# HLCPP bindings

## Libraries {#libraries}

Given the library declaration:

```fidl
library fuchsia.examples;
```

All code for this library is generated in the `fuchsia::examples` namespace, and
 [test scaffolding](#test-scaffolding) is generated in
 `fuchsia::examples::testing`.

## Constants {#constants}

All [constants][lang-constants] are generated as a `constexpr`. For example, the
 following constants:

```fidl
{%includecode gerrit_repo="fuchsia/fuchsia" gerrit_path="examples/fidl/fuchsia.examples/types.test.fidl" region_tag="consts" %}
```

Are generated in the header file as:

```c++
constexpr uint8_t BOARD_SIZE = 9u;
extern const char[] NAME;
```

The correspondence between FIDL primitive types and C++ types is outlined in
[built-in types](#builtins). Instead of `constexpr`, strings are declared as an
`extern const char[]` in the header file, and defined in a `.cc` file.

## Fields {#fields}

This section describes how the FIDL toolchain converts FIDL types to native
types in HLCPP. These types can appear as members in an aggregate type or as
parameters to a protocol method.

### Built-in types {#builtins}

The FIDL types are converted to C++ types based on the following table:

|FIDL Type|HLCPP Type|
|--- |--- |
|`bool`|`bool`|
|`int8`|`int8_t`|
|`int16`|`int16_t`|
|`int32`|`int32_t`|
|`int64`|`int64_t`|
|`uint8`|`uint8_t`|
|`uint16`|`uint16_t`|
|`uint32`|`uint32_t`|
|`uint64`|`uint64_t`|
|`float32`|`float`|
|`float64`|`double`|
|`array:N`|`std::array`|
|`vector:N`|`std::vector`|
|`vector:N?`|`fidl::VectorPtr`|
|`string`|`std::string`|
|`string?`|`fidl::StringPtr`|
|`request<P>`, `request<P>?`|`fidl::InterfaceRequest`|
|`P`,`P?`|`fidl::InterfaceHandle`|
|`handle`, `handle?`|`zx::handle`|
|`handle:S`, `handle:S?`|The corresponding zx type is used. For example, `zx::vmo` or `zx::channel`.|

### User defined types {#user-defined-types}

In HLCPP, a user defined type (bits, enum, constant, struct, union, or table) is
referred to in the bindings using the generated class or variable (see [Type
Definitions](#type-definitions)). For a nullable user-defined type `T`,
`unique_ptr` of the equivalent generated type is used.

### Request, response, and event parameters {#request-response-event-parameters}

Whenever FIDL needs to generate a single type representing parameters for a
request, response, or event (e.g. when generating [`fit::result` compatible result types](#protocols-results)),
it uses the following rules:

* Multiple arguments are generated as an `std::tuple` of the parameter types.
* A single parameter is just referred to using the parameter type itself.
* An empty set of parameters is represented using `void`.

## Type definitions {#type-definitions}

### Bits {#bits}

Given the [bits][lang-bits] definition:

```fidl
{%includecode gerrit_repo="fuchsia/fuchsia" gerrit_path="examples/fidl/fuchsia.examples/types.test.fidl" region_tag="bits" %}
```

The FIDL toolchain generates a C++ `enum class` using the specified underlying
type, or `uint32_t` if none is specified:

```c++
enum class FileMode : uint16_t {
    READ = 1u;
    WRITE = 2u;
    EXECUTE = 4u;
};
```
In addition, FIDL generates the following methods for `FileMode`:

* Bitwise operators: implementations for the `|`, `|=`, `&`, `&=`, `^`, `^=`,
  and `~` operators are generated, allowing bitwise operations on the bits like
  `mode |= FileMode::EXECUTE`.

FIDL also generates a `const static FileMode FileModeMask` variable. This is a
bitmask containing all of the bits in the enum class, which can be used to get
rid of any unused bit values from a raw underlying `uint16_t` (or whichever type
the `bits` are based on). In the above example, `FileModeMask` has a value of
`0b111`.

Example usage:

```c++
{%includecode gerrit_repo="fuchsia/fuchsia" gerrit_path="examples/fidl/hlcpp/unittests/main.cc" region_tag="bits" adjust_indentation="auto" exclude_regexp="^TEST|^}" %}
```

### Enums {#enums}

Given the [enum][lang-enums] definition:

```fidl
{%includecode gerrit_repo="fuchsia/fuchsia" gerrit_path="examples/fidl/fuchsia.examples/types.test.fidl" region_tag="enums" %}
```

The FIDL toolchain generates an equivalent C++ `enum class` using the specified
underlying type, or `uint32_t` if none is specified:

```c++
enum class LocationType : uint32_t {
    MUSEUM = 1u;
    AIRPORT = 2u;
    RESTAURANT = 3u;
};
```

Example usage:

```c++
{%includecode gerrit_repo="fuchsia/fuchsia" gerrit_path="examples/fidl/hlcpp/unittests/main.cc" region_tag="enums" adjust_indentation="auto" exclude_regexp="^TEST|^}" %}
```

### Structs {#structs}

Given a [struct][lang-structs] declaration:

```fidl
{%includecode gerrit_repo="fuchsia/fuchsia" gerrit_path="examples/fidl/fuchsia.examples/types.test.fidl" region_tag="structs" %}
```

The FIDL toolchain generates a `Color` type with public members and methods.

* `public` members:
  * `uint32_t id{}`: This field is zero-initialized since no default value is
    provided.
  * `std::string name = "red"`: The corresponding field for `name`.

* Methods:
  * `static inline std::unique_ptr<Color> New()`: returns a `unique_ptr` to a
    new `Color`.

The 6 special members of `Color` (default, copy and move constructor,
destructor, copy and move assignment) are implicitly defined.

`Color` also has the following associated generated values:

* `ColorPtr`: an alias to `unique_ptr<Color>`.

Structs may have additional members if they represent the response variant of a
[result](#protocols-results).

Example usage:

```c++
{%includecode gerrit_repo="fuchsia/fuchsia" gerrit_path="examples/fidl/hlcpp/unittests/main.cc" region_tag="structs" adjust_indentation="auto" exclude_regexp="^TEST|^}" %}
```

### Unions {#unions}

Given the union definition:

```fidl
{%includecode gerrit_repo="fuchsia/fuchsia" gerrit_path="examples/fidl/fuchsia.examples/types.test.fidl" region_tag="unions" %}
```

FIDL generates a `JsonValue` class. `JsonValue` contains a public tag enum
representing the possible [variants][union-lexicon]:

```c++
enum Tag : fidl_xunion_tag_t {
  kIntValue = 2,
  kStringValue = 3,
  Invalid = std::numeric_limits<fidl_xunion_tag_t>::max(),
};
```

Each member of `Tag` has a value matching its [ordinal][union-lexicon] specified
in the `union` definition. Reserved fields do not have any generated code. In
addition, there is an `Invalid` field which is the initial value used for a
`JsonValue` that has no variant set yet.

`JsonValue` provides the following methods:

* `JsonValue()`: Default constructor. The tag is initially `Tag::Invalid` until
  the `JsonValue` is set to a specific variant. Using the `WithFoo` constructors
  should be preferred whenever possible.
* `~JsonValue()`: Default destructor
* `static JsonValue WithIntValue(int32&&)` and `static JsonValue
  WithStringValue(std::string&&)`: Static constructors that directly construct a
  specific variant of the union.
* `static inline std::unique_ptr<JsonValue> New()`: Returns a `unique_ptr` to a
  new `JsonValue`
* `bool has_invalid_tag()`: Returns `true` if the instance of `JsonValue` does
   not yet have a variant set. Users should not access a union until a variant
   is set - doing so should be considered undefined behavior.
* `bool is_int_value() const` and `bool is_string_value() const`: Each variant
  has an associated method to check whether an instance of `JsonValue` is of
  that variant
* `const int32_t& int_value() const` and `const std::string& string_value()
  const`: Read-only accessor methods for each variant. These methods fail if
  `JsonValue` does not have the specified variant set
* `int32_t& int_value()` and `std::string& string_value()`: Mutable accessor
  methods for each variant. If the `JsonValue` has a different variant than the
  called accessor method, it will destroy its current data and re-initialize it
  as the specified variant.
* `JsonValue& set_int_value(int32_t)` and `JsonValue&
  set_string_value(std::string)`: Setter methods for each variant.
* `Tag Which() const`: returns the current [tag][union-lexicon] of the
  `JsonValue`.
* `fidl_xunion_tag_t Ordinal() const`: returns the raw `fidl_xunion_tag_t` tag.
  Prefer to use `Which()` unless the raw ordinal is required

`JsonValue` also has the following associated generated values:

* `JsonValuePtr`: an alias to `unique_ptr<Foo>`.

Unions may have additional methods if they represent the response variant of a
[result](#protocols-results).

Example usage:

```c++
{%includecode gerrit_repo="fuchsia/fuchsia" gerrit_path="examples/fidl/hlcpp/unittests/main.cc" region_tag="unions" adjust_indentation="auto" exclude_regexp="^TEST|^}" %}
```

#### Flexible unions and unknown variants

This section describes differences in generated code if `JsonValue` were marked
as [`flexible`][lang-unions]. Flexible unions have an extra variant in the
generated `Tag`:

```c++
enum Tag : fidl_xunion_tag_t {
    kUnknown = 0,
    ... // other fields omitted
};
```

When a FIDL message containing a union with an unknown variant is decoded into
`JsonValue`, `JsonValue::Which()` returns `JsonValue::Tag::kUnknown`, and
`JsonValue::Ordinal()` returns the unknown ordinal.

A flexible `JsonValue` also has the following extra methods:

* `const vector<uint8_t>* UnknownData() const`: Returns the raw bytes of the
  union variant if it is unknown, or `nullptr` otherwise.

HLCPP does not support encoding a `JsonValue` if it has an unknown ordinal.
Re-encoding a union with an unknown variant does not write the unknown bytes
back onto the wire, instead encoding an absent union. Therefore, encoding a
message with an uninitialized union only succeeds if this union is allowed to be
absent (i.e. if it is specified as `JsonValue?` instead of `JsonValue`).

Non-flexible (i.e. `strict`) unions fail when decoding a data containing an
unknown variant.

### Tables {#tables}

Given the [table][lang-tables] definition:

```table
{%includecode gerrit_repo="fuchsia/fuchsia" gerrit_path="examples/fidl/fuchsia.examples/types.test.fidl" region_tag="tables" %}
```

The FIDL toolchain generates a `User` class with the following methods:

* `User()`: Default constructor, initializes with all fields unset.
* `User(User&&)`: Move constructor.
* `~User()`: Destructor.
* `User& User::operator=(User&&)`: Move assignment.
* `bool IsEmpty() const`: Returns true if no fields are set.
* `bool has_age() const` and `bool has_name() const`: Returns whether a field is
  set.
* `const uint8_t& age() const` and `const std::string& name() const`: Read-only
  field accessor methods. These fail if the field is not set.
* `uint8_t* mutable_age()` and `std::string* mutable_name()`: Mutable field
  accessor methods. If the field is not set, a default one will be constructed,
  set, and returned.
* `User& set_age(uint8_t)` and `User& set_name(std::string)`: Field setters.
* `void clear_age()` and `void clear_name()`: Clear the value of a field by
  calling its destructor

`User` also has the following associated generated values:
* `UserPtr`: an alias to `unique_ptr<User>`.

Example usage:

```c++
{%includecode gerrit_repo="fuchsia/fuchsia" gerrit_path="examples/fidl/hlcpp/unittests/main.cc" region_tag="tables" adjust_indentation="auto" exclude_regexp="^TEST|^}" %}
```

## Protocols {#protocols}

Given the [protocol][lang-protocols]:

```fidl
{%includecode gerrit_repo="fuchsia/fuchsia" gerrit_path="examples/fidl/fuchsia.examples/types.test.fidl" region_tag="protocols" %}
```

Note: The `MakeMove` method above returns a bool representing success, and a
nullable response value. This is considered un-idiomatic, you should use an [error type](#protocols-results)
instead.

FIDL generates a `TicTacToe` class, which acts as an entry point for interacting
with the protocol and defines the interface of the service which is used by
clients to proxy calls to the server, and for the server for implementing the
protocol. Synchronous clients use a different virtual interface, `TicTacToe_Sync`.

`TicTacToe` contains the following member types:

* `MakeMoveCallback` and `OnOpponentMoveCallback`: Each response and event has a
  member type generated that represents the type of the callback for handling
  that response or event. In the above example, `MakeMoveCallback` aliases
  `fit::function<void(bool, std::unique_ptr<GameState>)>` and
  `OnOpponentMoveCallback` aliases `fit::function<void(GameState)>`.

`TicTacToe` additionally has the following pure virtual methods, corresponding
to the methods in the protocol definition:

* `virtual void StartGame(bool start_first)`: Pure virtual method for a fire and
  forget protocol method. It takes as arguments the request parameters.
* `virtual void MakeMove(uint8_t row, uint8_t col, MakeMoveCallback callback)`:
  Pure virtual method for a two way protocol method. It takes as arguments the
  request parameters followed by the response handler callback.

`TicTacToe_Sync` has the following pure virtual methods, corresponding to the
methods in the protocol definition:

* `virtual zx_status_t StartGame(bool start_first)`: Pure virtual method for a
  fire and forget protocol method. It takes as arguments the request parameters,
  and returns a `zx_status_t` representing whether the request was sent
  successfully.
* `virtual zx_status_t MakeMove(uint8_t row, uint8_t col, bool* out_success, std::unique_ptr<GameState>* out_new_state)`: Pure virtual method for a two way
  method protocol. It takes as arguments the request parameters, followed by
  output pointers for each of the response parameters. It returns a `zx_status_t`
  representing whether the method call was made successfully.

Other code may be generated depending on the
[attributes](#protocol-and-method-attributes) applied to the protocol or its
methods.

### Client {#protocols-client}

The FIDL toolchain generates two aliases for the classes used to make calls to a
`TicTacToe` server : `TicTacToePtr`, which aliases
`fidl::InterfacePtr<TicTacToe>` representing an async client, and
`TicTacToeSyncPtr`, which aliases `fidl::SynchronousInterfacePtr<TicTacToe>`
representing a synchronous client.

When dereferenced, `TicTacToePtr` and `TicTacToeSyncPtr` return a proxy class
that implements `TicTacToe` and `TicTacToe_Sync`, respectively, which proxies
requests to the server. In this example, given a `TicTacToePtr` called
`async_tictactoe`, requests could be made by calling
`async_tictactoe->StartGame(start_first)` or `async_tictactoe->MakeMove(row,
col, callback)`.

Examples on how to set up and bind an `InterfacePtr` or a
`SynchronousInterfacePtr` to a channel are covered in the
[HLCPP tutorial][client-tut].

### Server

Implementing a server for a FIDL protocol involves providing a concrete
implementation of `TicTacToe`.

Examples on how to set up and bind a server implementation are covered in the
HLCPP tutorial.

### Events {#events}

#### Client

For a `TicTacToePtr` `tictactoe`, `tictactoe.events()` returns a proxy class
that contains the following public members:

* `OnOpponentMoveCallback OnOpponentMove`: The callback handler for the
  `OnOpponentMove` event.

Clients can handle events by setting the members of this class to the desired
event handlers.

Refer to the [top-level generated protocol code](#protocols) for details on the
callback types.

#### Server

For a `Binding<TicTacToe>` `tictactoe`, `tictactoe.events()` returns a stub
class that contains the following public members:

* `void OnOpponentMove(GameState new_state)`: Send an `OnOpponentMove`.

The [tutorial][server-tut] has an example for obtaining a `Binding`.

### Results {#protocols-results}

Given the method with an error type:

```fidl
protocol TicTacToe {
    MakeMove(uint8 row, uint8 col) -> (GameState new_state) error MoveError;
};
```

FIDL generates code so that clients and servers can use `fit::result` in place
of the generated `MakeMove` response type. This is done by generating a
`TicTacToe_MakeMove_Result` class to represent the response that is
interchangeable with `fit::result<GameState, MoveError>`. Using this feature, an
example implementation of `MakeMove` on the server side could look like:

```c++
void  MakeMove(MakeMoveCallback callback) override {
    callback(fit::ok(game_state_.state()));
    // or, in the error case: callback(fit::error(Error::kInvalid);
}
```

An example of using this on the client side, in the async case would be:

```c++
async_game->MakeMove([&](fit::result<GameState, MoveError>> response) { ... });
```

When generating code, the FIDL toolchain treats `TicTacToe_MakeMove_Result` as a
`union` with two variants: `response`, which is a generated type described
below, and `err`, which is the error type (in this case `uint32`), which means
that it provides all the methods available to a [regular union](#unions). In
addition, `TicTacToe_MakeMove_Result` provides methods that allow interop with
`fit::result`:

* `TicTacToe_MakeMove_Result(fit::result<GameState, MoveError>&& result)`: Move
  constructor from a `fit::result`.
* `TicTacToe_MakeMove_Result(fit::ok_result<GameState>&& result)`: Move
  constructor from a `fit::ok_result`.
* `TicTacToe_MakeMove_Result(fit::error_result<MoveError>&& result)`: Move
  constructor from a `fit::error_result`.
* `operator fit::result<GameState, MoveError>() &&`: Conversion to a
  `fit::result`.

Note that the successful result type parameter of the `fit::result` follows the
[parameter type conversion rules](#protocol-and-method-attributes): if
`MakeMove` returned multiple values on success, the result type would be a tuple
of the response parameters `fit::result<std::tuple<...>, ...>`, and if
`MakeMove` returned an empty response, the result type would be
`fit::result<void, ...>`.

The FIDL toolchain also generates a `TicTacToe_MakeMove_Response` class, which
is the type of the `response` variant of `TicTacToe_MakeMove_Result`. This class
is treated as a FIDL struct with fields corresponding to each parameter of the
successful response. In addition to the methods and members available to a
[regular struct](#structs), `TicTacToe_MakeMove_Response` provides additional
methods that allow interop with `std::tuple`:

* `explicit TicTacToe_MakeMove_Response(std::tuple<GameState> _value_tuple)`:
  Constructor from a tuple.
* `operator std::tuple<GameState>() &&`: Conversion operator for a tuple.

### Protocol composition {#protocol-composition}

FIDL does not have a concept of inheritance, and generates full code as
described above for all [composed protocols][lang-protocol-composition]. In
other words, the code generated for

```fidl
protocol A {
    Foo();
};

protocol B {
    compose A;
    Bar();
};
```

Provides the same API as the code generated for:

```fidl
protocol A {
    Foo();
};

protocol B {
    Foo();
    Bar();
};
```

The generated code is identical except for the method ordinals.

### Protocol and method attributes {#protocol-and-method-attributes}

#### Transitional

For protocol methods annotated with the
[`[Transitional]`](/docs/reference/fidl/language/attributes.md#transitional)
attribute, the `virtual` methods on the protocol class are not pure. This allows
implementations of the protocol class with missing method overrides to compile
successfully.

#### Discoverable {#discoverable}

A protocol annotated with the
[`[Discoverable]`](/docs/reference/fidl/language/attributes.md#discoverable)
attribute causes the FIDL toolchain to generate an additional `static const char
Name_[]` field on the protocol class, containing the full protocol name. For a
protocol `Baz` in the library `foo.bar`, the generated name is `"foo.bar.Baz"`.

### Test scaffolding {#test-scaffolding}

The FIDL toolchain also generates a file suffixed with  `_test_base.h` that
contains convenience code for testing FIDL server implementations. This file
contains a class for each protocol that provides stub implementations for each
of the class’s methods, making it possible to implement only the methods that
are used during testing. These classes are generated into a `testing` namespace
that is inside of the generated library’s namespace (e.g. for library
`games.tictactoe`, these classes are generated into
`games::tictactoe::testing`).

For the same `TicTacToe` protocol listed above, the FIDL toolchain generates a
`TicTacToe_TestBase` class that subclasses `TicTacToe` (see
[Protocols](#protocols)), offering the following methods:

* `virtual ~TicTacToe_TestBase() {}`: Destructor.
* `virtual void NotImplemented_(const std::string& name) = 0`: Pure virtual
  method that is overridden to define behavior for unimplemented methods.

`TicTacToe_TestBase` provides an implementation for the virtual protocol methods
`StartGame` and `MakeMove`, which are implemented to just call
`NotImplemented_("StartGame")` and `NotImplemented_("MakeMove")`, respectively.

<!-- xrefs -->
[client-tut]: /docs/development/languages/fidl/tutorials/hlcpp/basics/client.md
[server-tut]: /docs/development/languages/fidl/tutorials/hlcpp/basics/server.md
[lang-constants]: /docs/reference/fidl/language/language.md#constants
[lang-bits]: /docs/reference/fidl/language/language.md#bits
[lang-enums]: /docs/reference/fidl/language/language.md#enums
[lang-structs]: /docs/reference/fidl/language/language.md#structs
[lang-tables]: /docs/reference/fidl/language/language.md#tables
[lang-unions]: /docs/reference/fidl/language/language.md#unions
[lang-protocols]: /docs/reference/fidl/language/language.md#protocols
[lang-protocol-composition]: /docs/reference/fidl/language/language.md#protocol-composition
[union-lexicon]: /docs/reference/fidl/language/lexicon.md#union-terms