// Copyright 2019 The Fuchsia Authors. All rights reserved.
// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style license that can be
// found in the LICENSE file.
library zx;

alias VmOption = uint32;

// TODO(scottmg): bits for ZX_VM_xyz flags, and const for ZX_VM_ALIGN_xyz.
@transport("Syscall")
closed protocol Vmar {
    /// ## Summary
    ///
    /// Allocate a new subregion.
    ///
    /// ## Declaration
    ///
    /// ```c
    /// #include <zircon/syscalls.h>
    ///
    /// zx_status_t zx_vmar_allocate(zx_handle_t parent_vmar,
    ///                              zx_vm_option_t options,
    ///                              size_t offset,
    ///                              size_t size,
    ///                              zx_handle_t* child_vmar,
    ///                              zx_vaddr_t* child_addr);
    /// ```
    ///
    /// ## Description
    ///
    /// Creates a new VMAR within the one specified by *parent_vmar*.
    ///
    /// *options* is a bit vector that contains one more of the following:
    ///
    /// - `ZX_VM_COMPACT`  A hint to the kernel that allocations and mappings
    ///   within the newly created subregion should be kept close together.   See the
    ///   NOTES section below for discussion.
    /// - `ZX_VM_SPECIFIC`  Use the *offset* to place the mapping, invalid if
    ///   *parent_vmar* does not have the `ZX_VM_CAN_MAP_SPECIFIC` permission.  *offset*
    ///   is an offset relative to the base address of the parent region.  It is an error
    ///   to specify an address range that overlaps with another VMAR or mapping.
    /// - `ZX_VM_OFFSET_IS_UPPER_LIMIT`  Interpret the *offset* as an upper limit
    ///   to constrain the selection of the offset by the kernel, invalid if *parent_vmar*
    ///   does not have the `ZX_VM_CAN_MAP_SPECIFIC` permission. The resulting mapping
    ///   will have an offset + *size* that is <= *offset*. This option cannot be
    ///   specified if `ZX_VM_SPECIFIC` is used.
    /// - `ZX_VM_CAN_MAP_SPECIFIC`  The new VMAR can have subregions/mappings
    ///   created with `ZX_VM_SPECIFIC`.  It is NOT an error if the parent does
    ///   not have `ZX_VM_CAN_MAP_SPECIFIC` permissions.
    /// - `ZX_VM_CAN_MAP_READ`  The new VMAR can contain readable mappings.
    ///   It is an error if the parent does not have `ZX_VM_CAN_MAP_READ` permissions.
    /// - `ZX_VM_CAN_MAP_WRITE`  The new VMAR can contain writable mappings.
    ///   It is an error if the parent does not have `ZX_VM_CAN_MAP_WRITE` permissions.
    /// - `ZX_VM_CAN_MAP_EXECUTE`  The new VMAR can contain executable mappings.
    ///   It is an error if the parent does not have `ZX_VM_CAN_MAP_EXECUTE` permissions.
    ///
    /// *offset* must be 0 if *options* does not have `ZX_VM_SPECIFIC` or
    /// `ZX_VM_OFFSET_IS_UPPER_LIMIT` set.
    ///
    /// In addition, the following power-of-two alignment flags can added:
    ///
    /// - `ZX_VM_ALIGN_1KB` aligns *child_addr* to a power-of-2 at least 1K bytes.
    /// - `ZX_VM_ALIGN_2KB` aligns *child_addr* to a power-of-2 at least 2K bytes.
    /// - `ZX_VM_ALIGN_4KB` aligns *child_addr* to a power-of-2 at least 4K bytes.
    /// - `ZX_VM_ALIGN_8KB` aligns *child_addr* to a power-of-2 at least 8K bytes.
    ///
    /// and continues up to
    ///
    /// - `ZX_VM_ALIGN_4GB` aligns *child_addr* to a power-of-2 at least 4G bytes.
    ///
    /// Using `ZX_VM_ALIGN` flags with `ZX_VM_SPECIFIC` will fail if the
    /// *parent_vmar* base address + *offset* are not aligned to the requested
    /// value.
    ///
    /// ## Rights
    ///
    /// If *options* & `ZX_VM_CAN_MAP_READ`, *parent_vmar* must be of type `ZX_OBJ_TYPE_VMAR` and have `ZX_RIGHT_READ`.
    ///
    /// If *options* & `ZX_VM_CAN_MAP_WRITE`, *parent_vmar* must be of type `ZX_OBJ_TYPE_VMAR` and have `ZX_RIGHT_WRITE`.
    ///
    /// If *options* & `ZX_VM_CAN_MAP_EXECUTE`, *parent_vmar* must be of type `ZX_OBJ_TYPE_VMAR` and have `ZX_RIGHT_EXECUTE`.
    ///
    /// ## Return value
    ///
    /// `zx_vmar_allocate()` returns `ZX_OK`, the absolute base address of the
    /// subregion (via *child_addr*), and a handle to the new subregion (via
    /// *child_vmar*) on success.  The base address will be page-aligned and non-zero.
    /// In the event of failure, a negative error value is returned.
    ///
    /// ## Errors
    ///
    /// `ZX_ERR_BAD_HANDLE`  *parent_vmar* is not a valid handle.
    ///
    /// `ZX_ERR_WRONG_TYPE`  *parent_vmar* is not a VMAR handle.
    ///
    /// `ZX_ERR_BAD_STATE`  *parent_vmar* refers to a destroyed VMAR.
    ///
    /// `ZX_ERR_INVALID_ARGS`  for any of the following:
    ///  - *child_vmar* or *child_addr* are not valid,
    ///  - *offset* is non-zero when `ZX_VM_SPECIFIC` or `ZX_VM_OFFSET_IS_UPPER_LIMIT` is not given.
    ///  - `ZX_VM_OFFSET_IS_UPPER_LIMIT` is specified together with `ZX_VM_SPECIFIC`.
    ///  - *offset* and *size* describe an unsatisfiable allocation due to exceeding the region bounds
    ///  - *offset* or *size* is not page-aligned, or *size* is 0.
    ///
    /// `ZX_ERR_NO_MEMORY`  This may be due to the following:
    ///
    /// * A free address range of the requested size is not available within
    /// *parent_vmar*.
    /// * The system is out of memory resources.
    ///
    /// `ZX_ERR_ACCESS_DENIED`  Insufficient privileges to make the requested allocation.
    ///
    /// ## Notes
    ///
    /// ### Deallocation
    ///
    /// The address space occupied by a VMAR will remain allocated (within its
    /// parent VMAR) until the VMAR is destroyed by calling [`zx_vmar_destroy()`].
    ///
    /// Note that just closing the VMAR's handle does not deallocate the address
    /// space occupied by the VMAR.
    ///
    /// ### The COMPACT flag
    ///
    /// The kernel interprets this flag as a request to reduce sprawl in allocations.
    /// While this does not necessitate reducing the absolute entropy of the allocated
    /// addresses, there will potentially be a very high correlation between allocations.
    /// This is a trade-off that the developer can make to increase locality of
    /// allocations and reduce the number of page tables necessary, if they are willing
    /// to have certain addresses be more correlated.
    ///
    /// ## See also
    ///
    ///  - [`zx_vmar_destroy()`]
    ///  - [`zx_vmar_map()`]
    ///  - [`zx_vmar_protect()`]
    ///  - [`zx_vmar_unmap()`]
    ///
    /// [`zx_vmar_destroy()`]: vmar_destroy.md
    /// [`zx_vmar_map()`]: vmar_map.md
    /// [`zx_vmar_protect()`]: vmar_protect.md
    /// [`zx_vmar_unmap()`]: vmar_unmap.md
    strict Allocate(resource struct {
        parent_vmar Handle:VMAR;
        options VmOption;
        offset usize64;
        size usize64;
    }) -> (resource struct {
        child_vmar Handle:VMAR;
        child_addr Vaddr;
    }) error Status;

    // TODO(https://fxbug.dev/42107929): handle No rights required?
    /// ## Summary
    ///
    /// Destroy a virtual memory address region.
    ///
    /// ## Declaration
    ///
    /// ```c
    /// #include <zircon/syscalls.h>
    ///
    /// zx_status_t zx_vmar_destroy(zx_handle_t handle);
    /// ```
    ///
    /// ## Description
    ///
    /// `zx_vmar_destroy()` unmaps all mappings within the given region, and destroys
    /// all sub-regions of the region.  Note that this operation is logically recursive.
    ///
    /// This operation does not close *handle*.  Any outstanding handles to this
    /// VMAR will remain valid handles, but all VMAR operations on them will fail.
    ///
    /// The root VMAR, as obtained by `zx_process_create()`, cannot be destroyed.
    ///
    /// ## Rights
    ///
    /// TODO(https://fxbug.dev/42107318)
    ///
    /// ## Return value
    ///
    /// `zx_vmar_destroy()` returns `ZX_OK` on success.
    ///
    /// ## Errors
    ///
    /// `ZX_ERR_ACCESS_DENIED` *handle* does not have `ZX_RIGHT_OP_CHILDREN`.
    ///
    /// `ZX_ERR_BAD_HANDLE`  *handle* is not a valid handle.
    ///
    /// `ZX_ERR_WRONG_TYPE`  *handle* is not a VMAR handle.
    ///
    /// `ZX_ERR_BAD_STATE`  This region is already destroyed.
    ///
    /// `ZX_ERR_NOT_SUPPORTED` *handle* is a root VMAR.
    ///
    /// ## Notes
    ///
    /// ## See also
    ///
    ///  - [`zx_vmar_allocate()`]
    ///  - [`zx_vmar_map()`]
    ///  - [`zx_vmar_protect()`]
    ///  - [`zx_vmar_unmap()`]
    ///
    /// [`zx_vmar_allocate()`]: vmar_allocate.md
    /// [`zx_vmar_map()`]: vmar_map.md
    /// [`zx_vmar_protect()`]: vmar_protect.md
    /// [`zx_vmar_unmap()`]: vmar_unmap.md
    strict Destroy(resource struct {
        handle Handle:VMAR;
    }) -> () error Status;

    // TODO(https://fxbug.dev/42107318): TODO handle and vmo and options must all match, and options can't specify them.
    /// ## Summary
    ///
    /// Add a memory mapping.
    ///
    /// ## Declaration
    ///
    /// ```c
    /// #include <zircon/syscalls.h>
    ///
    /// zx_status_t zx_vmar_map(zx_handle_t handle,
    ///                         zx_vm_option_t options,
    ///                         size_t vmar_offset,
    ///                         zx_handle_t vmo,
    ///                         uint64_t vmo_offset,
    ///                         size_t len,
    ///                         zx_vaddr_t* mapped_addr);
    /// ```
    ///
    /// ## Description
    ///
    /// Maps the given VMO into the given virtual memory address region.  The mapping
    /// retains a reference to the underlying virtual memory object, which means
    /// closing the VMO handle does not remove the mapping added by this function.
    ///
    /// *options* is a bit vector of the following:
    ///
    /// - `ZX_VM_SPECIFIC`  Use the *vmar_offset* to place the mapping, invalid if
    ///   *handle* does not have the `ZX_VM_CAN_MAP_SPECIFIC` permission.
    ///   *vmar_offset* is an offset relative to the base address of the given VMAR.
    ///   It is an error to specify a range that overlaps with another VMAR or mapping.
    /// - `ZX_VM_SPECIFIC_OVERWRITE`  Same as `ZX_VM_SPECIFIC`, but can
    ///   overlap another mapping.  It is still an error to partially-overlap another VMAR.
    ///   If the range meets these requirements, it will atomically (with respect to all
    ///   other map/unmap/protect operations) replace existing mappings in the range
    ///   specified by *vmar_offset* and *len*. If that range partially overlaps any
    ///   mappings, then the portions of those mappings outside the range will remain mapped.
    /// - `ZX_VM_OFFSET_IS_UPPER_LIMIT`  Interpret the *vmar_offset* as an upper limit
    ///   to constrain the selection of the offset by the kernel, invalid if *handle*
    ///   does not have the `ZX_VM_CAN_MAP_SPECIFIC` permission. The resulting mapping
    ///   will have an offset + *len* that is <= *vmar_offset*. This option cannot be
    ///   specified if `ZX_VM_SPECIFIC` or `ZX_VM_SPECIFIC_OVERWRITE` is used.
    /// - `ZX_VM_PERM_READ`  Map *vmo* as readable.  It is an error if *handle*
    ///   does not have `ZX_VM_CAN_MAP_READ` permissions, the *handle* does
    ///   not have the `ZX_RIGHT_READ` right, or the *vmo* handle does not have the
    ///   `ZX_RIGHT_READ` right.
    /// - `ZX_VM_PERM_WRITE`  Map *vmo* as writable.  It is an error if *handle*
    ///   does not have `ZX_VM_CAN_MAP_WRITE` permissions, the *handle* does
    ///   not have the `ZX_RIGHT_WRITE` right, the *vmo* handle does not have the
    ///   `ZX_RIGHT_WRITE` right, or *options* does not specify `ZX_VM_PERM_READ`.
    /// - `ZX_VM_PERM_EXECUTE`  Map *vmo* as executable.  It is an error if *handle*
    ///   does not have `ZX_VM_CAN_MAP_EXECUTE` permissions, the *handle* handle does
    ///   not have the `ZX_RIGHT_EXECUTE` right, the *vmo* handle does not have the
    ///   `ZX_RIGHT_EXECUTE` right, or *options* does not specify `ZX_VM_PERM_READ`.
    /// - `ZX_VM_MAP_RANGE`  Immediately page into the new mapping all backed
    ///   regions of the VMO.  This cannot be specified if
    ///   `ZX_VM_SPECIFIC_OVERWRITE` is used.
    /// - `ZX_VM_ALLOW_FAULTS` Required if it would be possible for the created
    ///   mapping to generate faults. In particular, it is required if *vmo* is resizable,
    ///   if *vmo* is non-resizable but the mapping extends past the end of *vmo*, if
    ///   *vmo* is discardable, or if *vmo* was created from [`zx_pager_create_vmo()`].
    /// - `ZX_VM_PERM_READ_IF_XOM_UNSUPPORTED` Map *vmo* as readable if the system does
    ///   not support mapping execute-only pages. If the system can map execute-only
    ///   this flag is ignored.
    /// - `ZX_VM_REQUIRE_NON_RESIZABLE` Fail if *vmo* is resizable.
    ///
    /// *vmar_offset* must be 0 if *options* does not have `ZX_VM_SPECIFIC`,
    /// `ZX_VM_SPECIFIC_OVERWRITE` or `ZX_VM_OFFSET_IS_UPPER_LIMIT` set.
    /// `ZX_VM_OFFSET_IS_UPPER_LIMIT` serves to constrain the selection range, and
    /// otherwise behaves similarly to the case where neither `ZX_VM_SPECIFIC` nor
    /// `ZX_VM_SPECIFIC_OVERWRITE` are set, with the mapping being assigned an offset
    /// at random by the kernel (with an allocator determined by policy set on the
    /// target VMAR).
    ///
    /// *len* must be non-zero and page-aligned.
    ///
    /// In addition one of the following power-of-two alignment flags can added:
    ///
    /// - `ZX_VM_ALIGN_1KB` aligns *child_addr* to a power-of-2 at least 1K bytes.
    /// - `ZX_VM_ALIGN_2KB` aligns *child_addr* to a power-of-2 at least 2K bytes.
    /// - `ZX_VM_ALIGN_4KB` aligns *child_addr* to a power-of-2 at least 4K bytes.
    /// - `ZX_VM_ALIGN_8KB` aligns *child_addr* to a power-of-2 at least 8K bytes.
    /// and continues up to
    /// - `ZX_VM_ALIGN_4GB` aligns *child_addr* to a power-of-2 at least 4G bytes.
    ///
    /// Using `ZX_VM_ALIGN` flags with `ZX_VM_SPECIFIC` will fail if the vmar
    /// base address + *vmo_offset* are not aligned to the requested value.
    ///
    /// ## Rights
    ///
    /// *handle* must be of type `ZX_OBJ_TYPE_VMAR`.
    ///
    /// *vmo* must be of type `ZX_OBJ_TYPE_VMO`.
    ///
    /// ## Return value
    ///
    /// `zx_vmar_map()` returns `ZX_OK` and the absolute base address of the
    /// mapping (via *mapped_addr*) on success.  The base address will be page-aligned
    /// and non-zero.  In the event of failure, a negative error value is returned.
    ///
    /// ## Errors
    ///
    /// `ZX_ERR_BAD_HANDLE`  *handle* or *vmo* is not a valid handle.
    ///
    /// `ZX_ERR_WRONG_TYPE`  *handle* or *vmo* is not a VMAR or VMO handle, respectively.
    ///
    /// `ZX_ERR_BAD_STATE`  *handle* refers to a destroyed VMAR.
    ///
    /// `ZX_ERR_INVALID_ARGS` for any of the following:
    ///  - *mapped_addr* or *options* is not valid.
    ///  - *vmar_offset* is non-zero when none of `ZX_VM_SPECIFIC`, `ZX_VM_SPECIFIC_OVERWRITE` or
    ///    `ZX_VM_OFFSET_IS_UPPER_LIMIT` is specified.
    ///  - `ZX_VM_SPECIFIC_OVERWRITE` and `ZX_VM_MAP_RANGE` are both specified.
    ///  - `ZX_VM_OFFSET_IS_UPPER_LIMIT` is specified together with either `ZX_VM_SPECIFIC`
    ///    or `ZX_VM_SPECIFIC_OVERWRITE`.
    ///  - *vmar_offset* and *len* describe an unsatisfiable allocation due to exceeding the region bounds.
    ///  - *vmar_offset* or *vmo_offset* is not page-aligned.
    ///  - *len* is 0 or not page-aligned.
    ///
    /// `ZX_ERR_ALREADY_EXISTS`  `ZX_VM_SPECIFIC` has been specified without
    /// `ZX_VM_SPECIFIC_OVERWRITE`, and the requested range overlaps with another mapping.
    ///
    /// `ZX_ERR_NO_RESOURCES` If a spot could not be found in the VMAR to create the mapping.
    ///
    /// `ZX_ERR_ACCESS_DENIED`  Insufficient privileges to make the requested mapping.
    ///
    /// `ZX_ERR_NOT_SUPPORTED` If the vmo is resizable, discardable, or backed by a pager but
    /// `ZX_VM_ALLOW_FAULTS` is not set.
    ///
    /// `ZX_ERR_NOT_SUPPORTED` If the vmo is resizable and `ZX_VM_REQUIRE_NON_RESIZABLE` is set.
    ///
    /// `ZX_ERR_BUFFER_TOO_SMALL` The VMO is not resizable and the mapping extends past the end
    /// of the VMO but `ZX_VM_ALLOW_FAULTS` is not set.
    ///
    /// `ZX_ERR_NO_MEMORY`  Failure due to lack of memory.
    /// There is no good way for userspace to handle this (unlikely) error.
    /// In a future build this error will no longer occur.
    ///
    /// `ZX_ERR_OUT_OF_RANGE` `vmo_offset + ROUNDUP(len, PAGE_SIZE)` overflows.
    ///
    /// ## Notes
    ///
    /// The VMO that backs a memory mapping can be resized to a smaller size. This can cause the
    /// thread is reading or writing to the VMAR region to fault. To avoid this hazard, services
    /// that receive VMOs from clients should use `ZX_VM_REQUIRE_NON_RESIZABLE` when mapping
    /// the VMO.
    ///
    /// ## See also
    ///
    ///  - [`zx_vmar_allocate()`]
    ///  - [`zx_vmar_destroy()`]
    ///  - [`zx_vmar_protect()`]
    ///  - [`zx_vmar_unmap()`]
    ///
    /// [`zx_pager_create_vmo()`]: pager_create_vmo.md
    /// [`zx_vmar_allocate()`]: vmar_allocate.md
    /// [`zx_vmar_destroy()`]: vmar_destroy.md
    /// [`zx_vmar_protect()`]: vmar_protect.md
    /// [`zx_vmar_unmap()`]: vmar_unmap.md
    strict Map(resource struct {
        handle Handle:VMAR;
        options VmOption;
        vmar_offset usize64;
        vmo Handle:VMO;
        vmo_offset uint64;
        len usize64;
    }) -> (struct {
        mapped_addr Vaddr;
    }) error Status;

    // TODO(https://fxbug.dev/42107929): handle No rights required?
    /// ## Summary
    ///
    /// Unmap virtual memory pages.
    ///
    /// ## Declaration
    ///
    /// ```c
    /// #include <zircon/syscalls.h>
    ///
    /// zx_status_t zx_vmar_unmap(zx_handle_t handle, zx_vaddr_t addr, size_t len);
    /// ```
    ///
    /// ## Description
    ///
    /// `zx_vmar_unmap()` unmaps all VMO mappings and destroys (as if [`zx_vmar_destroy()`]
    /// were called) all sub-regions within the absolute range including *addr* and ending
    /// before exclusively at `addr + len`.  Any sub-region that is in the range must
    /// be fully in the range (i.e. partial overlaps are an error).  If a mapping is
    /// only partially in the range, the mapping is split and the requested portion is
    /// unmapped.
    ///
    /// *len* must be page-aligned.
    ///
    /// ## Rights
    ///
    /// TODO(https://fxbug.dev/42107318)
    ///
    /// ## Return value
    ///
    /// `zx_vmar_unmap()` returns `ZX_OK` on success.
    ///
    /// ## Errors
    ///
    /// `ZX_ERR_BAD_HANDLE`  *handle* is not a valid handle.
    ///
    /// `ZX_ERR_WRONG_TYPE`  *handle* is not a VMAR handle.
    ///
    /// `ZX_ERR_INVALID_ARGS`  *addr* is not page-aligned, *len* is 0 or not page-aligned,
    /// or the requested range partially overlaps a sub-region, or the requested range overlapped
    /// a sub-region and *handle* did not have `ZX_RIGHT_OP_CHILDREN`.
    ///
    /// `ZX_ERR_BAD_STATE`  *handle* refers to a destroyed handle.
    ///
    /// `ZX_ERR_NOT_FOUND`  Could not find the requested mapping.
    ///
    /// ## Notes
    ///
    /// ## See also
    ///
    ///  - [`zx_vmar_allocate()`]
    ///  - [`zx_vmar_destroy()`]
    ///  - [`zx_vmar_map()`]
    ///  - [`zx_vmar_protect()`]
    ///
    /// [`zx_vmar_allocate()`]: vmar_allocate.md
    /// [`zx_vmar_destroy()`]: vmar_destroy.md
    /// [`zx_vmar_map()`]: vmar_map.md
    /// [`zx_vmar_protect()`]: vmar_protect.md
    strict Unmap(resource struct {
        handle Handle:VMAR;
        addr Vaddr;
        len usize64;
    }) -> () error Status;

    /// ## Summary
    ///
    /// Set protection of virtual memory pages.
    ///
    /// ## Declaration
    ///
    /// ```c
    /// #include <zircon/syscalls.h>
    ///
    /// zx_status_t zx_vmar_protect(zx_handle_t handle,
    ///                             zx_vm_option_t options,
    ///                             zx_vaddr_t addr,
    ///                             size_t len);
    /// ```
    ///
    /// ## Description
    ///
    /// `zx_vmar_protect()` alters the access protections for the memory mappings
    /// in the range of *len* bytes starting from *addr*. The *options* argument should
    /// be a bitwise-or of one or more of the following:
    ///
    /// - `ZX_VM_PERM_READ`  Map as readable.  It is an error if *handle*
    ///   does not have `ZX_VM_CAN_MAP_READ` permissions or *handle* does
    ///   not have the `ZX_RIGHT_READ` right.  It is also an error if the VMO handle
    ///   used to create the mapping did not have the `ZX_RIGHT_READ` right.
    /// - `ZX_VM_PERM_WRITE`  Map as writable.  It is an error if *handle*
    ///   does not have `ZX_VM_CAN_MAP_WRITE` permissions or *handle* does
    ///   not have the `ZX_RIGHT_WRITE` right.  It is also an error if the VMO handle
    ///   used to create the mapping did not have the `ZX_RIGHT_WRITE` right.
    /// - `ZX_VM_PERM_EXECUTE`  Map as executable.  It is an error if *handle*
    ///   does not have `ZX_VM_CAN_MAP_EXECUTE` permissions or *handle* does
    ///   not have the `ZX_RIGHT_EXECUTE` right.  It is also an error if the VMO handle
    ///   used to create the mapping did not have the `ZX_RIGHT_EXECUTE` right.
    /// - `ZX_VM_PERM_READ_IF_XOM_UNSUPPORTED` Map as readable if the system does
    ///   not support mapping execute-only pages. If the system can map execute-only
    ///   this flag is ignored.
    ///
    /// For any mappings in sub-regions in the requested range, their access permissions must either
    /// be reduced, or left unchanged, by the requested change.
    ///
    /// *len* must be page-aligned.
    ///
    /// ## Rights
    ///
    /// If *options* & `ZX_VM_PERM_READ`, *handle* must be of type `ZX_OBJ_TYPE_VMAR` and have `ZX_RIGHT_READ`.
    ///
    /// If *options* & `ZX_VM_PERM_WRITE`, *handle* must be of type `ZX_OBJ_TYPE_VMAR` and have `ZX_RIGHT_WRITE`.
    ///
    /// If *options* & `ZX_VM_PERM_EXECUTE`, *handle* must be of type `ZX_OBJ_TYPE_VMAR` and have `ZX_RIGHT_EXECUTE`.
    ///
    /// ## Return value
    ///
    /// `zx_vmar_protect()` returns `ZX_OK` on success.
    ///
    /// ## Errors
    ///
    /// `ZX_ERR_BAD_HANDLE`  *handle* is not a valid handle.
    ///
    /// `ZX_ERR_WRONG_TYPE`  *handle* is not a VMAR handle.
    ///
    /// `ZX_ERR_INVALID_ARGS`  *prot_flags* is an unsupported combination of flags
    /// (e.g., `ZX_VM_PERM_WRITE` but not `ZX_VM_PERM_READ`), *addr* is
    /// not page-aligned, *len* is 0, or some subrange of the requested range is
    /// occupied by a subregion and *handle* did not have `ZX_RIGHT_OP_CHILDREN`.
    ///
    /// `ZX_ERR_NOT_FOUND`  Some subrange of the requested range is not mapped.
    ///
    /// `ZX_ERR_ACCESS_DENIED`  *handle* does not have the proper rights for the
    /// requested change, the original VMO handle used to create the mapping did not
    /// have the rights for the requested change, or the VMAR itself does not allow
    /// the requested change, or there is a mapping in a sub-region that would have
    /// its mapping permissions increased.
    ///
    /// `ZX_ERR_NO_MEMORY`  Failure due to lack of memory.
    /// There is no good way for userspace to handle this (unlikely) error.
    /// In a future build this error will no longer occur.
    ///
    /// ## Notes
    ///
    /// For failures other than `ZX_ERR_NO_MEMORY`, all access permissions in the range
    /// will have been left unchanged.
    ///
    /// ## See also
    ///
    ///  - [`zx_vmar_allocate()`]
    ///  - [`zx_vmar_destroy()`]
    ///  - [`zx_vmar_map()`]
    ///  - [`zx_vmar_unmap()`]
    ///
    /// [`zx_vmar_allocate()`]: vmar_allocate.md
    /// [`zx_vmar_destroy()`]: vmar_destroy.md
    /// [`zx_vmar_map()`]: vmar_map.md
    /// [`zx_vmar_unmap()`]: vmar_unmap.md
    strict Protect(resource struct {
        handle Handle:VMAR;
        options VmOption;
        addr Vaddr;
        len usize64;
    }) -> () error Status;

    /// ## Summary
    ///
    /// Perform an operation on VMOs mapped into this VMAR.
    ///
    /// ## Declaration
    ///
    /// ```c
    /// #include <zircon/syscalls.h>
    ///
    /// zx_status_t zx_vmar_op_range(zx_handle_t handle,
    ///                              uint32_t op,
    ///                              zx_vaddr_t address,
    ///                              size_t size,
    ///                              void* buffer,
    ///                              size_t buffer_size);
    /// ```
    ///
    /// ## Description
    ///
    /// `zx_vmar_op_range()` performs operation *op* on VMOs mapped in the range *address* to
    /// *address*+*size*.
    ///
    /// *address* and *size* must fall entirely within this VMAR, and must meet the alignment requirements
    /// specified for the corresponding VMO *op* (if there is one) by [`zx_vmo_op_range()`].
    ///
    /// *buffer* and *buffer_size* are currently unused, and must be empty.
    ///
    /// The supported operations are:
    ///
    /// `ZX_VMAR_OP_COMMIT` - Requires that *handle*, and the VMO handles used to create any affected
    /// mappings, have the `ZX_RIGHT_WRITE` right and that the address range must not have any child VMARs.
    /// The operation's semantics are otherwise as described by
    /// [`zx_vmo_op_range()`](/docs/reference/syscalls/vmo_op_range.md) `ZX_VMO_OP_COMMIT`.
    ///
    /// `ZX_VMO_OP_DECOMMIT` - Deprecated. Use `ZX_VMAR_OP_DECOMMIT` instead.
    ///
    /// `ZX_VMAR_OP_DECOMMIT` - Requires that *handle*, and the VMO handles used to create any affected
    /// mappings, have the `ZX_RIGHT_WRITE` right and that the address range must not have any child VMARs.
    /// The operation's semantics are otherwise as described by
    /// [`zx_vmo_op_range()`](/docs/reference/syscalls/vmo_op_range.md) `ZX_VMO_OP_DECOMMIT`.
    ///
    /// `ZX_VMAR_OP_MAP_RANGE` - Populates entries in the CPU page tables (or architectural equivalent)
    /// for committed pages in the given range. Entries for uncommitted pages in the range are not
    /// populated. Skips entries that already exist for any page in the range.
    ///
    /// `ZX_VMAR_OP_DONT_NEED` - Hints that pages in the specified range are not needed anymore and should
    /// be considered for memory reclamation. Intended to be used on mappings for VMOs created with
    /// [`zx_pager_create_vmo()`](/docs/reference/syscalls/pager_create_vmo.md); trivially succeeds for
    /// mappings for other VMO types.
    ///
    /// Please refer to [`zx_vmo_op_range()`](/docs/reference/syscalls/vmo_op_range.md)
    /// `ZX_VMO_OP_DONT_NEED` for more details.
    ///
    /// `ZX_VMAR_OP_ALWAYS_NEED` - Hints that pages in the specified range are important and should be
    /// protected from memory reclamation. Intended to be used on mappings for VMOs created with
    /// [`zx_pager_create_vmo()`](/docs/reference/syscalls/pager_create_vmo.md); trivially succeeds for
    /// mappings for other VMO types.
    ///
    /// Please refer to [`zx_vmo_op_range()`](/docs/reference/syscalls/vmo_op_range.md)
    /// `ZX_VMO_OP_ALWAYS_NEED` for more details.
    ///
    /// ## Rights
    ///
    /// If *op* is `ZX_VMAR_OP_DECOMMIT`, *handle* must have `ZX_RIGHT_WRITE`.
    ///
    /// If *op* is `ZX_VMAR_OP_COMMIT`, *handle* must have `ZX_RIGHT_WRITE`.
    ///
    /// ## Return value
    ///
    /// `zx_vmar_op_range()` returns `ZX_OK` on success. In the event of failure, a negative error value
    /// is returned.
    ///
    /// ## Errors
    ///
    /// `ZX_ERR_ACCESS_DENIED`  *handle* does not have the proper rights for the requested change, or the
    /// original VMO handle used to created one of the affected mappings did not have the rights for the
    /// requested change, or the VMAR itself did not allow the requested change.
    ///
    /// `ZX_ERR_BAD_HANDLE`  *handle* is not a valid handle.
    ///
    /// `ZX_ERR_BAD_STATE`  *handle* is not a live VMAR, or the range specified by *address* and *size*
    /// spans unmapped regions.
    ///
    /// `ZX_ERR_INVALID_ARGS`  Returned for any of the following reasons:
    ///
    ///  - *buffer* is non-null.
    ///  - *buffer_size* is non-zero.
    ///  - *size* is zero.
    ///  - *address* was not page-aligned.
    ///  - *op* is not a valid operation.
    ///  - *op* was one of `ZX_VMAR_OP_COMMIT` or `ZX_VMAR_OP_DECOMMIT` and the requested range
    ///    had subregions.
    ///  - the requested range overlapped a sub-region and *handle* did not have
    ///    `ZX_RIGHT_OP_CHILDREN`.
    ///
    /// `ZX_ERR_NOT_SUPPORTED`  *op* was not `ZX_VMO_OP_DECOMMIT`, or one or more mapped VMOs do not
    /// support the requested *op*.
    ///
    /// `ZX_ERR_OUT_OF_RANGE`  The range specified by *address* and *size* is not wholly within the VM
    /// address range specified by *handle*.
    ///
    /// `ZX_ERR_WRONG_TYPE`  *handle* is not a VMAR handle.
    ///
    /// ## See also
    ///
    ///  - [`zx_vmar_map()`]
    ///  - [`zx_vmar_unmap()`]
    ///  - [`zx_vmo_op_range()`]
    ///
    /// [`zx_pager_create_vmo()`]: pager_create_vmo.md
    /// [`zx_vmar_map()`]: vmar_map.md
    /// [`zx_vmar_unmap()`]: vmar_unmap.md
    /// [`zx_vmo_op_range()`]: vmo_op_range.md
    strict OpRange(resource struct {
        handle Handle:VMAR;
        op uint32;
        address Vaddr;
        size usize64;
        @inout
        @voidptr
        buffer vector<byte>:MAX;
    }) -> () error Status;

    /// ## Summary
    ///
    /// Map the memory regions attached to an IOBuffer. This call has
    /// similar semantics to `zx_vmar_map`, however, mapping subsets of regions
    /// is not supported.
    ///
    /// ## Declaration
    /// ```c
    /// #include <zircon/syscalls.h>
    ///
    /// zx_status_t zx_vmar_map_iob(zx_handle_t handle,
    ///                              zx_vm_option_t options,
    ///                              size_t vmar_offset,
    ///                              zx_handle_t iob_ep,
    ///                              uint32_t region_index,
    ///                              size_t region_len,
    ///                              zx_vaddr_t* addr_out);
    /// ```
    ///
    /// ## Description
    ///
    /// Maps the given IOBuffer region into the given virtual memory
    /// address region. Mapping a region retains a reference to the mapped
    /// region, which means closing the endpoint that mapped the region does not
    /// remove the mapping added by this function.
    ///
    ///  *options* is equivalent to the *options* parameter of `zx_vmar_map`
    ///
    ///  *vmar_offset* is equivalent to the *vmar_offset* parameter of `zx_vmar_map`.
    ///
    ///  *ep* is the endpoint containing the region to map as created in
    ///  `zx_iob_create`.
    ///
    ///  *region_index* is the index of the memory region to map.
    ///
    ///  *region_offset* is equivalent to the *vmo_offset* parameter of `zx_vmar_map`.
    ///
    ///  *region_len* is equivalent to the *len* parameter of `zx_vmar_map`. It
    ///  must by non-zero and page-aligned
    ///
    /// ## Return value
    ///
    /// `zx_vmar_map_iob()` returns `ZX_OK` and the absolute base address of the
    /// mapping (via *addr_out*) on success.  The base address will be page-aligned
    /// and non-zero.  In the event of failure, a negative error value is returned.
    ///
    /// ## Errors
    ///
    /// `ZX_ERR_BAD_HANDLE`  *handle* or *iob_ep* is not a valid handle.
    ///
    /// `ZX_ERR_WRONG_TYPE`  *handle* or *iob_ep* is not a VMAR or IOB handle, respectively.
    ///
    /// `ZX_ERR_BAD_STATE`  *handle* refers to a destroyed VMAR.
    ///
    /// `ZX_ERR_INVALID_ARGS` for any of the following:
    ///  - *mapped_addr* or *options* is not valid.
    ///  - *vmar_offset* is non-zero when none of `ZX_VM_SPECIFIC`, `ZX_VM_SPECIFIC_OVERWRITE` or
    ///    `ZX_VM_OFFSET_IS_UPPER_LIMIT` is specified.
    ///  - `ZX_VM_SPECIFIC_OVERWRITE` and `ZX_VM_MAP_RANGE` are both specified.
    ///  - `ZX_VM_OFFSET_IS_UPPER_LIMIT` is specified together with either `ZX_VM_SPECIFIC`
    ///    or `ZX_VM_SPECIFIC_OVERWRITE`.
    ///  - *vmar_offset* and *len* describe an unsatisfiable allocation due to exceeding the region bounds.
    ///  - *vmar_offset* or *region_offset* is not page-aligned.
    ///  - *region_len* is 0 or not page-aligned.
    ///
    /// `ZX_ERR_ALREADY_EXISTS`  `ZX_VM_SPECIFIC` has been specified without
    /// `ZX_VM_SPECIFIC_OVERWRITE`, and the requested range overlaps with another mapping.
    ///
    /// `ZX_ERR_NO_RESOURCES` If a spot could not be found in the VMAR to create the mapping.
    ///
    /// `ZX_ERR_ACCESS_DENIED`  Insufficient privileges to make the requested mapping.
    ///
    /// `ZX_ERR_NOT_SUPPORTED` If the region is resizable, discardable, or backed by a pager but
    /// `ZX_VM_ALLOW_FAULTS` is not set.
    ///
    /// `ZX_ERR_BUFFER_TOO_SMALL` The region is not resizable and the mapping extends past the end
    /// of the region but `ZX_VM_ALLOW_FAULTS` is not set.
    ///
    /// `ZX_ERR_NO_MEMORY`  Failure due to lack of memory.
    /// There is no good way for userspace to handle this (unlikely) error.
    /// In a future build this error will no longer occur.
    ///
    /// `ZX_ERR_OUT_OF_RANGE` for any of the following:
    ///   - `region_offset + ROUNDUP(len, PAGE_SIZE)` overflows.
    ///   - *region_index* is not valid for the provided IOB
    ///
    ///
    /// ## Notes
    ///
    /// ### VMAR Operations
    ///
    /// Mapped regions generally support VMAR operations, such as `zx_vmar_protect`,
    /// `zx_vmar_op_range`, `zx_vmar_destroy`. A region's access discipline may modify
    /// or restrict these operations as described in the discipline spec.
    ///
    /// ## See also
    ///
    ///  - [`zx_vmar_map()`]
    ///  - [`zx_iob_create()`]
    ///
    /// [`zx_iob_create()`]: iob_create.md
    /// [`zx_vmar_map()`]: vmar_map.md
    strict MapIob(resource struct {
        handle Handle:VMAR;
        options VmOption;
        vmar_offset usize64;
        ep Handle;
        region_index uint32;
        region_offset uint64;
        region_length usize64;
    }) -> (resource struct {
        mapped_addr Vaddr;
    }) error Status;
};