719"/>
+          <Substitution in="uniFF21" out="c30790"/>
+          <Substitution in="uniFF41" out="c30816"/>
+        </SingleSubst>
+      </Lookup>
+    </LookupList>
+  </GSUB>
+
+  <VORG>
+    <majorVersion value="1"/>
+    <minorVersion value="0"/>
+    <defaultVertOriginY value="880"/>
+    <numVertOriginYMetrics value="6"/>
+    <VOriginRecord>
+      <glyphName value="c30719"/>
+      <vOrigin value="660"/>
+    </VOriginRecord>
+    <VOriginRecord>
+      <glyphName value="c30790"/>
+      <vOrigin value="660"/>
+    </VOriginRecord>
+    <VOriginRecord>
+      <glyphName value="c30816"/>
+      <vOrigin value="660"/>
+    </VOriginRecord>
+    <VOriginRecord>
+      <glyphName value="c30843"/>
+      <vOrigin value="660"/>
+    </VOriginRecord>
+    <VOriginRecord>
+      <glyphName value="c31621"/>
+      <vOrigin value="660"/>
+    </VOriginRecord>
+    <VOriginRecord>
+      <glyphName value="c32051"/>
+      <vOrigin value="660"/>
+    </VOriginRecord>
+  </VORG>
+
+  <hmtx>
+    <mtx name=".notdef" width="188" lsb="0"/>
+    <mtx name="c30719" width="1000" lsb="142"/>
+    <mtx name="c30790" width="1000" lsb="177"/>
+    <mtx name="c30816" width="1000" lsb="276"/>
+    <mtx name="c30843" width="1000" lsb="128"/>
+    <mtx name="c31621" width="1000" lsb="27"/>
+    <mtx name="c32051" width="1000" lsb="87"/>
+    <mtx name="uni3042" width="750" lsb="92"/>
+    <mtx name="uni56FD" width="750" lsb="64"/>
+    <mtx name="uni6280" width="750" lsb="19"/>
+    <mtx name="uniFF20" width="750" lsb="105"/>
+    <mtx name="uniFF21" width="750" lsb="129"/>
+    <mtx name="uniFF41" width="750" lsb="202"/>
+  </hmtx>
+
+  <vhea>
+    <tableVersion value="0x00011000"/>
+    <ascent value="500"/>
+    <descent value="-500"/>
+    <lineGap value="0"/>
+    <advanceHeightMax value="1000"/>
+    <minTopSideBearing value="29"/>
+    <minBottomSideBearing value="28"/>
+    <yMaxExtent value="963"/>
+    <caretSlopeRise value="0"/>
+    <caretSlopeRun value="1"/>
+    <caretOffset value="0"/>
+    <reserved1 value="0"/>
+    <reserved2 value="0"/>
+    <reserved3 value="0"/>
+    <reserved4 value="0"/>
+    <metricDataFormat value="0"/>
+    <numberOfVMetrics value="8"/>
+  </vhea>
+
+  <vmtx>
+    <mtx name=".notdef" height="1000" tsb="880"/>
+    <mtx name="c30719" height="750" tsb="83"/>
+    <mtx name="c30790" height="750" tsb="114"/>
+    <mtx name="c30816" height="750" tsb="254"/>
+    <mtx name="c30843" height="750" tsb="74"/>
+    <mtx name="c31621" height="750" tsb="29"/>
+    <mtx name="c32051" height="750" tsb="69"/>
+    <mtx name="uni3042" height="1000" tsb="101"/>
+    <mtx name="uni56FD" height="1000" tsb="94"/>
+    <mtx name="uni6280" height="1000" tsb="40"/>
+    <mtx name="uniFF20" height="1000" tsb="112"/>
+    <mtx name="uniFF21" height="1000" tsb="154"/>
+    <mtx name="uniFF41" height="1000" tsb="343"/>
+  </vmtx>
+
+  <DSIG>
+    <!-- note that the Digital Signature will be invalid after recompilation! -->
+    <tableHeader flag="0x0" numSigs="0" version="1"/>
+  </DSIG>
+
+</ttFont>
diff --git a/Tests/varLib/data/master_vvar_cff2/TestVVAR.1.ttx b/Tests/varLib/data/master_vvar_cff2/TestVVAR.1.ttx
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9f67749
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/varLib/data/master_vvar_cff2/TestVVAR.1.ttx
@@ -0,0 +1,821 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<ttFont sfntVersion="OTTO" ttLibVersion="3.41">
+
+  <GlyphOrder>
+    <!-- The 'id' attribute is only for humans; it is ignored when parsed. -->
+    <GlyphID id="0" name=".notdef"/>
+    <GlyphID id="1" name="uniFF20"/>
+    <GlyphID id="2" name="uniFF21"/>
+    <GlyphID id="3" name="uniFF41"/>
+    <GlyphID id="4" name="uni3042"/>
+    <GlyphID id="5" name="uni6280"/>
+    <GlyphID id="6" name="uni56FD"/>
+    <GlyphID id="7" name="c30719"/>
+    <GlyphID id="8" name="c30790"/>
+    <GlyphID id="9" name="c30816"/>
+    <GlyphID id="10" name="c30843"/>
+    <GlyphID id="11" name="c31621"/>
+    <GlyphID id="12" name="c32051"/>
+  </GlyphOrder>
+
+  <head>
+    <!-- Most of this table will be recalculated by the compiler -->
+    <tableVersion value="1.0"/>
+    <fontRevision value="1.00299"/>
+    <checkSumAdjustment value="0x1101e854"/>
+    <magicNumber value="0x5f0f3cf5"/>
+    <flags value="00000000 00000011"/>
+    <unitsPerEm value="1000"/>
+    <created value="Tue Feb 19 17:22:00 2019"/>
+    <modified value="Tue Feb 19 17:22:00 2019"/>
+    <xMin value="11"/>
+    <yMin value="-96"/>
+    <xMax value="987"/>
+    <yMax value="854"/>
+    <macStyle value="00000000 00000000"/>
+    <lowestRecPPEM value="3"/>
+    <fontDirectionHint value="2"/>
+    <indexToLocFormat value="0"/>
+    <glyphDataFormat value="0"/>
+  </head>
+
+  <hhea>
+    <tableVersion value="0x00010000"/>
+    <ascent value="1160"/>
+    <descent value="-317"/>
+    <lineGap value="0"/>
+    <advanceWidthMax value="1000"/>
+    <minLeftSideBearing value="11"/>
+    <minRightSideBearing value="4"/>
+    <xMaxExtent value="987"/>
+    <caretSlopeRise value="1"/>
+    <caretSlopeRun value="0"/>
+    <caretOffset value="0"/>
+    <reserved0 value="0"/>
+    <reserved1 value="0"/>
+    <reserved2 value="0"/>
+    <reserved3 value="0"/>
+    <metricDataFormat value="0"/>
+    <numberOfHMetrics value="8"/>
+  </hhea>
+
+  <maxp>
+    <tableVersion value="0x5000"/>
+    <numGlyphs value="13"/>
+  </maxp>
+
+  <OS_2>
+    <!-- The fields 'usFirstCharIndex' and 'usLastCharIndex'
+         will be recalculated by the compiler -->
+    <version value="3"/>
+    <xAvgCharWidth value="822"/>
+    <usWeightClass value="900"/>
+    <usWidthClass value="5"/>
+    <fsType value="00000000 00000100"/>
+    <ySubscriptXSize value="650"/>
+    <ySubscriptYSize value="600"/>
+    <ySubscriptXOffset value="0"/>
+    <ySubscriptYOffset value="75"/>
+    <ySuperscriptXSize value="650"/>
+    <ySuperscriptYSize value="600"/>
+    <ySuperscriptXOffset value="0"/>
+    <ySuperscriptYOffset value="350"/>
+    <yStrikeoutSize value="50"/>
+    <yStrikeoutPosition value="228"/>
+    <sFamilyClass value="0"/>
+    <panose>
+      <bFamilyType value="0"/>
+      <bSerifStyle value="0"/>
+      <bWeight value="10"/>
+      <bProportion value="0"/>
+      <bContrast value="0"/>
+      <bStrokeVariation value="0"/>
+      <bArmStyle value="0"/>
+      <bLetterForm value="0"/>
+      <bMidline value="0"/>
+      <bXHeight value="0"/>
+    </panose>
+    <ulUnicodeRange1 value="00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000"/>
+    <ulUnicodeRange2 value="00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000"/>
+    <ulUnicodeRange3 value="00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000"/>
+    <ulUnicodeRange4 value="00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000"/>
+    <achVendID value="UKWN"/>
+    <fsSelection value="00000000 00000000"/>
+    <usFirstCharIndex value="12354"/>
+    <usLastCharIndex value="65345"/>
+    <sTypoAscender value="880"/>
+    <sTypoDescender value="-120"/>
+    <sTypoLineGap value="200"/>
+    <usWinAscent value="1160"/>
+    <usWinDescent value="317"/>
+    <ulCodePageRange1 value="00000000 00000000 00000000 00000001"/>
+    <ulCodePageRange2 value="00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000"/>
+    <sxHeight value="380"/>
+    <sCapHeight value="760"/>
+    <usDefaultChar value="0"/>
+    <usBreakChar value="32"/>
+    <usMaxContext value="1"/>
+  </OS_2>
+
+  <name>
+    <namerecord nameID="0" platformID="1" platEncID="0" langID="0x0" unicode="True">
+      Copyright © 2018 Adobe systems Co., Ltd. All Rights Reserved.
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="1" platformID="1" platEncID="0" langID="0x0" unicode="True">
+      Source Han Sans VVAR TEST
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="2" platformID="1" platEncID="0" langID="0x0" unicode="True">
+      Regular
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="3" platformID="1" platEncID="0" langID="0x0" unicode="True">
+      1.003;UKWN;SHSansVVARTest_75-w1000.00
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="4" platformID="1" platEncID="0" langID="0x0" unicode="True">
+      Source Han Sans VVAR TEST
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="5" platformID="1" platEncID="0" langID="0x0" unicode="True">
+      Version 1.003;hotconv 1.0.109;makeotfexe 2.5.65596
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="6" platformID="1" platEncID="0" langID="0x0" unicode="True">
+      SHSansVVARTest_75-w1000.00
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="8" platformID="1" platEncID="0" langID="0x0" unicode="True">
+      Adobe Systems Co., Ltd.
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="9" platformID="1" platEncID="0" langID="0x0" unicode="True">
+      Ryoko Nishizuka
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="10" platformID="1" platEncID="0" langID="0x0" unicode="True">
+      Masataka HATTORI (variable font production)
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="11" platformID="1" platEncID="0" langID="0x0" unicode="True">
+      http://www.adobe.com
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="17" platformID="1" platEncID="0" langID="0x0" unicode="True">
+      Master4
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="0" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Copyright © 2018 Adobe systems Co., Ltd. All Rights Reserved.
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="1" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Source Han Sans VVAR TEST
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="2" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Regular
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="3" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      1.003;UKWN;SHSansVVARTest_75-w1000.00
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="4" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Source Han Sans VVAR TEST
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="5" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Version 1.003;hotconv 1.0.109;makeotfexe 2.5.65596
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="6" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      SHSansVVARTest_75-w1000.00
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="8" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Adobe Systems Co., Ltd.
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="9" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Ryoko Nishizuka
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="10" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Masataka HATTORI 服部正貴 (variable font production)
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="11" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      http://www.adobe.com
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="17" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Master4
+    </namerecord>
+  </name>
+
+  <cmap>
+    <tableVersion version="0"/>
+    <cmap_format_4 platformID="0" platEncID="3" language="0">
+      <map code="0x3042" name="uni3042"/><!-- HIRAGANA LETTER A -->
+      <map code="0x56fd" name="uni56FD"/><!-- CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-56FD -->
+      <map code="0x6280" name="uni6280"/><!-- CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-6280 -->
+      <map code="0xff20" name="uniFF20"/><!-- FULLWIDTH COMMERCIAL AT -->
+      <map code="0xff21" name="uniFF21"/><!-- FULLWIDTH LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A -->
+      <map code="0xff41" name="uniFF41"/><!-- FULLWIDTH LATIN SMALL LETTER A -->
+    </cmap_format_4>
+    <cmap_format_6 platformID="1" platEncID="0" language="0">
+    </cmap_format_6>
+    <cmap_format_4 platformID="3" platEncID="1" language="0">
+      <map code="0x3042" name="uni3042"/><!-- HIRAGANA LETTER A -->
+      <map code="0x56fd" name="uni56FD"/><!-- CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-56FD -->
+      <map code="0x6280" name="uni6280"/><!-- CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-6280 -->
+      <map code="0xff20" name="uniFF20"/><!-- FULLWIDTH COMMERCIAL AT -->
+      <map code="0xff21" name="uniFF21"/><!-- FULLWIDTH LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A -->
+      <map code="0xff41" name="uniFF41"/><!-- FULLWIDTH LATIN SMALL LETTER A -->
+    </cmap_format_4>
+  </cmap>
+
+  <post>
+    <formatType value="3.0"/>
+    <italicAngle value="0.0"/>
+    <underlinePosition value="-75"/>
+    <underlineThickness value="50"/>
+    <isFixedPitch value="0"/>
+    <minMemType42 value="0"/>
+    <maxMemType42 value="0"/>
+    <minMemType1 value="0"/>
+    <maxMemType1 value="0"/>
+  </post>
+
+  <CFF>
+    <major value="1"/>
+    <minor value="0"/>
+    <CFFFont name="SHSansVVARTest_75-w1000.00">
+      <version value="1.0"/>
+      <FamilyName value="SHSansVVARTest_75"/>
+      <isFixedPitch value="0"/>
+      <ItalicAngle value="0"/>
+      <UnderlinePosition value="-100"/>
+      <UnderlineThickness value="50"/>
+      <PaintType value="0"/>
+      <CharstringType value="2"/>
+      <FontMatrix value="0.001 0 0 0.001 0 0"/>
+      <FontBBox value="11 -96 987 854"/>
+      <StrokeWidth value="0"/>
+      <!-- charset is dumped separately as the 'GlyphOrder' element -->
+      <Encoding name="StandardEncoding"/>
+      <Private>
+        <BlueValues value="0 0"/>
+        <BlueScale value="0.039625"/>
+        <BlueShift value="7"/>
+        <BlueFuzz value="1"/>
+        <ForceBold value="0"/>
+        <LanguageGroup value="0"/>
+        <ExpansionFactor value="0.06"/>
+        <initialRandomSeed value="0"/>
+        <defaultWidthX value="1000"/>
+        <nominalWidthX value="857"/>
+      </Private>
+      <CharStrings>
+        <CharString name=".notdef">
+          -669 endchar
+        </CharString>
+        <CharString name="c30719">
+          683 21 rmoveto
+          -20 52 rlineto
+          -46 -17 -62 -8 -59 0 rrcurveto
+          -170 0 -122 79 0 145 rrcurveto
+          0 163 152 100 177 0 rrcurveto
+          178 0 96 -86 0 -108 rrcurveto
+          0 -100 -63 -45 -49 2 rrcurveto
+          -33 1 -9 22 12 47 rrcurveto
+          35 160 rlineto
+          -29 12 -55 10 -50 0 rrcurveto
+          -164 0 -104 -95 0 -105 rrcurveto
+          0 -72 54 -42 74 0 rrcurveto
+          61 0 51 22 36 42 rrcurveto
+          3 0 rlineto
+          4 -42 38 -22 55 0 rrcurveto
+          121 0 94 81 0 125 rrcurveto
+          0 145 -142 105 -201 0 rrcurveto
+          -256 0 -171 -154 0 -174 rrcurveto
+          0 -171 167 -103 188 0 rrcurveto
+          80 0 60 8 69 23 rrcurveto
+          -98 352 rmoveto
+          -18 -78 rlineto
+          -10 -49 -46 -34 -44 0 rrcurveto
+          -38 0 -19 18 0 31 rrcurveto
+          0 63 60 52 78 0 rrcurveto
+          15 0 12 -1 10 -2 rrcurveto
+          endchar
+        </CharString>
+        <CharString name="c30790">
+          688 0 rmoveto
+          179 0 rlineto
+          -266 562 rlineto
+          -207 0 rlineto
+          -261 -562 rlineto
+          172 0 rlineto
+          55 125 rlineto
+          272 0 rlineto
+          56 -125 rlineto
+          -293 232 rmoveto
+          24 44 rlineto
+          24 56 27 68 23 58 rrcurveto
+          4 0 rlineto
+          25 -56 28 -70 24 -56 rrcurveto
+          23 -44 rlineto
+          -202 0 rlineto
+          endchar
+        </CharString>
+        <CharString name="c30816">
+          229 121 rmoveto
+          0 -71 73 -59 114 0 rrcurveto
+          74 0 72 25 57 30 rrcurveto
+          5 0 rlineto
+          11 -46 rlineto
+          132 0 rlineto
+          0 242 rlineto
+          0 138 -96 61 -158 0 rrcurveto
+          -96 0 -91 -23 -77 -34 rrcurveto
+          59 -92 rlineto
+          62 25 56 14 57 0 rrcurveto
+          78 0 40 -18 4 -34 rrcurveto
+          -270 -12 -106 -51 0 -95 rrcurveto
+          154 12 rmoveto
+          0 32 49 25 173 6 rrcurveto
+          0 -63 rlineto
+          -42 -19 -45 -17 -51 0 rrcurveto
+          -50 0 -34 11 0 25 rrcurveto
+          endchar
+        </CharString>
+        <CharString name="c30843">
+          361 613 rmoveto
+          1 -15 -2 -21 -2 -15 rrcurveto
+          -12 -81 -17 -104 0 -94 rrcurveto
+          0 -120 29 -115 31 -68 rrcurveto
+          126 33 rlineto
+          -34 78 -29 80 0 133 rrcurveto
+          0 87 16 101 20 74 rrcurveto
+          4 13 4 14 6 17 rrcurveto
+          -141 3 rlineto
+          -230 -68 rmoveto
+          3 -107 rlineto
+          48 -2 78 -3 55 0 rrcurveto
+          152 0 213 10 136 19 rrcurveto
+          -1 108 rlineto
+          -157 -31 -145 -5 -193 0 rrcurveto
+          -66 0 -88 8 -35 3 rrcurveto
+          490 -108 rmoveto
+          -1 -20 -8 -40 -7 -19 rrcurveto
+          -39 -92 -64 -56 -69 -45 rrcurveto
+          -60 -43 -67 -27 -47 0 rrcurveto
+          -32 0 -12 11 0 20 rrcurveto
+          0 38 67 64 97 34 rrcurveto
+          48 16 71 21 93 0 rrcurveto
+          132 0 70 -47 0 -58 rrcurveto
+          0 -58 -70 -76 -196 -17 rrcurveto
+          73 -98 rlineto
+          249 29 80 109 0 105 rrcurveto
+          0 125 -143 81 -186 0 rrcurveto
+          -78 0 -82 -12 -65 -17 rrcurveto
+          -162 -44 -126 -113 0 -108 rrcurveto
+          0 -84 64 -36 74 0 rrcurveto
+          91 0 89 36 65 36 rrcurveto
+          92 47 104 98 57 134 rrcurveto
+          7 18 17 44 8 17 rrcurveto
+          -134 27 rlineto
+          endchar
+        </CharString>
+        <CharString name="c31621">
+          399 539 rmoveto
+          0 -104 rlineto
+          554 0 rlineto
+          0 104 rlineto
+          -554 0 rlineto
+          16 -169 rmoveto
+          0 -102 rlineto
+          426 0 rlineto
+          0 102 rlineto
+          -426 0 rlineto
+          193 273 rmoveto
+          0 -321 rlineto
+          132 0 rlineto
+          0 321 rlineto
+          -132 0 rlineto
+          -41 -370 rmoveto
+          -120 -33 rlineto
+          91 -146 145 -105 217 -53 rrcurveto
+          19 30 39 46 29 24 rrcurveto
+          -202 38 -147 87 -71 112 rrcurveto
+          242 97 rmoveto
+          0 -17 rlineto
+          -59 -167 -186 -106 -249 -42 rrcurveto
+          25 -24 32 -50 13 -30 rrcurveto
+          276 61 199 122 81 229 rrcurveto
+          -86 27 rlineto
+          -22 -3 rlineto
+          -24 0 rlineto
+          -792 -100 rmoveto
+          31 -108 rlineto
+          102 19 129 22 120 24 rrcurveto
+          -16 104 rlineto
+          -131 -24 -140 -23 -95 -14 rrcurveto
+          17 238 rmoveto
+          0 -105 rlineto
+          349 0 rlineto
+          0 105 rlineto
+          -349 0 rlineto
+          122 134 rmoveto
+          0 -596 rlineto
+          0 -11 -5 -3 -14 0 rrcurveto
+          -13 0 -42 0 -37 1 rrcurveto
+          16 -29 16 -45 4 -29 rrcurveto
+          72 0 50 3 36 17 rrcurveto
+          35 17 11 28 0 51 rrcurveto
+          0 596 rlineto
+          -129 0 rlineto
+          endchar
+        </CharString>
+        <CharString name="c32051">
+          252 482 rmoveto
+          0 -92 rlineto
+          490 0 rlineto
+          0 92 rlineto
+          -490 0 rlineto
+          26 -138 rmoveto
+          0 -89 rlineto
+          443 0 rlineto
+          0 89 rlineto
+          -443 0 rlineto
+          -36 -167 rmoveto
+          0 -94 rlineto
+          515 0 rlineto
+          0 94 rlineto
+          -515 0 rlineto
+          194 280 rmoveto
+          0 -319 rlineto
+          122 0 rlineto
+          0 319 rlineto
+          -122 0 rlineto
+          146 -225 rmoveto
+          27 -22 32 -31 15 -18 rrcurveto
+          87 41 rlineto
+          -16 18 -35 29 -27 20 rrcurveto
+          -83 -37 rlineto
+          -513 380 rmoveto
+          0 -686 rlineto
+          132 0 rlineto
+          0 581 rlineto
+          595 0 rlineto
+          0 -581 rlineto
+          137 0 rlineto
+          0 686 rlineto
+          -864 0 rlineto
+          77 -550 rmoveto
+          0 -105 rlineto
+          702 0 rlineto
+          0 105 rlineto
+          -702 0 rlineto
+          endchar
+        </CharString>
+        <CharString name="uni3042">
+          -107 260 812 rmoveto
+          0 -18 -1 -26 -2 -20 rrcurveto
+          -10 -103 -11 -143 0 -129 rrcurveto
+          0 -153 22 -150 23 -90 rrcurveto
+          118 38 rlineto
+          -28 103 -21 110 0 166 rrcurveto
+          0 121 12 139 15 96 rrcurveto
+          4 16 3 18 6 22 rrcurveto
+          -130 3 rlineto
+          -168 -96 rmoveto
+          3 -128 rlineto
+          40 -2 58 -4 47 0 rrcurveto
+          114 0 167 14 98 25 rrcurveto
+          -1 128 rlineto
+          -126 -39 -96 -8 -152 0 rrcurveto
+          -59 0 -66 9 -27 5 rrcurveto
+          363 -137 rmoveto
+          -1 -23 -7 -48 -6 -23 rrcurveto
+          -27 -131 -41 -83 -43 -63 rrcurveto
+          -43 -57 -52 -35 -34 0 rrcurveto
+          -21 0 -6 16 0 30 rrcurveto
+          0 60 41 91 66 47 rrcurveto
+          34 22 53 26 74 0 rrcurveto
+          92 0 47 -68 0 -82 rrcurveto
+          0 -89 -35 -99 -154 -21 rrcurveto
+          67 -117 rlineto
+          194 37 53 141 0 142 rrcurveto
+          0 160 -116 109 -138 0 rrcurveto
+          -64 0 -63 -16 -48 -23 rrcurveto
+          -127 -58 -94 -150 0 -142 rrcurveto
+          0 -106 52 -46 61 0 rrcurveto
+          75 0 70 46 50 48 rrcurveto
+          65 66 78 134 42 179 rrcurveto
+          6 23 16 51 7 20 rrcurveto
+          -123 32 rlineto
+          endchar
+        </CharString>
+        <CharString name="uni56FD">
+          -107 194 642 rmoveto
+          0 -110 rlineto
+          355 0 rlineto
+          0 110 rlineto
+          -355 0 rlineto
+          18 -190 rmoveto
+          0 -106 rlineto
+          323 0 rlineto
+          0 106 rlineto
+          -323 0 rlineto
+          -23 -227 rmoveto
+          0 -111 rlineto
+          368 0 rlineto
+          0 111 rlineto
+          -368 0 rlineto
+          128 387 rmoveto
+          0 -434 rlineto
+          112 0 rlineto
+          0 434 rlineto
+          -112 0 rlineto
+          114 -300 rmoveto
+          16 -31 20 -43 9 -26 rrcurveto
+          80 49 rlineto
+          -11 26 -22 40 -15 28 rrcurveto
+          -77 -43 rlineto
+          -383 499 rmoveto
+          0 -907 rlineto
+          122 0 rlineto
+          0 784 rlineto
+          407 0 rlineto
+          0 -784 rlineto
+          127 0 rlineto
+          0 907 rlineto
+          -656 0 rlineto
+          72 -741 rmoveto
+          0 -123 rlineto
+          505 0 rlineto
+          0 123 rlineto
+          -505 0 rlineto
+          endchar
+        </CharString>
+        <CharString name="uni6280">
+          -107 301 710 rmoveto
+          0 -123 rlineto
+          416 0 rlineto
+          0 123 rlineto
+          -416 0 rlineto
+          10 -226 rmoveto
+          0 -121 rlineto
+          309 0 rlineto
+          0 121 rlineto
+          -309 0 rlineto
+          135 370 rmoveto
+          0 -428 rlineto
+          122 0 rlineto
+          0 428 rlineto
+          -122 0 rlineto
+          -4 -486 rmoveto
+          -112 -37 rlineto
+          72 -202 103 -143 160 -71 rrcurveto
+          17 35 37 54 27 28 rrcurveto
+          -147 54 -106 123 -51 159 rrcurveto
+          148 116 rmoveto
+          0 -21 rlineto
+          -38 -227 -126 -145 -191 -56 rrcurveto
+          22 -29 29 -58 12 -36 rrcurveto
+          217 80 140 160 58 302 rrcurveto
+          -80 34 rlineto
+          -20 -4 rlineto
+          -23 0 rlineto
+          -579 -136 rmoveto
+          27 -128 rlineto
+          78 26 99 32 90 32 rrcurveto
+          -14 123 rlineto
+          -100 -33 -107 -33 -73 -19 rrcurveto
+          13 320 rmoveto
+          0 -123 rlineto
+          267 0 rlineto
+          0 123 rlineto
+          -267 0 rlineto
+          82 185 rmoveto
+          0 -805 rlineto
+          0 -14 -4 -4 -10 -1 rrcurveto
+          -10 0 -31 0 -24 2 rrcurveto
+          14 -34 15 -55 3 -34 rrcurveto
+          56 0 41 4 30 20 rrcurveto
+          31 21 8 32 0 63 rrcurveto
+          0 805 rlineto
+          -119 0 rlineto
+          endchar
+        </CharString>
+        <CharString name="uniFF20">
+          -107 516 29 rmoveto
+          -17 64 rlineto
+          -34 -24 -47 -12 -41 0 rrcurveto
+          -127 0 -92 109 0 192 rrcurveto
+          0 219 116 140 126 0 rrcurveto
+          132 0 70 -115 0 -151 rrcurveto
+          0 -133 -42 -64 -35 2 rrcurveto
+          -21 0 -5 30 7 68 rrcurveto
+          23 215 rlineto
+          -20 16 -49 12 -37 0 rrcurveto
+          -127 0 -74 -127 0 -140 rrcurveto
+          0 -94 40 -55 58 0 rrcurveto
+          44 0 36 30 25 59 rrcurveto
+          3 0 rlineto
+          6 -60 29 -29 43 0 rrcurveto
+          98 0 70 105 0 169 rrcurveto
+          0 191 -110 140 -154 0 rrcurveto
+          -198 0 -128 -202 0 -236 rrcurveto
+          0 -224 129 -137 143 0 rrcurveto
+          62 0 43 10 55 32 rrcurveto
+          -90 475 rmoveto
+          -11 -111 rlineto
+          -5 -69 -28 -52 -24 0 rrcurveto
+          -23 0 -12 27 0 44 rrcurveto
+          0 90 37 76 47 0 rrcurveto
+          7 0 5 -2 7 -3 rrcurveto
+          endchar
+        </CharString>
+        <CharString name="uniFF21">
+          -107 498 0 rmoveto
+          166 0 rlineto
+          -192 746 rlineto
+          -195 0 rlineto
+          -188 -746 rlineto
+          162 0 rlineto
+          29 179 rlineto
+          187 0 rlineto
+          31 -179 rlineto
+          -187 306 rmoveto
+          10 73 rlineto
+          15 76 20 87 16 80 rrcurveto
+          3 0 rlineto
+          15 -78 21 -89 15 -76 rrcurveto
+          10 -73 rlineto
+          -125 0 rlineto
+          endchar
+        </CharString>
+        <CharString name="uniFF41">
+          -107 161 157 rmoveto
+          0 -95 51 -74 91 0 rrcurveto
+          53 0 52 34 42 43 rrcurveto
+          3 0 rlineto
+          11 -65 rlineto
+          122 0 rlineto
+          0 326 rlineto
+          0 172 -81 82 -124 0 rrcurveto
+          -72 0 -68 -32 -66 -44 rrcurveto
+          53 -108 rlineto
+          51 32 37 22 37 0 rrcurveto
+          48 0 30 -33 5 -52 rrcurveto
+          -199 -17 -76 -65 0 -126 rrcurveto
+          143 13 rmoveto
+          0 50 27 37 105 9 rrcurveto
+          0 -96 rlineto
+          -24 -33 -27 -23 -35 0 rrcurveto
+          -30 0 -16 17 0 39 rrcurveto
+          endchar
+        </CharString>
+      </CharStrings>
+    </CFFFont>
+
+    <GlobalSubrs>
+      <!-- The 'index' attribute is only for humans; it is ignored when parsed. -->
+    </GlobalSubrs>
+  </CFF>
+
+  <GSUB>
+    <Version value="0x00010000"/>
+    <ScriptList>
+      <!-- ScriptCount=1 -->
+      <ScriptRecord index="0">
+        <ScriptTag value="DFLT"/>
+        <Script>
+          <DefaultLangSys>
+            <ReqFeatureIndex value="65535"/>
+            <!-- FeatureCount=2 -->
+            <FeatureIndex index="0" value="0"/>
+            <FeatureIndex index="1" value="1"/>
+          </DefaultLangSys>
+          <!-- LangSysCount=0 -->
+        </Script>
+      </ScriptRecord>
+    </ScriptList>
+    <FeatureList>
+      <!-- FeatureCount=2 -->
+      <FeatureRecord index="0">
+        <FeatureTag value="vert"/>
+        <Feature>
+          <!-- LookupCount=1 -->
+          <LookupListIndex index="0" value="0"/>
+        </Feature>
+      </FeatureRecord>
+      <FeatureRecord index="1">
+        <FeatureTag value="vrt2"/>
+        <Feature>
+          <!-- LookupCount=1 -->
+          <LookupListIndex index="0" value="1"/>
+        </Feature>
+      </FeatureRecord>
+    </FeatureList>
+    <LookupList>
+      <!-- LookupCount=2 -->
+      <Lookup index="0">
+        <LookupType value="1"/>
+        <LookupFlag value="0"/>
+        <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
+        <SingleSubst index="0">
+          <Substitution in="uni3042" out="c30843"/>
+          <Substitution in="uni56FD" out="c32051"/>
+          <Substitution in="uni6280" out="c31621"/>
+          <Substitution in="uniFF20" out="c30719"/>
+          <Substitution in="uniFF21" out="c30790"/>
+          <Substitution in="uniFF41" out="c30816"/>
+        </SingleSubst>
+      </Lookup>
+      <Lookup index="1">
+        <LookupType value="1"/>
+        <LookupFlag value="0"/>
+        <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
+        <SingleSubst index="0">
+          <Substitution in="uni3042" out="c30843"/>
+          <Substitution in="uni56FD" out="c32051"/>
+          <Substitution in="uni6280" out="c31621"/>
+          <Substitution in="uniFF20" out="c30719"/>
+          <Substitution in="uniFF21" out="c30790"/>
+          <Substitution in="uniFF41" out="c30816"/>
+        </SingleSubst>
+      </Lookup>
+    </LookupList>
+  </GSUB>
+
+  <VORG>
+    <majorVersion value="1"/>
+    <minorVersion value="0"/>
+    <defaultVertOriginY value="880"/>
+    <numVertOriginYMetrics value="6"/>
+    <VOriginRecord>
+      <glyphName value="c30719"/>
+      <vOrigin value="660"/>
+    </VOriginRecord>
+    <VOriginRecord>
+      <glyphName value="c30790"/>
+      <vOrigin value="660"/>
+    </VOriginRecord>
+    <VOriginRecord>
+      <glyphName value="c30816"/>
+      <vOrigin value="660"/>
+    </VOriginRecord>
+    <VOriginRecord>
+      <glyphName value="c30843"/>
+      <vOrigin value="660"/>
+    </VOriginRecord>
+    <VOriginRecord>
+      <glyphName value="c31621"/>
+      <vOrigin value="660"/>
+    </VOriginRecord>
+    <VOriginRecord>
+      <glyphName value="c32051"/>
+      <vOrigin value="660"/>
+    </VOriginRecord>
+  </VORG>
+
+  <hmtx>
+    <mtx name=".notdef" width="188" lsb="0"/>
+    <mtx name="c30719" width="1000" lsb="119"/>
+    <mtx name="c30790" width="1000" lsb="133"/>
+    <mtx name="c30816" width="1000" lsb="229"/>
+    <mtx name="c30843" width="1000" lsb="87"/>
+    <mtx name="c31621" width="1000" lsb="17"/>
+    <mtx name="c32051" width="1000" lsb="69"/>
+    <mtx name="uni3042" width="750" lsb="56"/>
+    <mtx name="uni56FD" width="750" lsb="48"/>
+    <mtx name="uni6280" width="750" lsb="11"/>
+    <mtx name="uniFF20" width="750" lsb="84"/>
+    <mtx name="uniFF21" width="750" lsb="89"/>
+    <mtx name="uniFF41" width="750" lsb="161"/>
+  </hmtx>
+
+  <vhea>
+    <tableVersion value="0x00011000"/>
+    <ascent value="500"/>
+    <descent value="-500"/>
+    <lineGap value="0"/>
+    <advanceHeightMax value="1000"/>
+    <minTopSideBearing value="17"/>
+    <minBottomSideBearing value="16"/>
+    <yMaxExtent value="976"/>
+    <caretSlopeRise value="0"/>
+    <caretSlopeRun value="1"/>
+    <caretOffset value="0"/>
+    <reserved1 value="0"/>
+    <reserved2 value="0"/>
+    <reserved3 value="0"/>
+    <reserved4 value="0"/>
+    <metricDataFormat value="0"/>
+    <numberOfVMetrics value="8"/>
+  </vhea>
+
+  <vmtx>
+    <mtx name=".notdef" height="1000" tsb="880"/>
+    <mtx name="c30719" height="750" tsb="68"/>
+    <mtx name="c30790" height="750" tsb="98"/>
+    <mtx name="c30816" height="750" tsb="219"/>
+    <mtx name="c30843" height="750" tsb="47"/>
+    <mtx name="c31621" height="750" tsb="17"/>
+    <mtx name="c32051" height="750" tsb="48"/>
+    <mtx name="uni3042" height="1000" tsb="68"/>
+    <mtx name="uni56FD" height="1000" tsb="69"/>
+    <mtx name="uni6280" height="1000" tsb="26"/>
+    <mtx name="uniFF20" height="1000" tsb="94"/>
+    <mtx name="uniFF21" height="1000" tsb="134"/>
+    <mtx name="uniFF41" height="1000" tsb="300"/>
+  </vmtx>
+
+  <DSIG>
+    <!-- note that the Digital Signature will be invalid after recompilation! -->
+    <tableHeader flag="0x0" numSigs="0" version="1"/>
+  </DSIG>
+
+</ttFont>
diff --git a/Tests/varLib/data/test_results/Build.ttx b/Tests/varLib/data/test_results/Build.ttx
index efb2e88..c802bf3 100644
--- a/Tests/varLib/data/test_results/Build.ttx
+++ b/Tests/varLib/data/test_results/Build.ttx
@@ -3,84 +3,12 @@
 
   <GDEF>
     <Version value="0x00010003"/>
-    <VarStore Format="1">
-      <Format value="1"/>
-      <VarRegionList>
-        <!-- RegionAxisCount=2 -->
-        <!-- RegionCount=5 -->
-        <Region index="0">
-          <VarRegionAxis index="0">
-            <StartCoord value="-1.0"/>
-            <PeakCoord value="-1.0"/>
-            <EndCoord value="0.0"/>
-          </VarRegionAxis>
-          <VarRegionAxis index="1">
-            <StartCoord value="0.0"/>
-            <PeakCoord value="0.0"/>
-            <EndCoord value="0.0"/>
-          </VarRegionAxis>
-        </Region>
-        <Region index="1">
-          <VarRegionAxis index="0">
-            <StartCoord value="0.0"/>
-            <PeakCoord value="1.0"/>
-            <EndCoord value="1.0"/>
-          </VarRegionAxis>
-          <VarRegionAxis index="1">
-            <StartCoord value="0.0"/>
-            <PeakCoord value="0.0"/>
-            <EndCoord value="0.0"/>
-          </VarRegionAxis>
-        </Region>
-        <Region index="2">
-          <VarRegionAxis index="0">
-            <StartCoord value="0.0"/>
-            <PeakCoord value="0.0"/>
-            <EndCoord value="0.0"/>
-          </VarRegionAxis>
-          <VarRegionAxis index="1">
-            <StartCoord value="0.0"/>
-            <PeakCoord value="1.0"/>
-            <EndCoord value="1.0"/>
-          </VarRegionAxis>
-        </Region>
-        <Region index="3">
-          <VarRegionAxis index="0">
-            <StartCoord value="-1.0"/>
-            <PeakCoord value="-1.0"/>
-            <EndCoord value="0.0"/>
-          </VarRegionAxis>
-          <VarRegionAxis index="1">
-            <StartCoord value="0.0"/>
-            <PeakCoord value="1.0"/>
-            <EndCoord value="1.0"/>
-          </VarRegionAxis>
-        </Region>
-        <Region index="4">
-          <VarRegionAxis index="0">
-            <StartCoord value="0.0"/>
-            <PeakCoord value="1.0"/>
-            <EndCoord value="1.0"/>
-          </VarRegionAxis>
-          <VarRegionAxis index="1">
-            <StartCoord value="0.0"/>
-            <PeakCoord value="1.0"/>
-            <EndCoord value="1.0"/>
-          </VarRegionAxis>
-        </Region>
-      </VarRegionList>
-      <!-- VarDataCount=1 -->
-      <VarData index="0">
-        <!-- ItemCount=0 -->
-        <NumShorts value="0"/>
-        <!-- VarRegionCount=5 -->
-        <VarRegionIndex index="0" value="0"/>
-        <VarRegionIndex index="1" value="1"/>
-        <VarRegionIndex index="2" value="2"/>
-        <VarRegionIndex index="3" value="3"/>
-        <VarRegionIndex index="4" value="4"/>
-      </VarData>
-    </VarStore>
+    <GlyphClassDef>
+      <ClassDef glyph="uni0024" class="1"/>
+      <ClassDef glyph="uni0024.nostroke" class="1"/>
+      <ClassDef glyph="uni0041" class="1"/>
+      <ClassDef glyph="uni0061" class="1"/>
+    </GlyphClassDef>
   </GDEF>
 
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@@ -155,18 +83,15 @@
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+        <delta pt="44" x="0" y="0"/>
+        <delta pt="45" x="0" y="0"/>
+        <delta pt="46" x="0" y="0"/>
+        <delta pt="47" x="0" y="0"/>
+        <delta pt="48" x="0" y="0"/>
+        <delta pt="49" x="0" y="-6"/>
+        <delta pt="50" x="0" y="-7"/>
+        <delta pt="51" x="0" y="-8"/>
+        <delta pt="52" x="0" y="-8"/>
+        <delta pt="53" x="1" y="-8"/>
+        <delta pt="54" x="2" y="-5"/>
+        <delta pt="55" x="4" y="-2"/>
+        <delta pt="56" x="0" y="0"/>
+        <delta pt="57" x="0" y="0"/>
+        <delta pt="58" x="0" y="0"/>
+        <delta pt="59" x="0" y="0"/>
+        <delta pt="60" x="0" y="-1"/>
+        <delta pt="61" x="0" y="0"/>
+        <delta pt="62" x="0" y="0"/>
+        <delta pt="63" x="0" y="0"/>
+        <delta pt="64" x="0" y="0"/>
+      </tuple>
+      <tuple>
+        <coord axis="wght" value="-1.0"/>
+        <coord axis="cntr" value="1.0"/>
+        <delta pt="0" x="0" y="3"/>
+        <delta pt="1" x="0" y="1"/>
+        <delta pt="2" x="0" y="3"/>
+        <delta pt="3" x="0" y="3"/>
+        <delta pt="4" x="0" y="3"/>
+        <delta pt="5" x="0" y="3"/>
+        <delta pt="6" x="0" y="3"/>
+        <delta pt="7" x="0" y="-4"/>
+        <delta pt="8" x="0" y="-4"/>
+        <delta pt="9" x="-2" y="-5"/>
+        <delta pt="10" x="-6" y="-7"/>
+        <delta pt="11" x="-1" y="-5"/>
+        <delta pt="12" x="0" y="1"/>
+        <delta pt="13" x="0" y="6"/>
+        <delta pt="14" x="0" y="6"/>
+        <delta pt="15" x="1" y="6"/>
+        <delta pt="16" x="0" y="6"/>
+        <delta pt="17" x="0" y="6"/>
+        <delta pt="18" x="0" y="5"/>
+        <delta pt="19" x="0" y="4"/>
+        <delta pt="20" x="0" y="1"/>
+        <delta pt="21" x="0" y="0"/>
+        <delta pt="22" x="0" y="0"/>
+        <delta pt="23" x="0" y="0"/>
+        <delta pt="24" x="0" y="0"/>
+        <delta pt="25" x="0" y="0"/>
+        <delta pt="26" x="0" y="0"/>
+        <delta pt="27" x="0" y="1"/>
+        <delta pt="28" x="0" y="2"/>
+        <delta pt="29" x="0" y="-7"/>
+        <delta pt="30" x="0" y="-6"/>
+        <delta pt="31" x="0" y="-7"/>
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+        <delta pt="55" x="-4" y="2"/>
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+        <delta pt="57" x="0" y="0"/>
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+        <delta pt="59" x="0" y="0"/>
+        <delta pt="60" x="0" y="1"/>
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+        <delta pt="62" x="0" y="0"/>
+        <delta pt="63" x="0" y="0"/>
+        <delta pt="64" x="0" y="0"/>
+      </tuple>
+      <tuple>
+        <coord axis="wght" value="1.0"/>
+        <coord axis="cntr" value="1.0"/>
+        <delta pt="0" x="0" y="-5"/>
+        <delta pt="1" x="0" y="0"/>
+        <delta pt="2" x="3" y="-4"/>
+        <delta pt="3" x="0" y="-4"/>
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+        <delta pt="12" x="0" y="0"/>
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+        <delta pt="15" x="-1" y="-9"/>
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+        <delta pt="19" x="0" y="-8"/>
+        <delta pt="20" x="0" y="-2"/>
+        <delta pt="21" x="0" y="1"/>
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+        <delta pt="23" x="1" y="-1"/>
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+        <delta pt="39" x="0" y="1"/>
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+        <delta pt="41" x="0" y="1"/>
+        <delta pt="42" x="0" y="1"/>
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+        <delta pt="44" x="0" y="0"/>
+        <delta pt="45" x="0" y="0"/>
+        <delta pt="46" x="0" y="0"/>
+        <delta pt="47" x="0" y="-1"/>
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+        <delta pt="52" x="1" y="-14"/>
+        <delta pt="53" x="2" y="-14"/>
+        <delta pt="54" x="5" y="-11"/>
+        <delta pt="55" x="7" y="-4"/>
+        <delta pt="56" x="0" y="0"/>
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+        <delta pt="62" x="0" y="0"/>
+        <delta pt="63" x="0" y="0"/>
+        <delta pt="64" x="0" y="0"/>
+      </tuple>
+    </glyphVariations>
   </gvar>
 
 </ttFont>
diff --git a/Tests/varLib/data/test_results/Build3.ttx b/Tests/varLib/data/test_results/Build3.ttx
deleted file mode 100644
index 3b96db6..0000000
--- a/Tests/varLib/data/test_results/Build3.ttx
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,750 +0,0 @@
-<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
-<ttFont sfntVersion="\x00\x01\x00\x00" ttLibVersion="3.14">
-
-  <GDEF>
-    <Version value="0x00010003"/>
-    <VarStore Format="1">
-      <Format value="1"/>
-      <VarRegionList>
-        <!-- RegionAxisCount=1 -->
-        <!-- RegionCount=1 -->
-        <Region index="0">
-          <VarRegionAxis index="0">
-            <StartCoord value="0.0"/>
-            <PeakCoord value="1.0"/>
-            <EndCoord value="1.0"/>
-          </VarRegionAxis>
-        </Region>
-      </VarRegionList>
-      <!-- VarDataCount=1 -->
-      <VarData index="0">
-        <!-- ItemCount=0 -->
-        <NumShorts value="0"/>
-        <!-- VarRegionCount=1 -->
-        <VarRegionIndex index="0" value="0"/>
-      </VarData>
-    </VarStore>
-  </GDEF>
-
-  <HVAR>
-    <Version value="0x00010000"/>
-    <VarStore Format="1">
-      <Format value="1"/>
-      <VarRegionList>
-        <!-- RegionAxisCount=1 -->
-        <!-- RegionCount=1 -->
-        <Region index="0">
-          <VarRegionAxis index="0">
-            <StartCoord value="0.0"/>
-            <PeakCoord value="1.0"/>
-            <EndCoord value="1.0"/>
-          </VarRegionAxis>
-        </Region>
-      </VarRegionList>
-      <!-- VarDataCount=1 -->
-      <VarData index="0">
-        <!-- ItemCount=18 -->
-        <NumShorts value="1"/>
-        <!-- VarRegionCount=1 -->
-        <VarRegionIndex index="0" value="0"/>
-        <Item index="0" value="[80]"/>
-        <Item index="1" value="[0]"/>
-        <Item index="2" value="[64]"/>
-        <Item index="3" value="[50]"/>
-        <Item index="4" value="[40]"/>
-        <Item index="5" value="[108]"/>
-        <Item index="6" value="[56]"/>
-        <Item index="7" value="[98]"/>
-        <Item index="8" value="[206]"/>
-        <Item index="9" value="[40]"/>
-        <Item index="10" value="[72]"/>
-        <Item index="11" value="[50]"/>
-        <Item index="12" value="[128]"/>
-        <Item index="13" value="[-18]"/>
-        <Item index="14" value="[0]"/>
-        <Item index="15" value="[0]"/>
-        <Item index="16" value="[0]"/>
-        <Item index="17" value="[0]"/>
-      </VarData>
-    </VarStore>
-  </HVAR>
-
-  <MVAR>
-    <Version value="0x00010000"/>
-    <Reserved value="0"/>
-    <ValueRecordSize value="8"/>
-    <!-- ValueRecordCount=2 -->
-    <VarStore Format="1">
-      <Format value="1"/>
-      <VarRegionList>
-        <!-- RegionAxisCount=1 -->
-        <!-- RegionCount=1 -->
-        <Region index="0">
-          <VarRegionAxis index="0">
-            <StartCoord value="0.0"/>
-            <PeakCoord value="1.0"/>
-            <EndCoord value="1.0"/>
-          </VarRegionAxis>
-        </Region>
-      </VarRegionList>
-      <!-- VarDataCount=1 -->
-      <VarData index="0">
-        <!-- ItemCount=2 -->
-        <NumShorts value="0"/>
-        <!-- VarRegionCount=1 -->
-        <VarRegionIndex index="0" value="0"/>
-        <Item index="0" value="[22]"/>
-        <Item index="1" value="[13]"/>
-      </VarData>
-    </VarStore>
-    <ValueRecord index="0">
-      <ValueTag value="stro"/>
-      <VarIdx value="1"/>
-    </ValueRecord>
-    <ValueRecord index="1">
-      <ValueTag value="xhgt"/>
-      <VarIdx value="0"/>
-    </ValueRecord>
-  </MVAR>
-
-  <fvar>
-
-    <!-- Weight -->
-    <Axis>
-      <AxisTag>wght</AxisTag>
-      <Flags>0x0</Flags>
-      <MinValue>0.0</MinValue>
-      <DefaultValue>0.0</DefaultValue>
-      <MaxValue>1000.0</MaxValue>
-      <AxisNameID>257</AxisNameID>
-    </Axis>
-
-    <!-- ExtraLight -->
-    <!-- PostScript: TestFamily2-ExtraLight -->
-    <NamedInstance flags="0x0" postscriptNameID="259" subfamilyNameID="258">
-      <coord axis="wght" value="0.0"/>
-    </NamedInstance>
-
-    <!-- Light -->
-    <!-- PostScript: TestFamily2-Light -->
-    <NamedInstance flags="0x0" postscriptNameID="261" subfamilyNameID="260">
-      <coord axis="wght" value="100.0"/>
-    </NamedInstance>
-
-    <!-- Regular -->
-    <!-- PostScript: TestFamily2-Regular -->
-    <NamedInstance flags="0x0" postscriptNameID="263" subfamilyNameID="262">
-      <coord axis="wght" value="368.0"/>
-    </NamedInstance>
-
-    <!-- Semibold -->
-    <!-- PostScript: TestFamily2-Semibold -->
-    <NamedInstance flags="0x0" postscriptNameID="265" subfamilyNameID="264">
-      <coord axis="wght" value="600.0"/>
-    </NamedInstance>
-
-    <!-- Bold -->
-    <!-- PostScript: TestFamily2-Bold -->
-    <NamedInstance flags="0x0" postscriptNameID="267" subfamilyNameID="266">
-      <coord axis="wght" value="824.0"/>
-    </NamedInstance>
-
-    <!-- Black -->
-    <!-- PostScript: TestFamily2-Black -->
-    <NamedInstance flags="0x0" postscriptNameID="269" subfamilyNameID="268">
-      <coord axis="wght" value="1000.0"/>
-    </NamedInstance>
-  </fvar>
-
-  <gvar>
-    <version value="1"/>
-    <reserved value="0"/>
-    <glyphVariations glyph=".notdef">
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diff --git a/Tests/varLib/data/test_results/BuildGvarCompositeExplicitDelta.ttx b/Tests/varLib/data/test_results/BuildGvarCompositeExplicitDelta.ttx
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ce5b55d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/varLib/data/test_results/BuildGvarCompositeExplicitDelta.ttx
@@ -0,0 +1,229 @@
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+        <delta pt="35" x="-42" y="0"/>
+        <delta pt="36" x="0" y="0"/>
+        <delta pt="37" x="0" y="0"/>
+        <delta pt="38" x="0" y="0"/>
+        <delta pt="39" x="0" y="0"/>
+      </tuple>
+    </glyphVariations>
+    <glyphVariations glyph="Odieresis">
+      <tuple>
+        <coord axis="slnt" value="-1.0"/>
+        <delta pt="0" x="0" y="0"/>
+        <delta pt="1" x="40" y="0"/>
+        <delta pt="2" x="0" y="0"/>
+        <delta pt="3" x="0" y="0"/>
+        <delta pt="4" x="0" y="0"/>
+        <delta pt="5" x="0" y="0"/>
+      </tuple>
+    </glyphVariations>
+    <glyphVariations glyph="n">
+      <tuple>
+        <coord axis="slnt" value="-1.0"/>
+        <delta pt="0" x="-41" y="0"/>
+        <delta pt="1" x="-43" y="0"/>
+        <delta pt="2" x="-44" y="4"/>
+        <delta pt="3" x="-40" y="7"/>
+        <delta pt="4" x="40" y="4"/>
+        <delta pt="5" x="46" y="0"/>
+        <delta pt="6" x="43" y="0"/>
+        <delta pt="7" x="40" y="0"/>
+        <delta pt="8" x="41" y="0"/>
+        <delta pt="9" x="37" y="-3"/>
+        <delta pt="10" x="27" y="-6"/>
+        <delta pt="11" x="19" y="-6"/>
+        <delta pt="12" x="-42" y="-6"/>
+        <delta pt="13" x="-44" y="-5"/>
+        <delta pt="14" x="-43" y="0"/>
+        <delta pt="15" x="-41" y="0"/>
+        <delta pt="16" x="-43" y="0"/>
+        <delta pt="17" x="-44" y="4"/>
+        <delta pt="18" x="-40" y="7"/>
+        <delta pt="19" x="21" y="7"/>
+        <delta pt="20" x="26" y="4"/>
+        <delta pt="21" x="38" y="0"/>
+        <delta pt="22" x="40" y="0"/>
+        <delta pt="23" x="34" y="0"/>
+        <delta pt="24" x="-42" y="-6"/>
+        <delta pt="25" x="-44" y="-4"/>
+        <delta pt="26" x="-43" y="0"/>
+        <delta pt="27" x="0" y="0"/>
+        <delta pt="28" x="0" y="0"/>
+        <delta pt="29" x="0" y="0"/>
+        <delta pt="30" x="0" y="0"/>
+      </tuple>
+    </glyphVariations>
+    <glyphVariations glyph="o">
+      <tuple>
+        <coord axis="slnt" value="-1.0"/>
+        <delta pt="0" x="-42" y="0"/>
+        <delta pt="1" x="-44" y="0"/>
+        <delta pt="2" x="-38" y="2"/>
+        <delta pt="3" x="-24" y="6"/>
+        <delta pt="4" x="-14" y="7"/>
+        <delta pt="5" x="18" y="7"/>
+        <delta pt="6" x="28" y="6"/>
+        <delta pt="7" x="41" y="3"/>
+        <delta pt="8" x="45" y="0"/>
+        <delta pt="9" x="44" y="0"/>
+        <delta pt="10" x="45" y="0"/>
+        <delta pt="11" x="40" y="-2"/>
+        <delta pt="12" x="27" y="-5"/>
+        <delta pt="13" x="16" y="-7"/>
+        <delta pt="14" x="-16" y="-7"/>
+        <delta pt="15" x="-26" y="-5"/>
+        <delta pt="16" x="-39" y="-3"/>
+        <delta pt="17" x="-44" y="0"/>
+        <delta pt="18" x="-42" y="0"/>
+        <delta pt="19" x="-40" y="0"/>
+        <delta pt="20" x="-24" y="4"/>
+        <delta pt="21" x="-14" y="7"/>
+        <delta pt="22" x="18" y="7"/>
+        <delta pt="23" x="27" y="5"/>
+        <delta pt="24" x="42" y="0"/>
+        <delta pt="25" x="44" y="0"/>
+        <delta pt="26" x="42" y="0"/>
+        <delta pt="27" x="27" y="-4"/>
+        <delta pt="28" x="16" y="-7"/>
+        <delta pt="29" x="-16" y="-7"/>
+        <delta pt="30" x="-25" y="-5"/>
+        <delta pt="31" x="-40" y="0"/>
+        <delta pt="32" x="0" y="0"/>
+        <delta pt="33" x="0" y="0"/>
+        <delta pt="34" x="0" y="0"/>
+        <delta pt="35" x="0" y="0"/>
+      </tuple>
+    </glyphVariations>
+    <glyphVariations glyph="odieresis">
+      <tuple>
+        <coord axis="slnt" value="-1.0"/>
+        <delta pt="0" x="0" y="0"/>
+        <delta pt="1" x="0" y="0"/>
+        <delta pt="2" x="0" y="0"/>
+        <delta pt="3" x="0" y="0"/>
+        <delta pt="4" x="0" y="0"/>
+        <delta pt="5" x="0" y="0"/>
+      </tuple>
+    </glyphVariations>
+    <glyphVariations glyph="uni0308">
+      <tuple>
+        <coord axis="slnt" value="-1.0"/>
+        <delta pt="0" x="75" y="0"/>
+        <delta pt="1" x="73" y="0"/>
+        <delta pt="2" x="73" y="5"/>
+        <delta pt="3" x="76" y="6"/>
+        <delta pt="4" x="82" y="5"/>
+        <delta pt="5" x="84" y="3"/>
+        <delta pt="6" x="82" y="0"/>
+        <delta pt="7" x="81" y="0"/>
+        <delta pt="8" x="82" y="0"/>
+        <delta pt="9" x="83" y="-6"/>
+        <delta pt="10" x="80" y="-6"/>
+        <delta pt="11" x="74" y="-5"/>
+        <delta pt="12" x="72" y="-4"/>
+        <delta pt="13" x="73" y="0"/>
+        <delta pt="14" x="75" y="0"/>
+        <delta pt="15" x="73" y="0"/>
+        <delta pt="16" x="73" y="5"/>
+        <delta pt="17" x="76" y="6"/>
+        <delta pt="18" x="82" y="5"/>
+        <delta pt="19" x="84" y="3"/>
+        <delta pt="20" x="82" y="0"/>
+        <delta pt="21" x="81" y="0"/>
+        <delta pt="22" x="82" y="0"/>
+        <delta pt="23" x="83" y="-6"/>
+        <delta pt="24" x="80" y="-6"/>
+        <delta pt="25" x="74" y="-5"/>
+        <delta pt="26" x="72" y="-4"/>
+        <delta pt="27" x="73" y="0"/>
+        <delta pt="28" x="0" y="0"/>
+        <delta pt="29" x="0" y="0"/>
+        <delta pt="30" x="0" y="0"/>
+        <delta pt="31" x="0" y="0"/>
+      </tuple>
+    </glyphVariations>
+  </gvar>
+
+</ttFont>
diff --git a/Tests/varLib/data/test_results/BuildMain.ttx b/Tests/varLib/data/test_results/BuildMain.ttx
index bf9a0b4..27d02d1 100644
--- a/Tests/varLib/data/test_results/BuildMain.ttx
+++ b/Tests/varLib/data/test_results/BuildMain.ttx
@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@
          will be recalculated by the compiler -->
     <version value="4"/>
     <xAvgCharWidth value="506"/>
-    <usWeightClass value="400"/>
+    <usWeightClass value="368"/>
     <usWidthClass value="5"/>
     <fsType value="00000000 00000100"/>
     <ySubscriptXSize value="650"/>
@@ -440,6 +440,9 @@
   </glyf>
 
   <name>
+    <namerecord nameID="257" platformID="0" platEncID="4" langID="0x0">
+      کنتراست
+    </namerecord>
     <namerecord nameID="256" platformID="1" platEncID="0" langID="0x0" unicode="True">
       Weight
     </namerecord>
@@ -494,11 +497,11 @@
     <namerecord nameID="273" platformID="1" platEncID="0" langID="0x0" unicode="True">
       TestFamily-BlackHighContrast
     </namerecord>
-    <namerecord nameID="274" platformID="1" platEncID="0" langID="0x0" unicode="True">
-      Weight
+    <namerecord nameID="257" platformID="1" platEncID="0" langID="0x2" unicode="True">
+      Kontrast
     </namerecord>
-    <namerecord nameID="275" platformID="1" platEncID="0" langID="0x0" unicode="True">
-      Contrast
+    <namerecord nameID="257" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x407">
+      Kontrast
     </namerecord>
     <namerecord nameID="1" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
       Test Family
@@ -578,12 +581,6 @@
     <namerecord nameID="273" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
       TestFamily-BlackHighContrast
     </namerecord>
-    <namerecord nameID="274" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
-      Weight
-    </namerecord>
-    <namerecord nameID="275" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
-      Contrast
-    </namerecord>
   </name>
 
   <post>
@@ -618,84 +615,12 @@
 
   <GDEF>
     <Version value="0x00010003"/>
-    <VarStore Format="1">
-      <Format value="1"/>
-      <VarRegionList>
-        <!-- RegionAxisCount=2 -->
-        <!-- RegionCount=5 -->
-        <Region index="0">
-          <VarRegionAxis index="0">
-            <StartCoord value="-1.0"/>
-            <PeakCoord value="-1.0"/>
-            <EndCoord value="0.0"/>
-          </VarRegionAxis>
-          <VarRegionAxis index="1">
-            <StartCoord value="0.0"/>
-            <PeakCoord value="0.0"/>
-            <EndCoord value="0.0"/>
-          </VarRegionAxis>
-        </Region>
-        <Region index="1">
-          <VarRegionAxis index="0">
-            <StartCoord value="0.0"/>
-            <PeakCoord value="1.0"/>
-            <EndCoord value="1.0"/>
-          </VarRegionAxis>
-          <VarRegionAxis index="1">
-            <StartCoord value="0.0"/>
-            <PeakCoord value="0.0"/>
-            <EndCoord value="0.0"/>
-          </VarRegionAxis>
-        </Region>
-        <Region index="2">
-          <VarRegionAxis index="0">
-            <StartCoord value="0.0"/>
-            <PeakCoord value="0.0"/>
-            <EndCoord value="0.0"/>
-          </VarRegionAxis>
-          <VarRegionAxis index="1">
-            <StartCoord value="0.0"/>
-            <PeakCoord value="1.0"/>
-            <EndCoord value="1.0"/>
-          </VarRegionAxis>
-        </Region>
-        <Region index="3">
-          <VarRegionAxis index="0">
-            <StartCoord value="-1.0"/>
-            <PeakCoord value="-1.0"/>
-            <EndCoord value="0.0"/>
-          </VarRegionAxis>
-          <VarRegionAxis index="1">
-            <StartCoord value="0.0"/>
-            <PeakCoord value="1.0"/>
-            <EndCoord value="1.0"/>
-          </VarRegionAxis>
-        </Region>
-        <Region index="4">
-          <VarRegionAxis index="0">
-            <StartCoord value="0.0"/>
-            <PeakCoord value="1.0"/>
-            <EndCoord value="1.0"/>
-          </VarRegionAxis>
-          <VarRegionAxis index="1">
-            <StartCoord value="0.0"/>
-            <PeakCoord value="1.0"/>
-            <EndCoord value="1.0"/>
-          </VarRegionAxis>
-        </Region>
-      </VarRegionList>
-      <!-- VarDataCount=1 -->
-      <VarData index="0">
-        <!-- ItemCount=0 -->
-        <NumShorts value="0"/>
-        <!-- VarRegionCount=5 -->
-        <VarRegionIndex index="0" value="0"/>
-        <VarRegionIndex index="1" value="1"/>
-        <VarRegionIndex index="2" value="2"/>
-        <VarRegionIndex index="3" value="3"/>
-        <VarRegionIndex index="4" value="4"/>
-      </VarData>
-    </VarStore>
+    <GlyphClassDef>
+      <ClassDef glyph="uni0024" class="1"/>
+      <ClassDef glyph="uni0024.nostroke" class="1"/>
+      <ClassDef glyph="uni0041" class="1"/>
+      <ClassDef glyph="uni0061" class="1"/>
+    </GlyphClassDef>
   </GDEF>
 
   <HVAR>
@@ -770,18 +695,15 @@
       <VarData index="0">
         <!-- ItemCount=6 -->
         <NumShorts value="0"/>
-        <!-- VarRegionCount=5 -->
+        <!-- VarRegionCount=2 -->
         <VarRegionIndex index="0" value="0"/>
         <VarRegionIndex index="1" value="1"/>
-        <VarRegionIndex index="2" value="2"/>
-        <VarRegionIndex index="3" value="3"/>
-        <VarRegionIndex index="4" value="4"/>
-        <Item index="0" value="[0, 0, 0, 0, 0]"/>
-        <Item index="1" value="[14, -28, 0, 0, 0]"/>
-        <Item index="2" value="[-10, 17, 0, 0, 0]"/>
-        <Item index="3" value="[-3, 32, 0, 0, 0]"/>
-        <Item index="4" value="[-7, 63, 0, 0, 0]"/>
-        <Item index="5" value="[-7, 63, 0, 0, 0]"/>
+        <Item index="0" value="[0, 0]"/>
+        <Item index="1" value="[14, -28]"/>
+        <Item index="2" value="[-10, 17]"/>
+        <Item index="3" value="[-3, 32]"/>
+        <Item index="4" value="[-7, 63]"/>
+        <Item index="5" value="[-7, 63]"/>
       </VarData>
     </VarStore>
   </HVAR>
@@ -861,14 +783,11 @@
       <VarData index="0">
         <!-- ItemCount=2 -->
         <NumShorts value="0"/>
-        <!-- VarRegionCount=5 -->
+        <!-- VarRegionCount=2 -->
         <VarRegionIndex index="0" value="0"/>
         <VarRegionIndex index="1" value="1"/>
-        <VarRegionIndex index="2" value="2"/>
-        <VarRegionIndex index="3" value="3"/>
-        <VarRegionIndex index="4" value="4"/>
-        <Item index="0" value="[-4, 13, 0, 0, 0]"/>
-        <Item index="1" value="[-2, 8, 0, 0, 0]"/>
+        <Item index="0" value="[-4, 13]"/>
+        <Item index="1" value="[-2, 8]"/>
       </VarData>
     </VarStore>
     <ValueRecord index="0">
@@ -882,22 +801,23 @@
   </MVAR>
 
   <STAT>
-    <Version value="0x00010000"/>
+    <Version value="0x00010001"/>
     <DesignAxisRecordSize value="8"/>
     <!-- DesignAxisCount=2 -->
     <DesignAxisRecord>
       <Axis index="0">
         <AxisTag value="wght"/>
-        <AxisNameID value="274"/>  <!-- Weight -->
+        <AxisNameID value="256"/>  <!-- Weight -->
         <AxisOrdering value="0"/>
       </Axis>
       <Axis index="1">
         <AxisTag value="cntr"/>
-        <AxisNameID value="275"/>  <!-- Contrast -->
+        <AxisNameID value="257"/>  <!-- Contrast -->
         <AxisOrdering value="1"/>
       </Axis>
     </DesignAxisRecord>
     <!-- AxisValueCount=0 -->
+    <ElidedFallbackNameID value="2"/>  <!-- Regular -->
   </STAT>
 
   <cvar>
@@ -1017,7 +937,7 @@
         <delta pt="15" x="0" y="0"/>
         <delta pt="16" x="0" y="0"/>
         <delta pt="17" x="0" y="0"/>
-        <delta pt="18" x="0" y="7"/>
+        <delta pt="18" x="0" y="0"/>
         <delta pt="19" x="0" y="0"/>
       </tuple>
       <tuple>
@@ -1040,7 +960,7 @@
         <delta pt="15" x="0" y="0"/>
         <delta pt="16" x="0" y="0"/>
         <delta pt="17" x="0" y="0"/>
-        <delta pt="18" x="0" y="-18"/>
+        <delta pt="18" x="0" y="0"/>
         <delta pt="19" x="0" y="0"/>
       </tuple>
       <tuple>
@@ -1131,509 +1051,6 @@
         <delta pt="3" x="0" y="0"/>
       </tuple>
     </glyphVariations>
-    <glyphVariations glyph="uni0041">
-      <tuple>
-        <coord axis="wght" value="-1.0"/>
-        <delta pt="0" x="7" y="0"/>
-        <delta pt="1" x="7" y="-20"/>
-        <delta pt="2" x="-6" y="-29"/>
-        <delta pt="3" x="-12" y="-29"/>
-        <delta pt="4" x="-25" y="-20"/>
-        <delta pt="5" x="-25" y="0"/>
-        <delta pt="6" x="14" y="0"/>
-        <delta pt="7" x="4" y="9"/>
-        <delta pt="8" x="-36" y="9"/>
-        <delta pt="9" x="-37" y="0"/>
-        <delta pt="10" x="24" y="0"/>
-        <delta pt="11" x="9" y="58"/>
-        <delta pt="12" x="3" y="68"/>
-        <delta pt="13" x="-4" y="0"/>
-        <delta pt="14" x="3" y="28"/>
-        <delta pt="15" x="-4" y="2"/>
-        <delta pt="16" x="4" y="2"/>
-        <delta pt="17" x="-4" y="28"/>
-        <delta pt="18" x="20" y="0"/>
-        <delta pt="19" x="20" y="-20"/>
-        <delta pt="20" x="14" y="-29"/>
-        <delta pt="21" x="8" y="-29"/>
-        <delta pt="22" x="-2" y="-20"/>
-        <delta pt="23" x="-2" y="0"/>
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-        <delta pt="25" x="-10" y="0"/>
-        <delta pt="26" x="0" y="9"/>
-        <delta pt="27" x="0" y="0"/>
-      </tuple>
-      <tuple>
-        <coord axis="wght" value="1.0"/>
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-        <delta pt="11" x="-27" y="-86"/>
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-        <delta pt="13" x="11" y="0"/>
-        <delta pt="14" x="-2" y="-39"/>
-        <delta pt="15" x="-1" y="-22"/>
-        <delta pt="16" x="-1" y="-22"/>
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-        <delta pt="18" x="-41" y="0"/>
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-        <delta pt="20" x="-59" y="16"/>
-        <delta pt="21" x="6" y="16"/>
-        <delta pt="22" x="12" y="16"/>
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-        <delta pt="25" x="17" y="0"/>
-        <delta pt="26" x="0" y="-23"/>
-        <delta pt="27" x="0" y="0"/>
-      </tuple>
-      <tuple>
-        <coord axis="cntr" value="1.0"/>
-        <delta pt="0" x="2" y="0"/>
-        <delta pt="1" x="2" y="-9"/>
-        <delta pt="2" x="-4" y="-9"/>
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-        <delta pt="6" x="2" y="0"/>
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-        <delta pt="11" x="-6" y="8"/>
-        <delta pt="12" x="-10" y="0"/>
-        <delta pt="13" x="-2" y="0"/>
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-        <delta pt="15" x="-3" y="-5"/>
-        <delta pt="16" x="5" y="-5"/>
-        <delta pt="17" x="-1" y="5"/>
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-        <delta pt="22" x="0" y="-8"/>
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-      <tuple>
-        <coord axis="wght" value="-1.0"/>
-        <coord axis="cntr" value="1.0"/>
-        <delta pt="0" x="-2" y="0"/>
-        <delta pt="1" x="-2" y="9"/>
-        <delta pt="2" x="4" y="9"/>
-        <delta pt="3" x="4" y="9"/>
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-        <delta pt="8" x="4" y="0"/>
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diff --git a/Tests/varLib/data/test_results/BuildTestCFF2.ttx b/Tests/varLib/data/test_results/BuildTestCFF2.ttx
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c4b9377
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/varLib/data/test_results/BuildTestCFF2.ttx
@@ -0,0 +1,267 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<ttFont sfntVersion="OTTO" ttLibVersion="3.42">
+
+  <fvar>
+
+    <!-- Weight -->
+    <Axis>
+      <AxisTag>wght</AxisTag>
+      <Flags>0x0</Flags>
+      <MinValue>200.0</MinValue>
+      <DefaultValue>400.0</DefaultValue>
+      <MaxValue>900.0</MaxValue>
+      <AxisNameID>256</AxisNameID>
+    </Axis>
+
+    <!-- ExtraLight -->
+    <!-- PostScript: TestCFF2Roman-ExtraLight -->
+    <NamedInstance flags="0x0" postscriptNameID="258" subfamilyNameID="257">
+      <coord axis="wght" value="200.0"/>
+    </NamedInstance>
+
+    <!-- Light -->
+    <!-- PostScript: TestCFF2Roman-Light -->
+    <NamedInstance flags="0x0" postscriptNameID="260" subfamilyNameID="259">
+      <coord axis="wght" value="300.0"/>
+    </NamedInstance>
+
+    <!-- Regular -->
+    <!-- PostScript: TestCFF2Roman-Regular -->
+    <NamedInstance flags="0x0" postscriptNameID="261" subfamilyNameID="2">
+      <coord axis="wght" value="400.0"/>
+    </NamedInstance>
+
+    <!-- Medium -->
+    <!-- PostScript: TestCFF2Roman-Medium -->
+    <NamedInstance flags="0x0" postscriptNameID="263" subfamilyNameID="262">
+      <coord axis="wght" value="500.0"/>
+    </NamedInstance>
+
+    <!-- Semibold -->
+    <!-- PostScript: TestCFF2Roman-Semibold -->
+    <NamedInstance flags="0x0" postscriptNameID="265" subfamilyNameID="264">
+      <coord axis="wght" value="600.0"/>
+    </NamedInstance>
+
+    <!-- Bold -->
+    <!-- PostScript: TestCFF2Roman-Bold -->
+    <NamedInstance flags="0x0" postscriptNameID="267" subfamilyNameID="266">
+      <coord axis="wght" value="700.0"/>
+    </NamedInstance>
+
+    <!-- Black -->
+    <!-- PostScript: TestCFF2Roman-Black -->
+    <NamedInstance flags="0x0" postscriptNameID="269" subfamilyNameID="268">
+      <coord axis="wght" value="900.0"/>
+    </NamedInstance>
+  </fvar>
+
+  <CFF2>
+    <major value="2"/>
+    <minor value="0"/>
+    <CFFFont name="CFF2Font">
+      <FontMatrix value="0.001 0 0 0.001 0 0"/>
+      <FDArray>
+        <FontDict index="0">
+          <Private>
+            <BlueValues>
+                <blend value="-12 0 0"/>
+                <blend value="0 0 0"/>
+                <blend value="486 -8 14"/>
+                <blend value="498 0 0"/>
+                <blend value="574 4 -8"/>
+                <blend value="586 0 0"/>
+                <blend value="638 6 -10"/>
+                <blend value="650 0 0"/>
+                <blend value="656 2 -2"/>
+                <blend value="668 0 0"/>
+                <blend value="712 6 -10"/>
+                <blend value="724 0 0"/>
+            </BlueValues>
+            <OtherBlues>
+                <blend value="-217 -17 29"/>
+                <blend value="-205 0 0"/>
+            </OtherBlues>
+            <BlueScale value="0.0625"/>
+            <BlueShift value="7"/>
+            <BlueFuzz value="0"/>
+            <StdHW>
+                <blend value="67 -39 67"/>
+            </StdHW>
+            <StdVW>
+                <blend value="85 -51 87"/>
+            </StdVW>
+            <LanguageGroup value="0"/>
+            <ExpansionFactor value="0.06"/>
+          </Private>
+        </FontDict>
+      </FDArray>
+      <CharStrings>
+        <CharString name=".notdef">
+          62 22 -38 1 blend
+          hmoveto
+          476 -44 76 1 blend
+          660 -476 44 -76 1 blend
+          -660 hlineto
+          109 59 -61 103 -27 45 2 blend
+          rmoveto
+          73 131 54 102 29 -47 45 -75 10 -18 4 -6 4 blend
+          4 0 52 -102 73 -131 10 -16 -4 6 27 -47 -45 75 4 blend
+          rlineto
+          -256 -76 128 1 blend
+          hlineto
+          -44 52 34 -56 -10 16 2 blend
+          rmoveto
+          461 75 -125 1 blend
+          vlineto
+          127 -232 -127 -229 27 -45 -38 64 -27 45 -37 61 4 blend
+          rlineto
+          171 277 5 -9 15 -25 2 blend
+          rmoveto
+          -50 93 -66 119 234 -6 10 -1 3 -28 48 49 -83 68 -114 5 blend
+          0 -65 -119 -49 -93 -29 47 -49 83 -5 9 1 -3 4 blend
+          rlineto
+          -4 hlineto
+          48 -48 -22 36 22 -36 2 blend
+          rmoveto
+          126 232 26 -44 38 -64 2 blend
+          0 -461 -126 229 -75 125 -26 44 37 -61 3 blend
+          rlineto
+        </CharString>
+        <CharString name="A">
+          31 19 -31 1 blend
+          hmoveto
+          86 -54 90 1 blend
+          hlineto
+          115 366 23 73 21 72 21 76 25 -42 30 -50 5 -9 7 -11 3 -4 -4 6 3 -7 6 -10 8 blend
+          rlinecurve
+          4 hlineto
+          20 -76 22 -72 23 -73 4 -6 -6 10 2 -3 4 -6 5 -9 -7 11 6 blend
+          rrcurveto
+          113 -366 90 25 -40 -30 50 -56 92 3 blend
+          0 -221 656 -96 -15 25 4 -6 68 -112 3 blend
+          0 -221 -656 -15 25 -4 6 2 blend
+          rlineto
+          117 199 -15 24 37 -61 2 blend
+          rmoveto
+          301 68 -301 -68 -8 15 -40 65 8 -15 40 -65 4 blend
+          hlineto
+        </CharString>
+        <CharString name="T">
+          258 26 -44 1 blend
+          hmoveto
+          84 585 217 71 -518 -71 217 -585 -52 88 47 -79 17 -30 -43 73 18 -28 43 -73 17 -30 -47 79 8 blend
+          hlineto
+        </CharString>
+        <CharString name="dollar">
+          248 35 -3 12 -28 4 2 blend
+          rmoveto
+          -39 -45 5 18 -46 -26 -26 6 17 10 6 32 6 0 -3 5 blend
+          hvcurveto
+          53 -36 -17 76 -17 36 -12 -17 -11 2 24 13 4 blend
+          rlineto
+          53 -12 -22 13 -24 -37 -1 8 3 10 0 -9 5 13 -19 5 blend
+          hhcurveto
+          -22 -14 -11 -20 -9 8 -4 6 -13 4 -3 6 -18 8 -5 5 blend
+          hvcurveto
+          -87 4 81 -59 107 2 -3 20 -4 -20 -10 8 5 0 32 5 blend
+          hhcurveto
+          136 82 76 107 82 -41 65 -135 47 -45 27 8 17 -23 8 4 10 -12 16 15 -17 1 3 1 -7 10 -2 9 blend
+          hvcurveto
+          -38 13 19 5 -5 -3 2 blend
+          rlineto
+          -71 23 -40 35 64 -22 -1 16 -1 -2 16 14 -11 4 -15 5 blend
+          vvcurveto
+          75 57 37 74 30 36 -5 -17 42 16 -14 3 -10 11 -14 14 -7 26 12 -1 -9 -9 1 -33 -7 2 10 9 blend
+          vhcurveto
+          -52 36 17 -76 14 -33 11 11 11 -7 -24 9 4 blend
+          rlineto
+          -52 12 25 -14 22 37 -23 -6 -1 -15 12 9 0 -11 17 5 blend
+          hhcurveto
+          19 17 10 21 8 -5 7 -9 12 -3 5 -7 20 -7 -3 5 blend
+          hvcurveto
+          86 -6 -80 60 -101 2 2 -18 -2 13 4 -12 -12 17 -20 5 blend
+          hhcurveto
+          -115 -83 -80 -102 -100 62 -54 105 -37 23 -43 1 -2 29 0 -6 -13 20 7 -17 4 1 -15 -13 16 -5 -2 9 blend
+          hvcurveto
+          37 -13 0 -5 -4 2 2 blend
+          rlineto
+          85 -30 36 -30 -63 29 -5 -22 2 -10 -13 -16 11 -2 10 5 blend
+          vvcurveto
+          -74 -53 -42 -82 -18 19 -12 10 -12 3 -8 10 4 blend
+          vhcurveto
+          31 287 -13 33 40 -12 2 blend
+          rmoveto
+          428 -40 -428 40 0 -11 18 -31 0 11 -18 31 4 blend
+          vlineto
+          -41 -437 19 -38 -12 8 2 blend
+          rmoveto
+          40 437 -40 -437 -18 31 12 -8 18 -31 -12 8 4 blend
+          hlineto
+        </CharString>
+        <CharString name="dollar.a">
+          304 7 -12 1 blend
+          34 rmoveto
+          125 86 65 96 -22 38 2 -3 -9 15 -2 4 4 blend
+          hvcurveto
+          183 -324 -21 110 1 -1 -14 22 -11 17 32 -54 4 blend
+          vvcurveto
+          50 42 32 67 68 36 -21 -36 47 18 -29 15 -24 12 -21 18 -31 8 -13 -2 3 -3 5 -2 4 -3 5 9 blend
+          vhcurveto
+          44 49 -24 40 -29 49 2 blend
+          rlineto
+          44 -46 -54 33 -89 -6 8 5 -7 9 -15 -1 3 4 -8 5 blend
+          hhcurveto
+          -115 -81 -59 -94 16 -26 3 -7 5 -9 6 -10 4 blend
+          hvcurveto
+          -174 324 22 -124 8 -14 14 -22 6 -10 -32 56 4 blend
+          vvcurveto
+          -51 -42 -35 -78 -76 -62 31 37 -52 -19 31 -14 23 -15 25 -25 41 -9 15 -4 7 7 -11 -3 3 12 -20 9 blend
+          vhcurveto
+          -39 -58 21 -35 36 -58 2 blend
+          rlineto
+          -43 52 84 -36 83 5 -11 -7 13 -11 17 -4 8 8 -13 5 blend
+          hhcurveto
+          -51 -147 -19 32 1 -3 2 blend
+          rmoveto
+          159 857 -56 7 -159 -858 56 -6 -1 1 3 -3 26 -44 -3 5 1 -1 -2 4 -26 44 2 -6 8 blend
+          rlineto
+        </CharString>
+      </CharStrings>
+      <VarStore Format="1">
+        <Format value="1"/>
+        <VarRegionList>
+          <!-- RegionAxisCount=1 -->
+          <!-- RegionCount=2 -->
+          <Region index="0">
+            <VarRegionAxis index="0">
+              <StartCoord value="-1.0"/>
+              <PeakCoord value="-1.0"/>
+              <EndCoord value="0.0"/>
+            </VarRegionAxis>
+          </Region>
+          <Region index="1">
+            <VarRegionAxis index="0">
+              <StartCoord value="0.0"/>
+              <PeakCoord value="1.0"/>
+              <EndCoord value="1.0"/>
+            </VarRegionAxis>
+          </Region>
+        </VarRegionList>
+        <!-- VarDataCount=1 -->
+        <VarData index="0">
+          <!-- ItemCount=0 -->
+          <NumShorts value="0"/>
+          <!-- VarRegionCount=2 -->
+          <VarRegionIndex index="0" value="0"/>
+          <VarRegionIndex index="1" value="1"/>
+        </VarData>
+      </VarStore>
+    </CFFFont>
+
+    <GlobalSubrs>
+      <!-- The 'index' attribute is only for humans; it is ignored when parsed. -->
+    </GlobalSubrs>
+  </CFF2>
+
+</ttFont>
diff --git a/Tests/varLib/data/test_results/FeatureVars.ttx b/Tests/varLib/data/test_results/FeatureVars.ttx
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ca24f41
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/varLib/data/test_results/FeatureVars.ttx
@@ -0,0 +1,180 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<ttFont sfntVersion="\x00\x01\x00\x00" ttLibVersion="3.29">
+
+  <fvar>
+
+    <!-- Weight -->
+    <Axis>
+      <AxisTag>wght</AxisTag>
+      <Flags>0x0</Flags>
+      <MinValue>0.0</MinValue>
+      <DefaultValue>368.0</DefaultValue>
+      <MaxValue>1000.0</MaxValue>
+      <AxisNameID>256</AxisNameID>
+    </Axis>
+
+    <!-- Contrast -->
+    <Axis>
+      <AxisTag>cntr</AxisTag>
+      <Flags>0x0</Flags>
+      <MinValue>0.0</MinValue>
+      <DefaultValue>0.0</DefaultValue>
+      <MaxValue>100.0</MaxValue>
+      <AxisNameID>257</AxisNameID>
+    </Axis>
+  </fvar>
+
+  <GSUB>
+    <Version value="0x00010001"/>
+    <ScriptList>
+      <!-- ScriptCount=1 -->
+      <ScriptRecord index="0">
+        <ScriptTag value="DFLT"/>
+        <Script>
+          <DefaultLangSys>
+            <ReqFeatureIndex value="65535"/>
+            <!-- FeatureCount=1 -->
+            <FeatureIndex index="0" value="0"/>
+          </DefaultLangSys>
+          <!-- LangSysCount=0 -->
+        </Script>
+      </ScriptRecord>
+    </ScriptList>
+    <FeatureList>
+      <!-- FeatureCount=1 -->
+      <FeatureRecord index="0">
+        <FeatureTag value="rclt"/>
+        <Feature>
+          <!-- LookupCount=0 -->
+        </Feature>
+      </FeatureRecord>
+    </FeatureList>
+    <LookupList>
+      <!-- LookupCount=3 -->
+      <Lookup index="0">
+        <LookupType value="1"/>
+        <LookupFlag value="0"/>
+        <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
+        <SingleSubst index="0">
+          <Substitution in="uni0024" out="uni0024.nostroke"/>
+        </SingleSubst>
+      </Lookup>
+      <Lookup index="1">
+        <LookupType value="1"/>
+        <LookupFlag value="0"/>
+        <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
+        <SingleSubst index="0">
+          <Substitution in="uni0041" out="uni0061"/>
+        </SingleSubst>
+      </Lookup>
+      <Lookup index="2">
+        <LookupType value="1"/>
+        <LookupFlag value="0"/>
+        <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
+        <SingleSubst index="0">
+          <Substitution in="uni0061" out="uni0041"/>
+        </SingleSubst>
+      </Lookup>
+    </LookupList>
+    <FeatureVariations>
+      <Version value="0x00010000"/>
+      <!-- FeatureVariationCount=4 -->
+      <FeatureVariationRecord index="0">
+        <ConditionSet>
+          <!-- ConditionCount=2 -->
+          <ConditionTable index="0" Format="1">
+            <AxisIndex value="1"/>
+            <FilterRangeMinValue value="0.75"/>
+            <FilterRangeMaxValue value="1.0"/>
+          </ConditionTable>
+          <ConditionTable index="1" Format="1">
+            <AxisIndex value="0"/>
+            <FilterRangeMinValue value="0.20886"/>
+            <FilterRangeMaxValue value="1.0"/>
+          </ConditionTable>
+        </ConditionSet>
+        <FeatureTableSubstitution>
+          <Version value="0x00010000"/>
+          <!-- SubstitutionCount=1 -->
+          <SubstitutionRecord index="0">
+            <FeatureIndex value="0"/>
+            <Feature>
+              <!-- LookupCount=2 -->
+              <LookupListIndex index="0" value="0"/>
+              <LookupListIndex index="1" value="1"/>
+            </Feature>
+          </SubstitutionRecord>
+        </FeatureTableSubstitution>
+      </FeatureVariationRecord>
+      <FeatureVariationRecord index="1">
+        <ConditionSet>
+          <!-- ConditionCount=2 -->
+          <ConditionTable index="0" Format="1">
+            <AxisIndex value="1"/>
+            <FilterRangeMinValue value="0.0"/>
+            <FilterRangeMaxValue value="0.25"/>
+          </ConditionTable>
+          <ConditionTable index="1" Format="1">
+            <AxisIndex value="0"/>
+            <FilterRangeMinValue value="-1.0"/>
+            <FilterRangeMaxValue value="-0.45654"/>
+          </ConditionTable>
+        </ConditionSet>
+        <FeatureTableSubstitution>
+          <Version value="0x00010000"/>
+          <!-- SubstitutionCount=1 -->
+          <SubstitutionRecord index="0">
+            <FeatureIndex value="0"/>
+            <Feature>
+              <!-- LookupCount=1 -->
+              <LookupListIndex index="0" value="2"/>
+            </Feature>
+          </SubstitutionRecord>
+        </FeatureTableSubstitution>
+      </FeatureVariationRecord>
+      <FeatureVariationRecord index="2">
+        <ConditionSet>
+          <!-- ConditionCount=1 -->
+          <ConditionTable index="0" Format="1">
+            <AxisIndex value="1"/>
+            <FilterRangeMinValue value="0.75"/>
+            <FilterRangeMaxValue value="1.0"/>
+          </ConditionTable>
+        </ConditionSet>
+        <FeatureTableSubstitution>
+          <Version value="0x00010000"/>
+          <!-- SubstitutionCount=1 -->
+          <SubstitutionRecord index="0">
+            <FeatureIndex value="0"/>
+            <Feature>
+              <!-- LookupCount=1 -->
+              <LookupListIndex index="0" value="1"/>
+            </Feature>
+          </SubstitutionRecord>
+        </FeatureTableSubstitution>
+      </FeatureVariationRecord>
+      <FeatureVariationRecord index="3">
+        <ConditionSet>
+          <!-- ConditionCount=1 -->
+          <ConditionTable index="0" Format="1">
+            <AxisIndex value="0"/>
+            <FilterRangeMinValue value="0.20886"/>
+            <FilterRangeMaxValue value="1.0"/>
+          </ConditionTable>
+        </ConditionSet>
+        <FeatureTableSubstitution>
+          <Version value="0x00010000"/>
+          <!-- SubstitutionCount=1 -->
+          <SubstitutionRecord index="0">
+            <FeatureIndex value="0"/>
+            <Feature>
+              <!-- LookupCount=1 -->
+              <LookupListIndex index="0" value="0"/>
+            </Feature>
+          </SubstitutionRecord>
+        </FeatureTableSubstitution>
+      </FeatureVariationRecord>
+    </FeatureVariations>
+  </GSUB>
+
+</ttFont>
diff --git a/Tests/varLib/data/test_results/FeatureVarsCustomTag.ttx b/Tests/varLib/data/test_results/FeatureVarsCustomTag.ttx
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3f9e1e0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/varLib/data/test_results/FeatureVarsCustomTag.ttx
@@ -0,0 +1,180 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<ttFont sfntVersion="\x00\x01\x00\x00" ttLibVersion="3.29">
+
+  <fvar>
+
+    <!-- Weight -->
+    <Axis>
+      <AxisTag>wght</AxisTag>
+      <Flags>0x0</Flags>
+      <MinValue>0.0</MinValue>
+      <DefaultValue>368.0</DefaultValue>
+      <MaxValue>1000.0</MaxValue>
+      <AxisNameID>256</AxisNameID>
+    </Axis>
+
+    <!-- Contrast -->
+    <Axis>
+      <AxisTag>cntr</AxisTag>
+      <Flags>0x0</Flags>
+      <MinValue>0.0</MinValue>
+      <DefaultValue>0.0</DefaultValue>
+      <MaxValue>100.0</MaxValue>
+      <AxisNameID>257</AxisNameID>
+    </Axis>
+  </fvar>
+
+  <GSUB>
+    <Version value="0x00010001"/>
+    <ScriptList>
+      <!-- ScriptCount=1 -->
+      <ScriptRecord index="0">
+        <ScriptTag value="DFLT"/>
+        <Script>
+          <DefaultLangSys>
+            <ReqFeatureIndex value="65535"/>
+            <!-- FeatureCount=1 -->
+            <FeatureIndex index="0" value="0"/>
+          </DefaultLangSys>
+          <!-- LangSysCount=0 -->
+        </Script>
+      </ScriptRecord>
+    </ScriptList>
+    <FeatureList>
+      <!-- FeatureCount=1 -->
+      <FeatureRecord index="0">
+        <FeatureTag value="calt"/>
+        <Feature>
+          <!-- LookupCount=0 -->
+        </Feature>
+      </FeatureRecord>
+    </FeatureList>
+    <LookupList>
+      <!-- LookupCount=3 -->
+      <Lookup index="0">
+        <LookupType value="1"/>
+        <LookupFlag value="0"/>
+        <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
+        <SingleSubst index="0">
+          <Substitution in="uni0024" out="uni0024.nostroke"/>
+        </SingleSubst>
+      </Lookup>
+      <Lookup index="1">
+        <LookupType value="1"/>
+        <LookupFlag value="0"/>
+        <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
+        <SingleSubst index="0">
+          <Substitution in="uni0041" out="uni0061"/>
+        </SingleSubst>
+      </Lookup>
+      <Lookup index="2">
+        <LookupType value="1"/>
+        <LookupFlag value="0"/>
+        <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
+        <SingleSubst index="0">
+          <Substitution in="uni0061" out="uni0041"/>
+        </SingleSubst>
+      </Lookup>
+    </LookupList>
+    <FeatureVariations>
+      <Version value="0x00010000"/>
+      <!-- FeatureVariationCount=4 -->
+      <FeatureVariationRecord index="0">
+        <ConditionSet>
+          <!-- ConditionCount=2 -->
+          <ConditionTable index="0" Format="1">
+            <AxisIndex value="1"/>
+            <FilterRangeMinValue value="0.75"/>
+            <FilterRangeMaxValue value="1.0"/>
+          </ConditionTable>
+          <ConditionTable index="1" Format="1">
+            <AxisIndex value="0"/>
+            <FilterRangeMinValue value="0.20886"/>
+            <FilterRangeMaxValue value="1.0"/>
+          </ConditionTable>
+        </ConditionSet>
+        <FeatureTableSubstitution>
+          <Version value="0x00010000"/>
+          <!-- SubstitutionCount=1 -->
+          <SubstitutionRecord index="0">
+            <FeatureIndex value="0"/>
+            <Feature>
+              <!-- LookupCount=2 -->
+              <LookupListIndex index="0" value="0"/>
+              <LookupListIndex index="1" value="1"/>
+            </Feature>
+          </SubstitutionRecord>
+        </FeatureTableSubstitution>
+      </FeatureVariationRecord>
+      <FeatureVariationRecord index="1">
+        <ConditionSet>
+          <!-- ConditionCount=2 -->
+          <ConditionTable index="0" Format="1">
+            <AxisIndex value="1"/>
+            <FilterRangeMinValue value="0.0"/>
+            <FilterRangeMaxValue value="0.25"/>
+          </ConditionTable>
+          <ConditionTable index="1" Format="1">
+            <AxisIndex value="0"/>
+            <FilterRangeMinValue value="-1.0"/>
+            <FilterRangeMaxValue value="-0.45654"/>
+          </ConditionTable>
+        </ConditionSet>
+        <FeatureTableSubstitution>
+          <Version value="0x00010000"/>
+          <!-- SubstitutionCount=1 -->
+          <SubstitutionRecord index="0">
+            <FeatureIndex value="0"/>
+            <Feature>
+              <!-- LookupCount=1 -->
+              <LookupListIndex index="0" value="2"/>
+            </Feature>
+          </SubstitutionRecord>
+        </FeatureTableSubstitution>
+      </FeatureVariationRecord>
+      <FeatureVariationRecord index="2">
+        <ConditionSet>
+          <!-- ConditionCount=1 -->
+          <ConditionTable index="0" Format="1">
+            <AxisIndex value="1"/>
+            <FilterRangeMinValue value="0.75"/>
+            <FilterRangeMaxValue value="1.0"/>
+          </ConditionTable>
+        </ConditionSet>
+        <FeatureTableSubstitution>
+          <Version value="0x00010000"/>
+          <!-- SubstitutionCount=1 -->
+          <SubstitutionRecord index="0">
+            <FeatureIndex value="0"/>
+            <Feature>
+              <!-- LookupCount=1 -->
+              <LookupListIndex index="0" value="1"/>
+            </Feature>
+          </SubstitutionRecord>
+        </FeatureTableSubstitution>
+      </FeatureVariationRecord>
+      <FeatureVariationRecord index="3">
+        <ConditionSet>
+          <!-- ConditionCount=1 -->
+          <ConditionTable index="0" Format="1">
+            <AxisIndex value="0"/>
+            <FilterRangeMinValue value="0.20886"/>
+            <FilterRangeMaxValue value="1.0"/>
+          </ConditionTable>
+        </ConditionSet>
+        <FeatureTableSubstitution>
+          <Version value="0x00010000"/>
+          <!-- SubstitutionCount=1 -->
+          <SubstitutionRecord index="0">
+            <FeatureIndex value="0"/>
+            <Feature>
+              <!-- LookupCount=1 -->
+              <LookupListIndex index="0" value="0"/>
+            </Feature>
+          </SubstitutionRecord>
+        </FeatureTableSubstitution>
+      </FeatureVariationRecord>
+    </FeatureVariations>
+  </GSUB>
+
+</ttFont>
diff --git a/Tests/varLib/data/test_results/FeatureVarsWholeRange.ttx b/Tests/varLib/data/test_results/FeatureVarsWholeRange.ttx
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8ae64da
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/varLib/data/test_results/FeatureVarsWholeRange.ttx
@@ -0,0 +1,75 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<ttFont sfntVersion="\x00\x01\x00\x00" ttLibVersion="4.9">
+
+  <fvar>
+
+    <!-- Weight -->
+    <Axis>
+      <AxisTag>wght</AxisTag>
+      <Flags>0x0</Flags>
+      <MinValue>0.0</MinValue>
+      <DefaultValue>368.0</DefaultValue>
+      <MaxValue>1000.0</MaxValue>
+      <AxisNameID>256</AxisNameID>
+    </Axis>
+  </fvar>
+
+  <GSUB>
+    <Version value="0x00010001"/>
+    <ScriptList>
+      <!-- ScriptCount=1 -->
+      <ScriptRecord index="0">
+        <ScriptTag value="DFLT"/>
+        <Script>
+          <DefaultLangSys>
+            <ReqFeatureIndex value="65535"/>
+            <!-- FeatureCount=1 -->
+            <FeatureIndex index="0" value="0"/>
+          </DefaultLangSys>
+          <!-- LangSysCount=0 -->
+        </Script>
+      </ScriptRecord>
+    </ScriptList>
+    <FeatureList>
+      <!-- FeatureCount=1 -->
+      <FeatureRecord index="0">
+        <FeatureTag value="rclt"/>
+        <Feature>
+          <!-- LookupCount=0 -->
+        </Feature>
+      </FeatureRecord>
+    </FeatureList>
+    <LookupList>
+      <!-- LookupCount=1 -->
+      <Lookup index="0">
+        <LookupType value="1"/>
+        <LookupFlag value="0"/>
+        <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
+        <SingleSubst index="0">
+          <Substitution in="uni0024" out="uni0024.nostroke"/>
+        </SingleSubst>
+      </Lookup>
+    </LookupList>
+    <FeatureVariations>
+      <Version value="0x00010000"/>
+      <!-- FeatureVariationCount=1 -->
+      <FeatureVariationRecord index="0">
+        <ConditionSet>
+          <!-- ConditionCount=0 -->
+        </ConditionSet>
+        <FeatureTableSubstitution>
+          <Version value="0x00010000"/>
+          <!-- SubstitutionCount=1 -->
+          <SubstitutionRecord index="0">
+            <FeatureIndex value="0"/>
+            <Feature>
+              <!-- LookupCount=1 -->
+              <LookupListIndex index="0" value="0"/>
+            </Feature>
+          </SubstitutionRecord>
+        </FeatureTableSubstitution>
+      </FeatureVariationRecord>
+    </FeatureVariations>
+  </GSUB>
+
+</ttFont>
diff --git a/Tests/varLib/data/test_results/FeatureVars_rclt.ttx b/Tests/varLib/data/test_results/FeatureVars_rclt.ttx
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b889f3a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/varLib/data/test_results/FeatureVars_rclt.ttx
@@ -0,0 +1,249 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<ttFont sfntVersion="\x00\x01\x00\x00" ttLibVersion="3.29">
+
+  <fvar>
+
+    <!-- Weight -->
+    <Axis>
+      <AxisTag>wght</AxisTag>
+      <Flags>0x0</Flags>
+      <MinValue>0.0</MinValue>
+      <DefaultValue>368.0</DefaultValue>
+      <MaxValue>1000.0</MaxValue>
+      <AxisNameID>256</AxisNameID>
+    </Axis>
+
+    <!-- Contrast -->
+    <Axis>
+      <AxisTag>cntr</AxisTag>
+      <Flags>0x0</Flags>
+      <MinValue>0.0</MinValue>
+      <DefaultValue>0.0</DefaultValue>
+      <MaxValue>100.0</MaxValue>
+      <AxisNameID>257</AxisNameID>
+    </Axis>
+  </fvar>
+
+  <GSUB>
+    <Version value="0x00010001"/>
+    <ScriptList>
+      <!-- ScriptCount=1 -->
+      <ScriptRecord index="0">
+        <ScriptTag value="latn"/>
+        <Script>
+          <DefaultLangSys>
+            <ReqFeatureIndex value="65535"/>
+            <!-- FeatureCount=1 -->
+            <FeatureIndex index="0" value="1"/>
+          </DefaultLangSys>
+          <!-- LangSysCount=1 -->
+          <LangSysRecord index="0">
+            <LangSysTag value="NLD "/>
+            <LangSys>
+              <ReqFeatureIndex value="65535"/>
+              <!-- FeatureCount=1 -->
+              <FeatureIndex index="0" value="0"/>
+            </LangSys>
+          </LangSysRecord>
+        </Script>
+      </ScriptRecord>
+    </ScriptList>
+    <FeatureList>
+      <!-- FeatureCount=2 -->
+      <FeatureRecord index="0">
+        <FeatureTag value="rclt"/>
+        <Feature>
+          <!-- LookupCount=1 -->
+          <LookupListIndex index="0" value="0"/>
+        </Feature>
+      </FeatureRecord>
+      <FeatureRecord index="1">
+        <FeatureTag value="rclt"/>
+        <Feature>
+          <!-- LookupCount=1 -->
+          <LookupListIndex index="0" value="1"/>
+        </Feature>
+      </FeatureRecord>
+    </FeatureList>
+    <LookupList>
+      <!-- LookupCount=5 -->
+      <Lookup index="0">
+        <LookupType value="1"/>
+        <LookupFlag value="0"/>
+        <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
+        <SingleSubst index="0">
+          <Substitution in="uni0041" out="uni0061"/>
+        </SingleSubst>
+      </Lookup>
+      <Lookup index="1">
+        <LookupType value="1"/>
+        <LookupFlag value="0"/>
+        <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
+        <SingleSubst index="0">
+          <Substitution in="uni0041" out="uni0061"/>
+        </SingleSubst>
+      </Lookup>
+      <Lookup index="2">
+        <LookupType value="1"/>
+        <LookupFlag value="0"/>
+        <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
+        <SingleSubst index="0">
+          <Substitution in="uni0024" out="uni0024.nostroke"/>
+        </SingleSubst>
+      </Lookup>
+      <Lookup index="3">
+        <LookupType value="1"/>
+        <LookupFlag value="0"/>
+        <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
+        <SingleSubst index="0">
+          <Substitution in="uni0041" out="uni0061"/>
+        </SingleSubst>
+      </Lookup>
+      <Lookup index="4">
+        <LookupType value="1"/>
+        <LookupFlag value="0"/>
+        <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
+        <SingleSubst index="0">
+          <Substitution in="uni0061" out="uni0041"/>
+        </SingleSubst>
+      </Lookup>
+    </LookupList>
+    <FeatureVariations>
+      <Version value="0x00010000"/>
+      <!-- FeatureVariationCount=4 -->
+      <FeatureVariationRecord index="0">
+        <ConditionSet>
+          <!-- ConditionCount=2 -->
+          <ConditionTable index="0" Format="1">
+            <AxisIndex value="1"/>
+            <FilterRangeMinValue value="0.75"/>
+            <FilterRangeMaxValue value="1.0"/>
+          </ConditionTable>
+          <ConditionTable index="1" Format="1">
+            <AxisIndex value="0"/>
+            <FilterRangeMinValue value="0.20886"/>
+            <FilterRangeMaxValue value="1.0"/>
+          </ConditionTable>
+        </ConditionSet>
+        <FeatureTableSubstitution>
+          <Version value="0x00010000"/>
+          <!-- SubstitutionCount=2 -->
+          <SubstitutionRecord index="0">
+            <FeatureIndex value="0"/>
+            <Feature>
+              <!-- LookupCount=3 -->
+              <LookupListIndex index="0" value="0"/>
+              <LookupListIndex index="1" value="2"/>
+              <LookupListIndex index="2" value="3"/>
+            </Feature>
+          </SubstitutionRecord>
+          <SubstitutionRecord index="1">
+            <FeatureIndex value="1"/>
+            <Feature>
+              <!-- LookupCount=3 -->
+              <LookupListIndex index="0" value="1"/>
+              <LookupListIndex index="1" value="2"/>
+              <LookupListIndex index="2" value="3"/>
+            </Feature>
+          </SubstitutionRecord>
+        </FeatureTableSubstitution>
+      </FeatureVariationRecord>
+      <FeatureVariationRecord index="1">
+        <ConditionSet>
+          <!-- ConditionCount=2 -->
+          <ConditionTable index="0" Format="1">
+            <AxisIndex value="1"/>
+            <FilterRangeMinValue value="0.0"/>
+            <FilterRangeMaxValue value="0.25"/>
+          </ConditionTable>
+          <ConditionTable index="1" Format="1">
+            <AxisIndex value="0"/>
+            <FilterRangeMinValue value="-1.0"/>
+            <FilterRangeMaxValue value="-0.45654"/>
+          </ConditionTable>
+        </ConditionSet>
+        <FeatureTableSubstitution>
+          <Version value="0x00010000"/>
+          <!-- SubstitutionCount=2 -->
+          <SubstitutionRecord index="0">
+            <FeatureIndex value="0"/>
+            <Feature>
+              <!-- LookupCount=2 -->
+              <LookupListIndex index="0" value="0"/>
+              <LookupListIndex index="1" value="4"/>
+            </Feature>
+          </SubstitutionRecord>
+          <SubstitutionRecord index="1">
+            <FeatureIndex value="1"/>
+            <Feature>
+              <!-- LookupCount=2 -->
+              <LookupListIndex index="0" value="1"/>
+              <LookupListIndex index="1" value="4"/>
+            </Feature>
+          </SubstitutionRecord>
+        </FeatureTableSubstitution>
+      </FeatureVariationRecord>
+      <FeatureVariationRecord index="2">
+        <ConditionSet>
+          <!-- ConditionCount=1 -->
+          <ConditionTable index="0" Format="1">
+            <AxisIndex value="1"/>
+            <FilterRangeMinValue value="0.75"/>
+            <FilterRangeMaxValue value="1.0"/>
+          </ConditionTable>
+        </ConditionSet>
+        <FeatureTableSubstitution>
+          <Version value="0x00010000"/>
+          <!-- SubstitutionCount=2 -->
+          <SubstitutionRecord index="0">
+            <FeatureIndex value="0"/>
+            <Feature>
+              <!-- LookupCount=2 -->
+              <LookupListIndex index="0" value="0"/>
+              <LookupListIndex index="1" value="3"/>
+            </Feature>
+          </SubstitutionRecord>
+          <SubstitutionRecord index="1">
+            <FeatureIndex value="1"/>
+            <Feature>
+              <!-- LookupCount=2 -->
+              <LookupListIndex index="0" value="1"/>
+              <LookupListIndex index="1" value="3"/>
+            </Feature>
+          </SubstitutionRecord>
+        </FeatureTableSubstitution>
+      </FeatureVariationRecord>
+      <FeatureVariationRecord index="3">
+        <ConditionSet>
+          <!-- ConditionCount=1 -->
+          <ConditionTable index="0" Format="1">
+            <AxisIndex value="0"/>
+            <FilterRangeMinValue value="0.20886"/>
+            <FilterRangeMaxValue value="1.0"/>
+          </ConditionTable>
+        </ConditionSet>
+        <FeatureTableSubstitution>
+          <Version value="0x00010000"/>
+          <!-- SubstitutionCount=2 -->
+          <SubstitutionRecord index="0">
+            <FeatureIndex value="0"/>
+            <Feature>
+              <!-- LookupCount=2 -->
+              <LookupListIndex index="0" value="0"/>
+              <LookupListIndex index="1" value="2"/>
+            </Feature>
+          </SubstitutionRecord>
+          <SubstitutionRecord index="1">
+            <FeatureIndex value="1"/>
+            <Feature>
+              <!-- LookupCount=2 -->
+              <LookupListIndex index="0" value="1"/>
+              <LookupListIndex index="1" value="2"/>
+            </Feature>
+          </SubstitutionRecord>
+        </FeatureTableSubstitution>
+      </FeatureVariationRecord>
+    </FeatureVariations>
+  </GSUB>
+
+</ttFont>
diff --git a/Tests/varLib/data/test_results/InterpolateLayout.ttx b/Tests/varLib/data/test_results/InterpolateLayout.ttx
index b1ea1e9..81e50fb 100644
--- a/Tests/varLib/data/test_results/InterpolateLayout.ttx
+++ b/Tests/varLib/data/test_results/InterpolateLayout.ttx
@@ -93,7 +93,7 @@
         <LookupType value="1"/>
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
-        <SingleSubst index="0" Format="1">
+        <SingleSubst index="0">
           <Substitution in="A" out="A.sc"/>
         </SingleSubst>
       </Lookup>
@@ -101,7 +101,7 @@
         <LookupType value="1"/>
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
-        <SingleSubst index="0" Format="1">
+        <SingleSubst index="0">
           <Substitution in="a" out="a.alt"/>
         </SingleSubst>
       </Lookup>
@@ -109,7 +109,7 @@
         <LookupType value="2"/>
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
-        <MultipleSubst index="0" Format="1">
+        <MultipleSubst index="0">
           <Substitution in="ampersand" out="a,n,d"/>
         </MultipleSubst>
       </Lookup>
@@ -117,7 +117,7 @@
         <LookupType value="3"/>
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
-        <AlternateSubst index="0" Format="1">
+        <AlternateSubst index="0">
           <AlternateSet glyph="a">
             <Alternate glyph="a.alt"/>
             <Alternate glyph="A.sc"/>
@@ -128,7 +128,7 @@
         <LookupType value="4"/>
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
-        <LigatureSubst index="0" Format="1">
+        <LigatureSubst index="0">
           <LigatureSet glyph="f">
             <Ligature components="t" glyph="f_t"/>
           </LigatureSet>
@@ -141,11 +141,11 @@
         <ChainContextSubst index="0" Format="3">
           <!-- BacktrackGlyphCount=0 -->
           <!-- InputGlyphCount=1 -->
-          <InputCoverage index="0" Format="1">
+          <InputCoverage index="0">
             <Glyph value="a"/>
           </InputCoverage>
           <!-- LookAheadGlyphCount=1 -->
-          <LookAheadCoverage index="0" Format="1">
+          <LookAheadCoverage index="0">
             <Glyph value="t"/>
           </LookAheadCoverage>
           <!-- SubstCount=1 -->
diff --git a/Tests/varLib/data/test_results/InterpolateLayoutGPOS_1_diff.ttx b/Tests/varLib/data/test_results/InterpolateLayoutGPOS_1_diff.ttx
index cf8c96a..4180a33 100644
--- a/Tests/varLib/data/test_results/InterpolateLayoutGPOS_1_diff.ttx
+++ b/Tests/varLib/data/test_results/InterpolateLayoutGPOS_1_diff.ttx
@@ -34,11 +34,11 @@
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
         <SinglePos index="0" Format="1">
-          <Coverage Format="1">
+          <Coverage>
             <Glyph value="A"/>
           </Coverage>
           <ValueFormat value="5"/>
-          <Value XPlacement="-88" XAdvance="-178"/>
+          <Value XPlacement="-88" XAdvance="-177"/>
         </SinglePos>
       </Lookup>
     </LookupList>
diff --git a/Tests/varLib/data/test_results/InterpolateLayoutGPOS_1_diff2.ttx b/Tests/varLib/data/test_results/InterpolateLayoutGPOS_1_diff2.ttx
index 58f0247..44a7558 100644
--- a/Tests/varLib/data/test_results/InterpolateLayoutGPOS_1_diff2.ttx
+++ b/Tests/varLib/data/test_results/InterpolateLayoutGPOS_1_diff2.ttx
@@ -34,14 +34,14 @@
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
         <SinglePos index="0" Format="2">
-          <Coverage Format="1">
+          <Coverage>
             <Glyph value="A"/>
             <Glyph value="a"/>
           </Coverage>
           <ValueFormat value="5"/>
           <!-- ValueCount=2 -->
-          <Value index="0" XPlacement="-88" XAdvance="-178"/>
-          <Value index="1" XPlacement="-28" XAdvance="-52"/>
+          <Value index="0" XPlacement="-88" XAdvance="-177"/>
+          <Value index="1" XPlacement="-27" XAdvance="-52"/>
         </SinglePos>
       </Lookup>
     </LookupList>
diff --git a/Tests/varLib/data/test_results/InterpolateLayoutGPOS_1_same.ttx b/Tests/varLib/data/test_results/InterpolateLayoutGPOS_1_same.ttx
index a61e75f..83407c1 100644
--- a/Tests/varLib/data/test_results/InterpolateLayoutGPOS_1_same.ttx
+++ b/Tests/varLib/data/test_results/InterpolateLayoutGPOS_1_same.ttx
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
         <SinglePos index="0" Format="1">
-          <Coverage Format="1">
+          <Coverage>
             <Glyph value="A"/>
           </Coverage>
           <ValueFormat value="5"/>
diff --git a/Tests/varLib/data/test_results/InterpolateLayoutGPOS_2_class_diff.ttx b/Tests/varLib/data/test_results/InterpolateLayoutGPOS_2_class_diff.ttx
index 4f94c37..0aeb497 100644
--- a/Tests/varLib/data/test_results/InterpolateLayoutGPOS_2_class_diff.ttx
+++ b/Tests/varLib/data/test_results/InterpolateLayoutGPOS_2_class_diff.ttx
@@ -34,14 +34,14 @@
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
         <PairPos index="0" Format="2">
-          <Coverage Format="1">
+          <Coverage>
             <Glyph value="A"/>
           </Coverage>
           <ValueFormat1 value="4"/>
           <ValueFormat2 value="0"/>
-          <ClassDef1 Format="2">
+          <ClassDef1>
           </ClassDef1>
-          <ClassDef2 Format="1">
+          <ClassDef2>
             <ClassDef glyph="a" class="1"/>
           </ClassDef2>
           <!-- Class1Count=1 -->
diff --git a/Tests/varLib/data/test_results/InterpolateLayoutGPOS_2_class_diff2.ttx b/Tests/varLib/data/test_results/InterpolateLayoutGPOS_2_class_diff2.ttx
index 811ed58..f00c4c3 100644
--- a/Tests/varLib/data/test_results/InterpolateLayoutGPOS_2_class_diff2.ttx
+++ b/Tests/varLib/data/test_results/InterpolateLayoutGPOS_2_class_diff2.ttx
@@ -34,16 +34,16 @@
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
         <PairPos index="0" Format="2">
-          <Coverage Format="1">
+          <Coverage>
             <Glyph value="A"/>
             <Glyph value="a"/>
           </Coverage>
           <ValueFormat1 value="4"/>
           <ValueFormat2 value="0"/>
-          <ClassDef1 Format="1">
+          <ClassDef1>
             <ClassDef glyph="a" class="1"/>
           </ClassDef1>
-          <ClassDef2 Format="1">
+          <ClassDef2>
             <ClassDef glyph="a" class="1"/>
           </ClassDef2>
           <!-- Class1Count=2 -->
diff --git a/Tests/varLib/data/test_results/InterpolateLayoutGPOS_2_class_same.ttx b/Tests/varLib/data/test_results/InterpolateLayoutGPOS_2_class_same.ttx
index 9872533..3656964 100644
--- a/Tests/varLib/data/test_results/InterpolateLayoutGPOS_2_class_same.ttx
+++ b/Tests/varLib/data/test_results/InterpolateLayoutGPOS_2_class_same.ttx
@@ -34,14 +34,14 @@
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
         <PairPos index="0" Format="2">
-          <Coverage Format="1">
+          <Coverage>
             <Glyph value="A"/>
           </Coverage>
           <ValueFormat1 value="4"/>
           <ValueFormat2 value="0"/>
-          <ClassDef1 Format="2">
+          <ClassDef1>
           </ClassDef1>
-          <ClassDef2 Format="1">
+          <ClassDef2>
             <ClassDef glyph="a" class="1"/>
           </ClassDef2>
           <!-- Class1Count=1 -->
diff --git a/Tests/varLib/data/test_results/InterpolateLayoutGPOS_2_spec_diff.ttx b/Tests/varLib/data/test_results/InterpolateLayoutGPOS_2_spec_diff.ttx
index 113bd0b..f85985b 100644
--- a/Tests/varLib/data/test_results/InterpolateLayoutGPOS_2_spec_diff.ttx
+++ b/Tests/varLib/data/test_results/InterpolateLayoutGPOS_2_spec_diff.ttx
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
         <PairPos index="0" Format="1">
-          <Coverage Format="1">
+          <Coverage>
             <Glyph value="A"/>
           </Coverage>
           <ValueFormat1 value="4"/>
diff --git a/Tests/varLib/data/test_results/InterpolateLayoutGPOS_2_spec_diff2.ttx b/Tests/varLib/data/test_results/InterpolateLayoutGPOS_2_spec_diff2.ttx
index efc5ee5..b085109 100644
--- a/Tests/varLib/data/test_results/InterpolateLayoutGPOS_2_spec_diff2.ttx
+++ b/Tests/varLib/data/test_results/InterpolateLayoutGPOS_2_spec_diff2.ttx
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
         <PairPos index="0" Format="1">
-          <Coverage Format="1">
+          <Coverage>
             <Glyph value="A"/>
             <Glyph value="a"/>
           </Coverage>
diff --git a/Tests/varLib/data/test_results/InterpolateLayoutGPOS_2_spec_same.ttx b/Tests/varLib/data/test_results/InterpolateLayoutGPOS_2_spec_same.ttx
index 014c1ec..2a2a546 100644
--- a/Tests/varLib/data/test_results/InterpolateLayoutGPOS_2_spec_same.ttx
+++ b/Tests/varLib/data/test_results/InterpolateLayoutGPOS_2_spec_same.ttx
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
         <PairPos index="0" Format="1">
-          <Coverage Format="1">
+          <Coverage>
             <Glyph value="A"/>
           </Coverage>
           <ValueFormat1 value="4"/>
diff --git a/Tests/varLib/data/test_results/InterpolateLayoutGPOS_3_diff.ttx b/Tests/varLib/data/test_results/InterpolateLayoutGPOS_3_diff.ttx
index b640f10..993e0a6 100644
--- a/Tests/varLib/data/test_results/InterpolateLayoutGPOS_3_diff.ttx
+++ b/Tests/varLib/data/test_results/InterpolateLayoutGPOS_3_diff.ttx
@@ -34,18 +34,18 @@
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
         <CursivePos index="0" Format="1">
-          <Coverage Format="1">
+          <Coverage>
             <Glyph value="a"/>
           </Coverage>
           <!-- EntryExitCount=1 -->
           <EntryExitRecord index="0">
             <EntryAnchor Format="1">
               <XCoordinate value="49"/>
-              <YCoordinate value="28"/>
+              <YCoordinate value="29"/>
             </EntryAnchor>
             <ExitAnchor Format="1">
               <XCoordinate value="444"/>
-              <YCoordinate value="294"/>
+              <YCoordinate value="295"/>
             </ExitAnchor>
           </EntryExitRecord>
         </CursivePos>
diff --git a/Tests/varLib/data/test_results/InterpolateLayoutGPOS_3_same.ttx b/Tests/varLib/data/test_results/InterpolateLayoutGPOS_3_same.ttx
index b7c8a25..1d5ebcd 100644
--- a/Tests/varLib/data/test_results/InterpolateLayoutGPOS_3_same.ttx
+++ b/Tests/varLib/data/test_results/InterpolateLayoutGPOS_3_same.ttx
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
         <CursivePos index="0" Format="1">
-          <Coverage Format="1">
+          <Coverage>
             <Glyph value="a"/>
           </Coverage>
           <!-- EntryExitCount=1 -->
diff --git a/Tests/varLib/data/test_results/InterpolateLayoutGPOS_4_diff.ttx b/Tests/varLib/data/test_results/InterpolateLayoutGPOS_4_diff.ttx
index a6e0227..7c50f96 100644
--- a/Tests/varLib/data/test_results/InterpolateLayoutGPOS_4_diff.ttx
+++ b/Tests/varLib/data/test_results/InterpolateLayoutGPOS_4_diff.ttx
@@ -34,10 +34,10 @@
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
         <MarkBasePos index="0" Format="1">
-          <MarkCoverage Format="1">
+          <MarkCoverage>
             <Glyph value="uni0303"/>
           </MarkCoverage>
-          <BaseCoverage Format="1">
+          <BaseCoverage>
             <Glyph value="a"/>
           </BaseCoverage>
           <!-- ClassCount=1 -->
@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@
             <!-- BaseCount=1 -->
             <BaseRecord index="0">
               <BaseAnchor index="0" Format="1">
-                <XCoordinate value="272"/>
+                <XCoordinate value="273"/>
                 <YCoordinate value="510"/>
               </BaseAnchor>
             </BaseRecord>
diff --git a/Tests/varLib/data/test_results/InterpolateLayoutGPOS_4_same.ttx b/Tests/varLib/data/test_results/InterpolateLayoutGPOS_4_same.ttx
index 9b41519..ab96180 100644
--- a/Tests/varLib/data/test_results/InterpolateLayoutGPOS_4_same.ttx
+++ b/Tests/varLib/data/test_results/InterpolateLayoutGPOS_4_same.ttx
@@ -34,10 +34,10 @@
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
         <MarkBasePos index="0" Format="1">
-          <MarkCoverage Format="1">
+          <MarkCoverage>
             <Glyph value="uni0303"/>
           </MarkCoverage>
-          <BaseCoverage Format="1">
+          <BaseCoverage>
             <Glyph value="a"/>
           </BaseCoverage>
           <!-- ClassCount=1 -->
diff --git a/Tests/varLib/data/test_results/InterpolateLayoutGPOS_5_diff.ttx b/Tests/varLib/data/test_results/InterpolateLayoutGPOS_5_diff.ttx
index 28480e7..28b5f91 100644
--- a/Tests/varLib/data/test_results/InterpolateLayoutGPOS_5_diff.ttx
+++ b/Tests/varLib/data/test_results/InterpolateLayoutGPOS_5_diff.ttx
@@ -34,10 +34,10 @@
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
         <MarkLigPos index="0" Format="1">
-          <MarkCoverage Format="1">
+          <MarkCoverage>
             <Glyph value="uni0330"/>
           </MarkCoverage>
-          <LigatureCoverage Format="1">
+          <LigatureCoverage>
             <Glyph value="f_t"/>
           </LigatureCoverage>
           <!-- ClassCount=1 -->
diff --git a/Tests/varLib/data/test_results/InterpolateLayoutGPOS_5_same.ttx b/Tests/varLib/data/test_results/InterpolateLayoutGPOS_5_same.ttx
index 4830f9a..0df08c0 100644
--- a/Tests/varLib/data/test_results/InterpolateLayoutGPOS_5_same.ttx
+++ b/Tests/varLib/data/test_results/InterpolateLayoutGPOS_5_same.ttx
@@ -34,10 +34,10 @@
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
         <MarkLigPos index="0" Format="1">
-          <MarkCoverage Format="1">
+          <MarkCoverage>
             <Glyph value="uni0330"/>
           </MarkCoverage>
-          <LigatureCoverage Format="1">
+          <LigatureCoverage>
             <Glyph value="f_t"/>
           </LigatureCoverage>
           <!-- ClassCount=1 -->
diff --git a/Tests/varLib/data/test_results/InterpolateLayoutGPOS_6_diff.ttx b/Tests/varLib/data/test_results/InterpolateLayoutGPOS_6_diff.ttx
index e639bce..667d4f1 100644
--- a/Tests/varLib/data/test_results/InterpolateLayoutGPOS_6_diff.ttx
+++ b/Tests/varLib/data/test_results/InterpolateLayoutGPOS_6_diff.ttx
@@ -34,10 +34,10 @@
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
         <MarkMarkPos index="0" Format="1">
-          <Mark1Coverage Format="1">
+          <Mark1Coverage>
             <Glyph value="uni0303"/>
           </Mark1Coverage>
-          <Mark2Coverage Format="1">
+          <Mark2Coverage>
             <Glyph value="uni0308"/>
           </Mark2Coverage>
           <!-- ClassCount=1 -->
@@ -56,7 +56,7 @@
             <Mark2Record index="0">
               <Mark2Anchor index="0" Format="1">
                 <XCoordinate value="0"/>
-                <YCoordinate value="702"/>
+                <YCoordinate value="703"/>
               </Mark2Anchor>
             </Mark2Record>
           </Mark2Array>
diff --git a/Tests/varLib/data/test_results/InterpolateLayoutGPOS_6_same.ttx b/Tests/varLib/data/test_results/InterpolateLayoutGPOS_6_same.ttx
index 05e4b51..34d0bff 100644
--- a/Tests/varLib/data/test_results/InterpolateLayoutGPOS_6_same.ttx
+++ b/Tests/varLib/data/test_results/InterpolateLayoutGPOS_6_same.ttx
@@ -34,10 +34,10 @@
         <LookupFlag value="0"/>
         <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
         <MarkMarkPos index="0" Format="1">
-          <Mark1Coverage Format="1">
+          <Mark1Coverage>
             <Glyph value="uni0303"/>
           </Mark1Coverage>
-          <Mark2Coverage Format="1">
+          <Mark2Coverage>
             <Glyph value="uni0308"/>
           </Mark2Coverage>
           <!-- ClassCount=1 -->
diff --git a/Tests/varLib/data/test_results/InterpolateLayoutGPOS_7_diff.ttx b/Tests/varLib/data/test_results/InterpolateLayoutGPOS_7_diff.ttx
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..14e1209
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/varLib/data/test_results/InterpolateLayoutGPOS_7_diff.ttx
@@ -0,0 +1,116 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<ttFont sfntVersion="\x00\x01\x00\x00" ttLibVersion="3.8">
+
+  <GPOS>
+    <Version value="0x00010000"/>
+    <ScriptList>
+      <!-- ScriptCount=1 -->
+      <ScriptRecord index="0">
+        <ScriptTag value="DFLT"/>
+        <Script>
+          <DefaultLangSys>
+            <ReqFeatureIndex value="65535"/>
+            <!-- FeatureCount=1 -->
+            <FeatureIndex index="0" value="0"/>
+          </DefaultLangSys>
+          <!-- LangSysCount=0 -->
+        </Script>
+      </ScriptRecord>
+    </ScriptList>
+    <FeatureList>
+      <!-- FeatureCount=1 -->
+      <FeatureRecord index="0">
+        <FeatureTag value="xxxx"/>
+        <Feature>
+          <!-- LookupCount=1 -->
+          <LookupListIndex index="0" value="2"/>
+        </Feature>
+      </FeatureRecord>
+    </FeatureList>
+    <LookupList>
+      <!-- LookupCount=3 -->
+      <Lookup index="0">
+        <LookupType value="2"/>
+        <LookupFlag value="0"/>
+        <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
+        <PairPos index="0" Format="1">
+          <Coverage>
+            <Glyph value="A"/>
+          </Coverage>
+          <ValueFormat1 value="4"/>
+          <ValueFormat2 value="0"/>
+          <!-- PairSetCount=1 -->
+          <PairSet index="0">
+            <!-- PairValueCount=1 -->
+            <PairValueRecord index="0">
+              <SecondGlyph value="a"/>
+              <Value1 XAdvance="17"/>
+            </PairValueRecord>
+          </PairSet>
+        </PairPos>
+      </Lookup>
+      <Lookup index="1">
+        <LookupType value="4"/>
+        <LookupFlag value="0"/>
+        <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
+        <MarkBasePos index="0" Format="1">
+          <MarkCoverage>
+            <Glyph value="uni0303"/>
+          </MarkCoverage>
+          <BaseCoverage>
+            <Glyph value="a"/>
+          </BaseCoverage>
+          <!-- ClassCount=1 -->
+          <MarkArray>
+            <!-- MarkCount=1 -->
+            <MarkRecord index="0">
+              <Class value="0"/>
+              <MarkAnchor Format="1">
+                <XCoordinate value="0"/>
+                <YCoordinate value="510"/>
+              </MarkAnchor>
+            </MarkRecord>
+          </MarkArray>
+          <BaseArray>
+            <!-- BaseCount=1 -->
+            <BaseRecord index="0">
+              <BaseAnchor index="0" Format="1">
+                <XCoordinate value="273"/>
+                <YCoordinate value="510"/>
+              </BaseAnchor>
+            </BaseRecord>
+          </BaseArray>
+        </MarkBasePos>
+      </Lookup>
+      <Lookup index="2">
+        <LookupType value="7"/>
+        <LookupFlag value="0"/>
+        <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
+        <ContextPos index="0" Format="1">
+          <Coverage>
+            <Glyph value="A"/>
+          </Coverage>
+          <!-- PosRuleSetCount=1 -->
+          <PosRuleSet index="0">
+            <!-- PosRuleCount=1 -->
+            <PosRule index="0">
+              <!-- GlyphCount=3 -->
+              <!-- PosCount=2 -->
+              <Input index="0" value="a"/>
+              <Input index="1" value="uni0303"/>
+              <PosLookupRecord index="0">
+                <SequenceIndex value="0"/>
+                <LookupListIndex value="0"/>
+              </PosLookupRecord>
+              <PosLookupRecord index="1">
+                <SequenceIndex value="2"/>
+                <LookupListIndex value="1"/>
+              </PosLookupRecord>
+            </PosRule>
+          </PosRuleSet>
+        </ContextPos>
+      </Lookup>
+    </LookupList>
+  </GPOS>
+
+</ttFont>
diff --git a/Tests/varLib/data/test_results/InterpolateLayoutGPOS_7_same.ttx b/Tests/varLib/data/test_results/InterpolateLayoutGPOS_7_same.ttx
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..eff24fc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/varLib/data/test_results/InterpolateLayoutGPOS_7_same.ttx
@@ -0,0 +1,116 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<ttFont sfntVersion="\x00\x01\x00\x00" ttLibVersion="3.8">
+
+  <GPOS>
+    <Version value="0x00010000"/>
+    <ScriptList>
+      <!-- ScriptCount=1 -->
+      <ScriptRecord index="0">
+        <ScriptTag value="DFLT"/>
+        <Script>
+          <DefaultLangSys>
+            <ReqFeatureIndex value="65535"/>
+            <!-- FeatureCount=1 -->
+            <FeatureIndex index="0" value="0"/>
+          </DefaultLangSys>
+          <!-- LangSysCount=0 -->
+        </Script>
+      </ScriptRecord>
+    </ScriptList>
+    <FeatureList>
+      <!-- FeatureCount=1 -->
+      <FeatureRecord index="0">
+        <FeatureTag value="xxxx"/>
+        <Feature>
+          <!-- LookupCount=1 -->
+          <LookupListIndex index="0" value="2"/>
+        </Feature>
+      </FeatureRecord>
+    </FeatureList>
+    <LookupList>
+      <!-- LookupCount=3 -->
+      <Lookup index="0">
+        <LookupType value="2"/>
+        <LookupFlag value="0"/>
+        <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
+        <PairPos index="0" Format="1">
+          <Coverage>
+            <Glyph value="A"/>
+          </Coverage>
+          <ValueFormat1 value="4"/>
+          <ValueFormat2 value="0"/>
+          <!-- PairSetCount=1 -->
+          <PairSet index="0">
+            <!-- PairValueCount=1 -->
+            <PairValueRecord index="0">
+              <SecondGlyph value="a"/>
+              <Value1 XAdvance="-23"/>
+            </PairValueRecord>
+          </PairSet>
+        </PairPos>
+      </Lookup>
+      <Lookup index="1">
+        <LookupType value="4"/>
+        <LookupFlag value="0"/>
+        <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
+        <MarkBasePos index="0" Format="1">
+          <MarkCoverage>
+            <Glyph value="uni0303"/>
+          </MarkCoverage>
+          <BaseCoverage>
+            <Glyph value="a"/>
+          </BaseCoverage>
+          <!-- ClassCount=1 -->
+          <MarkArray>
+            <!-- MarkCount=1 -->
+            <MarkRecord index="0">
+              <Class value="0"/>
+              <MarkAnchor Format="1">
+                <XCoordinate value="0"/>
+                <YCoordinate value="500"/>
+              </MarkAnchor>
+            </MarkRecord>
+          </MarkArray>
+          <BaseArray>
+            <!-- BaseCount=1 -->
+            <BaseRecord index="0">
+              <BaseAnchor index="0" Format="1">
+                <XCoordinate value="260"/>
+                <YCoordinate value="500"/>
+              </BaseAnchor>
+            </BaseRecord>
+          </BaseArray>
+        </MarkBasePos>
+      </Lookup>
+      <Lookup index="2">
+        <LookupType value="7"/>
+        <LookupFlag value="0"/>
+        <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
+        <ContextPos index="0" Format="1">
+          <Coverage>
+            <Glyph value="A"/>
+          </Coverage>
+          <!-- PosRuleSetCount=1 -->
+          <PosRuleSet index="0">
+            <!-- PosRuleCount=1 -->
+            <PosRule index="0">
+              <!-- GlyphCount=3 -->
+              <!-- PosCount=2 -->
+              <Input index="0" value="a"/>
+              <Input index="1" value="uni0303"/>
+              <PosLookupRecord index="0">
+                <SequenceIndex value="0"/>
+                <LookupListIndex value="0"/>
+              </PosLookupRecord>
+              <PosLookupRecord index="1">
+                <SequenceIndex value="2"/>
+                <LookupListIndex value="1"/>
+              </PosLookupRecord>
+            </PosRule>
+          </PosRuleSet>
+        </ContextPos>
+      </Lookup>
+    </LookupList>
+  </GPOS>
+
+</ttFont>
diff --git a/Tests/varLib/data/test_results/InterpolateLayoutGPOS_8_diff.ttx b/Tests/varLib/data/test_results/InterpolateLayoutGPOS_8_diff.ttx
deleted file mode 100644
index d14f3b0..0000000
--- a/Tests/varLib/data/test_results/InterpolateLayoutGPOS_8_diff.ttx
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,116 +0,0 @@
-<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
-<ttFont sfntVersion="\x00\x01\x00\x00" ttLibVersion="3.8">
-
-  <GPOS>
-    <Version value="0x00010000"/>
-    <ScriptList>
-      <!-- ScriptCount=1 -->
-      <ScriptRecord index="0">
-        <ScriptTag value="DFLT"/>
-        <Script>
-          <DefaultLangSys>
-            <ReqFeatureIndex value="65535"/>
-            <!-- FeatureCount=1 -->
-            <FeatureIndex index="0" value="0"/>
-          </DefaultLangSys>
-          <!-- LangSysCount=0 -->
-        </Script>
-      </ScriptRecord>
-    </ScriptList>
-    <FeatureList>
-      <!-- FeatureCount=1 -->
-      <FeatureRecord index="0">
-        <FeatureTag value="xxxx"/>
-        <Feature>
-          <!-- LookupCount=1 -->
-          <LookupListIndex index="0" value="2"/>
-        </Feature>
-      </FeatureRecord>
-    </FeatureList>
-    <LookupList>
-      <!-- LookupCount=3 -->
-      <Lookup index="0">
-        <LookupType value="2"/>
-        <LookupFlag value="0"/>
-        <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
-        <PairPos index="0" Format="1">
-          <Coverage Format="1">
-            <Glyph value="A"/>
-          </Coverage>
-          <ValueFormat1 value="4"/>
-          <ValueFormat2 value="0"/>
-          <!-- PairSetCount=1 -->
-          <PairSet index="0">
-            <!-- PairValueCount=1 -->
-            <PairValueRecord index="0">
-              <SecondGlyph value="a"/>
-              <Value1 XAdvance="17"/>
-            </PairValueRecord>
-          </PairSet>
-        </PairPos>
-      </Lookup>
-      <Lookup index="1">
-        <LookupType value="4"/>
-        <LookupFlag value="0"/>
-        <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
-        <MarkBasePos index="0" Format="1">
-          <MarkCoverage Format="1">
-            <Glyph value="uni0303"/>
-          </MarkCoverage>
-          <BaseCoverage Format="1">
-            <Glyph value="a"/>
-          </BaseCoverage>
-          <!-- ClassCount=1 -->
-          <MarkArray>
-            <!-- MarkCount=1 -->
-            <MarkRecord index="0">
-              <Class value="0"/>
-              <MarkAnchor Format="1">
-                <XCoordinate value="0"/>
-                <YCoordinate value="510"/>
-              </MarkAnchor>
-            </MarkRecord>
-          </MarkArray>
-          <BaseArray>
-            <!-- BaseCount=1 -->
-            <BaseRecord index="0">
-              <BaseAnchor index="0" Format="1">
-                <XCoordinate value="272"/>
-                <YCoordinate value="510"/>
-              </BaseAnchor>
-            </BaseRecord>
-          </BaseArray>
-        </MarkBasePos>
-      </Lookup>
-      <Lookup index="2">
-        <LookupType value="8"/>
-        <LookupFlag value="0"/>
-        <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
-        <ChainContextPos index="0" Format="3">
-          <!-- BacktrackGlyphCount=0 -->
-          <!-- InputGlyphCount=3 -->
-          <InputCoverage index="0" Format="1">
-            <Glyph value="A"/>
-          </InputCoverage>
-          <InputCoverage index="1" Format="1">
-            <Glyph value="a"/>
-          </InputCoverage>
-          <InputCoverage index="2" Format="1">
-            <Glyph value="uni0303"/>
-          </InputCoverage>
-          <!-- LookAheadGlyphCount=0 -->
-          <!-- PosCount=2 -->
-          <PosLookupRecord index="0">
-            <SequenceIndex value="0"/>
-            <LookupListIndex value="0"/>
-          </PosLookupRecord>
-          <PosLookupRecord index="1">
-            <SequenceIndex value="2"/>
-            <LookupListIndex value="1"/>
-          </PosLookupRecord>
-        </ChainContextPos>
-      </Lookup>
-    </LookupList>
-  </GPOS>
-
-</ttFont>
diff --git a/Tests/varLib/data/test_results/InterpolateLayoutGPOS_8_same.ttx b/Tests/varLib/data/test_results/InterpolateLayoutGPOS_8_same.ttx
deleted file mode 100644
index b7e86ba..0000000
--- a/Tests/varLib/data/test_results/InterpolateLayoutGPOS_8_same.ttx
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,116 +0,0 @@
-<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
-<ttFont sfntVersion="\x00\x01\x00\x00" ttLibVersion="3.8">
-
-  <GPOS>
-    <Version value="0x00010000"/>
-    <ScriptList>
-      <!-- ScriptCount=1 -->
-      <ScriptRecord index="0">
-        <ScriptTag value="DFLT"/>
-        <Script>
-          <DefaultLangSys>
-            <ReqFeatureIndex value="65535"/>
-            <!-- FeatureCount=1 -->
-            <FeatureIndex index="0" value="0"/>
-          </DefaultLangSys>
-          <!-- LangSysCount=0 -->
-        </Script>
-      </ScriptRecord>
-    </ScriptList>
-    <FeatureList>
-      <!-- FeatureCount=1 -->
-      <FeatureRecord index="0">
-        <FeatureTag value="xxxx"/>
-        <Feature>
-          <!-- LookupCount=1 -->
-          <LookupListIndex index="0" value="2"/>
-        </Feature>
-      </FeatureRecord>
-    </FeatureList>
-    <LookupList>
-      <!-- LookupCount=3 -->
-      <Lookup index="0">
-        <LookupType value="2"/>
-        <LookupFlag value="0"/>
-        <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
-        <PairPos index="0" Format="1">
-          <Coverage Format="1">
-            <Glyph value="A"/>
-          </Coverage>
-          <ValueFormat1 value="4"/>
-          <ValueFormat2 value="0"/>
-          <!-- PairSetCount=1 -->
-          <PairSet index="0">
-            <!-- PairValueCount=1 -->
-            <PairValueRecord index="0">
-              <SecondGlyph value="a"/>
-              <Value1 XAdvance="-23"/>
-            </PairValueRecord>
-          </PairSet>
-        </PairPos>
-      </Lookup>
-      <Lookup index="1">
-        <LookupType value="4"/>
-        <LookupFlag value="0"/>
-        <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
-        <MarkBasePos index="0" Format="1">
-          <MarkCoverage Format="1">
-            <Glyph value="uni0303"/>
-          </MarkCoverage>
-          <BaseCoverage Format="1">
-            <Glyph value="a"/>
-          </BaseCoverage>
-          <!-- ClassCount=1 -->
-          <MarkArray>
-            <!-- MarkCount=1 -->
-            <MarkRecord index="0">
-              <Class value="0"/>
-              <MarkAnchor Format="1">
-                <XCoordinate value="0"/>
-                <YCoordinate value="500"/>
-              </MarkAnchor>
-            </MarkRecord>
-          </MarkArray>
-          <BaseArray>
-            <!-- BaseCount=1 -->
-            <BaseRecord index="0">
-              <BaseAnchor index="0" Format="1">
-                <XCoordinate value="260"/>
-                <YCoordinate value="500"/>
-              </BaseAnchor>
-            </BaseRecord>
-          </BaseArray>
-        </MarkBasePos>
-      </Lookup>
-      <Lookup index="2">
-        <LookupType value="8"/>
-        <LookupFlag value="0"/>
-        <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
-        <ChainContextPos index="0" Format="3">
-          <!-- BacktrackGlyphCount=0 -->
-          <!-- InputGlyphCount=3 -->
-          <InputCoverage index="0" Format="1">
-            <Glyph value="A"/>
-          </InputCoverage>
-          <InputCoverage index="1" Format="1">
-            <Glyph value="a"/>
-          </InputCoverage>
-          <InputCoverage index="2" Format="1">
-            <Glyph value="uni0303"/>
-          </InputCoverage>
-          <!-- LookAheadGlyphCount=0 -->
-          <!-- PosCount=2 -->
-          <PosLookupRecord index="0">
-            <SequenceIndex value="0"/>
-            <LookupListIndex value="0"/>
-          </PosLookupRecord>
-          <PosLookupRecord index="1">
-            <SequenceIndex value="2"/>
-            <LookupListIndex value="1"/>
-          </PosLookupRecord>
-        </ChainContextPos>
-      </Lookup>
-    </LookupList>
-  </GPOS>
-
-</ttFont>
diff --git a/Tests/varLib/data/test_results/InterpolateLayoutGPOS_size_feat_same.ttx b/Tests/varLib/data/test_results/InterpolateLayoutGPOS_size_feat_same.ttx
index b0f8074..773dc59 100644
--- a/Tests/varLib/data/test_results/InterpolateLayoutGPOS_size_feat_same.ttx
+++ b/Tests/varLib/data/test_results/InterpolateLayoutGPOS_size_feat_same.ttx
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@
           <FeatureParamsSize>
             <DesignSize value="10.0"/>
             <SubfamilyID value="0"/>
-            <SubfamilyNameID value="0"/>  <!-- missing from name table -->
+            <SubfamilyNameID value="0"/>
             <RangeStart value="0.0"/>
             <RangeEnd value="0.0"/>
           </FeatureParamsSize>
diff --git a/Tests/varLib/data/test_results/InterpolateLayoutMain.ttx b/Tests/varLib/data/test_results/InterpolateLayoutMain.ttx
index 0c0af32..49d491f 100644
--- a/Tests/varLib/data/test_results/InterpolateLayoutMain.ttx
+++ b/Tests/varLib/data/test_results/InterpolateLayoutMain.ttx
@@ -496,4 +496,14 @@
     </extraNames>
   </post>
 
+  <GDEF>
+    <Version value="0x00010003"/>
+    <GlyphClassDef>
+      <ClassDef glyph="uni0024" class="1"/>
+      <ClassDef glyph="uni0024.nostroke" class="1"/>
+      <ClassDef glyph="uni0041" class="1"/>
+      <ClassDef glyph="uni0061" class="1"/>
+    </GlyphClassDef>
+  </GDEF>
+
 </ttFont>
diff --git a/Tests/varLib/data/test_results/InterpolateTestCFF2VF.ttx b/Tests/varLib/data/test_results/InterpolateTestCFF2VF.ttx
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..949e6da
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/varLib/data/test_results/InterpolateTestCFF2VF.ttx
@@ -0,0 +1,109 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<ttFont sfntVersion="OTTO" ttLibVersion="3.32">
+
+  <hmtx>
+    <mtx name=".notdef" width="600" lsb="84"/>
+    <mtx name="A" width="600" lsb="50"/>
+    <mtx name="T" width="600" lsb="50"/>
+    <mtx name="dollar" width="600" lsb="102"/>
+    <mtx name="glyph00003" width="600" lsb="102"/>
+  </hmtx>
+
+  <CFF2>
+    <major value="2"/>
+    <minor value="0"/>
+    <CFFFont name="CFF2Font">
+      <FontMatrix value="0.001 0 0 0.001 0 0"/>
+      <FDArray>
+        <FontDict index="0">
+          <Private>
+            <BlueValues value="-12 0 478 490 570 582 640 652 660 672 722 734"/>
+            <OtherBlues value="-234 -222"/>
+            <BlueScale value="0.0625"/>
+            <BlueShift value="7"/>
+            <BlueFuzz value="0"/>
+            <StdHW value="28"/>
+            <StdVW value="34"/>
+            <LanguageGroup value="0"/>
+            <ExpansionFactor value="0.06"/>
+          </Private>
+        </FontDict>
+      </FDArray>
+      <CharStrings>
+        <CharString name=".notdef">
+          84 hmoveto
+          432 660 -432 hlineto
+          48 -628 rmoveto
+          102 176 64 106 rlineto
+          4 hlineto
+          62 -106 100 -176 rlineto
+          -342 42 rmoveto
+          536 vlineto
+          154 -270 rlineto
+          22 26 rmoveto
+          -56 92 -94 168 rlineto
+          302 hlineto
+          -94 -168 -54 -92 rlineto
+          22 -26 rmoveto
+          152 270 rlineto
+          -536 vlineto
+        </CharString>
+        <CharString name="A">
+          50 hmoveto
+          32 hlineto
+          140 396 28 80 24 68 24 82 rlinecurve
+          4 hlineto
+          24 -82 24 -68 28 -80 138 -396 rcurveline
+          34 hlineto
+          -236 660 rlineto
+          -28 hlineto
+          -134 -424 rmoveto
+          293 28 -293 hlineto
+        </CharString>
+        <CharString name="T">
+          284 hmoveto
+          32 632 234 28 -500 -28 234 hlineto
+        </CharString>
+        <CharString name="dollar">
+          311 34 rmoveto
+          103 88 56 94 hvcurveto
+          184 -338 -32 142 vvcurveto
+          68 57 44 85 76 34 -24 -38 44 vhcurveto
+          20 20 rlineto
+          38 -41 -45 32 -85 hhcurveto
+          -99 -78 -54 -88 hvcurveto
+          -166 338 28 -156 vvcurveto
+          -70 -56 -50 -103 -85 -66 38 34 -40 vhcurveto
+          -18 -22 45 -38 73 -40 91 0 rlinecurve
+          -18 566 rmoveto
+          30 hlineto
+          50 0 50 50 vvcurveto
+          -30 hlineto
+          -50 0 -50 -50 vvcurveto
+          -562 vmoveto
+          -148 30 148 vlineto
+        </CharString>
+        <CharString name="glyph00003">
+          311 34 rmoveto
+          103 88 56 94 hvcurveto
+          184 -338 -32 142 vvcurveto
+          68 57 44 85 76 34 -24 -38 44 vhcurveto
+          20 20 rlineto
+          38 -41 -45 32 -85 hhcurveto
+          -99 -78 -54 -88 hvcurveto
+          -166 338 28 -156 vvcurveto
+          -70 -56 -50 -103 -85 -66 38 34 -40 vhcurveto
+          -18 -22 rlineto
+          -38 45 73 -40 91 hhcurveto
+          -70 -146 rmoveto
+          158 860 -30 4 -158 -860 rlineto
+        </CharString>
+      </CharStrings>
+    </CFFFont>
+
+    <GlobalSubrs>
+      <!-- The 'index' attribute is only for humans; it is ignored when parsed. -->
+    </GlobalSubrs>
+  </CFF2>
+
+</ttFont>
diff --git a/Tests/varLib/data/test_results/Mutator.ttx b/Tests/varLib/data/test_results/Mutator.ttx
index 9818654..71e5f28 100644
--- a/Tests/varLib/data/test_results/Mutator.ttx
+++ b/Tests/varLib/data/test_results/Mutator.ttx
@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@
          will be recalculated by the compiler -->
     <version value="4"/>
     <xAvgCharWidth value="506"/>
-    <usWeightClass value="400"/>
+    <usWeightClass value="500"/>
     <usWidthClass value="5"/>
     <fsType value="00000000 00000100"/>
     <ySubscriptXSize value="650"/>
@@ -154,7 +154,7 @@
 
     <TTGlyph name=".notdef" xMin="80" yMin="0" xMax="560" yMax="666">
       <contour>
-        <pt x="83" y="0" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="83" y="0" on="1" overlap="1"/>
         <pt x="503" y="666" on="1"/>
         <pt x="557" y="666" on="1"/>
         <pt x="137" y="0" on="1"/>
@@ -190,7 +190,7 @@
 
     <TTGlyph name="uni0024" xMin="51" yMin="-115" xMax="474" yMax="746">
       <contour>
-        <pt x="251" y="31" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="251" y="31" on="1" overlap="1"/>
         <pt x="309" y="31" on="0"/>
         <pt x="379" y="92" on="0"/>
         <pt x="379" y="144" on="1"/>
@@ -262,7 +262,7 @@
 
     <TTGlyph name="uni0024.nostroke" xMin="51" yMin="-115" xMax="474" yMax="746">
       <contour>
-        <pt x="251" y="31" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="251" y="31" on="1" overlap="1"/>
         <pt x="308" y="31" on="0"/>
         <pt x="377" y="90" on="0"/>
         <pt x="377" y="142" on="1"/>
@@ -334,7 +334,7 @@
 
     <TTGlyph name="uni0041" xMin="7" yMin="0" xMax="656" yMax="670">
       <contour>
-        <pt x="7" y="0" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="7" y="0" on="1" overlap="1"/>
         <pt x="7" y="38" on="1"/>
         <pt x="104" y="53" on="1"/>
         <pt x="124" y="53" on="1"/>
@@ -370,7 +370,7 @@
 
     <TTGlyph name="uni0061" xMin="42" yMin="-14" xMax="511" yMax="490">
       <contour>
-        <pt x="42" y="110" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="42" y="110" on="1" overlap="1"/>
         <pt x="42" y="157" on="0"/>
         <pt x="110" y="229" on="0"/>
         <pt x="214" y="265" on="1"/>
@@ -440,66 +440,6 @@
   </glyf>
 
   <name>
-    <namerecord nameID="256" platformID="1" platEncID="0" langID="0x0" unicode="True">
-      Weight
-    </namerecord>
-    <namerecord nameID="257" platformID="1" platEncID="0" langID="0x0" unicode="True">
-      Contrast
-    </namerecord>
-    <namerecord nameID="258" platformID="1" platEncID="0" langID="0x0" unicode="True">
-      ExtraLight
-    </namerecord>
-    <namerecord nameID="259" platformID="1" platEncID="0" langID="0x0" unicode="True">
-      TestFamily-ExtraLight
-    </namerecord>
-    <namerecord nameID="260" platformID="1" platEncID="0" langID="0x0" unicode="True">
-      Light
-    </namerecord>
-    <namerecord nameID="261" platformID="1" platEncID="0" langID="0x0" unicode="True">
-      TestFamily-Light
-    </namerecord>
-    <namerecord nameID="262" platformID="1" platEncID="0" langID="0x0" unicode="True">
-      Regular
-    </namerecord>
-    <namerecord nameID="263" platformID="1" platEncID="0" langID="0x0" unicode="True">
-      TestFamily-Regular
-    </namerecord>
-    <namerecord nameID="264" platformID="1" platEncID="0" langID="0x0" unicode="True">
-      Semibold
-    </namerecord>
-    <namerecord nameID="265" platformID="1" platEncID="0" langID="0x0" unicode="True">
-      TestFamily-Semibold
-    </namerecord>
-    <namerecord nameID="266" platformID="1" platEncID="0" langID="0x0" unicode="True">
-      Bold
-    </namerecord>
-    <namerecord nameID="267" platformID="1" platEncID="0" langID="0x0" unicode="True">
-      TestFamily-Bold
-    </namerecord>
-    <namerecord nameID="268" platformID="1" platEncID="0" langID="0x0" unicode="True">
-      Black
-    </namerecord>
-    <namerecord nameID="269" platformID="1" platEncID="0" langID="0x0" unicode="True">
-      TestFamily-Black
-    </namerecord>
-    <namerecord nameID="270" platformID="1" platEncID="0" langID="0x0" unicode="True">
-      Black Medium Contrast
-    </namerecord>
-    <namerecord nameID="271" platformID="1" platEncID="0" langID="0x0" unicode="True">
-      TestFamily-BlackMediumContrast
-    </namerecord>
-    <namerecord nameID="272" platformID="1" platEncID="0" langID="0x0" unicode="True">
-      Black High Contrast
-    </namerecord>
-    <namerecord nameID="273" platformID="1" platEncID="0" langID="0x0" unicode="True">
-      TestFamily-BlackHighContrast
-    </namerecord>
-    <namerecord nameID="274" platformID="1" platEncID="0" langID="0x0" unicode="True">
-      Weight
-    </namerecord>
-    <namerecord nameID="275" platformID="1" platEncID="0" langID="0x0" unicode="True">
-      Contrast
-    </namerecord>
     <namerecord nameID="1" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
       Test Family
     </namerecord>
@@ -524,66 +464,6 @@
     <namerecord nameID="17" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
       Master 1
     </namerecord>
-    <namerecord nameID="256" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
-      Weight
-    </namerecord>
-    <namerecord nameID="257" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
-      Contrast
-    </namerecord>
-    <namerecord nameID="258" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
-      ExtraLight
-    </namerecord>
-    <namerecord nameID="259" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
-      TestFamily-ExtraLight
-    </namerecord>
-    <namerecord nameID="260" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
-      Light
-    </namerecord>
-    <namerecord nameID="261" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
-      TestFamily-Light
-    </namerecord>
-    <namerecord nameID="262" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
-      Regular
-    </namerecord>
-    <namerecord nameID="263" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
-      TestFamily-Regular
-    </namerecord>
-    <namerecord nameID="264" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
-      Semibold
-    </namerecord>
-    <namerecord nameID="265" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
-      TestFamily-Semibold
-    </namerecord>
-    <namerecord nameID="266" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
-      Bold
-    </namerecord>
-    <namerecord nameID="267" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
-      TestFamily-Bold
-    </namerecord>
-    <namerecord nameID="268" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
-      Black
-    </namerecord>
-    <namerecord nameID="269" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
-      TestFamily-Black
-    </namerecord>
-    <namerecord nameID="270" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
-      Black Medium Contrast
-    </namerecord>
-    <namerecord nameID="271" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
-      TestFamily-BlackMediumContrast
-    </namerecord>
-    <namerecord nameID="272" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
-      Black High Contrast
-    </namerecord>
-    <namerecord nameID="273" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
-      TestFamily-BlackHighContrast
-    </namerecord>
-    <namerecord nameID="274" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
-      Weight
-    </namerecord>
-    <namerecord nameID="275" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
-      Contrast
-    </namerecord>
   </name>
 
   <post>
@@ -616,4 +496,14 @@
     </extraNames>
   </post>
 
+  <GDEF>
+    <Version value="0x00010000"/>
+    <GlyphClassDef>
+      <ClassDef glyph="uni0024" class="1"/>
+      <ClassDef glyph="uni0024.nostroke" class="1"/>
+      <ClassDef glyph="uni0041" class="1"/>
+      <ClassDef glyph="uni0061" class="1"/>
+    </GlyphClassDef>
+  </GDEF>
+
 </ttFont>
diff --git a/Tests/varLib/data/test_results/Mutator_Getvar-instance.ttx b/Tests/varLib/data/test_results/Mutator_Getvar-instance.ttx
new file mode 100755
index 0000000..28e0766
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/varLib/data/test_results/Mutator_Getvar-instance.ttx
@@ -0,0 +1,297 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<ttFont sfntVersion="\x00\x01\x00\x00" ttLibVersion="3.32">
+
+  <GlyphOrder>
+    <!-- The 'id' attribute is only for humans; it is ignored when parsed. -->
+    <GlyphID id="0" name=".notdef"/>
+    <GlyphID id="1" name="NULL"/>
+    <GlyphID id="2" name="nonmarkingreturn"/>
+    <GlyphID id="3" name="space"/>
+    <GlyphID id="4" name="b"/>
+    <GlyphID id="5" name="q"/>
+    <GlyphID id="6" name="a"/>
+  </GlyphOrder>
+
+  <hhea>
+    <tableVersion value="0x00010000"/>
+    <ascent value="750"/>
+    <descent value="-250"/>
+    <lineGap value="9"/>
+    <advanceWidthMax value="464"/>
+    <minLeftSideBearing value="38"/>
+    <minRightSideBearing value="38"/>
+    <xMaxExtent value="426"/>
+    <caretSlopeRise value="1"/>
+    <caretSlopeRun value="0"/>
+    <caretOffset value="0"/>
+    <reserved0 value="0"/>
+    <reserved1 value="0"/>
+    <reserved2 value="0"/>
+    <reserved3 value="0"/>
+    <metricDataFormat value="0"/>
+    <numberOfHMetrics value="5"/>
+  </hhea>
+
+  <maxp>
+    <!-- Most of this table will be recalculated by the compiler -->
+    <tableVersion value="0x10000"/>
+    <numGlyphs value="7"/>
+    <maxPoints value="20"/>
+    <maxContours value="2"/>
+    <maxCompositePoints value="20"/>
+    <maxCompositeContours value="2"/>
+    <maxZones value="1"/>
+    <maxTwilightPoints value="0"/>
+    <maxStorage value="0"/>
+    <maxFunctionDefs value="0"/>
+    <maxInstructionDefs value="1"/>
+    <maxStackElements value="2"/>
+    <maxSizeOfInstructions value="0"/>
+    <maxComponentElements value="1"/>
+    <maxComponentDepth value="1"/>
+  </maxp>
+
+  <OS_2>
+    <!-- The fields 'usFirstCharIndex' and 'usLastCharIndex'
+         will be recalculated by the compiler -->
+    <version value="3"/>
+    <xAvgCharWidth value="347"/>
+    <usWeightClass value="400"/>
+    <usWidthClass value="3"/>
+    <fsType value="00000000 00000100"/>
+    <ySubscriptXSize value="700"/>
+    <ySubscriptYSize value="650"/>
+    <ySubscriptXOffset value="0"/>
+    <ySubscriptYOffset value="140"/>
+    <ySuperscriptXSize value="700"/>
+    <ySuperscriptYSize value="650"/>
+    <ySuperscriptXOffset value="0"/>
+    <ySuperscriptYOffset value="477"/>
+    <yStrikeoutSize value="50"/>
+    <yStrikeoutPosition value="250"/>
+    <sFamilyClass value="0"/>
+    <panose>
+      <bFamilyType value="0"/>
+      <bSerifStyle value="0"/>
+      <bWeight value="0"/>
+      <bProportion value="0"/>
+      <bContrast value="0"/>
+      <bStrokeVariation value="0"/>
+      <bArmStyle value="0"/>
+      <bLetterForm value="0"/>
+      <bMidline value="0"/>
+      <bXHeight value="0"/>
+    </panose>
+    <ulUnicodeRange1 value="00000000 00000000 00000000 00000001"/>
+    <ulUnicodeRange2 value="00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000"/>
+    <ulUnicodeRange3 value="00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000"/>
+    <ulUnicodeRange4 value="00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000"/>
+    <achVendID value="LuFo"/>
+    <fsSelection value="00000000 01000000"/>
+    <usFirstCharIndex value="0"/>
+    <usLastCharIndex value="113"/>
+    <sTypoAscender value="750"/>
+    <sTypoDescender value="-250"/>
+    <sTypoLineGap value="0"/>
+    <usWinAscent value="608"/>
+    <usWinDescent value="152"/>
+    <ulCodePageRange1 value="00000000 00000000 00000000 00000001"/>
+    <ulCodePageRange2 value="00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000"/>
+    <sxHeight value="456"/>
+    <sCapHeight value="608"/>
+    <usDefaultChar value="0"/>
+    <usBreakChar value="32"/>
+    <usMaxContext value="0"/>
+  </OS_2>
+
+  <hmtx>
+    <mtx name=".notdef" width="200" lsb="0"/>
+    <mtx name="NULL" width="0" lsb="0"/>
+    <mtx name="a" width="464" lsb="38"/>
+    <mtx name="b" width="464" lsb="76"/>
+    <mtx name="nonmarkingreturn" width="200" lsb="0"/>
+    <mtx name="q" width="464" lsb="38"/>
+    <mtx name="space" width="200" lsb="0"/>
+  </hmtx>
+
+  <cmap>
+    <tableVersion version="0"/>
+    <cmap_format_4 platformID="0" platEncID="3" language="0">
+      <map code="0x0" name="NULL"/><!-- ???? -->
+      <map code="0xd" name="nonmarkingreturn"/><!-- ???? -->
+      <map code="0x20" name="space"/><!-- SPACE -->
+      <map code="0x61" name="a"/><!-- LATIN SMALL LETTER A -->
+      <map code="0x62" name="b"/><!-- LATIN SMALL LETTER B -->
+      <map code="0x71" name="q"/><!-- LATIN SMALL LETTER Q -->
+    </cmap_format_4>
+    <cmap_format_6 platformID="1" platEncID="0" language="0">
+      <map code="0x0" name="NULL"/>
+      <map code="0xd" name="nonmarkingreturn"/>
+      <map code="0x20" name="space"/>
+      <map code="0x61" name="a"/>
+      <map code="0x62" name="b"/>
+      <map code="0x71" name="q"/>
+    </cmap_format_6>
+    <cmap_format_4 platformID="3" platEncID="1" language="0">
+      <map code="0x0" name="NULL"/><!-- ???? -->
+      <map code="0xd" name="nonmarkingreturn"/><!-- ???? -->
+      <map code="0x20" name="space"/><!-- SPACE -->
+      <map code="0x61" name="a"/><!-- LATIN SMALL LETTER A -->
+      <map code="0x62" name="b"/><!-- LATIN SMALL LETTER B -->
+      <map code="0x71" name="q"/><!-- LATIN SMALL LETTER Q -->
+    </cmap_format_4>
+  </cmap>
+
+  <fpgm>
+    <assembly>
+      PUSHB[ ]	/* 1 value pushed */
+      145
+      IDEF[ ]	/* InstructionDefinition */
+      NPUSHW[ ]	/* 3 values pushed */
+      2 -8192 8192
+      ENDF[ ]	/* EndFunctionDefinition */
+    </assembly>
+  </fpgm>
+
+  <loca>
+    <!-- The 'loca' table will be calculated by the compiler -->
+  </loca>
+
+  <glyf>
+
+    <!-- The xMin, yMin, xMax and yMax values
+         will be recalculated by the compiler. -->
+
+    <TTGlyph name=".notdef"/><!-- contains no outline data -->
+
+    <TTGlyph name="NULL"/><!-- contains no outline data -->
+
+    <TTGlyph name="a" xMin="38" yMin="-12" xMax="388" yMax="468">
+      <contour>
+        <pt x="312" y="0" on="1" overlap="1"/>
+        <pt x="312" y="64" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="244" y="-12" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="180" y="-12" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="38" y="140" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="38" y="316" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="180" y="468" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="246" y="468" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="312" y="392" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="312" y="456" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="388" y="456" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="388" y="0" on="1"/>
+      </contour>
+      <contour>
+        <pt x="236" y="64" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="312" y="140" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="312" y="316" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="236" y="392" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="160" y="392" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="84" y="316" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="84" y="140" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="160" y="64" on="1"/>
+      </contour>
+      <instructions>
+        <assembly>
+          GETVARIATION[ ]	/* GetVariation */
+        </assembly>
+      </instructions>
+    </TTGlyph>
+
+    <TTGlyph name="b" xMin="76" yMin="-12" xMax="426" yMax="628">
+      <contour>
+        <pt x="218" y="468" on="1" overlap="1"/>
+        <pt x="284" y="468" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="426" y="316" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="426" y="140" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="284" y="-12" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="220" y="-12" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="152" y="64" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="152" y="0" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="76" y="0" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="76" y="628" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="152" y="628" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="152" y="392" on="1"/>
+      </contour>
+      <contour>
+        <pt x="152" y="316" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="152" y="140" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="218" y="64" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="284" y="64" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="350" y="140" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="350" y="316" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="284" y="392" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="218" y="392" on="1"/>
+      </contour>
+      <instructions/>
+    </TTGlyph>
+
+    <TTGlyph name="nonmarkingreturn"/><!-- contains no outline data -->
+
+    <TTGlyph name="q" xMin="38" yMin="-172" xMax="388" yMax="468">
+      <component glyphName="b" x="464" y="456" scale="-0.99994" flags="0x404"/>
+    </TTGlyph>
+
+    <TTGlyph name="space"/><!-- contains no outline data -->
+
+  </glyf>
+
+  <name>
+    <namerecord nameID="1" platformID="1" platEncID="0" langID="0x0" unicode="True">
+      VarFont
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="2" platformID="1" platEncID="0" langID="0x0" unicode="True">
+      Regular
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="3" platformID="1" platEncID="0" langID="0x0" unicode="True">
+      VarFont Regular: 2017
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="4" platformID="1" platEncID="0" langID="0x0" unicode="True">
+      VarFont Regular
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="6" platformID="1" platEncID="0" langID="0x0" unicode="True">
+      VarFont-Regular
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="1" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      VarFont
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="2" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Regular
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="3" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      VarFont Regular: 2017
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="4" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      VarFont Regular
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="6" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      VarFont-Regular
+    </namerecord>
+  </name>
+
+  <post>
+    <formatType value="2.0"/>
+    <italicAngle value="0.0"/>
+    <underlinePosition value="-75"/>
+    <underlineThickness value="50"/>
+    <isFixedPitch value="0"/>
+    <minMemType42 value="0"/>
+    <maxMemType42 value="0"/>
+    <minMemType1 value="0"/>
+    <maxMemType1 value="0"/>
+    <psNames>
+      <!-- This file uses unique glyph names based on the information
+           found in the 'post' table. Since these names might not be unique,
+           we have to invent artificial names in case of clashes. In order to
+           be able to retain the original information, we need a name to
+           ps name mapping for those cases where they differ. That's what
+           you see below.
+            -->
+    </psNames>
+    <extraNames>
+      <!-- following are the name that are not taken from the standard Mac glyph order -->
+      <psName name="NULL"/>
+    </extraNames>
+  </post>
+
+</ttFont>
diff --git a/Tests/varLib/data/test_results/Mutator_IUP-instance.ttx b/Tests/varLib/data/test_results/Mutator_IUP-instance.ttx
index 8b33fd7..1f7b651 100755
--- a/Tests/varLib/data/test_results/Mutator_IUP-instance.ttx
+++ b/Tests/varLib/data/test_results/Mutator_IUP-instance.ttx
@@ -57,7 +57,7 @@
     <version value="3"/>
     <xAvgCharWidth value="347"/>
     <usWeightClass value="400"/>
-    <usWidthClass value="5"/>
+    <usWidthClass value="3"/>
     <fsType value="00000000 00000100"/>
     <ySubscriptXSize value="700"/>
     <ySubscriptYSize value="650"/>
@@ -157,7 +157,7 @@
 
     <TTGlyph name="a" xMin="38" yMin="-12" xMax="388" yMax="468">
       <contour>
-        <pt x="312" y="0" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="312" y="0" on="1" overlap="1"/>
         <pt x="312" y="64" on="1"/>
         <pt x="244" y="-12" on="1"/>
         <pt x="180" y="-12" on="1"/>
@@ -185,7 +185,7 @@
 
     <TTGlyph name="b" xMin="76" yMin="-12" xMax="426" yMax="628">
       <contour>
-        <pt x="218" y="468" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="218" y="468" on="1" overlap="1"/>
         <pt x="284" y="468" on="1"/>
         <pt x="426" y="316" on="1"/>
         <pt x="426" y="140" on="1"/>
@@ -214,7 +214,7 @@
     <TTGlyph name="nonmarkingreturn"/><!-- contains no outline data -->
 
     <TTGlyph name="q" xMin="38" yMin="-172" xMax="388" yMax="468">
-      <component glyphName="b" x="464" y="456" scale="-0.99994" flags="0x4"/>
+      <component glyphName="b" x="464" y="456" scale="-0.99994" flags="0x404"/>
     </TTGlyph>
 
     <TTGlyph name="space"/><!-- contains no outline data -->
@@ -237,15 +237,6 @@
     <namerecord nameID="6" platformID="1" platEncID="0" langID="0x0" unicode="True">
       VarFont-Regular
     </namerecord>
-    <namerecord nameID="256" platformID="1" platEncID="0" langID="0x0" unicode="True">
-      Width
-    </namerecord>
-    <namerecord nameID="257" platformID="1" platEncID="0" langID="0x0" unicode="True">
-      Ascender
-    </namerecord>
-    <namerecord nameID="258" platformID="1" platEncID="0" langID="0x0" unicode="True">
-      Regular
-    </namerecord>
     <namerecord nameID="1" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
       VarFont
     </namerecord>
@@ -261,15 +252,6 @@
     <namerecord nameID="6" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
       VarFont-Regular
     </namerecord>
-    <namerecord nameID="256" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
-      Width
-    </namerecord>
-    <namerecord nameID="257" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
-      Ascender
-    </namerecord>
-    <namerecord nameID="258" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
-      Regular
-    </namerecord>
   </name>
 
   <post>
diff --git a/Tests/varLib/data/test_results/SingleMaster.ttx b/Tests/varLib/data/test_results/SingleMaster.ttx
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..02cfe32
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/varLib/data/test_results/SingleMaster.ttx
@@ -0,0 +1,103 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<ttFont sfntVersion="\x00\x01\x00\x00" ttLibVersion="4.0">
+
+  <GDEF>
+    <Version value="0x00010003"/>
+    <GlyphClassDef>
+      <ClassDef glyph="uni0024" class="1"/>
+      <ClassDef glyph="uni0024.nostroke" class="1"/>
+      <ClassDef glyph="uni0041" class="1"/>
+      <ClassDef glyph="uni0061" class="1"/>
+    </GlyphClassDef>
+  </GDEF>
+
+  <HVAR>
+    <Version value="0x00010000"/>
+    <VarStore Format="1">
+      <Format value="1"/>
+      <VarRegionList>
+        <!-- RegionAxisCount=1 -->
+        <!-- RegionCount=0 -->
+      </VarRegionList>
+      <!-- VarDataCount=1 -->
+      <VarData index="0">
+        <!-- ItemCount=6 -->
+        <NumShorts value="0"/>
+        <!-- VarRegionCount=0 -->
+        <Item index="0" value="[]"/>
+        <Item index="1" value="[]"/>
+        <Item index="2" value="[]"/>
+        <Item index="3" value="[]"/>
+        <Item index="4" value="[]"/>
+        <Item index="5" value="[]"/>
+      </VarData>
+    </VarStore>
+  </HVAR>
+
+  <STAT>
+    <Version value="0x00010001"/>
+    <DesignAxisRecordSize value="8"/>
+    <!-- DesignAxisCount=1 -->
+    <DesignAxisRecord>
+      <Axis index="0">
+        <AxisTag value="wght"/>
+        <AxisNameID value="256"/>  <!-- Weight -->
+        <AxisOrdering value="0"/>
+      </Axis>
+    </DesignAxisRecord>
+    <!-- AxisValueCount=0 -->
+    <ElidedFallbackNameID value="2"/>  <!-- Regular -->
+  </STAT>
+
+  <fvar>
+
+    <!-- Weight -->
+    <Axis>
+      <AxisTag>wght</AxisTag>
+      <Flags>0x0</Flags>
+      <MinValue>400.0</MinValue>
+      <DefaultValue>400.0</DefaultValue>
+      <MaxValue>400.0</MaxValue>
+      <AxisNameID>256</AxisNameID>
+    </Axis>
+  </fvar>
+
+  <gvar>
+    <version value="1"/>
+    <reserved value="0"/>
+  </gvar>
+
+  <name>
+    <namerecord nameID="256" platformID="1" platEncID="0" langID="0x0" unicode="True">
+      Weight
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="1" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Test Family
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="2" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Regular
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="3" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Version 1.001;ADBO;Test Family Regular
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="4" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Test Family
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="5" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Version 1.001
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="6" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      TestFamily-Master0
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="9" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Frank Grießhammer
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="17" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Master 0
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="256" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Weight
+    </namerecord>
+  </name>
+
+</ttFont>
diff --git a/Tests/varLib/data/test_results/SparseMasters.ttx b/Tests/varLib/data/test_results/SparseMasters.ttx
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a3f8e61
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/varLib/data/test_results/SparseMasters.ttx
@@ -0,0 +1,659 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<ttFont sfntVersion="\x00\x01\x00\x00" ttLibVersion="3.35">
+
+  <GlyphOrder>
+    <!-- The 'id' attribute is only for humans; it is ignored when parsed. -->
+    <GlyphID id="0" name=".notdef"/>
+    <GlyphID id="1" name="a"/>
+    <GlyphID id="2" name="e"/>
+    <GlyphID id="3" name="s"/>
+    <GlyphID id="4" name="dotabovecomb"/>
+    <GlyphID id="5" name="edotabove"/>
+  </GlyphOrder>
+
+  <hhea>
+    <tableVersion value="0x00010000"/>
+    <ascent value="950"/>
+    <descent value="-250"/>
+    <lineGap value="0"/>
+    <advanceWidthMax value="600"/>
+    <minLeftSideBearing value="-37"/>
+    <minRightSideBearing value="-50"/>
+    <xMaxExtent value="582"/>
+    <caretSlopeRise value="1"/>
+    <caretSlopeRun value="0"/>
+    <caretOffset value="0"/>
+    <reserved0 value="0"/>
+    <reserved1 value="0"/>
+    <reserved2 value="0"/>
+    <reserved3 value="0"/>
+    <metricDataFormat value="0"/>
+    <numberOfHMetrics value="6"/>
+  </hhea>
+
+  <maxp>
+    <!-- Most of this table will be recalculated by the compiler -->
+    <tableVersion value="0x10000"/>
+    <numGlyphs value="6"/>
+    <maxPoints value="18"/>
+    <maxContours value="2"/>
+    <maxCompositePoints value="17"/>
+    <maxCompositeContours value="2"/>
+    <maxZones value="1"/>
+    <maxTwilightPoints value="0"/>
+    <maxStorage value="0"/>
+    <maxFunctionDefs value="0"/>
+    <maxInstructionDefs value="0"/>
+    <maxStackElements value="0"/>
+    <maxSizeOfInstructions value="0"/>
+    <maxComponentElements value="2"/>
+    <maxComponentDepth value="1"/>
+  </maxp>
+
+  <OS_2>
+    <!-- The fields 'usFirstCharIndex' and 'usLastCharIndex'
+         will be recalculated by the compiler -->
+    <version value="4"/>
+    <xAvgCharWidth value="580"/>
+    <usWeightClass value="350"/>
+    <usWidthClass value="5"/>
+    <fsType value="00000000 00000100"/>
+    <ySubscriptXSize value="650"/>
+    <ySubscriptYSize value="600"/>
+    <ySubscriptXOffset value="0"/>
+    <ySubscriptYOffset value="75"/>
+    <ySuperscriptXSize value="650"/>
+    <ySuperscriptYSize value="600"/>
+    <ySuperscriptXOffset value="0"/>
+    <ySuperscriptYOffset value="350"/>
+    <yStrikeoutSize value="50"/>
+    <yStrikeoutPosition value="300"/>
+    <sFamilyClass value="0"/>
+    <panose>
+      <bFamilyType value="0"/>
+      <bSerifStyle value="0"/>
+      <bWeight value="0"/>
+      <bProportion value="0"/>
+      <bContrast value="0"/>
+      <bStrokeVariation value="0"/>
+      <bArmStyle value="0"/>
+      <bLetterForm value="0"/>
+      <bMidline value="0"/>
+      <bXHeight value="0"/>
+    </panose>
+    <ulUnicodeRange1 value="00000000 00000000 00000000 01000101"/>
+    <ulUnicodeRange2 value="00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000"/>
+    <ulUnicodeRange3 value="00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000"/>
+    <ulUnicodeRange4 value="00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000"/>
+    <achVendID value="NONE"/>
+    <fsSelection value="00000000 01000000"/>
+    <usFirstCharIndex value="97"/>
+    <usLastCharIndex value="775"/>
+    <sTypoAscender value="750"/>
+    <sTypoDescender value="-250"/>
+    <sTypoLineGap value="200"/>
+    <usWinAscent value="950"/>
+    <usWinDescent value="250"/>
+    <ulCodePageRange1 value="00000000 00000000 00000000 00000001"/>
+    <ulCodePageRange2 value="00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000"/>
+    <sxHeight value="500"/>
+    <sCapHeight value="700"/>
+    <usDefaultChar value="0"/>
+    <usBreakChar value="32"/>
+    <usMaxContext value="4"/>
+  </OS_2>
+
+  <hmtx>
+    <mtx name=".notdef" width="500" lsb="50"/>
+    <mtx name="a" width="600" lsb="9"/>
+    <mtx name="dotabovecomb" width="0" lsb="-37"/>
+    <mtx name="e" width="600" lsb="40"/>
+    <mtx name="edotabove" width="600" lsb="40"/>
+    <mtx name="s" width="600" lsb="25"/>
+  </hmtx>
+
+  <cmap>
+    <tableVersion version="0"/>
+    <cmap_format_4 platformID="0" platEncID="3" language="0">
+      <map code="0x61" name="a"/><!-- LATIN SMALL LETTER A -->
+      <map code="0x65" name="e"/><!-- LATIN SMALL LETTER E -->
+      <map code="0x73" name="s"/><!-- LATIN SMALL LETTER S -->
+      <map code="0x117" name="edotabove"/><!-- LATIN SMALL LETTER E WITH DOT ABOVE -->
+      <map code="0x307" name="dotabovecomb"/><!-- COMBINING DOT ABOVE -->
+    </cmap_format_4>
+    <cmap_format_4 platformID="3" platEncID="1" language="0">
+      <map code="0x61" name="a"/><!-- LATIN SMALL LETTER A -->
+      <map code="0x65" name="e"/><!-- LATIN SMALL LETTER E -->
+      <map code="0x73" name="s"/><!-- LATIN SMALL LETTER S -->
+      <map code="0x117" name="edotabove"/><!-- LATIN SMALL LETTER E WITH DOT ABOVE -->
+      <map code="0x307" name="dotabovecomb"/><!-- COMBINING DOT ABOVE -->
+    </cmap_format_4>
+  </cmap>
+
+  <loca>
+    <!-- The 'loca' table will be calculated by the compiler -->
+  </loca>
+
+  <glyf>
+
+    <!-- The xMin, yMin, xMax and yMax values
+         will be recalculated by the compiler. -->
+
+    <TTGlyph name=".notdef" xMin="50" yMin="-250" xMax="450" yMax="750">
+      <contour>
+        <pt x="50" y="-250" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="450" y="-250" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="450" y="750" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="50" y="750" on="1"/>
+      </contour>
+      <contour>
+        <pt x="100" y="-200" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="100" y="700" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="400" y="700" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="400" y="-200" on="1"/>
+      </contour>
+      <instructions/>
+    </TTGlyph>
+
+    <TTGlyph name="a" xMin="9" yMin="-12" xMax="468" yMax="504">
+      <contour>
+        <pt x="468" y="-1" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="366" y="-3" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="363" y="357" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="208" y="397" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="36" y="337" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="9" y="428" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="214" y="504" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="447" y="434" on="1"/>
+      </contour>
+      <contour>
+        <pt x="378" y="263" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="382" y="207" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="88" y="172" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="86" y="126" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="161" y="74" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="383" y="134" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="389" y="71" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="168" y="-12" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="29" y="22" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="26" y="240" on="1"/>
+      </contour>
+      <instructions/>
+    </TTGlyph>
+
+    <TTGlyph name="dotabovecomb" xMin="-37" yMin="501" xMax="50" yMax="597">
+      <contour>
+        <pt x="-21" y="597" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="50" y="589" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="41" y="501" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="-37" y="503" on="1"/>
+      </contour>
+      <instructions/>
+    </TTGlyph>
+
+    <TTGlyph name="e" xMin="40" yMin="-18" xMax="576" yMax="513">
+      <contour>
+        <pt x="127" y="228" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="125" y="298" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="480" y="292" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="317" y="416" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="147" y="263" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="229" y="75" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="509" y="129" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="526" y="45" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="188" y="-18" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="40" y="261" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="316" y="513" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="571" y="305" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="576" y="226" on="1"/>
+      </contour>
+      <instructions/>
+    </TTGlyph>
+
+    <TTGlyph name="edotabove" xMin="40" yMin="-18" xMax="576" yMax="693">
+      <component glyphName="e" x="0" y="0" flags="0x204"/>
+      <component glyphName="dotabovecomb" x="313" y="96" flags="0x4"/>
+    </TTGlyph>
+
+    <TTGlyph name="s" xMin="25" yMin="-13" xMax="582" yMax="530">
+      <contour>
+        <pt x="559" y="459" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="539" y="376" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="326" y="442" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="213" y="366" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="582" y="174" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="304" y="-13" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="25" y="83" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="53" y="174" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="282" y="76" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="427" y="155" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="38" y="343" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="324" y="530" on="1"/>
+      </contour>
+      <instructions/>
+    </TTGlyph>
+
+  </glyf>
+
+  <name>
+    <namerecord nameID="256" platformID="1" platEncID="0" langID="0x0" unicode="True">
+      Weight
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="1" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Layer Font
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="2" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Regular
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="3" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      0.000;NONE;LayerFont-Regular
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="4" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Layer Font Regular
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="5" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Version 0.000
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="6" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      LayerFont-Regular
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="256" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Weight
+    </namerecord>
+  </name>
+
+  <post>
+    <formatType value="2.0"/>
+    <italicAngle value="0.0"/>
+    <underlinePosition value="-75"/>
+    <underlineThickness value="50"/>
+    <isFixedPitch value="0"/>
+    <minMemType42 value="0"/>
+    <maxMemType42 value="0"/>
+    <minMemType1 value="0"/>
+    <maxMemType1 value="0"/>
+    <psNames>
+      <!-- This file uses unique glyph names based on the information
+           found in the 'post' table. Since these names might not be unique,
+           we have to invent artificial names in case of clashes. In order to
+           be able to retain the original information, we need a name to
+           ps name mapping for those cases where they differ. That's what
+           you see below.
+            -->
+    </psNames>
+    <extraNames>
+      <!-- following are the name that are not taken from the standard Mac glyph order -->
+      <psName name="dotabovecomb"/>
+      <psName name="edotabove"/>
+    </extraNames>
+  </post>
+
+  <GDEF>
+    <Version value="0x00010003"/>
+    <GlyphClassDef>
+      <ClassDef glyph="dotabovecomb" class="3"/>
+      <ClassDef glyph="e" class="1"/>
+    </GlyphClassDef>
+    <VarStore Format="1">
+      <Format value="1"/>
+      <VarRegionList>
+        <!-- RegionAxisCount=1 -->
+        <!-- RegionCount=1 -->
+        <Region index="0">
+          <VarRegionAxis index="0">
+            <StartCoord value="0.0"/>
+            <PeakCoord value="1.0"/>
+            <EndCoord value="1.0"/>
+          </VarRegionAxis>
+        </Region>
+      </VarRegionList>
+      <!-- VarDataCount=1 -->
+      <VarData index="0">
+        <!-- ItemCount=2 -->
+        <NumShorts value="0"/>
+        <!-- VarRegionCount=1 -->
+        <VarRegionIndex index="0" value="0"/>
+        <Item index="0" value="[1]"/>
+        <Item index="1" value="[88]"/>
+      </VarData>
+    </VarStore>
+  </GDEF>
+
+  <GPOS>
+    <Version value="0x00010000"/>
+    <ScriptList>
+      <!-- ScriptCount=1 -->
+      <ScriptRecord index="0">
+        <ScriptTag value="DFLT"/>
+        <Script>
+          <DefaultLangSys>
+            <ReqFeatureIndex value="65535"/>
+            <!-- FeatureCount=1 -->
+            <FeatureIndex index="0" value="0"/>
+          </DefaultLangSys>
+          <!-- LangSysCount=0 -->
+        </Script>
+      </ScriptRecord>
+    </ScriptList>
+    <FeatureList>
+      <!-- FeatureCount=1 -->
+      <FeatureRecord index="0">
+        <FeatureTag value="mark"/>
+        <Feature>
+          <!-- LookupCount=1 -->
+          <LookupListIndex index="0" value="0"/>
+        </Feature>
+      </FeatureRecord>
+    </FeatureList>
+    <LookupList>
+      <!-- LookupCount=1 -->
+      <Lookup index="0">
+        <LookupType value="4"/>
+        <LookupFlag value="0"/>
+        <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
+        <MarkBasePos index="0" Format="1">
+          <MarkCoverage>
+            <Glyph value="dotabovecomb"/>
+          </MarkCoverage>
+          <BaseCoverage>
+            <Glyph value="e"/>
+          </BaseCoverage>
+          <!-- ClassCount=1 -->
+          <MarkArray>
+            <!-- MarkCount=1 -->
+            <MarkRecord index="0">
+              <Class value="0"/>
+              <MarkAnchor Format="1">
+                <XCoordinate value="-2"/>
+                <YCoordinate value="465"/>
+              </MarkAnchor>
+            </MarkRecord>
+          </MarkArray>
+          <BaseArray>
+            <!-- BaseCount=1 -->
+            <BaseRecord index="0">
+              <BaseAnchor index="0" Format="3">
+                <XCoordinate value="314"/>
+                <YCoordinate value="556"/>
+                <XDeviceTable>
+                  <StartSize value="0"/>
+                  <EndSize value="0"/>
+                  <DeltaFormat value="32768"/>
+                </XDeviceTable>
+                <YDeviceTable>
+                  <StartSize value="0"/>
+                  <EndSize value="1"/>
+                  <DeltaFormat value="32768"/>
+                </YDeviceTable>
+              </BaseAnchor>
+            </BaseRecord>
+          </BaseArray>
+        </MarkBasePos>
+      </Lookup>
+    </LookupList>
+  </GPOS>
+
+  <GSUB>
+    <Version value="0x00010000"/>
+    <ScriptList>
+      <!-- ScriptCount=1 -->
+      <ScriptRecord index="0">
+        <ScriptTag value="DFLT"/>
+        <Script>
+          <DefaultLangSys>
+            <ReqFeatureIndex value="65535"/>
+            <!-- FeatureCount=1 -->
+            <FeatureIndex index="0" value="0"/>
+          </DefaultLangSys>
+          <!-- LangSysCount=0 -->
+        </Script>
+      </ScriptRecord>
+    </ScriptList>
+    <FeatureList>
+      <!-- FeatureCount=1 -->
+      <FeatureRecord index="0">
+        <FeatureTag value="liga"/>
+        <Feature>
+          <!-- LookupCount=1 -->
+          <LookupListIndex index="0" value="0"/>
+        </Feature>
+      </FeatureRecord>
+    </FeatureList>
+    <LookupList>
+      <!-- LookupCount=1 -->
+      <Lookup index="0">
+        <LookupType value="4"/>
+        <LookupFlag value="0"/>
+        <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
+        <LigatureSubst index="0">
+          <LigatureSet glyph="a">
+            <Ligature components="e,s,s" glyph="s"/>
+          </LigatureSet>
+        </LigatureSubst>
+      </Lookup>
+    </LookupList>
+  </GSUB>
+
+  <HVAR>
+    <Version value="0x00010000"/>
+    <VarStore Format="1">
+      <Format value="1"/>
+      <VarRegionList>
+        <!-- RegionAxisCount=1 -->
+        <!-- RegionCount=3 -->
+        <Region index="0">
+          <VarRegionAxis index="0">
+            <StartCoord value="0.0"/>
+            <PeakCoord value="0.36365"/>
+            <EndCoord value="1.0"/>
+          </VarRegionAxis>
+        </Region>
+        <Region index="1">
+          <VarRegionAxis index="0">
+            <StartCoord value="0.36365"/>
+            <PeakCoord value="1.0"/>
+            <EndCoord value="1.0"/>
+          </VarRegionAxis>
+        </Region>
+        <Region index="2">
+          <VarRegionAxis index="0">
+            <StartCoord value="0.0"/>
+            <PeakCoord value="1.0"/>
+            <EndCoord value="1.0"/>
+          </VarRegionAxis>
+        </Region>
+      </VarRegionList>
+      <!-- VarDataCount=1 -->
+      <VarData index="0">
+        <!-- ItemCount=1 -->
+        <NumShorts value="0"/>
+        <!-- VarRegionCount=0 -->
+        <Item index="0" value="[]"/>
+      </VarData>
+    </VarStore>
+    <AdvWidthMap>
+      <Map glyph=".notdef" outer="0" inner="0"/>
+      <Map glyph="a" outer="0" inner="0"/>
+      <Map glyph="dotabovecomb" outer="0" inner="0"/>
+      <Map glyph="e" outer="0" inner="0"/>
+      <Map glyph="edotabove" outer="0" inner="0"/>
+      <Map glyph="s" outer="0" inner="0"/>
+    </AdvWidthMap>
+  </HVAR>
+
+  <MVAR>
+    <Version value="0x00010000"/>
+    <Reserved value="0"/>
+    <ValueRecordSize value="8"/>
+    <!-- ValueRecordCount=1 -->
+    <VarStore Format="1">
+      <Format value="1"/>
+      <VarRegionList>
+        <!-- RegionAxisCount=1 -->
+        <!-- RegionCount=1 -->
+        <Region index="0">
+          <VarRegionAxis index="0">
+            <StartCoord value="0.0"/>
+            <PeakCoord value="1.0"/>
+            <EndCoord value="1.0"/>
+          </VarRegionAxis>
+        </Region>
+      </VarRegionList>
+      <!-- VarDataCount=1 -->
+      <VarData index="0">
+        <!-- ItemCount=1 -->
+        <NumShorts value="0"/>
+        <!-- VarRegionCount=1 -->
+        <VarRegionIndex index="0" value="0"/>
+        <Item index="0" value="[-25]"/>
+      </VarData>
+    </VarStore>
+    <ValueRecord index="0">
+      <ValueTag value="undo"/>
+      <VarIdx value="0"/>
+    </ValueRecord>
+  </MVAR>
+
+  <STAT>
+    <Version value="0x00010001"/>
+    <DesignAxisRecordSize value="8"/>
+    <!-- DesignAxisCount=1 -->
+    <DesignAxisRecord>
+      <Axis index="0">
+        <AxisTag value="wght"/>
+        <AxisNameID value="256"/>  <!-- Weight -->
+        <AxisOrdering value="0"/>
+      </Axis>
+    </DesignAxisRecord>
+    <!-- AxisValueCount=0 -->
+    <ElidedFallbackNameID value="2"/>  <!-- Regular -->
+  </STAT>
+
+  <fvar>
+
+    <!-- Weight -->
+    <Axis>
+      <AxisTag>wght</AxisTag>
+      <Flags>0x0</Flags>
+      <MinValue>350.0</MinValue>
+      <DefaultValue>350.0</DefaultValue>
+      <MaxValue>625.0</MaxValue>
+      <AxisNameID>256</AxisNameID>
+    </Axis>
+  </fvar>
+
+  <gvar>
+    <version value="1"/>
+    <reserved value="0"/>
+    <glyphVariations glyph="a">
+      <tuple>
+        <coord axis="wght" value="1.0"/>
+        <delta pt="0" x="0" y="0"/>
+        <delta pt="1" x="-59" y="2"/>
+        <delta pt="2" x="-59" y="-54"/>
+        <delta pt="3" x="0" y="-56"/>
+        <delta pt="4" x="0" y="-56"/>
+        <delta pt="5" x="0" y="0"/>
+        <delta pt="6" x="0" y="0"/>
+        <delta pt="7" x="0" y="0"/>
+        <delta pt="8" x="0" y="0"/>
+        <delta pt="9" x="-1" y="-23"/>
+        <delta pt="10" x="77" y="7"/>
+        <delta pt="11" x="77" y="7"/>
+        <delta pt="12" x="40" y="28"/>
+        <delta pt="13" x="0" y="15"/>
+        <delta pt="14" x="0" y="0"/>
+        <delta pt="15" x="0" y="0"/>
+        <delta pt="16" x="0" y="0"/>
+        <delta pt="17" x="0" y="0"/>
+        <delta pt="18" x="0" y="0"/>
+        <delta pt="19" x="0" y="0"/>
+        <delta pt="20" x="0" y="0"/>
+        <delta pt="21" x="0" y="0"/>
+      </tuple>
+    </glyphVariations>
+    <glyphVariations glyph="dotabovecomb">
+      <tuple>
+        <coord axis="wght" value="1.0"/>
+        <delta pt="0" x="-8" y="28"/>
+        <delta pt="1" x="13" y="16"/>
+        <delta pt="2" x="17" y="-13"/>
+        <delta pt="3" x="-27" y="-20"/>
+        <delta pt="4" x="0" y="0"/>
+        <delta pt="5" x="0" y="0"/>
+        <delta pt="6" x="0" y="0"/>
+        <delta pt="7" x="0" y="0"/>
+      </tuple>
+    </glyphVariations>
+    <glyphVariations glyph="e">
+      <tuple>
+        <coord axis="wght" min="0.0" value="0.36365" max="1.0"/>
+        <delta pt="0" x="-1" y="-25"/>
+        <delta pt="1" x="0" y="0"/>
+        <delta pt="2" x="-84" y="5"/>
+        <delta pt="3" x="1" y="-29"/>
+        <delta pt="4" x="33" y="1"/>
+        <delta pt="5" x="35" y="41"/>
+        <delta pt="6" x="-2" y="28"/>
+        <delta pt="7" x="0" y="0"/>
+        <delta pt="8" x="0" y="0"/>
+        <delta pt="9" x="0" y="0"/>
+        <delta pt="10" x="0" y="0"/>
+        <delta pt="11" x="0" y="0"/>
+        <delta pt="12" x="0" y="-27"/>
+        <delta pt="13" x="0" y="0"/>
+        <delta pt="14" x="0" y="0"/>
+        <delta pt="15" x="0" y="0"/>
+        <delta pt="16" x="0" y="0"/>
+      </tuple>
+      <tuple>
+        <coord axis="wght" min="0.36365" value="1.0" max="1.0"/>
+        <delta pt="0" x="70" y="1"/>
+        <delta pt="1" x="70" y="1"/>
+        <delta pt="2" x="-76" y="1"/>
+        <delta pt="3" x="-16" y="-56"/>
+        <delta pt="4" x="70" y="1"/>
+        <delta pt="5" x="15" y="55"/>
+        <delta pt="6" x="15" y="55"/>
+        <delta pt="7" x="2" y="-45"/>
+        <delta pt="8" x="0" y="0"/>
+        <delta pt="9" x="-31" y="1"/>
+        <delta pt="10" x="-2" y="35"/>
+        <delta pt="11" x="25" y="-1"/>
+        <delta pt="12" x="25" y="-1"/>
+        <delta pt="13" x="0" y="0"/>
+        <delta pt="14" x="0" y="0"/>
+        <delta pt="15" x="0" y="0"/>
+        <delta pt="16" x="0" y="0"/>
+      </tuple>
+    </glyphVariations>
+    <glyphVariations glyph="edotabove">
+      <tuple>
+        <coord axis="wght" value="1.0"/>
+        <delta pt="1" x="-6" y="91"/>
+      </tuple>
+    </glyphVariations>
+    <glyphVariations glyph="s">
+      <tuple>
+        <coord axis="wght" value="1.0"/>
+        <delta pt="0" x="0" y="0"/>
+        <delta pt="1" x="-2" y="-40"/>
+        <delta pt="2" x="-2" y="-40"/>
+        <delta pt="3" x="55" y="-9"/>
+        <delta pt="4" x="26" y="-33"/>
+        <delta pt="5" x="-20" y="-45"/>
+        <delta pt="6" x="-18" y="-4"/>
+        <delta pt="7" x="-27" y="52"/>
+        <delta pt="8" x="-61" y="43"/>
+        <delta pt="9" x="-80" y="-6"/>
+        <delta pt="10" x="-22" y="55"/>
+        <delta pt="11" x="0" y="0"/>
+        <delta pt="12" x="0" y="0"/>
+        <delta pt="13" x="0" y="0"/>
+        <delta pt="14" x="0" y="0"/>
+        <delta pt="15" x="0" y="0"/>
+      </tuple>
+    </glyphVariations>
+  </gvar>
+
+</ttFont>
diff --git a/Tests/varLib/data/test_results/TestBASE.ttx b/Tests/varLib/data/test_results/TestBASE.ttx
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..23d9337
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/varLib/data/test_results/TestBASE.ttx
@@ -0,0 +1,477 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<ttFont sfntVersion="OTTO" ttLibVersion="4.4">
+
+  <BASE>
+    <Version value="0x00010001"/>
+    <HorizAxis>
+      <BaseTagList>
+        <!-- BaseTagCount=5 -->
+        <BaselineTag index="0" value="icfb"/>
+        <BaselineTag index="1" value="icft"/>
+        <BaselineTag index="2" value="ideo"/>
+        <BaselineTag index="3" value="idtp"/>
+        <BaselineTag index="4" value="romn"/>
+      </BaseTagList>
+      <BaseScriptList>
+        <!-- BaseScriptCount=6 -->
+        <BaseScriptRecord index="0">
+          <BaseScriptTag value="DFLT"/>
+          <BaseScript>
+            <BaseValues>
+              <DefaultIndex value="2"/>
+              <!-- BaseCoordCount=5 -->
+              <BaseCoord index="0" Format="3">
+                <Coordinate value="-75"/>
+                <DeviceTable>
+                  <StartSize value="0"/>
+                  <EndSize value="0"/>
+                  <DeltaFormat value="32768"/>
+                </DeviceTable>
+              </BaseCoord>
+              <BaseCoord index="1" Format="3">
+                <Coordinate value="835"/>
+                <DeviceTable>
+                  <StartSize value="0"/>
+                  <EndSize value="1"/>
+                  <DeltaFormat value="32768"/>
+                </DeviceTable>
+              </BaseCoord>
+              <BaseCoord index="2" Format="1">
+                <Coordinate value="-120"/>
+              </BaseCoord>
+              <BaseCoord index="3" Format="1">
+                <Coordinate value="880"/>
+              </BaseCoord>
+              <BaseCoord index="4" Format="1">
+                <Coordinate value="0"/>
+              </BaseCoord>
+            </BaseValues>
+            <!-- BaseLangSysCount=0 -->
+          </BaseScript>
+        </BaseScriptRecord>
+        <BaseScriptRecord index="1">
+          <BaseScriptTag value="cyrl"/>
+          <BaseScript>
+            <BaseValues>
+              <DefaultIndex value="4"/>
+              <!-- BaseCoordCount=5 -->
+              <BaseCoord index="0" Format="3">
+                <Coordinate value="-75"/>
+                <DeviceTable>
+                  <StartSize value="0"/>
+                  <EndSize value="0"/>
+                  <DeltaFormat value="32768"/>
+                </DeviceTable>
+              </BaseCoord>
+              <BaseCoord index="1" Format="3">
+                <Coordinate value="835"/>
+                <DeviceTable>
+                  <StartSize value="0"/>
+                  <EndSize value="1"/>
+                  <DeltaFormat value="32768"/>
+                </DeviceTable>
+              </BaseCoord>
+              <BaseCoord index="2" Format="1">
+                <Coordinate value="-120"/>
+              </BaseCoord>
+              <BaseCoord index="3" Format="1">
+                <Coordinate value="880"/>
+              </BaseCoord>
+              <BaseCoord index="4" Format="1">
+                <Coordinate value="0"/>
+              </BaseCoord>
+            </BaseValues>
+            <!-- BaseLangSysCount=0 -->
+          </BaseScript>
+        </BaseScriptRecord>
+        <BaseScriptRecord index="2">
+          <BaseScriptTag value="grek"/>
+          <BaseScript>
+            <BaseValues>
+              <DefaultIndex value="4"/>
+              <!-- BaseCoordCount=5 -->
+              <BaseCoord index="0" Format="3">
+                <Coordinate value="-75"/>
+                <DeviceTable>
+                  <StartSize value="0"/>
+                  <EndSize value="0"/>
+                  <DeltaFormat value="32768"/>
+                </DeviceTable>
+              </BaseCoord>
+              <BaseCoord index="1" Format="3">
+                <Coordinate value="835"/>
+                <DeviceTable>
+                  <StartSize value="0"/>
+                  <EndSize value="1"/>
+                  <DeltaFormat value="32768"/>
+                </DeviceTable>
+              </BaseCoord>
+              <BaseCoord index="2" Format="1">
+                <Coordinate value="-120"/>
+              </BaseCoord>
+              <BaseCoord index="3" Format="1">
+                <Coordinate value="880"/>
+              </BaseCoord>
+              <BaseCoord index="4" Format="1">
+                <Coordinate value="0"/>
+              </BaseCoord>
+            </BaseValues>
+            <!-- BaseLangSysCount=0 -->
+          </BaseScript>
+        </BaseScriptRecord>
+        <BaseScriptRecord index="3">
+          <BaseScriptTag value="hani"/>
+          <BaseScript>
+            <BaseValues>
+              <DefaultIndex value="2"/>
+              <!-- BaseCoordCount=5 -->
+              <BaseCoord index="0" Format="3">
+                <Coordinate value="-75"/>
+                <DeviceTable>
+                  <StartSize value="0"/>
+                  <EndSize value="0"/>
+                  <DeltaFormat value="32768"/>
+                </DeviceTable>
+              </BaseCoord>
+              <BaseCoord index="1" Format="3">
+                <Coordinate value="835"/>
+                <DeviceTable>
+                  <StartSize value="0"/>
+                  <EndSize value="1"/>
+                  <DeltaFormat value="32768"/>
+                </DeviceTable>
+              </BaseCoord>
+              <BaseCoord index="2" Format="1">
+                <Coordinate value="-120"/>
+              </BaseCoord>
+              <BaseCoord index="3" Format="1">
+                <Coordinate value="880"/>
+              </BaseCoord>
+              <BaseCoord index="4" Format="1">
+                <Coordinate value="0"/>
+              </BaseCoord>
+            </BaseValues>
+            <!-- BaseLangSysCount=0 -->
+          </BaseScript>
+        </BaseScriptRecord>
+        <BaseScriptRecord index="4">
+          <BaseScriptTag value="kana"/>
+          <BaseScript>
+            <BaseValues>
+              <DefaultIndex value="2"/>
+              <!-- BaseCoordCount=5 -->
+              <BaseCoord index="0" Format="3">
+                <Coordinate value="-75"/>
+                <DeviceTable>
+                  <StartSize value="0"/>
+                  <EndSize value="0"/>
+                  <DeltaFormat value="32768"/>
+                </DeviceTable>
+              </BaseCoord>
+              <BaseCoord index="1" Format="3">
+                <Coordinate value="835"/>
+                <DeviceTable>
+                  <StartSize value="0"/>
+                  <EndSize value="1"/>
+                  <DeltaFormat value="32768"/>
+                </DeviceTable>
+              </BaseCoord>
+              <BaseCoord index="2" Format="1">
+                <Coordinate value="-120"/>
+              </BaseCoord>
+              <BaseCoord index="3" Format="1">
+                <Coordinate value="880"/>
+              </BaseCoord>
+              <BaseCoord index="4" Format="1">
+                <Coordinate value="0"/>
+              </BaseCoord>
+            </BaseValues>
+            <!-- BaseLangSysCount=0 -->
+          </BaseScript>
+        </BaseScriptRecord>
+        <BaseScriptRecord index="5">
+          <BaseScriptTag value="latn"/>
+          <BaseScript>
+            <BaseValues>
+              <DefaultIndex value="4"/>
+              <!-- BaseCoordCount=5 -->
+              <BaseCoord index="0" Format="3">
+                <Coordinate value="-75"/>
+                <DeviceTable>
+                  <StartSize value="0"/>
+                  <EndSize value="0"/>
+                  <DeltaFormat value="32768"/>
+                </DeviceTable>
+              </BaseCoord>
+              <BaseCoord index="1" Format="3">
+                <Coordinate value="835"/>
+                <DeviceTable>
+                  <StartSize value="0"/>
+                  <EndSize value="1"/>
+                  <DeltaFormat value="32768"/>
+                </DeviceTable>
+              </BaseCoord>
+              <BaseCoord index="2" Format="1">
+                <Coordinate value="-120"/>
+              </BaseCoord>
+              <BaseCoord index="3" Format="1">
+                <Coordinate value="880"/>
+              </BaseCoord>
+              <BaseCoord index="4" Format="1">
+                <Coordinate value="0"/>
+              </BaseCoord>
+            </BaseValues>
+            <!-- BaseLangSysCount=0 -->
+          </BaseScript>
+        </BaseScriptRecord>
+      </BaseScriptList>
+    </HorizAxis>
+    <VertAxis>
+      <BaseTagList>
+        <!-- BaseTagCount=5 -->
+        <BaselineTag index="0" value="icfb"/>
+        <BaselineTag index="1" value="icft"/>
+        <BaselineTag index="2" value="ideo"/>
+        <BaselineTag index="3" value="idtp"/>
+        <BaselineTag index="4" value="romn"/>
+      </BaseTagList>
+      <BaseScriptList>
+        <!-- BaseScriptCount=6 -->
+        <BaseScriptRecord index="0">
+          <BaseScriptTag value="DFLT"/>
+          <BaseScript>
+            <BaseValues>
+              <DefaultIndex value="2"/>
+              <!-- BaseCoordCount=5 -->
+              <BaseCoord index="0" Format="3">
+                <Coordinate value="45"/>
+                <DeviceTable>
+                  <StartSize value="0"/>
+                  <EndSize value="0"/>
+                  <DeltaFormat value="32768"/>
+                </DeviceTable>
+              </BaseCoord>
+              <BaseCoord index="1" Format="3">
+                <Coordinate value="955"/>
+                <DeviceTable>
+                  <StartSize value="0"/>
+                  <EndSize value="1"/>
+                  <DeltaFormat value="32768"/>
+                </DeviceTable>
+              </BaseCoord>
+              <BaseCoord index="2" Format="1">
+                <Coordinate value="0"/>
+              </BaseCoord>
+              <BaseCoord index="3" Format="1">
+                <Coordinate value="1000"/>
+              </BaseCoord>
+              <BaseCoord index="4" Format="1">
+                <Coordinate value="120"/>
+              </BaseCoord>
+            </BaseValues>
+            <!-- BaseLangSysCount=0 -->
+          </BaseScript>
+        </BaseScriptRecord>
+        <BaseScriptRecord index="1">
+          <BaseScriptTag value="cyrl"/>
+          <BaseScript>
+            <BaseValues>
+              <DefaultIndex value="4"/>
+              <!-- BaseCoordCount=5 -->
+              <BaseCoord index="0" Format="3">
+                <Coordinate value="45"/>
+                <DeviceTable>
+                  <StartSize value="0"/>
+                  <EndSize value="0"/>
+                  <DeltaFormat value="32768"/>
+                </DeviceTable>
+              </BaseCoord>
+              <BaseCoord index="1" Format="3">
+                <Coordinate value="955"/>
+                <DeviceTable>
+                  <StartSize value="0"/>
+                  <EndSize value="1"/>
+                  <DeltaFormat value="32768"/>
+                </DeviceTable>
+              </BaseCoord>
+              <BaseCoord index="2" Format="1">
+                <Coordinate value="0"/>
+              </BaseCoord>
+              <BaseCoord index="3" Format="1">
+                <Coordinate value="1000"/>
+              </BaseCoord>
+              <BaseCoord index="4" Format="1">
+                <Coordinate value="120"/>
+              </BaseCoord>
+            </BaseValues>
+            <!-- BaseLangSysCount=0 -->
+          </BaseScript>
+        </BaseScriptRecord>
+        <BaseScriptRecord index="2">
+          <BaseScriptTag value="grek"/>
+          <BaseScript>
+            <BaseValues>
+              <DefaultIndex value="4"/>
+              <!-- BaseCoordCount=5 -->
+              <BaseCoord index="0" Format="3">
+                <Coordinate value="45"/>
+                <DeviceTable>
+                  <StartSize value="0"/>
+                  <EndSize value="0"/>
+                  <DeltaFormat value="32768"/>
+                </DeviceTable>
+              </BaseCoord>
+              <BaseCoord index="1" Format="3">
+                <Coordinate value="955"/>
+                <DeviceTable>
+                  <StartSize value="0"/>
+                  <EndSize value="1"/>
+                  <DeltaFormat value="32768"/>
+                </DeviceTable>
+              </BaseCoord>
+              <BaseCoord index="2" Format="1">
+                <Coordinate value="0"/>
+              </BaseCoord>
+              <BaseCoord index="3" Format="1">
+                <Coordinate value="1000"/>
+              </BaseCoord>
+              <BaseCoord index="4" Format="1">
+                <Coordinate value="120"/>
+              </BaseCoord>
+            </BaseValues>
+            <!-- BaseLangSysCount=0 -->
+          </BaseScript>
+        </BaseScriptRecord>
+        <BaseScriptRecord index="3">
+          <BaseScriptTag value="hani"/>
+          <BaseScript>
+            <BaseValues>
+              <DefaultIndex value="2"/>
+              <!-- BaseCoordCount=5 -->
+              <BaseCoord index="0" Format="3">
+                <Coordinate value="45"/>
+                <DeviceTable>
+                  <StartSize value="0"/>
+                  <EndSize value="0"/>
+                  <DeltaFormat value="32768"/>
+                </DeviceTable>
+              </BaseCoord>
+              <BaseCoord index="1" Format="3">
+                <Coordinate value="955"/>
+                <DeviceTable>
+                  <StartSize value="0"/>
+                  <EndSize value="1"/>
+                  <DeltaFormat value="32768"/>
+                </DeviceTable>
+              </BaseCoord>
+              <BaseCoord index="2" Format="1">
+                <Coordinate value="0"/>
+              </BaseCoord>
+              <BaseCoord index="3" Format="1">
+                <Coordinate value="1000"/>
+              </BaseCoord>
+              <BaseCoord index="4" Format="1">
+                <Coordinate value="120"/>
+              </BaseCoord>
+            </BaseValues>
+            <!-- BaseLangSysCount=0 -->
+          </BaseScript>
+        </BaseScriptRecord>
+        <BaseScriptRecord index="4">
+          <BaseScriptTag value="kana"/>
+          <BaseScript>
+            <BaseValues>
+              <DefaultIndex value="2"/>
+              <!-- BaseCoordCount=5 -->
+              <BaseCoord index="0" Format="3">
+                <Coordinate value="45"/>
+                <DeviceTable>
+                  <StartSize value="0"/>
+                  <EndSize value="0"/>
+                  <DeltaFormat value="32768"/>
+                </DeviceTable>
+              </BaseCoord>
+              <BaseCoord index="1" Format="3">
+                <Coordinate value="955"/>
+                <DeviceTable>
+                  <StartSize value="0"/>
+                  <EndSize value="1"/>
+                  <DeltaFormat value="32768"/>
+                </DeviceTable>
+              </BaseCoord>
+              <BaseCoord index="2" Format="1">
+                <Coordinate value="0"/>
+              </BaseCoord>
+              <BaseCoord index="3" Format="1">
+                <Coordinate value="1000"/>
+              </BaseCoord>
+              <BaseCoord index="4" Format="1">
+                <Coordinate value="120"/>
+              </BaseCoord>
+            </BaseValues>
+            <!-- BaseLangSysCount=0 -->
+          </BaseScript>
+        </BaseScriptRecord>
+        <BaseScriptRecord index="5">
+          <BaseScriptTag value="latn"/>
+          <BaseScript>
+            <BaseValues>
+              <DefaultIndex value="4"/>
+              <!-- BaseCoordCount=5 -->
+              <BaseCoord index="0" Format="3">
+                <Coordinate value="45"/>
+                <DeviceTable>
+                  <StartSize value="0"/>
+                  <EndSize value="0"/>
+                  <DeltaFormat value="32768"/>
+                </DeviceTable>
+              </BaseCoord>
+              <BaseCoord index="1" Format="3">
+                <Coordinate value="955"/>
+                <DeviceTable>
+                  <StartSize value="0"/>
+                  <EndSize value="1"/>
+                  <DeltaFormat value="32768"/>
+                </DeviceTable>
+              </BaseCoord>
+              <BaseCoord index="2" Format="1">
+                <Coordinate value="0"/>
+              </BaseCoord>
+              <BaseCoord index="3" Format="1">
+                <Coordinate value="1000"/>
+              </BaseCoord>
+              <BaseCoord index="4" Format="1">
+                <Coordinate value="120"/>
+              </BaseCoord>
+            </BaseValues>
+            <!-- BaseLangSysCount=0 -->
+          </BaseScript>
+        </BaseScriptRecord>
+      </BaseScriptList>
+    </VertAxis>
+    <VarStore Format="1">
+      <Format value="1"/>
+      <VarRegionList>
+        <!-- RegionAxisCount=1 -->
+        <!-- RegionCount=1 -->
+        <Region index="0">
+          <VarRegionAxis index="0">
+            <StartCoord value="0.0"/>
+            <PeakCoord value="1.0"/>
+            <EndCoord value="1.0"/>
+          </VarRegionAxis>
+        </Region>
+      </VarRegionList>
+      <!-- VarDataCount=1 -->
+      <VarData index="0">
+        <!-- ItemCount=2 -->
+        <NumShorts value="0"/>
+        <!-- VarRegionCount=1 -->
+        <VarRegionIndex index="0" value="0"/>
+        <Item index="0" value="[-17]"/>
+        <Item index="1" value="[17]"/>
+      </VarData>
+    </VarStore>
+  </BASE>
+
+</ttFont>
diff --git a/Tests/varLib/data/test_results/TestNonMarkingCFF2.ttx b/Tests/varLib/data/test_results/TestNonMarkingCFF2.ttx
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a78e6a6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/varLib/data/test_results/TestNonMarkingCFF2.ttx
@@ -0,0 +1,78 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<ttFont sfntVersion="OTTO" ttLibVersion="3.42">
+
+  <CFF2>
+    <major value="2"/>
+    <minor value="0"/>
+    <CFFFont name="CFF2Font">
+      <FontMatrix value="0.001 0 0 0.001 0 0"/>
+      <FDArray>
+        <FontDict index="0">
+          <Private>
+            <BlueValues>
+                <blend value="-12 0"/>
+                <blend value="0 0"/>
+                <blend value="478 8"/>
+                <blend value="490 0"/>
+                <blend value="570 -4"/>
+                <blend value="582 0"/>
+                <blend value="640 -6"/>
+                <blend value="652 0"/>
+                <blend value="660 -2"/>
+                <blend value="672 0"/>
+                <blend value="722 -6"/>
+                <blend value="734 0"/>
+            </BlueValues>
+            <OtherBlues>
+                <blend value="-234 17"/>
+                <blend value="-222 0"/>
+            </OtherBlues>
+            <BlueScale value="0.0625"/>
+            <BlueShift value="7"/>
+            <BlueFuzz value="0"/>
+            <StdHW>
+                <blend value="28 39"/>
+            </StdHW>
+            <StdVW>
+                <blend value="34 51"/>
+            </StdVW>
+            <LanguageGroup value="0"/>
+            <ExpansionFactor value="0.06"/>
+          </Private>
+        </FontDict>
+      </FDArray>
+      <CharStrings>
+        <CharString name=".notdef">
+        </CharString>
+        <CharString name="A">
+        </CharString>
+      </CharStrings>
+      <VarStore Format="1">
+        <Format value="1"/>
+        <VarRegionList>
+          <!-- RegionAxisCount=1 -->
+          <!-- RegionCount=1 -->
+          <Region index="0">
+            <VarRegionAxis index="0">
+              <StartCoord value="0.0"/>
+              <PeakCoord value="1.0"/>
+              <EndCoord value="1.0"/>
+            </VarRegionAxis>
+          </Region>
+        </VarRegionList>
+        <!-- VarDataCount=1 -->
+        <VarData index="0">
+          <!-- ItemCount=0 -->
+          <NumShorts value="0"/>
+          <!-- VarRegionCount=1 -->
+          <VarRegionIndex index="0" value="0"/>
+        </VarData>
+      </VarStore>
+    </CFFFont>
+
+    <GlobalSubrs>
+      <!-- The 'index' attribute is only for humans; it is ignored when parsed. -->
+    </GlobalSubrs>
+  </CFF2>
+
+</ttFont>
diff --git a/Tests/varLib/data/test_results/TestSparseCFF2VF.ttx b/Tests/varLib/data/test_results/TestSparseCFF2VF.ttx
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..264a3d4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/varLib/data/test_results/TestSparseCFF2VF.ttx
@@ -0,0 +1,1308 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<ttFont sfntVersion="OTTO" ttLibVersion="3.41">
+
+  <fvar>
+
+    <!-- Weight -->
+    <Axis>
+      <AxisTag>wght</AxisTag>
+      <Flags>0x0</Flags>
+      <MinValue>200.0</MinValue>
+      <DefaultValue>200.0</DefaultValue>
+      <MaxValue>900.0</MaxValue>
+      <AxisNameID>256</AxisNameID>
+    </Axis>
+
+    <!-- Kanji-w0.00 -->
+    <!-- PostScript: SHSansJPVFTest-Kanji-w0.00 -->
+    <NamedInstance flags="0x0" postscriptNameID="258" subfamilyNameID="257">
+      <coord axis="wght" value="200.0"/>
+    </NamedInstance>
+
+    <!-- Kanji-w239.00 -->
+    <!-- PostScript: SHSansJPVFTest-Kanji-w239.00 -->
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+          0 -16 7 0 12 1 blend
+          hhcurveto
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+          hvcurveto
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+          rmoveto
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+          rlinecurve
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+          rlinecurve
+          -16 767 -44 0 -72 -13 0 -21 2 blend
+          rmoveto
+          -316 -6 0 -11 1 blend
+          vlineto
+          -142 -7 -194 -74 -141 2 0 2 -2 0 -2 2 0 4 6 0 9 4 blend
+          vhcurveto
+          8 -3 13 -7 5 -6 13 0 21 -7 0 -11 25 0 43 -20 0 -34 11 0 17 -10 0 -17 6 blend
+          rrcurveto
+          75 143 10 205 145 4 0 7 3 0 5 2 0 4 21 0 35 9 0 15 5 blend
+          vvcurveto
+          316 6 0 11 1 blend
+          vlineto
+        </CharString>
+        <CharString name="cid18480" fdSelectIndex="1">
+          3 vsindex
+          -71 30 427 30 153 30 33 111 -30 30 -30 126 -6 0 -13 45 0 102 -58 0 -132 38 0 87 -48 0 -111 38 0 87 -4 -2 -13 21 2 53 -43 0 -99 43 0 99 -43 0 -99 24 0 55 12 blend
+          hstemhm
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+          vstemhm
+          hintmask 1110100101110000
+          58 743 -1 0 -2 26 0 60 2 blend
+          rmoveto
+          -30 887 30 -43 0 -99 2 0 5 43 0 99 3 blend
+          vlineto
+          hintmask 0000010010000000
+          -630 96 -29 0 -66 -19 0 -44 2 blend
+          rmoveto
+          hintmask 0001000010000000
+          -207 30 -2 -2 -9 50 0 114 2 blend
+          vlineto
+          hintmask 0000010010100000
+          207 2 2 9 1 blend
+          vlineto
+          305 -44 0 -100 1 blend
+          hmoveto
+          hintmask 0001000000100000
+          -207 30 -2 -2 -9 51 0 115 2 blend
+          vlineto
+          hintmask 0010011000100000
+          207 2 2 9 1 blend
+          vlineto
+          -521 -240 -36 0 -82 2 0 4 2 blend
+          rmoveto
+          -206 -5 0 -10 1 blend
+          vlineto
+          -137 -15 -184 -109 -136 5 0 11 3 0 6 5 0 10 -1 0 -1 8 0 19 5 blend
+          vhcurveto
+          7 -3 12 -9 5 -6 12 0 27 -6 0 -13 22 0 51 -15 0 -35 10 0 21 -8 0 -19 6 blend
+          rrcurveto
+          hintmask 1110000101010000
+          112 139 18 194 141 3 0 7 -4 0 -8 1 0 3 11 0 24 4 0 10 5 blend
+          vvcurveto
+          207 5 0 11 1 blend
+          vlineto
+          -19 -18 0 -42 1 blend
+          hmoveto
+          -30 670 -153 -670 -30 700 213 -38 0 -87 -64 0 -144 48 0 111 64 0 144 -38 0 -87 -14 0 -30 28 0 63 7 blend
+          vlineto
+          -531 -249 -15 0 -36 -23 0 -51 2 blend
+          rmoveto
+          -343 50 0 112 1 blend
+          vlineto
+          -66 31 -12 105 -29 0 -66 6 0 14 -13 0 -28 29 0 66 4 blend
+          vhcurveto
+          23 278 5 0 12 -59 0 -134 2 blend
+          0 24 6 0 14 1 blend
+          hhcurveto
+          hintmask 1000000001001000
+          96 15 31 123 8 20 0 44 11 0 26 4 0 8 14 0 32 5 0 11 5 blend
+          hvcurveto
+          -9 3 -13 4 -9 7 -13 0 -30 2 0 5 -21 0 -48 8 0 17 -10 -1 -23 6 0 15 6 blend
+          rrcurveto
+          -117 -6 -11 -21 -69 -56 -236 8 0 18 -1 1 -1 1 -1 1 3 0 7 3 1 9 7 0 15 49 0 112 7 blend
+          0 -41 4 0 8 1 blend
+          hhcurveto
+          -84 -16 11 37 4 0 10 2 0 5 -3 0 -7 1 0 2 4 blend
+          hvcurveto
+          343 -51 0 -115 1 blend
+          vlineto
+          444 -47 -59 0 -135 26 0 59 2 blend
+          rmoveto
+          -101 -52 -195 -56 -169 -40 4 -7 5 -10 3 -7 172 40 193 54 120 56 4 0 8 3 0 7 18 0 43 9 0 19 12 0 26 8 0 19 5 0 12 -10 0 -22 7 0 15 -18 0 -41 1 0 3 -11 0 -25 -8 0 -19 -9 0 -21 -8 0 -18 -8 0 -19 5 0 11 0 0 1 18 blend
+          rrcurveto
+        </CharString>
+        <CharString name="cid22370" fdSelectIndex="1">
+          2 vsindex
+          64 30 77 30 76 30 74 30 72 30 109 30 25 84 -30 30 -30 108 -2 0 -2 42 0 47 -48 0 -54 38 0 43 -48 0 -54 38 0 43 -46 0 -52 42 0 47 -43 0 -48 56 1 63 -72 -1 -81 57 1 64 -8 -32 -41 30 32 65 -65 -1 -73 65 1 73 -65 -1 -73 43 0 49 18 blend
+          hstemhm
+          135 30 21 30 102 30 14 30 205 30 17 30 113 30 19 30 -19 0 -21 87 2 98 -86 -2 -97 99 1 111 -125 -1 -141 98 1 111 -79 -1 -89 75 1 84 -99 -1 -111 75 1 84 -77 -1 -86 100 1 112 -127 -1 -143 105 1 118 -102 -1 -114 94 1 105 16 blend
+          vstemhm
+          hintmask 111111010011001100000000
+          53 761 -3 0 -3 36 0 40 2 blend
+          rmoveto
+          -30 896 30 -65 -1 -73 5 0 5 65 1 73 3 blend
+          vlineto
+          hintmask 000000001001000000000000
+          -631 78 -46 0 -52 -22 0 -24 2 blend
+          rmoveto
+          hintmask 000000100001000000000000
+          -162 30 -8 -32 -41 98 1 111 2 blend
+          vlineto
+          hintmask 000000001001001000000000
+          162 8 32 41 1 blend
+          vlineto
+          296 -105 -1 -118 1 blend
+          hmoveto
+          hintmask 000000100000001000000000
+          -162 30 -8 -32 -41 100 1 112 2 blend
+          vlineto
+          hintmask 000000001000001000000000
+          162 8 32 41 1 blend
+          vlineto
+          hintmask 000011000100110010000000
+          -47 -217 -23 0 -26 -57 -1 -64 2 blend
+          rmoveto
+          209 -109 -209 -101 -1 -113 72 1 81 101 1 113 3 blend
+          hlineto
+          -235 109 24 0 27 -72 -1 -81 2 blend
+          rmoveto
+          205 -109 -205 -99 -1 -111 72 1 81 99 1 111 3 blend
+          hlineto
+          -227 109 18 1 21 -72 -1 -81 2 blend
+          rmoveto
+          197 -109 -197 -93 -2 -105 72 1 81 93 2 105 3 blend
+          hlineto
+          -30 139 -87 -2 -98 -15 0 -17 2 blend
+          rmoveto
+          -169 731 169 -41 0 -46 38 0 42 41 0 46 3 blend
+          vlineto
+          hintmask 111100000010000100000000
+          -650 -375 62 1 70 -32 0 -36 2 blend
+          rmoveto
+          571 -76 -571 -159 -1 -179 48 0 54 159 1 179 3 blend
+          hlineto
+          -30 -38 0 -43 1 blend
+          vmoveto
+          571 -77 -571 -159 -1 -179 48 0 54 159 1 179 3 blend
+          hlineto
+          287 -66 -1 -74 1 blend
+          vmoveto
+          571 -74 -571 -159 -1 -179 46 0 52 159 1 179 3 blend
+          hlineto
+          -30 104 -99 -1 -111 -4 0 -5 2 blend
+          rmoveto
+          -347 631 347 -18 0 -20 45 0 50 18 0 20 3 blend
+          vlineto
+          -216 -389 -86 -1 -96 -31 0 -35 2 blend
+          rmoveto
+          127 -34 121 -39 72 -31 -17 0 -19 2 0 2 -13 0 -15 -2 0 -2 -13 0 -15 3 0 3 6 blend
+          rrcurveto
+          31 22 -78 32 -126 39 -121 136 1 153 39 0 44 1 0 1 -3 0 -3 -8 0 -9 4 0 5 9 0 10 7 blend
+          31 rlinecurve
+          -258 -1 -67 -1 -75 0 0 -1 2 blend
+          rmoveto
+          -81 -39 -128 -36 -107 -23 8 -6 12 -12 5 -6 103 25 130 41 86 43 9 0 10 6 0 7 3 0 4 7 0 8 -4 0 -5 7 0 8 19 0 22 -14 0 -16 32 0 36 -32 0 -36 17 0 19 -19 0 -21 3 0 3 -1 0 -1 5 0 6 2 0 2 1 0 1 4 0 5 18 blend
+          rrcurveto
+        </CharString>
+      </CharStrings>
+      <VarStore Format="1">
+        <Format value="1"/>
+        <VarRegionList>
+          <!-- RegionAxisCount=1 -->
+          <!-- RegionCount=16 -->
+          <Region index="0">
+            <VarRegionAxis index="0">
+              <StartCoord value="0.0"/>
+              <PeakCoord value="1.0"/>
+              <EndCoord value="1.0"/>
+            </VarRegionAxis>
+          </Region>
+          <Region index="1">
+            <VarRegionAxis index="0">
+              <StartCoord value="0.0"/>
+              <PeakCoord value="0.669"/>
+              <EndCoord value="1.0"/>
+            </VarRegionAxis>
+          </Region>
+          <Region index="2">
+            <VarRegionAxis index="0">
+              <StartCoord value="0.669"/>
+              <PeakCoord value="0.67"/>
+              <EndCoord value="1.0"/>
+            </VarRegionAxis>
+          </Region>
+          <Region index="3">
+            <VarRegionAxis index="0">
+              <StartCoord value="0.67"/>
+              <PeakCoord value="1.0"/>
+              <EndCoord value="1.0"/>
+            </VarRegionAxis>
+          </Region>
+          <Region index="4">
+            <VarRegionAxis index="0">
+              <StartCoord value="0.0"/>
+              <PeakCoord value="0.889"/>
+              <EndCoord value="1.0"/>
+            </VarRegionAxis>
+          </Region>
+          <Region index="5">
+            <VarRegionAxis index="0">
+              <StartCoord value="0.889"/>
+              <PeakCoord value="0.89"/>
+              <EndCoord value="1.0"/>
+            </VarRegionAxis>
+          </Region>
+          <Region index="6">
+            <VarRegionAxis index="0">
+              <StartCoord value="0.89"/>
+              <PeakCoord value="1.0"/>
+              <EndCoord value="1.0"/>
+            </VarRegionAxis>
+          </Region>
+          <Region index="7">
+            <VarRegionAxis index="0">
+              <StartCoord value="0.0"/>
+              <PeakCoord value="0.439"/>
+              <EndCoord value="1.0"/>
+            </VarRegionAxis>
+          </Region>
+          <Region index="8">
+            <VarRegionAxis index="0">
+              <StartCoord value="0.439"/>
+              <PeakCoord value="0.44"/>
+              <EndCoord value="1.0"/>
+            </VarRegionAxis>
+          </Region>
+          <Region index="9">
+            <VarRegionAxis index="0">
+              <StartCoord value="0.44"/>
+              <PeakCoord value="1.0"/>
+              <EndCoord value="1.0"/>
+            </VarRegionAxis>
+          </Region>
+          <Region index="10">
+            <VarRegionAxis index="0">
+              <StartCoord value="0.0"/>
+              <PeakCoord value="0.799"/>
+              <EndCoord value="1.0"/>
+            </VarRegionAxis>
+          </Region>
+          <Region index="11">
+            <VarRegionAxis index="0">
+              <StartCoord value="0.799"/>
+              <PeakCoord value="0.8"/>
+              <EndCoord value="1.0"/>
+            </VarRegionAxis>
+          </Region>
+          <Region index="12">
+            <VarRegionAxis index="0">
+              <StartCoord value="0.8"/>
+              <PeakCoord value="1.0"/>
+              <EndCoord value="1.0"/>
+            </VarRegionAxis>
+          </Region>
+          <Region index="13">
+            <VarRegionAxis index="0">
+              <StartCoord value="0.0"/>
+              <PeakCoord value="0.599"/>
+              <EndCoord value="1.0"/>
+            </VarRegionAxis>
+          </Region>
+          <Region index="14">
+            <VarRegionAxis index="0">
+              <StartCoord value="0.599"/>
+              <PeakCoord value="0.6"/>
+              <EndCoord value="1.0"/>
+            </VarRegionAxis>
+          </Region>
+          <Region index="15">
+            <VarRegionAxis index="0">
+              <StartCoord value="0.6"/>
+              <PeakCoord value="1.0"/>
+              <EndCoord value="1.0"/>
+            </VarRegionAxis>
+          </Region>
+        </VarRegionList>
+        <!-- VarDataCount=6 -->
+        <VarData index="0">
+          <!-- ItemCount=0 -->
+          <NumShorts value="0"/>
+          <!-- VarRegionCount=1 -->
+          <VarRegionIndex index="0" value="0"/>
+        </VarData>
+        <VarData index="1">
+          <!-- ItemCount=0 -->
+          <NumShorts value="0"/>
+          <!-- VarRegionCount=3 -->
+          <VarRegionIndex index="0" value="1"/>
+          <VarRegionIndex index="1" value="2"/>
+          <VarRegionIndex index="2" value="3"/>
+        </VarData>
+        <VarData index="2">
+          <!-- ItemCount=0 -->
+          <NumShorts value="0"/>
+          <!-- VarRegionCount=3 -->
+          <VarRegionIndex index="0" value="4"/>
+          <VarRegionIndex index="1" value="5"/>
+          <VarRegionIndex index="2" value="6"/>
+        </VarData>
+        <VarData index="3">
+          <!-- ItemCount=0 -->
+          <NumShorts value="0"/>
+          <!-- VarRegionCount=3 -->
+          <VarRegionIndex index="0" value="7"/>
+          <VarRegionIndex index="1" value="8"/>
+          <VarRegionIndex index="2" value="9"/>
+        </VarData>
+        <VarData index="4">
+          <!-- ItemCount=0 -->
+          <NumShorts value="0"/>
+          <!-- VarRegionCount=3 -->
+          <VarRegionIndex index="0" value="10"/>
+          <VarRegionIndex index="1" value="11"/>
+          <VarRegionIndex index="2" value="12"/>
+        </VarData>
+        <VarData index="5">
+          <!-- ItemCount=0 -->
+          <NumShorts value="0"/>
+          <!-- VarRegionCount=3 -->
+          <VarRegionIndex index="0" value="13"/>
+          <VarRegionIndex index="1" value="14"/>
+          <VarRegionIndex index="2" value="15"/>
+        </VarData>
+      </VarStore>
+    </CFFFont>
+
+    <GlobalSubrs>
+      <!-- The 'index' attribute is only for humans; it is ignored when parsed. -->
+    </GlobalSubrs>
+  </CFF2>
+
+</ttFont>
diff --git a/Tests/varLib/data/test_results/TestVVAR.ttx b/Tests/varLib/data/test_results/TestVVAR.ttx
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..53c038c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/varLib/data/test_results/TestVVAR.ttx
@@ -0,0 +1,59 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<ttFont sfntVersion="OTTO" ttLibVersion="3.39">
+
+  <VVAR>
+    <Version value="0x00010000"/>
+    <VarStore Format="1">
+      <Format value="1"/>
+      <VarRegionList>
+        <!-- RegionAxisCount=1 -->
+        <!-- RegionCount=1 -->
+        <Region index="0">
+          <VarRegionAxis index="0">
+            <StartCoord value="0.0"/>
+            <PeakCoord value="1.0"/>
+            <EndCoord value="1.0"/>
+          </VarRegionAxis>
+        </Region>
+      </VarRegionList>
+      <!-- VarDataCount=1 -->
+      <VarData index="0">
+        <!-- ItemCount=1 -->
+        <NumShorts value="0"/>
+        <!-- VarRegionCount=0 -->
+        <Item index="0" value="[]"/>
+      </VarData>
+    </VarStore>
+    <AdvHeightMap>
+      <Map glyph=".notdef" outer="0" inner="0"/>
+      <Map glyph="c30719" outer="0" inner="0"/>
+      <Map glyph="c30790" outer="0" inner="0"/>
+      <Map glyph="c30816" outer="0" inner="0"/>
+      <Map glyph="c30843" outer="0" inner="0"/>
+      <Map glyph="c31621" outer="0" inner="0"/>
+      <Map glyph="c32051" outer="0" inner="0"/>
+      <Map glyph="uni3042" outer="0" inner="0"/>
+      <Map glyph="uni56FD" outer="0" inner="0"/>
+      <Map glyph="uni6280" outer="0" inner="0"/>
+      <Map glyph="uniFF20" outer="0" inner="0"/>
+      <Map glyph="uniFF21" outer="0" inner="0"/>
+      <Map glyph="uniFF41" outer="0" inner="0"/>
+    </AdvHeightMap>
+    <VOrgMap>
+      <Map glyph=".notdef" outer="0" inner="0"/>
+      <Map glyph="c30719" outer="0" inner="0"/>
+      <Map glyph="c30790" outer="0" inner="0"/>
+      <Map glyph="c30816" outer="0" inner="0"/>
+      <Map glyph="c30843" outer="0" inner="0"/>
+      <Map glyph="c31621" outer="0" inner="0"/>
+      <Map glyph="c32051" outer="0" inner="0"/>
+      <Map glyph="uni3042" outer="0" inner="0"/>
+      <Map glyph="uni56FD" outer="0" inner="0"/>
+      <Map glyph="uni6280" outer="0" inner="0"/>
+      <Map glyph="uniFF20" outer="0" inner="0"/>
+      <Map glyph="uniFF21" outer="0" inner="0"/>
+      <Map glyph="uniFF41" outer="0" inner="0"/>
+    </VOrgMap>
+  </VVAR>
+
+</ttFont>
diff --git a/Tests/varLib/data/test_results/test_vpal.ttx b/Tests/varLib/data/test_results/test_vpal.ttx
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..be61293
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/varLib/data/test_results/test_vpal.ttx
@@ -0,0 +1,120 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<ttFont sfntVersion="OTTO" ttLibVersion="3.42">
+
+  <GPOS>
+    <Version value="0x00010000"/>
+    <ScriptList>
+      <!-- ScriptCount=1 -->
+      <ScriptRecord index="0">
+        <ScriptTag value="DFLT"/>
+        <Script>
+          <DefaultLangSys>
+            <ReqFeatureIndex value="65535"/>
+            <!-- FeatureCount=1 -->
+            <FeatureIndex index="0" value="0"/>
+          </DefaultLangSys>
+          <!-- LangSysCount=0 -->
+        </Script>
+      </ScriptRecord>
+    </ScriptList>
+    <FeatureList>
+      <!-- FeatureCount=1 -->
+      <FeatureRecord index="0">
+        <FeatureTag value="vpal"/>
+        <Feature>
+          <!-- LookupCount=1 -->
+          <LookupListIndex index="0" value="0"/>
+        </Feature>
+      </FeatureRecord>
+    </FeatureList>
+    <LookupList>
+      <!-- LookupCount=1 -->
+      <Lookup index="0">
+        <LookupType value="1"/>
+        <LookupFlag value="0"/>
+        <!-- SubTableCount=6 -->
+        <SinglePos index="0" Format="2">
+          <Coverage>
+            <Glyph value="uniFF1A"/>
+            <Glyph value="uni3074"/>
+          </Coverage>
+          <ValueFormat value="7"/>
+          <!-- ValueCount=2 -->
+          <Value index="0" XPlacement="-250" YPlacement="0" XAdvance="-500"/>
+          <Value index="1" XPlacement="0" YPlacement="0" XAdvance="-30"/>
+        </SinglePos>
+        <SinglePos index="1" Format="1">
+          <Coverage>
+            <Glyph value="uni3001"/>
+          </Coverage>
+          <ValueFormat value="23"/>
+          <Value XPlacement="-9" YPlacement="0" XAdvance="-500">
+            <XPlaDevice>
+              <StartSize value="0"/>
+              <EndSize value="4"/>
+              <DeltaFormat value="32768"/>
+            </XPlaDevice>
+          </Value>
+        </SinglePos>
+        <SinglePos index="2" Format="1">
+          <Coverage>
+            <Glyph value="uni30FB"/>
+          </Coverage>
+          <ValueFormat value="39"/>
+          <Value XPlacement="-250" YPlacement="1" XAdvance="-500">
+            <YPlaDevice>
+              <StartSize value="0"/>
+              <EndSize value="2"/>
+              <DeltaFormat value="32768"/>
+            </YPlaDevice>
+          </Value>
+        </SinglePos>
+        <SinglePos index="3" Format="1">
+          <Coverage>
+            <Glyph value="uniFF2D"/>
+          </Coverage>
+          <ValueFormat value="87"/>
+          <Value XPlacement="12" YPlacement="0" XAdvance="23">
+            <XPlaDevice>
+              <StartSize value="0"/>
+              <EndSize value="1"/>
+              <DeltaFormat value="32768"/>
+            </XPlaDevice>
+            <XAdvDevice>
+              <StartSize value="0"/>
+              <EndSize value="0"/>
+              <DeltaFormat value="32768"/>
+            </XAdvDevice>
+          </Value>
+        </SinglePos>
+        <SinglePos index="4" Format="1">
+          <Coverage>
+            <Glyph value="uni3073"/>
+          </Coverage>
+          <ValueFormat value="71"/>
+          <Value XPlacement="0" YPlacement="0" XAdvance="-36">
+            <XAdvDevice>
+              <StartSize value="0"/>
+              <EndSize value="3"/>
+              <DeltaFormat value="32768"/>
+            </XAdvDevice>
+          </Value>
+        </SinglePos>
+        <SinglePos index="5" Format="1">
+          <Coverage>
+            <Glyph value="uni307B"/>
+          </Coverage>
+          <ValueFormat value="23"/>
+          <Value XPlacement="11" YPlacement="0" XAdvance="0">
+            <XPlaDevice>
+              <StartSize value="0"/>
+              <EndSize value="2"/>
+              <DeltaFormat value="32768"/>
+            </XPlaDevice>
+          </Value>
+        </SinglePos>
+      </Lookup>
+    </LookupList>
+  </GPOS>
+
+</ttFont>
diff --git a/Tests/varLib/data/test_vpal.designspace b/Tests/varLib/data/test_vpal.designspace
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a736927
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/varLib/data/test_vpal.designspace
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+<?xml version='1.0' encoding='utf-8'?>
+<designspace format="3">
+	<axes>
+		<axis default="0" maximum="1000" minimum="0" name="weight" tag="wght" />
+	</axes>
+	<sources>
+		<source filename="master_vpal_test/master_vpal_test_0.ufo" stylename="w0.00">
+			<info copy="1" />
+			<location>
+				<dimension name="weight" xvalue="0.00" />
+			</location>
+		</source>
+		<source filename="master_vpal_test/master_vpal_test_1.ufo" stylename="w1000.00">
+			<location>
+				<dimension name="weight" xvalue="1000.00" />
+			</location>
+		</source>
+	</sources>
+	<instances>
+		<instance familyname="SHSansJPVFTest" filename="instances/SHSansJPVFTest-ExtraLight.otf" postscriptfontname="SHSansJPVFTest-ExtraLight" stylename="ExtraLight">
+			<location>
+				<dimension name="weight" xvalue="0" />
+			</location>
+			<kerning />
+			<info />
+		</instance>
+		<instance familyname="SHSansJPVFTest" filename="instances/SHSansJPVFTest-Heavy.otf" postscriptfontname="SHSansJPVFTest-Heavy" stylename="Heavy">
+			<location>
+				<dimension name="weight" xvalue="1000" />
+			</location>
+			<kerning />
+			<info />
+		</instance>
+	</instances>
+</designspace>
diff --git a/Tests/varLib/designspace_test.py b/Tests/varLib/designspace_test.py
deleted file mode 100644
index fbdaab3..0000000
--- a/Tests/varLib/designspace_test.py
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,69 +0,0 @@
-from __future__ import print_function, division, absolute_import
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-from fontTools.varLib import designspace
-import os
-import unittest
-
-
-class DesignspaceTest(unittest.TestCase):
-    def test_load(self):
-        self.maxDiff = None
-        self.assertEqual(
-            designspace.load(_getpath("Designspace.designspace")),
-
-                {'sources':
-                  [{'location': {'weight': 0.0},
-                    'groups': {'copy': True},
-                    'filename': 'DesignspaceTest-Light.ufo',
-                    'info': {'copy': True},
-                    'name': 'master_1',
-                    'lib': {'copy': True}},
-                   {'location': {'weight': 1.0},
-                    'name': 'master_2',
-                    'filename': 'DesignspaceTest-Bold.ufo'}],
-
-                 'instances':
-                  [{'location': {'weight': 0.5},
-                    'familyname': 'DesignspaceTest',
-                    'filename': 'instance/DesignspaceTest-Medium.ufo',
-                    'kerning': {},
-                    'info': {},
-                    'stylename': 'Medium'}],
-
-                 'axes':
-                  [{'name': 'weight',
-                    'map': [{'input': 0.0, 'output': 10.0},
-                            {'input': 401.0, 'output': 66.0},
-                            {'input': 1000.0, 'output': 990.0}],
-                    'tag': 'wght',
-                    'maximum': 1000.0,
-                    'minimum': 0.0,
-                    'default': 0.0},
-                   {'maximum': 1000.0,
-                    'default': 250.0,
-                    'minimum': 0.0,
-                    'name': 'width',
-                    'tag': 'wdth'},
-                   {'name': 'contrast',
-                    'tag': 'cntr',
-                    'maximum': 100.0,
-                    'minimum': 0.0,
-                    'default': 0.0,
-                    'labelname': {'de': 'Kontrast', 'en': 'Contrast'}}]
-                }
-        )
-
-    def test_load2(self):
-        self.assertEqual(
-            designspace.load(_getpath("Designspace2.designspace")),
-                    {'sources': [], 'instances': [{}]})
-
-
-def _getpath(testfile):
-    path, _ = os.path.split(__file__)
-    return os.path.join(path, "data", testfile)
-
-
-if __name__ == "__main__":
-    import sys
-    sys.exit(unittest.main())
diff --git a/Tests/varLib/featureVars_test.py b/Tests/varLib/featureVars_test.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..89675af
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/varLib/featureVars_test.py
@@ -0,0 +1,121 @@
+from fontTools.varLib.featureVars import (
+    overlayFeatureVariations)
+
+
+def test_linear(n = 10):
+    conds = []
+    for i in range(n):
+        end = i / n
+        start = end - 1.
+        region = [{'X': (start, end)}]
+        subst = {'g%.2g'%start: 'g%.2g'%end}
+        conds.append((region, subst))
+    overlaps = overlayFeatureVariations(conds)
+    assert len(overlaps) == 2 * n - 1, overlaps
+    return conds, overlaps
+
+def test_quadratic(n = 10):
+    conds = []
+    for i in range(1, n + 1):
+        region = [{'X': (0, i / n),
+                   'Y': (0, (n + 1 - i) / n)}]
+        subst = {str(i): str(n + 1 - i)}
+        conds.append((region, subst))
+    overlaps = overlayFeatureVariations(conds)
+    assert len(overlaps) == n * (n + 1) // 2, overlaps
+    return conds, overlaps
+
+def _merge_substitutions(substitutions):
+    merged = {}
+    for subst in substitutions:
+        merged.update(subst)
+    return merged
+
+def _match_condition(location, overlaps):
+    for box, substitutions in overlaps:
+        for tag, coord in location.items():
+            start, end = box[tag]
+            if start <= coord <= end:
+                return _merge_substitutions(substitutions)
+    return {}  # no match
+
+def test_overlaps_1():
+    # https://github.com/fonttools/fonttools/issues/1400
+    conds = [
+        ([{'abcd': (4, 9)}], {0: 0}),
+        ([{'abcd': (5, 10)}], {1: 1}),
+        ([{'abcd': (0, 8)}], {2: 2}),
+        ([{'abcd': (3, 7)}], {3: 3}),
+    ]
+    overlaps = overlayFeatureVariations(conds)
+    subst = _match_condition({'abcd': 0}, overlaps)
+    assert subst == {2: 2}
+    subst = _match_condition({'abcd': 1}, overlaps)
+    assert subst == {2: 2}
+    subst = _match_condition({'abcd': 3}, overlaps)
+    assert subst == {2: 2, 3: 3}
+    subst = _match_condition({'abcd': 4}, overlaps)
+    assert subst == {0: 0, 2: 2, 3: 3}
+    subst = _match_condition({'abcd': 5}, overlaps)
+    assert subst == {0: 0, 1: 1, 2: 2, 3: 3}
+    subst = _match_condition({'abcd': 7}, overlaps)
+    assert subst == {0: 0, 1: 1, 2: 2, 3: 3}
+    subst = _match_condition({'abcd': 8}, overlaps)
+    assert subst == {0: 0, 1: 1, 2: 2}
+    subst = _match_condition({'abcd': 9}, overlaps)
+    assert subst == {0: 0, 1: 1}
+    subst = _match_condition({'abcd': 10}, overlaps)
+    assert subst == {1: 1}
+
+def test_overlaps_2():
+    # https://github.com/fonttools/fonttools/issues/1400
+    conds = [
+        ([{'abcd': (1, 9)}], {0: 0}),
+        ([{'abcd': (8, 10)}], {1: 1}),
+        ([{'abcd': (3, 4)}], {2: 2}),
+        ([{'abcd': (1, 10)}], {3: 3}),
+    ]
+    overlaps = overlayFeatureVariations(conds)
+    subst = _match_condition({'abcd': 0}, overlaps)
+    assert subst == {}
+    subst = _match_condition({'abcd': 1}, overlaps)
+    assert subst == {0: 0, 3: 3}
+    subst = _match_condition({'abcd': 2}, overlaps)
+    assert subst == {0: 0, 3: 3}
+    subst = _match_condition({'abcd': 3}, overlaps)
+    assert subst == {0: 0, 2: 2, 3: 3}
+    subst = _match_condition({'abcd': 5}, overlaps)
+    assert subst == {0: 0, 3: 3}
+    subst = _match_condition({'abcd': 10}, overlaps)
+    assert subst == {1: 1, 3: 3}
+
+
+def run(test, n, quiet):
+
+    print()
+    print("%s:" % test.__name__)
+    input, output = test(n)
+    if quiet:
+        print(len(output))
+    else:
+        print()
+        print("Input:")
+        pprint(input)
+        print()
+        print("Output:")
+        pprint(output)
+        print()
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    import sys
+    from pprint import pprint
+    quiet = False
+    n = 3
+    if len(sys.argv) > 1 and sys.argv[1] == '-q':
+        quiet = True
+        del sys.argv[1]
+    if len(sys.argv) > 1:
+        n = int(sys.argv[1])
+
+    run(test_linear, n=n, quiet=quiet)
+    run(test_quadratic, n=n, quiet=quiet)
diff --git a/Tests/varLib/instancer/conftest.py b/Tests/varLib/instancer/conftest.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0ac8091
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/varLib/instancer/conftest.py
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+import os
+from fontTools import ttLib
+import pytest
+
+
+TESTDATA = os.path.join(os.path.dirname(__file__), "data")
+
+
+@pytest.fixture
+def varfont():
+    f = ttLib.TTFont()
+    f.importXML(os.path.join(TESTDATA, "PartialInstancerTest-VF.ttx"))
+    return f
diff --git a/Tests/varLib/instancer/data/PartialInstancerTest-VF.ttx b/Tests/varLib/instancer/data/PartialInstancerTest-VF.ttx
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..268b506
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/varLib/instancer/data/PartialInstancerTest-VF.ttx
@@ -0,0 +1,1143 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<ttFont sfntVersion="\x00\x01\x00\x00" ttLibVersion="3.42">
+
+  <GlyphOrder>
+    <!-- The 'id' attribute is only for humans; it is ignored when parsed. -->
+    <GlyphID id="0" name=".notdef"/>
+    <GlyphID id="1" name="hyphen"/>
+    <GlyphID id="2" name="space"/>
+    <GlyphID id="3" name="minus"/>
+  </GlyphOrder>
+
+  <head>
+    <!-- Most of this table will be recalculated by the compiler -->
+    <tableVersion value="1.0"/>
+    <fontRevision value="2.001"/>
+    <checkSumAdjustment value="0xb77caef"/>
+    <magicNumber value="0x5f0f3cf5"/>
+    <flags value="00000000 00000001"/>
+    <unitsPerEm value="1000"/>
+    <created value="Tue Mar  5 00:05:14 2019"/>
+    <modified value="Wed Jun  5 15:42:16 2019"/>
+    <xMin value="40"/>
+    <yMin value="-200"/>
+    <xMax value="450"/>
+    <yMax value="800"/>
+    <macStyle value="00000000 00000000"/>
+    <lowestRecPPEM value="6"/>
+    <fontDirectionHint value="2"/>
+    <indexToLocFormat value="0"/>
+    <glyphDataFormat value="0"/>
+  </head>
+
+  <hhea>
+    <tableVersion value="0x00010000"/>
+    <ascent value="1000"/>
+    <descent value="-200"/>
+    <lineGap value="0"/>
+    <advanceWidthMax value="600"/>
+    <minLeftSideBearing value="40"/>
+    <minRightSideBearing value="40"/>
+    <xMaxExtent value="450"/>
+    <caretSlopeRise value="1"/>
+    <caretSlopeRun value="0"/>
+    <caretOffset value="0"/>
+    <reserved0 value="0"/>
+    <reserved1 value="0"/>
+    <reserved2 value="0"/>
+    <reserved3 value="0"/>
+    <metricDataFormat value="0"/>
+    <numberOfHMetrics value="4"/>
+  </hhea>
+
+  <maxp>
+    <!-- Most of this table will be recalculated by the compiler -->
+    <tableVersion value="0x10000"/>
+    <numGlyphs value="4"/>
+    <maxPoints value="8"/>
+    <maxContours value="2"/>
+    <maxCompositePoints value="4"/>
+    <maxCompositeContours value="1"/>
+    <maxZones value="1"/>
+    <maxTwilightPoints value="0"/>
+    <maxStorage value="0"/>
+    <maxFunctionDefs value="0"/>
+    <maxInstructionDefs value="0"/>
+    <maxStackElements value="0"/>
+    <maxSizeOfInstructions value="0"/>
+    <maxComponentElements value="1"/>
+    <maxComponentDepth value="1"/>
+  </maxp>
+
+  <OS_2>
+    <!-- The fields 'usFirstCharIndex' and 'usLastCharIndex'
+         will be recalculated by the compiler -->
+    <version value="4"/>
+    <xAvgCharWidth value="474"/>
+    <usWeightClass value="400"/>
+    <usWidthClass value="5"/>
+    <fsType value="00000000 00001000"/>
+    <ySubscriptXSize value="650"/>
+    <ySubscriptYSize value="600"/>
+    <ySubscriptXOffset value="0"/>
+    <ySubscriptYOffset value="75"/>
+    <ySuperscriptXSize value="650"/>
+    <ySuperscriptYSize value="600"/>
+    <ySuperscriptXOffset value="0"/>
+    <ySuperscriptYOffset value="350"/>
+    <yStrikeoutSize value="50"/>
+    <yStrikeoutPosition value="300"/>
+    <sFamilyClass value="0"/>
+    <panose>
+      <bFamilyType value="0"/>
+      <bSerifStyle value="0"/>
+      <bWeight value="0"/>
+      <bProportion value="0"/>
+      <bContrast value="0"/>
+      <bStrokeVariation value="0"/>
+      <bArmStyle value="0"/>
+      <bLetterForm value="0"/>
+      <bMidline value="0"/>
+      <bXHeight value="0"/>
+    </panose>
+    <ulUnicodeRange1 value="00000000 00000000 00000000 00000001"/>
+    <ulUnicodeRange2 value="00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000"/>
+    <ulUnicodeRange3 value="00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000"/>
+    <ulUnicodeRange4 value="00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000"/>
+    <achVendID value="GOOG"/>
+    <fsSelection value="00000000 01000000"/>
+    <usFirstCharIndex value="32"/>
+    <usLastCharIndex value="8722"/>
+    <sTypoAscender value="800"/>
+    <sTypoDescender value="-200"/>
+    <sTypoLineGap value="200"/>
+    <usWinAscent value="1000"/>
+    <usWinDescent value="200"/>
+    <ulCodePageRange1 value="00000000 00000000 00000000 00000001"/>
+    <ulCodePageRange2 value="00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000"/>
+    <sxHeight value="500"/>
+    <sCapHeight value="700"/>
+    <usDefaultChar value="0"/>
+    <usBreakChar value="32"/>
+    <usMaxContext value="0"/>
+  </OS_2>
+
+  <hmtx>
+    <mtx name=".notdef" width="500" lsb="50"/>
+    <mtx name="hyphen" width="322" lsb="40"/>
+    <mtx name="minus" width="422" lsb="40"/>
+    <mtx name="space" width="600" lsb="0"/>
+  </hmtx>
+
+  <cmap>
+    <tableVersion version="0"/>
+    <cmap_format_4 platformID="0" platEncID="3" language="0">
+      <map code="0x20" name="space"/><!-- SPACE -->
+      <map code="0x2d" name="hyphen"/><!-- HYPHEN-MINUS -->
+      <map code="0x2212" name="minus"/><!-- MINUS SIGN -->
+    </cmap_format_4>
+    <cmap_format_4 platformID="3" platEncID="1" language="0">
+      <map code="0x20" name="space"/><!-- SPACE -->
+      <map code="0x2d" name="hyphen"/><!-- HYPHEN-MINUS -->
+      <map code="0x2212" name="minus"/><!-- MINUS SIGN -->
+    </cmap_format_4>
+  </cmap>
+
+  <cvt>
+    <cv index="0" value="500"/>
+    <cv index="1" value="-400"/>
+    <cv index="2" value="180"/>
+    <cv index="3" value="250"/>
+  </cvt>
+
+  <loca>
+    <!-- The 'loca' table will be calculated by the compiler -->
+  </loca>
+
+  <glyf>
+
+    <!-- The xMin, yMin, xMax and yMax values
+         will be recalculated by the compiler. -->
+
+    <TTGlyph name=".notdef" xMin="50" yMin="-200" xMax="450" yMax="800">
+      <contour>
+        <pt x="50" y="-200" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="450" y="-200" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="450" y="800" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="50" y="800" on="1"/>
+      </contour>
+      <contour>
+        <pt x="100" y="-150" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="100" y="750" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="400" y="750" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="400" y="-150" on="1"/>
+      </contour>
+      <instructions/>
+    </TTGlyph>
+
+    <TTGlyph name="hyphen" xMin="40" yMin="229" xMax="282" yMax="307">
+      <contour>
+        <pt x="40" y="229" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="40" y="307" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="282" y="307" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="282" y="229" on="1"/>
+      </contour>
+      <instructions/>
+    </TTGlyph>
+
+    <TTGlyph name="minus" xMin="40" yMin="229" xMax="282" yMax="307">
+      <component glyphName="hyphen" x="0" y="0" flags="0x204"/>
+    </TTGlyph>
+
+    <TTGlyph name="space"/><!-- contains no outline data -->
+
+  </glyf>
+
+  <name>
+    <namerecord nameID="257" platformID="0" platEncID="4" langID="0x0">
+      Bräiti
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="256" platformID="1" platEncID="0" langID="0x0" unicode="True">
+      Weight
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="257" platformID="1" platEncID="0" langID="0x0" unicode="True">
+      Width
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="258" platformID="1" platEncID="0" langID="0x0" unicode="True">
+      Thin
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="259" platformID="1" platEncID="0" langID="0x0" unicode="True">
+      ExtraLight
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="260" platformID="1" platEncID="0" langID="0x0" unicode="True">
+      Light
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="261" platformID="1" platEncID="0" langID="0x0" unicode="True">
+      Regular
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="262" platformID="1" platEncID="0" langID="0x0" unicode="True">
+      Medium
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="263" platformID="1" platEncID="0" langID="0x0" unicode="True">
+      SemiBold
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="264" platformID="1" platEncID="0" langID="0x0" unicode="True">
+      Bold
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="265" platformID="1" platEncID="0" langID="0x0" unicode="True">
+      ExtraBold
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="266" platformID="1" platEncID="0" langID="0x0" unicode="True">
+      Black
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="267" platformID="1" platEncID="0" langID="0x0" unicode="True">
+      SemiCondensed Thin
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="268" platformID="1" platEncID="0" langID="0x0" unicode="True">
+      SemiCondensed ExtraLight
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="269" platformID="1" platEncID="0" langID="0x0" unicode="True">
+      SemiCondensed Light
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="270" platformID="1" platEncID="0" langID="0x0" unicode="True">
+      SemiCondensed
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="271" platformID="1" platEncID="0" langID="0x0" unicode="True">
+      SemiCondensed Medium
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="272" platformID="1" platEncID="0" langID="0x0" unicode="True">
+      SemiCondensed SemiBold
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="273" platformID="1" platEncID="0" langID="0x0" unicode="True">
+      SemiCondensed Bold
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="274" platformID="1" platEncID="0" langID="0x0" unicode="True">
+      SemiCondensed ExtraBold
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="275" platformID="1" platEncID="0" langID="0x0" unicode="True">
+      SemiCondensed Black
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="276" platformID="1" platEncID="0" langID="0x0" unicode="True">
+      Condensed Thin
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="277" platformID="1" platEncID="0" langID="0x0" unicode="True">
+      Condensed ExtraLight
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="278" platformID="1" platEncID="0" langID="0x0" unicode="True">
+      Condensed Light
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="279" platformID="1" platEncID="0" langID="0x0" unicode="True">
+      Condensed
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="280" platformID="1" platEncID="0" langID="0x0" unicode="True">
+      Condensed Medium
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="281" platformID="1" platEncID="0" langID="0x0" unicode="True">
+      Condensed SemiBold
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="282" platformID="1" platEncID="0" langID="0x0" unicode="True">
+      Condensed Bold
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="283" platformID="1" platEncID="0" langID="0x0" unicode="True">
+      Condensed ExtraBold
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="284" platformID="1" platEncID="0" langID="0x0" unicode="True">
+      Condensed Black
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="285" platformID="1" platEncID="0" langID="0x0" unicode="True">
+      ExtraCondensed Thin
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="286" platformID="1" platEncID="0" langID="0x0" unicode="True">
+      ExtraCondensed ExtraLight
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="287" platformID="1" platEncID="0" langID="0x0" unicode="True">
+      ExtraCondensed Light
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="288" platformID="1" platEncID="0" langID="0x0" unicode="True">
+      ExtraCondensed
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="289" platformID="1" platEncID="0" langID="0x0" unicode="True">
+      ExtraCondensed Medium
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="290" platformID="1" platEncID="0" langID="0x0" unicode="True">
+      ExtraCondensed SemiBold
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="291" platformID="1" platEncID="0" langID="0x0" unicode="True">
+      ExtraCondensed Bold
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="292" platformID="1" platEncID="0" langID="0x0" unicode="True">
+      ExtraCondensed ExtraBold
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="293" platformID="1" platEncID="0" langID="0x0" unicode="True">
+      ExtraCondensed Black
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="294" platformID="1" platEncID="0" langID="0x0" unicode="True">
+      Italic
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="295" platformID="1" platEncID="0" langID="0x0" unicode="True">
+      Upright
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="296" platformID="1" platEncID="0" langID="0x0" unicode="True">
+      TestVariableFont-XCdBd
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="0" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Copyright 2015 Google Inc. All Rights Reserved.
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="1" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Test Variable Font
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="2" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Regular
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="3" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      2.001;GOOG;TestVariableFont-Regular
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="4" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Test Variable Font Regular
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="5" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Version 2.001
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="6" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      TestVariableFont-Regular
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="7" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Noto is a trademark of Google Inc.
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="8" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Monotype Imaging Inc.
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="9" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Monotype Design Team
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="11" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      http://www.google.com/get/noto/
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="12" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      http://www.monotype.com/studio
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="256" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Weight
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="257" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Width
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="258" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Thin
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="259" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      ExtraLight
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="260" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Light
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="261" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Regular
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="262" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Medium
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="263" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      SemiBold
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="264" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Bold
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="265" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      ExtraBold
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="266" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Black
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="267" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      SemiCondensed Thin
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="268" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      SemiCondensed ExtraLight
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="269" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      SemiCondensed Light
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="270" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      SemiCondensed
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="271" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      SemiCondensed Medium
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="272" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      SemiCondensed SemiBold
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="273" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      SemiCondensed Bold
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="274" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      SemiCondensed ExtraBold
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="275" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      SemiCondensed Black
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="276" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Condensed Thin
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="277" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Condensed ExtraLight
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="278" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Condensed Light
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="279" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Condensed
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="280" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Condensed Medium
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="281" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Condensed SemiBold
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="282" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Condensed Bold
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="283" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Condensed ExtraBold
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="284" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Condensed Black
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="285" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      ExtraCondensed Thin
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="286" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      ExtraCondensed ExtraLight
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="287" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      ExtraCondensed Light
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="288" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      ExtraCondensed
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="289" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      ExtraCondensed Medium
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="290" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      ExtraCondensed SemiBold
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="291" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      ExtraCondensed Bold
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="292" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      ExtraCondensed ExtraBold
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="293" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      ExtraCondensed Black
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="294" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Italic
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="295" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Upright
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="296" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      TestVariableFont-XCdBd
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="297" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Normal
+    </namerecord>
+  </name>
+
+  <post>
+    <formatType value="2.0"/>
+    <italicAngle value="0.0"/>
+    <underlinePosition value="-100"/>
+    <underlineThickness value="50"/>
+    <isFixedPitch value="0"/>
+    <minMemType42 value="0"/>
+    <maxMemType42 value="0"/>
+    <minMemType1 value="0"/>
+    <maxMemType1 value="0"/>
+    <psNames>
+      <!-- This file uses unique glyph names based on the information
+           found in the 'post' table. Since these names might not be unique,
+           we have to invent artificial names in case of clashes. In order to
+           be able to retain the original information, we need a name to
+           ps name mapping for those cases where they differ. That's what
+           you see below.
+            -->
+    </psNames>
+    <extraNames>
+      <!-- following are the name that are not taken from the standard Mac glyph order -->
+    </extraNames>
+  </post>
+
+  <HVAR>
+    <Version value="0x00010000"/>
+    <VarStore Format="1">
+      <Format value="1"/>
+      <VarRegionList>
+        <!-- RegionAxisCount=2 -->
+        <!-- RegionCount=7 -->
+        <Region index="0">
+          <VarRegionAxis index="0">
+            <StartCoord value="-1.0"/>
+            <PeakCoord value="-1.0"/>
+            <EndCoord value="0.0"/>
+          </VarRegionAxis>
+          <VarRegionAxis index="1">
+            <StartCoord value="0.0"/>
+            <PeakCoord value="0.0"/>
+            <EndCoord value="0.0"/>
+          </VarRegionAxis>
+        </Region>
+        <Region index="1">
+          <VarRegionAxis index="0">
+            <StartCoord value="0.0"/>
+            <PeakCoord value="0.61"/>
+            <EndCoord value="1.0"/>
+          </VarRegionAxis>
+          <VarRegionAxis index="1">
+            <StartCoord value="0.0"/>
+            <PeakCoord value="0.0"/>
+            <EndCoord value="0.0"/>
+          </VarRegionAxis>
+        </Region>
+        <Region index="2">
+          <VarRegionAxis index="0">
+            <StartCoord value="0.61"/>
+            <PeakCoord value="1.0"/>
+            <EndCoord value="1.0"/>
+          </VarRegionAxis>
+          <VarRegionAxis index="1">
+            <StartCoord value="0.0"/>
+            <PeakCoord value="0.0"/>
+            <EndCoord value="0.0"/>
+          </VarRegionAxis>
+        </Region>
+        <Region index="3">
+          <VarRegionAxis index="0">
+            <StartCoord value="0.0"/>
+            <PeakCoord value="0.0"/>
+            <EndCoord value="0.0"/>
+          </VarRegionAxis>
+          <VarRegionAxis index="1">
+            <StartCoord value="-1.0"/>
+            <PeakCoord value="-1.0"/>
+            <EndCoord value="0.0"/>
+          </VarRegionAxis>
+        </Region>
+        <Region index="4">
+          <VarRegionAxis index="0">
+            <StartCoord value="-1.0"/>
+            <PeakCoord value="-1.0"/>
+            <EndCoord value="0.0"/>
+          </VarRegionAxis>
+          <VarRegionAxis index="1">
+            <StartCoord value="-1.0"/>
+            <PeakCoord value="-1.0"/>
+            <EndCoord value="0.0"/>
+          </VarRegionAxis>
+        </Region>
+        <Region index="5">
+          <VarRegionAxis index="0">
+            <StartCoord value="0.0"/>
+            <PeakCoord value="0.61"/>
+            <EndCoord value="1.0"/>
+          </VarRegionAxis>
+          <VarRegionAxis index="1">
+            <StartCoord value="-1.0"/>
+            <PeakCoord value="-1.0"/>
+            <EndCoord value="0.0"/>
+          </VarRegionAxis>
+        </Region>
+        <Region index="6">
+          <VarRegionAxis index="0">
+            <StartCoord value="0.61"/>
+            <PeakCoord value="1.0"/>
+            <EndCoord value="1.0"/>
+          </VarRegionAxis>
+          <VarRegionAxis index="1">
+            <StartCoord value="-1.0"/>
+            <PeakCoord value="-1.0"/>
+            <EndCoord value="0.0"/>
+          </VarRegionAxis>
+        </Region>
+      </VarRegionList>
+      <!-- VarDataCount=1 -->
+      <VarData index="0">
+        <!-- ItemCount=2 -->
+        <NumShorts value="0"/>
+        <!-- VarRegionCount=5 -->
+        <VarRegionIndex index="0" value="2"/>
+        <VarRegionIndex index="1" value="3"/>
+        <VarRegionIndex index="2" value="4"/>
+        <VarRegionIndex index="3" value="5"/>
+        <VarRegionIndex index="4" value="6"/>
+        <Item index="0" value="[-4, -48, -11, 31, 55]"/>
+        <Item index="1" value="[0, 0, 0, 0, 0]"/>
+      </VarData>
+    </VarStore>
+    <AdvWidthMap>
+      <Map glyph=".notdef" outer="0" inner="1"/>
+      <Map glyph="hyphen" outer="0" inner="0"/>
+      <Map glyph="minus" outer="0" inner="0"/>
+      <Map glyph="space" outer="0" inner="1"/>
+    </AdvWidthMap>
+  </HVAR>
+
+  <MVAR>
+    <Version value="0x00010000"/>
+    <Reserved value="0"/>
+    <ValueRecordSize value="8"/>
+    <!-- ValueRecordCount=4 -->
+    <VarStore Format="1">
+      <Format value="1"/>
+      <VarRegionList>
+        <!-- RegionAxisCount=2 -->
+        <!-- RegionCount=3 -->
+        <Region index="0">
+          <VarRegionAxis index="0">
+            <StartCoord value="0.0"/>
+            <PeakCoord value="1.0"/>
+            <EndCoord value="1.0"/>
+          </VarRegionAxis>
+          <VarRegionAxis index="1">
+            <StartCoord value="0.0"/>
+            <PeakCoord value="0.0"/>
+            <EndCoord value="0.0"/>
+          </VarRegionAxis>
+        </Region>
+        <Region index="1">
+          <VarRegionAxis index="0">
+            <StartCoord value="0.0"/>
+            <PeakCoord value="0.0"/>
+            <EndCoord value="0.0"/>
+          </VarRegionAxis>
+          <VarRegionAxis index="1">
+            <StartCoord value="-1.0"/>
+            <PeakCoord value="-1.0"/>
+            <EndCoord value="0.0"/>
+          </VarRegionAxis>
+        </Region>
+        <Region index="2">
+          <VarRegionAxis index="0">
+            <StartCoord value="0.0"/>
+            <PeakCoord value="1.0"/>
+            <EndCoord value="1.0"/>
+          </VarRegionAxis>
+          <VarRegionAxis index="1">
+            <StartCoord value="-1.0"/>
+            <PeakCoord value="-1.0"/>
+            <EndCoord value="0.0"/>
+          </VarRegionAxis>
+        </Region>
+      </VarRegionList>
+      <!-- VarDataCount=2 -->
+      <VarData index="0">
+        <!-- ItemCount=3 -->
+        <NumShorts value="1"/>
+        <!-- VarRegionCount=3 -->
+        <VarRegionIndex index="0" value="0"/>
+        <VarRegionIndex index="1" value="1"/>
+        <VarRegionIndex index="2" value="2"/>
+        <Item index="0" value="[-100, 0, 20]"/>
+        <Item index="1" value="[100, 0, -20]"/>
+        <Item index="2" value="[50, -30, -20]"/>
+      </VarData>
+      <VarData index="1">
+        <!-- ItemCount=1 -->
+        <NumShorts value="0"/>
+        <!-- VarRegionCount=1 -->
+        <VarRegionIndex index="0" value="0"/>
+        <Item index="0" value="[30]"/>
+      </VarData>
+    </VarStore>
+    <ValueRecord index="0">
+      <ValueTag value="strs"/>
+      <VarIdx value="2"/>
+    </ValueRecord>
+    <ValueRecord index="1">
+      <ValueTag value="undo"/>
+      <VarIdx value="0"/>
+    </ValueRecord>
+    <ValueRecord index="2">
+      <ValueTag value="unds"/>
+      <VarIdx value="1"/>
+    </ValueRecord>
+    <ValueRecord index="3">
+      <ValueTag value="xhgt"/>
+      <VarIdx value="65536"/>
+    </ValueRecord>
+  </MVAR>
+
+  <STAT>
+    <Version value="0x00010002"/>
+    <DesignAxisRecordSize value="8"/>
+    <!-- DesignAxisCount=3 -->
+    <DesignAxisRecord>
+      <Axis index="0">
+        <AxisTag value="wght"/>
+        <AxisNameID value="256"/>  <!-- Weight -->
+        <AxisOrdering value="0"/>
+      </Axis>
+      <Axis index="1">
+        <AxisTag value="wdth"/>
+        <AxisNameID value="257"/>  <!-- Width -->
+        <AxisOrdering value="1"/>
+      </Axis>
+      <Axis index="2">
+        <AxisTag value="ital"/>
+        <AxisNameID value="294"/>  <!-- Italic -->
+        <AxisOrdering value="2"/>
+      </Axis>
+    </DesignAxisRecord>
+    <!-- AxisValueCount=5 -->
+    <AxisValueArray>
+      <AxisValue index="0" Format="1">
+        <AxisIndex value="0"/>
+        <Flags value="0"/>
+        <ValueNameID value="258"/>  <!-- Thin -->
+        <Value value="100.0"/>
+      </AxisValue>
+      <AxisValue index="1" Format="3">
+        <AxisIndex value="0"/>
+        <Flags value="2"/>
+        <ValueNameID value="261"/>  <!-- Regular -->
+        <Value value="400.0"/>
+        <LinkedValue value="700.0"/>
+      </AxisValue>
+      <AxisValue index="2" Format="2">
+        <AxisIndex value="0"/>
+        <Flags value="0"/>
+        <ValueNameID value="266"/>  <!-- Black -->
+        <NominalValue value="900.0"/>
+        <RangeMinValue value="801.0"/>
+        <RangeMaxValue value="900.0"/>
+      </AxisValue>
+      <AxisValue index="3" Format="4">
+        <!-- AxisCount=1 -->
+        <Flags value="0"/>
+        <ValueNameID value="279"/>  <!-- Condensed -->
+        <AxisValueRecord index="0">
+          <AxisIndex value="1"/>
+          <Value value="79.0"/>
+        </AxisValueRecord>
+      </AxisValue>
+      <AxisValue index="4" Format="3">
+        <AxisIndex value="2"/>
+        <Flags value="2"/>
+        <ValueNameID value="295"/>  <!-- Upright -->
+        <Value value="0.0"/>
+        <LinkedValue value="1.0"/>
+      </AxisValue>
+      <AxisValue index="3" Format="4">
+        <!-- AxisCount=1 -->
+        <Flags value="2"/>
+        <ValueNameID value="297"/>  <!-- Normal -->
+        <AxisValueRecord index="0">
+          <AxisIndex value="1"/>
+          <Value value="100.0"/>
+        </AxisValueRecord>
+      </AxisValue>
+    </AxisValueArray>
+    <ElidedFallbackNameID value="2"/>  <!-- Regular -->
+  </STAT>
+
+  <avar>
+    <segment axis="wght">
+      <mapping from="-1.0" to="-1.0"/>
+      <mapping from="-0.6667" to="-0.7969"/>
+      <mapping from="-0.3333" to="-0.5"/>
+      <mapping from="0.0" to="0.0"/>
+      <mapping from="0.2" to="0.18"/>
+      <mapping from="0.4" to="0.38"/>
+      <mapping from="0.6" to="0.61"/>
+      <mapping from="0.8" to="0.79"/>
+      <mapping from="1.0" to="1.0"/>
+    </segment>
+    <segment axis="wdth">
+      <mapping from="-1.0" to="-1.0"/>
+      <mapping from="0.0" to="0.0"/>
+      <mapping from="1.0" to="1.0"/>
+    </segment>
+  </avar>
+
+  <cvar>
+    <version major="1" minor="0"/>
+    <tuple>
+      <coord axis="wght" value="-1.0"/>
+      <delta cvt="2" value="-30"/>
+    </tuple>
+    <tuple>
+      <coord axis="wdth" value="-1.0"/>
+      <delta cvt="3" value="-50"/>
+    </tuple>
+  </cvar>
+
+  <fvar>
+
+    <!-- Weight -->
+    <Axis>
+      <AxisTag>wght</AxisTag>
+      <Flags>0x0</Flags>
+      <MinValue>100.0</MinValue>
+      <DefaultValue>400.0</DefaultValue>
+      <MaxValue>900.0</MaxValue>
+      <AxisNameID>256</AxisNameID>
+    </Axis>
+
+    <!-- Width -->
+    <Axis>
+      <AxisTag>wdth</AxisTag>
+      <Flags>0x0</Flags>
+      <MinValue>70.0</MinValue>
+      <DefaultValue>100.0</DefaultValue>
+      <MaxValue>100.0</MaxValue>
+      <AxisNameID>257</AxisNameID>
+    </Axis>
+
+    <!-- Thin -->
+    <NamedInstance flags="0x0" subfamilyNameID="258">
+      <coord axis="wght" value="100.0"/>
+      <coord axis="wdth" value="100.0"/>
+    </NamedInstance>
+
+    <!-- ExtraLight -->
+    <NamedInstance flags="0x0" subfamilyNameID="259">
+      <coord axis="wght" value="200.0"/>
+      <coord axis="wdth" value="100.0"/>
+    </NamedInstance>
+
+    <!-- Light -->
+    <NamedInstance flags="0x0" subfamilyNameID="260">
+      <coord axis="wght" value="300.0"/>
+      <coord axis="wdth" value="100.0"/>
+    </NamedInstance>
+
+    <!-- Regular -->
+    <NamedInstance flags="0x0" subfamilyNameID="261">
+      <coord axis="wght" value="400.0"/>
+      <coord axis="wdth" value="100.0"/>
+    </NamedInstance>
+
+    <!-- Medium -->
+    <NamedInstance flags="0x0" subfamilyNameID="262">
+      <coord axis="wght" value="500.0"/>
+      <coord axis="wdth" value="100.0"/>
+    </NamedInstance>
+
+    <!-- SemiBold -->
+    <NamedInstance flags="0x0" subfamilyNameID="263">
+      <coord axis="wght" value="600.0"/>
+      <coord axis="wdth" value="100.0"/>
+    </NamedInstance>
+
+    <!-- Bold -->
+    <NamedInstance flags="0x0" subfamilyNameID="264">
+      <coord axis="wght" value="700.0"/>
+      <coord axis="wdth" value="100.0"/>
+    </NamedInstance>
+
+    <!-- ExtraBold -->
+    <NamedInstance flags="0x0" subfamilyNameID="265">
+      <coord axis="wght" value="800.0"/>
+      <coord axis="wdth" value="100.0"/>
+    </NamedInstance>
+
+    <!-- Black -->
+    <NamedInstance flags="0x0" subfamilyNameID="266">
+      <coord axis="wght" value="900.0"/>
+      <coord axis="wdth" value="100.0"/>
+    </NamedInstance>
+
+    <!-- SemiCondensed Thin -->
+    <NamedInstance flags="0x0" subfamilyNameID="267">
+      <coord axis="wght" value="100.0"/>
+      <coord axis="wdth" value="89.0"/>
+    </NamedInstance>
+
+    <!-- SemiCondensed ExtraLight -->
+    <NamedInstance flags="0x0" subfamilyNameID="268">
+      <coord axis="wght" value="200.0"/>
+      <coord axis="wdth" value="89.0"/>
+    </NamedInstance>
+
+    <!-- SemiCondensed Light -->
+    <NamedInstance flags="0x0" subfamilyNameID="269">
+      <coord axis="wght" value="300.0"/>
+      <coord axis="wdth" value="89.0"/>
+    </NamedInstance>
+
+    <!-- SemiCondensed -->
+    <NamedInstance flags="0x0" subfamilyNameID="270">
+      <coord axis="wght" value="400.0"/>
+      <coord axis="wdth" value="89.0"/>
+    </NamedInstance>
+
+    <!-- SemiCondensed Medium -->
+    <NamedInstance flags="0x0" subfamilyNameID="271">
+      <coord axis="wght" value="500.0"/>
+      <coord axis="wdth" value="89.0"/>
+    </NamedInstance>
+
+    <!-- SemiCondensed SemiBold -->
+    <NamedInstance flags="0x0" subfamilyNameID="272">
+      <coord axis="wght" value="600.0"/>
+      <coord axis="wdth" value="89.0"/>
+    </NamedInstance>
+
+    <!-- SemiCondensed Bold -->
+    <NamedInstance flags="0x0" subfamilyNameID="273">
+      <coord axis="wght" value="700.0"/>
+      <coord axis="wdth" value="89.0"/>
+    </NamedInstance>
+
+    <!-- SemiCondensed ExtraBold -->
+    <NamedInstance flags="0x0" subfamilyNameID="274">
+      <coord axis="wght" value="800.0"/>
+      <coord axis="wdth" value="89.0"/>
+    </NamedInstance>
+
+    <!-- SemiCondensed Black -->
+    <NamedInstance flags="0x0" subfamilyNameID="275">
+      <coord axis="wght" value="900.0"/>
+      <coord axis="wdth" value="89.0"/>
+    </NamedInstance>
+
+    <!-- Condensed Thin -->
+    <NamedInstance flags="0x0" subfamilyNameID="276">
+      <coord axis="wght" value="100.0"/>
+      <coord axis="wdth" value="79.0"/>
+    </NamedInstance>
+
+    <!-- Condensed ExtraLight -->
+    <NamedInstance flags="0x0" subfamilyNameID="277">
+      <coord axis="wght" value="200.0"/>
+      <coord axis="wdth" value="79.0"/>
+    </NamedInstance>
+
+    <!-- Condensed Light -->
+    <NamedInstance flags="0x0" subfamilyNameID="278">
+      <coord axis="wght" value="300.0"/>
+      <coord axis="wdth" value="79.0"/>
+    </NamedInstance>
+
+    <!-- Condensed -->
+    <NamedInstance flags="0x0" subfamilyNameID="279">
+      <coord axis="wght" value="400.0"/>
+      <coord axis="wdth" value="79.0"/>
+    </NamedInstance>
+
+    <!-- Condensed Medium -->
+    <NamedInstance flags="0x0" subfamilyNameID="280">
+      <coord axis="wght" value="500.0"/>
+      <coord axis="wdth" value="79.0"/>
+    </NamedInstance>
+
+    <!-- Condensed SemiBold -->
+    <NamedInstance flags="0x0" subfamilyNameID="281">
+      <coord axis="wght" value="600.0"/>
+      <coord axis="wdth" value="79.0"/>
+    </NamedInstance>
+
+    <!-- Condensed Bold -->
+    <NamedInstance flags="0x0" subfamilyNameID="282">
+      <coord axis="wght" value="700.0"/>
+      <coord axis="wdth" value="79.0"/>
+    </NamedInstance>
+
+    <!-- Condensed ExtraBold -->
+    <NamedInstance flags="0x0" subfamilyNameID="283">
+      <coord axis="wght" value="800.0"/>
+      <coord axis="wdth" value="79.0"/>
+    </NamedInstance>
+
+    <!-- Condensed Black -->
+    <NamedInstance flags="0x0" subfamilyNameID="284">
+      <coord axis="wght" value="900.0"/>
+      <coord axis="wdth" value="79.0"/>
+    </NamedInstance>
+
+    <!-- ExtraCondensed Thin -->
+    <NamedInstance flags="0x0" subfamilyNameID="285">
+      <coord axis="wght" value="100.0"/>
+      <coord axis="wdth" value="70.0"/>
+    </NamedInstance>
+
+    <!-- ExtraCondensed ExtraLight -->
+    <NamedInstance flags="0x0" subfamilyNameID="286">
+      <coord axis="wght" value="200.0"/>
+      <coord axis="wdth" value="70.0"/>
+    </NamedInstance>
+
+    <!-- ExtraCondensed Light -->
+    <NamedInstance flags="0x0" subfamilyNameID="287">
+      <coord axis="wght" value="300.0"/>
+      <coord axis="wdth" value="70.0"/>
+    </NamedInstance>
+
+    <!-- ExtraCondensed -->
+    <NamedInstance flags="0x0" subfamilyNameID="288">
+      <coord axis="wght" value="400.0"/>
+      <coord axis="wdth" value="70.0"/>
+    </NamedInstance>
+
+    <!-- ExtraCondensed Medium -->
+    <NamedInstance flags="0x0" subfamilyNameID="289">
+      <coord axis="wght" value="500.0"/>
+      <coord axis="wdth" value="70.0"/>
+    </NamedInstance>
+
+    <!-- ExtraCondensed SemiBold -->
+    <NamedInstance flags="0x0" subfamilyNameID="290">
+      <coord axis="wght" value="600.0"/>
+      <coord axis="wdth" value="70.0"/>
+    </NamedInstance>
+
+    <!-- ExtraCondensed Bold -->
+    <NamedInstance flags="0x0" subfamilyNameID="291">
+      <coord axis="wght" value="700.0"/>
+      <coord axis="wdth" value="70.0"/>
+    </NamedInstance>
+
+    <!-- ExtraCondensed ExtraBold -->
+    <!-- PostScript: TestVariableFont-XCdBd -->
+    <NamedInstance flags="0x0" postscriptNameID="296" subfamilyNameID="292">
+      <coord axis="wght" value="800.0"/>
+      <coord axis="wdth" value="70.0"/>
+    </NamedInstance>
+
+    <!-- ExtraCondensed Black -->
+    <NamedInstance flags="0x0" subfamilyNameID="293">
+      <coord axis="wght" value="900.0"/>
+      <coord axis="wdth" value="70.0"/>
+    </NamedInstance>
+  </fvar>
+
+  <gvar>
+    <version value="1"/>
+    <reserved value="0"/>
+    <glyphVariations glyph="hyphen">
+      <tuple>
+        <coord axis="wght" value="-1.0"/>
+        <delta pt="0" x="0" y="30"/>
+        <delta pt="1" x="0" y="-23"/>
+        <delta pt="2" x="0" y="-23"/>
+        <delta pt="3" x="0" y="30"/>
+        <delta pt="4" x="0" y="0"/>
+        <delta pt="5" x="0" y="0"/>
+        <delta pt="6" x="0" y="0"/>
+        <delta pt="7" x="0" y="0"/>
+      </tuple>
+      <tuple>
+        <coord axis="wght" min="0.0" value="0.61" max="1.0"/>
+        <delta pt="1" x="-10" y="22"/>
+        <delta pt="3" x="10" y="-22"/>
+      </tuple>
+      <tuple>
+        <coord axis="wght" min="0.61" value="1.0" max="1.0"/>
+        <delta pt="1" x="-19" y="37"/>
+        <delta pt="3" x="15" y="-37"/>
+        <delta pt="5" x="-4" y="0"/>
+      </tuple>
+      <tuple>
+        <coord axis="wdth" value="-1.0"/>
+        <delta pt="1" x="-13" y="3"/>
+        <delta pt="3" x="-35" y="0"/>
+        <delta pt="5" x="-48" y="0"/>
+      </tuple>
+      <tuple>
+        <coord axis="wght" value="-1.0"/>
+        <coord axis="wdth" value="-1.0"/>
+        <delta pt="1" x="-1" y="-1"/>
+        <delta pt="3" x="-10" y="0"/>
+        <delta pt="5" x="-11" y="0"/>
+      </tuple>
+      <tuple>
+        <coord axis="wght" min="0.0" value="0.61" max="1.0"/>
+        <coord axis="wdth" value="-1.0"/>
+        <delta pt="1" x="11" y="-1"/>
+        <delta pt="3" x="20" y="-1"/>
+        <delta pt="5" x="31" y="0"/>
+      </tuple>
+      <tuple>
+        <coord axis="wght" min="0.61" value="1.0" max="1.0"/>
+        <coord axis="wdth" value="-1.0"/>
+        <delta pt="1" x="21" y="-3"/>
+        <delta pt="3" x="34" y="0"/>
+        <delta pt="5" x="55" y="0"/>
+      </tuple>
+    </glyphVariations>
+  </gvar>
+
+  <ltag>
+    <version value="1"/>
+    <flags value="0"/>
+    <LanguageTag tag="gsw-LI"/>
+  </ltag>
+
+  <vhea>
+    <tableVersion value="0x00010000"/>
+    <ascent value="0"/>
+    <descent value="0"/>
+    <lineGap value="0"/>
+    <advanceHeightMax value="1000"/>
+    <minTopSideBearing value="100"/>
+    <minBottomSideBearing value="-100"/>
+    <yMaxExtent value="1100"/>
+    <caretSlopeRise value="0"/>
+    <caretSlopeRun value="0"/>
+    <caretOffset value="0"/>
+    <reserved1 value="0"/>
+    <reserved2 value="0"/>
+    <reserved3 value="0"/>
+    <reserved4 value="0"/>
+    <metricDataFormat value="0"/>
+    <numberOfVMetrics value="4"/>
+  </vhea>
+
+  <vmtx>
+    <mtx name=".notdef" height="1000" tsb="100"/>
+    <mtx name="hyphen" height="536" tsb="229"/>
+    <mtx name="minus" height="536" tsb="229"/>
+    <mtx name="space" height="600" tsb="0"/>
+  </vmtx>
+
+</ttFont>
diff --git a/Tests/varLib/instancer/data/PartialInstancerTest2-VF.ttx b/Tests/varLib/instancer/data/PartialInstancerTest2-VF.ttx
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..cd7ffa0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/varLib/instancer/data/PartialInstancerTest2-VF.ttx
@@ -0,0 +1,1892 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<ttFont sfntVersion="\x00\x01\x00\x00" ttLibVersion="4.0">
+
+  <GlyphOrder>
+    <!-- The 'id' attribute is only for humans; it is ignored when parsed. -->
+    <GlyphID id="0" name=".notdef"/>
+    <GlyphID id="1" name="A"/>
+    <GlyphID id="2" name="T"/>
+    <GlyphID id="3" name="grave"/>
+    <GlyphID id="4" name="Agrave"/>
+  </GlyphOrder>
+
+  <head>
+    <!-- Most of this table will be recalculated by the compiler -->
+    <tableVersion value="1.0"/>
+    <fontRevision value="2.001"/>
+    <checkSumAdjustment value="0x605c3e60"/>
+    <magicNumber value="0x5f0f3cf5"/>
+    <flags value="00000000 00000011"/>
+    <unitsPerEm value="1000"/>
+    <created value="Tue Mar 15 19:50:39 2016"/>
+    <modified value="Thu Oct 17 14:43:10 2019"/>
+    <xMin value="0"/>
+    <yMin value="0"/>
+    <xMax value="638"/>
+    <yMax value="944"/>
+    <macStyle value="00000000 00000000"/>
+    <lowestRecPPEM value="6"/>
+    <fontDirectionHint value="2"/>
+    <indexToLocFormat value="0"/>
+    <glyphDataFormat value="0"/>
+  </head>
+
+  <hhea>
+    <tableVersion value="0x00010000"/>
+    <ascent value="1069"/>
+    <descent value="-293"/>
+    <lineGap value="0"/>
+    <advanceWidthMax value="639"/>
+    <minLeftSideBearing value="0"/>
+    <minRightSideBearing value="1"/>
+    <xMaxExtent value="638"/>
+    <caretSlopeRise value="1"/>
+    <caretSlopeRun value="0"/>
+    <caretOffset value="0"/>
+    <reserved0 value="0"/>
+    <reserved1 value="0"/>
+    <reserved2 value="0"/>
+    <reserved3 value="0"/>
+    <metricDataFormat value="0"/>
+    <numberOfHMetrics value="5"/>
+  </hhea>
+
+  <maxp>
+    <!-- Most of this table will be recalculated by the compiler -->
+    <tableVersion value="0x10000"/>
+    <numGlyphs value="5"/>
+    <maxPoints value="19"/>
+    <maxContours value="2"/>
+    <maxCompositePoints value="32"/>
+    <maxCompositeContours value="3"/>
+    <maxZones value="1"/>
+    <maxTwilightPoints value="0"/>
+    <maxStorage value="0"/>
+    <maxFunctionDefs value="0"/>
+    <maxInstructionDefs value="0"/>
+    <maxStackElements value="0"/>
+    <maxSizeOfInstructions value="0"/>
+    <maxComponentElements value="2"/>
+    <maxComponentDepth value="1"/>
+  </maxp>
+
+  <OS_2>
+    <!-- The fields 'usFirstCharIndex' and 'usLastCharIndex'
+         will be recalculated by the compiler -->
+    <version value="4"/>
+    <xAvgCharWidth value="577"/>
+    <usWeightClass value="400"/>
+    <usWidthClass value="5"/>
+    <fsType value="00000000 00000000"/>
+    <ySubscriptXSize value="650"/>
+    <ySubscriptYSize value="600"/>
+    <ySubscriptXOffset value="0"/>
+    <ySubscriptYOffset value="75"/>
+    <ySuperscriptXSize value="650"/>
+    <ySuperscriptYSize value="600"/>
+    <ySuperscriptXOffset value="0"/>
+    <ySuperscriptYOffset value="350"/>
+    <yStrikeoutSize value="50"/>
+    <yStrikeoutPosition value="322"/>
+    <sFamilyClass value="0"/>
+    <panose>
+      <bFamilyType value="2"/>
+      <bSerifStyle value="11"/>
+      <bWeight value="5"/>
+      <bProportion value="2"/>
+      <bContrast value="4"/>
+      <bStrokeVariation value="5"/>
+      <bArmStyle value="4"/>
+      <bLetterForm value="2"/>
+      <bMidline value="2"/>
+      <bXHeight value="4"/>
+    </panose>
+    <ulUnicodeRange1 value="11100000 00000000 00000010 11111111"/>
+    <ulUnicodeRange2 value="01000000 00000000 00100000 00011111"/>
+    <ulUnicodeRange3 value="00001000 00000000 00000000 00101001"/>
+    <ulUnicodeRange4 value="00000000 00010000 00000000 00000000"/>
+    <achVendID value="GOOG"/>
+    <fsSelection value="00000001 01000000"/>
+    <usFirstCharIndex value="65"/>
+    <usLastCharIndex value="192"/>
+    <sTypoAscender value="1069"/>
+    <sTypoDescender value="-293"/>
+    <sTypoLineGap value="0"/>
+    <usWinAscent value="1069"/>
+    <usWinDescent value="293"/>
+    <ulCodePageRange1 value="00000000 00000000 00000001 10011111"/>
+    <ulCodePageRange2 value="00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000"/>
+    <sxHeight value="536"/>
+    <sCapHeight value="714"/>
+    <usDefaultChar value="0"/>
+    <usBreakChar value="32"/>
+    <usMaxContext value="4"/>
+  </OS_2>
+
+  <hmtx>
+    <mtx name=".notdef" width="600" lsb="94"/>
+    <mtx name="A" width="639" lsb="0"/>
+    <mtx name="Agrave" width="639" lsb="0"/>
+    <mtx name="T" width="556" lsb="10"/>
+    <mtx name="grave" width="281" lsb="40"/>
+  </hmtx>
+
+  <cmap>
+    <tableVersion version="0"/>
+    <cmap_format_4 platformID="0" platEncID="3" language="0">
+      <map code="0x41" name="A"/><!-- LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A -->
+      <map code="0x54" name="T"/><!-- LATIN CAPITAL LETTER T -->
+      <map code="0xc0" name="Agrave"/><!-- LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A WITH GRAVE -->
+    </cmap_format_4>
+    <cmap_format_4 platformID="3" platEncID="1" language="0">
+      <map code="0x41" name="A"/><!-- LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A -->
+      <map code="0x54" name="T"/><!-- LATIN CAPITAL LETTER T -->
+      <map code="0xc0" name="Agrave"/><!-- LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A WITH GRAVE -->
+    </cmap_format_4>
+  </cmap>
+
+  <loca>
+    <!-- The 'loca' table will be calculated by the compiler -->
+  </loca>
+
+  <glyf>
+
+    <!-- The xMin, yMin, xMax and yMax values
+         will be recalculated by the compiler. -->
+
+    <TTGlyph name=".notdef" xMin="94" yMin="0" xMax="505" yMax="714">
+      <contour>
+        <pt x="94" y="0" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="94" y="714" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="505" y="714" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="505" y="0" on="1"/>
+      </contour>
+      <contour>
+        <pt x="145" y="51" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="454" y="51" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="454" y="663" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="145" y="663" on="1"/>
+      </contour>
+      <instructions/>
+    </TTGlyph>
+
+    <TTGlyph name="A" xMin="0" yMin="0" xMax="638" yMax="717">
+      <contour>
+        <pt x="545" y="0" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="459" y="221" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="176" y="221" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="91" y="0" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="0" y="0" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="279" y="717" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="360" y="717" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="638" y="0" on="1"/>
+      </contour>
+      <contour>
+        <pt x="432" y="301" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="352" y="517" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="349" y="525" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="335" y="567" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="322" y="612" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="318" y="624" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="313" y="604" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="302" y="563" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="291" y="529" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="287" y="517" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="206" y="301" on="1"/>
+      </contour>
+      <instructions/>
+    </TTGlyph>
+
+    <TTGlyph name="Agrave" xMin="0" yMin="0" xMax="638" yMax="944">
+      <component glyphName="A" x="0" y="0" flags="0x204"/>
+      <component glyphName="grave" x="147" y="178" flags="0x4"/>
+    </TTGlyph>
+
+    <TTGlyph name="T" xMin="10" yMin="0" xMax="545" yMax="714">
+      <contour>
+        <pt x="323" y="0" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="233" y="0" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="233" y="635" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="10" y="635" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="10" y="714" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="545" y="714" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="545" y="635" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="323" y="635" on="1"/>
+      </contour>
+      <instructions/>
+    </TTGlyph>
+
+    <TTGlyph name="grave" xMin="40" yMin="606" xMax="241" yMax="766">
+      <contour>
+        <pt x="145" y="766" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="156" y="744" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="189" y="689" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="226" y="637" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="241" y="618" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="241" y="606" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="182" y="606" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="165" y="620" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="123" y="659" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="82" y="702" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="49" y="742" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="40" y="756" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="40" y="766" on="1"/>
+      </contour>
+      <instructions/>
+    </TTGlyph>
+
+  </glyf>
+
+  <name>
+    <namerecord nameID="256" platformID="1" platEncID="0" langID="0x0" unicode="True">
+      Weight
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="257" platformID="1" platEncID="0" langID="0x0" unicode="True">
+      Width
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="258" platformID="1" platEncID="0" langID="0x0" unicode="True">
+      Thin
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="259" platformID="1" platEncID="0" langID="0x0" unicode="True">
+      ExtraLight
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="260" platformID="1" platEncID="0" langID="0x0" unicode="True">
+      Light
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="261" platformID="1" platEncID="0" langID="0x0" unicode="True">
+      Regular
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="262" platformID="1" platEncID="0" langID="0x0" unicode="True">
+      Medium
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="263" platformID="1" platEncID="0" langID="0x0" unicode="True">
+      SemiBold
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="264" platformID="1" platEncID="0" langID="0x0" unicode="True">
+      Bold
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="265" platformID="1" platEncID="0" langID="0x0" unicode="True">
+      ExtraBold
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="266" platformID="1" platEncID="0" langID="0x0" unicode="True">
+      Black
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="267" platformID="1" platEncID="0" langID="0x0" unicode="True">
+      SemiCondensed Thin
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="268" platformID="1" platEncID="0" langID="0x0" unicode="True">
+      SemiCondensed ExtraLight
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="269" platformID="1" platEncID="0" langID="0x0" unicode="True">
+      SemiCondensed Light
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="270" platformID="1" platEncID="0" langID="0x0" unicode="True">
+      SemiCondensed
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="271" platformID="1" platEncID="0" langID="0x0" unicode="True">
+      SemiCondensed Medium
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="272" platformID="1" platEncID="0" langID="0x0" unicode="True">
+      SemiCondensed SemiBold
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="273" platformID="1" platEncID="0" langID="0x0" unicode="True">
+      SemiCondensed Bold
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="274" platformID="1" platEncID="0" langID="0x0" unicode="True">
+      SemiCondensed ExtraBold
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="275" platformID="1" platEncID="0" langID="0x0" unicode="True">
+      SemiCondensed Black
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="276" platformID="1" platEncID="0" langID="0x0" unicode="True">
+      Condensed Thin
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="277" platformID="1" platEncID="0" langID="0x0" unicode="True">
+      Condensed ExtraLight
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="278" platformID="1" platEncID="0" langID="0x0" unicode="True">
+      Condensed Light
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="279" platformID="1" platEncID="0" langID="0x0" unicode="True">
+      Condensed
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="280" platformID="1" platEncID="0" langID="0x0" unicode="True">
+      Condensed Medium
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="281" platformID="1" platEncID="0" langID="0x0" unicode="True">
+      Condensed SemiBold
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="282" platformID="1" platEncID="0" langID="0x0" unicode="True">
+      Condensed Bold
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="283" platformID="1" platEncID="0" langID="0x0" unicode="True">
+      Condensed ExtraBold
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="284" platformID="1" platEncID="0" langID="0x0" unicode="True">
+      Condensed Black
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="285" platformID="1" platEncID="0" langID="0x0" unicode="True">
+      ExtraCondensed Thin
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="286" platformID="1" platEncID="0" langID="0x0" unicode="True">
+      ExtraCondensed ExtraLight
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="287" platformID="1" platEncID="0" langID="0x0" unicode="True">
+      ExtraCondensed Light
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="288" platformID="1" platEncID="0" langID="0x0" unicode="True">
+      ExtraCondensed
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="289" platformID="1" platEncID="0" langID="0x0" unicode="True">
+      ExtraCondensed Medium
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="290" platformID="1" platEncID="0" langID="0x0" unicode="True">
+      ExtraCondensed SemiBold
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="291" platformID="1" platEncID="0" langID="0x0" unicode="True">
+      ExtraCondensed Bold
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="292" platformID="1" platEncID="0" langID="0x0" unicode="True">
+      ExtraCondensed ExtraBold
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="293" platformID="1" platEncID="0" langID="0x0" unicode="True">
+      ExtraCondensed Black
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="0" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Copyright 2015 Google Inc. All Rights Reserved.
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="1" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Noto Sans
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="2" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Regular
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="3" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      2.001;GOOG;NotoSans-Regular
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="4" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Noto Sans Regular
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="5" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Version 2.001
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="6" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      NotoSans-Regular
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="7" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Noto is a trademark of Google Inc.
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="8" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Monotype Imaging Inc.
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="9" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Monotype Design Team
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="10" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Designed by Monotype design team.
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="11" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      http://www.google.com/get/noto/
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="12" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      http://www.monotype.com/studio
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="13" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      This Font Software is licensed under the SIL Open Font License, Version 1.1. This Font Software is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. See the SIL Open Font License for the specific language, permissions and limitations governing your use of this Font Software.
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="14" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      http://scripts.sil.org/OFL
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="256" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Weight
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="257" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Width
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="258" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Thin
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="259" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      ExtraLight
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="260" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Light
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="261" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Regular
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="262" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Medium
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="263" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      SemiBold
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="264" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Bold
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="265" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      ExtraBold
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="266" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Black
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="267" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      SemiCondensed Thin
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="268" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      SemiCondensed ExtraLight
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="269" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      SemiCondensed Light
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="270" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      SemiCondensed
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="271" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      SemiCondensed Medium
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="272" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      SemiCondensed SemiBold
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="273" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      SemiCondensed Bold
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="274" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      SemiCondensed ExtraBold
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="275" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      SemiCondensed Black
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="276" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Condensed Thin
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="277" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Condensed ExtraLight
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="278" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Condensed Light
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="279" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Condensed
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="280" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Condensed Medium
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="281" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Condensed SemiBold
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="282" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Condensed Bold
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="283" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Condensed ExtraBold
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="284" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Condensed Black
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="285" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      ExtraCondensed Thin
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="286" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      ExtraCondensed ExtraLight
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="287" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      ExtraCondensed Light
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="288" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      ExtraCondensed
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="289" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      ExtraCondensed Medium
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="290" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      ExtraCondensed SemiBold
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="291" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      ExtraCondensed Bold
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="292" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      ExtraCondensed ExtraBold
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="293" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      ExtraCondensed Black
+    </namerecord>
+  </name>
+
+  <post>
+    <formatType value="2.0"/>
+    <italicAngle value="0.0"/>
+    <underlinePosition value="-100"/>
+    <underlineThickness value="50"/>
+    <isFixedPitch value="0"/>
+    <minMemType42 value="0"/>
+    <maxMemType42 value="0"/>
+    <minMemType1 value="0"/>
+    <maxMemType1 value="0"/>
+    <psNames>
+      <!-- This file uses unique glyph names based on the information
+           found in the 'post' table. Since these names might not be unique,
+           we have to invent artificial names in case of clashes. In order to
+           be able to retain the original information, we need a name to
+           ps name mapping for those cases where they differ. That's what
+           you see below.
+            -->
+    </psNames>
+    <extraNames>
+      <!-- following are the name that are not taken from the standard Mac glyph order -->
+    </extraNames>
+  </post>
+
+  <GDEF>
+    <Version value="0x00010003"/>
+    <GlyphClassDef>
+      <ClassDef glyph="A" class="1"/>
+      <ClassDef glyph="Agrave" class="1"/>
+      <ClassDef glyph="T" class="1"/>
+    </GlyphClassDef>
+    <MarkGlyphSetsDef>
+      <MarkSetTableFormat value="1"/>
+      <!-- MarkSetCount=4 -->
+      <Coverage index="0">
+      </Coverage>
+      <Coverage index="1">
+      </Coverage>
+      <Coverage index="2">
+      </Coverage>
+      <Coverage index="3">
+      </Coverage>
+    </MarkGlyphSetsDef>
+    <VarStore Format="1">
+      <Format value="1"/>
+      <VarRegionList>
+        <!-- RegionAxisCount=2 -->
+        <!-- RegionCount=1 -->
+        <Region index="0">
+          <VarRegionAxis index="0">
+            <StartCoord value="0.0"/>
+            <PeakCoord value="0.0"/>
+            <EndCoord value="0.0"/>
+          </VarRegionAxis>
+          <VarRegionAxis index="1">
+            <StartCoord value="-1.0"/>
+            <PeakCoord value="-1.0"/>
+            <EndCoord value="0.0"/>
+          </VarRegionAxis>
+        </Region>
+      </VarRegionList>
+      <!-- VarDataCount=1 -->
+      <VarData index="0">
+        <!-- ItemCount=2 -->
+        <NumShorts value="0"/>
+        <!-- VarRegionCount=1 -->
+        <VarRegionIndex index="0" value="0"/>
+        <Item index="0" value="[-8]"/>
+        <Item index="1" value="[53]"/>
+      </VarData>
+    </VarStore>
+  </GDEF>
+
+  <GPOS>
+    <Version value="0x00010000"/>
+    <ScriptList>
+      <!-- ScriptCount=4 -->
+      <ScriptRecord index="0">
+        <ScriptTag value="DFLT"/>
+        <Script>
+          <DefaultLangSys>
+            <ReqFeatureIndex value="65535"/>
+            <!-- FeatureCount=1 -->
+            <FeatureIndex index="0" value="0"/>
+          </DefaultLangSys>
+          <!-- LangSysCount=0 -->
+        </Script>
+      </ScriptRecord>
+      <ScriptRecord index="1">
+        <ScriptTag value="cyrl"/>
+        <Script>
+          <DefaultLangSys>
+            <ReqFeatureIndex value="65535"/>
+            <!-- FeatureCount=1 -->
+            <FeatureIndex index="0" value="0"/>
+          </DefaultLangSys>
+          <!-- LangSysCount=0 -->
+        </Script>
+      </ScriptRecord>
+      <ScriptRecord index="2">
+        <ScriptTag value="grek"/>
+        <Script>
+          <DefaultLangSys>
+            <ReqFeatureIndex value="65535"/>
+            <!-- FeatureCount=1 -->
+            <FeatureIndex index="0" value="0"/>
+          </DefaultLangSys>
+          <!-- LangSysCount=0 -->
+        </Script>
+      </ScriptRecord>
+      <ScriptRecord index="3">
+        <ScriptTag value="latn"/>
+        <Script>
+          <DefaultLangSys>
+            <ReqFeatureIndex value="65535"/>
+            <!-- FeatureCount=1 -->
+            <FeatureIndex index="0" value="0"/>
+          </DefaultLangSys>
+          <!-- LangSysCount=0 -->
+        </Script>
+      </ScriptRecord>
+    </ScriptList>
+    <FeatureList>
+      <!-- FeatureCount=1 -->
+      <FeatureRecord index="0">
+        <FeatureTag value="kern"/>
+        <Feature>
+          <!-- LookupCount=1 -->
+          <LookupListIndex index="0" value="0"/>
+        </Feature>
+      </FeatureRecord>
+    </FeatureList>
+    <LookupList>
+      <!-- LookupCount=1 -->
+      <Lookup index="0">
+        <LookupType value="2"/>
+        <LookupFlag value="8"/><!-- ignoreMarks -->
+        <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
+        <PairPos index="0" Format="2">
+          <Coverage>
+            <Glyph value="A"/>
+            <Glyph value="T"/>
+            <Glyph value="Agrave"/>
+          </Coverage>
+          <ValueFormat1 value="68"/>
+          <ValueFormat2 value="0"/>
+          <ClassDef1>
+            <ClassDef glyph="A" class="1"/>
+            <ClassDef glyph="Agrave" class="1"/>
+            <ClassDef glyph="T" class="2"/>
+          </ClassDef1>
+          <ClassDef2>
+            <ClassDef glyph="A" class="1"/>
+            <ClassDef glyph="Agrave" class="1"/>
+            <ClassDef glyph="T" class="2"/>
+          </ClassDef2>
+          <!-- Class1Count=3 -->
+          <!-- Class2Count=3 -->
+          <Class1Record index="0">
+            <Class2Record index="0">
+              <Value1 XAdvance="0"/>
+            </Class2Record>
+            <Class2Record index="1">
+              <Value1 XAdvance="0"/>
+            </Class2Record>
+            <Class2Record index="2">
+              <Value1 XAdvance="0"/>
+            </Class2Record>
+          </Class1Record>
+          <Class1Record index="1">
+            <Class2Record index="0">
+              <Value1 XAdvance="0"/>
+            </Class2Record>
+            <Class2Record index="1">
+              <Value1 XAdvance="0"/>
+            </Class2Record>
+            <Class2Record index="2">
+              <Value1 XAdvance="-70">
+                <XAdvDevice>
+                  <StartSize value="0"/>
+                  <EndSize value="1"/>
+                  <DeltaFormat value="32768"/>
+                </XAdvDevice>
+              </Value1>
+            </Class2Record>
+          </Class1Record>
+          <Class1Record index="2">
+            <Class2Record index="0">
+              <Value1 XAdvance="0"/>
+            </Class2Record>
+            <Class2Record index="1">
+              <Value1 XAdvance="-70">
+                <XAdvDevice>
+                  <StartSize value="0"/>
+                  <EndSize value="1"/>
+                  <DeltaFormat value="32768"/>
+                </XAdvDevice>
+              </Value1>
+            </Class2Record>
+            <Class2Record index="2">
+              <Value1 XAdvance="20">
+                <XAdvDevice>
+                  <StartSize value="0"/>
+                  <EndSize value="0"/>
+                  <DeltaFormat value="32768"/>
+                </XAdvDevice>
+              </Value1>
+            </Class2Record>
+          </Class1Record>
+        </PairPos>
+      </Lookup>
+    </LookupList>
+  </GPOS>
+
+  <GSUB>
+    <Version value="0x00010000"/>
+    <ScriptList>
+      <!-- ScriptCount=4 -->
+      <ScriptRecord index="0">
+        <ScriptTag value="DFLT"/>
+        <Script>
+          <DefaultLangSys>
+            <ReqFeatureIndex value="65535"/>
+            <!-- FeatureCount=0 -->
+          </DefaultLangSys>
+          <!-- LangSysCount=0 -->
+        </Script>
+      </ScriptRecord>
+      <ScriptRecord index="1">
+        <ScriptTag value="cyrl"/>
+        <Script>
+          <!-- LangSysCount=0 -->
+        </Script>
+      </ScriptRecord>
+      <ScriptRecord index="2">
+        <ScriptTag value="grek"/>
+        <Script>
+          <!-- LangSysCount=0 -->
+        </Script>
+      </ScriptRecord>
+      <ScriptRecord index="3">
+        <ScriptTag value="latn"/>
+        <Script>
+          <!-- LangSysCount=0 -->
+        </Script>
+      </ScriptRecord>
+    </ScriptList>
+    <FeatureList>
+      <!-- FeatureCount=0 -->
+    </FeatureList>
+    <LookupList>
+      <!-- LookupCount=0 -->
+    </LookupList>
+  </GSUB>
+
+  <HVAR>
+    <Version value="0x00010000"/>
+    <VarStore Format="1">
+      <Format value="1"/>
+      <VarRegionList>
+        <!-- RegionAxisCount=2 -->
+        <!-- RegionCount=7 -->
+        <Region index="0">
+          <VarRegionAxis index="0">
+            <StartCoord value="-1.0"/>
+            <PeakCoord value="-1.0"/>
+            <EndCoord value="0.0"/>
+          </VarRegionAxis>
+          <VarRegionAxis index="1">
+            <StartCoord value="0.0"/>
+            <PeakCoord value="0.0"/>
+            <EndCoord value="0.0"/>
+          </VarRegionAxis>
+        </Region>
+        <Region index="1">
+          <VarRegionAxis index="0">
+            <StartCoord value="0.0"/>
+            <PeakCoord value="0.61"/>
+            <EndCoord value="1.0"/>
+          </VarRegionAxis>
+          <VarRegionAxis index="1">
+            <StartCoord value="0.0"/>
+            <PeakCoord value="0.0"/>
+            <EndCoord value="0.0"/>
+          </VarRegionAxis>
+        </Region>
+        <Region index="2">
+          <VarRegionAxis index="0">
+            <StartCoord value="0.61"/>
+            <PeakCoord value="1.0"/>
+            <EndCoord value="1.0"/>
+          </VarRegionAxis>
+          <VarRegionAxis index="1">
+            <StartCoord value="0.0"/>
+            <PeakCoord value="0.0"/>
+            <EndCoord value="0.0"/>
+          </VarRegionAxis>
+        </Region>
+        <Region index="3">
+          <VarRegionAxis index="0">
+            <StartCoord value="0.0"/>
+            <PeakCoord value="0.0"/>
+            <EndCoord value="0.0"/>
+          </VarRegionAxis>
+          <VarRegionAxis index="1">
+            <StartCoord value="-1.0"/>
+            <PeakCoord value="-1.0"/>
+            <EndCoord value="0.0"/>
+          </VarRegionAxis>
+        </Region>
+        <Region index="4">
+          <VarRegionAxis index="0">
+            <StartCoord value="-1.0"/>
+            <PeakCoord value="-1.0"/>
+            <EndCoord value="0.0"/>
+          </VarRegionAxis>
+          <VarRegionAxis index="1">
+            <StartCoord value="-1.0"/>
+            <PeakCoord value="-1.0"/>
+            <EndCoord value="0.0"/>
+          </VarRegionAxis>
+        </Region>
+        <Region index="5">
+          <VarRegionAxis index="0">
+            <StartCoord value="0.0"/>
+            <PeakCoord value="0.61"/>
+            <EndCoord value="1.0"/>
+          </VarRegionAxis>
+          <VarRegionAxis index="1">
+            <StartCoord value="-1.0"/>
+            <PeakCoord value="-1.0"/>
+            <EndCoord value="0.0"/>
+          </VarRegionAxis>
+        </Region>
+        <Region index="6">
+          <VarRegionAxis index="0">
+            <StartCoord value="0.61"/>
+            <PeakCoord value="1.0"/>
+            <EndCoord value="1.0"/>
+          </VarRegionAxis>
+          <VarRegionAxis index="1">
+            <StartCoord value="-1.0"/>
+            <PeakCoord value="-1.0"/>
+            <EndCoord value="0.0"/>
+          </VarRegionAxis>
+        </Region>
+      </VarRegionList>
+      <!-- VarDataCount=3 -->
+      <VarData index="0">
+        <!-- ItemCount=1 -->
+        <NumShorts value="0"/>
+        <!-- VarRegionCount=5 -->
+        <VarRegionIndex index="0" value="2"/>
+        <VarRegionIndex index="1" value="3"/>
+        <VarRegionIndex index="2" value="4"/>
+        <VarRegionIndex index="3" value="5"/>
+        <VarRegionIndex index="4" value="6"/>
+        <Item index="0" value="[-18, -5, 5, -8, 5]"/>
+      </VarData>
+      <VarData index="1">
+        <!-- ItemCount=1 -->
+        <NumShorts value="1"/>
+        <!-- VarRegionCount=7 -->
+        <VarRegionIndex index="0" value="2"/>
+        <VarRegionIndex index="1" value="0"/>
+        <VarRegionIndex index="2" value="1"/>
+        <VarRegionIndex index="3" value="3"/>
+        <VarRegionIndex index="4" value="4"/>
+        <VarRegionIndex index="5" value="5"/>
+        <VarRegionIndex index="6" value="6"/>
+        <Item index="0" value="[137, -32, 81, -15, -9, -36, -63]"/>
+      </VarData>
+      <VarData index="2">
+        <!-- ItemCount=2 -->
+        <NumShorts value="1"/>
+        <!-- VarRegionCount=7 -->
+        <VarRegionIndex index="0" value="3"/>
+        <VarRegionIndex index="1" value="0"/>
+        <VarRegionIndex index="2" value="1"/>
+        <VarRegionIndex index="3" value="2"/>
+        <VarRegionIndex index="4" value="4"/>
+        <VarRegionIndex index="5" value="5"/>
+        <VarRegionIndex index="6" value="6"/>
+        <Item index="0" value="[-189, -62, 51, 87, -11, 25, 37]"/>
+        <Item index="1" value="[-175, -51, 23, 35, 6, 25, 44]"/>
+      </VarData>
+    </VarStore>
+    <AdvWidthMap>
+      <Map glyph=".notdef" outer="0" inner="0"/>
+      <Map glyph="A" outer="2" inner="0"/>
+      <Map glyph="Agrave" outer="2" inner="0"/>
+      <Map glyph="T" outer="2" inner="1"/>
+      <Map glyph="grave" outer="1" inner="0"/>
+    </AdvWidthMap>
+  </HVAR>
+
+  <MVAR>
+    <Version value="0x00010000"/>
+    <Reserved value="0"/>
+    <ValueRecordSize value="8"/>
+    <!-- ValueRecordCount=2 -->
+    <VarStore Format="1">
+      <Format value="1"/>
+      <VarRegionList>
+        <!-- RegionAxisCount=2 -->
+        <!-- RegionCount=7 -->
+        <Region index="0">
+          <VarRegionAxis index="0">
+            <StartCoord value="-1.0"/>
+            <PeakCoord value="-1.0"/>
+            <EndCoord value="0.0"/>
+          </VarRegionAxis>
+          <VarRegionAxis index="1">
+            <StartCoord value="0.0"/>
+            <PeakCoord value="0.0"/>
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+        <Region index="1">
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+            <StartCoord value="0.0"/>
+            <PeakCoord value="0.0"/>
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+        <Region index="2">
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+          <VarRegionAxis index="1">
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+        </Region>
+        <Region index="3">
+          <VarRegionAxis index="0">
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+          </VarRegionAxis>
+          <VarRegionAxis index="1">
+            <StartCoord value="-1.0"/>
+            <PeakCoord value="-1.0"/>
+            <EndCoord value="0.0"/>
+          </VarRegionAxis>
+        </Region>
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+          <VarRegionAxis index="0">
+            <StartCoord value="-1.0"/>
+            <PeakCoord value="-1.0"/>
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+          </VarRegionAxis>
+          <VarRegionAxis index="1">
+            <StartCoord value="-1.0"/>
+            <PeakCoord value="-1.0"/>
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+          </VarRegionAxis>
+        </Region>
+        <Region index="5">
+          <VarRegionAxis index="0">
+            <StartCoord value="0.0"/>
+            <PeakCoord value="0.61"/>
+            <EndCoord value="1.0"/>
+          </VarRegionAxis>
+          <VarRegionAxis index="1">
+            <StartCoord value="-1.0"/>
+            <PeakCoord value="-1.0"/>
+            <EndCoord value="0.0"/>
+          </VarRegionAxis>
+        </Region>
+        <Region index="6">
+          <VarRegionAxis index="0">
+            <StartCoord value="0.61"/>
+            <PeakCoord value="1.0"/>
+            <EndCoord value="1.0"/>
+          </VarRegionAxis>
+          <VarRegionAxis index="1">
+            <StartCoord value="-1.0"/>
+            <PeakCoord value="-1.0"/>
+            <EndCoord value="0.0"/>
+          </VarRegionAxis>
+        </Region>
+      </VarRegionList>
+      <!-- VarDataCount=1 -->
+      <VarData index="0">
+        <!-- ItemCount=2 -->
+        <NumShorts value="0"/>
+        <!-- VarRegionCount=6 -->
+        <VarRegionIndex index="0" value="0"/>
+        <VarRegionIndex index="1" value="1"/>
+        <VarRegionIndex index="2" value="2"/>
+        <VarRegionIndex index="3" value="3"/>
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+        <VarRegionIndex index="5" value="6"/>
+        <Item index="0" value="[-8, 10, 17, 1, -2, -1]"/>
+        <Item index="1" value="[-5, 6, 10, 0, -1, 0]"/>
+      </VarData>
+    </VarStore>
+    <ValueRecord index="0">
+      <ValueTag value="stro"/>
+      <VarIdx value="1"/>
+    </ValueRecord>
+    <ValueRecord index="1">
+      <ValueTag value="xhgt"/>
+      <VarIdx value="0"/>
+    </ValueRecord>
+  </MVAR>
+
+  <STAT>
+    <Version value="0x00010001"/>
+    <DesignAxisRecordSize value="8"/>
+    <!-- DesignAxisCount=2 -->
+    <DesignAxisRecord>
+      <Axis index="0">
+        <AxisTag value="wght"/>
+        <AxisNameID value="256"/>  <!-- Weight -->
+        <AxisOrdering value="1"/>
+      </Axis>
+      <Axis index="1">
+        <AxisTag value="wdth"/>
+        <AxisNameID value="257"/>  <!-- Width -->
+        <AxisOrdering value="0"/>
+      </Axis>
+    </DesignAxisRecord>
+    <!-- AxisValueCount=13 -->
+    <AxisValueArray>
+      <AxisValue index="0" Format="1">
+        <AxisIndex value="0"/>
+        <Flags value="0"/>
+        <ValueNameID value="258"/>  <!-- Thin -->
+        <Value value="100.0"/>
+      </AxisValue>
+      <AxisValue index="1" Format="1">
+        <AxisIndex value="0"/>
+        <Flags value="0"/>
+        <ValueNameID value="259"/>  <!-- ExtraLight -->
+        <Value value="200.0"/>
+      </AxisValue>
+      <AxisValue index="2" Format="1">
+        <AxisIndex value="0"/>
+        <Flags value="0"/>
+        <ValueNameID value="260"/>  <!-- Light -->
+        <Value value="300.0"/>
+      </AxisValue>
+      <AxisValue index="3" Format="3">
+        <AxisIndex value="0"/>
+        <Flags value="2"/>
+        <ValueNameID value="261"/>  <!-- Regular -->
+        <Value value="400.0"/>
+        <LinkedValue value="700.0"/>
+      </AxisValue>
+      <AxisValue index="4" Format="1">
+        <AxisIndex value="0"/>
+        <Flags value="0"/>
+        <ValueNameID value="262"/>  <!-- Medium -->
+        <Value value="500.0"/>
+      </AxisValue>
+      <AxisValue index="5" Format="1">
+        <AxisIndex value="0"/>
+        <Flags value="0"/>
+        <ValueNameID value="263"/>  <!-- SemiBold -->
+        <Value value="600.0"/>
+      </AxisValue>
+      <AxisValue index="6" Format="1">
+        <AxisIndex value="0"/>
+        <Flags value="0"/>
+        <ValueNameID value="264"/>  <!-- Bold -->
+        <Value value="700.0"/>
+      </AxisValue>
+      <AxisValue index="7" Format="1">
+        <AxisIndex value="0"/>
+        <Flags value="0"/>
+        <ValueNameID value="265"/>  <!-- ExtraBold -->
+        <Value value="800.0"/>
+      </AxisValue>
+      <AxisValue index="8" Format="1">
+        <AxisIndex value="0"/>
+        <Flags value="0"/>
+        <ValueNameID value="266"/>  <!-- Black -->
+        <Value value="900.0"/>
+      </AxisValue>
+      <AxisValue index="9" Format="2">
+        <AxisIndex value="1"/>
+        <Flags value="2"/>
+        <ValueNameID value="261"/>  <!-- Regular -->
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+        <RangeMinValue value="93.75"/>
+        <RangeMaxValue value="100.0"/>
+      </AxisValue>
+      <AxisValue index="10" Format="2">
+        <AxisIndex value="1"/>
+        <Flags value="0"/>
+        <ValueNameID value="270"/>  <!-- SemiCondensed -->
+        <NominalValue value="87.5"/>
+        <RangeMinValue value="81.25"/>
+        <RangeMaxValue value="93.75"/>
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+        <delta pt="5" x="0" y="0"/>
+        <delta pt="7" x="6" y="-3"/>
+        <delta pt="9" x="6" y="0"/>
+      </tuple>
+      <tuple>
+        <coord axis="wght" min="0.0" value="0.61" max="1.0"/>
+        <coord axis="wdth" value="-1.0"/>
+        <delta pt="1" x="18" y="0"/>
+        <delta pt="3" x="-6" y="4"/>
+        <delta pt="5" x="30" y="0"/>
+        <delta pt="7" x="8" y="4"/>
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+      </tuple>
+      <tuple>
+        <coord axis="wght" min="0.61" value="1.0" max="1.0"/>
+        <coord axis="wdth" value="-1.0"/>
+        <delta pt="1" x="32" y="0"/>
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+        <delta pt="5" x="52" y="0"/>
+        <delta pt="7" x="14" y="8"/>
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+      </tuple>
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+    <glyphVariations glyph="grave">
+      <tuple>
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+        <delta pt="14" x="-32" y="0"/>
+        <delta pt="15" x="0" y="0"/>
+        <delta pt="16" x="0" y="0"/>
+      </tuple>
+      <tuple>
+        <coord axis="wght" min="0.0" value="0.61" max="1.0"/>
+        <delta pt="0" x="62" y="0"/>
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+        <delta pt="6" x="41" y="0"/>
+        <delta pt="7" x="39" y="-1"/>
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+        <delta pt="10" x="5" y="0"/>
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+        <delta pt="14" x="81" y="0"/>
+        <delta pt="15" x="0" y="0"/>
+        <delta pt="16" x="0" y="0"/>
+      </tuple>
+      <tuple>
+        <coord axis="wght" min="0.61" value="1.0" max="1.0"/>
+        <delta pt="0" x="105" y="0"/>
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+        <delta pt="6" x="69" y="0"/>
+        <delta pt="7" x="66" y="-1"/>
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+        <delta pt="14" x="137" y="0"/>
+        <delta pt="15" x="0" y="0"/>
+        <delta pt="16" x="0" y="0"/>
+      </tuple>
+      <tuple>
+        <coord axis="wdth" value="-1.0"/>
+        <delta pt="0" x="-8" y="0"/>
+        <delta pt="1" x="-8" y="-1"/>
+        <delta pt="2" x="-10" y="-1"/>
+        <delta pt="3" x="-14" y="-1"/>
+        <delta pt="4" x="-15" y="-1"/>
+        <delta pt="5" x="-15" y="0"/>
+        <delta pt="6" x="-8" y="0"/>
+        <delta pt="7" x="-6" y="-1"/>
+        <delta pt="8" x="-2" y="-2"/>
+        <delta pt="9" x="0" y="-2"/>
+        <delta pt="10" x="1" y="-1"/>
+        <delta pt="11" x="0" y="1"/>
+        <delta pt="12" x="0" y="0"/>
+        <delta pt="13" x="0" y="0"/>
+        <delta pt="14" x="-15" y="0"/>
+        <delta pt="15" x="0" y="0"/>
+        <delta pt="16" x="0" y="0"/>
+      </tuple>
+      <tuple>
+        <coord axis="wght" value="-1.0"/>
+        <coord axis="wdth" value="-1.0"/>
+        <delta pt="0" x="9" y="-3"/>
+        <delta pt="1" x="12" y="-8"/>
+        <delta pt="2" x="3" y="-1"/>
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+        <delta pt="5" x="-9" y="0"/>
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+        <delta pt="9" x="-3" y="-5"/>
+        <delta pt="10" x="-2" y="-4"/>
+        <delta pt="11" x="0" y="-4"/>
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+        <delta pt="13" x="0" y="0"/>
+        <delta pt="14" x="-9" y="0"/>
+        <delta pt="15" x="0" y="0"/>
+        <delta pt="16" x="0" y="0"/>
+      </tuple>
+      <tuple>
+        <coord axis="wght" min="0.0" value="0.61" max="1.0"/>
+        <coord axis="wdth" value="-1.0"/>
+        <delta pt="0" x="-10" y="0"/>
+        <delta pt="1" x="-16" y="2"/>
+        <delta pt="2" x="-25" y="0"/>
+        <delta pt="3" x="-32" y="-2"/>
+        <delta pt="4" x="-36" y="1"/>
+        <delta pt="5" x="-36" y="0"/>
+        <delta pt="6" x="-37" y="0"/>
+        <delta pt="7" x="-33" y="0"/>
+        <delta pt="8" x="-25" y="1"/>
+        <delta pt="9" x="-15" y="2"/>
+        <delta pt="10" x="-5" y="2"/>
+        <delta pt="11" x="0" y="0"/>
+        <delta pt="12" x="0" y="0"/>
+        <delta pt="13" x="0" y="0"/>
+        <delta pt="14" x="-36" y="0"/>
+        <delta pt="15" x="0" y="0"/>
+        <delta pt="16" x="0" y="0"/>
+      </tuple>
+      <tuple>
+        <coord axis="wght" min="0.61" value="1.0" max="1.0"/>
+        <coord axis="wdth" value="-1.0"/>
+        <delta pt="0" x="-20" y="0"/>
+        <delta pt="1" x="-28" y="4"/>
+        <delta pt="2" x="-43" y="-1"/>
+        <delta pt="3" x="-57" y="-4"/>
+        <delta pt="4" x="-63" y="1"/>
+        <delta pt="5" x="-63" y="0"/>
+        <delta pt="6" x="-62" y="0"/>
+        <delta pt="7" x="-56" y="-1"/>
+        <delta pt="8" x="-42" y="1"/>
+        <delta pt="9" x="-26" y="4"/>
+        <delta pt="10" x="-9" y="3"/>
+        <delta pt="11" x="0" y="-1"/>
+        <delta pt="12" x="0" y="0"/>
+        <delta pt="13" x="0" y="0"/>
+        <delta pt="14" x="-63" y="0"/>
+        <delta pt="15" x="0" y="0"/>
+        <delta pt="16" x="0" y="0"/>
+      </tuple>
+    </glyphVariations>
+    <glyphVariations glyph="Agrave">
+      <tuple>
+        <coord axis="wght" value="-1.0"/>
+        <delta pt="1" x="-16" y="8"/>
+        <delta pt="3" x="-62" y="0"/>
+      </tuple>
+      <tuple>
+        <coord axis="wght" min="0.0" value="0.61" max="1.0"/>
+        <delta pt="1" x="-33" y="-10"/>
+        <delta pt="3" x="51" y="0"/>
+      </tuple>
+      <tuple>
+        <coord axis="wght" min="0.61" value="1.0" max="1.0"/>
+        <delta pt="1" x="-35" y="-17"/>
+        <delta pt="3" x="87" y="0"/>
+      </tuple>
+      <tuple>
+        <coord axis="wdth" value="-1.0"/>
+        <delta pt="1" x="-115" y="-14"/>
+        <delta pt="3" x="-189" y="0"/>
+      </tuple>
+      <tuple>
+        <coord axis="wght" value="-1.0"/>
+        <coord axis="wdth" value="-1.0"/>
+        <delta pt="1" x="-5" y="-4"/>
+        <delta pt="3" x="-11" y="0"/>
+      </tuple>
+      <tuple>
+        <coord axis="wght" min="0.0" value="0.61" max="1.0"/>
+        <coord axis="wdth" value="-1.0"/>
+        <delta pt="1" x="64" y="8"/>
+        <delta pt="3" x="25" y="0"/>
+      </tuple>
+      <tuple>
+        <coord axis="wght" min="0.61" value="1.0" max="1.0"/>
+        <coord axis="wdth" value="-1.0"/>
+        <delta pt="1" x="86" y="14"/>
+        <delta pt="3" x="37" y="0"/>
+      </tuple>
+    </glyphVariations>
+  </gvar>
+
+</ttFont>
diff --git a/Tests/varLib/instancer/data/PartialInstancerTest3-VF.ttx b/Tests/varLib/instancer/data/PartialInstancerTest3-VF.ttx
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..01c7d05
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/varLib/instancer/data/PartialInstancerTest3-VF.ttx
@@ -0,0 +1,439 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<ttFont sfntVersion="\x00\x01\x00\x00" ttLibVersion="4.15">
+
+  <GlyphOrder>
+    <!-- The 'id' attribute is only for humans; it is ignored when parsed. -->
+    <GlyphID id="0" name=".notdef"/>
+    <GlyphID id="1" name="A"/>
+    <GlyphID id="2" name="B"/>
+    <GlyphID id="3" name="C"/>
+    <GlyphID id="4" name="D"/>
+    <GlyphID id="5" name="E"/>
+    <GlyphID id="6" name="F"/>
+    <GlyphID id="7" name="space"/>
+  </GlyphOrder>
+
+  <head>
+    <!-- Most of this table will be recalculated by the compiler -->
+    <tableVersion value="1.0"/>
+    <fontRevision value="1.0"/>
+    <checkSumAdjustment value="0xc3d4abe6"/>
+    <magicNumber value="0x5f0f3cf5"/>
+    <flags value="00000000 00000011"/>
+    <unitsPerEm value="1000"/>
+    <created value="Wed Sep 23 12:54:22 2020"/>
+    <modified value="Tue Sep 29 18:06:03 2020"/>
+    <xMin value="-152"/>
+    <yMin value="-200"/>
+    <xMax value="1059"/>
+    <yMax value="800"/>
+    <macStyle value="00000000 00000000"/>
+    <lowestRecPPEM value="6"/>
+    <fontDirectionHint value="2"/>
+    <indexToLocFormat value="0"/>
+    <glyphDataFormat value="0"/>
+  </head>
+
+  <hhea>
+    <tableVersion value="0x00010000"/>
+    <ascent value="1000"/>
+    <descent value="-200"/>
+    <lineGap value="0"/>
+    <advanceWidthMax value="600"/>
+    <minLeftSideBearing value="-152"/>
+    <minRightSideBearing value="-559"/>
+    <xMaxExtent value="1059"/>
+    <caretSlopeRise value="1"/>
+    <caretSlopeRun value="0"/>
+    <caretOffset value="0"/>
+    <reserved0 value="0"/>
+    <reserved1 value="0"/>
+    <reserved2 value="0"/>
+    <reserved3 value="0"/>
+    <metricDataFormat value="0"/>
+    <numberOfHMetrics value="8"/>
+  </hhea>
+
+  <maxp>
+    <!-- Most of this table will be recalculated by the compiler -->
+    <tableVersion value="0x10000"/>
+    <numGlyphs value="8"/>
+    <maxPoints value="8"/>
+    <maxContours value="2"/>
+    <maxCompositePoints value="12"/>
+    <maxCompositeContours value="3"/>
+    <maxZones value="1"/>
+    <maxTwilightPoints value="0"/>
+    <maxStorage value="0"/>
+    <maxFunctionDefs value="0"/>
+    <maxInstructionDefs value="0"/>
+    <maxStackElements value="0"/>
+    <maxSizeOfInstructions value="0"/>
+    <maxComponentElements value="3"/>
+    <maxComponentDepth value="1"/>
+  </maxp>
+
+  <OS_2>
+    <!-- The fields 'usFirstCharIndex' and 'usLastCharIndex'
+         will be recalculated by the compiler -->
+    <version value="4"/>
+    <xAvgCharWidth value="513"/>
+    <usWeightClass value="400"/>
+    <usWidthClass value="5"/>
+    <fsType value="00000000 00001000"/>
+    <ySubscriptXSize value="650"/>
+    <ySubscriptYSize value="600"/>
+    <ySubscriptXOffset value="0"/>
+    <ySubscriptYOffset value="75"/>
+    <ySuperscriptXSize value="650"/>
+    <ySuperscriptYSize value="600"/>
+    <ySuperscriptXOffset value="0"/>
+    <ySuperscriptYOffset value="350"/>
+    <yStrikeoutSize value="50"/>
+    <yStrikeoutPosition value="300"/>
+    <sFamilyClass value="0"/>
+    <panose>
+      <bFamilyType value="0"/>
+      <bSerifStyle value="0"/>
+      <bWeight value="0"/>
+      <bProportion value="0"/>
+      <bContrast value="0"/>
+      <bStrokeVariation value="0"/>
+      <bArmStyle value="0"/>
+      <bLetterForm value="0"/>
+      <bMidline value="0"/>
+      <bXHeight value="0"/>
+    </panose>
+    <ulUnicodeRange1 value="00000000 00000000 00000000 00000001"/>
+    <ulUnicodeRange2 value="00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000"/>
+    <ulUnicodeRange3 value="00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000"/>
+    <ulUnicodeRange4 value="00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000"/>
+    <achVendID value="NONE"/>
+    <fsSelection value="00000000 01000000"/>
+    <usFirstCharIndex value="32"/>
+    <usLastCharIndex value="70"/>
+    <sTypoAscender value="800"/>
+    <sTypoDescender value="-200"/>
+    <sTypoLineGap value="200"/>
+    <usWinAscent value="1000"/>
+    <usWinDescent value="200"/>
+    <ulCodePageRange1 value="00000000 00000000 00000000 00000001"/>
+    <ulCodePageRange2 value="00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000"/>
+    <sxHeight value="500"/>
+    <sCapHeight value="700"/>
+    <usDefaultChar value="0"/>
+    <usBreakChar value="32"/>
+    <usMaxContext value="0"/>
+  </OS_2>
+
+  <hmtx>
+    <mtx name=".notdef" width="500" lsb="50"/>
+    <mtx name="A" width="500" lsb="153"/>
+    <mtx name="B" width="500" lsb="-152"/>
+    <mtx name="C" width="500" lsb="-133"/>
+    <mtx name="D" width="500" lsb="-97"/>
+    <mtx name="E" width="500" lsb="-87"/>
+    <mtx name="F" width="500" lsb="-107"/>
+    <mtx name="space" width="600" lsb="0"/>
+  </hmtx>
+
+  <cmap>
+    <tableVersion version="0"/>
+    <cmap_format_4 platformID="0" platEncID="3" language="0">
+      <map code="0x20" name="space"/><!-- SPACE -->
+      <map code="0x41" name="A"/><!-- LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A -->
+      <map code="0x42" name="B"/><!-- LATIN CAPITAL LETTER B -->
+      <map code="0x43" name="C"/><!-- LATIN CAPITAL LETTER C -->
+      <map code="0x44" name="D"/><!-- LATIN CAPITAL LETTER D -->
+      <map code="0x45" name="E"/><!-- LATIN CAPITAL LETTER E -->
+      <map code="0x46" name="F"/><!-- LATIN CAPITAL LETTER F -->
+    </cmap_format_4>
+    <cmap_format_4 platformID="3" platEncID="1" language="0">
+      <map code="0x20" name="space"/><!-- SPACE -->
+      <map code="0x41" name="A"/><!-- LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A -->
+      <map code="0x42" name="B"/><!-- LATIN CAPITAL LETTER B -->
+      <map code="0x43" name="C"/><!-- LATIN CAPITAL LETTER C -->
+      <map code="0x44" name="D"/><!-- LATIN CAPITAL LETTER D -->
+      <map code="0x45" name="E"/><!-- LATIN CAPITAL LETTER E -->
+      <map code="0x46" name="F"/><!-- LATIN CAPITAL LETTER F -->
+    </cmap_format_4>
+  </cmap>
+
+  <loca>
+    <!-- The 'loca' table will be calculated by the compiler -->
+  </loca>
+
+  <glyf>
+
+    <!-- The xMin, yMin, xMax and yMax values
+         will be recalculated by the compiler. -->
+
+    <TTGlyph name=".notdef" xMin="50" yMin="-200" xMax="450" yMax="800">
+      <contour>
+        <pt x="50" y="-200" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="50" y="800" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="450" y="800" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="450" y="-200" on="1"/>
+      </contour>
+      <contour>
+        <pt x="100" y="-150" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="400" y="-150" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="400" y="750" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="100" y="750" on="1"/>
+      </contour>
+      <instructions/>
+    </TTGlyph>
+
+    <TTGlyph name="A" xMin="153" yMin="-66" xMax="350" yMax="646">
+      <contour>
+        <pt x="153" y="646" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="350" y="646" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="350" y="-66" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="153" y="-66" on="1"/>
+      </contour>
+      <instructions/>
+    </TTGlyph>
+
+    <TTGlyph name="B" xMin="-152" yMin="39" xMax="752" yMax="592">
+      <contour>
+        <pt x="-152" y="448" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="752" y="448" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="752" y="215" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="-152" y="215" on="1"/>
+      </contour>
+      <contour>
+        <pt x="129" y="592" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="401" y="592" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="401" y="39" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="129" y="39" on="1"/>
+      </contour>
+      <instructions/>
+    </TTGlyph>
+
+    <TTGlyph name="C" xMin="-133" yMin="-66" xMax="771" yMax="646">
+      <component glyphName="A" x="-250" y="0" flags="0x4"/>
+      <component glyphName="B" x="19" y="-28" flags="0x4"/>
+    </TTGlyph>
+
+    <TTGlyph name="D" xMin="-97" yMin="-66" xMax="1059" yMax="646">
+      <component glyphName="A" x="-250" y="0" flags="0x4"/>
+      <component glyphName="B" x="307" y="-28" flags="0x4"/>
+    </TTGlyph>
+
+    <TTGlyph name="E" xMin="-87" yMin="-87" xMax="801" yMax="650">
+      <component glyphName="A" x="450" y="-77" scalex="0.9397" scale01="0.34204" scale10="-0.34204" scaley="0.9397" flags="0x4"/>
+      <component glyphName="A" x="8" y="4" flags="0x4"/>
+      <component glyphName="A" x="-240" y="0" flags="0x4"/>
+    </TTGlyph>
+
+    <TTGlyph name="F" xMin="-107" yMin="-95" xMax="837" yMax="650">
+      <component glyphName="A" x="501" y="-114" scalex="0.866" scale01="0.5" scale10="-0.5" scaley="0.866" flags="0x4"/>
+      <component glyphName="A" x="-12" y="4" flags="0x4"/>
+      <component glyphName="A" x="-260" y="0" flags="0x4"/>
+    </TTGlyph>
+
+    <TTGlyph name="space"/><!-- contains no outline data -->
+
+  </glyf>
+
+  <name>
+    <namerecord nameID="256" platformID="1" platEncID="0" langID="0x0" unicode="True">
+      Weight
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="257" platformID="1" platEncID="0" langID="0x0" unicode="True">
+      Regular
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="1" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Remove Overlaps Test
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="2" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Regular
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="3" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      1.000;NONE;RemoveOverlapsTest-Regular
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="4" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Remove Overlaps Test Regular
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="5" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Version 1.000
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="6" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      RemoveOverlapsTest-Regular
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="256" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Weight
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="257" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Regular
+    </namerecord>
+  </name>
+
+  <post>
+    <formatType value="2.0"/>
+    <italicAngle value="0.0"/>
+    <underlinePosition value="-100"/>
+    <underlineThickness value="50"/>
+    <isFixedPitch value="0"/>
+    <minMemType42 value="0"/>
+    <maxMemType42 value="0"/>
+    <minMemType1 value="0"/>
+    <maxMemType1 value="0"/>
+    <psNames>
+      <!-- This file uses unique glyph names based on the information
+           found in the 'post' table. Since these names might not be unique,
+           we have to invent artificial names in case of clashes. In order to
+           be able to retain the original information, we need a name to
+           ps name mapping for those cases where they differ. That's what
+           you see below.
+            -->
+    </psNames>
+    <extraNames>
+      <!-- following are the name that are not taken from the standard Mac glyph order -->
+    </extraNames>
+  </post>
+
+  <HVAR>
+    <Version value="0x00010000"/>
+    <VarStore Format="1">
+      <Format value="1"/>
+      <VarRegionList>
+        <!-- RegionAxisCount=1 -->
+        <!-- RegionCount=1 -->
+        <Region index="0">
+          <VarRegionAxis index="0">
+            <StartCoord value="0.0"/>
+            <PeakCoord value="1.0"/>
+            <EndCoord value="1.0"/>
+          </VarRegionAxis>
+        </Region>
+      </VarRegionList>
+      <!-- VarDataCount=1 -->
+      <VarData index="0">
+        <!-- ItemCount=8 -->
+        <NumShorts value="0"/>
+        <!-- VarRegionCount=0 -->
+        <Item index="0" value="[]"/>
+        <Item index="1" value="[]"/>
+        <Item index="2" value="[]"/>
+        <Item index="3" value="[]"/>
+        <Item index="4" value="[]"/>
+        <Item index="5" value="[]"/>
+        <Item index="6" value="[]"/>
+        <Item index="7" value="[]"/>
+      </VarData>
+    </VarStore>
+  </HVAR>
+
+  <STAT>
+    <Version value="0x00010001"/>
+    <DesignAxisRecordSize value="8"/>
+    <!-- DesignAxisCount=1 -->
+    <DesignAxisRecord>
+      <Axis index="0">
+        <AxisTag value="wght"/>
+        <AxisNameID value="256"/>  <!-- Weight -->
+        <AxisOrdering value="0"/>
+      </Axis>
+    </DesignAxisRecord>
+    <!-- AxisValueCount=0 -->
+    <ElidedFallbackNameID value="2"/>  <!-- Regular -->
+  </STAT>
+
+  <fvar>
+
+    <!-- Weight -->
+    <Axis>
+      <AxisTag>wght</AxisTag>
+      <Flags>0x0</Flags>
+      <MinValue>400.0</MinValue>
+      <DefaultValue>400.0</DefaultValue>
+      <MaxValue>700.0</MaxValue>
+      <AxisNameID>256</AxisNameID>
+    </Axis>
+
+    <!-- Regular -->
+    <NamedInstance flags="0x0" subfamilyNameID="257">
+      <coord axis="wght" value="400.0"/>
+    </NamedInstance>
+
+    <!-- Regular -->
+    <NamedInstance flags="0x0" subfamilyNameID="257">
+      <coord axis="wght" value="700.0"/>
+    </NamedInstance>
+  </fvar>
+
+  <gvar>
+    <version value="1"/>
+    <reserved value="0"/>
+    <glyphVariations glyph="A">
+      <tuple>
+        <coord axis="wght" value="1.0"/>
+        <delta pt="0" x="-40" y="0"/>
+        <delta pt="1" x="40" y="0"/>
+        <delta pt="2" x="40" y="0"/>
+        <delta pt="3" x="-40" y="0"/>
+        <delta pt="4" x="0" y="0"/>
+        <delta pt="5" x="0" y="0"/>
+        <delta pt="6" x="0" y="0"/>
+        <delta pt="7" x="0" y="0"/>
+      </tuple>
+    </glyphVariations>
+    <glyphVariations glyph="B">
+      <tuple>
+        <coord axis="wght" value="1.0"/>
+        <delta pt="0" x="-40" y="0"/>
+        <delta pt="2" x="40" y="0"/>
+        <delta pt="5" x="40" y="20"/>
+        <delta pt="7" x="-40" y="-20"/>
+      </tuple>
+    </glyphVariations>
+    <glyphVariations glyph="C">
+      <tuple>
+        <coord axis="wght" value="1.0"/>
+        <delta pt="0" x="0" y="0"/>
+        <delta pt="1" x="0" y="0"/>
+        <delta pt="2" x="0" y="0"/>
+        <delta pt="3" x="0" y="0"/>
+        <delta pt="4" x="0" y="0"/>
+        <delta pt="5" x="0" y="0"/>
+      </tuple>
+    </glyphVariations>
+    <glyphVariations glyph="D">
+      <tuple>
+        <coord axis="wght" value="1.0"/>
+        <delta pt="0" x="0" y="0"/>
+        <delta pt="1" x="0" y="0"/>
+        <delta pt="2" x="0" y="0"/>
+        <delta pt="3" x="0" y="0"/>
+        <delta pt="4" x="0" y="0"/>
+        <delta pt="5" x="0" y="0"/>
+      </tuple>
+    </glyphVariations>
+    <glyphVariations glyph="E">
+      <tuple>
+        <coord axis="wght" value="1.0"/>
+        <delta pt="0" x="0" y="0"/>
+        <delta pt="1" x="0" y="0"/>
+        <delta pt="2" x="0" y="0"/>
+        <delta pt="3" x="0" y="0"/>
+        <delta pt="4" x="0" y="0"/>
+        <delta pt="5" x="0" y="0"/>
+        <delta pt="6" x="0" y="0"/>
+      </tuple>
+    </glyphVariations>
+    <glyphVariations glyph="F">
+      <tuple>
+        <coord axis="wght" value="1.0"/>
+        <delta pt="0" x="0" y="0"/>
+        <delta pt="1" x="0" y="0"/>
+        <delta pt="2" x="0" y="0"/>
+        <delta pt="3" x="0" y="0"/>
+        <delta pt="4" x="0" y="0"/>
+        <delta pt="5" x="0" y="0"/>
+        <delta pt="6" x="0" y="0"/>
+      </tuple>
+    </glyphVariations>
+  </gvar>
+
+</ttFont>
diff --git a/Tests/varLib/instancer/data/PartialInstancerTest4-VF.ttx b/Tests/varLib/instancer/data/PartialInstancerTest4-VF.ttx
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8d445b0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/varLib/instancer/data/PartialInstancerTest4-VF.ttx
@@ -0,0 +1,463 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<ttFont sfntVersion="\x00\x01\x00\x00" ttLibVersion="4.24">
+
+  <GlyphOrder>
+    <!-- The 'id' attribute is only for humans; it is ignored when parsed. -->
+    <GlyphID id="0" name=".notdef"/>
+    <GlyphID id="1" name="T"/>
+    <GlyphID id="2" name="o"/>
+    <GlyphID id="3" name="space"/>
+  </GlyphOrder>
+
+  <head>
+    <!-- Most of this table will be recalculated by the compiler -->
+    <tableVersion value="1.0"/>
+    <fontRevision value="1.0"/>
+    <checkSumAdjustment value="0x95e7c646"/>
+    <magicNumber value="0x5f0f3cf5"/>
+    <flags value="00000000 00000011"/>
+    <unitsPerEm value="1000"/>
+    <created value="Tue May 25 09:10:37 2021"/>
+    <modified value="Tue May 25 10:10:18 2021"/>
+    <xMin value="32"/>
+    <yMin value="-200"/>
+    <xMax value="567"/>
+    <yMax value="800"/>
+    <macStyle value="00000000 00000000"/>
+    <lowestRecPPEM value="6"/>
+    <fontDirectionHint value="2"/>
+    <indexToLocFormat value="0"/>
+    <glyphDataFormat value="0"/>
+  </head>
+
+  <hhea>
+    <tableVersion value="0x00010000"/>
+    <ascent value="1000"/>
+    <descent value="-200"/>
+    <lineGap value="0"/>
+    <advanceWidthMax value="600"/>
+    <minLeftSideBearing value="32"/>
+    <minRightSideBearing value="33"/>
+    <xMaxExtent value="567"/>
+    <caretSlopeRise value="1"/>
+    <caretSlopeRun value="0"/>
+    <caretOffset value="0"/>
+    <reserved0 value="0"/>
+    <reserved1 value="0"/>
+    <reserved2 value="0"/>
+    <reserved3 value="0"/>
+    <metricDataFormat value="0"/>
+    <numberOfHMetrics value="2"/>
+  </hhea>
+
+  <maxp>
+    <!-- Most of this table will be recalculated by the compiler -->
+    <tableVersion value="0x10000"/>
+    <numGlyphs value="4"/>
+    <maxPoints value="32"/>
+    <maxContours value="2"/>
+    <maxCompositePoints value="0"/>
+    <maxCompositeContours value="0"/>
+    <maxZones value="1"/>
+    <maxTwilightPoints value="0"/>
+    <maxStorage value="0"/>
+    <maxFunctionDefs value="0"/>
+    <maxInstructionDefs value="0"/>
+    <maxStackElements value="0"/>
+    <maxSizeOfInstructions value="0"/>
+    <maxComponentElements value="0"/>
+    <maxComponentDepth value="0"/>
+  </maxp>
+
+  <OS_2>
+    <!-- The fields 'usFirstCharIndex' and 'usLastCharIndex'
+         will be recalculated by the compiler -->
+    <version value="4"/>
+    <xAvgCharWidth value="575"/>
+    <usWeightClass value="400"/>
+    <usWidthClass value="5"/>
+    <fsType value="00000000 00001000"/>
+    <ySubscriptXSize value="650"/>
+    <ySubscriptYSize value="600"/>
+    <ySubscriptXOffset value="0"/>
+    <ySubscriptYOffset value="75"/>
+    <ySuperscriptXSize value="650"/>
+    <ySuperscriptYSize value="600"/>
+    <ySuperscriptXOffset value="0"/>
+    <ySuperscriptYOffset value="350"/>
+    <yStrikeoutSize value="50"/>
+    <yStrikeoutPosition value="300"/>
+    <sFamilyClass value="0"/>
+    <panose>
+      <bFamilyType value="0"/>
+      <bSerifStyle value="0"/>
+      <bWeight value="0"/>
+      <bProportion value="0"/>
+      <bContrast value="0"/>
+      <bStrokeVariation value="0"/>
+      <bArmStyle value="0"/>
+      <bLetterForm value="0"/>
+      <bMidline value="0"/>
+      <bXHeight value="0"/>
+    </panose>
+    <ulUnicodeRange1 value="00000000 00000000 00000000 00000001"/>
+    <ulUnicodeRange2 value="00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000"/>
+    <ulUnicodeRange3 value="00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000"/>
+    <ulUnicodeRange4 value="00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000"/>
+    <achVendID value="NONE"/>
+    <fsSelection value="00000000 01000000"/>
+    <usFirstCharIndex value="32"/>
+    <usLastCharIndex value="111"/>
+    <sTypoAscender value="800"/>
+    <sTypoDescender value="-200"/>
+    <sTypoLineGap value="200"/>
+    <usWinAscent value="1000"/>
+    <usWinDescent value="200"/>
+    <ulCodePageRange1 value="00000000 00000000 00000000 00000001"/>
+    <ulCodePageRange2 value="00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000"/>
+    <sxHeight value="500"/>
+    <sCapHeight value="700"/>
+    <usDefaultChar value="0"/>
+    <usBreakChar value="32"/>
+    <usMaxContext value="2"/>
+  </OS_2>
+
+  <hmtx>
+    <mtx name=".notdef" width="500" lsb="50"/>
+    <mtx name="T" width="600" lsb="32"/>
+    <mtx name="o" width="600" lsb="58"/>
+    <mtx name="space" width="600" lsb="0"/>
+  </hmtx>
+
+  <cmap>
+    <tableVersion version="0"/>
+    <cmap_format_4 platformID="0" platEncID="3" language="0">
+      <map code="0x20" name="space"/><!-- SPACE -->
+      <map code="0x54" name="T"/><!-- LATIN CAPITAL LETTER T -->
+      <map code="0x6f" name="o"/><!-- LATIN SMALL LETTER O -->
+    </cmap_format_4>
+    <cmap_format_4 platformID="3" platEncID="1" language="0">
+      <map code="0x20" name="space"/><!-- SPACE -->
+      <map code="0x54" name="T"/><!-- LATIN CAPITAL LETTER T -->
+      <map code="0x6f" name="o"/><!-- LATIN SMALL LETTER O -->
+    </cmap_format_4>
+  </cmap>
+
+  <loca>
+    <!-- The 'loca' table will be calculated by the compiler -->
+  </loca>
+
+  <glyf>
+
+    <!-- The xMin, yMin, xMax and yMax values
+         will be recalculated by the compiler. -->
+
+    <TTGlyph name=".notdef" xMin="50" yMin="-200" xMax="450" yMax="800">
+      <contour>
+        <pt x="50" y="-200" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="50" y="800" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="450" y="800" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="450" y="-200" on="1"/>
+      </contour>
+      <contour>
+        <pt x="100" y="-150" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="400" y="-150" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="400" y="750" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="100" y="750" on="1"/>
+      </contour>
+      <instructions/>
+    </TTGlyph>
+
+    <TTGlyph name="T" xMin="32" yMin="0" xMax="567" yMax="710">
+      <contour>
+        <pt x="32" y="710" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="567" y="710" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="567" y="627" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="32" y="627" on="1"/>
+      </contour>
+      <contour>
+        <pt x="230" y="710" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="370" y="710" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="370" y="0" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="230" y="0" on="1"/>
+      </contour>
+      <instructions/>
+    </TTGlyph>
+
+    <TTGlyph name="o" xMin="58" yMin="-15" xMax="542" yMax="533">
+      <contour>
+        <pt x="300" y="-15" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="233" y="-15" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="123" y="59" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="58" y="184" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="58" y="259" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="58" y="335" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="123" y="459" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="233" y="533" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="300" y="533" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="367" y="533" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="477" y="459" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="542" y="335" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="542" y="259" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="542" y="184" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="477" y="59" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="367" y="-15" on="0"/>
+      </contour>
+      <contour>
+        <pt x="300" y="50" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="343" y="50" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="413" y="107" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="455" y="202" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="455" y="260" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="455" y="318" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="413" y="413" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="343" y="470" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="300" y="470" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="257" y="470" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="187" y="413" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="145" y="318" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="145" y="260" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="145" y="202" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="187" y="107" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="257" y="50" on="0"/>
+      </contour>
+      <instructions/>
+    </TTGlyph>
+
+    <TTGlyph name="space"/><!-- contains no outline data -->
+
+  </glyf>
+
+  <name>
+    <namerecord nameID="256" platformID="1" platEncID="0" langID="0x0" unicode="True">
+      Weight
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="257" platformID="1" platEncID="0" langID="0x0" unicode="True">
+      Regular
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="258" platformID="1" platEncID="0" langID="0x0" unicode="True">
+      Bold
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="1" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      New Font
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="2" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Regular
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="3" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      1.000;NONE;NewFont-Regular
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="4" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      New Font Regular
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="5" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Version 1.000
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="6" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      NewFont-Regular
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="256" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Weight
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="257" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Regular
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="258" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Bold
+    </namerecord>
+  </name>
+
+  <post>
+    <formatType value="2.0"/>
+    <italicAngle value="0.0"/>
+    <underlinePosition value="-100"/>
+    <underlineThickness value="50"/>
+    <isFixedPitch value="0"/>
+    <minMemType42 value="0"/>
+    <maxMemType42 value="0"/>
+    <minMemType1 value="0"/>
+    <maxMemType1 value="0"/>
+    <psNames>
+      <!-- This file uses unique glyph names based on the information
+           found in the 'post' table. Since these names might not be unique,
+           we have to invent artificial names in case of clashes. In order to
+           be able to retain the original information, we need a name to
+           ps name mapping for those cases where they differ. That's what
+           you see below.
+            -->
+    </psNames>
+    <extraNames>
+      <!-- following are the name that are not taken from the standard Mac glyph order -->
+    </extraNames>
+  </post>
+
+  <GDEF>
+    <Version value="0x00010003"/>
+    <VarStore Format="1">
+      <Format value="1"/>
+      <VarRegionList>
+        <!-- RegionAxisCount=1 -->
+        <!-- RegionCount=1 -->
+        <Region index="0">
+          <VarRegionAxis index="0">
+            <StartCoord value="0.0"/>
+            <PeakCoord value="1.0"/>
+            <EndCoord value="1.0"/>
+          </VarRegionAxis>
+        </Region>
+      </VarRegionList>
+      <!-- VarDataCount=1 -->
+      <VarData index="0">
+        <!-- ItemCount=1 -->
+        <NumShorts value="0"/>
+        <!-- VarRegionCount=1 -->
+        <VarRegionIndex index="0" value="0"/>
+        <Item index="0" value="[-50]"/>
+      </VarData>
+    </VarStore>
+  </GDEF>
+
+  <GPOS>
+    <Version value="0x00010000"/>
+    <ScriptList>
+      <!-- ScriptCount=1 -->
+      <ScriptRecord index="0">
+        <ScriptTag value="DFLT"/>
+        <Script>
+          <DefaultLangSys>
+            <ReqFeatureIndex value="65535"/>
+            <!-- FeatureCount=1 -->
+            <FeatureIndex index="0" value="0"/>
+          </DefaultLangSys>
+          <!-- LangSysCount=0 -->
+        </Script>
+      </ScriptRecord>
+    </ScriptList>
+    <FeatureList>
+      <!-- FeatureCount=1 -->
+      <FeatureRecord index="0">
+        <FeatureTag value="kern"/>
+        <Feature>
+          <!-- LookupCount=1 -->
+          <LookupListIndex index="0" value="0"/>
+        </Feature>
+      </FeatureRecord>
+    </FeatureList>
+    <LookupList>
+      <!-- LookupCount=1 -->
+      <Lookup index="0">
+        <LookupType value="2"/>
+        <LookupFlag value="8"/><!-- ignoreMarks -->
+        <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
+        <PairPos index="0" Format="1">
+          <Coverage>
+            <Glyph value="T"/>
+          </Coverage>
+          <ValueFormat1 value="64"/>
+          <ValueFormat2 value="0"/>
+          <!-- PairSetCount=1 -->
+          <PairSet index="0">
+            <!-- PairValueCount=1 -->
+            <PairValueRecord index="0">
+              <SecondGlyph value="o"/>
+              <Value1>
+                <XAdvDevice>
+                  <StartSize value="0"/>
+                  <EndSize value="0"/>
+                  <DeltaFormat value="32768"/>
+                </XAdvDevice>
+              </Value1>
+            </PairValueRecord>
+          </PairSet>
+        </PairPos>
+      </Lookup>
+    </LookupList>
+  </GPOS>
+
+  <fvar>
+
+    <!-- Weight -->
+    <Axis>
+      <AxisTag>wght</AxisTag>
+      <Flags>0x0</Flags>
+      <MinValue>400.0</MinValue>
+      <DefaultValue>400.0</DefaultValue>
+      <MaxValue>700.0</MaxValue>
+      <AxisNameID>256</AxisNameID>
+    </Axis>
+
+    <!-- Regular -->
+    <NamedInstance flags="0x0" subfamilyNameID="257">
+      <coord axis="wght" value="400.0"/>
+    </NamedInstance>
+
+    <!-- Bold -->
+    <NamedInstance flags="0x0" subfamilyNameID="258">
+      <coord axis="wght" value="700.0"/>
+    </NamedInstance>
+  </fvar>
+
+  <gvar>
+    <version value="1"/>
+    <reserved value="0"/>
+    <glyphVariations glyph="T">
+      <tuple>
+        <coord axis="wght" value="1.0"/>
+        <delta pt="0" x="0" y="0"/>
+        <delta pt="1" x="0" y="0"/>
+        <delta pt="2" x="0" y="-27"/>
+        <delta pt="3" x="0" y="-27"/>
+        <delta pt="4" x="-30" y="0"/>
+        <delta pt="5" x="28" y="0"/>
+        <delta pt="6" x="28" y="0"/>
+        <delta pt="7" x="-30" y="0"/>
+        <delta pt="8" x="0" y="0"/>
+        <delta pt="9" x="0" y="0"/>
+        <delta pt="10" x="0" y="0"/>
+        <delta pt="11" x="0" y="0"/>
+      </tuple>
+    </glyphVariations>
+    <glyphVariations glyph="o">
+      <tuple>
+        <coord axis="wght" value="1.0"/>
+        <delta pt="0" x="0" y="0"/>
+        <delta pt="1" x="0" y="0"/>
+        <delta pt="2" x="0" y="0"/>
+        <delta pt="3" x="0" y="0"/>
+        <delta pt="4" x="0" y="0"/>
+        <delta pt="5" x="0" y="0"/>
+        <delta pt="6" x="0" y="0"/>
+        <delta pt="7" x="0" y="0"/>
+        <delta pt="8" x="0" y="0"/>
+        <delta pt="9" x="0" y="0"/>
+        <delta pt="10" x="0" y="0"/>
+        <delta pt="11" x="0" y="0"/>
+        <delta pt="12" x="0" y="0"/>
+        <delta pt="13" x="0" y="0"/>
+        <delta pt="14" x="0" y="0"/>
+        <delta pt="15" x="0" y="0"/>
+        <delta pt="16" x="0" y="30"/>
+        <delta pt="17" x="0" y="30"/>
+        <delta pt="18" x="-15" y="15"/>
+        <delta pt="19" x="-30" y="0"/>
+        <delta pt="20" x="-30" y="0"/>
+        <delta pt="21" x="-30" y="0"/>
+        <delta pt="22" x="-15" y="-15"/>
+        <delta pt="23" x="0" y="-30"/>
+        <delta pt="24" x="0" y="-30"/>
+        <delta pt="25" x="0" y="-30"/>
+        <delta pt="26" x="15" y="-15"/>
+        <delta pt="27" x="30" y="0"/>
+        <delta pt="28" x="30" y="0"/>
+        <delta pt="29" x="30" y="0"/>
+        <delta pt="30" x="15" y="15"/>
+        <delta pt="31" x="0" y="30"/>
+        <delta pt="32" x="0" y="0"/>
+        <delta pt="33" x="0" y="0"/>
+        <delta pt="34" x="0" y="0"/>
+        <delta pt="35" x="0" y="0"/>
+      </tuple>
+    </glyphVariations>
+  </gvar>
+
+</ttFont>
diff --git a/Tests/varLib/instancer/data/test_results/PartialInstancerTest2-VF-instance-100,100.ttx b/Tests/varLib/instancer/data/test_results/PartialInstancerTest2-VF-instance-100,100.ttx
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..776a92f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/varLib/instancer/data/test_results/PartialInstancerTest2-VF-instance-100,100.ttx
@@ -0,0 +1,544 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<ttFont sfntVersion="\x00\x01\x00\x00" ttLibVersion="3.41">
+
+  <GlyphOrder>
+    <!-- The 'id' attribute is only for humans; it is ignored when parsed. -->
+    <GlyphID id="0" name=".notdef"/>
+    <GlyphID id="1" name="A"/>
+    <GlyphID id="2" name="T"/>
+    <GlyphID id="3" name="grave"/>
+    <GlyphID id="4" name="Agrave"/>
+  </GlyphOrder>
+
+  <head>
+    <!-- Most of this table will be recalculated by the compiler -->
+    <tableVersion value="1.0"/>
+    <fontRevision value="2.001"/>
+    <checkSumAdjustment value="0x90f1c28"/>
+    <magicNumber value="0x5f0f3cf5"/>
+    <flags value="00000000 00000011"/>
+    <unitsPerEm value="1000"/>
+    <created value="Tue Mar 15 19:50:39 2016"/>
+    <modified value="Thu Oct 17 14:43:10 2019"/>
+    <xMin value="0"/>
+    <yMin value="0"/>
+    <xMax value="577"/>
+    <yMax value="952"/>
+    <macStyle value="00000000 00000000"/>
+    <lowestRecPPEM value="6"/>
+    <fontDirectionHint value="2"/>
+    <indexToLocFormat value="0"/>
+    <glyphDataFormat value="0"/>
+  </head>
+
+  <hhea>
+    <tableVersion value="0x00010000"/>
+    <ascent value="1069"/>
+    <descent value="-293"/>
+    <lineGap value="0"/>
+    <advanceWidthMax value="600"/>
+    <minLeftSideBearing value="0"/>
+    <minRightSideBearing value="0"/>
+    <xMaxExtent value="577"/>
+    <caretSlopeRise value="1"/>
+    <caretSlopeRun value="0"/>
+    <caretOffset value="0"/>
+    <reserved0 value="0"/>
+    <reserved1 value="0"/>
+    <reserved2 value="0"/>
+    <reserved3 value="0"/>
+    <metricDataFormat value="0"/>
+    <numberOfHMetrics value="5"/>
+  </hhea>
+
+  <maxp>
+    <!-- Most of this table will be recalculated by the compiler -->
+    <tableVersion value="0x10000"/>
+    <numGlyphs value="5"/>
+    <maxPoints value="19"/>
+    <maxContours value="2"/>
+    <maxCompositePoints value="32"/>
+    <maxCompositeContours value="3"/>
+    <maxZones value="1"/>
+    <maxTwilightPoints value="0"/>
+    <maxStorage value="0"/>
+    <maxFunctionDefs value="0"/>
+    <maxInstructionDefs value="0"/>
+    <maxStackElements value="0"/>
+    <maxSizeOfInstructions value="0"/>
+    <maxComponentElements value="2"/>
+    <maxComponentDepth value="1"/>
+  </maxp>
+
+  <OS_2>
+    <!-- The fields 'usFirstCharIndex' and 'usLastCharIndex'
+         will be recalculated by the compiler -->
+    <version value="4"/>
+    <xAvgCharWidth value="577"/>
+    <usWeightClass value="100"/>
+    <usWidthClass value="5"/>
+    <fsType value="00000000 00000000"/>
+    <ySubscriptXSize value="650"/>
+    <ySubscriptYSize value="600"/>
+    <ySubscriptXOffset value="0"/>
+    <ySubscriptYOffset value="75"/>
+    <ySuperscriptXSize value="650"/>
+    <ySuperscriptYSize value="600"/>
+    <ySuperscriptXOffset value="0"/>
+    <ySuperscriptYOffset value="350"/>
+    <yStrikeoutSize value="50"/>
+    <yStrikeoutPosition value="317"/>
+    <sFamilyClass value="0"/>
+    <panose>
+      <bFamilyType value="2"/>
+      <bSerifStyle value="11"/>
+      <bWeight value="5"/>
+      <bProportion value="2"/>
+      <bContrast value="4"/>
+      <bStrokeVariation value="5"/>
+      <bArmStyle value="4"/>
+      <bLetterForm value="2"/>
+      <bMidline value="2"/>
+      <bXHeight value="4"/>
+    </panose>
+    <ulUnicodeRange1 value="11100000 00000000 00000010 11111111"/>
+    <ulUnicodeRange2 value="01000000 00000000 00100000 00011111"/>
+    <ulUnicodeRange3 value="00001000 00000000 00000000 00101001"/>
+    <ulUnicodeRange4 value="00000000 00010000 00000000 00000000"/>
+    <achVendID value="GOOG"/>
+    <fsSelection value="00000001 01000000"/>
+    <usFirstCharIndex value="65"/>
+    <usLastCharIndex value="192"/>
+    <sTypoAscender value="1069"/>
+    <sTypoDescender value="-293"/>
+    <sTypoLineGap value="0"/>
+    <usWinAscent value="1069"/>
+    <usWinDescent value="293"/>
+    <ulCodePageRange1 value="00000000 00000000 00000001 10011111"/>
+    <ulCodePageRange2 value="00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000"/>
+    <sxHeight value="528"/>
+    <sCapHeight value="714"/>
+    <usDefaultChar value="0"/>
+    <usBreakChar value="32"/>
+    <usMaxContext value="4"/>
+  </OS_2>
+
+  <hmtx>
+    <mtx name=".notdef" width="600" lsb="94"/>
+    <mtx name="A" width="577" lsb="0"/>
+    <mtx name="Agrave" width="577" lsb="0"/>
+    <mtx name="T" width="505" lsb="2"/>
+    <mtx name="grave" width="249" lsb="40"/>
+  </hmtx>
+
+  <cmap>
+    <tableVersion version="0"/>
+    <cmap_format_4 platformID="0" platEncID="3" language="0">
+      <map code="0x41" name="A"/><!-- LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A -->
+      <map code="0x54" name="T"/><!-- LATIN CAPITAL LETTER T -->
+      <map code="0xc0" name="Agrave"/><!-- LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A WITH GRAVE -->
+    </cmap_format_4>
+    <cmap_format_4 platformID="3" platEncID="1" language="0">
+      <map code="0x41" name="A"/><!-- LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A -->
+      <map code="0x54" name="T"/><!-- LATIN CAPITAL LETTER T -->
+      <map code="0xc0" name="Agrave"/><!-- LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A WITH GRAVE -->
+    </cmap_format_4>
+  </cmap>
+
+  <loca>
+    <!-- The 'loca' table will be calculated by the compiler -->
+  </loca>
+
+  <glyf>
+
+    <!-- The xMin, yMin, xMax and yMax values
+         will be recalculated by the compiler. -->
+
+    <TTGlyph name=".notdef" xMin="94" yMin="0" xMax="505" yMax="714">
+      <contour>
+        <pt x="94" y="0" on="1" overlap="1"/>
+        <pt x="94" y="714" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="505" y="714" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="505" y="0" on="1"/>
+      </contour>
+      <contour>
+        <pt x="145" y="51" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="454" y="51" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="454" y="663" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="145" y="663" on="1"/>
+      </contour>
+      <instructions/>
+    </TTGlyph>
+
+    <TTGlyph name="A" xMin="0" yMin="0" xMax="577" yMax="716">
+      <contour>
+        <pt x="549" y="0" on="1" overlap="1"/>
+        <pt x="445" y="271" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="135" y="271" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="28" y="0" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="0" y="0" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="282" y="716" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="307" y="716" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="577" y="0" on="1"/>
+      </contour>
+      <contour>
+        <pt x="435" y="296" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="325" y="594" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="321" y="606" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="311" y="632" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="300" y="664" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="293" y="682" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="288" y="667" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="277" y="636" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="265" y="607" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="260" y="593" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="144" y="296" on="1"/>
+      </contour>
+      <instructions/>
+    </TTGlyph>
+
+    <TTGlyph name="Agrave" xMin="0" yMin="0" xMax="577" yMax="952">
+      <component glyphName="A" x="0" y="0" flags="0x604"/>
+      <component glyphName="grave" x="131" y="186" flags="0x4"/>
+    </TTGlyph>
+
+    <TTGlyph name="T" xMin="2" yMin="0" xMax="503" yMax="714">
+      <contour>
+        <pt x="265" y="0" on="1" overlap="1"/>
+        <pt x="239" y="0" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="239" y="689" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="2" y="689" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="2" y="714" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="503" y="714" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="503" y="689" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="265" y="689" on="1"/>
+      </contour>
+      <instructions/>
+    </TTGlyph>
+
+    <TTGlyph name="grave" xMin="40" yMin="606" xMax="209" yMax="766">
+      <contour>
+        <pt x="70" y="766" on="1" overlap="1"/>
+        <pt x="85" y="745" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="133" y="688" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="187" y="632" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="209" y="612" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="209" y="606" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="188" y="606" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="168" y="623" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="127" y="662" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="88" y="703" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="53" y="742" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="40" y="759" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="40" y="766" on="1"/>
+      </contour>
+      <instructions/>
+    </TTGlyph>
+
+  </glyf>
+
+  <name>
+    <namerecord nameID="256" platformID="1" platEncID="0" langID="0x0" unicode="True">
+      Weight
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="257" platformID="1" platEncID="0" langID="0x0" unicode="True">
+      Width
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="258" platformID="1" platEncID="0" langID="0x0" unicode="True">
+      Thin
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="261" platformID="1" platEncID="0" langID="0x0" unicode="True">
+      Regular
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="0" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Copyright 2015 Google Inc. All Rights Reserved.
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="1" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Noto Sans
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="2" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Regular
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="3" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      2.001;GOOG;NotoSans-Regular
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="4" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Noto Sans Regular
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="5" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Version 2.001
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="6" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      NotoSans-Regular
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="7" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Noto is a trademark of Google Inc.
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="8" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Monotype Imaging Inc.
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="9" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Monotype Design Team
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="10" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Designed by Monotype design team.
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="11" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      http://www.google.com/get/noto/
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="12" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      http://www.monotype.com/studio
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="13" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      This Font Software is licensed under the SIL Open Font License, Version 1.1. This Font Software is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. See the SIL Open Font License for the specific language, permissions and limitations governing your use of this Font Software.
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="14" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      http://scripts.sil.org/OFL
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="256" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Weight
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="257" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Width
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="258" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Thin
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="261" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Regular
+    </namerecord>
+  </name>
+
+  <post>
+    <formatType value="2.0"/>
+    <italicAngle value="0.0"/>
+    <underlinePosition value="-100"/>
+    <underlineThickness value="50"/>
+    <isFixedPitch value="0"/>
+    <minMemType42 value="0"/>
+    <maxMemType42 value="0"/>
+    <minMemType1 value="0"/>
+    <maxMemType1 value="0"/>
+    <psNames>
+      <!-- This file uses unique glyph names based on the information
+           found in the 'post' table. Since these names might not be unique,
+           we have to invent artificial names in case of clashes. In order to
+           be able to retain the original information, we need a name to
+           ps name mapping for those cases where they differ. That's what
+           you see below.
+            -->
+    </psNames>
+    <extraNames>
+      <!-- following are the name that are not taken from the standard Mac glyph order -->
+    </extraNames>
+  </post>
+
+  <GDEF>
+    <Version value="0x00010002"/>
+    <GlyphClassDef>
+      <ClassDef glyph="A" class="1"/>
+      <ClassDef glyph="Agrave" class="1"/>
+      <ClassDef glyph="T" class="1"/>
+    </GlyphClassDef>
+    <MarkGlyphSetsDef>
+      <MarkSetTableFormat value="1"/>
+      <!-- MarkSetCount=4 -->
+      <Coverage index="0">
+      </Coverage>
+      <Coverage index="1">
+      </Coverage>
+      <Coverage index="2">
+      </Coverage>
+      <Coverage index="3">
+      </Coverage>
+    </MarkGlyphSetsDef>
+  </GDEF>
+
+  <GPOS>
+    <Version value="0x00010000"/>
+    <ScriptList>
+      <!-- ScriptCount=4 -->
+      <ScriptRecord index="0">
+        <ScriptTag value="DFLT"/>
+        <Script>
+          <DefaultLangSys>
+            <ReqFeatureIndex value="65535"/>
+            <!-- FeatureCount=1 -->
+            <FeatureIndex index="0" value="0"/>
+          </DefaultLangSys>
+          <!-- LangSysCount=0 -->
+        </Script>
+      </ScriptRecord>
+      <ScriptRecord index="1">
+        <ScriptTag value="cyrl"/>
+        <Script>
+          <DefaultLangSys>
+            <ReqFeatureIndex value="65535"/>
+            <!-- FeatureCount=1 -->
+            <FeatureIndex index="0" value="0"/>
+          </DefaultLangSys>
+          <!-- LangSysCount=0 -->
+        </Script>
+      </ScriptRecord>
+      <ScriptRecord index="2">
+        <ScriptTag value="grek"/>
+        <Script>
+          <DefaultLangSys>
+            <ReqFeatureIndex value="65535"/>
+            <!-- FeatureCount=1 -->
+            <FeatureIndex index="0" value="0"/>
+          </DefaultLangSys>
+          <!-- LangSysCount=0 -->
+        </Script>
+      </ScriptRecord>
+      <ScriptRecord index="3">
+        <ScriptTag value="latn"/>
+        <Script>
+          <DefaultLangSys>
+            <ReqFeatureIndex value="65535"/>
+            <!-- FeatureCount=1 -->
+            <FeatureIndex index="0" value="0"/>
+          </DefaultLangSys>
+          <!-- LangSysCount=0 -->
+        </Script>
+      </ScriptRecord>
+    </ScriptList>
+    <FeatureList>
+      <!-- FeatureCount=1 -->
+      <FeatureRecord index="0">
+        <FeatureTag value="kern"/>
+        <Feature>
+          <!-- LookupCount=1 -->
+          <LookupListIndex index="0" value="0"/>
+        </Feature>
+      </FeatureRecord>
+    </FeatureList>
+    <LookupList>
+      <!-- LookupCount=1 -->
+      <Lookup index="0">
+        <LookupType value="2"/>
+        <LookupFlag value="8"/><!-- ignoreMarks -->
+        <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
+        <PairPos index="0" Format="2">
+          <Coverage>
+            <Glyph value="A"/>
+            <Glyph value="T"/>
+            <Glyph value="Agrave"/>
+          </Coverage>
+          <ValueFormat1 value="4"/>
+          <ValueFormat2 value="0"/>
+          <ClassDef1>
+            <ClassDef glyph="T" class="1"/>
+          </ClassDef1>
+          <ClassDef2>
+            <ClassDef glyph="A" class="1"/>
+            <ClassDef glyph="Agrave" class="1"/>
+            <ClassDef glyph="T" class="2"/>
+          </ClassDef2>
+          <!-- Class1Count=2 -->
+          <!-- Class2Count=3 -->
+          <Class1Record index="0">
+            <Class2Record index="0">
+              <Value1 XAdvance="0"/>
+            </Class2Record>
+            <Class2Record index="1">
+              <Value1 XAdvance="0"/>
+            </Class2Record>
+            <Class2Record index="2">
+              <Value1 XAdvance="-70"/>
+            </Class2Record>
+          </Class1Record>
+          <Class1Record index="1">
+            <Class2Record index="0">
+              <Value1 XAdvance="0"/>
+            </Class2Record>
+            <Class2Record index="1">
+              <Value1 XAdvance="-70"/>
+            </Class2Record>
+            <Class2Record index="2">
+              <Value1 XAdvance="20"/>
+            </Class2Record>
+          </Class1Record>
+        </PairPos>
+      </Lookup>
+    </LookupList>
+  </GPOS>
+
+  <GSUB>
+    <Version value="0x00010000"/>
+    <ScriptList>
+      <!-- ScriptCount=4 -->
+      <ScriptRecord index="0">
+        <ScriptTag value="DFLT"/>
+        <Script>
+          <DefaultLangSys>
+            <ReqFeatureIndex value="65535"/>
+            <!-- FeatureCount=0 -->
+          </DefaultLangSys>
+          <!-- LangSysCount=0 -->
+        </Script>
+      </ScriptRecord>
+      <ScriptRecord index="1">
+        <ScriptTag value="cyrl"/>
+        <Script>
+          <!-- LangSysCount=0 -->
+        </Script>
+      </ScriptRecord>
+      <ScriptRecord index="2">
+        <ScriptTag value="grek"/>
+        <Script>
+          <!-- LangSysCount=0 -->
+        </Script>
+      </ScriptRecord>
+      <ScriptRecord index="3">
+        <ScriptTag value="latn"/>
+        <Script>
+          <!-- LangSysCount=0 -->
+        </Script>
+      </ScriptRecord>
+    </ScriptList>
+    <FeatureList>
+      <!-- FeatureCount=0 -->
+    </FeatureList>
+    <LookupList>
+      <!-- LookupCount=0 -->
+    </LookupList>
+  </GSUB>
+
+  <STAT>
+    <Version value="0x00010001"/>
+    <DesignAxisRecordSize value="8"/>
+    <!-- DesignAxisCount=2 -->
+    <DesignAxisRecord>
+      <Axis index="0">
+        <AxisTag value="wght"/>
+        <AxisNameID value="256"/>  <!-- Weight -->
+        <AxisOrdering value="1"/>
+      </Axis>
+      <Axis index="1">
+        <AxisTag value="wdth"/>
+        <AxisNameID value="257"/>  <!-- Width -->
+        <AxisOrdering value="0"/>
+      </Axis>
+    </DesignAxisRecord>
+    <!-- AxisValueCount=2 -->
+    <AxisValueArray>
+      <AxisValue index="0" Format="1">
+        <AxisIndex value="0"/>
+        <Flags value="0"/>
+        <ValueNameID value="258"/>  <!-- Thin -->
+        <Value value="100.0"/>
+      </AxisValue>
+      <AxisValue index="1" Format="2">
+        <AxisIndex value="1"/>
+        <Flags value="2"/>  <!-- ElidableAxisValueName -->
+        <ValueNameID value="261"/>  <!-- Regular -->
+        <NominalValue value="100.0"/>
+        <RangeMinValue value="93.75"/>
+        <RangeMaxValue value="100.0"/>
+      </AxisValue>
+    </AxisValueArray>
+    <ElidedFallbackNameID value="2"/>  <!-- Regular -->
+  </STAT>
+
+</ttFont>
diff --git a/Tests/varLib/instancer/data/test_results/PartialInstancerTest2-VF-instance-100,62.5.ttx b/Tests/varLib/instancer/data/test_results/PartialInstancerTest2-VF-instance-100,62.5.ttx
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..61bc41c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/varLib/instancer/data/test_results/PartialInstancerTest2-VF-instance-100,62.5.ttx
@@ -0,0 +1,544 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<ttFont sfntVersion="\x00\x01\x00\x00" ttLibVersion="3.41">
+
+  <GlyphOrder>
+    <!-- The 'id' attribute is only for humans; it is ignored when parsed. -->
+    <GlyphID id="0" name=".notdef"/>
+    <GlyphID id="1" name="A"/>
+    <GlyphID id="2" name="T"/>
+    <GlyphID id="3" name="grave"/>
+    <GlyphID id="4" name="Agrave"/>
+  </GlyphOrder>
+
+  <head>
+    <!-- Most of this table will be recalculated by the compiler -->
+    <tableVersion value="1.0"/>
+    <fontRevision value="2.001"/>
+    <checkSumAdjustment value="0x31525751"/>
+    <magicNumber value="0x5f0f3cf5"/>
+    <flags value="00000000 00000011"/>
+    <unitsPerEm value="1000"/>
+    <created value="Tue Mar 15 19:50:39 2016"/>
+    <modified value="Thu Oct 17 14:43:10 2019"/>
+    <xMin value="0"/>
+    <yMin value="0"/>
+    <xMax value="496"/>
+    <yMax value="931"/>
+    <macStyle value="00000000 00000000"/>
+    <lowestRecPPEM value="6"/>
+    <fontDirectionHint value="2"/>
+    <indexToLocFormat value="0"/>
+    <glyphDataFormat value="0"/>
+  </head>
+
+  <hhea>
+    <tableVersion value="0x00010000"/>
+    <ascent value="1069"/>
+    <descent value="-293"/>
+    <lineGap value="0"/>
+    <advanceWidthMax value="600"/>
+    <minLeftSideBearing value="0"/>
+    <minRightSideBearing value="0"/>
+    <xMaxExtent value="496"/>
+    <caretSlopeRise value="1"/>
+    <caretSlopeRun value="0"/>
+    <caretOffset value="0"/>
+    <reserved0 value="0"/>
+    <reserved1 value="0"/>
+    <reserved2 value="0"/>
+    <reserved3 value="0"/>
+    <metricDataFormat value="0"/>
+    <numberOfHMetrics value="5"/>
+  </hhea>
+
+  <maxp>
+    <!-- Most of this table will be recalculated by the compiler -->
+    <tableVersion value="0x10000"/>
+    <numGlyphs value="5"/>
+    <maxPoints value="19"/>
+    <maxContours value="2"/>
+    <maxCompositePoints value="32"/>
+    <maxCompositeContours value="3"/>
+    <maxZones value="1"/>
+    <maxTwilightPoints value="0"/>
+    <maxStorage value="0"/>
+    <maxFunctionDefs value="0"/>
+    <maxInstructionDefs value="0"/>
+    <maxStackElements value="0"/>
+    <maxSizeOfInstructions value="0"/>
+    <maxComponentElements value="2"/>
+    <maxComponentDepth value="1"/>
+  </maxp>
+
+  <OS_2>
+    <!-- The fields 'usFirstCharIndex' and 'usLastCharIndex'
+         will be recalculated by the compiler -->
+    <version value="4"/>
+    <xAvgCharWidth value="577"/>
+    <usWeightClass value="100"/>
+    <usWidthClass value="2"/>
+    <fsType value="00000000 00000000"/>
+    <ySubscriptXSize value="650"/>
+    <ySubscriptYSize value="600"/>
+    <ySubscriptXOffset value="0"/>
+    <ySubscriptYOffset value="75"/>
+    <ySuperscriptXSize value="650"/>
+    <ySuperscriptYSize value="600"/>
+    <ySuperscriptXOffset value="0"/>
+    <ySuperscriptYOffset value="350"/>
+    <yStrikeoutSize value="50"/>
+    <yStrikeoutPosition value="316"/>
+    <sFamilyClass value="0"/>
+    <panose>
+      <bFamilyType value="2"/>
+      <bSerifStyle value="11"/>
+      <bWeight value="5"/>
+      <bProportion value="2"/>
+      <bContrast value="4"/>
+      <bStrokeVariation value="5"/>
+      <bArmStyle value="4"/>
+      <bLetterForm value="2"/>
+      <bMidline value="2"/>
+      <bXHeight value="4"/>
+    </panose>
+    <ulUnicodeRange1 value="11100000 00000000 00000010 11111111"/>
+    <ulUnicodeRange2 value="01000000 00000000 00100000 00011111"/>
+    <ulUnicodeRange3 value="00001000 00000000 00000000 00101001"/>
+    <ulUnicodeRange4 value="00000000 00010000 00000000 00000000"/>
+    <achVendID value="GOOG"/>
+    <fsSelection value="00000001 01000000"/>
+    <usFirstCharIndex value="65"/>
+    <usLastCharIndex value="192"/>
+    <sTypoAscender value="1069"/>
+    <sTypoDescender value="-293"/>
+    <sTypoLineGap value="0"/>
+    <usWinAscent value="1069"/>
+    <usWinDescent value="293"/>
+    <ulCodePageRange1 value="00000000 00000000 00000001 10011111"/>
+    <ulCodePageRange2 value="00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000"/>
+    <sxHeight value="527"/>
+    <sCapHeight value="714"/>
+    <usDefaultChar value="0"/>
+    <usBreakChar value="32"/>
+    <usMaxContext value="4"/>
+  </OS_2>
+
+  <hmtx>
+    <mtx name=".notdef" width="600" lsb="85"/>
+    <mtx name="A" width="377" lsb="0"/>
+    <mtx name="Agrave" width="377" lsb="0"/>
+    <mtx name="T" width="336" lsb="7"/>
+    <mtx name="grave" width="225" lsb="40"/>
+  </hmtx>
+
+  <cmap>
+    <tableVersion version="0"/>
+    <cmap_format_4 platformID="0" platEncID="3" language="0">
+      <map code="0x41" name="A"/><!-- LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A -->
+      <map code="0x54" name="T"/><!-- LATIN CAPITAL LETTER T -->
+      <map code="0xc0" name="Agrave"/><!-- LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A WITH GRAVE -->
+    </cmap_format_4>
+    <cmap_format_4 platformID="3" platEncID="1" language="0">
+      <map code="0x41" name="A"/><!-- LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A -->
+      <map code="0x54" name="T"/><!-- LATIN CAPITAL LETTER T -->
+      <map code="0xc0" name="Agrave"/><!-- LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A WITH GRAVE -->
+    </cmap_format_4>
+  </cmap>
+
+  <loca>
+    <!-- The 'loca' table will be calculated by the compiler -->
+  </loca>
+
+  <glyf>
+
+    <!-- The xMin, yMin, xMax and yMax values
+         will be recalculated by the compiler. -->
+
+    <TTGlyph name=".notdef" xMin="85" yMin="0" xMax="496" yMax="714">
+      <contour>
+        <pt x="85" y="0" on="1" overlap="1"/>
+        <pt x="85" y="714" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="496" y="714" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="496" y="0" on="1"/>
+      </contour>
+      <contour>
+        <pt x="136" y="51" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="445" y="51" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="445" y="663" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="136" y="663" on="1"/>
+      </contour>
+      <instructions/>
+    </TTGlyph>
+
+    <TTGlyph name="A" xMin="0" yMin="0" xMax="377" yMax="714">
+      <contour>
+        <pt x="351" y="0" on="1" overlap="1"/>
+        <pt x="284" y="281" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="94" y="281" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="26" y="0" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="0" y="0" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="170" y="714" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="208" y="714" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="377" y="0" on="1"/>
+      </contour>
+      <contour>
+        <pt x="278" y="306" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="208" y="612" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="204" y="629" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="198" y="655" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="192" y="681" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="189" y="695" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="186" y="681" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="180" y="656" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="174" y="629" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="170" y="612" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="100" y="306" on="1"/>
+      </contour>
+      <instructions/>
+    </TTGlyph>
+
+    <TTGlyph name="Agrave" xMin="0" yMin="0" xMax="377" yMax="931">
+      <component glyphName="A" x="0" y="0" flags="0x604"/>
+      <component glyphName="grave" x="11" y="168" flags="0x4"/>
+    </TTGlyph>
+
+    <TTGlyph name="T" xMin="7" yMin="0" xMax="328" yMax="714">
+      <contour>
+        <pt x="180" y="0" on="1" overlap="1"/>
+        <pt x="154" y="0" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="154" y="689" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="7" y="689" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="7" y="714" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="328" y="714" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="328" y="689" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="180" y="689" on="1"/>
+      </contour>
+      <instructions/>
+    </TTGlyph>
+
+    <TTGlyph name="grave" xMin="40" yMin="606" xMax="185" yMax="763">
+      <contour>
+        <pt x="71" y="763" on="1" overlap="1"/>
+        <pt x="89" y="736" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="126" y="686" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="166" y="640" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="185" y="617" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="185" y="606" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="169" y="606" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="155" y="620" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="120" y="656" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="85" y="696" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="52" y="737" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="40" y="756" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="40" y="763" on="1"/>
+      </contour>
+      <instructions/>
+    </TTGlyph>
+
+  </glyf>
+
+  <name>
+    <namerecord nameID="256" platformID="1" platEncID="0" langID="0x0" unicode="True">
+      Weight
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="257" platformID="1" platEncID="0" langID="0x0" unicode="True">
+      Width
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="258" platformID="1" platEncID="0" langID="0x0" unicode="True">
+      Thin
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="288" platformID="1" platEncID="0" langID="0x0" unicode="True">
+      ExtraCondensed
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="0" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Copyright 2015 Google Inc. All Rights Reserved.
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="1" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Noto Sans
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="2" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Regular
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="3" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      2.001;GOOG;NotoSans-Regular
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="4" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Noto Sans Regular
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="5" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Version 2.001
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="6" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      NotoSans-Regular
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="7" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Noto is a trademark of Google Inc.
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="8" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Monotype Imaging Inc.
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="9" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Monotype Design Team
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="10" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Designed by Monotype design team.
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="11" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      http://www.google.com/get/noto/
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="12" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      http://www.monotype.com/studio
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="13" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      This Font Software is licensed under the SIL Open Font License, Version 1.1. This Font Software is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. See the SIL Open Font License for the specific language, permissions and limitations governing your use of this Font Software.
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="14" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      http://scripts.sil.org/OFL
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="256" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Weight
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="257" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Width
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="258" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Thin
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="288" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      ExtraCondensed
+    </namerecord>
+  </name>
+
+  <post>
+    <formatType value="2.0"/>
+    <italicAngle value="0.0"/>
+    <underlinePosition value="-100"/>
+    <underlineThickness value="50"/>
+    <isFixedPitch value="0"/>
+    <minMemType42 value="0"/>
+    <maxMemType42 value="0"/>
+    <minMemType1 value="0"/>
+    <maxMemType1 value="0"/>
+    <psNames>
+      <!-- This file uses unique glyph names based on the information
+           found in the 'post' table. Since these names might not be unique,
+           we have to invent artificial names in case of clashes. In order to
+           be able to retain the original information, we need a name to
+           ps name mapping for those cases where they differ. That's what
+           you see below.
+            -->
+    </psNames>
+    <extraNames>
+      <!-- following are the name that are not taken from the standard Mac glyph order -->
+    </extraNames>
+  </post>
+
+  <GDEF>
+    <Version value="0x00010002"/>
+    <GlyphClassDef>
+      <ClassDef glyph="A" class="1"/>
+      <ClassDef glyph="Agrave" class="1"/>
+      <ClassDef glyph="T" class="1"/>
+    </GlyphClassDef>
+    <MarkGlyphSetsDef>
+      <MarkSetTableFormat value="1"/>
+      <!-- MarkSetCount=4 -->
+      <Coverage index="0">
+      </Coverage>
+      <Coverage index="1">
+      </Coverage>
+      <Coverage index="2">
+      </Coverage>
+      <Coverage index="3">
+      </Coverage>
+    </MarkGlyphSetsDef>
+  </GDEF>
+
+  <GPOS>
+    <Version value="0x00010000"/>
+    <ScriptList>
+      <!-- ScriptCount=4 -->
+      <ScriptRecord index="0">
+        <ScriptTag value="DFLT"/>
+        <Script>
+          <DefaultLangSys>
+            <ReqFeatureIndex value="65535"/>
+            <!-- FeatureCount=1 -->
+            <FeatureIndex index="0" value="0"/>
+          </DefaultLangSys>
+          <!-- LangSysCount=0 -->
+        </Script>
+      </ScriptRecord>
+      <ScriptRecord index="1">
+        <ScriptTag value="cyrl"/>
+        <Script>
+          <DefaultLangSys>
+            <ReqFeatureIndex value="65535"/>
+            <!-- FeatureCount=1 -->
+            <FeatureIndex index="0" value="0"/>
+          </DefaultLangSys>
+          <!-- LangSysCount=0 -->
+        </Script>
+      </ScriptRecord>
+      <ScriptRecord index="2">
+        <ScriptTag value="grek"/>
+        <Script>
+          <DefaultLangSys>
+            <ReqFeatureIndex value="65535"/>
+            <!-- FeatureCount=1 -->
+            <FeatureIndex index="0" value="0"/>
+          </DefaultLangSys>
+          <!-- LangSysCount=0 -->
+        </Script>
+      </ScriptRecord>
+      <ScriptRecord index="3">
+        <ScriptTag value="latn"/>
+        <Script>
+          <DefaultLangSys>
+            <ReqFeatureIndex value="65535"/>
+            <!-- FeatureCount=1 -->
+            <FeatureIndex index="0" value="0"/>
+          </DefaultLangSys>
+          <!-- LangSysCount=0 -->
+        </Script>
+      </ScriptRecord>
+    </ScriptList>
+    <FeatureList>
+      <!-- FeatureCount=1 -->
+      <FeatureRecord index="0">
+        <FeatureTag value="kern"/>
+        <Feature>
+          <!-- LookupCount=1 -->
+          <LookupListIndex index="0" value="0"/>
+        </Feature>
+      </FeatureRecord>
+    </FeatureList>
+    <LookupList>
+      <!-- LookupCount=1 -->
+      <Lookup index="0">
+        <LookupType value="2"/>
+        <LookupFlag value="8"/><!-- ignoreMarks -->
+        <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
+        <PairPos index="0" Format="2">
+          <Coverage>
+            <Glyph value="A"/>
+            <Glyph value="T"/>
+            <Glyph value="Agrave"/>
+          </Coverage>
+          <ValueFormat1 value="4"/>
+          <ValueFormat2 value="0"/>
+          <ClassDef1>
+            <ClassDef glyph="T" class="1"/>
+          </ClassDef1>
+          <ClassDef2>
+            <ClassDef glyph="A" class="1"/>
+            <ClassDef glyph="Agrave" class="1"/>
+            <ClassDef glyph="T" class="2"/>
+          </ClassDef2>
+          <!-- Class1Count=2 -->
+          <!-- Class2Count=3 -->
+          <Class1Record index="0">
+            <Class2Record index="0">
+              <Value1 XAdvance="0"/>
+            </Class2Record>
+            <Class2Record index="1">
+              <Value1 XAdvance="0"/>
+            </Class2Record>
+            <Class2Record index="2">
+              <Value1 XAdvance="-17"/>
+            </Class2Record>
+          </Class1Record>
+          <Class1Record index="1">
+            <Class2Record index="0">
+              <Value1 XAdvance="0"/>
+            </Class2Record>
+            <Class2Record index="1">
+              <Value1 XAdvance="-17"/>
+            </Class2Record>
+            <Class2Record index="2">
+              <Value1 XAdvance="12"/>
+            </Class2Record>
+          </Class1Record>
+        </PairPos>
+      </Lookup>
+    </LookupList>
+  </GPOS>
+
+  <GSUB>
+    <Version value="0x00010000"/>
+    <ScriptList>
+      <!-- ScriptCount=4 -->
+      <ScriptRecord index="0">
+        <ScriptTag value="DFLT"/>
+        <Script>
+          <DefaultLangSys>
+            <ReqFeatureIndex value="65535"/>
+            <!-- FeatureCount=0 -->
+          </DefaultLangSys>
+          <!-- LangSysCount=0 -->
+        </Script>
+      </ScriptRecord>
+      <ScriptRecord index="1">
+        <ScriptTag value="cyrl"/>
+        <Script>
+          <!-- LangSysCount=0 -->
+        </Script>
+      </ScriptRecord>
+      <ScriptRecord index="2">
+        <ScriptTag value="grek"/>
+        <Script>
+          <!-- LangSysCount=0 -->
+        </Script>
+      </ScriptRecord>
+      <ScriptRecord index="3">
+        <ScriptTag value="latn"/>
+        <Script>
+          <!-- LangSysCount=0 -->
+        </Script>
+      </ScriptRecord>
+    </ScriptList>
+    <FeatureList>
+      <!-- FeatureCount=0 -->
+    </FeatureList>
+    <LookupList>
+      <!-- LookupCount=0 -->
+    </LookupList>
+  </GSUB>
+
+  <STAT>
+    <Version value="0x00010001"/>
+    <DesignAxisRecordSize value="8"/>
+    <!-- DesignAxisCount=2 -->
+    <DesignAxisRecord>
+      <Axis index="0">
+        <AxisTag value="wght"/>
+        <AxisNameID value="256"/>  <!-- Weight -->
+        <AxisOrdering value="1"/>
+      </Axis>
+      <Axis index="1">
+        <AxisTag value="wdth"/>
+        <AxisNameID value="257"/>  <!-- Width -->
+        <AxisOrdering value="0"/>
+      </Axis>
+    </DesignAxisRecord>
+    <!-- AxisValueCount=2 -->
+    <AxisValueArray>
+      <AxisValue index="0" Format="1">
+        <AxisIndex value="0"/>
+        <Flags value="0"/>
+        <ValueNameID value="258"/>  <!-- Thin -->
+        <Value value="100.0"/>
+      </AxisValue>
+      <AxisValue index="1" Format="2">
+        <AxisIndex value="1"/>
+        <Flags value="0"/>
+        <ValueNameID value="288"/>  <!-- ExtraCondensed -->
+        <NominalValue value="62.5"/>
+        <RangeMinValue value="62.5"/>
+        <RangeMaxValue value="68.75"/>
+      </AxisValue>
+    </AxisValueArray>
+    <ElidedFallbackNameID value="2"/>  <!-- Regular -->
+  </STAT>
+
+</ttFont>
diff --git a/Tests/varLib/instancer/data/test_results/PartialInstancerTest2-VF-instance-400,100.ttx b/Tests/varLib/instancer/data/test_results/PartialInstancerTest2-VF-instance-400,100.ttx
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c2d2057
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/varLib/instancer/data/test_results/PartialInstancerTest2-VF-instance-400,100.ttx
@@ -0,0 +1,539 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<ttFont sfntVersion="\x00\x01\x00\x00" ttLibVersion="3.41">
+
+  <GlyphOrder>
+    <!-- The 'id' attribute is only for humans; it is ignored when parsed. -->
+    <GlyphID id="0" name=".notdef"/>
+    <GlyphID id="1" name="A"/>
+    <GlyphID id="2" name="T"/>
+    <GlyphID id="3" name="grave"/>
+    <GlyphID id="4" name="Agrave"/>
+  </GlyphOrder>
+
+  <head>
+    <!-- Most of this table will be recalculated by the compiler -->
+    <tableVersion value="1.0"/>
+    <fontRevision value="2.001"/>
+    <checkSumAdjustment value="0x4b2d3480"/>
+    <magicNumber value="0x5f0f3cf5"/>
+    <flags value="00000000 00000011"/>
+    <unitsPerEm value="1000"/>
+    <created value="Tue Mar 15 19:50:39 2016"/>
+    <modified value="Thu Oct 17 14:43:10 2019"/>
+    <xMin value="0"/>
+    <yMin value="0"/>
+    <xMax value="638"/>
+    <yMax value="944"/>
+    <macStyle value="00000000 00000000"/>
+    <lowestRecPPEM value="6"/>
+    <fontDirectionHint value="2"/>
+    <indexToLocFormat value="0"/>
+    <glyphDataFormat value="0"/>
+  </head>
+
+  <hhea>
+    <tableVersion value="0x00010000"/>
+    <ascent value="1069"/>
+    <descent value="-293"/>
+    <lineGap value="0"/>
+    <advanceWidthMax value="639"/>
+    <minLeftSideBearing value="0"/>
+    <minRightSideBearing value="1"/>
+    <xMaxExtent value="638"/>
+    <caretSlopeRise value="1"/>
+    <caretSlopeRun value="0"/>
+    <caretOffset value="0"/>
+    <reserved0 value="0"/>
+    <reserved1 value="0"/>
+    <reserved2 value="0"/>
+    <reserved3 value="0"/>
+    <metricDataFormat value="0"/>
+    <numberOfHMetrics value="5"/>
+  </hhea>
+
+  <maxp>
+    <!-- Most of this table will be recalculated by the compiler -->
+    <tableVersion value="0x10000"/>
+    <numGlyphs value="5"/>
+    <maxPoints value="19"/>
+    <maxContours value="2"/>
+    <maxCompositePoints value="32"/>
+    <maxCompositeContours value="3"/>
+    <maxZones value="1"/>
+    <maxTwilightPoints value="0"/>
+    <maxStorage value="0"/>
+    <maxFunctionDefs value="0"/>
+    <maxInstructionDefs value="0"/>
+    <maxStackElements value="0"/>
+    <maxSizeOfInstructions value="0"/>
+    <maxComponentElements value="2"/>
+    <maxComponentDepth value="1"/>
+  </maxp>
+
+  <OS_2>
+    <!-- The fields 'usFirstCharIndex' and 'usLastCharIndex'
+         will be recalculated by the compiler -->
+    <version value="4"/>
+    <xAvgCharWidth value="577"/>
+    <usWeightClass value="400"/>
+    <usWidthClass value="5"/>
+    <fsType value="00000000 00000000"/>
+    <ySubscriptXSize value="650"/>
+    <ySubscriptYSize value="600"/>
+    <ySubscriptXOffset value="0"/>
+    <ySubscriptYOffset value="75"/>
+    <ySuperscriptXSize value="650"/>
+    <ySuperscriptYSize value="600"/>
+    <ySuperscriptXOffset value="0"/>
+    <ySuperscriptYOffset value="350"/>
+    <yStrikeoutSize value="50"/>
+    <yStrikeoutPosition value="322"/>
+    <sFamilyClass value="0"/>
+    <panose>
+      <bFamilyType value="2"/>
+      <bSerifStyle value="11"/>
+      <bWeight value="5"/>
+      <bProportion value="2"/>
+      <bContrast value="4"/>
+      <bStrokeVariation value="5"/>
+      <bArmStyle value="4"/>
+      <bLetterForm value="2"/>
+      <bMidline value="2"/>
+      <bXHeight value="4"/>
+    </panose>
+    <ulUnicodeRange1 value="11100000 00000000 00000010 11111111"/>
+    <ulUnicodeRange2 value="01000000 00000000 00100000 00011111"/>
+    <ulUnicodeRange3 value="00001000 00000000 00000000 00101001"/>
+    <ulUnicodeRange4 value="00000000 00010000 00000000 00000000"/>
+    <achVendID value="GOOG"/>
+    <fsSelection value="00000001 01000000"/>
+    <usFirstCharIndex value="65"/>
+    <usLastCharIndex value="192"/>
+    <sTypoAscender value="1069"/>
+    <sTypoDescender value="-293"/>
+    <sTypoLineGap value="0"/>
+    <usWinAscent value="1069"/>
+    <usWinDescent value="293"/>
+    <ulCodePageRange1 value="00000000 00000000 00000001 10011111"/>
+    <ulCodePageRange2 value="00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000"/>
+    <sxHeight value="536"/>
+    <sCapHeight value="714"/>
+    <usDefaultChar value="0"/>
+    <usBreakChar value="32"/>
+    <usMaxContext value="4"/>
+  </OS_2>
+
+  <hmtx>
+    <mtx name=".notdef" width="600" lsb="94"/>
+    <mtx name="A" width="639" lsb="0"/>
+    <mtx name="Agrave" width="639" lsb="0"/>
+    <mtx name="T" width="556" lsb="10"/>
+    <mtx name="grave" width="281" lsb="40"/>
+  </hmtx>
+
+  <cmap>
+    <tableVersion version="0"/>
+    <cmap_format_4 platformID="0" platEncID="3" language="0">
+      <map code="0x41" name="A"/><!-- LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A -->
+      <map code="0x54" name="T"/><!-- LATIN CAPITAL LETTER T -->
+      <map code="0xc0" name="Agrave"/><!-- LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A WITH GRAVE -->
+    </cmap_format_4>
+    <cmap_format_4 platformID="3" platEncID="1" language="0">
+      <map code="0x41" name="A"/><!-- LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A -->
+      <map code="0x54" name="T"/><!-- LATIN CAPITAL LETTER T -->
+      <map code="0xc0" name="Agrave"/><!-- LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A WITH GRAVE -->
+    </cmap_format_4>
+  </cmap>
+
+  <loca>
+    <!-- The 'loca' table will be calculated by the compiler -->
+  </loca>
+
+  <glyf>
+
+    <!-- The xMin, yMin, xMax and yMax values
+         will be recalculated by the compiler. -->
+
+    <TTGlyph name=".notdef" xMin="94" yMin="0" xMax="505" yMax="714">
+      <contour>
+        <pt x="94" y="0" on="1" overlap="1"/>
+        <pt x="94" y="714" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="505" y="714" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="505" y="0" on="1"/>
+      </contour>
+      <contour>
+        <pt x="145" y="51" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="454" y="51" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="454" y="663" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="145" y="663" on="1"/>
+      </contour>
+      <instructions/>
+    </TTGlyph>
+
+    <TTGlyph name="A" xMin="0" yMin="0" xMax="638" yMax="717">
+      <contour>
+        <pt x="545" y="0" on="1" overlap="1"/>
+        <pt x="459" y="221" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="176" y="221" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="91" y="0" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="0" y="0" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="279" y="717" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="360" y="717" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="638" y="0" on="1"/>
+      </contour>
+      <contour>
+        <pt x="432" y="301" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="352" y="517" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="349" y="525" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="335" y="567" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="322" y="612" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="318" y="624" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="313" y="604" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="302" y="563" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="291" y="529" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="287" y="517" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="206" y="301" on="1"/>
+      </contour>
+      <instructions/>
+    </TTGlyph>
+
+    <TTGlyph name="Agrave" xMin="0" yMin="0" xMax="638" yMax="944">
+      <component glyphName="A" x="0" y="0" flags="0x604"/>
+      <component glyphName="grave" x="147" y="178" flags="0x4"/>
+    </TTGlyph>
+
+    <TTGlyph name="T" xMin="10" yMin="0" xMax="545" yMax="714">
+      <contour>
+        <pt x="323" y="0" on="1" overlap="1"/>
+        <pt x="233" y="0" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="233" y="635" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="10" y="635" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="10" y="714" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="545" y="714" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="545" y="635" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="323" y="635" on="1"/>
+      </contour>
+      <instructions/>
+    </TTGlyph>
+
+    <TTGlyph name="grave" xMin="40" yMin="606" xMax="241" yMax="766">
+      <contour>
+        <pt x="145" y="766" on="1" overlap="1"/>
+        <pt x="156" y="744" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="189" y="689" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="226" y="637" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="241" y="618" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="241" y="606" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="182" y="606" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="165" y="620" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="123" y="659" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="82" y="702" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="49" y="742" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="40" y="756" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="40" y="766" on="1"/>
+      </contour>
+      <instructions/>
+    </TTGlyph>
+
+  </glyf>
+
+  <name>
+    <namerecord nameID="256" platformID="1" platEncID="0" langID="0x0" unicode="True">
+      Weight
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="257" platformID="1" platEncID="0" langID="0x0" unicode="True">
+      Width
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="261" platformID="1" platEncID="0" langID="0x0" unicode="True">
+      Regular
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="0" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Copyright 2015 Google Inc. All Rights Reserved.
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="1" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Noto Sans
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="2" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Regular
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="3" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      2.001;GOOG;NotoSans-Regular
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="4" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Noto Sans Regular
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="5" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Version 2.001
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="6" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      NotoSans-Regular
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="7" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Noto is a trademark of Google Inc.
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="8" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Monotype Imaging Inc.
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="9" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Monotype Design Team
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="10" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Designed by Monotype design team.
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="11" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      http://www.google.com/get/noto/
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="12" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      http://www.monotype.com/studio
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="13" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      This Font Software is licensed under the SIL Open Font License, Version 1.1. This Font Software is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. See the SIL Open Font License for the specific language, permissions and limitations governing your use of this Font Software.
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="14" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      http://scripts.sil.org/OFL
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="256" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Weight
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="257" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Width
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="261" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Regular
+    </namerecord>
+  </name>
+
+  <post>
+    <formatType value="2.0"/>
+    <italicAngle value="0.0"/>
+    <underlinePosition value="-100"/>
+    <underlineThickness value="50"/>
+    <isFixedPitch value="0"/>
+    <minMemType42 value="0"/>
+    <maxMemType42 value="0"/>
+    <minMemType1 value="0"/>
+    <maxMemType1 value="0"/>
+    <psNames>
+      <!-- This file uses unique glyph names based on the information
+           found in the 'post' table. Since these names might not be unique,
+           we have to invent artificial names in case of clashes. In order to
+           be able to retain the original information, we need a name to
+           ps name mapping for those cases where they differ. That's what
+           you see below.
+            -->
+    </psNames>
+    <extraNames>
+      <!-- following are the name that are not taken from the standard Mac glyph order -->
+    </extraNames>
+  </post>
+
+  <GDEF>
+    <Version value="0x00010002"/>
+    <GlyphClassDef>
+      <ClassDef glyph="A" class="1"/>
+      <ClassDef glyph="Agrave" class="1"/>
+      <ClassDef glyph="T" class="1"/>
+    </GlyphClassDef>
+    <MarkGlyphSetsDef>
+      <MarkSetTableFormat value="1"/>
+      <!-- MarkSetCount=4 -->
+      <Coverage index="0">
+      </Coverage>
+      <Coverage index="1">
+      </Coverage>
+      <Coverage index="2">
+      </Coverage>
+      <Coverage index="3">
+      </Coverage>
+    </MarkGlyphSetsDef>
+  </GDEF>
+
+  <GPOS>
+    <Version value="0x00010000"/>
+    <ScriptList>
+      <!-- ScriptCount=4 -->
+      <ScriptRecord index="0">
+        <ScriptTag value="DFLT"/>
+        <Script>
+          <DefaultLangSys>
+            <ReqFeatureIndex value="65535"/>
+            <!-- FeatureCount=1 -->
+            <FeatureIndex index="0" value="0"/>
+          </DefaultLangSys>
+          <!-- LangSysCount=0 -->
+        </Script>
+      </ScriptRecord>
+      <ScriptRecord index="1">
+        <ScriptTag value="cyrl"/>
+        <Script>
+          <DefaultLangSys>
+            <ReqFeatureIndex value="65535"/>
+            <!-- FeatureCount=1 -->
+            <FeatureIndex index="0" value="0"/>
+          </DefaultLangSys>
+          <!-- LangSysCount=0 -->
+        </Script>
+      </ScriptRecord>
+      <ScriptRecord index="2">
+        <ScriptTag value="grek"/>
+        <Script>
+          <DefaultLangSys>
+            <ReqFeatureIndex value="65535"/>
+            <!-- FeatureCount=1 -->
+            <FeatureIndex index="0" value="0"/>
+          </DefaultLangSys>
+          <!-- LangSysCount=0 -->
+        </Script>
+      </ScriptRecord>
+      <ScriptRecord index="3">
+        <ScriptTag value="latn"/>
+        <Script>
+          <DefaultLangSys>
+            <ReqFeatureIndex value="65535"/>
+            <!-- FeatureCount=1 -->
+            <FeatureIndex index="0" value="0"/>
+          </DefaultLangSys>
+          <!-- LangSysCount=0 -->
+        </Script>
+      </ScriptRecord>
+    </ScriptList>
+    <FeatureList>
+      <!-- FeatureCount=1 -->
+      <FeatureRecord index="0">
+        <FeatureTag value="kern"/>
+        <Feature>
+          <!-- LookupCount=1 -->
+          <LookupListIndex index="0" value="0"/>
+        </Feature>
+      </FeatureRecord>
+    </FeatureList>
+    <LookupList>
+      <!-- LookupCount=1 -->
+      <Lookup index="0">
+        <LookupType value="2"/>
+        <LookupFlag value="8"/><!-- ignoreMarks -->
+        <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
+        <PairPos index="0" Format="2">
+          <Coverage>
+            <Glyph value="A"/>
+            <Glyph value="T"/>
+            <Glyph value="Agrave"/>
+          </Coverage>
+          <ValueFormat1 value="4"/>
+          <ValueFormat2 value="0"/>
+          <ClassDef1>
+            <ClassDef glyph="T" class="1"/>
+          </ClassDef1>
+          <ClassDef2>
+            <ClassDef glyph="A" class="1"/>
+            <ClassDef glyph="Agrave" class="1"/>
+            <ClassDef glyph="T" class="2"/>
+          </ClassDef2>
+          <!-- Class1Count=2 -->
+          <!-- Class2Count=3 -->
+          <Class1Record index="0">
+            <Class2Record index="0">
+              <Value1 XAdvance="0"/>
+            </Class2Record>
+            <Class2Record index="1">
+              <Value1 XAdvance="0"/>
+            </Class2Record>
+            <Class2Record index="2">
+              <Value1 XAdvance="-70"/>
+            </Class2Record>
+          </Class1Record>
+          <Class1Record index="1">
+            <Class2Record index="0">
+              <Value1 XAdvance="0"/>
+            </Class2Record>
+            <Class2Record index="1">
+              <Value1 XAdvance="-70"/>
+            </Class2Record>
+            <Class2Record index="2">
+              <Value1 XAdvance="20"/>
+            </Class2Record>
+          </Class1Record>
+        </PairPos>
+      </Lookup>
+    </LookupList>
+  </GPOS>
+
+  <GSUB>
+    <Version value="0x00010000"/>
+    <ScriptList>
+      <!-- ScriptCount=4 -->
+      <ScriptRecord index="0">
+        <ScriptTag value="DFLT"/>
+        <Script>
+          <DefaultLangSys>
+            <ReqFeatureIndex value="65535"/>
+            <!-- FeatureCount=0 -->
+          </DefaultLangSys>
+          <!-- LangSysCount=0 -->
+        </Script>
+      </ScriptRecord>
+      <ScriptRecord index="1">
+        <ScriptTag value="cyrl"/>
+        <Script>
+          <!-- LangSysCount=0 -->
+        </Script>
+      </ScriptRecord>
+      <ScriptRecord index="2">
+        <ScriptTag value="grek"/>
+        <Script>
+          <!-- LangSysCount=0 -->
+        </Script>
+      </ScriptRecord>
+      <ScriptRecord index="3">
+        <ScriptTag value="latn"/>
+        <Script>
+          <!-- LangSysCount=0 -->
+        </Script>
+      </ScriptRecord>
+    </ScriptList>
+    <FeatureList>
+      <!-- FeatureCount=0 -->
+    </FeatureList>
+    <LookupList>
+      <!-- LookupCount=0 -->
+    </LookupList>
+  </GSUB>
+
+  <STAT>
+    <Version value="0x00010001"/>
+    <DesignAxisRecordSize value="8"/>
+    <!-- DesignAxisCount=2 -->
+    <DesignAxisRecord>
+      <Axis index="0">
+        <AxisTag value="wght"/>
+        <AxisNameID value="256"/>  <!-- Weight -->
+        <AxisOrdering value="1"/>
+      </Axis>
+      <Axis index="1">
+        <AxisTag value="wdth"/>
+        <AxisNameID value="257"/>  <!-- Width -->
+        <AxisOrdering value="0"/>
+      </Axis>
+    </DesignAxisRecord>
+    <!-- AxisValueCount=2 -->
+    <AxisValueArray>
+      <AxisValue index="0" Format="3">
+        <AxisIndex value="0"/>
+        <Flags value="2"/>  <!-- ElidableAxisValueName -->
+        <ValueNameID value="261"/>  <!-- Regular -->
+        <Value value="400.0"/>
+        <LinkedValue value="700.0"/>
+      </AxisValue>
+      <AxisValue index="1" Format="2">
+        <AxisIndex value="1"/>
+        <Flags value="2"/>  <!-- ElidableAxisValueName -->
+        <ValueNameID value="261"/>  <!-- Regular -->
+        <NominalValue value="100.0"/>
+        <RangeMinValue value="93.75"/>
+        <RangeMaxValue value="100.0"/>
+      </AxisValue>
+    </AxisValueArray>
+    <ElidedFallbackNameID value="2"/>  <!-- Regular -->
+  </STAT>
+
+</ttFont>
diff --git a/Tests/varLib/instancer/data/test_results/PartialInstancerTest2-VF-instance-400,62.5.ttx b/Tests/varLib/instancer/data/test_results/PartialInstancerTest2-VF-instance-400,62.5.ttx
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..63eeb0e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/varLib/instancer/data/test_results/PartialInstancerTest2-VF-instance-400,62.5.ttx
@@ -0,0 +1,545 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<ttFont sfntVersion="\x00\x01\x00\x00" ttLibVersion="3.41">
+
+  <GlyphOrder>
+    <!-- The 'id' attribute is only for humans; it is ignored when parsed. -->
+    <GlyphID id="0" name=".notdef"/>
+    <GlyphID id="1" name="A"/>
+    <GlyphID id="2" name="T"/>
+    <GlyphID id="3" name="grave"/>
+    <GlyphID id="4" name="Agrave"/>
+  </GlyphOrder>
+
+  <head>
+    <!-- Most of this table will be recalculated by the compiler -->
+    <tableVersion value="1.0"/>
+    <fontRevision value="2.001"/>
+    <checkSumAdjustment value="0x39ab2622"/>
+    <magicNumber value="0x5f0f3cf5"/>
+    <flags value="00000000 00000011"/>
+    <unitsPerEm value="1000"/>
+    <created value="Tue Mar 15 19:50:39 2016"/>
+    <modified value="Thu Oct 17 14:43:10 2019"/>
+    <xMin value="0"/>
+    <yMin value="0"/>
+    <xMax value="496"/>
+    <yMax value="930"/>
+    <macStyle value="00000000 00000000"/>
+    <lowestRecPPEM value="6"/>
+    <fontDirectionHint value="2"/>
+    <indexToLocFormat value="0"/>
+    <glyphDataFormat value="0"/>
+  </head>
+
+  <hhea>
+    <tableVersion value="0x00010000"/>
+    <ascent value="1069"/>
+    <descent value="-293"/>
+    <lineGap value="0"/>
+    <advanceWidthMax value="595"/>
+    <minLeftSideBearing value="0"/>
+    <minRightSideBearing value="0"/>
+    <xMaxExtent value="496"/>
+    <caretSlopeRise value="1"/>
+    <caretSlopeRun value="0"/>
+    <caretOffset value="0"/>
+    <reserved0 value="0"/>
+    <reserved1 value="0"/>
+    <reserved2 value="0"/>
+    <reserved3 value="0"/>
+    <metricDataFormat value="0"/>
+    <numberOfHMetrics value="5"/>
+  </hhea>
+
+  <maxp>
+    <!-- Most of this table will be recalculated by the compiler -->
+    <tableVersion value="0x10000"/>
+    <numGlyphs value="5"/>
+    <maxPoints value="19"/>
+    <maxContours value="2"/>
+    <maxCompositePoints value="32"/>
+    <maxCompositeContours value="3"/>
+    <maxZones value="1"/>
+    <maxTwilightPoints value="0"/>
+    <maxStorage value="0"/>
+    <maxFunctionDefs value="0"/>
+    <maxInstructionDefs value="0"/>
+    <maxStackElements value="0"/>
+    <maxSizeOfInstructions value="0"/>
+    <maxComponentElements value="2"/>
+    <maxComponentDepth value="1"/>
+  </maxp>
+
+  <OS_2>
+    <!-- The fields 'usFirstCharIndex' and 'usLastCharIndex'
+         will be recalculated by the compiler -->
+    <version value="4"/>
+    <xAvgCharWidth value="577"/>
+    <usWeightClass value="400"/>
+    <usWidthClass value="2"/>
+    <fsType value="00000000 00000000"/>
+    <ySubscriptXSize value="650"/>
+    <ySubscriptYSize value="600"/>
+    <ySubscriptXOffset value="0"/>
+    <ySubscriptYOffset value="75"/>
+    <ySuperscriptXSize value="650"/>
+    <ySuperscriptYSize value="600"/>
+    <ySuperscriptXOffset value="0"/>
+    <ySuperscriptYOffset value="350"/>
+    <yStrikeoutSize value="50"/>
+    <yStrikeoutPosition value="322"/>
+    <sFamilyClass value="0"/>
+    <panose>
+      <bFamilyType value="2"/>
+      <bSerifStyle value="11"/>
+      <bWeight value="5"/>
+      <bProportion value="2"/>
+      <bContrast value="4"/>
+      <bStrokeVariation value="5"/>
+      <bArmStyle value="4"/>
+      <bLetterForm value="2"/>
+      <bMidline value="2"/>
+      <bXHeight value="4"/>
+    </panose>
+    <ulUnicodeRange1 value="11100000 00000000 00000010 11111111"/>
+    <ulUnicodeRange2 value="01000000 00000000 00100000 00011111"/>
+    <ulUnicodeRange3 value="00001000 00000000 00000000 00101001"/>
+    <ulUnicodeRange4 value="00000000 00010000 00000000 00000000"/>
+    <achVendID value="GOOG"/>
+    <fsSelection value="00000001 01000000"/>
+    <usFirstCharIndex value="65"/>
+    <usLastCharIndex value="192"/>
+    <sTypoAscender value="1069"/>
+    <sTypoDescender value="-293"/>
+    <sTypoLineGap value="0"/>
+    <usWinAscent value="1069"/>
+    <usWinDescent value="293"/>
+    <ulCodePageRange1 value="00000000 00000000 00000001 10011111"/>
+    <ulCodePageRange2 value="00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000"/>
+    <sxHeight value="537"/>
+    <sCapHeight value="714"/>
+    <usDefaultChar value="0"/>
+    <usBreakChar value="32"/>
+    <usMaxContext value="4"/>
+  </OS_2>
+
+  <hmtx>
+    <mtx name=".notdef" width="595" lsb="85"/>
+    <mtx name="A" width="450" lsb="0"/>
+    <mtx name="Agrave" width="450" lsb="0"/>
+    <mtx name="T" width="381" lsb="10"/>
+    <mtx name="grave" width="266" lsb="40"/>
+  </hmtx>
+
+  <cmap>
+    <tableVersion version="0"/>
+    <cmap_format_4 platformID="0" platEncID="3" language="0">
+      <map code="0x41" name="A"/><!-- LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A -->
+      <map code="0x54" name="T"/><!-- LATIN CAPITAL LETTER T -->
+      <map code="0xc0" name="Agrave"/><!-- LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A WITH GRAVE -->
+    </cmap_format_4>
+    <cmap_format_4 platformID="3" platEncID="1" language="0">
+      <map code="0x41" name="A"/><!-- LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A -->
+      <map code="0x54" name="T"/><!-- LATIN CAPITAL LETTER T -->
+      <map code="0xc0" name="Agrave"/><!-- LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A WITH GRAVE -->
+    </cmap_format_4>
+  </cmap>
+
+  <loca>
+    <!-- The 'loca' table will be calculated by the compiler -->
+  </loca>
+
+  <glyf>
+
+    <!-- The xMin, yMin, xMax and yMax values
+         will be recalculated by the compiler. -->
+
+    <TTGlyph name=".notdef" xMin="85" yMin="0" xMax="496" yMax="714">
+      <contour>
+        <pt x="85" y="0" on="1" overlap="1"/>
+        <pt x="85" y="714" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="496" y="714" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="496" y="0" on="1"/>
+      </contour>
+      <contour>
+        <pt x="136" y="51" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="445" y="51" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="445" y="663" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="136" y="663" on="1"/>
+      </contour>
+      <instructions/>
+    </TTGlyph>
+
+    <TTGlyph name="A" xMin="0" yMin="0" xMax="450" yMax="714">
+      <contour>
+        <pt x="361" y="0" on="1" overlap="1"/>
+        <pt x="309" y="223" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="142" y="223" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="90" y="0" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="0" y="0" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="173" y="714" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="274" y="714" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="450" y="0" on="1"/>
+      </contour>
+      <contour>
+        <pt x="293" y="301" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="240" y="535" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="237" y="554" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="230" y="589" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="225" y="623" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="223" y="638" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="222" y="623" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="217" y="589" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="210" y="554" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="206" y="536" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="155" y="301" on="1"/>
+      </contour>
+      <instructions/>
+    </TTGlyph>
+
+    <TTGlyph name="Agrave" xMin="0" yMin="0" xMax="450" yMax="930">
+      <component glyphName="A" x="0" y="0" flags="0x604"/>
+      <component glyphName="grave" x="32" y="164" flags="0x4"/>
+    </TTGlyph>
+
+    <TTGlyph name="T" xMin="10" yMin="0" xMax="370" yMax="714">
+      <contour>
+        <pt x="232" y="0" on="1" overlap="1"/>
+        <pt x="148" y="0" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="148" y="638" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="10" y="638" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="10" y="714" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="370" y="714" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="370" y="638" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="232" y="638" on="1"/>
+      </contour>
+      <instructions/>
+    </TTGlyph>
+
+    <TTGlyph name="grave" xMin="40" yMin="606" xMax="226" yMax="766">
+      <contour>
+        <pt x="137" y="766" on="1" overlap="1"/>
+        <pt x="148" y="743" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="179" y="688" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="212" y="636" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="226" y="617" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="226" y="606" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="174" y="606" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="159" y="619" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="121" y="657" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="82" y="700" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="50" y="741" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="40" y="757" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="40" y="766" on="1"/>
+      </contour>
+      <instructions/>
+    </TTGlyph>
+
+  </glyf>
+
+  <name>
+    <namerecord nameID="256" platformID="1" platEncID="0" langID="0x0" unicode="True">
+      Weight
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="257" platformID="1" platEncID="0" langID="0x0" unicode="True">
+      Width
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="261" platformID="1" platEncID="0" langID="0x0" unicode="True">
+      Regular
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="288" platformID="1" platEncID="0" langID="0x0" unicode="True">
+      ExtraCondensed
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="0" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Copyright 2015 Google Inc. All Rights Reserved.
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="1" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Noto Sans
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="2" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Regular
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="3" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      2.001;GOOG;NotoSans-Regular
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="4" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Noto Sans Regular
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="5" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Version 2.001
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="6" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      NotoSans-Regular
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="7" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Noto is a trademark of Google Inc.
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="8" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Monotype Imaging Inc.
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="9" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Monotype Design Team
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="10" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Designed by Monotype design team.
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="11" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      http://www.google.com/get/noto/
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="12" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      http://www.monotype.com/studio
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="13" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      This Font Software is licensed under the SIL Open Font License, Version 1.1. This Font Software is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. See the SIL Open Font License for the specific language, permissions and limitations governing your use of this Font Software.
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="14" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      http://scripts.sil.org/OFL
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="256" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Weight
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="257" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Width
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="261" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Regular
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="288" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      ExtraCondensed
+    </namerecord>
+  </name>
+
+  <post>
+    <formatType value="2.0"/>
+    <italicAngle value="0.0"/>
+    <underlinePosition value="-100"/>
+    <underlineThickness value="50"/>
+    <isFixedPitch value="0"/>
+    <minMemType42 value="0"/>
+    <maxMemType42 value="0"/>
+    <minMemType1 value="0"/>
+    <maxMemType1 value="0"/>
+    <psNames>
+      <!-- This file uses unique glyph names based on the information
+           found in the 'post' table. Since these names might not be unique,
+           we have to invent artificial names in case of clashes. In order to
+           be able to retain the original information, we need a name to
+           ps name mapping for those cases where they differ. That's what
+           you see below.
+            -->
+    </psNames>
+    <extraNames>
+      <!-- following are the name that are not taken from the standard Mac glyph order -->
+    </extraNames>
+  </post>
+
+  <GDEF>
+    <Version value="0x00010002"/>
+    <GlyphClassDef>
+      <ClassDef glyph="A" class="1"/>
+      <ClassDef glyph="Agrave" class="1"/>
+      <ClassDef glyph="T" class="1"/>
+    </GlyphClassDef>
+    <MarkGlyphSetsDef>
+      <MarkSetTableFormat value="1"/>
+      <!-- MarkSetCount=4 -->
+      <Coverage index="0">
+      </Coverage>
+      <Coverage index="1">
+      </Coverage>
+      <Coverage index="2">
+      </Coverage>
+      <Coverage index="3">
+      </Coverage>
+    </MarkGlyphSetsDef>
+  </GDEF>
+
+  <GPOS>
+    <Version value="0x00010000"/>
+    <ScriptList>
+      <!-- ScriptCount=4 -->
+      <ScriptRecord index="0">
+        <ScriptTag value="DFLT"/>
+        <Script>
+          <DefaultLangSys>
+            <ReqFeatureIndex value="65535"/>
+            <!-- FeatureCount=1 -->
+            <FeatureIndex index="0" value="0"/>
+          </DefaultLangSys>
+          <!-- LangSysCount=0 -->
+        </Script>
+      </ScriptRecord>
+      <ScriptRecord index="1">
+        <ScriptTag value="cyrl"/>
+        <Script>
+          <DefaultLangSys>
+            <ReqFeatureIndex value="65535"/>
+            <!-- FeatureCount=1 -->
+            <FeatureIndex index="0" value="0"/>
+          </DefaultLangSys>
+          <!-- LangSysCount=0 -->
+        </Script>
+      </ScriptRecord>
+      <ScriptRecord index="2">
+        <ScriptTag value="grek"/>
+        <Script>
+          <DefaultLangSys>
+            <ReqFeatureIndex value="65535"/>
+            <!-- FeatureCount=1 -->
+            <FeatureIndex index="0" value="0"/>
+          </DefaultLangSys>
+          <!-- LangSysCount=0 -->
+        </Script>
+      </ScriptRecord>
+      <ScriptRecord index="3">
+        <ScriptTag value="latn"/>
+        <Script>
+          <DefaultLangSys>
+            <ReqFeatureIndex value="65535"/>
+            <!-- FeatureCount=1 -->
+            <FeatureIndex index="0" value="0"/>
+          </DefaultLangSys>
+          <!-- LangSysCount=0 -->
+        </Script>
+      </ScriptRecord>
+    </ScriptList>
+    <FeatureList>
+      <!-- FeatureCount=1 -->
+      <FeatureRecord index="0">
+        <FeatureTag value="kern"/>
+        <Feature>
+          <!-- LookupCount=1 -->
+          <LookupListIndex index="0" value="0"/>
+        </Feature>
+      </FeatureRecord>
+    </FeatureList>
+    <LookupList>
+      <!-- LookupCount=1 -->
+      <Lookup index="0">
+        <LookupType value="2"/>
+        <LookupFlag value="8"/><!-- ignoreMarks -->
+        <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
+        <PairPos index="0" Format="2">
+          <Coverage>
+            <Glyph value="A"/>
+            <Glyph value="T"/>
+            <Glyph value="Agrave"/>
+          </Coverage>
+          <ValueFormat1 value="4"/>
+          <ValueFormat2 value="0"/>
+          <ClassDef1>
+            <ClassDef glyph="T" class="1"/>
+          </ClassDef1>
+          <ClassDef2>
+            <ClassDef glyph="A" class="1"/>
+            <ClassDef glyph="Agrave" class="1"/>
+            <ClassDef glyph="T" class="2"/>
+          </ClassDef2>
+          <!-- Class1Count=2 -->
+          <!-- Class2Count=3 -->
+          <Class1Record index="0">
+            <Class2Record index="0">
+              <Value1 XAdvance="0"/>
+            </Class2Record>
+            <Class2Record index="1">
+              <Value1 XAdvance="0"/>
+            </Class2Record>
+            <Class2Record index="2">
+              <Value1 XAdvance="-17"/>
+            </Class2Record>
+          </Class1Record>
+          <Class1Record index="1">
+            <Class2Record index="0">
+              <Value1 XAdvance="0"/>
+            </Class2Record>
+            <Class2Record index="1">
+              <Value1 XAdvance="-17"/>
+            </Class2Record>
+            <Class2Record index="2">
+              <Value1 XAdvance="12"/>
+            </Class2Record>
+          </Class1Record>
+        </PairPos>
+      </Lookup>
+    </LookupList>
+  </GPOS>
+
+  <GSUB>
+    <Version value="0x00010000"/>
+    <ScriptList>
+      <!-- ScriptCount=4 -->
+      <ScriptRecord index="0">
+        <ScriptTag value="DFLT"/>
+        <Script>
+          <DefaultLangSys>
+            <ReqFeatureIndex value="65535"/>
+            <!-- FeatureCount=0 -->
+          </DefaultLangSys>
+          <!-- LangSysCount=0 -->
+        </Script>
+      </ScriptRecord>
+      <ScriptRecord index="1">
+        <ScriptTag value="cyrl"/>
+        <Script>
+          <!-- LangSysCount=0 -->
+        </Script>
+      </ScriptRecord>
+      <ScriptRecord index="2">
+        <ScriptTag value="grek"/>
+        <Script>
+          <!-- LangSysCount=0 -->
+        </Script>
+      </ScriptRecord>
+      <ScriptRecord index="3">
+        <ScriptTag value="latn"/>
+        <Script>
+          <!-- LangSysCount=0 -->
+        </Script>
+      </ScriptRecord>
+    </ScriptList>
+    <FeatureList>
+      <!-- FeatureCount=0 -->
+    </FeatureList>
+    <LookupList>
+      <!-- LookupCount=0 -->
+    </LookupList>
+  </GSUB>
+
+  <STAT>
+    <Version value="0x00010001"/>
+    <DesignAxisRecordSize value="8"/>
+    <!-- DesignAxisCount=2 -->
+    <DesignAxisRecord>
+      <Axis index="0">
+        <AxisTag value="wght"/>
+        <AxisNameID value="256"/>  <!-- Weight -->
+        <AxisOrdering value="1"/>
+      </Axis>
+      <Axis index="1">
+        <AxisTag value="wdth"/>
+        <AxisNameID value="257"/>  <!-- Width -->
+        <AxisOrdering value="0"/>
+      </Axis>
+    </DesignAxisRecord>
+    <!-- AxisValueCount=2 -->
+    <AxisValueArray>
+      <AxisValue index="0" Format="3">
+        <AxisIndex value="0"/>
+        <Flags value="2"/>  <!-- ElidableAxisValueName -->
+        <ValueNameID value="261"/>  <!-- Regular -->
+        <Value value="400.0"/>
+        <LinkedValue value="700.0"/>
+      </AxisValue>
+      <AxisValue index="1" Format="2">
+        <AxisIndex value="1"/>
+        <Flags value="0"/>
+        <ValueNameID value="288"/>  <!-- ExtraCondensed -->
+        <NominalValue value="62.5"/>
+        <RangeMinValue value="62.5"/>
+        <RangeMaxValue value="68.75"/>
+      </AxisValue>
+    </AxisValueArray>
+    <ElidedFallbackNameID value="2"/>  <!-- Regular -->
+  </STAT>
+
+</ttFont>
diff --git a/Tests/varLib/instancer/data/test_results/PartialInstancerTest2-VF-instance-900,100.ttx b/Tests/varLib/instancer/data/test_results/PartialInstancerTest2-VF-instance-900,100.ttx
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..013ba1e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/varLib/instancer/data/test_results/PartialInstancerTest2-VF-instance-900,100.ttx
@@ -0,0 +1,544 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<ttFont sfntVersion="\x00\x01\x00\x00" ttLibVersion="3.41">
+
+  <GlyphOrder>
+    <!-- The 'id' attribute is only for humans; it is ignored when parsed. -->
+    <GlyphID id="0" name=".notdef"/>
+    <GlyphID id="1" name="A"/>
+    <GlyphID id="2" name="T"/>
+    <GlyphID id="3" name="grave"/>
+    <GlyphID id="4" name="Agrave"/>
+  </GlyphOrder>
+
+  <head>
+    <!-- Most of this table will be recalculated by the compiler -->
+    <tableVersion value="1.0"/>
+    <fontRevision value="2.001"/>
+    <checkSumAdjustment value="0x7b5e7903"/>
+    <magicNumber value="0x5f0f3cf5"/>
+    <flags value="00000000 00000011"/>
+    <unitsPerEm value="1000"/>
+    <created value="Tue Mar 15 19:50:39 2016"/>
+    <modified value="Thu Oct 17 14:43:10 2019"/>
+    <xMin value="0"/>
+    <yMin value="0"/>
+    <xMax value="726"/>
+    <yMax value="927"/>
+    <macStyle value="00000000 00000000"/>
+    <lowestRecPPEM value="6"/>
+    <fontDirectionHint value="2"/>
+    <indexToLocFormat value="0"/>
+    <glyphDataFormat value="0"/>
+  </head>
+
+  <hhea>
+    <tableVersion value="0x00010000"/>
+    <ascent value="1069"/>
+    <descent value="-293"/>
+    <lineGap value="0"/>
+    <advanceWidthMax value="726"/>
+    <minLeftSideBearing value="0"/>
+    <minRightSideBearing value="0"/>
+    <xMaxExtent value="726"/>
+    <caretSlopeRise value="1"/>
+    <caretSlopeRun value="0"/>
+    <caretOffset value="0"/>
+    <reserved0 value="0"/>
+    <reserved1 value="0"/>
+    <reserved2 value="0"/>
+    <reserved3 value="0"/>
+    <metricDataFormat value="0"/>
+    <numberOfHMetrics value="5"/>
+  </hhea>
+
+  <maxp>
+    <!-- Most of this table will be recalculated by the compiler -->
+    <tableVersion value="0x10000"/>
+    <numGlyphs value="5"/>
+    <maxPoints value="19"/>
+    <maxContours value="2"/>
+    <maxCompositePoints value="32"/>
+    <maxCompositeContours value="3"/>
+    <maxZones value="1"/>
+    <maxTwilightPoints value="0"/>
+    <maxStorage value="0"/>
+    <maxFunctionDefs value="0"/>
+    <maxInstructionDefs value="0"/>
+    <maxStackElements value="0"/>
+    <maxSizeOfInstructions value="0"/>
+    <maxComponentElements value="2"/>
+    <maxComponentDepth value="1"/>
+  </maxp>
+
+  <OS_2>
+    <!-- The fields 'usFirstCharIndex' and 'usLastCharIndex'
+         will be recalculated by the compiler -->
+    <version value="4"/>
+    <xAvgCharWidth value="577"/>
+    <usWeightClass value="900"/>
+    <usWidthClass value="5"/>
+    <fsType value="00000000 00000000"/>
+    <ySubscriptXSize value="650"/>
+    <ySubscriptYSize value="600"/>
+    <ySubscriptXOffset value="0"/>
+    <ySubscriptYOffset value="75"/>
+    <ySuperscriptXSize value="650"/>
+    <ySuperscriptYSize value="600"/>
+    <ySuperscriptXOffset value="0"/>
+    <ySuperscriptYOffset value="350"/>
+    <yStrikeoutSize value="50"/>
+    <yStrikeoutPosition value="332"/>
+    <sFamilyClass value="0"/>
+    <panose>
+      <bFamilyType value="2"/>
+      <bSerifStyle value="11"/>
+      <bWeight value="5"/>
+      <bProportion value="2"/>
+      <bContrast value="4"/>
+      <bStrokeVariation value="5"/>
+      <bArmStyle value="4"/>
+      <bLetterForm value="2"/>
+      <bMidline value="2"/>
+      <bXHeight value="4"/>
+    </panose>
+    <ulUnicodeRange1 value="11100000 00000000 00000010 11111111"/>
+    <ulUnicodeRange2 value="01000000 00000000 00100000 00011111"/>
+    <ulUnicodeRange3 value="00001000 00000000 00000000 00101001"/>
+    <ulUnicodeRange4 value="00000000 00010000 00000000 00000000"/>
+    <achVendID value="GOOG"/>
+    <fsSelection value="00000001 01000000"/>
+    <usFirstCharIndex value="65"/>
+    <usLastCharIndex value="192"/>
+    <sTypoAscender value="1069"/>
+    <sTypoDescender value="-293"/>
+    <sTypoLineGap value="0"/>
+    <usWinAscent value="1069"/>
+    <usWinDescent value="293"/>
+    <ulCodePageRange1 value="00000000 00000000 00000001 10011111"/>
+    <ulCodePageRange2 value="00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000"/>
+    <sxHeight value="553"/>
+    <sCapHeight value="714"/>
+    <usDefaultChar value="0"/>
+    <usBreakChar value="32"/>
+    <usMaxContext value="4"/>
+  </OS_2>
+
+  <hmtx>
+    <mtx name=".notdef" width="582" lsb="85"/>
+    <mtx name="A" width="726" lsb="0"/>
+    <mtx name="Agrave" width="726" lsb="0"/>
+    <mtx name="T" width="591" lsb="25"/>
+    <mtx name="grave" width="418" lsb="40"/>
+  </hmtx>
+
+  <cmap>
+    <tableVersion version="0"/>
+    <cmap_format_4 platformID="0" platEncID="3" language="0">
+      <map code="0x41" name="A"/><!-- LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A -->
+      <map code="0x54" name="T"/><!-- LATIN CAPITAL LETTER T -->
+      <map code="0xc0" name="Agrave"/><!-- LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A WITH GRAVE -->
+    </cmap_format_4>
+    <cmap_format_4 platformID="3" platEncID="1" language="0">
+      <map code="0x41" name="A"/><!-- LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A -->
+      <map code="0x54" name="T"/><!-- LATIN CAPITAL LETTER T -->
+      <map code="0xc0" name="Agrave"/><!-- LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A WITH GRAVE -->
+    </cmap_format_4>
+  </cmap>
+
+  <loca>
+    <!-- The 'loca' table will be calculated by the compiler -->
+  </loca>
+
+  <glyf>
+
+    <!-- The xMin, yMin, xMax and yMax values
+         will be recalculated by the compiler. -->
+
+    <TTGlyph name=".notdef" xMin="85" yMin="0" xMax="496" yMax="714">
+      <contour>
+        <pt x="85" y="0" on="1" overlap="1"/>
+        <pt x="85" y="714" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="496" y="714" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="496" y="0" on="1"/>
+      </contour>
+      <contour>
+        <pt x="136" y="51" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="445" y="51" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="445" y="663" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="136" y="663" on="1"/>
+      </contour>
+      <instructions/>
+    </TTGlyph>
+
+    <TTGlyph name="A" xMin="0" yMin="0" xMax="726" yMax="717">
+      <contour>
+        <pt x="515" y="0" on="1" overlap="1"/>
+        <pt x="480" y="134" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="248" y="134" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="212" y="0" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="0" y="0" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="233" y="717" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="490" y="717" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="726" y="0" on="1"/>
+      </contour>
+      <contour>
+        <pt x="440" y="292" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="409" y="409" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="404" y="428" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="386" y="499" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="368" y="575" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="363" y="599" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="359" y="575" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="342" y="503" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="325" y="433" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="319" y="409" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="288" y="292" on="1"/>
+      </contour>
+      <instructions/>
+    </TTGlyph>
+
+    <TTGlyph name="Agrave" xMin="0" yMin="0" xMax="726" yMax="927">
+      <component glyphName="A" x="0" y="0" flags="0x604"/>
+      <component glyphName="grave" x="112" y="161" flags="0x4"/>
+    </TTGlyph>
+
+    <TTGlyph name="T" xMin="25" yMin="0" xMax="566" yMax="714">
+      <contour>
+        <pt x="392" y="0" on="1" overlap="1"/>
+        <pt x="199" y="0" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="199" y="556" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="25" y="556" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="25" y="714" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="566" y="714" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="566" y="556" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="392" y="556" on="1"/>
+      </contour>
+      <instructions/>
+    </TTGlyph>
+
+    <TTGlyph name="grave" xMin="40" yMin="606" xMax="378" yMax="766">
+      <contour>
+        <pt x="250" y="766" on="1" overlap="1"/>
+        <pt x="267" y="744" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="314" y="690" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="362" y="639" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="378" y="620" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="378" y="606" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="251" y="606" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="231" y="619" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="174" y="658" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="113" y="701" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="58" y="742" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="40" y="756" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="40" y="766" on="1"/>
+      </contour>
+      <instructions/>
+    </TTGlyph>
+
+  </glyf>
+
+  <name>
+    <namerecord nameID="256" platformID="1" platEncID="0" langID="0x0" unicode="True">
+      Weight
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="257" platformID="1" platEncID="0" langID="0x0" unicode="True">
+      Width
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="261" platformID="1" platEncID="0" langID="0x0" unicode="True">
+      Regular
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="266" platformID="1" platEncID="0" langID="0x0" unicode="True">
+      Black
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="0" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Copyright 2015 Google Inc. All Rights Reserved.
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="1" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Noto Sans
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="2" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Regular
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="3" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      2.001;GOOG;NotoSans-Regular
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="4" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Noto Sans Regular
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="5" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Version 2.001
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="6" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      NotoSans-Regular
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="7" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Noto is a trademark of Google Inc.
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="8" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Monotype Imaging Inc.
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="9" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Monotype Design Team
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="10" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Designed by Monotype design team.
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="11" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      http://www.google.com/get/noto/
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="12" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      http://www.monotype.com/studio
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="13" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      This Font Software is licensed under the SIL Open Font License, Version 1.1. This Font Software is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. See the SIL Open Font License for the specific language, permissions and limitations governing your use of this Font Software.
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="14" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      http://scripts.sil.org/OFL
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="256" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Weight
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="257" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Width
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="261" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Regular
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="266" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Black
+    </namerecord>
+  </name>
+
+  <post>
+    <formatType value="2.0"/>
+    <italicAngle value="0.0"/>
+    <underlinePosition value="-100"/>
+    <underlineThickness value="50"/>
+    <isFixedPitch value="0"/>
+    <minMemType42 value="0"/>
+    <maxMemType42 value="0"/>
+    <minMemType1 value="0"/>
+    <maxMemType1 value="0"/>
+    <psNames>
+      <!-- This file uses unique glyph names based on the information
+           found in the 'post' table. Since these names might not be unique,
+           we have to invent artificial names in case of clashes. In order to
+           be able to retain the original information, we need a name to
+           ps name mapping for those cases where they differ. That's what
+           you see below.
+            -->
+    </psNames>
+    <extraNames>
+      <!-- following are the name that are not taken from the standard Mac glyph order -->
+    </extraNames>
+  </post>
+
+  <GDEF>
+    <Version value="0x00010002"/>
+    <GlyphClassDef>
+      <ClassDef glyph="A" class="1"/>
+      <ClassDef glyph="Agrave" class="1"/>
+      <ClassDef glyph="T" class="1"/>
+    </GlyphClassDef>
+    <MarkGlyphSetsDef>
+      <MarkSetTableFormat value="1"/>
+      <!-- MarkSetCount=4 -->
+      <Coverage index="0">
+      </Coverage>
+      <Coverage index="1">
+      </Coverage>
+      <Coverage index="2">
+      </Coverage>
+      <Coverage index="3">
+      </Coverage>
+    </MarkGlyphSetsDef>
+  </GDEF>
+
+  <GPOS>
+    <Version value="0x00010000"/>
+    <ScriptList>
+      <!-- ScriptCount=4 -->
+      <ScriptRecord index="0">
+        <ScriptTag value="DFLT"/>
+        <Script>
+          <DefaultLangSys>
+            <ReqFeatureIndex value="65535"/>
+            <!-- FeatureCount=1 -->
+            <FeatureIndex index="0" value="0"/>
+          </DefaultLangSys>
+          <!-- LangSysCount=0 -->
+        </Script>
+      </ScriptRecord>
+      <ScriptRecord index="1">
+        <ScriptTag value="cyrl"/>
+        <Script>
+          <DefaultLangSys>
+            <ReqFeatureIndex value="65535"/>
+            <!-- FeatureCount=1 -->
+            <FeatureIndex index="0" value="0"/>
+          </DefaultLangSys>
+          <!-- LangSysCount=0 -->
+        </Script>
+      </ScriptRecord>
+      <ScriptRecord index="2">
+        <ScriptTag value="grek"/>
+        <Script>
+          <DefaultLangSys>
+            <ReqFeatureIndex value="65535"/>
+            <!-- FeatureCount=1 -->
+            <FeatureIndex index="0" value="0"/>
+          </DefaultLangSys>
+          <!-- LangSysCount=0 -->
+        </Script>
+      </ScriptRecord>
+      <ScriptRecord index="3">
+        <ScriptTag value="latn"/>
+        <Script>
+          <DefaultLangSys>
+            <ReqFeatureIndex value="65535"/>
+            <!-- FeatureCount=1 -->
+            <FeatureIndex index="0" value="0"/>
+          </DefaultLangSys>
+          <!-- LangSysCount=0 -->
+        </Script>
+      </ScriptRecord>
+    </ScriptList>
+    <FeatureList>
+      <!-- FeatureCount=1 -->
+      <FeatureRecord index="0">
+        <FeatureTag value="kern"/>
+        <Feature>
+          <!-- LookupCount=1 -->
+          <LookupListIndex index="0" value="0"/>
+        </Feature>
+      </FeatureRecord>
+    </FeatureList>
+    <LookupList>
+      <!-- LookupCount=1 -->
+      <Lookup index="0">
+        <LookupType value="2"/>
+        <LookupFlag value="8"/><!-- ignoreMarks -->
+        <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
+        <PairPos index="0" Format="2">
+          <Coverage>
+            <Glyph value="A"/>
+            <Glyph value="T"/>
+            <Glyph value="Agrave"/>
+          </Coverage>
+          <ValueFormat1 value="4"/>
+          <ValueFormat2 value="0"/>
+          <ClassDef1>
+            <ClassDef glyph="T" class="1"/>
+          </ClassDef1>
+          <ClassDef2>
+            <ClassDef glyph="A" class="1"/>
+            <ClassDef glyph="Agrave" class="1"/>
+            <ClassDef glyph="T" class="2"/>
+          </ClassDef2>
+          <!-- Class1Count=2 -->
+          <!-- Class2Count=3 -->
+          <Class1Record index="0">
+            <Class2Record index="0">
+              <Value1 XAdvance="0"/>
+            </Class2Record>
+            <Class2Record index="1">
+              <Value1 XAdvance="0"/>
+            </Class2Record>
+            <Class2Record index="2">
+              <Value1 XAdvance="-70"/>
+            </Class2Record>
+          </Class1Record>
+          <Class1Record index="1">
+            <Class2Record index="0">
+              <Value1 XAdvance="0"/>
+            </Class2Record>
+            <Class2Record index="1">
+              <Value1 XAdvance="-70"/>
+            </Class2Record>
+            <Class2Record index="2">
+              <Value1 XAdvance="20"/>
+            </Class2Record>
+          </Class1Record>
+        </PairPos>
+      </Lookup>
+    </LookupList>
+  </GPOS>
+
+  <GSUB>
+    <Version value="0x00010000"/>
+    <ScriptList>
+      <!-- ScriptCount=4 -->
+      <ScriptRecord index="0">
+        <ScriptTag value="DFLT"/>
+        <Script>
+          <DefaultLangSys>
+            <ReqFeatureIndex value="65535"/>
+            <!-- FeatureCount=0 -->
+          </DefaultLangSys>
+          <!-- LangSysCount=0 -->
+        </Script>
+      </ScriptRecord>
+      <ScriptRecord index="1">
+        <ScriptTag value="cyrl"/>
+        <Script>
+          <!-- LangSysCount=0 -->
+        </Script>
+      </ScriptRecord>
+      <ScriptRecord index="2">
+        <ScriptTag value="grek"/>
+        <Script>
+          <!-- LangSysCount=0 -->
+        </Script>
+      </ScriptRecord>
+      <ScriptRecord index="3">
+        <ScriptTag value="latn"/>
+        <Script>
+          <!-- LangSysCount=0 -->
+        </Script>
+      </ScriptRecord>
+    </ScriptList>
+    <FeatureList>
+      <!-- FeatureCount=0 -->
+    </FeatureList>
+    <LookupList>
+      <!-- LookupCount=0 -->
+    </LookupList>
+  </GSUB>
+
+  <STAT>
+    <Version value="0x00010001"/>
+    <DesignAxisRecordSize value="8"/>
+    <!-- DesignAxisCount=2 -->
+    <DesignAxisRecord>
+      <Axis index="0">
+        <AxisTag value="wght"/>
+        <AxisNameID value="256"/>  <!-- Weight -->
+        <AxisOrdering value="1"/>
+      </Axis>
+      <Axis index="1">
+        <AxisTag value="wdth"/>
+        <AxisNameID value="257"/>  <!-- Width -->
+        <AxisOrdering value="0"/>
+      </Axis>
+    </DesignAxisRecord>
+    <!-- AxisValueCount=2 -->
+    <AxisValueArray>
+      <AxisValue index="0" Format="1">
+        <AxisIndex value="0"/>
+        <Flags value="0"/>
+        <ValueNameID value="266"/>  <!-- Black -->
+        <Value value="900.0"/>
+      </AxisValue>
+      <AxisValue index="1" Format="2">
+        <AxisIndex value="1"/>
+        <Flags value="2"/>  <!-- ElidableAxisValueName -->
+        <ValueNameID value="261"/>  <!-- Regular -->
+        <NominalValue value="100.0"/>
+        <RangeMinValue value="93.75"/>
+        <RangeMaxValue value="100.0"/>
+      </AxisValue>
+    </AxisValueArray>
+    <ElidedFallbackNameID value="2"/>  <!-- Regular -->
+  </STAT>
+
+</ttFont>
diff --git a/Tests/varLib/instancer/data/test_results/PartialInstancerTest2-VF-instance-900,62.5.ttx b/Tests/varLib/instancer/data/test_results/PartialInstancerTest2-VF-instance-900,62.5.ttx
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..45e34cb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/varLib/instancer/data/test_results/PartialInstancerTest2-VF-instance-900,62.5.ttx
@@ -0,0 +1,544 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<ttFont sfntVersion="\x00\x01\x00\x00" ttLibVersion="3.41">
+
+  <GlyphOrder>
+    <!-- The 'id' attribute is only for humans; it is ignored when parsed. -->
+    <GlyphID id="0" name=".notdef"/>
+    <GlyphID id="1" name="A"/>
+    <GlyphID id="2" name="T"/>
+    <GlyphID id="3" name="grave"/>
+    <GlyphID id="4" name="Agrave"/>
+  </GlyphOrder>
+
+  <head>
+    <!-- Most of this table will be recalculated by the compiler -->
+    <tableVersion value="1.0"/>
+    <fontRevision value="2.001"/>
+    <checkSumAdjustment value="0x7f9149e4"/>
+    <magicNumber value="0x5f0f3cf5"/>
+    <flags value="00000000 00000011"/>
+    <unitsPerEm value="1000"/>
+    <created value="Tue Mar 15 19:50:39 2016"/>
+    <modified value="Thu Oct 17 14:43:10 2019"/>
+    <xMin value="0"/>
+    <yMin value="0"/>
+    <xMax value="574"/>
+    <yMax value="927"/>
+    <macStyle value="00000000 00000000"/>
+    <lowestRecPPEM value="6"/>
+    <fontDirectionHint value="2"/>
+    <indexToLocFormat value="0"/>
+    <glyphDataFormat value="0"/>
+  </head>
+
+  <hhea>
+    <tableVersion value="0x00010000"/>
+    <ascent value="1069"/>
+    <descent value="-293"/>
+    <lineGap value="0"/>
+    <advanceWidthMax value="582"/>
+    <minLeftSideBearing value="0"/>
+    <minRightSideBearing value="0"/>
+    <xMaxExtent value="574"/>
+    <caretSlopeRise value="1"/>
+    <caretSlopeRun value="0"/>
+    <caretOffset value="0"/>
+    <reserved0 value="0"/>
+    <reserved1 value="0"/>
+    <reserved2 value="0"/>
+    <reserved3 value="0"/>
+    <metricDataFormat value="0"/>
+    <numberOfHMetrics value="5"/>
+  </hhea>
+
+  <maxp>
+    <!-- Most of this table will be recalculated by the compiler -->
+    <tableVersion value="0x10000"/>
+    <numGlyphs value="5"/>
+    <maxPoints value="19"/>
+    <maxContours value="2"/>
+    <maxCompositePoints value="32"/>
+    <maxCompositeContours value="3"/>
+    <maxZones value="1"/>
+    <maxTwilightPoints value="0"/>
+    <maxStorage value="0"/>
+    <maxFunctionDefs value="0"/>
+    <maxInstructionDefs value="0"/>
+    <maxStackElements value="0"/>
+    <maxSizeOfInstructions value="0"/>
+    <maxComponentElements value="2"/>
+    <maxComponentDepth value="1"/>
+  </maxp>
+
+  <OS_2>
+    <!-- The fields 'usFirstCharIndex' and 'usLastCharIndex'
+         will be recalculated by the compiler -->
+    <version value="4"/>
+    <xAvgCharWidth value="577"/>
+    <usWeightClass value="900"/>
+    <usWidthClass value="2"/>
+    <fsType value="00000000 00000000"/>
+    <ySubscriptXSize value="650"/>
+    <ySubscriptYSize value="600"/>
+    <ySubscriptXOffset value="0"/>
+    <ySubscriptYOffset value="75"/>
+    <ySuperscriptXSize value="650"/>
+    <ySuperscriptYSize value="600"/>
+    <ySuperscriptXOffset value="0"/>
+    <ySuperscriptYOffset value="350"/>
+    <yStrikeoutSize value="50"/>
+    <yStrikeoutPosition value="332"/>
+    <sFamilyClass value="0"/>
+    <panose>
+      <bFamilyType value="2"/>
+      <bSerifStyle value="11"/>
+      <bWeight value="5"/>
+      <bProportion value="2"/>
+      <bContrast value="4"/>
+      <bStrokeVariation value="5"/>
+      <bArmStyle value="4"/>
+      <bLetterForm value="2"/>
+      <bMidline value="2"/>
+      <bXHeight value="4"/>
+    </panose>
+    <ulUnicodeRange1 value="11100000 00000000 00000010 11111111"/>
+    <ulUnicodeRange2 value="01000000 00000000 00100000 00011111"/>
+    <ulUnicodeRange3 value="00001000 00000000 00000000 00101001"/>
+    <ulUnicodeRange4 value="00000000 00010000 00000000 00000000"/>
+    <achVendID value="GOOG"/>
+    <fsSelection value="00000001 01000000"/>
+    <usFirstCharIndex value="65"/>
+    <usLastCharIndex value="192"/>
+    <sTypoAscender value="1069"/>
+    <sTypoDescender value="-293"/>
+    <sTypoLineGap value="0"/>
+    <usWinAscent value="1069"/>
+    <usWinDescent value="293"/>
+    <ulCodePageRange1 value="00000000 00000000 00000001 10011111"/>
+    <ulCodePageRange2 value="00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000"/>
+    <sxHeight value="553"/>
+    <sCapHeight value="714"/>
+    <usDefaultChar value="0"/>
+    <usBreakChar value="32"/>
+    <usMaxContext value="4"/>
+  </OS_2>
+
+  <hmtx>
+    <mtx name=".notdef" width="582" lsb="85"/>
+    <mtx name="A" width="574" lsb="0"/>
+    <mtx name="Agrave" width="574" lsb="0"/>
+    <mtx name="T" width="460" lsb="17"/>
+    <mtx name="grave" width="340" lsb="40"/>
+  </hmtx>
+
+  <cmap>
+    <tableVersion version="0"/>
+    <cmap_format_4 platformID="0" platEncID="3" language="0">
+      <map code="0x41" name="A"/><!-- LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A -->
+      <map code="0x54" name="T"/><!-- LATIN CAPITAL LETTER T -->
+      <map code="0xc0" name="Agrave"/><!-- LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A WITH GRAVE -->
+    </cmap_format_4>
+    <cmap_format_4 platformID="3" platEncID="1" language="0">
+      <map code="0x41" name="A"/><!-- LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A -->
+      <map code="0x54" name="T"/><!-- LATIN CAPITAL LETTER T -->
+      <map code="0xc0" name="Agrave"/><!-- LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A WITH GRAVE -->
+    </cmap_format_4>
+  </cmap>
+
+  <loca>
+    <!-- The 'loca' table will be calculated by the compiler -->
+  </loca>
+
+  <glyf>
+
+    <!-- The xMin, yMin, xMax and yMax values
+         will be recalculated by the compiler. -->
+
+    <TTGlyph name=".notdef" xMin="85" yMin="0" xMax="496" yMax="714">
+      <contour>
+        <pt x="85" y="0" on="1" overlap="1"/>
+        <pt x="85" y="714" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="496" y="714" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="496" y="0" on="1"/>
+      </contour>
+      <contour>
+        <pt x="136" y="51" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="445" y="51" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="445" y="663" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="136" y="663" on="1"/>
+      </contour>
+      <instructions/>
+    </TTGlyph>
+
+    <TTGlyph name="A" xMin="0" yMin="0" xMax="574" yMax="714">
+      <contour>
+        <pt x="392" y="0" on="1" overlap="1"/>
+        <pt x="365" y="139" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="211" y="139" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="184" y="0" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="0" y="0" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="174" y="714" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="398" y="714" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="574" y="0" on="1"/>
+      </contour>
+      <contour>
+        <pt x="339" y="285" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="310" y="445" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="305" y="472" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="297" y="522" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="291" y="569" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="288" y="589" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="286" y="570" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="280" y="524" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="271" y="474" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="266" y="447" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="236" y="285" on="1"/>
+      </contour>
+      <instructions/>
+    </TTGlyph>
+
+    <TTGlyph name="Agrave" xMin="0" yMin="0" xMax="574" yMax="927">
+      <component glyphName="A" x="0" y="0" flags="0x604"/>
+      <component glyphName="grave" x="83" y="161" flags="0x4"/>
+    </TTGlyph>
+
+    <TTGlyph name="T" xMin="17" yMin="0" xMax="443" yMax="714">
+      <contour>
+        <pt x="315" y="0" on="1" overlap="1"/>
+        <pt x="146" y="0" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="146" y="567" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="17" y="567" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="17" y="714" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="443" y="714" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="443" y="567" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="315" y="567" on="1"/>
+      </contour>
+      <instructions/>
+    </TTGlyph>
+
+    <TTGlyph name="grave" xMin="40" yMin="606" xMax="300" yMax="766">
+      <contour>
+        <pt x="222" y="766" on="1" overlap="1"/>
+        <pt x="231" y="747" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="261" y="688" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="291" y="634" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="300" y="620" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="300" y="606" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="181" y="606" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="169" y="617" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="130" y="657" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="87" y="703" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="50" y="744" on="0"/>
+        <pt x="40" y="756" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="40" y="766" on="1"/>
+      </contour>
+      <instructions/>
+    </TTGlyph>
+
+  </glyf>
+
+  <name>
+    <namerecord nameID="256" platformID="1" platEncID="0" langID="0x0" unicode="True">
+      Weight
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="257" platformID="1" platEncID="0" langID="0x0" unicode="True">
+      Width
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="266" platformID="1" platEncID="0" langID="0x0" unicode="True">
+      Black
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="288" platformID="1" platEncID="0" langID="0x0" unicode="True">
+      ExtraCondensed
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="0" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Copyright 2015 Google Inc. All Rights Reserved.
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="1" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Noto Sans
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="2" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Regular
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="3" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      2.001;GOOG;NotoSans-Regular
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="4" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Noto Sans Regular
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="5" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Version 2.001
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="6" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      NotoSans-Regular
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="7" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Noto is a trademark of Google Inc.
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="8" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Monotype Imaging Inc.
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="9" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Monotype Design Team
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="10" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Designed by Monotype design team.
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="11" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      http://www.google.com/get/noto/
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="12" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      http://www.monotype.com/studio
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="13" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      This Font Software is licensed under the SIL Open Font License, Version 1.1. This Font Software is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. See the SIL Open Font License for the specific language, permissions and limitations governing your use of this Font Software.
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="14" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      http://scripts.sil.org/OFL
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="256" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Weight
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="257" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Width
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="266" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Black
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="288" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      ExtraCondensed
+    </namerecord>
+  </name>
+
+  <post>
+    <formatType value="2.0"/>
+    <italicAngle value="0.0"/>
+    <underlinePosition value="-100"/>
+    <underlineThickness value="50"/>
+    <isFixedPitch value="0"/>
+    <minMemType42 value="0"/>
+    <maxMemType42 value="0"/>
+    <minMemType1 value="0"/>
+    <maxMemType1 value="0"/>
+    <psNames>
+      <!-- This file uses unique glyph names based on the information
+           found in the 'post' table. Since these names might not be unique,
+           we have to invent artificial names in case of clashes. In order to
+           be able to retain the original information, we need a name to
+           ps name mapping for those cases where they differ. That's what
+           you see below.
+            -->
+    </psNames>
+    <extraNames>
+      <!-- following are the name that are not taken from the standard Mac glyph order -->
+    </extraNames>
+  </post>
+
+  <GDEF>
+    <Version value="0x00010002"/>
+    <GlyphClassDef>
+      <ClassDef glyph="A" class="1"/>
+      <ClassDef glyph="Agrave" class="1"/>
+      <ClassDef glyph="T" class="1"/>
+    </GlyphClassDef>
+    <MarkGlyphSetsDef>
+      <MarkSetTableFormat value="1"/>
+      <!-- MarkSetCount=4 -->
+      <Coverage index="0">
+      </Coverage>
+      <Coverage index="1">
+      </Coverage>
+      <Coverage index="2">
+      </Coverage>
+      <Coverage index="3">
+      </Coverage>
+    </MarkGlyphSetsDef>
+  </GDEF>
+
+  <GPOS>
+    <Version value="0x00010000"/>
+    <ScriptList>
+      <!-- ScriptCount=4 -->
+      <ScriptRecord index="0">
+        <ScriptTag value="DFLT"/>
+        <Script>
+          <DefaultLangSys>
+            <ReqFeatureIndex value="65535"/>
+            <!-- FeatureCount=1 -->
+            <FeatureIndex index="0" value="0"/>
+          </DefaultLangSys>
+          <!-- LangSysCount=0 -->
+        </Script>
+      </ScriptRecord>
+      <ScriptRecord index="1">
+        <ScriptTag value="cyrl"/>
+        <Script>
+          <DefaultLangSys>
+            <ReqFeatureIndex value="65535"/>
+            <!-- FeatureCount=1 -->
+            <FeatureIndex index="0" value="0"/>
+          </DefaultLangSys>
+          <!-- LangSysCount=0 -->
+        </Script>
+      </ScriptRecord>
+      <ScriptRecord index="2">
+        <ScriptTag value="grek"/>
+        <Script>
+          <DefaultLangSys>
+            <ReqFeatureIndex value="65535"/>
+            <!-- FeatureCount=1 -->
+            <FeatureIndex index="0" value="0"/>
+          </DefaultLangSys>
+          <!-- LangSysCount=0 -->
+        </Script>
+      </ScriptRecord>
+      <ScriptRecord index="3">
+        <ScriptTag value="latn"/>
+        <Script>
+          <DefaultLangSys>
+            <ReqFeatureIndex value="65535"/>
+            <!-- FeatureCount=1 -->
+            <FeatureIndex index="0" value="0"/>
+          </DefaultLangSys>
+          <!-- LangSysCount=0 -->
+        </Script>
+      </ScriptRecord>
+    </ScriptList>
+    <FeatureList>
+      <!-- FeatureCount=1 -->
+      <FeatureRecord index="0">
+        <FeatureTag value="kern"/>
+        <Feature>
+          <!-- LookupCount=1 -->
+          <LookupListIndex index="0" value="0"/>
+        </Feature>
+      </FeatureRecord>
+    </FeatureList>
+    <LookupList>
+      <!-- LookupCount=1 -->
+      <Lookup index="0">
+        <LookupType value="2"/>
+        <LookupFlag value="8"/><!-- ignoreMarks -->
+        <!-- SubTableCount=1 -->
+        <PairPos index="0" Format="2">
+          <Coverage>
+            <Glyph value="A"/>
+            <Glyph value="T"/>
+            <Glyph value="Agrave"/>
+          </Coverage>
+          <ValueFormat1 value="4"/>
+          <ValueFormat2 value="0"/>
+          <ClassDef1>
+            <ClassDef glyph="T" class="1"/>
+          </ClassDef1>
+          <ClassDef2>
+            <ClassDef glyph="A" class="1"/>
+            <ClassDef glyph="Agrave" class="1"/>
+            <ClassDef glyph="T" class="2"/>
+          </ClassDef2>
+          <!-- Class1Count=2 -->
+          <!-- Class2Count=3 -->
+          <Class1Record index="0">
+            <Class2Record index="0">
+              <Value1 XAdvance="0"/>
+            </Class2Record>
+            <Class2Record index="1">
+              <Value1 XAdvance="0"/>
+            </Class2Record>
+            <Class2Record index="2">
+              <Value1 XAdvance="-17"/>
+            </Class2Record>
+          </Class1Record>
+          <Class1Record index="1">
+            <Class2Record index="0">
+              <Value1 XAdvance="0"/>
+            </Class2Record>
+            <Class2Record index="1">
+              <Value1 XAdvance="-17"/>
+            </Class2Record>
+            <Class2Record index="2">
+              <Value1 XAdvance="12"/>
+            </Class2Record>
+          </Class1Record>
+        </PairPos>
+      </Lookup>
+    </LookupList>
+  </GPOS>
+
+  <GSUB>
+    <Version value="0x00010000"/>
+    <ScriptList>
+      <!-- ScriptCount=4 -->
+      <ScriptRecord index="0">
+        <ScriptTag value="DFLT"/>
+        <Script>
+          <DefaultLangSys>
+            <ReqFeatureIndex value="65535"/>
+            <!-- FeatureCount=0 -->
+          </DefaultLangSys>
+          <!-- LangSysCount=0 -->
+        </Script>
+      </ScriptRecord>
+      <ScriptRecord index="1">
+        <ScriptTag value="cyrl"/>
+        <Script>
+          <!-- LangSysCount=0 -->
+        </Script>
+      </ScriptRecord>
+      <ScriptRecord index="2">
+        <ScriptTag value="grek"/>
+        <Script>
+          <!-- LangSysCount=0 -->
+        </Script>
+      </ScriptRecord>
+      <ScriptRecord index="3">
+        <ScriptTag value="latn"/>
+        <Script>
+          <!-- LangSysCount=0 -->
+        </Script>
+      </ScriptRecord>
+    </ScriptList>
+    <FeatureList>
+      <!-- FeatureCount=0 -->
+    </FeatureList>
+    <LookupList>
+      <!-- LookupCount=0 -->
+    </LookupList>
+  </GSUB>
+
+  <STAT>
+    <Version value="0x00010001"/>
+    <DesignAxisRecordSize value="8"/>
+    <!-- DesignAxisCount=2 -->
+    <DesignAxisRecord>
+      <Axis index="0">
+        <AxisTag value="wght"/>
+        <AxisNameID value="256"/>  <!-- Weight -->
+        <AxisOrdering value="1"/>
+      </Axis>
+      <Axis index="1">
+        <AxisTag value="wdth"/>
+        <AxisNameID value="257"/>  <!-- Width -->
+        <AxisOrdering value="0"/>
+      </Axis>
+    </DesignAxisRecord>
+    <!-- AxisValueCount=2 -->
+    <AxisValueArray>
+      <AxisValue index="0" Format="1">
+        <AxisIndex value="0"/>
+        <Flags value="0"/>
+        <ValueNameID value="266"/>  <!-- Black -->
+        <Value value="900.0"/>
+      </AxisValue>
+      <AxisValue index="1" Format="2">
+        <AxisIndex value="1"/>
+        <Flags value="0"/>
+        <ValueNameID value="288"/>  <!-- ExtraCondensed -->
+        <NominalValue value="62.5"/>
+        <RangeMinValue value="62.5"/>
+        <RangeMaxValue value="68.75"/>
+      </AxisValue>
+    </AxisValueArray>
+    <ElidedFallbackNameID value="2"/>  <!-- Regular -->
+  </STAT>
+
+</ttFont>
diff --git a/Tests/varLib/instancer/data/test_results/PartialInstancerTest3-VF-instance-400-no-overlap-flags.ttx b/Tests/varLib/instancer/data/test_results/PartialInstancerTest3-VF-instance-400-no-overlap-flags.ttx
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..fc6310d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/varLib/instancer/data/test_results/PartialInstancerTest3-VF-instance-400-no-overlap-flags.ttx
@@ -0,0 +1,305 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<ttFont sfntVersion="\x00\x01\x00\x00" ttLibVersion="4.15">
+
+  <GlyphOrder>
+    <!-- The 'id' attribute is only for humans; it is ignored when parsed. -->
+    <GlyphID id="0" name=".notdef"/>
+    <GlyphID id="1" name="A"/>
+    <GlyphID id="2" name="B"/>
+    <GlyphID id="3" name="C"/>
+    <GlyphID id="4" name="D"/>
+    <GlyphID id="5" name="E"/>
+    <GlyphID id="6" name="F"/>
+    <GlyphID id="7" name="space"/>
+  </GlyphOrder>
+
+  <head>
+    <!-- Most of this table will be recalculated by the compiler -->
+    <tableVersion value="1.0"/>
+    <fontRevision value="1.0"/>
+    <checkSumAdjustment value="0x98c89e17"/>
+    <magicNumber value="0x5f0f3cf5"/>
+    <flags value="00000000 00000011"/>
+    <unitsPerEm value="1000"/>
+    <created value="Wed Sep 23 12:54:22 2020"/>
+    <modified value="Tue Sep 29 18:06:03 2020"/>
+    <xMin value="-152"/>
+    <yMin value="-200"/>
+    <xMax value="1059"/>
+    <yMax value="800"/>
+    <macStyle value="00000000 00000000"/>
+    <lowestRecPPEM value="6"/>
+    <fontDirectionHint value="2"/>
+    <indexToLocFormat value="0"/>
+    <glyphDataFormat value="0"/>
+  </head>
+
+  <hhea>
+    <tableVersion value="0x00010000"/>
+    <ascent value="1000"/>
+    <descent value="-200"/>
+    <lineGap value="0"/>
+    <advanceWidthMax value="600"/>
+    <minLeftSideBearing value="-152"/>
+    <minRightSideBearing value="-559"/>
+    <xMaxExtent value="1059"/>
+    <caretSlopeRise value="1"/>
+    <caretSlopeRun value="0"/>
+    <caretOffset value="0"/>
+    <reserved0 value="0"/>
+    <reserved1 value="0"/>
+    <reserved2 value="0"/>
+    <reserved3 value="0"/>
+    <metricDataFormat value="0"/>
+    <numberOfHMetrics value="8"/>
+  </hhea>
+
+  <maxp>
+    <!-- Most of this table will be recalculated by the compiler -->
+    <tableVersion value="0x10000"/>
+    <numGlyphs value="8"/>
+    <maxPoints value="8"/>
+    <maxContours value="2"/>
+    <maxCompositePoints value="12"/>
+    <maxCompositeContours value="3"/>
+    <maxZones value="1"/>
+    <maxTwilightPoints value="0"/>
+    <maxStorage value="0"/>
+    <maxFunctionDefs value="0"/>
+    <maxInstructionDefs value="0"/>
+    <maxStackElements value="0"/>
+    <maxSizeOfInstructions value="0"/>
+    <maxComponentElements value="3"/>
+    <maxComponentDepth value="1"/>
+  </maxp>
+
+  <OS_2>
+    <!-- The fields 'usFirstCharIndex' and 'usLastCharIndex'
+         will be recalculated by the compiler -->
+    <version value="4"/>
+    <xAvgCharWidth value="513"/>
+    <usWeightClass value="400"/>
+    <usWidthClass value="5"/>
+    <fsType value="00000000 00001000"/>
+    <ySubscriptXSize value="650"/>
+    <ySubscriptYSize value="600"/>
+    <ySubscriptXOffset value="0"/>
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+    <ySuperscriptXSize value="650"/>
+    <ySuperscriptYSize value="600"/>
+    <ySuperscriptXOffset value="0"/>
+    <ySuperscriptYOffset value="350"/>
+    <yStrikeoutSize value="50"/>
+    <yStrikeoutPosition value="300"/>
+    <sFamilyClass value="0"/>
+    <panose>
+      <bFamilyType value="0"/>
+      <bSerifStyle value="0"/>
+      <bWeight value="0"/>
+      <bProportion value="0"/>
+      <bContrast value="0"/>
+      <bStrokeVariation value="0"/>
+      <bArmStyle value="0"/>
+      <bLetterForm value="0"/>
+      <bMidline value="0"/>
+      <bXHeight value="0"/>
+    </panose>
+    <ulUnicodeRange1 value="00000000 00000000 00000000 00000001"/>
+    <ulUnicodeRange2 value="00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000"/>
+    <ulUnicodeRange3 value="00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000"/>
+    <ulUnicodeRange4 value="00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000"/>
+    <achVendID value="NONE"/>
+    <fsSelection value="00000000 01000000"/>
+    <usFirstCharIndex value="32"/>
+    <usLastCharIndex value="70"/>
+    <sTypoAscender value="800"/>
+    <sTypoDescender value="-200"/>
+    <sTypoLineGap value="200"/>
+    <usWinAscent value="1000"/>
+    <usWinDescent value="200"/>
+    <ulCodePageRange1 value="00000000 00000000 00000000 00000001"/>
+    <ulCodePageRange2 value="00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000"/>
+    <sxHeight value="500"/>
+    <sCapHeight value="700"/>
+    <usDefaultChar value="0"/>
+    <usBreakChar value="32"/>
+    <usMaxContext value="0"/>
+  </OS_2>
+
+  <hmtx>
+    <mtx name=".notdef" width="500" lsb="50"/>
+    <mtx name="A" width="500" lsb="153"/>
+    <mtx name="B" width="500" lsb="-152"/>
+    <mtx name="C" width="500" lsb="-133"/>
+    <mtx name="D" width="500" lsb="-97"/>
+    <mtx name="E" width="500" lsb="-87"/>
+    <mtx name="F" width="500" lsb="-107"/>
+    <mtx name="space" width="600" lsb="0"/>
+  </hmtx>
+
+  <cmap>
+    <tableVersion version="0"/>
+    <cmap_format_4 platformID="0" platEncID="3" language="0">
+      <map code="0x20" name="space"/><!-- SPACE -->
+      <map code="0x41" name="A"/><!-- LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A -->
+      <map code="0x42" name="B"/><!-- LATIN CAPITAL LETTER B -->
+      <map code="0x43" name="C"/><!-- LATIN CAPITAL LETTER C -->
+      <map code="0x44" name="D"/><!-- LATIN CAPITAL LETTER D -->
+      <map code="0x45" name="E"/><!-- LATIN CAPITAL LETTER E -->
+      <map code="0x46" name="F"/><!-- LATIN CAPITAL LETTER F -->
+    </cmap_format_4>
+    <cmap_format_4 platformID="3" platEncID="1" language="0">
+      <map code="0x20" name="space"/><!-- SPACE -->
+      <map code="0x41" name="A"/><!-- LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A -->
+      <map code="0x42" name="B"/><!-- LATIN CAPITAL LETTER B -->
+      <map code="0x43" name="C"/><!-- LATIN CAPITAL LETTER C -->
+      <map code="0x44" name="D"/><!-- LATIN CAPITAL LETTER D -->
+      <map code="0x45" name="E"/><!-- LATIN CAPITAL LETTER E -->
+      <map code="0x46" name="F"/><!-- LATIN CAPITAL LETTER F -->
+    </cmap_format_4>
+  </cmap>
+
+  <loca>
+    <!-- The 'loca' table will be calculated by the compiler -->
+  </loca>
+
+  <glyf>
+
+    <!-- The xMin, yMin, xMax and yMax values
+         will be recalculated by the compiler. -->
+
+    <TTGlyph name=".notdef" xMin="50" yMin="-200" xMax="450" yMax="800">
+      <contour>
+        <pt x="50" y="-200" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="50" y="800" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="450" y="800" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="450" y="-200" on="1"/>
+      </contour>
+      <contour>
+        <pt x="100" y="-150" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="400" y="-150" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="400" y="750" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="100" y="750" on="1"/>
+      </contour>
+      <instructions/>
+    </TTGlyph>
+
+    <TTGlyph name="A" xMin="153" yMin="-66" xMax="350" yMax="646">
+      <contour>
+        <pt x="153" y="646" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="350" y="646" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="350" y="-66" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="153" y="-66" on="1"/>
+      </contour>
+      <instructions/>
+    </TTGlyph>
+
+    <TTGlyph name="B" xMin="-152" yMin="39" xMax="752" yMax="592">
+      <contour>
+        <pt x="-152" y="448" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="752" y="448" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="752" y="215" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="-152" y="215" on="1"/>
+      </contour>
+      <contour>
+        <pt x="129" y="592" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="401" y="592" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="401" y="39" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="129" y="39" on="1"/>
+      </contour>
+      <instructions/>
+    </TTGlyph>
+
+    <TTGlyph name="C" xMin="-133" yMin="-66" xMax="771" yMax="646">
+      <component glyphName="A" x="-250" y="0" flags="0x4"/>
+      <component glyphName="B" x="19" y="-28" flags="0x4"/>
+    </TTGlyph>
+
+    <TTGlyph name="D" xMin="-97" yMin="-66" xMax="1059" yMax="646">
+      <component glyphName="A" x="-250" y="0" flags="0x4"/>
+      <component glyphName="B" x="307" y="-28" flags="0x4"/>
+    </TTGlyph>
+
+    <TTGlyph name="E" xMin="-87" yMin="-87" xMax="801" yMax="650">
+      <component glyphName="A" x="450" y="-77" scalex="0.9397" scale01="0.34204" scale10="-0.34204" scaley="0.9397" flags="0x4"/>
+      <component glyphName="A" x="8" y="4" flags="0x4"/>
+      <component glyphName="A" x="-240" y="0" flags="0x4"/>
+    </TTGlyph>
+
+    <TTGlyph name="F" xMin="-107" yMin="-95" xMax="837" yMax="650">
+      <component glyphName="A" x="501" y="-114" scalex="0.866" scale01="0.5" scale10="-0.5" scaley="0.866" flags="0x4"/>
+      <component glyphName="A" x="-12" y="4" flags="0x4"/>
+      <component glyphName="A" x="-260" y="0" flags="0x4"/>
+    </TTGlyph>
+
+    <TTGlyph name="space"/><!-- contains no outline data -->
+
+  </glyf>
+
+  <name>
+    <namerecord nameID="256" platformID="1" platEncID="0" langID="0x0" unicode="True">
+      Weight
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="1" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
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+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="2" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Regular
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="3" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
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+    </namerecord>
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+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="5" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Version 1.000
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="6" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
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+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="256" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Weight
+    </namerecord>
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+
+  <post>
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+    <italicAngle value="0.0"/>
+    <underlinePosition value="-100"/>
+    <underlineThickness value="50"/>
+    <isFixedPitch value="0"/>
+    <minMemType42 value="0"/>
+    <maxMemType42 value="0"/>
+    <minMemType1 value="0"/>
+    <maxMemType1 value="0"/>
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+           found in the 'post' table. Since these names might not be unique,
+           we have to invent artificial names in case of clashes. In order to
+           be able to retain the original information, we need a name to
+           ps name mapping for those cases where they differ. That's what
+           you see below.
+            -->
+    </psNames>
+    <extraNames>
+      <!-- following are the name that are not taken from the standard Mac glyph order -->
+    </extraNames>
+  </post>
+
+  <STAT>
+    <Version value="0x00010001"/>
+    <DesignAxisRecordSize value="8"/>
+    <!-- DesignAxisCount=1 -->
+    <DesignAxisRecord>
+      <Axis index="0">
+        <AxisTag value="wght"/>
+        <AxisNameID value="256"/>  <!-- Weight -->
+        <AxisOrdering value="0"/>
+      </Axis>
+    </DesignAxisRecord>
+    <!-- AxisValueCount=0 -->
+    <ElidedFallbackNameID value="2"/>  <!-- Regular -->
+  </STAT>
+
+</ttFont>
diff --git a/Tests/varLib/instancer/data/test_results/PartialInstancerTest3-VF-instance-400-no-overlaps.ttx b/Tests/varLib/instancer/data/test_results/PartialInstancerTest3-VF-instance-400-no-overlaps.ttx
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3e18c9b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/varLib/instancer/data/test_results/PartialInstancerTest3-VF-instance-400-no-overlaps.ttx
@@ -0,0 +1,343 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<ttFont sfntVersion="\x00\x01\x00\x00" ttLibVersion="4.15">
+
+  <GlyphOrder>
+    <!-- The 'id' attribute is only for humans; it is ignored when parsed. -->
+    <GlyphID id="0" name=".notdef"/>
+    <GlyphID id="1" name="A"/>
+    <GlyphID id="2" name="B"/>
+    <GlyphID id="3" name="C"/>
+    <GlyphID id="4" name="D"/>
+    <GlyphID id="5" name="E"/>
+    <GlyphID id="6" name="F"/>
+    <GlyphID id="7" name="space"/>
+  </GlyphOrder>
+
+  <head>
+    <!-- Most of this table will be recalculated by the compiler -->
+    <tableVersion value="1.0"/>
+    <fontRevision value="1.0"/>
+    <checkSumAdjustment value="0x1cd9cd87"/>
+    <magicNumber value="0x5f0f3cf5"/>
+    <flags value="00000000 00000011"/>
+    <unitsPerEm value="1000"/>
+    <created value="Wed Sep 23 12:54:22 2020"/>
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+    <yMin value="-200"/>
+    <xMax value="1059"/>
+    <yMax value="800"/>
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+    <indexToLocFormat value="0"/>
+    <glyphDataFormat value="0"/>
+  </head>
+
+  <hhea>
+    <tableVersion value="0x00010000"/>
+    <ascent value="1000"/>
+    <descent value="-200"/>
+    <lineGap value="0"/>
+    <advanceWidthMax value="600"/>
+    <minLeftSideBearing value="-152"/>
+    <minRightSideBearing value="-559"/>
+    <xMaxExtent value="1059"/>
+    <caretSlopeRise value="1"/>
+    <caretSlopeRun value="0"/>
+    <caretOffset value="0"/>
+    <reserved0 value="0"/>
+    <reserved1 value="0"/>
+    <reserved2 value="0"/>
+    <reserved3 value="0"/>
+    <metricDataFormat value="0"/>
+    <numberOfHMetrics value="8"/>
+  </hhea>
+
+  <maxp>
+    <!-- Most of this table will be recalculated by the compiler -->
+    <tableVersion value="0x10000"/>
+    <numGlyphs value="8"/>
+    <maxPoints value="20"/>
+    <maxContours value="2"/>
+    <maxCompositePoints value="16"/>
+    <maxCompositeContours value="3"/>
+    <maxZones value="1"/>
+    <maxTwilightPoints value="0"/>
+    <maxStorage value="0"/>
+    <maxFunctionDefs value="0"/>
+    <maxInstructionDefs value="0"/>
+    <maxStackElements value="0"/>
+    <maxSizeOfInstructions value="0"/>
+    <maxComponentElements value="3"/>
+    <maxComponentDepth value="1"/>
+  </maxp>
+
+  <OS_2>
+    <!-- The fields 'usFirstCharIndex' and 'usLastCharIndex'
+         will be recalculated by the compiler -->
+    <version value="4"/>
+    <xAvgCharWidth value="513"/>
+    <usWeightClass value="400"/>
+    <usWidthClass value="5"/>
+    <fsType value="00000000 00001000"/>
+    <ySubscriptXSize value="650"/>
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+    <ySuperscriptYSize value="600"/>
+    <ySuperscriptXOffset value="0"/>
+    <ySuperscriptYOffset value="350"/>
+    <yStrikeoutSize value="50"/>
+    <yStrikeoutPosition value="300"/>
+    <sFamilyClass value="0"/>
+    <panose>
+      <bFamilyType value="0"/>
+      <bSerifStyle value="0"/>
+      <bWeight value="0"/>
+      <bProportion value="0"/>
+      <bContrast value="0"/>
+      <bStrokeVariation value="0"/>
+      <bArmStyle value="0"/>
+      <bLetterForm value="0"/>
+      <bMidline value="0"/>
+      <bXHeight value="0"/>
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+    <ulUnicodeRange1 value="00000000 00000000 00000000 00000001"/>
+    <ulUnicodeRange2 value="00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000"/>
+    <ulUnicodeRange3 value="00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000"/>
+    <ulUnicodeRange4 value="00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000"/>
+    <achVendID value="NONE"/>
+    <fsSelection value="00000000 01000000"/>
+    <usFirstCharIndex value="32"/>
+    <usLastCharIndex value="70"/>
+    <sTypoAscender value="800"/>
+    <sTypoDescender value="-200"/>
+    <sTypoLineGap value="200"/>
+    <usWinAscent value="1000"/>
+    <usWinDescent value="200"/>
+    <ulCodePageRange1 value="00000000 00000000 00000000 00000001"/>
+    <ulCodePageRange2 value="00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000"/>
+    <sxHeight value="500"/>
+    <sCapHeight value="700"/>
+    <usDefaultChar value="0"/>
+    <usBreakChar value="32"/>
+    <usMaxContext value="0"/>
+  </OS_2>
+
+  <hmtx>
+    <mtx name=".notdef" width="500" lsb="50"/>
+    <mtx name="A" width="500" lsb="153"/>
+    <mtx name="B" width="500" lsb="-152"/>
+    <mtx name="C" width="500" lsb="-133"/>
+    <mtx name="D" width="500" lsb="-97"/>
+    <mtx name="E" width="500" lsb="-87"/>
+    <mtx name="F" width="500" lsb="-107"/>
+    <mtx name="space" width="600" lsb="0"/>
+  </hmtx>
+
+  <cmap>
+    <tableVersion version="0"/>
+    <cmap_format_4 platformID="0" platEncID="3" language="0">
+      <map code="0x20" name="space"/><!-- SPACE -->
+      <map code="0x41" name="A"/><!-- LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A -->
+      <map code="0x42" name="B"/><!-- LATIN CAPITAL LETTER B -->
+      <map code="0x43" name="C"/><!-- LATIN CAPITAL LETTER C -->
+      <map code="0x44" name="D"/><!-- LATIN CAPITAL LETTER D -->
+      <map code="0x45" name="E"/><!-- LATIN CAPITAL LETTER E -->
+      <map code="0x46" name="F"/><!-- LATIN CAPITAL LETTER F -->
+    </cmap_format_4>
+    <cmap_format_4 platformID="3" platEncID="1" language="0">
+      <map code="0x20" name="space"/><!-- SPACE -->
+      <map code="0x41" name="A"/><!-- LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A -->
+      <map code="0x42" name="B"/><!-- LATIN CAPITAL LETTER B -->
+      <map code="0x43" name="C"/><!-- LATIN CAPITAL LETTER C -->
+      <map code="0x44" name="D"/><!-- LATIN CAPITAL LETTER D -->
+      <map code="0x45" name="E"/><!-- LATIN CAPITAL LETTER E -->
+      <map code="0x46" name="F"/><!-- LATIN CAPITAL LETTER F -->
+    </cmap_format_4>
+  </cmap>
+
+  <loca>
+    <!-- The 'loca' table will be calculated by the compiler -->
+  </loca>
+
+  <glyf>
+
+    <!-- The xMin, yMin, xMax and yMax values
+         will be recalculated by the compiler. -->
+
+    <TTGlyph name=".notdef" xMin="50" yMin="-200" xMax="450" yMax="800">
+      <contour>
+        <pt x="50" y="-200" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="50" y="800" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="450" y="800" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="450" y="-200" on="1"/>
+      </contour>
+      <contour>
+        <pt x="100" y="-150" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="400" y="-150" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="400" y="750" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="100" y="750" on="1"/>
+      </contour>
+      <instructions/>
+    </TTGlyph>
+
+    <TTGlyph name="A" xMin="153" yMin="-66" xMax="350" yMax="646">
+      <contour>
+        <pt x="153" y="646" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="350" y="646" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="350" y="-66" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="153" y="-66" on="1"/>
+      </contour>
+      <instructions/>
+    </TTGlyph>
+
+    <TTGlyph name="B" xMin="-152" yMin="39" xMax="752" yMax="592">
+      <contour>
+        <pt x="-152" y="448" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="129" y="448" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="129" y="592" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="401" y="592" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="401" y="448" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="752" y="448" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="752" y="215" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="401" y="215" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="401" y="39" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="129" y="39" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="129" y="215" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="-152" y="215" on="1"/>
+      </contour>
+      <instructions/>
+    </TTGlyph>
+
+    <TTGlyph name="C" xMin="-133" yMin="-66" xMax="771" yMax="646">
+      <contour>
+        <pt x="-97" y="646" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="100" y="646" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="100" y="420" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="148" y="420" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="148" y="564" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="420" y="564" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="420" y="420" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="771" y="420" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="771" y="187" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="420" y="187" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="420" y="11" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="148" y="11" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="148" y="187" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="100" y="187" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="100" y="-66" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="-97" y="-66" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="-97" y="187" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="-133" y="187" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="-133" y="420" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="-97" y="420" on="1"/>
+      </contour>
+      <instructions/>
+    </TTGlyph>
+
+    <TTGlyph name="D" xMin="-97" yMin="-66" xMax="1059" yMax="646">
+      <component glyphName="A" x="-250" y="0" flags="0x4"/>
+      <component glyphName="B" x="307" y="-28" flags="0x4"/>
+    </TTGlyph>
+
+    <TTGlyph name="E" xMin="-87" yMin="-87" xMax="801" yMax="650">
+      <component glyphName="A" x="450" y="-77" scalex="0.9397" scale01="0.34204" scale10="-0.34204" scaley="0.9397" flags="0x4"/>
+      <component glyphName="A" x="8" y="4" flags="0x4"/>
+      <component glyphName="A" x="-240" y="0" flags="0x4"/>
+    </TTGlyph>
+
+    <TTGlyph name="F" xMin="-107" yMin="-95" xMax="837" yMax="650">
+      <contour>
+        <pt x="141" y="650" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="338" y="650" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="338" y="538" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="481" y="620" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="837" y="4" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="667" y="-95" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="338" y="474" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="338" y="-62" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="141" y="-62" on="1"/>
+      </contour>
+      <contour>
+        <pt x="-107" y="646" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="90" y="646" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="90" y="-66" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="-107" y="-66" on="1"/>
+      </contour>
+      <instructions/>
+    </TTGlyph>
+
+    <TTGlyph name="space"/><!-- contains no outline data -->
+
+  </glyf>
+
+  <name>
+    <namerecord nameID="256" platformID="1" platEncID="0" langID="0x0" unicode="True">
+      Weight
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="1" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Remove Overlaps Test
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="2" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Regular
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="3" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      1.000;NONE;RemoveOverlapsTest-Regular
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="4" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Remove Overlaps Test Regular
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="5" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Version 1.000
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="6" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      RemoveOverlapsTest-Regular
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="256" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Weight
+    </namerecord>
+  </name>
+
+  <post>
+    <formatType value="2.0"/>
+    <italicAngle value="0.0"/>
+    <underlinePosition value="-100"/>
+    <underlineThickness value="50"/>
+    <isFixedPitch value="0"/>
+    <minMemType42 value="0"/>
+    <maxMemType42 value="0"/>
+    <minMemType1 value="0"/>
+    <maxMemType1 value="0"/>
+    <psNames>
+      <!-- This file uses unique glyph names based on the information
+           found in the 'post' table. Since these names might not be unique,
+           we have to invent artificial names in case of clashes. In order to
+           be able to retain the original information, we need a name to
+           ps name mapping for those cases where they differ. That's what
+           you see below.
+            -->
+    </psNames>
+    <extraNames>
+      <!-- following are the name that are not taken from the standard Mac glyph order -->
+    </extraNames>
+  </post>
+
+  <STAT>
+    <Version value="0x00010001"/>
+    <DesignAxisRecordSize value="8"/>
+    <!-- DesignAxisCount=1 -->
+    <DesignAxisRecord>
+      <Axis index="0">
+        <AxisTag value="wght"/>
+        <AxisNameID value="256"/>  <!-- Weight -->
+        <AxisOrdering value="0"/>
+      </Axis>
+    </DesignAxisRecord>
+    <!-- AxisValueCount=0 -->
+    <ElidedFallbackNameID value="2"/>  <!-- Regular -->
+  </STAT>
+
+</ttFont>
diff --git a/Tests/varLib/instancer/data/test_results/PartialInstancerTest3-VF-instance-700-no-overlaps.ttx b/Tests/varLib/instancer/data/test_results/PartialInstancerTest3-VF-instance-700-no-overlaps.ttx
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..be0353d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/varLib/instancer/data/test_results/PartialInstancerTest3-VF-instance-700-no-overlaps.ttx
@@ -0,0 +1,367 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<ttFont sfntVersion="\x00\x01\x00\x00" ttLibVersion="4.15">
+
+  <GlyphOrder>
+    <!-- The 'id' attribute is only for humans; it is ignored when parsed. -->
+    <GlyphID id="0" name=".notdef"/>
+    <GlyphID id="1" name="A"/>
+    <GlyphID id="2" name="B"/>
+    <GlyphID id="3" name="C"/>
+    <GlyphID id="4" name="D"/>
+    <GlyphID id="5" name="E"/>
+    <GlyphID id="6" name="F"/>
+    <GlyphID id="7" name="space"/>
+  </GlyphOrder>
+
+  <head>
+    <!-- Most of this table will be recalculated by the compiler -->
+    <tableVersion value="1.0"/>
+    <fontRevision value="1.0"/>
+    <checkSumAdjustment value="0xc12af6d1"/>
+    <magicNumber value="0x5f0f3cf5"/>
+    <flags value="00000000 00000011"/>
+    <unitsPerEm value="1000"/>
+    <created value="Wed Sep 23 12:54:22 2020"/>
+    <modified value="Tue Sep 29 18:06:03 2020"/>
+    <xMin value="-192"/>
+    <yMin value="-200"/>
+    <xMax value="1099"/>
+    <yMax value="800"/>
+    <macStyle value="00000000 00000000"/>
+    <lowestRecPPEM value="6"/>
+    <fontDirectionHint value="2"/>
+    <indexToLocFormat value="0"/>
+    <glyphDataFormat value="0"/>
+  </head>
+
+  <hhea>
+    <tableVersion value="0x00010000"/>
+    <ascent value="1000"/>
+    <descent value="-200"/>
+    <lineGap value="0"/>
+    <advanceWidthMax value="600"/>
+    <minLeftSideBearing value="-192"/>
+    <minRightSideBearing value="-599"/>
+    <xMaxExtent value="1099"/>
+    <caretSlopeRise value="1"/>
+    <caretSlopeRun value="0"/>
+    <caretOffset value="0"/>
+    <reserved0 value="0"/>
+    <reserved1 value="0"/>
+    <reserved2 value="0"/>
+    <reserved3 value="0"/>
+    <metricDataFormat value="0"/>
+    <numberOfHMetrics value="8"/>
+  </hhea>
+
+  <maxp>
+    <!-- Most of this table will be recalculated by the compiler -->
+    <tableVersion value="0x10000"/>
+    <numGlyphs value="8"/>
+    <maxPoints value="16"/>
+    <maxContours value="2"/>
+    <maxCompositePoints value="0"/>
+    <maxCompositeContours value="0"/>
+    <maxZones value="1"/>
+    <maxTwilightPoints value="0"/>
+    <maxStorage value="0"/>
+    <maxFunctionDefs value="0"/>
+    <maxInstructionDefs value="0"/>
+    <maxStackElements value="0"/>
+    <maxSizeOfInstructions value="0"/>
+    <maxComponentElements value="0"/>
+    <maxComponentDepth value="0"/>
+  </maxp>
+
+  <OS_2>
+    <!-- The fields 'usFirstCharIndex' and 'usLastCharIndex'
+         will be recalculated by the compiler -->
+    <version value="4"/>
+    <xAvgCharWidth value="513"/>
+    <usWeightClass value="700"/>
+    <usWidthClass value="5"/>
+    <fsType value="00000000 00001000"/>
+    <ySubscriptXSize value="650"/>
+    <ySubscriptYSize value="600"/>
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+    <ySuperscriptYSize value="600"/>
+    <ySuperscriptXOffset value="0"/>
+    <ySuperscriptYOffset value="350"/>
+    <yStrikeoutSize value="50"/>
+    <yStrikeoutPosition value="300"/>
+    <sFamilyClass value="0"/>
+    <panose>
+      <bFamilyType value="0"/>
+      <bSerifStyle value="0"/>
+      <bWeight value="0"/>
+      <bProportion value="0"/>
+      <bContrast value="0"/>
+      <bStrokeVariation value="0"/>
+      <bArmStyle value="0"/>
+      <bLetterForm value="0"/>
+      <bMidline value="0"/>
+      <bXHeight value="0"/>
+    </panose>
+    <ulUnicodeRange1 value="00000000 00000000 00000000 00000001"/>
+    <ulUnicodeRange2 value="00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000"/>
+    <ulUnicodeRange3 value="00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000"/>
+    <ulUnicodeRange4 value="00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000"/>
+    <achVendID value="NONE"/>
+    <fsSelection value="00000000 01000000"/>
+    <usFirstCharIndex value="32"/>
+    <usLastCharIndex value="70"/>
+    <sTypoAscender value="800"/>
+    <sTypoDescender value="-200"/>
+    <sTypoLineGap value="200"/>
+    <usWinAscent value="1000"/>
+    <usWinDescent value="200"/>
+    <ulCodePageRange1 value="00000000 00000000 00000000 00000001"/>
+    <ulCodePageRange2 value="00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000"/>
+    <sxHeight value="500"/>
+    <sCapHeight value="700"/>
+    <usDefaultChar value="0"/>
+    <usBreakChar value="32"/>
+    <usMaxContext value="0"/>
+  </OS_2>
+
+  <hmtx>
+    <mtx name=".notdef" width="500" lsb="50"/>
+    <mtx name="A" width="500" lsb="113"/>
+    <mtx name="B" width="500" lsb="-192"/>
+    <mtx name="C" width="500" lsb="-173"/>
+    <mtx name="D" width="500" lsb="-137"/>
+    <mtx name="E" width="500" lsb="-127"/>
+    <mtx name="F" width="500" lsb="-147"/>
+    <mtx name="space" width="600" lsb="0"/>
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+
+  <cmap>
+    <tableVersion version="0"/>
+    <cmap_format_4 platformID="0" platEncID="3" language="0">
+      <map code="0x20" name="space"/><!-- SPACE -->
+      <map code="0x41" name="A"/><!-- LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A -->
+      <map code="0x42" name="B"/><!-- LATIN CAPITAL LETTER B -->
+      <map code="0x43" name="C"/><!-- LATIN CAPITAL LETTER C -->
+      <map code="0x44" name="D"/><!-- LATIN CAPITAL LETTER D -->
+      <map code="0x45" name="E"/><!-- LATIN CAPITAL LETTER E -->
+      <map code="0x46" name="F"/><!-- LATIN CAPITAL LETTER F -->
+    </cmap_format_4>
+    <cmap_format_4 platformID="3" platEncID="1" language="0">
+      <map code="0x20" name="space"/><!-- SPACE -->
+      <map code="0x41" name="A"/><!-- LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A -->
+      <map code="0x42" name="B"/><!-- LATIN CAPITAL LETTER B -->
+      <map code="0x43" name="C"/><!-- LATIN CAPITAL LETTER C -->
+      <map code="0x44" name="D"/><!-- LATIN CAPITAL LETTER D -->
+      <map code="0x45" name="E"/><!-- LATIN CAPITAL LETTER E -->
+      <map code="0x46" name="F"/><!-- LATIN CAPITAL LETTER F -->
+    </cmap_format_4>
+  </cmap>
+
+  <loca>
+    <!-- The 'loca' table will be calculated by the compiler -->
+  </loca>
+
+  <glyf>
+
+    <!-- The xMin, yMin, xMax and yMax values
+         will be recalculated by the compiler. -->
+
+    <TTGlyph name=".notdef" xMin="50" yMin="-200" xMax="450" yMax="800">
+      <contour>
+        <pt x="50" y="-200" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="50" y="800" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="450" y="800" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="450" y="-200" on="1"/>
+      </contour>
+      <contour>
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+        <pt x="400" y="-150" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="400" y="750" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="100" y="750" on="1"/>
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+      <instructions/>
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+    <TTGlyph name="A" xMin="113" yMin="-66" xMax="390" yMax="646">
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+        <pt x="390" y="646" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="390" y="-66" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="113" y="-66" on="1"/>
+      </contour>
+      <instructions/>
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+
+    <TTGlyph name="B" xMin="-192" yMin="19" xMax="792" yMax="612">
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+        <pt x="89" y="448" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="89" y="612" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="441" y="612" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="441" y="448" on="1"/>
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+        <pt x="89" y="19" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="89" y="215" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="-192" y="215" on="1"/>
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+      <instructions/>
+    </TTGlyph>
+
+    <TTGlyph name="C" xMin="-173" yMin="-66" xMax="811" yMax="646">
+      <contour>
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+        <pt x="460" y="584" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="460" y="420" on="1"/>
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+        <pt x="811" y="187" on="1"/>
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+        <pt x="-137" y="420" on="1"/>
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+      <instructions/>
+    </TTGlyph>
+
+    <TTGlyph name="D" xMin="-137" yMin="-66" xMax="1099" yMax="646">
+      <contour>
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+        <pt x="140" y="646" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="140" y="420" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="396" y="420" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="396" y="584" on="1"/>
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+        <pt x="748" y="420" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="1099" y="420" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="1099" y="187" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="748" y="187" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="748" y="-9" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="396" y="-9" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="396" y="187" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="140" y="187" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="140" y="-66" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="-137" y="-66" on="1"/>
+      </contour>
+      <instructions/>
+    </TTGlyph>
+
+    <TTGlyph name="E" xMin="-127" yMin="-100" xMax="839" yMax="663">
+      <contour>
+        <pt x="121" y="650" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="398" y="650" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="398" y="592" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="596" y="663" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="839" y="-6" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="579" y="-100" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="398" y="396" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="398" y="-62" on="1"/>
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+        <pt x="150" y="-66" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="-127" y="-66" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="-127" y="646" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="121" y="646" on="1"/>
+      </contour>
+      <instructions/>
+    </TTGlyph>
+
+    <TTGlyph name="F" xMin="-147" yMin="-115" xMax="872" yMax="650">
+      <contour>
+        <pt x="101" y="650" on="1"/>
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+        <pt x="130" y="-66" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="-147" y="-66" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="-147" y="646" on="1"/>
+        <pt x="101" y="646" on="1"/>
+      </contour>
+      <instructions/>
+    </TTGlyph>
+
+    <TTGlyph name="space"/><!-- contains no outline data -->
+
+  </glyf>
+
+  <name>
+    <namerecord nameID="256" platformID="1" platEncID="0" langID="0x0" unicode="True">
+      Weight
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="1" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Remove Overlaps Test
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="2" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
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+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="3" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
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+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="4" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Remove Overlaps Test Regular
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="5" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Version 1.000
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="6" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      RemoveOverlapsTest-Regular
+    </namerecord>
+    <namerecord nameID="256" platformID="3" platEncID="1" langID="0x409">
+      Weight
+    </namerecord>
+  </name>
+
+  <post>
+    <formatType value="2.0"/>
+    <italicAngle value="0.0"/>
+    <underlinePosition value="-100"/>
+    <underlineThickness value="50"/>
+    <isFixedPitch value="0"/>
+    <minMemType42 value="0"/>
+    <maxMemType42 value="0"/>
+    <minMemType1 value="0"/>
+    <maxMemType1 value="0"/>
+    <psNames>
+      <!-- This file uses unique glyph names based on the information
+           found in the 'post' table. Since these names might not be unique,
+           we have to invent artificial names in case of clashes. In order to
+           be able to retain the original information, we need a name to
+           ps name mapping for those cases where they differ. That's what
+           you see below.
+            -->
+    </psNames>
+    <extraNames>
+      <!-- following are the name that are not taken from the standard Mac glyph order -->
+    </extraNames>
+  </post>
+
+  <STAT>
+    <Version value="0x00010001"/>
+    <DesignAxisRecordSize value="8"/>
+    <!-- DesignAxisCount=1 -->
+    <DesignAxisRecord>
+      <Axis index="0">
+        <AxisTag value="wght"/>
+        <AxisNameID value="256"/>  <!-- Weight -->
+        <AxisOrdering value="0"/>
+      </Axis>
+    </DesignAxisRecord>
+    <!-- AxisValueCount=0 -->
+    <ElidedFallbackNameID value="2"/>  <!-- Regular -->
+  </STAT>
+
+</ttFont>
diff --git a/Tests/varLib/instancer/instancer_test.py b/Tests/varLib/instancer/instancer_test.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..cbc313d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/varLib/instancer/instancer_test.py
@@ -0,0 +1,1963 @@
+from fontTools.misc.py23 import Tag
+from fontTools.misc.fixedTools import floatToFixedToFloat
+from fontTools import ttLib
+from fontTools import designspaceLib
+from fontTools.feaLib.builder import addOpenTypeFeaturesFromString
+from fontTools.ttLib.tables import _f_v_a_r, _g_l_y_f
+from fontTools.ttLib.tables import otTables
+from fontTools.ttLib.tables.TupleVariation import TupleVariation
+from fontTools import varLib
+from fontTools.varLib import instancer
+from fontTools.varLib.mvar import MVAR_ENTRIES
+from fontTools.varLib import builder
+from fontTools.varLib import featureVars
+from fontTools.varLib import models
+import collections
+from copy import deepcopy
+from io import BytesIO, StringIO
+import logging
+import os
+import re
+from types import SimpleNamespace
+import pytest
+
+
+# see Tests/varLib/instancer/conftest.py for "varfont" fixture definition
+
+TESTDATA = os.path.join(os.path.dirname(__file__), "data")
+
+
+@pytest.fixture(params=[True, False], ids=["optimize", "no-optimize"])
+def optimize(request):
+    return request.param
+
+
+@pytest.fixture
+def fvarAxes():
+    wght = _f_v_a_r.Axis()
+    wght.axisTag = Tag("wght")
+    wght.minValue = 100
+    wght.defaultValue = 400
+    wght.maxValue = 900
+    wdth = _f_v_a_r.Axis()
+    wdth.axisTag = Tag("wdth")
+    wdth.minValue = 70
+    wdth.defaultValue = 100
+    wdth.maxValue = 100
+    return [wght, wdth]
+
+
+def _get_coordinates(varfont, glyphname):
+    # converts GlyphCoordinates to a list of (x, y) tuples, so that pytest's
+    # assert will give us a nicer diff
+    return list(varfont["glyf"].getCoordinatesAndControls(glyphname, varfont)[0])
+
+
+class InstantiateGvarTest(object):
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize("glyph_name", ["hyphen"])
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize(
+        "location, expected",
+        [
+            pytest.param(
+                {"wdth": -1.0},
+                {
+                    "hyphen": [
+                        (27, 229),
+                        (27, 310),
+                        (247, 310),
+                        (247, 229),
+                        (0, 0),
+                        (274, 0),
+                        (0, 536),
+                        (0, 0),
+                    ]
+                },
+                id="wdth=-1.0",
+            ),
+            pytest.param(
+                {"wdth": -0.5},
+                {
+                    "hyphen": [
+                        (33.5, 229),
+                        (33.5, 308.5),
+                        (264.5, 308.5),
+                        (264.5, 229),
+                        (0, 0),
+                        (298, 0),
+                        (0, 536),
+                        (0, 0),
+                    ]
+                },
+                id="wdth=-0.5",
+            ),
+            # an axis pinned at the default normalized location (0.0) means
+            # the default glyf outline stays the same
+            pytest.param(
+                {"wdth": 0.0},
+                {
+                    "hyphen": [
+                        (40, 229),
+                        (40, 307),
+                        (282, 307),
+                        (282, 229),
+                        (0, 0),
+                        (322, 0),
+                        (0, 536),
+                        (0, 0),
+                    ]
+                },
+                id="wdth=0.0",
+            ),
+        ],
+    )
+    def test_pin_and_drop_axis(self, varfont, glyph_name, location, expected, optimize):
+        instancer.instantiateGvar(varfont, location, optimize=optimize)
+
+        assert _get_coordinates(varfont, glyph_name) == expected[glyph_name]
+
+        # check that the pinned axis has been dropped from gvar
+        assert not any(
+            "wdth" in t.axes
+            for tuples in varfont["gvar"].variations.values()
+            for t in tuples
+        )
+
+    def test_full_instance(self, varfont, optimize):
+        instancer.instantiateGvar(
+            varfont, {"wght": 0.0, "wdth": -0.5}, optimize=optimize
+        )
+
+        assert _get_coordinates(varfont, "hyphen") == [
+            (33.5, 229),
+            (33.5, 308.5),
+            (264.5, 308.5),
+            (264.5, 229),
+            (0, 0),
+            (298, 0),
+            (0, 536),
+            (0, 0),
+        ]
+
+        assert "gvar" not in varfont
+
+    def test_composite_glyph_not_in_gvar(self, varfont):
+        """The 'minus' glyph is a composite glyph, which references 'hyphen' as a
+        component, but has no tuple variations in gvar table, so the component offset
+        and the phantom points do not change; however the sidebearings and bounding box
+        do change as a result of the parent glyph 'hyphen' changing.
+        """
+        hmtx = varfont["hmtx"]
+        vmtx = varfont["vmtx"]
+
+        hyphenCoords = _get_coordinates(varfont, "hyphen")
+        assert hyphenCoords == [
+            (40, 229),
+            (40, 307),
+            (282, 307),
+            (282, 229),
+            (0, 0),
+            (322, 0),
+            (0, 536),
+            (0, 0),
+        ]
+        assert hmtx["hyphen"] == (322, 40)
+        assert vmtx["hyphen"] == (536, 229)
+
+        minusCoords = _get_coordinates(varfont, "minus")
+        assert minusCoords == [(0, 0), (0, 0), (422, 0), (0, 536), (0, 0)]
+        assert hmtx["minus"] == (422, 40)
+        assert vmtx["minus"] == (536, 229)
+
+        location = {"wght": -1.0, "wdth": -1.0}
+
+        instancer.instantiateGvar(varfont, location)
+
+        # check 'hyphen' coordinates changed
+        assert _get_coordinates(varfont, "hyphen") == [
+            (26, 259),
+            (26, 286),
+            (237, 286),
+            (237, 259),
+            (0, 0),
+            (263, 0),
+            (0, 536),
+            (0, 0),
+        ]
+        # check 'minus' coordinates (i.e. component offset and phantom points)
+        # did _not_ change
+        assert _get_coordinates(varfont, "minus") == minusCoords
+
+        assert hmtx["hyphen"] == (263, 26)
+        assert vmtx["hyphen"] == (536, 250)
+
+        assert hmtx["minus"] == (422, 26)  # 'minus' left sidebearing changed
+        assert vmtx["minus"] == (536, 250)  # 'minus' top sidebearing too
+
+
+class InstantiateCvarTest(object):
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize(
+        "location, expected",
+        [
+            pytest.param({"wght": -1.0}, [500, -400, 150, 250], id="wght=-1.0"),
+            pytest.param({"wdth": -1.0}, [500, -400, 180, 200], id="wdth=-1.0"),
+            pytest.param({"wght": -0.5}, [500, -400, 165, 250], id="wght=-0.5"),
+            pytest.param({"wdth": -0.3}, [500, -400, 180, 235], id="wdth=-0.3"),
+        ],
+    )
+    def test_pin_and_drop_axis(self, varfont, location, expected):
+        instancer.instantiateCvar(varfont, location)
+
+        assert list(varfont["cvt "].values) == expected
+
+        # check that the pinned axis has been dropped from cvar
+        pinned_axes = location.keys()
+        assert not any(
+            axis in t.axes for t in varfont["cvar"].variations for axis in pinned_axes
+        )
+
+    def test_full_instance(self, varfont):
+        instancer.instantiateCvar(varfont, {"wght": -0.5, "wdth": -0.5})
+
+        assert list(varfont["cvt "].values) == [500, -400, 165, 225]
+
+        assert "cvar" not in varfont
+
+
+class InstantiateMVARTest(object):
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize(
+        "location, expected",
+        [
+            pytest.param(
+                {"wght": 1.0},
+                {"strs": 100, "undo": -200, "unds": 150, "xhgt": 530},
+                id="wght=1.0",
+            ),
+            pytest.param(
+                {"wght": 0.5},
+                {"strs": 75, "undo": -150, "unds": 100, "xhgt": 515},
+                id="wght=0.5",
+            ),
+            pytest.param(
+                {"wght": 0.0},
+                {"strs": 50, "undo": -100, "unds": 50, "xhgt": 500},
+                id="wght=0.0",
+            ),
+            pytest.param(
+                {"wdth": -1.0},
+                {"strs": 20, "undo": -100, "unds": 50, "xhgt": 500},
+                id="wdth=-1.0",
+            ),
+            pytest.param(
+                {"wdth": -0.5},
+                {"strs": 35, "undo": -100, "unds": 50, "xhgt": 500},
+                id="wdth=-0.5",
+            ),
+            pytest.param(
+                {"wdth": 0.0},
+                {"strs": 50, "undo": -100, "unds": 50, "xhgt": 500},
+                id="wdth=0.0",
+            ),
+        ],
+    )
+    def test_pin_and_drop_axis(self, varfont, location, expected):
+        mvar = varfont["MVAR"].table
+        # initially we have two VarData: the first contains deltas associated with 3
+        # regions: 1 with only wght, 1 with only wdth, and 1 with both wght and wdth
+        assert len(mvar.VarStore.VarData) == 2
+        assert mvar.VarStore.VarRegionList.RegionCount == 3
+        assert mvar.VarStore.VarData[0].VarRegionCount == 3
+        assert all(len(item) == 3 for item in mvar.VarStore.VarData[0].Item)
+        # The second VarData has deltas associated only with 1 region (wght only).
+        assert mvar.VarStore.VarData[1].VarRegionCount == 1
+        assert all(len(item) == 1 for item in mvar.VarStore.VarData[1].Item)
+
+        instancer.instantiateMVAR(varfont, location)
+
+        for mvar_tag, expected_value in expected.items():
+            table_tag, item_name = MVAR_ENTRIES[mvar_tag]
+            assert getattr(varfont[table_tag], item_name) == expected_value
+
+        # check that regions and accompanying deltas have been dropped
+        num_regions_left = len(mvar.VarStore.VarRegionList.Region)
+        assert num_regions_left < 3
+        assert mvar.VarStore.VarRegionList.RegionCount == num_regions_left
+        assert mvar.VarStore.VarData[0].VarRegionCount == num_regions_left
+        # VarData subtables have been merged
+        assert len(mvar.VarStore.VarData) == 1
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize(
+        "location, expected",
+        [
+            pytest.param(
+                {"wght": 1.0, "wdth": 0.0},
+                {"strs": 100, "undo": -200, "unds": 150},
+                id="wght=1.0,wdth=0.0",
+            ),
+            pytest.param(
+                {"wght": 0.0, "wdth": -1.0},
+                {"strs": 20, "undo": -100, "unds": 50},
+                id="wght=0.0,wdth=-1.0",
+            ),
+            pytest.param(
+                {"wght": 0.5, "wdth": -0.5},
+                {"strs": 55, "undo": -145, "unds": 95},
+                id="wght=0.5,wdth=-0.5",
+            ),
+            pytest.param(
+                {"wght": 1.0, "wdth": -1.0},
+                {"strs": 50, "undo": -180, "unds": 130},
+                id="wght=0.5,wdth=-0.5",
+            ),
+        ],
+    )
+    def test_full_instance(self, varfont, location, expected):
+        instancer.instantiateMVAR(varfont, location)
+
+        for mvar_tag, expected_value in expected.items():
+            table_tag, item_name = MVAR_ENTRIES[mvar_tag]
+            assert getattr(varfont[table_tag], item_name) == expected_value
+
+        assert "MVAR" not in varfont
+
+
+class InstantiateHVARTest(object):
+    # the 'expectedDeltas' below refer to the VarData item deltas for the "hyphen"
+    # glyph in the PartialInstancerTest-VF.ttx test font, that are left after
+    # partial instancing
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize(
+        "location, expectedRegions, expectedDeltas",
+        [
+            ({"wght": -1.0}, [{"wdth": (-1.0, -1.0, 0)}], [-59]),
+            ({"wght": 0}, [{"wdth": (-1.0, -1.0, 0)}], [-48]),
+            ({"wght": 1.0}, [{"wdth": (-1.0, -1.0, 0)}], [7]),
+            (
+                {"wdth": -1.0},
+                [
+                    {"wght": (-1.0, -1.0, 0.0)},
+                    {"wght": (0.0, 0.6099854, 1.0)},
+                    {"wght": (0.6099854, 1.0, 1.0)},
+                ],
+                [-11, 31, 51],
+            ),
+            ({"wdth": 0}, [{"wght": (0.6099854, 1.0, 1.0)}], [-4]),
+        ],
+    )
+    def test_partial_instance(self, varfont, location, expectedRegions, expectedDeltas):
+        instancer.instantiateHVAR(varfont, location)
+
+        assert "HVAR" in varfont
+        hvar = varfont["HVAR"].table
+        varStore = hvar.VarStore
+
+        regions = varStore.VarRegionList.Region
+        fvarAxes = [a for a in varfont["fvar"].axes if a.axisTag not in location]
+        regionDicts = [reg.get_support(fvarAxes) for reg in regions]
+        assert len(regionDicts) == len(expectedRegions)
+        for region, expectedRegion in zip(regionDicts, expectedRegions):
+            assert region.keys() == expectedRegion.keys()
+            for axisTag, support in region.items():
+                assert support == pytest.approx(expectedRegion[axisTag])
+
+        assert len(varStore.VarData) == 1
+        assert varStore.VarData[0].ItemCount == 2
+
+        assert hvar.AdvWidthMap is not None
+        advWithMap = hvar.AdvWidthMap.mapping
+
+        assert advWithMap[".notdef"] == advWithMap["space"]
+        varIdx = advWithMap[".notdef"]
+        # these glyphs have no metrics variations in the test font
+        assert varStore.VarData[varIdx >> 16].Item[varIdx & 0xFFFF] == (
+            [0] * varStore.VarData[0].VarRegionCount
+        )
+
+        varIdx = advWithMap["hyphen"]
+        assert varStore.VarData[varIdx >> 16].Item[varIdx & 0xFFFF] == expectedDeltas
+
+    def test_full_instance(self, varfont):
+        instancer.instantiateHVAR(varfont, {"wght": 0, "wdth": 0})
+
+        assert "HVAR" not in varfont
+
+    def test_partial_instance_keep_empty_table(self, varfont):
+        # Append an additional dummy axis to fvar, for which the current HVAR table
+        # in our test 'varfont' contains no variation data.
+        # Instancing the other two wght and wdth axes should leave HVAR table empty,
+        # to signal there are variations to the glyph's advance widths.
+        fvar = varfont["fvar"]
+        axis = _f_v_a_r.Axis()
+        axis.axisTag = "TEST"
+        fvar.axes.append(axis)
+
+        instancer.instantiateHVAR(varfont, {"wght": 0, "wdth": 0})
+
+        assert "HVAR" in varfont
+
+        varStore = varfont["HVAR"].table.VarStore
+
+        assert varStore.VarRegionList.RegionCount == 0
+        assert not varStore.VarRegionList.Region
+        assert varStore.VarRegionList.RegionAxisCount == 1
+
+
+class InstantiateItemVariationStoreTest(object):
+    def test_VarRegion_get_support(self):
+        axisOrder = ["wght", "wdth", "opsz"]
+        regionAxes = {"wdth": (-1.0, -1.0, 0.0), "wght": (0.0, 1.0, 1.0)}
+        region = builder.buildVarRegion(regionAxes, axisOrder)
+
+        assert len(region.VarRegionAxis) == 3
+        assert region.VarRegionAxis[2].PeakCoord == 0
+
+        fvarAxes = [SimpleNamespace(axisTag=axisTag) for axisTag in axisOrder]
+
+        assert region.get_support(fvarAxes) == regionAxes
+
+    @pytest.fixture
+    def varStore(self):
+        return builder.buildVarStore(
+            builder.buildVarRegionList(
+                [
+                    {"wght": (-1.0, -1.0, 0)},
+                    {"wght": (0, 0.5, 1.0)},
+                    {"wght": (0.5, 1.0, 1.0)},
+                    {"wdth": (-1.0, -1.0, 0)},
+                    {"wght": (-1.0, -1.0, 0), "wdth": (-1.0, -1.0, 0)},
+                    {"wght": (0, 0.5, 1.0), "wdth": (-1.0, -1.0, 0)},
+                    {"wght": (0.5, 1.0, 1.0), "wdth": (-1.0, -1.0, 0)},
+                ],
+                ["wght", "wdth"],
+            ),
+            [
+                builder.buildVarData([0, 1, 2], [[100, 100, 100], [100, 100, 100]]),
+                builder.buildVarData(
+                    [3, 4, 5, 6], [[100, 100, 100, 100], [100, 100, 100, 100]]
+                ),
+            ],
+        )
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize(
+        "location, expected_deltas, num_regions",
+        [
+            ({"wght": 0}, [[0, 0], [0, 0]], 1),
+            ({"wght": 0.25}, [[50, 50], [0, 0]], 1),
+            ({"wdth": 0}, [[0, 0], [0, 0]], 3),
+            ({"wdth": -0.75}, [[0, 0], [75, 75]], 3),
+            ({"wght": 0, "wdth": 0}, [[0, 0], [0, 0]], 0),
+            ({"wght": 0.25, "wdth": 0}, [[50, 50], [0, 0]], 0),
+            ({"wght": 0, "wdth": -0.75}, [[0, 0], [75, 75]], 0),
+        ],
+    )
+    def test_instantiate_default_deltas(
+        self, varStore, fvarAxes, location, expected_deltas, num_regions
+    ):
+        defaultDeltas = instancer.instantiateItemVariationStore(
+            varStore, fvarAxes, location
+        )
+
+        defaultDeltaArray = []
+        for varidx, delta in sorted(defaultDeltas.items()):
+            major, minor = varidx >> 16, varidx & 0xFFFF
+            if major == len(defaultDeltaArray):
+                defaultDeltaArray.append([])
+            assert len(defaultDeltaArray[major]) == minor
+            defaultDeltaArray[major].append(delta)
+
+        assert defaultDeltaArray == expected_deltas
+        assert varStore.VarRegionList.RegionCount == num_regions
+
+
+class TupleVarStoreAdapterTest(object):
+    def test_instantiate(self):
+        regions = [
+            {"wght": (-1.0, -1.0, 0)},
+            {"wght": (0.0, 1.0, 1.0)},
+            {"wdth": (-1.0, -1.0, 0)},
+            {"wght": (-1.0, -1.0, 0), "wdth": (-1.0, -1.0, 0)},
+            {"wght": (0, 1.0, 1.0), "wdth": (-1.0, -1.0, 0)},
+        ]
+        axisOrder = ["wght", "wdth"]
+        tupleVarData = [
+            [
+                TupleVariation({"wght": (-1.0, -1.0, 0)}, [10, 70]),
+                TupleVariation({"wght": (0.0, 1.0, 1.0)}, [30, 90]),
+                TupleVariation(
+                    {"wght": (-1.0, -1.0, 0), "wdth": (-1.0, -1.0, 0)}, [-40, -100]
+                ),
+                TupleVariation(
+                    {"wght": (0, 1.0, 1.0), "wdth": (-1.0, -1.0, 0)}, [-60, -120]
+                ),
+            ],
+            [
+                TupleVariation({"wdth": (-1.0, -1.0, 0)}, [5, 45]),
+                TupleVariation(
+                    {"wght": (-1.0, -1.0, 0), "wdth": (-1.0, -1.0, 0)}, [-15, -55]
+                ),
+                TupleVariation(
+                    {"wght": (0, 1.0, 1.0), "wdth": (-1.0, -1.0, 0)}, [-35, -75]
+                ),
+            ],
+        ]
+        adapter = instancer._TupleVarStoreAdapter(
+            regions, axisOrder, tupleVarData, itemCounts=[2, 2]
+        )
+
+        defaultDeltaArray = adapter.instantiate({"wght": 0.5})
+
+        assert defaultDeltaArray == [[15, 45], [0, 0]]
+        assert adapter.regions == [{"wdth": (-1.0, -1.0, 0)}]
+        assert adapter.tupleVarData == [
+            [TupleVariation({"wdth": (-1.0, -1.0, 0)}, [-30, -60])],
+            [TupleVariation({"wdth": (-1.0, -1.0, 0)}, [-12, 8])],
+        ]
+
+    def test_rebuildRegions(self):
+        regions = [
+            {"wght": (-1.0, -1.0, 0)},
+            {"wght": (0.0, 1.0, 1.0)},
+            {"wdth": (-1.0, -1.0, 0)},
+            {"wght": (-1.0, -1.0, 0), "wdth": (-1.0, -1.0, 0)},
+            {"wght": (0, 1.0, 1.0), "wdth": (-1.0, -1.0, 0)},
+        ]
+        axisOrder = ["wght", "wdth"]
+        variations = []
+        for region in regions:
+            variations.append(TupleVariation(region, [100]))
+        tupleVarData = [variations[:3], variations[3:]]
+        adapter = instancer._TupleVarStoreAdapter(
+            regions, axisOrder, tupleVarData, itemCounts=[1, 1]
+        )
+
+        adapter.rebuildRegions()
+
+        assert adapter.regions == regions
+
+        del tupleVarData[0][2]
+        tupleVarData[1][0].axes = {"wght": (-1.0, -0.5, 0)}
+        tupleVarData[1][1].axes = {"wght": (0, 0.5, 1.0)}
+
+        adapter.rebuildRegions()
+
+        assert adapter.regions == [
+            {"wght": (-1.0, -1.0, 0)},
+            {"wght": (0.0, 1.0, 1.0)},
+            {"wght": (-1.0, -0.5, 0)},
+            {"wght": (0, 0.5, 1.0)},
+        ]
+
+    def test_roundtrip(self, fvarAxes):
+        regions = [
+            {"wght": (-1.0, -1.0, 0)},
+            {"wght": (0, 0.5, 1.0)},
+            {"wght": (0.5, 1.0, 1.0)},
+            {"wdth": (-1.0, -1.0, 0)},
+            {"wght": (-1.0, -1.0, 0), "wdth": (-1.0, -1.0, 0)},
+            {"wght": (0, 0.5, 1.0), "wdth": (-1.0, -1.0, 0)},
+            {"wght": (0.5, 1.0, 1.0), "wdth": (-1.0, -1.0, 0)},
+        ]
+        axisOrder = [axis.axisTag for axis in fvarAxes]
+
+        itemVarStore = builder.buildVarStore(
+            builder.buildVarRegionList(regions, axisOrder),
+            [
+                builder.buildVarData(
+                    [0, 1, 2, 4, 5, 6],
+                    [[10, -20, 30, -40, 50, -60], [70, -80, 90, -100, 110, -120]],
+                ),
+                builder.buildVarData(
+                    [3, 4, 5, 6], [[5, -15, 25, -35], [45, -55, 65, -75]]
+                ),
+            ],
+        )
+
+        adapter = instancer._TupleVarStoreAdapter.fromItemVarStore(
+            itemVarStore, fvarAxes
+        )
+
+        assert adapter.tupleVarData == [
+            [
+                TupleVariation({"wght": (-1.0, -1.0, 0)}, [10, 70]),
+                TupleVariation({"wght": (0, 0.5, 1.0)}, [-20, -80]),
+                TupleVariation({"wght": (0.5, 1.0, 1.0)}, [30, 90]),
+                TupleVariation(
+                    {"wght": (-1.0, -1.0, 0), "wdth": (-1.0, -1.0, 0)}, [-40, -100]
+                ),
+                TupleVariation(
+                    {"wght": (0, 0.5, 1.0), "wdth": (-1.0, -1.0, 0)}, [50, 110]
+                ),
+                TupleVariation(
+                    {"wght": (0.5, 1.0, 1.0), "wdth": (-1.0, -1.0, 0)}, [-60, -120]
+                ),
+            ],
+            [
+                TupleVariation({"wdth": (-1.0, -1.0, 0)}, [5, 45]),
+                TupleVariation(
+                    {"wght": (-1.0, -1.0, 0), "wdth": (-1.0, -1.0, 0)}, [-15, -55]
+                ),
+                TupleVariation(
+                    {"wght": (0, 0.5, 1.0), "wdth": (-1.0, -1.0, 0)}, [25, 65]
+                ),
+                TupleVariation(
+                    {"wght": (0.5, 1.0, 1.0), "wdth": (-1.0, -1.0, 0)}, [-35, -75]
+                ),
+            ],
+        ]
+        assert adapter.itemCounts == [data.ItemCount for data in itemVarStore.VarData]
+        assert adapter.regions == regions
+        assert adapter.axisOrder == axisOrder
+
+        itemVarStore2 = adapter.asItemVarStore()
+
+        assert [
+            reg.get_support(fvarAxes) for reg in itemVarStore2.VarRegionList.Region
+        ] == regions
+
+        assert itemVarStore2.VarDataCount == 2
+        assert itemVarStore2.VarData[0].VarRegionIndex == [0, 1, 2, 4, 5, 6]
+        assert itemVarStore2.VarData[0].Item == [
+            [10, -20, 30, -40, 50, -60],
+            [70, -80, 90, -100, 110, -120],
+        ]
+        assert itemVarStore2.VarData[1].VarRegionIndex == [3, 4, 5, 6]
+        assert itemVarStore2.VarData[1].Item == [[5, -15, 25, -35], [45, -55, 65, -75]]
+
+
+def makeTTFont(glyphOrder, features):
+    font = ttLib.TTFont()
+    font.setGlyphOrder(glyphOrder)
+    addOpenTypeFeaturesFromString(font, features)
+    font["name"] = ttLib.newTable("name")
+    return font
+
+
+def _makeDSAxesDict(axes):
+    dsAxes = collections.OrderedDict()
+    for axisTag, axisValues in axes:
+        axis = designspaceLib.AxisDescriptor()
+        axis.name = axis.tag = axis.labelNames["en"] = axisTag
+        axis.minimum, axis.default, axis.maximum = axisValues
+        dsAxes[axis.tag] = axis
+    return dsAxes
+
+
+def makeVariableFont(masters, baseIndex, axes, masterLocations):
+    vf = deepcopy(masters[baseIndex])
+    dsAxes = _makeDSAxesDict(axes)
+    fvar = varLib._add_fvar(vf, dsAxes, instances=())
+    axisTags = [axis.axisTag for axis in fvar.axes]
+    normalizedLocs = [models.normalizeLocation(m, dict(axes)) for m in masterLocations]
+    model = models.VariationModel(normalizedLocs, axisOrder=axisTags)
+    varLib._merge_OTL(vf, model, masters, axisTags)
+    return vf
+
+
+def makeParametrizedVF(glyphOrder, features, values, increments):
+    # Create a test VF with given glyphs and parametrized OTL features.
+    # The VF is built from 9 masters (3 x 3 along wght and wdth), with
+    # locations hard-coded and base master at wght=400 and wdth=100.
+    # 'values' is a list of initial values that are interpolated in the
+    # 'features' string, and incremented for each subsequent master by the
+    # given 'increments' (list of 2-tuple) along the two axes.
+    assert values and len(values) == len(increments)
+    assert all(len(i) == 2 for i in increments)
+    masterLocations = [
+        {"wght": 100, "wdth": 50},
+        {"wght": 100, "wdth": 100},
+        {"wght": 100, "wdth": 150},
+        {"wght": 400, "wdth": 50},
+        {"wght": 400, "wdth": 100},  # base master
+        {"wght": 400, "wdth": 150},
+        {"wght": 700, "wdth": 50},
+        {"wght": 700, "wdth": 100},
+        {"wght": 700, "wdth": 150},
+    ]
+    n = len(values)
+    values = list(values)
+    masters = []
+    for _ in range(3):
+        for _ in range(3):
+            master = makeTTFont(glyphOrder, features=features % tuple(values))
+            masters.append(master)
+            for i in range(n):
+                values[i] += increments[i][1]
+        for i in range(n):
+            values[i] += increments[i][0]
+    baseIndex = 4
+    axes = [("wght", (100, 400, 700)), ("wdth", (50, 100, 150))]
+    vf = makeVariableFont(masters, baseIndex, axes, masterLocations)
+    return vf
+
+
+@pytest.fixture
+def varfontGDEF():
+    glyphOrder = [".notdef", "f", "i", "f_i"]
+    features = (
+        "feature liga { sub f i by f_i;} liga;"
+        "table GDEF { LigatureCaretByPos f_i %d; } GDEF;"
+    )
+    values = [100]
+    increments = [(+30, +10)]
+    return makeParametrizedVF(glyphOrder, features, values, increments)
+
+
+@pytest.fixture
+def varfontGPOS():
+    glyphOrder = [".notdef", "V", "A"]
+    features = "feature kern { pos V A %d; } kern;"
+    values = [-80]
+    increments = [(-10, -5)]
+    return makeParametrizedVF(glyphOrder, features, values, increments)
+
+
+@pytest.fixture
+def varfontGPOS2():
+    glyphOrder = [".notdef", "V", "A", "acutecomb"]
+    features = (
+        "markClass [acutecomb] <anchor 150 -10> @TOP_MARKS;"
+        "feature mark {"
+        "  pos base A <anchor %d 450> mark @TOP_MARKS;"
+        "} mark;"
+        "feature kern {"
+        "  pos V A %d;"
+        "} kern;"
+    )
+    values = [200, -80]
+    increments = [(+30, +10), (-10, -5)]
+    return makeParametrizedVF(glyphOrder, features, values, increments)
+
+
+class InstantiateOTLTest(object):
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize(
+        "location, expected",
+        [
+            ({"wght": -1.0}, 110),  # -60
+            ({"wght": 0}, 170),
+            ({"wght": 0.5}, 200),  # +30
+            ({"wght": 1.0}, 230),  # +60
+            ({"wdth": -1.0}, 160),  # -10
+            ({"wdth": -0.3}, 167),  # -3
+            ({"wdth": 0}, 170),
+            ({"wdth": 1.0}, 180),  # +10
+        ],
+    )
+    def test_pin_and_drop_axis_GDEF(self, varfontGDEF, location, expected):
+        vf = varfontGDEF
+        assert "GDEF" in vf
+
+        instancer.instantiateOTL(vf, location)
+
+        assert "GDEF" in vf
+        gdef = vf["GDEF"].table
+        assert gdef.Version == 0x00010003
+        assert gdef.VarStore
+        assert gdef.LigCaretList
+        caretValue = gdef.LigCaretList.LigGlyph[0].CaretValue[0]
+        assert caretValue.Format == 3
+        assert hasattr(caretValue, "DeviceTable")
+        assert caretValue.DeviceTable.DeltaFormat == 0x8000
+        assert caretValue.Coordinate == expected
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize(
+        "location, expected",
+        [
+            ({"wght": -1.0, "wdth": -1.0}, 100),  # -60 - 10
+            ({"wght": -1.0, "wdth": 0.0}, 110),  # -60
+            ({"wght": -1.0, "wdth": 1.0}, 120),  # -60 + 10
+            ({"wght": 0.0, "wdth": -1.0}, 160),  # -10
+            ({"wght": 0.0, "wdth": 0.0}, 170),
+            ({"wght": 0.0, "wdth": 1.0}, 180),  # +10
+            ({"wght": 1.0, "wdth": -1.0}, 220),  # +60 - 10
+            ({"wght": 1.0, "wdth": 0.0}, 230),  # +60
+            ({"wght": 1.0, "wdth": 1.0}, 240),  # +60 + 10
+        ],
+    )
+    def test_full_instance_GDEF(self, varfontGDEF, location, expected):
+        vf = varfontGDEF
+        assert "GDEF" in vf
+
+        instancer.instantiateOTL(vf, location)
+
+        assert "GDEF" in vf
+        gdef = vf["GDEF"].table
+        assert gdef.Version == 0x00010000
+        assert not hasattr(gdef, "VarStore")
+        assert gdef.LigCaretList
+        caretValue = gdef.LigCaretList.LigGlyph[0].CaretValue[0]
+        assert caretValue.Format == 1
+        assert not hasattr(caretValue, "DeviceTable")
+        assert caretValue.Coordinate == expected
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize(
+        "location, expected",
+        [
+            ({"wght": -1.0}, -85),  # +25
+            ({"wght": 0}, -110),
+            ({"wght": 1.0}, -135),  # -25
+            ({"wdth": -1.0}, -105),  # +5
+            ({"wdth": 0}, -110),
+            ({"wdth": 1.0}, -115),  # -5
+        ],
+    )
+    def test_pin_and_drop_axis_GPOS_kern(self, varfontGPOS, location, expected):
+        vf = varfontGPOS
+        assert "GDEF" in vf
+        assert "GPOS" in vf
+
+        instancer.instantiateOTL(vf, location)
+
+        gdef = vf["GDEF"].table
+        gpos = vf["GPOS"].table
+        assert gdef.Version == 0x00010003
+        assert gdef.VarStore
+
+        assert gpos.LookupList.Lookup[0].LookupType == 2  # PairPos
+        pairPos = gpos.LookupList.Lookup[0].SubTable[0]
+        valueRec1 = pairPos.PairSet[0].PairValueRecord[0].Value1
+        assert valueRec1.XAdvDevice
+        assert valueRec1.XAdvDevice.DeltaFormat == 0x8000
+        assert valueRec1.XAdvance == expected
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize(
+        "location, expected",
+        [
+            ({"wght": -1.0, "wdth": -1.0}, -80),  # +25 + 5
+            ({"wght": -1.0, "wdth": 0.0}, -85),  # +25
+            ({"wght": -1.0, "wdth": 1.0}, -90),  # +25 - 5
+            ({"wght": 0.0, "wdth": -1.0}, -105),  # +5
+            ({"wght": 0.0, "wdth": 0.0}, -110),
+            ({"wght": 0.0, "wdth": 1.0}, -115),  # -5
+            ({"wght": 1.0, "wdth": -1.0}, -130),  # -25 + 5
+            ({"wght": 1.0, "wdth": 0.0}, -135),  # -25
+            ({"wght": 1.0, "wdth": 1.0}, -140),  # -25 - 5
+        ],
+    )
+    def test_full_instance_GPOS_kern(self, varfontGPOS, location, expected):
+        vf = varfontGPOS
+        assert "GDEF" in vf
+        assert "GPOS" in vf
+
+        instancer.instantiateOTL(vf, location)
+
+        assert "GDEF" not in vf
+        gpos = vf["GPOS"].table
+
+        assert gpos.LookupList.Lookup[0].LookupType == 2  # PairPos
+        pairPos = gpos.LookupList.Lookup[0].SubTable[0]
+        valueRec1 = pairPos.PairSet[0].PairValueRecord[0].Value1
+        assert not hasattr(valueRec1, "XAdvDevice")
+        assert valueRec1.XAdvance == expected
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize(
+        "location, expected",
+        [
+            ({"wght": -1.0}, (210, -85)),  # -60, +25
+            ({"wght": 0}, (270, -110)),
+            ({"wght": 0.5}, (300, -122)),  # +30, -12
+            ({"wght": 1.0}, (330, -135)),  # +60, -25
+            ({"wdth": -1.0}, (260, -105)),  # -10, +5
+            ({"wdth": -0.3}, (267, -108)),  # -3, +2
+            ({"wdth": 0}, (270, -110)),
+            ({"wdth": 1.0}, (280, -115)),  # +10, -5
+        ],
+    )
+    def test_pin_and_drop_axis_GPOS_mark_and_kern(
+        self, varfontGPOS2, location, expected
+    ):
+        vf = varfontGPOS2
+        assert "GDEF" in vf
+        assert "GPOS" in vf
+
+        instancer.instantiateOTL(vf, location)
+
+        v1, v2 = expected
+        gdef = vf["GDEF"].table
+        gpos = vf["GPOS"].table
+        assert gdef.Version == 0x00010003
+        assert gdef.VarStore
+        assert gdef.GlyphClassDef
+
+        assert gpos.LookupList.Lookup[0].LookupType == 4  # MarkBasePos
+        markBasePos = gpos.LookupList.Lookup[0].SubTable[0]
+        baseAnchor = markBasePos.BaseArray.BaseRecord[0].BaseAnchor[0]
+        assert baseAnchor.Format == 3
+        assert baseAnchor.XDeviceTable
+        assert baseAnchor.XDeviceTable.DeltaFormat == 0x8000
+        assert not baseAnchor.YDeviceTable
+        assert baseAnchor.XCoordinate == v1
+        assert baseAnchor.YCoordinate == 450
+
+        assert gpos.LookupList.Lookup[1].LookupType == 2  # PairPos
+        pairPos = gpos.LookupList.Lookup[1].SubTable[0]
+        valueRec1 = pairPos.PairSet[0].PairValueRecord[0].Value1
+        assert valueRec1.XAdvDevice
+        assert valueRec1.XAdvDevice.DeltaFormat == 0x8000
+        assert valueRec1.XAdvance == v2
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize(
+        "location, expected",
+        [
+            ({"wght": -1.0, "wdth": -1.0}, (200, -80)),  # -60 - 10, +25 + 5
+            ({"wght": -1.0, "wdth": 0.0}, (210, -85)),  # -60, +25
+            ({"wght": -1.0, "wdth": 1.0}, (220, -90)),  # -60 + 10, +25 - 5
+            ({"wght": 0.0, "wdth": -1.0}, (260, -105)),  # -10, +5
+            ({"wght": 0.0, "wdth": 0.0}, (270, -110)),
+            ({"wght": 0.0, "wdth": 1.0}, (280, -115)),  # +10, -5
+            ({"wght": 1.0, "wdth": -1.0}, (320, -130)),  # +60 - 10, -25 + 5
+            ({"wght": 1.0, "wdth": 0.0}, (330, -135)),  # +60, -25
+            ({"wght": 1.0, "wdth": 1.0}, (340, -140)),  # +60 + 10, -25 - 5
+        ],
+    )
+    def test_full_instance_GPOS_mark_and_kern(self, varfontGPOS2, location, expected):
+        vf = varfontGPOS2
+        assert "GDEF" in vf
+        assert "GPOS" in vf
+
+        instancer.instantiateOTL(vf, location)
+
+        v1, v2 = expected
+        gdef = vf["GDEF"].table
+        gpos = vf["GPOS"].table
+        assert gdef.Version == 0x00010000
+        assert not hasattr(gdef, "VarStore")
+        assert gdef.GlyphClassDef
+
+        assert gpos.LookupList.Lookup[0].LookupType == 4  # MarkBasePos
+        markBasePos = gpos.LookupList.Lookup[0].SubTable[0]
+        baseAnchor = markBasePos.BaseArray.BaseRecord[0].BaseAnchor[0]
+        assert baseAnchor.Format == 1
+        assert not hasattr(baseAnchor, "XDeviceTable")
+        assert not hasattr(baseAnchor, "YDeviceTable")
+        assert baseAnchor.XCoordinate == v1
+        assert baseAnchor.YCoordinate == 450
+
+        assert gpos.LookupList.Lookup[1].LookupType == 2  # PairPos
+        pairPos = gpos.LookupList.Lookup[1].SubTable[0]
+        valueRec1 = pairPos.PairSet[0].PairValueRecord[0].Value1
+        assert not hasattr(valueRec1, "XAdvDevice")
+        assert valueRec1.XAdvance == v2
+
+    def test_GPOS_ValueRecord_XAdvDevice_wtihout_XAdvance(self):
+        # Test VF contains a PairPos adjustment in which the default instance
+        # has no XAdvance but there are deltas in XAdvDevice (VariationIndex).
+        vf = ttLib.TTFont()
+        vf.importXML(os.path.join(TESTDATA, "PartialInstancerTest4-VF.ttx"))
+        pairPos = vf["GPOS"].table.LookupList.Lookup[0].SubTable[0]
+        assert pairPos.ValueFormat1 == 0x40
+        valueRec1 = pairPos.PairSet[0].PairValueRecord[0].Value1
+        assert not hasattr(valueRec1, "XAdvance")
+        assert valueRec1.XAdvDevice.DeltaFormat == 0x8000
+        outer = valueRec1.XAdvDevice.StartSize
+        inner = valueRec1.XAdvDevice.EndSize
+        assert vf["GDEF"].table.VarStore.VarData[outer].Item[inner] == [-50]
+
+        # check that MutatorMerger for ValueRecord doesn't raise AttributeError
+        # when XAdvDevice is present but there's no corresponding XAdvance.
+        instancer.instantiateOTL(vf, {"wght": 0.5})
+
+        pairPos = vf["GPOS"].table.LookupList.Lookup[0].SubTable[0]
+        assert pairPos.ValueFormat1 == 0x4
+        valueRec1 = pairPos.PairSet[0].PairValueRecord[0].Value1
+        assert not hasattr(valueRec1, "XAdvDevice")
+        assert valueRec1.XAdvance == -25
+
+
+class InstantiateAvarTest(object):
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize("location", [{"wght": 0.0}, {"wdth": 0.0}])
+    def test_pin_and_drop_axis(self, varfont, location):
+        instancer.instantiateAvar(varfont, location)
+
+        assert set(varfont["avar"].segments).isdisjoint(location)
+
+    def test_full_instance(self, varfont):
+        instancer.instantiateAvar(varfont, {"wght": 0.0, "wdth": 0.0})
+
+        assert "avar" not in varfont
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def quantizeF2Dot14Floats(mapping):
+        return {
+            floatToFixedToFloat(k, 14): floatToFixedToFloat(v, 14)
+            for k, v in mapping.items()
+        }
+
+    # the following values come from NotoSans-VF.ttf
+    DFLT_WGHT_MAPPING = {
+        -1.0: -1.0,
+        -0.6667: -0.7969,
+        -0.3333: -0.5,
+        0: 0,
+        0.2: 0.18,
+        0.4: 0.38,
+        0.6: 0.61,
+        0.8: 0.79,
+        1.0: 1.0,
+    }
+
+    DFLT_WDTH_MAPPING = {-1.0: -1.0, -0.6667: -0.7, -0.3333: -0.36664, 0: 0, 1.0: 1.0}
+
+    @pytest.fixture
+    def varfont(self):
+        fvarAxes = ("wght", (100, 400, 900)), ("wdth", (62.5, 100, 100))
+        avarSegments = {
+            "wght": self.quantizeF2Dot14Floats(self.DFLT_WGHT_MAPPING),
+            "wdth": self.quantizeF2Dot14Floats(self.DFLT_WDTH_MAPPING),
+        }
+        varfont = ttLib.TTFont()
+        varfont["name"] = ttLib.newTable("name")
+        varLib._add_fvar(varfont, _makeDSAxesDict(fvarAxes), instances=())
+        avar = varfont["avar"] = ttLib.newTable("avar")
+        avar.segments = avarSegments
+        return varfont
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize(
+        "axisLimits, expectedSegments",
+        [
+            pytest.param(
+                {"wght": (100, 900)},
+                {"wght": DFLT_WGHT_MAPPING, "wdth": DFLT_WDTH_MAPPING},
+                id="wght=100:900",
+            ),
+            pytest.param(
+                {"wght": (400, 900)},
+                {
+                    "wght": {
+                        -1.0: -1.0,
+                        0: 0,
+                        0.2: 0.18,
+                        0.4: 0.38,
+                        0.6: 0.61,
+                        0.8: 0.79,
+                        1.0: 1.0,
+                    },
+                    "wdth": DFLT_WDTH_MAPPING,
+                },
+                id="wght=400:900",
+            ),
+            pytest.param(
+                {"wght": (100, 400)},
+                {
+                    "wght": {
+                        -1.0: -1.0,
+                        -0.6667: -0.7969,
+                        -0.3333: -0.5,
+                        0: 0,
+                        1.0: 1.0,
+                    },
+                    "wdth": DFLT_WDTH_MAPPING,
+                },
+                id="wght=100:400",
+            ),
+            pytest.param(
+                {"wght": (400, 800)},
+                {
+                    "wght": {
+                        -1.0: -1.0,
+                        0: 0,
+                        0.25: 0.22784,
+                        0.50006: 0.48103,
+                        0.75: 0.77214,
+                        1.0: 1.0,
+                    },
+                    "wdth": DFLT_WDTH_MAPPING,
+                },
+                id="wght=400:800",
+            ),
+            pytest.param(
+                {"wght": (400, 700)},
+                {
+                    "wght": {
+                        -1.0: -1.0,
+                        0: 0,
+                        0.3334: 0.2951,
+                        0.66675: 0.623,
+                        1.0: 1.0,
+                    },
+                    "wdth": DFLT_WDTH_MAPPING,
+                },
+                id="wght=400:700",
+            ),
+            pytest.param(
+                {"wght": (400, 600)},
+                {
+                    "wght": {-1.0: -1.0, 0: 0, 0.5: 0.47363, 1.0: 1.0},
+                    "wdth": DFLT_WDTH_MAPPING,
+                },
+                id="wght=400:600",
+            ),
+            pytest.param(
+                {"wdth": (62.5, 100)},
+                {
+                    "wght": DFLT_WGHT_MAPPING,
+                    "wdth": {
+                        -1.0: -1.0,
+                        -0.6667: -0.7,
+                        -0.3333: -0.36664,
+                        0: 0,
+                        1.0: 1.0,
+                    },
+                },
+                id="wdth=62.5:100",
+            ),
+            pytest.param(
+                {"wdth": (70, 100)},
+                {
+                    "wght": DFLT_WGHT_MAPPING,
+                    "wdth": {
+                        -1.0: -1.0,
+                        -0.8334: -0.85364,
+                        -0.4166: -0.44714,
+                        0: 0,
+                        1.0: 1.0,
+                    },
+                },
+                id="wdth=70:100",
+            ),
+            pytest.param(
+                {"wdth": (75, 100)},
+                {
+                    "wght": DFLT_WGHT_MAPPING,
+                    "wdth": {-1.0: -1.0, -0.49994: -0.52374, 0: 0, 1.0: 1.0},
+                },
+                id="wdth=75:100",
+            ),
+            pytest.param(
+                {"wdth": (77, 100)},
+                {
+                    "wght": DFLT_WGHT_MAPPING,
+                    "wdth": {-1.0: -1.0, -0.54346: -0.56696, 0: 0, 1.0: 1.0},
+                },
+                id="wdth=77:100",
+            ),
+            pytest.param(
+                {"wdth": (87.5, 100)},
+                {"wght": DFLT_WGHT_MAPPING, "wdth": {-1.0: -1.0, 0: 0, 1.0: 1.0}},
+                id="wdth=87.5:100",
+            ),
+        ],
+    )
+    def test_limit_axes(self, varfont, axisLimits, expectedSegments):
+        instancer.instantiateAvar(varfont, axisLimits)
+
+        newSegments = varfont["avar"].segments
+        expectedSegments = {
+            axisTag: self.quantizeF2Dot14Floats(mapping)
+            for axisTag, mapping in expectedSegments.items()
+        }
+        assert newSegments == expectedSegments
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize(
+        "invalidSegmentMap",
+        [
+            pytest.param({0.5: 0.5}, id="missing-required-maps-1"),
+            pytest.param({-1.0: -1.0, 1.0: 1.0}, id="missing-required-maps-2"),
+            pytest.param(
+                {-1.0: -1.0, 0: 0, 0.5: 0.5, 0.6: 0.4, 1.0: 1.0},
+                id="retrograde-value-maps",
+            ),
+        ],
+    )
+    def test_drop_invalid_segment_map(self, varfont, invalidSegmentMap, caplog):
+        varfont["avar"].segments["wght"] = invalidSegmentMap
+
+        with caplog.at_level(logging.WARNING, logger="fontTools.varLib.instancer"):
+            instancer.instantiateAvar(varfont, {"wght": (100, 400)})
+
+        assert "Invalid avar" in caplog.text
+        assert "wght" not in varfont["avar"].segments
+
+    def test_isValidAvarSegmentMap(self):
+        assert instancer._isValidAvarSegmentMap("FOOO", {})
+        assert instancer._isValidAvarSegmentMap("FOOO", {-1.0: -1.0, 0: 0, 1.0: 1.0})
+        assert instancer._isValidAvarSegmentMap(
+            "FOOO", {-1.0: -1.0, 0: 0, 0.5: 0.5, 1.0: 1.0}
+        )
+        assert instancer._isValidAvarSegmentMap(
+            "FOOO", {-1.0: -1.0, 0: 0, 0.5: 0.5, 0.7: 0.5, 1.0: 1.0}
+        )
+
+
+class InstantiateFvarTest(object):
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize(
+        "location, instancesLeft",
+        [
+            (
+                {"wght": 400.0},
+                ["Regular", "SemiCondensed", "Condensed", "ExtraCondensed"],
+            ),
+            (
+                {"wght": 100.0},
+                ["Thin", "SemiCondensed Thin", "Condensed Thin", "ExtraCondensed Thin"],
+            ),
+            (
+                {"wdth": 100.0},
+                [
+                    "Thin",
+                    "ExtraLight",
+                    "Light",
+                    "Regular",
+                    "Medium",
+                    "SemiBold",
+                    "Bold",
+                    "ExtraBold",
+                    "Black",
+                ],
+            ),
+            # no named instance at pinned location
+            ({"wdth": 90.0}, []),
+        ],
+    )
+    def test_pin_and_drop_axis(self, varfont, location, instancesLeft):
+        instancer.instantiateFvar(varfont, location)
+
+        fvar = varfont["fvar"]
+        assert {a.axisTag for a in fvar.axes}.isdisjoint(location)
+
+        for instance in fvar.instances:
+            assert set(instance.coordinates).isdisjoint(location)
+
+        name = varfont["name"]
+        assert [
+            name.getDebugName(instance.subfamilyNameID) for instance in fvar.instances
+        ] == instancesLeft
+
+    def test_full_instance(self, varfont):
+        instancer.instantiateFvar(varfont, {"wght": 0.0, "wdth": 0.0})
+
+        assert "fvar" not in varfont
+
+
+class InstantiateSTATTest(object):
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize(
+        "location, expected",
+        [
+            ({"wght": 400}, ["Regular", "Condensed", "Upright", "Normal"]),
+            ({"wdth": 100}, ["Thin", "Regular", "Black", "Upright", "Normal"]),
+        ],
+    )
+    def test_pin_and_drop_axis(self, varfont, location, expected):
+        instancer.instantiateSTAT(varfont, location)
+
+        stat = varfont["STAT"].table
+        designAxes = {a.AxisTag for a in stat.DesignAxisRecord.Axis}
+
+        assert designAxes == {"wght", "wdth", "ital"}
+
+        name = varfont["name"]
+        valueNames = []
+        for axisValueTable in stat.AxisValueArray.AxisValue:
+            valueName = name.getDebugName(axisValueTable.ValueNameID)
+            valueNames.append(valueName)
+
+        assert valueNames == expected
+
+    def test_skip_table_no_axis_value_array(self, varfont):
+        varfont["STAT"].table.AxisValueArray = None
+
+        instancer.instantiateSTAT(varfont, {"wght": 100})
+
+        assert len(varfont["STAT"].table.DesignAxisRecord.Axis) == 3
+        assert varfont["STAT"].table.AxisValueArray is None
+
+    def test_skip_table_axis_value_array_empty(self, varfont):
+        varfont["STAT"].table.AxisValueArray.AxisValue = []
+
+        instancer.instantiateSTAT(varfont, {"wght": 100})
+
+        assert len(varfont["STAT"].table.DesignAxisRecord.Axis) == 3
+        assert not varfont["STAT"].table.AxisValueArray.AxisValue
+
+    def test_skip_table_no_design_axes(self, varfont):
+        stat = otTables.STAT()
+        stat.Version = 0x00010001
+        stat.populateDefaults()
+        assert not stat.DesignAxisRecord
+        assert not stat.AxisValueArray
+        varfont["STAT"].table = stat
+
+        instancer.instantiateSTAT(varfont, {"wght": 100})
+
+        assert not varfont["STAT"].table.DesignAxisRecord
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def get_STAT_axis_values(stat):
+        axes = stat.DesignAxisRecord.Axis
+        result = []
+        for axisValue in stat.AxisValueArray.AxisValue:
+            if axisValue.Format == 1:
+                result.append((axes[axisValue.AxisIndex].AxisTag, axisValue.Value))
+            elif axisValue.Format == 3:
+                result.append(
+                    (
+                        axes[axisValue.AxisIndex].AxisTag,
+                        (axisValue.Value, axisValue.LinkedValue),
+                    )
+                )
+            elif axisValue.Format == 2:
+                result.append(
+                    (
+                        axes[axisValue.AxisIndex].AxisTag,
+                        (
+                            axisValue.RangeMinValue,
+                            axisValue.NominalValue,
+                            axisValue.RangeMaxValue,
+                        ),
+                    )
+                )
+            elif axisValue.Format == 4:
+                result.append(
+                    tuple(
+                        (axes[rec.AxisIndex].AxisTag, rec.Value)
+                        for rec in axisValue.AxisValueRecord
+                    )
+                )
+            else:
+                raise AssertionError(axisValue.Format)
+        return result
+
+    def test_limit_axes(self, varfont2):
+        instancer.instantiateSTAT(varfont2, {"wght": (400, 500), "wdth": (75, 100)})
+
+        assert len(varfont2["STAT"].table.AxisValueArray.AxisValue) == 5
+        assert self.get_STAT_axis_values(varfont2["STAT"].table) == [
+            ("wght", (400.0, 700.0)),
+            ("wght", 500.0),
+            ("wdth", (93.75, 100.0, 100.0)),
+            ("wdth", (81.25, 87.5, 93.75)),
+            ("wdth", (68.75, 75.0, 81.25)),
+        ]
+
+    def test_limit_axis_value_format_4(self, varfont2):
+        stat = varfont2["STAT"].table
+
+        axisValue = otTables.AxisValue()
+        axisValue.Format = 4
+        axisValue.AxisValueRecord = []
+        for tag, value in (("wght", 575), ("wdth", 90)):
+            rec = otTables.AxisValueRecord()
+            rec.AxisIndex = next(
+                i for i, a in enumerate(stat.DesignAxisRecord.Axis) if a.AxisTag == tag
+            )
+            rec.Value = value
+            axisValue.AxisValueRecord.append(rec)
+        stat.AxisValueArray.AxisValue.append(axisValue)
+
+        instancer.instantiateSTAT(varfont2, {"wght": (100, 600)})
+
+        assert axisValue in varfont2["STAT"].table.AxisValueArray.AxisValue
+
+        instancer.instantiateSTAT(varfont2, {"wdth": (62.5, 87.5)})
+
+        assert axisValue not in varfont2["STAT"].table.AxisValueArray.AxisValue
+
+    def test_unknown_axis_value_format(self, varfont2, caplog):
+        stat = varfont2["STAT"].table
+        axisValue = otTables.AxisValue()
+        axisValue.Format = 5
+        stat.AxisValueArray.AxisValue.append(axisValue)
+
+        with caplog.at_level(logging.WARNING, logger="fontTools.varLib.instancer"):
+            instancer.instantiateSTAT(varfont2, {"wght": 400})
+
+        assert "Unknown AxisValue table format (5)" in caplog.text
+        assert axisValue in varfont2["STAT"].table.AxisValueArray.AxisValue
+
+
+def test_setMacOverlapFlags():
+    flagOverlapCompound = _g_l_y_f.OVERLAP_COMPOUND
+    flagOverlapSimple = _g_l_y_f.flagOverlapSimple
+
+    glyf = ttLib.newTable("glyf")
+    glyf.glyphOrder = ["a", "b", "c"]
+    a = _g_l_y_f.Glyph()
+    a.numberOfContours = 1
+    a.flags = [0]
+    b = _g_l_y_f.Glyph()
+    b.numberOfContours = -1
+    comp = _g_l_y_f.GlyphComponent()
+    comp.flags = 0
+    b.components = [comp]
+    c = _g_l_y_f.Glyph()
+    c.numberOfContours = 0
+    glyf.glyphs = {"a": a, "b": b, "c": c}
+
+    instancer.setMacOverlapFlags(glyf)
+
+    assert a.flags[0] & flagOverlapSimple != 0
+    assert b.components[0].flags & flagOverlapCompound != 0
+
+
+def _strip_ttLibVersion(string):
+    return re.sub(' ttLibVersion=".*"', "", string)
+
+
+@pytest.fixture
+def varfont2():
+    f = ttLib.TTFont(recalcTimestamp=False)
+    f.importXML(os.path.join(TESTDATA, "PartialInstancerTest2-VF.ttx"))
+    return f
+
+
+@pytest.fixture
+def varfont3():
+    f = ttLib.TTFont(recalcTimestamp=False)
+    f.importXML(os.path.join(TESTDATA, "PartialInstancerTest3-VF.ttx"))
+    return f
+
+
+def _dump_ttx(ttFont):
+    # compile to temporary bytes stream, reload and dump to XML
+    tmp = BytesIO()
+    ttFont.save(tmp)
+    tmp.seek(0)
+    ttFont2 = ttLib.TTFont(tmp, recalcBBoxes=False, recalcTimestamp=False)
+    s = StringIO()
+    ttFont2.saveXML(s)
+    return _strip_ttLibVersion(s.getvalue())
+
+
+def _get_expected_instance_ttx(
+    name, *locations, overlap=instancer.OverlapMode.KEEP_AND_SET_FLAGS
+):
+    filename = f"{name}-VF-instance-{','.join(str(loc) for loc in locations)}"
+    if overlap == instancer.OverlapMode.KEEP_AND_DONT_SET_FLAGS:
+        filename += "-no-overlap-flags"
+    elif overlap == instancer.OverlapMode.REMOVE:
+        filename += "-no-overlaps"
+    with open(
+        os.path.join(TESTDATA, "test_results", f"{filename}.ttx"),
+        "r",
+        encoding="utf-8",
+    ) as fp:
+        return _strip_ttLibVersion(fp.read())
+
+
+class InstantiateVariableFontTest(object):
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize(
+        "wght, wdth",
+        [(100, 100), (400, 100), (900, 100), (100, 62.5), (400, 62.5), (900, 62.5)],
+    )
+    def test_multiple_instancing(self, varfont2, wght, wdth):
+        partial = instancer.instantiateVariableFont(varfont2, {"wght": wght})
+        instance = instancer.instantiateVariableFont(partial, {"wdth": wdth})
+
+        expected = _get_expected_instance_ttx("PartialInstancerTest2", wght, wdth)
+
+        assert _dump_ttx(instance) == expected
+
+    def test_default_instance(self, varfont2):
+        instance = instancer.instantiateVariableFont(
+            varfont2, {"wght": None, "wdth": None}
+        )
+
+        expected = _get_expected_instance_ttx("PartialInstancerTest2", 400, 100)
+
+        assert _dump_ttx(instance) == expected
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize(
+        "overlap, wght",
+        [
+            (instancer.OverlapMode.KEEP_AND_DONT_SET_FLAGS, 400),
+            (instancer.OverlapMode.REMOVE, 400),
+            (instancer.OverlapMode.REMOVE, 700),
+        ],
+    )
+    def test_overlap(self, varfont3, wght, overlap):
+        pytest.importorskip("pathops")
+
+        location = {"wght": wght}
+
+        instance = instancer.instantiateVariableFont(
+            varfont3, location, overlap=overlap
+        )
+
+        expected = _get_expected_instance_ttx(
+            "PartialInstancerTest3", wght, overlap=overlap
+        )
+
+        assert _dump_ttx(instance) == expected
+
+
+def _conditionSetAsDict(conditionSet, axisOrder):
+    result = {}
+    for cond in conditionSet.ConditionTable:
+        assert cond.Format == 1
+        axisTag = axisOrder[cond.AxisIndex]
+        result[axisTag] = (cond.FilterRangeMinValue, cond.FilterRangeMaxValue)
+    return result
+
+
+def _getSubstitutions(gsub, lookupIndices):
+    subs = {}
+    for index, lookup in enumerate(gsub.LookupList.Lookup):
+        if index in lookupIndices:
+            for subtable in lookup.SubTable:
+                subs.update(subtable.mapping)
+    return subs
+
+
+def makeFeatureVarsFont(conditionalSubstitutions):
+    axes = set()
+    glyphs = set()
+    for region, substitutions in conditionalSubstitutions:
+        for box in region:
+            axes.update(box.keys())
+        glyphs.update(*substitutions.items())
+
+    varfont = ttLib.TTFont()
+    varfont.setGlyphOrder(sorted(glyphs))
+
+    fvar = varfont["fvar"] = ttLib.newTable("fvar")
+    fvar.axes = []
+    for axisTag in sorted(axes):
+        axis = _f_v_a_r.Axis()
+        axis.axisTag = Tag(axisTag)
+        fvar.axes.append(axis)
+
+    featureVars.addFeatureVariations(varfont, conditionalSubstitutions)
+
+    return varfont
+
+
+class InstantiateFeatureVariationsTest(object):
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize(
+        "location, appliedSubs, expectedRecords",
+        [
+            ({"wght": 0}, {}, [({"cntr": (0.75, 1.0)}, {"uni0041": "uni0061"})]),
+            (
+                {"wght": -1.0},
+                {},
+                [
+                    ({"cntr": (0, 0.25)}, {"uni0061": "uni0041"}),
+                    ({"cntr": (0.75, 1.0)}, {"uni0041": "uni0061"}),
+                ],
+            ),
+            (
+                {"wght": 1.0},
+                {"uni0024": "uni0024.nostroke"},
+                [
+                    (
+                        {"cntr": (0.75, 1.0)},
+                        {"uni0024": "uni0024.nostroke", "uni0041": "uni0061"},
+                    )
+                ],
+            ),
+            (
+                {"cntr": 0},
+                {},
+                [
+                    ({"wght": (-1.0, -0.45654)}, {"uni0061": "uni0041"}),
+                    ({"wght": (0.20886, 1.0)}, {"uni0024": "uni0024.nostroke"}),
+                ],
+            ),
+            (
+                {"cntr": 1.0},
+                {"uni0041": "uni0061"},
+                [
+                    (
+                        {"wght": (0.20886, 1.0)},
+                        {"uni0024": "uni0024.nostroke", "uni0041": "uni0061"},
+                    )
+                ],
+            ),
+        ],
+    )
+    def test_partial_instance(self, location, appliedSubs, expectedRecords):
+        font = makeFeatureVarsFont(
+            [
+                ([{"wght": (0.20886, 1.0)}], {"uni0024": "uni0024.nostroke"}),
+                ([{"cntr": (0.75, 1.0)}], {"uni0041": "uni0061"}),
+                (
+                    [{"wght": (-1.0, -0.45654), "cntr": (0, 0.25)}],
+                    {"uni0061": "uni0041"},
+                ),
+            ]
+        )
+
+        instancer.instantiateFeatureVariations(font, location)
+
+        gsub = font["GSUB"].table
+        featureVariations = gsub.FeatureVariations
+
+        assert featureVariations.FeatureVariationCount == len(expectedRecords)
+
+        axisOrder = [a.axisTag for a in font["fvar"].axes if a.axisTag not in location]
+        for i, (expectedConditionSet, expectedSubs) in enumerate(expectedRecords):
+            rec = featureVariations.FeatureVariationRecord[i]
+            conditionSet = _conditionSetAsDict(rec.ConditionSet, axisOrder)
+
+            assert conditionSet == expectedConditionSet
+
+            subsRecord = rec.FeatureTableSubstitution.SubstitutionRecord[0]
+            lookupIndices = subsRecord.Feature.LookupListIndex
+            substitutions = _getSubstitutions(gsub, lookupIndices)
+
+            assert substitutions == expectedSubs
+
+        appliedLookupIndices = gsub.FeatureList.FeatureRecord[0].Feature.LookupListIndex
+
+        assert _getSubstitutions(gsub, appliedLookupIndices) == appliedSubs
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize(
+        "location, appliedSubs",
+        [
+            ({"wght": 0, "cntr": 0}, None),
+            ({"wght": -1.0, "cntr": 0}, {"uni0061": "uni0041"}),
+            ({"wght": 1.0, "cntr": 0}, {"uni0024": "uni0024.nostroke"}),
+            ({"wght": 0.0, "cntr": 1.0}, {"uni0041": "uni0061"}),
+            (
+                {"wght": 1.0, "cntr": 1.0},
+                {"uni0041": "uni0061", "uni0024": "uni0024.nostroke"},
+            ),
+            ({"wght": -1.0, "cntr": 0.3}, None),
+        ],
+    )
+    def test_full_instance(self, location, appliedSubs):
+        font = makeFeatureVarsFont(
+            [
+                ([{"wght": (0.20886, 1.0)}], {"uni0024": "uni0024.nostroke"}),
+                ([{"cntr": (0.75, 1.0)}], {"uni0041": "uni0061"}),
+                (
+                    [{"wght": (-1.0, -0.45654), "cntr": (0, 0.25)}],
+                    {"uni0061": "uni0041"},
+                ),
+            ]
+        )
+
+        instancer.instantiateFeatureVariations(font, location)
+
+        gsub = font["GSUB"].table
+        assert not hasattr(gsub, "FeatureVariations")
+
+        if appliedSubs:
+            lookupIndices = gsub.FeatureList.FeatureRecord[0].Feature.LookupListIndex
+            assert _getSubstitutions(gsub, lookupIndices) == appliedSubs
+        else:
+            assert not gsub.FeatureList.FeatureRecord
+
+    def test_unsupported_condition_format(self, caplog):
+        font = makeFeatureVarsFont(
+            [
+                (
+                    [{"wdth": (-1.0, -0.5), "wght": (0.5, 1.0)}],
+                    {"dollar": "dollar.nostroke"},
+                )
+            ]
+        )
+        featureVariations = font["GSUB"].table.FeatureVariations
+        rec1 = featureVariations.FeatureVariationRecord[0]
+        assert len(rec1.ConditionSet.ConditionTable) == 2
+        rec1.ConditionSet.ConditionTable[0].Format = 2
+
+        with caplog.at_level(logging.WARNING, logger="fontTools.varLib.instancer"):
+            instancer.instantiateFeatureVariations(font, {"wdth": 0})
+
+        assert (
+            "Condition table 0 of FeatureVariationRecord 0 "
+            "has unsupported format (2); ignored"
+        ) in caplog.text
+
+        # check that record with unsupported condition format (but whose other
+        # conditions do not reference pinned axes) is kept as is
+        featureVariations = font["GSUB"].table.FeatureVariations
+        assert featureVariations.FeatureVariationRecord[0] is rec1
+        assert len(rec1.ConditionSet.ConditionTable) == 2
+        assert rec1.ConditionSet.ConditionTable[0].Format == 2
+
+    def test_GSUB_FeatureVariations_is_None(self, varfont2):
+        varfont2["GSUB"].table.Version = 0x00010001
+        varfont2["GSUB"].table.FeatureVariations = None
+        tmp = BytesIO()
+        varfont2.save(tmp)
+        varfont = ttLib.TTFont(tmp)
+
+        # DO NOT raise an exception when the optional 'FeatureVariations' attribute is
+        # present but is set to None (e.g. with GSUB 1.1); skip and do nothing.
+        assert varfont["GSUB"].table.FeatureVariations is None
+        instancer.instantiateFeatureVariations(varfont, {"wght": 400, "wdth": 100})
+        assert varfont["GSUB"].table.FeatureVariations is None
+
+
+class LimitTupleVariationAxisRangesTest:
+    def check_limit_single_var_axis_range(self, var, axisTag, axisRange, expected):
+        result = instancer.limitTupleVariationAxisRange(var, axisTag, axisRange)
+        print(result)
+
+        assert len(result) == len(expected)
+        for v1, v2 in zip(result, expected):
+            assert v1.coordinates == pytest.approx(v2.coordinates)
+            assert v1.axes.keys() == v2.axes.keys()
+            for k in v1.axes:
+                p, q = v1.axes[k], v2.axes[k]
+                assert p == pytest.approx(q)
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize(
+        "var, axisTag, newMax, expected",
+        [
+            (
+                TupleVariation({"wght": (0.0, 1.0, 1.0)}, [100, 100]),
+                "wdth",
+                0.5,
+                [TupleVariation({"wght": (0.0, 1.0, 1.0)}, [100, 100])],
+            ),
+            (
+                TupleVariation({"wght": (0.0, 1.0, 1.0)}, [100, 100]),
+                "wght",
+                0.5,
+                [TupleVariation({"wght": (0.0, 1.0, 1.0)}, [50, 50])],
+            ),
+            (
+                TupleVariation({"wght": (0.0, 1.0, 1.0)}, [100, 100]),
+                "wght",
+                0.8,
+                [TupleVariation({"wght": (0.0, 1.0, 1.0)}, [80, 80])],
+            ),
+            (
+                TupleVariation({"wght": (0.0, 1.0, 1.0)}, [100, 100]),
+                "wght",
+                1.0,
+                [TupleVariation({"wght": (0.0, 1.0, 1.0)}, [100, 100])],
+            ),
+            (TupleVariation({"wght": (0.0, 1.0, 1.0)}, [100, 100]), "wght", 0.0, []),
+            (TupleVariation({"wght": (0.5, 1.0, 1.0)}, [100, 100]), "wght", 0.4, []),
+            (
+                TupleVariation({"wght": (0.0, 0.5, 1.0)}, [100, 100]),
+                "wght",
+                0.5,
+                [TupleVariation({"wght": (0.0, 1.0, 1.0)}, [100, 100])],
+            ),
+            (
+                TupleVariation({"wght": (0.0, 0.5, 1.0)}, [100, 100]),
+                "wght",
+                0.4,
+                [TupleVariation({"wght": (0.0, 1.0, 1.0)}, [80, 80])],
+            ),
+            (
+                TupleVariation({"wght": (0.0, 0.5, 1.0)}, [100, 100]),
+                "wght",
+                0.6,
+                [TupleVariation({"wght": (0.0, 0.833334, 1.666667)}, [100, 100])],
+            ),
+            (
+                TupleVariation({"wght": (0.0, 0.2, 1.0)}, [100, 100]),
+                "wght",
+                0.4,
+                [
+                    TupleVariation({"wght": (0.0, 0.5, 1.99994)}, [100, 100]),
+                    TupleVariation({"wght": (0.5, 1.0, 1.0)}, [8.33333, 8.33333]),
+                ],
+            ),
+            (
+                TupleVariation({"wght": (0.0, 0.2, 1.0)}, [100, 100]),
+                "wght",
+                0.5,
+                [TupleVariation({"wght": (0.0, 0.4, 1.99994)}, [100, 100])],
+            ),
+            (
+                TupleVariation({"wght": (0.5, 0.5, 1.0)}, [100, 100]),
+                "wght",
+                0.5,
+                [TupleVariation({"wght": (1.0, 1.0, 1.0)}, [100, 100])],
+            ),
+        ],
+    )
+    def test_positive_var(self, var, axisTag, newMax, expected):
+        axisRange = instancer.NormalizedAxisRange(0, newMax)
+        self.check_limit_single_var_axis_range(var, axisTag, axisRange, expected)
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize(
+        "var, axisTag, newMin, expected",
+        [
+            (
+                TupleVariation({"wght": (-1.0, -1.0, 0.0)}, [100, 100]),
+                "wdth",
+                -0.5,
+                [TupleVariation({"wght": (-1.0, -1.0, 0.0)}, [100, 100])],
+            ),
+            (
+                TupleVariation({"wght": (-1.0, -1.0, 0.0)}, [100, 100]),
+                "wght",
+                -0.5,
+                [TupleVariation({"wght": (-1.0, -1.0, 0.0)}, [50, 50])],
+            ),
+            (
+                TupleVariation({"wght": (-1.0, -1.0, 0.0)}, [100, 100]),
+                "wght",
+                -0.8,
+                [TupleVariation({"wght": (-1.0, -1.0, 0.0)}, [80, 80])],
+            ),
+            (
+                TupleVariation({"wght": (-1.0, -1.0, 0.0)}, [100, 100]),
+                "wght",
+                -1.0,
+                [TupleVariation({"wght": (-1.0, -1.0, 0.0)}, [100, 100])],
+            ),
+            (TupleVariation({"wght": (-1.0, -1.0, 0.0)}, [100, 100]), "wght", 0.0, []),
+            (
+                TupleVariation({"wght": (-1.0, -1.0, -0.5)}, [100, 100]),
+                "wght",
+                -0.4,
+                [],
+            ),
+            (
+                TupleVariation({"wght": (-1.0, -0.5, 0.0)}, [100, 100]),
+                "wght",
+                -0.5,
+                [TupleVariation({"wght": (-1.0, -1.0, 0.0)}, [100, 100])],
+            ),
+            (
+                TupleVariation({"wght": (-1.0, -0.5, 0.0)}, [100, 100]),
+                "wght",
+                -0.4,
+                [TupleVariation({"wght": (-1.0, -1.0, 0.0)}, [80, 80])],
+            ),
+            (
+                TupleVariation({"wght": (-1.0, -0.5, 0.0)}, [100, 100]),
+                "wght",
+                -0.6,
+                [TupleVariation({"wght": (-1.666667, -0.833334, 0.0)}, [100, 100])],
+            ),
+            (
+                TupleVariation({"wght": (-1.0, -0.2, 0.0)}, [100, 100]),
+                "wght",
+                -0.4,
+                [
+                    TupleVariation({"wght": (-2.0, -0.5, -0.0)}, [100, 100]),
+                    TupleVariation({"wght": (-1.0, -1.0, -0.5)}, [8.33333, 8.33333]),
+                ],
+            ),
+            (
+                TupleVariation({"wght": (-1.0, -0.2, 0.0)}, [100, 100]),
+                "wght",
+                -0.5,
+                [TupleVariation({"wght": (-2.0, -0.4, 0.0)}, [100, 100])],
+            ),
+            (
+                TupleVariation({"wght": (-1.0, -0.5, -0.5)}, [100, 100]),
+                "wght",
+                -0.5,
+                [TupleVariation({"wght": (-1.0, -1.0, -1.0)}, [100, 100])],
+            ),
+        ],
+    )
+    def test_negative_var(self, var, axisTag, newMin, expected):
+        axisRange = instancer.NormalizedAxisRange(newMin, 0)
+        self.check_limit_single_var_axis_range(var, axisTag, axisRange, expected)
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize(
+    "oldRange, newRange, expected",
+    [
+        ((1.0, -1.0), (-1.0, 1.0), None),  # invalid oldRange min > max
+        ((0.6, 1.0), (0, 0.5), None),
+        ((-1.0, -0.6), (-0.5, 0), None),
+        ((0.4, 1.0), (0, 0.5), (0.8, 1.0)),
+        ((-1.0, -0.4), (-0.5, 0), (-1.0, -0.8)),
+        ((0.4, 1.0), (0, 0.4), (1.0, 1.0)),
+        ((-1.0, -0.4), (-0.4, 0), (-1.0, -1.0)),
+        ((-0.5, 0.5), (-0.4, 0.4), (-1.0, 1.0)),
+        ((0, 1.0), (-1.0, 0), (0, 0)),  # or None?
+        ((-1.0, 0), (0, 1.0), (0, 0)),  # or None?
+    ],
+)
+def test_limitFeatureVariationConditionRange(oldRange, newRange, expected):
+    condition = featureVars.buildConditionTable(0, *oldRange)
+
+    result = instancer._limitFeatureVariationConditionRange(
+        condition, instancer.NormalizedAxisRange(*newRange)
+    )
+
+    assert result == expected
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize(
+    "limits, expected",
+    [
+        (["wght=400", "wdth=100"], {"wght": 400, "wdth": 100}),
+        (["wght=400:900"], {"wght": (400, 900)}),
+        (["slnt=11.4"], {"slnt": pytest.approx(11.399994)}),
+        (["ABCD=drop"], {"ABCD": None}),
+    ],
+)
+def test_parseLimits(limits, expected):
+    assert instancer.parseLimits(limits) == expected
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize(
+    "limits", [["abcde=123", "=0", "wght=:", "wght=1:", "wght=abcd", "wght=x:y"]]
+)
+def test_parseLimits_invalid(limits):
+    with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="invalid location format"):
+        instancer.parseLimits(limits)
+
+
+def test_normalizeAxisLimits_tuple(varfont):
+    normalized = instancer.normalizeAxisLimits(varfont, {"wght": (100, 400)})
+    assert normalized == {"wght": (-1.0, 0)}
+
+
+def test_normalizeAxisLimits_unsupported_range(varfont):
+    with pytest.raises(NotImplementedError, match="Unsupported range"):
+        instancer.normalizeAxisLimits(varfont, {"wght": (401, 700)})
+
+
+def test_normalizeAxisLimits_no_avar(varfont):
+    del varfont["avar"]
+
+    normalized = instancer.normalizeAxisLimits(varfont, {"wght": (400, 500)})
+
+    assert normalized["wght"] == pytest.approx((0, 0.2), 1e-4)
+
+
+def test_normalizeAxisLimits_missing_from_fvar(varfont):
+    with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="not present in fvar"):
+        instancer.normalizeAxisLimits(varfont, {"ZZZZ": 1000})
+
+
+def test_sanityCheckVariableTables(varfont):
+    font = ttLib.TTFont()
+    with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="Missing required table fvar"):
+        instancer.sanityCheckVariableTables(font)
+
+    del varfont["glyf"]
+
+    with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="Can't have gvar without glyf"):
+        instancer.sanityCheckVariableTables(varfont)
+
+
+def test_main(varfont, tmpdir):
+    fontfile = str(tmpdir / "PartialInstancerTest-VF.ttf")
+    varfont.save(fontfile)
+    args = [fontfile, "wght=400"]
+
+    # exits without errors
+    assert instancer.main(args) is None
+
+
+def test_main_exit_nonexistent_file(capsys):
+    with pytest.raises(SystemExit):
+        instancer.main([""])
+    captured = capsys.readouterr()
+
+    assert "No such file ''" in captured.err
+
+
+def test_main_exit_invalid_location(varfont, tmpdir, capsys):
+    fontfile = str(tmpdir / "PartialInstancerTest-VF.ttf")
+    varfont.save(fontfile)
+
+    with pytest.raises(SystemExit):
+        instancer.main([fontfile, "wght:100"])
+    captured = capsys.readouterr()
+
+    assert "invalid location format" in captured.err
+
+
+def test_main_exit_multiple_limits(varfont, tmpdir, capsys):
+    fontfile = str(tmpdir / "PartialInstancerTest-VF.ttf")
+    varfont.save(fontfile)
+
+    with pytest.raises(SystemExit):
+        instancer.main([fontfile, "wght=400", "wght=90"])
+    captured = capsys.readouterr()
+
+    assert "Specified multiple limits for the same axis" in captured.err
diff --git a/Tests/varLib/instancer/names_test.py b/Tests/varLib/instancer/names_test.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9774458
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/varLib/instancer/names_test.py
@@ -0,0 +1,322 @@
+from fontTools.ttLib.tables import otTables
+from fontTools.otlLib.builder import buildStatTable
+from fontTools.varLib import instancer
+
+import pytest
+
+
+def test_pruningUnusedNames(varfont):
+    varNameIDs = instancer.names.getVariationNameIDs(varfont)
+
+    assert varNameIDs == set(range(256, 297 + 1))
+
+    fvar = varfont["fvar"]
+    stat = varfont["STAT"].table
+
+    with instancer.names.pruningUnusedNames(varfont):
+        del fvar.axes[0]  # Weight (nameID=256)
+        del fvar.instances[0]  # Thin (nameID=258)
+        del stat.DesignAxisRecord.Axis[0]  # Weight (nameID=256)
+        del stat.AxisValueArray.AxisValue[0]  # Thin (nameID=258)
+
+    assert not any(n for n in varfont["name"].names if n.nameID in {256, 258})
+
+    with instancer.names.pruningUnusedNames(varfont):
+        del varfont["fvar"]
+        del varfont["STAT"]
+
+    assert not any(n for n in varfont["name"].names if n.nameID in varNameIDs)
+    assert "ltag" not in varfont
+
+
+def _test_name_records(varfont, expected, isNonRIBBI, platforms=[0x409]):
+    nametable = varfont["name"]
+    font_names = {
+        (r.nameID, r.platformID, r.platEncID, r.langID): r.toUnicode()
+        for r in nametable.names
+    }
+    for k in expected:
+        if k[-1] not in platforms:
+            continue
+        assert font_names[k] == expected[k]
+
+    font_nameids = set(i[0] for i in font_names)
+    if isNonRIBBI:
+        assert 16 in font_nameids
+        assert 17 in font_nameids
+
+    if "fvar" not in varfont:
+        assert 25 not in font_nameids
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize(
+    "limits, expected, isNonRIBBI",
+    [
+        # Regular
+        (
+            {"wght": 400},
+            {
+                (1, 3, 1, 0x409): "Test Variable Font",
+                (2, 3, 1, 0x409): "Regular",
+                (3, 3, 1, 0x409): "2.001;GOOG;TestVariableFont-Regular",
+                (6, 3, 1, 0x409): "TestVariableFont-Regular",
+            },
+            False,
+        ),
+        # Regular Normal (width axis Normal isn't included since it is elided)
+        (
+            {"wght": 400, "wdth": 100},
+            {
+                (1, 3, 1, 0x409): "Test Variable Font",
+                (2, 3, 1, 0x409): "Regular",
+                (3, 3, 1, 0x409): "2.001;GOOG;TestVariableFont-Regular",
+                (6, 3, 1, 0x409): "TestVariableFont-Regular",
+            },
+            False,
+        ),
+        # Black
+        (
+            {"wght": 900},
+            {
+                (1, 3, 1, 0x409): "Test Variable Font Black",
+                (2, 3, 1, 0x409): "Regular",
+                (3, 3, 1, 0x409): "2.001;GOOG;TestVariableFont-Black",
+                (6, 3, 1, 0x409): "TestVariableFont-Black",
+                (16, 3, 1, 0x409): "Test Variable Font",
+                (17, 3, 1, 0x409): "Black",
+            },
+            True,
+        ),
+        # Thin
+        (
+            {"wght": 100},
+            {
+                (1, 3, 1, 0x409): "Test Variable Font Thin",
+                (2, 3, 1, 0x409): "Regular",
+                (3, 3, 1, 0x409): "2.001;GOOG;TestVariableFont-Thin",
+                (6, 3, 1, 0x409): "TestVariableFont-Thin",
+                (16, 3, 1, 0x409): "Test Variable Font",
+                (17, 3, 1, 0x409): "Thin",
+            },
+            True,
+        ),
+        # Thin Condensed
+        (
+            {"wght": 100, "wdth": 79},
+            {
+                (1, 3, 1, 0x409): "Test Variable Font Thin Condensed",
+                (2, 3, 1, 0x409): "Regular",
+                (3, 3, 1, 0x409): "2.001;GOOG;TestVariableFont-ThinCondensed",
+                (6, 3, 1, 0x409): "TestVariableFont-ThinCondensed",
+                (16, 3, 1, 0x409): "Test Variable Font",
+                (17, 3, 1, 0x409): "Thin Condensed",
+            },
+            True,
+        ),
+        # Condensed with unpinned weights
+        (
+            {"wdth": 79, "wght": instancer.AxisRange(400, 900)},
+            {
+                (1, 3, 1, 0x409): "Test Variable Font Condensed",
+                (2, 3, 1, 0x409): "Regular",
+                (3, 3, 1, 0x409): "2.001;GOOG;TestVariableFont-Condensed",
+                (6, 3, 1, 0x409): "TestVariableFont-Condensed",
+                (16, 3, 1, 0x409): "Test Variable Font",
+                (17, 3, 1, 0x409): "Condensed",
+            },
+            True,
+        ),
+    ],
+)
+def test_updateNameTable_with_registered_axes_ribbi(
+    varfont, limits, expected, isNonRIBBI
+):
+    instancer.names.updateNameTable(varfont, limits)
+    _test_name_records(varfont, expected, isNonRIBBI)
+
+
+def test_updatetNameTable_axis_order(varfont):
+    axes = [
+        dict(
+            tag="wght",
+            name="Weight",
+            values=[
+                dict(value=400, name="Regular"),
+            ],
+        ),
+        dict(
+            tag="wdth",
+            name="Width",
+            values=[
+                dict(value=75, name="Condensed"),
+            ],
+        ),
+    ]
+    nametable = varfont["name"]
+    buildStatTable(varfont, axes)
+    instancer.names.updateNameTable(varfont, {"wdth": 75, "wght": 400})
+    assert nametable.getName(17, 3, 1, 0x409).toUnicode() == "Regular Condensed"
+
+    # Swap the axes so the names get swapped
+    axes[0], axes[1] = axes[1], axes[0]
+
+    buildStatTable(varfont, axes)
+    instancer.names.updateNameTable(varfont, {"wdth": 75, "wght": 400})
+    assert nametable.getName(17, 3, 1, 0x409).toUnicode() == "Condensed Regular"
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize(
+    "limits, expected, isNonRIBBI",
+    [
+        # Regular | Normal
+        (
+            {"wght": 400},
+            {
+                (1, 3, 1, 0x409): "Test Variable Font",
+                (2, 3, 1, 0x409): "Normal",
+            },
+            False,
+        ),
+        # Black | Negreta
+        (
+            {"wght": 900},
+            {
+                (1, 3, 1, 0x409): "Test Variable Font Negreta",
+                (2, 3, 1, 0x409): "Normal",
+                (16, 3, 1, 0x409): "Test Variable Font",
+                (17, 3, 1, 0x409): "Negreta",
+            },
+            True,
+        ),
+        # Black Condensed | Negreta Zhuštěné
+        (
+            {"wght": 900, "wdth": 79},
+            {
+                (1, 3, 1, 0x409): "Test Variable Font Negreta Zhuštěné",
+                (2, 3, 1, 0x409): "Normal",
+                (16, 3, 1, 0x409): "Test Variable Font",
+                (17, 3, 1, 0x409): "Negreta Zhuštěné",
+            },
+            True,
+        ),
+    ],
+)
+def test_updateNameTable_with_multilingual_names(varfont, limits, expected, isNonRIBBI):
+    name = varfont["name"]
+    # langID 0x405 is the Czech Windows langID
+    name.setName("Test Variable Font", 1, 3, 1, 0x405)
+    name.setName("Normal", 2, 3, 1, 0x405)
+    name.setName("Normal", 261, 3, 1, 0x405)  # nameID 261=Regular STAT entry
+    name.setName("Negreta", 266, 3, 1, 0x405)  # nameID 266=Black STAT entry
+    name.setName("Zhuštěné", 279, 3, 1, 0x405)  # nameID 279=Condensed STAT entry
+
+    instancer.names.updateNameTable(varfont, limits)
+    _test_name_records(varfont, expected, isNonRIBBI, platforms=[0x405])
+
+
+def test_updateNameTable_missing_axisValues(varfont):
+    with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="Cannot find Axis Values \['wght=200'\]"):
+        instancer.names.updateNameTable(varfont, {"wght": 200})
+
+
+def test_updateNameTable_missing_stat(varfont):
+    del varfont["STAT"]
+    with pytest.raises(
+        ValueError, match="Cannot update name table since there is no STAT table."
+    ):
+        instancer.names.updateNameTable(varfont, {"wght": 400})
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize(
+    "limits, expected, isNonRIBBI",
+    [
+        # Regular | Normal
+        (
+            {"wght": 400},
+            {
+                (1, 3, 1, 0x409): "Test Variable Font",
+                (2, 3, 1, 0x409): "Italic",
+                (6, 3, 1, 0x409): "TestVariableFont-Italic",
+            },
+            False,
+        ),
+        # Black Condensed Italic
+        (
+            {"wght": 900, "wdth": 79},
+            {
+                (1, 3, 1, 0x409): "Test Variable Font Black Condensed",
+                (2, 3, 1, 0x409): "Italic",
+                (6, 3, 1, 0x409): "TestVariableFont-BlackCondensedItalic",
+                (16, 3, 1, 0x409): "Test Variable Font",
+                (17, 3, 1, 0x409): "Black Condensed Italic",
+            },
+            True,
+        ),
+    ],
+)
+def test_updateNameTable_vf_with_italic_attribute(
+    varfont, limits, expected, isNonRIBBI
+):
+    font_link_axisValue = varfont["STAT"].table.AxisValueArray.AxisValue[4]
+    # Unset ELIDABLE_AXIS_VALUE_NAME flag
+    font_link_axisValue.Flags &= ~instancer.names.ELIDABLE_AXIS_VALUE_NAME
+    font_link_axisValue.ValueNameID = 294  # Roman --> Italic
+
+    instancer.names.updateNameTable(varfont, limits)
+    _test_name_records(varfont, expected, isNonRIBBI)
+
+
+def test_updateNameTable_format4_axisValues(varfont):
+    # format 4 axisValues should dominate the other axisValues
+    stat = varfont["STAT"].table
+
+    axisValue = otTables.AxisValue()
+    axisValue.Format = 4
+    axisValue.Flags = 0
+    varfont["name"].setName("Dominant Value", 297, 3, 1, 0x409)
+    axisValue.ValueNameID = 297
+    axisValue.AxisValueRecord = []
+    for tag, value in (("wght", 900), ("wdth", 79)):
+        rec = otTables.AxisValueRecord()
+        rec.AxisIndex = next(
+            i for i, a in enumerate(stat.DesignAxisRecord.Axis) if a.AxisTag == tag
+        )
+        rec.Value = value
+        axisValue.AxisValueRecord.append(rec)
+    stat.AxisValueArray.AxisValue.append(axisValue)
+
+    instancer.names.updateNameTable(varfont, {"wdth": 79, "wght": 900})
+    expected = {
+        (1, 3, 1, 0x409): "Test Variable Font Dominant Value",
+        (2, 3, 1, 0x409): "Regular",
+        (16, 3, 1, 0x409): "Test Variable Font",
+        (17, 3, 1, 0x409): "Dominant Value",
+    }
+    _test_name_records(varfont, expected, isNonRIBBI=True)
+
+
+def test_updateNameTable_elided_axisValues(varfont):
+    stat = varfont["STAT"].table
+    # set ELIDABLE_AXIS_VALUE_NAME flag for all axisValues
+    for axisValue in stat.AxisValueArray.AxisValue:
+        axisValue.Flags |= instancer.names.ELIDABLE_AXIS_VALUE_NAME
+
+    stat.ElidedFallbackNameID = 266  # Regular --> Black
+    instancer.names.updateNameTable(varfont, {"wght": 400})
+    # Since all axis values are elided, the elided fallback name
+    # must be used to construct the style names. Since we
+    # changed it to Black, we need both a typoSubFamilyName and
+    # the subFamilyName set so it conforms to the RIBBI model.
+    expected = {(2, 3, 1, 0x409): "Regular", (17, 3, 1, 0x409): "Black"}
+    _test_name_records(varfont, expected, isNonRIBBI=True)
+
+
+def test_updateNameTable_existing_subfamily_name_is_not_regular(varfont):
+    # Check the subFamily name will be set to Regular when we update a name
+    # table to a non-RIBBI style and the current subFamily name is a RIBBI
+    # style which isn't Regular.
+    varfont["name"].setName("Bold", 2, 3, 1, 0x409)  # subFamily Regular --> Bold
+
+    instancer.names.updateNameTable(varfont, {"wght": 100})
+    expected = {(2, 3, 1, 0x409): "Regular", (17, 3, 1, 0x409): "Thin"}
+    _test_name_records(varfont, expected, isNonRIBBI=True)
diff --git a/Tests/varLib/interpolatable_test.py b/Tests/varLib/interpolatable_test.py
index 4900d52..a30be71 100644
--- a/Tests/varLib/interpolatable_test.py
+++ b/Tests/varLib/interpolatable_test.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import print_function, division, absolute_import
-from fontTools.misc.py23 import *
 from fontTools.ttLib import TTFont
 from fontTools.varLib.interpolatable import main as interpolatable_main
 import os
diff --git a/Tests/varLib/interpolate_layout_test.py b/Tests/varLib/interpolate_layout_test.py
index 6f6efe0..18dc3a7 100644
--- a/Tests/varLib/interpolate_layout_test.py
+++ b/Tests/varLib/interpolate_layout_test.py
@@ -1,9 +1,8 @@
-from __future__ import print_function, division, absolute_import
-from fontTools.misc.py23 import *
 from fontTools.ttLib import TTFont
 from fontTools.varLib import build
 from fontTools.varLib.interpolate_layout import interpolate_layout
 from fontTools.varLib.interpolate_layout import main as interpolate_layout_main
+from fontTools.designspaceLib import DesignSpaceDocument, DesignSpaceDocumentError
 from fontTools.feaLib.builder import addOpenTypeFeaturesFromString
 import difflib
 import os
@@ -62,12 +61,11 @@
         lines = []
         with open(path, "r", encoding="utf-8") as ttx:
             for line in ttx.readlines():
-                # Elide ttFont attributes because ttLibVersion may change,
-                # and use os-native line separators so we can run difflib.
+                # Elide ttFont attributes because ttLibVersion may change.
                 if line.startswith("<ttFont "):
-                    lines.append("<ttFont>" + os.linesep)
+                    lines.append("<ttFont>\n")
                 else:
-                    lines.append(line.rstrip() + os.linesep)
+                    lines.append(line.rstrip() + "\n")
         return lines
 
     def expect_ttx(self, font, expected_ttx, tables):
@@ -157,24 +155,9 @@
         The variable font will inherit the GSUB table from the
         base master.
         """
-        suffix = '.ttf'
         ds_path = self.get_test_input('InterpolateLayout3.designspace')
-        ufo_dir = self.get_test_input('master_ufo')
-        ttx_dir = self.get_test_input('master_ttx_interpolatable_ttf')
-
-        self.temp_dir()
-        ttx_paths = self.get_file_list(ttx_dir, '.ttx', 'TestFamily2-')
-        for path in ttx_paths:
-            self.compile_font(path, suffix, self.tempdir)
-
-        finder = lambda s: s.replace(ufo_dir, self.tempdir).replace('.ufo', suffix)
-        instfont = interpolate_layout(ds_path, {'weight': 500}, finder)
-
-        tables = ['GSUB']
-        expected_ttx_path = self.get_test_output('InterpolateLayout.ttx')
-        self.expect_ttx(instfont, expected_ttx_path, tables)
-        self.check_ttx_dump(instfont, expected_ttx_path, tables, suffix)
-
+        with self.assertRaisesRegex(DesignSpaceDocumentError, "No axes defined"):
+            instfont = interpolate_layout(ds_path, {'weight': 500})
 
     def test_varlib_interpolate_layout_GPOS_only_size_feat_same_val_ttf(self):
         """Only GPOS; 'size' feature; same values in all masters.
@@ -763,8 +746,8 @@
         self.check_ttx_dump(instfont, expected_ttx_path, tables, suffix)
 
 
-    def test_varlib_interpolate_layout_GPOS_only_LookupType_8_same_val_ttf(self):
-        """Only GPOS; LookupType 8; same values in all masters.
+    def test_varlib_interpolate_layout_GPOS_only_LookupType_7_same_val_ttf(self):
+        """Only GPOS; LookupType 7; same values in all masters.
         """
         suffix = '.ttf'
         ds_path = self.get_test_input('InterpolateLayout.designspace')
@@ -796,13 +779,13 @@
         instfont = interpolate_layout(ds_path, {'weight': 500}, finder)
 
         tables = ['GPOS']
-        expected_ttx_path = self.get_test_output('InterpolateLayoutGPOS_8_same.ttx')
+        expected_ttx_path = self.get_test_output('InterpolateLayoutGPOS_7_same.ttx')
         self.expect_ttx(instfont, expected_ttx_path, tables)
         self.check_ttx_dump(instfont, expected_ttx_path, tables, suffix)
 
 
-    def test_varlib_interpolate_layout_GPOS_only_LookupType_8_diff_val_ttf(self):
-        """Only GPOS; LookupType 8; different values in each master.
+    def test_varlib_interpolate_layout_GPOS_only_LookupType_7_diff_val_ttf(self):
+        """Only GPOS; LookupType 7; different values in each master.
         """
         suffix = '.ttf'
         ds_path = self.get_test_input('InterpolateLayout.designspace')
@@ -848,7 +831,7 @@
         instfont = interpolate_layout(ds_path, {'weight': 500}, finder)
 
         tables = ['GPOS']
-        expected_ttx_path = self.get_test_output('InterpolateLayoutGPOS_8_diff.ttx')
+        expected_ttx_path = self.get_test_output('InterpolateLayoutGPOS_7_diff.ttx')
         self.expect_ttx(instfont, expected_ttx_path, tables)
         self.check_ttx_dump(instfont, expected_ttx_path, tables, suffix)
 
diff --git a/Tests/varLib/models_test.py b/Tests/varLib/models_test.py
index 25f1ef0..c220d3d 100644
--- a/Tests/varLib/models_test.py
+++ b/Tests/varLib/models_test.py
@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
-from __future__ import print_function, division, absolute_import
-from fontTools.misc.py23 import *
 from fontTools.varLib.models import (
-    normalizeLocation, supportScalar, VariationModel)
+    normalizeLocation, supportScalar, VariationModel, VariationModelError)
+import pytest
 
 
 def test_normalizeLocation():
@@ -35,43 +34,121 @@
     assert supportScalar({'wght':2.5}, {'wght':(0,2,4)}) == 0.75
 
 
-def test_VariationModel():
-    locations = [
-        {'wght':100},
-        {'wght':-100},
-        {'wght':-180},
-        {'wdth':+.3},
-        {'wght':+120,'wdth':.3},
-        {'wght':+120,'wdth':.2},
-        {},
-        {'wght':+180,'wdth':.3},
-        {'wght':+180},
-    ]
-    model = VariationModel(locations, axisOrder=['wght'])
+class VariationModelTest(object):
 
-    assert model.locations == [
-        {},
-        {'wght': -100},
-        {'wght': -180},
-        {'wght': 100},
-        {'wght': 180},
-        {'wdth': 0.3},
-        {'wdth': 0.3, 'wght': 180},
-        {'wdth': 0.3, 'wght': 120},
-        {'wdth': 0.2, 'wght': 120}]
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize(
+        "locations, axisOrder, sortedLocs, supports, deltaWeights",
+        [
+            (
+                [
+                    {'wght': 0.55, 'wdth': 0.0},
+                    {'wght': -0.55, 'wdth': 0.0},
+                    {'wght': -1.0, 'wdth': 0.0},
+                    {'wght': 0.0, 'wdth': 1.0},
+                    {'wght': 0.66, 'wdth': 1.0},
+                    {'wght': 0.66, 'wdth': 0.66},
+                    {'wght': 0.0, 'wdth': 0.0},
+                    {'wght': 1.0, 'wdth': 1.0},
+                    {'wght': 1.0, 'wdth': 0.0},
+                ],
+                ["wght"],
+                [
+                    {},
+                    {'wght': -0.55},
+                    {'wght': -1.0},
+                    {'wght': 0.55},
+                    {'wght': 1.0},
+                    {'wdth': 1.0},
+                    {'wdth': 1.0, 'wght': 1.0},
+                    {'wdth': 1.0, 'wght': 0.66},
+                    {'wdth': 0.66, 'wght': 0.66}
+                ],
+                [
+                    {},
+                    {'wght': (-1.0, -0.55, 0)},
+                    {'wght': (-1.0, -1.0, -0.55)},
+                    {'wght': (0, 0.55, 1.0)},
+                    {'wght': (0.55, 1.0, 1.0)},
+                    {'wdth': (0, 1.0, 1.0)},
+                    {'wdth': (0, 1.0, 1.0), 'wght': (0, 1.0, 1.0)},
+                    {'wdth': (0, 1.0, 1.0), 'wght': (0, 0.66, 1.0)},
+                    {'wdth': (0, 0.66, 1.0), 'wght': (0, 0.66, 1.0)}
+                ],
+                [
+                    {},
+                    {0: 1.0},
+                    {0: 1.0},
+                    {0: 1.0},
+                    {0: 1.0},
+                    {0: 1.0},
+                    {0: 1.0,
+                     4: 1.0,
+                     5: 1.0},
+                    {0: 1.0,
+                     3: 0.7555555555555555,
+                     4: 0.24444444444444444,
+                     5: 1.0,
+                     6: 0.66},
+                    {0: 1.0,
+                     3: 0.7555555555555555,
+                     4: 0.24444444444444444,
+                     5: 0.66,
+                     6: 0.43560000000000006,
+                     7: 0.66}
+                ]
+            ),
+            (
+                [
+                    {},
+                    {'bar': 0.5},
+                    {'bar': 1.0},
+                    {'foo': 1.0},
+                    {'bar': 0.5, 'foo': 1.0},
+                    {'bar': 1.0, 'foo': 1.0},
+                ],
+                None,
+                [
+                    {},
+                    {'bar': 0.5},
+                    {'bar': 1.0},
+                    {'foo': 1.0},
+                    {'bar': 0.5, 'foo': 1.0},
+                    {'bar': 1.0, 'foo': 1.0},
+                ],
+                [
+                    {},
+                    {'bar': (0, 0.5, 1.0)},
+                    {'bar': (0.5, 1.0, 1.0)},
+                    {'foo': (0, 1.0, 1.0)},
+                    {'bar': (0, 0.5, 1.0), 'foo': (0, 1.0, 1.0)},
+                    {'bar': (0.5, 1.0, 1.0), 'foo': (0, 1.0, 1.0)},
+                ],
+                [
+                    {},
+                    {0: 1.0},
+                    {0: 1.0},
+                    {0: 1.0},
+                    {0: 1.0, 1: 1.0, 3: 1.0},
+                    {0: 1.0, 2: 1.0, 3: 1.0},
+                ],
+            )
+        ]
+    )
+    def test_init(
+        self, locations, axisOrder, sortedLocs, supports, deltaWeights
+    ):
+        model = VariationModel(locations, axisOrder=axisOrder)
 
-    assert model.deltaWeights == [
-        {},
-        {0: 1.0},
-        {0: 1.0},
-        {0: 1.0},
-        {0: 1.0},
-        {0: 1.0},
-        {0: 1.0, 4: 1.0, 5: 1.0},
-        {0: 1.0, 3: 0.75, 4: 0.25, 5: 1.0, 6: 0.25},
-        {0: 1.0,
-         3: 0.75,
-         4: 0.25,
-         5: 0.6666666666666667,
-         6: 0.16666666666666669,
-         7: 0.6666666666666667}]
+        assert model.locations == sortedLocs
+        assert model.supports == supports
+        assert model.deltaWeights == deltaWeights
+
+    def test_init_duplicate_locations(self):
+        with pytest.raises(VariationModelError, match="Locations must be unique."):
+            VariationModel(
+                [
+                    {"foo": 0.0, "bar": 0.0},
+                    {"foo": 1.0, "bar": 1.0},
+                    {"bar": 1.0, "foo": 1.0},
+                ]
+            )
diff --git a/Tests/varLib/mutator_test.py b/Tests/varLib/mutator_test.py
index de794f0..03ad870 100644
--- a/Tests/varLib/mutator_test.py
+++ b/Tests/varLib/mutator_test.py
@@ -1,8 +1,7 @@
-from __future__ import print_function, division, absolute_import
-from fontTools.misc.py23 import *
 from fontTools.ttLib import TTFont
 from fontTools.varLib import build
 from fontTools.varLib.mutator import main as mutator
+from fontTools.varLib.mutator import instantiateVariableFont as make_instance
 import difflib
 import os
 import shutil
@@ -60,12 +59,11 @@
         lines = []
         with open(path, "r", encoding="utf-8") as ttx:
             for line in ttx.readlines():
-                # Elide ttFont attributes because ttLibVersion may change,
-                # and use os-native line separators so we can run difflib.
+                # Elide ttFont attributes because ttLibVersion may change.
                 if line.startswith("<ttFont "):
-                    lines.append("<ttFont>" + os.linesep)
+                    lines.append("<ttFont>\n")
                 else:
-                    lines.append(line.rstrip() + os.linesep)
+                    lines.append(line.rstrip() + "\n")
         return lines
 
     def expect_ttx(self, font, expected_ttx, tables):
@@ -117,6 +115,27 @@
         expected_ttx_path = self.get_test_output(varfont_name + '.ttx')
         self.expect_ttx(instfont, expected_ttx_path, tables)
 
+    def test_varlib_mutator_getvar_ttf(self):
+        suffix = '.ttf'
+        ttx_dir = self.get_test_input('master_ttx_getvar_ttf')
+
+        self.temp_dir()
+        ttx_paths = self.get_file_list(ttx_dir, '.ttx', 'Mutator_Getvar')
+        for path in ttx_paths:
+            self.compile_font(path, suffix, self.tempdir)
+
+        varfont_name = 'Mutator_Getvar'
+        varfont_path = os.path.join(self.tempdir, varfont_name + suffix)
+
+        args = [varfont_path, 'wdth=80', 'ASCN=628']
+        mutator(args)
+
+        instfont_path = os.path.splitext(varfont_path)[0] + '-instance' + suffix
+        instfont = TTFont(instfont_path)
+        tables = [table_tag for table_tag in instfont.keys() if table_tag != 'head']
+        expected_ttx_path = self.get_test_output(varfont_name + '-instance.ttx')
+        self.expect_ttx(instfont, expected_ttx_path, tables)
+
     def test_varlib_mutator_iup_ttf(self):
         suffix = '.ttf'
         ufo_dir = self.get_test_input('master_ufo')
@@ -139,6 +158,27 @@
         expected_ttx_path = self.get_test_output(varfont_name + '-instance.ttx')
         self.expect_ttx(instfont, expected_ttx_path, tables)
 
+    def test_varlib_mutator_CFF2(self):
+        suffix = '.otf'
+        ttx_dir = self.get_test_input('master_ttx_varfont_otf')
+
+        self.temp_dir()
+        ttx_paths = self.get_file_list(ttx_dir, '.ttx', 'TestCFF2VF')
+        for path in ttx_paths:
+            self.compile_font(path, suffix, self.tempdir)
+
+        varfont_name = 'TestCFF2VF'
+        varfont_path = os.path.join(self.tempdir, varfont_name + suffix)
+
+        expected_ttx_name = 'InterpolateTestCFF2VF'
+        tables = ["hmtx", "CFF2"]
+        loc = {'wght':float(200)}
+
+        varfont = TTFont(varfont_path)
+        new_font = make_instance(varfont, loc)
+        expected_ttx_path = self.get_test_output(expected_ttx_name + '.ttx')
+        self.expect_ttx(new_font, expected_ttx_path, tables)
+
 
 if __name__ == "__main__":
     sys.exit(unittest.main())
diff --git a/Tests/varLib/varLib_test.py b/Tests/varLib/varLib_test.py
index 4b53c1a..484a2e2 100644
--- a/Tests/varLib/varLib_test.py
+++ b/Tests/varLib/varLib_test.py
@@ -1,14 +1,33 @@
-from __future__ import print_function, division, absolute_import
-from fontTools.misc.py23 import *
-from fontTools.ttLib import TTFont
-from fontTools.varLib import build
-from fontTools.varLib import main as varLib_main
+from fontTools.ttLib import TTFont, newTable
+from fontTools.varLib import build, load_designspace
+from fontTools.varLib.errors import VarLibValidationError
+import fontTools.varLib.errors as varLibErrors
+from fontTools.varLib.mutator import instantiateVariableFont
+from fontTools.varLib import main as varLib_main, load_masters
+from fontTools.varLib import set_default_weight_width_slant
+from fontTools.designspaceLib import (
+    DesignSpaceDocumentError, DesignSpaceDocument, SourceDescriptor,
+)
+from fontTools.feaLib.builder import addOpenTypeFeaturesFromString
 import difflib
+from io import BytesIO
 import os
 import shutil
 import sys
 import tempfile
 import unittest
+import pytest
+
+
+def reload_font(font):
+    """(De)serialize to get final binary layout."""
+    buf = BytesIO()
+    font.save(buf)
+    # Close the font to release filesystem resources so that on Windows the tearDown
+    # method can successfully remove the temporary directory created during setUp.
+    font.close()
+    buf.seek(0)
+    return TTFont(buf)
 
 
 class BuildTest(unittest.TestCase):
@@ -27,10 +46,15 @@
         if self.tempdir:
             shutil.rmtree(self.tempdir)
 
-    @staticmethod
-    def get_test_input(test_file_or_folder):
-        path, _ = os.path.split(__file__)
-        return os.path.join(path, "data", test_file_or_folder)
+    def get_test_input(self, test_file_or_folder, copy=False):
+        parent_dir = os.path.dirname(__file__)
+        path = os.path.join(parent_dir, "data", test_file_or_folder)
+        if copy:
+            copied_path = os.path.join(self.tempdir, test_file_or_folder)
+            shutil.copy2(path, copied_path)
+            return copied_path
+        else:
+            return path
 
     @staticmethod
     def get_test_output(test_file_or_folder):
@@ -60,12 +84,11 @@
         lines = []
         with open(path, "r", encoding="utf-8") as ttx:
             for line in ttx.readlines():
-                # Elide ttFont attributes because ttLibVersion may change,
-                # and use os-native line separators so we can run difflib.
+                # Elide ttFont attributes because ttLibVersion may change.
                 if line.startswith("<ttFont "):
-                    lines.append("<ttFont>" + os.linesep)
+                    lines.append("<ttFont>\n")
                 else:
-                    lines.append(line.rstrip() + os.linesep)
+                    lines.append(line.rstrip() + "\n")
         return lines
 
     def expect_ttx(self, font, expected_ttx, tables):
@@ -94,7 +117,8 @@
         return font, savepath
 
     def _run_varlib_build_test(self, designspace_name, font_name, tables,
-                               expected_ttx_name):
+                               expected_ttx_name, save_before_dump=False,
+                               post_process_master=None):
         suffix = '.ttf'
         ds_path = self.get_test_input(designspace_name + '.designspace')
         ufo_dir = self.get_test_input('master_ufo')
@@ -103,11 +127,19 @@
         self.temp_dir()
         ttx_paths = self.get_file_list(ttx_dir, '.ttx', font_name + '-')
         for path in ttx_paths:
-            self.compile_font(path, suffix, self.tempdir)
+            font, savepath = self.compile_font(path, suffix, self.tempdir)
+            if post_process_master is not None:
+                post_process_master(font, savepath)
 
         finder = lambda s: s.replace(ufo_dir, self.tempdir).replace('.ufo', suffix)
         varfont, model, _ = build(ds_path, finder)
 
+        if save_before_dump:
+            # some data (e.g. counts printed in TTX inline comments) is only
+            # calculated at compile time, so before we can compare the TTX
+            # dumps we need to save to a temporary stream, and realod the font
+            varfont = reload_font(varfont)
+
         expected_ttx_path = self.get_test_output(expected_ttx_name + '.ttx')
         self.expect_ttx(varfont, expected_ttx_path, tables)
         self.check_ttx_dump(varfont, expected_ttx_path, tables, suffix)
@@ -126,12 +158,9 @@
 
     def test_varlib_build_no_axes_ttf(self):
         """Designspace file does not contain an <axes> element."""
-        self._run_varlib_build_test(
-            designspace_name='InterpolateLayout3',
-            font_name='TestFamily2',
-            tables=['GDEF', 'HVAR', 'MVAR', 'fvar', 'gvar'],
-            expected_ttx_name='Build3'
-        )
+        ds_path = self.get_test_input('InterpolateLayout3.designspace')
+        with self.assertRaisesRegex(DesignSpaceDocumentError, "No axes defined"):
+            build(ds_path)
 
     def test_varlib_avar_single_axis(self):
         """Designspace file contains a 'weight' axis with <map> elements
@@ -153,7 +182,7 @@
         avar segment will not be empty but will contain the default axis value
         maps: {-1.0: -1.0, 0.0: 0.0, 1.0: 1.0}.
 
-        This is to to work around an issue with some rasterizers:
+        This is to work around an issue with some rasterizers:
         https://github.com/googlei18n/fontmake/issues/295
         https://github.com/fonttools/fonttools/issues/1011
         """
@@ -173,7 +202,7 @@
         resulting avar segment still contains the default axis value maps:
         {-1.0: -1.0, 0.0: 0.0, 1.0: 1.0}.
 
-        This is again to to work around an issue with some rasterizers:
+        This is again to work around an issue with some rasterizers:
         https://github.com/googlei18n/fontmake/issues/295
         https://github.com/fonttools/fonttools/issues/1011
         """
@@ -185,12 +214,230 @@
             expected_ttx_name=test_name
         )
 
+    def test_varlib_build_feature_variations(self):
+        """Designspace file contains <rules> element, used to build
+        GSUB FeatureVariations table.
+        """
+        self._run_varlib_build_test(
+            designspace_name="FeatureVars",
+            font_name="TestFamily",
+            tables=["fvar", "GSUB"],
+            expected_ttx_name="FeatureVars",
+            save_before_dump=True,
+        )
+
+    def test_varlib_build_feature_variations_custom_tag(self):
+        """Designspace file contains <rules> element, used to build
+        GSUB FeatureVariations table.
+        """
+        self._run_varlib_build_test(
+            designspace_name="FeatureVarsCustomTag",
+            font_name="TestFamily",
+            tables=["fvar", "GSUB"],
+            expected_ttx_name="FeatureVarsCustomTag",
+            save_before_dump=True,
+        )
+
+    def test_varlib_build_feature_variations_whole_range(self):
+        """Designspace file contains <rules> element specifying the entire design
+        space, used to build GSUB FeatureVariations table.
+        """
+        self._run_varlib_build_test(
+            designspace_name="FeatureVarsWholeRange",
+            font_name="TestFamily",
+            tables=["fvar", "GSUB"],
+            expected_ttx_name="FeatureVarsWholeRange",
+            save_before_dump=True,
+        )
+
+    def test_varlib_build_feature_variations_whole_range_empty(self):
+        """Designspace file contains <rules> element without a condition, specifying
+        the entire design space, used to build GSUB FeatureVariations table.
+        """
+        self._run_varlib_build_test(
+            designspace_name="FeatureVarsWholeRangeEmpty",
+            font_name="TestFamily",
+            tables=["fvar", "GSUB"],
+            expected_ttx_name="FeatureVarsWholeRange",
+            save_before_dump=True,
+        )
+
+    def test_varlib_build_feature_variations_with_existing_rclt(self):
+        """Designspace file contains <rules> element, used to build GSUB
+        FeatureVariations table. <rules> is specified to do its OT processing
+        "last", so a 'rclt' feature will be used or created. This test covers
+        the case when a 'rclt' already exists in the masters.
+
+        We dynamically add a 'rclt' feature to an existing set of test
+        masters, to avoid adding more test data.
+
+        The multiple languages are done to verify whether multiple existing
+        'rclt' features are updated correctly.
+        """
+        def add_rclt(font, savepath):
+            features = """
+            languagesystem DFLT dflt;
+            languagesystem latn dflt;
+            languagesystem latn NLD;
+
+            feature rclt {
+                script latn;
+                language NLD;
+                lookup A {
+                    sub uni0041 by uni0061;
+                } A;
+                language dflt;
+                lookup B {
+                    sub uni0041 by uni0061;
+                } B;
+            } rclt;
+            """
+            addOpenTypeFeaturesFromString(font, features)
+            font.save(savepath)
+        self._run_varlib_build_test(
+            designspace_name="FeatureVars",
+            font_name="TestFamily",
+            tables=["fvar", "GSUB"],
+            expected_ttx_name="FeatureVars_rclt",
+            save_before_dump=True,
+            post_process_master=add_rclt,
+        )
+
+    def test_varlib_gvar_explicit_delta(self):
+        """The variable font contains a composite glyph odieresis which does not
+        need a gvar entry, because all its deltas are 0, but it must be added
+        anyway to work around an issue with macOS 10.14.
+
+        https://github.com/fonttools/fonttools/issues/1381
+        """
+        test_name = 'BuildGvarCompositeExplicitDelta'
+        self._run_varlib_build_test(
+            designspace_name=test_name,
+            font_name='TestFamily4',
+            tables=['gvar'],
+            expected_ttx_name=test_name
+        )
+
+    def test_varlib_nonmarking_CFF2(self):
+        self.temp_dir()
+
+        ds_path = self.get_test_input('TestNonMarkingCFF2.designspace', copy=True)
+        ttx_dir = self.get_test_input("master_non_marking_cff2")
+        expected_ttx_path = self.get_test_output("TestNonMarkingCFF2.ttx")
+
+        for path in self.get_file_list(ttx_dir, '.ttx', 'TestNonMarkingCFF2_'):
+            self.compile_font(path, ".otf", self.tempdir)
+
+        ds = DesignSpaceDocument.fromfile(ds_path)
+        for source in ds.sources:
+            source.path = os.path.join(
+                self.tempdir, os.path.basename(source.filename).replace(".ufo", ".otf")
+            )
+        ds.updatePaths()
+
+        varfont, _, _ = build(ds)
+        varfont = reload_font(varfont)
+
+        tables = ["CFF2"]
+        self.expect_ttx(varfont, expected_ttx_path, tables)
+
+    def test_varlib_build_CFF2(self):
+        self.temp_dir()
+
+        ds_path = self.get_test_input('TestCFF2.designspace', copy=True)
+        ttx_dir = self.get_test_input("master_cff2")
+        expected_ttx_path = self.get_test_output("BuildTestCFF2.ttx")
+
+        for path in self.get_file_list(ttx_dir, '.ttx', 'TestCFF2_'):
+            self.compile_font(path, ".otf", self.tempdir)
+
+        ds = DesignSpaceDocument.fromfile(ds_path)
+        for source in ds.sources:
+            source.path = os.path.join(
+                self.tempdir, os.path.basename(source.filename).replace(".ufo", ".otf")
+            )
+        ds.updatePaths()
+
+        varfont, _, _ = build(ds)
+        varfont = reload_font(varfont)
+
+        tables = ["fvar", "CFF2"]
+        self.expect_ttx(varfont, expected_ttx_path, tables)
+
+    def test_varlib_build_CFF2_from_CFF2(self):
+        self.temp_dir()
+
+        ds_path = self.get_test_input('TestCFF2Input.designspace', copy=True)
+        ttx_dir = self.get_test_input("master_cff2_input")
+        expected_ttx_path = self.get_test_output("BuildTestCFF2.ttx")
+
+        for path in self.get_file_list(ttx_dir, '.ttx', 'TestCFF2_'):
+            self.compile_font(path, ".otf", self.tempdir)
+
+        ds = DesignSpaceDocument.fromfile(ds_path)
+        for source in ds.sources:
+            source.path = os.path.join(
+                self.tempdir, os.path.basename(source.filename).replace(".ufo", ".otf")
+            )
+        ds.updatePaths()
+
+        varfont, _, _ = build(ds)
+        varfont = reload_font(varfont)
+
+        tables = ["fvar", "CFF2"]
+        self.expect_ttx(varfont, expected_ttx_path, tables)
+
+    def test_varlib_build_sparse_CFF2(self):
+        self.temp_dir()
+
+        ds_path = self.get_test_input('TestSparseCFF2VF.designspace', copy=True)
+        ttx_dir = self.get_test_input("master_sparse_cff2")
+        expected_ttx_path = self.get_test_output("TestSparseCFF2VF.ttx")
+
+        for path in self.get_file_list(ttx_dir, '.ttx', 'MasterSet_Kanji-'):
+            self.compile_font(path, ".otf", self.tempdir)
+
+        ds = DesignSpaceDocument.fromfile(ds_path)
+        for source in ds.sources:
+            source.path = os.path.join(
+                self.tempdir, os.path.basename(source.filename).replace(".ufo", ".otf")
+            )
+        ds.updatePaths()
+
+        varfont, _, _ = build(ds)
+        varfont = reload_font(varfont)
+
+        tables = ["fvar", "CFF2"]
+        self.expect_ttx(varfont, expected_ttx_path, tables)
+
+    def test_varlib_build_vpal(self):
+        self.temp_dir()
+
+        ds_path = self.get_test_input('test_vpal.designspace', copy=True)
+        ttx_dir = self.get_test_input("master_vpal_test")
+        expected_ttx_path = self.get_test_output("test_vpal.ttx")
+
+        for path in self.get_file_list(ttx_dir, '.ttx', 'master_vpal_test_'):
+            self.compile_font(path, ".otf", self.tempdir)
+
+        ds = DesignSpaceDocument.fromfile(ds_path)
+        for source in ds.sources:
+            source.path = os.path.join(
+                self.tempdir, os.path.basename(source.filename).replace(".ufo", ".otf")
+            )
+        ds.updatePaths()
+
+        varfont, _, _ = build(ds)
+        varfont = reload_font(varfont)
+
+        tables = ["GPOS"]
+        self.expect_ttx(varfont, expected_ttx_path, tables)
+
     def test_varlib_main_ttf(self):
         """Mostly for testing varLib.main()
         """
         suffix = '.ttf'
         ds_path = self.get_test_input('Build.designspace')
-        ufo_dir = self.get_test_input('master_ufo')
         ttx_dir = self.get_test_input('master_ttx_interpolatable_ttf')
 
         self.temp_dir()
@@ -202,14 +449,531 @@
 
         ds_copy = os.path.join(self.tempdir, 'BuildMain.designspace')
         shutil.copy2(ds_path, ds_copy)
-        varLib_main([ds_copy])
+
+        # by default, varLib.main finds master TTFs inside a
+        # 'master_ttf_interpolatable' subfolder in current working dir
+        cwd = os.getcwd()
+        os.chdir(self.tempdir)
+        try:
+            varLib_main([ds_copy])
+        finally:
+            os.chdir(cwd)
 
         varfont_path = os.path.splitext(ds_copy)[0] + '-VF' + suffix
+        self.assertTrue(os.path.exists(varfont_path))
+
+        # try again passing an explicit --master-finder
+        os.remove(varfont_path)
+        finder = "%s/master_ttf_interpolatable/{stem}.ttf" % self.tempdir
+        varLib_main([ds_copy, "--master-finder", finder])
+        self.assertTrue(os.path.exists(varfont_path))
+
+        # and also with explicit -o output option
+        os.remove(varfont_path)
+        varfont_path = os.path.splitext(varfont_path)[0] + "-o" + suffix
+        varLib_main([ds_copy, "-o", varfont_path, "--master-finder", finder])
+        self.assertTrue(os.path.exists(varfont_path))
+
         varfont = TTFont(varfont_path)
         tables = [table_tag for table_tag in varfont.keys() if table_tag != 'head']
         expected_ttx_path = self.get_test_output('BuildMain.ttx')
         self.expect_ttx(varfont, expected_ttx_path, tables)
 
+    def test_varlib_build_from_ds_object_in_memory_ttfonts(self):
+        ds_path = self.get_test_input("Build.designspace")
+        ttx_dir = self.get_test_input("master_ttx_interpolatable_ttf")
+        expected_ttx_path = self.get_test_output("BuildMain.ttx")
+
+        self.temp_dir()
+        for path in self.get_file_list(ttx_dir, '.ttx', 'TestFamily-'):
+            self.compile_font(path, ".ttf", self.tempdir)
+
+        ds = DesignSpaceDocument.fromfile(ds_path)
+        for source in ds.sources:
+            filename = os.path.join(
+                self.tempdir, os.path.basename(source.filename).replace(".ufo", ".ttf")
+            )
+            source.font = TTFont(
+                filename, recalcBBoxes=False, recalcTimestamp=False, lazy=True
+            )
+            source.filename = None  # Make sure no file path gets into build()
+
+        varfont, _, _ = build(ds)
+        varfont = reload_font(varfont)
+        tables = [table_tag for table_tag in varfont.keys() if table_tag != "head"]
+        self.expect_ttx(varfont, expected_ttx_path, tables)
+
+    def test_varlib_build_from_ttf_paths(self):
+        self.temp_dir()
+
+        ds_path = self.get_test_input("Build.designspace", copy=True)
+        ttx_dir = self.get_test_input("master_ttx_interpolatable_ttf")
+        expected_ttx_path = self.get_test_output("BuildMain.ttx")
+
+        for path in self.get_file_list(ttx_dir, '.ttx', 'TestFamily-'):
+            self.compile_font(path, ".ttf", self.tempdir)
+
+        ds = DesignSpaceDocument.fromfile(ds_path)
+        for source in ds.sources:
+            source.path = os.path.join(
+                self.tempdir, os.path.basename(source.filename).replace(".ufo", ".ttf")
+            )
+        ds.updatePaths()
+
+        varfont, _, _ = build(ds)
+        varfont = reload_font(varfont)
+        tables = [table_tag for table_tag in varfont.keys() if table_tag != "head"]
+        self.expect_ttx(varfont, expected_ttx_path, tables)
+
+    def test_varlib_build_from_ttx_paths(self):
+        ds_path = self.get_test_input("Build.designspace")
+        ttx_dir = self.get_test_input("master_ttx_interpolatable_ttf")
+        expected_ttx_path = self.get_test_output("BuildMain.ttx")
+
+        ds = DesignSpaceDocument.fromfile(ds_path)
+        for source in ds.sources:
+            source.path = os.path.join(
+                ttx_dir, os.path.basename(source.filename).replace(".ufo", ".ttx")
+            )
+        ds.updatePaths()
+
+        varfont, _, _ = build(ds)
+        varfont = reload_font(varfont)
+        tables = [table_tag for table_tag in varfont.keys() if table_tag != "head"]
+        self.expect_ttx(varfont, expected_ttx_path, tables)
+
+    def test_varlib_build_sparse_masters(self):
+        ds_path = self.get_test_input("SparseMasters.designspace")
+        expected_ttx_path = self.get_test_output("SparseMasters.ttx")
+
+        varfont, _, _ = build(ds_path)
+        varfont = reload_font(varfont)
+        tables = [table_tag for table_tag in varfont.keys() if table_tag != "head"]
+        self.expect_ttx(varfont, expected_ttx_path, tables)
+
+    def test_varlib_build_lazy_masters(self):
+        # See https://github.com/fonttools/fonttools/issues/1808
+        ds_path = self.get_test_input("SparseMasters.designspace")
+        expected_ttx_path = self.get_test_output("SparseMasters.ttx")
+
+        def _open_font(master_path, master_finder=lambda s: s):
+            font = TTFont()
+            font.importXML(master_path)
+            buf = BytesIO()
+            font.save(buf, reorderTables=False)
+            buf.seek(0)
+            font = TTFont(buf, lazy=True)  # reopen in lazy mode, to reproduce #1808
+            return font
+
+        ds = DesignSpaceDocument.fromfile(ds_path)
+        ds.loadSourceFonts(_open_font)
+        varfont, _, _ = build(ds)
+        varfont = reload_font(varfont)
+        tables = [table_tag for table_tag in varfont.keys() if table_tag != "head"]
+        self.expect_ttx(varfont, expected_ttx_path, tables)
+
+    def test_varlib_build_sparse_masters_MVAR(self):
+        import fontTools.varLib.mvar
+
+        ds_path = self.get_test_input("SparseMasters.designspace")
+        ds = DesignSpaceDocument.fromfile(ds_path)
+        load_masters(ds)
+
+        # Trigger MVAR generation so varLib is forced to create deltas with a
+        # sparse master inbetween.
+        font_0_os2 = ds.sources[0].font["OS/2"]
+        font_0_os2.sTypoAscender = 1
+        font_0_os2.sTypoDescender = 1
+        font_0_os2.sTypoLineGap = 1
+        font_0_os2.usWinAscent = 1
+        font_0_os2.usWinDescent = 1
+        font_0_os2.sxHeight = 1
+        font_0_os2.sCapHeight = 1
+        font_0_os2.ySubscriptXSize = 1
+        font_0_os2.ySubscriptYSize = 1
+        font_0_os2.ySubscriptXOffset = 1
+        font_0_os2.ySubscriptYOffset = 1
+        font_0_os2.ySuperscriptXSize = 1
+        font_0_os2.ySuperscriptYSize = 1
+        font_0_os2.ySuperscriptXOffset = 1
+        font_0_os2.ySuperscriptYOffset = 1
+        font_0_os2.yStrikeoutSize = 1
+        font_0_os2.yStrikeoutPosition = 1
+        font_0_vhea = newTable("vhea")
+        font_0_vhea.ascent = 1
+        font_0_vhea.descent = 1
+        font_0_vhea.lineGap = 1
+        font_0_vhea.caretSlopeRise = 1
+        font_0_vhea.caretSlopeRun = 1
+        font_0_vhea.caretOffset = 1
+        ds.sources[0].font["vhea"] = font_0_vhea
+        font_0_hhea = ds.sources[0].font["hhea"]
+        font_0_hhea.caretSlopeRise = 1
+        font_0_hhea.caretSlopeRun = 1
+        font_0_hhea.caretOffset = 1
+        font_0_post = ds.sources[0].font["post"]
+        font_0_post.underlineThickness = 1
+        font_0_post.underlinePosition = 1
+
+        font_2_os2 = ds.sources[2].font["OS/2"]
+        font_2_os2.sTypoAscender = 800
+        font_2_os2.sTypoDescender = 800
+        font_2_os2.sTypoLineGap = 800
+        font_2_os2.usWinAscent = 800
+        font_2_os2.usWinDescent = 800
+        font_2_os2.sxHeight = 800
+        font_2_os2.sCapHeight = 800
+        font_2_os2.ySubscriptXSize = 800
+        font_2_os2.ySubscriptYSize = 800
+        font_2_os2.ySubscriptXOffset = 800
+        font_2_os2.ySubscriptYOffset = 800
+        font_2_os2.ySuperscriptXSize = 800
+        font_2_os2.ySuperscriptYSize = 800
+        font_2_os2.ySuperscriptXOffset = 800
+        font_2_os2.ySuperscriptYOffset = 800
+        font_2_os2.yStrikeoutSize = 800
+        font_2_os2.yStrikeoutPosition = 800
+        font_2_vhea = newTable("vhea")
+        font_2_vhea.ascent = 800
+        font_2_vhea.descent = 800
+        font_2_vhea.lineGap = 800
+        font_2_vhea.caretSlopeRise = 800
+        font_2_vhea.caretSlopeRun = 800
+        font_2_vhea.caretOffset = 800
+        ds.sources[2].font["vhea"] = font_2_vhea
+        font_2_hhea = ds.sources[2].font["hhea"]
+        font_2_hhea.caretSlopeRise = 800
+        font_2_hhea.caretSlopeRun = 800
+        font_2_hhea.caretOffset = 800
+        font_2_post = ds.sources[2].font["post"]
+        font_2_post.underlineThickness = 800
+        font_2_post.underlinePosition = 800
+
+        varfont, _, _ = build(ds)
+        mvar_tags = [vr.ValueTag for vr in varfont["MVAR"].table.ValueRecord]
+        assert all(tag in mvar_tags for tag in fontTools.varLib.mvar.MVAR_ENTRIES)
+
+    def test_varlib_build_VVAR_CFF2(self):
+        self.temp_dir()
+
+        ds_path = self.get_test_input('TestVVAR.designspace', copy=True)
+        ttx_dir = self.get_test_input("master_vvar_cff2")
+        expected_ttx_name = 'TestVVAR'
+        suffix = '.otf'
+
+        for path in self.get_file_list(ttx_dir, '.ttx', 'TestVVAR'):
+            font, savepath = self.compile_font(path, suffix, self.tempdir)
+
+        ds = DesignSpaceDocument.fromfile(ds_path)
+        for source in ds.sources:
+            source.path = os.path.join(
+                self.tempdir, os.path.basename(source.filename).replace(".ufo", suffix)
+            )
+        ds.updatePaths()
+
+        varfont, _, _ = build(ds)
+        varfont = reload_font(varfont)
+
+        expected_ttx_path = self.get_test_output(expected_ttx_name + '.ttx')
+        tables = ["VVAR"]
+        self.expect_ttx(varfont, expected_ttx_path, tables)
+        self.check_ttx_dump(varfont, expected_ttx_path, tables, suffix)
+
+    def test_varlib_build_BASE(self):
+        self.temp_dir()
+
+        ds_path = self.get_test_input('TestBASE.designspace', copy=True)
+        ttx_dir = self.get_test_input("master_base_test")
+        expected_ttx_name = 'TestBASE'
+        suffix = '.otf'
+
+        for path in self.get_file_list(ttx_dir, '.ttx', 'TestBASE'):
+            font, savepath = self.compile_font(path, suffix, self.tempdir)
+
+        ds = DesignSpaceDocument.fromfile(ds_path)
+        for source in ds.sources:
+            source.path = os.path.join(
+                self.tempdir, os.path.basename(source.filename).replace(".ufo", suffix)
+            )
+        ds.updatePaths()
+
+        varfont, _, _ = build(ds)
+        varfont = reload_font(varfont)
+
+        expected_ttx_path = self.get_test_output(expected_ttx_name + '.ttx')
+        tables = ["BASE"]
+        self.expect_ttx(varfont, expected_ttx_path, tables)
+        self.check_ttx_dump(varfont, expected_ttx_path, tables, suffix)
+
+    def test_varlib_build_single_master(self):
+        self._run_varlib_build_test(
+            designspace_name='SingleMaster',
+            font_name='TestFamily',
+            tables=['GDEF', 'HVAR', 'MVAR', 'STAT', 'fvar', 'cvar', 'gvar', 'name'],
+            expected_ttx_name='SingleMaster',
+            save_before_dump=True,
+        )
+
+    def test_kerning_merging(self):
+        """Test the correct merging of class-based pair kerning.
+
+        Problem description at https://github.com/fonttools/fonttools/pull/1638.
+        Test font and Designspace generated by 
+        https://gist.github.com/madig/183d0440c9f7d05f04bd1280b9664bd1.
+        """
+        ds_path = self.get_test_input("KerningMerging.designspace")
+        ttx_dir = self.get_test_input("master_kerning_merging")
+
+        ds = DesignSpaceDocument.fromfile(ds_path)
+        for source in ds.sources:
+            ttx_dump = TTFont()
+            ttx_dump.importXML(
+                os.path.join(
+                    ttx_dir, os.path.basename(source.filename).replace(".ttf", ".ttx")
+                )
+            )
+            source.font = reload_font(ttx_dump)
+
+        varfont, _, _ = build(ds)
+        varfont = reload_font(varfont)
+
+        class_kerning_tables = [
+            t
+            for l in varfont["GPOS"].table.LookupList.Lookup
+            for t in l.SubTable
+            if t.Format == 2
+        ]
+        assert len(class_kerning_tables) == 1
+        class_kerning_table = class_kerning_tables[0]
+
+        # Test that no class kerned against class zero (containing all glyphs not
+        # classed) has a `XAdvDevice` table attached, which in the variable font
+        # context is a "VariationIndex" table and points to kerning deltas in the GDEF
+        # table. Variation deltas of any kerning class against class zero should
+        # probably never exist.
+        for class1_record in class_kerning_table.Class1Record:
+            class2_zero = class1_record.Class2Record[0]
+            assert getattr(class2_zero.Value1, "XAdvDevice", None) is None
+
+        # Assert the variable font's kerning table (without deltas) is equal to the
+        # default font's kerning table. The bug fixed in 
+        # https://github.com/fonttools/fonttools/pull/1638 caused rogue kerning
+        # values to be written to the variable font.
+        assert _extract_flat_kerning(varfont, class_kerning_table) == {
+            ("A", ".notdef"): 0,
+            ("A", "A"): 0,
+            ("A", "B"): -20,
+            ("A", "C"): 0,
+            ("A", "D"): -20,
+            ("B", ".notdef"): 0,
+            ("B", "A"): 0,
+            ("B", "B"): 0,
+            ("B", "C"): 0,
+            ("B", "D"): 0,
+        }
+
+        instance_thin = instantiateVariableFont(varfont, {"wght": 100})
+        instance_thin_kerning_table = (
+            instance_thin["GPOS"].table.LookupList.Lookup[0].SubTable[0]
+        )
+        assert _extract_flat_kerning(instance_thin, instance_thin_kerning_table) == {
+            ("A", ".notdef"): 0,
+            ("A", "A"): 0,
+            ("A", "B"): 0,
+            ("A", "C"): 10,
+            ("A", "D"): 0,
+            ("B", ".notdef"): 0,
+            ("B", "A"): 0,
+            ("B", "B"): 0,
+            ("B", "C"): 10,
+            ("B", "D"): 0,
+        }
+
+        instance_black = instantiateVariableFont(varfont, {"wght": 900})
+        instance_black_kerning_table = (
+            instance_black["GPOS"].table.LookupList.Lookup[0].SubTable[0]
+        )
+        assert _extract_flat_kerning(instance_black, instance_black_kerning_table) == {
+            ("A", ".notdef"): 0,
+            ("A", "A"): 0,
+            ("A", "B"): 0,
+            ("A", "C"): 0,
+            ("A", "D"): 40,
+            ("B", ".notdef"): 0,
+            ("B", "A"): 0,
+            ("B", "B"): 0,
+            ("B", "C"): 0,
+            ("B", "D"): 40,
+        }
+
+    def test_designspace_fill_in_location(self):
+        ds_path = self.get_test_input("VarLibLocationTest.designspace")
+        ds = DesignSpaceDocument.fromfile(ds_path)
+        ds_loaded = load_designspace(ds)
+
+        assert ds_loaded.instances[0].location == {"weight": 0, "width": 50}
+
+    def test_varlib_build_incompatible_features(self):
+        with pytest.raises(
+            varLibErrors.ShouldBeConstant,
+            match = """
+
+Couldn't merge the fonts, because some values were different, but should have
+been the same. This happened while performing the following operation:
+GPOS.table.FeatureList.FeatureCount
+
+The problem is likely to be in Simple Two Axis Bold:
+
+Incompatible features between masters.
+Expected: kern, mark.
+Got: kern.
+"""):
+
+            self._run_varlib_build_test(
+                designspace_name="IncompatibleFeatures",
+                font_name="IncompatibleFeatures",
+                tables=["GPOS"],
+                expected_ttx_name="IncompatibleFeatures",
+                save_before_dump=True,
+            )
+
+    def test_varlib_build_incompatible_lookup_types(self):
+        with pytest.raises(
+            varLibErrors.MismatchedTypes,
+            match = r"MarkBasePos, instead saw PairPos"
+        ):
+            self._run_varlib_build_test(
+                designspace_name="IncompatibleLookupTypes",
+                font_name="IncompatibleLookupTypes",
+                tables=["GPOS"],
+                expected_ttx_name="IncompatibleLookupTypes",
+                save_before_dump=True,
+            )
+
+    def test_varlib_build_incompatible_arrays(self):
+        with pytest.raises(
+            varLibErrors.ShouldBeConstant,
+            match = """
+
+Couldn't merge the fonts, because some values were different, but should have
+been the same. This happened while performing the following operation:
+GPOS.table.ScriptList.ScriptCount
+
+The problem is likely to be in Simple Two Axis Bold:
+Expected to see .ScriptCount==1, instead saw 0"""
+        ):
+            self._run_varlib_build_test(
+                designspace_name="IncompatibleArrays",
+                font_name="IncompatibleArrays",
+                tables=["GPOS"],
+                expected_ttx_name="IncompatibleArrays",
+                save_before_dump=True,
+            )
+
+def test_load_masters_layerName_without_required_font():
+    ds = DesignSpaceDocument()
+    s = SourceDescriptor()
+    s.font = None
+    s.layerName = "Medium"
+    ds.addSource(s)
+
+    with pytest.raises(
+        VarLibValidationError,
+        match="specified a layer name but lacks the required TTFont object",
+    ):
+        load_masters(ds)
+
+
+def _extract_flat_kerning(font, pairpos_table):
+    extracted_kerning = {}
+    for glyph_name_1 in pairpos_table.Coverage.glyphs:
+        class_def_1 = pairpos_table.ClassDef1.classDefs.get(glyph_name_1, 0)
+        for glyph_name_2 in font.getGlyphOrder():
+            class_def_2 = pairpos_table.ClassDef2.classDefs.get(glyph_name_2, 0)
+            kern_value = (
+                pairpos_table.Class1Record[class_def_1]
+                .Class2Record[class_def_2]
+                .Value1.XAdvance
+            )
+            extracted_kerning[(glyph_name_1, glyph_name_2)] = kern_value
+    return extracted_kerning
+
+
+@pytest.fixture
+def ttFont():
+    f = TTFont()
+    f["OS/2"] = newTable("OS/2")
+    f["OS/2"].usWeightClass = 400
+    f["OS/2"].usWidthClass = 100
+    f["post"] = newTable("post")
+    f["post"].italicAngle = 0
+    return f
+
+
+class SetDefaultWeightWidthSlantTest(object):
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize(
+        "location, expected",
+        [
+            ({"wght": 0}, 1),
+            ({"wght": 1}, 1),
+            ({"wght": 100}, 100),
+            ({"wght": 1000}, 1000),
+            ({"wght": 1001}, 1000),
+        ],
+    )
+    def test_wght(self, ttFont, location, expected):
+        set_default_weight_width_slant(ttFont, location)
+
+        assert ttFont["OS/2"].usWeightClass == expected
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize(
+        "location, expected",
+        [
+            ({"wdth": 0}, 1),
+            ({"wdth": 56}, 1),
+            ({"wdth": 57}, 2),
+            ({"wdth": 62.5}, 2),
+            ({"wdth": 75}, 3),
+            ({"wdth": 87.5}, 4),
+            ({"wdth": 100}, 5),
+            ({"wdth": 112.5}, 6),
+            ({"wdth": 125}, 7),
+            ({"wdth": 150}, 8),
+            ({"wdth": 200}, 9),
+            ({"wdth": 201}, 9),
+            ({"wdth": 1000}, 9),
+        ],
+    )
+    def test_wdth(self, ttFont, location, expected):
+        set_default_weight_width_slant(ttFont, location)
+
+        assert ttFont["OS/2"].usWidthClass == expected
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize(
+        "location, expected",
+        [
+            ({"slnt": -91}, -90),
+            ({"slnt": -90}, -90),
+            ({"slnt": 0}, 0),
+            ({"slnt": 11.5}, 11.5),
+            ({"slnt": 90}, 90),
+            ({"slnt": 91}, 90),
+        ],
+    )
+    def test_slnt(self, ttFont, location, expected):
+        set_default_weight_width_slant(ttFont, location)
+
+        assert ttFont["post"].italicAngle == expected
+
+    def test_all(self, ttFont):
+        set_default_weight_width_slant(
+            ttFont, {"wght": 500, "wdth": 150, "slnt": -12.0}
+        )
+
+        assert ttFont["OS/2"].usWeightClass == 500
+        assert ttFont["OS/2"].usWidthClass == 8
+        assert ttFont["post"].italicAngle == -12.0
+
 
 if __name__ == "__main__":
     sys.exit(unittest.main())
diff --git a/Tests/varLib/varStore_test.py b/Tests/varLib/varStore_test.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a1bdd12
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tests/varLib/varStore_test.py
@@ -0,0 +1,82 @@
+import pytest
+from fontTools.varLib.models import VariationModel
+from fontTools.varLib.varStore import OnlineVarStoreBuilder, VarStoreInstancer
+from fontTools.ttLib import TTFont, newTable
+from fontTools.ttLib.tables._f_v_a_r import Axis
+from fontTools.ttLib.tables.otBase import OTTableReader, OTTableWriter
+from fontTools.ttLib.tables.otTables import VarStore
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize(
+    "locations, masterValues",
+    [
+        (
+            [{}, {"a": 1}],
+            [
+                [10, 20],
+                [100, 2000],
+                [100, 22000],
+            ],
+        ),
+        (
+            [{}, {"a": 1}, {"b": 1}, {"a": 1, "b": 1}],
+            [
+                [10, 20, 40, 60],
+                [100, 2000, 400, 6000],
+                [7100, 22000, 4000, 30000],
+            ],
+        ),
+        (
+            [{}, {"a": 1}],
+            [
+                [10, 20],
+                [42000, 100],
+                [100, 52000],
+            ],
+        ),
+        (
+            [{}, {"a": 1}, {"b": 1}, {"a": 1, "b": 1}],
+            [
+                [10, 20, 40, 60],
+                [40000, 42000, 400, 6000],
+                [100, 22000, 4000, 173000],
+            ],
+        ),
+    ],
+)
+def test_onlineVarStoreBuilder(locations, masterValues):
+    axisTags = sorted({k for loc in locations for k in loc})
+    model = VariationModel(locations)
+    builder = OnlineVarStoreBuilder(axisTags)
+    builder.setModel(model)
+    varIdxs = []
+    for masters in masterValues:
+        _, varIdx = builder.storeMasters(masters)
+        varIdxs.append(varIdx)
+
+    varStore = builder.finish()
+    mapping = varStore.optimize()
+    varIdxs = [mapping[varIdx] for varIdx in varIdxs]
+
+    dummyFont = TTFont()
+    writer = OTTableWriter()
+    varStore.compile(writer, dummyFont)
+    data = writer.getAllData()
+    reader = OTTableReader(data)
+    varStore = VarStore()
+    varStore.decompile(reader, dummyFont)
+
+    fvarAxes = [buildAxis(axisTag) for axisTag in axisTags]
+    instancer = VarStoreInstancer(varStore, fvarAxes)
+    for masters, varIdx in zip(masterValues, varIdxs):
+        base, *rest = masters
+        for expectedValue, loc in zip(masters, locations):
+            instancer.setLocation(loc)
+            value = base + instancer[varIdx]
+            assert expectedValue == value
+
+
+def buildAxis(axisTag):
+    axis = Axis()
+    axis.axisTag = axisTag
+    return axis
diff --git a/Tests/voltLib/lexer_test.py b/Tests/voltLib/lexer_test.py
index 6041cb8..2145d07 100644
--- a/Tests/voltLib/lexer_test.py
+++ b/Tests/voltLib/lexer_test.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import print_function, division, absolute_import
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
 from fontTools.voltLib.error import VoltLibError
 from fontTools.voltLib.lexer import Lexer
 import unittest
diff --git a/Tests/voltLib/parser_test.py b/Tests/voltLib/parser_test.py
index 6baf900..0e0191f 100644
--- a/Tests/voltLib/parser_test.py
+++ b/Tests/voltLib/parser_test.py
@@ -1,11 +1,7 @@
-from __future__ import print_function, division, absolute_import
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
+from fontTools.voltLib import ast
 from fontTools.voltLib.error import VoltLibError
 from fontTools.voltLib.parser import Parser
-from io import open
-import os
-import shutil
-import tempfile
+from io import StringIO
 import unittest
 
 
@@ -17,6 +13,13 @@
         if not hasattr(self, "assertRaisesRegex"):
             self.assertRaisesRegex = self.assertRaisesRegexp
 
+    def assertSubEqual(self, sub, glyph_ref, replacement_ref):
+        glyphs = [[g.glyph for g in v] for v in sub.mapping.keys()]
+        replacement = [[g.glyph for g in v] for v in sub.mapping.values()]
+
+        self.assertEqual(glyphs, glyph_ref)
+        self.assertEqual(replacement, replacement_ref)
+
     def test_def_glyph_base(self):
         [def_glyph] = self.parse(
             'DEF_GLYPH ".notdef" ID 0 TYPE BASE END_GLYPH'
@@ -34,7 +37,7 @@
                          ("space", 3, [0x0020], "BASE", None))
 
     def test_def_glyph_base_with_unicodevalues(self):
-        [def_glyph] = self.parse(
+        [def_glyph] = self.parse_(
             'DEF_GLYPH "CR" ID 2 UNICODEVALUES "U+0009" '
             'TYPE BASE END_GLYPH'
         ).statements
@@ -52,7 +55,7 @@
                          ("CR", 2, [0x0009, 0x000D], "BASE", None))
 
     def test_def_glyph_base_with_empty_unicodevalues(self):
-        [def_glyph] = self.parse(
+        [def_glyph] = self.parse_(
             'DEF_GLYPH "i.locl" ID 269 UNICODEVALUES "" '
             'TYPE BASE END_GLYPH'
         ).statements
@@ -76,6 +79,22 @@
                           def_glyph.type, def_glyph.components),
                          ("f_f", 320, None, "LIGATURE", 2))
 
+    def test_def_glyph_mark(self):
+        [def_glyph] = self.parse(
+            'DEF_GLYPH "brevecomb" ID 320 TYPE MARK END_GLYPH'
+        ).statements
+        self.assertEqual((def_glyph.name, def_glyph.id, def_glyph.unicode,
+                          def_glyph.type, def_glyph.components),
+                         ("brevecomb", 320, None, "MARK", None))
+
+    def test_def_glyph_component(self):
+        [def_glyph] = self.parse(
+            'DEF_GLYPH "f.f_f" ID 320 TYPE COMPONENT END_GLYPH'
+        ).statements
+        self.assertEqual((def_glyph.name, def_glyph.id, def_glyph.unicode,
+                          def_glyph.type, def_glyph.components),
+                         ("f.f_f", 320, None, "COMPONENT", None))
+
     def test_def_glyph_no_type(self):
         [def_glyph] = self.parse(
             'DEF_GLYPH "glyph20" ID 20 END_GLYPH'
@@ -87,7 +106,7 @@
     def test_def_glyph_case_sensitive(self):
         def_glyphs = self.parse(
             'DEF_GLYPH "A" ID 3 UNICODE 65 TYPE BASE END_GLYPH\n'
-            'DEF_GLYPH "a" ID 4 UNICODE 97 TYPE BASE END_GLYPH\n'
+            'DEF_GLYPH "a" ID 4 UNICODE 97 TYPE BASE END_GLYPH'
         ).statements
         self.assertEqual((def_glyphs[0].name, def_glyphs[0].id,
                           def_glyphs[0].unicode, def_glyphs[0].type,
@@ -101,12 +120,12 @@
     def test_def_group_glyphs(self):
         [def_group] = self.parse(
             'DEF_GROUP "aaccented"\n'
-            'ENUM GLYPH "aacute" GLYPH "abreve" GLYPH "acircumflex" '
+            ' ENUM GLYPH "aacute" GLYPH "abreve" GLYPH "acircumflex" '
             'GLYPH "adieresis" GLYPH "ae" GLYPH "agrave" GLYPH "amacron" '
             'GLYPH "aogonek" GLYPH "aring" GLYPH "atilde" END_ENUM\n'
-            'END_GROUP\n'
+            'END_GROUP'
         ).statements
-        self.assertEqual((def_group.name, def_group.enum),
+        self.assertEqual((def_group.name, def_group.enum.glyphSet()),
                          ("aaccented",
                           ("aacute", "abreve", "acircumflex", "adieresis",
                            "ae", "agrave", "amacron", "aogonek", "aring",
@@ -115,50 +134,50 @@
     def test_def_group_groups(self):
         [group1, group2, test_group] = self.parse(
             'DEF_GROUP "Group1"\n'
-            'ENUM GLYPH "a" GLYPH "b" GLYPH "c" GLYPH "d" END_ENUM\n'
+            ' ENUM GLYPH "a" GLYPH "b" GLYPH "c" GLYPH "d" END_ENUM\n'
             'END_GROUP\n'
             'DEF_GROUP "Group2"\n'
-            'ENUM GLYPH "e" GLYPH "f" GLYPH "g" GLYPH "h" END_ENUM\n'
+            ' ENUM GLYPH "e" GLYPH "f" GLYPH "g" GLYPH "h" END_ENUM\n'
             'END_GROUP\n'
             'DEF_GROUP "TestGroup"\n'
-            'ENUM GROUP "Group1" GROUP "Group2" END_ENUM\n'
-            'END_GROUP\n'
+            ' ENUM GROUP "Group1" GROUP "Group2" END_ENUM\n'
+            'END_GROUP'
         ).statements
-        self.assertEqual(
-            (test_group.name, test_group.enum),
-            ("TestGroup",
-             (("Group1",), ("Group2",))))
+        groups = [g.group for g in test_group.enum.enum]
+        self.assertEqual((test_group.name, groups),
+                         ("TestGroup", ["Group1", "Group2"]))
 
     def test_def_group_groups_not_yet_defined(self):
-        [group1, test_group1, test_group2, test_group3, group2] = self.parse(
+        [group1, test_group1, test_group2, test_group3, group2] = \
+        self.parse(
             'DEF_GROUP "Group1"\n'
-            'ENUM GLYPH "a" GLYPH "b" GLYPH "c" GLYPH "d" END_ENUM\n'
+            ' ENUM GLYPH "a" GLYPH "b" GLYPH "c" GLYPH "d" END_ENUM\n'
             'END_GROUP\n'
             'DEF_GROUP "TestGroup1"\n'
-            'ENUM GROUP "Group1" GROUP "Group2" END_ENUM\n'
+            ' ENUM GROUP "Group1" GROUP "Group2" END_ENUM\n'
             'END_GROUP\n'
             'DEF_GROUP "TestGroup2"\n'
-            'ENUM GROUP "Group2" END_ENUM\n'
+            ' ENUM GROUP "Group2" END_ENUM\n'
             'END_GROUP\n'
             'DEF_GROUP "TestGroup3"\n'
-            'ENUM GROUP "Group2" GROUP "Group1" END_ENUM\n'
+            ' ENUM GROUP "Group2" GROUP "Group1" END_ENUM\n'
             'END_GROUP\n'
             'DEF_GROUP "Group2"\n'
-            'ENUM GLYPH "e" GLYPH "f" GLYPH "g" GLYPH "h" END_ENUM\n'
-            'END_GROUP\n'
+            ' ENUM GLYPH "e" GLYPH "f" GLYPH "g" GLYPH "h" END_ENUM\n'
+            'END_GROUP'
         ).statements
+        groups = [g.group for g in test_group1.enum.enum]
         self.assertEqual(
-            (test_group1.name, test_group1.enum),
-            ("TestGroup1",
-             (("Group1", ), ("Group2", ))))
+            (test_group1.name, groups),
+            ("TestGroup1", ["Group1", "Group2"]))
+        groups = [g.group for g in test_group2.enum.enum]
         self.assertEqual(
-            (test_group2.name, test_group2.enum),
-            ("TestGroup2",
-             (("Group2", ), )))
+            (test_group2.name, groups),
+            ("TestGroup2", ["Group2"]))
+        groups = [g.group for g in test_group3.enum.enum]
         self.assertEqual(
-            (test_group3.name, test_group3.enum),
-            ("TestGroup3",
-             (("Group2", ), ("Group1", ))))
+            (test_group3.name, groups),
+            ("TestGroup3", ["Group2", "Group1"]))
 
     # def test_def_group_groups_undefined(self):
     #     with self.assertRaisesRegex(
@@ -176,28 +195,38 @@
     def test_def_group_glyphs_and_group(self):
         [def_group1, def_group2] = self.parse(
             'DEF_GROUP "aaccented"\n'
-            'ENUM GLYPH "aacute" GLYPH "abreve" GLYPH "acircumflex" '
+            ' ENUM GLYPH "aacute" GLYPH "abreve" GLYPH "acircumflex" '
             'GLYPH "adieresis" GLYPH "ae" GLYPH "agrave" GLYPH "amacron" '
             'GLYPH "aogonek" GLYPH "aring" GLYPH "atilde" END_ENUM\n'
             'END_GROUP\n'
             'DEF_GROUP "KERN_lc_a_2ND"\n'
-            'ENUM GLYPH "a" GROUP "aaccented" END_ENUM\n'
+            ' ENUM GLYPH "a" GROUP "aaccented" END_ENUM\n'
             'END_GROUP'
         ).statements
-        self.assertEqual((def_group2.name, def_group2.enum),
-                         ("KERN_lc_a_2ND",
-                          ("a", ("aaccented", ))))
+        items = def_group2.enum.enum
+        self.assertEqual((def_group2.name, items[0].glyphSet(), items[1].group),
+                         ("KERN_lc_a_2ND", ("a",), "aaccented"))
 
     def test_def_group_range(self):
-        [def_group] = self.parse(
+        def_group = self.parse(
+            'DEF_GLYPH "a" ID 163 UNICODE 97 TYPE BASE END_GLYPH\n'
+            'DEF_GLYPH "agrave" ID 194 UNICODE 224 TYPE BASE END_GLYPH\n'
+            'DEF_GLYPH "aacute" ID 195 UNICODE 225 TYPE BASE END_GLYPH\n'
+            'DEF_GLYPH "acircumflex" ID 196 UNICODE 226 TYPE BASE END_GLYPH\n'
+            'DEF_GLYPH "atilde" ID 197 UNICODE 227 TYPE BASE END_GLYPH\n'
+            'DEF_GLYPH "c" ID 165 UNICODE 99 TYPE BASE END_GLYPH\n'
+            'DEF_GLYPH "ccaron" ID 209 UNICODE 269 TYPE BASE END_GLYPH\n'
+            'DEF_GLYPH "ccedilla" ID 210 UNICODE 231 TYPE BASE END_GLYPH\n'
+            'DEF_GLYPH "cdotaccent" ID 210 UNICODE 267 TYPE BASE END_GLYPH\n'
             'DEF_GROUP "KERN_lc_a_2ND"\n'
-            'ENUM RANGE "a" TO "atilde" GLYPH "b" RANGE "c" TO "cdotaccent" '
+            ' ENUM RANGE "a" TO "atilde" GLYPH "b" RANGE "c" TO "cdotaccent" '
             'END_ENUM\n'
             'END_GROUP'
-        ).statements
-        self.assertEqual((def_group.name, def_group.enum),
+        ).statements[-1]
+        self.assertEqual((def_group.name, def_group.enum.glyphSet()),
                          ("KERN_lc_a_2ND",
-                          (("a", "atilde"), "b", ("c", "cdotaccent"))))
+                          ("a", "agrave", "aacute", "acircumflex", "atilde",
+                           "b", "c", "ccaron", "ccedilla", "cdotaccent")))
 
     def test_group_duplicate(self):
         self.assertRaisesRegex(
@@ -209,7 +238,7 @@
                         'END_GROUP\n'
                         'DEF_GROUP "dupe"\n'
                         'ENUM GLYPH "x" END_ENUM\n'
-                        'END_GROUP\n'
+                        'END_GROUP'
         )
 
     def test_group_duplicate_case_insensitive(self):
@@ -222,12 +251,12 @@
                         'END_GROUP\n'
                         'DEF_GROUP "Dupe"\n'
                         'ENUM GLYPH "x" END_ENUM\n'
-                        'END_GROUP\n'
+                        'END_GROUP'
         )
 
     def test_script_without_langsys(self):
         [script] = self.parse(
-            'DEF_SCRIPT NAME "Latin" TAG "latn"\n'
+            'DEF_SCRIPT NAME "Latin" TAG "latn"\n\n'
             'END_SCRIPT'
         ).statements
         self.assertEqual((script.name, script.tag, script.langs),
@@ -235,10 +264,10 @@
 
     def test_langsys_normal(self):
         [def_script] = self.parse(
-            'DEF_SCRIPT NAME "Latin" TAG "latn"\n'
-            'DEF_LANGSYS NAME "Romanian" TAG "ROM "\n'
+            'DEF_SCRIPT NAME "Latin" TAG "latn"\n\n'
+            'DEF_LANGSYS NAME "Romanian" TAG "ROM "\n\n'
             'END_LANGSYS\n'
-            'DEF_LANGSYS NAME "Moldavian" TAG "MOL "\n'
+            'DEF_LANGSYS NAME "Moldavian" TAG "MOL "\n\n'
             'END_LANGSYS\n'
             'END_SCRIPT'
         ).statements
@@ -256,8 +285,8 @@
 
     def test_langsys_no_script_name(self):
         [langsys] = self.parse(
-            'DEF_SCRIPT TAG "latn"\n'
-            'DEF_LANGSYS NAME "Default" TAG "dflt"\n'
+            'DEF_SCRIPT TAG "latn"\n\n'
+            'DEF_LANGSYS NAME "Default" TAG "dflt"\n\n'
             'END_LANGSYS\n'
             'END_SCRIPT'
         ).statements
@@ -274,8 +303,8 @@
                 VoltLibError,
                 r'.*Expected "TAG"'):
             [langsys] = self.parse(
-                'DEF_SCRIPT NAME "Latin"\n'
-                'DEF_LANGSYS NAME "Default" TAG "dflt"\n'
+                'DEF_SCRIPT NAME "Latin"\n\n'
+                'DEF_LANGSYS NAME "Default" TAG "dflt"\n\n'
                 'END_LANGSYS\n'
                 'END_SCRIPT'
             ).statements
@@ -286,12 +315,12 @@
                 'Script "DFLT" already defined, '
                 'script tags are case insensitive'):
             [langsys1, langsys2] = self.parse(
-                'DEF_SCRIPT NAME "Default" TAG "DFLT"\n'
-                'DEF_LANGSYS NAME "Default" TAG "dflt"\n'
+                'DEF_SCRIPT NAME "Default" TAG "DFLT"\n\n'
+                'DEF_LANGSYS NAME "Default" TAG "dflt"\n\n'
                 'END_LANGSYS\n'
                 'END_SCRIPT\n'
-                'DEF_SCRIPT TAG "DFLT"\n'
-                'DEF_LANGSYS NAME "Default" TAG "dflt"\n'
+                'DEF_SCRIPT TAG "DFLT"\n\n'
+                'DEF_LANGSYS NAME "Default" TAG "dflt"\n\n'
                 'END_LANGSYS\n'
                 'END_SCRIPT'
             ).statements
@@ -307,21 +336,21 @@
                 'END_LANGSYS\n'
                 'DEF_LANGSYS NAME "Default" TAG "dflt"\n'
                 'END_LANGSYS\n'
-                'END_SCRIPT\n'
+                'END_SCRIPT'
             ).statements
 
     def test_langsys_lang_in_separate_scripts(self):
         [langsys1, langsys2] = self.parse(
-            'DEF_SCRIPT NAME "Default" TAG "DFLT"\n'
-            'DEF_LANGSYS NAME "Default" TAG "dflt"\n'
+            'DEF_SCRIPT NAME "Default" TAG "DFLT"\n\n'
+            'DEF_LANGSYS NAME "Default" TAG "dflt"\n\n'
             'END_LANGSYS\n'
-            'DEF_LANGSYS NAME "Default" TAG "ROM "\n'
+            'DEF_LANGSYS NAME "Default" TAG "ROM "\n\n'
             'END_LANGSYS\n'
             'END_SCRIPT\n'
-            'DEF_SCRIPT NAME "Latin" TAG "latn"\n'
-            'DEF_LANGSYS NAME "Default" TAG "dflt"\n'
+            'DEF_SCRIPT NAME "Latin" TAG "latn"\n\n'
+            'DEF_LANGSYS NAME "Default" TAG "dflt"\n\n'
             'END_LANGSYS\n'
-            'DEF_LANGSYS NAME "Default" TAG "ROM "\n'
+            'DEF_LANGSYS NAME "Default" TAG "ROM "\n\n'
             'END_LANGSYS\n'
             'END_SCRIPT'
         ).statements
@@ -332,8 +361,8 @@
 
     def test_langsys_no_lang_name(self):
         [langsys] = self.parse(
-            'DEF_SCRIPT NAME "Latin" TAG "latn"\n'
-            'DEF_LANGSYS TAG "dflt"\n'
+            'DEF_SCRIPT NAME "Latin" TAG "latn"\n\n'
+            'DEF_LANGSYS TAG "dflt"\n\n'
             'END_LANGSYS\n'
             'END_SCRIPT'
         ).statements
@@ -350,18 +379,18 @@
                 VoltLibError,
                 r'.*Expected "TAG"'):
             [langsys] = self.parse(
-                'DEF_SCRIPT NAME "Latin" TAG "latn"\n'
-                'DEF_LANGSYS NAME "Default"\n'
+                'DEF_SCRIPT NAME "Latin" TAG "latn"\n\n'
+                'DEF_LANGSYS NAME "Default"\n\n'
                 'END_LANGSYS\n'
                 'END_SCRIPT'
             ).statements
 
     def test_feature(self):
         [def_script] = self.parse(
-            'DEF_SCRIPT NAME "Latin" TAG "latn"\n'
-            'DEF_LANGSYS NAME "Romanian" TAG "ROM "\n'
+            'DEF_SCRIPT NAME "Latin" TAG "latn"\n\n'
+            'DEF_LANGSYS NAME "Romanian" TAG "ROM "\n\n'
             'DEF_FEATURE NAME "Fractions" TAG "frac"\n'
-            'LOOKUP "fraclookup"\n'
+            ' LOOKUP "fraclookup"\n'
             'END_FEATURE\n'
             'END_LANGSYS\n'
             'END_SCRIPT'
@@ -373,10 +402,10 @@
                           "frac",
                           ["fraclookup"]))
         [def_script] = self.parse(
-            'DEF_SCRIPT NAME "Latin" TAG "latn"\n'
-            'DEF_LANGSYS NAME "Romanian" TAG "ROM "\n'
+            'DEF_SCRIPT NAME "Latin" TAG "latn"\n\n'
+            'DEF_LANGSYS NAME "Romanian" TAG "ROM "\n\n'
             'DEF_FEATURE NAME "Kerning" TAG "kern"\n'
-            'LOOKUP "kern1" LOOKUP "kern2"\n'
+            ' LOOKUP "kern1" LOOKUP "kern2"\n'
             'END_FEATURE\n'
             'END_LANGSYS\n'
             'END_SCRIPT'
@@ -433,10 +462,10 @@
     def test_lookup_name_starts_with_letter(self):
         with self.assertRaisesRegex(
             VoltLibError,
-            'Lookup name "\\\lookupname" must start with a letter'
+            r'Lookup name "\\lookupname" must start with a letter'
         ):
             [lookup] = self.parse(
-                'DEF_LOOKUP "\lookupname"\n'
+                'DEF_LOOKUP "\\lookupname"\n'
                 'AS_SUBSTITUTION\n'
                 'SUB GLYPH "a"\n'
                 'WITH GLYPH "a.alt"\n'
@@ -444,6 +473,21 @@
                 'END_SUBSTITUTION\n'
             ).statements
 
+    def test_lookup_comments(self):
+        [lookup] = self.parse(
+            'DEF_LOOKUP "test" PROCESS_BASE PROCESS_MARKS ALL DIRECTION LTR\n'
+            'COMMENTS "Hello\\nWorld"\n'
+            'IN_CONTEXT\n'
+            'END_CONTEXT\n'
+            'AS_SUBSTITUTION\n'
+            'SUB GLYPH "a"\n'
+            'WITH GLYPH "b"\n'
+            'END_SUB\n'
+            'END_SUBSTITUTION'
+        ).statements
+        self.assertEqual(lookup.name, "test")
+        self.assertEqual(lookup.comments, "Hello\nWorld")
+
     def test_substitution_empty(self):
         with self.assertRaisesRegex(
                 VoltLibError,
@@ -523,17 +567,18 @@
             'END_SUB\n'
             'END_SUBSTITUTION'
         ).statements
-        self.assertEqual((lookup.name, list(lookup.sub.mapping.items())),
-                         ("smcp", [(("a",), ("a.sc",)), (("b",), ("b.sc",))]))
+        self.assertEqual(lookup.name, "smcp")
+        self.assertSubEqual(lookup.sub, [["a"], ["b"]], [["a.sc"], ["b.sc"]])
 
     def test_substitution_single_in_context(self):
         [group, lookup] = self.parse(
-            'DEF_GROUP "Denominators" ENUM GLYPH "one.dnom" GLYPH "two.dnom" '
-            'END_ENUM END_GROUP\n'
+            'DEF_GROUP "Denominators"\n'
+            ' ENUM GLYPH "one.dnom" GLYPH "two.dnom" END_ENUM\n'
+            'END_GROUP\n'
             'DEF_LOOKUP "fracdnom" PROCESS_BASE PROCESS_MARKS ALL '
             'DIRECTION LTR\n'
-            'IN_CONTEXT LEFT ENUM GROUP "Denominators" GLYPH "fraction" '
-            'END_ENUM\n'
+            'IN_CONTEXT\n'
+            ' LEFT ENUM GROUP "Denominators" GLYPH "fraction" END_ENUM\n'
             'END_CONTEXT\n'
             'AS_SUBSTITUTION\n'
             'SUB GLYPH "one"\n'
@@ -545,26 +590,32 @@
             'END_SUBSTITUTION'
         ).statements
         context = lookup.context[0]
-        self.assertEqual(
-            (lookup.name, list(lookup.sub.mapping.items()),
-             context.ex_or_in, context.left, context.right),
-            ("fracdnom", [(("one",), ("one.dnom",)), (("two",), ("two.dnom",))],
-             "IN_CONTEXT", [((("Denominators",), "fraction"),)], [])
-        )
+
+        self.assertEqual(lookup.name, "fracdnom")
+        self.assertEqual(context.ex_or_in, "IN_CONTEXT")
+        self.assertEqual(len(context.left), 1)
+        self.assertEqual(len(context.left[0]), 1)
+        self.assertEqual(len(context.left[0][0].enum), 2)
+        self.assertEqual(context.left[0][0].enum[0].group, "Denominators")
+        self.assertEqual(context.left[0][0].enum[1].glyph, "fraction")
+        self.assertEqual(context.right, [])
+        self.assertSubEqual(lookup.sub, [["one"], ["two"]],
+                [["one.dnom"], ["two.dnom"]])
 
     def test_substitution_single_in_contexts(self):
         [group, lookup] = self.parse(
-            'DEF_GROUP "Hebrew" ENUM GLYPH "uni05D0" GLYPH "uni05D1" '
-            'END_ENUM END_GROUP\n'
+            'DEF_GROUP "Hebrew"\n'
+            ' ENUM GLYPH "uni05D0" GLYPH "uni05D1" END_ENUM\n'
+            'END_GROUP\n'
             'DEF_LOOKUP "HebrewCurrency" PROCESS_BASE PROCESS_MARKS ALL '
             'DIRECTION LTR\n'
             'IN_CONTEXT\n'
-            'RIGHT GROUP "Hebrew"\n'
-            'RIGHT GLYPH "one.Hebr"\n'
+            ' RIGHT GROUP "Hebrew"\n'
+            ' RIGHT GLYPH "one.Hebr"\n'
             'END_CONTEXT\n'
             'IN_CONTEXT\n'
-            'LEFT GROUP "Hebrew"\n'
-            'LEFT GLYPH "one.Hebr"\n'
+            ' LEFT GROUP "Hebrew"\n'
+            ' LEFT GLYPH "one.Hebr"\n'
             'END_CONTEXT\n'
             'AS_SUBSTITUTION\n'
             'SUB GLYPH "dollar"\n'
@@ -574,18 +625,30 @@
         ).statements
         context1 = lookup.context[0]
         context2 = lookup.context[1]
-        self.assertEqual(
-            (lookup.name, context1.ex_or_in, context1.left,
-             context1.right, context2.ex_or_in,
-             context2.left, context2.right),
-            ("HebrewCurrency", "IN_CONTEXT", [],
-             [(("Hebrew",),), ("one.Hebr",)], "IN_CONTEXT",
-             [(("Hebrew",),), ("one.Hebr",)], []))
+
+        self.assertEqual(lookup.name, "HebrewCurrency")
+
+        self.assertEqual(context1.ex_or_in, "IN_CONTEXT")
+        self.assertEqual(context1.left, [])
+        self.assertEqual(len(context1.right), 2)
+        self.assertEqual(len(context1.right[0]), 1)
+        self.assertEqual(len(context1.right[1]), 1)
+        self.assertEqual(context1.right[0][0].group, "Hebrew")
+        self.assertEqual(context1.right[1][0].glyph, "one.Hebr")
+
+        self.assertEqual(context2.ex_or_in, "IN_CONTEXT")
+        self.assertEqual(len(context2.left), 2)
+        self.assertEqual(len(context2.left[0]), 1)
+        self.assertEqual(len(context2.left[1]), 1)
+        self.assertEqual(context2.left[0][0].group, "Hebrew")
+        self.assertEqual(context2.left[1][0].glyph, "one.Hebr")
+        self.assertEqual(context2.right, [])
 
     def test_substitution_skip_base(self):
         [group, lookup] = self.parse(
-            'DEF_GROUP "SomeMarks" ENUM GLYPH "marka" GLYPH "markb" '
-            'END_ENUM END_GROUP\n'
+            'DEF_GROUP "SomeMarks"\n'
+            ' ENUM GLYPH "marka" GLYPH "markb" END_ENUM\n'
+            'END_GROUP\n'
             'DEF_LOOKUP "SomeSub" SKIP_BASE PROCESS_MARKS ALL '
             'DIRECTION LTR\n'
             'IN_CONTEXT\n'
@@ -596,15 +659,15 @@
             'END_SUB\n'
             'END_SUBSTITUTION'
         ).statements
-        process_base = lookup.process_base
         self.assertEqual(
-            (lookup.name, process_base),
+            (lookup.name, lookup.process_base),
             ("SomeSub", False))
 
     def test_substitution_process_base(self):
         [group, lookup] = self.parse(
-            'DEF_GROUP "SomeMarks" ENUM GLYPH "marka" GLYPH "markb" '
-            'END_ENUM END_GROUP\n'
+            'DEF_GROUP "SomeMarks"\n'
+            ' ENUM GLYPH "marka" GLYPH "markb" END_ENUM\n'
+            'END_GROUP\n'
             'DEF_LOOKUP "SomeSub" PROCESS_BASE PROCESS_MARKS ALL '
             'DIRECTION LTR\n'
             'IN_CONTEXT\n'
@@ -615,17 +678,16 @@
             'END_SUB\n'
             'END_SUBSTITUTION'
         ).statements
-        process_base = lookup.process_base
         self.assertEqual(
-            (lookup.name, process_base),
+            (lookup.name, lookup.process_base),
             ("SomeSub", True))
 
-    def test_substitution_skip_marks(self):
+    def test_substitution_process_marks(self):
         [group, lookup] = self.parse(
-            'DEF_GROUP "SomeMarks" ENUM GLYPH "marka" GLYPH "markb" '
-            'END_ENUM END_GROUP\n'
-            'DEF_LOOKUP "SomeSub" PROCESS_BASE SKIP_MARKS '
-            'DIRECTION LTR\n'
+            'DEF_GROUP "SomeMarks"\n'
+            ' ENUM GLYPH "marka" GLYPH "markb" END_ENUM\n'
+            'END_GROUP\n'
+            'DEF_LOOKUP "SomeSub" PROCESS_BASE PROCESS_MARKS "SomeMarks"\n'
             'IN_CONTEXT\n'
             'END_CONTEXT\n'
             'AS_SUBSTITUTION\n'
@@ -634,45 +696,127 @@
             'END_SUB\n'
             'END_SUBSTITUTION'
         ).statements
-        process_marks = lookup.process_marks
         self.assertEqual(
-            (lookup.name, process_marks),
-            ("SomeSub", False))
+            (lookup.name, lookup.process_marks),
+            ("SomeSub", 'SomeMarks'))
 
-    def test_substitution_process_marks(self):
-        [group, lookup] = self.parse(
-            'DEF_GROUP "SomeMarks" ENUM GLYPH "acutecmb" GLYPH "gravecmb" '
-            'END_ENUM END_GROUP\n'
-            'DEF_LOOKUP "SomeSub" PROCESS_BASE '
-            'PROCESS_MARKS "SomeMarks" \n'
-            'DIRECTION RTL\n'
+    def test_substitution_process_marks_all(self):
+        [lookup] = self.parse(
+            'DEF_LOOKUP "SomeSub" PROCESS_BASE PROCESS_MARKS ALL\n'
+            'IN_CONTEXT\n'
+            'END_CONTEXT\n'
             'AS_SUBSTITUTION\n'
             'SUB GLYPH "A"\n'
             'WITH GLYPH "A.c2sc"\n'
             'END_SUB\n'
             'END_SUBSTITUTION'
         ).statements
-        process_marks = lookup.process_marks
         self.assertEqual(
-            (lookup.name, process_marks),
+            (lookup.name, lookup.process_marks),
+            ("SomeSub", True))
+
+    def test_substitution_process_marks_none(self):
+        [lookup] = self.parse_(
+            'DEF_LOOKUP "SomeSub" PROCESS_BASE PROCESS_MARKS "NONE"\n'
+            'IN_CONTEXT\n'
+            'END_CONTEXT\n'
+            'AS_SUBSTITUTION\n'
+            'SUB GLYPH "A"\n'
+            'WITH GLYPH "A.c2sc"\n'
+            'END_SUB\n'
+            'END_SUBSTITUTION'
+        ).statements
+        self.assertEqual(
+            (lookup.name, lookup.process_marks),
+            ("SomeSub", False))
+
+    def test_substitution_process_marks_bad(self):
+        with self.assertRaisesRegex(
+                VoltLibError,
+                'Expected ALL, NONE, MARK_GLYPH_SET or an ID'):
+            self.parse(
+                'DEF_GROUP "SomeMarks" ENUM GLYPH "marka" GLYPH "markb" '
+                'END_ENUM END_GROUP\n'
+                'DEF_LOOKUP "SomeSub" PROCESS_BASE PROCESS_MARKS SomeMarks '
+                'AS_SUBSTITUTION\n'
+                'SUB GLYPH "A" WITH GLYPH "A.c2sc"\n'
+                'END_SUB\n'
+                'END_SUBSTITUTION'
+            )
+
+    def test_substitution_skip_marks(self):
+        [group, lookup] = self.parse(
+            'DEF_GROUP "SomeMarks"\n'
+            ' ENUM GLYPH "marka" GLYPH "markb" END_ENUM\n'
+            'END_GROUP\n'
+            'DEF_LOOKUP "SomeSub" PROCESS_BASE SKIP_MARKS DIRECTION LTR\n'
+            'IN_CONTEXT\n'
+            'END_CONTEXT\n'
+            'AS_SUBSTITUTION\n'
+            'SUB GLYPH "A"\n'
+            'WITH GLYPH "A.c2sc"\n'
+            'END_SUB\n'
+            'END_SUBSTITUTION'
+        ).statements
+        self.assertEqual(
+            (lookup.name, lookup.process_marks),
+            ("SomeSub", False))
+
+    def test_substitution_mark_attachment(self):
+        [group, lookup] = self.parse(
+            'DEF_GROUP "SomeMarks"\n'
+            ' ENUM GLYPH "acutecmb" GLYPH "gravecmb" END_ENUM\n'
+            'END_GROUP\n'
+            'DEF_LOOKUP "SomeSub" PROCESS_BASE '
+            'PROCESS_MARKS "SomeMarks" DIRECTION RTL\n'
+            'IN_CONTEXT\n'
+            'END_CONTEXT\n'
+            'AS_SUBSTITUTION\n'
+            'SUB GLYPH "A"\n'
+            'WITH GLYPH "A.c2sc"\n'
+            'END_SUB\n'
+            'END_SUBSTITUTION'
+        ).statements
+        self.assertEqual(
+            (lookup.name, lookup.process_marks),
+            ("SomeSub", "SomeMarks"))
+
+    def test_substitution_mark_glyph_set(self):
+        [group, lookup] = self.parse(
+            'DEF_GROUP "SomeMarks"\n'
+            ' ENUM GLYPH "acutecmb" GLYPH "gravecmb" END_ENUM\n'
+            'END_GROUP\n'
+            'DEF_LOOKUP "SomeSub" PROCESS_BASE '
+            'PROCESS_MARKS MARK_GLYPH_SET "SomeMarks" DIRECTION RTL\n'
+            'IN_CONTEXT\n'
+            'END_CONTEXT\n'
+            'AS_SUBSTITUTION\n'
+            'SUB GLYPH "A"\n'
+            'WITH GLYPH "A.c2sc"\n'
+            'END_SUB\n'
+            'END_SUBSTITUTION'
+        ).statements
+        self.assertEqual(
+            (lookup.name, lookup.mark_glyph_set),
             ("SomeSub", "SomeMarks"))
 
     def test_substitution_process_all_marks(self):
         [group, lookup] = self.parse(
-            'DEF_GROUP "SomeMarks" ENUM GLYPH "acutecmb" GLYPH "gravecmb" '
-            'END_ENUM END_GROUP\n'
-            'DEF_LOOKUP "SomeSub" PROCESS_BASE '
-            'PROCESS_MARKS ALL \n'
+            'DEF_GROUP "SomeMarks"\n'
+            ' ENUM GLYPH "acutecmb" GLYPH "gravecmb" END_ENUM\n'
+            'END_GROUP\n'
+            'DEF_LOOKUP "SomeSub" PROCESS_BASE PROCESS_MARKS ALL '
             'DIRECTION RTL\n'
+            'IN_CONTEXT\n'
+            'END_CONTEXT\n'
             'AS_SUBSTITUTION\n'
             'SUB GLYPH "A"\n'
             'WITH GLYPH "A.c2sc"\n'
             'END_SUB\n'
             'END_SUBSTITUTION'
         ).statements
-        process_marks = lookup.process_marks
         self.assertEqual(
-            (lookup.name, process_marks),
+            (lookup.name, lookup.process_marks),
             ("SomeSub", True))
 
     def test_substitution_no_reversal(self):
@@ -681,7 +825,7 @@
             'DEF_LOOKUP "Lookup" PROCESS_BASE PROCESS_MARKS ALL '
             'DIRECTION LTR\n'
             'IN_CONTEXT\n'
-            'RIGHT ENUM GLYPH "a" GLYPH "b" END_ENUM\n'
+            ' RIGHT ENUM GLYPH "a" GLYPH "b" END_ENUM\n'
             'END_CONTEXT\n'
             'AS_SUBSTITUTION\n'
             'SUB GLYPH "a"\n'
@@ -695,18 +839,24 @@
         )
 
     def test_substitution_reversal(self):
-        [lookup] = self.parse(
+        lookup = self.parse(
+            'DEF_GROUP "DFLT_Num_standardFigures"\n'
+            ' ENUM GLYPH "zero" GLYPH "one" GLYPH "two" END_ENUM\n'
+            'END_GROUP\n'
+            'DEF_GROUP "DFLT_Num_numerators"\n'
+            ' ENUM GLYPH "zero.numr" GLYPH "one.numr" GLYPH "two.numr" END_ENUM\n'
+            'END_GROUP\n'
             'DEF_LOOKUP "RevLookup" PROCESS_BASE PROCESS_MARKS ALL '
             'DIRECTION LTR REVERSAL\n'
             'IN_CONTEXT\n'
-            'RIGHT ENUM GLYPH "a" GLYPH "b" END_ENUM\n'
+            ' RIGHT ENUM GLYPH "a" GLYPH "b" END_ENUM\n'
             'END_CONTEXT\n'
             'AS_SUBSTITUTION\n'
             'SUB GROUP "DFLT_Num_standardFigures"\n'
             'WITH GROUP "DFLT_Num_numerators"\n'
             'END_SUB\n'
             'END_SUBSTITUTION'
-        ).statements
+        ).statements[-1]
         self.assertEqual(
             (lookup.name, lookup.reversal),
             ("RevLookup", True)
@@ -727,11 +877,9 @@
             'END_SUB\n'
             'END_SUBSTITUTION'
         ).statements
-        self.assertEqual((lookup.name, list(lookup.sub.mapping.items())),
-                         ("ccmp",
-                          [(("aacute",), ("a", "acutecomb")),
-                           (("agrave",), ("a", "gravecomb"))]
-                          ))
+        self.assertEqual(lookup.name, "ccmp")
+        self.assertSubEqual(lookup.sub, [["aacute"], ["agrave"]],
+                [["a", "acutecomb"], ["a", "gravecomb"]])
 
     def test_substitution_multiple_to_single(self):
         [lookup] = self.parse(
@@ -748,17 +896,16 @@
             'END_SUB\n'
             'END_SUBSTITUTION'
         ).statements
-        self.assertEqual((lookup.name, list(lookup.sub.mapping.items())),
-                         ("liga",
-                          [(("f", "i"), ("f_i",)),
-                           (("f", "t"), ("f_t",))]))
+        self.assertEqual(lookup.name, "liga")
+        self.assertSubEqual(lookup.sub, [["f", "i"], ["f", "t"]],
+                [["f_i"], ["f_t"]])
 
     def test_substitution_reverse_chaining_single(self):
         [lookup] = self.parse(
             'DEF_LOOKUP "numr" PROCESS_BASE PROCESS_MARKS ALL '
             'DIRECTION LTR REVERSAL\n'
             'IN_CONTEXT\n'
-            'RIGHT ENUM '
+            ' RIGHT ENUM '
             'GLYPH "fraction" '
             'RANGE "zero.numr" TO "nine.numr" '
             'END_ENUM\n'
@@ -769,11 +916,22 @@
             'END_SUB\n'
             'END_SUBSTITUTION'
         ).statements
-        self.assertEqual(
-            (lookup.name, lookup.context[0].right,
-             list(lookup.sub.mapping.items())),
-            ("numr", [(("fraction", ("zero.numr", "nine.numr")),)],
-             [((("zero", "nine"),), (("zero.numr", "nine.numr"),))]))
+
+        mapping = lookup.sub.mapping
+        glyphs = [[(r.start, r.end) for r in v] for v in mapping.keys()]
+        replacement = [[(r.start, r.end) for r in v] for v in mapping.values()]
+
+        self.assertEqual(lookup.name, "numr")
+        self.assertEqual(glyphs, [[('zero', 'nine')]])
+        self.assertEqual(replacement, [[('zero.numr', 'nine.numr')]])
+
+        self.assertEqual(len(lookup.context[0].right), 1)
+        self.assertEqual(len(lookup.context[0].right[0]), 1)
+        enum = lookup.context[0].right[0][0]
+        self.assertEqual(len(enum.enum), 2)
+        self.assertEqual(enum.enum[0].glyph, "fraction")
+        self.assertEqual((enum.enum[1].start, enum.enum[1].end),
+                ('zero.numr', 'nine.numr'))
 
     # GPOS
     #  ATTACH_CURSIVE
@@ -788,7 +946,7 @@
                 'DEF_LOOKUP "empty_position" PROCESS_BASE PROCESS_MARKS ALL '
                 'DIRECTION LTR\n'
                 'EXCEPT_CONTEXT\n'
-                'LEFT GLYPH "glyph"\n'
+                ' LEFT GLYPH "glyph"\n'
                 'END_CONTEXT\n'
                 'AS_POSITION\n'
                 'END_POSITION'
@@ -807,18 +965,21 @@
             'END_ATTACH\n'
             'END_POSITION\n'
             'DEF_ANCHOR "MARK_top" ON 120 GLYPH acutecomb COMPONENT 1 '
-            'AT POS DX 0 DY 450 END_POS END_ANCHOR\n'
+            'AT  POS DX 0 DY 450 END_POS END_ANCHOR\n'
             'DEF_ANCHOR "MARK_top" ON 121 GLYPH gravecomb COMPONENT 1 '
-            'AT POS DX 0 DY 450 END_POS END_ANCHOR\n'
+            'AT  POS DX 0 DY 450 END_POS END_ANCHOR\n'
             'DEF_ANCHOR "top" ON 31 GLYPH a COMPONENT 1 '
-            'AT POS DX 210 DY 450 END_POS END_ANCHOR\n'
+            'AT  POS DX 210 DY 450 END_POS END_ANCHOR\n'
             'DEF_ANCHOR "top" ON 35 GLYPH e COMPONENT 1 '
-            'AT POS DX 215 DY 450 END_POS END_ANCHOR\n'
+            'AT  POS DX 215 DY 450 END_POS END_ANCHOR'
         ).statements
+        pos = lookup.pos
+        coverage = [g.glyph for g in pos.coverage]
+        coverage_to = [[[g.glyph for g in e], a] for (e, a) in pos.coverage_to]
         self.assertEqual(
-            (lookup.name, lookup.pos.coverage, lookup.pos.coverage_to),
-            ("anchor_top", ("a", "e"), [(("acutecomb",), "top"),
-                                        (("gravecomb",), "top")])
+            (lookup.name, coverage, coverage_to),
+            ("anchor_top", ["a", "e"],
+             [[["acutecomb"], "top"], [["gravecomb"], "top"]])
         )
         self.assertEqual(
             (anchor1.name, anchor1.gid, anchor1.glyph_name, anchor1.component,
@@ -850,15 +1011,15 @@
             'IN_CONTEXT\n'
             'END_CONTEXT\n'
             'AS_POSITION\n'
-            'ATTACH_CURSIVE EXIT GLYPH "a" GLYPH "b" ENTER GLYPH "c"\n'
+            'ATTACH_CURSIVE\nEXIT  GLYPH "a" GLYPH "b"\nENTER  GLYPH "c"\n'
             'END_ATTACH\n'
-            'END_POSITION\n'
+            'END_POSITION'
         ).statements
+        exit = [[g.glyph for g in v] for v in lookup.pos.coverages_exit]
+        enter = [[g.glyph for g in v] for v in lookup.pos.coverages_enter]
         self.assertEqual(
-            (lookup.name,
-             lookup.pos.coverages_exit, lookup.pos.coverages_enter),
-            ("SomeLookup",
-             [("a", "b")], [("c",)])
+            (lookup.name, exit, enter),
+            ("SomeLookup", [["a", "b"]], [["c"]])
         )
 
     def test_position_adjust_pair(self):
@@ -869,17 +1030,19 @@
             'END_CONTEXT\n'
             'AS_POSITION\n'
             'ADJUST_PAIR\n'
-            ' FIRST GLYPH "A"\n'
-            ' SECOND GLYPH "V"\n'
+            ' FIRST  GLYPH "A"\n'
+            ' SECOND  GLYPH "V"\n'
             ' 1 2 BY POS ADV -30 END_POS POS END_POS\n'
-            ' 2 1 BY POS ADV -30 END_POS POS END_POS\n'
+            ' 2 1 BY POS ADV -30 END_POS POS END_POS\n\n'
             'END_ADJUST\n'
-            'END_POSITION\n'
+            'END_POSITION'
         ).statements
+        coverages_1 = [[g.glyph for g in v] for v in lookup.pos.coverages_1]
+        coverages_2 = [[g.glyph for g in v] for v in lookup.pos.coverages_2]
         self.assertEqual(
-            (lookup.name, lookup.pos.coverages_1, lookup.pos.coverages_2,
+            (lookup.name, coverages_1, coverages_2,
              lookup.pos.adjust_pair),
-            ("kern1", [("A",)], [("V",)],
+            ("kern1", [["A"]], [["V"]],
              {(1, 2): ((-30, None, None, {}, {}, {}),
                        (None, None, None, {}, {}, {})),
               (2, 1): ((-30, None, None, {}, {}, {}),
@@ -891,31 +1054,33 @@
             'DEF_LOOKUP "TestLookup" PROCESS_BASE PROCESS_MARKS ALL '
             'DIRECTION LTR\n'
             'IN_CONTEXT\n'
-            # 'LEFT GLYPH "leftGlyph"\n'
-            # 'RIGHT GLYPH "rightGlyph"\n'
+            # ' LEFT GLYPH "leftGlyph"\n'
+            # ' RIGHT GLYPH "rightGlyph"\n'
             'END_CONTEXT\n'
             'AS_POSITION\n'
             'ADJUST_SINGLE'
-            ' GLYPH "glyph1" BY POS ADV 0 DX 123 END_POS\n'
+            ' GLYPH "glyph1" BY POS ADV 0 DX 123 END_POS'
             ' GLYPH "glyph2" BY POS ADV 0 DX 456 END_POS\n'
             'END_ADJUST\n'
-            'END_POSITION\n'
+            'END_POSITION'
         ).statements
+        pos = lookup.pos
+        adjust = [[[g.glyph for g in a], b] for (a, b) in pos.adjust_single]
         self.assertEqual(
-            (lookup.name, lookup.pos.adjust_single),
+            (lookup.name, adjust),
             ("TestLookup",
-             [(("glyph1",), (0, 123, None, {}, {}, {})),
-              (("glyph2",), (0, 456, None, {}, {}, {}))])
+             [[["glyph1"], (0, 123, None, {}, {}, {})],
+              [["glyph2"], (0, 456, None, {}, {}, {})]])
         )
 
     def test_def_anchor(self):
         [anchor1, anchor2, anchor3] = self.parse(
             'DEF_ANCHOR "top" ON 120 GLYPH a '
-            'COMPONENT 1 AT POS DX 250 DY 450 END_POS END_ANCHOR\n'
+            'COMPONENT 1 AT  POS DX 250 DY 450 END_POS END_ANCHOR\n'
             'DEF_ANCHOR "MARK_top" ON 120 GLYPH acutecomb '
-            'COMPONENT 1 AT POS DX 0 DY 450 END_POS END_ANCHOR\n'
+            'COMPONENT 1 AT  POS DX 0 DY 450 END_POS END_ANCHOR\n'
             'DEF_ANCHOR "bottom" ON 120 GLYPH a '
-            'COMPONENT 1 AT POS DX 250 DY 0 END_POS END_ANCHOR\n'
+            'COMPONENT 1 AT  POS DX 250 DY 0 END_POS END_ANCHOR'
         ).statements
         self.assertEqual(
             (anchor1.name, anchor1.gid, anchor1.glyph_name, anchor1.component,
@@ -936,6 +1101,22 @@
              False, (None, 250, 0, {}, {}, {}))
         )
 
+    def test_def_anchor_multi_component(self):
+        [anchor1, anchor2] = self.parse(
+            'DEF_ANCHOR "top" ON 120 GLYPH a '
+            'COMPONENT 1 AT  POS DX 250 DY 450 END_POS END_ANCHOR\n'
+            'DEF_ANCHOR "top" ON 120 GLYPH a '
+            'COMPONENT 2 AT  POS DX 250 DY 450 END_POS END_ANCHOR'
+        ).statements
+        self.assertEqual(
+            (anchor1.name, anchor1.gid, anchor1.glyph_name, anchor1.component),
+            ("top", 120, "a", 1)
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            (anchor2.name, anchor2.gid, anchor2.glyph_name, anchor2.component),
+            ("top", 120, "a", 2)
+        )
+
     def test_def_anchor_duplicate(self):
         self.assertRaisesRegex(
             VoltLibError,
@@ -943,15 +1124,15 @@
             'anchor names are case insensitive',
             self.parse,
             'DEF_ANCHOR "dupe" ON 120 GLYPH a '
-            'COMPONENT 1 AT POS DX 250 DY 450 END_POS END_ANCHOR\n'
+            'COMPONENT 1 AT  POS DX 250 DY 450 END_POS END_ANCHOR\n'
             'DEF_ANCHOR "dupe" ON 120 GLYPH a '
-            'COMPONENT 1 AT POS DX 250 DY 450 END_POS END_ANCHOR\n'
+            'COMPONENT 1 AT  POS DX 250 DY 450 END_POS END_ANCHOR'
         )
 
     def test_def_anchor_locked(self):
         [anchor] = self.parse(
             'DEF_ANCHOR "top" ON 120 GLYPH a '
-            'COMPONENT 1 LOCKED AT POS DX 250 DY 450 END_POS END_ANCHOR\n'
+            'COMPONENT 1 LOCKED AT  POS DX 250 DY 450 END_POS END_ANCHOR'
         ).statements
         self.assertEqual(
             (anchor.name, anchor.gid, anchor.glyph_name, anchor.component,
@@ -963,7 +1144,7 @@
     def test_anchor_adjust_device(self):
         [anchor] = self.parse(
             'DEF_ANCHOR "MARK_top" ON 123 GLYPH diacglyph '
-            'COMPONENT 1 AT POS DX 0 DY 456 ADJUST_BY 12 AT 34 '
+            'COMPONENT 1 AT  POS DX 0 DY 456 ADJUST_BY 12 AT 34 '
             'ADJUST_BY 56 AT 78 END_POS END_ANCHOR'
         ).statements
         self.assertEqual(
@@ -975,7 +1156,7 @@
         [grid_ppem, pres_ppem, ppos_ppem] = self.parse(
             'GRID_PPEM 20\n'
             'PRESENTATION_PPEM 72\n'
-            'PPOSITIONING_PPEM 144\n'
+            'PPOSITIONING_PPEM 144'
         ).statements
         self.assertEqual(
             ((grid_ppem.name, grid_ppem.value),
@@ -988,7 +1169,7 @@
     def test_compiler_flags(self):
         [setting1, setting2] = self.parse(
             'COMPILER_USEEXTENSIONLOOKUPS\n'
-            'COMPILER_USEPAIRPOSFORMAT2\n'
+            'COMPILER_USEPAIRPOSFORMAT2'
         ).statements
         self.assertEqual(
             ((setting1.name, setting1.value),
@@ -1001,7 +1182,7 @@
         [cmap_format1, cmap_format2, cmap_format3] = self.parse(
             'CMAP_FORMAT 0 3 4\n'
             'CMAP_FORMAT 1 0 6\n'
-            'CMAP_FORMAT 3 1 4\n'
+            'CMAP_FORMAT 3 1 4'
         ).statements
         self.assertEqual(
             ((cmap_format1.name, cmap_format1.value),
@@ -1012,22 +1193,42 @@
              ("CMAP_FORMAT", (3, 1, 4)))
         )
 
-    def setUp(self):
-        self.tempdir = None
-        self.num_tempfiles = 0
+    def test_do_not_touch_cmap(self):
+        [option1, option2, option3, option4] = self.parse(
+            'DO_NOT_TOUCH_CMAP\n'
+            'CMAP_FORMAT 0 3 4\n'
+            'CMAP_FORMAT 1 0 6\n'
+            'CMAP_FORMAT 3 1 4'
+        ).statements
+        self.assertEqual(
+            ((option1.name, option1.value),
+             (option2.name, option2.value),
+             (option3.name, option3.value),
+             (option4.name, option4.value)),
+            (("DO_NOT_TOUCH_CMAP", True),
+             ("CMAP_FORMAT", (0, 3, 4)),
+             ("CMAP_FORMAT", (1, 0, 6)),
+             ("CMAP_FORMAT", (3, 1, 4)))
+        )
 
-    def tearDown(self):
-        if self.tempdir:
-            shutil.rmtree(self.tempdir)
+    def test_stop_at_end(self):
+        doc = self.parse_(
+            'DEF_GLYPH ".notdef" ID 0 TYPE BASE END_GLYPH END\0\0\0\0'
+        )
+        [def_glyph] = doc.statements
+        self.assertEqual((def_glyph.name, def_glyph.id, def_glyph.unicode,
+                          def_glyph.type, def_glyph.components),
+                         (".notdef", 0, None, "BASE", None))
+        self.assertEqual(str(doc),
+            '\nDEF_GLYPH ".notdef" ID 0 TYPE BASE END_GLYPH END\n')
+
+    def parse_(self, text):
+        return Parser(StringIO(text)).parse()
 
     def parse(self, text):
-        if not self.tempdir:
-            self.tempdir = tempfile.mkdtemp()
-        self.num_tempfiles += 1
-        path = os.path.join(self.tempdir, "tmp%d.vtp" % self.num_tempfiles)
-        with open(path, "w") as outfile:
-            outfile.write(text)
-        return Parser(path).parse()
+        doc = self.parse_(text)
+        self.assertEqual('\n'.join(str(s) for s in doc.statements), text)
+        return Parser(StringIO(text)).parse()
 
 if __name__ == "__main__":
     import sys
diff --git a/dev-requirements.txt b/dev-requirements.txt
index a34deb2..73eae68 100644
--- a/dev-requirements.txt
+++ b/dev-requirements.txt
@@ -2,3 +2,4 @@
 tox>=2.5
 bump2version>=0.5.6
 sphinx>=1.5.5
+mypy>=0.782
diff --git a/fonttools b/fonttools
index 92b390e..90bc63f 100755
--- a/fonttools
+++ b/fonttools
@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
-#!/usr/bin/env python
-from __future__ import print_function, division, absolute_import
+#!/usr/bin/env python3
 import sys
 import os.path
 
diff --git a/mypy.ini b/mypy.ini
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7e37b03
--- /dev/null
+++ b/mypy.ini
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+[mypy]
+python_version = 3.6
+files = Lib/fontTools/misc/plistlib
+follow_imports = silent
+ignore_missing_imports = True
+warn_redundant_casts = True
+warn_unused_configs = True
+warn_unused_ignores = True
+
+[mypy-fontTools.misc.plistlib]
+check_untyped_defs = True
+disallow_any_generics = True
+disallow_incomplete_defs = True
+disallow_subclassing_any = True
+disallow_untyped_decorators = True
+disallow_untyped_calls = False
+disallow_untyped_defs = True
+no_implicit_optional = True
+no_implicit_reexport = True
+strict_equality = True
+warn_return_any = True
diff --git a/requirements.txt b/requirements.txt
index c99e116..680ffbb 100644
--- a/requirements.txt
+++ b/requirements.txt
@@ -1,6 +1,13 @@
 # we use the official Brotli module on CPython and the CFFI-based
 # extension 'brotlipy' on PyPy
-brotli==1.0.1; platform_python_implementation != "PyPy"
+brotli==1.0.9; platform_python_implementation != "PyPy"
 brotlipy==0.7.0; platform_python_implementation == "PyPy"
-unicodedata2==10.0.0; python_version < '3.7' and platform_python_implementation != "PyPy"
-munkres==1.0.10
+unicodedata2==13.0.0.post2; python_version < '3.9' and platform_python_implementation != "PyPy"
+scipy==1.5.4; platform_python_implementation != "PyPy"
+munkres==1.1.4; platform_python_implementation == "PyPy"
+zopfli==0.1.6
+fs==2.4.11
+skia-pathops==0.5.1.post1; platform_python_implementation != "PyPy"
+# this is only required to run Tests/cu2qu/{ufo,cli}_test.py
+ufoLib2==0.6.2
+pyobjc==6.2.2; sys_platform == "darwin"
diff --git a/run-tests.sh b/run-tests.sh
deleted file mode 100755
index 0eb84de..0000000
--- a/run-tests.sh
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,28 +0,0 @@
-#!/bin/sh
-
-# exit if any subcommand return non-zero status
-set -e
-
-# Choose python version
-if test "x$1" = x-3; then
-	PYTHON=python3
-	shift
-elif test "x$1" = x-2; then
-	PYTHON=python2
-	shift
-fi
-test "x$PYTHON" = x && PYTHON=python
-
-# Find tests
-FILTERS=
-for arg in "$@"; do
-	test "x$FILTERS" != x && FILTERS="$FILTERS or "
-	FILTERS="$FILTERS$arg"
-done
-
-# Run tests
-if [ -z "$FILTERS" ]; then
-	$PYTHON setup.py test
-else
-	$PYTHON setup.py test --addopts="-k \"$FILTERS\""
-fi
diff --git a/setup.cfg b/setup.cfg
index 407b686..eb2fbe7 100644
--- a/setup.cfg
+++ b/setup.cfg
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 [bumpversion]
-current_version = 3.21.0.dev0
+current_version = 4.26.3.dev0
 commit = True
 tag = False
 tag_name = {new_version}
@@ -24,15 +24,9 @@
 search = version="{current_version}"
 replace = version="{new_version}"
 
-[wheel]
-universal = 1
-
 [sdist]
 formats = zip
 
-[aliases]
-test = pytest
-
 [metadata]
 license_file = LICENSE
 
@@ -46,9 +40,15 @@
 python_classes = 
 	*Test
 addopts = 
-	-v
 	-r a
 	--doctest-modules
 	--doctest-ignore-import-errors
 	--pyargs
-
+doctest_optionflags = 
+	ALLOW_UNICODE
+	ELLIPSIS
+filterwarnings = 
+	ignore:readPlist:DeprecationWarning:plistlib_test
+	ignore:writePlist:DeprecationWarning:plistlib_test
+	ignore:some_function:DeprecationWarning:fontTools.ufoLib.utils
+	ignore::DeprecationWarning:fontTools.varLib.designspace
diff --git a/setup.py b/setup.py
index 30826a7..f3ebb73 100755
--- a/setup.py
+++ b/setup.py
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-#! /usr/bin/env python
+#! /usr/bin/env python3
 
 from __future__ import print_function
 import io
@@ -6,7 +6,8 @@
 import os
 from os.path import isfile, join as pjoin
 from glob import glob
-from setuptools import setup, find_packages, Command
+from setuptools import setup, find_packages, Command, Extension
+from setuptools.command.build_ext import build_ext as _build_ext
 from distutils import log
 from distutils.util import convert_path
 import subprocess as sp
@@ -23,12 +24,112 @@
 
 py_compile.compile = doraise_py_compile
 
-needs_pytest = {'pytest', 'test'}.intersection(sys.argv)
-pytest_runner = ['pytest_runner'] if needs_pytest else []
-needs_wheel = {'bdist_wheel'}.intersection(sys.argv)
-wheel = ['wheel'] if needs_wheel else []
-needs_bumpversion = {'release'}.intersection(sys.argv)
-bumpversion = ['bump2version'] if needs_bumpversion else []
+setup_requires = []
+
+if {'bdist_wheel'}.intersection(sys.argv):
+	setup_requires.append('wheel')
+
+if {'release'}.intersection(sys.argv):
+	setup_requires.append('bump2version')
+
+try:
+	__import__("cython")
+except ImportError:
+	has_cython = False
+else:
+	has_cython = True
+
+env_with_cython = os.environ.get("FONTTOOLS_WITH_CYTHON")
+with_cython = (
+	True if env_with_cython in {"1", "true", "yes"}
+	else False if env_with_cython in {"0", "false", "no"}
+	else None
+)
+# --with-cython/--without-cython options override environment variables
+opt_with_cython = {'--with-cython'}.intersection(sys.argv)
+opt_without_cython = {'--without-cython'}.intersection(sys.argv)
+if opt_with_cython and opt_without_cython:
+	sys.exit(
+		"error: the options '--with-cython' and '--without-cython' are "
+		"mutually exclusive"
+	)
+elif opt_with_cython:
+	sys.argv.remove("--with-cython")
+	with_cython = True
+elif opt_without_cython:
+	sys.argv.remove("--without-cython")
+	with_cython = False
+
+if with_cython and not has_cython:
+	setup_requires.append("cython")
+
+ext_modules = []
+if with_cython is True or (with_cython is None and has_cython):
+	ext_modules.append(
+		Extension("fontTools.cu2qu.cu2qu", ["Lib/fontTools/cu2qu/cu2qu.py"]),
+	)
+
+extras_require = {
+	# for fontTools.ufoLib: to read/write UFO fonts
+	"ufo": [
+		"fs >= 2.2.0, < 3",
+	],
+	# for fontTools.misc.etree and fontTools.misc.plistlib: use lxml to
+	# read/write XML files (faster/safer than built-in ElementTree)
+	"lxml": [
+		"lxml >= 4.0, < 5",
+	],
+	# for fontTools.sfnt and fontTools.woff2: to compress/uncompress
+	# WOFF 1.0 and WOFF 2.0 webfonts.
+	"woff": [
+		"brotli >= 1.0.1; platform_python_implementation == 'CPython'",
+		"brotlicffi >= 0.8.0; platform_python_implementation != 'CPython'",
+		"zopfli >= 0.1.4",
+	],
+	# for fontTools.unicode and fontTools.unicodedata: to use the latest version
+	# of the Unicode Character Database instead of the built-in unicodedata
+	# which varies between python versions and may be outdated.
+	"unicode": [
+		# the unicodedata2 extension module doesn't work on PyPy.
+		# Python 3.9 already has Unicode 13.0, so the backport is not needed.
+		(
+			"unicodedata2 >= 13.0.0; "
+			"python_version < '3.9' and platform_python_implementation != 'PyPy'"
+		),
+	],
+	# for graphite type tables in ttLib/tables (Silf, Glat, Gloc)
+	"graphite": [
+		"lz4 >= 1.7.4.2"
+	],
+	# for fontTools.interpolatable: to solve the "minimum weight perfect
+	# matching problem in bipartite graphs" (aka Assignment problem)
+	"interpolatable": [
+		# use pure-python alternative on pypy
+		"scipy; platform_python_implementation != 'PyPy'",
+		"munkres; platform_python_implementation == 'PyPy'",
+	],
+	# for fontTools.varLib.plot, to visualize DesignSpaceDocument and resulting
+	# VariationModel
+	"plot": [
+		# TODO: figure out the minimum version of matplotlib that we need
+		"matplotlib",
+	],
+	# for fontTools.misc.symfont, module for symbolic font statistics analysis
+	"symfont": [
+		"sympy",
+	],
+	# To get file creator and type of Macintosh PostScript Type 1 fonts (macOS only)
+	"type1": [
+		"xattr; sys_platform == 'darwin'",
+	],
+	# for fontTools.ttLib.removeOverlaps, to remove overlaps in TTF fonts
+	"pathops": [
+		"skia-pathops >= 0.5.0",
+	],
+}
+# use a special 'all' key as shorthand to includes all the extra dependencies
+extras_require["all"] = sum(extras_require.values(), [])
+
 
 # Trove classifiers for PyPI
 classifiers = {"classifiers": [
@@ -37,7 +138,7 @@
 	"Environment :: Other Environment",
 	"Intended Audience :: Developers",
 	"Intended Audience :: End Users/Desktop",
-	"License :: OSI Approved :: BSD License",
+	"License :: OSI Approved :: MIT License",
 	"Natural Language :: English",
 	"Operating System :: OS Independent",
 	"Programming Language :: Python",
@@ -198,7 +299,7 @@
 		""" Run bumpversion.main() with the specified arguments, and return the
 		new computed version string (cf. 'bumpversion --help' for more info)
 		"""
-		import bumpversion
+		import bumpversion.cli
 
 		args = (
 			(['--verbose'] if self.verbose > 1 else []) +
@@ -211,7 +312,7 @@
 		log.debug("$ bumpversion %s" % " ".join(a.replace(" ", "\\ ") for a in args))
 
 		with capture_logger("bumpversion.list") as out:
-			bumpversion.main(args)
+			bumpversion.cli.main(args)
 
 		last_line = out.getvalue().splitlines()[-1]
 		new_version = last_line.replace("new_version=", "")
@@ -244,26 +345,6 @@
 		return u"".join(changes)
 
 
-class PassCommand(Command):
-	""" This is used with Travis `dpl` tool so that it skips creating sdist
-	and wheel packages, but simply uploads to PyPI the files found in ./dist
-	folder, that were previously built inside the tox 'bdist' environment.
-	This ensures that the same files are uploaded to Github Releases and PyPI.
-	"""
-
-	description = "do nothing"
-	user_options = []
-
-	def initialize_options(self):
-		pass
-
-	def finalize_options(self):
-		pass
-
-	def run(self):
-		pass
-
-
 def find_data_files(manpath="share/man"):
 	""" Find FontTools's data_files (just man pages at this point).
 
@@ -307,38 +388,89 @@
 	return data_files
 
 
-setup(
+class cython_build_ext(_build_ext):
+	"""Compile *.pyx source files to *.c using cythonize if Cython is
+	installed and there is a working C compiler, else fall back to pure python dist.
+	"""
+
+	def finalize_options(self):
+		from Cython.Build import cythonize
+
+		# optionally enable line tracing for test coverage support
+		linetrace = os.environ.get("CYTHON_TRACE") == "1"
+
+		self.distribution.ext_modules[:] = cythonize(
+			self.distribution.ext_modules,
+			force=linetrace or self.force,
+			annotate=os.environ.get("CYTHON_ANNOTATE") == "1",
+			quiet=not self.verbose,
+			compiler_directives={
+				"linetrace": linetrace,
+				"language_level": 3,
+				"embedsignature": True,
+			},
+		)
+
+		_build_ext.finalize_options(self)
+
+	def build_extensions(self):
+		try:
+			_build_ext.build_extensions(self)
+		except Exception as e:
+			if with_cython:
+				raise
+			from distutils.errors import DistutilsModuleError
+
+			# optional compilation failed: we delete 'ext_modules' and make sure
+			# the generated wheel is 'pure'
+			del self.distribution.ext_modules[:]
+			try:
+				bdist_wheel = self.get_finalized_command("bdist_wheel")
+			except DistutilsModuleError:
+				# 'bdist_wheel' command not available as wheel is not installed
+				pass
+			else:
+				bdist_wheel.root_is_pure = True
+			log.error('error: building extensions failed: %s' % e)
+
+cmdclass = {"release": release}
+
+if ext_modules:
+    cmdclass["build_ext"] = cython_build_ext
+
+
+setup_params = dict(
 	name="fonttools",
-	version="3.21.0.dev0",
+	version="4.26.3.dev0",
 	description="Tools to manipulate font files",
 	author="Just van Rossum",
 	author_email="just@letterror.com",
 	maintainer="Behdad Esfahbod",
 	maintainer_email="behdad@behdad.org",
 	url="http://github.com/fonttools/fonttools",
-	license="OpenSource, BSD-style",
+	license="MIT",
 	platforms=["Any"],
+	python_requires=">=3.6",
 	long_description=long_description,
 	package_dir={'': 'Lib'},
 	packages=find_packages("Lib"),
 	include_package_data=True,
 	data_files=find_data_files(),
-	setup_requires=pytest_runner + wheel + bumpversion,
-	tests_require=[
-		'pytest>=3.0',
-	],
+	ext_modules=ext_modules,
+	setup_requires=setup_requires,
+	extras_require=extras_require,
 	entry_points={
 		'console_scripts': [
 			"fonttools = fontTools.__main__:main",
 			"ttx = fontTools.ttx:main",
 			"pyftsubset = fontTools.subset:main",
 			"pyftmerge = fontTools.merge:main",
-			"pyftinspect = fontTools.inspect:main"
 		]
 	},
-	cmdclass={
-		"release": release,
-		'pass': PassCommand,
-	},
+	cmdclass=cmdclass,
 	**classifiers
 )
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+	setup(**setup_params)
diff --git a/tox.ini b/tox.ini
index cb1ab91..bcbeeed 100644
--- a/tox.ini
+++ b/tox.ini
@@ -1,29 +1,36 @@
 [tox]
-envlist = py{27,36}-cov, htmlcov
+minversion = 3.0
+envlist = mypy, py3{6,7,8,9}-cov, htmlcov
+skip_missing_interpreters=true
 
 [testenv]
-basepython =
-    py27: {env:TOXPYTHON:python2.7}
-    pypy: {env:TOXPYTHON:pypy}
-    py34: {env:TOXPYTHON:python3.4}
-    py35: {env:TOXPYTHON:python3.5}
-    py36: {env:TOXPYTHON:python3.6}
+setenv =
+    cy: FONTTOOLS_WITH_CYTHON=1
+# use 'download = true' to have tox install the latest pip inside the virtualenv.
+# We need this to be able to install skia-pathops on Linux, which uses a
+# relatively recent 'manylinux2014' platform tag.
+# https://github.com/tox-dev/tox/issues/791#issuecomment-518713438
+download = true
 deps =
     cov: coverage>=4.3
     pytest
+    pytest-randomly
     -rrequirements.txt
-install_command =
-    pip install -v {opts} {packages}
+    !nolxml: lxml==4.6.1
+extras =
+    ufo
+    woff
+    unicode
+    interpolatable
+    !nolxml: lxml
 commands =
-    # run the test suite against the package installed inside tox env.
-    # We use parallel mode and then combine later so that coverage.py will take
-    # paths like .tox/py36/lib/python3.6/site-packages/fontTools and collapse
-    # them into Lib/fontTools.
+    cy: python -c "from fontTools.cu2qu.cu2qu import COMPILED; assert COMPILED"
+    !cy: python -c "from fontTools.cu2qu.cu2qu import COMPILED; assert not COMPILED"
+    # test with or without coverage, passing extra positonal args to pytest
     cov: coverage run --parallel-mode -m pytest {posargs}
-    nocov: pytest {posargs}
+    !cov: pytest {posargs:Tests fontTools}
 
 [testenv:htmlcov]
-basepython = {env:TOXPYTHON:python3.6}
 deps =
     coverage>=4.3
 skip_install = true
@@ -31,9 +38,15 @@
     coverage combine
     coverage html
 
+[testenv:mypy]
+deps =
+    -r dev-requirements.txt
+skip_install = true
+commands =
+    mypy
+
 [testenv:codecov]
 passenv = *
-basepython = {env:TOXPYTHON:python}
 deps =
     coverage>=4.3
     codecov
@@ -43,11 +56,17 @@
     coverage combine
     codecov --env TOXENV
 
+[testenv:package_readme]
+description = check that the long description is valid (need for PyPi)
+deps = twine >= 1.12.1
+       pip >= 18.0.0
+skip_install = true
+extras =
+commands = pip wheel -w {envtmpdir}/build --no-deps .
+           twine check {envtmpdir}/build/*
+
 [testenv:bdist]
-basepython = {env:TOXPYTHON:python3.6}
 deps =
-    pygments
-    docutils
     setuptools
     wheel
 skip_install = true
@@ -57,12 +76,20 @@
 whitelist_externals =
     rm
 commands =
-    # check metadata and rst long_description
-    python setup.py check --restructuredtext --strict
     # clean up build/ and dist/ folders
-    rm -rf {toxinidir}/dist
+    python -c 'import shutil; shutil.rmtree("dist", ignore_errors=True)'
     python setup.py clean --all
     # build sdist
     python setup.py sdist --dist-dir {toxinidir}/dist
     # build wheel from sdist
     pip wheel -v --no-deps --no-index --wheel-dir {toxinidir}/dist --find-links {toxinidir}/dist fonttools
+
+[testenv:pypi]
+deps =
+    {[testenv:bdist]deps}
+    twine
+skip_install = true
+passenv = TWINE_USERNAME TWINE_PASSWORD
+commands =
+    {[testenv:bdist]commands}
+    twine upload dist/*.whl dist/*.zip