In Fuchsia, the driver framework maintains a tree of drivers and devices in the system. In this tree, a device represents access to some hardware available to the OS. A driver both publishes and binds to devices. For example, a USB driver might bind to a PCI device (its parent) and publish an ethernet device (its child). In order to determine which devices a driver can bind to, each driver has a bind program and each device has a set of properties. The bind program defines a condition that matches the properties of devices that it wants to bind to. For more details, see the Zircon Driver Development Kit documentation.
Bind programs and the conditions they refer to are defined by a domain specific language. The bind compiler consumes this language and produces bytecode for bind programs. In the future, it will also produce code artefacts that drivers may refer to when publishing device properties. The language has two kinds of source files: programs, and libraries. Libraries are used to share property definitions between drivers and bind programs.
Note: Driver binding is under active development and this document describes the current state. Not all drivers use this form of bind rules but a migration is under way to convert them all.
One thing to note about this stage of the migration is that there is no support for defining device property keys in bind libraries (see below). Instead, the keys from the old driver binding system (ddk/binding.h) are available to be extended. These keys are hardcoded into the bind compiler and are available under the fuchsia namespace. For example, the PCI vendor ID key is fuchsia.BIND_PCI_VID. Eventually the hardcoded keys will be removed from this namespace and all bind property keys will be defined in bind libraries.
The compiler takes a list of library sources, and one program source. For example:
fx bindc \ --include src/devices/bind/fuchsia.usb/fuchsia.usb.bind \ --output tools/bindc/examples/gizmo.h \ tools/bindc/examples/gizmo.bind
Currently, it produces a C header file that may be included by a driver. The header file defines a macro:
ZIRCON_DRIVER(Driver, Ops, VendorName, Version);
Driver is the name of the driver.Ops is a zx_driver_ops, which are the driver operation hooksVendorName is a string representing the name of the driver vendor.Version is a string representing the version of the driver.For more details, see [the driver development documentation] (/docs/concepts/drivers/driver-development).
A bind program defines the conditions to call a driver‘s bind() hook. Each statement in the bind program is a condition over the properties of the device that must hold true in order for the driver to bind. If the bind rules finish executing and all conditions are true, then the device coordinator will call the driver’s bind() hook.
There are four kinds of statements:
<key> == <value> (or <key> != <value>).This example bind program can be found at //tools/bindc/examples/gizmo.bind.
using fuchsia.usb;
// The device must be a USB device.
fuchsia.BIND_PROTOCOL == fuchsia.usb.BIND_PROTOCOL.INTERFACE;
if fuchsia.BIND_USB_VID == fuchsia.usb.BIND_USB_VID.INTEL {
// If the device's vendor is Intel, the device class must be audio.
fuchsia.BIND_USB_CLASS == fuchsia.usb.BIND_USB_CLASS.AUDIO;
} else if fuchsia.BIND_USB_VID == fuchsia.usb.BIND_USB_VID.REALTEK {
// If the device's vendor is Realtek, the device class must be one of the following values:
accept fuchsia.BIND_USB_CLASS {
fuchsia.usb.BIND_USB_CLASS.COMM,
fuchsia.usb.BIND_USB_CLASS.VIDEO,
}
} else {
// If the vendor is neither Intel or Realtek, do not bind.
abort;
}
There are some restrictions on the language that are imposed to improve readability and ensure that bind rules are simple representations of the conditions under which a driver should bind.
Empty blocks are not allowed. It's ambiguous whether an empty block should mean that the driver will bind or abort. The author should either use an explicit abort statement, or refactor the previous if statement conditions into a condition statement.
If statements must have else blocks and are terminal. This restriction increases readability by making explicit the branches of execution. Since no statement may follow an if statement, it is easy to trace a path through the bind rules.
program = using-list , ( statement )+ ;
using-list = ( using , ";" )* ;
using = "using" , compound-identifier , ( "as" , IDENTIFIER ) ;
statement = condition , ";" | accept | if-statement | abort ;
condition = compound-identifier , condition-op , value ;
condition-op = "==" | "!=" ;
accept = "accept" , compound-identifier , "{" ( value , "," )+ "}" ;
if-statement = "if" , condition , "{" , ( statement )+ , "}" ,
( "else if" , "{" , ( statement )+ , "}" )* ,
"else" , "{" , ( statement )+ , "}" ;
abort = "abort" , ";" ;
compound-identifier = IDENTIFIER ( "." , IDENTIFIER )* ;
value = compound-identifier | STRING-LITERAL | NUMERIC-LITERAL | "true" | "false" ;
An identifier matches the regex [a-zA-Z]([a-zA-Z0-9_]*[a-zA-Z0-9])? and must not match any keyword. The list of keywords is:
abort accept as else if using
A string literal matches the regex ”[^”]*”, and a numeric literal matches the regex [0-9]+ or 0x[0-9A-F]+.
The bind compiler will ignore (treat as whitespace) any line prefixed by //, and any multiple lines delimited by /* and */.
To declare bind rules within the Fuchsia build system, use the following build target:
bind_rules("bind") { rules = <bind rules filename> output = <generated header filename> deps = [ <list of bind library targets> ] }
For more details, refer to //build/bind/bind.gni.
The bind compiler supports a data-driven unit test framework for bind rules that allows you to test your bind rules in isolation from the driver. A test case for a bind program consists of a device specification and an expected result, i.e. bind or abort. Test cases are passed to the bind compiler in the form of JSON specification files and the compiler executes each test case by running the debugger.
The JSON specification must be a list of test case objects, where each object contains:
name A string for the name of the test case.expected The expected result. Must be “match” or “abort”.device A list of string key value pairs describing the properties of a device. This is similar to the debugger's device specifications.This is an example test case, the full set of tests is at //tools/bindc/examples/test.json. This case checks that the bind rules match a device with the listed properties, i.e. an Intel USB audio device.
[
{
"name": "Intel",
"expected": "match",
"device": {
"fuchsia.BIND_PROTOCOL": "fuchsia.usb.BIND_PROTOCOL.INTERFACE",
"fuchsia.BIND_USB_VID": "fuchsia.usb.BIND_USB_VID.INTEL",
"fuchsia.BIND_USB_CLASS": "fuchsia.usb.BIND_USB_CLASS.AUDIO"
}
}
]
Define a test build target like so
bind_test("example_bind_test") {
rules = <bind rules filename>
tests = <test specification filename>
deps = [ <list of bind library targets> ]
}
Alternatively, you can simply add a tests argument to your existing bind_rules to generate a test target. It’s name will be the original target’s name plus _test. For example, the following would generate example_bind_test.
bind_rules("example_bind") {
rules = "gizmo.bind"
output = “gizmo_bind.h”
tests = "tests.json"
deps = [ "//src/devices/bind/fuchsia.usb" ]
}
If you have defined a build target for your test then you can run the tests as usual with fx test.
fx test example_bind_test
Otherwise you can run the bind tool directly. For example:
fx bindc test \ tools/bindc/examples/gizmo.bind \ --test-spec tools/bindc/examples/tests.json \ --include src/devices/bind/fuchsia.usb/fuchsia.usb.bind
A bind library defines a set of properties that drivers may assign to their children. Also, bind programs may refer to bind libraries.
A bind library begins by defining its namespace:
library <vendor>.<library>;
Every namespace must begin with a vendor and each vendor should ensure that there are no clashes within their own namespace. However, the language allows for one vendor to extend the library of another. Google will use fuchsia for public libraries.
Any values introduced by a library are namespaced. For example, the following library defines a new PCI device ID GIZMO_VER_1.
library gizmotronics.gizmo;
using fuchsia.pci as pci;
extend uint pci.device_id {
GIZMO_VER_1 = 0x4242,
};
To refer to this value the driver author should use the fully qualified name, as follows.
using fuchsia.pci as pci; using gizmotronics.gizmo; pci.device_id == gizmotronics.gizmo.device_id.GIZMO_VER_1
Device property definitions look similar to variable declarations in other languages.
<type> <name>;
Or:
<type> <name> {
<value>,
<value>,
…
};
A bind library may also extend properties from other libraries.
extend <type> <name> {
<value>,
…
};
Each key has a type, and all values that correspond to that key must be of that type. The language supports primitive types: one of uint, string, or bool; and enumerations (enum). When defining keys you should prefer enumerations except when values will be provided by an external source, such as hardware.
When definining a primitive value use the form <identifier> = <literal>, and for enumerations only an identifier is necessary. It is valid to define multiple primitive values with the same literal.
library = library-header , using-list , declaration-list ;
library-header = "library" , compound-identifier , ";" ;
using-list = ( using , ";" )* ;
using = "using" , compound-identifier , ( "as" , IDENTIFIER ) ;
compound-identifier = IDENTIFIER ( "." , IDENTIFIER )* ;
declaration-list = ( declaration , ";" )* ;
declaration = primitive-declaration | enum-declaration ;
primitive-declaration = ( "extend" ) , type , compound-identifier ,
( "{" primitive-value-list "}" ) ;
type = "uint" | "string" | "bool";
primitive-value-list = ( IDENTIFIER , "=" , literal , "," )* ;
enum-declaration = ( "extend" ) , "enum" , compound-identifier ,
( "{" , enum-value-list , "}" ) ;
enum-value-list = ( IDENTIFIER , "," )* ;
literal = STRING-LITERAL | NUMERIC-LITERAL | "true" | "false" ;
An identifier matches the regex [a-zA-Z]([a-zA-Z0-9_]*[a-zA-Z0-9])? and must not match any keyword. The list of keywords is:
as bool enum extend library string uint using
A string literal matches the regex ”[^”]*”, and a numeric literal matches the regex [0-9]+ or 0x[0-9A-F]+.
The bind compiler will ignore (treat as whitespace) any line prefixed by //, and any multiple lines delimited by /* and */.
To declare a bind library within the Fuchsia build system, use the following build target:
bind_library(<library name>) { source = <bind library filename> public_deps = [ <list of bind library targets> ] }
For more details, refer to //build/bind/bind.gni.
The debugger can be used to run a bind program against a particular device. It outputs a trace of the bind program's execution, describing why the driver would or would not bind to the device.
You can run the debugger in the following ways:
Note: The debugger can only be used with bind programs written in the bind language described in this page.
You can run the debugger with the --debug option in the bind compiler.
fx bindc \ --include src/devices/bind/fuchsia.usb/fuchsia.usb.bind \ --debug tools/bindc/examples/gizmo.dev \ tools/bindc/examples/gizmo.bind
The bind program source and the library sources are in the formats described in the bind rules and bind libraries sections, respectively. The --debug option takes a file containing a specification of the device to run the bind program against.
Note: The --debug and --output options are mutually exclusive, so the C header file will not be generated when running the compiler in debug mode.
The debugger takes a file specifying the device to run the bind program against. This specification is simply a list of key-value pairs describing the properties of the device.
This example device specification can be found at //tools/bindc/examples/gizmo.dev.
fuchsia.BIND_PROTOCOL = fuchsia.usb.BIND_PROTOCOL.INTERFACE fuchsia.BIND_USB_VID = fuchsia.usb.BIND_USB_VID.REALTEK fuchsia.BIND_USB_CLASS = fuchsia.usb.BIND_USB_CLASS.VIDEO fuchsia.BIND_USB_SUBCLASS = fuchsia.usb.BIND_USB_SUBCLASS.VIDEO_CONTROL
device-specification = ( property )* ; property = compound-identifier , "=" , value ; compound-identifier = IDENTIFIER ( "." , IDENTIFIER )* ; value = compound-identifier | STRING-LITERAL | NUMERIC-LITERAL | "true" | "false" ;
An identifier matches the regex [a-zA-Z]([a-zA-Z0-9_]*[a-zA-Z0-9])?.
A string literal matches the regex ”[^”]*”, and a numeric literal matches the regex [0-9]+ or 0x[0-9A-F]+.
The bind compiler will ignore (treat as whitespace) any line prefixed by //, and any multiple lines delimited by /* and */.
The debugger is run using its package URL. For example:
fx run fuchsia-pkg://fuchsia.com/bind_debugger#meta/bind_debugger.cmx \
/system/driver/bt-hci-intel.so \
class/bt-transport/000
The command takes the path of the driver to debug and the path of the device to debug it against.
There are two ways to specify the device:
class/bt-transport/000.sys/pci/00:14.0/xhci/usb-bus/003/003/ifc-000/bt_transport_usb.Both of the paths are relative to /dev/.
The topological path can be determined from the ouptut of dm dump. For example, tracing the path to the node [bt_transport_usb] in the output below gives the topological path sys/pci/00:14.0/xhci/usb-bus/003/003/ifc-000/bt_transport_usb.
[root]
<root> pid=3456
[null] pid=3456 /boot/driver/builtin.so
[zero] pid=3456 /boot/driver/builtin.so
[misc]
<misc> pid=3525
[demo-fifo] pid=3525 /boot/driver/demo-fifo.so
[ktrace] pid=3525 /boot/driver/ktrace.so
[sys]
<sys> pid=3369 /boot/driver/platform-bus.so
[pci] pid=3369 /boot/driver/platform-bus-x86.so
[00:00.0] pid=3369 /boot/driver/bus-pci.so
[00:14.0] pid=3369 /boot/driver/bus-pci.so
<00:14.0> pid=4384 /boot/driver/bus-pci.proxy.so
[xhci] pid=4384 /boot/driver/xhci.so
[xdc] pid=4384 /boot/driver/xhci.so
[usb-bus] pid=4384 /boot/driver/usb-bus.so
[001] pid=4384 /boot/driver/usb-bus.so
[001] pid=4384 /boot/driver/usb-composite.so
[ifc-000] pid=4384 /boot/driver/usb-composite.so
[usb-hid] pid=4384 /boot/driver/usb-hid.so
[hid-device-000] pid=4384 /boot/driver/hid.so
[002] pid=4384 /boot/driver/usb-bus.so
[002] pid=4384 /boot/driver/usb-composite.so
[ifc-000] pid=4384 /boot/driver/usb-composite.so
[usb-hid] pid=4384 /boot/driver/usb-hid.so
[hid-device-000] pid=4384 /boot/driver/hid.so
[003] pid=4384 /boot/driver/usb-bus.so
[003] pid=4384 /boot/driver/usb-composite.so
[ifc-000] pid=4384 /boot/driver/usb-composite.so
[bt_transport_usb] pid=4384 /boot/driver/bt-transport-usb.so
[bt_hci_intel] pid=4384 /system/driver/bt-hci-intel.so
[bt_host] pid=4384 /system/driver/bt-host.so
The output of the debugger is a trace of the bind program's execution. The trace contains information about whether each statement in the bind program succeeded, and why or why not. For example, if a condition statement failed because the device did not have the required value, the debugger will output what the actual value of the device was (or the fact that the device had no value for that property). The trace also includes information about which branches were taken in if statements.
The output of the debugger when running the host tool command above is:
Line 4: Condition statement succeeded: fuchsia.BIND_PROTOCOL == fuchsia.usb.BIND_PROTOCOL.INTERFACE;
Line 6: If statement condition failed: fuchsia.BIND_USB_VID == fuchsia.usb.BIND_USB_VID.INTEL
Actual value of `fuchsia.BIND_USB_VID` was `fuchsia.usb.BIND_USB_VID.REALTEK` [0xbda].
Line 9: If statement condition succeeded: fuchsia.BIND_USB_VID == fuchsia.usb.BIND_USB_VID.REALTEK
Line 11: Accept statement succeeded.
Value of `fuchsia.BIND_USB_CLASS` was `fuchsia.usb.BIND_USB_CLASS.VIDEO` [0xe].
Driver binds to device.
If you run the debugger on the Fuchsia target device, you will see similar output information. However, information such as identifiers and source code snippets may be missing, since the system only stores the bind program bytecode, not the source code.
The trace shows the outcome of each statement which was reached while executing the bind program:
The debugger outputs that the driver would successfully bind to a device with these properties.